;:!;|;i;i:i:ip;Jiiir;:i.iiii;tviiMijT;.i;f:/-;i|:;;iiii!i^^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 BEADER 
 
 SANFORD 
 
 AND 
 
 OTT 
 
 1S?II 
 
 
 
 
 rSPQ-R-. 
 
 
 
 F' 
 
Provost 
 
( 
 
 >t-'<-«r\/ 
 
 J^ J /^^^ 
 
Hakt €lasi9iital ^tvitsi 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 BY 
 FREDERICK WARREN SANFORD 
 
 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA 
 
 AND 
 
 HARRY FLETCHER SCOTT 
 
 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN 
 OHIO UNIVERSITY, ATHENS, OHIO 
 
 SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY 
 
 CHICAGO NEW YORK 
 
ii^u-^ 
 
 
 » • • • ^ « 
 
 «   • * > ' « • 
 
 Copyright 1919, 1922 
 
 BY 
 
 Scott, Foresman and Company 
 
This hook is dedicated to the 
 memory of 
 
 Harold W. Johnston 
 
 hy the authors 
 
 who count it an honor to have been 
 
 numbered among his pupils 
 
 iviie50132 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The purpose of this book is to furnish sufficiently easy 
 leading material for pupils in the second year of their Latin 
 study, and also to provide the opportunity for drill on forms 
 which have not been a part of the work of the first year. 
 
 Children demand an early introduction to connected dis- 
 course, which is the purpose of language. It is important 
 that their earlier Latin readings shall be well within their 
 powers. Not all difficulties can be eliminated. Difficul- 
 ties are inherent in a highly inflected language. Not all 
 should be eliminated. But the difficulties should be sur- 
 mountable, with a view to the pupil's legitimate satisfaction 
 from day to day. It happens that no Latin author saw fit 
 to write simple Latin stories for children. The best substi- 
 tute for such material seems to be a simplified form of narra- 
 tive based more or less directly on ancient authors. This 
 volume aims to serve the purpose indicated. Its plan is as 
 follows: 
 
 I. Ten review lessons are given, dealing with forms and 
 constructions from the work of the first year. These lessons 
 (pages 301 ff.) follow the text of Caesar, and they may be 
 omitted by teachers who prefer to do so. But many teachers 
 will find it worth while to spend the time necessary to cover 
 them. Summer vacations have a well-known power to dim 
 the knowledge acquired the preceding year. 
 
 II. All forms and uses of the subjunctive are omitted 
 from the first-year book of this series. In order that pupils 
 may have the opportunity to apply in the most effective way 
 knowledge already gained before attacking new modal forms 
 and uses, a number of pages of simple reading matter have 
 been provided. These consist of the stories of Perseus and 
 Hercules from Ritchie's Fabulae Faciles, a book published 
 
 vii 
 
viii PREFACE 
 
 in England, but well known and much used in this country. 
 The Latin is simple, the stories are interestingly told, the 
 vocabulary is well selected. As here presented, neither storj^ 
 contains subjunctives, a fact which has made alterations 
 necessary in certain parts of the Hercules. 
 
 III. The inflections and principles of syntax which were 
 postponed from the first book are next given in a series of 
 thirty-five lessons. The number of subjunctive constructions 
 has been kept within reasonable limits. If pupils carry Latin 
 but two years, elaborate study of the subjunctive is inappro- 
 priate. If they go further, other uses are best taken up in 
 connection with the reading of more advanced Latin. These 
 lessons include a number of case uses, together with some 
 pronouns, adjectives, and irregular verbs which are commonly 
 given in the first year's work of the four-year high school, 
 but which many teachers prefer to postpone to a later part 
 of the course. 
 
 IV. A third story from Fabulae Faciles follows, that of 
 the Argonauts. Only minor changes from the original form 
 are made in this story. The pupil here finds subjunctive 
 constructions amply illustrated. 
 
 V. The stories from Roman history contain, first of all, 
 legends of early Rome recounted in the first book of Livy. 
 They are given in a greatly simplified form in respect to 
 vocabulary, constructions, sentence length, and order of 
 words. The same ground was covered by the French teacher 
 Lhomond in the eighteenth centurj^ In this book, however, 
 all the stories of the kings and several of the earlier biograph- 
 ical sketches of notables of the republic have been written 
 anew from the sources without reference to Lhomond 's w^ork 
 and in much simpler form than his sketches. The later 
 biographies have been adapted from his Urbis Romae Viri 
 Illustres, considerably simplified and shortened. 
 
 VI. The reading matter concludes with the first book of 
 Caesar's Gallic War in simplified form. In altering the text 
 
PREFACE ' ix 
 
 the authors have intended to smooth away the more serious 
 difficulties and yet to leave the essential Caesarean qualities 
 intact. Involved sentences have been simplified by being 
 broken up into shorter sentences. All but very brief passages 
 in indirect discourse have been converted to the direct form. 
 The second part of the book, beginning with the thirtieth 
 chapter, and weighted in the original text with indirect dis- 
 course, is thus reduced to a fairly easy narrative. It is one 
 of the most attractive portions of the Gallic War. Its graphic 
 account of Caesar's dealings with the German king Ariovis- 
 tus, who had come into Alsace to stay, but did not stay, 
 commands the unflagging attention of any pupil, if the diffi- 
 culties of the language are not beyond his powers of mastery. 
 The authors hope that the reading of a portion of Caesar's 
 narrative in simplified form may serve to give some knowledge 
 of the character of this work which has so long held its place 
 among the masterpieces of prose narrative. 
 
 VII. To the end of the Roman stories the text is furnished 
 with page vocabularies, a feature of long standing in the Lake 
 Classical Series. At the place of first occurrence the defini- 
 tion of each word, except proper nouns and adjectives, is pre- 
 sented on the same page with the text. This plan causes a 
 saving of the pupil's time and makes possible effective vocab- 
 ulary drill. In making up this page vocabulary, however, 
 many of the words appearing in the first-year book of this 
 series have been omitted, and words in the vocabularies of 
 the thirty-five lessons have not been repeated in the page 
 vocabularies attached to the stories following the Lessons. 
 The final vocabulary contains all words in the selections 
 for reading and the exercises, including proper nouns and 
 adjectives. 
 
 VIII. Exercises in composition are given, one for each 
 week of the time likely to be available after the Lessons are 
 completed. An English-Latin vocabulary accompanies the 
 composition section. 
 
X PREFACE 
 
 IX. In keeping with the present practice in high-school 
 textbooks, a Grammatical Appendix displays the declensions 
 and conjugations and the leading principles of syntax for 
 convenient reference. The authors believe that it contains 
 all the grammatical material essential at this stage of the 
 pupil's studies. 
 
 X. A capable teacher finds in each day's reading lesson 
 ample material for the study of English derivatives. As a 
 supplement to such work, this book contains connected lists 
 of English derivatives from Latin to be found in the ter- 
 minologies of elementary science, grammar, geography, and 
 elementary mathematics. No device serves better to demon- 
 strate the debt that our own language owes to Latin. 
 
 XL In the preparation of notes the authors have intended 
 not to smother the student with unnecessary erudition. The 
 reading matter of the book is not difficult. The notes, accord- 
 ingly, are brief. The aim has been to give apt and typical 
 translations, stimulating suggestions, and, where necessary, 
 adequate explanations. 
 
 As in the first-year book, consonant i has been represented 
 by j. The uncontracted genitive of nouns in -ius and -ium 
 has also been used. In expecto, existo, and other compounds 
 of ex with words beginning with s, the later spelling, without 
 s, has been employed. The advantage of the use of these 
 forms for pupils who take but two years of Latin is obvious, 
 and for others the change to slightly different forms, if neces- 
 sary, need cause no difficulty. 
 
 While the reading of Cicero or Vergil may be taken up 
 directly after this book, some teachers may prefer to give a 
 half year to the reading of Caesar as the next element of 
 the course. With a five-year course a full year can be given 
 to Caesar or to Caesar and Nepos after the reading of a reason- 
 ably large amount of text from this book. 
 
 Frederick Warren Sanford 
 Harry Fletcher Scott 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preface vii 
 
 List of Illustrations xiv 
 
 List of Abbreviations xv 
 
 PART I 
 
 The Story of Perseus 1 
 
 The Story op Hercules 15 
 
 PART II 
 
 Lesson I. The Locative: Declension of domus 57 
 
 II. Summary of Place Constructions 59 
 
 III. Conjugation of nolo 62 
 
 IV. Declension of vetus and quisquam 64 
 
 V. The Subjunctive Mood: Present Subjunctive of 
 
 Regular Verbs: Clauses of Result 66 
 
 VI. Present Subjunctive of Regular Verbs (Continued) 67 
 
 VII. Present Subjunctive of sum and possum: Noun 
 
 Clauses of Fact 69 
 
 VIII. Imperfect Subjunctive of Regular Verbs: Se- 
 quence of Tenses 72 
 
 IX. Imperfect Subjunctive of sum and possum: Imper- 
 sonal Verbs 74 
 
 X. Dative of Purpose: Dative of Reference .... 76 
 
 XI. The Perfect Subjunctive: Cum Causal Clauses . 78 
 
 XII. The Past Perfect Subjunctive: Cum Adversative 
 
 Clauses 81 
 
 XIII. Subjunctive of fero: Cum Descriptive Clauses of 
 
 Situation 83 
 
 XIV. Subjunctive of volo and eo: Indirect Questions 85 
 
 XV. Future Passive Participle: Dative of Agent ... 87 
 
 XVI. Present and Imperfect Subjunctive of fio and nolo: , 
 
 Indirect Discourse, Completed 89 
 
 xi 
 
xii CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 XVII. Present Passive Imperative: Impersonal Use of 
 
 Certain Verbs in the Passive 91 
 
 XVIII. The Gerundive 93 
 
 XIX. Clauses of Purpose with ut and ne 95 
 
 XX. Relative Clauses of Purpose: Ablative of Com- 
 parison 97 
 
 XXI. The Supine: Declension of iste 99 
 
 XXIL Noun Clauses of Desire 101 
 
 XXIII. Relative Clauses of Description 102 
 
 XXIV. Clauses of Fear 104 
 
 XXV. Review of Participles 105 
 
 XXVI. The Volitive Subjunctive in Principal Clauses . 107 
 
 XXVII. The Subjunctive in Wishes 108 
 
 XXVIII. The Anticipatory Subjunctive: Dative of Posses- 
 sion 110 
 
 XXIX. Conditional Sentences: Future Conditional Sen- 
 tences, More Vivid and Less Vivid 112 
 
 XXX. Conditional Sentences Contrary to Fact 114 
 
 XXXI. Non-Committal Conditional Sentences: Ablative 
 
 of Route 115 
 
 XXXII. The Future Imperative: Vocative in -i 117 
 
 XXXIII. Conjugation of malo: Adjectives Denoting a Part 119 
 
 XXXIV. Classes of Perfect Stems: Negative Commands . . 121 
 
 XXXV. Genitive with Certain Verbs: Subjuncti\t: by 
 
 Attraction 123 
 
 PART III 
 
 The Argonauts 127 
 
 Stories from Roman History 
 
 1. Aeneas Settles in Italy 153 
 
 2. Founding of Alba Longa 154 
 
 3. Romulus and Remus 155 
 
 4. Founding of Rome 157 
 
 5. The Sabine Women , 159 
 
 6. numa pompilius 162 
 
 7. tullus hostilius 164 
 
CONTENTS xiii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 8. Angus Marcius 167 
 
 9. Tarquinius Priscus 170 
 
 10. Servius Tullius 173 
 
 11. Tarquinius Superbus 176 
 
 12. Banishment op Tarquinius Superbus 180 
 
 13. HoRATius Cocles 182 
 
 14. Secession of the Plebs 183 
 
 15. Menenius Agrippa 185 
 
 16. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 186 
 
 17. The Gallic Invasion 188 
 
 18. Gaius Fabricius 192 
 
 19. Marcus Atilius Regulus 194 
 
 20. Hannibal 198 
 
 21. QuiNTus Fabius Maximus 200 
 
 22. PuBLius Cornelius Scipio Africanus • 202 
 
 23. Gaius Marius 207 
 
 24. Lucius Cornelius Sulla 212 
 
 25. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 216 
 
 26. Gaius Julius Caesar 220 
 
 27. Marcus Tullius Cicero 233 
 
 PART IV 
 
 Caesar's Army 243 
 
 Caesar's Gallic War, Book I (Simplified) 249 
 
 Review Outline of First Year Work 301 
 
 Lists of English Derivatives from Latin 317 
 
 Grammatical Appendix 327 
 
 Exercises in Latin Composition 397 
 
 English-Latin Vocabulary (following 416) 1 
 
 Latin-English Vocabulary 10 
 
 Index 76 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 FRfONTispiECE, Temple of Jupiter at Pompeii (Restored) 
 
 Jupiter 2 
 
 Minerva 7 
 
 Juno 16 
 
 A:s Amazon 37 
 
 View of Modern Rome 56 
 
 Vessels Found in Pompeii 63 
 
 Tomb of the Emperor Hadrian, in Rome , 71 
 
 Temple in Rome 80 
 
 Key from an Ancient House 88 
 
 Marble Relief in Roman Forum 98 
 
 Roman Sword and Scabbard ... 100 
 
 Jars for Storing Oil and Grain, Ancient Ostia Ill 
 
 Arch of Constantine 122 
 
 Wall Painting from Pompeii 125 
 
 Ruins of Ostia 168 
 
 Fragment of the Wall of Servius Tullius 173 
 
 Roman Aqueduct 208 
 
 Gaius Julius Caesar 222 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero 334 
 
 XIV 
 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 abbr., 
 
 abl., 
 
 ace, 
 
 adj., 
 
 adv., 
 
 Arg., 
 
 compar., 
 
 conj., 
 
 contr., 
 
 correl., 
 
 dat., 
 
 defect., 
 
 dem., 
 
 dep., 
 
 dim., 
 
 distrib., 
 
 e.g., 
 
 f., 
 ff., 
 
 freq., 
 
 gen.. 
 
 Her., 
 
 i.e., 
 
 imper., 
 
 impers., 
 
 indecl., 
 
 indef., 
 
 indie, 
 
 intens.. 
 
 abbreviation 
 
 ablative 
 
 accusative 
 
 adjective 
 
 adverb 
 
 Argonauts 
 
 comparative 
 
 conjunction 
 
 contracted 
 
 correlative 
 
 dative 
 
 defective 
 
 demonstrative 
 
 deponent 
 
 diminutive 
 
 distributive 
 
 exempli gratia, for 
 
 example 
 feminine 
 following 
 frequentative 
 genitive 
 Hercules 
 id est, that is 
 imperative 
 impersonal 
 indeclinable 
 indefinite 
 indicative 
 intensive 
 
 mterj.. 
 
 mterjection 
 
 interrog.. 
 
 interrogative 
 
 intr., 
 
 intransitive 
 
 1., 
 
 line 
 
 lit.. 
 
 literally 
 
 m.. 
 
 masculine 
 
 n., 
 
 neuter 
 
 nom.. 
 
 nominative 
 
 num., 
 
 numeral 
 
 P-, 
 
 past 
 
 part.. 
 
 participle 
 
 pass., - 
 
 passive 
 
 Per., 
 
 Perseus 
 
 pf., perf.. 
 
 perfect 
 
 pers.. 
 
 personal 
 
 pi., 
 
 plural 
 
 possess.. 
 
 possessive 
 
 pr., 
 
 present 
 
 prep.. 
 
 preposition 
 
 pron.. 
 
 pronoun 
 
 pronom.. 
 
 pronominal 
 
 R., 
 
 Roman Stories 
 
 rel., 
 
 relative 
 
 sg., sing., 
 
 singular 
 
 subjv.. 
 
 subjunctive 
 
 subst.. 
 
 substantive 
 
 super 1., 
 
 superlative 
 
 tr.. 
 
 transitive 
 
 voc, 
 
 vocative 
 
 XV 
 
PERSEUS 
 
 Perseus and his mother were set adrift on the sea by 
 Acrisius, king of Ai'gos, the grandfather of Perseus, because 
 an oracle had declared that Acrisius would some day perish 
 at the hands of his grandson. 
 
 Jupiter, however, saved the mother and child, bringing 
 them to the Island of Seriphus, where they were kindl}' 
 received by Polydectes, the king. 
 
 When Perseus reached manhood he was ordered by Poly- 
 dectes to bring him the head of Medusa, an undertal<ing 
 which was likely to prove fatal. But Apollo and Mine *va 
 directed him on his journey and gave him a special eqLip- 
 ment for his task. With the aid thus afforded, he accom- 
 plished the perilous exploit in safety and escaped from the 
 companions of Medusa, who sought to kill him. On his way 
 back he rescued Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, the king of 
 the Ethiopians, who was about to be devoured by a sea 
 serpent. He married Andromeda, and soon after returned 
 with her to the island from which he had been sent by the 
 crafty Polydectes. Finding that his mother had taken 
 refuge from the king, he turned the latter into stone througii 
 the magic power of the head of Medusa. Afterward, whih 
 taking part in athletic games he accidentally killed his grand- 
 father, Acrisius, thus fulfilling the oracle which Acrisius had 
 vainly sought to escape. 
 
 XVI 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 If 
 
 PART I 
 
 THE STORY OF PERSEUS 
 
 1. Set Adrift 
 
 Haec narrantur a poetis de Perseo. Perseus filius ^rat 
 Jovis, maximi deorum. Avus ejus Acrisius appellabatur. 
 Acrisius volebat Perseum, nepotem suum, necare; nam propter 
 oraculum puerum timebat. Comprehendit igitur Perseum, 
 adhuc infantem, et cum matre in area lignea inclusit. Tum 5 
 arcam ipsam in mare conjecit. Danae, Persel mater, magno- 
 pere territa est; tempestas enim magna mare turbabat. Per- 
 seus autem in sinu matris dormiebat. 
 1 - 
 
 1. Haec, these things, i.e., the following stories. This substantive use of 
 the neuter plural of hie is very common. 
 
 2. Acrisius: predicate nominative after the passive of a verb of calling. 
 
 6. Danae: a Greek name, with genitive ending in -es, ace. in -en. 
 
 7. enim: postpositive, i.e., it stands after one or more words of its sen- 
 tence; nam (see 1. 3) regularly stands first in a sentence. Another post- 
 positive word is autem, 1. 8. 
 
 In section 1 point out two appositives; an ablative of agent. 
 
 2. avus, -i, m., grandfather. include, -cludere, -clusi, -clusus, tr. 
 
 3. nepos, -otis, m., grandson, neph- [in+claudo], shut up, enclose, 
 ew. 6. conjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, 
 
 4. oraculum, -i, n. [oro], oracle. ^^- [com-+jaci6], throw together; 
 
 com-prehendo, -hendere, -hendi, ^^^^' ^^®^- 
 
 -hensum, tr., seize, arrest. 7. enim, conj. (postpositive), for. 
 
 5. ad-huc, adv., until now, as yet. turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [turba], 
 in-fans, gen. -fantis, adj., infant; disturb, throw into confusion. 
 
 subst., m. andf., infant, babe. 8. autem, conj., but, on the other 
 
 area, -ae, /., chest, box. hand, however, furthermore. 
 
 ligneus, -a, -urn, adj., [lignum], of sinus, -us, m., a fold; bosom. 
 
 wood, wooden. dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, iyitr., sleep. 
 
A JU^ilOR LATIN READER 
 
 JUPITER 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 2. Cast on an Island 
 
 Juppiter tamen haec omnia vidit, et filium suum servare 
 constituit. Fecit igitur mare tranquillum, et arcam ad insu- lo 
 lam Serlphum perdtixit. Hujus Insulae Polydectes tum rex 
 erat. Postquam area ad litus appulsa est, Danae in harena 
 quietem capiebat. Post breve tempus a piscatore quodam 
 reperta est, et ad domum regis Polydectis adducta est. lUe 
 matrem et puerum benigne excepit, et sedem tutam in finibus is 
 suls dedit. Danae hoc donum libenter accepit, et pro tanto 
 beneficio regi gratias egit. 
 
 9. tamen: usually postpositive, but sometimes stands first in its clause; 
 the same is true of igitur, 1. 4. 
 
 10. mare tranquillum: two accusatives after a verb of making. One 
 accusative may be an adjective, as here. 
 
 11. Seriphum: in apposition with Insulam. We usually say in English 
 "the island of," ''the city of." 
 
 12. Postquam : with postquam and ubi the perfect is the tense most fre- 
 quently employed. In translation, with the English equivalents "after" 
 or "when," we sometimes employ the past perfect tense, sometimes the 
 past. 
 
 13. piscatore quodam: the forms of quldam sometimes precede and 
 sometimes follow the word they modify. 
 
 16. dedit: els, dative of indirect object, is to be understood. 
 
 In section 2 point out a complementary infinitive; a dative of indirect 
 object. 
 
 10. tranquillus, -a, -um, adj., calm, 
 still. 
 
 11. per-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
 tum, tr., lead through, lead, bring, 
 conduct. 
 
 12. appello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, tr. 
 [ad+pello], drive to, bring io^with 
 or without navem, land, put in. 
 
 harena {sometimes spelled arena), 
 -ae, /.. sand; shore, beach. 
 
 13. quies,-etis,/.,rest; peace, quiet. 
 
 piscator, -oris, m. [piscor, to fish], 
 fisherman. 
 
 14. domus, -us, (-i),/., home, house. 
 
 ad-duc6, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 tr., lead to, conduct, bring; incite, 
 induce. 
 
 15. benigne, adv. [benignus ], kindly. 
 
 excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, tr. 
 [ex+capio], take out, take up, 
 catch; receive, entertain. 
 
 sedes, -is, /. [sedeo], seat, chair; 
 residence, abode. 
 
 17. gratia, -ae, /. [gratus], favor, in- 
 fluence; gratitude, thanks, re- 
 quital; gratias agere, to express 
 thanks; gratiam referre, to make 
 requital, to requite; gratia {with 
 gen.), for the sake of. 
 
4 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 3. Perseus Sent on His Travels 
 
 Perseus igitur multos annos ibi habitavit, et cum matre 
 sua vltam egit beatam. At Pol3^dectes Danaen magnopere 
 
 20 amabat atque earn in matrimonium ducere volebat. Hoc 
 tamen consilium Perseo minime gratum erat. Polydectes 
 igitur Perseum dimittere constituit. Turn juvenem ad se 
 vocavit et haec dixit: ''Turpe est vitam hanc ignavam agere; 
 jam dudum tu adulescens es; quousque hie manebis? Tem- 
 
 25 pus est arma capere et virtutem praestare. Hinc abi, et 
 caput Medusae mihi refer." 
 
 18. annos : accusative of duration of time. 
 
 21. Perseo: dependent on gratum; for the case see App. 50. 
 
 23. haec: used as in 1. 1; with dixit, spoke as follows. 
 
 agere: subject of est; an infinitive used as a noun is in the neuter gender; 
 hence the predicate adjective, turpe, is neuter. 
 
 24. jam dudum es, you have long been; with,;am dudum a present tense 
 is translated by an EngUsh present perfect, an imperfect by an Enghsh 
 past perfect ; ja?^ dudum eras would mean you had long been. 
 
 25. abi: imperative of abed. What is the imperative of eo? 
 
 26. refer: the present imperative of /cro and its compounds is irregular. 
 See App. 34. 
 
 19. beatus, -a, -imi, adj., happy, 
 prosperous. 
 
 20. atque, conj., and also, and. 
 
 matrimonium, -i, n. [mater], mar- 
 riage; in matrimonium dare, give 
 in marriage, arrange a marriage 
 for; in matrimonium diicere, 
 marry. 
 
 21. minime, superl. adv. [minimus], 
 least, very little; by no means, 
 not at all. 
 
 23 voco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [vox], 
 call, summon. 
 
 turpis, -e, adj., unseemly, shameful, 
 disgraceful. 
 
 ignavus, -a, -um, adj. [in-+gnavus, 
 busy], inactive, cowardly. 
 
 24. dudum, adv., before, formerly; 
 jam dudum, this long time, a 
 long time ago. 
 
 adulescens, adulescentis, -ium, adj. 
 [pr. part, of adolesco], youthful; 
 subst., m., a young man, a youth. 
 
 quo-usque, adv., till when? how 
 long? 
 
 25. prae-sto, -stare, -stiti, -stitum, 
 intr. and tr., stand before; excel, 
 be better; exhibit, show. 
 
 hinc, adv. [hie], from this place, 
 hence. 
 
 ab-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, intr., go 
 away, depart. 
 
 26. re-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, tr., 
 bear back, bring back; pedem 
 referre, withdraw, retire, retreat; 
 gratiam referre, requite. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 4. Perseus Gets His Outfit 
 
 Perseus, ubi haec audlvit, ex insula discessit et, postquam 
 ad continentem venit, Medusam quaeslvit. Diu frustra 
 quaerebat; nam naturam loci ignorabat. Tandem Apollo et 
 Minerva viam demonstraverunt. Primum ad Graeas, sororee 30 
 Medusae, p^rvenit. Ab his talaria et galeam magicam ac- 
 cepit. Apollo autem et ^linerva falcem et speculum de- 
 derunt. Tum postquam talaria pedibus induit, in aera as- 
 cendit. Diu per aera volabat; tandem tamen ad eum locum 
 venit ubi Medusa cum ceteris Gorgonibus habitabat. Gor- 35 
 gones autem monstra erant specie horribili; capita enim earum 
 serpentibus omnino contecta erant; mantis etiam ex aere 
 factae erant. 
 
 27. Perseus: in Latin, when the verbs of a principal and a subordinate 
 clause express action by the same person or thing, the noun or pronoun 
 used to denote the subject frequently stands before the subordinate clause. 
 
 haec, this; see note on haec, 1. 23, 
 
 31. galeam magicam: this rendered the wearer invisible. 
 
 33. pedibus, on his feet; dative, used with the compound induit. 
 faeras a word of Greek origin, which retains its Greek accusative form. 
 
 36. specie horribili, of horrible aspect, ablative of description. 
 
 37. aere : from aes. 
 
 28. continens, -entis, /. [contineo], 
 
 continent, mainland. 
 
 frustra, adv., in vain, to no purpose. 
 
 29. ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., not 
 know, be unaware of. 
 
 tandem, adv., at length, finally. 
 
 30. primum, adv. [primus], in the 
 first place, first of all; cum 
 primum, as soon as; quam pri- 
 mum, as soon as possible. 
 
 31. talaria, -ium, n. pi., winged 
 sandals. 
 
 galea, -ae, /., helmet. 
 
 magicus, -a, -um, adj., magical, 
 magic. 
 
 32. falx , falcis, /., sickle . 
 speculum, -i, n. [specio, look], mir- 
 ror. 
 
 33. induo, -duere, -dui, -dutum, tr., 
 put on. 
 
 aer, aeris, m., the air. 
 
 35. ceteri, -ae, -a, adj., pi., the 
 other, the rest of. 
 
 36. monstrum, -i, n., [moneo], a 
 divine omen, portent; monster. 
 
 species, -ei, /., appearance, aspect. 
 
 horribilis, -e, adj. [horreo], terrible, 
 fearful, dreadful. 
 
 37. serpens, gen. -entis, /. [pr. part, 
 of serpo, crawl], serpent. 
 
 omnino, adv. [omnis], altogether, 
 entirely, at all; only. 
 
 con-tego, -tegere, -texi, -tectum, tr., 
 cover. 
 
 aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze. 
 
6 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 5. The Gorgon's Head 
 
 Res erat difficillima abscidere caput Gorgonis; ejus enim 
 40 conspectu homines in saxum vertebantur. Propter hanc cau- 
 sam Minerva illud speculum dederat. Perseus igitur tergum 
 vertit, et in speculum inspiciebat; hoc modo ad locum venit 
 ubi Medusa dormiebat. Tum falce sua caput ejus uno ictu 
 abscidit. Ceterae Gorgones statim e somno excitatae sunt 
 45 et, ubi rem viderunt, ira commotae sunt. Arma rapuerunt, 
 et Perseum occidere volebant; ille autem, dum fugit, galeam 
 magicam induit et, ubi hoc fecit, statim e conspectu earum 
 evasit. 
 
 40. vertebantur: the Latin imperfect, like the English past, often ex- 
 presses repeated or customary action. 
 
 42. speculum: ancient mirrors consisted of polished metal plates. 
 
 hoc modo : ablative of manner. 
 
 46. dum fugit, while he fled, while fleeing; when a dum clause denotes 
 situation, it takes the present indicative, regardless of the tense of the 
 principal verb. 
 
 In section 5 what is the subject of the first sentence? Account for the 
 case of ictu, 43; for the tense of fecit, 47. What different forces have the 
 perfects vertit, venit, and the imperfects Inspiciebat, dormiebat, 42-43? 
 
 39. abscido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, 
 tr. [abs+caedo], cut off. 
 
 40. conspectus, -us, m. sight, view, 
 verto, -ere, verti, versum, tr., turn. 
 
 42. inspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
 turn, look into, look. 
 
 43. ictus, -us, 771., blow, stroke. 
 
 44. somnus, -i, m., sleep. 
 
 excito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., call 
 out, rouse. 
 
 45. ira, -ae, /., anger, wrath, ire. 
 
 com-moveo, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
 tum, tr., move deeply, excite, 
 arouse, alarm. 
 
 rapio, -ere, rapui, raptum, tr., seize, 
 carry off. 
 
 46. occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, tr. 
 [ob+caedo], cut down, kill. 
 
 dum, conj., while; until. 
 
 48. e-vado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum, 
 intr., come out, escape. 
 
 6. The Sea Serpent 
 
 Post haec Perseus in fines Aethiopum venit. Ibi Cepheus 
 50 quidam illo tempore regnabat. Hie Neptunum, maris deum, 
 
 49. Cepheus quidam, a certain Cepheus, or a man named Cepheus. 
 
 50. tempore: ablative of time. 
 
 Hie: a pronoun referring to Cepheus. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 MINERVA 
 
8 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 olim offenderat. Neptunus autem monstrum saevissiinum 
 mlserat. Hoc cotldie e marl veniebat et homines devorabat. 
 Ob hanc causam pavor animos omnium occupaverat. Cepheus 
 igitur oraculum dei Hammonis consuluit, atque a deo jussus 
 S3 est filiam monstro tradere. Ejus autem filia, nomine An- 
 dromeda, virgo formosissima erat. Cepheus, ubi haec audi- 
 vit, magnum dolorem percepit. Volebat tamen elves suos e 
 tanto periculo extrahere, atque ob eam causam constituit 
 imperata Hammonis facere. 
 
 62. mari: it should be remembered that neuter nouns with the genitive 
 plural in -ium have the ending -i in the ablative singular. 
 
 63. omnium, of all (i.e., men); a substantive use of an adjective; com- 
 pare the neuter haec, 1. 23. 
 
 64. oraculum : the word may mean the seat of an oracle, as here, or the 
 reply given by an oracle. The consultation of oracles sprang from the 
 belief that information and advice could be obtained from certain divini- 
 ties. Oracles were usually given by oral utterances of a priest or priestess 
 in a state of real or pretended frenzy, or by signs. The temple (with its 
 oracle) of the Egyptian god Hammon stood in an oasis of the Libyan desert. 
 His oracles were signs interpreted by a priest. The most famous oracle 
 of antiquity was that of Apollo at Delphi, in Greece, where the oracular 
 response was delivered by a priestess in a state of excitement resembling 
 madness. 
 
 66. monstro: tradere takes an indirect object. 
 
 nomine : ablative of respect. 
 
 66. Cepheus, ubi : the order for translation is explained in the note on 
 Perseus, ubi, 1. 27. 
 
 In section 6 explain the case of deo, 54; of Andromeda, 55; of virgo, 56. 
 What are the principal parts of void? 
 
 61. offendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fen- 
 sum, ir., [ob+fendo, strike], of- 
 fend. 
 
 saevus, -a, -um, adj., fierce, savage. 
 
 62. de-voro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 swallow, devour. 
 
 63. ob, prep, with ace, on account of. 
 
 pavor, -oris, m. [paveo, be afraid], 
 terror, alarm. 
 
 64. consulo, -sulere, -sului, -sultum, 
 ir. and intr., consult; consult the 
 interests of {vrith dative) . 
 
 66. virgo, virginis,/., young woman, 
 maiden, virgin. 
 
 formosus, -a, -um, adj. [forma], 
 beautiful, handsome. 
 
 67. percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
 
 tr. [per+capio], perceive, feel. 
 
 68. ex-traho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- 
 tum, tr., draw out; extricate, re- 
 lease. 
 
 69. imperatum, -i, n. [pf. part, of 
 impero], command, order. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 9 
 
 7. A Human Sacrifice 
 
 Turn rex diem certam dixit et omnia paravit. Ubi ea eo 
 dies venit, Andromeda ad litus deducta est et in conspectu 
 omnium ad rupem alligata est. Omnes fatum ejus deplo- 
 rabant, nee lacrimas tenebant. At subito, dum monstrum 
 expectant, Perseus accurrit; et, ubi lacrimas vidit, causam 
 doloris quaerit. lUl rem totam exponunt et puellam demon- 65 
 strant. Dum haec geruntur, fremitus terribilis auditur; simul 
 monstrum, horribili specie, procul conspicitur. Ejus con- 
 spectus timorem maximum omnibus injecit. At monstrum 
 
 60. diem: in the plural, dies is always masculine, in the singular some- 
 times masculine, sometimes feminine. 
 
 omnia, all things, everything; or with paravit, made all preparations. 
 The masculine plural forms of omnis used substantively mean all men, as 
 in 1. 53, the neuter plural forms, all things. 
 
 63. nee tenebant, and did not restrain; neque is regularly used in Latin 
 for and not. 
 
 dum . . . expectant, while they were awaiting; the present tense with 
 dum, as in 1. 46. 
 
 64. accurrit: for vivid effect a past event or situation may be repre- 
 sented as present. The present in this use is called the historical present, 
 which may often be translated by the English past. Several other exam- 
 ples occur in this section. 
 
 67. specie: the case use is the same as in 1. 36. 
 
 68. timorem . . . omnibus injecit, inspired all with the greatest fear; 
 literally, threw the greatest fear into all; omnibus is a dative with a compound 
 verb, as in 1. 33. 
 
 60. certus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 cemo], fixed, certain. 
 
 61. de-duc6, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
 tum, tr., lead away; draw down; 
 navem deducere, to launch a ship. 
 
 62. rupes, -is, /., rock, cliff. 
 alligo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ad+ 
 
 ligo, bind], bind to, tie to. 
 fatum, -i, n. [p. part, of for, speak], 
 
 fate, destiny. 
 de-pl6ro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., de 
 
 plore, lament. 
 
 64. accurro, -currere, -curri, -cur- 
 sum, inir. [ad+curro], run to, 
 come up hurriedly. 
 
 65. ex-pono, -ponere, -posul, -po- 
 situm, tr., set forth, explain; ex- 
 pose, abandon; set ashore. 
 
 66. fremitus, -us, m. [fremo, roar], 
 a roar, a loud noise. 
 
 terribilis, -e, adj. [terreo], dreadful, 
 terrible. 
 
 67. procul, adv., in the distance, at 
 a distance, far off. 
 
 conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 tr., [con-+specio], look, perceive, 
 observe. 
 
 68. injicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 [in+ jacio ], throw into, hurl upon ; 
 inspire in, cause. 
 
10 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 magna celeritate ad lit us contendit, jamque ad locum appro- 
 70 pinquabat ubi puella stabat. 
 
 69. magna celeritate: ablative of manner. 
 
 In section 7 account for the tense of geruntur, 66; of stabat, 70. 
 
 8. The Rescue 
 
 At Perseus, ubi haec vidit, gladium suum rapuit, et, post- 
 quam talaria induit, in aera sublatus est. Tum desuper in 
 monstrum impetum subito fecit et gladio suo collum ejus 
 graviter vulneravit. Monstrum, ubi sensit vulnus, fremitum 
 
 75 horribilem edidit et sine mora totum corpus sub aquam 
 mersit. Perseus, dum circum lit us volat, reditum ejus ex- 
 pectabat; mare autem interjea undique sanguine inficitur. 
 Post breve tempus, belua rursus caput sustulit; mox tamen 
 a Perseo ictu graviore vulnerata est. Tum iterum se sub 
 
 80 undas mersit, neque postea visa est. 
 
 72. in {monsirum) , on. 
 
 80. neque: translate as in 1. 63. 
 
 In section 8 account for the case of gladio, 73; of Perseo, 79; of idu, 79. 
 What case is governed by sub with a verb of motion? By in meaning 
 into? ^y circum? By sine? 
 
 72. tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, tr., 
 lift, elevate, raise; elate; remove. 
 
 de-super, adv., from above. 
 
 73. collum, -i, n., neck. 
 
 74. graviter, adv. [gravis], heavily; 
 severely; with dignity, impres- 
 sively. 
 
 sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, tr., feel, 
 see, perceive. 
 
 75. e-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr., 
 give out, put forth; give birth to; 
 exhibit; inflict. 
 
 sub, prep, with ace. and abl., under. 
 
 76. mergo, -ere, mersi, mersum, tr., 
 plunge, sink. 
 
 reditus, -us, m. [redeo], return. 
 
 77. inter-ea, adv., meanwhile, in the 
 meantime. 
 
 undique, adv., from all parts, on all 
 sides, all around, everywhere. 
 
 sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood. 
 
 inficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, tr. [in 
 +facio], stain, dye, color. 
 
 78. belua, -ae, /, wild beast, mon- 
 ster, 
 
 80. unda, -ae,/., wave. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 11 
 
 9. The Reward of Valor 
 
 Perseus, postquam in lltus descendit, prlmum talaria exuit; 
 turn ad rupem venit ubi Andromeda vlncta erat. Ea autem 
 omnem spem salutis deposuerat et, ubi Perseus adiit, terrore 
 paene exanimata erat. lUe vincula statim solvit et puellam 
 patri reddidit. Cepheus ob banc rem maximo gaudio affectus 85 
 est. Meritam gratiam pro tanto beneficio Perseo rettulit; 
 praeterea Andromedam ipsam ei in matrimonium dedit. Ille 
 libenter hoc donum accepit, et puellam duxit. Paucos annos 
 cum uxore sua in ea regione habitavit, et in magno honore erat 
 apud omnes Aethiopes. Magnopere tamen cupiebat matrem 90 
 suam rursus videre. Tandem igitur cum uxore e regno 
 Cephei discessit. ^ 
 
 83. terrore: ablative of cause, App. 78. 
 
 86. meritam gratiam rettulit, made a deserved requital, or repaid the 
 favor as it deserved. 
 
 pro, in return for. 
 
 88. puellam duxit, married. Ducd lias reference to that part of the 
 ceremony in which the bridegroom led the bride to his own house. 
 With regard to the woman, the verb for marry is nuhere, literally, to veil 
 oneself, with the dative of the bridegroom's name. 
 
 In section 9 account for the case of palri 85; of Perseo, 86; of annos, 
 88. Point out a complementary infinitive. What cases are governed by 
 the prepositions ad, ob, apud? 
 
 81. exuo, -uere, -ul, -utum,fr., take 
 off, remove. 
 
 82. vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctimi, tr.^ 
 bind, fasten. 
 
 83. de-pono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
 
 tum, tr., set down, deposit; lay 
 aside, 
 ad-eo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -ittmi, intr., 
 go or come up to, come up, ap- 
 proach. 
 
 terror, -oris, w. [terreo], terror, 
 fright. 
 
 84. paene, adv., nearly, almost. 
 
 ex-animo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., put 
 out of breath, stun, exhaust. 
 
 vinculum, -1, 71. [vincio], bond, fetter. 
 
 solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum, tr., 
 loosen, unbind, release; relax; of 
 ships, with or without navem or 
 naves, set sail, weigh anchor. 
 
 85. afficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
 tr. [ad+facio], do to; treat; affect. 
 
 86. meritus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, 
 of mereo], due, deserved, just. 
 
 87. praeter-ea, adv., in addition, 
 besides, further. 
 
 89. regio, -onis, /. [rego], region, 
 district. 
 
 honor, -oris, m., honor, repute, es- 
 teem; Honor, -oris, m., Honor 
 personified as a god. 
 
 90. apud, prep, with ace, among, 
 with; near; at the house of; on 
 the bank of. 
 
12 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 10. Turned to Stone 
 
 Postquam Perseus ad insulam navem appulit, se ad locum 
 contulit ubi mater olim habitaverat. At domum invenit 
 
 95 vacuam et omnino desert am. Tres dies per totam insulam 
 matrem quaerebat; tandem quarto die ad templum Dianae 
 pervenit. Hue Danae refugerat, quod Polydectem timebat. 
 Perseus, ubi haec cognovit, ira magna commotus est; ad 
 regiam Polydectis sine mora contendit et, ubi eo venit, statim 
 
 100 in atrium irrupit. Polydectes magno timore affectus est, et 
 fugere volebat. Dum tamen ille fugit, Perseus caput Me- 
 dusae monstravit; ille autem, simul atque hoc vidit, in saxum 
 versus est. 
 
 93. se . . . contulit, betook himself, proceeded. 
 97. quod: a conjunction. 
 
 99. eo: an adverb. 
 
 100. magno timore affectus est, was very badly frightened. What is it 
 literally? 
 
 102. simul atque, as soon as; the same rule as to the tense of the verb 
 applies to this phrase as to postquam and ubi, explained in the note on 1. 12. 
 
 In section 10 account for the case of vacuam, descrtam, 95; of die, 96; 
 of atrium, 100; of Medusae, 101. What case does per govern? What are 
 the meanings of the adverbs hic, hinc, hue? 
 
 95. de-sero, -serere, -semi, -ser- 
 tum, tr., [sero, join], abandon, 
 desert. 
 
 96. quartus, -a,-um, ac(;. [quattuor], 
 fourth. 
 
 97. hue, adv. [hic], this way, to this 
 place. 
 
 re-fugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugiturus, 
 
 intr., flee back; flee away, escape. 
 
 99. regia, -ae, /. [regius], palace. 
 
 eo, adv. [is], to that place, thither; 
 on that account. 
 
 100. atriimi, -i, n., atrium, the prin- 
 cipal room or hall of a house. 
 
 irrumpo, -rumpere, -rupl, -ruptiun, 
 
 tr. and intr. [in+rumpo], burst, 
 break in, rush into, burst into. 
 
 102. monstro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [monstrum], show, exhibit; point 
 out. 
 
 11. The Oracle Fulfilled 
 
 Post haec Perseus cum uxore sua ad urbem Acrisil rediit. 
 105 Ille autem, ubi Perseum vIdit, magno terrore affectus est. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 13 
 
 Nam propter oraculum istud nepotem suum adhuc timebat. 
 In Thessaliam igitur ad urbem Larissam statim refugit; 
 frustra tamen, neque enim fatum suum vltavit. Post paucos 
 annos rex Larissae Itidos magnos fecit; nuntios in omnes 
 partes dimlserat et diem edixerat. Multi ex omnibus urbibus no 
 Graeciae ad ludos convenerunt. Ipse Perseus inter alios 
 certamen discorum iniit. At, dum discum conjicit, avum 
 suum casu occidit; Acrisius enim inter spectatores ejus cer- 
 taminis forte stabat. 
 
 106. istud: this word is declined like ille, and usually means that or 
 that of yours. Here the force is, that oracle of which you know. 
 
 107. Larissam, of Larissa; an appositive translated like Seriphum, L IL 
 109. ludos fecit, gave games. 
 
 in omnes partes, in all directions. 
 
 112. discorum: the discus was a flat piece of stone or metal. 
 
 113. casu, by chance, accidentally; casus is one of a class of very com- 
 mon nouns used without prepositions to express manner. 
 
 What cases are governed by the prepositions propter, ex, inter? What 
 is the regular position of enim? 
 
 106. iste, ista, istud, demonstr. pron., 
 that of yours, that. 
 
 109. ludus, -i, m., game, sport. 
 
 110. e-dico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, 
 
 tr., declare, proclaim, appoint. 
 
 112. certamen, -inis, n. [certo], 
 struggle, contest, rivalry. 
 
 discus, -i, m., discus, quoit. 
 
 in-eo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, ir., 
 enter; enter upon, form. 
 
 113. spectator, -oris, m. [specto], 
 
 onlooker, spectator. 
 
 114. forte, ady. [a6Z. o/fors, chance], 
 perhaps, by chance. 
 
HERCULES 
 
 Hercules was a Greek hero, celebrated for his feats of 
 strength. While only an infant he strangled two serpents 
 which had been sent by Juno to destroy him. In his boy- 
 hood he devoted himself to athletic pursuits, and in a fit of 
 anger he slew the centaur who was his teacher of music. 
 Having been seized by the King of Egypt as a victim for 
 sacrifice, he killed the king, as well as the priest who was 
 about to sacrifice him. His next exploit was to cut off the 
 ears of the envoys of the Minyae who had come to Thebes 
 to demand tribute, thus causing a war in which the Thebans 
 under the leadership of Hercules were victorious. While in a 
 state of temporary madness he slew his children, and there- 
 upon was ordered by the oracle at Delphi to give himself up 
 to the service of Eurystheus, King of Tiryns. At his com- 
 mand he performed the celebrated Twelve Labors, as fol- 
 lows: L Slaying the Nemean lion. 2. Slaying the Hydra of 
 Lerna. 3. Capturing the Cerynian stag. 4. Capturing the 
 boar of Erymanthus. 5. Cleaning the Augean stables. 6. 
 Killing the birds of Stymphalus. 7. Capturing the Cretan 
 bull. 8. Capturing the horses of Diomede. 9. Obtaining the 
 girdle of Hippolyte. 10. Bringing the oxen of Geryon from 
 the island of Erythia. 1 1 . Procuring the golden apples of the 
 Hesperides. 12. Bringing Cerberus from the underworld. In 
 connection with these labors he also performed numerous 
 other exploits. 
 
 His death came from the putting on of a poisoned robe 
 which had been dipped in the blood of the centaur, Nessus. 
 After his death he was taken by Jupiter to Olympus. 
 
 14 
 
THE STORY OF HERCULES 
 
 1. The Infant Prodigy 
 
 Hercules, Alcmenae fllius, olim in Graecia habitabat. Hie 
 dicitur omnium hominum validissimus fuisse. At Juno, re- 
 glna deorum, Alcmenam oderat, et Herculem adhuc infantem 
 necare voluit. Misit igitur duas serpentes saevissimas; hae 
 media nocte in cubiculum Alcmenae venerunt, ubi Hercules 
 cum fratre suo dormiebat. Nee tamen in cunis, sed in sctito 
 magno cubabant. Serpentes jam appropinquaverant et 
 scutum movebant; itaque puerl e somno excitati sunt. 
 
 1. Hie dicitur .fuisse, he is said to have been; died and verbs of similar 
 meaning are frequently employed in the passive with a personal subject 
 and a dependent infinitive. 
 
 3. oderat, hated; this verb has only the tenses formed on the perfect 
 stem; the perfect, however, is translated as a present, the past perfect as 
 an imperfect, and the future perfect as a future. 
 
 5. media nocte, in the middle of the night. 
 
 8. itaque, and so; more frequently the word means therefore. 
 
 3. odi, odisse, osurus, defect., tr., cubiculum, -I, n. [cubo], bedcham- 
 hate. ber. 
 
 6. medius, -a, -um, adj., middle, 6. cunae, -arum,/, pi., a cradle, 
 intervening, middle of. 7. cubo, -are, cubui, cubitum, intr., 
 
 lie down, recline. 
 
 2. Hercules and the Serpents 
 
 Iphicles, f rater Herculis, magna voce exclamavit; at Her- 
 cules ipse, puer fortissimus, haudquaquam territus est. Par- lo 
 vis manibus serpentes statim prehendit et colla earum magna 
 VI compressit. Tall modo serpentes a puero interfectae sunt. 
 
 9. ex-clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 12. comprimo, -primere, -pressi, 
 cry out, exclaim. -pressiun, tr. [com-+prem6], press 
 
 10. haud-quaquam, adv., not at aU„ together, squeeze; suppress. 
 
 by no means. talis, -e, adj., such, of such a kind. 
 
 15 
 
16 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 JUNO 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 17 
 
 Alcmena autem, mater puerorum, clamorem audlverat et 
 maritum suum e somno excitaverat. lUe lumen accendit et 
 gladium suum rapuit; tum ad pueros properabat, sed, ubi 15 
 ad locum venit, rem miram vidit; Hercules enim ridebat et 
 serpentes mortuas monstrabat. 
 
 13. clamor, -oris, m. [clamo], shout, 
 shouting, noise. 
 
 14. maritus, -i, m., husband. 
 
 lumen, -inis, n. [compare lux], light, 
 a light. 
 
 accendo, -cendere, -cendi, -censum, 
 tr. [ad+cendo, burn], kindle, light. 
 
 16. minis, -a, -um, adj., wonderful, 
 strange. 
 
 17. mortuus, -a, -um, adj. [p. pari, 
 of morior], dead. 
 
 3. The Music Lesson 
 
 Hercules a puero corpus suum cllligenter exercebat. Mag- 
 nam partem diel in palaestra consumebat; didicit etiam 
 arcum intendere et tela conjicere. His exercitationibus vires 20 
 ejus confirmatae sunt. In musica etiam a Lino Centauro 
 erudiebatur. (Centaur! autem equi erant, sed caput hominis 
 habebant.) Huic tamen arti minus dlligenter studebat. Hie 
 
 18. a puero, froyn boyhood; literally, fro7n a hoy. 
 exercebat: the imperfect of repeated or habitual action. 
 
 19. palaestra: the name given by the Greeks to the place in which 
 instruction and training were given the young in wrestling and boxing. 
 
 20. vires: review the declension of vis, App. 3, (5). 
 
 23. huic arti . . . studebat, he devoted himself to this art; dative with a 
 special verb, App. 5L 
 
 18. dlligenter, adv. [diligens, indus- 
 trious], industriously, diligently. 
 
 exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr. [ex+ 
 arced, enclose], train, drill. 
 
 19. palaestra, -ae, \/., wresthng- 
 place, place of exercise. 
 
 con-sumo, -sumere,-sumpsi,-sump- 
 tum, tr., consume, spend. 
 
 disco, -ere, didici, — , tr., learn. 
 
 20. in-tendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
 tum, //■., stretch; bend, aim. 
 
 exercitatio, -onis, /. [exercito, train], 
 exercise, training. 
 
 21. con-firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 strengthen, establish. 
 
 musica, -ae, /., music. 
 
 22. erudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr. [e+ 
 rudis, rough], educate, instruct. 
 
 23. ars, artis, -ium, /., art. 
 
 minus, adv. [neut. of minor], less. 
 
 ~^ studeo, -ere, studui, — , intr. (takes 
 dative), be devoted, apply oneself, 
 study; favor. 
 
18 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Linus Herculem olim culpabat, quod parum studiosus erat. 
 25 Turn puer Iratus citharam subito rapuit et summis viribus 
 caput magistrl infelicis percussit. lUe ictu prostratus est, et 
 paul5 post e vita excessit, neque quisquam postea id officium 
 suscipere voluit. 
 
 26. lUe: he {i.e., Linus); ille is used to refer to some person other than 
 the subject of the sentence immediately preceding. 
 
 27. paulo: an adverb, but in origin an ablative of degree of difference; 
 with posty a little later; literally, later by a Utile. 
 
 id officium: i.e., the task of instructing Hercules in music. 
 
 24. culpo, -are, -avi, -atum, ir. 
 [culpa], blame, rebuke. 
 
 parum, adv., too little, insufficiently. 
 
 studidsus, -a, -um, adj. [studium], 
 eager, fond, studious. 
 
 26. cithara, -ae, /., cithara, guitar. 
 
 simimus, -a, -um, adj. [superl. of 
 superus], highest; utmost, great- 
 est; top of, highest part of. 
 
 26. magister, -tri, m., master, 
 teacher. 
 
 in-felix, gen. -felicis, adj., unfortu- 
 nate, unhappy. 
 
 percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussimi, tr. 
 [per+quatio, shake], pierce, strike. 
 
 pro-stemo, -sternere, -stravi, -stra- 
 tum, tr., spread out; overthrow, 
 lay prostrate. 
 
 27. paulo, adv. [ahl. of paulum, a 
 little], (by) a little, a little. 
 
 quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron., 
 any one, any thing. 
 
 officium, -i, n. [opus+facio], duty, 
 service. 
 
 28. suscipia, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
 
 tr., [sub+capi5], undertake. 
 
 4. Hercules Escapes from Being Sacrificed 
 
 De Hercule haec etiam inter alia narrantur. Olim, dum 
 
 30 iter facit, in fines Aegyptiorum venit; ibi rex quidam, nomine 
 
 Buslris, ills tempore regnabat; hie autem, vir crudelissimus, 
 
 homines immolare consueverat. Herculem igitur corripuit et 
 
 29. haec inter alia, these things among others. 
 
 31. vir: in apposition with hie. 
 
 32. consueverat, was accustomed; consuesco means become accustomed; 
 its perfect tense therefore denotes a present state, has become accustomed, 
 i.e., is accustomed; likewise the past perfect consueverat denotes a past 
 state, he had become accustomed, i.e., was accustomed. 
 
 31. criidelis, -e, adj., cruel. 
 
 32. immolo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [in+mola, meal], sacrifice. 
 
 c6n-suesc6, -suescere, -suevi, -sue- 
 tum, intr., become accustomed; 
 
 pf., be accustomed, be in the 
 habit of. 
 
 corripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, tr. 
 [com-+rapio], seize, take hold of, 
 snatch up. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 19 
 
 in vincula conjecit. Turn nuntios dimlsit et diem sacrificio 
 edixit. Mox ea dies appetlvit, et omnia rite parata sunt. 
 Mantis Herculis catenls ferrels vinctae sunt, et mola salsa in 35 
 caput ejus inspersa est. Mos enim erat apud antiquos salem 
 et far capitibus victimarum imponere. Jam victima ad aram 
 stabat; jam sacerdos cultrum stimpserat. Subito tamen Her- 
 cules magno conatu vincula perrupit. Tum ictu sacerdotem 
 prostravit, altero regem ipsum occldit. 40 
 
 33. sacrificio, for the sacrifice, dative. 
 
 37. capitibus: dative with a compound verb, App. 55. 
 
 40. altero: ictu is to be supplied. 
 
 33. sacrificium, -i, n. [compare sa- 
 crifico], sacrifice. 
 
 34. rite, adv. [compare ritus,] in a 
 proper manner, fitly, duly. 
 
 35. catena, -ae, /., chain. 
 ferreus, -a, -um, adj. [ferrum], of 
 
 iron. 
 mola, -ae, /., meal, coarse flour, 
 salsus, -a, -um, adj. [sal], salted. 
 
 36. inspergo, -spergere, -spersi, 
 -spersum, tr. [in+spargo, sprin- 
 kle], sprinkle over. 
 
 antiquus, -a, -um, adj., ancient, of 
 
 long ago. 
 sal, sails, m., salt. 
 
 37. far, farris, n., grain, meal, 
 victima, -ae,/., victim (for sacrifice). 
 impono, -ponere, -posul, -positum, 
 
 tr. [in+pono], place upon, impose; 
 put on board. 
 
 ara, -ae, /., altar, 
 
 38. sacerdos, -Otis, m. andf. [sacer], 
 priest, priestess. 
 
 culter, -tri, m., knife. 
 
 sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, tr. 
 [sub+emo], take, take up. 
 
 39. conatus, -us, m. [conor], attempt. 
 
 per-rumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- 
 tum, tr., burst through, burst 
 asunder. 
 
 5. Ear-Cropping 
 
 Hercules, jam adulescens, urbem Thebas incolebat. Rex 
 Thebarum, vir ignavus, Creon appellabatur. Minyae, gens 
 bellicosissima, Thebanis finitimi erant. LegatI autem a Mi- 
 nyls ad Thebanos quotannis veniebant et centum boves postu- 
 
 43. Thebanis: dative, depending on the adjective /ImYimi. 
 
 44. veniebant: imperfect of repeated action. 
 
 43. bellicosus, -a, -um, cwi/. [bellum], 44. centum, indecl. num. adj., hun- 
 warlike, martial. dred. 
 
20 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 45 labant. ThebanI enim oliin a Minyls superati erant; tributa 
 igitur regl Minyarum quotannls pendebant. At Hercules 
 elves suos hoc stlpendio llberare constituit. Legates igitur 
 comprehendit, atque aures eorum abscldit. Legati autem 
 apud omnes gentes sacrl habentur. 
 
 47. cives suos, his fellow citizens, stipendio: ablative of separation, 
 App. 64. 
 
 49. habentur, are considered. Ill treatment of envoys was assigned 
 as the reason for several wars in antiquity. 
 
 In section 5 account for the gender, number, and case of sacrl, 49. 
 
 45. tributum, -i, n. [p. part, of 47. libero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 tribuo, assign], tribute, payment. [liber], set free, free, liberate, re- 
 
 46. pendo, -ere, pependi, pensum, lease. 
 tr., weigh, pay out, pay. 
 
 6. Defeat of the Minyae 
 
 50 Erginus, rex Minyarum, ob haec vehementer iratus erat, et 
 cum omnibus copiis in fines Thebanorum contendit. Creon 
 adventum ejus per exploratores cognovit; ipse tamen pugnare 
 noluit; nam magno timore affectus est; ThebanI igitur Her- 
 culem imperatorem creaverunt. llle nuntios in omnes partes 
 
 55 dimisit et copias coegit. Tum proximo die cum magno ex- 
 ercitu profectus est. Locum idoneum delegit et aciem In- 
 struxit. Tum ThebanI e superiore loco impetum in hostes 
 
 53. magno timore: see note on Per., 100. 
 
 50. vehementer, adv. [vehemens, 55. cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, tr. 
 vehement, violent], violently; [com-+ago], drive together, bring 
 
 very much, greatly. together, collect; compel, force. 
 
 52. explorator, -oris, ?u. [explore], 56. proficiscor, proficlsci, profectus 
 scout. sum, inlr., set out, start, depart. 
 
 53. nolo, nolle, nolui, tr. and intr. 57. superior, -ius, adj. [comp. of I 
 [ne+volo], be unwilling, not to superus], higher; previous, pre- 
 wish. ceding; superior. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 21 
 
 fecerunt. lUl autem impetum sustinere non potuerunt, itaque 
 acies hostium pulsa est atque in fugam conversa. 
 
 59. conversa: supply est, which, like the other forms of sum, is some- 
 times omitted in the perfect passive. 
 
 In section 6 account for the case of timore, Herculem, 53; of wipcrdtorem, 
 54; of die, 55. 
 
 58. sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- 59. pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, tr., 
 tum, tr. [sub+teneo], hold up, ' beat; drive out, drive away, rout, 
 sustain, witlistand. con-verto, -vertere, -verti, -versum, 
 
 tr., turn around, turn. 
 
 7. Madness and Murder 
 
 Post hoc proelium Hercules copias suas ad urbem reduxit. eo 
 Omnes ThebanI propter victoriam maxime gaudebant. Creon 
 autem magnis honoribus Herculem decoravit, atque filiam 
 suam el in matrimonium dedit. Hercules cum uxore sua 
 vltam beatam agebat; sed post paucos annos subito in furo- 
 rem incidit, atque liberos suos ipse sua manu occidit. Post 65 
 breve tempus ad sanitatem recluctus est, et propter hoc 
 f acinus magno dolore affectus est; mox ex urbe effugit et in 
 silvas se recepit. Nolebant enim elves sermonem cum eo 
 habere. 
 
 61. gaudebant: what arc the principal parts of this verb? What land of 
 verb is it? 
 
 64. in furorem incidit, became insane; how literally? 
 
 65. ipse sua, his own; but the two Latin words are more emphatic than 
 the English translation. 
 
 68. se recepit, betook himself, withdrew; compare se contulii, Per. 93. 
 
 60. re-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
 tum, tr., lead back. 
 
 61. maxime, swperl. adv. [maximus], 
 in the highest degree, most, espe- 
 cially, exceedingly. 
 
 62. decoro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [decus, decoration], adorn, honor. 
 
 64. furor, -oris, m. Jfuro, to rage], 
 madness, fury. 
 
 65. incido, -cidere, -cidi, — , intr. 
 [in+cado], fall in, fall into. 
 
 66. sanitas, -atis, /. [sanus], health, 
 sanity. 
 
 67. facinus, facinoris, n., deed; 
 crime. 
 
 effugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , intr. [ex 
 +fugio], escape. 
 
 68. sermo, -onis, m.. [sero, entwine], 
 talk, conversation. 
 
22 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 8. Hercules Consults the Oracle 
 
 70 Hercules magnopere cupiebat tantum scehis expiare. Con- 
 stituit igitur ad oraculum Delphicum Ire; hoc enim oraculum 
 erat omnium celeberrimum. Ibi templum erat Apollinis, 
 plurimls donis ornatum. Hoc in templo sedebat femina quae- 
 dam, nomine Pythia, et consilium dabat ils qui ad oraculum 
 
 75 veniebant. Haec autem femina ab ipso Apolline docebatur, 
 et voluntatem del hominibus enuntiabat. Hercules igitur, 
 qui Apollinem praecipue colebat, hue venit. Tum rem totam 
 exposuit, neque scelus celavit. 
 
 72. omnium: supply drdculorum. 
 
 73. donis: presented by states and individuals. 
 
 Hoc in templo : a monosyllabic preposition may stand between a noun 
 and a modifier. 
 
 In section 8, account for the case of omnium, 72; of nomine, 74. 
 
 70. scelus, sceleris, n., wickedness, 
 crime. 
 
 ex-pio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [pio, 
 appease], atone for, appease. 
 
 72. celeber, -bris, -bre, adj., 
 thronged; renowned, famous. 
 
 73. plurimus, -a, -um, adj. [superl. 
 of multus], most, very much, 
 very many. 
 
 omo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., fit out, 
 
 furnish, equip; adorn, 
 sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, intr., sit. 
 
 75. doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, tr., 
 teach; show, explain. 
 
 76. e-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 assert; proclaim, reveal. 
 
 77. praecipue, adv. [praecipuus, es- 
 pecial], especially. 
 
 cold, -ere, colui, cultum, tr., culti- 
 vate, till. 
 
 9. The Oracle's Reply 
 
 Ubi Hercules finem fecit, Pythia diu tacebat. Tandem 
 
 80 tamen jussit eum ad urbem Tiryntha Ire, et Eurysthei regis 
 
 omnia imperata facere. Hercules, ubi haec audlvit, ad urbem 
 
 illam contendit, et Eurystheo regl se in servitutem tradidit. 
 
 80. Tiryntha: a word of Greek origin, retaining its Greek accusative 
 form. P«roper names must always be translated by the nominative. 
 
 82. in servitutem, in slavery. 
 
 79. taceo, -ere, tacui, taciturn, intr. 82. servitus, -utis,/. [servus], servi- 
 and tr., be silent, be silent about. tude, slavery. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 23 
 
 Duodecim annos in servitute Eurysthel tenebatur, et duode- 
 cim labores, quos ille imperaverat, confecit. Hoc enim uno 
 modo tantum scelus expiarl potuit. De his laboribus plurima si 
 si poetis scripta sunt. Multa tamen quae poetae narrant vix 
 credibilia sunt. 
 
 85. plurima, a great many things, an adjective used substantively. 
 In section 9 account for the case of eum, 80; of regi, 82. 
 
 83. duodecim, indecl. num. adj. intr. [in+paro], command; con- 
 [duo+decem], twelve. trol. 
 
 84. labor, -oris, m., labor, toil. 87. credibUis, -e, adj. [credo], credi- 
 impero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and ble. 
 
 10. First Labor — Slaying the Nemean Lion - 
 
 Primum ab Eurystheo jussus est Hercules leonem occldere, 
 qui illo tempore vallem Nemaeam reddebat Infestam. In 
 silvas igitur quas leo incolebat statim se contulit. Mox 90 
 feram vidit, et arcum quern secum attulerat intendit; ejus 
 tamen pellem, quae densissima erat, trajicere non potuit. Turn 
 clava magna, quam semper gerebat, leonem percussit. Frus- 
 tra tamen, neque enim hoc modo eum occldere potuit. Tum 
 demum collum monstri bracchils suls complexus est, et fauces 95 
 ejus summis viribus compressit. Hoc modo leo brevi tem- 
 
 91. secum: the preposition cum regularly follows, and is attached to, 
 a personal, a reflexive, or a relative pronoun. 
 
 88. led, -onis, m., lion. trajicio, -jicere, -jecl, -jectimi, tr. 
 
 89. infestus, -a, -um, adj., unsafe, <^nd intr. [trans +jaci6], hurl . 
 hostile. across; pierce. 
 
 91. fera, -ae, /., wild beast, wild 93. clava, -ae,/., staff, club, 
 animal. 95. demum, adv., at last, at length. 
 
 affero, afferre, attuli, allattmi, tr. bracchium, -i, n., the fore-arm, 
 [ad+fero], bring to, bring.^ arm. 
 
 92. pellis, pellis, -ium, /., skin, com-plector, -plecti, -plexus simi, tr. 
 hide, pelt. [plector, embrace], clasp, embrace. 
 
 densus, -a, -um, adj., close, thick. fauces, -ium,/. pi., throat. 
 
24 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 pore exanimatus est; nulla enim resplrandi facultas ei daba- 
 tur. Turn Hercules cadaver ad oppidum in umeris rettulit et 
 pellem quam detraxerat postea pro veste gerebat. Omnes 
 100 autem qui earn regionem incolebant, ubi famam de morte 
 leonis acceperunt, vehementer gaudebant, et Herculem magno 
 in honore habebant. 
 
 97. respirandi facultas, chance of breathing, chance to breathe; resplrandi 
 is a gerund. 
 
 99. pro veste, as a garment. 
 
 97. re-spiro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., umerus, -i, m., upper arm, shoulder, 
 breathe out; breathe. 99. de-traho, -trahere, -traxl, -trac- 
 
 facultas, -atis,/. [facilis], means, op- tum, tr., draw off, strip off. 
 
 portunity, chance. vestis, -is,/., garment, clothing. 
 
 98. cadaver, -eris, n., a dead body; 100. fama, -ae, /., report, rumor, 
 
 corpse. 
 
 talk. 
 
 11. Second Labor — Slaying the Lernaean Hydra 
 
 Post haec jussus est ab Eurystheo Hydram necare. Hoc 
 autem monstrum erat quod novem capita habebat. i Her- 
 
 105 cules igitur cum amico lolao profectus est ad paludem Ler- 
 naeam, quam Hydra incolebat. Mox monstrum invenit et, 
 quamquam res erat magni perTculT, collum ejus laeva pre- 
 hendit. Tum dextra capita novem abscidere coepit. Quotiens 
 tamen hoc . fecerat, nova capita exoriebantur. Diu frustra 
 
 110 laboravit; tandem hoc conatu destitit; constituit deinde ar- 
 
 103. Hoc: although the reference is to Hydram, a feminine noun, the 
 demonstrative, in accordance with Latin usage, takes its gender from the 
 . predicate noun monstrum. 
 
 109. exoriebantur, grew out; imperfect of repeated action. 
 
 110. conatu: ablative of separation. 
 
 105. palus, -udis,/., swamp, marsh. often as. 
 
 107. laeva, -ae, /. [laevus, on the 109. ex-orior, -oriri, -ortus sum, 
 
 left side], the left hand. intr., come forth, arise, appear. 
 
 ^ 108. quotiens. Off y. [quot, how many], 110. de-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, -sti- 
 interrog., how often? relative, as tum, intr., leave off, desist from. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 25 
 
 bores succidere et ignem accendere. Hoc celeriter fecit, et, 
 postquam ligna ignem comprehenderunt , face ardente colla 
 adussit, unde capita exoriebantur. Nee tamen sine magno 
 labore haec fecit. Auxilium enim Hydrae tulit cancer ingens, 
 qui, dum Hercules capita abscidit, crura ejus mordebat. 115 
 Postquam monstrum tall modo interfecit, sagittas suas san- 
 guine ejus imbuit, itaque mortiferas reddidit. 
 
 112. comprehenderunt, caught. 
 
 113. nnde, from which, =ex quibus. 
 
 In section 11 account for the gender of hoc, 109; for the case of 
 mortiferas, 117, 
 
 111. succido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, 114. cancer, -cri, m., a crab. 
 ir. [sub + caedo], cut down, fell. ^g^ ^rus, cruris, n., leg. 
 
 112. lignum, -i, n., wood, firewood. _j--__j- ' , 
 
 ^ » > > y mordeo,-ere,momordi,morsum,^r., 
 
 fax, facis, /., torch, firebrand. bj^g 
 
 ardens^m. ardentis, adj. [pr. part. ^^^ .^ 
 0/ ardeo], glowmg, fiery. soak, steep. 
 
 113. ad-uro, -urere, -ussi, -ustum, . ., _ j • r-~   
 /r hum Ronr mortifer, -era, -erum, a/Z;. [mors + 
 tr burn, sear. ^^^.^^ death-deaUng, deadly. 
 
 unde, adv., from which place, 
 
 whence. 
 
 12. Third Labor — Capture of the Cerynian Stag 
 
 Postquam Eurystheo caedes Hydrae nuntiata est, magnus 
 timor animum ejus occupavit. Jussit igitur Herculem cervum 
 quendam ad se referre; noluit enim virum tantae audaciae in 120 
 urbe retinere. Hie autem cervus, cujus cornua aurea fuisse 
 traduntur, incredibili fuit celeritate. Hercules igitur primum 
 
 120. tantae audaciae: genitive of description, App. 44. 
 
 121. fuisse traduntur, are said to have been. 
 
 122. celeritate : ablative of description; either the ablative or the genitive 
 in this use may stand in the predicate. 
 
 119. cervus, -i, m., stag. an army). 
 
 120. audacia, -ae, /. [audax], bold- aureus, -a, -um, adj. [aurum], erf 
 
 ness. gold, golden. 
 
 121. comu, -us, 71., horn; wing {of 122. in-credibilis,-e,a4/., incredible. 
 
26 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 vestigia ejus in silvls animadvertit. Deinde, ubi cervum 
 ipsiun vidit, summis viribus currere coepit. Usque ad ves- 
 125 perum cucurrit, neque nocturnum tempus sibi ad quietem 
 rellquit. Frustra tamen, nuUo enim modo praedam consequi 
 poterat. Tandem, postquam totum annum cucurrerat (ita 
 traditur), cervum cursti exanimatum cepit et vivum ad 
 Eurystheum rettulit. 
 
 125. sibi: dative after rellquit, but may be omitted in translation. 
 
 ad, for. 
 
 127. cucurrerat: with postquam and ubi the perfect is the tense most 
 frequently used, as has been stated before. The past perfect is here em- 
 ployed because its clause denotes a situation. 
 
 ita traditur, so the story goes. 
 
 In section 12 account for the case of Eurysthed, 118; of Herculem, 119; 
 of annum, 127; of cursu, 128. 
 
 123. vestigium, -i, n., footstep, 125. noctumus, -a, -um, adj. [nox], 
 track. nightly, at night, night (as adjec- 
 
 animadverto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- tive). 
 
 sum, /r. [animus + advert6], direct 126. con-sequor, -sequi, -secutus 
 
 the mind to, observe, notice; stmi, tr., follow up; overtake; 
 
 punish. gain. 
 
 124. usque, adv., all the way, even, 128. cursus, -us, m., chariot. 
 
 all the time, until. vivus, -a, -urn, adj. [vivo], hving, 
 
 vesper, -eri, m., evening. alive. 
 
 13. Fourth Labor — The Erymanthian Boar 
 
 130 Post haec jussus est Hercules aprum quendam capere, qui 
 illo tempore agros Erymanthios vastabat et incolas hujus 
 regionis magnopere terrebat. Hercules rem suscepit et in 
 Arcadiam prefect us est. Postquam in silvam paulum pro- 
 
 132. rem, task; res is to be rendered freely according to the context. 
 
 130. aper, apri, m., a wild boar. a little], somewhat. 
 
 131. incola, -ae, m. and f. [incolo], progredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
 inhabitant, resident. i^tr. [pro+gradior, step], go on, 
 
 133. paulum, adv. [ace. of paulum, advance, proceed. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 27 
 
 gressus est, apro occurrit. Ille autem, simul atque Herculem 
 vidit, statim refugit et, timore perterritus, in altam fossam 135 
 se projecit. Hercules igitur laqueum quern attulerat injecit, 
 et summa cum difficultate aprum e fossa extraxit. Ille, etsi 
 multum reluctabatur, nullo modo se llberare potuit, et ab 
 Hercule ad Eurystheum vivus relatus est. 
 
 134. apro: dative with occurrit, which is a compound of oh and curro. 
 
 In section 13, is the preposition cum, 137, necessary to the expression of 
 manner? Account for the case of vivus, 139. 
 
 134. occurro, -currere, -currl, -cur- laqueus, -I, m., noose. 
 
 sum, intr. [ob+curro], run to 137. difficultas, -atis, /. [difficilis], 
 meet, meet. difficulty. 
 
 135. per-terreo, -terrere, -terrui, etsi, conj., though, although, even 
 -territum, ir., frighten thoroughly, if. 
 
 terrify. 138. multum, adv. [ace. of multum], 
 
 136. projicio, - jicere, -jeci, -jectum, much, greatly. 
 
 /r. [pro+jacio], hurl forward, hurl reluctor, -ari,-atus sum, znfr., strug- 
 down. gle against, resist. 
 
 14. Hercules at the Centaur's Cave 
 
 De quarto labore, quern supra narravimus, haec etiam uo 
 traduntur. Hercules, dum iter in Arcadiam facit, ad earn 
 regionem venit quam Centauri incolebant. Mox, quod nox 
 jam appetebat, ad antrum devertit, in quo Centaurus quidam, 
 nomine Pholus, habitabat. 
 
 Ille Herculem benigne excepit et cenam paravit. At Her- 145 
 cules, postquam cenavit, vinum a Pholo postulavit. Erat 
 
 140. narravimus: the plural as used by the author to refer to himself 
 was formerly common in English also, especially in newspaper editorials. 
 
 143. jam, now, or by this time; nunc means now (absolutely), at the 
 ■present time. 
 
 140. supra, adv. [superus], above, turn away, turn aside. 
 
 "^^^^^- 145. cena, -ae, /., dinner. 
 
 143. antrum, -i, n.. cave. 146. ceno, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 
 de-verto, -vertere, -verti, — , intr.y and tr. [cena], dine, dine upon. 
 
28 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 autem in antro magna amphora, vino optimo repleta, quam 
 Centauri ibi deposuerant. Pholus hoc vinum dare nolebat, 
 quod reliquos Centauros timebat; nullum tamen vinum prae- 
 150 ter hoc in antro habebat. ''Hoc vinum," inquit, "mihi com- 
 missum est. Si igitur hoc dabo, Centauri me interficient." 
 Hercules tamen eum irrisit, et ipse cyathum vini ex amphora 
 hausit. 
 
 150. inquit: this verb is regularly used in the present tense with direct 
 quotations and stands after one or more words of a quotation; it corre- 
 sponds to the English "said I." It is defective, that is, it lacks some forms 
 of person, tense, and mood. 
 
 147. amphora, -ae,/., jar, flagon. 
 
 optimus, -a, -um, adj. [swpeii. of 
 bonus], best. 
 
 re-pleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum, tr., 
 fill again, refill. 
 
 149. praeter, 'pre-p. with ace. [com- 
 pare prae, before], except; past, 
 beyond; in addition to; contrary 
 to. 
 
 150. inquam, inquis, inquit, intr. 
 defect., say, employed in direct quo- 
 tations. 
 
 152. irrideo, -ridere, -risi, -risum, 
 intr. [in+rideo], laugh at, jeer, 
 mock. 
 
 cyathus, -i, m., cup. 
 
 153. haurio, -Ire, hausi, haustum, 
 
 tr., draw, drain; swallo\N'. 
 
 15. The Fight with the Centaurs 
 
 Simul atque amphora aperta est, odor jucundissimus un- 
 155 dique diffusus est; vinum enim suavissimum erat. Centauri 
 notum odorem senserunt, et omnes ad locum convenerunt. 
 
 Ubi ad antrum pervenerunt, magnopere irati erant, quod 
 Herculem bibentem viderunt. Tum arma rapuerunt, et Pho- 
 lum interficere volebant. Hercules tamen in aditu antri 
 
 154. odor, -oris, m., smell, odor. 
 
 jucundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant, 
 agreeable. 
 
 165. diffundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fu- 
 sum, tr. [dis-+fundo], pour out, 
 spread, diffuse. 
 
 suavis, -e, adj., sweet, agreeable, 
 pleasant. 
 
 156. notus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, 
 of nosco, learn, know], known, 
 familiar. 
 
 158. bibo, bibere, bibi, — , tr. and 
 
 intr., drink. 
 
 159. aditus, ,-us, m.' [adeo, -ire], 
 entrance, means of approach, 
 access. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 29 
 
 constitit, et impetum eorum fortissime sustinebat. Faces leo 
 ardentes in eos conjecit; multos etiam sagittls suls vulneravit. 
 Hae autem sagittae eaedem erant quae sanguine Hydrae olim 
 imbutae erant. Omnes igitur quos ille sagittls vulneraverat 
 veneno statim absumpti sunt; reliqui autem, ubi hoc 
 viderunt, terga verterunt et fuga saltitem petierunt. i65 
 
 161. in, at, the usual meaning of in with words meaning lo throw. 
 165. fuga, inflight; the ablative denotes means, however. 
 
 160. con-sist5, -sistere, -stiti, — , ab- sumo, -sumere, -sumpsi, -sump- 
 
 intr., take one's stand, halt, make turn, tr., consume, destroy, 
 a stand. 
 
 164. venenum, -i, n., drug, poison. ^^^- tergum, -i, n., back. 
 
 16. The Fate of Pholus 
 
 Postquam reliqui ffigerunt, Pholus ex antro egressus est, et 
 corpora spectabat eorum qui sagittls interfecti erant. Mag- 
 nopere autem miratus est, quod tarn levl vulnere exanimati 
 erant, et causam ejus rei quaerebat. Adiit igitur locum ubi 
 cadaver cujusdam Centauri jacebat et sagittam e vulnere i7o 
 traxit. Haec tamen, sive casu sive consilio deorum, e mani- 
 bus ejus lapsa est et pedem leviter vulneravit. Ille extemplo 
 dolorem gravem per omnia membra sensit, et post breve 
 tempus vi venenT exanimatus est. Mox Hercules, qui re- 
 liquos Centauros secutus erat, ad antrum rediit, et magno 175 
 cum dolore Pholum mortuum vidit. IMultis cum lacrimls 
 
 171, sive . . . deorum, either by chance or by design of the gods. 
 
 In section 16 point out two ablatives of manner; a deponent verb. 
 
 167. specto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 171. traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, tr., 
 [freq. of specio, look], observe, draw, drag. 
 
 watch, look at, look to. ^72. labor, labi, lapsus sum, intr., 
 
 168. miror, -ari, -atus sum, tr. and glide, slip, fall. 
 
 intr. [mirus], be astonished; leviter, adv. [levis], lightly, shghtly. 
 won er a . extemplo, adv., immediately, forth- 
 
 levis, -e, adj., hght, slight, trifling. with, without delay. 
 
 170. jaceo, -ere, jacui, — , intr., lie, 173. membrum, -i, n., limb, mem- 
 be prostrate. ber. 
 
30 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 corpus amTci ad sepulturam dedit; turn, postquam alterum 
 cyathum vim hausit, somno se dedit. 
 
 177. sepultura, -ae, /. [sepelio], burial. 
 
 17. Fifth Labor — Cleansing the Augean Stables 
 
 Deinde Eurystheus Herculi hunc laborem graviorem im- 
 180 posuit. Augeas quidam, qui illo tempore regnum in Elide 
 obtinebat, tria milia boum habebat. Hi in stabulo ingentis 
 magnitudinis includebantur. Stabulum autem illuvie ac 
 squalore obsitum erat; neque enim ad hoc tempus umquam 
 purgatum erat. Hoc jussus est Hercules intra spatium unius 
 185 diei purgare. lUe, etsi res erat multae operae, negotium sus- 
 cepit. Primum, magno labore fossam duodeviginti pedum 
 fecit, per quam fluminis aquam de montibus ad murum 
 stabuli perduxit. Tum, postquam murum perrupit, aquam 
 
 179. Herculi, upon Hercules. 
 
 181. tria milia boum, three thousand cattle; it must be kept in mind 
 that the singular mille is an adjective, the plural milia a noun, used with 
 a genitive of the whole. Boum is the genitive plural of bos, App. 3, (5) . 
 
 183. neque imiquam, never. 
 
 185. erat multae operae, was one of great labor; a genitive of description 
 standing in the predicate, like the ablative of description in 1. 122. 
 
 186. duodeviginti pedum: the genitive of description with numerals is 
 regularly employed to express measure. The reference is to width. 
 
 In section 17 account for the case of magnitudinis, 182. What case is 
 governed by intra? By contra? 
 
 181. obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- 
 turn, tr. [ob+teneo], hold, possess. 
 
 stabulum, -i, n., stable, stall. 
 
 182. magnitude, -inis, /. [magnus], 
 size, magnitude. 
 
 illuvies, — , abl. -e, /., overflow; 
 dirt, filth. 
 
 183. squalor, -oris, m., squalor, filth. 
 
 ob-sero, -serere, -sevi, -situm, tr., 
 plant; cover, fill. 
 
 umquam, adv., ever. 
 
 184. purgo, -are, -avi, -atimi, tr. 
 [purus+ago], clean, cleanse; ex- 
 cuse; purgatus, -a, -um, p. part, 
 as adj., free from blame. 
 
 spatitun, -i, n., space, distance, in- 
 terval. 
 
 185. opera, -ae, /. [opus], effort, 
 labor, toil. 
 
 negotitun, -i, n. [nec-f-6tium], busi- 
 ness, matter; affair, task; diffi- 
 culty, trouble. 
 
 186. duodeviginti, indecl. num. adj., 
 twenty. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 31 
 
 in stabulum immlsit et tall modo, contra opinionem omnium, 
 opus confecit. 190 
 
 189. immitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- opinio, -onis, /. [opinor, suppose], 
 sum, tr. [in+mitto], send in, let in. opinion; expectation. 
 
 18. Sixth Labor — The Birds of Stymphalus 
 
 Post paucos dies Hercules ad oppidum Stymphalum iter 
 fecit; jusserat enim eum Eurystheus aves Stymphalides 
 necare. Hae aves rostra aenea habebant, et carne hominum 
 vescebantur. lUe, postquam ad locum pervenit, lacum vidit; 
 in hoc autem lacu, qui non procul erat ab oppido, aves habi- 195 
 tabant. Nulla tamen dabatur appropinquandi facultas. La- 
 cus enim non ex aqua sed e limo constitit; Hercules igitur 
 neque pedibus neque lintre progredi potuit. 
 
 Tandem postquam magnam partem diei frustra consumpsit, 
 hoc conatu destitit et ad Vulcanum se contulit auxilium- 200 
 que ab eo petiit. Vulcanus, qui a fabiis maxime colebatur, 
 crepundia, quae ipse ex aere fabricatus erat, Herculi dedit. 
 His Hercules dirum crepitum fecit, et aves perterritae 
 
 193. came: ablative governed by vescebantur. Name the deponent 
 verbs that govern the ablative. 
 
 197. constitit: from consto. 
 
 198. pedibus, on foot; ablative of means, here suggesting in addition 
 the idea of manner. 
 
 In section 18 account for the case of Stymphalum, 191; of lintre, 198; of 
 conatu, 200; of fabris, 201. 
 
 193. rostrum, -i, n. [rodo, gnaw], 
 beak; pL, rostra, -orum, the 
 Rostra, a platform for speakers in 
 the Forum, adorned with beaks of 
 captured ships. 
 
 aeneus, -a, -um, adj. [aes], of cop- 
 per, of bronze. 
 
 caro, camis, /., flesh. 
 
 194. vescor, -i, — , — , intr., {takes 
 ablative) feed upon. 
 
 197. limus, -1, m., mud, mire, 
 con-sto, -stare, -stiti, -statunis, intr., 
 
 stand together; consist; impers., 
 con-stat, it is knowTi, it is certain. 
 
 198. linter, -tris, /., boat, skiff. 
 
 201. faber, -bri, w., workman, smith. 
 
 202. crepundia, -orum, n., pi. [crepo, 
 
 to rattle], a child's rattle, a rattle. 
 
 fabricor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. [faber], 
 
 make, construct, build. 
 
 203. dims, -a, -um, adj., dreadful, 
 dire. 
 
 crepitus, -us, m. [crepo, to rattle], 
 clattering, noise. 
 
32 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 avolaverunt ; ille autem, dum avolant, magnum numerum 
 205 eorum sagittis transfixit. 
 
 204. a-vol6, -are, -avi, -atunis, w/r., 205. trans-flgo, -figere, -fixi, -fix- 
 fly away. um, tr., pierce, transfix. 
 
 19. Seventh Labor — The Cretan Bull 
 
 Tum jussit Herculem Eurystheus taurum quendam fero- 
 cissimum ex insula Creta vivum referre. Ille igitur navem 
 conscendit et, ; cum primum ventus idoneus fuit, solvit. Ubi 
 tamen insulae jam appropinquabat, magna tempestas subito 
 
 210 coorta est navisque cursum tenere non poterat. Nautae 
 paene omnem spem salutis deposuerunt; tantus timor 
 animos eorum occupaverat. Hercules, tamen, etsi navigandi 
 imperitus erat, haudquaquam territus est. 
 
 Post breve tempus summa tranquillitas consecuta est, et 
 
 215 nautae, qui se ex timore jam receperant, navem incolumem 
 ad terram perduxerunt. Hercules e navi egressus est, et, ubi 
 
 206. ferocissimum, very savage. The translation of the superlative by 
 very is frequently necessary. 
 
 208. cum primum, as soon as. With this phrase, as with uhi, postquam, 
 siviul atque, the perfect indicative is most frequently employed, as ex- 
 plained in the note on Perseus, 12. 
 
 solvit, -.set sail. Solvo is used in this sense either with or without navem. 
 
 Ubi . . . jam appropinquabat: the imperfect, like the past' perfect, is 
 employed with postquam and uhi in clauses denoting situation; compare 
 1. 127. 
 
 209. insulae: dative with appropinquabat. 
 
 212. navigandi imperitus, ignorant of, unskilled in, navigation. The 
 genitive of the gerund here depends upon an adjective; in 1. 196 it was used 
 with a noun, facultds. 
 
 215. se receperant, had recovered. 
 
 206. taurus, -i, m., bull. [navis+ago], sail, navigate. 
 
 208. conscendo, -scendere, -scendi, 213. imperitus, -a, -um, adj. [m-+ 
 
 -scensum, Ir. [ c o m- + s c a n d o, peritus], inexperienced, unskilled. 
 
 climb], climb; go aboard, embark 
 
 on. 214. tranquillitas, -atis, /. [tranquil- 
 
 210. co-6rior, -oriri, -ortus sum, lus], stillness; a calm (a/ s^-a). 
 
 intr., come forth, arise. 215. incolumis, -e, adj., unharmed, 
 
 212. navigo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. safe. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 33 
 
 ad regem Cretae venit, causam veniendi docuit. Deinde, 
 postquam omnia parata sunt, ad earn regionem contendit 
 quam taurus vastabat. Mox taurum vidit, et, quamquam 
 res erat magni periculi, cornua ejus prehendit. Turn ingenti 220 
 labor.e monstrum ad navem traxit et cum praeda in Graeciam 
 rediit. 
 
 20. Eighth Labor — Capture of the Horses 
 
 OF DiOMEDE 
 
 Postquam ex Insula Creta rediit, Hercules ab Eurystheo in 
 Thraciam missus est et equos Diomedis reducere jussus. Hi 
 equi carne hominum vescebantur; Diomedes autem, vir cru- 225 
 delissinms, iis projiciebat peregrlnos omnes qui in eam 
 regionem venerant. Hercules igitur magna celeritate in 
 Thraciam contendit et hos equos ab Diomede postulavit. 
 Quod tamen ille hos tradere nolebat, Hercules, Ira com- 
 motus, regem interfecit et cadaver ejus equls projici jussit. 230 
 
 Ita mira rerum commutatio facta est; is enim qui antea 
 multos cum cruciatQ necaverat ipse eodem supplicio necatus 
 est. Ubi haec nuntiata sunt, omnes qui eam regionem in- 
 colebant maxima laetitia affect! sunt, et Herculi meritam 
 gratiam referebant. Non modo maximis honoribus et prae- 235 
 mils eum decoraverunt, sed regnum etiam ei obtulerunt. 
 Ille tamen regnum accipere nolebat et, postquam ad mare 
 rediit, navem occupavit. Ubi omnia ad navigandum parata 
 
 225. came : why ablative? 
 
 234. meritam gratiam referebant: for the translation consult the note 
 on Per. 86. 
 
 238. ad navigandum, /or sailing; one of the commonest uses of the gerund 
 is the accusative with ad in expressions of purpose. 
 
 226. peregrinus, -a, -um, adj. [per 234. laetitia, -ae, /., [laetus], joy, 
 +ager], strange, foreign; suhsi., happiness. 
 
 peregrinus, -i, m., a foreigner. ^ ^ , ui r a ^ ^ 
 
 ooi -4.-4.-- - ' r r 235. mode, oar. ao/.of modus Lonlv, 
 
 mm^h^nge' "'''''' ' merely, a little while ago; recently! 
 
 232. cruciatus, -us, m, [cnicio, to 236. ofifero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum, 
 
 torture], torture. //•. [ob-f-fero], bring before, offer. 
 
34 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 sunt, equos in navem collocavit; deinde idoneam tempesta- 
 240 tern nactus sine mora e portu solvit et paulo post equos in 
 lit us Argolicum exposuit. 
 
 239. tempestatem, weather; with what meaning has the word been used 
 previously? 
 
 240. nactus: the past participle of a deponent verb is usually active 
 in meaning. It therefore agrees with the subject when denoting an act 
 of the subject; an act attributed to the subject, if expressed by the past 
 participle of a non-deponent verb, requires the ablative absolute construc- 
 tion. 
 
 paulo post: see note on 1. 27. 
 
 In section 20, would it be proper to use cum with magna celeritdte, 227? 
 Would it be proper to omit cum in the phrase cum crucidtu, 232? 
 
 240. nanciscor, -i, nactus sum, tr., get, obtain; meet with, find. 
 
 21. Ninth Labor — The Girdle of Hippolyte 
 
 Gens Amazonum dicitur omnino ex mulieribus constitisse. 
 Hae summam scientiam re! mllitaris habebant, et maximam 
 virtutem praebebant; nam etiam cum viris proelium com- 
 
 245 mittere audebant. Hippolyte, Amazonum regina, balteum 
 habuit celeberrimum, quem Mars ei dederat. Admeta autem, 
 Eurysthei filia, famam de hoc balteo acceperat, et eum pos- 
 sidere vehementer cupiebat. Eurystheus igitur Herculem 
 jussit copias cogere et bellum Amazonibus Inferre. Ille 
 
 250 nuntios in omnes partes dimlsit et, postquam magna multi- 
 tudo convenit, eos delegit qui maximum usum in re militari 
 habebant. 
 
 242. constitisse: from consto. 
 
 243. rei militaris, military science, art of war. 
 
 244. proelium committere, to engage in battle. 
 
 249. bellum Amazonibus inferre, to make war on the Amazons. 
 
 242. mulier, -eris, /., woman. exhibit, show. 
 
 243. scientia, -ae, /. [sciens, know- 245. balteus, -i, m., girdle, belt. 
 ing], knowledge, expertness, skill. 247. possideo, -sidere, -sedi, -ses- 
 
 militaris, -e, adj. [mfles], military. sum, tr. [por /or pro + sedeo], pos- 
 
 244. praebeo, -ere, praebul, prae- ^^^s, have. 
 
 bitum, tr. [prae, before +habe6], 251. usus, -us, m. [utor], use; prac- 
 
 hold forth, offer; furnish, supply; tice, experience. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 35 
 
 22. The Girdle Refused 
 
 His virls Hercules causam itineris exposuit; ill! auctoritate 
 ejus adducti iter cum eo facere constituerunt. Turn cum iis 
 quibus persuaserat navem conscendit et, ventum idoneum 255 
 nactus, post paucos dies ad ostium fluminis Thermodontis 
 appulit. Postquam in fines Amazonum venit, nuntium ad 
 Hippolytam misit, qui causam veniendi docuit et balteum 
 poposcit. Ipsa Hippolyte balteum tradere volebat, quod de 
 Herculis virtute famam acceperat; quod tamen reliquae 260 
 Amazones nolebant, negavit. At Hercules, ubi haec nunti- 
 ata sunt, belli fortunam temptare constituit. 
 
 Proximo igitur die copias eduxit. Turn locum idoneum 
 delegit et hostes ad pugnam evocavit. Amazones quoque 
 copias suas ex castris eduxerunt et non magno intervallo 265 
 aciem instruxerunt. 
 
 253. His viris: dative of indirect object, 
 auctoritate; ablative of cause. \ 
 
 255. quibus: dative with persuaserat, App. 51. 
 
 256. post paucos dies: in this phrase post is employed as a preposition. 
 It has also been employed as an adverb in phrases of the same or similar 
 meaning, with ablative of degree of difference; e.g., panels post diebus. 
 
 ad ostium Thermodontis: the Thermodon was a river in Pontus, a 
 country on the southern coast of the Black Sea. The Amazons were 
 also represented as dwelling to the north on the river Don. 
 
 259. volebat, was willing. 
 
 261, nolebant: the words balteum tradere are to be understood. 
 
 negavit: this is the common word for say that not accompanied by 
 indirect discourse. It is often used also, as here, with the meaning refuse. 
 
 haec : neuter plural used substantively. 
 
 265. non magno intervallo, at no great distance {interval) ; ablative of 
 degree of difference. 
 
 What part of the verb is veniendi, 258? 
 
 256. ostium, -i, n. [compare os], 262. tempto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 door; mouth, entrance. [intens. oj tendo], try, make trial 
 
 259. posco, -ere, poposci, — , tr., ask, o^- 
 
 request, demand. 264. e-voc6, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 261. nego, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and call out. 
 
 tn/r., say no, say that not; refuse, 265. intervallum, -i, n., interval, 
 
 deny. distance. 
 
36 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 23. The Battle 
 
 Palus erat non magna inter duos exercitus; neutri tamen 
 initium transeundi facere volebant. Tandem Hercules sig- 
 num dedit et, ubi paludem transiit, proelium commisit. 
 
 Amazones impetum virorum fortissime sustinuerunt et 
 contra opinionem omnium magnam virtutem praestiterunt ; 
 mult OS quidem eorum occlderunt, multos etiam in fugam 
 conjecerunt. Viri enim novo genere pugnae perturbabantur, 
 nee soiitam virtutem praestabant. Hercules autem, ubi haec 
 vidit, de suis fortunis desperare coepit. Mllites igitur ve- 
 hementer cohortatus ad pristinam virtutem tantum dedecus 
 deprecatus est; quibus verbis animi omnium erecti sunt; 
 nam multl, etiam qui vulneribus confecti erant, proelium 
 sine mora redintegraverunt. 
 
 267. non magna, of no great extent. 
 
 neutri: the plural of neuter is employed with reference to two groups. 
 
 270. Amazones magnam virtutem praestiterunt: the Amazons were 
 said to have ventured to attack the territories of other nations, and to 
 have made their way even into Attica, the district about Athens. 
 
 271. praestiterunt: praesto may be transitive, as here, in the sense of 
 exhibit, display, or it may be intransitive with the meaning excel, in which 
 case it usually governs a dative. 
 
 274. nee: translate and not. 
 
 277. quibus: translate by a demonstrative, these. 
 
 278. etiam qui, even those who. 
 
 In section 23 point out a gerund; a genitive of the whole; an ablative of 
 of cause. 
 
 273, genus, generis, n., race, fam- 
 ily, birth, descent; kind, class. 
 
 per-turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 throw into confusion, throw into 
 disorder, disturb. 
 
 275. de-spero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 and intr., despair of, despair. 
 
 276. co-hortor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., 
 encourage, rally, admonish. 
 
 pristinus, -a, -um, adj. [compare 
 
 prior], former, original. 
 
 de-decus, -decoris, n. [decus, decor- 
 ation, honor], disgrace, dishonor. 
 
 277. de-precor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., 
 avert by prayer, deprecate. 
 
 erigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum, //•. [e 
 + rego], lift up; arouse, encourage. 
 
 279. red-integro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 tr. [integro, make whole], renew, 
 restore. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 37 
 
 AN AMAZON 
 
38 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 24. Defeat of the Amazons 
 
 280 Diu et acriter pugnatum est; tandem tamen ad solis oc- 
 casum magna commutatio rerum facta est, et mulieres terga 
 verterunt atque fuga salutem petierunt. Multae autem vul- 
 neribus defessae, dum fugiunt, captae sunt; in quo numero 
 ipsa erat Hippolyte. Hercules summam clementiam praestitit 
 
 285 et, postquam balteum accepit, llbertatem omnibus captivis 
 dedit. Post haec socios ad mare reduxit et, quod non mul- 
 tum aestatis supererat, in Graeciam proficlsci mattiravit. 
 Navem igitur conscendit et, tempestatem idoneam nactus, 
 statim solvit. Antequam tamen in Graeciam pervenit, ad 
 
 290 urbem Trojam navem appellere constituit; frumentum enim 
 quod secum habebat jam deficere coeperat. 
 
 280. Diu . . . pugnatum est, the battle was long and fierce; literally, it 
 was fought long and fiercely, ad solis occasum, about sunset. 
 
 286. non multum aestatis, not much of the summer; multum is neuter 
 of the adjective used as a noun; aestatis is genitive of the whole. 
 
 In section 24 point out two complementary infinitives. 
 
 280. occasus, -us, m. [ob 4- casus], mature, -are, -a vi, -atum, w/r. [ma- 
 falling down, setting; solis occa- turns], set about early, hasten. 
 
 sus, sunset, ^^^ ^ • i r 
 
 „«- ,. .. . r 1- - 1 289. ante-quam, con?., before. 
 
 284. dementia, -ae, /. [clemens], ^ y j j 
 
 forbearance, mercy. 291. deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
 
 »V 287. super-simi,-esse,-fui, — yintr., tr. and intr. [de+facio], fail, run 
 
 1%: be left over, survive, remain. out; withdraw, desert. 
 
 
 25. Laomedon and the Sea Monster 
 
 Laomedon quidam illo tempore regnum Trojae obtinebat; 
 ad hunc Neptunus et Apollo anno superiore venerant et, 
 quod Troja nondum moenia habebat, ad hoc opus auxilium 
 295 obtulerant. Postquam tamen horum auxiUo moenia confecta 
 sunt, nolebat Laomed5n praemium quod proposuerat per- 
 solvere. 
 
 294. moenia, -ium, n. pL, walls {of situm, tr., set forth, relate; offer, 
 
 a city). propose. 
 
 296. pro-pono, -ponere, -posui, -po- per-solv5, -solvere, -solvi, -solutum, 
 
 tr., pay, pay over. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 39 
 
 Neptunus igitur et Apollo, ob banc causam irati, mon- 
 strum quoddam miserunt specie horribili, quod cotidie e marl 
 veniebat et homines pecudesque vorabat. TrojanI igitur, 300 
 timore perterriti, in urbe continebantur, et pecora omnia ex 
 agris intra muros compulerant. Laomedon, his rebus com- 
 motus, oraculum consuluit; a deo autem jussus est flliam 
 Hesionem monstro objicere. 
 
 301. continebantur, ivere confining themselves; the passive voice is some- 
 times used in a reflexive sense, i.e., it denotes an act done by the actor 
 to or for himself; se continebant might have been used. 
 
 In section 25 point out an ablative of cause; an ablative of time; an 
 ablative of description. 
 
 300. pecus,-udis,/., a head of cattle, pecus, -oris, n., cattle, herd, flock, 
 beast; pL, flock, herd. 302. com-pello, -peUere, -puU, -pul- 
 
 voro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., devour. ^""^' ^''^ ^^'^^^ together, collect. 
 
 304. objicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, 
 
 301. contineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- </•. [ob+jacio], throw before, throw 
 tum, tr. [com-+teneo], hold to- to, offer, e^'pose; set against, 
 gether; shut in, confine. oppose. 
 
 26. The Rescue of Hesione 
 
 Laomedon, ubi hoc responsum renuntiatum est, magnum 305 
 dolorem percepit. Sed tamen, quod elves suos tanto periculo 
 llberare volebat, oraculo parere constituit et diem sacrificio 
 dixit. Sed, sive casu sive consilio deorum, Hercules tempore 
 opportunissimo Trojam attigit; ipso enim temporis puncto 
 quo puella catenis vincta ad lit us deducebatur ille navem 310 
 appulit. Hercules, e navi egressus, de rebus quae gerebantur 
 certior f actus est; tum, Ira commotus, ad regem se contulit 
 
 307. oraculo: dative with the special verb parere. 
 
 sacrificio, for the sacrifice, dative. 
 
 309. ipso . . . temporis puncto quo, at the very moment when. 
 
 312. certior factus est, ivas informed; literally, was made more certain. 
 
 305. re-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, attingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum, tr. 
 
 intr., bring back word, report, [ad+tangoj, t9uch; arrive at. 
 
 announce. punctum, -i, n. {p. part, of pungo], 
 
 309. opportunus, -a, -um, adj. [ob+ Poi^^^J moment. 
 
 portus], fit, opportune. 
 
40 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 et auxilium suum obtulit. Rex libenter ejus auxilium accepit; 
 deinde Hercules monstrum interfecit et puellam, quae jam 
 S15 omnem spem salutis deposuerat, incolumem ad patrem 
 redtixit. Laomedon magno cum gaudio flliam suam accepit, 
 et Hercull pro tanto beneficio meritam gratiam rettulit. 
 
 In section 26 account for the case of perlculo 306; of incolurnem, 315. 
 Give the principal parts of vincio and vinco. 
 
 27. Tenth Labor — The Oxen of Geryon 
 
 Post haec jussus est Hercules ad insulam Erythiam ire 
 bovesque Geryonis arcessere. Res erat summae difficultatis, 
 
 320 quod boves a gigante Eurytione et a cane bicipite custodie- 
 bantur. Ipse autem Geryon speciem horribilem praebebat; 
 habebat enim tria corpora inter se conjuncta. Hercules 
 tamen, etsi intellegebat periculum magnum esse, negotium 
 suscepit et, postquam per multas terras iter fecit, ad eam 
 
 325 partem Libyae pervenit quae Europae proxima est. Ibi in 
 utraque parte freti quod Europam a Libya dividit columnas 
 constituit, quae postea Herculis Columnae appellatae sunt. 
 
 322. inter se, together, to one another; how Uterally? 
 
 323. periculum magnum esse: what class of verbs take the infinitive 
 with subject accusative? 
 
 325. in utraque parte, on both sides. 
 
 327. Herculis Columnae : the Rock of Gibraltar and a hill on the oppo- 
 site side of the Straits doubtless gave rise to this legend. 
 
 In section 27 account for the case of difficultatis 319; of Europae 325; of 
 Columnae 327. 
 
 319. arcesso, -cessere, -cessivi, 323. intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lec- 
 -cessitum, <r., send for, summon. tum, tr. [inter + lego], perceive, 
 
 _-- . . ^. . , understand, know. 
 
 320. gigas, -antis, m., giant. ^^^ ^^^^q^^^ ^^^q^^^ utrumque, 
 
 biceps, -cipitis, adj., two-headed. pron., each {of two). 
 
 custodio, -ire, >ivi, -itum, tr. [custos], fretum, -i, n., a strait, channel, 
 
 watch, guard. colxmma, -aLCff., column, pillar. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 41 
 
 28. The Golden Ship 
 
 Dum hie moratur, Hercules magnum ineommoduru ex 
 calore solis accipiebat. Tandem igitur, Ira commotus, arcum 
 suum intendit et solem sagittis petiit. Sol tamen, audaciam 330 
 virl admlratus, lintrem auream el dedit. Hercules hoc donum 
 libentissime accepit; nullam enim navem in his regionibus 
 invenire potuerat. Turn lintrem deduxit et, ventum nactus 
 idoneum, post breve tempus ad insulam pervenit. Post(iuam 
 ex incolls cognovit de loco ubi boves erant, eo statim profec- 335 
 tus est et a rege Geryone boves postulavit. Quod tamen ille 
 hoSttradere nolebat, Hercules et regem ipsum et gigantem 
 Eurylionem interfecit. 
 
 328. Dum moratur: a dum clause of situation, as in Per. 63, which regu- 
 larly takes a present indicative even if the principal verb is past. 
 
 331. admiratus: to be translated as a present participle, a force which 
 the past participles of certain deponent verbs often have. 
 
 328. moror, -ari, -atus sum, tr. and 329. calor, -oris, m., heat. 
 
 ^ intr. [mora], delay, linger; hinder. 33^^ ad-miror, -ari, -atus sum, tr., 
 
 m-commodum, -1, n., mconvenience, be astonished at, admire, 
 misfortune, loss. 
 
 29. A Miraculous Hail-Storm 
 
 Tum Hercules boves per Hispaniam et Liguriam compei- 
 lere constituit. Postquam igitur omnia parata sunt, boves 340 
 ex insula ad continentem transportavit. Ligures tamen, gens 
 bellicosissima, dum ille per fines eorum iter facit, magnis 
 copils convenerunt, atque eum longius progredl prohibebant. 
 Hercules magnam difficultatem habebat; barbari enim in locis 
 
 342. fines: not boundaries. 
 
 magnis copiis, xoith large forces; ablative of accompaniment, App. 70, b. 
 
 343. eum . . . progredi prohibebant, tried to -prevent him from proceeding. 
 The infinitive with subject accusative often depends on prohibeo. The 
 imperfect tense here denotes an attempted action. 
 
 341. trans-porto, -are, -avi, -atum, 343. prohibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibi- 
 
 /r., carry over, transport. ^"^. '''• [pro+habeo], check, 
 
 stop, restram; keep out, prohibit. 
 
42 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 345' superioribus constiterant, et saxa telaque in eum conjiciebant. 
 lUe quidem paene omnem spem salutis deposuerat; sed tem- 
 pore opportunissimo Juppiter imbrem lapidum ingentium e 
 caelo demlsit. Hi magna vl ceciderunt et magnum numerum 
 Ligurmn occlderunt; ipse tamen Hercules, ut in talibus rebus 
 
 350 accidere consuevit, nihil incommodi cepit. 
 
 346. quidem: this word often has a concessive force, it is true, to be sure; 
 it is then followed in the next sentence by some adversative word, here 
 sed, hut, nevertheless. 
 
 349. in talibus rebus: i.e., when favored with divine help. 
 
 350. consuevit: the force of the tenses of this verb is explained in the 
 note on 1. 32. 
 
 nihil incommodi, no harm; incommodi is a genitive of the whole. 
 
 In section 29 account for the tense oi facit 342; for the case of vi 348. 
 
 347. imber, -bris, m., rain, storm. 350. accido, -cidere, -cidi, — , intr. 
 - . , .,. [ad+cado], fall upon; happen, 
 
 lapis, lapidis, m., stone. come about. 
 
 30. Passage of the Alps 
 
 Postquam Ligures hoc modo superati sunt, Hercules quam 
 celerrime progressus est, et post paucos dies ad Alpes per- 
 venit. Necesse erat hos transire, quod in Italiam boves 
 ducere volebat; res tamen summae erat difficultatis. Hi 
 355 enim montes, qui Galliam ulteriorem ab Italia dividunt, nive 
 perenni teguntur; quam ob causam neque frtimentum neque 
 pabulum in his regionibus invenlri potest. Hercules igitur, 
 
 351. quam celerrime, as rapidly as possible; quam is employed with a 
 superlative to indicate the highest degree possible. 
 
 355. Galliam ulteriorem: i.e., Gaul north of the Alps; the valley of the 
 Po in Italy was also inhabited at one time by a Gallic population and was 
 known to the Romans as Gallia citerior, nearer Gaul. 
 
 356. quam ob causam, for this reason; for the position of the preposi- 
 tion see the note on hoc in templo, 1. 73. 
 
 In section 30, what is the subject of erat 353? 
 
 353. necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. 356. perennis, -e, adj. [per+annus], 
 
 355. ulterior, -ius, compar. adj., far- lasting through the year, perennial, 
 
 ther. 357. pabulum, -i, n. [compare pasco], 
 
 nix, nivis, /., snow. food, pasturage, fodder. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 43 
 
 antequam ascendere coepit, magnam copiam frumenti et 
 pabuli comparavit, et boves oneravit. Postquam in his rebus 
 tres dies consumpserat, quarto die profectus est et, contra seo 
 omnium opinionem, boves incolumes in Italiam traduxit. 
 
 359. com-paro, -parare, -paravi, a burden], load, fill. 
 
 -paratum, tr., prepare. 361. traduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
 
 onerd, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [onus, turn, //-. [trans+duco], lead across. 
 
 31. Cacus Steals the Oxen 
 
 Post breve tempus ad flumen Tiberim venit; illo tamen 
 tempore nulla erat urbs in eo loco. Roma enim nondum 
 condita erat. Hercules, itinere fessus, constituit ibi paucos 
 dies morari atque se ex laboribus recreare. Hand procul 3(;5 
 a valle ubi boves pascebantur antrum erat, in quo gigas 
 quidam, nomine Cacus, turn habitabat. Hie speciem terri- 
 bilem praebebat, non modo quod ingenti magnitudine corporis 
 erat, sed quod ignem ex ore explrabat. Cacus autem de 
 adventti Herculis famam acceperat; noctu igitur venit et, 370 
 dum Hercules dormit, quattuor pulcherrimorum bourn abri- 
 puit. Hos caudls in antrum traxit; hoc enim modo putavit 
 Herculem vestigils deceptum boves non inventurum esse. 
 
 362. Tiberim: a few third declension nouns have -im as the ending of 
 the accusative singular. 
 
 368. ingenti magnitudine: ablative of description; \vhat other case 
 might be employed? 
 
 364. fessus, -a, -um, adj., wearied, 
 tired, exhausted. 
 
 365. re-creo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 renew, restore, refresh. 
 
 366. pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum, 
 
 Ir., supply with food, feed; pass., 
 graze, feed. 
 
 369. OS, oris, n., mouth, 
 
 expiro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ex+ 
 spiro, breathe], breathe out. 
 
 370. noctii, adr. [nox], at night, by 
 night- 
 
 371. abripio, -ripere, -ripul, -rep- 
 tum, tr. [ab+rapio], snatch away, 
 steal. 
 
 372. Cauda, -ae,/., tail. 
 
 puto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. (clean, 
 prune) ; think, suppose. 
 
 373. decipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- 
 tum, tr. [de+capio], beguile, de- 
 ceive. 
 
44 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 32. Hercules Discovers the Theft 
 
 Postero die, simul atque e somno excitatus est, Hercules 
 375 furtum animadvertit, et boves amissos undique quaerebat. 
 Hos tamen nusquam reperire poterat, non modo quod loci 
 naturam ignorabat, sed quod vestigils falsis deceptus est. 
 Tandem, ubi magnam partem diei frustra consumpsit, cum 
 reliquls bobus progredi constituit. At, dum proficiscT parat, 
 380 unus e bobus quos secum habuit mtigire coepit. Extemplo 
 ii qui in antro inclusi erant mugltum reddiderunt; hoc modo 
 Hercules locum invenit. Tum vehementer iratus, ad spelun- 
 cam quam celerrime se contulit. At Cacus saxum jngens 
 dejecerat et aditum speluncae omnino obstruxerat. 
 
 374. simul atque: the tense of the verb with this phrase was explained 
 in the note on Per. 102. 
 
 380. unus e bobus : with cardinal numbers and with quldam an ablative 
 with ex or de is more common than a genitive of the whole; the latter, 
 however, sometimes occurs, as in 1. 371. 
 
 383. quam celerrime: to be translated as in 1. 351. 
 
 375. furtum, -i, ?^. [fur, thief], theft. 381. mugitus, -us, m. [mugio], low- 
 
 376. nusquam, adv. [ne+usquam], ing, bellowing. 
 
 nowhere. 382. spelunca, -ae,/., cave, cavern. 
 
 377. falsus, -a, -um, adj. [v. part. _.. , ..... 
 
 of fallo], false, deceptive, mis- 384. dejicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, 
 leading. ^^- [de+jacio], throw down. 
 
 380. mugio, -ire, -ivi, — , intr., low, ob-struo, -struere, -struxi, -struc- 
 bellow. tum, tr., stop up, bar. 
 
 33. Recovery of the Oxen 
 
 385 Hercules, quoniam nullum alium introitum reperire poterat, 
 hoc saxum amovere conatus est; sed propter ejus magnitu- 
 dinem res erat difficillima. Diu laborabat, neque quidquam 
 efficere poterat. Tandem tamen magno conatu saxum 
 
 387. neque, but not; occasionally neque is used as the equivalent of sed 
 non instead of et non. 
 
 — > - . -   
 
 385. quoniam, con/, [quom, /or cum, entrance. 
 
 +jam], since, inasmuch as. 386. a-moveo, -movere, -m6vi,-mo- 
 
 introitus, -us, m. [introeo, go in], tum, //■., move away. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 45 
 
 amovit et speluncam patefecit. Ibi amissos boves magno 
 cum gaudio conspexit. Sed Cacum ipsum vix cernere potuit, 390 
 quod spelunca repleta erat fum5 quern ille more suo evome- 
 bat. Hercules, inusitata specie turbatus, breve tempus 
 haesitabat; mox tamen in speluncam irrupit et coUum mon- 
 stri bracchiis complexus est. Ille, etsi multum reluctatus est, 
 nuUo modo se liberare potuit; et, quod nulla facultas respl- 395 
 randi dabatur, mox, quod necesse fuit, exanimatus est. 
 
 391. more suo, according to his custom; the ablative is employed to 
 express the idea of *'in accordance with." 
 
 392. breve tempus : accusative of duration of time. 
 
 396. quod (a thing), which; neuter, because referring to the fact in 
 
 exanimatus est. 
 
 389. patefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- evomo, -vomere, -vomui, -vomitum, 
 turn, ir. [pateo + facio], lay open, ^r., vomit forth. 
 
 open, throw open. 392. in-usitatus, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 
 390. cemo, cernere, crevi, cretum, ^^^^1' extraordinary. 
 
 tr., distinguish; discern, perceive. ^93. haesito, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 
 [fre(j. of haereo], stick fast, remain 
 
 391. fumus, -i, m., smoke. fixed, hesitate. 
 
 34. Eleventh Labor — The Golden Apples 
 OF the Hesperides 
 
 Eurj^stheus, postquam boves Geryonis accepit, laborem 
 undecimum Herculi imposuit, graviorem quam quos supra 
 narravimus. Jussit enim eum aurea poma ex horto Hesperi- 
 dum auferre. Hesperides autem nymphae erant quaedam ^m 
 forma praestantissima, quae in terra longinqua habitabant, et 
 quibus aurea quaedam poma a Junone commissa erant. 
 
 398. quam: supply ei erant. 
 400. quaedam: with nymphae. 
 
 398. undecimus, -a, -um, adj. [un- 401. forma, -ae, /., form, appear- 
 decim, eleven], eleventh. ance; beauty. 
 
 399. pomum, -1, n., fruit, apple. prae-stans, gen. -stantis, adj. [pr. 
 
 400. aufero, auferre, abstuH, abla- port, of praesto], preeminent, dis- 
 tum, <r. [ab+fero], carry away, tinguished, surpassing. 
 
 carry off. longinquus, -a, -um, adj. [longus],' 
 
 nympha, -ae, /., nymph. remote, disian; ; Lngthy, long. 
 
46 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Multi homines, auri cupiditate induct!, haec poma auferre 
 jam antea conati erant; res tamen difficillima erat. Nam 
 
 405 hortus in quo poma erant muro ingenti undique circumdatus 
 est; praeterea draco quidam, qui centum capita habebat, por- 
 tam horti diligenter custodiebat. Opus igitur quod Eurys- 
 theus Hercull imperaverat erat summae difficultatis, non 
 modo ob causas quas memoravimus, sed quod Hercules 
 
 410 situm horti omnino ignorabat. 
 
 408. Hercull : dative with imperaverat, had imposed upon Hercules. 
 
 In section 34 point out a dative governed by a compound verb; an 
 ablative of description; a genitive of description; an infinitive with subject 
 accusative. 
 
 403. cupiditas, -atis, /. [cupidus], 406. draco, -onis, m., serpent, 
 eagerness, longing, desire. dragon. 
 
 in-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 409. memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 tr.y lead in; move, induce. [memor, mindful], mention, re- 
 
 405. cu'cum-do, -dare, -dedi, -da- count, relate. 
 
 turn, tr., place around, surround. 410. situs, -us, m., site, location. 
 
 35. Atlas, Who Upheld the Heavens 
 
 Hercules, quamquam quietem vehementer cupiebat, con- 
 stituit tamen Eurystheo parere; et simul ac jussa ejus acce- 
 pit, proficisci maturavit. Multos mercatores interrogaverat 
 de sede Hesperidum; nihil tamen certum reperire potuerat. 
 415 Frustra per multas terras iter fecit, et multa perlcula subiit; 
 tandem, postquam in his itineribus totum annum consumpsit, 
 ad extremam partem orbis, quae proxima erat Oceano, per- 
 
 412. Eurystheo : dative with parere. 
 
 417. orbis: supply terrdrum; the two words together mean the world; 
 the ancients regarded the earth as a circular plane or disk. 
 
 412. jussum, -i, n. [p. part, of and tr., go under; undergo, sub- 
 jubeo], order, command. mit to; enter. 
 
 413. mercator, -oris, m. [mercer, to 417. extremus, -a, -um, adj. [ex- 
 trade], trader, merchant. teniSy on the outside], outermost, 
 
 , farthest, most distant. 
 
 inter-rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., ask, , . , L : ^ • • i 
 
 niiP^Hon » ' » orbis, orbis, -lum, m., ring, circle; 
 
 quesiion. orbis terrarum, the earth, the 
 
 415. sub-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, intr. world. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 47 
 
 venit. Hic stabat vir quidam, nomine Atlas, ingenti magni- 
 tudine corporis, qui caelum (ita tradunt) umeris suls sustine- 
 bat, et in terram decidere prohibebat. Hercules tantum 420 
 laborem magnopere miratus, post paulo in colloquium cum 
 Atlante venit et, postquam causam itineris exposuit, auxilium 
 ejus petiit. 
 
 419. ita tradunt, so legend has it, as the legend goes; literally so they hand 
 down. 
 
 umeris: ablative of means, but to be translated on his shoulders. 
 
 caelum decidere: infinitive with subject accusative, object of prohibebat, 
 as in 1. 343. 
 
 421. miratus: a past participle to be translated as a present, as explained 
 in the note on 1. 331. 
 
 In section 35 point out a dative governed by an adjective. 
 
 420. decide, -cidere, -cidi, — , intr. [de+cado], fall down, fall off. 
 
 36. A Substitute 
 
 Atlas autem potuit Herculi maxime prodesse; ille enim, 
 quoniam ipse erat pater Hesperidum, situm horti bene sclvit. 425 
 Postquam igitur audivit causam itineris Herculis, ''Ipse," 
 inquit, ''ad hortum ibo; ego si hortabor, flliae certe poma sua 
 sponte tradent." Hercules, ubi haec audivit, magnopere 
 gavlsus est; cupiebat enim rem sine vl fieri. Constituit igitur 
 oblatum auxilium accipere. Sed quod Atlas abiturus erat, 430 
 necesse erat aliquem caelum umeris sustinere. Hoc igitur 
 negotium Hercules libenter suscepit et, quamquam res erat 
 
 424. Herculi: dative with prodesse. Why? 
 
 427. sua sponte, of their own accord, without compulsion; sponte is 
 found almost exclusively in the ablative, expressing manner, with 7ned, 
 sua, tud. 
 
 424. pro-sum, prodesse, profui,in<r. , tainly. 
 
 be useful, benefit, profit, serve. 428. (spons) spontis, /. [compare 
 
 425. bene, adv. [bonus], well. spondeo, promise], only abl. sing. 
 427. hortor,-ari,-atus sum, fr., urge, in common use {generally urith the 
 
 encourage, exhort. possessives mea, tua, sua), of one's 
 
 certe, adv. [certus], assuredly, cer- own accord, voluntarily. 
 
4g A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 summl laboris, totum pondus caell continues complures dies 
 solus sustinuit. 
 
 In section 36 point out an accusative of duration of time. 
 
 433. pondus, pendens, n. [compare successive, continuous. 
 
 pendo], weight, a weight. com-plures, -plura, adj., several, a 
 
 continuus, -a, -um, adj. [contineo], number of, many. 
 
 37. Return of Atlas 
 
 435 Atlas interea abierat et ad hortum Hesperidum, qui pauca 
 milia passuum aberat, se quam celerrime contulerat. Eo 
 ubi venit, causam veniendi exposuit, et a flliabus suis poma 
 vehementer petlvit. Illae diti haerebant; nolebant enim hoc 
 facere, quod ab ipsa Junone, de qua ante dictum est, hoc 
 
 440 munus acceperant. Atlas tamen post multa verba ils per- 
 suasit, et poma ad Herculem rettulit. Hercules interea, qui 
 plures dies expectaverat, neque ullam famam de reditu 
 Atlantis acceperat, hac mora graviter commotus est. Tan- 
 dem quinto die Atlantem vidit redeuntem, et mox magno 
 
 445 cum gaudio poma accepit; tum, postquam gratias pro tanto 
 beneficio egit, ad Graeciam proficisci maturavit. 
 
 435. pauca milia passuum, a few miles. The use of mille in the plural 
 was explained in the note on 1. 181. 
 
 437. filiabus: if the dative and ablative plural of fllia were written 
 filils, with what other word would it be confused in those cases? 
 
 In section 37 account for the case of milia 436; of ils 440; of die 444. 
 What is the force of a superlative with quam? 
 
 438. haereo, -ere, haesi, haesurus, multus], subsl., n. sg., more; pL, 
 
 intr., stick, chng; hesitate. plures, plura, adj.,. more, a greater 
 
 440. munus, muneris, n., service, number of. 
 
 duty; present, gift. 444. quintus, -a, -um, oc(;. [quinque], 
 
 442. plus, gen. pluris [compar. of fifth. 
 
 38. Twelfth Labor — Cerberus, the Three-Headed Dog 
 
 Postquam aurea poma ad Eurystheum relata sunt, unus 
 
 modo relinquebatur e duodecim laboribus quos Pythia Her- 
 
 448. quos Pythia Herculi praeceperat, which Pythia had enjoined upon 
 Hercules; the accusative and the dative are explained in App. 55, a. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 49 
 
 cull praeceperat. Eurystheus autem, quod Herculem mag- 
 nopere timebat, se ab eo in perpetuum liberare volebat. Jus- 450 
 sit igitur eum canem Cerberum ex Oreo in lucem trahere. 
 Hoc opus omnium difficillimum erat; nemo enim umquam ex 
 Oreo redierat. Praeterea Cerberus iste monstrum erat horri- 
 bill speeie, qui tria eapita serpentibus saevis cineta habebat. 
 Antequam tamen hune laborem narramus, non alienum vide- 455 
 tur, quoniam de Oreo mentionem fecimus, pauca de ista 
 regione proponere. 
 
 450. in perpetuum, /orefer; the neuter adjective is used as a noun. 
 455. alienum, out of place. 
 
 In section 38 account for the case of laborihus 448; could the genitive 
 be used instead? 
 
 449. praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cap- all time, forever. 
 
 turn, tr. [prae, before, + capio], ^^^ ^^^ ^^. ^^^^^^ 
 
 enjom upon, impose upon; teach. another's; out of pkce; unfavor- 
 
 450. perpetuus, -a, -um, adj., con- ^|^|g 
 tinuous, constant, perpetual; 
 
 subst., n. sg., in perpetuum, for 456. mentio, -onis, /., mention. 
 
 39. Orcus or Hades, the Abode of the Dead 
 
 De Oreo, qui Idem Hades appellabatur, haec traduntur. 
 Ut quisque e vita diseesserat, manes ejus ad Orcum, sedem 
 mortuorum, a deo Mercurio deducebantur. Hujus regionis, 46o 
 quae sub terra fuisse dicitur, rex erat Pluto, cujus uxor erat 
 Proserpina, Jovis et Cereris filia. Manes igitur, a Mercurio 
 deducti, primum ad lipam veniebant Stygis fluminis, quo • 
 
 458. idem, also, a frequent meaning of the word. 
 
 459. Ut, when. In this sense ut takes an indicative. 
 
 diseesserat: past perfect of repeated or habitual action; in like man- 
 ner deducebantur is an imperfect of habitual action. 
 manes: a plural noun, but translated by a singular. 
 
 460. Mercurio: one of the functions ascribed to the god Mercury was 
 that of guide of souls into the lower world. 
 
 459. manes, -ium, m. pi., a departed spirit, shade, ghost. 
 
50 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 continetur regnum Plutonis. Hoc omnes transire necesse erat 
 465 qui in Orcum veniebant. Quoniam tamen in hoc flumine 
 nullus pons erat, manes transvehebantur a Charonte quodam, 
 qui cum parva scapha ad lipam expect abat. Charon pro hoc 
 officio mercedem postulabat, neque volebat quemquam sine 
 hoc praemio transvehere. Ob hanc causam mos erat apud 
 470 antlquos nummum in ore mortui ponere; eo modo, ut puta- 
 bant; mortuus ad Stygem veniens pretium trajectus solvere 
 poterat. If autem qui post mortem in terra non sepulti 
 erant Stygem transire non potuerunt, sed in litore per cen- 
 tum annos errare coacti sunt; tum demum hcuit Orcum 
 47.5 intrare. 
 
 464. omnes transire necesse erat, all must cross. The subject of erat 
 is omnes transire. 
 
 465. in {flumine), over. 
 
 466. Charonte: Charon was represented in Hterature and art as an old 
 man of squalid appearance, but hale and vigorous. 
 
 469. mos erat . . . ponere, it was the custom to place; ponere is the sub- 
 ject of erat. 
 
 470. mortui, of the dead person. 
 
 474. errare : dependent upon codcti sunt. 
 
 475. intrare: subject of licuit. 
 
 466. trans-veho, -vehere, -vexi, 471. trajectus, -us, m. [trajicio], 
 -vectum, tr.y convey across, carry crossing over, passage. 
 
 ^^^^- 472. sepelio, -ire, -ivi, -pultum, tr., 
 
 467. scapha, -ae, /., skiff, boat. bury. 
 
 468. merces,-edis,/., hire, pay, fee. 475. intro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 470. nummus, -I, m., a coin. enter. 
 
 40. The Realm of Pluto 
 
 Postquam manes Stygem hoc modo transierant, ad alte- 
 rum veniebant flumen, quod Lethe appellatum est. Ex hoc 
 flumine aquam bibere cogebantur. Quod ubi fecerant, res 
 
 478. Quod ubi fecerant, and when they had done this. The Latin 
 relative pronoun often stands at the beginning of a sentence and refers to 
 an antecedent in the preceding sentence. When thus used it is often fol- 
 lowed by ubi, as in this instance, or by cum. In this use it is translated 
 by a personal or a demonstrative pronoun. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 51 
 
 omnes in vita gestas e memoria deponebant. Denique ad 
 sedem ipsam Plutonis veniebant, cujus introitus a cane Cer- 48o 
 bero custodiebatur. Ibi Pluto, nigro vestitu indutus, cum 
 uxore Proserpina in solio sedebat. Stabant etiam non procul 
 ab eo loco tria alia solia, in quibus sedebant Minos, Rhada- 
 manthus, et Aeacus, jfidices Inferorum. Hi mortuls jus ,dlce- 
 bant et praemia poenasque constituebant. Boni enim in 485 
 Campos Elysios, sedem beatorum, veniebant; improbi autem 
 in Tartarum mittebantur, et multls varilsque suppliciis ibi 
 excriiciabantur. 
 
 482. Stabant, there stood; the English expletive "there" has no equiva- 
 lent in Latin; its effect is often obtained by placing the Latin verb first 
 in the sentence. 
 
 484. mortuis jus dicebant, dispensed justice to the dead. 
 
 486. Campos Elysios: in early Greek literature the Elysian Fields were 
 conceived of as lying in the far West, at the earth's extremity, or in the 
 Islands of the Blest. At a later time they were represented as a part of 
 the lower world. 
 
 479. memoria, -ae,/. [memor, mind- inf eri, -drum, m. -pi. [inferus, below, 
 ful], memory, remembrance. lower], those of the lower world, 
 
 AQ1 ^inr^r or^o ^^„^ ^ /I ^ Ki..^u thc dcad, the shades. 
 
 481. niger, -gra, -grum, ad;., black. ' • ,. , 
 
 JUS, juris, 71., right, law, justice, 
 vestitus, -us, m. Ivestio, to clothej, aoc -^ u ^ ^ i- r , 
 
 clothintr ' ^ ' ^' 486. improbus, -a, -urn, adj. [m-+ 
 
 *=■ probus, honest], bad, wicked. 
 
 482. solium, -i, n., throne. 488^ ex-crucio, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 484. judex, -icis, m., judge. tr., rack, torture. 
 
 41. Charon's Ferry 
 
 Hercules postquam imperia Eurysthel accepit, in Laco- 
 niam ad Taenarum statim se contulit; ibi enim spelunca erat 490 
 ingenti magnitudine, per quam (ut tradebatur) homines ad 
 Orcum descendebant. Eo ubi venit et ex incolls situm spe- 
 
 491. ut tradebatur: the clause has the same sense as ita trddunt, 1. 419. 
 
 492. Eo, to that place. 
 
 489. imperium, -i, n. [impero], power, authority, command. 
 
52 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 luncae cognovit, sine mora descendere constituit. Nee tamen 
 solus hoc iter faciebat. Mercurius enim et Minerva se 
 
 495 socios el adjunxerant. Ubi ad ripam Stygis venit, Hercules 
 scapham Charontis conscendit. Quod tamen Hercules vir 
 erat ingenti magnitudine corporis, Charon solvere nolebat; 
 arbitrabatur enim tantum pondus scapham suam in medio 
 flumine mersurum esse. Tandem tamen, minis Herculis ter- 
 
 500 ritus, Charon scapham solvit et eum incolumem ad ulteriorem 
 ripam perduxit. 
 
 495. socios, as companions. 
 
 495. ad-jungo, -jungere, -junxi, 499. minae, -arum, /. pi., threats, 
 -junctum, tr., join to, attach. 
 
 42. The Twelve Labors Accomplished 
 
 Postquam flumen Stygem tali modo transiit, Hercules in 
 sedem ipsius Plutonis venit, et, postquam causam veniendi 
 docuit, ab eo facultatem Cerberum auferendl petlvit. Pluto, 
 
 505 qui de Hercule famam acceperat, eum benigne excepit, et 
 facultatem quam ille petebat libenter dedit. Jussit tamen 
 Herculem imperata Eurysthei facere et postea Cerberum in 
 Orcum rursus reducere. Hercules haec poUicitus est, et Cer- 
 berum, quem non sine magno periculo manibus prehenderat, 
 
 510 summo cum labore ex Oreo in lucem et ad urbem Eurysthei 
 traxit. Eo ubi venit, Eurystheus ex atrio statim refugit; 
 tantus pavor animum ejus occupaverat. Posfquam autem 
 paulum se ex timore recepit, multis cum lacrimis clamitavit 
 se velle monstrum sine mora in Orcum reduci. Sic, contra 
 
 515 omnium opinionem, duodecim illl labores quos Pythia prae- 
 ceperat intra duodecim annos confecti sunt. Itaque Her- 
 
 504. auferendl : a gerund with a direct object, Cerberum; App. 129, 
 Note L 
 
 613. se recepit, recovered. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 53 
 
 cules, servittite tandem llberatus, magno cum gaudio Thebas 
 rediit. 
 
 517. Thebas, to Thebes; the name of a city without a preposition to 
 express the place to which will be explained in later lessons. 
 
 43. Nessus, the Centaur 
 
 Post haec Hercules multa alia praeclara perfecit, quae 
 nunc perscribere longum est. Tandem, jam aetate provectus, 520 
 Deianlram, Oenei flliam, in matrimonium diixit; post tamen 
 tres annos puerum quendam, nomine Eunomum, casu occldit. 
 More antiquo necesse erat Herculem ob eam rem in exilium 
 Ire; itaque cum uxore sua e flnibus ejus civitatis exire matu- 
 ravit. Dum tamen iter faciunt, ad flumen quoddam pervene- 525 
 runt in quo nullus pons erat, et dum quaerunt modum 
 transeundi, accurrit Centaurus quidam, nomine Nessus, qui 
 auxilium viatoribus obtulit. Hercules igitur uxorem suam in 
 tergum Nessi imposuit; tum ipse flumen nando transiit. At 
 Nessus, paulum in aquam progressus, ad ripam subito revertit 530 
 et Deianlram auferre conabatur. Quod ubi animadvertit 
 Hercules, ira graviter commotus, arcum intendit et pectus 
 Nessi sagitta transfixit. 
 
 619. quae: object of perscribere. 
 520. longum est, it would take too long. 
 523. More: ablative expressing accordance, as in 1. 391. 
 529. nando, by swimming, ablative of the gerund expressing means and 
 manner. 
 
 531. Quod ubi: the note on 1. 478 should be consulted. 
 
 519. prae-clarus, -a, -um, adj., very pro-veho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum, 
 
 bright, brilliant; splendid, distin- tr., carryforward; pass., ride for- 
 
 guished. ward; sail out; aetate provectus, 
 
 perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, tr. advanced in years. 
 
 [per+facio], accomplish, perform, 523. exilium, -i, n. [exull, exile. 
 
 complete. 528. viator, -oris, m. [via], traveler. 
 
 520. per-scribo, -scribere, -scrips!, . . 
 
 -scriptum, tr., write in full, write ^^9. no, nare, navi, -, swim. 
 
 out, describe fully. 532. pectus, pectoris, n., breast. , 
 
54 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 44. The Poisoned Robe 
 
 Nessus igitur, sagitta Herculis transfixus, moriens hurni 
 535 jacebat; at nolens occasionem Herculem ulclscendi dimittere, 
 ita locutus est. ''Tu, Deianira, verba morientis audi: si vis 
 amorem marltl tui conservare, aliquid sanguinis hujus qui e 
 pectore meo effunditur sume ac repone; turn, si umquam sus- 
 picio in mentem tuam venerit, vestem mariti hoc sanguine 
 540 inficies." Haec locutus Nessus animam efflavit; Deianira 
 autem, nihil mali suspicata, imperata fecit. Post breve tem- 
 pus Hercules bellum contra Eurytum regem Oechaliae sus- 
 cepit et, ubi regem ipsum cum filiis interfecit, lolen, filiam 
 Euryti, captivam reduxit. Antequam tamen domum venit, 
 
 534. humi, on the ground; the use of this case, the locative, will be ex- 
 plained later. 
 
 535. Herculem ulciscendi: the genitive of the gerund with a direct 
 object, as in 1. 504. 
 
 536. morientis, of one who is dying; a present participle (from morior) 
 used as a noun. 
 
 537. aliquid sanguinis hujus, some of this blood; what kind of genitive? 
 
 540. inficies, you will dye; the future indicative is sometimes employed 
 both in Latin and in English as a substitute for the imperative. 
 
 541. nihil mali, no harm. \ 
 suspicata, suspecting; past participle of a deponent verb with present 
 
 force, like mirdtus, 1. 421. 
 
 544. domum, home; the accusative of this noun is used without a prepo- 
 sition to express the place to which. 
 
 534. humi, adv. [locative of humus, 
 ground], on the ground. 
 
 535. occasid, -onis, /. [ob+cado], 
 I opportunity, occasion, chance. 
 
 ulciscor, -i, ultus sum, ir., take ven- 
 1 gcance on, avenge. 
 
 537. amor, -oris, m., love. 
 
 con-servo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., re- 
 tain, preserve. 
 
 538. effundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fu- 
 sum, tr. [ex+fundo], pour out; 
 use up, waste. 
 
 sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, tr. 
 
 [sub+emoj, take, take up. 
 
 re-pono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
 tr., replace, restore; put away, 
 keep, preserve. 
 
 umquam, adv., ever. 
 
 suspicio, -onis, /. [compare suspicio, 
 suspect], suspicion, distrust. 
 
 539. mens, mentis,/., the mind. 
 
 540. anima, -ae, /., air, breath; life. 
 
 efiio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ex-f-flo, 
 blow], breathe out. 
 
 541. suspicor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. 
 [compare suspicid], suspect. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 55 
 
 navem ad Cenaeum promuntorium appulit. Ibi in terrain 545 
 egressus quod Jovi sacrificare volebat, aram constituit. Dum 
 tamen sacrificium parat, Licham comitem suum domum ire 
 et vestem albam referre jussit; mos enim erat apud antiques 
 in sacrificando vestem albam gerere. At Deianira, arbitrata 
 Herculem amorem erga lolen habere, vestem, priusquam 559 
 Lichae dedit, sanguine NessI infecit. 
 
 549. sacrificando: ablative of the gerund governed by a preposition, 
 arbitrata, thinking. 
 
 645. promuntorium, -i, n., head- panion. 
 
 land, promontory. 5^g_ ^^^^^^ _^^ _^^^ ^^. ^ ^^^^^ 
 
 546. sacrifice, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 and intr. [sacer+facio], offer 550. erga, prep, with ace, towards, 
 
 sacrifice, sacrifice. ^"^• 
 
 547. comes, -itis, m. and f., com- prius-quam, conj., before. 
 
 45. The Death of Hercules 
 
 Hercules, nihil mail suspicatus, vestem quam Lichas attulit 
 statim induit; post tamen breve tempus dolorem per omnia 
 membra sensit, sed quod causam ejus rei ignorabat magno- 
 pere mirabatur. Dolore paene exanimatus, vestem detrahere 555 
 conatus est. Ilia tamen in corpore haesit, neque ullo modo 
 dlvelli potuit. Tum demum Hercules, quasi furore impulsus, 
 in montem Oetam se contulit et in rogum, quem summa 
 celeritate extruxit, se imposuit. Hoc ubi fecit, voluit eos 
 qui circumstabant rogum quam celerrime accendere. Omnes sco 
 diu recusabant; tandem tamen pastor quidam, ad misericor- 
 
 557. di-vello, -vellere, -velli, -vul- [struo], pile, heap up; erect, 
 sum, //•., tear apart, tear away. 550. circum-sto, -stare, -steti, — , 
 
 qua-si, adv., as if. ititr., stand around, surround. 
 
 impello, -pellere, -rpuli, -pulsum, tr. 561. recuse, -are, -avi, -atimi, tr. 
 [in+pell6], drive forward; impel, ajid intr. [re-+causa], refuse, 
 
 urge on. decline. 
 
 558. rogus, -i, m., funeral pile, pastor, -5ris, m. [pasco], shepherd, 
 iuneral pyre. misericordia, -ae, /. [misericors, 
 
 559. extnio, -uere, -uxi, -uctum, tr. compassionate], pity, compassion. 
 
56 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 diam inductus, ignem subdidit. Turn, dum omnia fumo 
 obscurantur, Hercules, densa nube velatus, a Jove in Olym- 
 pum abreptus est. 
 
 563. Hercules . . . abreptus est: since Hercules was the son of Zeus 
 it was not unnatural, in view of his marvelous exploits, for legend to repre- 
 sent him as deified and free from the death usual to mortals. 
 
 562. sub-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, 
 tr., put under, apply. 
 
 563. obscuro, -are, -avi, -atum, ir. 
 
 [obscurus], darken, cover, hide. 
 
 velo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [velum, 
 veil], cover, envelop, veil. 
 
 VIEW OP MODERN ROME 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 PART II— LESSONS 
 
 NOTE 
 
 The following Lessons include forms and principles of syntax not 
 appearing in the first-year book of the series to which this book be- 
 longs. It is not necessary that all these Lessons be assigned for study 
 before beginning the reading of Part III. If the subjunctive has been 
 taught in the first year, the reading of the Argonauts may be taken up 
 directly after the Hercules, and occasional assignments may be made 
 from the Lessons as the teacher finds necessar3^ If the subjunctive 
 has been postponed to the second year, Lessons V-XIV and XIX-XX 
 may be studied before the reading of the text of Part III is begun, and 
 occasional assignments made thereafter from the remaining Lessons 
 in connection with the later readings. Some teachers whose classes are 
 unable to complete the reading of all the text in the book may prefer 
 to omit the Argonauts in order to have more time for the stories of 
 Roman history and the simplified Caesar. 
 
 LESSON I 
 
 THE LOCATIVE: DECLENSION OF DOMUS 
 
 USE OF THE LOCATIVE 
 
 1. In addition to the cases which have been given, a few 
 nouns have another case, called the Locative. This case 
 denotes place where, just as the ablative with in does in 
 other nouns and pronouns. Names of cities and towns and 
 the common noun domus, which is given in this lesson, are 
 the most important words which have a locative case. 
 
 57 
 
58 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 FORM OF THE LOCATIVE 
 
 2. The locative of nouns of the first and second declensions 
 
 in the singular number has the same form as the genitive 
 
 singular. In the plural of nouns of these two declensions 
 
 and in the singular and plural of other nouns it regularly 
 
 has the same form as the ablative. The locative of Roma 
 
 is Romae, at Ro7ne, or in Rome, the locative of Athenae is 
 
 Athenis, at Athens, or i?i Athens. 
 
 / 
 
 DECLENSION OF DOMUS 
 
 3. 
 
 The noun domus is declined partly in the fourth de- 
 clension and partly in the second: 
 
 Nominative 
 
 Genitive 
 
 Dative 
 
 Accusative 
 
 Ablative 
 
 Locative 
 
 Singular 
 
 domus 
 
 domus 
 
 domul or domo 
 
 domum 
 
 domo or domu 
 
 domi 
 
 Plural 
 domus 
 domuum 
 domibus 
 domos 
 domibus 
 
 a. Occasionally domi is used as a genitive. In the 
 genitive plural domorum is sometimes found, and the 
 accusative plural is sometimes domus. 
 
 4. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Athenae, -arum, f. pL, Athens 
 comprehendo, -hendere, -hen- 
 
 di, -hensum, seize, arrest 
 domus, -us {see section 3), f., 
 
 home, house 
 Graeci, -orum, m. pL, the 
 
 Greeks 
 
 Laurentum, -i, n., Laurentum, 
 on ancient town of Italy 
 
 servitus, -tutis, f., slavery 
 
 Troja, -ae, f., Troy, an ancient 
 city of Asia Minor 
 
 Trojani, -5rum, m. pL, the 
 Trojans 
 
 a. A few names of cities have only plural forms. 
 Athenae belongs to this class. Its locative is Athenis. 
 
A JUNIOR J.ATIN READER 59 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 5. 1. Consul cum exercitti suo turn LaurentI erat. 2. Filius 
 oratoris Athenis est, sed filia domi manet. 3. Patres nostrl 
 a Graecis Trojae victi sunt, sed nos Graecos vincemus. 4. Tro- 
 jan!, quod servitutem timebant, domos fortiter defenderunt. 
 5. Hi homines in urbe comprehensi sunt, quod eos hostes esse 
 arbitrabamur. 6. Nomen Trojae saepe audivimus, quod ibi 
 bellum clarum gestum est. 7. Fellcior domi eram quam in 
 hac terra. 
 
 6. 1. My father, who is now in Rome, will return soon. 
 2. Many wished to remain at home, because they feared 
 wounds and death. 3. The consul's father had a residence 
 at Laurentum. 4. There is a very famous temple at Athens. 
 5. The king was among those who were killed at Troy. 
 
 LESSON II 
 SUMMARY OF PLACE CONSTRUCTIONS 
 
 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES IN PLACE CONSTRUCTIONS 
 
 7. We have already seen prepositional phrases used to 
 denote place to which, place from which, and place in which. 
 A review of these constructions is here given. 
 
 (1) Place to which is regularly expressed by the accusative 
 with ad or in. 
 
 Legatus in Italiam rediit, the lieutenant has returned to 
 Italy. Caesar ad urbem profectus est, Caesar set out 
 for the city. 
 
 (2) Place from which is regularly expressed by the abla- 
 tive with ab, de, or ex. 
 
 Dictator ex urbe egressus est, the dictator departed from 
 the city. 
 
 (3) Place where is regularly expressed by the ablative 
 with in. 
 
 Consul in urbe habitat, the consul lives in the city. 
 
60 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 PLACE CONSTRUCTIONS WITHOUT PREPOSITIONS 
 
 8. In expressions of place to which and place from which 
 with names of cities and towns and the noun domus the 
 accusative and ablative are used as in other nouns, but without 
 prepositions. A summary of place constructions with these 
 words^ is as follows: 
 
 (1) Place to which is expressed by the accusative without 
 a preposition. 
 
 Legatus Romam rediit, the lieutenant returned to Rome. 
 
 (2) Place from which is expressed by the ablative without 
 a preposition. 
 
 Dictator Roma egressus est, the dictator departed from 
 Rome. 
 
 (3) Place where is expressed by the locative, which in 
 nouns of the first and second declensions in the singular is 
 identical with the genitive, and in most other words is identical 
 with the ablative. 
 
 Consul Romae habitat, the consul lives in Rome. 
 
 a. A few words, among which are locus and pars, 
 sometimes omit the preposition in expressions of place 
 where, especially if modified by an adjective. 
 
 Hoc loco non diu manebimus, ive shall not remain 
 long in this place. 
 
 9. VOCABULARY 
 
 atque, coi^j., and, and also matrimonium, -i, n., marriage 
 
 crudelis, -e, cruel proficiscor, proficisci, profec- 
 
 enim, conj., for tus sum, set out 
 Latinus, -i, m., Latinus, a leg- sive, conj., whether, or if; 
 
 endary king in Italy sive . . . sive, either . . . or, 
 
 Lavinia, -ae, f., Lavinia, a whether ... or 
 
 daughter of Latinus 
 
 1 Case forms of a few other nouns are occasionally used in place constructions without 
 prepositions. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 61 
 
 a. The conjunction atque is sometimes used to give 
 prominence to the second of two words or expressions 
 connected, but frequently it does not differ materially 
 in meaning from et or -que. 
 
 h. The position of enim is always after one or more 
 words of its sentence, but it is translated as if it stood 
 at the beginning. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 10. 1. Dux Trojanorum atque duo ex amicis ejus ad urbem 
 profecti sunt. 2. Postea Latlnus, qui tum erat rex in ea 
 urbe, flliam suam duel Trojanorum in matrimonium (in 
 marriage) dedit. 3. LavTnia, filia regis, Laurent! non 
 habitabat. 4. Obses Roma discessit et domum properat. 
 
 5. Domi semper mansi, sed terras externas videre volo. 
 
 6. Hanc fabulam quam narras Romae audlvL 7. Multi 
 enim ibi eam narrabant. 8. Sive vincam sive vincar, numquam 
 Trojam redibo. 9. Puer nocte domo excessit, et nondum 
 rediit. 10. 111! barbarl crudeles bellum gerere cum nostris 
 socils cupiunt. 
 
 11. 1. My brother, who is now at home, will go to Athens 
 this winter. 2. The Trojans and their allies did not set 
 out for Laurentum. 3. After the battle the soldier returned 
 home. 4. Many came into the town from the fields, be- 
 cause they feared the barbarians. 5. Lavinia was then at 
 home with her mother. 6. I set out from home wdth the 
 messenger whom the general had sent. 
 
62 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 LESSON III 
 
 CONJUGATION OF NOLO 
 
 12. The verb nolo, he imwilling, not wish, is a compound 
 of volo.^ Its principal parts are nolo, nolle, noluL Like volo, 
 it is irregular in the present indicative, the other tenses of 
 the indicative being formed like those of a regular verb of 
 the third conjugation. 
 
 PRESENT INDICATIVE 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 nolo 
 
 
 nolumus 
 
 non vis 
 
 
 non vultis 
 
 non vult 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 
 nolunt 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 Present noli 
 
 • 
 
 nolite 
 
 INFINITIVES 
 
 
 PARTICIPLE 
 
 Present nolle 
 
 
 Present nolens 
 
 Perfect noluisse 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 
 13. 
 
 antiquus, -a, -um, ancient, of 
 long ago 
 
 cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, in- 
 crease, grow greater 
 
 Etrusci, -orum, m. pL, the 
 Etrurians or Etruscans 
 
 hiemo, -are, -avi, -atum, win- 
 ter, spend the winter 
 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling, 
 not wish 
 
 ops, opis, F., power; pL, re- 
 sources, influence. 
 
 quoniam, conj., since 
 
 Rutuli, -orum, m. pL, the Ru- 
 tuli or Rutulians, a nation 
 of central Italy. 
 
 1 The clement with which volo is combined is a negative prefix ne, replaced in some 
 forms by non. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 63 
 
 VESSELS FOUND IN POMPEII 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 14. 1. TrojanI, qui in Italiam venerant, cum Rutulls hel- 
 ium gerere nolebant. 2. Legal us dixit gentem suam pacem 
 facere nolle (App. 121). 3. In urbe aestate (App. 69) 
 manere nolumus. 4. Quoniam Galll inagnas copias non 
 habent, adventum nostrum expectare nolunt. 5. In illo 
 monte quem vides erat urbs antlqua Etruscorum. 6. Quo- 
 niam opes Trojanorum crescebant, gentes Italiae potentiam 
 eorum timebant. 7. Exercitus Romanorum in Britannia hie- 
 mare nolebat. 8. Bello confecto (App. 75), hi mllites domum 
 proficlscentur, et magnum gaudium erit. 9. Pater hujus 
 regis domicilium Romae habebat, atque ibi saepe visus est. 
 10. Haec gens ab hostibus domo expulsa erat, et in Gallia 
 errabat. 
 
 15. 1. The Romans did not wish to destroy this beautiful 
 city. 2. The resources of the enemy are increasing, and our 
 allies are in danger. 3. We do not wish to spend the winter 
 in this part of Gaul. 4. These men do not have money, 
 because they are unwilling to work. 5. Since the king of the 
 Rutulians wishes to wage war, we shall send an army into 
 his country (fines). 
 
64 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 LESSON IV 
 DECLENSION OF VETUS AND QUISQUAM 
 
 THE ADJECTIVE VETUS 
 
 16. As we have seen, third declension adjectives of one 
 ending, such as felix and potens (App. 7, 3), are i- stems. 
 But there is one third declension adjective of one ending 
 which is a consonant stem. It is declined as follows: 
 
 
 vetus, 
 
 old 
 
 
 
 
 Base veter- 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 M.F. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 M.F. 
 
 N. 
 
 vetus 
 
 vetus 
 
 
 veteres 
 
 Vetera 
 
 veteris 
 
 veteris 
 
 
 veterum 
 
 veterum 
 
 veteri 
 
 veteri 
 
 
 veteribus 
 
 veteribus 
 
 veterem 
 
 vetus 
 
 
 veteres 
 
 Vetera 
 
 vetere 
 
 vetere 
 
 
 veteribus 
 
 veteribus 
 
 THE INDEFINITE PRONOUN QUISQUAM 
 
 17. The indefinite pronoun quisquam, any one, any one at 
 
 all, is declined as follows: 
 
 M. F. 
 
 NoM. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 quisquam 
 
 cujusquam 
 
 cuiquam 
 
 quemquam 
 
 quoquam 
 
 N. 
 
 quicquam 
 
 cujusquam 
 
 cuiquam 
 
 quicquam 
 
 quoquam 
 
 a. Quisquam is used chiefly in clauses which contain 
 a negative or a comparative, or which are introduced 
 by a word meaning if. When a plural is needed, it is 
 supplied from the plural forms of ullus. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 05 
 
 18. ' VOCABULARY 
 
 concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, win moenia, -ium, n. pL, walls (of 
 over, conciliate a city) 
 
 imple5, -plere, -plevi, -pletum, 
 fill 
 
 mortalis, -e, mortal 
 quisquam, quicquam, anyone, 
 anything, anyone {or thing) 
 Latini, -orum, m. pL, the at all 
 
 Latins, the inhahitants of ultimus, -a, -um, last 
 Latium, in central Italy vetus, yen. veteris, old 
 
 a. The noun moenia is declined like the plural of 
 animal (App. 3, 4). 
 
 b. The neuter form of quisquam is sometimes quid- 
 quam in the nominative and accusative, instead of 
 quicquam. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 19. 1. In vetere templo erat statua pulchra, quam videre 
 volebam. 2. Ilium veterem librum quem pater mens mihi 
 dedit numquam legL 3. Nullum sonum audlvimus, neque 
 quemquam vidimus. 4. Rex hostium socios nostros conciliare 
 conatus est. 5. Tum multitudo fugientium (fugitives, App. 
 84) omnes vias implevit. 6. Post hoc bellum Trojani et 
 Latini socii erant, et denique unus populus ex duobus factus 
 est. 7. Sed de patria nostra dictum est E pluribus tjnum. 
 8. Tempus omnia opera mortalia delebit. 9. Hoc ultimum 
 opus ejus virl clari magnam laudem habet. 10. Ex illo 
 colle moenia urbis nostrae videre poteris. 
 
 20. 1. The old wall which is behind the temple is low. 
 2. The soldier has a new sword, but his shield is old. 3. We 
 are unwilling to give money to the boy who has brought the 
 letter. 4. I returned to Rome from Laurent um with the 
 same man with whom I had gone out (exeo) from Rome. 
 5. I have not been at home for four days, nor have I seen 
 anyone from that place. 
 
66 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 LESSON V 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD: CLAUSES OF RESULT 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
 
 21. In addition to the indicative and the imperative moods, 
 the verb has another mood, which is called the Subjunctive. 
 The Latin subjunctive is sometimes used to express ideas 
 which we express in English by the indicative, and hence is 
 often translated exactly like the indicative. The first uses 
 of the mood to be taken up are of this class. 
 
 There are only four tenses in the subjunctive. They are 
 the present, imperfect, perfect, and past perfect. 
 
 THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS 
 
 22. The verbs porto and moneo are conjugated as follows 
 in the present subjunctive: 
 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 portem 
 
 portemus 
 
 
 nioneani 
 
 moneamus 
 
 portes 
 
 portetis 
 
 
 moneas 
 
 moneatis 
 
 portet 
 
 portent 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 moneat 
 
 moneant 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 porter 
 
 portemur 
 
 
 monear 
 
 moneamur 
 
 porteris 
 
 portemini 
 
 
 monearis 
 
 moneamini 
 
 portetur 
 
 portentur 
 
 
 moneatur 
 
 moneantur 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN CLAUSES OF RESULT 
 
 23. A subordinate clause which expresses result has its 
 verb in the subjunctive. Miles tarn fortis est ut nullum 
 periculum timeat, the soldier is so brave that he fears no 
 danger. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 67 
 
 r 
 
 24. VOCABULARY 
 
 abundo, -are, -avi, overflow impigre, adv., industriously, 
 
 adolescd, -ere, adolevi, adul- energetically 
 
 turn, grow up, grow to ma- matunis, -a, -um, full grown, 
 
 turity mature 
 
 aetas, -tatis, f., age tam, adv., so 
 
 imperium, -i, n., power, au- ut, coiij., that 
 
 thority 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 25. 1. Ille homo tam benignus est ut omnes eum ament. 
 
 2. Exercitus noster nunc tantus est ut hostes nos timeant. 
 
 3. Stultitia ejus hominis est tanta ut nuUos amicos habeat. 
 
 4. Hie mons tam altus est ut ab urbe nostra facile videa- 
 tur. 5. Turn flumen abundabat et magnum detrimentum 
 ferebat. 6. 111! juvenes in montibus adolescebant, et cor- 
 pora eorum vahda fiebant. 7. Propter aetatem hie agricola 
 non jam laborare potest, itaque in oppidum migrare vult. 
 8. Quoniam filius regis nondum maturus est, imperium ei 
 non dabitur. 9. Puer tam impigre laborat ut ab omnibus 
 laudetur. 
 
 26. 1. This picture is so beautiful that it is praised by 
 all. 2. The river is so wide that we fear to cross. 3. The 
 danger is so great that we do not dare go out from the city. 
 
 4. The man is so old that he does not work in the fields. 
 
 5. Your friend is not here, nor has any one seen him. 
 
 LESSON VI 
 
 THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE — CONTINUED 
 
 THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTFVE OF THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS 
 
 27. In the third and fourth conjugations the sign of the 
 present subjunctive is a. This tense sign replaces the char- 
 acteristic vowel in -5 verbs of the third conjugation. In -16 
 
68 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 verbs of the third conjugation and in all verbs of the fourth 
 conjugation, the tense sign follows the -i of the stem. 
 
 28. The verbs duco, capio, and audio are conjugated as 
 follows in the present subjunctive: 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 ducam 
 
 capiam 
 
 audiam 
 
 ducas 
 
 capias 
 
 audias 
 
 ducat 
 
 capiat 
 
 Plural 
 
 audiat 
 
 ducamus 
 
 capiamus 
 
 audiamus 
 
 due at is 
 
 capiatis 
 
 audiatis 
 
 ducant 
 
 capiant 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Singular 
 
 audiant 
 
 ducar 
 
 capiar 
 
 audiar 
 
 ducaris 
 
 capiaris 
 
 audiaris 
 
 ducatur 
 
 capiatur 
 
 Plural 
 
 audiatur 
 
 ducamur 
 
 capiamur 
 
 audiamur 
 
 ducamini 
 
 capiamini 
 
 audiamini 
 
 ducantur 
 
 capiantur 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 audiantur 
 
 29. 
 
 aufero, -ferre, abstuli, abla- 
 
 tum, carry away, carry off 
 crudelitas, -tatis, f., cruelty 
 fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxum, flow 
 honor, -oris, m., honor 
 laus, laudis, f., praise, glory 
 
 nascor, nasci, natus sum, be 
 
 born 
 Romulus, -i, M., Romulus, the 
 
 founder of Rome 
 turba, -ae, f., crowd, mob 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 30. 1. Periculum tantum est ut omnes in his locis tela 
 semper gerant. 2. Flumen tam celeriter fluit ut sonus aquae 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER gg 
 
 ex hoc loco audiatur. 3. Haec animalia tam fera sunt ut 
 non facile capiantur. 4. Ille puer tam iratus est ut saxa in 
 (at) alios pueros jaciat. 5. Nomen Romuli in magno honore 
 Romae erat. 6. Paucos amicos in ea turba vidl. 7. Mult! 
 crudelitatem ejus hominis timebant a quo hae statuae 
 ablatae sunt. 8. Multl laudem non habent in eo loco in quo 
 nati sunt. 9. Ille imperator tam avarus est ut multl eum 
 condemnent. 
 
 31. 1. So many have been killed in this war that all now 
 desire peace. 2. The fear of the mob is so great that men 
 are assembling from all parts of the city. 3. The Romans 
 are so brave that they easily repulse the enemy. 4. The 
 boy is so faithful that he never complains. 5. This famous 
 poet was born in a small town, but he lived for many years 
 in Rome. 
 
 LESSON vn 
 
 PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM AND POSSUM: NOUN 
 
 CLAUSES OF FACT 
 
 THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM AND POSSUM 
 
 32. The present subjunctive of the irregular verbs sum 
 and possum is as follows: 
 
 Singular Plural Singular Plural 
 
 sim simus possim posslmus 
 
 SIS sitis possis possltis 
 
 sit sint possit possint 
 
 NOUN CLAUSES OF FACT 
 
 33. The third person singular of fio (App. 36) is often 
 translated it results (freely, the result is) or it comes about 
 (imperfect, it resulted, the result was, or it came about, etc.). 
 When so used these forms are regularly followed by a clause 
 introduced by ut, with its verb in the subjunctive. The verb 
 
70 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 accidit, it happens (imperfect it happened, etc.) is followed by 
 a clause of the same kind. These clauses introduced by ut 
 are not quite the same as those which we have seen in 
 section 23. They are really the subjects of the verbs of the 
 principal clauses, and are called Noun^ clauses of Fact. 
 
 a. Sometimes such clauses are used as objects instead 
 of subjects. In this lesson, however, they are found 
 only as subjects. ^ 
 
 Fit ut paucos amicos habeamus, the result is (it results) 
 
 that we have few friends. 
 Saepe accidit ut fratrem tuum in ea urbe videam, it 
 
 often happens that I see your brother in that city. 
 
 34. VOCABULARY 
 
 accido, -ere, accidi, happen mensa, -ae, f., table 
 
 Albanus, -a, -um, A 1 b a n ; pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, 
 
 Mons Albanus, the Alban drive out, rout 
 
 Mount, a small mountain sub, prep, with ace. and abl., 
 
 about fifteen miles from Rome under 
 
 ignavus, -a, -um, cowardly viator, -5ris, m., traveler 
 
 ita, adv., so, to such a degree 
 
 a. To denote the place toward which or up to which 
 motion is directed sub takes the accusative; to denote 
 the place where something exists or occurs it regularly 
 takes the ablative. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 35. 1. Accidit ut viator nunc in vico sit. 2. Fit ut 
 patriam defendere posslmus, et (eam) defendemus. 3. Nos- 
 tri socii ita fortiter pugnant ut hostes nullam spem victoriae 
 habeant. 4. Equites tam ignavl sunt ut impetum barbaro- 
 rum expectare non audeant. 5. Accidit ut sine tells simus. 
 
 ' Or substantive clauses of fact. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 71 
 
 TOMB OF THE EMPEROR HADRIAN, IN ROME 
 
 6. Fit lit viatores flumen transire non possint. 7. Sub (at 
 the foot of) monte Albano nova urbs condita est. 8. Mater 
 pueri cibum in mensa posuit, et nunc eum expectat. 9. I lie 
 rex fratrem suum pepulit et in loco ejus regnavit. 
 
 36. 1. It happens that no one can see us (is able to see 
 us). 2. The result is that the city is in great clanger. 3. The 
 traveler is so cowardly that he remains in the village. 4. 
 This farmer works so energetically that he is often tired out. 
 5. You are so cowardly that you cannot be (are not able to 
 be) a good soldier. 
 
72 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 LESSON VIII 
 
 THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE OF REGULAR VERBS: THE 
 
 SEQUENCE OF TENSES 
 
 THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 37. The imperfect subjunctive of all regular verbs has the 
 tense sign -re^ before the personal endings. It is formed on 
 the present stem. 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 Singular 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 portarem 
 
 portares 
 
 portaret 
 
 portaremus 
 
 portaretis 
 
 portarent 
 
 monerem ducerem 
 moneres duceres 
 moneret duceret 
 
 Plural 
 moneremus duceremus 
 moneretis duceretis 
 monerent ducerent 
 
 caperem 
 
 caperes 
 
 caperet 
 
 caperemus 
 
 caperetis 
 
 caperent 
 
 IV. 
 
 audirem 
 
 audlres 
 
 audlret 
 
 audlremus 
 
 audlretis 
 
 audlrent 
 
 monerer 
 
 monereris 
 
 moneretur 
 
 PASSIVE 
 Singular 
 
 ducerer 
 
 ducereris 
 
 duceretur 
 
 portarer 
 
 portareris 
 
 portaretur 
 
 Plural 
 portaremur moneremur duceremur 
 portaremini moneremini duceremini 
 
 caperer 
 
 capereris 
 
 caperetur 
 
 caperemur 
 caperemini 
 
 audlrer 
 
 audlreris 
 
 audlretur 
 
 audlremur 
 audiremini 
 
 portarentur monerentur ducerentur caperentur audirentur 
 
 a. The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by add- 
 ing the personal endings to the present active infinitive, 
 with the necessary changes in quantity. This statement 
 applies to all irregular verbs as well as to regular verbs. 
 
 1 As has been previously stated, a long vowel in a tense sign or stem ending becomes 
 short before the personal endings -m, -t, -nt, -r, and -ntur. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 73 
 
 THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES 
 
 38. (1) When the verb in the principal clause of a com- 
 plex sentence is present, future, or future perfect, the verb 
 of the subordinate clause, if subjunctive, is regularly present 
 (or perfect).^ 
 
 (2) When the verb in the principal clause is imperfect, 
 perfect, or past perfect, the subjunctive in the subordinate 
 clause is regularly imperfect (or past perfect).^ 
 
 a. If the main verb is a perfect which is equivalent to 
 an English present perfect, the dependent subjunctive is 
 sometimes present and sometimes imperfect. 
 
 b. A result clause sometimes has its verb in the per- 
 fect after a principal verb denoting past time. 
 
 39. VOCABULARY 
 
 Ascanius, -i, m., Ascanius, the falso, adv., falsely 
 
 legendary founder of Alba laetitia, -ae, f., joy, gladness 
 
 Longa tenuis, -e, slight, thin; shallow 
 
 conspectus, -us, m., sight venor, -ari, -atus sum, hunt 
 
 dedo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, voco, -are, avi, -atum, call 
 surrender, give up 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 40. 1. Ille consul ita fortiter patriam defenderat ut omnes 
 cTves eum laudarent. 2. Ita fellces in ea urbe eramus ut diu 
 maneremus. 3. Copiae hostium tantae erant ut castra non 
 facile defenderentur. 4. Audivimus hanc parvam urbem ab 
 Ascanio conditam esse. 5. Centurio qui in conspectu im- 
 peratoris stabat falso ab inimico accusabatur. 6. Aqua ita 
 tenuis erat ut pisces a ripa viderentur. 7. Pueri qui in 
 silva venabantur nunc domum redeunt, quod a patre suo 
 vocati sunt. 8. Hostes se dediderunt, et magna laetitia in 
 
 * The forms and uses of the perfect and past perfect subjunctive will be given later. 
 
74 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 patria nostra est. 9. Barbarl ita terrentur ut ex omnibus 
 partibus fugiant. 
 
 41. 1. Our soldiers made an attack so fiercely that they 
 quickly captured the enemy's camp. 2. The general was so 
 brave that he was loved by all the soldiers. 3. The forest 
 was so large that we did not easily find our way in it. 
 
 4. The Trojans were so few that they did not resist longer. 
 
 5. The joy of the traveler w^as so great that he at once 
 called his friend. 6. The forest in which I often hunt is in 
 sight of (from) the village. 
 
 LESSON IX 
 
 THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM AND POSSUM: 
 
 IMPERSONAL VERBS 
 
 THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM AND POSSUM 
 
 42. The verbs sum and possum are conjugated as follows 
 in the imperfect subjunctive: 
 
 Singular Plural Singular Plural 
 
 essem essemus possem possemus 
 
 esses essetis posses possetis 
 
 esset essent posset possent 
 
 a. As has been seen in the case of regular verbs, these 
 imperfect subjunctives are formed by adding the per- 
 sonal endings to the present infinitive. 
 
 IMPERSONAL VERBS 
 
 43. There are a few Latin verbs which do not have a 
 noun or pronoun as a subject. They have as subject an 
 infinitive, or an expression consisting of an infinitive with its 
 subject in the accusative. Such verbs are called Impersonal. 
 Two of the most important impersonal verbs are oportet, it 
 is necessary or it is proper, and licet, it is permitted. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 USE OF OPORTET 
 
 75 
 
 44. With oportet the subject is regularly an infinitive with 
 subject accusative. 
 
 Hominem manere oportet, it is necessary that the man remain, 
 or it is necessary for the man to remain. This expression may 
 also be translated the man must remain, or the man ought to 
 remain. The latter translations seem to us in English to in- 
 dicate a personal subject, but we nmst remember that in 
 Latin the construction differs from the construction of the 
 English equivalent. 
 
 USE OF LICET 
 
 45. The verb licet takes an infinitive as subject. The 
 dative is commonly used to denote the person who is per- 
 mitted to do the act denoted by the infinitive. 
 
 Centurioni redire licet, it is permitted (to) the centurion to 
 return, or the centurion is permitted to return. As in the use 
 of oportet, the English translation commonly employs a per- 
 sonal verb; but it must be remembered that the word for 
 centurion as used in this sentence is not to be expressed in 
 Latin by the nominative. 
 
 46. VOCABULARY 
 
 comes, comitis, m., companion, licet, licere, licuit, it is permit- 
 comrade ted, it is allowed 
 
 contemno, -temnere, -tempsi, oportet, oportere, oportmt, it 
 
 -temptum, scorn, despise is necessary, it is proper, one 
 
 eques, equitis, m., horseman; must, one ought 
 
 pi. horsemen or cavalry remus, -i, m., oar 
 
 jus, juris, N., right, law turns, turns, -lum, f., tower 
 
 a. The accusative singular of turns is regularly tur- 
 rim and the ablative is turri. A few other i-stem nouns 
 have the accusative in -im and the ablative in -L 
 
76 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 47. 1. Accidit^ ut navis sine remis esset. 2. Ripae flu- 
 minis tarn altae erant ut equites eas ascendere non possent. 
 3. Flebat ut illi homines jus contemnerent. 4. Turris tanta 
 erat ut eam ex muro videre possemus. 5. Exercitum in hoc 
 loco manere non oportet. 6. Cur in via ambulare non licet? 
 7. Imperatorem castra et arma dedere non oportet. 8. Tibi 
 hunc librum auferre non licet. 9. Comites mei tam ignavi 
 erant ut nihil efficere possem. 10. Ea victoria erat tanta 
 ut per totam urbem laetitia esset. 
 
 48. 1. Our companions were so brave that the enemy 
 could not (were not able to) frighten them. 2. It happened 
 that the horsemen were in the village. 3. I worked so ener- 
 getically that I was soon tired out. 4. It is necessary that 
 help be sent (help to be sent) at once. 5. The traveler 
 ought to set out today. 
 
 LESSON X 
 DATIVE OF PURPOSE: DATIVE OF REFERENCE 
 
 THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE 
 
 49. A noun in the dative is sometimes used to denote the 
 purpose or end which something serves or is intended to 
 serve. 
 
 Hunc librum dono misi, I sent this book as a gift (lit. for 
 a gift). 
 
 a. The dative of purpose is sometimes employed where 
 the English usage would require a predicate nominative. 
 
 Haec fama auxilio erit, this reputation will he a help. 
 
 1 The form accidit may be 'either present, it happens, or perfect, it happened. See 
 the principal parts. The use of esset in the subordinate clause shows by the sequence 
 of tenses that accidit is here perfect. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 77 
 
 THE DATIVE OF REFERENCE 
 
 50. The dative is sometimes used to denote the person 
 with reference to whom an act is said to be done or a situa- 
 tion to exist. This use is especially important in expres- 
 sions which contain a dative of purpose. 
 
 Legio equitdtui auxilio missa est, the legion was sent as 
 aid (lit. /o7' aid) to the cavalry. 
 
 a. Sometimes the dative of reference refers to a thing 
 instead of a person. 
 
 Cohors castris praesidid relicta est, the cohort was left as 
 a guard to the camp. 
 
 51. VOCABULARY 
 
 amnis, amnis, -ium, m., river lapis, lapidis, m., stone 
 
 cena, -ae, f., dinner pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier: 
 
 conscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, pi., infantry 
 
 -scriptum, enroll subsidium, -i, n., reenforce- 
 
 dextra, -ae, f., right hand ments 
 improviso, adv., unexpectedly 
 
 a. The noun dextra is merely the feminine form of 
 the adjective dexter, -tra, -trum, used as a noun. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 52. 1. Hi flores mihi dono missi sunt. 2. Caesar statim 
 legionem subsidio oppidanls misit. 3. Consilium (advice) 
 tuum nobis semper auxilio fuit. 4. Legatus unam legionem 
 castris praesidio rellquit. 5. Tum amnis tam latus erat ut 
 pedites transire non possent. 6. lUe Gallus dextram suam 
 in proelio amisit. 7. Cena parata est, sed accidit ut f rater 
 mens inveniri non possit. 8. Hos pueros lapides jacere non 
 oportet. 9. Caesari duas novas legiones conscrlbere licuit. 
 10. Barbaii ita improviso impetum fecerunt ut perlculum 
 nostrl exercitus magnum esset. 
 
78 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 53. 1. Labienus at once sent the infantry as aid (for aid) 
 to the town. 2. Two legions were sent as aid to our alUes 
 whose towns were being burned. 3. We have come as reen- 
 forcements to you, because your nation ought not to be 
 defeated. 4. The friendship of the Romans was (for) a great 
 help to this leader. 5. The consul is permitted (it is per- 
 mitted to the consul) to enroll another legion. 
 
 LESSON XI 
 
 PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: CUM CAUSAL CLAUSES 
 
 THE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE VOICE 
 
 54. The perfect active subjunctive is formed on the per- 
 fect stem with the tense sign -eri. 
 
 laudaverim 
 
 laudaverls 
 
 laudaverit 
 
 laudaverimus 
 
 laudaverltis 
 
 laudaverint 
 
 Singular 
 
 monuerim duxerim 
 
 monueris duxeris 
 
 monuerit dtixerit 
 
 Plural 
 
 monuerimus duxerimus 
 
 monueiitis duxeritis 
 
 monuerint duxerint 
 
 audiverim 
 
 audiverls 
 
 audiverit 
 
 audiverlmus 
 
 audiverltis 
 
 audiverint 
 
 a. The perfect subjunctive of sum is formed in like 
 manner on the stem fu-: fuerim, fueris, etc. 
 
 THE PERFECT SUBJUNCTFVE, PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 55. The perfect passive subjunctive is made up of the past 
 participle and the present subjunctive of sum. 
 
 portatus sim 
 port at us sis 
 etc. 
 
 monitus sim 
 
 monitus sis 
 
 etc. 
 
 ductus sim 
 ductus sis 
 etc. 
 
 auditus sim 
 auditus sis 
 etc. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 79 
 
 CUM CAUSAL CLAUSES 
 
 56. A subordinate clause introduced by cum meaning 
 since has its verb in the subjunctive. 
 
 Cum nulla navis in conspectu 5:7, domum revertar, since 
 there is no ship in sight, I shall return home. 
 
 57. VOCABULARY 
 
 apud, prep, with ace, among, minae, -arum, f. pL, threats 
 
 with reverter, reverti, reverti, re- 
 
 cum, conj., since, although, versum, return 
 
 when sinistra, -ae, f., left hand 
 
 cursus, -us, M., course videor, -eri, visus sum, seem, 
 
 flecto, -ere, flexi, flexum, turn, appear 
 
 bend 
 
 a. The verb reverter is commonly used as a deponent 
 in the present, imperfect, and future tenses. In the per- 
 fect, past perfect, and future perfect it has active forms. 
 Sometimes active forms are found in the present system. 
 
 b. The verb videor, meaning seem, is merely the pas- 
 sive form of video, see. It will be possible to decide 
 from the context whether a doubtful form should be 
 translated seem or as a passive of video. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 58. 1. Cum hunc puerum laudaveris, amicus fidelis tuus 
 semper erit. 2. Cum Helvetii cursum suum fiexerint, eos 
 diutius sequi non possumus. 3. Cum nihil hic efficere possi- 
 mus, domum revertemur. 4. Cum auctoritas tua magna 
 apud Gallos sit, te cum hac epistula in Galliam mittam. 
 5. Ille dux non mihi fortis videtur. 6. Cum exercitus meus 
 numquam victus sit, minas tuas non vereor. 7. Puer sinis- 
 tra epistulam tenet quam ei a sorore data est. 8. In his 
 doloribus amicitia tua mihi magno auxilio est. 9. Gladius 
 
80 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 TEMPLE IN ROME 
 
 quern frater meus tibi dono dedit est gravis. 10. Factum 
 est ut te juvare non possemus. 
 
 59. 1. Since you have often praised this picture, I will 
 give it to you. 2. Since no enemy has been seen today, we 
 shall return to (into) the village. 3. Since the cavalry has 
 not yet arrived, we cannot make an attack. « 4. Since the 
 traveler has turned his course toward (ad) the river, we 
 shall soon see him. 5. Caesar left one legion as a guard 
 (Section 49) for the bridge. 6. The soldiers are so brave 
 that they do not fear the threats of the enemy. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 81 
 
 LESSON XII 
 
 THE PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE: CUM ADVERSATIVE 
 
 CLAUSES 
 
 THE PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE VOICE 
 
 60. The past perfect subjunctive in the active voice is 
 formed on the perfect stem with the tense sign -isse. 
 
 portavissem 
 
 portavisses 
 
 portavisset 
 
 portavissemus 
 
 portavissetis 
 
 portavissent 
 
 Singular 
 monuissem duxissem 
 
 monuisses duxisses 
 
 monuisset duxisset 
 
 Plural 
 monuissemus duxissemus 
 monuissetis duxissetis 
 
 monuissent duxissent 
 
 audivissem 
 
 audlvisses 
 
 audivisset 
 
 audivissemus 
 
 audlvissetis 
 
 audivissent 
 
 a. The past perfect subjunctive of sum is formed in 
 like manner with the stem fu-: fuissem, fuisses, etc. 
 
 THE PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 6_1. The past perfect subjunctive in the passive voice is 
 made up of the past participle and the imperfect subjunctive 
 of sum. 
 
 portatus essem monitus essem 
 portatus esses monitus esses 
 etc. etc. 
 
 ductus essem 
 ductus esses 
 etc. 
 
 auditus essem 
 audltus esses 
 etc. 
 
 CUM ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES 
 
 cum 
 
 meamng 
 
 62. A subordinate clause introduced by 
 although has its verb in the subjunctive. 
 
 Cum ea urbs parva esset, tamen magnam gloriam habe- 
 bat, although that city was small, nevertheless it had great 
 fame. 
 
82 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 1 
 
 a. The adverb tamen frequently stands in the prin- 
 cipal clause with which an adversative clause is con- 
 nected. 
 
 63. VOCABULARY 
 
 certus, -a, -um, certain puerilis, -e, childish, of a child, 
 
 ceteri, -ae, -a, the other of children 
 
 ob, prep, with ace, on account retardo, -are, -avi, -atum, keep 
 
 of back, check 
 
 ordo, ordinis, m., order, rank vagitus,-us,M., wailing, crying 
 potestas, -tatis, f., power 
 
 a. The singular forms of ceteri are rare, and may be 
 disregarded for the present. 
 
 h. The most important use of ob is in phrases con- 
 taining a form of causa or res. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 64. 1. Cum puer saepe monitus esset, tamen impigre non 
 laborabat. 2. Cum nullus certus ordo esset, tamen quisque 
 in suo loco hostibus (App. 51) restitit. 3. Ob earn rem 
 impetus hostium retardatus est, sed denique castra capta 
 sunt. 4. Cum Galli potestatem ejus regis semper timuissent, 
 tamen ei fortiter restiterunt. 5. Cum ceteri pervenissent, 
 decem equites viam per silvam reperire non poterant. 6. 
 Cum (Section 56) llbertatem semper laudaveritis, vos patriam 
 nunc defendere oportet. 7. In eo loco vagitus puerilis audi- 
 tus est. 8. Verba tua mihi tum magno auxilio erant. 
 9. Ceteri domi manere nolunt. 
 
 65. 1. Although the Romans had not sent aid, the towns- 
 people were trying to defend the town. 2. Although the 
 attack had been checked, we were not safe. 3. Since you 
 have received my letter, you know the cause of this delay. 
 4. Although I had never injured him (App. 51), he was 
 always my enemy. 5. Since you are a young man, you 
 
 ^ ought to defend your country. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 83 
 
 LESSON XIII 
 
 CONJUGATION OF FERO: CUM DESCRIPTIVE CLAUSES 
 
 OF SITUATION 
 
 CONJUGATION OF FERO 
 
 66. The irregular verb fero is conjugated as follows in the 
 present indicative: 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 
 fero 
 
 ferimus feror 
 
 
 ferimur 
 
 fers 
 
 fertis 
 
 ferris 
 
 r 
 1 
 
 ferimini 
 
 fert 
 
 ferunt 
 
 fertur 
 
 feruntur 
 
 A synopsis of fero in the first person singular is as follows: 
 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Pres. 
 
 fero 
 
 feror 
 
 feram 
 
 ferar 
 
 lmpf. 
 
 ferebam 
 
 ferebar 
 
 ferrem 
 
 ferrer 
 
 Put. 
 
 feram 
 
 ferar 
 
 
 > 
 
 Perf. 
 
 tuli 
 
 latus sum 
 
 tulerim 
 
 latus sim 
 
 P.Pf. 
 
 tuleram 
 
 atus eram 
 
 tulissem 
 
 latus essem 
 
 P- Pf. 
 
 tulero 
 
 atus ero 
 
 
 
 
 INFINITIVES 
 
 PARTICIPLES 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Pres. 
 Past 
 
 ferre 
 tulisse 
 
 ferri 
 latus esse 
 
 ferens 
 
 
 latus 
 
 
 Put. 
 
 aturus esse 
 
 atum iri 
 
 laturus 
 
 ferendus 
 
 a. Other forms of fero will be found in section 34 of 
 the Appendix. 
 
 CUM DESCRIPTIVE CLAUSE OF SITUATION 
 
 67. The imperfect or past perfect subjunctive is often 
 used in a clause introduced by cum meaning when. Such a 
 clause describes 'the situation or makes known the time of 
 the main act. 
 
84 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 a. The meaning of the principal clause will usually 
 make it easy to decide whether cum should be trans- 
 lated since, although, or when. If the tense of the sub- 
 junctive is present or perfect, cum will mean since or 
 although (not when). 
 
 68. VOCABULARY 
 
 avus, -i, M., grandfather nepos, nepotis, m., grandson 
 
 educo, -are, -avi, -atum, rear, pastor, pastoris, m., shepherd 
 
 bring up pecus, pecudis, f., beast; pL, 
 latro, latr5nis, m., robber, brig- flock, herd 
 
 and spectaculum, -i, n., spectacle 
 ludus, -i, M., game 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 69. 1. Cum pastor pecudes suas in montes ageret, la- 
 trones eum aggress! sunt. 2. Cum latro praedam auferret, 
 a militibus captus est. 3. Cum Romulus urbem suam con- 
 didisset, gentes fmitimas ad spectaculum ludorum invltavit. 
 4. Cum Romulus et f rater ejus apud^ pastorem educarentur, 
 nemo scivit eos esse nepotes regis. 5. Cum (Section 62) 
 fortis semper fueris,^ nunc pugnare non vis. 6. Haec tela 
 tam gravia sunt ut ea ferre non posslmus. 7. Cum (Section 
 56) multi latrones in eis locis essent, pastores semper tela 
 ferebant. 8. Propter has injurias denique barbarls bellum 
 intulimus. 
 
 70. 1. When the robber J saw the shepherds, he fled. 
 2. When the city had been founded, Romulus gave a name 
 to it. 3. When we were in Rome, we saw the king and 
 queen. 4. Although Romulus and his brother were grand- 
 sons of the king, they were reared at the house of (apud) a 
 shepherd. 5. It happened that the brother of Romulus had 
 been captured by the robbers. 
 
 1 at the house of. 
 
 * Perfect subjunctive of sum. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 85 
 
 LESSON XIV 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE OF VOLO AND EO: INDIRECT QUESTIONS 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF VOLO 
 
 71. The irregular verb volo is conjugated as follows in 
 the subjunctive mood: 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 velim 
 
 vellmus 
 
 vellem vellemus 
 
 veils 
 
 velltis 
 
 velles velletis 
 
 velit 
 
 velint 
 
 vellet vellent 
 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 
 voluerim 
 
 voluissem 
 
 
 voluerls 
 
 voluisses 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 etc. 
 
 72. 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTTVE OF EO 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 earn 
 
 eamus 
 
 Irem iremus 
 
 eas 
 
 eatis 
 
 ires • iretis 
 
 eat 
 
 eant 
 
 Iret irent 
 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 
 ierim (Iverim) 
 
 issem (Ivissem) 
 
 
 ierls (Iveris) 
 
 isses (ivisses) 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 etc. 
 
 INDIRECT QUESTIONS 
 
 73. An indirect question is a question which is quoted 
 with changed form. 
 
 He asked who the man was. (Direct, Who is the man?) 
 
 Indirect questions depend on words of asking, knowing, 
 perceiving, and the like. 
 
86 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 MOOD IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS 
 
 74. In Latin, an indirect question has its verb in the sub- 
 junctive. ^ 
 
 Quaesivi quis hoc fecissety I asked who had done this. 
 
 75. VOCABULARY 
 
 forte, adv., by chance suspicor, -ari, -atus sum, sus- 
 
 gemini, -orum, m. pi., twins pect 
 
 ignore, -are, -avi, -atum, not transilio, -ire, -ui, jump over 
 
 know, be unaware uterque, utraque, utnxmque, 
 
 Remus, -i, m., Remus, the each (of two) 
 
 brother of Romulus vultur, vulturis, m., vulture 
 
 a. When only two persons are referred to, each is 
 translated by uterque; when more than two are thought 
 of, by quisque. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 76. L Uxor pastoris quaesivit qui el puerl essent. 2. Vir 
 repperit cur filius suus domo proficisci vellet. 3. Latrones 
 ignorabant quis has copias duceret. 4. Cum (Section 56) 
 domi manere veils, ego tecum (App. 142 a) manebo. 5. Cum 
 viator per silvam iret, forte duos vultures vidit. 6. Legatus 
 quaerit cur exploratores flumen transeant. 7. Pastor qui 
 Romulum et Remum repperit suspicabatur eos esse geminos. 
 8. Uterque horum geminorum nomen suum novae urbi dare 
 voluit. 9. Cum Romulus novam urbem aedificaret, Remus 
 murum transiluit. 10. Cum llbertatem habere velltis, vos 
 fortes esse oportet. 
 
 77. 1. The lieutenant asked why the cohort had not been 
 sent. 2. The shepherd did not know (ignoro) who was the 
 grandfather of these boys. 3. Remus asked why the robbers 
 wished to lead him to (ad) the king. 4. Since you are going 
 alone, take your sword. 5. When I was crossing the valley, 
 I saw a fire on the hill. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 87 
 
 LESSON XV 
 
 FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE: DATIVE OF AGENT 
 THE FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE 
 
 78. In addition to the present active participle, the past 
 passive participle, and the future active participle, which 
 have been given, Latin has also a future passive participle. 
 It is formed on the present stem, and ends in -ndus, -nda, 
 -ndum. 
 
 I II 
 
 portandus, -a, -um monendus, -a, -um 
 
 III IV 
 
 ducendus, -a, -um audiendus, -a, -um 
 
 capiendus, -a, -um 
 
 a. This participle is often used with forms of the verb 
 sum to denote an act which must be done or ought to 
 be done. 
 
 Auxilium mittendum est, help must be sent (or ought to 
 he sent). 
 
 THE DATIVE OF AGENT 
 
 79. With the future passive participle, the person by 
 whom the act must be clone or ought to be done is regu- 
 larly denoted by the dative. 
 
 Epistula mihi mittenda est, a letter ought to he sent hy vie. 
 
 a. Expressions which contain a future passive parti- 
 ciple are often best translated b}^ changing the verb to 
 the active voice. The dative of agent is then repre- 
 sented by the subject of the active verb. 
 
 Epistula mihi mittenda est, a letter ought to he sent hy 
 nie — I ou^ht to send a letter. 
 
88 
 
 80. 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 conditor, -oris, m., founder 
 divitiae, -anim, f. pL, riches, 
 
 wealth 
 labor, -oris, m., labor, toil 
 notus, -a, -um, known 
 origo, -inis, f., origin 
 
 ostend6,-tendere,-tendi, -ten- 
 turn, show, point out 
 
 perterre5, -ere, -ui, -itum, ter- 
 rify 
 
 tantopere, adv., so greatly 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 81, 1. Conditor urbis nostrae nobis laudandus est. 2. 
 Cum divitias habere veils, labor tibi non vitandus est. 
 3. Remus fratri suo non interficiendus est. 4. Milites tanto- 
 pere perterriti sunt ut multl domum redire vellent. 5. Sed 
 auxilium a sociis missum est, et hostes victi sunt. 6. Origo 
 illlus urbis clarae nobis non nota est. 7. Legatus militibus 
 coUem ostendit qui eis capiendus erat. 8. Cum rex ex urbe 
 exiret, multos comites secum (App. 142, a) duxit. 9. Non 
 video cur hanc gentem semper tantopere laudaveris. 10. 
 Crudeles enim (Section 9, b) elves ejus sunt, et rex eorum 
 est tyrannus. 
 
 82. 1. The city ought to be defended by the citizens. 
 2. The robbers ought to be led to the king by the young 
 man. 3. The weapons ought not to be left in camp by the 
 soldiers. 4. This book ought to be read by boys and girls. 
 5. Many did not know why the 'barbarians wished to fight. 
 
 KEY FROM AN ANCIENT HOUSE 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 80 
 
 LESSON XVI 
 
 THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE OF Fl'O AND 
 NOLO: INDIRECT DISCOURSE, COMPLETED 
 
 THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE OF F/O 
 
 83. The irregular verb fio is conjugated as follows in the 
 subjunctive: 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 flam 
 
 
 fiamus 
 
 fierem 
 
 
 fieremus 
 
 flas 
 
 
 fiatis 
 
 fieres 
 
 
 fieretis 
 
 fiat 
 
 
 flant 
 
 fieret 
 
 
 fierent 
 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 PAST_ 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 
 
 factus 
 
 sim 
 
 factus 
 
 essem 
 
 
 
 factus 
 
 SIS 
 
 etc. 
 
 factus 
 
 esses 
 etc. 
 
 
 a. The present subjunctive is made like that of 
 capio. 
 
 THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE OF NOLO 
 
 84. The irregular verb nolo is conjugated as follows in the 
 sunjunctive: 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 nolim 
 
 nollmus 
 
 nollem 
 
 
 nollemus 
 
 noils 
 
 nolitis 
 
 noUes 
 
 
 nolletis 
 
 nolit 
 
 nolint 
 
 noUet 
 
 
 noUent 
 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 PAST 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 
 
 noluerim 
 
 noluissem 
 
 
 
 noluerls 
 
 noluisses 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 a. The imperfect subjunctive, like that of regular 
 verbs, is formed by adding the personal endings to the 
 present infinitive. 
 
90 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES AND COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 
 
 85. We have already seen the use of the infinitive with 
 its subject in the accusative in indirect discourse. But all 
 the examples given represented simple sentences consisting 
 of statements in direct discourse. The following rules apply 
 to complex sentences and also to sentences expressing com- 
 mands. 
 
 I. The verb of a principal clause expressing a statement 
 is in the infinitive in indirect discourse, and its subject is in 
 the accusative. 
 
 II. The verb of a subordinate clause in indirect discourse 
 is in the subjunctive. 
 
 III. A verb expressing a command in indirect discourse is 
 in the subjunctive.^ 
 
 86. VOCABULARY 
 
 benigne, ady., kindly supplicium, -i, n., punishment 
 
 explorator, -oris, m., scout terror, -oris, m., terror, fright 
 
 inde, adv., thence, from that Tiberis, -is, m., the Tiber, a 
 
 place river of Italy 
 
 regius, -a, -um, royal, of the tracto, -are, -avi, -atum, treat 
 
 king 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 87. 1. Miles dixit barbarum magno in terrore esse quod 
 supplicium timeret. 2. Cum copiae regiae pugnare nollent, 
 tamen dux eos impetum facere jussit. 3. Obsides tam 
 benigne tractati sunt ut domum redire nolint. 4. Explorator 
 inde videre poterat quid in castrls hostium fieret. 5. Cum 
 periculum sociorum nostrorum majus fiat, auxilium statim 
 mittemus. 6. Tiberis, qui non longe ab hoc loco abest, 
 magnum flumen est. 7. Ea urbs Romanis non delenda est. 
 8. Pastor credidit pueros quos invenisset esse nepotes fratris 
 
 1 No examples of commands in indirect discourse are given for the present, but this 
 statement is included for the sake of a complete presentation of the subject. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 91 
 
 regis. 9. Cum patriam clefendere noils, te civem esse non 
 oportet. 
 
 88. 1. The terror of the townspeople is so great that they 
 are unwilling to go out from the town. 2. Although the 
 attack was made fiercely, the legions did not fear. 3. 
 Romulus said that he would give a name to the city which 
 he had founded. 4. Since Ascanius was unwilling to remain 
 longer in the city, the royal power was given to his mother. 
 5. The scout said that he had remained in the forest because 
 he did not wish to be seen by the enemy. 
 
 LESSON XVII 
 
 PRESENT PASSIVE IMPERATIVE: IMPERSONAL USE OF 
 CERTAIN VERBS IN THE PASSIVE 
 
 THE PRESENT PASSIVE IMPERATIVE 
 
 89. The present passive imperative of regular verbs of the 
 four conjugations is as follows: 
 
 I 
 Sing, laudare, be praised {spoken to one person) 
 Plur. laudaminl, l)e praised {spoken to more than one) 
 
 II III IV 
 
 Sing, monere ducere capere audire 
 
 Plur. monemini ducimini capimini audlmini 
 
 THE PRESENT IMPERATIVES OF DEPONENTS 
 
 90. The present imperative of deponent verbs of the four 
 conjugations is as follows: 
 
 I II III IV 
 
 conare poUicere sequere . potire 
 
 conamini pollicemini sequimini potlmini 
 
 a. The imperative of egredior is formed like that of 
 sequor. 
 
92 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 IMPERSONAL USE OF CERTAIN VERBS 
 
 91. Certain intransitive verbs are sometimes used imper- 
 sonally in the passive. 
 
 Pugnatur, it is being fought (a fight is going on). 
 
 a. Such impersonal verbs are usually translated in the 
 active, with whatever subject is implied by the general 
 sense of the passage. Thus, pugnatur may be trans- 
 lated they are fighting, Perventum est may be trans- 
 lated they arrived or they have arrived. These impersonal 
 uses generally refer to the acts of plural subjects. 
 
 h. An intransitive verb cannot be used in the passive 
 with a personal subject. 
 
 92. VOCABULARY 
 
 adjuvo, -juvare, -juvi, -jutum, rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, rule 
 
 help, assist successus, -us, m., success 
 
 decemo, -cemere, -crevi, -ere- toga, -ae, f., toga, a garment 
 
 turn, decide worn by the Romans 
 
 dives, gen. divitis, rich, wealthy Vesta, -ae, f., Vesta, a goddess 
 
 praeter, prep, vnth ace, except worshiped by the Romans 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 93. 1. Regere^ a me et domi mane. 2. Iterum conare, et 
 successum habebis. 3. Ducem, mllites^, sequimini et castris* 
 hostium potiminl. 4. Diu in hoc loco pugnatum est, sed 
 denique Roman! hostes reppulerunt. 5. Pater hujus puerl est 
 dives et magnam domum habet. 6. Explorator statim ad 
 exercitum redire decrevit. 7. Nemo praeter imperatorem 
 
 togam ejus modi habebat. 8. Templum Vestae in eo loco 
 
 ^ ' — ^^— 
 
 1 Not an infinitive. 
 ' See App. 80, note. 
 » See App. 79. . ; 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 93 
 
 aedificatum est. 9, Cum me adjuvare antea nolueris cur 
 auxilium meum nunc postulas? 
 
 94. 1. Promise j^our help to my friend. 2. Use your 
 swords, soldiers. 3. They fought (it was fought) long and 
 fiercely in the streets of this town. 4. We have decided to 
 help our allies at once. 5. No one except the centurion 
 dared to go out from the camp. 6. Lavinia ruled the city 
 which the Trojans had built. 
 
 LESSON XVIII 
 
 THE GERUNDIVE 
 
 95. The future passive participle of a transitive verb is 
 often used in agreement with a noun or pronoun in phrases 
 which are equivalent in meaning to a gerund with an object.^ 
 
 Spes urbis capiendae, hope of capturing the city. The 
 meaning is the same as spes urbem capiendi. 
 
 The future passive participle when thus used is called the 
 Gerundive. The geruncUve may be used in either number 
 and in any case, to agree with the noun or pronoun to which 
 it belongs. 
 
 a. Since the gerund cannot stand as the object of a 
 preposition and at the same time govern an object, 
 gerundive phrases are frequently used with the forms 
 of transitive verbs. The English translation of such 
 phrases is the same as if the gerundive were a gerund 
 having as its object the word with which the gerundive 
 agrees. 
 
 1 The gerundive construction was not a substitute for the gerund in the thought 
 of the Romans, but was probably the usage from which the gerund was derived. 
 
94 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 h. The case uses of the gerundive construction are in 
 general the same as those of the gerund. 
 
 cupidus oppidi expugnandi, desirous of storming the 
 
 town. 
 auxilii ferendi causa, for the purpose (sake) of bringing 
 
 aid. 
 ad eas res conficiendas, for accomplishing these things (or 
 
 to accomplish these things). 
 de auxilio mittend5, about (concerning) sending aid. 
 lapidibus portandis, by carrying stones. 
 
 96. The following distinctions between the gerund and 
 gerundive are to be observed: 
 
 GERUND GERUNDIVE 
 
 A noun A participle 
 
 Active in meaning Passive 
 
 Neuter gender All genders 
 
 Used only in the singular Both numbers 
 
 97. VOCABULARY 
 
 agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -ni- maestus, -a, -um, sad, sorrow- 
 turn, recognize ful 
 
 comparo, -are, -avi, -atum, mulier, mulieris, f., woman 
 
 compare, prepare permittd, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 
 confestim, adv., at once, im- sum, permit; entrust 
 
 mediately Sabini, -orum, m. pi., the Sa- 
 
 conjunx, conjugis, m., f., wife, bines, an ancient Italian 
 
 husband • people 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 98. 1. Haec femina spem filiae suae videndae habet. 2. 
 Ad eas res conficiendas homines confestim missi sunt. 3. 
 Barbari lapidibus jaciendTs fnultos vulneraverunt. 4. Sabini 
 pacis petendae causa legatos miserunt. 5. Turn conjuges 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 95 
 
 Romanorum maestae erant, quod helium inter R5manos et 
 Sablnos gerebatur. 6. lUe juvenis sororem agnovit, quam 
 multos annos non vlderat. 7. Ilia terra cum terra nostra 
 non comparanda est^; itaque barbari nostros agros occupa- 
 verunt. 8. Te adjuvare volebam, sed id non permissum est. 
 9. Proficiscere, puer, ut domum redeas. 
 
 99. 1. The cohort was left for the purpose of defending the 
 bridge. 2. By throwing javelins the Romans drove back the 
 enemy, who were trying to cross the river. 3. A leader has 
 been chosen for accomplishing these things. 4. Soldiers, 
 defend your wives and your children. 5. There were so 
 many soldiers in the town that an attack was not made. 
 
 LESSON XIX 
 
 CLAUSES OF PURPOSE WITH UT AND NE 
 
 EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE IN ENGLISH 
 
 100. In the sentence I loent to see the fire the infinitive 
 to see tells the purpose of the act expressed by the verb went. 
 The use of the infinitive to express purpose is very common 
 in English. Sometimes we use the phrase in order before the 
 infinitive in expressions of purpose. Thus, / stayed in order 
 to hear the music. In this sentence the expression in order to 
 hear denotes the purpose of the act which is expressed by the 
 verb stayed. 
 
 a. Occasionally we use a subordinate clause introduced 
 by that or in order that in expressions of purpose. Thus, 
 we may say I stayed that I might hear, or in order that 
 I might hear, the music. The clause that I might hear, 
 or in order that I might hear, expresses the purpose of 
 the act denoted by the main verb. 
 
 ' See section 78. 
 
96 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE IN LATIN 
 
 101. In Latin, purpose may be expressed by a subordinate 
 clause introduced by ut, with its verb in the subjunctive. 
 The Latin infinitive is not used to express purpose. The 
 sentence / went to see the fire is translated as if it read / 
 went that I might see the fire; the sentence / stayed in order to 
 hear the music is translated as if it read / stayed that I might 
 hear the music. 
 
 Veni ut te viderem^ I came to see you, literally, / came 
 that I might see you. 
 
 NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE 
 
 102. Negative clauses of purpose are introduced by ne 
 instead of ut. Milites missi sunt ne urbs caperetur^ soldiers 
 were sent that the city might not he captured. 
 
 a. Negative clauses of result are introduced by ut and 
 contain non. Tarn celeriter fugit ut non caperetur, he 
 
 fled so swiftly that he was not captured. 
 
 103. VOCABULARY 
 
 aliquot, indeclinable, several rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, 
 hospitium, -i, n., hospitality seize, carry off 
 
 ne, conj., that . . . not violo, -are, -avi, -atum, violate 
 
 parens, parentis, m., f., parent virgo, -inis, f., young woman 
 profugio, -fugere, -fugi, flee 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 104. 1. Eae virgines raptae sunt, ut Roman! conjuges 
 haberent. 2. Parentes virginum profugerunt, ne injuriam 
 acciperent. 3. Romulus novam urbem munlvit, ut hostes 
 repellere posset. 4. Post aliquot dies Sabini exercitum con- 
 duxerunt, ut cum Romanis bellum gererent. 5. Patres nostri 
 mare transierunt, ut in terra libera habitarent. 6. Sabinl 
 dixerunt hospitium a Romanis violatum esse. 7. Multi vene- 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 97 
 
 runt novae urbis videndae causa. 8. Ad pacern petendam 
 legati delect! sunt. 9. Acriter ab hostibus pugnatur, sed 
 spes a nostrls non amissa est. 
 
 105. 1. The Gauls collected an army to defend (that they 
 might defend) their homes. 2. We fled that we might not 
 be captured. 3. These men will cross the sea in order to 
 find (that they may find) wealth. 4. We did not come into 
 your city to receive injury. 5. The boys said they had 
 defended themselves by throwing stones. 
 
 LESSON XX 
 
 RELATIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE: THE ABLATIVE OF 
 
 COMPARISON 
 
 RELATIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 
 
 106. Sometimes a relative pronoun is used instead of ut 
 to introduce a purpose clause. 
 
 Puerum mittam qui te adjuvet, I will send a hoy to help 
 you, literally, wJio shall help you. 
 
 a. The relative clause of purpose is found chiefly 
 after mitto and its compounds, and after relinquo and a 
 few other verbs. 
 
 THE ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON 
 
 107. With a comparative, if quam, than, is omitted, the 
 noun or pronoun denoting the person or thing with which 
 comparison is made is put in the ablative. 
 
 lUe puer fortior frdtre est, that boy ?'s braver than his 
 brother. 
 
 a. If quam is used, the word denoting the person or 
 thing with which comparison is made stands in the 
 same case as the thing compared. Ille puer fortior quam 
 f rater est, that boy is braver than his brother. 
 
98 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 108. 
 arx, arcis, f., citadel 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 repente, adv., suddenly 
 
 Neptunus, -i, m., Neptune, god secundus, -a, -um, favorable, 
 
 of the sea. 
 
 successful 
 
 orior, oriri, ortus sum, rise specto, -are, -avi, -atum, ob- 
 reduco, -ducere, -duxi, -due- serve, watch, look at 
 
 turn, lead back 
 
 umquam, adv., ever 
 
 MARBLE RELIEF IN ROMAN FORUM 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 109. 1. Decern milites missi sunt qui arcem defenderent. 
 2. Repente tota legio ex castrls missa est quae in Gallos 
 venientes impetum faceret. 3. Hoc flumen latius est flumini- 
 bus in patria nostra. 4. Ex eo colle in quo templum Nep- 
 tuni stat proelium spectabamus. 5. Ille rex potentior erat 
 omnibus regibus qui umquam antea eam urbem rexerant. 
 6. Post proelium secundum dux Romanorum copias suas in 
 castra reduxit. 7. Cum sol ortus esset, ex vico cum equls 
 profecti sumus, ut ad montes Iremus. 8. Temporibus antlquls 
 urbes in collibus conditae sunt, ne ab hostibus caperentur. 
 9. Situs urbium nostrarum delecti sunt in vallibus aut campls. 
 
 110. 1. I have sent a boy to announce (who shall an- 
 nounce) your arrival. 2. We sent a lieutenant to observe the 
 battle. 3. The enemy are not braver than our allies. 4. All 
 who have ever seen this famous temple of Neptune say that 
 it is beautiful. 5. The sun was rising when (ubi) we arrived 
 at the river. 6. The townspeople fortified the citadel that 
 the enemy might not dare make an attack. 
 
II 
 
 
 III 
 
 I^' 
 
 monitum 
 
 ductum 
 
 captum 
 
 audit uin 
 
 monitu 
 
 ductu 
 
 captu 
 
 audita 
 
 I A JUNIOR LATIX READER 99 
 
 LESSON XXI 
 
 THE SUPINE: DECLENSION OF ISTE 
 
 THE SUPINE 
 
 111. The supine is a form of the verb which has the case 
 encUngs of a mascuUne noun of the fourth declension. It is 
 found only in the accusative and ablative singular. 
 
 I 
 
 portatum 
 portatu 
 
 a. The accusative of the supine may be used to ex- 
 press purpose in a clause in which the verb expresses 
 motion. 
 
 Legati pacem petitum venerunt, the envoys came to ask 
 peace. 
 
 h. The ablative of the supine is used with a few ad- 
 jectives as an ablative of respect. It is usually trans- 
 lated by the English present infinitive. 
 
 Optimum factu^ best to do {the best thing to do). 
 
 THE DEMONSTRATIVE ISTE 
 
 112. Besides hie, ille, and is, there is another demonstra- 
 tive, iste, translated that of yours, or simply that. It is used 
 less frequently than the others and commonly refers to 
 something connected with the person addressed. It is 
 declined exactly like ille. 
 
 Mas. Fern. Neut. 
 
 iste ista istud 
 
 istius istlus istlus, etc. 
 
 a, Iste is sometimes used to express contempt. 
 
/ 
 
 100 
 113. 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 affero, -ferre, attuli. allatum, 
 
 bring to, bring 
 ambo, -ae, -o, both 
 dispar, gen. disparis, unequal 
 ingenium, -i, n., intellect, abil- 
 ity 
 
 iste, ista, istud, that of yours, 
 that 
 
 mirabilis, -e, wonderful 
 
 noctumus, -a, -um, nightly, at 
 night, night {as adjective) 
 
 superbia, -ae, f., pride, haugh- 
 tiness 
 
 ROMAN SWORD AND SCABBARD 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 114. L Ista superbia tibi magnum detrimentum afferet. 
 2. Potentia istius gentis crudelis non jam timetur. 3. Istud 
 periculum de quo scrlpsisti non magnum videtur. 4. Oppi- 
 dan! impetum nocturnum in nostra castra fecerunt. 5. 
 Frater mens in externas terras divitias petitum ire vult. 
 6. Ingenia filiorum tuorum disparia sunt, sed ambo impigre 
 laborant. 7. Agri nostri vastati sunt; itaque legatos ad 
 Caesarem questum mittimus. 8. Difficile dictu est quanta 
 superbia istius gentis fuerit (Section 73). 9. Tum gaudium 
 illorum captlvorum qui domum redierant mirabile visu erat. 
 10. Patria huic viro est carior vita ipsa. 11. Gallus missus 
 est qui epistulam ad castra portaret. 
 
 115. 1. We despise that army (of yours) which you are 
 sending. 2. The centurion set out alone to ask help. 3. 
 This is easy to say, but difficult to do. 4. Nothing is dearer 
 to us than friends. 5. A night attack was made by the 
 townspeople, who had concealed their arms in the houses 
 (tecta) . 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER IQI 
 
 LESSON XXII 
 NOUN GLAUSES OF DESIRE 
 
 116. We have already seen (Section 33) that the sub- 
 junctive is used in noun clauses of fact introduced by ut 
 which are employed as subjects or objects of verbs. 
 
 There is another class of noun clauses which are slightly 
 different from these. The difference in their form consists 
 in the fact that when they are negative they are introduced 
 by ne instead of ut, and they do not have non. When they 
 do not contain a negative idea, they are introduced by ut, 
 like the noun clauses of section 33. 
 
 Legatus hortatur ut auxilium statim mittdtuTj the envoy 
 
 urges that aid be sent at once. 
 Amici nostri hortabantur ne in urbe maneremuSj our 
 
 friends urged that we should not remain in the city. 
 
 a. Noun clauses of this class are often translated by 
 the English infinitive with a subject accusative. The 
 second sentence above might be translated, Our friends 
 urged us not to remain in the city. 
 
 h. The verbs with which this construction is most 
 frequently found are those meaning persuade , urge, 
 direct, and some verbs meaning command, wish, and 
 decide, 
 
 117. VOCABULARY 
 
 alloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum, impero,-are,-avi,-atum, com- 
 
 speak to, address mand 
 
 certamen, certaminis, n., munitio,-6nis, f., fortification, 
 
 struggle, rivalry intrenchment 
 
 extra, prep. mi7/i ace, outside of plebs, plebis, f., the common 
 
 hortor, -ari, hortatus sum, people 
 
 urge proditio, -onis, f., treason, be- 
 trayal 
 
102 ^ JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ' '' 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 118. 1. Consul hortatur ut major exercitus statim mittatur. 
 2. Legatus mllitibus qui extra munltiones erant imperavit 
 ne in hostes impetum facerent. 3. Orator plebi persuasit ut 
 iste homo propter proditionem interficeretur. 4. Imperator 
 milites allocutus est, et hortatus est ne hostes timerent. 
 5. Inter hos duos centurionos erat magnum certamen, et 
 difficile dictu erat uter esset fortior. 6. Consules ad plebem 
 nuntium miserunt colloquium petitum. 7. Una cohors extra 
 oppidum missa est quae adventum equitum expectaret. 8. 
 Centurio nobis imperat ne extra munltiones eamus. 
 
 119. 1. The general commanded the soldiers (dative) to 
 remain (that they remain) in the town. 2. No one can per- 
 suade (is able to persuade) me to go (Section 116) outside 
 the fortifications. 3. I urge you not to fear (that you do 
 not fear) the common people. 4. On account of your treason 
 there was a great struggle in the city, and many lost their 
 lives. 5. The leader addressed the townspeople and per- 
 suaded them not to surrender their arms. 
 
 LESSON XXIII 
 RELATIVE CLAUSES OF DESCRIPTION 
 
 120. All the relative clauses which we have seen thus far 
 have had their verbs in the indicative, except relative clauses 
 of purpose and relative clauses in indirect discourse. 
 
 There is, however, a rather important class of relative 
 clauses which serve to tell what kind of person or thing is 
 meant by the antecedent to which they refer. Such clauses 
 have their verbs in the subjunctive. 
 
 Roma erat civitas quae cives suos defenderety Rome was 
 a state ivhich defended its citizens. 
 
 In this sentence the relative clause makes known, not 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 103 
 
 what state is meant, but what kind of state, and hence its 
 verb is in the subjunctive. 
 
 a. In the sentence Urbs quam Romulus condidit 
 Roma appellata est, the city which Romulus founded was 
 called Rome, the relative clause does not tell what kind 
 of city is meant, but merely what city, and hence its 
 verb is in the indicative. 
 
 121. VOCABULARY 
 
 career, carceris, m., prison perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 casa, -ae, f., cottage throw into confusion, throw 
 
 dolus, -i, M., trick, treachery, into disorder 
 
 deceit prohibeo, -ere, -ul, -itum, re- 
 
 effugio, -fugere, -fugi, escape strain 
 
 nix, nivis, f., snow recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, re- 
 gain, recover 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 122. 1. Locum deligemus qui facile defendatur. 2. Homi- 
 nem misistl qui ex nave egredi non auderet. 3. Apud duces 
 hostium turn erant multi qui dolos amarent. 4. Servus ex 
 carcere effugit et libertatem recuperavit. 5. Tempestates secutae 
 sunt quae exercitus a pugna prohiberent. 6. Est una via 
 qua domo exire possTmus. 7. Imperator suos hortatus est ne 
 perturbarentur. 8. In his locis nix alta interdum casas pas- 
 torum tegit. 9. Propter proditionem, ill! in carcere inter- 
 fectl sunt. 
 
 123. ]. There were two roads by which we could cross the 
 mountains. 2. The centurion chose a place which was easily 
 defended. 3. There are many who do not love their country. 
 4. The two men who escaped from prison have not yet been 
 captured. 5. The slave was killed when he attempted to 
 regain his liberty. 
 
104 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 LESSON XXIV 
 
 CLAUSES OF FEAR 
 
 124. With verbs and other expressions of fear a dependent 
 clause with its verb in the subjunctive may be used to tell 
 what one fears will happen. Such clauses are introduced by 
 ne meaning that or by ut meaning that . . . not, 
 
 Hostes verebantur ne urbes suae delerentuTy the enemy 
 feared that their cities would he destroyed. 
 
 Timemus ut fortis sis. We are afraid that you are not 
 brave. 
 
 a. The English future tense in a clause of fear is 
 translated by the Latin present subjunctive. 
 
 / am afraid that he will not arrive today, Timeo ut hodie 
 perveniat. 
 
 h. With English expressions of fear the conjunction 
 (that) is sometimes omitted. We may say I am afraid 
 he will not arrive today. In Latin the conjunction (ne or 
 ut) is always employed. 
 
 c. It must be remembered that with other subjunc- 
 tive clauses ut means that and ne means that . . . not. 
 
 125. VOCABULARY 
 
 abeo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum, go militaris, -e, mihtary 
 
 away otium, -i, n., peace, quiet 
 
 colo, -ere, -ui, cultivate, till senex, senis, m., old man 
 
 f actio, -onis, f., faction, party voveo, -ere, vovi, votum, vow, 
 ira, -ae, f., anger promise solemnly 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 126. 1. Senex timebat ne fllius suus vulneraretur. 2. 
 Veremur ne bellum inter has factiones oriatur. 3. Agricola 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 105 
 
 verebatur ut puer agrum bene coleret. 4. Multos annos in 
 patria nostra erat otium. 5. I He puer iram patris sul semper 
 timet. 6. Propter illam victoriam consul templum dels vovit. 
 7. Mllites timebant ne signa (standards) mllitaria a barbaris 
 caperentur. 8. Hostes abierunt, et urbs nostra nunc tuta est. 
 9. Homo qui bellum amet in patria nostra non facile reperi- 
 tur. 
 
 127. 1. The old man was afraid that his son would go 
 away. 2. The woman is afraid (that) military life will 
 please her son (App. 51). 3. The general vowed a temple 
 to the gods, because he feared that his army would be de- 
 feated. 4. Our allies were afraid (that) we would not send 
 aid that year. 5. No one who wishes to work will be sent 
 home. 
 
 LESSON XXV 
 
 REVIEW OF PARTICIPLES 
 
 128. The Latin verb has four participles, the present 
 active, the past passive, the future active, and the future 
 passive. The four participles of porto are as follows: 
 
 ACTIVE PASSIVE 
 
 Present portans 
 
 Past portatus 
 
 Future portattirus portandus 
 
 a. Deponent verbs have the same number of parti- 
 ciples as other verbs: conans, conatus, conaturus, 
 conandus. The past participle of a deponent verb 
 is usually, but not always, active in meaning. The 
 sense of the sentence in which the past participle stands 
 will make it possible to decide in which voice it is 
 used. 
 
106 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 THE COMPARATIVE WITH TOO OR RATHER 
 
 129. A comparative form is sometimes translated by the 
 English positive with too or rather. 
 
 Erat mons altioYj there was a rather high mountain. 
 
 130. VOCABULARY 
 
 conspici5, -spicere, -spexi, indignatio, -onis, f., indigna- 
 -spectum, perceive, observe tion 
 
 despondeo, -spondere, -spon- lumen, luminis, n., Ught 
 
 di, -sponsum, betroth, prom- talis, -e, such 
 
 ise in marriage vere, adv., truly 
 
 foedus, foederis, n., treaty 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 131. 1. Hostes ab exercitu nostr5 victi foedus facere 
 volunt. 2. Viatores montem ascendentes magnum lumen in 
 valle subito conspexerunt. 3. Dux Helvetiorum flliam suam 
 illi regi desponsurus est. 4. Filius tuus inter tales homines 
 non educandus est (Section 78, a). 5. Tum magna indignatio 
 Romae (Section 1) erat propter injurias sociorum. 6. In- 
 genium ejus juvenis vere regium videbatur, itaque rex creatus 
 est. 7. Nulla gens quae foedera violat amicos et socios 
 habere potest. 8. Multl verebantur ne naves hostium 
 Oceanum translrent. 9. Hostes bellum in Gallia gerentes 
 mult OS e suis amiserunt. 
 
 132. 1. The treaty made with that king is not just. 2. 
 The soldier, standing on the tower, observed the fire. 
 3. Help should be sent (Section 79, a) at once, because the 
 army is in danger. 4. We are going to cross (App. 125) the 
 ocean next year with a frientl. 5. The king is afraid (that) 
 he will lose his power (imperium). 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 107 
 
 LESSON XXVI 
 THE VOLITIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IN PRINCIPAL CLAUSES 
 
 EXPRESSIONS OF DESIRE OR WILL 
 
 133. In English one sometimes expresses the desire or will 
 that an act should be done by the use of let with the verb 
 expressing the act desired. Thus, Let us defend our homes 
 bravely. Such expressions have the present subjunctive in 
 Latin, and no separate word for let is used. The sentence 
 given above will be translated Demos nostras fortiter de- 
 fenddmus. 
 
 Centurio legionem ex castris educat, let the centurion lead 
 the legion out of camp. 
 
 THE NEGATIVE WITH EXPRESSIONS OF DESIRE 
 
 134. The negative word used with the subjunctive in ex- 
 pressions of desire or will is rie. 
 
 Ne diutius manedmus, let us not remain longer. 
 
 135. VOCABULARY 
 
 demum, a(fy., at last, at length, laetor, -ari, laetatus sum, re- 
 finally joice, be delighted 
 
 divinus, -a, -um, divine, of the mature, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 gods hasten 
 
 (humanus, -a, -um, human portendo, -tendere, -tendi, 
 
 impiger, -gra, -grum, Indus- -tentum, indicate, foretell 
 
 vtrious, energetic totiens, adv., so many times, 
 
 so often 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 136. 1. Pueros impigros in eum locum mittamus. 2. Ne 
 idem totiens dicamus. 3. Hos pueros it a educemus ut cives 
 
108 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 boni sint. 4. Viator lumen in casa vidit et statim iter ma- 
 turavit. 5. Illi barbari omnia jura humana atque divlna 
 violaverunt. 6. Turn demum vidimus eos hostes esse vere 
 barbaros. 7. Illud signum portendit deos urbem nostram 
 defendere. 8. Magnopere laetati sumus, cum milites nostri 
 domum rediissent. 9. Quaero cur pastor queratur (Section 
 73). 10. Maturans; maturaturus; educandus est; educatus est. 
 137. I. Let us cross the river with the other soldiers. 
 2. Let us work industriously today. 3. Let him not remain 
 longer in the city. 4. The shepherd was delighted (a form 
 of laetor) when he saw the hght in his cottage. 5. This 
 boy is industrious and pleases the farmer. 
 
 LESSON XXVII 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN WISHES 
 
 THE OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 138. In older English, wishes were often introduced by 
 would that, or that, as in the sentence Would that (or that) 
 I had never seen this place. Such sentences take the sub- 
 junctive in Latin, and are commonly introduced by utinam, 
 if the wish refers to present or past time. Thus, the sen- 
 tence given above would be translated, Utinam hunc locum 
 numquam vidissem. 
 
 a. In modern English we should usually say / ivish 
 I had never seen this place. In some of the exercises of 
 this book the old form of expression is used. 
 
 TENSE IN WISHES 
 
 139. The present subjunctive is used in wishes referring to 
 future time, the imperfect subjunctive in wishes referring to 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 109 
 
 present time, and the past perfect sul^junctive in ^vishes 
 referring to past time. 
 
 (Utinam) imperator auxilium mittat, that the general 
 
 may send help. 
 Utinam f rater meus me nunc videre posset, that (7 
 
 wish that) my brother could see me now. 
 Utinam heri pervenisses, would that {I wish that) you 
 
 had arrived yesterday. 
 
 a. The negative adverb with wishes is sometimes ne 
 and sometimes non. 
 
 140. VOCABULARY 
 
 expono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- regia, -ae> f., palace 
 
 turn, set forth, explain species, -ei, f., appearance 
 
 facinus, facinoris, n., crime sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- 
 
 oro, -are, -avi, -atum, beg, turn, sustain, withstand 
 
 entreat, ask for vestibulum, -i, N., entrance 
 
 peregrinus, -i, m., foreigner 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 141. 1. Utinam regia a fortioribus mllitibus defensa esset. 
 2. Utinam illl peregrlnl in patria sua essent. 3. (Utinam) 
 dux sapiens sis. 4. Ille homo propter facinora sua ex urbe 
 expellendus est. 5. Rex in vestibulo regiae a duobus pas- 
 toribus interfectus est. 6. Species horum hominum honesta 
 est, sed non sunt elves boni. 7. Tum nuntius exposuit quid 
 factum esset. 8. Utinam legio impetum barbarorum diutius 
 sustinuisset. 9. Auxilium Caesaris oremus, quod hostes mag- 
 nis cum copiis appropinquant. 
 
 142. 1. Would that we had never seen this city. 2. I 
 wish that (would that) I were crossing the sea with my 
 friends. 3. May the fame of our country increase (a for7n of 
 crescere). 4. I wish (would that) we had a braver and wdser 
 leader. 5. Although you are (Section 62) a foreigner, you 
 have all the rights of a citizen. 
 
110 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 LESSON XXVIII 
 
 THE ANTICIPATORY SUBJUNCTIVE: DATIVE OF POSSESSION 
 
 THE ANTICIPATORY SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 143. The subjunctive may be used in subordinate clauses 
 to denote an act which is anticipated or expected. 
 
 Expectabam dum frater rediret, I was waiting until my 
 brother should return (or for my brother to return). 
 
 a. The Anticipatory Subjunctive is most frequently 
 used after conjunctions meaning until or before. 
 
 THE DATIVE OF POSSESSION 
 
 144. The possessor of something may be denoted by a 
 noun or pronoun in the dative case, with the word denoting 
 the thing possessed in the nominative as the subject of a 
 form of the verb meaning to be. 
 
 Puero duo fratres sunt, the boy has two brothers. 
 
 145. VOCABULARY 
 
 administro, -are, -avi, -atum, firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 manage, direct strengthen 
 
 breviter, adv., briefly priusquam, conj., before 
 
 clamor, -oris, m., shouting, superior, -ius, higher; previ- 
 
 noise ous, preceding 
 
 dum, C071J., until tumultus, -us, m., confusion, 
 
 disturbance 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 146. 1. Legiones pervenerunt priusquam oppidum capere- 
 tur. 2. Caesar expectare non poterat dum reliquae naves 
 pervenirent. 3. Gall! magno cum (App. 145) clamore et 
 tumultu ex castiis egressi sunt, priusquam copiae Romanae 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 111 
 
 JARS FOR STORING OIL AND GRAIN, ANCIENT OSTIA 
 
 impetum facerent. 4. His mllitibus bona arma sunt, et 
 hostes e superiore loco ab els pellentur. 5. Frater regis res 
 a/dministravit, quod regl nuUus fllius erat. 6. Utinam rex 
 liovus opes suas firmavisset et omnes inimicos suos ex regno 
 expulisset. 7. Cum res breviter exposita esset, mllites mag- 
 nfe clamoribus profecti sunt. 8. Fratri tuo est equus pulcher, 
 quern amicus ex Britannia misit. 9. Res Romanae aduobus 
 consulibus administratae sunt. 
 
 147. 1. The boy has a sword (Section 144), which was 
 given him by his father. 2. We made a bridge before we 
 crossed the river. 3. The Gauls waited until the first legion 
 was in sight. 4. The Romans had many brave generals. 
 5. The boy has two brothers, but no sister. 
 
112 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ^ LESSON XXIX 
 
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: FUTURE CONDITIONAL 
 SENTENCES, MORE VIVID AND LESS VIVID 
 
 CONDITIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 
 
 148. A complex sentence in which the subordinate clause 
 is introduced by if is called a Conditional Sentence. The 
 subordinate clause of a sentence of this kind is called the 
 Condition and the principal clause is called the Conclusion. 
 
 FUTURE MORE VIVID CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 
 
 149. A conditional sentence which refers to future time 
 and which is translated with shall or will in the conclusion 
 and with a present tense with future meaning in the con- 
 dition is called a Future More Vivid conditional sentence. 
 Thus, I shall start tomorrow if the weather is pleasant. In 
 this sentence the verb is has future meaning. 
 
 a. Sometimes a future tense with shall is used in the 
 condition. Thus, If he shall prove efficient, he will he 
 promoted. 
 
 150. In Latin a future more vivid conditional sentence 
 commonly has its verbs in the future indicative. 
 
 Si impigre labordbis^ praemium accipieSj if you work in- 
 dustriously you will receive a reward. 
 
 a. Sometimes the future perfect is used instead of the 
 future to indicate that the act will take place before 
 another act or before some future time. 
 
 FUTURE LESS VIVID CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 
 
 151. A conditional sentence which refers to future time 
 and which is translated with should or would in both the 
 condition and the conclusion is called a Future Less Vivid 
 conditional sentence. Thus, // it should rain, no one woidd come. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 113 
 
 152. In Latin the verbs of a future less vivid conditional 
 sentence are commonly in the present subjunctive. 
 
 Si hostes nos videant, impetum facianty if the enejny 
 should see us, they would make an attack. 
 
 a. Occasionally the perfect subjunctive is used instead 
 of the present to indicate that an act would take place 
 before another act or before a particular time. 
 
 153. VOCABULARY 
 
 census, -us, m., census, enu- instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti- 
 meration tutum, establish, institute, 
 
 communiter, adv., commonly arrange 
 
 consensus, -us, m., agreement nobilis, -e, famous, well known 
 
 excuse, -are, -avi, -atum, ex- officium, -i, x., duty 
 
 cuse princeps, principis, m., chief, 
 
 prominent man 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 154. 1. Si in terram nostram venies, nobiles urbes videbis. 
 2. Si in terram nostram venias, nobiles urbes videas. 3. Si 
 census instituatur, numerus Romanorum magnus esse reperia- 
 tur./ 4. Si consul officium suum faciet, urbs ex periculo 
 seryabitur. 5. Ex consensu harum gentium pax est facta, et 
 sper§,mus eam pacem firmam futuram esse. G. Tum decem 
 homines res Romanas aliquot annos communiter administra- 
 verunt. ^~~~Tr Principes Britanniae ad Caesarem venerunt, ut 
 se excusarent. 8. Si patriam defendetis, omnes vos laudabunt. 
 9. Si illos montes ascendas, magnum lacum videas. 
 
 155. 1. If the centurion leaves {future) a legion in the 
 town, the enemy will not make an attack. 2. If the Romans 
 should leave two cohorts in the camp, the barbarians would 
 not make an attack. 3. If I should find the book, I would 
 not give it to j-ou. 4. If my father sends the money, I shall 
 set out at once. 
 
114 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 'ihiij^ 
 
 LESSON XXX 
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES CONTRARY TO FACT 
 
 MEANING OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES CONTRARY TO FACT 
 
 156. The form of the verbs in a conditional sentence 
 sometimes shows that the condition is not true, and that the 
 actual situation is not that which is referred to in the con- 
 clusion. Such a conditional sentence is said to be contrary 
 to fact. 
 
 // the man had been honest, he would have paid his debts 
 (implying that the man was not honest and that he 
 did not pay his debts). 
 
 MOOD AND TENSE IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES CONTRARY TO FACT 
 
 157. In Latin, conditional sentences contrary to fact have 
 their verbs in the imperfect subjunctive to denote present 
 time, and in the past perfect subjunctive to denote past time. 
 
 Si periculum videreSy hie non manereSy if you saw the 
 
 danger, you would not remain here. 
 Si periculum vidisses, hie n5n mansisseSy if you had 
 
 seen the danger, you would not have remained here. 
 
 158. VOCABULARY 
 
 confessio, -onis, f., confession occasus, -us, m., falling down, 
 crimen, criminis, n., charge setting; soils occasus, sunset 
 
 falsus, -a, -um, false paulatim, adv., gradually 
 
 irrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- postrem5, adv., at last 
 
 tum, break in, rush into praeco, praeconis, m., herald 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 159. 1. Si hoc crimen falsum esset, amici tui te defenderent. 
 2. Si confessionem ejus audivisses, eum non laudavisses. 3. 
 Si ante occasum sohs pervenisses, porta non clausa esset. 
 4. Si praeco in loco altiore staret, facilius eum audiremus. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 115 
 
 5. Si pater ejus puerl viveret, puer non in tall loco laboraret. 
 
 6. Postremo Galll victi sunt, et legiones in urbem irruperunt. 
 
 7. Prlncipes hostium paulatim ex castrls excesserunt, ut bellum 
 renovarent. 8. Si patriam tuam amares, earn nunc defenderes. 
 9. Si ante occasum solis pervenias, porta non claudatur. 
 
 160. 1. If you were standing on that hill, you would see 
 the town. 2. If the enemy had crossed the river, they would 
 have captured the town. 3. If the soldiers had a better 
 leader, they would fight more bravely. 4. If I had seen the 
 signal, I should have returned. 5. If I should see the signal, 
 I should return. 
 
 LESSON XXXI 
 
 NON-COMMITTAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: ABLATIVE OF 
 
 ROUTE 
 
 NON-COMMITTAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 
 
 161. A conditional sentence which does not imply that the 
 Condition is either true or false regularly has both verbs in 
 :he indicative. 
 
 Si pueri in silva errant ^ in periculo sunt^ if the boys are 
 wandering in the forest, they are in danger. 
 
 Si peciiniam misistiy benignus eraSj if you sent the money, 
 you were kind. 
 
 a. Sometimes an imperative or a volitive subjunctive 
 is used in the conclusion instead of an indicative. 
 
 Si pacem cupitis, arma trdditey if you desire peace, sur- 
 render your arms. 
 
 Note, — The future more vivid conditional sentence is 
 merely a non-committal conditional sentence referring to 
 future time. 
 
116 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 THE ABLATIVE OF ROUTE 
 
 162. The route by which one goes is sometimes denoted by 
 a noun or pronoun in the ablative case without a preposition. 
 
 Eadem via ibimus qua hostes profecti sunt, we shall go by 
 the same road by which the enemy set out. 
 
 163. VOCABULARY 
 
 audacia, -ae, f., boldness occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, 
 
 catena, -ae, f., chain kill 
 
 consulo, -ere, -ui, -tum, con- refringo, -fringere, -fregi, 
 
 suit -fractum, break down 
 
 evoco, -are, -avi, -atum, call spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, de- 
 out, call forth, summon spoil, plunder 
 
 vivus, -a, -um, alive 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 164. 1. Si barbarl cum omnibus copiis appropinquant, 
 periculum nostrum est magnum. 2. Si hostes flumen trans- 
 ierunt, nostrl pontem non defenderunt. 3. Si rex senatum 
 consulit, periculum timet. 4. Ille centurio est vir magna 
 audacia (App. 77), qui numquam vIvus capietur. 5. Cap- 
 tlvus ex catenis et carcere effugere conatus est, sed in fuga 
 occisus est. 6. Portae oppidi refract ae sunt, et templa ab 
 mllitibus spoliata sunt. 7. Tum principes a Caesare ex op- 
 pido evocati sunt. 8. Hoc itinere profecti sumus, quod nul- 
 lum aliud iter habebamus. 9. Eodem itinere redlbo, si 
 potero. 
 
 165. 1. If the barbarians are laying waste the fields, the 
 cities are in danger. 2. If the townspeople have weapons, 
 they are able to defend themselves. 3. We shall return by 
 a shorter route. 4. The two armies did not cross the moun- 
 tains by the same route. 5. If the enemy are collecting an 
 army, they wish to wage war. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 117 
 
 LESSON XXXII 
 
 THE FUTURE IMPERATIVE: VOCATIVE IN / 
 TENSE IN THE IMPERATIVE 
 
 166. English verbs have only the present tense of the 
 imperative. Latin verbs have a future as well as a present 
 imperative. The future imperative is not often used. 
 
 FORMS OF THE FUTURE IMPERATIVE 
 
 167. The future imperative is found in the second and 
 third persons. Its forms in the four conjugations are as 
 follows : 
 
 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 portato 
 
 moneto 
 
 mittito 
 
 capito 
 
 audits 
 
 3. 
 
 portato 
 
 moneto 
 
 mittito 
 Plural 
 
 capito 
 
 audito 
 
 2. 
 
 portatote 
 
 monetote 
 
 mittitote 
 
 capitote 
 
 audltote 
 
 3. 
 
 portanto 
 
 monento 
 
 mitt unto 
 
 PASSIVE 
 Singular 
 
 capiunto 
 
 audiunto 
 
 2. 
 
 portator 
 
 monetor 
 
 mittitor 
 
 capitor 
 
 auditor 
 
 3. 
 
 portator 
 
 monetor 
 
 mittitor 
 Plural 
 
 capitor 
 
 auditor 
 
 9 
 
 (Lacking) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3. 
 
 portantor 
 
 monentor 
 
 mittuntor 
 
 capiuntor 
 
 audiunto 
 
 a. The future imperative is used when there is a clear 
 reference to future time indicated by an adverb or other 
 expression of time. It is translated you shall carry, he 
 shall carry, or let him carry, etc. 
 
 h. The verbs memini and scio regularly (and habeo 
 occasionally) use the future imperative instead of the 
 present. 
 
llg A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 THE VOCATIVE IN 7 
 
 168. Proper nouns ending in -ius and also the common 
 noun filius form the vocative by replacing -ius of the nom- 
 inative by -i. Thus Cornelius, vocative Cornell. 
 
 169. VOCABULARY 
 
 carpentum, -i, n., carriage intro, -are, -avi, -atum, enter, 
 
 Cornelius, -i, m., Cornelius, go into 
 
 name of a man or boy memini, infin. meminisse, re- 
 
 gradus, -us, m., step member 
 
 injustus, -a, -um, unjust sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, sit 
 
 venia, -ae, f., pardon 
 
 a. The verb memini is used only in the perfect, past 
 perfect, and future perfect tenses. The perfect is trans- 
 lated as a present, the past perfect is translated as an 
 imperfect, and the future perfect is translated as a 
 future. The infinitive meminisse is translated as a 
 present infinitive. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 170. 1. Memento amicos tuos in perlculo esse. 2. Scito 
 me fratrem tuum semper amavisse. 3. Cur, Cornell, hic 
 solus sedes? 4. Nuntius gradus celeriter ascendit et domum 
 intravit. 5. Carpentum reglnae ante regiam stabat, et multl 
 convenerant ut reginam viderent. 6. Domum, mi (App. 19, a) 
 fill, redi et veniam ora. 7. Cum ille agricola injustus sit, 
 puer cum eo non manebit. 8. Domum (Section 8, 1), pater, 
 redii, ut veniam tuam peterem. 9. Captlvus in carcere 
 sedens miserrimus est. 
 
 171. 1. Remember that you have never seen this place 
 before. 2. Be assured (know) that your country is defended 
 by a brave army. 3. Why do 3^ou not stay at home, my 
 son? 4. Cornelius, where is the book that I gave you? 
 5. All knew that you were unjust. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 119 
 
 LESSON XXXIII 
 
 THE CONJUGATION OF MALO: ADJECTIVES DENOTING A PART 
 
 THE CONJUGATION OF MALO 
 
 172. The verb malo, prefer, is a compound of magis and 
 volo. Its principal parts are malo, malle, malui. It is con- 
 jugated as follows: 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 malo 
 
 malumus 
 
 malim 
 
 mallmus 
 
 mavis 
 
 mavultis 
 
 malls 
 
 malltis 
 
 mavult 
 
 malunt 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 malit 
 
 malint 
 
 malebam 
 
 malebamus 
 
 mallem 
 
 mallemus 
 
 inalebas 
 
 malebatis 
 
 malles 
 
 malletis 
 
 malebat 
 
 malebant 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 mallet 
 
 mallent 
 
 malam 
 
 malemus 
 
 
 
 males 
 
 maletis 
 
 
 
 malet 
 
 malent 
 
 
 / 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 malul, etc. 
 
 malueram, etc. 
 
 maluero, etc. 
 
 maluerim, etc. 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 maluissem, etc. 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 INFINITIVES 
 
 Pres. malle Perfect maluisse 
 
 a. This verb has no imperatives or participles. 
 
120 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ADJECTIVES DENOTING A PART 
 
 173. There are a few adjectives which tell what part of 
 a thing is meant, instead of telling what kind. Among the 
 most important are summus, medius, extremus, and imus. 
 Thus, suimnus mons, the highest part of the rnouiitain, the 
 mountain top. 
 
 174. VOCABULARY 
 
 color, colons, m., color medius, -a, -um, middle, mid- 
 
 imtis, -a, -um, lowest part of, die of 
 
 base of planities, -ei, f., plain 
 
 malo, malle, malui, prefer, summus, -a, -um, top of, high- 
 choose est part of 
 
 vestitus, -us, M., clothing 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 175. 1. Legatus cum duobus centurionibus in summo 
 monte stabat. 2. Legio in medio colle {half way up the hill) 
 Instructa erat, ut adventum hostium expectaret. 3. lUe 
 peregrlnus in patriam non redit, quod hic habitare mavult. 
 4. Cum pacem habere semper mallemus, tamen bellum gerere 
 denique const ituimus. 5. Hic vir bonus esse malebat quam 
 bonus viderL 6. Duces ex colore vestitus agnoscebantur, et 
 equitatus in eos impetum fecit. 7. Viatores planitiem trans- 
 ierunt et ad imum montem pervenerunt. 8. Cur in his 
 locis manere mavis ubi tot tempestates sunt? 9. Planities 
 ab imis montibus ad flumen patebat. 
 
 176. 1. You know that I prefer to remain in tlie city in 
 winter. 2. The top of the mountain can be seen (conspicio) 
 from this place. 3. You say that you prefer to be without 
 companions. 4. The legion which had been eiu'olled in the 
 province was drawn up half way up the hill (on the middle 
 of the hill). 5. Although I preferred to remain at home, I 
 set out to war with the other (reliqui) young men. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 121 
 
 LESSON XXXIV 
 
 CLASSES OF PERFECT STEMS: NEGATIVE COMMANDS 
 
 CLASSES OF PERFECT STEMS 
 
 177. There are six different classes of perfect stems ia 
 regular verbs. They are as follows: 
 
 1. Perfects in -vi 
 
 amo, amare, amavi, amatum 
 
 compleo, complere, complevi, completum 
 
 peto, petere, petivi, petitum 
 
 2. Perfects in -ui 
 
 moneo, monere, monui, monitum 
 
 3. Perfects in -si (cs and gs give x). 
 maneo, manere, mansi, mansum 
 
 duco, ducere, duxi, ductum 
 
 4. Reduplicated perfects 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datum 
 pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum 
 
 5. Long vowel perfects 
 
 venio, venire, veni, ventum 
 juvo, juvare, juvi, jutum 
 
 6. Perfects with the stem unchanged, +i. 
 
 defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum 
 
 a. Most verbs of the first conjugation form the per- 
 fect with -vi, but a few belong to other classes. 
 
 NEGATIVE COMMANDS 
 
 178. Negative commands (prohibitions) in the second per- 
 son are frequently expressed by the imperative of nolo 
 (noli, nolite) with the infinitive of the verb denoting the 
 act forbidden. 
 
 Noli hie manere, do not remain here. 
 
122 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ARCH OP CONSTANTINE 
 
 179. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 argentum, -i, n., silver 
 inopinans, ge7i. inopinantis, not 
 
 patior, pati, passus sum, per- 
 mit, allow 
 
 expecting, unawares, off speculator, -oris, m., scout 
 
 one's guard 
 
 obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -ses- 
 sum, besiege 
 
 offendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fen- 
 sum, offend 
 
 tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum, 
 touch 
 
 veto, -are, vetui, vetitum, for- 
 bid 
 
 a. The verb veto, like jubeo, takes the infinitive and 
 accusative. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 180. 1. Fratrem tuum, Cornell, offendisti, qui semper te 
 amavit. 2. Caesar impetum in hostes inopinantes fecit et 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 123 
 
 eos fugavit. 3. Barbari aurum et argentum regl dederunt 
 postquam in proelio victi sunt. 4. Graeci illam urbem 
 claram decern annos obsederunt et denique ceperunt. 5. Rex 
 peregrinum urbem intrare vetuit, quod quidam peregrlnl 
 erant speculatores. 6. Noll me tangere, nisi me offendere vis. 
 7. Nollte pati illos homines qui nobis bellum inferre volunt 
 per fines vestros iter facere. 8. In ea terra argentum in- 
 ventum est, et speramus nos aurum quoque inventuros esse. 
 9. Petlvimus ut Helvetil nos per fines suos ire paterentur. 
 
 181. 1. Do not wait until the lands (fields) of our allies 
 are laid waste by the army of the enemy. 2. Do not prais^ 
 the nation that made war on your own country. 3. I warned 
 you, but you remained in the dangerous place. 4. We 
 routed (pellere) the enemy and we killed many. 5. I have 
 helped you, but I will not help you again. 
 
 LESSON XXXV 
 
 GENITIVE WITH CERTAIN VERBS: SUBJUNCTIVE BY 
 
 ATTRACTION 
 
 THE GENITIVE WITH VERBS OF REMEMBERING AND FORGETTING 
 
 182. The verbs memini and reminiscor, remember, and 
 obliviscor, forget, frequently take a noun or pronoun in the 
 genitive as object. 
 
 Numquam illius diei obliviscar, / shall never forget that 
 day. 
 
 a. If the object is a neuter pronoun or a neuter ad- 
 jective used as a noun, it is always in the accusative. 
 
 Numquam haec obliviscar, / shall never forget these 
 things. 
 
124 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE BY ATTRACTION 
 
 183. Sometimes a subordinate clause which would other- 
 wise have its verb in the indicative takes the subjunctive 
 because it is closety dependent on a subjunctive or an in- 
 finitive. 
 
 Ita acriter pugnaverunt ut omnes qui in pugna essent 
 vulnerarentur, they fought so fiercely that all who were 
 in the battle ivere ivounded. 
 
 184. VOCABULARY 
 
 dissensio, -onis, f., disagree- palus, -udis, f,, swamp 
 
 ment reminiscor, reminisci, remem- 
 
 intercludo, -cludere, -clusi, ber 
 
 -clusum, cut off studium, -i, n., zeal., enthusi- 
 
 liberator, -oris, m., liberator asm, eagerness 
 
 obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- 
 sum, forget tum, undertake 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 185. 1 . Omnes elves nostrl virtutis eorum fortium hominum 
 semper reminlscentur. 2. Tum clissensiones ortae sunt inter 
 eos qui llberatores patriae appellati sunt. 3. Roman! morum 
 majorum {of their ancestors) non obllti sunt. 4. Hostes id 
 bellum magno studio susceperunt, sed nunc pacem volunt. 
 5. Omnibus itineribus interclusis, pars barbarorum se Romanis 
 dedidit, et reliqui in paludes et silvas fugerunt. 6. Signum 
 datum est ut el qui profecti essent statim redlrent. 7. Caesar 
 scutum cepit et in primam aciem processit. 8. Beneficiorum 
 tuorum semper meminero, et amicus fidelis tibi ero. 9. Galli 
 itinera inteicluserunt et castra obsidere paraverunt. 
 
 186. 1. The Romans remembered the victory of the Hel- 
 vetians, with whom they had formerly waged war. 2. We 
 cannot forget the wrongs of our allies, the Gauls. 3. The 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 125 
 
 Germans fled so swiftl}^ that the legion which had crossed 
 the river did not make an attack. 4. They came to the 
 camp because they wished to beg for peace. 5. We shall 
 find out who is in the town (Section 73). 
 
 >^ 
 
 O^ ' 
 
 s 
 
 .a^iSSWBWax 
 
 WALL PAINTING FROM POMPEII 
 
THE ARGONAUTS 
 
 Jason, the leader of the expedition of the Argonauts, was 
 the son of Aeson, king of Thessaly. Aeson had been deprived 
 of this kingdom by his brother, PeUas, who also intended to 
 kill Jason. Through the help of his friends Jason escaped, 
 but the king was led to believe that he was dead. 
 
 Pelias was warned by an oracle to be pn his guard against 
 a man who should come to him wearing only one^shoe, and 
 when Jason, who had grown up, came into the city, having 
 lost one of his shoes on the way, the king took fright. 
 Thinking to be rid of this dangerous person, he ordered him 
 to bring from Colchis the golden fleece which had been taken 
 there by Phrixus. With a company of friends Jason set out 
 in a ship called the Argo, which had been built by Argus, 
 whence the name Argonauts was given the adventurers. After 
 many adventures Jason obtained the golden fleece through the 
 aid of Medea, daughter of the king of Colchis, who then fled 
 from Colchis with the hero. When they had returned to 
 Thessaly, Medea, who was famed for her power as a sor- 
 ceress, brought about the death of Pelias by a trick, and as a 
 result she and Jason were compelled to flee. They took 
 refuge in Corinth, where Medea found a rival for the love of 
 Jason in the person of the king's daughter. She caused the 
 death of the unfortunate princess, and then sought revenge 
 on Jason for his faithlessness by killing the children she had 
 borne to him. After this she escaped by the aid of the sun- 
 god. Jason met his death by being crushed by his boat, 
 near which he was sitting, as it was propped up on the shore. 
 
 126 
 
PART III 
 
 THE ARGONAUTS 
 
 1. The Wicked Uncle 
 
 Erant olim in Thessalia duo fratres, quorum alter Aeson, 
 alter Pelias appellatus est. Horum Aeson primus regnum 
 obtinuerat; at post paucos annos Pelias, regni eupiditate 
 adductus, non modo fratrem suum expulit, sed etiam in 
 animo habebat Jasonem, Aesonis filium, interficere. Quidam 5 
 tamen ex amicis Aesonis, ubi sententiam Peliae intellex- 
 erunt, puerum e tanto perlculo eripere constituerunt. Noctu 
 igitur Jasonem ex urbe abstulerunt, et, cum postero die ad 
 regem rediissent, el renuntiaverunt puerum mortuum esse. 
 Pelias, cum haec audlvisset, etsi re vera magnum gaudium 10 
 percipiebat, speciem tamen doloris praebuit, et quae causa 
 esset mortis quaeslvit. IllI tamen, cum bene intellegerent 
 dolorem ejus falsum esse, nescio quam fabulam de morte 
 pueri finxerunt. 
 
 4, 5. in animo habebat interficere, had it in mind to kill; interficere is the 
 object of habebat. 
 
 6. ex amicis : see note on Her. 380. 
 
 8. cum: in this section three uses of the subjunctive are introduced: 
 with cum meaning when, here and in 1. 10; with cum meaning although in 
 1. 12; in an indirect question, quae causa esset, in 1. 11. 
 
 13. nescio quam fabulam, some story or other; literally, / knoio not what 
 story. This combination of nescio and the interrogative pronoun consti- 
 tutes virtually an indefinite pronoun. 
 
 6. sententia, -ae, /. [sentio], opin- 13. ne-scio, -ire, -IvI, — , tr., not 
 ion, thought, purpose. know, be ignorant. 
 
 8. posterns, -a, -um, adj. [post], 14. fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum, tr., 
 following, next. form, fashion, make up. 
 
 127 
 
128 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 2. A Careless Shoe-String 
 
 15 Post breve tempus Pelias, veritus ne regnum suum tanta 
 vl et fraude occupatum amitteret, amicum quendam Delphos 
 misit qui oraculum c5nsuleret. Ille igitur quam celerrime 
 Delphos se contulit, et quam ob causam venisset— demon- 
 stravit. Respondit oraculum nullum esse in praesentia peri- 
 
 20 culum; monuit tamen Peliam ut, si quis venlret calceujn 
 unum gerens, eum caveret. Post paucos annos accidit ut. 
 Pelias magnum sacrificium facturus esset; nuntios in omnes 
 partes dimlserat, et eertum diem conveniendl dixerat. Die 
 
 15. veritus, fearing; past participle of a deponent verb with present 
 force, like niirdtus, suspicdtus, arbitrdtus. 
 
 ne . . . amitteret, that he would lose; a noun clause after a verb of fear- 
 ing, App. 99. 
 
 16. Delphds: accusative of a town name as the place to which. 
 
 17. qui . . . consuleret: a relative clause of purpose, to be translated by 
 an infinitive. What subordinate conjunctions also introduce clauses of 
 purpose? 
 
 18. quam ob causam, for what reason; the subjunctive venisset can be 
 explained by comparison with a similar elause in 1. 11. For the position 
 of the preposition see the note on Her. 73. 
 
 20. ut . . . caveret: a noun clause, object of monuit. 
 
 si quis, if anyone; quis here is itself an indefinite pronoun, to be dis- 
 tinguished from interrogative quis; it is found most frequently with si 
 and ne. Since this clause depends upon a subjunctive, caveret, the verb 
 venlret is itself made subjunctive by attraction. 
 
 21. gerenSf wearing. 
 
 ut . . . facturus esset: a noun clause of fact, subject of accidit, it 
 happened that, etc. The future active participle, here facturus, with a 
 past tense of sum, expresses a past intention, was about to make. 
 
 23. conveniendi, /or the people to assemble; literally, of assembling. 
 
 dixerat, had appointed. 
 
 15. ne, conj., that . . . not, in order praesentia, -ae, /. [praesens], pres- 
 that . . . not; after words of fear, ence; the present; in praesentia, 
 that; as adv., not; ne . . . quidem, at the moment, for the present, 
 not even, not either. 20. quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., 
 
 16. fraus, fraudis,/., deceit, decep- anyone, anybody, anything ;some- 
 tion, fraud. one, somebody, something. 
 
 19. re-spondeo, -spondere, -spondi, calceus, -i, m., shoe. 
 
 -sponsum, intr., reply, respond, 21. caved, cavere, cavi, cautum, tr. 
 answer. and intr., beware of, beware. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 129 
 
 constitute magnus numerus hominum undique ex agris con- 
 venit; inter alios venit Jason, qui a puero apud Centaurum 25 
 quendam vixerat. Dum tamen iter facit, calceum alterum 
 in transeundo nescio quo flumine amisit. 
 
 26. alterum, one. 
 
 27. transeundo, in crossing; ablative of the gerundive of trdnsire, App. 
 127. 
 
 3. The Golden Fleece 
 
 Jason igitur, cum calceum amissum nullo mod5 recipere 
 posset, altero pede nudo in regiam pervenit. Quem cum 
 vidisset, Pelias subito timore affectus est; intellexit enim 30 
 hunc esse hominem quem oraculum demonstravisset. Hoc 
 igitur iniit consilium. Rex erat quidam nomine Aeetes, qui 
 regnum Colchidis illo tempore obtinebat. Huic commissum 
 erat vellus illud aureum quod Phrixus olim ibi rellquerat. 
 Constituit igitur Pelias Jasoni negotium dare ut hoc vellere 35 
 potiretur; cum enim res esset magni pericull, sperabat eum 
 in itinere periturum esse. Jasonem igitur ad se arcessivit, 
 
 — - 
 
 28. cum: here and in 1. 36 with causal force, hence the subjunctive. 
 
 29. altero pede nudo, ivith one foot bare, an ablative absolute. 
 
 Quem cum: translate as if cu7n eum. 
 
 31. demonstravisset: subjunctive in a subordinate clause in indirect 
 discourse. 
 
 34. Phrixus: the story was that Phrixus, accompanied by his sister 
 Helle, was forced to flee for his life from the intrigues of his stepmother 
 Ino. The two were carried through the air on the back of a ram with a 
 golden fleece sent by the god Hermes. Helle fell into the sea which was 
 thereafter called the Hellespont. Phrixus arrived safely in Colchis, 
 where he sacrificed the ram to Zeus and gave the fleece to king Aeetes. 
 The king fastened the fleece to an oak tree in the grove of Ares. 
 
 35. ut . . . potiretur: a noun clause of desire may depend upon a verb, 
 as in 1. 20, or be in apposition with a noun, here negotium; translate, the 
 task of obtaining. 
 
 vellere : with potiretur, which, like utor, js one of the deponent verbs 
 governing the ablative. - ~ ""^ 
 
 29. nudus, -a, -um, adj.. naked, 34. vellus, velleris, n., fleece, pelt. 
 
 .<^ 
 
130 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 et quid fieri vellet demonstravit. Jason autem, etsi bene 
 intellegebat rem esse difficillimam, negotium libenter suscepit. 
 
 38. quid fieri vellet: an indirect question. 
 
 4. The Building of the Good Ship Argo 
 
 40 Cum tamen Colchis multorum dierum iter ab eo loco 
 abesset, noluit Jason solus proficiscl. Dimlsit igitur nuntios 
 in omnes partes qui causam itineris docerent et diem certum 
 conveniendi dicerent. Interea postquam omnia quae sunt 
 USUI ad armandas naves comportarl jussit, negotium dedit 
 
 45 Argo cuidam, qui summam scientiam rerum nauticarum 
 habebat, ut navem aedificaret. In lils rebus circiter decem 
 dies consumpti sunt. Argus enim, qui operi praeerat, tan- 
 tam diligentiam praebebat ut ne nocturnum quidem tempus 
 ad laborem intermitteret. Ad multitudinem hominum trans- 
 
 50 portandarn navis paulo erat latior quam quae fieri solitae 
 
 40. Cum: as cum with the subjunctive may mean either when, since, 
 or although, one must decide from the context which meaning is the right 
 one. 
 
 iter: an accusative of extent, further defined by the genitive of measure, 
 multorum dierum. 
 
 44. USUI, of service; dative of purpose, App. 53. 
 
 armandas: gervmdive with ad expressing purpose. Two more examples 
 occur in this section. 
 
 negotium . . . ut: the same combination was noted in 1. 35. 
 
 47. operi: why dative? 
 
 48. ut . . . intermitteret: a clause of result, App. 96. 
 
 ne . . . quidem: this phrase encloses the word emphasized, here noc- 
 turnum, 
 
 50. quam quae: for quam eae quae. 
 
 44. com-porto, -are, -avi, -atum, 46. circiter, adu. [circus], about, 
 tr., carry together, bring together, nearly, 
 
 collect. 49, inter -mitto, -mittere, -misi, 
 
 45. nauticus, -a, -um, adj. [nauta], -missum, (r., suspend, interrupt; 
 naval, nautical. let pass; pass., intervene. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 131 
 
 erant, et ad vim tempestatum perferendam tota e robore 
 facta est. 
 
 51. per-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, withstand; bring; carry (a law), 
 
 tr., bear through; bear, endure, robur, roboris, n., oak. 
 
 5. The Anchor Is Weighed 
 
 Interea ea dies appetebat quam Jason per nuntios edixerat, 
 et ex omnibus regionibus Graeciae multi quos aut rei novitas 
 aut spes gloriae movebat undique conveniebant. Tradunt 55 
 autem in hoc numero fuisse Herculera (de quo ante multa 
 perscripsimus) , Orpheum, citharoedum praeclarissimum, The- 
 seum, Castorem et multos alios quorum nomina notissima 
 sunt. Ex his Jason, quos arbitratus est ad omnia subeunda 
 perTcula paratissimos esse, eos ad numerum quinquaginta eo 
 delegit et socios sibi adjunxit. Turn, paucos dies commora- 
 tus, ut ad omnes casus subsidia compararet, navem deduxit 
 
 53. dies: here feminine. It is always masculine in the plural and fre- 
 quently so in the singular. 
 
 55. Tradunt, they say, it is commonly reported. 
 
 57. Orpheum: a mj'thical musician and poet, son of the Muse Calliope, 
 reputed to have been so skilled as to move rocks and trees by the power 
 of his song, to charm wild beasts, and to stay rivers in their course. 
 
 Theseum: a celebrated Athenian hero, whose adventures resemble the 
 labors of Hercules. The best known adventure was the killing of the 
 Minotaur in the Cretan LabjTinth. 
 
 58. Castorem : Castor was the son of Zeus and Leda and the brother of 
 Pollux. The latter was famed as a boxer, Castor as a tamer of horses. 
 
 59. quos: subject of esse; eos is its antecedent. A relative clause in 
 Latin often precedes the antecedent. English order requires that the 
 antecedent be translated first. 
 
 62. ut . . . compararet: a clause of purpose, App. 94. 
 
 64. novitas, -atis, /. [novus], new- 60. quinquaginta, indecl. num. 
 ness, novelty. [quinque], fifty. 
 
 57. citharoedus, -i, m., citharoedus, 61. com-moror, -ari, -atus sum, 
 one who plays on the cithara and intr., tarry, linger. 
 
 sings at the same time. 
 
132 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 et, tempestatem ad navigandum idoneam nactus, magno cum 
 plausu omnium solvit. 
 
 63. tempestatem: not ''tempest" or "storm." 
 
 navigandum: gerund or gerundive? / 
 
 64. plausus, -us, m. [plaudo, to clap], clapping, applause. / 
 
 6. A Fatal Mistake 
 
 65 Haud multo post Argonautae (ita enim appellati sunt qui 
 in ista navi vehebantur) Insulam quandam nomine Cyzicum 
 attigerunt et, e navi egressi, a rege illlus regionis hospitio 
 excepti sunt. Paucas horas ibi commorati, ad solis occasum 
 rursus solverunt. At, postquam pauca milia passuum pro- 
 
 70 gressi sunt, tanta tempestas subito coorta est ut cursum 
 tenere non possent, et in eandem partem insulae unde nuper 
 profecti erant magno cum peiiculo dejicerentur. Incolae 
 tamen, cum nox esset obscura, Argonautas non agnoscebant, 
 et, navem inimlcam venisse arbitrati, arma rapuerunt et eos 
 
 75 egredi prohibebant. Acriter in lltore pugnatum est, et rex 
 
 65. Argonautae: the word means the sailors of the Argo; we have Angli- 
 cized it as Argonauts. 
 
 66. navi: the ablative singular of ndvis is occasionally written nave, 
 but usually ndvl. 
 
 70. ut . . . non possent: a negative clause of result; what is the intro- 
 ductory word in a negative clause of purpose? In the second part of this 
 sentence the result becomes positive, et . . . dejicerentur, but were driven 
 along. 
 
 73. cum: is the meaning when, since, or although? 
 
 75. pugnatum est: certain intransitive verbs may be used impersonally 
 in the passive, the subject of such a passive being suggested by the mean- 
 ing of the verb itself; here, with acriter, a fierce battle was fought. Compare 
 Her. 280. 
 
 65. haud, adv., not at all, by no bear, carry, bring. 
 
 moans, not. 71, nuper, adv., newly, lately, re- 
 multo, axlv. [abl. of multum], by cently. 
 
 much, much, by far, far. 73. obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark, 
 
 66. veho, -ere, vexi, vectum, tr., dim. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER I33 
 
 ipse, qui cum aliis decucurrerat, ab Argonautis occlsus est. 
 Mox tamen, cum jam dllucesceret, senserunt incolae se 
 errare, et arma abjecerunt. Argonautae autem, cum viderent 
 regem occisum esse, magnum dolorem perceperunt. 
 
 76. de-curro, -currere, -cucurri, intr. [lux], grow light, dawn. 
 
 or -curri, -cursum, intr., run 73. abjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, 
 down; maneuver. /,., [ab+jacio], throw away, throw 
 
 77. di-lucesco, -lucescere, -luxi, — , aside. 
 
 7. The Loss of Hylas 
 
 Postrldie ejus diel Jason, tempestatem satis idoneam esse so 
 arbitratus (summa enim tranquillitas jam consecuta erat), 
 ancoras sustulit et, pauca milia passuum progressus, ^ ante 
 noctem Mysiam attigit. Ibi paucas horas in ancoris expec- 
 tavit; a nautis enim cognoverat aquae copiam quam secum 
 liaberent jam deficere; quam ob causam quidam ex Argonautis ss 
 in terram egress! aquam quaerebant. Horum in numero 
 erat Hylas quidam, puer forma praestantissima; qui dum 
 fontem quaerit, a comitibus paulum secesserat. Nymphae 
 autem quae fontem colebant, cum juvenem vidissent, ei 
 persuadere conatae sunt ut secum maneret; et cum ille 90 
 negaret se hoc facturum esse, puerum vi abstulerunt. 
 
 80. ejus diei: these words are, strictly speaking, unnecessary, since 
 -postrldie alone means the next day. The use of the full phrase is, however, 
 quite common. 
 
 83. in ancoris, at anchor. 
 
 84. copiam . . . deficere: indirect discourse; why is haberent subjunc- 
 tive? 
 
 87. qui: the relative at the head of an independent sentence, to be 
 translated by a personal pronoun. 
 
 90. ut . . . maneret: a noun clause, object of persuadere, App. 97; to 
 be translated by an infinitive. 
 
 91. negaret: nego is the normal Latin for saij that not. 
 
 80. postridie, adv. [postero die], the se-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 next day. intr., go apart, retire, withdraw. 
 
 88. fons,fontis,?n., spring, fountain. 
 
134 A JUNIOR LATIN READER v 
 
 Comites ejus, postquam Hylam amissum esse senserunt, 
 magno dolore affecti, diti frustra quaerebant. Hercules autem 
 et Polyphemus, qui vestigia pueri longius secuti erant, ubi 
 95 tandem ad lltus redierunt, Jasonem solvisse cognoverunt. 
 
 8. Dining Made Difficult 
 
 Post haec Argonautae ad Thraciam cursum tenuerunt, et, 
 postquam ad oppidum Salmydessum navem appulerant, in 
 terram egressi sunt. Ibi, cum ab incolis quaesissent quis 
 regnum ejus regionis obtineret, certiores facti sunt Phineum 
 
 100 quendam tum regem esse. Cognoverunt etiam hunc caecum 
 esse et diro quodam supplicio affici, quod olim se crudelis- 
 simum in filios suos praebuisset. Cujus supplicii hoc erat 
 genus. Missa erant a Jove monstra quaedam, specie hor- 
 ribili, quae capita virginum, corpora volucrum habebant. 
 
 105 Hae volucres, quae Harpyiae appellabantur, Phlneo summam 
 molestiam afferebant; quotiens enim ille accul^nerat, venie- 
 bant et cibum appositum statim auferebant. Quae cum ita 
 essent, Phlneus fame paene mortuus est. 
 
 98. quis . . . obtineret: the original form of the question would be quis 
 . . . obtinet? Why the subjunctive? 
 
 99. certiores facti sunt, were informed; the phrase is followed by indi- 
 rect discourse. What is the literal translation? 
 
 106. accubuerat: the Roman custom of assuming a half reclining posi- 
 tion at table is here attributed to a much earlier period, 
 
 107. Quae cum ita essent: a clause frequently employed by Latin 
 authors; literally, since these things were so; better, in consequence, or in 
 view of these facts. 
 
 108. fame : the ablative of this word has the ending of a fifth declen- 
 sion noun, although its other forms belong to the third declension. 
 
 100. caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind. bitum, intr. [ad+cumbo, recline], 
 
 104. volucris, -is,/, [volucer, flying], recline (at table). 
 
 bird. 107. appono, -ponere, -posui, -po- 
 
 106. molestia, -ae, /. [molestus], situm, //•. [ad+pono], place near; 
 
 vexation, annoyance. serve, set before. 
 
 accumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cu- 108. fames, -is, /., hunger. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER I35 
 
 9. The Harpies Beaten 
 
 Res igitur in hoc loco erant, cum Argonautae navem ap- 
 pulerunt. Phineus autem, simul atque audlvit eos in suos no 
 fines egressos esse, magnopere gavlsus est. Sciebat enim 
 quantam opinionem virtutis Argonautae haberent, nee dubi- 
 tabat quin sibi auxilium ferrent. Nuntium igitur ad navem 
 misit qui Jasonem sociosque ad regiam vocaret. Eo cum 
 venissent, Phineus demonstravit quanto in perlculo suae res 115 
 essent, et promisit se magna praemia daturum esse, si illl 
 remedium repperissent. Argonautae negotium hbenter sus- 
 ceperunt, et, ubi hora venit, cum rege accubuerunt; at simul 
 ac cena apposita est. Harpy iae cenaculum intraverunt, et 
 cibum auferre conabantur. Argonautae primum ensibus vo- 120 
 lucres petierunt; cum tamen viderent hoc nihil prodesse, 
 Zetus et Calais, qui alls InstructI erant, in aera se sublevave- 
 runt, ut desuper impetum facerent. Quod cum sensissent 
 
 109. cum . . . appulenint: when cum introduces a new event in the nar- 
 rative instead of describing a situation, it takes the perfect indicative. 
 
 112. quantam: this word may be either a relative or an interrogative; 
 the subjunctive haberent shows the clause to be an indirect question. 
 
 opinionem : the word sometimes means opinion, but not here. 
 
 113. quin . . . ferrent, that they were coming to his rescue; the use of quin 
 with the subjunctive is explained in App. 106. 
 
 117. repperissent: representing a future perfect indicative, second per- 
 son, in direct discourse; translate with the auxiliary ''would." 
 
 121. nihil: accusative of extent; with prodesse, availed nothing, had no 
 effect. 
 
 122. aera: for the case see note on Per. 33. 
 
 123. Quod cum: do not translate which when. 
 
 112. dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, iiitr. 117. remedium, -i, n. [re-, compare 
 [dubius], doubt, hesitate. medeor, heal], remedy, cure. 
 
 113. quin, conj. and adv. [qui, how, 119. cenaculum, -i, ??. [cena], dining- 
 
 +-ne]; as conj., after words of room. 
 
 doubt, that; after words of hinder- ioa - • • a 
 
 r J -J.' 120. ensis, -is, m., sword. 
 
 mg, from; as adv., qum etiam, ' ' •-•, *=vyw 
 
 nay, nay even, naj^ in fact. 122. ala, -ae,/., wing. 
 
 116. promitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sub-levo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.^ hold 
 sum, tr., send forth, promise. up, support; assist, help. 
 
136 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Harpyiae, rei novitate perterritae, statim aufugerunt, neque 
 125 postea umquam redierunt. / 
 
 *■ — T '■■ — -   
 
 124. aufugio, -fugere, -fiigi, — tintr. [ab+fugio], flee away, run away. 
 
 10. The Symplegades 
 
 Hoc facto, Phlneus, ut pro tanto beneficio meritam gratiam 
 referret, Jasoni demonstravit qua ratione Symplegades vitare 
 posset. Symplegades autem duae erant rupes ingenti magni- 
 tudine, quae a Jove positae erant eo consilio, ne quis ad 
 
 130 Colchida pervenlret. Hae parvo intervallo in mar! natabant 
 et, si quid in medium spatium venerat, incredibili celeritate 
 concurrebant. Postquam igitur a Phineo doc t us est quid 
 faciendum esset Jason, sublatis ancorls, navem solvit et, lenl 
 vento provectus, mox ad Sj^mplegades appropinquavit; tum 
 
 135 in prora stans columbam quam in manu tenet^t emisit. Ilia 
 
 126. Hoc facto: ablative absolute, to be translated by a clause with 
 "when," App. 75. 
 
 129. eo consilio, with this design (purpose); explained by the clause 
 which follows. 
 
 ne quis, that no one; the force and use of quis were explained in the note 
 on SI quis, 1. 20. 
 
 132. quid faciendum esset, ivhat had to be done. For the use of the future 
 passive participle see App. 126. 
 
 133. sublatis ancoris: ablative absolute; we say iveigh anchor. When 
 the j)erfect passive participle in an ablative absolute phrase, as here, 
 denotes an act by the subject of the principal verb, it is usually best ren- 
 dered in the active voice. Here are typical translations: 
 
 by a past active participle: having weighed anchor 
 by a coordinate verb : weighed anchor and 
 by a prepositional phrase: after weighing anchor 
 by a temporal clause: when he had iveighed anchor. 
 
 127. ratio, -onis, /., reckoning, ac- 133. lenis, -e, adj., mild, gentle. 
 
 count; hst, record; plan, course, 135. prora, -ae,/., bow, prow. 
 
 manner; prmciple, reason. columba, -ae, /., dove, pigeon. 
 
 130. nato, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. e-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
 
 [freq. 0/ no, swim], swim, float. tr., send forth, release; utter. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 137 
 
 recta via per medium spatium volavit et, priusquam rupes 
 conflixerunt, incolumis evasit, cauda tantum amissa. Tum 
 rupes utrimque discesserunt ; antequam tamen rursus con- 
 currerent, Argonautae, bene intellegentes omnem spem salutis 
 in celeritate positam esse, summa vi remis contenderunt, et ho 
 navem incolumem perduxerunt. Hoc facto, dis gratias liben- 
 ter egerunt, quorum auxilio c tanto perlculo erepti essent; 
 bene enim sciebant non sine auxilio deorum rem ita feliciter 
 evenisse. 
 
 136. recta via, straight; how literally? The ablative is employed to 
 denote the road or route. 
 
 138. antequam . . . concurrerent : heretofore antequam and priusquam 
 have taken an indicative, signifying merely that one event occurred before 
 another. In this passage is an example of the anticipatory use of the 
 subjunctive with antequam, App. 100. The person anticipating may view 
 the event in various ways. The Argonauts evidently wished to forestall 
 the closing in of the movable cliffs, which we can indicate by translating 
 should rush together. 
 
 142. erepti essent: the subjunctive is due to the informal indirect 
 discourse, App. 106; that is, while no verb of saying is employed, one is 
 implied in grdtids egerunt: they thanked the gods, by whose help (as they said), 
 etc. At the same time the clause expresses the reason assigned for their 
 prayer of thanks. 
 
 136. rectus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part. 138. utrimque, adv. [uterque], on 
 of rego], straight, direct; upright. both sides. 
 
 137. con-fligo, -fligere, -flixi, -flic- 143. feliciter, adv. [felix], happily, 
 tum, intr., dash or strike to- luckily. 
 
 gether. 
 
 11. A Heavy Task 
 
 Brevi intermisso spatio, Argonautae ad flumen Phasim 145 
 venerunt, quod in finibus Colchorum erat. Ibi, cum navem 
 appulissent et in terram egress! essent, statim ad regem 
 Aeetem se contulerunt, et ab eo postulaverunt ut vellus 
 aureum sibi traderetur. lUe, cum audivisset quam ob cau- 
 sam Argonautae venissent, Ira commotus est, et diu negavit iso 
 
 145. Brevi intermisso spatio, after a short time; ablative absolute. 
 148. ut . . . traderetur: a noun clause, object of postulaverunt. 
 
138 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 se vellus traditurum esse. Tandem tamen, quod sciebat 
 Jasonem non sine auxilio deorum hoc negotium suscepisse, 
 mutata sententia, promlsit se vellus tradittirum, si Jason 
 labores duos difficillimos prius perfecisset; et, cum Jason 
 
 155 dixisset se ad omnia pericula subeunda paratum esse, quid 
 fieri vellet ostendit. Primum jungendi erant duo taurl specie 
 horribili, qui flammas ex ore edebant; turn, his junctis, ager 
 quidam arandus erat, et dentes draconis serendi. His audit Is, 
 Jason, etsi rem esse summi perlcull intellegebat, tamen, ne 
 
 160 banc occasionem rel bene gerendae amitteret, negotium 
 suscepit. 
 
 154. perfecisset: for a future perfect indicative of direct discourse, as 
 in 1. 117. 
 
 156. jungendi erant: had to he, must be, were to he (yoked) illustrate pos- 
 sible renderings of the future passive participle with sum. 
 
 159. ne . . . amitteret: in order not to lose, a negative clause of purpose. 
 
 160. rei bene gerendae, of successfidly accomplishing his purpose; a 
 gerundive construction, App. 128. 
 
 154. prius, adv. [n. of prior], before, 158. sero, -ere, sevi, satum, tr., sow, 
 
 first. « plant. 
 
 157. flamma, -ae, /., flame. 
 
 12. The Magic Ointment 
 
 At Medea, regis filia, Jasonem adamavit, et, ubi audlvit 
 
 eum tantum perlculum subiturum esse, rem aegre ferebat. 
 
 Intellegebat enim pat rem suum hunc laborem proposuisse eo 
 
 165 ipso consilio, ut Jason moreretur. Quae cum ita essent, 
 
 Medea (quae summam peritiam mediclnae habebat) hoc con- 
 
 163. rem aegre ferebat, was deeply grieved; literally, bore the thing with 
 distress. 
 
 165. ut . . . moreretur: a clause explaining consilio, as in 1. 129. 
 
 162. ad-amo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 166. peritia, -ae, /. [peritus], experi- 
 fall in love with. ence, knowledge. 
 
 163. aegre, adv. [aeger], painfully; medicina, -ae, /. [medeor, heal], the 
 with difficulty; with grief; with healing art, medicine, 
 resentment. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 139 
 
 silium iniit. Media nocte Insciente patrejex urbe evasit; et, 
 postquam in monies finitimos venit, herbas quasdam carpsit; 
 turn, suco expresso, unguentum paravit, quod vl sua corpus 
 aleret nervosque confirmaret. Hoe facto, JasonI unguentum i7o 
 dedit; praecepit autera ut eo die quo isti labores conficiendi 
 essent corpus suum et arma mane oblineret. Jason, etsi 
 paene omnibus magnitudine et viribus corporis praestabat 
 (vita enim omnis in venationibus atque in studils rei mllitaris 
 constiterat) , censebat tamen hoc consilium non neglegendum 175 
 esse. 
 
 167. insciente patre, without her father^ s knowledge, ablative absolute. 
 
 170. aleret, confirmaret: employ the auxiliary "should" in translation; 
 the clause is a relative clause of purpose. 
 
 171. quo: for quo die, when. 
 
 conficiendi essent, were to he performed; the principle of subjunctive by 
 attraction is explained in the note on si quis, 1. 20. 
 
 175 constiterat, had consisted; from consto. 
 
 167. In-sciens, gen. -scientis, adj., 
 unknowing, without knowledge, 
 unaware. 
 
 168. herba,-ae, /., herb; grass, turf. 
 
 carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum, tr., 
 pluck. 
 
 169. sucus, -i, m., juice, sap. 
 
 exprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres- 
 sum, ir. [ex+premo], press out; 
 wring out; elicit. 
 
 unguentum, -i, n. [ungo, anoint], 
 ointment. 
 
 170. alo, alere, alui, altum, fr., 
 nourish, sustain. 
 
 nervus, -i, m., sinew, muscle, power, 
 strength. 
 
 172. mane, adv., in the morning, 
 early in the morning. 
 
 ob-lino, -linere, -levi, -litum, tr., 
 daub, smear over. 
 
 174. venatio, -onis, /. [venor], hunt- 
 ing, the chase. 
 
 175. censeo, censere, censui, cen- 
 
 sum, tr., estimate, think, believe. 
 
 neglego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum, tr. 
 [nee + lego], disregard, neglect, 
 slight. 
 
 13. Sowing the Dragon's Teeth 
 
 Ubi is dies venit quem rex ad arandum agrum edixerat, 
 Jason, orta luce, cum socils ad locum constitutum se contulit. 
 Ibi stabulum ingens repperit, in quo taurl inclusi erant. Tum, 
 
 178. orta luce, at daybreak. 
 
140 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 180 portis apertis, tauros in lucem traxit, et summa cunT difficul- 
 tate jugum imposuit. At Aeetes, cum videret taurgs nihil 
 contra Jasonem valere, magnopere miratus est; nesciebat 
 enim fUiam suam auxilium ei dedisse. Turn Jason, omnibus 
 aspicientibus, agrum arare coepit; qua in re tantam dlligen- 
 
 185 tiam praebuit ut ante meridiem totum opus confecerit. Hoc 
 facto, ad locum ubi rex sedebat adiit, et dentes draconis 
 postulavit; quos ubi accepit, in agrum quem araverat magna 
 cum diligentia sparsit. Horum autem dentiam natura erat 
 talis ut in eo loco ubi sparsi essent virT armati miro quodam 
 
 190 modo gignerentur. 
 
 181. nihil: accusative of extent, as in 1. 121; with valere, had no power. 
 
 184. qua in re : the position of the preposition is like that of ob in 1. 18. 
 
 tantam: this word (also talis in 1. 189) indicates clearly whether the ut 
 clause following is one of purpose or of result. 
 
 185. confecerit: the perfect subjunctive where an imperfect would seem 
 to be required by sequence of tenses, App. 1^, 1. 
 
 181. jugum, -i, n., yoke. 185. meridies, -ei, m. [mediusH- 
 
 182. valeo, -ere, valui, valiturus, dies], mid-day, noon; the south. 
 intr., be strong, have power; be 188. spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsum 
 valid. tr., strew, scatter, sprinkle. 
 
 184. aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, as- 190. gigno, -ere, genui, genitus, tr., 
 pactum, tr. [ad+specio, look], look give birth to; beget, 
 
 at, behold, look on. 
 
 14. A Strange Crop 
 
 A/or Ye? 
 
 Nondum tamen Jason totum opus confecerat; imperaverat 
 enim el Aeetes ut armatos viros qui e dentibus gignerentur 
 solus interficeret. Postquam omnes dentes in agrum sparsit, 
 Jason, lassitudine exanimatus, quietl se tradidit, dum virl 
 
 192. ut . . . interficeret, to kill; a noun clause with its verb in the active 
 when used as the object of a verb of commanding, persuading, or warning 
 is usually to be translated by an infinitive. 
 
 193. solus, without assistance. 
 
 194. lassitude, -dinis, /. [lassus, weary], weariness. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 141 
 
 isti gignerentur. Paucas horas dormiebat; i^ub vesperum, 195 
 tamen, e somno subito excitatus, rem ita evenisse ut praedic- 
 tum erat cognovit; nam in omnibus agii partibus virl in- 
 genti magnitudine corporis, ensibus galelsque armati, mirum 
 in modum e terra oriebantur. Hoc cognito, Jason consilium 
 quod dederat Medea non omittendum esse putabat; saxum 200 
 igitur ingens (ita enim praeceperat Medea) in medios viros 
 conjecit. IllI undique ad locum concurrerunt, et cum quis- 
 que sibi id saxum (nescio cur) habere vellet, magna contro- 
 versia orta est. Mox, strictis ensibus, inter se pugnare 
 coeperunt, et, cum hoc modo plurimi occisi essent, reliqui 205 
 vulneribus confecti a Jasone nuUo negotio interfecti sunt. 
 
 195. gignerentur, should be born; an anticipatory subjunctive with dum, 
 until. In 1. 138 the event was one to be forestalled; here it is one to pre- 
 pare for. 
 
 sub vesperum, toward evening. 
 
 196. ut: with the indicative this word means as or when; in the sense of 
 as, it may be correlative with ita or sic, as in this sentence. 
 
 198. mirum in modum: a prepositional phrase equivalent to miro modo. 
 
 203. nescid cur, for some reason or other; in 1. 13 occurred nescio quam 
 fdbulam. 
 
 204. inter se, one another; a phrase denoting reciprocal action, and of 
 frequent occurrence. 
 
 196. e-venio, -venire, -veni, -ven- sum, tr. [ob+mitto], let go; neg- 
 
 tum, intr., come out; result, turn lect. 
 
 out. 
 
 203. contrdversia, -ae, /. [contro- 
 versus, disputed], dispute, quar 
 
 204. stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictu 
 200. omitto, omittere, omisi, omis- tr., strip off; draw, unsheathe. 
 
 prae-dico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, tr., versus, disputed], dispute, quarrel, 
 
 foretell, predict. 204. stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictum, 
 
 15. Flight of Medea 
 
 At rex Aeetes, ubi cognovit Jasonem laborem propositum 
 confecisse, ira graviter commotus est; intellegebat enim id 
 per dolum factum esse, nee dubitabat quin Medea auxilium 
 
 209. quin . . . tulisset: quTn and the subjunctive after a verb of doubt- 
 ing, as in 1. 113. 
 
142 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 210 ei tulisset. Medea autem, cum intellegeret se in magno fore 
 perTculo, si in regia mansisset, fuga salutem petere constituit. 
 Omnibus igitur ad fugam paratis, media nocte, msciente 
 patre, cum fratre Absyrto evasit, et quam celerrime ad locum 
 ubi Argo subducta erat se contulit. Eo cum venisset, ad 
 
 215 pedes Jasonis se projecit, et multis cum lacrimis obsecravit 
 eum ne in tanto discrimine mulierem desereret quae ei 
 tantum profuisset. Ille, quod memoria tenebat se per ejus 
 auxilium e magno periculo evasisse, libenter eam excepit et, 
 postquam causam veniendl audivit, hortatus est ne patris 
 
 220 iram timeret. Promlsit autem se quam primum eam in nave 
 sua avecturum. 
 
 210. fore: a future infinitive, often employed instead of futurus esse. 
 
 214. subducta: the size of ancient ships made it possible to "beach" 
 them; for "launch" we have found deduco. 
 
 216. ne, not to. 
 
 220. quam primum, as soon as possible. What is the force of a super- 
 lative with quam? Point out another example a few lines above. 
 
 214. sub-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -due- 216. discrimen, -inis, n. [discemo, 
 turn, tr., lead up, lead away; draw separate], crisis, peril. 
 
 up, beach. 217. tantum, adv. [ace. n. of tantus], 
 
 215. obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. so greatly; this much, only. 
 [ob+sacro, make sacred], entreat, 221. a-veho, -vehere, -vexi, -vec- 
 implore. tum, tr., carry off, take away. 
 
 16. Seizure of the Fleece 
 
 Postridie ejus diei Jason cum sociis suis, orta luce, navem 
 
 deduxit et, tempestatem idoneam nacti, ad eum locum remis 
 
 contenderunt, quo in loco Medea vellus celatum esse demon- 
 
 225 stravit. Eo cum venissent, Jason in terram egressus est et, 
 
 sociis ad mare relictis qui praesidio navl essent, ipse cum 
 
 224. quo in \oc6=uhi. 
 
 226. qui praesidio navi essent, to guard the ship; the clause is one of 
 purpose; praesidio is a dative of purpose, ndvl a dative of reference, App. 
 53, 54. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 143 
 
 Medea in silvas viam cepit. Pauca milia passuum per silvam 
 progressus, vellus quod quaerebat ex arbore suspensum vidit. 
 Id tamen auferre res erat summae difficultatis; non modo 
 enim locus ipse egregie et natura et arte munitus erat, sed 230 
 etiam draco quidam, specie terribili, arborem custodiebat. 
 At Medea, quae, ut supra demonstravimus, artis medicae 
 summam scientiam habuit, ramum quern ex arbore proxima 
 deripuerat veneno infecit. Hoc facto, ad locum appropin- 
 quavit, et draconem, qui faucibus apertis adventum expecta- 235 
 bat, veneno sparsit; proinde, dum drac5 somno oppressus 
 dormit, Jason vellus aureum ex arbore deripuit, et cum 
 Medea quam celerrime pedem rettulit. 
 
 238. pedem rettulit: see refero in final vocabulary. 
 
 228. suspendo, -pendere, -pendi, 234. deripio, -ripere, -ripui, -rep- 
 -pensum, tr. [sub+pendo], hang turn, tr. [de+rapio], tear .away, 
 
 up, suspend. pull off, 
 
 230. egregie, adv. [egregius], excel- 236. pro-inde, adv., therefore, ac- 
 lently, unusually. cordingly. 
 
 232. medicus. -a. -um, adj. [medeor, ^^l^\ t^^rem^fTrl^s Twn" 
 heal], of heaUng, medical. wTgh "dLtr^erte 'oTerl 
 
 233. ramus, -i, m., branch, bough. power. 
 
 17. Back to the Argo 
 
 Dum tamen ea geruntur, Argonautae, qui ad mare relict! 
 erant, animo anxio reditum Jasonis expectabant; bene enim 240 
 intellegebant id negotium summi esse perlcull. Postquam 
 igitur ad occasum solis frustra expectaverant, de ejus salute 
 desperare coeperunt, nee dubitabant quin aliqui casus acci- 
 disset. Quae cum ita essent, maturandum sibi censuerunt, 
 ut auxilium duci ferrent; at, dum proficlsci parant, lumen 245 
 quoddam subito conspiciunt, mirum in modum inter silvas 
 
 244. maturandum (esse) sibi, that they ought to make haste; impersonal 
 use of the passive of an intransitive verb; sibi is a dative of agent, App. 56. 
 
 240. anxius, -a, -um, adj., anxious. 
 
144 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 refulgens, et magnopere mlrati quae causa esset ejus rei, ad 
 locum concurrunt. Quo cum venissent, Jasoni et Medeae 
 advenientibus occurrerunt, et vellus aureum Itiminis ejus 
 250 causam esse cognoverunt. Omni timore sublato, magno cum 
 gaudio ducem suum exceperunt, et dis gratias libenter ege- 
 runt, quod res ita fellciter evenisset. 
 
 248. Quo cum: translate as if eo cum. 
 
 251. dis: the form regularly employed for the dative and ablative plu- 
 ral of deus. 
 
 252. quod . . . evenisset: the indicative is used with quod causal unless 
 the reason is regarded as a quotation. Here the causal clause contains 
 the reason assigned in the Argonauts' prayer; compare 1. 142. 
 
 247. re-fulgeo, -fulgere, -fulsi, — , any place, anj^where; with com- 
 intr., flash back, glitter. par., in order that. 
 
 248. Quo, adv. [qui], interrog., 249. ad-venio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
 whither? where? relative, to which tum, intr., come to, come up, 
 place or point, whither; znde/., to approach. 
 
 18. Pursued by the Angry Father 
 
 His rebus gestis, omnes sine mora navem rursus conscen- 
 derunt et, sublatis ancoris, prima vigilia solverunt; neque 
 255 enim satis tutum esse arbitrati sunt, in eo loco manere. At 
 rex Aeetes, qui jam ante inimico in eos fuerat animo, ubi 
 cognovit flliam suam non modo ad Argonautas se recepisse, 
 sed etiani ad vellus auferendum auxilium tulisse, hoc dolore 
 gravius exarsit. Navem longam quam celerrime deduci jussit 
 
 254. vigilia : a method of reckoning time in the night, which was divided, 
 from sunset to sunrise, into four equal "watches." 
 
 256. inimico in eos fuerat animo, had entertained hostile feelings toward 
 them; animo is a descriptive ablative in the predicate. 
 
 258. hoc dolore: for hujus rel dolore, in resentment at this; literally, he- 
 cause of this resentment. 
 
 259. navem longam, a war ship. 
 
 264. vigilia, -ae, /. [vigil, awake], a 259. ex-ardesco, -ardescere, -arsi, 
 watching; a watch {as a division -arsum, intr., blaze out; be in- 
 
 of time). flamed, be enraged. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 145 
 
 et, mllitibus impositls, fugientes insecutus est. Argonautae, 200 
 qui bene sciebant rem in discrimine esse, summis viribus 
 remis contendebant. Cum tamen navis qua vehebantur in- 
 genti esset magnitudine, non eadem celeritate qua Colchl, 
 progredl poterant. Quae cum ita essent, a Colchis sequenti- 
 bus paene capti sunt; neque enim longius intererat quam quo 205 
 telum adjici posset. At Medea, cum vidisset quo in loco res 
 essent, paene omnI spe deposita, Infandum hoc consilium 
 
 cepit. 
 
 ~' ^^ — 
 
 260. fugientes: the present participle again as a noun, fugitives. 
 
 261. summis viribus remis contendebant, plied (literally strove with) the 
 oars with all their might; viribus is an ablative of manner, ranis of means. 
 
 262. qua, in which; an ablative of means. 
 
 265. neque enim, etc., for the distance between them was not greater than 
 a javelin's throw; quo . . . posset is a clause of result, literally greater than 
 to which a javelin could be thrown. 
 
 260. in-sequor, -sequi, -secutus 266. ad-jicio, -jicere, -jecl, -jectum, 
 sum, tr. and intr., follow after, tr. [ad+jacio], hurl to, hurl upon, 
 
 pursue, follow up. throw. 
 
 265. inter-sum, -esse, -fui,-futurus, 267. in-fandus, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 intr., be between, he between; be speakable, shocking, 
 
 present at, attend. 
 
 19. A Fearful Expedient 
 
 Erat in nave Argonautarum fllius quidam regis Aeetae, 
 nomine Absyrtus, quem, ut supra demonstravimus, Medea, 270 
 ex urbe fugiens, secum abduxerat. Hunc puerum Medea 
 constituit interficere eo consilio, ut, membrls ejus in mare 
 conjectis, cursum Colchorum impedlr^t; pro certo enim 
 sciebat Aeetem, cum membra fllii vidisset, non longius pro- 
 secuturum esse; neque... opinio, eamfefellit. Omnia enim ita 275 
 
 273. pro certo sciebat, she felt certain; Uterally, knew it for certain. 
 
 275. neque opinio eam fefellit, ayid she was not mistaken; literallj^, the 
 expectation did not deceive her. 
 
 271. ab-duc6, -ducere, -duxi, -due- sum, tr., follow, follow after. 
 
 tum, tr., lead away, bring away. 275. fallo, fallere, f efelli, falsum, tr., 
 
 274. pro-sequor, -sequi, -secutus deceive, cheat, elude. 
 
146 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 evenerunt ut Medea speraverat. Aeetes, i^ubi primum mem- 
 bra vidit, ad ea colligenda navem statu! jussit. Dum tamen 
 ea geruntur, Argonautae, non intermisso remigandi labore, 
 mox (quod necesse fuit) e conspectu hostium remoti sunt, 
 280 neque prius fugere destiterunt quam ad flumen Eridanum 
 pervenerunt. At Aeetes, nihil sibi profuttirum esse arbitra- 
 tus, si longius progressus esset, animo demisso domum 
 revertit, ut filil corpus ad sepulturam daret. 
 
 276. ubi primum: a phrase with the same meaning as simul ac; cum 
 primuyn is more common. 
 
 278. non intermisso . . . labore, by uninterrupted labor at the oars, abla- 
 tive absolute. 
 
 279. quod: neuter, because reference is made to the following state- 
 ment of fact. 
 
 280. prius: to be translated with quam, before; the two are often writ- 
 ten as one word. 
 
 282. si longius progressus esset: in form a condition, in thought the 
 subject of profuturum esse, it would do him no good to go farther, 
 
 animo demisso, dejected. 
 
 277. coUigo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum, [remex, rower], row, ply an oar. 
 tr. [com-+lego], collect 279. re-moveo, -movere, -movi, 
 
 statud, -ere, statui, statutum, tr. -motum, tr., move back; take 
 
 [status, a standing], cause to away, remove, 
 
 stand, stop; resolve, determine. 282. de-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 
 278. remigo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. sum, tr., send down, let fall. 
 
 20. The Bargain with Pelias 
 
 Tandem post multa pericula Jason in eundem locum per- 
 285 venit unde olim profectus erat. Turn e navi egressus, ad 
 regem Peliam, qui regnum adhuc obtinebat, statim se con- 
 tulit et, vellere aureo monstrato, ab eo postulavit ut regnum 
 sibi traderetur. Pelias enim pollicitus erat, si Jason vellus 
 rettulisset, se regnum el traditurum. Postquam Jason quid 
 290 fieri vellet ostendit, Pelias primum nihil respondit, sed diu 
 
 289. rettulisset, should bring back. In direct discourse the future per- 
 fect indicative, rettuleris, would be used. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 147 
 
 in eadem tristitia tacitus permansit; tandem ita loctitus est: 
 "Vides me aetate jam esse confectum, neque dubium est 
 quin dies supremus mihi adsit. Liceat igitur mihi, dum 
 vivam, hoc regnum obtinere; tum, postquam ego e vita dis- 
 cessero, tti in meum locum venies." Hac oratione adductus, 295 
 Jason respondit se id facturum quod ille rogasset. 
 
 293. mihi (adsit) : a dative of reference, for me; best translated here by 
 a possessive, my last day. 
 
 adsit: like non dubito, the phrase non dubium est takes quin and the 
 subjunctive. 
 
 Liceat: the subjunctive expresses an entreaty, allow me, etc.; literally, 
 may it be 'permitted me; App. 92. 
 
 294. vivam: future indicative with dum meaning as long as. 
 
 ego, tu: the personal pronouns are here employed for emphasis and 
 contrast. 
 
 291. tristitia, -ae, /. [tristis], dejec- 292. dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful, 
 
 tion, sadness. uncertain. 
 
 tacitus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 293. supremus, -a, -um, adj. [superl. 
 
 taceo], silent, still. of superus], highest; last. 
 
 per-maneo, -manere, -mansi, -man- ad-sum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, intr., 
 
 sum, intr., remain, continue. be at hand, be near. 
 
 21. A Magical Transformation 
 
 His rebus cognitis, Medea rem aegre tulit et regni cupi- 
 ditate adducta constituit mortem regl per dolum Inferre. 
 Hoc constituto, ad fllias regis venit atque ita locuta est: 
 ''Videtis patrem vestrum aetate jam esse confectum, neque 300 
 ad laborem regnandi perferendum satis valere. Vultisne eum 
 rursus juvenem fieri?" Tum flliae regis ita responderunt : 
 ''Num hoc fieri potest? Quis enim umquam e sene juvenis 
 
 297. rem aegre tulit: a combination commented on in connection with 
 1. 163. 
 
 298. mortem regi inferre, to cause the death of the king. What is the 
 literal translation? Regl is a dative with the compound verb inferre. 
 
 301. Vultisne: the enclitic -ne serves as sign of a direct question, with- 
 out indicating whether a positive or a negative answer is expected. 
 
 303. Num: this particle indicates that "no" is the expected answer, 
 this can not be done, can it? 
 
148 A JUNIOR LATIN READm 
 
 factus est?" At Medea respondit, '^Scitis me artis medieae 
 305 summam habere scientiam. Nunc igitur vobis demonstrabo 
 quo modo haec res fieri possit." His dictis, cum arietem 
 aetate iam confectum interfecisset, membra ejus in vase 
 aeneo posuit et, igne supposito, m aquam nerbas quasdam 
 infudit. Tum, dum aqua effervesceret, carmen magicum 
 310 cantabat. Post breve tempus aries e vase exiluit et, viribus 
 refectis, per agros currebat. 
 
 309. effervesceret: anticipatory subjunctive with dum, until, as in 1. 195. 
 
 305. vos, gen. vestrum or vestri, effervesce, -fervescere, -ferbui, — , 
 pers. pro)i., pi. of tu, you. [ex+fervesco, boil], boil up, boil. 
 
 306. aries, -etis, m., ram. carmen, -inis, n., a song; charm, 
 
 307. vas, vasis, n., vessel, utensil. incantation. 
 
 308. suppono, -ponere, -posul, -po- 310. canto, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 situm, tr. [sub+pono], put under. [freq. of cano], sing. 
 
 309. in-fundo, -fundere, -fudi, exilio, -ire, -ui, — , intr. [ex+salio], 
 -fusum, tr., pour into, pour upon. leap, spring forth. 
 
 22. A Dangerous Experiment 
 
 Dum flliae regis hoc miraculum stupentes intuentur, 
 Medea ita locuta est: ''Videtis quantum valeat ars medica. 
 Vos igitur, si vultis patrem vestrum in adulescentiam re- 
 315 ducere, id quod feci ipsae facietis. Vos patris membra in 
 vas conjicite; ego herbas magicas praebebo." Flliae regis 
 consiUum quod dederat Medea non omittendum putaverunt. 
 Patrem igitur PeHam necaverunt, et membra ejus in vas 
 aeneum conjecerunt; nihil enim dubitabant quin hoc piaxime 
 
 314. Vos, you (also). In 315 and 316 vos and ego are in contrast. 
 319. nihil: not at all; accusative of extent, a stronger negative than non. 
 
 312. miraculum, -i, 7i. [miror], mar- in-tueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum, tr., 
 vel, miracle. look upon, gaze at; protect. 
 
 stupeo, -ere, stupul, — -, intr., be 314. adulescentia, -ae, /. [adules- 
 astounded, amazed, aghast. cens], youth. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER I49 
 
 el profuturum esset. At res omnino aliter evenit ac spera- 320 
 verant; Medea enim non easdem herbas dedit, quibus ipsa 
 usa erat. Itaque, postquam diu frustra expectaverunt, pa- 
 trem suum re vera mortuum esse intellexerunt. His rebus 
 gestis, Medea sperabat se cum conjuge suo regnum accep- 
 turam esse. At elves, cum intellegerent quo modo Pelias 325 
 periisset, tantum scelus aegre tulerunt; itaque, Jasone et 
 Medea e regno expulsis, Acastum regem creaverunt. 
 
 _   ■"■ T 
 
 320. profuturum esset, would benefit; a simple form of the subjunctive 
 dependent upon a verb of doubting would iiot express futurity; Latin 
 therefore resorts to the future active participle with the subjunctive of sum. 
 
 ac : after aliter and similar words ac is translated than. 
 
 323. re vera, really, in truth. 
 
 324. se . . . accepturam esse: the infinitive with subject accusative is 
 used after spero as after verbs of thinking, knowing, etc. 
 
 326. aegre tulerunt: were incensed at. 
 
 320. aliter, adv. [alius], otherwise. 
 
 « 
 
 — -H 
 
 23. A Fatal Gift 
 
 Post haec Jason et Medea, e Thessalia expulsl, ad urbem 
 Corinthum venerunt, cujus urbis Creon quidam regnum turn 
 obtinebat. Erat autem Creonti filia una, nomine Glauce; 330 
 quam cum vidisset, Jason constituit Medeam uxorem suam 
 repudiare eo consilio, ut Glaucen in matrimonium duceret. 
 At Medea, ubi intellexit quae ille in animo haberet, ira 
 graviter commota, jure jurando confirmavit se tantam in- 
 juriam ultiiram. Hoc igitur consilium cepit. Vestem paravit 335 
 summa arte contextam et varils coloribus tinctam. Hanc 
 
 330. Erat Creonti filia una. =Credn flliam unam habebat; Creonti is a 
 dative of 'possession, App. 52. 
 
 332. Glaucen: accusative; see note on Danae, Per. 6. 
 
 335. Vestem: like the robe of Nessus in the story of Hercules. 
 
 334. jus jiirandum, juris jurandi, tum, ir., weave. 
 
 «., an oath. tingo, -ere, tinxi, tinctum, tr., dip, 
 
 336. con-texo, -texere, -texui, -tex- dye. 
 
150 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 diro quodam Infecit veneno, cujus vis talis erat ut, si quis 
 earn vestem induisset, corpus ejus quasi igne tireretur. Hoc 
 facto, vestem Glaucae misit. Ilia autem, nihil mall suspicans, 
 340 donum libenter accepit, et vestem novam (more feminarum) 
 statim induit. 
 
 * 
 
 338. induisset: the clause si quis . . . induisset depends upon a sub- 
 junctive, ureretur; by what principle is induisset made subjunctive? 
 
 338. uro, -ere, ussi,ustum, tr., burn.^ 
 
 24. Flight of Medea, and Death of Jason 
 
 Vix vestem induerat Glauce, cum dolorem gravem per 
 omnia membra sensit, et post paulum diro cruciatti affecta e 
 vita excessit. His rebus gestis, Medea, furore atque amentia 
 
 345 impulsa, filios suos necavit. Tum magnum sibi fore perlcu- 
 lum arbitrata si in Thessalia maneret, ex ea regione fugere 
 constituit. Hoc constitute, Solem oravit ut in tanto perlcul5 
 auxilium sibi praeberet. Sol autem, his precibus commotus, 
 currum mIsit, cui dracones, alls InstructI, juncti erant. 
 
 350 Medea non omittendam tantam occasionem arbitrata currum 
 conscendit, itaque per aera vecta incolumis ad urbem Athenas 
 pervenit. Jason autem post breve tempus miro modo occlsus 
 est. Ille enim (sive casu sive consilio deorum) sub umbra 
 navis suae, quae in lltus subducta erat, olim dormiebat. At 
 
 355 navis, quae adhuc erecta steterat, in eam partem ubi Jason 
 jacebat subito delapsa virum Infelicem oppressit. 
 
 342. cum . . . sensit: the same use of cum, when, noted in connection 
 with 1. 109. 
 
 351. itaque: the two parts of the word are here to be translated sepa- 
 rately, and so. What is the usual meaning? 
 
 344. amentia, -ae, /. [amens, out of 349. curnis, -us, m., chariot, 
 
 one's mind], madness. 353. umbra, -ae,/., shadow. 
 
 348. prex, precis, /. (usually pL), 356. de-labor, -labi, -lapsus sum, 
 
 prayer, entreaty. intr., fall down, slip down. 
 
STORIES FROM ROMAN HISTORY 
 
 The city of Rome was believed by the Romans to have 
 been founded by Romulus, who was the grandson of the 
 king of Alba Longa, a town situated in the Alban Hills, 
 not far from Rome. According to legend Romulus was the 
 descendant of Aeneas, who had fled from Troy to Italy when 
 Troy was captured by the Greeks. 
 
 Following Romulus six other kings ruled over Rome, the 
 last of whom was driven from his throne and compelled to 
 go into exile. A republican form of government was then 
 established which continued nearly to the beginning of the 
 Chi'istian era. 
 
 The stories of Romulus and the other heroes of Rome's 
 early history are so involved with legend and myth that they 
 have but little historical value. But because of the large 
 place which they hold in the literature and art of the 
 Romans they are scarcely less significant than the more 
 truthful narrative of later times. 
 
 The stories of the republican period and probably of the 
 greater part of the period of the kings, as here given, deal 
 with historical facts. Since the civilization of today is so 
 closely bound up with that of the Romans, these stories of 
 Rome may be said to have a direct connection with the life 
 of the great nations of the present time, our own nation 
 included. 
 
 The narrative is not given in the exact form in which 
 it has come down to us in the works of the Roman writers, 
 but the incidents are told substantially as they are found in 
 their works. 
 
 152 
 
STORIES FROM ROMAN HISTORY 
 
 1. Aeneas Settles in Italy 
 
 Olim in Asia erat urbs antlqua, quae Troja appellata est. 
 Earn urbem Graeci decern annos obsederunt tandemque 
 ceperunt. Priamo rege fllilsque ejus interfectis, urbem de- 
 le verunt. Sed Aeneas, qui inter clarissimos defensores urbis 
 fuerat, cum panels comitibus ex urbe effugit; cum profugos 5 
 ex omnibus partibus coegisset, in Italiam migrare constituit. 
 
 Post septem annos venit in eam partem Italiae ubi erat 
 urbs Laurentum. Ibi cum TrojanI praedam ex agris agerent, 
 Latinus rex Aboriginesque, qui tum ea loca tenebant, agros 
 defendere paraverunt. Sed Latinus, postquam in coUoquio lo 
 originem multitudijiis ducisque cognovit, pacem cum Aenea 
 fecit atque postea ei Laviniam filiam in matrimonium dedit. 
 TrojanI urbem condiderunt, quam Aeneas ab nomine uxoris 
 Lavlniilm appellavit. 
 
 Deinde Turnus, rex Rutulorum, cui Lavlnia ante adventum 15 
 Aeneae desponsa erat, bello Latmum Trojanosque aggressus 
 est. Victi sunt Rutull, sed victores ducem Latlnum aml- 
 serunt. Inde Turnus auxilium petiit ab Etruscis, qui totam 
 
 4. Aeneas: a Greek noun adapted to the Latin first declension; nom. 
 Aeneas, gen. and dat. Aeneae, ace. Aenedn or Aeneam, abl. Aened. 
 
 5. cum, when; with the subjunctive in a descriptive clause of situation, 
 App. 102. 
 
 8. praedam: since booty consisted largely of cattle, ago, drive, is an 
 appropriate verb; in English, "collect," "carrj^ off," are the usual terms. 
 
 16. bello, in war, ablative of means. 
 
 18. Etruscis: the Etruscans were a people whose origin is unknown. 
 They were not of the same racial stock as the Romans and other peoples 
 of Italy. They attained a high degree of civilization and exercised a 
 marked influence on Roman civilization. 
 
 4. defensor, -oris, m. [defendo], de- 5. profugus, -i, m. [profugid], fugi- 
 fender. tive, refugee. 
 
 153 
 
154 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Italiam fama nominis sul impleverant: illi metuentes novam 
 20 urbem multitudine opibusque crescentem laeti auxilium tu- 
 lerunt. Aeneas in tanto discrlmine, ut Aborigines Tro- 
 janosque sub eodem jure atque nomine haberet, Latinos 
 utramque gentem appellavit. Cum ad versus Etruscos se 
 moenibus defendere posset, tamen in aciem copias eduxit. 
 25 EtruscI victi sunt; victores tamen ducem ut antea amise- 
 runt; post pugnam enim Aeneam reperire non potuerunt; 
 multl igitur eum ad deos transisse crediderunt. 
 
 20. multitudine, opibus: ablatives of respect. 
 
 laeti: to be translated by an adverb; an adjective is frequently employed 
 in Latin where English requires an adverb. 
 
 21. ut . . . haberet: a clause of purpose, App. 94. 
 
 22. Latinos utramque gentem appellavit, called both nations Latini; 
 two accusatives with the active of a verb of naming; likewise in 1. 13. 
 
 23. Cum: that the conjunction is adversative, although, is shown by 
 tamen, nevertheless, in the principal clause. 
 
 24. defendere posset, could have defended. 
 
 27. transisse : since Aeneas was by legend the son of the goddess Venus, 
 it was not unnatural to represent his disappearance as a "translation" to 
 the ranks of the gods. 
 
 23. adversus, prep, with ace, opposed to, against. 
 
 2. Founding of Alba Longa 
 
 Lavinia inde regnavit, quoad Ascanius, Aeneae filius, ado- 
 
 levit. Tum ille propter abundantem Lavini multitudinem 
 
 matri urbem reliquit; ipse novam aliam urbem sub Albano 
 
 monte condidit, quae Alba Longa appellata est. Multi reges 
 
 5 post Ascanium imperium Albanum gesserunt. Quidam ex 
 
 3. sub: with an ablative the meaning is under, or at the foot of. 
 
 Albano monte : this mountain in historical times was the site of a temple 
 of Jupiter Latiaris, i.e., Jupiter as the god of the towns belonging to the 
 Latin League. 
 
 1. quo-ad, adv. and conj., until, as long as. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 155 
 
 his, cui nomen Proca erat, duos fllios, Numitorem atque 
 Amulium, habuit. Numitori, qui major erat, regnum reliquit. 
 Pulso tamen fratre, Amulius regnavit. Filium fratris neca- 
 vit; filiam Rheam Silviam per speciem honoris sacerdotem 
 Vestae legit. lO 
 
 6. cui nomen Proca erat, whose name was Proca; cui is a dative of pos- 
 session, App. 52. 
 
 7. major, older; a frequent meaning, the full expression being major 
 ndtu, (literally) greater by birth. 
 
 9. sacerdotem: a second accusative after legit, which belongs to the 
 list of verbs of "naming," "choosing," etc.; one accusative denotes the per- 
 son named or chosen, the other what he is named or the office to which 
 he is chosen. 
 
 10. Vestae: goddess of the hearth of each home, but also worshiped 
 by the state. In the Roman Forum stood the small round temple which 
 was the seat of the state cult. Here was kept burning a never-dying fire 
 tended by the Vestal Virgins, who during their service of thirty years 
 were not allowed to marry. 
 
 7. major, ma jus, adj. [compar. of m. pL, ancestors. 
 
 magnus], larger, greater; major 9. sacerdos, -otis, w. and /. [sacer], 
 natu, older; subst., majores, -um, priest, priestess. 
 
 3. Romulus and Remus 
 
 Ex hac filia nati sunt duo fllii, Romulus et Remus. Pater 
 eorum, ut fama est, Mars deus erat. Sed nee dei nee 
 homines matrem et pueros a crudelitate regia defenderunt. 
 Sacerdos in custodiam data est; pueros rex in Tiberim injici 
 jussit. Forte Tiberis abundaverat, neque ei qui pueros fere- 
 bant adire ad altam aquam poterant. Itaque pueros in 
 alveo posuerunt atque in tenui aqua reliquerunt. Sed alveus 
 
 2. ut fama est, according to tradition; literally, as the report is. 
 
 4. Tiberim: what common noun has the accusative in -iin? 
 
 5. neque: the common word for and not; the negative should be taken 
 with poterant. 
 
 7. reliquerunt: supply eos as object. 
 
 4. custodia, -ae, /. [custos], watch, 7. alveus, -i, m., trough, 
 custody, guard. 
 
156 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 in sicco sedit. Deinde lupa sitiens — sic enim est traditum — 
 ex montibus qui circa sunt ad puerorum vagltum cursum 
 
 10 flexit. Faustulus, pastor regius, earn invenit pueros nutrien- 
 
 tem. Ab eo atque Larentia uxore pueri educati sunt. Cum 
 
 primum adoleverunt, venaii coeperunt et in latrones praeda 
 
 onustos impetus facere pastoribusque praedam dividere. 
 
 Dum quoddam ludicrum celebratur, latrones irati ob prae- 
 
 15 dam amissam impetum in Romulum et Remum fecerunt; 
 captum Remum regl Amulio tradiderunt. Pueros praedam 
 ex agris Numitoris egisse incusabant. Sic ad supplicium 
 Numitoii Remus deditur. 
 
 Ab initio Faustulus crediderat pueros jussu regis expositos 
 
 8. in sicco sedit, drifted ashore; literally, settled on dry ground. 
 
 sic enim est traditum: translate in the same manner as utfdma est, 1. 2. 
 
 10, niitrientem: a verb of ''finding" often takes a participle as a second 
 accusative. 
 
 11. educati sunt: although we derive "educate" from this verb, it should 
 regularly be translated rear, bring up. What is the difference between 
 educo and educo? 
 
 Cum primum, as soon as; as we have seen, cum in this combination 
 regularly takes the indicative, like simul atque, postquam, ubi. 
 
 13. pastoribus: dative of indirect object, although we say "among" 
 with the verbs "divide," "distribute." 
 
 14. Dum . . . celebratur: for the present indicative with dum see note 
 on Per. 46; the verb should be translated by a past tense. 
 
 15. amissam: the past passive participle in a prepositional phrase is 
 sometimes best translated by an English noun, here loss of. 
 
 17. incusabant, brought as an accusation, with dependent indirect dis- 
 course, pueros . . . egisse; better, accused the boys of, etc. 
 
 19. expositos: equivalent to a relative clause, who had been abandoned. 
 
 8. siccus, -a, -um, adj., dry; suh.'it., 13. onustus, -a, -um, adj. [onus, a 
 siccum, -i, /;., dry land. burden], loaded, burdened. 
 
 lupa, -ae, /., a she-wolf. 14. celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 sitiens, gen. -entis, adj. [pr. part, of [celeber], throng; celebrate, 
 
 sitio, to thirst], thirsty. 17. incuso, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 9. circa, adv. and prep, with ace, [in+causa], accuse, complain of. 
 around, round about. 19. (jussus, -us, m.), only in the 
 
 10. nutrio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., abl., jussu, by order, command, 
 nourish, nurse. decree. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 157 
 
 apud sc educari. Turn peiiculo RemI inotus rem Romulo 20 
 aperit. Forte Numitor quoque audiverat fratrcs geiiiinos 
 esse; turn comparans et aetatem eorum et nobilem animuni 
 Remi nepotem agnovit. Romulus cum manu pastorum in 
 regem Amulium impetum facit; Remus alia parata manu 
 adjuvat. Ita rex interfectus est. Imperium Albanum Numi- 25 
 tori avo ab juvenibus restitutum est. Deinde Romulus et 
 Remus in ils locis ubi expositi ubique educati erant urbem 
 condere constituerunt. 
 
 20. apud se, at his house, in his home; apud is frequently used in the 
 sense here indicated with a pronoun or a person's name. 
 
 22. comparo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 26. restituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- 
 [compar, hke], compare. turn, tr. [re-+statu6, station], re- 
 
 store. 
 
 4. Founding of Rome 
 
 Uterque juvenis nomen novae urbl dare eamque regere 
 cupiebat. Sed quod geniini erant, nee res aetate decernl' 
 poterat, augurils usi sunt. A Remo prius visl sunt sex 
 vultures. Romulo postea duodecim sese ostenderunt. Uter- 
 que ab amicis rex appellatus est atque regnum postulabat. , ^ 
 Cum iratl arma rapuissent, in pugna Remus cecidit. Ex 
 alia fama Remus illudens fratrem novos muros urbis transi- 
 luit, inde interfectus est ab irato Romulo, qui haec verba 
 quoque addidit: ''Sic deinde pereat quicumque alius tran- 
 
 3. usi sunt, resorted to; notice the case of the object. 
 
 6. Ex, according to. 
 
 7. illudens, in mockery oj . 
 
 9. Sic pereat, so perish; optative subjunctive, App. 93. 
 
 3. augurium, -i, n. [augur, augur], 9. quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
 augury, divination. cumque, indef. pron., whoever, 
 
 7. illudo, -ludere, -lusi, -lusum, tr. whatever, everyone who, every- 
 
 [in+ludo, play], make sport of, thmg that, 
 ridicule. 
 
158 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 10 siliet moenia mea." Ita solus potitus est imperio Romulus; 
 conditam urbem a suo nomine Romam appellavit. 
 
 Palatium primum, in quo ipse erat educatus, munlvit. 
 Vocata ad concilium multitudine, jura dedit. Insignia quo- 
 que imperii, g^ellam curulem togamque praetextam, et duo- 
 
 15 decim llctores stimpsit. Asylum aperuit in monte Capitolino, 
 quo multi ex finitimis populls profugerunt. Creavit etiam 
 centum senatores, qui honoris causae patres appellati sunt. 
 
 10. imperio: the same case use as augurils, 1. 3. 
 
 11. conditam: a past participle equivalent to a relative clause, as in 3, 19. 
 
 12. Palatium: the Palatine Hill was doubtless the location of the ear- 
 liest settlement made on the site of Rome. Its isolated position and 
 considerable area made it the natural situation for a fortified town domi- 
 nating the surrounding hills. 
 
 13^ jura dedit, gave them laws. 
 
 14. sellam curulem: an ivory stool without back, with curved legs, and 
 with a seat of plaited leather straps. 
 
 togam praetextam: the toga of the Roman citizen was white. Boys 
 and curule magistrates wore a toga with a scarlet border, 
 
 15. lictores: the lictors were attendants upon the Roman kings, later 
 upon certain magistrates of the republic. They accompanied the official 
 in public, clearing the way, and exacting due obeisance from passers-by. 
 As symbols of the king's power to scourge and to put to death, the lictors 
 carried the fasces, a bundle of rods with an ax enclosed. The magistrates 
 of the republic, however, were obliged to remove the ax within the city 
 and to lower the rods before the popular assembly. 
 
 Asylum in monte Capitolin5: the Capitoline was the smallest of the 
 hills of Rome. It had two peaks. On the northern was the citadel, on 
 the southern the Capitolium, or temple of Jupiter. The saddle between 
 the two peaks was the site of the asylum, place of refuge. 
 
 16. quo: an adverb. 
 
 17. honoris causa, as a mark of distinction; remember that causa and 
 gratia in the ablative with the meaning for the sake of stand after the ac- 
 companying genitive. 
 
 14. sella, -ae, /. [sedeo], chair, seat. toga, praetexta., the toga of a Roman 
 
 magistrate, which was edged ivith 
 curulis, -e, adj., curule. scarlet. 
 
 praetextus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part. 15. asylum, -i, n., a place of refuse; 
 of praetexo, to border], bordered; asylum. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 159 
 
 5. The Sabine Women 
 
 —j^/-, -t^JT^i 
 
 Jam res Romana firma et flnitimis civitatibus bello par 
 erat. Sed Roman! neque uxores neque cum flnitimis jus 
 conubii habebant. Tum Romulus quosdam ex patribus 
 legates in viclnas gentes misit qui societatem contibiumque 
 novo populo peterent. Nusquam benigne legati audit! sunt; 5 
 nam finitim! non solum Romanes spernebant, sed etiam 
 tantam in medio crescentem urbem metuebant. Itaque 
 irati Romani vi uti statuerunt. 
 
 Ad eam rem Romulus, ludis paratis, flnitimos ad specta- 
 culum invitavit. Mult! convenerunt, ut et ludos spectarent lo 
 et novam urbem vitlerent. Sabinorum omnis multitudo cum 
 liberis ac conjugibus venit. Ubi spectaculi tempus venit 
 omnesque intent! in ludos erant, tum, signo dato, Romani 
 rapere virgines coeperunt. Parentes virginum profugerunt 
 clamantes Romanes hospitium violavisse. Nee raptae vir- 15 
 gines aut spem de se meliorem aut indignationem minorem 
 habebant. 
 
 Sed ipse Romulus circumlbat ostendebatque id patrum 
 
 1. res Romana: virtually equivalent to res piiblica Romana. 
 
 civitatibus: dative depending on -par; give the list of adjectives govern- 
 ing the dative. 
 
 bello: ablative of respect. TMiat Enghsh preposition is regularly used 
 in translating this ablative? 
 
 4. qui . . . peterent, to ask for; a relative clause of purpose. 
 
 13. in ludos, on the games. 
 
 1. par, paris, adj., equal, hke. despise, scorn, spurn. 
 
 3. conubium, -i, n. [com-+nub6], 13. intentus, -a, -urn, adj. [p. part. 
 marriage. ^/ intendo], attentive, intent. 
 
 4. vicinus, -a, -um, adj. [vicus], 16- melior, -ius, adj. [compar. of 
 neighboring. bonus], better. 
 
 societas, -atis, /. [socius], associa- ^"<^^' "^^S' «^>- [compar. of 
 
 tion, alliance. parvus], less, smaller; mmor natu, 
 
 ' younger. 
 
 6. solum, adv. [solus], only, merely, jg. circum-eo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum, 
 
 ^ tr. and intr., go around, go from 
 
 spemo, -ere, sprevi, spretum, tr., one to another. 
 
160 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 superbia factum esse. ''Quamquam vl captae estis," inquit, 
 
 20 ''omnia jura Romanorum habebitis." 
 
 Jam multo minus perturbati animi rapt arum erant. At 
 parentes earum civitates finitimas, ad quas ejus injikiae 
 pars pertinebat, ad arma concitabant. Hae civitates omnes 
 a Romulo victae sunt. Novissimum bellum ab Sablnls ortum 
 
 25 est, quod multo rnaximum fuit. Sabini arcem Romanam in 
 ■monte Capitolino dolo ceperunt. Roman! postero die arcem 
 reciperare conati sunt. Ubi Hostius Hostilius, dux exercitus 
 RomanI, cecidit, confestim acies Romana pulsa est. At 
 Romulus templum vovit Jovi Statori oravitque auxilium. 
 
 30 Turn credens preces suas auditas esse ''hinc," inquit, ''Ro- 
 man!, Juppiter optimus maximus nos resistere ac renovare 
 pugnam jubet." Restiterunt Roman! tamquam caelest! voce 
 juss!. 
 
 Tum Sablnae mulieres ansae sunt se inter tela volantia 
 
 35 inferre, ut pacem a patribus virisque implorarent. Duces ea 
 re mot! non modo pacem sed etiam c!vitatem unam ex 
 
 *- - ^ — — — — — — —   — 
 
 19. superbia: ablative of cause. 
 
 Quamquam: this conjunction takes an indicative. What mood is used 
 with cum meaning although? 
 
 21. raptarum: the past passive participle is frequently employed as a 
 noun, here of the captured women. 
 
 29. templum: this temple lay outside the Palatine city. It was prob- 
 ably situated somewhere near the spot where the Arch of Titus now 
 stands. 
 
 31. optimus maximus: a set phrase applied to Jupiter; English inserts 
 "and" between the adjectives in translation. 
 
 resistere : here in the less frequent meaning make a stand. 
 
 32. Restiterunt: emphatic by its position as first word in the sentence; 
 the emphasis is reproduced in Enghsh by translating, the Romans did make 
 a stand. 
 
 34. se inferre, rush in. 
 
 23. pertineo, -tinere, -tinui, — ^-intr. 32. caelestis, -e, adj. [caelum], from 
 [per+teneo], stretch out, extend; heaven, celestial, 
 
 relate, pertain. 
 
 con-cito, -are, -avi, -atum, /r., vox, vocis, /., voice, cry, utterance, 
 rouse, incite. word. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 161 
 
 duabus faciunt; regnum quoque consociant atque Romam 
 faciunt sedem imperil. Multitude ita aucta novo nomine 
 Quirites appellata est ex Curibus, quae urbs caput Sabl- 
 norum erat. Deinde Romulus, populo in curias triginta 40 
 diviso, nomina mulierum raptarum curils dedit. 
 
 Post aliquot annos Tatius ab Laurentibus interfectus est. 
 Romulus postea solus regnavit. Annis sequentibus bella 
 secunda cum Fidenatibus Veientibusque, populis Etruscis, 
 gesta sunt. 45 
 
 Dum Romulus quodam tempore exercitum in campo Mar- ^ 
 tio recenset, tempestas subito coorta eum nimbo operuit/ 
 Patres qui proximi steterant dixerunt regem sublimem rap- 
 
 -   —     - '             . -   — — —   ' —   1 
 
 37. faciunt: for the historical present consult the note on Per. 64. 
 
 39. quae urbs: we say a city which, putting city in apposition with the 
 name. Latin writers avoided putting an appositive directly before a 
 relative, preferring to include it in the relative clause. 
 
 41. curiis: this division by ''wards" continued through the republic as 
 the basis of a curiate assembly of the people which was convened for 
 certain purposes. _,^,.,^^..^^ - - 
 
 42. ab Laurentibus: Tatius was killed in revenge for ill treatment in- 
 flicted by certain of his relatives upon envoys from Laurentum. 
 
 44. secunda: derived from sequor, follow; from one point of view that 
 which "follows" is "second"; from another, that which "follows" or "goes 
 with you" is "favorable," "successful." Which meaning is appropriate 
 here? 
 
 46. campo Martio: the northern part of the Campus Martins was 
 devoted to athletic purposes, the southern part was a place of meeting 
 for public assemblies. 
 
 47. recenset: why is the present tense used? AYhat English tense 
 should be employed in translation? 
 
 48. sublimem: predicate adjective after raptum esse; translate, had been 
 carried away on high. 
 
 37. con-socio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., review. 
 
 associate, unite. ._, - • . xu j 
 
 ' nimbus, -1, m., ram-storm; thunder- 
 
 40. curia, -ae, /. [curia, a divisioji cloud. 
 
 of the Roman -people], ward; sen- 
 ate-house, operio, -ire, operui, opertum, tr., 
 
 triginta, indecl. numeral, thirty. ^°^^^' ^°^^^" «^^'' ^«"^^^^^- 
 
 47. re-censeo, -censere, -censul, 48. sublimis, -e, ac?/., uplifted, high; 
 -censum, <r., number, reckon; up, aloft. 
 
162 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 turn esse. Deinde universi clamant: ''Salve, deus deo nate." 
 50 Romulus dicitur postea cuidam civi se ostendisse et eum his 
 verbis allocutus esse: ''Nuntia Romanis deos velle meam 
 Roniam caput, prbis terrarum esse; proinde res militaris 
 colenda est; nam nuUae opes htimanae armis Romanis re- 
 sistere possunt." Postea nomen Quirinus Romulo additum 
 55 est. Regnavit septem et triginta annos. 
 
 49. Salve, etc., hail to thee, thou god, son of a god. 
 
 51. meam Romam . . . esse: an infinitive with subject accusative is 
 frequently used as an object of void. 
 
 53. colenda est: the use of the future passive participle with swn is 
 explained in App. 126. 
 
 49. universus, -a, -um, adj. [unus4- salveo, -ere, — , — , intr., be well; 
 versus], all together, all. salve, irnper. {in greetings), hail to 
 
 you. 
 
 6. NUMA POMPILIUS 
 
 Cert amen inde de regno inter factiones ortum est. SabinI 
 regem suae factionis creari cupiebant. RomanI veteres pere- 
 grlnum regem recusabant. Interregno secuto, senatus im- 
 perium gessit. Deinde plebs clamare coepit multos dominos 
 5 pro uno factos esse. Optimum igitur visum est sine mora 
 regem ere are. 
 
 Habit abat eo tempore Curibus Numa Pompilius, vir jus- 
 tissimus perltusque omnis divlni atque human! juris. Reg- 
 
 2. regem . . . creari: object of cupiebant, like Romam . , . esse, object of 
 velle in 5, 52. 
 
 3. interregno: this word was employed originally of the time interven- 
 ing between the death of one king and the accession of another; it con- 
 tinued in use in the republic with reference to those periods in which the 
 state was without consuls. 
 
 7. Curibus, at Cures; a locative, App. 81. 
 
 8. juris: an objective genitive with perltus; we say skilled in or familiar 
 with. 
 
 3. inter-regnum, -i, 71., interregnum. 8. peritus, -a, -um, adj., experi- 
 7. Justus, -a, -um, adj. [jus], just, enced, skilled, 
 
 upright. 
 
 Y/"^ 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 163 
 
 num el omnium consensu delatum est. Is urbem novam, 
 quae a Romulo armis condita erat, jure legibusque firmavit. lo 
 Arcum portis instructum fecit, qui arcus Jani appellatus est; 
 apertus belli index erat, clausus pacis. Per omne regnum 
 Numae clausus fuit. Pax cum civitatibus finitimis societate 
 ac foederibus facta est. 
 
 Rex inde a_d mores populi cultumque deorum animum con- 15 
 vertit. Ut populi fidem conciliaret, simulavit se cum dea 
 Egeria congressus habere et monitu ejus sacra' instituere sacer- 
 dotesque legere" Annum ad cursum lunae in duodecim 
 menses discrlpsit. Quosdam dies nefastos fecit, per quos dies 
 comitia non habebantur. Virgines Vestales legit, quas caeri- 20 
 monils quibusdam sanctas fecit. 
 
 Multa etiam alia a rege Instituta sunt, ritus, caerimoniae, 
 sacerdotia. Multitude his rebus a vi et armis conversa regis 
 
 11. instructum, provided with. 
 
 12. apertus, when open; arcus is to be understood. 
 
 13. societate, foederibus: ablatives of means. 
 
 17. monitu: an ablative expressing accordance. 
 
 18. ad cursum lunae, according to, etc.; this old lunar year of 355 days 
 stood as the official year until Julius Caesar reformed the calendar in 
 46 B.C. See note on 26, 93. 
 
 20. Virgines Vestales: see the note on 2, 10. 
 
 9. de-fero, -ferre, detuli, delatum, 
 tr., carry away ; confer. 
 
 12. index, -dicis, m. and /., in- 
 former, witness; index, sign. 
 
 15. cultus, -us, m. [colo], cultiva- 
 tion, culture; civilization, refine- 
 ment. 
 
 16. fides, -ei, /., faith, confidence; 
 faithfulness; pledge. 
 
 simulo, -are, -avi,-atvmi,/r. [similis], 
 make like; pretend. 
 
 17. congressus, -us, m. [congredior], 
 meeting, conference. 
 
 monitus, -us, m. [moneo], admoni- 
 tion, advice. 
 
 19. di-scribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
 
 -scriptum, ir., distribute, divide. 
 
 nefastus, -a, -um, adj. [nefas, wrong, 
 crime], unhallowed; dies nefastus, 
 a day not open to the transaction 
 of state business. 
 
 20. comitium, -i, n. [com-+eo], a 
 place of assembly; the Comitium, 
 a meeting place adjoining the old 
 Roman Forum; comitia, -orum, 
 pL, public assembly, election. 
 
 caerimonia, -ae, /., ceremony, rite. 
 
 21. sanctus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, 
 of sancio], sacred, holy, inviolate. 
 
 22. ritus, -us, m., rite, ceremony. 
 
 23. sacerdotium, -i, n. [sacerdos], 
 priesthood. 
 
154 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 mores imita))atur. FinitimI popull civitatem' Romanam 
 25 totam in cultum deorum versam violare nolebant. Ita duo 
 deinceps reges, Romulus bello, Numa pace, civitatem auxe- 
 runt. Numa annos tres et quadraginta regnavit. 
 
 25. totam, wholly; an adjective where English would employ an adverb; 
 compare laeti in 1, 20. 
 
 24. imitor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., imi- 26. deinceps, ado., in succession, 
 tate, copy after. 
 
 7. TULLUS HOSTILIUS 
 
 Numa mortuo, interregnum ut antea secutum est. Inde 
 Tullus Hostilius, nepos Hostilii qui Romulo regnante pug- 
 nans adversus Sabinos ceciderat, rex creatus est. Hie fero- 
 cior etiam quam Romulus fuit. Quod cl vitas torpere otio 
 
 5 videbatur, causas undique belli quaerebat. Bellum cum 
 Albanis primum ortum est. Albani priores magno exercitu 
 in agrum Romanum impetum fecerunt. Ibi Cluilius, Albanus 
 rex, moritur. Albani dictatorem Mettium Fufetium creant. 
 Ubi is ab Tullo colloquium petiit, rex Romanus non re- 
 
 10 cusavit. Mettius sic locutus est: "Uterque populus se bel- 
 lum gerere propter injurias dicit. Re vera cupido imperil 
 duos cognatos viclnosque populos ad anna concitat. Sed 
 potius metuere debemus Etruscos, qui, cum defessi con- 
 
 2. Romulo regnante, in the reign of Romulus, ablative absolute. 
 
 6. magno exercitu: ablative of accompaniment without a preposition 
 in a military expression. 
 
 8. dictatorem : in the time of the republic the Romans also occasionally 
 replaced their consuls by a dictator in order better to conduct a war. 
 The dictatorship amounted to a temporary restoration of the kingship. 
 Here the Albans are represented as employing the dictatorship to fill in 
 an interregnum. 
 
 11. Re vera, in rcalUy, in truth. 
 
 4. torpeo, -ere, — , — , inir:, be in- sion, greed. 
 
 active, languish. 12. cognatus, -a, -urn, adj. {coin-+ 
 
 6. prior, prius, compar. adj., former, (g)nascor], related. 
 
 previous; first. 13. potius, adv. [compar. of potis, 
 
 11. cupido, -inis, /. [cupidus], pas- able], rather, preferably. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 165 
 
 fectlque erimus, simul victorem ac victum aggredientur. 
 Certamen igitur de imperio paucorum proelio potius decerna- 15 
 mus." Tullus consilium probavit, quamquam magnam spem 
 victoriae habebat. 
 
 Forte in utroque exercitu erant trigeniini fratres, nee 
 aetate nee viribus dispares, Horatii et Curiatil. Hi Albani 
 orant, illl Romanl. Trigemini ad banc pugnam delecti arma 20 
 capiunt et in medium inter duas acies procedunt. Duo 
 exercitus, erecti anxiique, in spectaculum animos intendunt. 
 Signo dato, tern! juvenes concurrunt. 
 
 Primo congressu duo Roman! interfecti sunt et tres 
 Albani vulnerati. Eum qui integer fuit tres Curiatii cir- 25 
 cumsistere conati sunt. Cum jam Romanus paulum fugisset, 
 respexit atque vidit tres Curiatios magnis intervallls sequen- 
 tes. Subito constitit et in proximum Curiatium impetum 
 facit; dum exereitus Albanus Curiatios obsecrant ut fratrl 
 auxilium ferant, Horatius eum interfecit; deinde victor 30 
 secundum fratrem petit. Tum magno clamore Roman! ad- 
 juvant mllitem suum et ille conficere proelium properat. 
 Priusquam consecutus est tertius, Horatius alterum Curia- 
 
 » 
 
 15. decernamus: an instance of the subjunctive in an independent 
 use, App. 92. The proposal was that the people whose champions should 
 be victorious should rule the other people. 
 
 18. trigemini fratres, three brothers who were triplets. 
 
 23. terni: a distributive numeral, employed because two groups of 
 three each are involved. 
 
 25. vulnerati: est or sunt is often omitted in the perfect passive; here 
 sunt is readih^ supplied from the preceding verb. 
 
 29. ut . . . ferant: a noun clause, object of ohsecraitt, App. 97. 
 
 18. trigeminus, -a, -um, adj. [tres+ 25. integer, -gra, -grum, ndj., un- 
 
 geminus, born together], born touched, inihurt ; fresh, vigorous, 
 
 three at a birth; suhst., trigemini, circum-sisto, -sistere, -steti, — , /r., 
 
 -orum, m. pL, triplets. surround. 
 
 21. medium, -i, n. [n. 0/ medius], 27. re-spicio,-spicere,-spexi, -spec- 
 
 the middle, the intervening space. tum, //•. and inlr. [re-+speci6, 
 
 23. temi, -ae, -a, distrih. num. adj. look], look back; have regard for. 
 
 [ter], three each. 33. tertius, -a, -um, adj. [ter], third. 
 
166 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 tium conficit. Jamque singuli supererant, sed nee spe nee 
 35 viribus pares; alter integer et ferox superioribus vietoriis 
 erat; alter defessus vulnere, animo fractus, in certamen venit. 
 Nee illud proelium fuit. Curiatium vix sustinentem arma 
 Horatius caedit et jacentem spoliat. 
 
 Ad sepulturam inde suorum Roman! atque Albani nequa- 
 40 quam paribus animis vertuntur, alter! victores alter! vict!. 
 Exercitus domos abduct! sunt. Horati! soror, quae uni ex 
 Curiati!s desponsa erat, cognovit inter spolia pauludamentum 
 spons!, quod ipsa confecerat. Solvit cr!nes et mult!s cum 
 lacrimis sponsum mortuum appellat. Frater, !ratus propter 
 45 maerorem sororis in victoria sua tantoque publico gaudio, 
 gladio eam interfecit. Res ad populum relata est. Homines 
 vehementer mot! sunt in eo judicio, Publio Horatio patre 
 clamante filiam jure caesam esse. Sed magis admlratione 
 virtutis quam jure causae juvenem absolverunt. 
 
 40. vertuntur, turn; the passive voice in a reflexive sense, as explained 
 in the note on Her. 301. 
 
 alter! . . . alter! : alter . . . alter mean the one (person) . . . the other; 
 the plural is here employed to mean the one people . . . the other. 
 
 41. domos: the plural of this noun may be used like the singular 
 domum to denote the place to which without a preposition. 
 
 43. Solvit crines: a common sign of mourning in antiquity. 
 
 44. appellat: here in the less usual sense of call upon. 
 
 47. Publio Horatio . . . clamante : ablative absolute, expressing an addi- 
 tional reason for the excitement of the people. 
 
 48. jure : ablative of accordance, 
 admiratione, jure: ablatives of cause. 
 
 34. singuli, -ae, -a, adj., one at a 
 time; distrib., one on a side. 
 
 36. frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, tr., 
 
 , break; weaken, dishearten. 
 
 39. ne-quaquam, adv., by no means, 
 not at all. 
 
 42. spolium, -i, n., skin; booty, spoil. 
 paludamentum, -i, n., military 
 
 cloak. 
 
 43. sponsus, -i, 7n. [p. part, of spon- 
 dee, promise], betrothed, lover, 
 
 crinis, crinis, -ium, m., hair. 
 
 45. maeror, -oris, m. [maereo, be 
 
 sad], mourning, sorrow. 
 
 publicus, -a, -um, adj. [populus], of 
 the people or state, public. 
 
 47. judicium, -i, n. [judex], judg- 
 ment; trial; court. 
 
 48. magis, compar. adv., more, 
 rather. 
 
 admiratio, -onis, /. [admiror], admi- 
 ration, surprise. 
 
 49. ab-solv6, -solvere, -solvi, -solu- 
 tum, tr., set free; acquit. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 167 
 
 Populus Albanus Ira ardebat, quod Mettius tribus mllitibus 50 
 fortunam publicam commlserat. Is. igitur pravo consilio 
 civium animos reconciliare conatus est. Nam poUicitus est 
 adjuvare Fidenates Veientesque, qui bellum adversus Ro- 
 manos parabant. Bello incepto, Mettius, qui in acie contra 
 Fidenates positus erat, ad colles proximos sine certamine 55 
 Albanos abduxit. Tullus, simulans se id jussisse, clara voce 
 clamavit Mettium exercitum Fidenatium a tergo oppugna- 
 turum esse. Fidenates, qui Latlne sciebant, banc vocein 
 audiverunt et fugerunt. Veientes quoque pulsi sunt. Proe- 
 lio facto, rex Mettium interfici propter proditionem jussit. eo 
 Populo omni Albano Romam traducto, civitas plebl data 
 est et prlncipes Albanorum in patres lecti sunt. 
 
 Postea pestilentia gravis in urbem incidit, qua rex quoque 
 affectus est. Hac calamitate fractus sacrls postea animum 
 dedit. Postremo, quia sacrum quoddam non rite fecerat — 6.5 
 ita fama est — Tullus fulmine percussus cum domo con- 
 flagravit. Regnavit annos duos et triginta. 
 
 58. Latine sciebant, understood Latin; our idiom leads us to expect a 
 noun instead of the adverb Latine. 
 
 69. Proelio facto, at the conclusion of the battle. 
 
 61. Populo . . . Romam traducto: the transfer and incorporation of a 
 related people within the Roman state occured more than once. 
 
 64. saciis, to religious observances. 
 
 61. pravus, -a, -um, adj., crooked; pestilential], plague, pestilence, 
 bad, dishonest. 65. quia, conj., because. 
 
 62. re-concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, 66. fulmen,-inis, n., lightning-flash, 
 tr., win back, recover; reconcile. thunderbolt. 
 
 68. Latine, adv. [Latinus], in Latin. con-flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 
 63. pestilentia, -ae, /. [pestilens, be on fire, be consumed. 
 
 8. Angus Marcius 
 
 Ancus Marcius, nepos Numae Pompilil, quartus rex creatus 
 est. Ut Numa in pace religiones instituerat, sic Ancus caeri- 
 
 2. Ut . . . sic, just as ... so. 
 2. religio, -onis,/., scruple, religion; religious observance. 
 
IGS 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 monias instituit, quibus bella postea indicia sunt. Sacer- 
 dotes, quibus id negotium mandatum est, fetiales appellavit. 
 5 Bellis cum urbibus Latinorum gestis, elves llomam tra- 
 dtixit. Janiculum, qui collis trans Tiberim est, cum urbe 
 ponte sublicio conjimxit. Career, qui etiam nunc extat, sub 
 
 7. Career: a small stone structure with a vaulted roof. Beneath it is a 
 dungeon Avhere criminals were sometimes executed. The Career is now a 
 church. 
 
 3. in-dic6, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, 
 
 tr., proclaim, declare, appoint. 
 
 4. mando, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [manus+do], consign, intrust. 
 
 fetialis, -e, adj., diplomatic, fetial; 
 subst., fetialis, -is, in., a fetial 
 
 priest. 
 
 7. sublicius, -a, -um, adj. [sublica, 
 pile, stake], of piles, resting on 
 piles. 
 
 exto, -are, — , — , intr. [ex+sto], 
 stand forth; be extant, exist. 
 
 
 #« 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 ^^^ppipBlir-r- ' 
 
 . -'"■.$■-■ 
 
 
 ^■'HS' > 
 
 ^-,^ ^^^ 
 
 
 .u^ "itiWI 
 
 1.   ."-■-•• .<-■ if-v- 
 
 ^■^> ; ,:^.   - :   _ , ;■# 
 
 
 ^Kfr; • . 
 
 pPi*---**»**««MM 
 
 
 
 K .^. ^ 
 
 
 Ik 
 
 ^K^ m 
 
 
 'i^Hjj^^H 
 
 ^^^^^Ssb^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RUINS OF OSTIA 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 169 
 
 monte Capitolino aeclificatus est. Imperium usque ad mare 
 prolatum est, et in ore Tiberis Ostia urbs condita. 
 
 Anco regnante, vir quidam, nomine Lucumo, habitabat lo 
 Tarquinils, quae urbs Etrusca erat. Pater ejus erat Demara- 
 tus, profugus Corinthius. Lucumo in matrimonium Tana- 
 qullem, mulierem nobilem, duxerat. EtruscI spernebant 
 Lucumonem, exulis fllium. Tanaquil, quae ferre indignita- 
 tem non poterat, consilium migrandl Romam cepit. Facile i.> 
 conjugi persuadet. Dum iter faciunt, aquila dicitur pilleum 
 ab capite Lucumonis abstulisse et rursus reposuisse. Laeta 
 Tanquil accepit id augurium potentiae futurae. EtruscI enim 
 caelestium prodigiorum periti erant. 
 
 Postquam Romam venerunt, Lucumo nomen L. Tar- 20 
 quinium Priscum sibi sumpsit. Ibi paulatii^i Insignis factus 
 est dlvitils alilsque rebus. Postremo in amicitiam regis 
 receptus tutor llberorum regis testamento Inst it ut us est. 
 Ancus annos quattuor et vlginti regnavit. 
 
 9. Ostia: extensive remains of this city, as it was later, have been un- 
 earthed in modern times. 
 
 11. Tarquiniis: what is the locative form of the names of cities which 
 are used in the plural? of those which are used in the singular, in the 
 first and second declensions? 
 
 15. Romam: migro as a verb of motion is followed by an accusative of 
 the place to which. Why no preposition? 
 
 18. id augurium, this as a token. 
 
 19. prodigiorum: objective genitive with -perltl, as in 6, 8. 
 
 9. pro-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, /r., 19. pr6digium,-i, ??., omen, portent, 
 
 bring forth, carry forward, extend, prodigy. 
 
 21. insignis, -e, adj. [in+signum], 
 
 14. exul, -ulis, m., an exile. noted, eminent, distinguished, 
 
 indignitas, -atis,/. [indignus], indig- conspicuous. 
 
 nity, outrage. 23. tutor, -oris, m. [tueor], defender; 
 
 16. pilleus, -i, m., a cap. guardian. 
 
 18. futurus, -a, -urn, adj. [Jut. part. testamentum, -i, n. [tester, call to 
 
 of sum], yet to be, to come, ^'^^^^^^J' ^ ^^^^^^ ^'^^1- 
 
 future. 24. viginti, indecl. num., twenty. 
 
170 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 9. Tarquinius Priscus 
 
 Jam filil Anci prope adultl erant. Sed Tarquinius ipse rex 
 creari cupiebat. Is primus palam regnum petiit, memorans 
 officia privata ac ptiblica et l)enignitatem in omnes. Magno 
 consensu populus Romanus eum regnare jussit. 
 5 Tarquinius Latlnls hello victis ludos magnificos fecit. Tum 
 primum locus circo, qui Maximus dicitur, designatus est. 
 Ludi sollemnes manserunt, Roman! aut magnl appellati. 
 
 Magna quoque opera a rege incepta sunt, ut populus non 
 quietior in pace quam in bello esset. Muro lapideo urbem 
 10 cingere paravit, et loca circa forum aliasque convalles cloacis 
 siccavit. Fundamenta aedis Jo vis in Capitolio jecit. 
 
 Eo fere tempore in regia prodigium mirabile fuit. Caput 
 
 2. primus petiit, was the first to canvass for. What is the literal transla- 
 tion? 
 
 6. circo: dative of purpose with designatus est. The Circus Maximus 
 lay between the Palatine and Aventine hills. 
 
 7. Romani aut magni: the ''Roman games" were celebrated in Septem- 
 ber each year. 
 
 8. non quietior, quite as busy; the clause ut . . . esset is one of purpose, 
 non going closely with quietior. 
 
 11. jecit, laid. 
 
 1. prope, adv. and prep, with ace.; 
 as adv., near, nearly, almost, 
 about; as prep., near, near to. 
 
 adultus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 adolesco], grown up, mature. 
 
 2. palam, adv., openly, publicly, 
 plainly. 
 
 3. privatus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, 
 of privo], private, personal; subst., 
 privatus, -i, w., a private citizen. 
 
 benignitas, -atis,/. [benignus], kind- 
 ness. 
 
 5. magnificus, -a, -um, adj. [magnus 
 4-facio], splendid, fine, magnifi- 
 cent. 
 
 6. circus, -i, m., a circle; a circus. 
 
 de-signo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., mark 
 out, mean, intend. 
 
 7. sollemnis, -e, adj., established, 
 fixed, regular; solemn. 
 
 9. quietus, -a, -um„ od!/. [p. part, of 
 quiesco, keep quiet], quiet, peace- 
 ful, free from labor. 
 
 10. forum, -i, n., an open space; 
 market-place ; especially, Forum 
 Romanum, the Roman Forum. 
 
 convallis, -vallis, -ium, /., valley. 
 
 cloaca, -ae, /., sewer. 
 
 11. sicc5, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 [siccus], dry, drain. 
 
 fundamentum, -i, n. [fundo, found], 
 foundation. 
 
 aedes, aedis, -ium, /. sg., temple, 
 sanctuary; pL, dwelling, house. ' 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 171 
 
 pueri dormientis, cm Servius TuUius fuit nomen, multorum 
 in conspectu arsit. Servl, qui aquam ad restinguendam flam- 
 mam ferebant, ab reglna retenti sunt. Mox cum puer e i5 
 somno excitatus esset, flamma abiit. Tum, abducto in se- 
 cretum viro, Tanaquil ^'videsne tti hunc puerum," inquit, 
 "quem tam humili cultti educamus? Lumen profecto porten- 
 dit eum aliquando nobis praesidio futurum esse. Proinde 
 artibus liberalibus erudiendus est." Ingenium juvenis vere 20 
 regium erat. Tarquinius igitur ei filiam suam despondit. 
 
 Etsi Anci filii duo antea irati fuerant quod peregrinus 
 E-omae regnabat, tum major erat indignatio, quoniam servo 
 jam regnum patere videbatur. Regem igitur interfieere 
 regnumque occupare constituerunt. Ex pastoribus duo fero- 25 
 cissimi ad facinus delecti in vestibulo regiae specie rixae in 
 se omnes apparitores regios converterunt. Inde vocati ad 
 regem dicere in vicem jussi sunt. tJnus rem exponit. Dum 
 
 13. cui: dative of possession, as in 2, 6. 
 
 14. ad restinguendam flammam: a gerundive construction, App. 128. 
 
 17. viro: vir is frequently used to mean husband. 
 
 18. cultu, manner of life, station. 
 
 19. nobis praesidio futurum esse, will be a support to us; dative of ref- 
 erence and dative of purpose. 
 
 20. erudiendus est, must be educated; what is the meaning of educo? 
 
 22. Etsi: like quamquam takes the indicative. What other conjunc- 
 tion, meaning ^'although," takes the subjunctive? 
 
 23. servo: dative after patere. 
 
 26. in se . . . converterunt, attracted {to themselves) the attention of. 
 28. rem, the (pretended) quarrel.   
 
 14. restinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi, 19. aliquando, adv., at some time or 
 
 -stinctum, tr., put out, quench. other, once. 
 
 16. secretus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part. 20. Uberalis, -e, adj. [liber], befit- 
 
 0/ secerno, to separate], secret; tmg a freeman; honorable, liberal. 
 
 subst., secretum, -i, n., secret; 26. rixa, -ae,/., quarrel, dispute, 
 
 privacy. 27. apparitor, -oris, m., servant. 
 
 18. profecto, adv. [prc+facto], actu- 28. vicis, /. gen. (no nom.), change; 
 
 ally, in fact, assuredly, certainly. in vicem, in turn. 
 
172 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 intentus in eum se rex tot us avertit, alter elatam securim in 
 
 30 caput regis dejecit; relicto in vulnere telo, ambo foras 
 fugiunt. Tarquinium moribundum apparitores excipiunt; 
 illos fugientes lictores comprehendunt. Magnus sequitur 
 populi tumultus, inter quein Tanaquil claudi regiam jubet. 
 Servio inde celeriter ad se vocat5, auxilium oravit. ''Tuum 
 
 35 est regnum," inquit, ''Servi, si vir es,_non eorum qui alienls 
 manibus pessimum facinus fecerunt. Erige te deosque duces 
 sequere, qui divina flamma hoc caput clarum futurum esse 
 portenderunt. Noll perturbari quod peregrlnus es. Etiam 
 nos peregrin! regnavimus. Si propter subitam rem consilia 
 
 40 fingere non potes, mea tamen consilia sequere." Cum jam 
 clamor multitudinis vix sustineri posset, Tanaquil ex su- 
 periore parte regiae populum ita allocuta est: "Cum vulnus 
 regis grave sit, jam tamen ad se redit; brevi tempore regem 
 ipsum videbitis. Interim vult Servium TuUium rem pub- 
 
 45 licam administrare." Itaque Servius per aliquot dies, cum 
 Tarquinius jam mortuus esset, suas opes firmavit. Tum 
 
 29. elatam: Latin frequently employs a past passive participle in agree- 
 ment with an object where we use coordinate verbs, raised his ax and 
 brought it down. 
 
 34. Tuum: emphatic and balanced by the possessive genitive eorum, 
 which is likewise used predicatively, to you belongs . . . , not to those. 
 
 36. duces: an appositive; we may translate, the guidance of the gods. 
 
 37. sequere: imperative. Review the imperative of deponent verbs. 
 
 38. Noli perturbari: negative commands in Latin are explained in App. 
 112. 
 
 42. Cum: what word in the principlal clause determines the meaning of 
 cum? What meaning for cum in 1. 45 is required by the context? 
 
 29. a-verto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 31. moribundus, -a, -um, adj., 
 sum, tr., turn away, avert. [morior], dying. 
 
 effero, efferre, extuli, elatum, tr. [ex 36. pessimus, -a, -um, adj. [superl 
 
 +fer6], carry forth, remove; lift o/ malus], worst, 
 
 up, raise. 39. subitus, -a, -um, adj., sudden, 
 
 securis, -is,/., axe. unexpected. 
 
 30. foras, adiK [coynpare foris], out 44. interim, adv., meanwhile, in the 
 of door.s, out. meantime. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 173 
 
 demum mors regis ntSntiata est. Servius, praesidio firmo 
 munitus, primus injussu populi voluntate patrum regnavit. 
 
 48. primus: to be translated as in 1. 2. 
 injussu, voluntate: ablatives of accordance. 
 
 FRAGMENT OF THE WALL OF SERVIUS TULLIUS 
 
 10. Servius Tullius 
 
 Servius primum censum Instituit et populum in classes 
 pro opibus discrlpsit. Ex censu postea officia belli pacisque 
 tributa sunt. Ad multitudinem crescentem duo colles, 
 
 1. primum: an adverb. 
 
 2. Ex, in accordance with, on the basis of. 
 
 1. classis, classis, -ium, /., class, 3. tribuo, -ere, tribui, tributum, tr. 
 
 fleet. [tribus, tribe], a.ssign, bestow. 
 
174 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Quirmalis Viminalisque, ad urbem additi sunt. Imperium 
 5 quoque hoc consilio auctum est. Fanum erat nobile Di- 
 anae Ephesiae, quod communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum 
 esse dicebatur. Servius inter principes Latinorum, eo con- 
 sensu civitatum Asiaticarum vehementer laudato, tandem 
 populls Latlnls persuasit ut Romae cum populo Romano 
 
 10 fanum Dianae facerent. Ea erat confessio caput rerum 
 Romam esse, de quo totiens certatum erat. 
 
 Lucius Tarquinius, Prisci fllius, interdum querebatur quod 
 Servius injussu popull regnaret. Servius igitur prius agrum 
 eaptum ex hostibus viritim di visit; hoc modo voluntatem 
 
 15 ptebis conciUavit. Populus deinde maximo consensu eum 
 regnare jussit. 
 
 Rex • duas flUas Lucio atque Arrunti Tarquiniis, Prisci 
 filiis, in matrimonium dederat. Mores horum dispares erant. 
 Nam Arruns Tarquinius mitis erat, L. Tarquinius ferox et 
 
 ao cupidus regm. Duae TulUae item dispares erant. Forte 
 Arruns ferocem Tulliam in matrimonium duxerat. Simili- 
 tudo celeriter L. Tarquinium et ferocem Tulliam contrahit. 
 
 5. hoc, the following. 
 
 9. ut . . . facerent: a noun clause, object of persuasit; to be translated 
 by an infinitive. 
 
 10. caput . . . Romam esse, that Rome, etc.; indirect discourse after erat 
 confessio. 
 
 11. certatum erat, there had been a contest; impersonal passive, see on 
 Arg. 75. 
 
 12. quod . . . regnaret: for quod causal with the subjunctive see App. 
 110. 
 
 15. Popuius . . . eum regnare jussit: their action merely ratified the 
 authority which he already held. 
 
 21. Similitude: likeness (of character). 
 
 5. fanum, -i, n., shrine, temple. 20. item, adv., hkewise, also. 
 
 11. certo, -are, -avi -atum, in^r. 21. similitudo, -inis, /. [simiUs], 
 
 [freq. of cemo], contend, strive. fikeness, resemblance. 
 
 14. viritim, adv. [vir], man by man, _„ 
 
 to each man 22. con-traho, -tranere, -traxi, 
 
 19. mitis, -e, ' adj., mild, gentle, -tractum, tr., draw or bring 
 
 kind. together. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 175 
 
 Cum prope continuls caedibus domos vacuas fecissent, 
 junguntur nuptils. Paulatim inde mulier conjugem ad cae- 
 dem Servii excitat. Itaque Tarquinius prius omnibus rebus 25 
 cives et maxime patres conciliavit. Postremo, ubi jam 
 tempus agendi visum est, stipatus armatls in forum irrupit. 
 Inde in regia sede pro curia sedens patres in curiam per 
 praeconem ad regem Tarquinium vocarl jussit. Ibi incusa- 
 bat regem, quod regnum muliebri dono occupavisset ; quere- 30 
 batur item de consiliis popularibus, de agro plebi diviso, de , 
 censu Instituto. Dum loquitur, Servius inter venit et a vesti- 
 bulo curiae magna voce ''quid tibi vis," inquit, "Tarquini? 
 Qua audacia tu, me vivo, vocare patres aut in sede mea 
 considere ausus es?" Tarquinius ferociter respondit se sedem 35 
 patris sui tenere, se regni heredem esse. Turn medium arri- 
 pit Servium, elatumque e curia per gradus dejicit; inde in 
 curiam redit. Apparitores regis fugiunt. Rex ipse a servis 
 
 23. prope continuis, almost without an interval between. 
 
 27. agendi, for action. 
 
 armatis: a participle as a noun; see vocabulary. 
 
 30. quod . . . occupavisset: the subjunctive as in 1. 12. 
 
 33. quid tibi vis, what do you mean? How, literally? From what does 
 tns come? 
 
 34. me vivo, while I am alive; ablative absolute. 
 
 36. regni heredem: the kingship had been elective; here was an attempt 
 to create a dynasty. 
 
 medium, around the waist. 
 
 37. elatum : in agreement with ewm, to be supplied ; a past participle for 
 a coordinate verb, as in 9, 29; translate, carried him out and hurled. 
 
 per, down; in 1. 41 it means over. 
 
 24. nuptiae, -arum, /. pi. [nubo], 35. con-sido, -sidere, -sedi, -ses- 
 
 marriage, wedding. sum, intr., sit down, take one's 
 
 27. stipo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., seat. 
 
 pack, crowd; attend, accompany. ferociter, adv. [ferox], courageously, 
 
 30. muliebris, -e, adj. [mulier], of fiercely, arrogantly. 
 
 a woman. 36. heres, -edis, m. and /., heir, 
 
 32. inter-venio, -venire, -veni, heiress. 
 
 -ventum, intr., come upon, come arripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, tr. 
 
 in. [ad+rapio], grasp, seize. 
 
176 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Tarquinii interficitur. TuUia carpento in forum invecta con- 
 40 jugem evocavit regemque prima appellavit. Dum do mum 
 redit, dicitur patrem in via jacentem invenisse et per corpus 
 carpentum egisse. Hie locus postea vicus sceleratus vocatus 
 est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quattuor et quadraginta. 
 
 39. in-veho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum, 42. sceleratus, -a, -um, adj. [sce- 
 tr., carry in; pass., be carried, lus], wicked, criminal, 
 
 ride. 
 
 11. Tarquinius Superbus 
 
 Inde L. Tarquinius regnare coepit, cui propter facta cog- 
 nomen Superbus datum est. Prlncipes patrum, qui Servium 
 dilexerant, interfecit. Suum corpus armatis circumsaepsit. 
 Judicia capitalium rerum sine consilils per se solus exercebat. 
 5 Ita poterat occidere, in exilium agere, bonis spoliare omnes 
 quos cupiebat. Etsi reges superiores senatum de omnibus 
 rebus consulere soliti erant, Tarquinius domesticis consilils 
 rem publicam administravit. Bellum, pacem, foedera, so- 
 cietates per se ipse fecit. Latlnorum gentem sibi maxime 
 10 conciliabat. Octavio Mamilio Tusculano — is longe nobilis- 
 simus Latinorum erat — flliam in matrimonium dat. 
 
 Cum jam magna Tarquinii auctoritas inter Latlnorum 
 
 4. Judicia capitalium rerum, trials in capital cases. 
 
 consilils : these were boards from among the senators which assisted the 
 king with advice in the administration of the courts. 
 
 5. bonis: ablative of separation. 
 
 7. domesticis consiliis: i.e., Tarquin was the first king to rely for advice 
 solely upon personal friends. 
 
 1. cognomen, -inis, n. [com-+(g) love. 
 
 nomen], cognomen, surname. circum-saepio, -saepire, -saepsi, 
 
 2. superbus, -a, -urn, adj., haughty, -saeptum, tr., hedge around, 
 proud; subst., Superbus, -i, m., encircle, surround. 
 
 the Proud, an epithet applied to 4. capitalis, -e, adj. [caput], of the 
 
 the second King Tarquin as a head; of the life, capital. 
 
 cognomen. 7 domesticus, -a, -um, adj. 
 
 3. diligo, -ligere, -lexi, -lectum, tr. [domus], of the house; private, 
 [dis-+leg6j, i-;mgle out; esteem, iKTSonal. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 177 
 
 principes esset, concilium in certam diem cohvocavit. Con- 
 veniunt frequentes prima luce. Ipse Tarquinius diem quidem 
 servavit, sed paulo ante solis occasum venit. Turnus Her- 15 
 donius Ariclnus ferociter absent em Tarquinium accusaverat. 
 Dixit Tarquinium patientiam Latlnorum temptare et affectare 
 imperium in eos. Rex, hoc cognito, quia pro imperio palam 
 Turnum interficere non poterat, confestim statuit falso crimine 
 eum opprimere. Proxima igitur nocte auctore Tarquinio 20 
 quidam Arlclnl, Turno inimlcl, in deversorium ejus magnum 
 numerum gladiorum clam intulerunt. 
 
 Tarquinius paulo ante lucem ad se principes Latlnorum 
 vocavit certioresque de gladils celatis fecit: "Cognovl," 
 inquit, "Turnum cupere Latlnorum solum imperium tenere, 25 
 et jam necem omnium parare." Duxit deinde eos ad de- 
 versorium. Ubi gladii ex omnibus locis deversorii prolati 
 sunt, manifesta visa est res, Turnusque in catenas conjectus 
 est. Confestim concilium Latlnorum convocatur. Ibi magna 
 indignatio oritur, gladils in medio positls. Itaque Turnus, 30 
 indicta causa, in aquam Ferentlnam mersus est. 
 
 Rex, auctoritate inter Latinos ita aucta, cum els reno- 
 vavit foedus quod a Tullo rege antea factum erat. Latini 
 non repugnaverunt, quamquam in eo foedere res Romana 
 
 14. quidem: with concessive force, it is true, as explained in the note on 
 Her. 346. " 
 
 20. auctore Tarquinio, at the instigation of Tarquinius. 
 
 21. Turno: dative with inimici, but to be translated as if genitive. 
 
 24. certiores fecit, informed; how, literally? 
 
 31. indicta causa, without a trial; literally, his case impleaded, ablative 
 absolute. 
 
 14. frequens, -entis, adj., crowded, 
 in large numbers. 
 
 17. patientia, -ae, /. [patiens], pa- 
 tience, endurance. 
 
 afiecto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [freq. 
 of afficio], strive after, aim at. 
 
 20. auctor, -oris, m. [augeo], pro- 
 moter, instigator. 
 
 21. deversorium, -i, n. [deversor, 
 
 turn aside, lodge], inn, lodging- 
 place. 
 26. nex, necis, /., death, murder. 
 
 28. manifestus, -a, -um, adj., clear, 
 evident, manifest. 
 
 31. in-dictus, -a, -um, adj. (not 
 
 said), not pleaded, unheard. 
 34. re-pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 intr., fight back, resist, oppose. 
 
178 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 35 superior erat. Mors enim TurnI docebat potentiam Tar- 
 quinii ac perlculum eorum qui resistebant. 
 
 Tarquinius, quamquam in Justus in pace rex fuit, ducem 
 belli tamen non pravum se praebuit. Is primus cum Volscis 
 bellum gessit, et magnam praedam cepit. In alio bello, cum 
 
 40 Gabios, viclnam urbem, vi capere non posset, fraude ac dolo 
 aggressus est. Sextus enim, fllius Tarquinii, qui minimus ex 
 tribus erat, transiit Gabios, crudelitatem intolerabilem patris 
 vehementer querens atque adjuvare Gabinos ad versus eum 
 pollicens. Benigne a Gabinis exceptus in consilia publica 
 
 45 adhibetur, et denique dux legitur. Proelia parva inter Ro- 
 mam Gabiosque facta sunt, quibus Gablnl superiores erant. 
 Gablni Sex. Tarquinium dono deorum sibi missum esse 
 ducem crediderunt. Inde Sextus unum ex suis Romam 
 misit, qui mandata patris peteret. Rex nihil voce respondit, 
 
 60 sed tamquam rem dellberans in hortum aedium transiit, 
 sequente nuntio fllil; ibi inambulans tacitus summa papa- 
 verum capita baculo deJ3cit. Nuntius, defessus interrogando 
 expectandoque responsum, redit Gabios remque miram refert. 
 Sextus intellexit quid pater fieri vellet. Principes igitur 
 
 41. aggressus est: earn {urhem) is to be supplied as object, 
 minimus, youngest; what does major mean with reference to age? 
 
 47. dono, hy gift. 
 
 48. ex suis, of his followers. 
 
 49. qui . . . peteret: a relative clause of purpose. 
 
 52. interrogando: the ablative of the gerund may be employed to ex- 
 press cause; observe that expectando has a direct object, responsum. 
 
 54. quid pater fieri vellet: for the indirect question consult App. 107. 
 
 41. minimus, -a, -um, adj. [superl. mando], injunction, command. 
 of parvus], least, smallest, very 50. tamquam, adv., as if, just as if. 
 
 small; youngest. ,.,.,__ ..., , , 
 
 ,„.',., .,T ,. . , 1 1 , de-libero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and 
 
 42. intolerabilis, adj., mtolerable, ^^^f,^ ponder, meditate, 
 unbearable. . , , , 
 
 /tc JV.-V. - - - -i. . r J 51. m-ambul6, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 45. adhibeo, -ere, -m, -itum, tr [ad ^^^^^^ ^ and down. 
 
 +nabeoJ, apply; summon, admit, ' ^ 
 
 employ. papaver, -eris, n., a poppy. 
 
 49. mandatum, -1, n. [p. part, of 52. baculum, -i, n., staff. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER I79 
 
 cTvitatis variis criminibus necavit. Res Gabina ita spoliata 55 
 consilio auxilioque regl Romano sine certamine gravi traditur. 
 
 Gabiis receptis, Tarquinius ad negotia urbana animum con- 
 vertit. Primum templum in monte Tarpeio aedificare 
 totumque montem Jovi dedicare constituit. Hoc templum 
 pater jam antea voverat. Ad hoc opus fabrls Etruscis et 60 
 operariis ex plebe Romano usus est. Plebs etiam ad alia 
 opera traducta foros in circo fecit cloacamque maximam sub 
 terram egit, quam etiam nunc videmus. Multi quoque ex   
 plebe colon! Signiam Circeiosque miss! sunt qui praesidia 
 urbl essent. 65 
 
 Dum haec aguntur, portentum terribile visum est: anguis 
 ex columna lignea elapsus terrorem fugamque in regia fecit 
 atque ipslus regis pectus anxils curis implevit. Itaque Tar- 
 quinius filios, Titum et Arruntem, Delphos ad clarissimum 
 in terris oraculum mittere statuit. Comes els additus est 70 
 L. Junius Brutus, ex Tarquinia, sorore regis, natus. Cog- 
 nomen ejus hoc modo paratum erat: rex eos principes clvi- 
 tatis quos timebat interficere solebat, in quibus fratrem 
 Bruti interfecit. Hie, ut crudelitatem regis vltaret, consulto 
 stultitiam imitatus bona sua regem spoliare passus est neque 75 
 
 55. 'Res:= res puhlica. 
 
 62. traducta, transferred. 
 
 64. coloni, as colonists. 
 
 qui . . . essent : a relative clause of purpose. 
 
 70. oraculum: see note on Per. 54. 
 
 74. Hie, the latter. 
 
 57. urbanus, -a, -um, adj. [urbs], settler, colonist. 
 
 of a city, urban; subsL, urbani, qq portentum, -i, 71. [p. part, of 
 
 -orum, 7n. pL, mhabitants of a portendo], omen, portent, 
 city. 
 
 61. operarius. -I, ,„. [opera], laborer, ''J^^' ^"SjJ^^' "'""• "»• ""^Z- ^^'- 
 workman. ^ ' 
 
 62. forus, -i, in., gangway; a row of 67. e-labor, -labi, -lapsus sum,intr., 
 seats in the theater or circus, glide out, glide away, escape, 
 seats. 74. consulto, adv. [abl. of consul- 
 
 64. colonus, -I, m. [colo], farmer; turn], intentionally. 
 
180 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 cognomen Bruti recusavit. Is turn igitur ab Tarquiniis 
 ductus est Delphos, Itidibrium verius quam comes. Tulit 
 tamen donum Apollini aureum baculum inclusum in baculo 
 corneo, . tamquam effigiem ingenii sul. 
 
 80 Postquam juvenes Delphos venerunt patrisque mandata 
 confecerunt, statuerunt quaerere ex oraculo ad quem eorum 
 regnum esset venturum. Vox reddita est: '^Imperium sum- 
 mum Romae habebit qui vestrum primus, O juvenes, matrem 
 osculabitur." Tarquinil, Brutum contemnentes, ipsi inter 
 
 85 se ius matris osculandae Romae sorti permittunt. Brutus, 
 qui alio modo oraculum interpretatus erat, cecidit terramque 
 osGulatus est, scilicet quod ea communis mater est omnium 
 mortalium. Redierunt inde juvenes Romam. 
 
 76. Bruti: the word is properly an adjective, dull, then as a noun the 
 dullard. With nomen, urbs, and the like, an explanatory genitive is some- 
 times used instead of an appositive. 
 
 81. ad quem eorum, etc.: an indirect question; eorum, like vestrum in 
 1, 83, is a genitive of the whole. 
 
 82. esset venturum, was destined to come. The direct question would 
 have a future indicative: ad quem nostrum regnum veniet? The future 
 indicative in a question of fact is regularly represented in an indirect 
 question by the future active participle with the subjunctive of the verb 
 sum. 
 
 85. matris osculandae: a gerundive construction. 
 
 Romae : a locative. 
 
 p»77. ludibrium,-i,n. [compare ludus], culum], to kiss. 
 
 object of ridicule, mockery. 85. sors, sortis, /., lot, casting of 
 
 79. corneus, -a, -um, adj. [cornum, lots. 
 
 cornel-cherry], of cornel-wood. 86. interpreter, -ari, -atus sum, tr. 
 
 effigies, ace. -em, /., semblance, [interpres], explain, interpret. 
 
 effigy. 87. scilicet, adv. [scire + licet], of 
 
 84. osculor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. [os- course, no doubt, doubtless. 
 
 12. Banishment of Tarquinius Superbus 
 
 Paulo post RomanI, qui jam dudum superbiam Tarquinil 
 regis atque flliorum aegre ferebant, ita scelere quodam Sex. 
 
 1. jam diidum . . /aegre ferebant,/ /tad long resented; the use of tenses 
 with jam dudum is explained in the note on Per. 24. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 181 
 
 Tarquinii concitati sunt ut regiam familiam in exilium pel- 
 lere statuerent. Turn primum verum ingenium Brtiti apertum 
 est. Eo enim duce populus juravit se nee Tarquinium nee 5 
 alium quemquam regnare Romae passurum esse. Brutus 
 inde in castra profectus est, ubi exercitus Romanus Ardeam, 
 caput Rutulorum, obsidebat. TuUiam reginam domo profu- 
 gientem omnes viri mulieresque execrati sunt. 
 
 Ubi nuntii harum rerum in castra perlati sunt, rex Romam lo 
 perrexit. Brutus adventum regis sensit flexitque viam. Ita 
 eodem fere tempore dlversis itineribus Brutus Ardeam, Tar- 
 quinius Romam venerunt. Hie portas clausas invenit; 
 Brutum liberatorem urbis laeta castra acceperunt exactlque 
 sunt llberi regis; duo patrem secuti exules Caere, quae 15 
 urbs Etrusca erat; Sextus Tarquinius Gabios, tamquam in 
 suum regnum, profectus ab ultoribus veterum injuriarum 
 quas ipse intulerat interfectus est. 
 
 L. Tarquinius Superbus regnavit annos quinque et vigintT. 
 Regnum Romae annos ducentos quadraginta duraverat. Duo 20 
 consules inde creati sunt, L. Junius Brutus et L. Tarquinius 
 CoUatinus. 
 
 3. ut . . . statuerent: a clause of result, App. 96. 
 
 8. domo : why no preposition? 
 
 13. Hie: to be translated as in 11, 74. 
 
 15. quae: the antecedent of quae, Caere, is neuter; but the relative is 
 made to agree in gender with a predicate noun instead of with the ante- 
 cedent, a common usage. 
 
 3. familia, -ae,/. [famulus, servant], 
 household establishment, slaves 
 in a hoasehold; familJ^ 
 
 6. juro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. [jus], 
 swear, take oath. 
 
 9. execror, -ari, -atus sum, tr. [ex+ 
 sacro], doom, curse. 
 
 11. pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectum, 
 
 intr. [per+rego], go on, proceed. 
 
 12. fere, adv., about, nearl}'; in gen- 
 eral, usually. 
 
 diversus, -versa, -versum, adj., 
 turned different ways, opposite. 
 
 14. exigo, -igere, -egi, -actimi, tr. 
 [ex + ago], drive out, expel; exact; 
 spend. 
 
 17. ultor, -oris, m. [ulciscor], a- 
 venger. 
 
 20. ducenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. [duo 
 +centum], two hundred. 
 
 duro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and intr. 
 [durus], harden; last, endure. 
 
182 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 13. HORATIUS COCLES 
 
 Tarquinius, ut regnum reciperaret, ad Lartem Porsenam, 
 
 Cltislnum regem, fugit. Ei persuasit ne regem Etruscae gen- 
 
 tis regno prlvarl pateretur. Porsena Romam infesto exercitii 
 
 venit. Magnus terror senatum occupavit; adeo firma res 
 
 5 Cluslna turn erat magnumque Porsenae nomen. 
 
 Cum hostes adessent, omnes in urbem ex agris veniunt 
 urbemque ipsam muniunt praesidils. Alia loca mtiris, alia 
 Tiber! objecto videbantur tuta. Pons sublicius tamen iter 
 paene hostibus dedit, ni unus vir fuisset, Horatius Codes, qui 
 10 forte ad pontem positus erat. Clusini repentino impetu Ja- 
 niculum ceperunt atque inde velociter ad flumen decurrebant. 
 Codes, cum suos fugere vidisset, oravit eos ut manerent et 
 pontem rescinderent : se impetum hostium, quantum unus 
 
 Horatius Codes: Macaulay has celebrated this exploit in one of his 
 Lays of Ancient Rome. 
 
 2. ne . . . pateretur, not to permit; object of persuasit. 
 
 regem . . . privari: like jubed, potior takes an infinitive with subject 
 accusative. 
 
 3. regno: ablative of separation. 
 
 4. res Clusina = res publica Clusina, the state of Clusium. 
 
 7. Alia, alia: how are correlative forms of alius translated? 
 
 8. Tiber! objecto: ablative absolute; but like miirls it expresses the 
 cause or means ; translate, because of the interposition of the Tiber, or with 
 the Tiber as a defense. 
 
 Pons sublicius: this bridge was preserved for centuries, restored doubt- 
 less from time to time. 
 
 9. ni . . . fuisset Horatius Codes, had it not been for one man, Horatius 
 Codes; a condition contrary to fact, App. 120; the proper conclusion is 
 only implied, paene dedit {atque dedisset), almost afforded {and would have 
 afforded). 
 
 12. suos fugere vidisset, had seen his men fleeing. How do you ac- 
 count for the case of su3s and the mood of fugere? 
 
 13. se . . . exceptunim esse : dependent on a verb of saying implied in 
 the preceding sentence. 
 
 quantum, so far as. 
 
 3. privo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. fpri- sudden], sudden, unexpected, 
 
 vus, private], deprive, rob. 11. velociter, adv. [velox], swiftly. 
 
 * 4. ad-eo, adv., to such a degree, so. 13. re-scindo, -scindere, -scidi, 
 
 9. ni, conj., if not, unless. -scissum, tr., cut down, break 
 
 10. repentinus, -a,-um,a4/. [repens, down. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 183 
 
 posset id facere, excepturum esse. Processit inde in primum 
 aditum pontis ipsaque audacia turbavit hostes. • 15 
 
 Duos tamen cum eo pudor tenuit, Sp. Larcium ac T. Her- 
 minium, ambos claros genere factlsque. Cum his prlmam 
 pugnam paulisper sustinuit. Deinde eos, parva parte pontis 
 relicta, cedere in tutum jussit. Pudor inde commovit 
 Etruscos, et, clamore sublato, undique in unum hostem tela 20 
 conjiciunt. Denique, ponte paene rescisso, Codes aiTuatus in^ 
 Tiberim desiluit incolumisque ad suos tranavit. Grata erga 
 tantam virtutem civitas fuit; statua ejus in comitio posita est, 
 et agri quantum uno die circumaravit datum. 
 
 14. posset: subjunctive in a subordinate clause in indirect discourse. 
 
 primum aditum = the farther end. 
 
 17. genere, factis : ablatives of respect. 
 
 primam: an adjective denoting a part, App. 85. 
 
 19. in tutum, to safety; the adjective is used as a noun. 
 
 24. agri: genitive of the whole with quantum, as much land as. 
 
 15. turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [tur- 19. cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, 
 ba], disturb, confound, throw into intr., withdraw, retire, yield, 
 confusion. 22. desilio, -ire, -ui, — , intr. [de+ 
 
 16. pudor, -oris, m., shame, sense ^alio, leap], leap down. 
 
 of honor. trano, -nare, -navi, — , tr. and intr. 
 
 [trans+no, swim], swim across. 
 18. pauUsper, a^y. [paulum, little+ 24. circum-aro, -are, -avi, tr., plow 
 per], a little while, a short time. around. 
 
 14. Secession of the Plebs 
 
 Primis temporibus rel publicae llberae magna dissensio 
 orta est inter patres et plebem propter aes alienum, quo 
 paene tota plebs premebantur. Creditorl enim licebat debi- 
 
 1. llberae: the phrase res piiblica means state or commonwealth and 
 implies nothing as to form of government. Res publica libera means 
 
 republic, or free commonwealth. 
 
 2. aes alienum, "another's money" is a striking way of denoting debt. 
 
 2. alienus, -a, -um, adj. [alius], press; burden, weigh down. 
 
 another's; out of plac^; unfavor- creditor, -oris, m. [credo], creditor, 
 able; aes alienum, debt. ' * "^ ' 
 
 « . - , debitor, -oris, m. [debeo], debtol. 
 
 3. premo, -ere, pressi, pressum, tr., » 1 i j» 
 
184 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 torem etiam in servitutem ducere. Praeterea jus reddebatur 
 5 a consulibus, qui magistratus tantum patribus patebat. 
 Cum jam plebs auxilium a consulibus postularent, Latlni 
 equites nuntiaverunt Volscos ad urbem oppugnandam venire. 
 Plebs exultabant gaudio, atque inter se hortabantur ne 
 nomina darent. At unus e consulibus, plebe convocata, pol- 
 io licitus est judicia intermittere quoad mllites in castris essent; 
 bello confecto, senatum plebi consul turum esse. Eo modo 
 plebi persuasit ut nomina darent. VolscI aliique popull 
 finitimi victi sunt. 
 
 Postea tamen jus de creditis pecuniis crudeliter, ut antea, 
 15 dictum est. Tandem plebs, cum exercitus, alio bello coorto, 
 in armls esset, desperato consulum senatusque auxilio, in 
 Sacrum montem secesserunt. Hie mons trans Anienem flu- 
 men est, tria ab urbe mllia passuum. Patres arbitrati nul- 
 
 4. jus reddebatur, justice was administered. 
 
 5. qui magistratus . . . patebat, an office which was open only to 'patricians. 
 Of the two classes in Roman society, patricians and plebeians, the former 
 at this time occupied a position of great advantage. ' In the change from 
 monarchy to free government the patricians had secured for themselves 
 alone the privilege of offtce-holding, although the plebeians possessed the 
 right to vote. Only after a contest of two centuries or more did the ple- 
 beians gain equal political and social rights with the patricians. 
 
 6. postularent: a collective noun (here plebs) may take a singular verb, 
 or, if the individuals of the group are thought of, the plural may be used, 
 as here. 
 
 8. inter se, one another. 
 
 ne nomina darent, not to enlist. 
 
 10. quoad, so long as. The subjunctive essent is due to the indirect 
 discourse implied in pollicitus est, App. 109. 
 
 11. plebi: consulo meaning consult the interest of takes a dative; when 
 meaning consult, ask the advice of, it takes an accusative. 
 
 14. jus . . . dictum est: with the same meaning as jus reddebatur, 1. 4. 
 
 creditis, loaned. 
 
 18. arbitrati: it should not be forgotten that the past participles of 
 some deponent verbs are to be rendered as present. 
 
 6. magistratus, -us, m. [magister], 17. sacer, -era, -crum, odj., sacred; 
 
 magistracy, office; magistrate. subst. sacra, -orum, n. pi., sacred 
 
 14. crudeliter, adv. [crudelis], cru- rites, rehgious customs; Mons 
 
 elty. Sacer, a hill near Rome. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 185 
 
 lam spem nisi in concordia civium reliquam esse, ad plebem 
 mlserunt Menenium Agrippam, ipsum plebeium et plebi carum. 20 
 
 19. concordia, -ae, /. [concors, har- 20. plebeius, -a, -um, adj. [plebs], 
 monious], concord, harmony. of the common people, plebeian. 
 
 15. Menenius Agrippa 
 
 Menenius hoc narrasse fertur: ''Olim reliquae partes coN 
 poris humani indignabantur quod sua cura, suo labore ac 
 ministerio ventri omnia quaererentur, venter in medio quie- 
 tus datis voluptatibus frueretur; conjuraverunt inde ne 
 manus ad os cibum ferrent, neve os datum cibum acciperet, s 
 neve dentes conficerent. Sed dum ventrem fame domare 
 volunt, ipsa membra totumque corpus paene perierunt. 
 Inde senserunt ventris quoque ministerium baud iners esse." 
 Ostendit deinde dissensionem inter partes corporis similem 
 esse irae plebis in patres et it a flexit mentes hominum. 10 
 
 Concordia reconciliaia, plebl permissum est suos magistra- 
 
 1. fertur, is said, a frequent meaning. 
 
 2. quod: whose reason was this? Why the subjunctives quaererentur 
 and frueretur? 
 
 4. ne . . . ferrent: the noun clause gives the substance of the oath, 
 
 that the hands should not, etc. 
 
 5. neve: neve, composed of ne and the enclitic -ve, or, is the negative 
 conjunction regularly employed between subjunctives, neque between 
 indicatives. 
 
 6. conficerent, masticate. 
 
 10. in, toward. 
 
 11. suos magistratus, as magistrates of their own. 
 
 2. indignor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., con-juro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 be indignant, be offended. swear together, form a conspiracy, 
 
 3. ministerium, -i, n. [minis t e r , conspire. 
 
 servant], office, service, labor. 5. neve, conj., and that not, and not. 
 
 venter, -tris, m., belly. ^ , , , . 
 
 .,,..,., 1 6. domo, -are, domui, domitum, <r., 
 
 4. voluptas, -atis, /., pleasure. «„Kri.,l r...Lw 
 
 subdue, master. 
 
 iners, -ertis, a 
 of. inert, indolent. 
 
 fruor, frui, fructus sum, intr. (takes 
 
 ablative), e.ijoy, have the benefit 8. iners, -ertis, adj. [in-+ars], idle, 
 
186 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 tus creare tribunos plebeios, qui auxilium plebi adversus 
 consules ferrent. 
 
 12. qui . . . ferrent: what kind of clause? Observe the mood. The 
 tribunes at first possessed merely the power to nullify the act of a patrician 
 magistrate in a particular case. In time the authority and prestige of the 
 tribunate were so increased as to render it the most powerful magistracy 
 in the state. 
 
 12. triburius, -i, m. [tribus, tribe], tribune, title of a Roman official. 
 
 16. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 
 
 Postea, dum tribuni imperium consulare legibus definire 
 conantur, L. Quinctius Cincinnatus consul factus est. Ut 
 magistratum iniit, reprehendit et senatum et plebem, quod 
 eidem tribuni etiam atque etiam creati civitatem turbarent. 
 5 Senatus igitur decrevit magistratus continuarl contra rem 
 publicam esse. Plebs tamen eosdem, quos antea, tribunos 
 creaverunt. Patres quoque, ne quid cederent plebl, Lucium 
 Quinctium consulem fecerunt. At is ''minime mirum est," 
 inquit, ''si nihil auctoritatis, patres conscripti, habetis apud 
 10 plebem. Vos eam minuitis, qui in continuandis magistrati- 
 bus plebem imitaminL Ego me contra senatus consultum 
 
 1. definire: the laws had not hitherto been put into written form. 
 To reduce them to writing would somewhat diminish the advantage en- 
 joyed by the patrician magistrates who dispensed justice. 
 
 2. Ut: here in a temporal sense, tvhen. 
 
 5. magistratus continuari: infinitive with subject accusative used to- 
 gether as subject of esse; the English idiom is, for magistrates to be reelected. 
 
 rem publicam, the general interest, public policy. What does the phrase 
 usually mean? 
 
 7. ne quid cederent plebi, not to yield anything to the plebeians, i.e., not 
 to be outdone by the plebeians; a clause of purpose. 
 
 10. qui imitamini, by imitating. How, literally? 
 
 1. consularis, -e, adj. [consul], of a 5. continuo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 consul, consular. [ continuus ], make continuous, 
 
 de-finio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., hmit, l^ol^l without an interval. 
 
 define. 10. minuo, -ere, minui, minutum, 
 
 3. re-prehendo, -prehendere, -pre- ^r., diminish, weaken, impair. 
 
 hendi, -prehensum, tr., hold back, 11. consultum, -i, n. \ consulo ], 
 
 seize; censure, rebuke. decree. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 187 
 
 consulem refici non patiar." Alius igitur consul f actus est. 
 
 Post paucos annos Aequi exercitum Romanum munltioni- 
 bus clausum obsidebant. Cum hoc Roinam nuntiatum esset, 
 L. Quinctius consensu omnium dictator dictus est. Legati 15 
 a senatu missi eum invcnerunt trans Tiberim agrum quattuor 
 jugerum colentem atque in opus intentum. Rogaverunt ut 
 togatus mandata senatus audlret. Quinctius admiratus jubet 
 uxorem togam propere e tugurio proferre. Cum, absferso 
 stidore, toga velatus processisset, dictatorem eum legati salti- 20 
 tant atque in urbem vocant; qui terror sit in exercitu exponunt. 
 
 Quinctius exercitum obsessum celeriter llberavit et hostes 
 sub jugum misit. Triumphans urbem iniit sextoque decimo 
 die dictaturam in sex menses acceptam deposuit. 
 
 14. Romam: accusative of the place to which, since nuntiatum esset 
 implies motion. 
 
 18. admiratus: with present force, like arhitrdti, 14, 18. 
 
 21. qui: interrogative adjective; why the subjunctive sit? 
 
 23. sub jugum: the "yoke" consisted of two spears set upright in the 
 ground with a cross-spear high enough to let the conquered troops pass 
 under. 
 
 Triumphans, in triumph. In case of an important victory the Roman 
 senate might grant the successful general the privilege of entering the 
 city in triumphal procession. The general rode in a special triumphal 
 car drawn by four white horses. The procession moved through the Forum 
 up to the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill, where sacrifice was 
 made to the god. 
 
 24. in sex menses: as explained before in the note on 7, 8, the dictator- 
 ship was virtually a restoration of the kingship, but only, as indicated 
 here, for the limited period of six months. 
 
 17. jugerum, -I, gen. pi. jugerum, 
 n., an acre, a juger {about two- 
 thirds of an English acre.) 
 
 18. togatus, -a, -um, adj. [toga], 
 clad in the toga. 
 
 19. propere, adv. [properus, speedyl. 
 hastily, speedily. 
 
 tugurium, -i, n., hut, cottage. 
 
 absterged, -tergere, -tarsi, -tersum, 
 
 //•., wipe off or away. 
 
 20. sudor, -oris, m., perspiration. 
 
 saliito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [salus], 
 greet, hail. 
 
 23. triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [triumphus], celebrate a triumph, 
 triumph. 
 
 sextus decimus, -a, -um, adj. (both 
 parts declined), sixteenth. 
 
 24. dictatura, -ae, /. [dictator], dic- 
 tatorship. 
 
188 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 17. The Gallic Invasion 
 
 Olim legati ab Clusinis Romam venerunt auxilium petentes 
 adversus Senones, gentem Gallicam. Turn Romani miserunt 
 legates qui monerent Gallos ne amicos populi Romani op- 
 pugnarent. Proelio tamen commisso, legati Romani contra 
 
 5 jus gentium arma ceperunt auxiliumque Clusinis tulerunt. 
 Galli postea a senatu Romano postulaverunt ut pro jure 
 gentium ita violato legati Romani dederentur. Hoc negato, 
 exercitus Gallicus Romam profectus est. 
 
 Romani, qui nihil ad tantum periculum idoneum parave- 
 
 10 rant, apud flumen Alliam superati sunt. Diem quo hoc proe- 
 lium factum est Romani postea AUiensem appellaverunt. 
 Magna pars exercitus incolumis Veios perfugit. Ceteri Ro- 
 mam petierunt et ne clausis quidem portis urbis in arcem 
 Capitoliumque cum conjugibus et liberis se contulerunt. 
 
 15 Galli ingressi urbem nemini parcunt, diripiunt incendunt- 
 que tecta. Post aliquot dies, testtidine facta, impetum in 
 arcem fecerunt. At Romani medio fere colle restiterunt, 
 
 3. ne . . . oppugnarent, not to attack; a noun clause, object of monerent. 
 
 5. jus gentium: the ancient equivalent of our "international law." 
 
 6. pro, in return for, in satisfaction of. 
 
 11. AUiensem: this day was always regarded as one of ill omen, on 
 which no official assemblies of the people were held, 
 
 13. ne clausis quidem, without even closing; remember that the words 
 ne . . . quidem enclose the emphatic word. 
 
 15. nemini: give the list of "special" verbs that govern the dative. 
 
 16. testudine: a formation with shields in close array in front and over- 
 head. 
 
 17. medio fere colle, about the middle of the hill; medio is an adjective 
 denoting a part, like prlmam, 13, 17. 
 
 12. per-fugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , with forbearance. 
 intr., flee for refuge, flee. ... 
 
 13. quidem. ad., certainly, in fact; "'^^'Vrap'St'pIundlr;"'''""' ''^ 
 
 to be sure, it is true; ne . . . 
 quidem, not even, not either. 
 
 ). parco, -ere, peperci, parsurus, 
 
 intr. {takes dative), spare, treat column (a military term). 
 
 quidem, not even, not either. le. testudo, -dinis, /. [testa, shell, 
 
 15. parco, -ere, peperci, parsurus, hard covering], tortoise; covered 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 189 
 
 atque inde ex loco superiore, impetu facto, Gallos pepulerunt. 
 Obsidio inde a Gallls parata est. Pars exercitus Gallici 
 dimissa est ad frumentum conferendum ex agris populorum 20 
 finitimorum. Hos fortuna ipsa duxit Ardeam, ubi Camillus, 
 imperator clarissimus, in exilio vivebat. Ardeates eo duce 
 castra Gallorum nocte oppugnant et solutos somno trucldant. 
 Veils interim non animi solum in dies sed etiam vires cresce- 
 bant. Nam praeter Romanos, qui ex pugna AUiensI copper- 25 
 fugerant, voluntarii ex Latio conveniebant. Hi jam con- 
 stituerunt Romam hostibus llberare. Omnibus placuit Ca- 
 millum arcessi, sed antea senatum consull. Ad eam rem 
 Pontius Cominius, audax juvenis, sublevatus cortice secundo 
 Tiber! ad urbem defertur. Senatu probante, Camillus dicta- 30 
 tor dictus est. 
 
 20. ad . . . conferendum: a gerundive construction. 
 
 21. Ardeam, to Ardea. 
 
 Camillus: he had previously taken the Etruscan city of Veii after a 
 long siege, but had subsequently been exiled on the charge of having un- 
 fairly divided the spoils of that place. 
 
 23. solutos somno, while sleeping; how, literally? 
 
 24. Veils: a locative. 
 
 animi: plural; compare English "their spirits." 
 ; in dies, day hy day. 
 
 27. placuit: the subject is the infinitive clause Camillum arcessi. 
 
 28. consul!: passive infinitive; the meaning was explained in the note 
 on 14, 11. 
 
 29. cortice: a float made of bark. 
 
 secundo Tiberi, down the Tiber; literally, the Tiber being favorable, 
 ablative absolute; in like manner adverso flumine means up stream. 
 
 31. dictus est =credf us es^. 
 
 19. obsidio, -onis, /. [ob+sedeo], luntas], voluntary; subst., volun- 
 siege, blockade. tarii, -orum, m. pL, volunteers. 
 
 20. di-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 28. arcesso, -cessere, -cessivl, -ces- 
 sum, tr., send out, send forth; situm, //•., send for, summon, 
 dismiss. 
 
 23. trucido, -are, -avi, -atum, ir., 29. audax -acis, adj. [audeo], dar- 
 
 slaughter, massacre. ^^^^' *^^^^- 
 
 26. voluntarius, -a, -um, adj. [vo- cortex, -icis, m. andf., bark. 
 
190 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Interim arx Romae Capitoliumque in ingenti periculo fuit. 
 Nocte enim Galli, praemisso milite qui viam temptaret, tanto 
 silentio in summum evaserunt ut non solum custodes falle- 
 
 35 rent, sed ne canes quidem excitarent. Anseres non fefellerunt, 
 qui aves Junonis sacrae erant. Nam M. Manlius, vir bello 
 egregius, clangore eorum alarumque crepitu excitatus dejecit 
 Galium qui jam in summo constiterat. Jamque alii Romani 
 telis saxisque hostes propellunt, totaque acies Gallorum 
 
 40 praeceps defertur. 
 
 Sed fames jam utrumque exercitum urgebat, Gallos pesti- 
 lentia etiam. Diem ex die Romani frustra auxilium ab die- 
 tatore expectabant. Postremo mille pondo auri cum Gallis 
 pacti sunt ut obsidionem relinquerent. Huic rei per se tur- 
 
 45 pissimae indignitas addita est; nam pondera ab Gallis allata 
 sunt iniqua. Romanis recusantibus gladius a Brenno, rege 
 
 32. fuit: the verb often agrees in number with the nearest part of a 
 compound subject. 
 
 33. temptaret, try, reconnoiter. 
 
 34. evaserunt, made their way up. 
 ut non fallerent: App. 96. 
 
 42. Diem ex die, day after day. 
 
 43. mille pondo auri: a peculiar phrase, meaning a thousand pounds of 
 gold. Translate, they bargained with the Gauls for a thousand pounds of 
 gold that they should abar\don the siege. 
 
 44. pacti sunt: from paclscor. 
 
 per se, of itself; to be taken closely with turpissimae. 
 
 45. pondera, weights; i.e., for the scales. 
 
 34. silentium, -I, n. [sileo, be still], 
 silence. 
 
 custos, -odis, in. and /., guard, 
 guardian, keeper, 
 
 35. anser, -eris, m., goose. 
 
 37. egregius, -a, -um, adj. [e+grex, 
 flock], distinguished, eminent. 
 
 clangor, -oris, m., noise. 
 
 39. pro-pello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- 
 sum, tr., drive forward; drive off, 
 repel, rout. 
 
 40. praeceps, -cipitis, adj. [prae, be- 
 fore, +caput], headforemost, head- 
 long. 
 
 41. urgeo, -ere, ursi, — , tr., press, 
 press hard, beset, urge. 
 
 43. pondo, adv. [compare pondus], 
 by weight, in weight. 
 
 44. paciscor, pacisci, pactus sum, 
 
 inlr., bargain, agree. 
 
 46. iniquus, -a, -um, adj. [in-+ 
 aequus], uneven; unfair, unjust. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 191 
 
 yj 
 
 Gallorum, ponder! additus est cum his verbis, "vae victis 
 Sed priusquam res perfecta est, dictator pervenit auferrique 
 aurum de medio et Gallos summoverl jussit. Cum illi dice- 
 rent se pactos esse, negat eam pactionem valere, quae, post- so 
 quam ipse dictator creatus esset, injussu suo facta esset; 
 turn denuntiat Gallis ut se ad proelium parent. 
 
 Galll et in urbe et altero proelio via Gabina superati sunt. 
 Dictator triumphans in urbem rediit; Romulus ac parens 
 patriae conditorque alter urbis appellabatur. Deinde s»rva- 55 
 tarn in bello patriam iterum in pace servavit. Cum enim 
 tribuni plebem agitarent ut relictis rulnis Veios migrarent, 
 Camillus oratione acri civibus persuasit ut Romam restitue- 
 rent. Centurio quoque populum movit voce opportune 
 emissa, qui cum cohortibus forum transiens clamavit: 60 
 '^Signum statue, signifer; hie manebimus optime." Qua 
 voce audita, et senatus e curia egressus omen accipere -se 
 conclamavit, et plebs circumfusa probaverunt. 
 
 47. vae victis, woe to the vanquished. 
 
 51. creatus esset, facta esset: subjunctives in subordinate clauses in 
 indirect discourse. 
 
 63. via Gabina, on the road to Gabii. 
 
 64. Romulus : predicate nominative. 
 
 65. servatam: to be translated by a relative clause. 
 
 67. plebem agitarent ut . . . migrarent, were instigating the people to 
 migrate; migrarent takes a subject supplied from plebem; how is the plural 
 verb to be accounted for? 
 
 69. Centurio . . . movit: this incident illustrates the very common tend- 
 ency of the Romans to find omens in chance utterances. 
 
 62. et . . . et, both . . . and. 
 
 47. vaeyinterj., woe! 
 
 49. summoveo, -movere, -movl, 
 -motum, tr. [sub + moveo], drive 
 away, remove. 
 
 50. pactio, -onis, /. [paciscor], agree- 
 ment, bargain. 
 
 62. de-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 announce, proclaim ; give w^arning. 
 
 67. agito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [freq. 
 of ago], drive; impel, instigate. 
 
 ruina, -ae,/. [ruo, fall in ruins], ruin, 
 downfall; pL, ruins. 
 
 59. opportune, adv. [opportunus], 
 fitly, opportunely. 
 
 61. signifer, -i, m. [signum + fero], 
 standard-bearer. 
 
 optime, superl. adv. [optimus], best. 
 
 62. omen, -inis, n., omen. 
 
 63. con-clamo, -are, -avi, -atimi, tr. 
 and intr., cry out together, cry 
 out loudly, exclaim. 
 
 circum-fundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fu- 
 sum, tr., pour around. 
 
192 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 18. Gaius Fabricius 
 
 RomanI a Pyrrho, rege Epirl, proelio superati legatos Ta- 
 rentum ad eum de redimendis captTvis miserunt. Inter lega- 
 tes Romanes erat C. Fabricius, vir bonus et bello egregius, 
 sed admodum pauper. Pyrrhus, qui cum Romanis pacem 
 5 facere volebat, legatls magna dona obtulit, si Romanis pacem 
 suaderent. Quamquam haec omnia spreta sunt, rex tamen 
 captlvQS dicitur sine pretio Romam misisse. 
 
 Pyrrhus Fabricii virtutem admlratus ill! secreto quartam 
 etiam regni sui partem obtulit si patriam desereret secumque 
 
 10 viveret; cui Fabricius ita respondit: "Qi me virum bonum 
 judicas, cur me vis corrumpere? sin vero malum, cur meam 
 amicitiam cupis?" Anno inter jecto, omni spe pacis inter 
 Pyrrhum et Romanes conciliandae ablata, Fabricius consul 
 factus contra eum missus est. Cumque vicina castra ipse et 
 
 15 rex haberent, medicus regis nocte ad Fabricium venit elque 
 
 1. Pyrrho: Pyrrhus came into Italy at the invitation of the people of 
 Tarentum as their ally in war with the Romans. In a more general way 
 he stood as the champion of the Greek cities of southern Italy against 
 Roman aggression. 
 
 5. si . . . suaderent, if they would urge peace upon the Romans; the sub- 
 junctive is due to the informal indirect discourse, Pyrrhus said that he 
 would make large presents, if, etc. 
 
 12. pads . . . conciliandae: genitive of the gerundive construction. 
 
 2. redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum, 
 tr. [red-+em6], buy back, ransom, 
 buy up. 
 
 4. ad-modum, adv., fully, very, 
 quite. 
 
 pauper, -eris, adj., poor, of small 
 means. 
 
 6. suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasum, tr. 
 
 and inlr. [compare suavis], advise, 
 recommend, urge. 
 
 7. pretium, -i, n., price, value; re- 
 ward, recompense. 
 
 8. secreto, adv. [secretus], separate- 
 ly, secretly, in private. 
 
 11. judico, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ju- 
 dex], judge, decide. 
 
 corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptum, 
 tr. [com- + rump6, burst], rum; 
 corrupt. 
 
 sin, conj. [si+ne], but if. 
 
 vero, adu. [verus], in fact, certainly; 
 but in fact, however. 
 
 12. interjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, 
 tr. [inter + jacio], throw between, 
 interpose. 
 
 15. medicus, -i, m. [medicus, medi- 
 cal], physician, surgeon. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 193 
 
 pollicitus est, si praemium sibi proposuisset, se Pyrrhum ve- 
 neno necatfirum. Hunc Fabricius vinctum ad Pyrrhum 
 remisit atque eum certiorem fecit quae medicus pollicitus 
 esset. Turn rex admlratus eum dixisse fertur: *'Ille est 
 Fabricius, qui difficilius ab honestate quam sol a suo cursu 20 
 potest avertl." 
 
 Fabricius cum apud Pyrrhum regem legatus esset, cum 
 Cinea, legato Pyrrhl, sermonem contulit. Hie dixit qyendam 
 philosophum esse Athenis, qui diceret omnia quae faceremus 
 ad voluptatem esse referenda. Tum Fabricium exclamasse 25 
 ferunt: ''Utinam id hostibus nostris persuadeamus, quo facili- 
 us vinci possint, cum se voluptatibus dederint!" Nihil 
 magis ab ejus vita alienum erat quam voluptas et luxus. 
 Tota ejus suppellex argentea ex salino tino const abat et ex 
 
 16. se . . . necaturum esse: a verb of "promising" may take either a 
 future infinitive with subject accusative, as here, or simply a present 
 infinitive without subject. 
 
 18. quae medicus pollicitus esset, what the physician had promised; 
 indirect question depending on certiorem fecit. 
 
 19. fertur, is said, the same meaning as in 15, 1; in 1. 26 occurs the 
 active Jerunt, they say. 
 
 23. Cinea: for the declension of this Greek word see the note on Aeneas, 
 1, 4. Cineas was famed for his powers of persuasion and was Pyrrhus' 
 favorite adviser. The king was reported to have said that he had taken 
 more cities through the eloquence of Cineas than by force of arms. 
 
 sermonem contulit, engaged in conversation. 
 
 Hie, the latter. 
 
 25. ad voluptatem, to the standard of pleasure. 
 
 26. Utinam id hostibus nostris persuadeamus, would that we might 
 persuade our enemies of this; the accusative id replaces an infinitive clause, 
 id verum esse. The optative subjunctive persuadeamus and the clause of 
 purpose following are explained in App. 93 and 95. 
 
 28. ab . . . vita: with alienum; we say ''foreign to." 
 
 18. re-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 24. philosophus, -i, m., philosopher, 
 sum, tr., send back; relax, discon- 28. luxus, -us, vi., luxury, splendor. 
 
 ^*^^^" 29. suppellex, -lectilis, /., domestic 
 20. difficiliter, adv. [difficilis], with utensils, furniture. 
 
 difficulty. argenteus, -a, -um, adj. [argentum], 
 honestas, -atis, /. [honor], honesty, of silver. 
 
 honor. salinum, -i, n. [sal], salt-cellar. 
 
194 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 30 patella ad usum sacrorum, quae corneo pediculo sustinebatur. 
 Cenabat ad focum radices et herbas, cum legati Samnltium 
 ad eum venerunt magnamque ei pecuniam obtulerunt; quibus 
 sic respondit: '^Quamdiu cupiditatibus imperare potero, nihil 
 mihi deerit; vos autem pecuniam eis qui eam cupiunt donate." 
 
 35 Fabricius omnem vitam in gloriosa paupertate exegit, 
 adeoque inops decessit ut unde dos flliai*um daretur non 
 relinqueret. Senatus patris sibi partes sumpsit et, datis ex 
 aerario dotibus, fllias collocavit. 
 
 31. cum . . . venerunt: this uso of cum with a perfect indicative is 
 explained in the note on Arg. 109. 
 
 33. nihil mihi deerit, / shall lack nothing; the dative with desum is 
 ( similar to the dative of possession with su7n. 
 
 36. unde, the msans from which; the idea of possibility is involved in 
 the subjunctive daretur, could be furnished. 
 
 30. patella, -ae, /. [dii7i. of patina, 
 pan], a small pan, a small dish. 
 
 comeus, -a, -um, adj. [cornu], of 
 
 horn, 
 pediculus, -i, m. [pes], a little foot, 
 
 a small base. 
 
 31. ceno, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. and 
 tr. [cena], dine, dine upon. 
 
 focus, -i, m., fireplace, hearth. 
 radix, -dicis, /., root, radish; lower 
 part, foot, base {of a mountain). 
 
 33. quam-diu, adv., as long as. 
 
 34. de-sum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, 
 intr., be wanting, be lacking. 
 
 35. gloriosus, -a, -um, adj. [gloria], 
 glorious, famous, renowned. 
 
 paupertas, -atis, /. [pauper], small 
 means, poverty. 
 
 36. inops, -opis, adj. [in-+ops], poor, 
 destitute. 
 
 de-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 
 iiitr., withdraw, depart; die. 
 
 dos, dotis, /., dowry. ' 
 
 38. aerarium, -i, n. [aes], treasury. 
 
 colloco, -are, -avi, -atum, fr. [com- 
 +loco, place], station, arrange^ 
 give in marriage. 
 
 19. Marcus Atilius Regulus 
 
 Cum primo Punico bello RomanI contra Carthaginienses de 
 imperio Siciliae contenderent, M. Atilius Regulus, consul 
 Romanus, navali pugna classem Punicam superavit. Proelio 
 facto, Hanno, dux Carthaginiensis, ad eum venit simulans se 
 
 3. navalis, -e, adj. [navis], of ships, nautical, naval. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 195 
 
 • 
 
 velle de pace agere, re vera ut tempus extraheret, dum novae 5 
 copiae ex Africa advenirent. Mllites Romanl clamare coe- 
 perunt Regulum idem' facere oportere quod Carthaginienses 
 paucis ante annis in consule quodam fecissent. Is enim tam- 
 quam in colloquium per fraudem vocatus a Poenis compre- 
 hensus erat et in catenas conjectus. Jam Hanno timere in- 10 
 cipiebat, sed perlculum responso callido reppulit. ''Si hoc 
 feceritis", inquit, ''nihilo eritis Poenis meliores.'*' Consul 
 tacere jussit eos qui par pari referri volebant, et conveniens 
 gravitati Romanae responsum dedit: ''Isto te metti, Hanno, 
 fides Romana llberat." De pace, quia Poenus ex animo non 15 
 agebat et consul bellum gerere quam pacem facere malebat, 
 non convenit. 
 
 Deinde Regulus et coUega, L. Manlius Vulso, in Africam 
 primi Romanorum ducum transierunt. Ibi, multls castellls 
 expugnatis magnaque praeda capta, Tunetem occupaverunt, 20 
 quae urbs decern tantum mllibus passuum a Carthagine 
 aberat. Vulso in Italiam cum parte militum rediit, coUega 
 ad agros vastandos relicto. Dum Regulus ita hiemem in 
 
 5. re vera, in fad, in reality, as in 7, 11. 
 
 6. advenirent: anticipatory subjunctive with dum, until, App. 100. 
 
 7. oportere: the infinitive is due to the indirect discourse; its subject is 
 another infinitive with subject accusative, Regulum . . . facere. 
 
 8. in, iM the case of. 
 
 9. Poenis: Poeni and Carthaginienses are used of the same people, the 
 former referring to their Phoenician origin, the latter derived from the 
 name of their chief city. 
 
 13. par pari, like for like, as good as they sent. 
 
 15. ex animo, sincerely; literally, from his heart. 
 
 17. non convenit, no agreement was reached; convenit is used impersonally, 
 
 21. mUibus: ablative of degree or measure of difference; what part of 
 speech is the plural of mllle? 
 
 11. callidus, -a, -um, adj. [calleo, 13. conveniens, ^en., -entis,od!;. [pr. 
 be callous, be skilled], shrewd, par^. o/convenio], agreeing, appro- 
 adroit, priate. 
 
 12. nihilum, -i, n. [ne+hilum,a 14. gravitas, -atis,/. [gravis], heavi- 
 shred], nothmg; esp. in theabl. ness; importance; dignity. 
 
 unth a compar., e. g. mluld minus, 
 
 none the less. 18. collega, -ae, m., colleague. 
 
196 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Africa agit, vllicus in agello septem jugerum, quem Regulus 
 25 consul habebat, mortuus est; occasionem nactus mercennarius, 
 ablato rtistico instrumento, aufugit. Ita perlculum erat ne, 
 deserto agro, alimenta uxor! Reguli ac llbeiis deessent. Dici- 
 tur litteiis a consulibus petisse ut sibi successor mitteretur. 
 At senatus agrum coli ptiblice et alimenta conjugi ejus ac 
 30 llberTs praeberi resque quas amiserat redimi jussit. 
 
 Insequenti anno Regulus, arbitratus Carthaginienses jam se 
 
 dedere paratos esse, ad colloquium eos invltavit. Laeti 
 
 venerunt, ut de pace agerent. Sed cum postulata Reguli 
 
 audlvissent, constituerunt condiciones tam duras recusare 
 
 35 bellumque renovare. 
 
 Eo fere tempore Lacedaemonius quidam, nomine Xanthip- 
 pus, rel militaris peritissimus, Carthaginem cum conductis j^ 
 venit. Carthaginiensibus celeriter persuasit ut se d^cem 
 facerent. Quo facto fortuna mutata est. Nam non solum 
 
 26. ne . . . deessent: the noun clause is used with perlculum erat exactly 
 as with a verb of fearing, App. 99, b; observe that ne is to be translated that. 
 
 27. uxori: a dative with desum, like mihi, 18, 34. 
 37. rei: objective genitive with peritissimus. 
 
 24. Vllicus, -i, 7n. [villa], steward, 
 bailiff. 
 
 agellus, -i, 7n. [dim. of ager], a little 
 field. 
 
 25. mercennarius, -a, -um, adj. 
 [merces], hired, paid; subsL, 
 mercennarius, -i, m., hired ser- 
 vant. 
 
 26. rusticus, -a, -um, adj. [rus], of 
 the country, rustic. 
 
 instriimentum, -i, n., implement, 
 tool; as collective in the si7ig., im- 
 plements, tools. 
 
 27. alimenta, -orum, n. pi. [alo], 
 food, provisions; support. 
 
 28. littera, -ae, /., a letter (of the 
 alphabet); pL, a letter, an epistle; 
 literature. 
 
 successor, -oris, m. [succedo], suc- 
 cessor. 
 
 29. publice, adv. [publicus], in the 
 name of the state, at public 
 expense. 
 
 31. in-sequens, ge7i. -sequentis, adj. 
 [pr. part, of insequor], following, 
 next. 
 
 33. postulatum, -i, n. [p. part, of 
 postulo], a demand, request. 
 
 34. condicio, -onis, /. [condico, 
 
 agree], agreement; terms, condi- 
 tions. 
 
 durus, -a, -um, adj., hard, harsh, 
 severe. 
 
 37. conduct!, -orum, m. pi. [p. 
 part, of conduce], iiercenary 
 soldiers, mercenaries. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 197 
 
 exercitum Romanum vicerunt sed etiam Regulum impera- 40 
 torem ceperunt. 
 
 Paucis post annis, cum iterum de pace agere constituissent, 
 Regulum cum legates Romam miserunt qui Romanis pacem 
 suaderet et de commutandis captlvis ageret; jure jurando 
 autem adstrictus est ut, nisi de captivis impetraret, redlret 45 
 ipse Carthaginem. Is, cum Romam venisset, egit aliter ac 
 PoenI mandaverant. Nam senatui sliasit ne pax cum Poenls 
 fieret; illos enim fractos tot casibus spem nullam habere; 
 reddi captivos negavit esse utile; adulescentes esse et bonos 
 duces, se jam confectum senectute; dixit etiam malum ex- 50 
 emplum futurum esse, si captivl Roman! redimerentur. 
 Senatus eo auctore pacem recusavit Poenosque captivos 
 retinuit. Regulus ut captlvus conjugem parvosque natos 
 a se removit Carthaginemque rediit. Ibi crudelissimis 
 supplicils necatus esse dicitur. 55 
 
 42. Paucis post annis: an ablative of degree of difference with post; 
 we have also had post paucos annos. 
 
 43. Romanis . . . suaderet: translated in the note on 18, 5. 
 
 44. jure jurando . . . adstrictus est ut . . . rediret, bound himself by an 
 oath to return; because of the implied indirect discourse (he said he would 
 return), the subordinate clause, nisi . . . impetraret, has the subjunctive. 
 
 46. ac, than, a meaning explained in the note on Arg. 320. 
 
 48. illos . . . habere: dependent on a verb of ''saying" implied in the 
 preceding sentence. 
 
 49. reddi captivos: for the infinitive clause as subject of esse, see the 
 note on 16, 5. Why is Utile neuter? 
 
 52. 60 auctore, by his advice, ablative absolute. 
 
 53. ut captivus, as a prisoner; and so not the equal of free Romans. 
 
 54. a se removit, shunned. 
 
 50. senectus, -utis, /. [senex], old 
 
 age. 
 
 44. com-muto, -are, -avi, -atum, /r., pedient. 
 change, exchange. 
 
 45. ad-stringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
 -strictum, //•., bind to, bind. 
 
 impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and exemplum, -i, n., example, prece- 
 
 i7Ur. [in+patro, perform], gain, dent. 
 
 gain one's request. 53, retineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, 
 49. utilis, -e, adj. [utor], useful, ex- tr. [re-+tene6], restrain, retain. 
 
19g A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 20. Hannibal 
 
 Carthaginienses post primum Punicum bellum imperium 
 opesque in Hispania diligenter auxerunt. Dux hujus operis 
 Hamilcar erat, qui imperator primo bello fuerat atque indig- 
 nabatur quod Carthago eo bello Siciliam Sardiniamque 
 
 5 amiserat. 
 
 Hannibal, ejus filius, annos novem natus patre incitante 
 juravit se semper hostem futtirum esse popull Roman! . 
 Postea in Hispaniam missus est. Tarn similis patri ore vul- 
 tuque erat ut milites Hamilcarem juvenem redditum sibi esse 
 
 10 crederent. Ingenium autem erat ad res diversissimas, paren- 
 dum atque imperandum, aptum. Non minus HasdrubalJ, 
 imperatori, qui interfecto Hamilcare ei successor fuit in His- 
 pania, quam exercitui carus erat. Neque Hasdrubal alium 
 quemquam militibus praeficere malebat, neque milites alio 
 
 15 duce plus confldebant aut audebant. Plurimum audaciae ad 
 pericula capessenda, plurimum consilii inter ipsa pericula 
 praebebat. Null5 labore aut corpus fatlgari aut animus 
 
 6. annos novem natus, at the age of nine; how, literally? 
 
 patre incitante, at the instigation of his father, ablative absolute. 
 
 8. patri: dative with similis, which sometimes takes the genitive. 
 
 10. parendum, imperandum: accusative of the gerund in apposition 
 with res. 
 
 12. ei successor, successor to him. Hasdrubal was a brother-in-law of 
 Hannibal. 
 
 13. alium quemquam, any other. 
 
 14. militibus: dative with the compound praeficere, of which quemquam 
 is the direct object. 
 
 ali5 duce, under another leader, ablative absolute. 
 
 15. plus confidebant aut audebant, displayed more confidence or daring. 
 
 Pliirimum audaciae, the utmost boldness; substantive use of the adjective 
 with dependent genitive of the whole. 
 
 6. in-cito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [cito, 15. plus, adv. [n. ace. of plus], more. 
 
 rouse], rouse, incite, instigate. le. capesso, -ere, — , — , tr. [capio], 
 
 8. vultus, -us, m., face, features, ex- seize (eagerly), undertake, un- 
 
 pression. dergo. 
 
 11. aptus, -a, -um, ad;., fit, adap- 17. fatigo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 ted. weary, tire, fatigue. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 199 
 
 vincI poterat. Caloris ac frigoris patientia erat par. CibI 
 modus potionisque desiderio natural!, non voluptate, finitus 
 est; tempora vigiliarum somnique nee die nee nocte discrl- 20 
 minata sunt; id quod gerendls rebus supererat quieti datum est; 
 ea neque molli strato neque silentio arcessTta est; multl saepe 
 eum mllitari sagulo opertum humi jacentem inter custodias 
 stationesque militum conspexerunt. Vestitus nihil inter 
 aequales excellens; arma atque equi conspiciebantur. Equi- 25 
 tum peditumque idem longe primus erat; princeps in proeli- 
 um ibat, ultimus commisso proelio excedebat. 
 
 Hasdrubale interfecto, Hannibal, natus annos viginti sep- 
 tem imperator creatus, constituit Romanes vincere, ut Car- 
 thaginem in pristinam auctoritatem restitueret. Primum 30 
 obsidione urbem Saguntlnorum cepit, qui socii Hispanienses 
 Romanorum erant. Deinde per montes Pyrenaeos atque 
 Alpes iter difficile in Italiam fecit. Ibi Romanes exercitus 
 superavit ad Ticinum flumen, ad Trebiam, ad Trasumennum 
 lacum, in Apulia ad Cannas. In Apuliam venerat eo con- 35 
 
 21. id quod . . . supererat, what time was left from active duties; gerendls 
 rebus is a dative of the gerundive construetion, the dative being frequently 
 used after super sum. 
 
 23. humi, on the ground; a locative. 
 
 24. nihil, not at all; for the case see the note on Arg. 319, 
 26. idem, alike; in agreement with the subject of erat. 
 
 18. frigus, frigoris, 7i., cold, cold- 
 ness. 
 
 19. potio, -onis, /. [poto, to drink], 
 a drink, drink. 
 
 desiderium, -i, n. [desidero, long 
 for], desire, longing. 
 
 naturalis, -e, adj. [natura], of 
 nature, natural. 
 
 finio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr. [finis], 
 limit, determine, fix. 
 
 20. discrimino, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [discrimen], divide, distinguish. 
 
 22. mollis, -e, adj., soft. 
 
 stratum, -i, ??. [p. part, of sterno, 
 spread out], bed-covering, cover- 
 let. 
 
 23. sagulum, -i, n. [dim. of sagum, 
 mantle], a military cloak. 
 
 24. static, -onis, /. fsto], station, 
 post; pi. sentries, outposts. 
 
 25. aequalis, -e, adj., equal; subst., 
 aequalis, -is, in., one of the same 
 age. 
 
 excellens, gen. -entis, adj. [pr. part, 
 of excello, excel], prominent, dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
200 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 silio, ut spe libertatis socios Romanorum sollicitaret. Qui- 
 dam ex sociis amicitiam Hannibalis secuti sunt, sed multi in 
 fide Romanorum manserunt. Cum optimi duces Roman! 
 adversus Hannibalem mitterentur, numquam tamen eum 
 40 devincere potuerunt. Sedecim annos in Italia neque victor 
 neque victus mansit. 
 
 36. ut . . . sollicitaret: a clause explaining cdnsilio. 
 
 37. amicitiam Hamiibalis secuti sunt, 7nade friends with Hannibal. 
 
 36. sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., turn, tr., conquer completely. 
 
 disturb, tempt, incite. sedecim, indecl. num. [sex+decem], 
 
 40. de-vinco, -vincere, -vici, -vie- sixteen. 
 
 21. QuiNTus Fabius Maximus 
 
 Initio secundi Punici belli Roman! legates Carthaginem 
 miserunt qui reperlrent num publico consilio Hannibal Sagun- 
 tum oppugnasset. Re diu at que frustra in senatu Cartha- 
 giniensi dellberata, tandem unus ex Carthaginiensibus clama- 
 
 5 vit: ''Omittite Sagunt! mentionem facere, et quod fertis ali- 
 quando dicite." Tum Q. Fabius Maximus, legationis Ro- 
 manae pr!nceps, sinu ex toga facto, ^'h!c," inquit, '^vobls 
 bellum et pacem portamus; utrum placet, sumite." Cartha- 
 ginienses baud minus ferociter eum jusserunt dare utrum 
 
 10 vellet. Et cum is iterum sinu effuso bellum se dare d!xisset, 
 Carthaginienses responderunt : ''Bellum accipimus et quibus 
 anim!s accipimus !sdem geremus. ' ' 
 
 2. num: this word may introduce indirect questions as well as direct; 
 with indirect questions it should be translated whether. 
 
 publico consilio, with the sanction of the government. 
 
 8. utrum, whichever; literally, which of the two. 
 
 11. quibus animis . . . isdem: here, as often in Latin, the antecedent 
 animls is placed in the relative clause, with a demonstrative standing 
 after; it is best to translate as if we had Isdem animis geremus quibus 
 accipimus. 
 
 6. legatio, -onis, /. [lego, appoint as deputy], embassy, legation. * 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 201 
 
 Postquam Romani cladem ad Trasumennum lacum acce- 
 perunt, Fabius dictator creatus est, et M. Minucius Rufus 
 magister equitum. Consilium erat Fabii nullo loco cum 15 
 hoste decertare, sed fines Romanorum sociorumque intueri et 
 levibus proelils mllitum fortitudinem augere. Hannibal hoc 
 consillo turbatus dictatorem invidia onerare constituit. Ita- 
 que cum ager Fabii ei monstratus esset, omnibus agris circa 
 vastatis, iini agro dictatoris pepercit. At Fabius, misso Ro- 20 
 mam Quinto filio, agrum vendidit pecuniaque redacta capti- 
 vos Romanes redemit. 
 
 Ratio Fabiana belli gerendi, propter quam Fabio cognomen 
 Ciinctator datum est, Romanis grata non erat. Cum Minu- 
 cius, absente dictatore, aliquantum victoriae forte adeptus 2.5 
 esset, lex lata est ut jus magistri equitum et dictatoris ae- 
 quaretur. Injuriam tamen Fabius aequo animo tulit, satis 
 fidens haudquaquam cum imperii jure artem imperandi 
 aequatam esse. Legiones inter dictatorem et magistrum 
 divisae sunt. Denique Minucius, temere proelio commisso, 30 
 a Fabio servatus est. Tum sub imperium dictatoris rediit 
 
 20. uni, alone; a not infrequent meaning of unus. 
 
 21. pecunia redacta, ivUh the money realized, ablative absolute, 
 
 25. aliquantum victoriae, somewhat of a victory. 
 
 26. ut . . . aequaretur: a noun clause defining lex. 
 
 27. aequo animo, with composure, satis fidens, quite convinced. 
 31. a Fabio: to be taken with servatus est. 
 
 13. clades, cladis, -ium,/., disaster, 
 misfortune; defeat. 
 
 16. de-certo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 fight it out, fight a decisive battle. 
 
 17. fortitude, -dinis,/. [fortis], forti- 
 tude, bravery. 
 
 18. invidia, -ae, /. [invidus, en- 
 vious], envy, jealousy. 
 
 21. vendo, -ddre, -didi, -ditum, tr. 
 [venum, sale, +d6], sell. 
 
 redigo, -igere, -egl, -actum, tr. [red- 
 +agol, force back; bring under, 
 reduce; collect. 
 
 24. ciinctator, -oris, vi. [cunctor], a 
 delayer; as a proper noun, be- 
 stowed informally as a cognomen 
 onQ. Fabius Maximus. 
 
 25. aliquantum, -i, n. [aliquantus, 
 some], something. 
 
 adipiscor, adipiscT, adeptus sum, tr. 
 [ad+apiscor, reach], attain, ob- 
 tain, win. 
 
 26. aequ5, -are, -avI, -atum, tr. 
 [aequus], make equal, equahze. 
 
 28. fido, -ere, fisus sum, intr., 
 
 trust, rely upon. 
 30. temere, adv., rashly, heedlessly. 
 
202 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 legionesque restituit et Fabium pat rem appellavit. Romae, ut 
 est perlata fama ejus rel, omnes Maximum laudibus ad 
 caelum ferebant. 
 35 Multls post annis, alils rebus interim gestis, Fabius mor- 
 tuus est. Quamquam alius dux promptior ad proelium 
 Hannibalem denique devlcit, certum tamen est Fabium rem 
 Romanam consili5 cunctandl restituisse. 
 
 32. ut, when. 
 
 33. laudibus ferebant, extolled. 
 
 37. rem Romanam, Roman fortunes . 
 
 36. promptus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part. 38. cunctor, -an, -atus sum, intr., 
 of promo, bring forth], ready, delay, hesitate, 
 
 prompt. 
 
 22. PuBLius Cornelius Scipio Africanus 
 
 P. Cornelius Scipio fllius erat consulis qui exercitui Ro- 
 mano in proelio ad Ticlnum flumen praefuerat. Fama est 
 patrem, cum in eo proeli5 vulneratus ab hostibus circum- 
 venlretur, a filio septendecim nato annos servatum esse. 
 
 5 Post pugnam Cannensem quattuor milia militum Romano- 
 rum Canusium perfugerunt. Cum ibi tribuni militum quat- 
 tuor essent, omnium tamen consensu ad duos tribunos, P. 
 Scipionem et Ap. Claudium, summa imperii delata est. Els 
 nuntiatum est nobiles juvenes quosdam de deserenda Italia 
 
 10 consultare. Scipio sequentibus panels venit in deversorium 
 
 1. exercitui: dative with the compound verb praefuerat. 
 
 2. Fama est, there is a story; governing indirect discourse, patrem . . . 
 
 servatum esse. 
 
 6. Cum : of the three possible meanings, when, since, although, which one 
 suits the context? 
 
 4. septendecim, indecl. nmn. [sep- 10. consulto, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 
 tem+decemj, seventeen. [freq. of c5nsulo], consult, dehb- 
 
 8. summa, -ae, /. [summus], chief crate. 
 
 I)luce, supreinac-y; sum, total. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 203 
 
 ubi conjurati erant, strictoque gladio eos coegit jurare se 
 numquam rem publicam deserturos esse. 
 
 Postea cum aedilitatem peteret, tribuni plebis resistebant, 
 quod nondum ad petendum legit ima aetas esset. Turn 
 Sclpio ''si me," inquit, ''omnes Quirltes aedllem facere volunt, 15 
 satis annorum habeo." Aedllis magno favore popull nuUo 
 tribuno resistente creatus est. 
 
 Quattuor post annis pater Scipionis et patruus, qui bellum 
 in Hispania gesserant, intra dies triginta ceciderunt. Comi- 
 tiis edictis ad imperatorem creandum omnes seniores imperium 20 
 Hispaniense accipere nolebant; turn subito P. Cornelius 
 Sclpio, quattuor et viginti annos natus, professus est se 
 petere et in superiore loco unde conspici posset, constitit. 
 Deinde ad unum omnes P. Scipioni imperium esse in His- 
 pania jusserunt. Postea tamen elves ob aetatem imperatoris 25 
 novi dubitare incipiebant num recte fecissent. Sclpio, hoc 
 animadverso, contionem habuit et tarn graviter disseruit ut 
 animos rursus excitaret omnesque certa spe impleret. 
 
 14. quod . . . esSet: what difference is there between the indicative and 
 the subjunctive with quod causal? 
 
 petendum: peto is the technical term for ''seek office," "be a candidate." 
 
 23. unde conspici posset: a clause of purpose introduced by a relative 
 adverb. 
 
 24. P. Scipioni imperium esse, that P. Scipio should have the command; 
 Scipioni is a dative of possession. 
 
 26. num: see note on 21, 2. 
 
 11. conjurati, -onim, m. pi. [pf. 
 part, of conjuro, conspire], con- 
 spirators. 
 
 13. aedilitas, -atis, /. [aedilisj, the 
 office of an aedile, aedileship. 
 
 14. legitimus, -a, -um, adj. [lex], 
 fixed by law, legal.. 
 
 15. aedilis, aedilis, -ium, ??i., aedile, 
 title of a Roman magistrate . 
 
 16. favor, -oris, m. [faveo], favor, 
 good-will. 
 
 18. patruus, -i, m. [pater], a father's 
 hrother, uncle. 
 
 20. senior, gen. -oris, adj. [compar. 
 of senex], older; subst., m. pi., 
 the older men, the elders. 
 
 22. profiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, tr. 
 [pro+fateor, confess], declare pub- 
 licly, profess, avow. 
 
 26. recte, adiK [rectus], straight; 
 right, properly. 
 
 27. contio, -onis, /. [compare com- 
 a/id venio], a public assembly; a 
 speech. 
 
 dis-sero, -serere, -semi, -sertum, 
 intr. [sero, join], discourse, argue. 
 
204 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 QuTnque annos in Hispania bellum adversus Carthaginienses 
 
 30 continuo cursu victoriarum gessit. Exercitus hostium ex 
 
 Hispania expulit et amicitias gentium Hispaniensium sibi 
 
 conciliavit. Multa narrantur de Scipionis mansuetudine in 
 
 miseros et de comitate in hostes ac barbaros. Virginem 
 
 Hispanam captam Carthagine Nova, quae Allucio, principi 
 
 35 Celtiberorum, desponsa erat, sponso tradidit. Magnum quo- 
 
 que aurl pondus, quod virginis parentes ad redimendam 
 
 filiam attulerunt, sponso dedit. Allucius, ut beneficium 
 
 remuneraretur, domum profectus ad Sclpionem cum delectis 
 
 ' mllle et quadringentis equitibus revertit. Massivam adules- 
 
 40 centem, captlvum Afrum, restituit avunculo Masinissae, 
 
 Numidarum regi, qui cum equitatu subsidio Carthaginiensi- 
 
 bus venerat. 
 
 Scipio, recepta Hispania, gloriam conficiendl belli spectare 
 coepit. Constituit prius conciliare reges Afros, Syphacem et 
 45 Masinissam, qui socil Carthaginiensium erant. Syphax col- 
 loquium cum duce Romano postulavit. Scipio ab Carthagine 
 Nova profectus forte invectus est in regium portum eo ipso 
 tempore quo Hasdrubal, dux Carthaginiensis, qui Hispania 
 pulsus erat. Romanus et Carthaginiensis, quamquam hostes 
 50 erant, a Syphace in hospitium invitati eodem lecto accubue- 
 
 31. amicitias: translate by the singular. The plural is employed be- 
 cause several nations are involved. 
 
 33. in, to, towards. 
 
 41. subsidid Carthaginiensibus: datives of purpose and reference, 
 App. 53, 54. 
 
 50. in hospitium, to he his guests. 
 
 32. mansuetudo, -inis, /. [mansue- 40. avunculus, -i, m. [avus], a 
 tus, mild], mildness, gentleness, (maternal) uncle. 
 
 clemencv. 
 
 33. comitas, -atis, /. [comis, oour- ^^; 'f'^'"^^ -cipere -cepi, -ceptum, 
 
 , 1 » » ./ I » ij' re-+capio , take back, regam 
 
 teous , courteousness, anabi ity. ' , • . „;; - Jf *. 
 
 ^' ' -^ accept, receive; se recipere, to 
 
 38. re-muneror, -ari, -atus sum, tr., recover oneself, to withdraw, to 
 repay, reward. retreat. 
 
 39. quadringenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. 
 
 [quattuor+centum], four hundred. 50. lectus, -i, m., couch, bed. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 205 
 
 runt. Tanta autem inerat comitas ScipionI ut Hasdrubal non 
 minus quam Syphax Romanum admiraretur. Scipio cum 
 Syphace foedere facto Novam Carthaginem rediit. 
 
 Postea iter longum per Hispaniam fecit, ut cum Masinissa 
 quoque colloqueretur, quem comitate atque maj estate facile 55 
 conciliavit. Numida gratias egit quod Scipio fratris fllium 
 remisisset dixitque se velle in fide atque amicitia popull 
 Romani esse; Romanos, si Scipionem ducem in Africam 
 mitterent, brevi tempore Carthaginem capturos esse. Scipio, 
 fide data acceptaque, in castra rediit atque mox Romam go 
 profectus est.' 
 
 Cum ibi consul ingenti favore factus esset, Sicilia el pro- 
 vincia decreta est permissumque ut in Africam translret. 
 Dum in Sicilia bellum parat, Romam ab inimicis ejus nun- 
 tiatum est imperatorem exercitumque Syracusarum amoeni- g5 
 tate licentiaque corrumpi. Legatis a senatu Syracusas ad 
 haec cognoscenda missis, Scipio mllites in terra decurrentes, 
 classem in portti simulacrum navalis pugnae edentem, arma- 
 mentaria, horrea, belli alium apparatum ostendit; tantaque - 
 admlratio legatos ccpit ut satis crederent aut illo duce atque 70 
 
 57. in fide atque amicitia, under the friendly 'protection, a loose sort 
 of alliance between the Roman government and less civilized peoples. 
 
 63. permissum (est), 'permission was given; the noun clause ut . . . 
 translret is subject of permissum est. 
 
 64. Romam: accusative of the place to which. What suggests the 
 idea of motion? 
 
 67. decurrentes, drilling, maneuvering. 
 
 70. satis crederent, ivere quite convinced. 
 
 51. in-sum, -esse, -fui, infr., be in, freedom, hcense; boldness. 
 
 be upon. : qq sunulacrum, -i, n. fsunulo], hke- 
 
 55. colloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum, ^ess, semblance. 
 
 intr. [com-+loquor], converse, . . , 1 
 
 confer. armamentarmm, -1, n. [armaj, arse- 
 
 . ._ ' ... J. r . 1 ]• ., nal, armory. 
 
 majestas, -atis, /. [majorj, dignity, ' 
 
 majesty. 69. horreum, -i, n., storehouse, 
 
 65. amoenitas, -atis, /. [amoenus, granary. 
 
 f charming], pleasantness, charm.   apparatus, -us, m. [apparo, prepare], 
 
 66. licentia, -ae, /. [licens, , free], apparatus, equipment. 
 
206 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 \ 
 
 exercitu vinci Carthaginienses aut nullo alio posse. Senatus 
 
 igitur censuit ut Scipio quam prirrum in Africam translret. 
 
 Sclpioni in Africam advenienti Masinissa se conjunxit cum 
 
 parva manu equitum. Syphax, qui a Romanis ad Poenos 
 
 75 defecerat, captus est Romamque missus. Denique Cartha- 
 ginienses, salute desperata ob multas victorias Scipionis, 
 Hannibalem ex Italia revocaverunt. 
 
 Frendens gemensque ac vix a lacrimls temperans dicitur 
 legatorum verba audlsse. Respexit saepe Italiae lltora, se 
 
 80 accusans quod non victorem exercitum statim ab Cannensi 
 pugna Romam duxisset. Zamam venit, quae- urbs quinque 
 dierum iter ab Carthagine abest. Inde praemissi specula- 
 tores except! sunt ab custodibus Romanis et ad ScTpionem 
 deduct!. Ille autem jussit eos per castra circumduc! et ad 
 
 85 Hannibalem d!m!sit. 
 
 Deinde, quaerente colloquium Hannibale, dies locusque 
 constituitur. Itaque congress! sunt duo maxim! suae aetatis 
 duces. Paulisper tacuerunt adm!ratione mutua def!xl. Ciim 
 vero de condicionibus pacis inter eos non convenisset, ad 
 
 90 suos se receperunt renuntiantes armis decernendum esse. 
 Commisso deinde proelio Hannibal victus cum pauc!s equiti- 
 bus fugit. 
 
 Pax Carthaginiensibus data est e!s condicionibus quae 
 
 72. quam primum, as soon as possible. ^ 
 
 89. convenisset: impersonal, as in 19, 17. 
 
 90. decernendum esse, the matter must be decided; impersonal passive. 
 
 93. eis . . . quae . . . facerent, such terms as made; quae . . . facerent 
 is a clause of result introduced by a relative pronoun. 
 
 77. re-voco, -are, -avi, -atum, ir., 
 call back, recall. 
 
 78. (frendo, -ere), oydy in pr. part., 
 intr., gnash the teeth. 
 
 gemo, -ere, gemui, — , intr., groan, 
 
 lament. 
 tempero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 [tempus], restrain, abstain from, 
 
 refrain from. 
 
 79. litus, litoris, n., st^ashore, beach. 
 
 84. circum-duco, -ducere, -duxi, 
 -ductiun, tr., lead around. 
 
 87. con-gredior, -gredi, -gressus 
 sum, intr. [com-+gradior, step], 
 come together, meet. 
 
 88. mutuus, -a, -um, adj. [muto], 
 mutual. 
 
 de-figo, -figere, -fixl, -fixum, tr., 
 fasten down; strike motionless, 
 stupefy. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 207 
 
 m 
 
 Romanos suae partis orbis terrarum dominos facerent. Pace 
 terra marlque parta, Smpio exercitti in naves imposito Ro- 95 
 mam profectus est. Per Italiam laetam pace non minus 
 quam victoria iter fecit. Non urbes modo ad habendos 
 honores effusae sunt, sed agrestium etiam turba vias obside- 
 bat. Triumphs omnium clarissimo urbem est invectus cog- 
 nomenque Africanum sibi sumpsit. 100 
 
 95. terra marique, hy land and sea; locative ablatives. 
 98. effusae sunt: translate in the active voice, poured out. 
 
 95. pario, -ere, peperl, partum, tr., -ium, m., a countryman, a peas- 
 
 bring forth, give birth to, produce. ant. 
 
 98. agrestis, -e, adj. [ager], of the 99. triumphus, -i, w., a triumphal 
 country; subst. agrestis, agrestis, procession, triumph. 
 
 23. Gaius Marius 
 
 C. Marius humili loco natus, prima stipendia in Hispania 
 duce Sclpione fecit. Imprimis ScipionI ob egregiam virtutem 
 earns erat; Scipio enim dixit, si quid sibi accidisset, rem 
 publicam nullum alium successorem Mario meliorem in- 
 venttiram esse. Qua laude excitatus Marius spiritus dignos .5 
 rebus quas postea gessit concepit. 
 
 Postea legatus fuit Q. Metelli, qui bellum in Numidia 
 contra Jugurtham regem gerebat. Romam missus Metellum 
 apud populum incusavit, quod bellum duceret; si se con- 
 
 1. loco: the ablative of locus in the sense of station needs no preposition. 
 prima stipendia fecit, saiv his first service. 
 
 2. Scipioni: the younger Scipio, the destroyer of Carthage. 
 
 6. rebus : the ablative is regularly governed by dignus and its opposite 
 indignus. 
 
 9. si se, etc.: dependent on a verb of "saying" implied in incusavit; 
 with captUrian esse, se is to be supplied as subject. 
 
 2. imprimis, adv. [in-^-abl. pi. of dignus, -a, ^um, at//., worthy. 
 
 primus], especially, chiefly. 6. concipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
 5. spiritus, -iis, m. [spiro, breathe], tr. [com-+capi6], take hold of; 
 
 breath; spirit, pride, ambition, conceive. 
 
 arrogance. 
 
208 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 10 sulem fecissent, brevi tempore aut vivum aut mortuum 
 Jugurtham capturum esse. Itaque consul creatus in Numi- 
 diam rediit atque superavit Bocchum, regem Gaetulorum, ad 
 quern Jugurtha profugerat. Deinde Sulla, quaestor MariT, 
 persuasit Boccho ut Jugurtham traderet. 
 
 15 Marius iterum consul creatus in Galliam profectus est, ubi 
 vicit Teutones, gentem Germanicam, qui cum Cimbris novas 
 sedes quaerebant. Cum Teuton! vallem flumenque medium 
 tenerent, mllitesque Romani, quibus aquae nulla copia erat, 
 aquam flagitarent, Marius "virl," inquit, "estis; en, illlc 
 
 20 aquam habetis." Mllites ita concitati tam acriter pugnave- 
 runt ut ducenta milia hostium caederentur et nonaginta 
 caperentur. 
 
 Insequenti anno cum Marius contra Cimbros in Italia 
 castra haberet, ill! legates ad eum miserunt qui agros sibi et 
 
 18. quibus . . . erat = qui . . . hahehant; what kind of dative is quihus? 
 
 13. quaestor, -oris, m. [for quaesitor, 
 compare quaero], quaestor, a Ro- 
 man magistrate connected with state 
 finances. 
 
 19. flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 demand urgently, demand, 
 en, inter j., behold! see! 
 illic, adv. [ille], there, yonder. 
 21. nonaginta, indecl. num., ninety. 
 
 ROMAN AQUEDUCT 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 209 
 
 fratribus postularent; Teutonum enim cladem ignorabant. 25 
 Cum quaereret Marius quos illi fratres dlcerent, Teutones 
 nominaverunt ; turn ridens Marius "omittite," inquit, ''fra- 
 tres; tenent hi acceptam a nobis terram atque in perpetuum 
 tenebunt." Proelio commisso, Cimbii caesi sunt. In ipsa 
 pugna Marius duas cohortSs Camertium, qui mira virtute so 
 vim Cimbrorum sustinebant, contra legem civitate donavit. 
 De qua re postea reprehensus se excusavit, quod inter 
 armorum strepitum verba juris civilis exaudire non potuisset. 
 Marius, qui semper factionem popularem in re publica 
 secutus erat, cum senesceret, invidere coepit Bullae, qui dux 35 
 nobilium erat. Itaque, cum Sulla in consulatti bello Mithri- 
 datico praefectus esset, tribunus quidam lege imperium 
 Sullae abrogavit Marioque bellum detulit. Qua re commotus 
 Sulla, qui ex Italia nondum excesserat, Romam cum exercitti 
 rediit et urbe occupata tribunum interfecit Mariumque 40 
 fugavit. Marius aliquamdiu in palude latuit; paulo post 
 repertus, injecto in collum loro, Minturnas raptus est et in 
 
 26. quos . . . dicerent, whom they meant by "brothers." 
 
 31. contra legem: Roman citizenship was normally the gift of the 
 senate. 
 
 32. se excusavit, quod, offered as an excuse, that, etc. There is no verb 
 of ''saying" here, yet we have the subjunctive in potuisset. Why? 
 
 34. in re publica, in politics. 
 
 36. Sulla, bello : what would be the cases of these words if the compound 
 verb, praefectus esset, were in the active voice? 
 
 42. injecto . . . I5r6, with a rope, etc., ablative absolute. 
 
 27. nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [nomen], call by name, mention. 
 
 31. dono, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [donum], present, bestow. 
 
 33. strepitus, -us, m. [strepo, make 
 a noise], noise, uproar, confusion. 
 
 ex-audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., hear 
 clearly, hear. 
 
 34. popularis, -e, adj. fpopulus], 
 of the people, democratic, popu- 
 lar. 
 
 35. senesco, -ere, senui, — , intr. 
 [coyyipare senex], grow old. 
 
 in-video, -videre, -vidi, -visum, iyitr., 
 envy, be jealous of. 
 
 36. consulatus, -us, rn. [consul], 
 consulship. 
 
 38. ab-rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 annul; take away {an office). 
 
 41. aliquamdiii, adv., for a while. 
 
 lateo, -ere, latui, — , intr., he hid, 
 be hidden. 
 
 42. lonim, -i, n., thong, strap. 
 
210 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 custodiam conjectus. Missus est ad eum occldendum servus 
 publicus, natione Cimber, quern Marius vultus auctoritate 
 
 45 deterruit. Cum enim hominem ad se stricto gladio venien- 
 tem vidisset, ''tune, homo," inquit, ''C. Marium audebis 
 occidere?" Quo audito ille perturbatus gladium abjecit 
 atque fugit, Marium se non posse occidere clamitans. Ma- 
 rius deinde ab ils qui prius eum occidere voluerant e carcere 
 
 50 emissus est. 
 
 Accepta navicula in African! transiit et in agrum Cartha- 
 giniensem pervenit. Ibi cum in locis solitarils sederet, ve- 
 nit ad eum lictor Sextilii praetoris, qui tum Africam obtine- 
 bat. Ab hoc, quem numquam laesisset, Marius humanitatis 
 
 55 aUquod officium expectabat; at lictor decedere eum provincia 
 jassit, nisi in se animadverti vellet; torveque intuentem et 
 vocem nullam emittentem Marium rogavit tandem, ecquid 
 renuntiari praetori vellet? Marius ''ntintia," inquit, 'He 
 vidisse Gaium Marium in Carthaginis ruinis sedentem." 
 
 44. natione: ablative of respect. 
 
 46. tune: -ne is the enclitic particle employed as sign of a question. 
 
 54. quem . . . laesisset, since he had never injured him; a relative 
 clause may express a reason or cause and take a subjunctive, the rela- 
 tive pronoun being equivalent to cum causal and a demonstrative pro- 
 noun, here cum eum. ^ 
 
 56. nisi in se animadvert! vellet, unless he wanted himself punished; 
 animadverto is a compound of animum and adverto, turn attention to, 
 which easily comes to mean punish; here the passive infinitive is used 
 impersonally. Even when active, animadverto in the sense of punish 
 takes in with the accusative. 
 
 57. ecquid, whether anything, introducing an indirect question. 
 
 44. natio, -onis, /. [nascor], race, 
 nation, people. 
 
 45. de-terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., 
 frighten away, deter. 
 
 51. navicula, -ae, /. [dim. of navis], 
 boat, skiff. 
 
 52. solitarius, -a, -um, adj. [solus], 
 lonely, solitary. 
 
 53. praetor, -oris, m. [for praeitor, 
 from praeed, go before], (a leader) ; 
 
 praetor, title of a Roman magis- 
 trate charged with judicial duties. 
 
 54. laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum, 
 
 tr., injure, offend. 
 
 humanitas, -atis, /. [humanus], cul- 
 ture; kindness. 
 
 56. torve, adv. [torvus, stern], stern- 
 ly, fiercely. 
 
 57. ecquis, ecquid, pron., interrog., 
 anyone? anything? whether any- 
 one, whether anything. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 211 
 
 Cum Sulla ad bellum Mithridaticum profectus esset, Marius eo 
 revocatus a Cinna in Italiam rediit, calamitate incensus 
 magis quam fractus. Cum exercitu Romam ingressus eam 
 caedibus et raplnis vastavit; omnes adversae factionis nobiles 
 varils suppliciorum generibus affecit. Quinque dies continu- 
 os totidemque noctes ilia licentia scelerum omnium duravit. b.^ 
 Tandem Marius, senectute et laboribus confectus in morbuin 
 incidit et ingenti omnium laetitia mortuus est. Cujus viri si 
 comparentur cum virtiitibus vitia, baud facile sit dictu utrum 
 bello melior an pace perniciosior fuerit. 
 
 Marius durior ad humanitatis studia erat et liberalium 70 
 artium contemptor. Cum aedem Honoris de manubils hos- 
 tium vovisset, spreta peregrlnorum marmorum nobilitate 
 artificumque Graecorum arte, eam vulgar! lapide per artifi- 
 cem Romanum aedificari jussit. Graecas litteras contempsit 
 quod doctoribus suis panmi ad virtutem profuissent. ^^-^ 
 
 61. Cinna: a leader of the anti-aristocratic faction. 
 
 67. si . . . comparentur: a future less vivid condition, App. 119. 
 
 68. dictu : ablative of the supine. 
 
 utrum . . . an, whether . . . or, introducing a double indirect question; 
 utrum is in origin the neuter of titer, which of two things. 
 
 74. litteras: the singular of this word means a letter of the alphabet; 
 the plural, a letter, i.e., an epistle, or literature; here, the latter. 
 
 75. doctoribus . . . parum . . . profuisset, had been of too little profit to 
 its teachers. 
 
 C3. rapina, -ae, /. [rapio], robbery, 
 plunder, rapine. 
 
 65. totidem, indecl. adj. [tot], just 
 as many, the same number of. 
 
 66. morbus, -i, m., sickness, disease. 
 
 68. vitium, -i, n., fault, vice. 
 
 utrum, adv. [neut. of uter], whether, 
 used in double indirect questions. 
 
 69. an, conj., or, used in double 
 questions. 
 
 pemiciosus, -a, -um, adj. fpemicies], 
 destructive, ruinous. 
 
 71. co'ntemptor, -oris, m. [contem- 
 
 no], despiscr, scorner. 
 
 manubiae, -anmi, /. pL, booty, 
 prize-money. 
 
 72. marmor, -oris, n., marble. 
 
 nobilitas, -atis, /. [nobilis], high 
 birth; collect., the nobility, the 
 nobles. 
 
 73. artifex, -icis, m., artificer, arti- 
 san. 
 
 vulgaris, -e, adj. [vulgus], ordinary, 
 common. 
 
 75. doctor, -oris, m. [doceo], teacher. 
 
212 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 24. Lucius Cornelius Sulla 
 
 L. Cornelius Sulla, qui bello Jugurthlno quaestor Marii con- 
 sulis fuit, usque ad quaesturam vltam luxuriosam egerat. 
 Marius moleste tulisse traditur, quod sibi gravissimum bellum 
 gerenti quaestor voluptati deditus sorte obvenisset. Ejusdem 
 
 5 virtus tamen, postquam in Africam venit, enituit. Bello Cim- 
 brico legatus consulis fuit et bonam operam edidit. Consul 
 ipse deinde factus, pulso in exilium Mario, adversus Mithri- 
 datem profectus est. Mithridates enim, Ponticus rex, vir bello 
 acerrimus, virtute egregia, odio in Romanes non inferior 
 
 10 Hannibale fuit. Effecerat igitur ut omnes in Asia elves Ro- 
 mani eadem die atque hora interficerentur. Ac primo Sulla 
 illlus praefectos duobus proelils in Graecia superavit; deinde 
 in Asia Mithridatem ipsum fudit; oppressisset quoque nisi 
 in Italiam ad bellum civile adversus factionem popularem 
 
 3. moleste tulisse : moleste fero has nearly the same meaning as aegre 
 fero, he vexed, annoyed, grieved, etc. 
 
 sibi : dative with obvenisset. 
 
 4. sorte: the quaestors cast lots to determine the posts to which they 
 should be assigned in the city or provinces. 
 
 6. bonam operam edidit, did good service. 
 
 Consul ipse factus, etc.: as told in the story of Marius, 1. 34 ff. 
 
 9. odio: ablative of respect. 
 
 10. Hannibale: ablative of comparison. 
 
 ut omnes . . . interficerentur: a noun clause of fact, object of effecerat, 
 had caused all Roman citizens to be put to death. 
 
 13. oppressisset, . . . nisi . . . maluisset: conclusion and condition 
 contrary to fact, App. 120. 
 
 2. quaestura, -ae, /. [quaestor], the 
 
 ofhce of quaestor, quaestorship. 
 
 luxuriosus, -a, -um, adj. [luxuria, 
 luxury], luxurious, voluptuous. 
 
 3. moleste, adv. [molestus], with 
 difficulty, with vexation; moleste 
 ferre, to be annoyed. 
 
 4. ob-venio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
 tum, intr., come to, befall; fall to 
 the lot of. 
 
 5. e-niteo, -nitere, -nitui, — , intr'., 
 shine forth, gleam; be displaj'ed. 
 
 9. odium, -i, n. [odi], hatred. 
 
 inferior, -ius, compar. adj., lower; 
 inferior. 
 
 10. efficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
 tr. [ex + facio], accomplish, brini^ 
 about, cause. 
 
 13. fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, tr., 
 pour, pour out; rout, defeat. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 213 
 
 redire properans qualemcumque pacem facere maluisset. 15 
 Mithridatem tamen pecunia multavit; Asia aliisque provin- 
 cils quas occupaverat decedere paternisque finibus contentum 
 esse coegit. 
 
 Sulla propter motus urbanos cum victore exercitu Romam 
 properavit; eos qui Mario favebant omnes superavit. Nihil 20 
 autem ea victoria fuit crudelius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et 
 dictator creatus, vel in eos qui se sponte dediderant jussit 
 animadvert!. Quattuor milia deditorum inermium civium 
 in circo interfici jussit. Quis autem illos potest enumerare 
 quos in urbe passim quisquis voluit occldit? Denique admonuit 25 
 eum Fufidius quidam vivere aliquos debere, ut essent quibus 
 imperaret. Novo et inaudito exemplo tabulam proscrlptio- 
 nis proposuit, qua nomina eorum qui occidendi essent con- 
 tinebantur; cumque omnium orta esset indignatiS, postrldie 
 plura etiam nomina adjecit. Ingens caesorum fuit multitu- zo 
 
 16. pecunia multavit, exacted an indemnity from. 
 
 22. vel: this word alone means even, while vel . . . vel mean either . . . or. 
 
 in eos animadverti : for the translation consult the note on 23, 56. 
 
 25. quisquis voluit occidit, any one killed who wanted to. 
 
 26. ut essent quibus imperaret, in order that there might he people to 
 rule; an idea of possibility is involved in the subjunctive imperaret, whom 
 he could rule. 
 
 27. tabulam proscriptionis, a proscription list. 
 
 28. qui occidendi essent: subjunctive in implied indirect discourse; 
 with eorum, such as were to he killed, App. 109. 
 
 15. qualiscumque, qualecumque, 
 
 indef. pron., of any kind whatever. 
 
 16. multo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 [multa, a fine], punish, fine. 
 
 17. paternus, -a, -um, adj. [pater], 
 of a father, paternal. 
 
 19. motus, -us, m. [moveo], move- 
 ment; disturbance, tumult. 
 
 23. inermis, -e, adj. [in-+arma], 
 unarmed, defenseless. 
 
 24. e-numero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 reckon up, recount. 
 
 25. passim, adv. [pando], scattered, 
 
 here and there, in every direc- 
 tion. 
 
 quisquis, quicquid, indef. pron., who- 
 ever, whatever, everyone who, 
 everything that. 
 
 ad-moneo, -monere, -monui, -mo- 
 nitum, //-., remind, admonish. 
 
 27. in-auditus, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 heard of, unusual. 
 
 tabula, -ae,/., board, plank; tablet, 
 hst, record. 
 
 proscriptio, -onis,/. [proscribe], pro- 
 scription, outlawry. 
 
214 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 do. Nee solum in eos saevivit qui armis contra se dlmica- 
 verant, sed etiam quietos elves propter peeuniae magnitu- 
 dinem proscrTptorum numero adjeeit. Civis quidam in- 
 noxius, eui fundus in agro Albano erat, legens proserlptorum 
 
 35 nomina se quoque vidit adscrlptum. '^Vae," inquit, ''misero 
 mihi! me fundus Albanus persequitur." Neque longe pro- 
 gressus a quodam qui eum agnoverat interfeetus est. 
 
 Sulla, oppressis inimicorum partibus, Felieem se edicto ap- 
 pellavit; eumque ejus uxor geminos eodem partu edidisset, 
 
 40 puerum Faustum puellamque Faustam nominari voluit. 
 Sed paueis post annis repente eontra omnium expectationem 
 dietattiram deposuit. Dimissis lictoribus, diti in foro cum 
 amicis deambulavit. Stupebat populus eum privatum videns, 
 eujus potestas modo tam metuenda fuerat. Quamquam jam 
 
 45 privatus erat, non solum saltis, sed etiam dignitas manebat, 
 qui tot cives occiderat. tJnus adulescens fuit qui auderet 
 queri et Sullam redeuntem usque ad fores domtis execrari. 
 Atque ille, eujus iram potentissimi viri maximaeque eivitates 
 nee effugere nee placare potuerant, unius aduleseentuli eon- 
 
 35. Vae misero mihi, woe to me, unhappij man! Compare vae vicils, 
 17, 47. 
 
 46. qui auderet: a relative clause of description. 
 
 31. saevio, -ire, -il, -itum, intr. 
 [saevus, savage], be furious, rage. 
 
 33. pro-scribo, -scribere, -scripsi> 
 -scrip tum, ir., publish; outlaw, 
 proscribe. 
 
 in-noxius, -a, -um, adj., harmless, 
 innocent. 
 
 34. fundus, -i, m., farm, estate. 
 
 35. ad-scribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
 -scriptum, tr., write in addition, 
 add. 
 
 36. per-sequor, -sequi, -secutus 
 sum, tr.y follow after, pursue. 
 
 38. edictum, -i, n. [p. part. ^ oj 
 edico], edict. 
 
 39. partus, -iis, m. [pario], a bearing, 
 birth. 
 
 41. expectatio, -onis, /. [sxpecto], 
 awaiting, expectation. 
 
 43. de-ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 intr., walk, stroll. 
 
 45. dignitas, -atis,/. [dignus], worth ; 
 authority, prestige. 
 
 47. foris, -is,/., door; frequently pi. 
 {with reference to the two leaves of 
 a double door). 
 
 49. placo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 soothe, appease, placate. 
 
 adulescentulus, -i, m. [dim. of adu- 
 lescens], a very young man. 
 
 contumelia, -ae, /., insult, abuse. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 215 
 
 tumelias aequo anim5 tulit, id tantum in limine jam dicens: 50 
 '*Hic adulescens efficiet ne quis posthac tale imperium de- 
 ponat." 
 
 Sulla in villa voluptatibus deditus reliquam vltam egit. 
 Ibi morbo correptus mortuus est, vir ingentis animi, cupidus 
 voluptatum, sed gloriae cupidior; litteris Graecis atque 55 
 Latinis eruditus fuit et virorum litteratorum adeo amans ut 
 diligentiam etiam mail cujusdam poetae aliquo praemio 
 dignam existimaret; nam cum ille epigramma in SuUam 
 fecisset eique misisset, Sulla statim praemium ei dari jussit, 
 sed ea lege, ne quid postea sciiberet. Ante victoriam lau- eo 
 dandus erat, sed in ils quae secuta sunt numquam satis 
 reprehensus; urbem enim et Italiam civilis sanguinis flumini- 
 bus inundavit. Non solum in vivos saeviit, sed ne mortuls 
 quidem pepercit. Nam Gail Marii, cujus aliquando quaestor 
 fuerat, erutos cineres in flumen projecit. Qua cmdelitate 6a 
 factorum egregiorum gloriam corrupit. 
 
 60. aequo animo, with composure. 
 
 tantum, only; literally, so much (and no more). 
 
 51. efficiet ne quis . . . deponat: literally, will cause that no one, etc.; 
 better, will prevent anyone from laying down, etc. 
 
 56. adeo, to such a degree; a synonym for ita. 
 
 57. praemio: the ablative with dignam, as in 23, 6. 
 
 58. in Sullam, in Sidla's honor. 
 
 60. ea lege J on this condition; explained by the appositive noun clause, 
 ne quid . . . scrlberet. 
 
 laudandus, deserving of praise. 
 
 63. mortuis: account for the dative. 
 
 64. cujus: with quaestor. 
 
 65. erutos: past passive participle to be translated by a coordinate 
 verb, unearthed and threw into the river. 
 
 50. llmen, -inis, n., threshold, door. judge, think. 
 
 51. post-hac, adv., hereafter, in the epigramma, -atis, n., epigram, 
 future. 63. in-undo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 56. litteratus, -a, -um, adj. [littera], overflow, inundate. 
 
 of letters, learned, educated. 65. e-ruo, -mere, -rui, -rutum, tr., 
 
 58. ex-istimo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. dig out, cast forth. 
 
 [ex-t-aestimo, estimate], estimate; cinis, cineris, m., ashes. 
 
216 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 25. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 
 
 Gnaeus Pompeius bello civil! annos viginti tres natus 
 partes Sullae secutus est brevique tempore se ducem perltum 
 praebuit. Imprimis militibus carus erat, quod nullum labo- 
 rem vltabat atque cum omnibus saltu, cursu, luctando certabat. 
 5 Coactis reliquiis ejus exercittis cui pater praefuerat ad Sullam 
 ex Asia advenientem contendit, et in itinere tres hostium 
 exercitus aut superavit aut sibi adjunxit. Sulla imperatorem 
 eum salutavit semperque maximo honore habuit. 
 
 Postea Pompeius Siciliam reciperavit atque Carbonem, 
 
 10 Sullae inimicum, qui eam insulam occupaverat, ad sup- 
 plicium duci jussit. Multo clementior fuit in Sthenium, 
 piincipem civitatis cujusdam quae sibi adversata erat. Cum 
 enim de omnibus civibus supplicium sumere constituisset, 
 Sthenius clamavit iniquum esse ob unius culpam in omnes 
 
 15 animadvert ere. InterrogantI Pompeio quis ille unus esset, 
 Sthenius respondit: ''Ego, qui civibus ut resisterent per- 
 suasl." Hac audaci voce motus Pompeius omnibus et Sthenio 
 ipsi pepercit. 
 
 Paulo post cum Numidiam intra dies quadraginta devlcis- 
 
 20 set, a Sulla jussus est exercitum dimittere atque cum una 
 legione successorem expectare. Quamquam aegre id ferebat, 
 
 2. partes, 'party, faction. 
 
 8. habuit, held, treated. 
 
 9. Carbonem: like Cinna, 23, 61, a political leader prominent in the 
 troubled period of Marius and Sulla, 
 
 12. sibi : as to the case of sibi, observe that adverser is a verb of resist- 
 ing. 
 
 13. de . . . sumere: as if punishment were something ''taken from" 
 the victim; the English idiom is inflict upon. 
 
 15. ille unus, that one person of whom he spoke. 
 
 4. saltus, -us, m. [salio, leap], leap- relinquo], remains, remnants, 
 ing, a leap. H. clemens, -entis, adj., merciful. 
 
 luctor,-ari,-atussum,w^r., wrestle, 12. adverser, -ari, -atus sum, 7n/r. 
 
 contend, struggle. [adversus] {takes dative), resist, 
 
 5. reliquiae, -arum, /. pi. [compare oppose. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 217 
 
 paruit tamen et Romam rediit. El advenientl incredibilis 
 hominum multitudo obviam iit; Sulla quoque laetus eum 
 excepit et Magni cognomine salutavit. Nihilo minus Pom- 
 peio triumphum petentl restitit; neque vero Pompeius ea re 25 
 a proposito deterritus est aususque dicere plures adorare 
 solem orientem quam occidentem; quae vox significabat 
 Bullae potentiam minul, Pompeii crescere. Ea voce audita 
 Sulla audacia adulescentis percussus ''Triumphet! Triumphet! 
 Triumphet!" clamavit. 30 
 
 Dum in Hispania militat adversus Sertorium, qui Sullae 
 adversabatur, in proelio quodam maximum perlculum subiit; 
 cum enim miles ingenti corporis magnitudine impetum in 
 eum fecisset, Pompeius ejus manum abscTdit; sed multls in 
 eum concurrentibus vulnus in femore accepit et a suis 35 
 fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praeter 
 spem evasit; barbaii enim equum ejus auro phalerlsque 
 
 22. Ei: obviam ire, go to 7neel, takes a dative somewhat in the manner 
 of verbs compounded with oh. 
 
 24. Magni: an explanatory genitive instead of an appositive, as in 
 11, 76. 
 
 26. proposito, purpose; a past participle as a noun; how is the meaning 
 "purpose" developed from the literal meaning of the verb pro-pond? 
 
 28. Pompeii: potentiam is understood; we may say that of Pompeius. 
 Latin, however, does not use a demonstrative pronoun with a genitive 
 in dependence upon it. 
 
 29. Triumphet: a volitive subjunctive, App. 92. 
 
 31. Sertorium: a follower of Marius. Afterwards as governor of Spain 
 he set up a government of his own and for a number of years maintained 
 his independence of Rome. 
 
 23. ob-viam, adv., in the way, to 
 meet. 
 
 26. propositum, -i, n. [p. part, of 
 proponol, plan, intention, purpose. 
 
 ad-oro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., wor- 
 ship. 
 
 27. orior, oriri, ortus sum, intr., 
 rise, arise; break out; oriens, 
 -entis, pres. part, as adj., rising. 
 
 occido, -cidere, -cidi, intr. [ob+ 
 
 cado], fall, set {referring to the 
 sun); occidens, -entis, pres. part, 
 as adj., setting. 
 
 significo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. fsig- 
 num+facio], point out; signify. 
 
 31. milito, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [miles], serve as a soldier, wage 
 war. 
 
 35. femur, femoris, n., thigh. 
 
 37. phalerae, -arum, /. pi., decora- 
 tions of metal {for the breast). 
 
218 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 eximiis instruct um ceperant. Dum de praeda inter se cer- 
 tant, Pompeius effugit. 
 
 40 Paucis post annis imperium extraordinarium Pompeio 
 delatum est, ut opprimeret praedones, qui omnia maria 
 infesta reddebant et quasdam etiam Italiae urbes diripuerant. 
 Hoc bellum tanta celeritate confecit ut intra quadraginta 
 dies omnes praedones aut interficerentur aut se dederent. 
 
 45 Statim in Asiam magno exercitti missus est contra Mitli- 
 ridatem, Ponticum regem, quocum RomanI aliquot annos 
 contendebant. Rex diu castrls se continuit neque pugnandi 
 facultatem dedit. Cum autem frumentum deficere coepisset, 
 fugere conatus est. At Pompeius secutus hostem tertia nocte 
 
 50 in saltu quodam intercepit lunaque adjuvante fudit. Nam 
 cum Roman! lunam a tergo haberent, hostes longis umbris 
 corporum Romanorum decepti in umbras tela conjecerunt. 
 Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Postea desperatis 
 forttinls veneno vitam finire frustra conatus est; ad versus 
 
 55 enim venena multls antea medicamentis corpus firmaverat. 
 Impetravit inde a mllite Gallo ut se gladio interficeret. 
 
 Cum Tigranes, rex Armeniae, celeriter se dedidisset atquo 
 ad genua victoris procubuisset, Pompeius eum benignis 
 
 46. aliquot annos: this phrase, lilie jam diu and jam dudum, is used 
 with an imperfect where we employ a past perfect; with contendebant, 
 had been contending for some years. See note on Per. 24. 
 
 47. castris, in camp; with contineo, a camp is regarded merely as the 
 means of confinement; hence no preposition is used. 
 
 50. luna adjuvante, by the favoring light of the moon. 
 
 51. a tergo, at their back. 
 
 56. Impetravit ... a, prevailed upon; the verb has for object the noun 
 clause ut . . . interficeret. 
 
 38. eximius, -a, -um, adj., unusual, intercipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
 
 distinguished. tr. [inter+capio], intercept. 
 
 40. extra-ordinarius, -a, -um, adj., 55. medicamentum, -i, n. [medeor, 
 extraordinary, uncommon. heal], drug, antidote. 
 
 41. praedo, -onis, in. [praeda], pi- 58. genu, -us, n., knee. 
 
 rate. procumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cu- 
 
 50. saltus, -us, m., ravine, moun- bitum, ?///r. [pr6-+cumb6, recline], 
 
 tain pass, mountain valle3\ fall forwards, fall prostrate. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 219 
 
 verbis allocutus est et diadema, quod abjecerat, capiti 
 reponere jussit. Inde Romanorum primus Judaeos vicit eo 
 Hierosolymaque, caput gentis, cepit sanctissimamque partem 
 templi jure victoris ingressus est. 
 
 Regressus in Italiam triumphum ex Asia egit, cum antea 
 ex Africa et ex Hispania triumphavisset. Triumphus illus- 
 trior fuit gratiorque populo, quod Pompeius non armatus, 65 
 sicut Sulla, ad Romam subigendam, sed dimisso exercitu 
 redisset. 
 
 Postea, orta inter Pompeium et Caesarem gravi dissensione, 
 quod hie superiorem, ille parem ferre non poterat, bellum 
 civile exarsit. Caesar Infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. to 
 Pompeius, relict a urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam 
 petivit et cum eo consules senatusque magna pars; quem 
 insecutus Caesar apud Pharsalum acie fudit. Victus Pom- 
 peius ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypti regem, cui tutor a senatu 
 datus erat, profugit; ille Pompeium interfici jussit. Ita 7o 
 Pompeius sub oculis uxoris et liberorum interfectus est, 
 
 63. triumphum egit =triumphdvit. ex, over; literally, from. The 
 country over which the victory is won is thought of as the source from 
 which the triumph is derived. 
 
 cum . . . triumphavisset: a descriptive cum clause where English 
 would employ a participle, having already celebrated a triumph. 
 
 68. dissensione: Pom])cius, Caesar, and Marcus Crassus had in the 
 year 60 B.C. formed a political combination known as The First Trium- 
 virate. Caesar spent the years 58-50 b.c. in the subjugation of Gaul. 
 The great military reputation won thereby, coupled with the widespread 
 belief that he was planning the overthrow of the home government, aroused 
 Pompeius's jealousy and distrust. The break in friendship between the 
 two men was rendered easier through the death of Crassus and of Julia, 
 Caesar's daughter and the wife of Pompeius. 
 
 59. diadema, -atis, n., diadem. 66. sic-ut, adv.. just as, as. 
 
 63. regredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, ^^^- _. _- , .^^^um, tr. [sub 
 
 intr. [re-+gradior, step], go back, \:^ J^j^; ^^^^^^^ ^^^ g^^. 
 
 due. 
 
 return 
 64. illustris, -e, adj., bright; distin- 
 guished, illustrious. 76. oculus, -i, m., eye. 
 
220 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 caput praecisum, truncus in Nilum conjectus. Deinde caputs 
 ad Caesarem delatum est, qui eo vls5 lacrimas non continuit. 
 
 Is fuit Pompeii vitae exitus post tres consulatus et totidem 
 80 triumphos. 
 
 77. praecisum, conjectus: est is to be supplied. 
 
 77. praecido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, trunk, body. 
 
 tr. [prae, in front, +caedo], cut „« ., . r -i ^ 
 
 Qff 79. exitus, -us, m. [exeo], outcome, 
 
 GIIQ cloSG 
 
 tnincus, -i, m., trunk {of a tree); ' 
 
 26. Gaius Julius Caesar 
 
 C. Julius Caesar, nobilissima Juliorum familia natus, agens 
 annum sextum et decimum patrem amisit. A puero videtur 
 popularem factionem in re publica secutus esse, eo magis 
 quod Marius Juliam, Caesaris amitam, in matrimonium dux- 
 
 5 isset. Ipse Corneliam duxit uxorem, flliam Cinnae, qui Sullae 
 inimlcissimus erat. Cum Sulla victor Caesarem, sicut multos 
 alios, jussisset uxorem repudiare, ille recusavit. Bonis deinde 
 spoliatus cum etiam ad necem quaereretur, mutata veste 
 nocte urbe elapsus est. Quamquam tum quartanae morbo 
 
 10 laborabat, prope per singulas noctes latebras commutare 
 cogebatur et denique a Sullae liberto comprehensus est. 
 El vix, data pecunia, persuasit ut se dimitteret. Postremo 
 
 1. agens annum, etc., in his sixteenth year. Caesar was born 100 B.C. 
 
 3. in re publica: with the same meaning as in 23, 34. 
 
 4. duxisset: the subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse implied in 
 videtur. 
 
 7. alios: i.e., men of the "popular" or "radical" faction. 
 
 9. morbo: ablative of cause; morho is explained by the genitive quartanae. 
 
 12. data pecunia, hy a bribe. 
 
 1. familia, -ae,/. [famulus, servant], occurring every fourth day, quart- 
 household, establishment, slaves an;su6s/., quartana, -ae,/. (supj>/?/ 
 in a household; family. febris, fever), quartan ague. 
 
 4. amita, -ae,/., a (paternal) aunt. lo. latebrae, -arum, /. pi. [lateo], 
 
 9. quartanus,-a, -um, atZ/. [quartus], hiding-place. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 221 
 
 per propinquos et affines suos veriiam impetravit. Satis 
 tamen constat Sullam monuisse eos qui adulescenti veniam 
 petebant eum aliquando nobilium partibus exitio futurum 15 
 esse; nam Caesarl multos Marios inesse. 
 
 Stipendia prima in Asia fecit, ubi in expugnatione Myti- 
 lenarum corona civica donatus est. Mortuo Sulla, Rhodum 
 secedere statuit, ut per otium Apollonio Molonl, tum claris- 
 simo dicendi magistro, operam daret. Hue dum transit, a 20 
 praedonibus captus est mansitque apud eos prope qua- 
 draginta dies. Per omne autem illud spatium it a se gessit ut 
 praedonibus pariter terror! venerationlque esset. Redemptus 
 inde ab amlcis classem contraxit captosque praedones cruce 
 affecit, quod supplicium saepe inter jocum minatus erat. 25 
 
 Quaestorl ulterior Hispania obvenit. Dum pauperem 
 vicum Alplnum transit, comites per jocum inter se dis-^ 
 
 13. Satis constat, it is well known. 
 
 15. exitio : a dative of purpose, to be translated as if a predicate nomi- 
 native. 
 
 16. Caesari . . . inesse, in Caesar there was many a Marius; Caesarl 
 is a dative with the compound inesse. 
 
 18. corona civica: the civic wreath was bestowed upon one who had 
 saved the life of a fellow-countryman in battle. 
 
 20. dicendi, of oratory. 
 
 23. terrori: the same dative as exitio, 1. 15. 
 
 26. Quaestori . . . obvenit, fell to his lot as quaestor. A quaestor, 
 whose duties were connected with state finances, was assigned to the staff 
 of each provincial governor. Spain was divided into two provinces, 
 Hispania citerior and Hispania ulterior. 
 
 13. propinquus, -a, -um, adj_. 
 [prope], near; subst., propinqui, 
 -orum, m. pL, relatives, kinsmen. 
 
 affinis, -e, adj. [ad+finis], related 
 by marriage; subst., affinis, 
 affinis, -ium, m. andf., a relative 
 by marriage. 
 
 15. exitium, -i, n., destruction, ruin. 
 
 17. expugnatio, -onis, /. [expugno], 
 a taking by storm, capture. 
 
 18. corona, -ae,/., garland, wreath, 
 crown. 
 
 civicus, -a, -um, adj. [civis], of citi- 
 zens; civic. 
 
 19. se-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
 sum, intr., go apart, retire, with- 
 draw. 
 
 23. pariter, adv. [par], equally, in 
 like manner, as much. 
 
 veneratio, -onis, /. [veneror, rever- 
 ence], deep respect, reverence, 
 veneration. 
 
 24. crux, crucis,/., gallows, cross. 
 
 25. jocus, -i, 7n., jest, joke. 
 
222 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 223 
 
 putabant, num illlc etiam esset ambitioni locus; turn Caesar 
 serio dixit se malle ibi primum esse quam Romae secundum. 
 Dominationis cupidus a prima aetate fuisse existimatur; so 
 dictus autem est semper hos versus Eurlpidis, Graeci poetae, 
 in ore habuisse: 
 
 ''Nam si violandum est jus, regnandi gratia 
 
 Violandum est, aliis rebus pietatem colas." 
 
 Aedilis praeter comitium ac forum etiam Capitolium orna- 35 
 vit porticibus. Venationes autem ludosque apparatissimos et 
 cum collega M. Bibulo et separatim edidit. His rebus patri- 
 monium effudit tantumque aes alienum conflavit ut ipse 
 diceret sil^i opus esse millies sestertium, ut haberet nihil. 
 
 30. a prima aetate: compare a pucru, 1. 2. 
 
 33. gratia : has the same meaning as causa, for the sake of, and is accom- 
 panied by a genitive, which ahvays precedes. 
 
 34. aliis rebus, in other circumstances. \ 
 colas: a volitive subjunctive in a direct commatid. 
 
 35. Aedilis, as aedile. The Roman aediles had supervision of police 
 regulations, of certain public games, of markets, and of the maintenance 
 of streets and public buildings. 
 
 39. sibi opus esse millies sestertium, that he needed a hundred million 
 sesterces; with opus the thing needed may be expressed by an ablative, or, 
 as here, it may be the subject of est, opus then being used in the predicate; 
 in either case the dative is used of the person who needs the thing named . 
 
 sestertium: a genitive plural; ccntena milia is to be understood; with 
 millies the full phrase means literally, a thousand times a hundred thousand 
 sesterces. 
 
 28. ambitio, -onis, /. [ambio, go 
 around], ambition. 
 
 29. serio, adv. [serius, serious], seri- 
 ously, in earnest. 
 
 30. dominatio, -onis, /. [dominor], 
 
 rule, supremacy. 
 
 31. versus, -us, m. [verto], line; 
 verse. 
 
 34. pietas, -atis, /. [plus, pious], de- 
 votion, piety. 
 
 36. porticus, -iis, /. [porta], colon- 
 nade, portico. 
 
 apparatus, -a, -um, adj. [apparo, . 
 
 prepare], prepared, splendid. 
 
 37. separatim, adv. [separatus, sep- 
 arate], separately, severally. 
 
 patrimonium, -i, n. [pater], paternal 
 estate, patrimony. 
 
 38. con-fio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 blow together, kindle; aes alie- 
 num conflare, to contract a debt. 
 
 39. millies, adv. [mille], a thousand 
 times. 
 
 sestertius, -i, gen. pi., sestertium, 
 
 sesterce, a synall silver coin worth 
 four and one-tenth cents. 
 
224 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 40 Postea societatem cum Gnaeo Pompeio et Marco Crasso 
 junxit, ne quid ageretur in re publica, quod displiceret uUl 
 ex tribus. Consul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo primus 
 omnium consulum instituit ut diurna acta et senatus et 
 popull perscriberentur atque ederentur. Aliquot leges pro 
 
 45 Pompeio et Crasso socils pertulit, praecipueque effecit ut 
 ipse provinciam Galliam obtineret. Bibulus, cum frustra 
 legibus obstitisset, per reliquum anni tempus domo abditus 
 curia abstinuit. NonnullT igitur, cum tabulas signarent, per 
 jocum addiderunt non Caesare et Bibulo, sed Julio et Caesare 
 
 50 consulibus. 
 
 Caesar, consulatu peracto, novem annis Galliam in potes- 
 tatem populi Roman! redegit. Germanos quoque aggressus 
 est atque primus imperatorum Romanorum in Britanniam 
 
 40. societatem: the triumvirate, described in the note on 25, 68. 
 
 41. ulli: adjective used as pronoun, with ex tribus dependent, any of the 
 three. 
 
 43. diurna: from this word the Enghsh word "journal" is indirectly- 
 derived. 
 
 44. ederentur, he published. Despite the lack of printing, copies of a 
 document were multiplied at a comparatively small cost, owing to the 
 use of slaves as copyists. The reference here, however, is merely to the 
 act of posting as a bulletin, from which anyone might have copies made. 
 
 47. domo: with ahdo the ablative with or without in may be used of 
 the place where. 
 
 49. Caesarr et Bibulo consulibus, in the consulshij) of Caesar and Bibu- 
 lus; an ablati \/^e absolute, the form of expression regularly employed in 
 designating the Roman year. Caesar and Bibulus were consuls in the 
 year 59 b.c. 
 
 41. displiceo, -ere, -ul, -itum, intr. 48. abstineo, -tinere, -tinul, — , iritr. 
 
 [dis-4-placeo], displease. [abs+teneo], keep or remain 
 
 43. diumus, -a, -um, adj. [compare away. 
 
 dies], of the day, daily. . .,, ,. 
 
 ' , '^' / nil non-nullus, -a, -um, adj., some, 
 
 actum, -I, n. [p. part, of agoj, deed, several. 
 
 transaction. 
 
 47. ob-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum, signo, -are, -avi, -atum, fr. [signum], 
 
 i7itr., resist, oppose. '^^^ a, seal to, seal. 
 
 ab-do, -dere, -didi, -ditimi, tr., put 61. per-ago, -agere, -egi, -actum, tr. 
 
 away, hide, conceal. • (drive through) ; finish, complete. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 225 
 
 transiit. Ipse commentarios rerum gestarum confecit, quibus 
 alios uti in scribenda historia voluit. Sed, ut ait Cicero, 55 
 ''sanos quidem homines a scribendo deterruit; nihil est enim 
 in historia pura et illustrl brevitate dulcius." 
 
 Cum interea Crassus apud Parthos interfectus esset, et 
 mortua Julia, Caesaris filia, quae nupta Pompeio generl 
 socerique concordiam tenebat, statim aemulatio erupit. Jam 
 pridem Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes erant, et Caesari 
 Pompeiana dignitas gravis. Denique Caesar, ut se tueretur. 
 
 60 
 
 54. quibus alios uti . . . voluit: i.e., Caesar did not regard his com- 
 mentaries as finished history, but merely as material from which historians 
 might draw. 
 
 55. ait: for the forms of the defective verb aid, see App. 37 (1). 
 
 57. pura et illustri brevitate, an unembellished and luminous brevity; 
 ablative of comparison. 
 
 58. apud Parthos : Crassus, who was envious of-tire~-military reputation 
 of Caesar and Pompeius, conducted an expedition against the Parthians, 
 but w^as defeated and killed by them in 53 b.c. 
 
 59. generi socerique, between the father-in-law and the son-in-law. What 
 is it literally? 
 
 60. Jam pridem . . . erant: the use of tenses w^ith jam pridem is the 
 same as with jam dudum, explained in the note on Per. 24. 
 
 61. Pompeio, Caesari: these words are datives of reference after 
 suspectae and gravis. 
 
 54. commentarius, -i, m., note- 
 book, memorandum ;pL, memoirs, 
 records. 
 
 55. historia, -ae, /., narrative, his- 
 tory. 
 
 aio, defective verb, say, affirm. 
 
 56. sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, 
 healthy; sane, sensible. 
 
 57. purus, -a, -um, adj., clean, pure; 
 unadorned. 
 
 brevitas, -atis, /. [brevis], shortness, 
 brevity. 
 
 dulcis, -e, adj., sweet, agreeable. 
 59. nubo, -ere, niipsi, nuptum, in^r., 
 
 cover, veil; of a bride, veil one- 
 self, marry, be married. 
 
 gener, -eri, ?n., son-in-law. 
 
 60. socer, -eri, m., father-in-law. 
 
 aemulatio, -onis, /., [aemulor, to 
 rival], rivalry. 
 
 e-rumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptum, 
 intr., break out, burst forth. 
 
 61. pridem, adv., long ago. 
 
 suspectus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 suspicio, suspect] , mistrusted, 
 suspected. 
 
 62. tueor, -eri, tiitus sum, tr., gaze 
 upon; watch over, protect. 
 
226 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 postulavit ut ex lege ante lata sibi absent! alterum consula- 
 tum petere liceret. Hoc inimici, Pompeio probante, nega- 
 
 65 verunt atque jusserunt Caesarem ante certam diem exercitum 
 provinciamque tradere. 
 
 Injuria incensus ad Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae 
 finis erat, cum exercitu processit. Ibi paulum moratus, ut 
 fama fert, ''etiam nunc," inquit, ''regredi possumus; quod si 
 
 70 hoc flumen transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt." Pos- 
 tremo exclamavit: *'Jacta est alea." Turn, exercitu flumen 
 traducto belloque civili incepto, Brundisium profectus est, 
 quo Pompeius cum magna parte senatus profugerat. Pompe- 
 ium transire in Epirum prohibere frtistra conatus iter in 
 
 75 Hispaniam fecit, ubi validissimas Pompeii copias vicit. 
 
 Deinde in EpTrum profectus Pompeium Pharsalico proelio 
 superavit et fugientem ad Aegyptum persecutus est. Ptole- 
 maeum regem, qui Pompeium interfici jusserat Insidiasque 
 Caesarl tendebat, vicit atque regnum Cleopatrae fratrique 
 
 so minorl permisit. Pharnacem, Mithridatis f ilium, qui occasi- 
 
 63. ex lege ante lata, in accordance with a law previously enacted. This 
 was a law of the year 52 b.c, by which Caesar was to be allowed to be a 
 candidate for a second consulship without coming to Rome or surrendering 
 his provinces and army. These he hoped also to hold, in the event of his 
 election, until the time to enter upon office. In this way he would step 
 directly from a provincial office to office in Rome and so avoid a period 
 of private life, in which his opponents might prosecute him on trumped-up 
 charges and perhaps send him into exile. Their refusal to abide by this 
 law resulted in civil war and the overthrow of the republic. The crossing 
 of the Rubicon, 1. 67 ff., occurred in January, 49 b.c. 
 
 70. agenda erunt, will have to be decided. 
 
 71. flumen: a transitive verb compounded with trans may take an 
 accusative governed by the preposition in the compound; in the active, 
 this passage would read, exercitum jlUnien trdduxit. 
 
 73. quo: adverb. 
 
 Pompeium transire: object of prohibere, to prevent Pompeius from 
 crossing. 
 
 80. occasione temporum, the favorable opportunity. 
 
 71. alea, -ae,/., a game with dice; ambuscade, ambush; plot. 
 
 ^ the. 79. tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum, tr., 
 
 78. insidiae, -arum, /. pL, snare; stretch, aim, direct. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 227 
 
 one temporum ad rebellandum utebatur, tarn cito fudit ut 
 celeritatem victoriae postea tribus verbis significaret, 'Venl, 
 vidl, vIcT." Deinde Scipionem et Jubam, Numidiae regem, 
 qui reliquias Pompeianarum partium in Africa coegerat, 
 devlcit. Postremo Pompeii filios in Hispania superavit; quod 85 
 proelium tarn acre tamque dubium fuit ut Caesar equo 
 descenderet consistensque ante suos cedentes fortunam incre- 
 paret, quod se in eum exitum servasset, denuntiaretque 
 mllitibus vestlgio se non recessurum. Verecundia magis 
 quam virtute acies restituta est. Romam inde rediit, ubi 9o 
 quater triumphavit. 
 
 Bellis civllibus confectis conversus jam ad administrandam 
 rem piiblicam fastos correxit annumque ad cursum solis 
 accommodavit. Senatum supplevit, comitilsque cum populo 
 divlsis sibi sumpsit jus nominandae dimidiae partis candi- 95 
 datorum. Eos qui lege Pompeii de ambitu daQinati erant 
 
 87. suos cedentes, his men who loere giving way. 
 
 93. fastos correxit, etc.: the Roman year prior to Caesar's reform of 
 the calendar consisted of 355 days. The discrepancy between this number 
 and the true solar year was made up by inserting extra days every other 
 year. For a decade, however, this intercalation, as it was called, had been 
 almost entirely neglected. Caesar corrected the calendar, /as^s, by insert- 
 ing three extra months in the year 46 B.C., and further decreed that the 
 3^ear henceforth should count 365 days, with one day added to February 
 every fourth year. 
 
 96. ambitu: the word means literally a going around (to ask for votes); 
 since money would often be used, the word came to mean hrihcrij. 
 
 81. cito, adv. [citus, swift], quickly, 
 
 speedily. 
 87. in-crep6, -crepare, -crepui, 
 
 -crepitum, tr., resound; upbraid. 
 
 89. re-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
 
 sum, intr., retire, withdraw, 
 verecundia, -ae,/. [compare vereor], 
 
 shame, sense of shame. 
 91. quater, adv. [quattuor], four 
 
 times. 
 93. fasti, -onim, m. pi., calendar, 
 corrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectiim, tr. 
 
 [com-+reg6], correct, reform. 
 
 94. accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [ad +conimod6, lend], fit to, adapt. 
 
 suppleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, tr. |sub + 
 pleo, fill], fill up, fill out; recruit. 
 
 95. dimidius, -a, -um, adj. [dis--|- 
 medius], half. 
 
 candidatus, -i, m. [candidus, white], 
 candidate. 
 
 96. ambitus, -us, m. [ambio, go 
 around], canvassing for votes, 
 bribery. 
 
 damno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [dam- 
 num, loss], condemn, convict. 
 
228 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 restituit atque admlsit ad honores etiam prosciiptorum 
 llberos. Sanxit ne ei qui pecuariam facerent minus tertia 
 parte puberum ingenuorum inter pastores haberent. Omnis 
 
 100 medicinam Romae professos et llberalium artium doctores 
 civitate donavit. Jus laboriosissime ac severissime dixit. 
 De repetundis damnatos etiam e senatu movit. Pere- 
 grlnarum mercium portoria instituit. Legem praecipue sump- 
 tuariam exercuit, dispositis circa macellum custodibus qui 
 
 105 obsonia vetita retinerent. 
 
 De ornanda mstruendaque urbe multa cogitabat, imprimis 
 ingens Martis templum extruere theatrumque summae mag- 
 nitudinis sub Tarpeio monte. Habebat in animo etiam haec: 
 jus civile ad certum modum redigere atque ex ingenti copia 
 
 97. honores, political offices. 
 
 98. pecuariam facerent, engaged in stock raising. 
 
 tertia parte: ablative of comparison after minus. The conversion of 
 farming land into ranches with slaves as cattle-herders had long been a 
 serious evil, inasmuch as slaves displaced the free farmers of old, 
 
 102. De repetundis, for extortion; with especial reference to provincial 
 governors, who often oppressed their subjects; the full phrase is de pecunils 
 repetundis and means literally concernhig the recovery of money. 
 
 103. Legem sumptuariam: a law regulating the amount that might be 
 spent upon the table. 
 
 97. ad-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 sum, tr., send to, let go; admit. 
 
 98. sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctum, tr., 
 make sacred; decree, enact, 
 
 pecuarius, -a, -um, adj. [pecu, 
 cattle], of cattle; suhst., pecuaria, 
 -ae, /, (res, understood), cattle- 
 breeding, 
 
 99. pubes, gen. -eris, adj., grown 
 up, adult; suhst., puberes, -um, 
 m. pi., adults, men. 
 
 ingenuus, -a, -um, adj., free-born. 
 
 101. laboriose, adv. [laboriosus, toil- 
 some], laboriously. 
 
 severe, adv. fseverus, serious], seri- 
 ously, severely, strictly, 
 
 102. re-peto, -petere, -petivi, -peti- 
 
 tum, tr., demand back; res repe- 
 tere, to demand reparation. 
 
 103. merx, mercis, /., goods, mer- 
 chandise, 
 
 portoritun, -i, ?i, [portus], tax, duty, 
 toll. 
 
 sumptuarius, -a, -um, adj. [sump- 
 tus], sumptuary, 
 
 104. dis-pono, -ponere, -posui, -po- 
 situm, tr., place here and there, 
 distribute. 
 
 macellum, -i, n., a meat-market, 
 
 105. obsonium, -i, n., victuals, 
 viands. 
 
 106. cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr, 
 [com-+agito], ponder; plan. 
 
 107. theatrum, -i, n,, theater. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ,229 
 
 legum optima quaeque in paucissimos libros conferre; bib- no 
 liothecas Graecas Latlnasque quas maximas posset Insti- 
 tuere; siccare Pomptlnas paltides; emittere Fticinum lacum; 
 viam munire a mari Supero per Appennlni dorsum ad Ti- 
 berim; perfodere Isthmiim Corinthium; Dacos, qui s'e in 
 Pontum et Thraciam effuderant, coercere; mox Partlils In- 115 
 ferre bellum per Armeniam. 
 
 Eum talia agentem et meditantem mors praevenit. Dicta- 
 tor enim in perpetuum creatus agere insolentius coepit: 
 senatum ad se venientem sedens excepit et quendam ut 
 assurgeret monentem irato vultu respexit. Cum Antonius, 120 
 comes Caesaris in omnibus bellis et tum consulatus collega, 
 capiti ejus in sella aurea sedentis pro rostrls diadema, Insigne 
 regium, imposuisset, id ita ab eo est repulsum ut non of- 
 fensus videretur. Quare amplius sexagintj^^ri, Cassio et 
 
 110. optima quaeque, all the best things; when masculine or feminine, 
 quisque with a superlative is usually singular; e.g., optimus quisque, all the 
 best men. 
 
 112. Pomptinas paludes: a marshy region on the western coast of 
 Italy, about forty miles south of Rome. 
 
 113. mari Supero: the upper sea was the Adriatic; mare inferum was the 
 Etruscan sea, that part of the Mediterranean to the west of Italy. 
 
 119. ut assurgeret: a noun clause, object of monentem. 
 
 124. amplius sexaginta viri: amplius, minus, and plus may either have 
 an ablative of comparison, as minus in 1, 98, or may be used as equivalent 
 to amplius quam, minus quam, pliis quam, and so have no effect on the case, 
 as here. 
 
 110. bibliotheca, -ae, /., library. 
 
 113. dorsum, -i, n., back; ridge. 
 
 114. perfodio, -fodere, -fodi, -fos- 
 sum, tr., dig through; transfix. 
 
 isthmus, -i, m., an isthmus; the 
 Isthmus of Corinth. 
 
 115. coerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -er- 
 citum, tr. [com-+arce6, enclose], 
 restrain, curb. 
 
 117. meditor, -ari, -atus sum, i?itr. 
 and tr., reflect; meditate, plan. 
 
 prae-venio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, 
 intr. and tr., come before, pre- 
 cede; anticipate. 
 
 118. insolenter, adv. [insolens, in- 
 solent], haughtily, insolently. 
 
 120. assurgo, -surgere, -surrexi, 
 -surrectum, intr. [ad+surgo, rise], 
 rise up. 
 
 124. ample, adr. [amplus, ample], 
 abundantly, liberally; compar., 
 amplius, more. 
 
 sexaginta, indecl. num., sixty. 
 
230 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 125 Brtito ducibus, in eum conjuraverunt atque constituerunt eum 
 Idibus Martiis in senatu interficere. 
 
 Quamquam prodigia eum deterrebant, et haruspex Spurinna 
 monebat ut caveret perlculum, quod non ultra Martias Idus 
 proferretur, statuit tamen eo die senatum habere. Dum 
 
 130 curiam intrat, Spurinnam irrisit, quod sine ulla sua noxa 
 Idus Martiae adessent. ''Venerunt quidem," inquit Spu- 
 rinna, ^'sed non praeterierunt," Caesarem assidentem con- 
 jurati specie officii circumsteterunt ; unus deinde quasi aliquid 
 rogaturus propius accessit et, cum Caesar renueret, ab utroque 
 
 135 humero togam apprehendit. Dum Caesar clamat ''ista qui- 
 dem vis est," Casca eum adversum vulnerat paulum infra 
 jugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium arreptum graphio trajecit 
 conatusque prosilire alio vulnere tardatus est. Deinde ut 
 animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti, toga caput 
 
 126. idibus: the Ides were the 15th of March, May, July, October, the 
 13th of the other months. 
 
 128. quod: a relative pronoun. 
 
 129. proferretur: why subjunctive? Observe that its clause is part of 
 the warning. 
 
 134. rogaturus: the future participle expressing intention, 
 
 ab: occasionally, as here, to be translated on or at. 
 
 136. adversum, in front, an adjective in agreement with {eiim) cld- 
 mantem. 
 
 126. idus, iduum, /. pi., the Ides, 
 the middle of the month. 
 
 127. haruspex, -icis, m., soothsayer. 
 
 130. noxa, -ae, /. [noceo], harm, 
 injury. 
 
 132. praetereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, tr. 
 
 and intr., go by, go past, pass; 
 praeteritus, -a, -um, p. part, as 
 adj., gone by, past. 
 
 assido, -sidere, -sedi, — , intr. [ad+ 
 sidd, sit], take a seat, sit down. 
 
 134. re-nuo, -nuere, -nui, — , intr., 
 shake the head, refuse. 
 
 136. apprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, 
 
 -hensum, tr. [ad+prehendo], take 
 hold of, seize. 
 
 136. infra, prep, with ace, below, 
 underneath. 
 
 137. jugulum, -1, n. [jugum], throat, 
 neck. 
 
 graphium, -i, n., stylus, pen. 
 
 138. prosilio, -silire, -silui, — , intr. 
 [pro+salio, leap], leap forward, 
 spring up. 
 
 tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [tardus, 
 slow], hinder, retard. 
 
 139. pugio, -onis, m., dagger, 
 poniard. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 231 
 
 obvolvit et tribus et viginti plagls confossus est. Cum i40 
 Marcum Brutum, quern fllii loco habebat, in se irruentem 
 vidisset, dixisse fertur: ''Tu quoque, ml fill!" 
 
 Percussorum autem nemo fere triennio amplius supervlxit. 
 Damnati omnes variis casibus perierunt, pars naufragio, pars 
 proelio; nonnulll semet interfecerunt eodem illo pugione, quo 145 
 Caesarem confoderant. 
 
 Quo rarior in regibus et principibus viris moderatio, hoc 
 laudanda magis est. Caesar victoria civlli clementissime 
 usus est; cum enim scrinia deprehendisset epistularum ad 
 Pompeium missarum ab ils qui videbantur aut in dlversls iso 
 aut in neutris fuisse partibus, legere noluit, sed combussit, 
 ne forte in multos gravius consulendl locum darent. Cicero 
 banc laudem eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivlsci 
 soleret nisi injurias. 
 
 141. fllii loco, as a son; literally in the place of a son. 
 
 143. triennio: for the case with amplius see the note on 1. 124. 
 
 147. Quo, hoc : ablatives of degree of difference with rarior and laudanda 
 magis; they correspond to English ''the . . . the" with comparatives, the 
 more rare . . . the more deserving of praise. 
 
 152. gravius consulendi locum, occasion for harsher measures (than he 
 desired) . 
 
 153. quod . . . soleret: quod, that (conjunction), sometimes introduces a 
 substantive clause, here explanatory to laudem. Why the subjunctive 
 soleret? It is of course part of what Cicero said. 
 
 140. ob-volvo, -volvere, -volvi, -vo- 
 lutum, ir., wrap round, enfold. 
 
 plaga, -ae,/., blow, wound. 
 
 confodio, -fodere, -fodi, -fossum, 
 /r., stab, pierce. 
 
 141. irruo, -mere, -mi, — , intr., 
 rush in, rush upon. 
 
 143. percussor, -oris, m. [percutio], 
 assassin. 
 
 triennium, -i, n. [tres+annus], a 
 period of three years, three years' 
 time. 
 
 super- vivo, -vivere, -vixi, — , inir., 
 outlive, survive. 
 
 144. naufragium, -i, n. [compare 
 
 navis and frango], shipwreck. 
 
 145. -met, an enclitic suffix, self, 
 own. 
 
 147. rarus, -a, -um, adj., rare, 
   scarce. 
 
 moderatio, -onis, /. [moderor, to 
 control], moderation, self-control. 
 
 148. clementer, adv. [clemens], 
 mercifully. 
 
 149. scrinium, -i, n., book-box, let- 
 ter-case. 
 
 de-prehendo, -hendere, -hendi, 
 -hensimi, tr., seize upon; discover. 
 
 161. comburo,-urere,-ussi,-ustiim, 
 tr. Icom-+ur6], burn up, consume. 
 
232 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 155 Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo leniore, nigris 
 vegetlsque oculls, capite calvo; quam deformitatem, quod 
 saepe obtrectatorum jocis obnoxia erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo 
 ex omnibus honoribus sibi a senatu populoque decretis non 
 alium aut regepit aut usurpavit libentius quam jus laure- 
 
 160 ae perpetuo gestandae. Vlnl parcissimum eum fuisse ne ini- 
 mlci quidem negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est, unum ex om- 
 nibus Caesarem ad evert endam rem ptiblicam sobrium acces- 
 sisse. Armorum et equitandl perltissimus, laboris ultra 
 fidem patiens; in agmine nonnumquam equo, saepius pedibus 
 
 165 anteibat, capite detects, seu sol, seu imber erat. Longissi- 
 
 155. ore paulo leniore, ivith a rather kindly expression. 
 
 158. decretis: a participle, with honoribus. 
 
 159. laureae: the victor's laurel crown served partly to hide Caesar's 
 baldness. 
 
 164. fidem, belief. 
 
 in agmine, on the march. 
 
 equo, on horseback. 
 
 155. excelsus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, 
 of excello], lofty, tall; distin- 
 guished. 
 
 statura, -ae, /. [status, a standing], 
 height, stature. 
 
 lenis, -e, adj., mild, gentle. 
 
 156. vegetus, -a, -um, adj., lively, 
 animated. 
 
 calvus, -a, -um, adj., bald. 
 
 deformitas, -atis, /. [deformis, mis- 
 shapen], deformity, disfigurement, 
 unsightliness. 
 
 157. obtrectator, -oris, m. [obtrecto, 
 disparage], traducer, disparager. 
 
 ob-noxius, -a, -um, adj., liable, 
 exposed. 
 
 ideo, adv., for that reason, there- 
 fore. 
 
 158. de-cemo, ~ -cernere, - -crevi, 
 -cretum, tr., decide, decree. 
 
 159. usurpo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 make use of, use. 
 
 laurea, -ae, /., laurel-tree; laurel 
 wreath . 
 
 160. perpetuo, adv. [perpetuus], con- 
 tinually. 
 
 gesto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [freq. of 
 gero], bear, carry, wear. 
 
 parous, -a, -um, adj. [parco], spar- 
 ing, frugal. 
 
 162. e-verto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
 sum, tr., overturn, overthrow. 
 
 sobrius, -a, -um, adj. [se-+ebrius, 
 drunk], sober. 
 
 163. equito, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [eques], ride. 
 
 164. patiens, -entis, adj. [pres. part, 
 of patior], enduring, tolerant, pa- 
 tient. 
 
 agmen, -inis, n. [ago], a marching 
 
 army, a column. 
 non-numquam, adv., sometimes, a 
 
 few times. 
 
 165. ante-eo, -ire, -ii, or -ivi, intr., 
 go before or ahead. 
 
 detectus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 detego, uncover], uncovered, 
 bare. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 233 
 
 mas vias incredibili celeritate conficiebat, ut persaepe nunti- 
 os de se praevenlret; neque eum morabantur flumina, quae 
 vel nando vel innlxus inflatis utribus translbat. / 
 
 168. nando: gerund, ablative of means. 
 
 166. per-saepe, adv., very often. in-flo, -are, -avi, -atum, //•., blow 
 
 into, inflate. 
 168. in-nltor, -nitl, -nixum, intr., uter, utris, m., a vessel of skin, 
 lean upon, support oneself by. leather bottle. 
 
 27. Marcus Tullius Cicero 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestrl genere, Arpini, quod est 
 Volscorum oppidum, natus est. Nondum adultus a patre 
 Romam missus est, ut celeberrimorum magistrorum scholls 
 interesset atque eas artes disceret, quibus aetas puerllis ad 
 humanitatem solet mformari; quod magno successu magna- 5 
 que admlratione et praeceptorum et ceterorum discipulorum 
 fecit; cum enim fama de Ciceronis ingenio et doctrlna ad alios 
 perlata esset, multi reperti esse dicuntur qui ejus videndi et 
 audiendl gratia scholas adirent. 
 
 Cum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica honores viam lo 
 munlrl posse intellegeret quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, 
 toto animo in ejus studium incubuit; in quo quidem ita ver- 
 
 2. natus est: in 106 b.c. 
 
 5. quod, and this; referring to the purpose in the sentence preceding. 
 
 8. qui . . . adirent: a relative clause of description. 
 
 9. gratia: what case do gratia and causa meaning /or the sake of take, and 
 what is their position? 
 
 11. muniri: munire with viam as object means construct; this passage 
 may be translated freely, entrance into 'public life ivas made possible. 
 
 1. equester, -tris, -tre, adj. [eques], 7. doctrina, -ae, /. [doceo], teach- 
 
 of a horseman, equestrian, cav- ing, learning, erudition, 
 airy {as adj.). 
 
 5. in-formo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., ^2. mcumbo, -cumbere, -cubui 
 shape, mold; instruct, educate. -cubitum, mtr.le^n upon; bend 
 
 - , . . r . ... to, apply oneself to. 
 
 6. praeceptor, -oris, m. [praecipioj, 
 
 teacher, instructor. versor, -ari, -atus sum, intr. [dep. 
 
 discipulus, -i, m. [disco], learner, aiid freq. of verto], occupy one- 
 
 pupil, self, engage, conduct oneself. 
 
234 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 235 
 
 satus est ut non solum eos qui in foro et jtidicils causas 
 dicerent studiose sectaretur, sed privatim quoque dlligen- 
 tissime se exerceret. Primuin eloquentiam et llbertatem ad- 15 
 versus Sullanos ostendit. Erat enim Roscius quidam, de 
 parricldio accusatus, quern ob potentiam ChrysogonI, Bullae 
 libertl, qui in ejus adversariis erat, nemo alius defendere 
 audebat; Cicero tamen tanta eloquentiae vl eum defendit ut 
 jam tum in arte dicendl nemo ei par esse videretur. Postea 20 
 Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiochum philosophum 
 studiose audivit. Inde eloquentiae causa Rhodum se con- 
 tulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum rhetorem tum disertissimum, 
 magistrum habuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem audivis- 
 set, flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc Graecia eloquentiae laude 25 
 privaretur. 
 
 Romam re versus quaestor Sicilian! habuit. Ntillius vero 
 quaestura aut gratior aut clarior fuit; cum enim magna tum 
 esset annonae difficultas, initio molestus erat Siculls, quos 
 cogeret frumenta in urbem mittere; postea vero, dlligentiam 30 
 
 13. in foro: i.e., in political discussions. 
 
 14. sectaretur: attendance upon the law courts and upon political 
 debates was a common method of studying law and the art of public 
 speaking in Cicero's time. 
 
 20. jam tum, even then; Cicero was only 26 years old. 
 
 26. privaretur: account for the subjunctive. 
 
 27. Siciliam habuit: i.e., as a province; see note on 26, 26. 
 
 29. initio, at first. 
 
 quos cogeret, siyice he forced them; a relative clause of reason or 
 cause, as explained in the note on 23, 54. 
 
 14. studiose, adv. [studiosus], eag- 
 erly, devotedly. 
 
 sector, -ari, -atus stmi, tr. [freq. of 
 sequor], follow after, attend. 
 
 privatim, adv. [privatus], in a private 
 capacity, privately. 
 
 17. parricidium, -i, n. [compare pa- 
 ter and caedo], parricide, murder 
 of a father. 
 
 18. adversarius, -a, -um, adj. [ad- 
 verser], opposed, hostile; subst., 
 
 adversarius, -i, m., an opponent, 
 adversary. 
 
 23. rhetor, -oris, m., a teacher of 
 oratory, rhetorician. 
 
 disertus, -a, -um, adj. \from p. part, 
 of dissero], fluent, eloquent. 
 
 25. fleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, intr., 
 weep, cry. 
 
 29. annona, -ae, /. [annus], the 
 year's produce; supphes, provi- 
 sions. 
 
236 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 et justitiam et comitatem ejus experti, honores quaestor! 
 suo majores quam ulli umquam praetor! detulerunt. E 
 Sicilia reversus Romam in causis dicendls ita floruit ut inter 
 omnes causarum patronos et esset et haberetur prmceps. 
 
 35 Consul deinde factus L. Sergii Catillnae conjurationem 
 egregia virtute, constantia, cura compressit. Catilina rei 
 familiaris, quam profuderat, inopia et dominandl cupiditate 
 incensus erat indignatusque quod in petltione consulatus. 
 repulsam passus esset; conjuratione igitur facta senatum 
 
 40 interemere, consules trucidare, urbem incendere, diripere 
 aerarium constituerat. Cicero autem in senatu, praesen- 
 te Catilina, vehementem orationem habuit et consilia ejus 
 patefecit; turn ille, incendium suum ruina se restlncturum 
 
 34. haberetur, was regarded. 
 
 35. Catilinae: Catiline was of an aristocratic family, but of a depraved 
 character. He was ambitious to gain political power, and succeeded in 
 attaching to himself the discontented and unprincipled of all classes. 
 Cicero through a sort of secret service of friends and political associates 
 kept informed of his plans and finally aroused the senate to the adoption 
 of energetic measures. 
 
 42. habuit, delivered. 
 
 43. ruina: an allusion to the practice of demolishing houses in order 
 to prevent the spread of a fire. 
 
 31. experior, -periri, -partus sum, 
 tr., prove, test. 
 
 33. floreo, -ere, -ui, — , intr. [fios], 
 blossom; flourish, be eminent. 
 
 34. patronus, -i, m. [pater], protec- 
 tor, patron; defender, advocate. 
 
 35. conjuratio, -onis, /. [conjuro], 
 conspiracy. 
 
 37. familiaris, -e, adj. [familia], of 
 a household; res familiaris, pri- 
 vate property, estate ; s u bst. 
 familiaris, -is, m., a friend, an 
 intimate acquaintance. 
 
 pro-fundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusum, 
 tr., pour out; spend freely, squan- 
 der. 
 
 inopia, -ae, /. [inops], want, lack; 
 poverty. 
 
 dominor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., rule. 
 
 38. petitio, -onis, /. [compare peto], 
 (a seeking), candidacy, canvass. 
 
 39. repulsa, -ae, /. [p. part. of. re- 
 pello], repulse, defeat. 
 
 40. interimo, -imere, -emi, -emp- 
 tum, ir. [inter+emo, take out], 
 destroy, slay, kill. 
 
 41. praesens, gen. -entis, adj. [pr. 
 part, of praesum], at hand, pres- 
 ent, in person. 
 
 43. incendium, -i, n. [incendo], fire, 
 conflagration. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 237 
 
 esse minitans, Roma profugit et ad exercitum, quern para- 
 verat, profectus est signa illaturus urbi. Sed socii ejus, qui 45 
 in urbe remanserant, comprehensi in carcere necati sunt. 
 
 Neque eo magis ab incepto Catilina destitit, sed infestis 
 signis Romam petens exercitu Antonil, Ciceronis collegae, 
 opprimitur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit exitus docuit: 
 nemo hostium bello superfuit; nam quem locum quisque in 50 
 pugnando ceperat, eum mortuus tegebat. Catilina longe a 
 suls inter hostium cadavera repertus est — pulcherrima mors, 
 si pro patria sic concidisset! Senatus populusque Romanus 
 Ciceronem patrem patriae appellavit. 
 
 Faucis post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius, tribunus 55 
 plebis, quod elves Romanes indicta causa necavisset. Sena- 
 tus maestus, tamquam in publico luctu, veste mutata, pro eo 
 deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset armis salutem suam de- 
 fendere7 maluit ex urbe ceclere quam sua causa caedem fieri. 
 
 44. Roma: ablative of the place from which, App. 65. 
 
 45. signa: with illaturus; literally intending to advance the standards, 
 i.e., to attack. 
 
 46. carcere: the prison said to have been built by Ancus Marcius; com- 
 pare 8, 7 and note. 
 
 47. eo magis, the more; eo is an ablative of degree of difference. 
 
 49. Quam atrocitet* dimicatum sit, how desperate the decisive battle was; 
 dimicatum sit is an impersonal passive. Why the subjunctive? 
 
 50. quem . . . locum, eum: in English order this should be, eum locum 
 quem. 
 
 53. si . . . concidisset: but he did not so fall; what sort of condition? 
 
 55. diem dixit: a legal expression, literally, appointed a day (for ap- 
 pearance in court), equivalent to preferred a charge. The accomplices of 
 Catiline who were strangled in prison had no trial, but were put to death 
 by the order of the consul at the advice of the senate. 
 
 57. veste mutata, having put on m^ourning. 
 
 59. sua causa : the genitive with causa, for the sake of, may be replaced 
 by a possessive adjective. 
 
 44. minitor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. dertaking. 
 
 [freq. of minor, threaten], 49. atrociter, adv. [atrox, savage], 
 
 threaten, menace. fiercely. 
 
 46. re-maneo, -manere, -mansi, 53. concido, -cidere, -cidi, — , iJitr. 
 -mansum, ijitr., remain. [com-+cado], fall, be slain. 
 
 47. inceptum, -i, n. [p. part, of 57. luctus, -us, m. [lugeo, mourn], 
 incipio], beginning; attempt, un- sorrow, mourning, affliction. 
 
238 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 60 Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosectiti sunt. Deinde 
 Clodius edictum proposuit, ut Marco Tullio igni et aqua 
 interdlceretur; illius domum et villas incendit. Sed vis ilia 
 non diuturna fuit; mox enim totus fere populus Romanus 
 ingenti desiderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare coepit, et max- 
 
 65 imo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est. 
 Nihil per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, 
 accidit jucundius. Obviam ei redeunti universT ierunt; 
 domus ejus publica pecunia restituta est. 
 
 Gravissimae inimicitiae ilia tempestate inter Caesarem et 
 
 70 Pompeium ortae sunt, ut res nisi bello componi non posse 
 videretur. Cicero quidem summo studio enitebatur ut eos 
 inter se reconciliaret et a belli civilis calamitatibus deterre- 
 ret; sed cum neutrum ad pacem ineundam movere posset, 
 Pompeium secutus est. Tamen a Caesare victore veniam 
 
 75 accepit. Cum Caesar occlsus esset, Octaviano, Caesaris 
 heredi, favit Antonioque adversatus est, atque effecit ut 
 ille a senatu hostis judicaretur. 
 
 61. igni et aqua: ablatives of separation with interdlceretur; literally, 
 should be interdicted (the use of) fire and water; since fire and water are 
 absolute necessities of life, the phrase is equivalent to should go into exile. 
 The name of the person so interdicted is put in the dative, here Marco 
 Tullio; interdlceretur is an impersonal passive. 
 
 66. itinere: ablative of comparison with jticundius. 
 
 67. ei: the dative with obviam ierunt, as in 25, 22, explained in the note 
 there. 
 
 75. Octaviano: Octavianus was a grandnephew of Julius Caesar. He 
 is best known under his later title Augustus, first Roman emperor. 
 
 76. Antonio . . . adversatus est: Marcus Antonius after Caesar's death 
 endeavored to seize the power which Caesar had held. Cicero showed 
 favor to Octavian, in the hope, however, that the free republic might be 
 restored. The course of events brought him into sharp conflict with 
 Antonius. 
 
 62. inter-dico, -dicere, -dixi, -die- 70. com-pono, -ponere, -posui, 
 tum, ir., forbid, interdict. -positum, tr., place together; com- 
 
 63. diutumus, -a, -um, adj. [diu], Pose, settle. 
 
 lasting, long. 71^ e-nitor, -niti, -nixus or -nisus 
 
 69. inimicitia, -ae, /. [inimicus], sum, intr., struggle out; strug- 
 
 enmity, hostihty. gle, strive. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 239 
 
 Sed Ant5nius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Ciceronem 
 jam diti sibi inimlcum proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero 
 transversis itineribus in villam, quae a marl n5n longe so 
 aberat, fugit indeque navem conscendit, in Macedoniam 
 transiturus. Cum aliquotiens in altum provectus ventis 
 adversis relatus esset, neque jactationem maris pati posset, 
 taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit; aliquando re- 
 gressus ad villam "moriar," inquit, ''in patria saepe ser- 85 
 vata." Adventantibus percussoribus, servi parati ad dlmican- 
 dum erant ; sed ipse eos deponere lectlcam et quietos pati quod 
 sors iniqua cogeret jussit. Prominent! ex lectica et imm5tam 
 cervicem praebenti caput praecisum est. Mantis quoque 
 praecisae sunt; caput relatum est ad Antonium jussuque oo 
 ejus inter duas manus in rostrls positum. 
 
 Quamditi res publica libera stabat, Cicero in eam curas 
 cogitationesque fere omnes suas conferebat et plus operae 
 ponebat in agendo quam in scrlbendo. Cum autem omnia • 
 potestate unius C. Julil Caesaris tenerentur, non se angori- 95 
 
 80. villam: this was situated not far from the little city of Formiae, on 
 the Gulf of Gaeta. Cicero possessed several country houses, of which 
 this was probably his favorite. 
 
 82. transiturus: the participle has the same force as illdturus, 1. 45. 
 
 87. ipse = Cicero: subject of ywssif. 
 
 88. Prominent!, praebenti: supply el; the dative of reference (App. 54) 
 is not infrequently employed where we should expect a possessive genitive; 
 here, e.g. {Ciceronis) prominentis . . . et cervicem yraehentis caput praecisum 
 est. Translate with a clause, when he leaned out . . . his head was cut off. 
 
 93. plus operae ponebat in agendo, he devoted more attention to action. 
 
 80. transversus, -a, -um, adj.^ lying 
 across, cross {as an adjective). 
 
 82. aliquotiens, adv. [aliquot], sev- 
 eral times. 
 
 83. jactatio, -onis, /. [jacto], tossing, 
 motion, 
 
 84. taedium, -i, n. [taedet, it wea- 
 ries], weariness, loathing. 
 
 86. advento, -ventare, — , — , intr. 
 [intens. of advenio], advance, ap- 
 proach. 
 
 87. lectica, -ae, /. [lectus], a litter, 
 sedan. 
 
 88. promineo, -minere, -minui, intr., 
 stand out; project, lean out. 
 
 immotus, -a, -um, adj. [in-+motus], 
 unmoved, unaffected. 
 
 89. cervix, -icis, /., neck, throat. 
 
 93. cogitatio, -onis, /. [coglto], re- 
 flection, meditation. 
 
 95. angor, -oris, m., anguish, tor- 
 ment; p^ melancholy. 
 
240 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 bus dedidit nee indignis homine docto voluptatibus. Vltans 
 conspectum fori urbisque rura peragrabat abdebatque se, 
 quantum lieebat, et solus erat. Cum animus autem nihil 
 agere non posset, se ad philosophiam referre constituit atque 
 
 100 ita honestissime molestias deponere. Huic studio Cicer5 
 adulescens multum temporis tribuerat, et jam senex omnem 
 curam ad scribendum convertit. Volebat quoque etiam 
 otiosus aliquid civibus prodesse eosque doctiores et sapien- 
 tiores facere. Eo modo plura brevi tempore eversa re publica 
 
 105 scrlpsit, quam multis annis ea stante scripserat. Sic paruit 
 virorum sapientium praecepto, qui docent homines non solum 
 ex mails eligere minima oportere, sed etiam excerpere ex 
 his ipsis, si quid insit boni. 
 
 Multa extant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, gene- 
 
 110 rum suum, exiguae staturae hominem, vidisset longo gladio 
 accmctum, ''quis/^ inquit, "generum meum ad gladium alli- 
 gavit?" — Matrona quaedam juniorem se quam erat simu- 
 
 98. nihil agere non posset: the two negatives are to be taken closely 
 with the two verbs (not a case of two negatives making an affirmative) , 
 was unable to be idle. , 
 
 103. aliquid prodesse, to benefit, to be of some use; aliquid is an accusa- 
 tive of extent. 
 
 106. homines . . . eligere: an infinitive clause, subject of oportere, App. 
 114. 
 
 108. si quid insit boni, whatever good there is in them. 
 
 96. in-dignus, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 worthy, undeserving. 
 
 97. rus, ruris, n., the country; pL, 
 the fields, the country. 
 
 peragro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [per+ 
 ager], wander through, traverse. 
 
 99. philosophia, -ae, /., philosophy. 
 
 100. honeste, adv. [honestus], hon- 
 orably, properly. 
 
 103. otiosus, -a, -um, adj. [otium], 
 at leisure, unoccupied. 
 
 106. praeceptum, -i, n. [p. part, of 
 praecipiol, maxim, precept, order. 
 
 107. eligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum, tr. 
 
 [e+lego], choose, select. 
 excerpo, -cerpere, -cerpsi, -cerptum, 
 tr. [carpo], pick out, select. 
 
 109. facete, adv. [facetus, witty], 
 wittily, humorously. 
 
 110. exiguus, -a, -um, adj., scanty, 
 small. 
 
 111. accingo, -cingere, -cinxi 
 -cinctum, tr. [ad+cingol, gird to, 
 gird. 
 
 112. matrona, -ae, /. [mater], mar- 
 ried woman, wife, matron. 
 
 jiinior, adj. [compar. of juvenis], 
 younger. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 241 
 
 lans dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere; cui Cicero 
 *'verum est," inquit, "nam hoc vlginti annos audio." — 
 Caesar, altero consule mortuo die Decembris ultima, Canini- 115 
 um consulem hora septima in rehquam diei partem renun- 
 tiaverat; quem cum plerlque Trent salutatum de more, 
 ''festlnemus," inquit Cicero, '^priusquam abeat magistrate." 
 De eodem Canlnio scripsit Cicero: "Fuit mira vigilantia 
 Caninius, qui toto suo consulatu somnum non viderit." 120 
 
 115. altero consule, one of the consuls; the consuls went out of office the 
 last day of December. 
 
 117. salutatum: the accusative of the supine expressing purpose, App. 
 130. 
 
 118. abeat: what name is given to the subjunctive with words meaning 
 before, until? 
 
 120. qui . . . viderit: a relative clause of cause or reason; another oc- 
 curred in 1, 29. 
 
 113. dictito, -are, -avi, -atum, ti-. adj , a very great part, very 
 
 and intr. [intens. of dicto, die- many, the greater part of, most of. 
 
 tate], say often, maintain. us. festino, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 
 116. Septimus, -a, -um, ac?;. [septem], [festinus, hasty], hasten, 
 seventh. II9. vigilantia, -ae, /. [vigilans, 
 
 117. plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, watchful], watchfulness, vigilance. 
 
GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR 
 
 Gaius Julius Caesar, the conqueror of Gaul, was born at 
 Rome in the year 100 (some authorities give 102), b.c. 
 He held the office of quaestor in 68, aedile in 65, praetor 
 in 62, and consul in 59. At the end of his consulship 
 he was made governor of Gaul for a period of five 
 years, his term of office being afterward extended for five 
 years longer. 
 
 About the time of his arrival in Gaul, the Helvetians, a 
 warlike tribe of the Gauls occupjdng a region roughly cor- 
 responding to modern Switzerland, began a migration from 
 their homes with the intention of settling in a more desirable 
 location. As a result of their attempt to cross territory 
 which was under Roman protection Caesar made war upon 
 them and thoroughly defeated them. Following this he 
 came into conflict with the German king Ariovistus, who 
 with his people had taken possession of a part of Gaul. 
 He inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Germans and drove 
 them back across the Rhine. This was the beginning of a 
 series of campaigns which lasted through the greater part 
 of nine years, and which resulted in the whole of Gaul being 
 brought under Roman control. 
 
 During Caesar's absence from Rome his political enemies 
 succeeded in organizing strongly the opposition to him, and his 
 return to Rome was followed by civil war, in which his 
 enemies were defeated. Caesar was made dictator for life, 
 and the foundation for the Roman imperial government was 
 laid. But a conspiracy was formed against him and he was 
 assassinated in the year 44 b.c. 
 
 He wrote a history of his campaigns in Gaul in seven 
 Books. The first, which is here given (with some changes), 
 describes the campaign against the Helvetians and the Ger- 
 mans under Ariovistus. 
 
 242 
 
CAESAR'S ARMY 
 
 In the earlier periods of Roman history a Roman army 
 consisted of citizens serving without pay. They were there- 
 fore not professional soldiers, and like the soldiers who made 
 up our own army in the World War, they went back to their 
 ordinary occupations when relieved of their military duties. 
 
 Late in the second century b. c. the well-to-do citizens 
 began to look upon service in the army as something to be 
 avoided. As a result the army came to be recruited from the 
 lower classes, although only citizens were enrolled in the legions, 
 and a professional class of soldiers developed. In Caesar's 
 time the period of service of the legionary soldier was twenty 
 years. These soldiers might be enhsted from all parts of 
 Italy. Caesar's troops, however, were doubtless composed 
 of inhabitants of the valley of the Po, in northern Italy, which 
 was one of the provinces he was given to govern at the end of 
 his consulship in 58 b. c. The military age was from seven- 
 teen to forty-five. 
 
 1. The Legion: The most important division of the army 
 was the legion. It corresponded more nearly to the regiment 
 than to any other division in modern armies, but legions were 
 not grouped into larger units of the nature of brigades. The 
 exact number of men in one of Caesar's legions is not known 
 but it was somewhere between 3400 and 6000. 
 
 A legion was divided into ten cohorts (cohortes), each cohort 
 was divided into three maniples (manipuli), and each maniple 
 was again divided into two centuries (centuriae). 
 
 2. Auxiliaries: Besides the legions, which as we have 
 seen were made up of Roman citizens, the army included other 
 forces which were not citizens. These included both infantry 
 and cavalry. Caesar's cavalry, in fact, was made up entirely 
 of these non-citizen troops. Infantry auxiliaries were supplied 
 by the Roman provinces and by peoples allied with, or friendly 
 to, the Roman people. They were Ught-armed troops, e.g., 
 shngers (fiinditores) and archers (sagittarii) . Caesar's cavalry 
 
 243 
 
244 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 was of Gallic, Spanish, and German origin, and numbered 
 from 4000 to 5000 men. 
 
 3. Officers: The officers of the army were the commander- 
 in-chief (dux, imperator), Ueu tenants (legati), military tribunes 
 (tribuni militum), centurions (centuriones) , and prefects 
 (praefecti). Of the subordinate officers, the lieutenants were 
 the most important. They commanded divisions of the army 
 or single legions, at the will of the commander-in-chief. Each 
 legion had six tribunes, who were assigned duties of various 
 kinds by the commander-in-chief, and commanded smaller 
 bodies of troops than a legion. The officers most closely in 
 touch with the rank and file were the centurions, who had 
 risen from the ranks themselves. There were sixty in each 
 legion. Caesar set great store by his centurions and he often 
 mentions their faithful and important services. The prefects 
 commanded auxiliary troops. 
 
 4. Engineers and Musicians: A Roman army had a body 
 of engineers (fabri), commanded by a prefect. There were 
 also musicians, who gave signals with various instruments, 
 such as the trumpet (tuba), the horn (comu), and the clarion 
 (lituus) . 
 
 5. The Quaestor: The army was accompanied by an 
 officer known as quaestor, who attended to the pay of the 
 troops, to the sale of booty and prisoners, and had charge 
 of provisions. 
 
 6. Dress and Arms: A Roman legionary soldier wore a 
 short-sleeved woolen tunic (tunica), something like a long 
 sweater, fastened at the waist by a belt, and extending to a 
 point midway between the hips and knees. For protection 
 in bad weather he wore in addition a woolen cloak (sagum). 
 His shoes (caligae) were of thick leather soles, hob-nailed, 
 mth uppers of open-work leather strips. 
 
 The soldier's defensive armor comprised a metal helmet 
 (galea), a coat-of-mail (lorica) composed of metal plates on 
 a leather backing, and a concave shield (scutum) consisting 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 245 
 
 of wooden boards covered with cloth and leather. The dimen- 
 sions of the shield were about two feet by four. 
 
 Offensive weapons were a heavy javelin (pflum) and a sword 
 (gladius). The former was approximately six and one-half 
 feet long, consisting of a wooden shaft ending in an iron 
 head. The sword, which was about two feet long, was straight 
 and pointed, Roman tactics calling for the use of the sword 
 as a dagger rather than for slashing. It was a deadly weapon 
 in the hands of trained legionaries. 
 
 7. The Soldier's Pack: On the march the legionary car- 
 ried, in addition to arms and armor, a certain amount of 
 provisions, a cooking utensil, and tools for entrenching. All 
 but arms and armor were held together in a pack (sarcinae) 
 fastened to a forked pole, which was carried over the shoulder. 
 
 8. Cavalry Equipment: The cavalryman was protected 
 by a round shield (parma) and by a metal helmet. He carried 
 a sword, longer than that of the legionary, and a spear (tragula) . 
 
 9. The Baggage Train: Extra arms, clothing, provisions, 
 and all tents were carried by pack-animals (jumenta) and 
 in wagons. The baggage train was appropriately called 
 impedimenta (compare impedire, to impede), 
 
 10. Artillery: We are apt to think of artillery as depend- 
 ing exclusively on the use of explosives. The Romans em- 
 ployed instead of explosives twisted strands of rope or hair 
 attached to a frame-work in such a way as to propel stones 
 of considerable size or large arrows. The name for artillery, 
 tormenta (compare torquere, to twist), suggests the form of 
 the propelling power used in these machines. The names 
 of the machines were ballista, employed in hurling stones, 
 catapulta, and scorpio, employed to shoot arrows. 
 
 11. Standards: The large flags of modern times w^ere not 
 in use in Caesar's time. The standard of the Roman legion 
 was a silver eagle (aquila) , held up at the top of a pole. There 
 were also standards for the maniples, consisting of streamers 
 attached to a cross-bar on a pole, with silver ornaments of 
 
246 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 various sorts below. A small, square, banner-like flag 
 (vexillum) served as a standard for the cavalry, and also 
 as a signal for battle when raised above the commanding 
 general's tent. 
 
 12. A Roman Camp: When in an enemy's country, a 
 Roman army built a fortified camp (castra) after each day's 
 march, a work in which the Roman legionary was an adept. 
 A rampart (vallum) was thrown up enclosing a square space 
 large enough to quarter the whole army. The excavation 
 of course left a trench (fossa) outside, which afforded addi- 
 tional protection. On the rampart, in addition, was planted 
 a row of heavj^ wooden stakes. On each of the four sides 
 of the camp was a gateway (porta) through an elbow-shaped 
 turn in the rampart, which exposed to attack the right side 
 of an enemy who attempted to enter. 
 
 13. The Army on the March: On the march the army was 
 divided into a vanguard (primum agmen), then the legions 
 in column, followed each by its heavy baggage, and a rear 
 guard (novissimum agmen). In case there was danger of 
 an attack, all the heavy baggage might be placed together 
 in the center of the column, amply protected front and rear, 
 and sometimes by detachments at the sides. Occasionally 
 it was necessary to have the troops march even without their 
 packs, ready for speedy formation in battle arraj^ 
 
 14. The Battle Line: Caesar placed his chief reliance in 
 battle on the legions. To the auxiliaries he seems to have 
 given no verj^ definite part, using them as circumstances 
 dictated. The legions in battle array were formed in three 
 lines (triplex acies) usually, the third line constituting a 
 reserve. Each line was several, perhaps eight, ranks deep. 
 Upon charging the enemy, javelin volleys were first delivered 
 by the soldiers in the first line. The ranks back of the first 
 two lines may have had to hurl their javelins over the heads 
 of those in front. Then followed the hardest and most effect- 
 ive lighting, that with the deadly short swords. The battle 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 247 
 
 from that point on consisted of individual combats, man to 
 man. The men in the second hne mixed in the fray as those 
 in the first line fell out from the casualties of battle. The 
 third line, acting as reserves, performed whatever duties 
 became necessary, and were of course especially entrusted 
 with repelUng flanking movements of the enemy. 
 
 15. Attacks on Fortified Places: The GalHc towns which 
 Caesar attacked were often fairly well fortified by walls and 
 trenches. The army was sometimes able, however, to take 
 a town by quick assault (oppugnatio repentina). In such 
 cases the trench would be filled with earth and other ma- 
 terials, after which the wall or gates would be broken down, 
 or the wall scaled with the help of ladders (scalae). Here 
 the light-armed troops came into play in driving defenders 
 from the wall with arrows and sling-shots. 
 
 Towns with stronger fortifications were taken by siege 
 (oppugnatio) or by blockade (obsidi5). In siege operations 
 the devices employed were: the battering-ram (aries), used 
 to demolish a wall; movable sheds of various sorts, which 
 enabled attacking parties to come close to the wall in order 
 to breach it; wheeled towers filled with soldiers, which could 
 be pushed close to the wall, thus making it easier to strip the 
 wall of defenders; and finally, where the ground was broken, 
 the siege-mound (agger), a broad causeway run up to the 
 foot of the wall and affording a smooth road on which to 
 operate the various devices mentioned above. 
 
 The blockade was employed where the two methods of 
 attack already described were impossible or inadvisable. 
 Its purpose was to cut off the defenders from suppHes and 
 thus force a surrender. Strong lines of entrenchments 
 (circumvallatio) were constructed around the town, with 
 redoubts (castella) at intervals. In one case Caesar had to 
 construct double lines of entrenchments, the outer one to 
 ward off outside forces of the enemy who sought to raise 
 the blockade. 
 
248 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 16. The World War and Caesar: The World War, so 
 recently concluded, was fought, along its western front, over 
 ground traversed by Caesar's legions. If the great Roman 
 general could have come to life, he would have needed no 
 guide to find his way over the terrain which he had so often 
 traveled. He would have been surprised by the novel instru- 
 ments of destruction devised by modern ingenuity. Yet with 
 his versatility and adaptability he would doubtless have 
 been able quickly to play a large part in the defense of the 
 Gallic land which he won for Italy; for the larger elements of 
 strategy remain what they have always been. 
 
 In more than a few details Caesar would have found re- 
 semblances between the methods of war of his own time 
 and of the present. He would have found, for example, the 
 helmet once more come into its own. The highly developed 
 technique of bayonet fighting would have reminded him 
 of the skill which his own legionaries displayed with the 
 sword, a weapon with which he himself was very proficient. 
 Defenses below the level of the ground would not have con- 
 fused him, for they were in relation to modern weapons of 
 offense what his own ramparts were to the short-range 
 weapons of his day. 
 
 While Caesar would not have been able to understand 
 the languages of the allied armies immediately, a great mul- 
 titude of the printed words would have looked familiar, since 
 French is only a modernized Latin, while our English vocabu- 
 lary is indebted for its important words to Latin more than 
 to any other language. Doubtless it would have afforded 
 him no little satisfaction to find preserved in the name 
 Rheims a reminiscence of the Remi, the Gallic tribe that 
 made friends with him at an opportune moment and whom 
 he frequently mentions; while Paris would have recalled to him 
 another Gallic tribe, the Parisii, and Soissons the Suessiones. 
 
PART IV 
 
 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR 
 BOOK I 
 
 Geography and Peoples of Gaul 
 
 1. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres; unam partem in- 
 colunt Belgae, aliam Aqultani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua 
 Celtae, nostra Galll appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, 
 legibus inter se clifferunt. Gallos ab Aqultanis Garunna 
 flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum 
 omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque 
 htimanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos 
 mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos 
 animos pertinent important, proximlque sunt Germanis, qui 
 
 1. est divisa, is divided; an instance of the perfect participle to be 
 taken as a predicate adjective with est. 
 
 omnis, as a whole; including the three parts mentioned immediately 
 after. 
 
 2. qui = u qui, those who. ipsorum, their own. 
 lingua: ablative of means. 
 
 3. nostra: supply lingua, lingua: ablative of respect; also InstilHtis and 
 legibus. 
 
 4. inter se, from one another. 
 
 Gallos: object of dividit. Latin order may often be retained by trans- 
 lating an active verb by a passive; the object then becomes subject. 
 
 5. dividit: singular, because the two rivers are conceived of as con- 
 stituting one boundary. 
 
 7. provinciae : Rome's province of Transalpine Gaul (in southern France) 
 is meant. It had been brought under Roman authority and organized 
 about sixty years before Caesar's invasion of northern Gaul. 
 
 minime: with saepe. 
 
 8. effeminandos: the gerundive in a prepositional phrase; translate 
 ad . . . pertinent, tend to break down character, 
 
 9. Germanis: dative with proximi. 
 
 249 
 
250 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 10 trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. 
 Qua de causa Helvetil quoque reliquos Gallos virttite prae- 
 cedunt, quod fere cotldianis proelils cum GermanTs conten- 
 dunt, cum aut suls finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum 
 flnibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una pars, quam Galll obtinent, 
 
 15 initium capit a flumine Rhodano; continetur Garunna flu- 
 mine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum; attingit etiam ab SequanTs 
 et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum; vergit ad septentriones. Belgae 
 ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem 
 partem fluminis RhenI; spectant in septentriones et orientem 
 
 20 solem. Aqultania a Garunna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes 
 et eam partem Ocean! quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; 
 spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones. 
 
 The Conspiracy of Orgetorix 
 
 2. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Or- 
 getorix. Is, M. Messala M. Pisone consulibus, regni cupidi- 
 tate inductus conjurationem nobilitatis fecit et civibus 
 persuasit ut de finibus suls cum omnibus copiis exirent: ''Per- 
 5 facile est," inquit, cum virtute omnibus praestemus, totlufe 
 Galliae imperio potlrl." Id hoc facilius ils persuasit, quod 
 
 13. suis finibus; ablative of separation, eorum = Germdndrum. 
 
 14. Eorum: we should expect the name of the country, Galliae, rather 
 than a pronoun referring to the people. 
 
 Galli: those who in the Gallic language were called Celts; see 1. 3. 
 
 16. ab, on the side of. 
 
 18. Galliae: central, or Celtic, Gaul is meant, as described in 11. 14-17. 
 
 21. est ad, is next to. 
 
 2. M. Messala M. Pisone consulihnSj in the consulship of , etc.; ablative 
 absolute. The year was 61 b.c. 
 
 4. ut . . . exirent: a noun clause, object of persuasit, to be translated 
 by an infinitive. 
 
 5. est: the subject of this verb is the infinitive potlri. 
 
 6. Id iis persuasit, he persuaded them to this. Here the object of per- 
 suasit is the pronoun Id; in 1. 4 it was a clause. 
 
 hoc facilius, the more easily; hoc is ablative of degree of difference, and 
 at the same time ablative of cause in anticipation of the causal clause, 
 qiiod . . . continentur. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 251 
 
 undique loci natura Helvetil continentur: una ex parte flu- 
 mine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium 
 a Germanis dividit, altera ex parte monte Jura altissimo, qui 
 est inter Sequanos et Helvetios, tertia ex parte lacu Lemanno lo 
 et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetils 
 dividit. Itaque et minus late vagabantur et minus facile 
 finitimis bellum Inferre poterant; qua de causa homines bel- 
 landi cupidi magno dolore afficiebantur. Pro multitudine 
 autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortittidinis angus- 1.5 
 tos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia 
 passuum ccxl, in latitudinem clxxx patebant. 
 
 The Helvetians Prepare to Migrate 
 
 3. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorlgis permoti 
 constituerunt ea quae ad proficlscendum pertinerent comparare, 
 jumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, 
 sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti 
 suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam 5 
 confirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis 
 esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege confir- 
 mant. Orgetorix dux deligitur. Is legationem ad civitates 
 suscipit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Sequano, ut reg- 
 num in civitate sua occuparet; pater enim ejus regnum in 10 
 Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu popull Roman! 
 amicus appellatus erat; itemque Dumnorlgl Haeduo, qui eo 
 
 7. una ex parte, on one side. 
 
 13. finitimis, on their neighbors; dative with the compound verb inferre, 
 which as a transitive verb takes also the direct object bellum; contrast the 
 intransitive praestemiis, 1. 5, which has only the dative omnibus. 
 
 14. Pro, iyi proportion to. 
 
 2. ea, those things, explained in the following lines, jumentorum . . . con' 
 firmdre. 
 
 3. quam maximum numerum, the greatest number possible. 
 
 6. Ad eas res conficiendas, for the accomplishment of these things; the 
 gerundive in a prepositional phrase expressing purpose. 
 
 7. duxerunt: here in the sense of regarded, thought. 
 
252 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi 
 acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet, elque filiam suam 
 
 15 in matrimonium dat. ^'Perfacile factti est," inquit, ''conata 
 perficere, propterea quod ipse meae civitatis imperium obten- 
 turus sum; non est dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum 
 Helvetii possint; mels copiis meoque exercitu vobis regna 
 conciliabo." Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et jus 
 
 20 jurandum dant et, regno occupato, per tres potentissimos ac 
 firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant. 
 
 The Death of Orgetorix 
 
 4. Ea res est Helvetils per indicium enuntiata. Moribus 
 suls Orgetorlgem ex vinculls causam dicere coegerunt; si dam- 
 naretur, igni eum crematuii erant. Die constittita causae dic- 
 tionis Orgetorix ad judicium omnem suam familiam, ad ho- 
 5 minum milia decem, undique coegit et omnes clientes obaera- 
 tosque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem con- 
 ducit; per eos, ne causam dlceret, se eripuit. Cum civitas 
 ob eam rem incitata armis jus suum exequi conaretur multi- 
 
 13. plebi: dative with acceptus, acceptable. 
 
 15. factu, to do; the supine, ablative of respect. 
 
 17. quin, that, with the subjunctive, is regularly employed after expres- 
 sions of doubt, when these are accompanied by a negative. 
 
 plurimum possint, are. the strongest (people). 
 
 19. inter se dant, they exchange; the phrase inter se denotes mutual or 
 reciprocal action, as in 1, 4. 
 
 21. Galliae: with potiri, which sometimes governs the genitive instead 
 of the ablative. 
 
 1. indicium: translate as if indices, informers. 
 
 2. ex vinculis, in chains; how, literally? 
 si damnaretur, if he shoidd he convicted. 
 
 3. causae: objective genitive after didioriis. 
 
 4. ad (hominum) : used adverbially, aboid. 
 
 5. coegit: here and in 1. 9 with the meaning collected, while in 1. 2 it 
 meant compelled. , 
 
 7. per eos, through their help. 
 
 se eripuit, he escaped. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 253 
 
 tudinemque hominum ex agrls magistratus cogerent, Orge- 
 torix mortuus est; Helvetil arbitrantur ipsum sibi mortem lo 
 consclvisse. 
 
 The Helvetians Complete Their Preparations 
 
 5. Post ejus mortem nihilo minus Helvetil e finibus suis 
 exire conantur. Ubi jam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati 
 sunt, oppida sua omnia numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quad- 
 ringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt, frumentum 
 omne, praeter quod secum portattiri erant, comburunt; haec 5 
 fecerunt, ut, domum reditionis spe sublata, paratiores ad 
 omnia pericula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibaria 
 sibi quemque domo efferre jubent. Persuadent Rauracis et 
 Tulingis et Latobrlgis, finitimis, ut, oppidis suls vicisque 
 exustis, una cum ils proficlscantur ; Boios, qui trans Rhenum lo 
 incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque 
 oppugnabant, ad se socios recipiunt. 
 
 Two Routes Open to the Helvetians 
 
 6. Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire 
 possent; unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter 
 montem Juram et flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singull carri 
 
 2. Ubi jam, when at last. 
 
 3. numero: ablative of respect, ad: see the note on ad, 4, 4. 
 
 4. privata aedificia: scattered dwellings not in towns and villages. 
 
 6. spe sublata, by destroijing the hope; ablative absolute, expressing 
 means, 
 
 ad . . . subeunda, to undergo all dangers. 
 
 7. triimi mensum, for three months; genitive of measure. 
 
 10. Boios: the word Boii survives in the modern name Bohemia. 
 
 12. ad se socios recipiunt, theij admit to their numbers as allies. 
 
 1. quibus . . . possent: a relative clause of description, hence the sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 itineribus: the antecedent in Latin is occasionally repeated in the rela- 
 tive clause; it may be omitted in translation. 
 
2'A A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ducerentur; mons autem altissimus impendebat, ut facile per- 
 
 5 pauci prohibere possent; alterum per provinciam nostram, 
 
 multo facilius atque expedltius, propterea quod inter fines 
 
 Helvetiorum et Allobrogum Rhodanus fluit, isque non ntillls 
 
 locis vado transJtur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est 
 
 proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido 
 
 10 pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Consilium erat Helvetiorum vel 
 
 persuadere Allobrogibus, qui nuper pacati erant et nondum 
 
 bono animo in populum Romanum videbantur, vel vi cogere 
 
 ut per suos fines iter darent. Omnibus rebus ad profectionem 
 
 comparatis, diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes 
 
 15 conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. v. Kal. Apr., L. Pisone, A. 
 
 Gabinio consulibus. 
 
 Caesar Determines to Stop the Helvetians 
 
 7. Caesari cum id nimtiatum esset, eos per provinciam nos- 
 tram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam 
 maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et 
 
 4. ducerentur, could be dm am; the clause vix qua . . . ducerentur is 
 somewhat different from the one in 11. 1-2, in that the idea of possibility 
 enters into the subjunctive itself. 
 
 altissimus, very high. 
 
 ut . . . possent: a clause of result. 
 
 5. prohibere: supply eos as object. 
 
 8. vado transitur, is crossed by fording. 
 
 9. finibus: dative with proximum. 
 
 12. bono animo, kindly disposed; ablative of description in the predicate 
 after videbantur. 
 
 13. ut . . . darent: a noun clause, object of persuadere and cogere. 
 
 14. qua die . . . conveniant, on which {day) they are to assemble; a rela- 
 tive clause of purpose; die may be omitted in translation, as itineribus, 1. 1. 
 
 15. a. d. V. Kal. k^T.y=ante diem qulntum Kalendds Apriles, five days 
 before the Kalends of April, i.e.. Mar. 28th. 
 
 1. id, it, explained by the indirect discourse following, eos . . . condrl. 
 
 2. quam maximis potest itineribus, by the longest journeys possible; the 
 plural itineribus is employed with reference to the daily distance; potest 
 might have been omitted, since quam and a superlative alone express the 
 highest degree possible, as in 3, 3. 
 
 3. Galliam ulteriorem: the Roman province north of the Alps. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 255 
 
 MAP SHOWING FORTIFICATIONS OX THE RHONE 
 
 ad Genavam pervenit. A provincia tota quam maximum 
 potest mllitum numerum postulat (erat omnino in Gallia 5 
 ulteriore legio una), pontem qui erat ad Genavam jubet 
 rescindl. Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, 
 legates ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis. Hi dixerunt 
 Helvetios habere in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per pro- 
 vinciam facere, propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum; lo 
 rogaverunt ut ejus voluntate id sibi facere liceret. Caesar 
 memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque 
 ejus ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub jugum missum; concedendum 
 
 4. ad, into the neighborhood of. No preposition would be employed if 
 the meaning were "to Geneva." 
 
 6. ad, near, at. / 
 
 10. haberent: subjunctive in a subordinate clause in indirect discourse. 
 
 11. ejus voluntate, with his approval. 
 
 12. L. Cassium . . . occisum: in 107 b.c. 
 
 13. concedendum (esse), the privilege should be granted; the verb is 
 used impersonally, i.e., its subject is the fundamental idea in the verb 
 itself, to be represented in English by a noun; in like manner pugndtum 
 est means a battle was fought. 
 
256 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 igitur non putabat; neque homines inimico animo tempera- 
 15 turos ab injuria et maleficio existimabat. Tamen, quod 
 mllites quos imperaverat nondum convenerant, legatls re- 
 spondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpttirum; si quid vellent, 
 ad Id. Apr. reverterentur. 
 
 Caesar Denies the Helvetians Right of Way 
 Through the Roman Province 
 
 8. Interea a lacu Lemanno ad montem Juram milia pas- 
 suum xviiii murum secundum flumen in altitudinem pedum 
 sedecim fossamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto, praesidia 
 disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si se invito transire 
 
 5 conarentur, prohibere posset. Ubi legati ad eum die con- 
 stittito reverterunt, negat se more et exemplo populi Roman! 
 posse iter uUi per provinciam dare et, si vim facere conentur, 
 prohibiturum ostendit. Helvetii ea spe dejecti non numquam 
 interdiu, saepius noctu, perrumpere conati sunt. Eorum alii 
 
 10 naves junxerant ratesque complures fecerant; alii vadis 
 Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, transire co- 
 nabantur. Sed operis munitione et militum concursu et tells 
 repulsi hoc conatu destiterunt. 
 
 17. diem, time. 
 
 18. ad, by. 
 
 reverterentur, let them return; a subjunctive of indirect discourse, repre- 
 senting an imperative of the direct. 
 
 2. murum: not a stone wall, but an earthwork made in greater part 
 by cutting down the banks of the river steeply. The trench is shown in 
 the sectional view on the accompanying map (p. 249). 
 
 4. quo: this word, it is to be remembered, is employed to introduce a 
 clause of purpose in connection with a comparative; it is in reality an 
 ablative of degree of difference. 
 
 6. negat: the usual Latin for "say not," as has before been pointed 
 out; in translating take the negative with posse. 
 
 8. prohibiturum: the full expression would be se eos 'prohibiturum esse. 
 
 ea spe dejecti, disappointed in that hope; spe is ablative of separation, 
 as also conatu, 1. 13. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 257 
 
 The Helvetians Arrange to March Through 
 THE Country of the Sequani 
 
 9. Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis 
 invitis propter angustias Ire non poterant. His cum sua 
 sponte persuadere non possent, legates ad Dumnorlgem Hae- 
 duum mittunt, ut eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. 
 Dumnorix gratia ct largltione apud Sequanos plurimum .5 
 poterat et Helvetils erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orge- 
 torlgis flliam in matrimonium duxerat, et cupiditate regni 
 adductus novis re})us studebat et quam plurimas civitates 
 suo beneficio habere obstrictas volel^at. Itaque rem suscipit 
 
 et a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patian- 10 
 tur, obsidesque uti inter sese dent perficit: Sequani, ne 
 itinere Helvetios prohibeant; Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et 
 injuria transeant. 
 
 Caesar Secures Reinforcements and 
 Pursues the Helvetians 
 
 10. Caesarl nuntiatur Helvetios habere in animo per agrum 
 Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum fines facere; 
 hi non longe a Tolosatium flnibus absunt, quae civitas est in 
 
 1. Relinquebatur, there was left. 
 una via, only the road. 
 
 Sequanis invitis, against the wish of the Sequani, an ablative absolute. 
 
 2. angustias : the narrow passage along the bank of the Rhone described 
 in 6, 2-5. 
 
 cum, since. 
 
 5. plurimum poterat, had the greatest influence; the adverb plurimum is 
 in reality the accusative neuter of plUrinius expressing degree. 
 
 8. novis rebus, revolution; dative with studebat. 
 
 9. habere obstrictas, to have bound (to him). 
 
 10. a Sequanis impetrat ut . . . patiantur, prevails upon the Sequani to 
 allow; ut . . . patiantur is a noun clause, object of impetrat. 
 
 11-13. ne . . . prohibeant, ut . . . transeant: these clauses contain the 
 purpose of the exchange of hostages; translate freely, the Sequani agree not 
 to prevent etc., the Helvetii agree to pass through, etc. 
 
258 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 provincia. Id si fieret, homines bellicosT, popull Romani 
 5 inimlcl, parti provinciae patenti maximeque frumentariae 
 finitimi futtirl erant. Ob eas causas ei munltioni quam 
 fecerat T. Labienum legatum praeficit; ipse in Italiam magnis 
 itineribus contendit duasque ibi legiones conscnbit et tres, 
 quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hlbernis educit et prox- 
 
 10 imo itinere in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes cum his quinque 
 legionibus ire contendit. Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et Ca- 
 turiges, locis superioribus occupatis, itinere exercitum pro- 
 hibere conantur. Compluribus his proehis pulsis, ab Ocelo, 
 quod est oppidum citerioris provinciae extremum, in fines 
 
 15 Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo pervenit; inde 
 in Allobrogum fines, ab AUobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum 
 ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi. 
 
 Several Gallic Tribes Appeal to Caesar 
 
 FOR Protection 
 
 11. Helvetii jam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas 
 copias traduxerant et in Haeduorum fines pervenerant eorum- 
 que agros populabantur. Haedui, cum se suaque ab iis de- 
 fendere non possent, legates ad Caesarem mittunt rogatum 
 
 5 auxihum: ''Ita nos," inquiunt, ''omni tempore de populo 
 Romano meriti sumus, ut paene in conspectti exercittis vestri 
 agri vastari, liberi in servitutem abduci, oppida expu^^nari 
 
 4. Id si fieret, if this should he done. 
 
 6. ei munitioni: dative with the compound verb praeficit, with Labie- 
 num as direct object. 
 
 12. itinere: ablative of separation, with prohihere. 
 
 13. Compluribus: with proeliis, while his and pulsis go together and 
 form an ablative absokite. 
 
 14. citerioris provinciae: the Roman province in northern Italy, also 
 called Gallia Cisalpina. 
 
 4. rogatum, to beg; the accusative of the supine expressing purpose; 
 it governs the object, auxilium. 
 
 5. Ita nos . . . meriti sumus, ive have always so deserved of the Roman 
 people. 
 
 6. ut . . . non debuerint: a negative clause of result. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 259 
 
 non debuerint." Eodem tempore Ambarrl, necessaril et con- 
 sanguine! Haeduorum, Caesarem oertiorem faciunt sese, de- 
 populatls agrls, non facile ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere. lo 
 Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque 
 habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem recipiunt et demonstrant se 
 praeter agri solum nihil habere reliciuum. Quibus rebus 
 adductus Caesar non expectare statuit dum, omnibus fortunls 
 sociorum consumptis, in Santonos Helvetii pervenlrent. i5 
 
 Caesar Defeats a Portion of the Helvetians 
 
 12. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequa- 
 norum in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate, ita ut oculls in 
 utram partem fluat judicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus 
 ac lintribus junctis translbant, tresque jam partes copiarum 
 traduxerant. Caesar de tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e 5 
 castrls profectus ad eam partem pervenit quae nondum flu- 
 men transierat. Eos impedltos et inopinantes aggressus mag- 
 nam partem eorum concldit; reliquT sese fugae mandarunt 
 atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellal)atur 
 Tigurmus; nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos 10 
 divlsa est. Hie pagus unus, cum domo exisset patrum nos- 
 trorum memoria, L. Cassium consulem interfecerat et ejus 
 
 9. depopulatis : although deponent verbs are regularly active in mean- 
 ing, the perfect participles are sometimes used as passives. 
 
 15. pervenirent, should come; an anticipatory subjunctive with dum, 
 until. 
 
 2. lenitate: ablative of description. 
 
 in utram partem fluat: an indirect question. 
 
 5. de tertia vigilia, in the third watch; literally, de would mean out of. 
 
 7. aggressus: the perfect participle of a deponent verb is regularly 
 active; it can therefore be used in agreement with the subject to denote 
 an act of the subject. With the perfect participle of a non-deponent 
 verb, the ablative absolute is the construction necessary to denote an 
 act of the subject. 
 
 8. mandarunt: a form contracted from manddverunt. 
 
 9. abdiderunt (sese), hid in; the accusative silvas with in is used in- 
 stead of the ablative owing to the motion implied in abdiderunt. 
 
 12. memoria: ablative denoting the time when. 
 
260 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 exercitum sub jugum miserat. Ita sive casu sive consilio 
 deorum immortalium, quae pars cTvitatis Helvetiae insignem 
 15 calamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenas 
 persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam 
 privatas injurias ultus est; nam Tigurlni interfecerant L. 
 Pisonem legatum, avum L. Pisonis, socerl Caesaris, eodem 
 proelio quo Cassium. 
 
 Negotiations Between Caesar and the Helvetians 
 
 13. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut con- 
 sequi posset, pontem in Ararl faciendum curat atque ita 
 exercitum traducit. Helve til repentino ejus adventu com- 
 moti sunt; ille enim uno die flumen transierat, id quod ipsi 
 
 5 diebus xx aegerrime confecerant. Legates igitur ad eum 
 mittunt, cujus legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello Cas- 
 siano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. Is ita cum Caesare egit: "Si 
 pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetiis faciet, in earn partem 
 ibunt Helvetii atque ibi erunt ubi eos constitueris atque esse 
 
 10 volueris; sin bello persequi perseverabis, reminiscere et vete- 
 
 14. quae pars . . . ea: translate as if ea pars quae. 
 
 15. intulerat: with helium as object this verb ineans make (war) on; 
 with such a word as calamitds or injuria as object it means inflict . . . on. 
 Why the dative populo? 
 
 princeps, ^rsf, {was the) first. 
 
 1. ut: introducing a clause of purpose, and to be translated before 
 copias. 
 
 2. pontem faciendum curat, he causes a bridge to be built; the gerundive 
 in agreement with an object noun is employed after do, cHro, and similar 
 verbs, to express purpose. 
 
 in Atari: observe that "over" a river, with reference to a bridge, is 
 expressed by in and the ablative; "across" and "over," in the sense of 
 "to," or "on, the other side of," are expressed by trans and the accusative. 
 
 Arari : several i-stem nouns of the third declension have an ablative end- 
 ing in -I and an accusative in -im. Tiberim has previously occurred, R. 3, 4. 
 
 6. bello Cassiano: the campaign of 107 b.c, in which Cassius was 
 defeated by the Tigurini. It is plain that Divico was an old man when 
 he met Caesar. 
 
 7. cum Caesare egit, he addressed Caesar; literally, egit would mean 
 treated, dealt. 
 
 10. reminiscere: imperative. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 261 
 
 ris incommodi populi Roman! et piistinae virtutis Helveti- 
 orum. Quod improvlso unum pagum adortus es, cum il qui 
 flumen transierant suls auxilium ferre non possent, noli ob 
 earn rem aut tuae magnopere virtuti tribuere aut nos 
 despicere. Nos ita a patribus majoribusque nostrls didicimus, is 
 ut magis virtute contendamus quam dolo aut insidiJs nitamur. 
 Quare noli committere ut is locus ubi constiterimus ex calami- 
 tate populi Romanl et internecione exercittis nomen capiat 
 aut memoriam prodat. 
 
 The Helvetians Refuse Caesar's Terms 
 
 14. His Caesar ita respondit: ''E5 mihi minus dubitationis 
 datur, quod eas res quas commemoravistis memoria tene5, 
 atque eo gravius fero quo minus merito populi Romanl acci- 
 derunt; qui si alicujus injuriae sibi conscius fuisset, non fuit 
 difficile cavere; sed eo deceptus est, quod se causam timendi 5 
 habere non intellegebat. Quod si veteris contumeliae obli- 
 
 11. incommodi: the genitive, depending upon a verb of remembering. 
 
 12. Quod, as to the fact that. 
 
 13. noli . . . tribuere, do not on that acco)int attribute much to your own 
 valor. Noll, imperative of nolo,^ with an infinitive, is the common and 
 poHte form of expressing a negative command in' Latin. 
 
 16. virtute: ablative of means. ^ 
 
 dolo, insidiis: nitor takes an ablative of the thing relied upon. 
 
 17. ut is locus . . . prodat: a noun clause, object of committere, bring 
 about, cause. 
 
 1. Eo minus, the less; eo is a combination of ablative of degree of dif- 
 ference and ablative of cause. 
 
 3. eo gravius, quo minus, the more seriously, the less; eo and quo are 
 ablatives of degree of difference. 
 
 merito : ablative of accordance. 
 
 4. si fuisset, if they had been; a condition contrary to fact. 
 sibi: with conscius, but to be omitted in translation. 
 
 5. eo, quod, by the fact that; quod here introduces a noun clause of fact. 
 
 6. Quod si vellem, but if I were willing; another condition contrary to 
 fact. 
 
 contumeliae: for the genitive with verbs of remembering and forgetting, 
 compare incommodi, 13, 11. 
 
262 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 viscl vellem, num etiam recentium injuriarum, quod me 
 invito iter per provinciam per vim temptavistis, quod Hae- 
 duos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobrogas vexavistis, memoriam 
 
 10 deponere possum? Quod vestra victoria tam Insolenter 
 gloriamini quodque tam diu vos impune injurias tulisse ad- 
 miraminl eodem pertinent. Consueverunt enim del immor- 
 tales, quo gravius scelerati homines ex commtitatione rerum 
 doleant, his secundiores interdum res et diuturniorem im- 
 
 15 punitatem concedere. Cum ea ita sint, tamen, si obsides 
 mihi dabitis, et si Haeduls socilsque eorum, item si Allobro-- 
 gibus, de injurils satisfacietis, voblscum pacem faciam." 
 Divico respondit: "Ita Helvetii a majoribus suis Instituti 
 sunt ut obsides accipere, non dare, consuerint; ejus rel 
 
 20 populus Romanus est testis." Hoc responso dato discessit. 
 
 Defeat of Caesar's Cavalry 
 
 15. Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Cae- 
 sar equitatumque omnem ad numerum quattuor mihum, 
 quern ex omnI provincia et Haeduls atque eorum sociis coac- 
 
 7. quod . . . temptavistis, that you attempted; this and the following 
 quod clauses are noun clauses of fact in apposition with injuridrum; the 
 latter word depends on memoriam. The quod clauses in 11. 10-12 are also 
 noun clauses, subjects of 'pertinent. 
 
 9. Allobrogas: the ending -as is a Greek accusative plural ending some- 
 times found in nouns of the third declension, particularly in names of 
 peoples. 
 
 11. vos . . . tulisse admiramini, are surprised to have inflicted. 
 
 13. quo, in order that; see the note on 8, 4. 
 
 14. secundiores res, extraordinary prosperity. 
 
 15. concedere: depending on consueverunt. 
 
 19. consuerint: contracted from consueverint, perfect subjunctive. 
 
 3. coactum habebat, had collected; the participle codctum agrees with 
 quern; the combination of the participle with the imperfect habebat is to 
 be translated in the same way as coeqcrat, past perfect of cocjo; it makes 
 of habebat, however, almost an auxiliary corresponding to English "had" 
 as an auxiliary. The present of habeo can be used with a participle in 
 the same way as the imperfect. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 263 
 
 turn habebat, praemittit, qui videant quas in partes hostes iter 
 faciant. Qui cupidius novissimum agmen insecutl alieno loco 5 
 cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt; et pauci de 
 nostrls cadunt. Quo proelio sublati Helvetii, quod quTngen- 
 tls equitibus tantam multitudinem equitum propulerant, au- 
 dacius subsistere non numquam et novissimo agmine proelio 
 nostros lacessere coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio continebat 10 
 ac satis habebat in praesentia hostem rapTnls populationi- 
 busque prohibere. Ita dies circiter xv iter fecerunt, ut 
 inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum non 
 amplius quinis aut senis mllibus passuum int cresset. 
 
 Caesar Censures the Haeduans for Failing to 
 
 Furnish Supplies 
 
 16. Interim cotldie Caesar frumentum quod Haedui essent 
 publice polliciti flagitabat. Nam propter frigora, quod Gallia 
 sub septentrionibus posita est, non modo frumenta in agris 
 matiira non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia 
 suppetebat; eo autem frumento quod flumine Ararl navibus 5 
 subvexerat, propterea uti minus poterat, quod iter ab Arari 
 Helvetii averterant, a quibus discedere nolebat. Diem ex die 
 dticunt Haedui; conferii, comportarl, adesse dicunt. Ubi se 
 
 4. qui videant: relative claiisp of purpose, 
 quas in partes, etc.: indirect question. 
 
 9. novissimo agmine, from their rear line; agmine is ablative of means. 
 
 11. satis habebat prohibere, regarded it as sufficient to prevent. 
 
 13. primum: supply agmen. 
 
 non amplius . . . interesset, there was a distance of not more than five 
 or six miles (a day). 
 
 1. essent polliciti: subjunctive of informal indirect discourse. 
 
 3. posita, situated; see the note on dlvisa, I, 1. 
 
 5. frumento: object of Utl, 1. G. 
 
 flumine Arari: ablative of tlie way or route. 
 
 6. propterea: take with quod, for the reason that. 
 
 7. Diem ex die, day after day. 
 
 8. ducunt, put off; eum is to be understood as object, 
 conf erri, comportari, adesse : supply frumentum as subject. 
 
264 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 dititius duci intellexit et diem instare, quo die frumentum 
 10 militibus metirl oporteret, convocavit eorum principes, quo- 
 rum magnam copiam in castris habebat. In his erant Divi- 
 ciacus et Liscus, qui summo magistratui praeerat, quem ver- 
 gobretum appellant Haedui, qui creatur annuus et vitae 
 necisque in suos habet potestatem. Turn Caesar graviter eos 
 15 accusat, quod, cum frumentum neque emi neque ex agris 
 sum! possit, hostibus tam propinquis, ab iis non sublevetur, 
 praesertim cum magna ex parte eorum precibus adductus 
 bellum susceperit. 
 
 Two Factions Among the Haeduans Pro-Roman 
 
 AND Anti-Roman 
 
 17. Tum demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus quod 
 antea tacuerat proponit: ''Sunt non nulli, quorum auctoritas 
 apud plebem plurimum valeat, qui privatim plus possint 
 quam ipsi magistratus. Propter horum seditiosam at que im- 
 
 5 probam orationem multitudo frumentum non conferunt quod 
 debent: 'Praestat/ inquiunt, 'si jam principatum Galliae 
 obtinere non possumus, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia 
 perferre; si Helvetios superaverint Romani, iina cum reliqua 
 Gallia Haeduis libertatem sine dubio eripient.' Ab isdem 
 
 TO tua consilia quaeque in castris geruntur hostibus enuntiantur; 
 
 9. diutius, too long. 
 
 12. magistratui: dative with the compound verb praeerat. 
 
 14. in suos, over his felloiv-citizens. 
 
 16. quod . . . non sublevetur: the same explanation applies to the sub- 
 junctive here as in 1. 1. 
 
 16. hostibus tam propinquis, with the enemij so near. 
 
 17. magna ex parte, to a great extent. 
 1. quod: for id quod. 
 
 3. plus possint, have more influence. 
 
 6. Praestat: the subject is the infinitive perferre, 1. 8. 
 
 inquiunt: the subject is "they," referring to the trouble-makers of the^ 
 preceding lines. 
 
 9. Haeduis, /rom the Haedui; dative of separation with eripient. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 265 
 
 4 
 
 hos coercere non possum. Quln etiam intellego quanto cum 
 periculo hanc necessariam rem tibi enuntiaverim, et ob earn 
 causam quam diu potui tacui." 
 
 DUMNORIX THE LeADER OF THE AnTI-RoMAN FACTION 
 
 18. Caesar hac oratione LiscI Dumnorigem, Diviciaci fra- 
 trem, designari sentiebat, sed quod pluribus praesentibus eas 
 res jactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet. 
 Quaerit ex solo ea quae in conventu dixerat. Dicit llberius 
 atque audacius. Eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit, qui ita 5 
 responderunt : '^Ipse est Dumnorix, summa audacia, magna 
 apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidus rerum 
 no varum. Complures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Hae- 
 duorum vectlgalia parvo pretio redempta habet, propterea 
 quod, illo licente, contra liceri audet nemo. His rebus et lo 
 suam rem familiarem auxit et facultates ad largiendum mag- 
 nas comparavit; magnum numerum equitattis suo sumptu 
 semper alit et circum se habet, neque solum domi, sed etiam 
 apud fmitimas civitates largiter potest, atque hujus potentiae 
 causa matrem in Biturigibus homini illlc nobilissimo ac po- is 
 tentissimo coUocavit; ipse ex Helvetiis uxorem habet, sororem 
 ex matre et propinquas suas nuptum in alias civitates col- 
 locavit. Favet et cupit Helvetiis propter eam afflnitatem; 
 
 11. Quin etiam, nay more, more than that; this phrase has a corrective 
 force. 
 
 13. quam diu potui, as long as I could. 
 
 2. pluribus praesentibus, in the presence of too many, ablative absolute. 
 
 4. solo: supply eo, referring to Liscus. 
 
 Dicit: supply Liscus as subject. 
 
 6. magna: with gratia. 
 
 9. redempta habet, has bought in; see the note on codctum habebat, 15, 3. 
 Allusion is made here to the ancient practice of letting out on contract to 
 private individuals the collection of taxes. Dumnorix's prestige in his 
 state was so great that none dared compete with him even though he 
 offered low bids to the state officials. 
 
 14. largiter potest, is very influential. 
 
 16. uxorem: the daughter of Orgetorix, as told in 3, 14. 
 
266 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 odit etiam suo nomine Caesarem et RomanoSj quod eorum 
 20 adventu potentia ejus deminuta et Diviciacus f rater in anti- 
 quum locum gratiae atque honoris sit restitutus. Si quid 
 accidat Romanis, summam spem per Helvetios regnl obtinendl 
 habet; imperio popull Roman! non modo de regno, sed etiam 
 de ea quam habet gratia desperat." Initium fugae equitatus 
 25 paucis ante diebus, ut Caesar in quaerendo repperit, factum 
 erat a Dumnorige atque ejus equitibus (nam equitatui quem 
 auxiUo Caesari Haedui miserant Dumnorix praeerat); eorum 
 fuga rehquus erat equitatus perterritus. 
 
 Caesar Plans to Punish Dumnorix 
 
 19. Ad has susplciones certissimae res accedebant, quod 
 per fines Sequanorum Helvetios traduxerat, quod obsides in- 
 ter eos dandos curaverat, quod ea omnia non modo injussu 
 Caesaris et civitatis, sed etiam Inscientibus ipsis fecerat, quod 
 5 a magistratu Haeduorum accusabatur. Statuit igitur Caesar 
 in eum aut ipse animadvertere aut civitatem animadvertere 
 jubere. His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod Dlvi- 
 
 19. su5 nomine, on his own accoujit; a book-keeping term. 
 
 quod, etc.: this clause contains a reason attributed to Dumnorix by 
 the speaker, and so on the principle of informal indirect discourse has its 
 verbs, deminuta sit and restituta sit, in the subjunctive. 
 
 22. accidat, should befall. 
 
 23. imperio, under the sovereignty; ablative of attendant circumstance. 
 
 24. ea: with gratia. 
 
 25. in quaerendo, upon investigation. 
 
 27. auxilio Caesari, to the aid of Caesar; auxilio is dative of purpose, 
 Caesari dative of reference. 
 
 1. quod traduxerat, that, etc.; a noun clause in apposition with res, as 
 in 14, 7. 
 
 2. obsides dandos curaverat: the use of the gerundive with euro is 
 explained in the note on 13, 2. 
 
 4. inscientibus ipsis, without their knowledge; ablative absolute. 
 
 6. in eum animadvertere, inflict 'punishment upon; literally, turn the 
 attention to. 
 
 7. rebus: dative with repugndbat, which as a verb of opposing belongs 
 to the hst of special verbs governing the dative. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 267 
 
 ciaci fratris summum in populum Romanum studium, sum- 
 mam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, justitiam, temp^an- 
 tiam cognoverat; nam ne ejus supplicio Dlviciaci animum lo 
 offenderet verebatur. Itaque priusquam quicquam conaretur, 
 Dlviciacum ad se vocari jubet et, cotidianis interpretibus 
 remotis, per C. Valerium Troucillum, prlncipem Galliae pro- 
 vinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam omnium rerum fidem 
 habebat, cum eo colloquitur; simul commonefacit quae ipso 15 
 praesente in concilio de Dumnorlge sint dicta, et ostendit 
 quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit. Petit atque 
 hortatur ut sine ejus offensione animi vel ipse de eo, causa 
 cognita, statuat, vel civitatem statuere jubeat. 
 
 Caesar Yields to the Pleas of Diviciacus, Brother 
 
 of dumnorix 
 
 20. Diviciacus multis cum lacrimls Caesarem complexus ob- 
 secrare coepit ne quid gravius in f rat rem statueret: ''Scio/' 
 inquit, ''ilia esse vera, neque quisquam ex eo plus quam 
 ego doloris capit, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum 
 possem domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum propter 5 
 adulescentiam posset, per me crevit; quibus opibus ac nervis 
 non solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad perniciem 
 meam utitur. Commoveor tamen et amore fraterno et ex- 
 
 9. in, towards. 
 
 10. ne, that; how is ut to be translated after a verb of fearing? 
 
 11. conaretur, should attempt; the anticipatory subjunctive with prius- 
 quam. 
 
 14. cui, in whom; dative with fidem habebat. 
 
 15. ipso praesente, in his own presence; ipso refers to Diviciacus. 
 
 18. ipse: refers to Caesar; translate, that either he himself {be allowed to) 
 decide, or to order the state to decide. 
 
 2. ne, not to; the clause is a noun clause, object of obsecrdre. 
 
 gravius, too severe. 
 
 4. doloris: genitive of the whole after plus. 
 
 plurimum possem, / was very influential. 
 
 6. qsuibus: to be translated not by a relative, but by a demonstrative. 
 
268 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 istimatione vulgi. Quod si quid el a te gravius accidet, cum 
 
 10 ipse eum locum amicitiae apud te teneo, nemo existimabit 
 
 non mea voluntate factum; qua ex re totius Galliae animi a 
 
 me avertentur." Haec cum pluribus verbis flens a Caesare 
 
 peteret, Caesar ejus dextram prendit; consolatus rogat flnem 
 
 orandi faciat; tanti ejus apud se gratiam esse ostendit ut et 
 
 15 rei publicae injuriam et suum dolorem ejus voluntati ac 
 
 precibus condonet. Dumnoiigem ad se vocat, fratrem ad- 
 
 hibet; quae in e5 reprehendat ostendit; quae ipse intellegat, 
 
 quae civitas queratur proponit; monet ut in reliquum tempus 
 
 omnes susplciones vltet; praeterita se Diviciaco fratri con- 
 
 20 donare dicit. Dumnorigi custodes ponit, ut quae agat, 
 
 quibuscum loquatur scire possit. 
 
 Caesar Plans to Surprise the Helvetians 
 
 21. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub 
 monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipsTus castris octo, qualis 
 esset natura montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus qui cog- 
 noscerent misit. Renuntiatum est facilem esse. De tertia 
 
 9. Quod si quid, hut if anything. 
 a te, from you, at your hands. 
 
 13. rogat . . . faciat: translate as if rogat ut faciat; ut is sometimes miss- 
 ing in noun clauses after verbs of requesting and commanding. 
 
 14. tanti: of so much value, worth so much; the genitive of this word (in 
 the neuter) as well as parvi, magnl, quantl, pliiris, is employed to express 
 indefinite value. 
 
 15. voluntati ac precibus, to meet his wish and prayers; the datives are 
 dependent upon condonet. Explain the mood of this last word. 
 
 18. in reliquum tempus, for the future. 
 
 19. fratri, for the sake of his brother. 
 
 20-21. agat, loquatur: subjunctives in indirect questions, while possit is 
 subjunctive in a clause of purpose. 
 
 1. certior factus: remember that this phrase takes the construction of 
 indirect discourse, hostes consedisse. 
 
 3. in circuitu, on all sides. 
 
 qui cognoscerent: relative clause of purpose; supply explordtores as 
 antecedent of qui; the verb has for object the indirect question qualis esset 
 natura. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 269 
 
 vigilia T. Labienum, legatum pro praetore, cum dtiabus 5 
 legionibus et ils ducibus qui iter cognoverant suramum jugum 
 mentis ascendere jubet; quid sui consilil sit ostendit. Ipse de 
 quarta vigilia eodem itinere quo hostes ierant, ad eos con- 
 tendit equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. P. Considius, 
 qui rel militaris peritissimus habebatur et in exercitu L. lo 
 SuUae et postea in M. Crassi fuerat, cum explorixtoribus prae- 
 mittitur. 
 
 The Surprise Fails, Owing to the Mistake 
 
 OF AN Officer 
 
 22. Prima luce summus mons a Labieno tenebatur; ipse ab 
 hostium castiis non longius mllle et quingentis passibus 
 aberat, neque, ut postea ex captivis comperit, aut ipsius 
 adventus aut LabienI cognitus erat; sed Considius equo ad- 
 misso ad eum accurrit, dicit montem quem a Labieno 5 
 occupari voluerit ab hostibus teneii; id se a Gallicis armis 
 atque insignibus cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proxi- 
 mum collem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus monte occu- 
 pato nostros expectabat proelioque abstinebat. Caesar enim 
 
 5. pro praetore, with praetorian rank. Labienus was Caesar's most 
 trusted lieutenant. He had been assigned to Caesar's staff with the 
 honorary designation pro praetore, as if he had held the office of praetor 
 in Rome. 
 
 6. iis ducibus, those men as guides. 
 
 7. quid sui consilii sit, what his plan is; consilil is genitive of the whole 
 with quid. 
 
 10. rei militaris, in military affairs; the genitive is dependent on the 
 adjective peritissimus. 
 
 11. M. Crassi: supply exercitu. 
 
 1. summus mons, the top of the mountain; "the highest mountain" 
 would be 7ndns altissimus. 
 
 3. neque: take with aut . . . aut, and neither . . . nor. 
 ut, as. 
 
 4. equo admisso, with his horse at a gallop. 
 
 5. accurrit: connect this verb with dlcit by supplying et. Look for 
 another instance below of an omitted conjunction. 
 
 6. id, this fact; object of cognovisse. 
 9. proelio: what kind of ablative? 
 
270 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 10 eum adventum suum expectare jusserat, ut undique uno 
 tempore in hostes impetus fieret. Multo denique die per ex- 
 ploratores Caesar cognovit et montem a suis teneri et Hel- 
 vetios castra movisse et Considium timore perterritum quod 
 non vidisset pro viso sibi renuntiasse. Eo die quo consuerat 
 
 15 intervallo hostes sequitur et milia passuum tria ab eorum 
 castris castra ponit. 
 
 Caesar Turns Aside Toward Bibracte, Pursued 
 
 BY THE Helvetians 
 
 23. Postrldie ejus diei, quod omnino bidui frumentum su- 
 pererat, rel frumentariae prospiciendum existimans, iter ab 
 Helvetils avertit ac Bibracte, oppidum Haeduorum, Ire con- 
 tendit. Nam hoc oppidum longe maximum et copiosissimum 
 
 5 erat atque non ampHus mllibus passuum xviii aberat. Ea 
 res per fugitives L. AemiUi, decurionis equitum Gallorum, 
 hostibus nuntiatur. Helvetil, commutato consiho atque 
 itinere converso, nostros a novissimo agmine insequt ac 
 lacessere coeperunt. 
 
 Both Sides Prepare for Battle 
 
 24. Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in 
 proximum collem subduxit equitatumque qui sustineret hos- 
 
 11. Multo die, well on in the day; this need not imply anything more 
 than "well on into the morning." 
 
 13. quod : for id quod. 
 
 14. pro vis5, as seen. 
 
 qu5 consuerat intervallo, at the customary interval. 
 
 1. ejus diei : this phrase may be omitted in translation, 
 bidui friimentum, a two days^ supply of grain. 
 
 2. rei friimentariae : dative with prospiciendum (esse), must look out for; 
 the verb is used impersonally. 
 
 8. a novissimo agmine, on the rear line; the positions were now reversed, 
 with the Helvetians following the Roman army. 
 
 1. animum advertit : this phrase is equivalent to animadvertit and takes 
 id as a direct object. 
 
 2. qui sustineret: relative clause of purpose. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 271 
 
 tium impetum misit. Ipse interim in colle medio triplicem 
 aciem instrtixit legionum quattuor veteranarum; in summo 
 jugo duas legiones quas in Gallia citeriore proxime conscrip- 5 
 serat et omnia auxilia collocavit; impedimenta sarcinasque in 
 tinum locum conferri, et eum ab his qui in superiore acie 
 constiterant munlrl jussit. Helvetii cum omnibus suls carrls 
 secuti impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt; ipsi confer- 
 tissima acie, rejecto nostro equitatu, phalange facta, sub 10 
 primam nostram aciem successerunt. 
 
 The Battle Begins 
 
 25. Caesar primum suum, deinde omnium ex conspectu re- 
 movit equos, ut aequato omnium perlculo spem fugae tolleret; 
 cohortatus inde suos proelium commisit. Milites, e loco 
 superiore pills missis, facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt. 
 Ea disjecta, gladils destrictis, in eos impetum fecerunt. Gal- 5 
 lis magno ad pugnam erat impedlmento quod plura eorum 
 scuta tino ictu pilorum transflxa et colligata erant; nam cum 
 
 3. in colle medio, half way up the hill; medius, like summus, is one of 
 the adjectives denoting a part. 
 
 triplicem aciem: these lines were arranged one behind another; each 
 line consisted of about eight ranks. 
 
 7. eum: supply locum. 
 
 9. confertissima acie, in closest array. 
 
 10. phalange: a close formation, in which the mass was protected by 
 the shields of the front rank held out before them and by the shields of 
 the ranks behind held overhead. 
 
 1. suum: supply equum. 
 omnium: the officers only are meant. 
 
 2. aequato . . . periculo, hy making the danger of all equal. 
 
 5. gladiis: the most effective part of a Roman attack was with the 
 sword, which was short and necessitated close fighting. 
 
 Gallls . . . erat impedimento, it tvas a great hindrance to the Gauls in 
 the battle; impedlmento is a dative of purpose or end; the subject of erat 
 is the noun clause following, quod . . . colligata erant, that, etc. 
 
 6. plura, in many cases; the word limits scilta. In the phalanx forma- 
 tion the shiel Is overlapped, thus making it possible for a javelin to pierce 
 two shields at one time. 
 
272 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ferrum se inflexisset, neque id evellere neque sinistra impedlta 
 satis commode pugnare poterant; multi igitur, diu jactato 
 
 10 bracchio, praeoptaverunt scutum manu emittere et nudo cor- 
 pore pugnare. Tandem vulneribus defessi et pedem referre 
 et, quod mons suberat circiter mllle passuum spatio, eo se 
 recipere coeperunt. Capto monte et succedentibus nostris, 
 Boi et Tulingi, qui hominum milibus circiter xv agmen 
 
 15 hostium claudebant et novissimis praesidio erant, ex itinere 
 nostros ab latere aperto aggress! circumveniebant; id con- 
 spicati HelvetiT, qui in montem sese receperant, rtirsus 
 instare et proelium redintegrare coeperunt. Roman! signa 
 bipertlto intulerunt; prima et secunda acies, ut victis ac sum- 
 
 20 motls resisteret^ tertia, ut venientes sustineret. 
 
 Defeat and Flight of the Helvetians — 
 Caesar Pursues 
 
 26. Ita ancipit! proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum est. 
 Diutius cum sustinere nostrorum impetus non possent, alter! 
 
 8. ferrum: this refers to the iron head of the javeUn, the neck of which 
 was of softer metal than the tip. 
 
 sinistra impedita, with the left hand ejicumbered, ablative absolute; the 
 shield was carried on the left arm, 
 
 9. jactato bracchio, after tossing their arms about; ablative absolute. 
 
 10. nudo corpore, with unprotected bodies. 
 
 12. eo: an adverb. 
 
 13. Capto : the verb is here used in the sense of reach, gain. 
 
 14. agmen claudebant, brought up the rear. 
 
 15. novissimis praesidio erant, served as a rear guard; two datives, one 
 of reference, the other of purpose. 
 
 ex itinere, forthwith, at once; literally, from their march, i.e., without 
 waiting to effect the usual battle formation. 
 
 16. ab, on. 
 
 18. signa bipertito intulerunt, advanced in two divisions; how is it lit- 
 erally? 
 
 19. victis ac summotis: referring to the Helvetians, while venientes 
 refers to the Boii and Tulingi. 
 
 1. pugnatum est: translate as if pugndverunt, they fought; or combine 
 with proelio and translate, a long and stubborn double battle was waged. 
 
 2. alter! . . . alteri, the one party . . . the other, referring respectively to 
 the Helvetians and to the Boii and Tulingi. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 273 
 
 se, ut coeperant, in montem receperunt, alter! ad impedi- 
 menta et carros suos se contulerunt. Nam hoc toto proelio, 
 cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum 5 
 hostem videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad 
 impedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vallo carros 
 objecerant et e loco superiore in nostros venientes tela 
 conjiciebant, et non null! inter carros raedasque mataras ac 
 tragulas subjiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant. Diu cum esset lo 
 pugnatum, impedlmentis cast risque nostri potltl sunt. Ibi 
 Orgetorlgis filia atque unus e fllils captus est. Ex eo proelio 
 circiter hominum milia cxxx superfuerunt eaque tota nocte 
 continenter ierunt; in fines Lingonum die quarto pervenerunt, 
 cum et propter vulnera mllitum et propter sepulttiram oc- 15 
 cisorum nostri eos sequi non potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonas 
 litteras nuntiosque misit, ne eos frumento neve alia re 
 juvarent; aliter se eos eodem loco quo Helvetios habittirum. 
 Ipse, trlduo intermisso, cum omnibus copils eos sequI coepit. 
 
 Surrender of the Helvetians 
 
 27. Helvetil omnium rerum inopia adducti legates de 
 deditione ad eum miserunt. Qui cum eum in itinere con- 
 
 5. cum, although. 
 
 aversum hostem, an enemy in flight, the hack of an enemy. 
 
 6. Ad multam noctem, till the night was well advanced. 
 ad impedimenta, at the baggage. 
 
 7. pro vallo, as a rampart. 
 
 15. occisorum, of the slain; perfect participle as a noun. 
 
 17. ne . . . juvarent, not to assist; a noun clause depending on the idea 
 of command in litteras nUntiosque mlsit. 
 
 neve: the regular word for anr;? no^ between subjunctives in clauses of 
 purpose, noun clauses of will, or indirect commands. 
 
 18. se . . . habiturum (esse) : indirect discourse depending on the idea 
 of saying suggested by litteras . . . mlsit. 
 
 eodem loco quo, in the same position as. 
 
 2. Qui cum: translate as if cum il. 
 
 convenissent : usually an intransitive verb, but transitive here with 
 ew7i as direct object. 
 
274 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 venissent, se ad pedes projecerunt suppliciterque loctitl flentes 
 pacem petierunt. Caesar eos in eo loco quo turn essent suum 
 
 5 adventum expect are jussit. Eo postquam pervenit, obsides, 
 arma, servos, qui ad eos perfugissent, poposcit. Dum ea 
 conqulruntur et conferuntur, circiter hominum milia vi ejus 
 pagi qui Verbigenus appellatur prima nocte e castris Hel- 
 vetiorum egressi ad Rhenum finesque Germanorum conten- 
 
 10 derunt. 
 
 Terms Granted the Helvetians 
 
 28. Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per fines ierant, his 
 ut conquirerent et reducerent, si sibi purgati esse vellent, 
 imperavit; reductos in hostium numero habuit; reliquos 
 omnes, obsidibus armis perfugis traditis, in deditionem ac- 
 5 cepit. Helvetios, Tulingos, Latobrigos in fines suos, unde 
 erant profecti, reverti jussit et, quod omnibus frugibus amissis 
 domi nihil erat quo famem tolerarent, Allobrogibus impera- 
 vit ut iis frumenti copiam facerent; ipsos oppida vicosque 
 
 3. flentes, with tears. 
 
 5. Eo: an adverb. 
 
 6. Dum ea conquiruntur, while these were being hunted up; remember 
 that dum denoting a situation takes the present indicative, whatever the 
 tense of the principal verb. 
 
 ea: neuter, because its antecedents are of mixed gender, one of them, 
 arma, being neuter. 
 
 8. prima nocte, at nightfall. 
 
 1. Quod, this, referring to the fact related at the end of the preceding 
 chapter. 
 
 quorum . . . his: translate in the order his per fines quorum. 
 
 2. conquirerent, reducerent: supply as object eos. 
 
 si . . . vellent, if they wished to he free from guilt before him; sibi is dative 
 of reference. 
 
 3. reductos: agreeing with eos to be supplied. 
 
 in hostium numero habuit, treated them as enemies; i.e., he either put 
 them to death or sold them as slaves. 
 
 6. omnibus frugibus amissis: they had burned all the grain except 
 what they were going to take with them, 5, 5. 
 
 7. quo famem tolerarent, with which they could prevent starvation; the 
 clause is descriptive, with an added idea of possibility. 
 
 8. facerent, /urnis/i. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 275 
 
 quos incenderant restituere jussit. Id ea maxime ratione 
 fecit, quod noluit eum locum unde Helvetii discesserant lo 
 vacare, ne propter bonitatem agrorum GermanI, qui trans 
 Rhenum incolunt, ex suls finibus in Helvetiorum fines trans- 
 irent et finitimi Galliae provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. 
 Boios in finibus Haeduorum collocavit; id enim petebant 
 Haedul, qui Boios egregia virtute cognoverant; postea eos in 15 
 parem juris llbertatisque condicionem atque ipsi erant 
 receperunt. 
 
 The Numbers of the Helvetians and Allies 
 
 29. In castrls Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litteris 
 Graecis confectae et ad Caesarem relatae, quibus in tabulls 
 nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset 
 eorum qui arma ferre possent, et item separatim quot pueri, 
 senes, mulieresque. Quarum omnium rationum summa erat 5 
 capitum Helvetiorum milium cclxiii, Tulingorum milium 
 XXXVI, Latobrlgorum xiiii, Rauracorum xxiii, Boiorum 
 XXXII ; ex his, qui arma ferre possent, ad milia nonaginta duo. 
 
 9. ea ratione, Jor this reason; explained by the noun clause quod noluit, 
 that he did not wish, etc. 
 
 11. ne^ for fear that; introducing a clause of purpose. 
 
 13. Galliae provinciae : the two words are in apposition. 
 
 15. egregia virtute: ablative of description, in the predicate after coQ' 
 noverant. 
 
 16. parem atque, the same as; atque and ac after words of likeness may 
 be employed to mean as. 
 
 1. litteris Graecis, in the Greek alphabet; the Gauls had devised no 
 alphabet of their own. The language of the records was of course Gallic. 
 Familiarity with the Greek alphabet was due to intercourse with traders 
 and with the city of Massilia, modern Marseilles, a Greek settlement in 
 origin. 
 
 3. ratio, list, record. 
 
 qui numerus exisset: an indirect question depending on ratio. 
 
 4. possent: subjunctive in a relative descriptive clause. 
 
 6. capitum, of persons; but the word may be omitted in translation. 
 Compare our use of "head" in speaking of cattle. 
 
 8. ad, about; used adverbially here and in 9. 
 
276 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Summa omnium fuerunt ad milia ccclxviii. Eorum qui 
 10 domum redierunt censu habito, ut Caesar imperaverat, reper- 
 tus est numerus milium c et x. 
 
 Envoys from Gallic States Congratulate Caesar 
 
 30. Bello Helvetiorum confecto, totlus fere Galliae legati, 
 principes civitatum, ad Caesarem gratulatum convenerunt et 
 ita locuti sunt: "Tametsi pr5 veteribus Helvetiorum injurils 
 populus Romanus ab his poenas bello repetiit, tamen ea res 
 6 non minus ex usu Galliae quam populi Romani accidit; eo 
 enim consilio florentissimis rebus domos suas Helvetii re- 
 liquerunt, ut toti Galliae bellum inferrent imperioque potl- 
 rentur locumque domicilio opportunissimum ac fructuosissi- 
 mum deligerent reliquasque civitates stipendiarias haberent. 
 
 10 Petimus ut tua voluntate nobis concilium totius Galliae in 
 diem certam indicere liceat: habemus quasdam res, quas ex 
 communi consensu a te petere volumus." Ea re permissa, 
 diem concilio constituerunt et jure jtirando, ne quis enun- 
 tiaret, nisi quibus communi consilio mandatum esset, inter 
 
 15 se sanxerunt. 
 
 10. censu habito, when a count was made. 
 
 2. gratulatum: supine, expressing purpose. What limitations are there 
 with regard to the use of this construction? See app. 130. 
 
 3. prOf in retaliation for. 
 
 5. ex usu, to the advantage. 
 
 eo consilio, with the purpose; cdnsilio is explained by the clause, ut . . . 
 haberent. 
 
 6. florentissimis rebus: ablative absolute, which may be translated by 
 a concessive clause, although, etc. 
 
 8. domicilio, for a home, dative of purpose. 
 
 10. ut nobis liceat, that it be permitted us; a noun clause, object of petimus. 
 The subject of liceat is the infinitive indicere. 
 
 11. ex, by; ex mesms from, (starting) from, and so easily comes to mean 
 in accordance with, or as here, by; compare ex UsU, 1. 5. 
 
 13. jure jurando . . . inter se sanxerunt, bouna each other by an oath; 
 the substance of the oath is given in the clauses ne quis enuntidret, nisi 
 quibus . . . mandatum esset, that none should announce their conclusions but 
 those commissioned to do so by common consent. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 277 
 
 Gallic Envoys Appeal to Caesar for Aid 
 Against the Germans 
 
 31. Eo concilio dimisso, idem principes civitatum qui ante 
 fuerant ad Caesarem reverterunt colloquiumque secretum 
 petierunt. Ea re impetrata, sese omnes flentes Caesari ad 
 pedes projecerunt: "Non minus volumus," inquiunt, ''ea 
 quae dixerimus celare quam ea quae petimus impetrare, 5 
 propterea quod, si enuntiatum erit, summum in cruciatum 
 veniemus." Loctitus est pro his Diviciacus Haeduus: ''Gal- 
 liae totius factiones sunt duae; harum alterlus piincipatum 
 tenent Haedul, alterius Arvernl. Hi cum tantopere de po- 
 tentatu inter se multos annos contenderent, ab Arvernis lo 
 Sequanlsque GermanI mercede arcesslti sunt. Horum primo 
 circiter milia xv Rhenum transierunt; posteaquam agros et 
 cultum et copias Gallorum homines ferl ac barbaii adama- 
 verunt, traducti plures; nunc est in GaUia ad c et xx mlHum 
 numerus. Cum his Haedui eorumque cHentes semel atque lo 
 iterum armis contenderunt; magnam calamitatem puis! acce- 
 perunt; omnem enim nobihtatem, omnem senatum, omnem 
 equitatum amiserunt. Quibus proehls calamitatibusque fracti, 
 qui et sua virtute et populi RomanI hospitio atque amicitia 
 plurimum ante in Galha potuerant, coacti sunt Sequanis 20 
 obsides dare nobiUssimos civitatis; jure jurando autem clvita- 
 tem obstrlnxerunt sese neque obsides repetlturos neque auxiUum 
 
 3. Caesari ad pedes, at Caesars feet; Caesari is a dative of reference, 
 where we should expect a possessive genitive. 
 
 6. si enuntiatum erit, if {what we say) is reported. 
 
 10. contenderent, had contended; multos annos has the same value as 
 jam fridem and jam dm in giving the present and the imperfect tenses 
 the meanings of perfects and past perfects. 
 
 11. mercede, for hire. 
 14. ad, about; an adverb. 
 
 19. virtute, hospitio, amicitia : ablatives of cause. 
 
 20. ante, before; an adverb. 
 
 21. obsides, as hostages. 
 
 22. sese, etc. : the substance of the oath is given in indirect discourse, 
 that they would not ask back their hostages, etc 
 
278 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 a populo Romano implorattiros, sed perpetuo sub illorum di- 
 cione atque imperio futuros esse. tJnus ego sum ex omni 
 25 cTvitate Haeduorum qui addtici non potuerim, ut jurarem 
 aut liberos meos obsides darem. Ob earn rem ex civitate 
 profugi et Romam ad senatum veni auxilium postulatum, 
 quod solus neque jure jtirando neque obsidibus tenel^ar. Sed 
 pejus victoribus Sequanis quam Haeduis victis accidit, prop- 
 so terea quod Ariovistus, i^x Germanorum, in eorum finibus 
 consedit tertiamque partem agri Sequani, qui est optimus 
 totius Galliae, occupavit, et nunc de altera parte tertia Se- 
 quanos decedere jubet, propterea quod panels mensibus ante 
 Harudum milia hominum xxiiii ad eum venerunt, quibus 
 35 locus ac eedes parantur. Futtirum est panels annis ut 
 omnes Galli e finibus pellantur atque omnes German! Rhe- 
 num transeant; neque enim conferendus est Gallicus cum 
 Germanorum agro, neque haec consuetudo victus cum ilia 
 comparanda. Ariovistus autem, ut semel Gallorum copias 
 40 proelio vicit, superbe et crudeliter imperat, obsides nobilissimi 
 cuj usque liberos poscit et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque 
 
 23. illorum = Sequanorum. 
 
 25. qui adduci non potuerim: a relative descriptive clause. 
 
 ut jurarem, to take oath; dependent on adduci. 
 
 27. auxilium postulatum: for the supine with a direct object see the 
 note on 11, 4. 
 
 29. pejus, a worse fortune; an adjective used as a noun. 
 
 31. tertiam partem agri Sequani : this was a part of Alsace. 
 
 35. Futiirum est, the result will be; the subject is the noun clause ut 
 
 . . . transeant. 
 
 37 conferendus: with the same meaning as comparanda, 1, 39. 
 
 38. haec ^Gallica. 
 
 39. ut semel vicit, having once defeated; this was probably in 60 B.C. 
 
 Gallorum: it is possible that this word is intended to include the Sequani. 
 If so, it would mean that the Sequani had regretted their alliance with 
 Ariovistus and had combined with the Haedui in an attempt to drive 
 him back across the Rhine. 
 
 41. in eos edit, inflicts upon them. 
 
 omnia exempla cruciatusque, cruelties of every kind; literally, all ex- 
 amples and cruelties. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 279 
 
 edit, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem ejus facta 
 est. Homo est barbarus, iracundus, temerarius; non possunt 
 ejus imperia diutius sustineii. Nisi quid in te populoque 
 Romano erit auxilii, omnes Galll ^ogentur, ut Helvetii ante, 4.5 
 domo emigrare, aliud domicilium, alias sedes, remotas a Ger- 
 manis, petere fortunamque, quaecumque accidet, experlri. Haec 
 SI enuntiata Ariovisto emnt, non dubito quln de omnibus 
 obsidibus qui apud eum sunt gravissimum supplicium sumat. 
 Tu vel auctoritate tua atque exercitus vel recent! victoria vel 50 
 nomine populi Roman! ceteros Germanos Gallia prohibere 
 potes Gallosque omnes ab Ariovist! injuria defendere.'' 
 
 The Sad Plight of the Sequani 
 
 32. Hac oratione ab Diviciaco habita, omnes qui aderant 
 magno fletu auxilium a Caesare petere coeperunt. Animad- 
 vertit Caesar iinos ex omnibus Sequanos nihil earum rerum 
 facere quas ceter! facerent, sed tristes, capite demisso, terram 
 intuer!. Ejus re! quae causa esset miratus ex ipsis quaesiit. 5 
 Nihil Sequani responderunt sed in eadem tristitia tacit! per- 
 manserunt. Cum ab his saepius quaereret neque ullam 
 
 42. ad nutum aut ad voluntatem, at his nod or in accordance with his 
 luish. 
 
 45. auxilii: genitive of the whole; with quid, some assistance. 
 
 48. quin, that; this is the regular meaning after a word of doubting 
 with a negative. 
 
 de, on; with supplicium sUmat; what is the literal translation? 
 
 50. recent! victoria: the victory over the Helvetians. 
 
 51. Gallia: ablative of separation, with prohibere. 
 
 1. habita, having been delivered. 
 
 2. animadvertit: like some other verbs meaning "see," ''notice," this 
 verb may take indirect discourse, Unos Sequanos facere. 
 
 3. unos, alone. 
 
 4. capite demisso : ablative absolute. 
 
 5. quae causa esset: indirect question, depending on mirdtus. Remem- 
 ber that the perfect participles of several deponent verbs are to be trans- 
 lated as present; so mirdtus, wondering. 
 
 7. saepius, again and again. 
 
280 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 omnino vocem exprimere posset, idem Diviciacus Haeduus 
 respondit: ''Hoc est miserior et gravior forttina Sequanorum 
 
 10 quam reliquorum, quod soli ne in occulto quidem queri neque 
 auxilium implorare audent absentisque Ariovisti crudelitatem 
 sicut praesentis horrent; reliqms enim Gallis fugae facultas 
 datur, Sequanis vero, qui intra fines suos Ariovistum rece- 
 perunt, quorum oppida omnia in potestate ejus sunt, omnes 
 
 15 cruciatus sunt perferendi.' 
 
 Ir )f 
 
 Caesar Resolves to Stop German Encroachments 
 
 UPON Gaul 
 
 33. His rebus cognitis, Caesar Gallorum animos verbis 
 confirmavit pollicitusque est sibi eam rem curae futuram: 
 magnam se habere spem et beneficid suo et auctoritate adduc- 
 tum Ariovistum finem injuriis facturum. Hac oratione 
 
 5 habita, concihum dimisit. Secundum ea multae res eum 
 hortabantur ad eam rem cogitandam et suscipiendam : im- 
 primis, quod Haedui, fratres consanguineique saepenumero 
 a senatu appellati, in servitute atque in dicione Germanorum 
 tenebantur, eorumque obsides apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos 
 
 10 erant; quod in tanto imperio populi Roman! turpissimum sibi 
 
 8. idem, again; literally, the same (person). 
 
 9. Hoc : for the case see the note on hoc, 2, 6. 
 
 10. reliquorum, that of the remainder. 
 
 12. sicut praesentis, as if {he were) present. 
 
 13. Sequanis omnes cruciatus sunt perferendi, the Sequani have to sub- 
 mit to all cruelties. Sequanis is a dative of agent, the regular construction 
 used to express agency with the second periphrastic conjugation. 
 
 2. sibi eam rem curae futuram (esse), that he would give attention to 
 their case; sibi and cilrae are datives of reference anc? purpose respectively. 
 
 3. se habere : indirect discourse, depending on a verb of saying implied 
 in pollicitus est. 
 
 5. Secimdum ea, in addition to these things, i.e., the facts alleged by 
 Diviciacus. 
 
 7. quod, the fa^t that. 
 
 10. quod, a thing which; relative pronoun, neuter because referring to 
 the fact contained in the preceding sentence. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 281 
 
 et rel publicae esse arbitrabatur. Paulatim autem Germanos 
 consuescere Rhenum transire et in Galliam magnam eorum 
 multitudinem venire populo Romano perlculosum videbat; 
 existimabat autem homines feros ac barbaros, omni Gallia 
 occupat^, ut ante Cimbri Teutonlque fecissent, in provinciam 15 
 atque inde in Italiam exituros esse, praesertim cum Sequanos 
 a provincia nostra Rhodanus divideret; quibus rebus quam 
 maturrime occurrendum putabat. Ipse autem Ariovistus 
 tantos sibi splritus, tantam arrogantiam sumpserat ut feren- 
 dus non videretur. 20 
 
 Caesar Is Refused a Conference with the German 
 
 King Ariovistus 
 
 34. Quam ob rem, legatis ad Ariovistum missis, ab eo 
 postulavit ut aliquem locum medium utriusque colloquio 
 deligeret: velle sese de re publica et summis utriusque rebus 
 cum eo agere. El legationl Ariovistus respondit: "Si quid 
 
 11. Germanos transire: elsewhere in his commentaries Caesar says 
 that at an earher time the Gauls had made war on the Germans and had 
 taken possession of territory on the German side of the Rhine. 
 
 13. periculosum: predicate adjective after esse (to be supplied); the 
 subject of esse is the infinitives with subject accusative preceding, Germanos 
 consuescere et imdtiludinem venire; translate, he saw that it was dangerous 
 to the Roman people for the Germans gradually to form the habit of crossing 
 the Rhine and for a large number of them to come into Gaid. 
 
 15. ut, as; fecissent is subjunctive in a subordinate clause in indirect 
 discourse. 
 
 Cimbri Teutonique: these were the German tribes that Marius con- 
 quered. See his life, page 208, 1. 15 ff. 
 
 17. Rhodanus, the Rhone {alone). 
 
 quibus rebus quam maturrime occurrendum putabat, this state of affairs 
 he thought must be met as soon as possible; rebus is dative with the compound 
 verb occurrendum (esse), which is itself used impersonally. 
 
 20. non: take with ferendus and translate, unbearable. 
 
 2. medium utriusque, midway between them. 
 
 3. velle sese, he wished {he said). 
 re publica, affairs of state. 
 
 simimis utriusque rebus, questions of the greatest interest to both. 
 
282 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 5 mihi a Caesare opus esset, ad eum venissem; si quid ille 
 me vult, ilium ad me venire oportet. Praeterea neque sine 
 exercitu in eas partes Galliae venire audeo quas Caesar pos- 
 sidet, neque exercitum sine magno commeatti atque moll- 
 mento in unum locum contrahere possum. Mihi autem ml- 
 
 10 rum videtur quid in mea Gallia, quam bello vici, aut Caesari 
 aut omnlno populo Romano negotii sit." 
 
 Caesar Sends Envoys to Ariovistus with Demands 
 
 35. His responsis ad Caesarem relatis, iterum ad eum 
 Caesar legates cum his mandatis mittit: ''Quoniam in con- 
 sulate Caesaris rex atque amicus a senatu appellatus nunc in 
 colloquium venire invltatus gravaris atque de communi re 
 
 5 dicere et cognoscere non vis, haec sunt quae a te postulat: 
 primum, ne quam multitudinem hominum amplius trans 
 Rhenum in Galliam traducas; deinde ut obsides quos habes 
 ab Haeduis reddas Sequanlsque permittas ut idem faciant; 
 neve Haeduos injuria lacessas neve his socilsque eorum bel- 
 
 10 lum Inferas. Si id it a feceris Caesari populoque Romano 
 perpetua gratia atque amicitia tecum erit ; si Caesar non 
 impetraverit, Haeduorum injurias non negleget. Nam ex 
 
 5. esset: quid is the subject, opus is predicate nominative; translate, if 
 I needed anything of Caesar, I should have come to him. 
 
 si quid ille me vult, if he wishes am/thing of me; void, like some verbs 
 of asking, may take two accusatives, one of the person, the other of the 
 thing, provided the latter is the accusative of a neuter pronoun or adjective. 
 
 10. quid Caesari . . . negotii sit, what business Caesar has; the clause is 
 an indirect question dependino:; on miruni; Caesari is dative of possession, 
 and negotii a genitive of the whole with quid. 
 
 3. rex atque amicus appellatus, after receiving the title of king and friend. 
 
 4. invitatus, when invited. 
 
 6. ne . . . traducas, that you shall not lead, etc.; this and the clauses 
 following are noun clauses defining haec. 
 
 10. Caesari, populo: datives of possession. 
 
 12. impetraverit: impetrdre is often used without an object, gain one's 
 
 request. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 283 
 
 senatus consulto, quod paucis ante annis factum est, quicum- 
 que Galliam provinciam obtinet Haeduos ceterosquc amicos 
 populi Roman! defendere debet." 15 
 
 Ariovistus' Defiant Reply 
 
 36. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit: ''Jus est belli ut victores 
 victis quem ad modum velint imperent. Item populus Ro- 
 manus victis non ad alterius praescrlptum, sed ad suum ' 
 arbitrium imperare consuevit. Si ego populum Romanum in - 
 ejus jure non impedio, non oportet me a populo Romano in 5 
 meo jure impedirl. Haedul, belli fortuna temptata, superati 
 sunt mihique stipendiarii sunt facti. Magnam Caesar inju- 
 riam facit, qui suo adventu vectigalia mihi deteriora facit. 
 Haeduls obsides non reddam, neque ils neque eorum sociis 
 injuria bellum Inferam, si in eo manebunt quod convenit 10 
 stipendiumque quotannis pendent; si id non fecerint, longe ils 
 fraternum nomen populi Roman! aberit. Quod mihi Caesar 
 denuntiat se Haeduorum injurias non neglecturum, nemo 
 mecum sine sua pernicie contendit. Cum volet, congrecliatur; J 
 intelleget quid invicti German!, exercitatissim! in armis, qui 15 
 inter annos xiiii tectum non subierint, virtute possint. " 
 
 2. quem ad modum, in what manner. 
 
 velint: subjunctive by attraction, since its clause depends upon another 
 clause in the subjunctive. 
 
 3. ad, according to. 
 
 8. qui deteriora facit, in decreasing; how, Kterally? 
 
 10. injuria, without reason, unjustly; the ablative of some nouns may 
 be used without a preposition to express manner; cdsil, by accident, is 
 another. 
 
 si in 60 manebunt quod convenit, if they abide by our compact. 
 
 11. longe lis fraternum nomen populi Romani aberit, the title of brothers 
 
 of the Roman people will be of little value to them; literally, will be far away ! 
 for them; fraternum =frdtrum. 1 
 
 12. Quod, as to the fact that; with denuntiat, as for Caesar's threat thatj 
 etc. 
 
 14. congrediatur, let him come on, volitive subjunctive. ; 
 
 15. quid virtute possint, how strong they are in valor. ' 
 
284 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Complaints by the Haeduans and the Treveri 
 OF German Aggressions 
 
 37. Haec eodem tempore Caesarl mandata referebantur, et 
 legati ab Haeduis et a Treverls veniebant; Haedui quere- 
 bantur, quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam transport ati 
 essent, fines eorum popularentur : sese ne obsidibus quidem 
 
 5 datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse; Treveri autem dice- 
 bant pagos centum Sueborum ad rlpas Rheni consedisse, qui 
 Rhenum transire conarentur; his praeesse Nasuam et Cim- 
 berium fratres. Quibus rebus Caesar vehementer commotus 
 maturandum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus Sueborum 
 
 10 cum veteribus copils Ariovisti sese conjunxisset, minus facile 
 resist! posset. Itaque re frumentaria quam celerrime potuit 
 comparata, magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum contendit. 
 
 Caesar Seizes the Stronghold of Vesontio 
 
 38. Cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ario- 
 vistum cum suls omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontio- 
 nem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, contendere. 
 Id magnopere sibi praecavendum Caesar existimabat. Nam- 
 
 5 que omnium rerum quae ad bellum usui erant summa erat in 
 eo oppido facultas, idemque natura loci sic muniebatur, ut 
 magnam ad ducendum bellum daret facultatem, propterea 
 
 4. sese . . . potuisse: indirect discourse depending on a verb of saying 
 implied in querebantur. 
 
 obsidibus datis, by giving hostages; ablative absolute. 
 
 9. maturandum (esse) sibi, that he must make haste; for the dative of 
 agent compare 32, 13, and note. 
 
 10. minus facile resist! posset, resistance could be made less easily; 
 resisti is an impersonal use of the passive. 
 
 1. viam; accusative of extent, further defined by the genitive of measure, 
 tndul. 
 
 4. praecavendum (esse), must be forestalled. 
 
 5. usui, of use; dative of purpose. 
 
 7. ducendum: the verb ducere is sometimes used with the meaning 
 'prolong. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 285 
 
 quod flumen Dubis, ut circino circumductum, paene totum 
 oppidum cingit; reliquum spatium, quod est non amplius 
 pedum DC, qua flumen intermittit, mons continet magna lo 
 altitudine, ita ut radices montis ex utraque parte ripae flu- 
 minis contingant. Hunc murus circumdatus arcem efficit et 
 cum oppido conjungit. Hue Caesar magnls nocturnis diurnls- 
 que itineribus contendit occupatoque oppido ibi praesidium 
 coUocat. 15 
 
 Caesar's Army Panic-Stricken from Stories 
 , OF German Prowess 
 
 39. Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem rei frumentariae 
 commeatusque causa moratur, nostri Gallos ac mercatores de 
 Germanis interrogant; ill! ingenti magnitudine corporum 
 Germanos, incredibill virtute atque exercitatione in armis esse 
 praedicabant (saepenumero sese cum his congresses ne vul- 5 
 turn quidem atque aciem oculorum dicebant ferre potuisse); 
 quibus ex vocibus tantus subito timor omnem exercitum oc- 
 cupavit ut non mediocriter omnium mentes animosque per- 
 turbaret. Hie primum ortus est a tribunis mllitum, praefec- 
 
 8. ut, as if. 
 
 9. spatium: object of conlinet. 
 
 10. pedum DC: genitive of measure in the predicate; it is to be noted 
 that the comparative amplius is here used as an adverb and so without 
 the ablative of comparison. 
 
 12. murus circumdatus, an encircling wall. A modern French fort is 
 located at about this point. 
 
 1. ad, in the vicinity of. 
 
 3. magnitudine, virtute, exercitatione: abjatives of description, in the 
 predicate. 
 
 6. aciem, flash. 
 
 9. tribunis militimi: the military tribunes were officers in the army . 
 alone, and not to be confused with the tribunes of the people. They 
 were men of less experience than the legdtl. 
 
 praefectis: the prefects were officers of auxiliary forces, some of them 
 Romans, some of the same nationaUty as their troops. The Roman pre- 
 fects are meant in this instance. 
 
286 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 10 tis, reliquisque qui ex urbe amicitiae causa Caesarem sectiti 
 non magnum in re mllitari usum habebant; hi, varils causis 
 domum proficlscendl illatis, petebant ut ejus voluntate dis- 
 cedere liceret; nonnulll pudore adducti, ut timoris suspi- 
 cionem vitarent, remanebant. Hi neque vultum fingere 
 
 15 neque interdum lacrimas tenere poterant; abditi in taber- 
 naculis aut suum fatum querebantur aut cum familiaribus 
 suls commune periculum miserabantur. Vulgo totis castris 
 testamenta obsignabantur. Horum vocibus ac timore paula- 
 tim etiam ii qui magnum in castris usum habebant, mihtes 
 
 20 centurionesque quique equitatui praeerant, perturbabantur. 
 Qui se ex his minus timidos existimari volebant, dicebant: 
 *'Non hostem veremur, sed angustias itineris et magnittidi- 
 nem silvarum quae intercedunt inter nos atque Ariovistum; 
 timemus etiam ut res frumentaria satis commode supportari 
 
 25 possit." Nonnulll etiam Caesari nuntiabant milites propter 
 timorem neque castra moturos neque signa laturos. 
 
 Caesar Holds a Council of Officers and 
 Allays Their Fears 
 
 40. Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio omni- 
 umque ordinum ad id consilium adhibit is centurionibus, vehe- 
 
 10. reliquis: sons of good families who accompanied Caesar without 
 performing miUtary service. 
 
 12. illatis, alleging. 
 
 13. ut . . . vitarent, a clause of purpose. 
 
 17. totis castris, all through the cani'p; some words in very common use 
 may be employed as locative ablatives without a preposition to express 
 the place where. 
 
 20. centuriones: the centurions were seasoned veterans who had been 
 promoted from the ranks. 
 
 quique: for et n qui. 
 
 21. Qui ex his, such of them an. 
 
 24. ut res frumentaria . . . possit, that grain supplies can not be brought 
 up to sufficiently good advantage; what is the meaning of ne after verbs of 
 fearing? 
 
 1. omnium ordinum: it is evident that grades were recognized among 
 the centurions; what the basis of distinction was is not known. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 287 
 
 menter eos incusavit: "Vestrum non est," inquit, ''aut quam 
 in partem aut quo consilio ducamini quaerere aut cogitare. 
 Ariovistus me consule cupidissime populi RomanI amicitiam 5 
 appetiit; cur hunc tam temere quisquam ab officio disces- 
 surum judicat? Equidem existimo, cognitis mels postulatis 
 atque aequitate condicionum perspecta, eum neque meam 
 neque populi RomanI gratiam repudiaturum. Quod si furore 
 atque amentia impulsus bellum intulerit, quid tandem vere- 10 
 mini aut cur de vest r a virtute aut de mea diligent i a despe- 
 ratis? Factum est ejus hostis perlculum patrum nostrorum 
 memoria, Cimbrls et Teutonis a C. Mario pulsis; factum 
 etiam nuper in Italia servlll tumultu, qui tamen aliquid usus 
 ac discipllnae a nobis acceperant. Ex quo judicarl potest 15 
 quantum habeat in se boni constantia, propterea quod qui 
 aliquamdiu inermes sine causa timebantur, hi postea armati 
 ac victores a militibus Romanis superati sunt. Denique hi 
 sunt eldem quos saepenumero Helvetil non solum in suis seel 
 etiam in illorum finibus superaverunt ; qui tamen pares esse 20 
 nostro exercitui non potuerunt. Nemo ad verso proelio et 
 fuga Gallorum commoveatur. Ariovistus enim multos men- 
 
 3. Vestrum non est, it is not for you; literally, it is not yours. The 
 subject of est is quaerere and cogildre. 
 
 7. Equidem, for my part. 
 
 12. periculum, trial; with ejus hostis as dependent objective genitive. 
 
 13. Cimbris . . . pulsis, in the defeat of the Cimbri and Teutons by Marius; 
 the ablative absolute defines the occasion. 
 
 factum: supply est perlculum. 
 
 14. servili tumultu, in the uprising of slaves. This was a war in 73-71 
 carried on by an army of runaway slaves led by the gladiator Spartacus. 
 The slaves in many cases were German prisoners of war or their descendants. 
 
 qui: the antecedent is servorum, implied in servlll. 
 
 usus, disciplinae: genitives of the whole, depending on aliquid. 
 
 16. quantum boni, how much good; bonl is genitive of the whole. 
 
 qui ... hi : translate in the order hi, qui. 
 
 20. qui : the Helvetii ; the sentence is a reference to the recent successful 
 campaign against the Helvetii. 
 
 21. Nemo commoveatur, let no one be disturbed. 
 
288 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ses castris se ac paludibus tenuerat neque sul potestatem 
 fecerat; deinde cum Galll desperarent jam de pugna et dis- 
 
 25 persl essent, subito eos adortus magis ratione et consilio 
 quam virtute vicit. Hac ratione ne ipse quidem sperat nos- 
 tros exercitus cap! posse. Qui suum timorem in rel frumen- 
 tariae simulationem angustiasque itineris conferunt faciunt 
 arroganter, cum aut de officio imperatoris desperare vide- 
 
 30 antur aut praescribere audeant. Haec mihi sunt curae; fru- 
 mentum Sequani, LeucI, Lingones subministrant, jamque 
 sunt in agris frumenta matura; de itinere ipsi brevi tempore 
 judicabitis. Quod vos signa non laturos dicitur, nihil ea re com- 
 moveor; quibuscumque enim exercitus non paruit, aut male 
 
 35 re gesta fortuna defuit aut aliquo facinore comperto avaritia 
 est convicta; mea innocentia perpetua vita, felicitas Helve- 
 tiorum bello est perspecta. Itaque quod in longiorem diem 
 collaturus ful repraesentabo, et proxima nocte de quarta 
 vigilia castra movebo, ut quam primum intellegere possim 
 
 40 utrum apud vos pudor atque officium an timor plus valeat. 
 Quod si praeterea nemo sequetur, tamen cum sola decima 
 legione Tbo, de qua non dubito, mihique ea praetoria cohors 
 erit." Huic legioni Caesar et indulserat praecipue et propter 
 virtu tem confldebat maxime. 
 
 23. sui potestatem, a chance at him. 
 
 27. Qui: for n qui. 
 
 in rei frumentariae simulationem, to a pretended concern ahout the sup- 
 ply of grain. 
 
 29. cum, since, in that. 
 
 33. Quod, as to the fact that. 
 
 nihil, not ai all. * 
 
 36. dgfuit: supply its, dative, has failed them. 
 
 aliquo facinore comperto avaritia est convicta, through the disclosure of 
 some misdeed avarice hcLS been proved {against them). 
 
 36. felicit&s: a Roman general set great store by his "good fortune." 
 
 37. in longiorem diem collaturus fui, what I was going to postpone. 
 
 43. legidni: dative with indulserat and confldebat, both belonging to the 
 class of special verbs that govern the dative. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 289 
 
 The Confidence of the Army Is Restored — 
 Caesar Marches Against Ariovistus 
 
 41. Hac oratione habita, mirum in modum conversae sunt 
 omnium mentes summaque alacritas et cupiditas belli gerendl 
 innata est, princepsque decima legio per tribunes mllitum ei 
 gratias egit, quod de se optimum judicium fecisset, seque esse 
 ad bellum gerendum paratissimam confirmavit. Deinde re- 5 
 liquae legiones cum tribunis mllitum et primorum ordinum 
 centurionibus egerunt, ut Caesari satisf acerent : se neque um- 
 quam dubitasse neque timuisse neque de summa belli suum 
 judicium, sed imperatoris esse existimavisse. Caesar, eorum 
 satisfactione accepta et itinere exquislto per Diviciacum, quod 10 
 ex Gallis ei maximam fidem habebat, de quarta vigilia, ut 
 dixerat, profectus est. Septimo die, cum iter non intermit- 
 teret, ab exploratoribus certior factus est Ariovisti copias a 
 nostrls mllibus passuum iiii et xx abesse. 
 
 Arrangements for an Interview Between Caesar 
 
 AND Ariovistus 
 
 42. Cognito Caesaris ad vent u, Ariovistus per legates ei 
 nuntiavit se jam in colloquium venire velle; quoniam Caesar 
 propius accessisset, se id sine periculo facere posse existimare. 
 Non respuit condicionem Caesar jamque eum ad sanitatem 
 revert! pertinaciaque desistere arbitrabatur. Dies coUoquio 5 
 
 I. mirum in modum, in a marvelous maniier. 
 3. princeps, ^rs^- an adjective for an adverb. 
 
 6. cum tribunis egerunt, urged the tribunes. 
 
 7. se . . . existimavisse: indirect discourse, {saying that) they, etc. 
 
 8. suum, imperatoris: in the predicate after es.se, was their own, but the 
 commanders. 
 
 II. ex Gallis: dependent upon ei; translate, of the Gaids, Caesar had 
 most confidence in him. 
 
 12. cum iter non intermitteret, ajter an unbroken march; i.e., without 
 taking the day of rest that would ordinarilj' fall within a period of seven 
 or eight days. 
 
 14. milibus: ablative of measure of difference. 
 
290 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 dictus est ex eo die quintus. Interim saepe cum legati ultro 
 citroque inter eos mitterentur, Ariovistus dixit se insidias 
 vereri postulavitque ut uterque cum solo equitatu ad col- 
 loquium veniret; alia ratione sese non esse venturum. Cae- 
 
 10 sar hac condicione accepta, salutem suam tamen Gallorum 
 equitatui committere non audebat; itaque legionarios milites 
 legionis decimae in equos Gallorum equitum imposuit, ut 
 praesidium quam amicissimum haberet. Quod cum fieret, 
 non irridicule quidam ex militibus decimae legionis dixit: 
 
 15 ''Plus quam pollicitus est Caesar facit; pollicitus se in co- 
 hortis praetoriae loco decimam legionem habiturum, ad 
 equum rescrlbit." 
 
 The Interview — Caesar's Address to Ariovistus 
 
 43. Planities erat magna et in ea tumulus terrenus satis 
 grandis. Hie locus aequum fere spatium a castris utrlusque 
 aberat. Eo, ut erat dictum, ad colloquium venerunt. Legio- 
 nem Caesar quam equis devexerat passibus cc ab eo tumul5 
 5 constituit. Item equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt. 
 Ariovistus ex equis ut coUoquerentur et praeter se denos ut 
 ad colloquium adducerent postulavit. Ubi eo ventum est, 
 
 6. saepe cum: translate as if CMW saepe. 
 
 9. alia ratione, otherwise; literally, on other terms. 
 
 10. Gallorum equitatui: Caesar's cavalry was composed, at various 
 times, of Gauls, Germans, Spaniards. His infantry legions only were 
 Romans. 
 
 16. ad equum rescribit: the words are capable of two meanings, is 
 enrolling us among the knights, or is enrolling us in the cavalry. The knights, 
 equites, were a social and semi-political order at Rome drawn from the 
 well-to-do middle class that at an earlier period furnished the Roman 
 cavalry. Admission to their ranks would be an honor. Now, however, 
 as observed above, the cavalry was furnished by non-Romans, so that 
 transfer to that branch of the service was no mark of distinction. 
 
 4. equis, on horseback. 
 
 6. ut: twice in this line ut is crowded out of its normal place at the 
 head of its clause in order to emphasize other words, ex equis in jne case 
 and praeter se denos in the other. 
 
 7. ventum est: thej had come; impersonal passive. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 291 
 
 Caesar initio orationis sua senatusque in eum beneficia com- 
 memoravit, quod rex appellatus esset a senatti, quod amicus, 
 quod munera amplissime missa; ''haec res," inquit, ''et panels lo 
 contigit et pro magnis honiinum officiis consuevit tribui; tu, 
 cum neque aditum neque causam postulandl justam haberes, 
 beneficio ac liberalitate mea ac senatus ea praemia consecutus 
 es. Veteres justasque causas necessitudinis Roman! cum 
 Haeduls habent; multa senatus consulta honorifica in eos facta 1.5 
 sunt; omni tempore totius Galliae principatum Haedul tenue- 
 runt, prius etiam quam nostram amicitiam appetierunt. 
 Populi Roman! haec est consuetudo, ut socios atque amicos 
 non modo su! nihil deperdere, sed gratia, dignitate, honore 
 auctiores velit esse; quod vero ad amicitiam popul! Roman! 20 
 attulerunt, id i!s eripi quis pat! potest?" Postulavit deinde 
 eadem quae legatis in mandatis dederat: ne aut Haeduls aut 
 eorum socils bellum !nferret; obsides redderet; s! nuUam par- 
 tem Germanorum domum remittere posset, at ne quos 
 amplius Rhenum transire pateretur. 25 
 
 Ariovistus Claims the Rights of a Conqueror 
 
 44. Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit, de 
 su!s virtutibus multa praedicavit: ''Trarisii Rhenum," inquit, 
 ''non mea sponte, sed rogatus et arcessltus a Gallis; non sine 
 magna spe magnisque praemiis domum propinquosque rel!qu!; 
 sedes habeo in Gallia ab ipsis concessas, obsides ipsorum 5 
 voluntate datos; stipendium capio jure ])elll, quod victores 
 
 9. quod, etc.: the quod clauses define beneficia. 
 
 18. consuetude: explained by the clause ut . . . velit, to wish, etc. 
 
 19. sui nihil, nothing that belongs to them; sul is a genitive of the whole; 
 literally, 0/ theirs. 
 
 20. quod . . . attulerunt, as for ivhnt they brought {with them) when they 
 became friends of the Roman people. The antecedent of quod is the follow- 
 ing id. 
 
 22. ne . . . inf arret, that he should not make war, etc. This clause and 
 the following explain eadem, 1. 22 
 
 5. ipsis: i. e., the Gauls. 
 
292 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 victis imponere consuerunt. Non ego Gallls sed Galli mihi 
 bellum intulerunt; omnes Galliae civitates ad me oppugnan- 
 dum venerunt ac contra me castra habuerunt; eae omnes 
 
 10 copiae a me uno proelio pulsae ac superatae sunt. Si iterum 
 experlri volunt, iterum paratus sum decertare; si pace titi 
 volunt, iniquum est de stTpendio recusare, quod sua voluntate 
 ad hoc tempus pependerunt. Amicitiam populi Roman! mihi 
 ornaments et praesidio, non detrlmento esse oportet, idque 
 
 15 hac spe petil. Si per populum Romanum stipendium remit- 
 tetur et dediticii subtrahentur, non minus hbenter rectisabo 
 populi Romani amicitiam quam appetil. Quod multitudinem 
 Germanorum in Galliam traduco, id mei muniendi, non Gal- 
 liae oppugnandae causa facio; ejus rei testimonio est quod nisi 
 
 20 rogatus non veni et quod bellum non intuli sed defend!. 
 Ego prius in Galliam ven! quam populus Romanus. Num- 
 quam ante hoc tempus exercitus populi Romani Galliae pro- 
 vinciae finibus egressus est. Quid tibi vis? Cur in meas 
 possessiones venis? Provincia mea haec est Gallia, sicut ilia 
 
 25 vestra. Ut mihi conced! non oporteret, si in vestros fines 
 impetum facerem, sic item vos estis iniqui, quod in meo jure 
 me interpellatis. Quod f rat res a senatu Haeduos appellatos 
 
 7. ego: supply bellum intuit. 
 
 12. de stipendio recusare, to refuse to pay the tribute. 
 
 14. ornamento et praesidio, an honor and a safeguard; datives of pur- 
 pose. 
 
 17. Quod: not because. ^ 
 
 18. mei muniendi: with the genitives of the pronouns mei, tui, sui, 
 nostri, vestri, the gerundive takes only the form in -endi without attempt 
 to show actual gender; i.e., a woman speaking would say also mei mUniendl 
 causa. 
 
 19. est: the subject is the following clause, quod . . . venl . . . defendl; 
 testimonio is a predicate dative of purpose or end served. Translate, the 
 proof of this is, that, etc. 
 
 24. haec Gallia, this part of Gaul. 
 
 26. vestra : used instead of tua to include the Roman nation, not merely 
 Caesar alone. 
 
 concedi non oporteret, no concession should be made (me); concedl is an 
 impersonal passive. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 293 
 
 dicis, neque bello AUobrogum proximo Haedul Romanis auxilium 
 tulerunt neque ipsi in his contentionibus quas Haedul mecum 
 et cum Sequanis habuerunt auxilio populi Roman! usi sunt. 3(j 
 Neque tam barbarus neque tam impeiitus sum rerum ut haec 
 non sciam. Debeo suspicarl te, simulata amicitia, exercitum in 
 Gallia mei opprimendi causa habere. Nisi decedes atque 
 exercitum deduces ex his regionibus, te non pro amico sed 
 pro hoste habebo. Quod si te interfecero, multis nobiUbus 35 
 principibusque populi Roman! gratum fecero; id ab ipsis per 
 eorum nuntios compertum habeo, quorum omnium gratiam 
 atque amicitiam tua morte redimere possum. Quod s! deces- 
 seris et liberam possessionem Galliae mihi tradideris, magno 
 te praemio remunerabor et quaecumque bella gerl voles sine 40 
 tillo tuo labore et periculo conficiam." 
 
 Caesar Defends Roman Against German Claims 
 
 45. Multa a Caesare in eam sententiam dicta sunt, quare 
 negotio desistere non posset: ''Neque mea," inquit, "neque 
 popul! Roman! consuetudo patitur ut optime meritos socios 
 deseram, neque judico Galliam potius esse tuam quam populi 
 Roman!. Bello superati sunt Arvern! et Ruten! a Q. Fabio 5 
 Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovit neque in provin- 
 ciam redegit neque stipendium imposuit. Quod si antiquis- 
 
 28. bello AUobrogum proximo: this war occurred in 62-61 b.c. 
 32. simulata amicitia, while pretending friendship. 
 
 35. habebo, / shall treat. 
 
 36. gratum, a welcome thing, a favor; an adjective used as a noun. 
 
 37. compertum habeo: translate as if comperi, and see the note on 15, 3. 
 1. in eam sententiam, quare, to show why; quare . . . posset is an indirect 
 
 question; in eam sententiam means literally, in the direction of the opinion. 
 3. ut . . . deseram: patior may take either an infinitive with subject 
 accusative or a noun clause; translate as if me . . deserere. 
 
 5. Bello: in 121 b.c. 
 
 6. quibus: dative with a verb meaning "pardon"; from this dative an 
 accusative is to be supplied as the object of redegit. 
 
 7. antiquissimum quodque tempus, mere priority; literally, the time 
 furthest back in each case. Since the Roman conquest in this region went 
 back as far as 121 b.c, Caesar argues that Roman claims were better 
 founded than German. 
 
294 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 simum quodque tempus spectari oportet, populi Romani jus- 
 tissimum est in Gallia imperium; si judicium senatus obser- 
 10 van oportet, libera debet esse Gallia, quam bello vie tarn suis 
 legibus uti voluit." 
 
 A Treacherous Attack by the Germans 
 Ends the Interview 
 
 46. Dum haec in colloquio geruntur, Caesari nuntiatum 
 est equites AriovistI propius tumulum accedere et ad nostros 
 adequitare et lapides telaque in nostros conjicere. Caesar 
 loquendl finem fecit seque ad suos recepit sulsque imperavit 
 
 5 ne quod omnino telum in hostes rejicerent. Nam etsi sine 
 ullo perlculo legionis delectae cum equitatu proelium fore 
 videbat, tamen nolebat hostes dicere posse, si pulsi essent, se 
 a Romanis per fidem in colloquio circumventos. Ita collo- 
 quium diremptum est. Postquam mllites de his rebus cer- 
 
 10 tiores facti sunt, multo major alacritas studiumque pugnandi 
 ma jus exercitui injectum est. 
 
 Ariovistus Asks for Another Conference — Caesar 
 
 Sends Envoys Instead — Ariovistus Throws 
 
 Them into Chains 
 
 47. Biduo post Ariovistus, ad Caesarem legatls missis, 
 nuntiavit se velle de iis rebus quae inter eos agl coeptae 
 neque perfectae essent agere cum eo; petlvit ut aut iterum 
 colloquio diem constitueret aut, si id minus vellet, e suis 
 
 5 legatls aUquem ad se mitteret. Colloquendi Caesari causa 
 
 10. victam, although vanquished. 
 
 2. tumulum : accusative ; the adverb propius may govern an accusative. 
 8. per fidem, through their faith in him; i.e., treacherously. 
 
 11. exercitui injectum est, ivas inspired in the army. 
 
 2. agi coeptae essent, had begun to be discussed; with a passive infinitive, 
 coepl itself is most often j)ut in the passive. 
 
 4. si id minus vellet, if he were not quite willing for that. 
 
 e suis legatis aliquem, some one of his lieutenants; legdtorum, genitive of 
 the whole, might have been employed. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 295 
 
 visa non est, et eo magis quod German! in colloquio tela in 
 nostros conjecerant. Legatum sese magno cum periculo ad 
 eum missurum et hominibus feris objecturum existimabat. 
 Misit igitur Galium quendam, C. Valerium Procillum, et 
 propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam, qua lo 
 multa jam Ariovistus longinqua consuetudine utebatur, et 
 quod in eo peccandi Germanis causa non erat, et una M. 
 Metium, qui hospitio AriovistI utebatur. His mandavit ut 
 quae diceret Ariovistus cognoscerent et ad se referrent. 
 Quos cum apud se in castrls Ariovistus conspexisset, exercitti in 
 suo praesente conclamavit: ''Quid ad me venltis? an specu- 
 landi causa?" Conantis dicere prohibuit et in catenas 
 conjecit. 
 
 Caesar Offers Battle — Ariovistus Refuses — 
 German Cavalry Tactics 
 
 48. Eodem die castra promovit et mllibus passuum vi a 
 Caesaris castris sub monte consedit. Postrldie ejus die! 
 praeter castra Caesaris suas copias traduxit et mllibus pas- 
 suum duobus ultra eum castra fecit eo oonsilio, ut frumento 
 commeatuque qui ex Sequanis et Haeduls supportaretur 5 
 Caesarem interclSderet. Ex eo die continuos v Caesar pro 
 castrls suas copias produxit et aciem instructam habuit, ut, 
 si vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, ei potestas non dees- 
 
 10. qua multa Ariovistus utebatur, which Ariovistus spoke fluently. 
 
 12. in eo peccandi Germanis causa non erat, in his case the Germans had 
 no reason for doing wrong; Germdnis is dative of possession. 
 
 una, along with him; an adverb, in origin perhaps from Una via. 
 
 13. utebatur, enjoyed. 
 
 14. diceret: subjunctive in an indirect question. 
 
 16. an speculandi causa, is it for the sake of spying? 
 
 17. Conantis dicere, when they attempted to speak. 
 
 4. eo consilio, ivith this purpose; consilio is explained by the following 
 clause, vi . . . inter clilderet. 
 
 7. ut ei potestas non deesset, that he might not lack the opportunity ; just 
 as the dative is used with the verb sum to express possession, so it may be 
 employed with the negative or opposite of sum. 
 
296 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 1 
 
 set. Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum castris conti- 
 10 nuit, equestri proelio cotidie contendit. Genus hoc erat pug- 
 nae quo se German! exercuerant. Equitum mlUa erant vi, 
 totidem numero pedites velocissimi ac fortissiml, quos ex 
 omnI copia singuli singulos suae salutis causa delegerant; cum 
 his in proehis versabantur, ad eos se equites recipiebant; hi, 
 15 si quid erat durius, concurrebant; si qui graviore vulnere 
 accepto equo deciderat, circumsistebant ; si quo erat longius 
 prodeundum aut celerius recipiendum, tanta erat horum 
 exercitatione celeritas ut jubis sublevati equorum cursum 
 adaequarent. 
 
 Caesar Fortifies a Second Camp 
 
 49. Ubi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne diutius 
 commeatii prohiberetur, ultra eum locum, quo in loco Ger- 
 mani consederant, circiter passus DC ab his, castris idoneum 
 locum delegit acieque triplici instructa ad eum locum venit. 
 5 Primam et secundam aciem in armis esse, tertiam castra 
 munire jussit. Hie locus ab hoste circiter passus dc, ut dic- 
 tum est, aberat. Eo circiter hominum xvi milia expedita 
 cum omni equitatii Ariovistus misit, quae copiae nostros per- 
 terrerent et munitione prohiberent. Nihilo setius Caesar, ut 
 
 11. quo, to which, in ivhich; ablative. 
 
 12. quos singuli singulos delegerant, whom they had chosen, one for each 
 of them; singuli agrees with the subject of delegerant, i.e., equites under- 
 stood, while singulos agrees with quos referring to the pedites. 
 
 14. versabantur, would engage; this and the following imperfects denote 
 habitual action. 
 
 15. durius, more dangerous than usual; the comparatives in this passage 
 are employed without any definite standard of comparison expressed ; they 
 are to be translated by "too," "more than usual." 
 
 16. si quo erat prodeundum, if it was necessary to advance to any place. 
 1. ne . . . prohiberetur: the clause states the* purpose oi delegit and 
 
 veyiit. 
 
 3. castris: dative, dependent on idoneum. 
 
 7. expedita: the adjective limits milia, but should be translated as if 
 expeditorum, in agreement with hominmn. ' 
 
 8. quae copiae . . . perterrerent: relative clause of purpose. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 297 
 
 ante constituerat, duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus lo 
 perficere jussit. Munltis castris, duas ibi legiones rellquit et 
 partem auxiliorum, quattuor reliquas in castra majora reduxit. 
 
 Ariovistus Continues to Refuse Battle 
 
 50. Proximo die Instituto suo Caesar e castris utrlsque 
 copias suas eduxit paulumque a majoribus castris progressus 
 aciem instruxit, hostibus pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi ne 
 turn quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum 
 in castra reduxit. Tum demum Ariovistus partem suarura s 
 copiarum quae castra minora oppugnaret misit. Acriter 
 utrimque usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. Solis occasu 
 suas copias Ariovistus, multls et illatis et acceptis vulneribus, 
 in castra reduxit. Cum ex captlvis quaereret Caesar quam 
 ob rem Ariovistus proelio non decertaret, illi responderunt : lo 
 "Apud Germanos ea consuetudo est, ut mat res familiae 
 eorum sortibus et vaticinationibus declarent utrum proelium 
 committi ex usti sit necne; eae ita dicunt: 'non est fas Ger- 
 manos superare, si ante novam lunam proelio contenderint.' " 
 
 Caesar by Marching on the German Camp 
 Provokes Ariovistus to Battle 
 
 51. Postridie ejus diei Caesar praesidio utrisque castris 
 quod satis esse visum est reliquit; omnis alarios in conspectu 
 hostium pro castris minoribus constituit, quod minus multitu- ' 
 
 6. Acriter . . . pugnatum est, both sides fought fiercely till evening; pug- 
 natum est is an impersonal passive, 
 
 9. quam ob rem, why, introducing an indirect question. 
 
 11. ut . . . declarent: a noun clause explaining consuetudo, while utrum 
 . . . sit is an indirect question. 
 
 13. ex usu, of advantage. 
 
 15. superare: here used without an object. 
 
 1. praesidio utrisque castris, as a guard to both camps; two datives, 
 one of purpose, the other of reference. 
 
 2. quod satis esse visum est, what seemed a large enough force. 
 
 3. multitudine : ablative of respect. 
 
298 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 .dine militum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat, ut 
 5 ad speciem alarils uteretur; ipse, triplici instmcta acie, usque 
 ad castra hostium accessit. Turn demum necessario Ger- 
 man! suas copias castris eduxerunt generatimque constitue- 
 runt paribus intervallis, Hartides, Marcomanos, Tribocos, 
 Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suebos, omnemque aciem suam 
 10 raedls et carris circumdederunt, ne qua spes in fuga relin- 
 queretur. Eo mulieres imposuerunt, quae ad proelium pro- 
 ficlscentes milites passis manibus flentes implorabant ne se in 
 servitutem Romanls traderent. 
 
 Progress of the Battle 
 
 52. Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et quaesto- 
 rem praefecit, ut eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberet; 
 ipse a dextro cornu, quod earn partem minime firmam hosti- 
 um esse animadverterat, proeHum commisit; et ita nostrl 
 
 5 acriter in hostes signo dato impetum fecerunt, itaque hostes 
 repente celeriterque procurrerunt ut spatium pila in hostes 
 conjiciendi non daretur. Projectis pills, comminus gladils 
 pugnatum est. . At German!, celeriter ex consuetudine sua 
 phalange facta, impetus gladiorum exceperunt. Reperti sunt 
 
 10 complures nostri qui in phalangem !nsilirent et scuta manibus 
 
 4. pro, in proportion to, in comparison ivith. 
 
 5. ad speciem : the phrase expresses purpose. 
 
 10. raedis, earns: ablatives of means. 
 
 11. Eo = in raedds et carros. 
 proficiscentes : with milites. 
 
 1. singulos legatos et quaestorem: Caesar had six legions and one 
 quaestor; five legions were therefore commanded by lieutenants. 
 
 2. eos testes, these men as witnesses. 
 
 3. a dextro comu, on the right wing. 
 
 5. itaque = et ita. 
 
 6. pila: object of the gerund conjiciendi, which depends on spatium. 
 
 7. comminus gladiis pugnatum est, they fought hand to hand with swords, 
 
 8. ex, according to. 
 
 10. qui . . . vulnerarent: a relative descriptive clause. 
 
A JUNIOR lATIN READER 299 
 
 revellerent et desuper vulnerarent. Cum hostium acies a 
 sinistro cornu pulsa atque in fugam conjecta esset, a dextro 
 cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem preme- 
 bant. Id cum animadvertisset P. Crassus adulescens, qui 
 equitatui praeerat, quod expeditior erat quam ii qui inter 15 
 aciem versabantur, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris sub- 
 sidio misit. 
 
 German Defeat and Flight — Recovery of 
 Caesar's Envoys 
 
 53. Ita proelium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes terga 
 verterunt neque prius fugere destiterunt quam ad flumen 
 Rhenum milia passuum ex eo loco circiter v pervenerunt. 
 Ibi perpauci aut viribus conflsl tranare contenderunt aut 
 lintribus inventis sibi salutem reppererunt; in his fuit Ariovis- 5 
 tus, qui naviculam deligatam ad ripam nactus ea profugit; 
 reliquos omnes consecuti equites nostri interfecerunt. Duae 
 fuerunt AriovistI uxores, una Sueba natione, quam domo 
 secum duxerat, altera Norica, regis Voccionis soror, quam in 
 Gallia duxerat, a fratre missam; utraque in ea fuga periit. 10 
 Fuerunt duae filiae; harum altera occlsa, altera capta est. 
 C. Valerius Procillus, cum a custodibus in fuga trims catenis 
 vinctus traheretur, in ipsum Caesarem hostes equitatu In- 
 sequentem incidit. Quae quidem res Caesaii non minorem 
 
 11. a: with the same meaning as in 1. 3. 
 
 14. P. Crassus: son of the M. Crassus who with Caesar and Pompeius 
 formed the first triumvirate. Pubhus lost his hfe in 53 B.C. at the battle 
 of Carrhae, in which the army commanded by his father was defeated by 
 the Parthians. 
 
 16. laborantibus nostris subsidio, to the relief of our men in distress. 
 
 2. prius: with quam; the two are commonly written as one word. 
 
 4. viribus: ablative with coyifrsi, trusting in; the same verb in the sense 
 of trust, with a person as indirect object, takes the dative. 
 
 6. ea, in it; ablative of means. 
 
 7. Duae fuerunt uxores: polygamy was not common among the Ger- 
 mans, being restricted to the chiefs. 
 
 13. in.Ca.esaiem.'nicidit, fell in with Caesar. 
 
300 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 15 quam ipsa victoria voluptatem attulit, quod hominem 
 honestissimum provinciae Galliae, suum familiarem et hospi- 
 tem, ereptum e manibus hostium sibi restitutum videbat, 
 neque ejus calamitate de tanta voluptate et gratulatione 
 quicquam fortuna deminuerat. Is se praesente de se ter 
 
 20 sortibus consultum dicebat utrum ignl statim necaretur an in 
 aliud tempus reservaretur; sortium beneficio se esse incolu- 
 mem. Item M. Metius repertus et ad eum reductus est. 
 
 Caesar Places His Army in Winter Quarters 
 
 AND Goes to Italy 
 
 64. Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suebi, qui ad 
 rlpas RhenI venerant, domum reverti coeperunt; ubi ii qui 
 proximi Rhenum incolunt eos perterritos senserunt, Insectitl 
 magnum ex iis numerum occiderunt. Caesar, una aestate 
 5 duobus maximis bellis confectis, mattirius paulo quam tem- 
 pus anni postulabat in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum dedtixit ; 
 hlbernis Labienum praeposuit; ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad 
 conventtis agendos profectus est. 
 
 18. neque quicquam fortuna deminuerat, and fortune had not subtracted 
 anything. 
 
 19. de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat, said that the lots had been 
 cast three times with regard to him. 
 
 20. utrum . . . necaretur an . . . reservaretur, as to whether he should be 
 put to death with fire or reserved, etc, 
 
 3. Rhenum: the accusative of a place name may be governed by the 
 adjective proximus; in 46, 2, the accusative with the comparative adverb 
 propius occurred. 
 
 7. ad conventiis agendos, to hold the (provincial) courts. A governor 
 of a province was also supreme judge in the provincial courts. 
 
 -J- 
 
REVIEW OUTLINE FOR FIRST YEAR WORK 
 
 FIRST REVIEW LESSON 
 
 VOCABULARY REVIEW 
 
 ager, 
 
 equus 
 
 rosa 
 
 magnus 
 
 sto 
 
 amicus 
 
 femina 
 
 servus 
 
 meus 
 
 sum 
 
 aiirum 
 
 fIlia 
 
 silva 
 
 multus 
 
 non 
 
 avilritia 
 
 innocentia 
 
 templum 
 
 ambulo 
 
 saepe 
 
 bellum 
 
 insula 
 
 verbum 
 
 amo 
 
 semper 
 
 consilium 
 
 liber 
 
 via 
 
 do 
 
 quod 
 
 dominus 
 
 nauta 
 
 victoria 
 
 habito 
 
 a, ab 
 
 eloquentia 
 
 peiiculum 
 
 vir 
 
 audo 
 
 cum 
 
 epistula 
 
 puer 
 
 bonus 
 
 ports 
 
 in 
 
 REVIEW OF FORMS AND SYNTAX 
 
 (1) First declension of nouns. App. 1. 
 
 (2) Second declension of nouns. App. 2. 
 
 (3) Adjectives of the first and second declensions. 
 
 App. 6. 
 
 (4) Present, imperfect, and future indicative active of the 
 
 first and second conjugations. App. 26, 28. 
 
 (5) Present, imperfect, and future indicative of sum. 
 
 App. 31. 
 
 (6) Agreement of the verb, App. 40. 
 
 (7) Agreement of adjectives. App. 38 (1). 
 
 (8) Nominative as subject or predicate. App. 41. 
 
 (9) Genitive of possession. App. 42. 
 
 (10) Dative with adjectives. App. 50. 
 
 (11) Dative of indirect object. App. 49. 
 
 (12) Accusative as direct object. App. 57. 
 
 (13) Ablative of place where. App. 68. 
 
 301 
 
302 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Libros bonos laudamus. 2. Eloquentia domini ab ami- 
 cls meis saepe laudatur. 3. Filia servl in magna insula habi- 
 tat. 4. Puer amlco nautae epistulas dat. 5. Saepe in silva 
 cum puero ambulo. 6. Verba mea ab amlcls meis laudantur. 
 7. Bellum magnum est, et in perTculo sumus. 8. Templum 
 in magna silva stat. 9. Equos domini laudo, quod bom sunt. 
 10. Filia domini magnam rosam portat. 11. In agris et sil- 
 vls cum amicis saepe ambulamus. 12. Vir bonus non sem- 
 per consilium {advice) bonum dat. 13. Nautae non multum 
 aurum portant. 14. Multi vir! bella et pericula amant. 
 15. Vir aurum amat, sed avaritiam non laudat. 
 
 1. My friend loves good books. 2. The master gives a let- 
 ter to the sailor. 3. The boy often walks in the street with 
 the slave. 4. The woman praises [the large roses. 5. The 
 master's daughter is in great danger. 6. The woman lives in 
 the forest with the sailor's daughter. 7. Good men praise 
 the words of my friend. 8. The slaves carry letters and 
 gold. 9. The boy's horse stands in the street. 10. The 
 woman gives much gold to the slaves. 
 
 SECOND REVIEW LESSON 
 
 VOCABULARY REVIEW 
 
 agricola 
 
 nasus 
 
 hic 
 
 tuus 
 
 pugno 
 
 aquila 
 
 numerus 
 
 ille 
 
 vester 
 
 video 
 
 arma 
 
 oppidani 
 
 ipse 
 
 accuso 
 
 volo 
 
 barbarus 
 
 oppidum 
 
 atus 
 
 aedifico 
 
 e, ex 
 
 campus 
 
 patria 
 
 liber 
 
 demonstro 
 
 pro 
 
 carrus 
 
 poeta 
 
 longus 
 
 erro 
 
 sine 
 
 castra 
 
 puella 
 
 miser 
 
 habeo 
 
 et 
 
 causa 
 
 vicus 
 
 . noster 
 
 labors 
 
 sed 
 
 culpa 
 
 aequus 
 
 parvus 
 
 moneo 
 
 
 filius 
 
 benignus 
 
 pulcher 
 
 muto 
 
 
 folium 
 
 gratus 
 
 sacer 
 
 propero 
 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 303 
 
 REVIEW OF FORMS AND SYNTAX 
 
 (1) Declension of hie. App. 20, a. 
 
 (2) Declension of ille and ipse. App. 20 6, 22. 
 
 (3) Present, imperfect, and future indicative passive of the 
 
 first and second conjugations. App. 27, 29. 
 
 (4) Possessive adjectives of the first and second persons. 
 
 App. 19. 
 
 (5) Apposition. App. 39. 
 
 (6) Present active infinitive of the first and second con- 
 
 jugations. App. 26, 28. 
 
 (7) Ablative of accompaniment. App. 70. 
 
 (8) Ablative of agent. App. 66. 
 
 (9) Ablative of place from which. App. 65. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Barbarl saepe magna templa aedificant. 2. Agricola 
 benign us puero equum bonum dat. 3. Ab amicis accusamur, 
 sed culpa non est nostra. 4. Oppidan! in agrls non laborant. 
 5. Filia hujus servl est libera. 6. Poetae hos campos latos 
 saepe laudant. 7. Oppidan! saepe monentur, quod barbarl 
 in silvis errant. 8. Fllius agricolae miser est et non laborat. 
 9. Amicus mens multos equos pulchros habet. 10. Poeta in 
 parvo v!co habitat. 11. Carrus puero parvo gratus est. 
 12. Non sine causa patriam nostram amamus. 13. Pueri 
 properant, quod oppidum vident. 14. Magnam aquilam in 
 silva videmus. 15. Servus magnum numerum equorum in 
 agro demonstrat. 
 
 1. This farmer always has a large number of good horses. 
 2. Your son does not often work in the fields. 3. The boys 
 are warned by the woman because they are in danger. 
 4. The man points out many beautiful villages. 5. That 
 town has many broad streets. 6. The townspeople them- 
 selves often fight with the barbarians. 7. The men change 
 their plans because they see the danger. 8. The poet's 
 
304 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 daughter does not work, and she is censured. 9. Many boys 
 and men are hastening from the villages and towns. 10. We 
 are building a sacred temple in this forest. 
 
 THIRD REVIEW LESSON 
 
 VOCABULARY REVIEW 
 
 aqua 
 
 natura 
 
 angustus 
 
 compleo 
 
 magnopere 
 
 barba 
 
 nihil 
 
 carus 
 
 explore 
 
 numquam 
 
 bestia 
 
 ntintius 
 
 clarus 
 
 invito 
 
 nunc 
 
 donum 
 
 pecunia 
 
 'erus 
 
 juvo 
 
 primo 
 
 fabula 
 
 pictura 
 
 iratus 
 
 maneo 
 
 rursus 
 
 fossa 
 
 poena 
 
 is 
 
 moveo 
 
 tamen 
 
 Gallia 
 
 populus 
 
 paratus 
 
 narro 
 
 turn 
 
 Gallus 
 
 potentia 
 
 quattuor 
 
 occupo 
 
 ac 
 
 German! 
 
 pugna 
 
 Romanus 
 
 supero 
 
 ante 
 
 gladius 
 
 saxum 
 
 suus 
 
 terreo 
 
 circum 
 
 hortus 
 
 socius 
 
 verus 
 
 timeo 
 
 per 
 
 inimicus 
 
 statua 
 
 quis 
 
 fortiter 
 
 post 
 
 locus 
 
 Villa 
 
 clamo 
 
 hodie 
 
 aut 
 
 REVIEW OF FORMS AND SYNTAX 
 
 (1) Declension of is. App. 20 c. 
 
 (2) Declension of the interrogative pronoun and adjective. 
 
 App. 24. 
 
 (3) Perfect indicative active. App. 26, 28. 
 
 (4) Possessives of the third person. App. 19. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Multa dona el puero dedL 2. Ea f fibula non vera est, 
 et periculum in silva non timeo. 3. Hortus mens est pulcher, 
 quod laboro. 4. Inimicus mens poenam non sine causa 
 timet. 5. Tum Galli erant socii populi Romanl. 6. Pueri 
 nihil timent, et hunc locum explorabunt. 7. Ferae bcstiae 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 305 
 
 saepe in hac silva videntur. 8. Socil nostri irati sunt, quod 
 ad (for) bellum non parati sumus. 9. Potentia patriae nos- 
 trae numquam timetur, quod bellum non amamus. 10. Pic- 
 turam pulchram in villa poetae hodie vidl. 11. Quis hoc 
 magnum saxum ex agrls portavit? 12. Ilium puerum non 
 invitavi, quod amicus mens non est. 13. Eum iuvabo, sed 
 numquam laudabo. 14. Multl virl clarl in hoc oppido habi- 
 tabant. 15. Puer epistulam ad poetam portabat. 
 
 1. This man has great power, but we do not fear him. 
 2. These barbarians are fierce, and they have seized our 
 towns. 3. I was exploring the forest with your son. 4. 
 There are many beautiful villas in our native country. 
 
 5. By whom (singular) has your daughter been invited? 
 
 6. We shall help our allies, because their danger is great. 
 
 7. This famous poet will not remain in our town. 8. The 
 messenger was carrying money and a letter. 9. There are 
 many large rocks in this place. 10. I shall see the statue 
 and the pictures in the temple. 
 
 FOURTH REVIEW LESSON 
 
 
 VOCABULARY REVIEW 
 
 
 annus 
 
 Italia 
 
 stipendium 
 
 augeo 
 
 rogo 
 
 auxilium 
 
 legatus 
 
 vita 
 
 celo 
 
 vito 
 
 beneficium 
 
 mora 
 
 adversus 
 
 convoco 
 
 vulnero 
 
 Britannia 
 
 mtirus 
 
 aeternus 
 
 duco 
 
 antea 
 
 concilium 
 
 porta 
 
 altus 
 
 expecto 
 
 cur 
 
 copia 
 
 praemium 
 
 firmus 
 
 mitto 
 
 diu 
 
 domicilium 
 
 praesidium 
 
 honestus 
 
 neco 
 
 ibi 
 
 'ortuna 
 
 proelium 
 
 novus 
 
 nuntio 
 
 item 
 
 fuga 
 
 rota 
 
 perlculosus 
 
 postulo 
 
 longe 
 
 gloria 
 
 scalae 
 
 quinque 
 
 probo 
 
 ubi 
 
 hora 
 
 schola 
 
 septem 
 
 relinquo 
 
 vix 
 
 initium 
 
 scutum 
 
 sex 
 
 renovo 
 
 ultra 
 
 injuria 
 
 signum 
 
 tantus 
 
 repudio 
 
 si 
 
306 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 REVIEW OF FORMS AND SYNTAX 
 
 (1) Past perfect and future perfect indicative active of 
 
 regular verbs. App. 26, 28. 
 
 (2) Perfect system of sum. App. 31. 
 
 (3) Perfect system of regular verbs in the passive. App. 
 
 27, 29. 
 
 (4) Present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and 
 
 passive, of third conjugation -o verbs. App. 28, 29. 
 
 (5) Use of participles. App. 122-126. 
 
 (6) Accusative of duration. App. 58. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 1. Consilium tuum a legato nuntiatum laudabitur. 2. Co- 
 piae nostrae non multos annos in Gallia manebunt. 3. Cur 
 beneficia ab (from) hoc inimico expectas? 4. Hie clarus 
 poeta domicilium in Britannia multos annos habuerat. 
 5. Post initium pugnae fuga erat periculosa. 6. In ea schola 
 erant fllil multorum virorum clarorum. 7. Sociis auxilium 
 dabimus et ab (from) sociis auxilium postulabimus. 8. Multi 
 hoc bellum non probant, quod non sunt amici patriae nostrae. 
 9. Gloria Italiae et popull RomanI erit aeterna. 10. Propter 
 moram sociorum, Galli in proelio superati sunt. 11. Injurias 
 barbarorum timemus, et auxilium vestrum postulamus. 
 12. Muros et portas oppidi ex illo loco videbimus. 13. 
 Murl sunt altl, et portae sunt latae. 14. Praemia his puellis 
 dabuntur, et multi eas laudabunt. 
 
 1. Shields are not carried in this war by our allies. 2. On 
 account of your flight, the lieutenant was in great danger. 
 3. Why do you ask my help, if you do not fear? 4. We 
 were awaiting our friends in the village. 5. We waited for 
 five hours, but we did not see the signal. 6. I shall not 
 demand so great a reward. 7. We shall reject the money, 
 and we shall not send help. 8. A strong garrison has been 
 left in the town, and the townspeople do not fear. 9. The 
 sailor's son was in the battle and was wounded. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 307 
 
 FIFTH REVIEW LESSON 
 
 VOCABULARY REVIEW 
 
 angulus 
 
 sagitta 
 
 defessus 
 
 excedo 
 
 venio 
 
 animus 
 
 sonus 
 
 Idem 
 
 facio 
 
 bis 
 
 biennium 
 
 terminus 
 
 incognitus 
 
 fugio 
 
 celeriter 
 
 captlvus 
 
 flumen 
 
 novem 
 
 gero 
 
 interdum 
 
 caput 
 
 frater 
 
 octo 
 
 interficio 
 
 iterum 
 
 castellum 
 
 frumentum 
 
 primus 
 
 jacio 
 
 mox 
 
 corpus 
 
 Hibernia 
 
 amitto 
 
 munio 
 
 nondum 
 
 factum 
 
 Hispania 
 
 audio 
 
 oppugno 
 
 postea 
 
 justitia 
 
 homo 
 
 capio 
 
 pervenio 
 
 statim 
 
 lex 
 
 impedlmentum 
 
 cingo 
 
 peto 
 
 inter 
 
 miles 
 
 iter 
 
 conficio 
 
 pono 
 
 propter 
 
 nemo 
 
 terra 
 
 condemno 
 
 reperio 
 
 trans 
 
 regnuni 
 
 tuba 
 
 contendo 
 
 scribo 
 
 -que 
 
 rex 
 
 vallum 
 
 defendo 
 
 tego 
 
 
 REVIEW OF FORMS AND SYNTAX 
 
 (1) Present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and 
 
 passive, of verbs of the fourth conjugation. App. 
 28, 29. 
 
 (2) Present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and 
 
 passive, of -16 verbs of the third conjugation. App. 
 28, 29. 
 
 (3) Declension of idem. App. 21. 
 
 (4) Third declension nouns with genitive plural in -um. 
 
 App. 3 (1), (2). 
 
 (5) Ablative of means. App. 72. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Is rex cum populo Romano bellum saepe gesserat. 
 2. Leges patriae nostrae a multls laudantur. 3. Frater hujus 
 hominis domicilium in Hibernia habet, sed nunc in Britannia 
 
308 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 est. 4. In eo itinere multa et pulchra oppida vidl. 5. Eun- 
 dem sonum iterum audio. 6. Helvetii impedimenta in cas- 
 trls rellquerunt, et haec a Romanis capta sunt. 7. Si hones- 
 tus es, legem non times. 8. Captlvi barbari sunt, sed justi- 
 tiam patriae nostrae laudant. 9. In eo flumine multi vltam 
 amiserunt. 10. Factum ejus mllitis semper probabitur. 
 11. Nemo castra defendit, et omnes fugerunt. 12. Legatus 
 cum mllitibus mox in Galliam perveniet. 13. Saxa et tela ab 
 oppidanis jacta sunt, sed milites oppidum ceperunt. 14. Ter- 
 minum silvae mox videbimus et iter nostrum conficietur. 
 15. Milites defessi ex proelio excedent. 
 
 1. On account of the nature of this place, we shall not 
 remain long. 2. These men praise justice, but they them- 
 selves are not honorable. 3. The soldiers were leading the 
 prisoners through the streets of the town. 4. The small vil- 
 lages will not be fortified, and they will be seized by the 
 forces of the barbarians. 5. We heard the sound of the 
 trumpet and we came quickly. 6. The camp is fortified by a 
 high rampart and a wide ditch. 7. We saw the river from 
 the rampart of the camp. 8. Our allies are waging war 
 again with these barbarians. 9. The king led his forces 
 across the river and attacked our camp. 10. My brother and 
 your son were wounded by arrows in the same battle. 
 
 SIXTH REVIEW LESSON 
 
 VOCABULARY REVIEW 
 
 ancora 
 
 centurio 
 
 egio 
 
 multitudo 
 
 Stella 
 
 animal 
 
 coUis 
 
 una 
 
 navis 
 
 tectum 
 
 arbor 
 
 finis 
 
 ux 
 
 nox 
 
 tempest as 
 
 avis 
 
 gens 
 
 mare 
 
 nubes 
 
 timor 
 
 caedes 
 
 hostis 
 
 mater 
 
 pars 
 
 urbs 
 
 caelum 
 
 ignis 
 
 mons 
 
 pater 
 
 acer 
 
 calcar 
 
 insigne 
 
 mors 
 
 pax 
 
 celer 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 309 
 
 fellx 
 
 tutus 
 
 caedo 
 
 incendo 
 
 teneo 
 
 fortis 
 
 ego 
 
 cano 
 
 incipio 
 
 trado 
 
 aetus 
 
 sul 
 
 claudo 
 
 incolo 
 
 vinco 
 
 omnis 
 
 tu 
 
 cupio 
 
 jubeo 
 
 olim 
 
 pauci 
 
 aperio 
 
 deleo 
 
 paro 
 
 quoque 
 
 potens 
 
 appropinquo 
 
 divido 
 
 retineo 
 
 juxta 
 
 sapiens 
 
 aro 
 
 expugno 
 
 rideo 
 
 
 REVIEW OF FORMS AND SYNTAX 
 
 (1) Third declension nouns with genitive in -iiun. 
 
 3 (3), (4). 
 
 (2) Declension of vis. App. 3 (5). 
 
 (3) Third declension adjectives. App. 7. 
 
 (4) Declension of ego and tu. App. 17. 
 
 (5) Reflexive pronouns. App. 18. 
 
 (6) Ablative of time. App. 69. 
 
 (7) Genitive of the whole. App. 43. 
 (S) Complementary infinitive. 113. 
 
 App. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Multa animalia inter arbores silvae vidi. 2. Haec avis 
 pulchra est, sed non canit. 3. Frater meus et pater tuus in 
 Italia" eodem anno erant. 4. Te non defendam, quod hostis 
 patriae es. 5. Propter tempestatem ancora navem nostram 
 non tenebat. 6. In patria nostra sunt magna flumina et 
 urbes pulchrae. 7. Haec gens turn Romanis incognita erat. 
 8. Ex eo colle ignes videbantur. 9. Nos pacem semper 
 habere cupivimus, sed vobis bellum gratum fuit. 10. Mare 
 patriam nostram ab omnibus partibus cingit et defendit. 
 11. Multi in montibus et silvis errare cupiunt. 12. Hi fortes 
 agricolae agros suos ab hostibus defenderunt. 13. Nubes in 
 caelo erant,. et lunam non videbamus. 14. Olim laetus eras, 
 nunc miser es. 15. Propter timorem mortis ex castrls exces- 
 simus. 
 
310 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 1. My house is on an island, among large trees. 2. From 
 this hill we saw the sea and the ships. 3. We have come to 
 the end of our journey, and we shall soon see our friends. 
 4. A multitude of barbarians came into Gaul and seized the 
 lands (fields) of the Gauls. 5. We saw a great fire in the 
 forest, and we sent a messenger to the village. 6. The boy is 
 brave, and he will defend himself. 7. The legions have de- 
 feated part of the forces of the king. 8. The boy's mother 
 fears the sea, because her father lost his life in a storm. 
 9. Who ordered you to give me this letter? 10. This river 
 is swift and dangerous. 
 
 SEVENTH REVIEW LESSON 
 
 VOCABULARY REVIEW 
 
 altitudo 
 
 mos 
 
 facilis 
 
 mlUe 
 
 praecedo 
 
 amicitia 
 
 nomen 
 
 humilis 
 
 qui 
 
 prehendo 
 
 auctoritas 
 
 passus 
 
 malus 
 
 accipio 
 
 procedo 
 
 civis 
 
 pes 
 
 neuter 
 
 ascendo 
 
 regno 
 
 cornu 
 
 pllum 
 
 nullus 
 
 circumvenio 
 
 repello 
 
 dux 
 
 piscis 
 
 reliquus 
 
 commemoro 
 
 vasto 
 
 exercitus 
 
 provincia 
 
 similis 
 
 conduco 
 
 facile 
 
 fluctus 
 
 tempus 
 
 sinister 
 
 depello 
 
 jam 
 
 hasta 
 
 virtus 
 
 solus 
 
 dico 
 
 late 
 
 impetus 
 
 alius 
 
 totus 
 
 efficio 
 
 quam 
 
 lacus 
 
 alter 
 
 ullus 
 
 c-mo 
 
 satis 
 
 latitudo 
 
 dexter 
 
 unus 
 
 impedio 
 
 subito 
 
 libertas 
 
 dilficilis 
 
 uter 
 
 lego 
 
 contra 
 
 manus 
 
 dissimilis 
 
 validus 
 
 pateo 
 
 de 
 
 modus 
 
 
 
 
 
 REVIEW OF FORMS AND SYNTAX 
 
 (1) Fourth declension of nouns. App. 4. 
 
 (2) Declension of the relative pronoun. App. 23. 
 
 (3) Comparison of adjectives. App. 10, 11. 
 
 (4) Declension of comparatives. App. 12. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 311 
 
 (5) Adjectives with genitive in -lus. App. 9. 
 
 (6) Ablative of respect. App. 76. 
 
 (7) Ablative of degree of difference. App. 74. 
 
 (8) Ablative of description. App. 77. 
 
 (9) Accusative of extent. App. 59. 
 
 (10) Genitive of description. App. 44. 
 
 (11) Agreement of the relative pronoun. App. 38 (2). 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Propter amicitiam quae semper fuit inter patrcs nostros, 
 te juvabo. 2. Hunc librum leg!, et novum librum emere 
 cupio. 3. Auctoritas ejus viri clarl in urbe nostra semper 
 magna fuit. 4. Civis Romanus sum, et praesidium legum 
 postulo. 5. In hoc parvo lacu sunt multl pisces. 6. Hie 
 puer non multa milia passuum ambulabit, quod parvus est. 
 7. In alio loco, ubi murus humilior est, oppidum oppugnabi- 
 mus. 8. Nomen ejus ducis saepe audivi, sed numquam eum 
 vidi. 9. Propter latitudinem fossae quae castra cingit, hostes 
 impetum non facient. 10. Mores horum hominum a nullo 
 cive honesto laudantur. 11. Quid in manu tenes? Pllum 
 Romanum in manu teneo. 12. Mores nostri et (mores) bar- 
 barorum dissimillimi sunt. 13. Propter virtutem mllitum 
 nostrorum, hostes mox fugient. 14. Reliqui cives patriam 
 amant, et (eam) defendent. 15. Eo tempore exercitum par- 
 vum habebamus, sed nunc ad (for) bellum parati sumus. 
 
 1. On account of the height of the wall, the town was safe. 
 2. The legion which was in the province had often fought 
 with these barbarians. 3. From that hill we heard the sound 
 of the waves, and we saw the ships. 4. We love liberty, and 
 we will fight for (pro) liberty. 5. Between these high moun- 
 tains there is a beautiful lake. 6. The enemy fear the leader 
 whom we have sent. 7. ]My friend ascended the mountain 
 which you see across the river. 8. I have said this because I 
 love my country. 9. I have received the letter which you 
 sent. 10. We shall easily ward off all attacks in this place. 
 
312 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 EIGHTH REVIEW LESSON 
 
 VOCABULARY REVIEW 
 
 casus 
 
 responsum 
 
 varius 
 
 deligo 
 
 servo 
 
 civitas 
 
 rlpa 
 
 decem 
 
 egredior 
 
 utor 
 
 cohors 
 
 Roma 
 
 absum 
 
 imploro 
 
 vereor 
 
 colloquium 
 
 uxor 
 
 ago 
 
 invenio 
 
 vivo 
 
 consu 
 
 vulnus 
 
 arbitror 
 
 ludo 
 
 acriter 
 
 dies 
 
 vox 
 
 cognosco 
 
 migro 
 
 bene 
 
 equitatus 
 
 armatus 
 
 condo 
 
 polliceor 
 
 hic 
 
 imperator 
 
 brevis 
 
 Conor 
 
 potior 
 
 igitur 
 
 liberl 
 
 gravis 
 
 constituo 
 
 praemitto 
 
 itaque 
 
 lingua 
 
 idoneus 
 
 credo 
 
 reddo 
 
 male 
 
 praeda 
 
 invltus 
 
 curro 
 
 sequor 
 
 postquam 
 
 res 
 
 tot 
 
 
 
 
 REVIEW OF FORMS AND SYNTAX 
 
 (1) Comparison of adverbs. App. 13, 14. 
 
 (2) Present participle. App. 26, 28. 
 
 (3) Fifth declension of nouns. App. 5. 
 
 (4) Deponent verbs. App. 30. 
 
 (5) Infinitives of the four conjugations. App. 26, 27, 
 
 28, 29. 
 
 (6) Ablative absolute. App. 75. 
 
 (7) Ablative with utor, fruor, etc. App. 79. 
 
 (8) Indirect discourse. App. 121. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Puer in rlpa fluminis cum patre stabat. 2. 
 urbe condita, multi ex omnibus partibus venerunt. 
 dies in oppido tuo mansT, et multos amicos ibi vidi, 
 ejus regis qui hostes duxerat in castris capti sunt. 
 lam tuam accepi, et responsum mox reddam. 
 
 Hac nova 
 
 3. Paucos 
 
 4. Liberi 
 
 5. Epistu- 
 
 6. Romani 
 
 brevibus gladils et parvis scutis in proelio usi sunt. 7. 
 Oppidan! gravia saxa in muro posuerant, et impetum nostrum 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 313 
 
 expectabant. 8. In legione Romana erant decern cohortes. 
 
 9. Cohortes et legiones a centurionibus et legatls ductae sunt. 
 
 10. Aurum in els montibus inventum est qui non longe ab 
 ilia urbe absunt. 11. Equitatus noster equos idoneos non 
 habet. 12. Lingua nostra et lingua eorum barbarorum dis- 
 simillimae sunt. 13. Imperator fortis est, sed imperator sine 
 exercitu parato nihil efficiet. 14. Hostes crediderunt nos bel- 
 lum vererl. 15. Legatus cum equitatu hostes fugientes 
 secutus est. 
 
 1. The general's wife came to (in) the camp with her son. 
 
 2. We found much booty in these towns which we captured. 
 
 3. When the centurion was killed (the centurion having been 
 killed), the cohort fled. 4. We followed these animals 
 through the forest for many hours. 5. The men who prom- 
 ised their help at this time are true friends. 6. I was not in 
 the army, and I did not receive this wound in war. 7. The 
 lieutenant saw armed forces on the mountain, and he thought 
 that they were Gauls. 8. Many wished to migrate from 
 their native country, but others were unwilling. 9. We have 
 gained possession of the letters which were sent by these men. 
 10. This answer having been given, the general at once with- 
 drew. 
 
 NINTH REVIEW LESSON 
 
 VOCABULARY REVIEW 
 
 acies 
 
 mensis 
 
 victor 
 
 planus 
 
 coepi 
 
 adventus 
 
 obses 
 
 acutus 
 
 profundus 
 
 eo 
 
 aestas 
 
 pons 
 
 avarus 
 
 proximus 
 
 eripio 
 
 arcus 
 
 regina 
 
 communis 
 
 quidam 
 
 exeo 
 
 ars 
 
 salus 
 
 duplex 
 
 quisque 
 
 faveo 
 
 calami tas 
 
 situs 
 
 ferox 
 
 addo 
 
 Instruo 
 
 canis 
 
 soror 
 
 'ertilis 
 
 aggredior 
 
 jungo 
 
 dens 
 
 valles 
 
 frigidus 
 
 cado 
 
 metuo 
 
 hiems 
 
 ventus 
 
 ingens 
 
 concurro 
 
 morior 
 
314 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 noceo 
 
 praeficio 
 
 scio 
 
 her! 
 
 una 
 
 pareo 
 
 praesum 
 
 spero 
 
 inde 
 
 nam 
 
 persuadeo 
 
 queror 
 
 transeo 
 
 libenter 
 
 neque 
 
 placeo 
 
 redeo 
 
 deinde 
 
 sic 
 
 
 possum 
 
 resists 
 
 denique 
 
 simul 
 
 
 REVIEW OF FORMS AND SYNTAX 
 
 (1) Conjugation of possum. App. 32. 
 
 (2) Conjugation of eo. App. 35. 
 
 (3) Declension of quidam. App. 25 c. 
 
 (4) Declension of quisque. App. 25 a. 
 
 (5) Present imperative. App. 26, 28. 
 
 (6) Dative with special verbs. App. 51. 
 
 (7) Dative with compounds. App. 55. 
 
 (8) Vocative. App. 80. 
 
 (9) Ablative of separation. App. 64. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. In terra Helvetiorum sunt altl montes et fertiles valles. 
 
 2. Situs ejus vici est in rlpa parvi fluminis. 3. Hi homines 
 non habent amicos, quod avarl sunt. 4. Hieme in his monti- 
 bus sunt magnl vent!. 5. Ante adventum pat rum nostrorum 
 erant nuUae urbes magnae in hac terra. 6. Omnes in oppida 
 et vicos concurrerunt, quod periculum commune viderunt. 
 7. Arcus quem puer habet a patre suo datus est. 8. Val- 
 lem transiimus et collem ascendimus. 9. Mare profundum 
 terram nostram ab Africa dividit. 10. Hae artes quas laudas 
 non bonae sunt. 11. Propter bellum mare eo anno transire 
 non poteramus. 12. Consul qui exercitui eo die praeerat 
 numquam in proelio superatus est. 13. Haec magna saxa de 
 monte ceciderunt quem vides. 
 
 1. The bridge has been burned, and no one can cross the 
 river. 2. We could hear the sound of the wind in the trees. 
 
 3. I have begun to read the book which your sister gave me. 
 
 4. The army was defeated because the soldiers did not obey 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 315 
 
 the general. 5. Each sought the first place and hastened to 
 depart from the camp. 6. The soldier has never used a 
 sword, but he will try to defend himself. 7. A certain man 
 left this letter in the village yesterday. 8. The hostages 
 were killed by the barbarians without cause. 9. The mes- 
 senger remains in the street because he fears your dog. 
 10. The Romans made an attack on that part of the Helve- 
 tians which had not yet crossed the river. 
 
 TENTH REVIEW LESSON 
 
 VOCABULARY REVIEW 
 
 bos 
 
 ma j ores 
 
 cupidus 
 
 confiteor 
 
 loquor 
 
 celeritas 
 
 opus 
 
 externus 
 
 convenio 
 
 pereo 
 
 cibus 
 
 oratio 
 
 fidelis 
 
 creo 
 
 quaero 
 
 corona 
 
 orator 
 
 finitimus 
 
 debeo 
 
 rebello 
 
 cura 
 
 portus 
 
 necessarius 
 
 descends 
 
 soleo 
 
 crudelitas 
 
 senatus 
 
 vacuus 
 
 dimitto 
 
 volo 
 
 deus 
 
 sol 
 
 aliquis 
 
 discedo 
 
 clam 
 
 dictator 
 
 spes 
 
 accedo 
 
 expello 
 
 cotldie 
 
 diligentia 
 
 stultitia 
 
 appello 
 
 fero 
 
 etiam 
 
 dolor 
 
 tyrannus 
 
 audeo 
 
 flo 
 
 quotannis 
 
 flos 
 
 vinuFri 
 
 bello 
 
 fugo 
 
 intra 
 
 gaudium 
 
 voluntas 
 
 committo 
 
 gaudeo 
 
 nisi 
 
 juvenis 
 
 civllis 
 
 confero 
 
 ingredior 
 
 quamquam 
 
 lacrima 
 
 contentus 
 
 cSnfido 
 
 Infero 
 
 ut 
 
 REVIEW OF FORMS AND SYNTAX 
 
 (1) Semi-deponent verbs. App. 30 a. 
 
 (2) Conjugation of fero. App. 34. 
 
 (3) Conjugation of fio. App. 36. 
 
 (4) Conjugation of volo. App. 37. 
 
 (5) Declension of aliquis. App. 25 d. 
 
 (6) Cardinal numerals. App. 15. 
 
 (7) Ordinal numerals. App. 15. 
 
316 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 (8) The gerund. 127. 
 
 (9) Ablative of cause. 78. 
 (10) Ablative of manner. 71. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Canis mens fidelis est, et me in periculo defendet. 
 2. In urbe diutius manere non audes, quod omnes arbitran- 
 tur te esse tyrannum. 3. Juvenis quem vides est fllius fra- 
 tris mei. 4. Mllites in exercitu nostrS vino non utuntur. 
 5. Pacem habere volumus, sed hoc tempore spes pacis non 
 magna est. 6. In ea valle quae inter illos colles est, fiores 
 pulchrl saepe inveniuntur. 7. Orator bonus non semper civis 
 bonus est. 8. Vir fortis et sapiens creatus est dictator, et is 
 mox copias hostium fugabit. 9. Quod templa deorum et 
 tecta civium defendl, pater patriae appellatus sum. 10. 
 Boves qui in colle errant fratris mei sunt. 11. Oppidani e 
 tectis fugerunt, et oppidum vacuum erat. 12. Has orationes 
 magna (cum) cura legl, et iterum legam. 13. Exercitus in 
 his locis cibum reperire poterit, et mllites castra munient. 
 14. Galli dixerunt se frumentum conferre. 15. Exercitus ex 
 periculo 60 die ab imperatore sapiente ereptus est. 
 
 1. We heard the sound of the trumpet, and we returned to 
 (in) camp with great speed. 2. On account of the great 
 storm our ship remained in harbor two days. 3. You have 
 money and friends, but you are not satisfied. 4. We shall 
 elect two consuls yearly, and we shall have no king. 5. I 
 have always been faithful, but I confess that I have not 
 been wise. 6. The folly of certain men in the senate was the 
 cause of this danger. 7. I have often talked with your 
 brother who lives in this city. 8. In the winter these animals 
 descend from the mountains ink) the valleys. 9. You are an 
 enemy of the country (patria), and you will be driven out. 
 10. I do not trust the man {dative) to whom you have given 
 this letter. 
 
LISTS OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN 
 
 Note. — The following lists do not include all the words of 
 Latin origin which are to be found among the terms employed 
 in textbooks of the subjects named. They do, however, 
 contain the greater number of those in common use. The 
 Latin word which is given to explain the derivation is not 
 always the word from which the English word is directly 
 derived. For example, capacity is derived from cajpio through 
 the adjective capdx and the noun capdcitds. So far as pos- 
 sible the derivation is given by indicating the connection 
 with a word which is likely to be familiar to the pupil or 
 which shows the fundamental idea appearing in the English 
 word. Definitions are given only for those Latin words with 
 which the pupil is not likely to be familiar from first-year 
 work. 
 
 A number of grammatical terms of Latin derivation are 
 omitted for the reason that the pupil will not easily trace 
 the connection between the meaning of the original Latin and 
 the derived English word. 
 
 WORDS OF LATIN DERIVATION USED IN GEOGRAPHY 
 
 adaptation, ad: apto, fit, ad- aqueous, aqua 
 
 just area, area, an open space 
 
 aggradation, ad: gradior, step, artificial, ars: facio 
 
 go. (An area goes to a higher axis, axis, axle 
 
 level by continual additions 
 
 to its surface) canal, candlis, pipe (for con- 
 agriculture, ager: cultura, cul- veying water) ; channel 
 
 tivation capacity, capio 
 
 alluvial, ad: luo, wash carnivorous, card (genitive 
 
 animal, animal carnis), flesh: voro, devour 
 
 annual, annus cave, cavus, hollow 
 
 317 
 
318 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 central, centrum, center 
 cereal, Ceres (goddess of har- 
 vests and of grain) 
 chart, charta, paper 
 circulation, cir cuius, circle 
 cirrus, cirrus, a curl 
 coUuvial, con-, together: luo, 
 
 wash 
 coloration, color o, give color to 
 commerce, commerciuvi, traffic 
 concrete, concretum, solid mat- 
 ter 
 condensation, con-, with, to- 
 gether: denso, make thick 
 conglomerate, con-, with, to- 
 gether: glomero, roll to- 
 gether, collect 
 coniferous, conus, cone: fero 
 conservation, conservo, pre- 
 serve 
 continent, contineo, hold to- 
 gether 
 crater, crater, bowl 
 culture, cultura, cultivation 
 cumulus, cumulus, a heap 
 current, curro, run 
 
 date, datum (participle of do, 
   give) 
 
 deposition, de, down from, 
 down : pond, place 
 
 derive, derlvo {rivus, stream), 
 
 draw off 
 desert, desero (past participle, 
 
 desertum), abandon 
 disintegration, dis-, apart, not: 
 
 integro, make whole 
 dissect, dis-: seed, cut 
 domestic, domus, home 
 
 equator, aequus^, level, even, 
 
 equal 
 estuary, aestus^, tide 
 
 fertilize, fertilis, fertile 
 
 glacier, glades, ice 
 globular, globus, ball 
 gradation, gradior, step 
 gravity, gravitds, weight 
 
 herbivorous, herba, herb: voro, 
 
 devour 
 humus, humus, earth 
 
 igneous, ignis, fire 
 
 industry, industria 
 
 interior, interior, inner, inner 
 
 part of 
 intermediate, inter: medius, 
 
 middle 
 international, inter: ndtio, 
 
 nation 
 irrigation, in: rigo, moisten 
 
 latitude, Idtitudo, width, 
 breadth^ 
 
 1 The Latin diphthong oe is commonly represented by e in English derivatives. 
 
 - In the ancient maps the earth is represented as of greater extent from east to west than 
 from north to south. That is, it had length east and west and breadth north and south. 
 Hence the location of a place east or west of a standard meridian is longitude and its loca- 
 tion north or south of the equator is latitude. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 319 
 
 lignite, lignum, wood 
 
 line, linea, linen thread ; line 
 
 longitude, longitudo, length 
 
 marine, marlnus, of the sea 
 mature, mdiurus, ripe 
 Mediterranean, medius, mid- 
 dle: terra 
 migration, migro, move 
 
 native, ndtlvus, produced by 
 
 nature, native 
 natural, ndtura 
 navigation, ndvigo, sail 
 nimbus, nimbus, rain-storm, 
 
 cloud 
 
 ocean, Oceanus, ocean 
 
 palm, palma, palm, palm tree 
 
 port, partus, harbor 
 
 pressure, premo (past parti- 
 ciple, pressum), press 
 
 procession, procedo (past parti- 
 ciple, processum) , go forward 
 
 projection, projicio (past parti- 
 ciple, projedum) , throw for- 
 ward, extend 
 
 protection, protego (past parti- 
 ciple, protectum), cover be- 
 fore, protect 
 
 WORDS OF LATIN DERIVATION 
 
 absolute, absolvo (past parti- 
 ciple, ahsolutum), set free 
 
 absorption, absorbed (past par- 
 ticiple, absorptum), swallow 
 
 provmce, provincia, province 
 
 region, regio, region 
 
 relation, reldiio, bringing back; 
 relation 
 
 residual, resided, remain be- 
 hind 
 
 revolution, revolvd (past parti- 
 ciple, revolutum), roll back, 
 return 
 
 rodent, rodo, gnaw 
 
 rotation, rota, wheel 
 
 sedentary, sedeo, sit 
 
 sediment, sedeo, sit 
 
 solar, sol 
 
 species, species, kind 
 
 structure, struo (past parti- 
 ciple, structum), heap up 
 
 strata, strdtum, layer 
 
 substratum, sub, under: strd- 
 turn, layer 
 
 superior, superior, higher, upper 
 
 temperature, temper o, be mod- 
 erate, be restrained 
 terminal, terminus, end 
 transportation, trdnsporto, 
 convey across 
 
 utilization, utilis, useful 
 
 USED IN ELEMENTARY SCIENCE 
 
 down 
 action, ago (past participle, 
 
 actum), do 
 altitude, altitudd, height 
 
320 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ascent, ascendo, go up 
 assimilation, ad: similis 
 association, ad: socius 
 
 calcium, calx (genitive, calcis), 
 
 lime 
 capillary, capillus, hair 
 carbon, carbo, charcoal 
 cell, cella, storeroom, cell 
 centigrade, centum: gradus, 
 
 step, degree 
 city, clviids, state, city 
 combustion, comburo (past 
 
 participle, combustum) , burn 
 
 up 
 
 commercial, commercium, traf- 
 fic 
 
 compare, comparo, compare 
 
 composition, compono (past 
 participle, cojjipositum) , put 
 together, arrange 
 
 compress, comprimo (past par- 
 ticiple, compressum) , press 
 together 
 
 connection, con-, with, to- 
 gether: necto, bind 
 
 contamination, contamino, 
 mingle, corrupt 
 
 decomposition, de: compono, 
 
 put together 
 density, densus, thick 
 dependent, de: pendeo, hang 
 deposit, depono (past parti- 
 ciple, depositum), lay down 
 
 destruction, desiruo (past par- 
 ticiple, destructum) , tear 
 down 
 
 diffusion, diffundo (past par- 
 ticiple, diffusum), pour out, 
 scatter 
 
 dissolve, dissolvo, take apart 
 
 distillation, distillo, drip, 
 trickle 
 
 distribution, distribuo (past 
 participle, distributum) , dis- 
 tribute 
 
 efficient, efficio, accomphsh 
 
 erosion, e, ex: rodo (past par- 
 ticiple, rosum), gnaw 
 
 evaporation, e, ex: vapor, va- 
 por, steam 
 
 extinguish, extinguo, put out 
 
 factory, facto 
 fermentation, fermentum, 
 
 yeast 
 flame, flamma, flame 
 fluid, fluo, flow 
 formation, forma, form 
 
 heredity, heres, heir 
 humidity, humidus, damp 
 
 inclination, inclino, bend 
 influence, in: find, flow 
 
 liquid, liquidus, flowing, fluid 
 
 {as adjective) 
 location, locus 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 321 
 
 material, materia (or 7ndteries), 
 material 
 
 mercury, Mercurius, Mercury, 
 (the messenger and herald 
 of the gods) 
 
 mixture, misceo (past parti- 
 ciple, mixtum), mingle 
 
 motor, moved 
 
 nutrition, nuirio, nourish 
 
 origin, orlgo (genitive, origi- 
 nis), origin 
 
 particle, particula, a small part 
 pollution, pollud (past parti- 
 ciple, polluium), defile 
 potential, potens, powerful 
 progressive, progredior (past 
 participle, progressus), go 
 forward 
 
 refrigerator, refrlgero, make 
 
 cool again, chill 
 relative, refero (past participle, 
 
 reldtwn), bring back 
 residence, resided, remain 
 
 respiration, resplro, breathe 
 out, breathe 
 
 sanitary, sdnitds, health 
 saturation, saturo, fill 
 selection, se, apart from: lego 
 
 (past participle, ledum), 
 
 choose 
 simple, simplex, single 
 solid, solidus, firm 
 station, sto (future active par-' 
 
 ticiple, stdturus), stand 
 submarine, sub: marinus, of 
 
 the sea 
 
 transformation, trdns: formo, 
 shape, form 
 
 transmission, trdns: mitto 
 
 transplant, trdns: planto, plant, 
 set 
 
 transpiration, trdns: spiro, 
 breathe 
 
 turbine, turbo, a top, a whirl- 
 wind 
 
 useful, utor 
 
 variety, varius, varied 
 
 WORDS OF LATIN DERIVATION USED IN GRAMMAR 
 
 ablative, auferd (past parti- 
 ciple, abldtum), take from 
 
 absolute, absolvo (past parti- 
 ciple, absolutum), set free 
 
 abstract, abstraho (past parti- 
 ciple, abstrdctum), draw from 
 
 active, ago (past participle, 
 
 actum), do 
 adherent, adhaered, cling to 
 adjective, adjicid (past par- 
 ticiple, adjectum), place 
 near 
 
322 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 adjunct, adjungo (past par- 
 ticiple, adjunctuni), join to 
 adverb, ad: verbum 
 adversative, adversus, against 
 alternative, alter, the other 
 antecedent, anteceda, go before 
 apposition, ad ( = ap-): pond 
 assimilate, ad { = as-): similis 
 assume, ad ( = as-); sumo 
 attribute, attribuo, assign 
 auxiliary, auxilium 
 
 causal, causa 
 
 clause, claudo (past parti- 
 ciple, clausum) 
 
 cognate, cogndius, connected 
 by birth 
 
 collective, colligo (past parti- 
 ciple, colledum), collect 
 
 colloquial, colloquor, talk 
 
 comparative, comparo, com- 
 pare 
 
 complement, compleo, fill, fill 
 out 
 
 complex, com-, with, together: 
 plecto (past participle, plex- 
 um), braid, interweave 
 
 concessive, concedo (past par- 
 ticiple, concessum), yield 
 
 condition, conditio (earlier, 
 condicio), condition 
 
 conjunction, conjungo (past 
 participle, conjunctum), join 
 together 
 
 consequence, consequor, follow 
 
 construction, conslruo (past 
 
 participle, constructum) , put 
 
 together 
 contraction, contraho (past 
 
 participle, contractum), draw 
 
 together 
 coordinate, co- {com-), with, 
 
 together; ordino, arrange 
 copula, copula, a fastening 
 
 declarative, decldro, declare 
 definition, deflnio, set bounds 
 
 to 
 demonstrative, demonstro, 
 
 point out 
 dental, dens 
 dependent, depended, hang 
 
 from 
 descriptive, descrlbo, describe 
 determination, determino, 
 
 mark off, limit 
 
 equivalent, aequus 
 exclamation, excldmo, cry out 
 exercise, exerceo, train 
 expletive, expleo, fill out 
 
 feminine, femina 
 
 finite, flnio (past participle, 
 
 finltum), limit 
 future, futurus, about to be 
 
 illiterate, in-, not: literdtus, 
 educated (from littera, also 
 spelled litera) 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 323 
 
 imperative, impero (past par- 
 ticiple, imperdtum), com- 
 mand 
 
 imperfect, in-, not: perficio 
 (past participle, perfectum), 
 accomplish 
 
 indefinite, in-, not; deflnio, 
 mark off 
 
 independent, in-, not ; depended, 
 hang from, be dependent on 
 
 infinitive, in-, not; finio (past 
 participle, finltum) , limit 
 
 inflection, mflecto, bend 
 
 instrumental, Instrumentum, 
 instrument 
 
 interjection, inter jicio (past 
 participle, inter jectum), 
 throw in 
 
 interrogative, interrogo, ask 
 
 intransitive, in-, not : trdnsed 
 
 introduce, introducd, lead or 
 bring in 
 
 inversion, inverto, turn upside 
 down 
 
 irregular, in- { = ir-), not: re- 
 gula, rule 
 
 limiting, limes (genitive, llmi- 
 
 tis), path, boundary 
 locative, locus 
 
 masculine, masculinus, male, 
 masculine 
 
 negative, nego, deny 
 
 neuter, neuter, neither 
 nominative, nomen, name 
 numeral, numerus, number 
 
 omission, omitto, pass by, omit 
 ordinal, ordo, rank, order 
 
 participle, pars: capio 
 
 partitive, pars 
 
 passive, patior (past parti- 
 ciple, passus), endure 
 
 perfect, perficio (past parti- 
 ciple, perfectum), accom- 
 plish 
 
 personal, persona, person 
 
 plural, plus (genitive pluris), 
 more 
 
 position, pond (past parti- 
 ciple, positum) 
 
 possession, possideo (past par- 
 ticiple, possessum), possess 
 
 predicate, praedico, proclaim, 
 declare 
 
 preposition, praepond (past 
 participle, praepositum), 
 place before 
 
 present, praesens (genitive, 
 praesentis) , present 
 
 progressive, progredior (past 
 participle, progressus), go 
 forward 
 
 recipient, recipid, receive 
 regular, regula, rule 
 restrictive, restringd (past par- 
 ticiple, restrictum), restrain 
 
324 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 sentence, sententia, opinion, 
 
 thought 
 sequence, sequor, follow 
 simile, similis 
 subordinate, suh, under: ordo, 
 
 rank 
 substantive, sub, under: sto 
 superlative, super, above 
 
 temporal, iempus (genitive, 
 temporis) 
 
 WORDS OF LATIN DERIVATION 
 
 acute, acutus, sharp 
 addition, addo (past participle, 
 
 additmn), add 
 adjacent, ad: jaceo, lie 
 alternate, alter 
 angle, angulus, corner 
 arc, arcus, a bow 
 ascending, ascendo, go up 
 associative, ad: socius 
 
 bisect, his,^ twice: seed (past 
 participle, secium) cut 
 
 center, centrum, center 
 
 circle, circulus, circle 
 
 circumscribe, circum: scriho, 
 write, draw 
 
 coefficient, co- (con-), with, to- 
 gether: efficio, bring about 
 
 coincide, co- (con-) with, to- 
 gether: incido, fall 
 
 commutative, commutd, change 
 
 terminology, terminus, bound- 
 ary, limit 
 
 translation, trdnsfero (past 
 participle, trdnsldtum, carry 
 across) 
 
 verb, verhum, word 
 
 vocative, voco, call 
 
 IN ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS 
 
 complementary, compleo, fill 
 out 
 
 cone, conus, a cone 
 
 congruence, congruo, agree, be 
 in harmony 
 
 constant, consto, stand firm 
 
 construct, construo, heap to- 
 gether, make 
 
 contact, contingo (past parti- 
 ciple, contdctum), touch 
 
 coordinate, co- (con-) with, 
 together: ordo, rank 
 
 data, do (past participle, datum) 
 decimal, decimus, tenth 
 difference, differo, differ 
 digit, digitus, finger 
 dissimilar, dissimilis, unlike 
 distance, disto, stand apart, be 
 
 separated 
 dividend, dlvido (future pas- 
 sive participle dlvidendus) 
 
 • In derivatives hi- or his- as a prefix sometimes means two. Hence "bisect" means 
 to cut into two parts. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 325 
 
 divisor, divido (past passive 
 participle, dlvlsum) 
 
 elevate, e, ex: levo, lift up, 
 
 raise 
 eliminate, e, ex: llmen, thres- 
 hold 
 equal, aequus 
 
 equiangular, aequus: angulus 
 equidistant, aequus: disto, stand 
 
 apart 
 equilateral, aequus: latus (gen- 
 itive lateris), side 
 exponent, expand, set forth 
 exterior, extra, outside of 
 extreme, extremus, farthest, 
 last 
 
 factor, facia 
 
 formula, formula, form, regu- 
 lation, rule 
 
 fraction, frango (past parti- 
 ciple, frdctum), break 
 
 function, fungor (past parti- 
 ciple, functus), perform 
 
 fundamental, funddmentum, 
 foundation 
 
 inscribe, in: scriho 
 
 intercept, intercipio, interrupt 
 
 intersection, inter: seed (past 
 
 participle, sectum) 
 inverse, inverto (past participle, 
 
 inversum) , turn upside down 
 
 lever, leva, lift up 
 literal, litter a (also spelled li- 
 ter a), a letter 
 locus, locus, place 
 
 mariner, marinus, of the sea 
 member, memhrum, limb 
 minute, minutus, very small 
 motion, moved 
 
 multiplication, multus: plicdre, 
 fold 
 
 negative, nego, deny 
 normal, norma, rule 
 notation, noto, mark, indicate 
 
 oblique, ohllquus, slanting 
 
 obtuse, ohtundo (past parti- 
 ciple ohtusum), make blunt, 
 make dull 
 
 operation, opus (genitive ope- 
 ris), work 
 
 opposite, oh, towards, before: 
 pond 
 
 partial, pars 
 
 percent, per: centum 
 
 perpendicular, perpendiculum , 
 plumb-line 
 
 plane, planus, level, flat 
 
 prime, primus 
 
 product, produco, bring forth 
 
 protractor, prdtrahd (past par- 
 ticiple, protracium), draw 
 out, lengthen 
 
326 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 quadrant, quadrdns, a fourth 
 
 part 
 quadrilateral, quattuor^: latus 
 
 (genitive, lateris) 
 quotient, quotiens, how often 
 
 radius, radius, spoke of a wheel 
 ratio, ratiOj relation 
 rectangle, rectus, straight: an- 
 
 gulus 
 regular, regula, rule 
 reduction, reduco, bring back 
 
 scale, scdlae, stairway 
 segment, segmentum, a cutting 
 semicircle, semi-^, half: circulus 
 sign, signum, sign 
 similar, similis 
 simultaneous, simul, at the 
 
 same time 
 solve, sqlvo, loosen, dissolve 
 
 subtraction, suhtraho (past 
 participle, subtractum) , with- 
 draw, take away 
 
 superposition, super, upon: 
 po7id 
 
 table, tabula, board 
 
 tangent, tango, touch 
 
 transit, trdnsed (past parti- 
 ciple, trdnsitum) 
 
 triangle, tres: angulus 
 
 trisect, tres (represented in 
 compounds by tri), seed, cut 
 
 unit, unus 
 use, utor 
 
 variation, varius, different 
 vertex, vertex, highest point 
 vinculum, vinculum, chain 
 velocity, velox (genitive veld- 
 cis), swift 
 
 1 Quattuor is regularly represented in compounds by the initial syllable quad-. There 
 was an adjective quadrus, square, which came into use a little later than the time of Caesar. 
 
 2 Used as a prefix in Latin. 
 
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 SUMMARY OF DECLENSIONS AND CONJUGATIONS 
 
 h 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION, a-stems 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 Nom. rosa ' rosae 
 
 Gen. rosae rosarum, 
 
 Dat. rosae rosis 
 
 Ace. rosam rosas 
 
 Ahl. rosa rosis 
 
 2. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION, o-stems 
 Singular 
 
 N. 
 
 dominus 
 
 puer 
 
 ager 
 
 vir 
 
 templum 
 
 G. 
 
 domini 
 
 pueri 
 
 agri 
 
 viri 
 
 tempi! 
 
 D. 
 
 domino 
 
 puero 
 
 agro 
 
 viro 
 
 templo 
 
 Ac. 
 
 dominum 
 
 puerum 
 
 agrum 
 
 virum 
 
 templum 
 
 Ah. 
 
 domino 
 
 puero 
 
 agro 
 Plural 
 
 viro 
 
 templo 
 
 N. 
 
 domini 
 
 pueri 
 
 agri 
 
 virl 
 
 templa 
 
 G, 
 
 domin5rum 
 
 puerorum agrorum 
 
 virorum 
 
 templorum 
 
 D. 
 
 dominis 
 
 puerls 
 
 agris 
 
 virls 
 
 templis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 dominos 
 
 pueros 
 
 agros 
 
 viros 
 
 templa 
 
 Ah. 
 
 dominis 
 
 pueris 
 
 agrls 
 
 virls 
 
 templis 
 
 Note. — The vocative singular of -us nouns ends in -e: 
 domine. The vocative singular (and sometimes the genitive 
 singular) of filius and of proper nouns in -ius ends in -i: fili. 
 
 327 
 
328 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 3. 
 
 
 THIRD 
 
 DECLENSION 
 
 
 
 (1) 
 
 CONSONANT STEMS (Masculine and Feminine) 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 lex 
 
 miles 
 
 
 ■rater 
 
 homo 
 
 G. 
 
 legis 
 
 militis 
 
 
 fratris 
 
 hominis 
 
 D. 
 
 legl 
 
 militl 
 
 
 fratrl 
 
 homini 
 
 Ac. 
 
 egem 
 
 mllitem 
 
 
 fratrem 
 
 hominem 
 
 Ab. 
 
 lege 
 
 mllite 
 
 Plural 
 
 fratre 
 
 homine 
 
 N. 
 
 eges 
 
 milites 
 
 
 :Tatres 
 
 homines 
 
 G. 
 
 egum ^ 
 
 iiillitum 
 
 
 fratrum 
 
 hominum 
 
 D. 
 
 egibus 
 
 nillitibus 
 
 
 fratribus 
 
 hominibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 eges 
 
 milites 
 
 
 fratres 
 
 homines 
 
 Ab. 
 
 legibus 
 
 militibus 
 
 
 fratribus 
 
 hominibus 
 
 Note. — Some masculine and feminine nouns have a nomi- 
 native ending -s. If the stem ends in -c or -g, the combi- 
 nation of the final -c or -g of the stem with -s gives -x: 
 dux, nominative from the stem due-; lex, nominative from 
 the stem leg-. If the stem ends in -d or -t, the final con- 
 sonant is dropped before -s: laus, nominative from the stem 
 laud-. If the vowel i stands before the final consonant of 
 the stem it is frequently changed to e in the nominative: 
 princeps, nominative from the stem princip-; miles, nomina- 
 tive from the stem milit-. 
 
 Nouns with stems ending in -tr have the nominative 
 ending in -ter; frater from the stem fratr-; mater from the 
 stem matr-. 
 
 Nouns with stems ending in -din and -gin replace -in 
 of the stem by -o in the nominative: virgo from the stem 
 virgin-; multitude from the stem multitudin-. The nomina- 
 tive homo is formed by replacing -in of the stem in the 
 same manner. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 329 
 
 
 
 (2) CONSONANT STEMS (Neuter) 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 flumen 
 
 caput 
 
 corpus 
 
 iter 
 
 G. 
 
 fluminis 
 
 capitis 
 
 corporis 
 
 itineris 
 
 D. 
 
 flumini 
 
 capiti 
 
 corporl 
 
 itinerl 
 
 Ac. 
 
 flumen 
 
 caput 
 
 corpus 
 
 iter 
 
 Ab. 
 
 flumine 
 
 capite 
 
 Plural 
 
 corpore 
 
 itinera 
 
 N. 
 
 flumina 
 
 capita 
 
 corpora 
 
 itinera 
 
 G. 
 
 fluminum 
 
 capitum 
 
 corporum 
 
 itinerum 
 
 D. 
 
 fluminibus 
 
 capitibus 
 
 corporibus 
 
 itineribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 flumina 
 
 capita 
 
 corpora 
 
 itinera 
 
 Ab. 
 
 fluminibus 
 
 capitibus 
 
 corporibus 
 
 itineribus 
 
 Note. — Nouns with -in as the stem ending change i of the 
 stem to e in the nominative: flumen from the stem flumin-. 
 A few other nouns hkewise change the vowel before the final 
 consonant of the stem in forming the nominative: caput from 
 the stem capit-. 
 
 Neuter nouns with stems ending in -er or -or regularly 
 have the nominative in -us: corpus from the stem corpor-. 
 The nominative iter has the stem itiner-. 
 
 (3) I-STEMS AND MIXED STEMS (Masculine and Feminine) 
 
 These include two classes. (1) Nouns having the same 
 number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative. (2) 
 Nouns having two consonants before the ending of the geni- 
 tive singular. 
 
 Singular 
 
 N. hostis caedes gens 
 
 G. hostis caedis gentis 
 
 D. hosti caedi genti 
 
 Ac. hostem caedem gentem 
 
 Ab. hoste caede gente 
 
330 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 N. hostes 
 
 G. hostium 
 
 D. hostibus 
 
 Ac. hostis or -es 
 
 Ah. hostibus 
 
 Plural 
 
 caedes 
 caedium 
 caedibus 
 caedls or -es 
 caedibus 
 
 gentes 
 gentium 
 gentibus 
 gentis or -es 
 gentibus 
 
 Note. — The ablative singular of turris and sometimes of 
 ignis and a few other words ends in -i instead of -e. The 
 accusative singular of turris is turrim. 
 
 
 (4) ] 
 
 [-STEMS (Neuter) 
 
 
 These end in 
 
 -e, -al, or 
 
 -ar. 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 N. insigne 
 
 
 calcar 
 
 anima 
 
 G. insignis 
 
 
 calcaris 
 
 animalis 
 
 D. insignl 
 
 
 calcarl 
 
 animall 
 
 Ac. Insigne 
 
 
 calcar 
 
 animal 
 
 Ah. Insignl 
 
 
 calcari 
 
 Plural 
 
 animall 
 
 N. Insignia 
 
 \ 
 
 calcaria 
 
 animalia 
 
 G. insignium 
 
 
 calcarium 
 
 animalium 
 
 D. Insignibus 
 
 
 calcaribus 
 
 animalibus 
 
 Ac. insignia 
 
 
 calcaria 
 
 animalia 
 
 Ah. Insignibus 
 
 
 calcaribus 
 
 animalibus 
 
 
 (6) IRREGULAR NOUNS 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 N. vis 
 
 vires 
 
 bos 
 
 boves 
 
 G. — 
 
 virium 
 
 bovis 
 
 boum 
 
 D. — 
 
 viribus 
 
 bovl 
 
 btibus or bobus 
 
 Ac. vim 
 
 virls or -es 
 
 bovem 
 
 boves 
 
 Ah. vl 
 
 viribus 
 
 bove 
 
 bubus or bobus 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 331 
 
 4. 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION, u-stems 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 N. 
 
 exercitus 
 
 
 exercitus 
 
 cornu 
 
 cornua 
 
 G. 
 
 exercitus 
 
 
 exercituum 
 
 cornus 
 
 cornuum 
 
 D. 
 
 exercitui or -u 
 
 exercitibus 
 
 cornu 
 
 cornibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 exercitum 
 
 
 exercitus 
 
 cornu 
 
 cornua 
 
 Ah. 
 
 exercitu 
 
 
 exercitibus 
 
 cornu 
 
 cornibus 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 N. 
 
 domus 
 
 
 
 
 domus 
 
 
 G. 
 
 domus 
 
 
 
 
 domuum or domorum 
 
 D. 
 
 domui or 
 
 domo 
 
 
 
 domibus 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 domum 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 domus or domos 
 
 Ah. 
 
 domu or 
 
 domo 
 
 
 
 domibus 
 
 
 Loc. 
 
 domi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. 
 
 
 FIFTH DECLENSION, e-stems 
 
 
 1 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 N. 
 
 dies 
 
 dies 
 
 
 
 res 
 
 res 
 
 G. 
 
 diei 
 
 dierum 
 
 
 rei 
 
 rerum 
 
 D. 
 
 die! 
 
 diebus 
 
 
 rei 
 
 rebus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 diem 
 
 dies 
 
 
 
 rem 
 
 res 
 
 Ah. 
 
 die 
 
 diebus 
 
 
 re 
 
 rebus 
 
 6. 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 
 
 
 
 a. bonus, good 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 bonus bona 
 
 bonum 
 
 boni 
 
 bonae 
 
 bona 
 
 G. 
 
 bonI bonae 
 
 boni 
 
 bonorum 
 
 bonarum 
 
 bonorum 
 
 D. 
 
 bono ' bonae 
 
 bono 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 bonum bonam 
 
 bonum 
 
 bonos 
 
 bonas 
 
 bona 
 
 Ah. 
 
 bono bona 
 
 bono 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
332 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 N. miser 
 
 G. miseri 
 
 D. misero 
 
 Ac. miserum 
 
 Ah. misero 
 
 h. miser, unhappy 
 
 Singular 
 
 misera 
 
 miserae 
 
 miserae 
 
 miseram 
 
 misera 
 
 miserum 
 
 miseri 
 
 misero 
 
 miserum 
 
 misero 
 
 Plural 
 
 N. 
 
 miseri 
 
 miserae 
 
 misera 
 
 G. 
 
 miserorum 
 
 miserarum 
 
 miserorum 
 
 D, 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 Ac. 
 
 miseros 
 
 miseras 
 
 misera 
 
 Ab. 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 miseris 
 
 N. pulcher 
 
 G. pulchri 
 
 D. pulchro 
 
 Ac. pulchrum 
 
 Ab. pulchro 
 
 c. pulcher, beautiful 
 
 Singular 
 
 pulchra 
 
 pulchrae 
 
 pulchrae 
 
 pulchram 
 
 pulchra 
 
 pulchrum 
 
 pulchri 
 
 pulchro 
 
 pulchrum 
 
 pulchro 
 
 N. pulchri 
 
 G. pulchrorum 
 
 D. pulchris 
 
 Ac. pulchros 
 
 Ab. pulchris 
 
 Plural 
 
 pulchrae 
 
 pulchrarum 
 
 pulchris 
 
 pulchras 
 
 pulchris 
 
 pulchra 
 
 pulchrorum 
 
 pulchris 
 
 pulchra 
 
 pulchris 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 333 
 
 7. 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 (1) THREE TERMINATIONS— (I-STEMS) 
 
 acer, sharp 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut 
 
 N. 
 
 acer 
 
 acris 
 
 acre 
 
 acres 
 
 acres 
 
 acria 
 
 G. 
 
 acris 
 
 acris 
 
 acris 
 
 acrium 
 
 acrium 
 
 acrium 
 
 D. 
 
 acrl 
 
 acri 
 
 acri 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 acrem acrem 
 
 acre 
 
 acris, -es 
 
 acris, -es 
 
 acria 
 
 Ah. 
 
 acri 
 
 acrl 
 
 acri 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 N. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Ah. 
 
 (2) 
 
 Singular 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 omnis 
 
 omnis 
 
 omni 
 
 omnem 
 
 omni 
 
 TWO TERMINATIONS— (I-STEMS) 
 
 omnis, all 
 
 Neut. 
 
 omne 
 
 omnis 
 
 omni 
 
 omne 
 
 omni 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 omnes 
 
 
 omnia 
 
 omnium 
 
 
 omnium 
 
 omnibus 
 
 
 omnibus 
 
 omnis or 
 
 -es 
 
 omnia 
 
 omnibus 
 
 
 omnibus 
 
 (3) ONE TERMINATION (I-STEMS) 
 
 felix, fortunate 
 
 potens, powerful 
 
 Singular 
 
 Masc. and Fem 
 
 N. felix 
 
 G. felicis 
 
 D. felici 
 
 Ac. felicem 
 
 Ah. felici 
 
 N. felices 
 
 G. felicium 
 
 D, felicibus 
 
 Ac. felicis, -es 
 
 Ah. felicibus 
 
 Neut. 
 
 felix 
 
 felicis 
 
 felici 
 
 felix 
 
 felici 
 
 felicia 
 
 felicium 
 
 felicibus 
 
 felicia 
 
 felicibus 
 
 Plural 
 
 Masc. and Fem. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 potens 
 
 potens 
 
 potentis 
 
 potentis 
 
 potent! 
 
 potenti 
 
 potentem 
 
 potens 
 
 potenti, -e 
 
 potenti, -e 
 
 potentes 
 
 potentia 
 
 potentium 
 
 potentium 
 
 potentibus 
 
 potentibus 
 
 potentis, -es 
 
 potentia 
 
 potentibus 
 
 potentibus 
 
334 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 
 
 (4) vetus, 
 
 old 
 
 
 
 
 (a consonant stem) 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 vetus 
 
 vetus 
 
 veteres 
 
 Vetera 
 
 G. 
 
 veteris 
 
 veteris 
 
 veterum 
 
 veterum 
 
 D. 
 
 veterl 
 
 veterl 
 
 veteribus 
 
 veteribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 veterem 
 
 vetus 
 
 veteres 
 
 Vetera 
 
 Ah. 
 
 vetere 
 
 vetere 
 
 veteribus 
 
 veteribus 
 
 8. 
 
 
 PRESENT PARTICIPLES 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 portans 
 
 portans 
 
 portantes 
 
 portantia 
 
 G. 
 
 portantis 
 
 portantis 
 
 portantium 
 
 portantium 
 
 D. 
 
 portanti 
 
 portanti 
 
 portantibus 
 
 portantibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 portantem 
 
 portans 
 
 portantis, -es 
 
 portantia 
 
 Ah. 
 
 portante (-1) 
 
 portante (-1) 
 
 portantibus 
 
 portantibus 
 
 9. 
 
 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 
 
 alius unus alter 
 
 solus totus neuter 
 
 ullus nullus uter 
 
 N. solus 
 
 G. sollus 
 
 D. soli 
 
 Ac. solum 
 
 Ah. solo 
 
 sola 
 
 sollus 
 
 soli 
 
 solam 
 
 sola 
 
 solum 
 
 solius 
 
 soli 
 
 solum 
 
 solo 
 
 alter altera alterum 
 
 alterius alterius alterlus 
 
 alteri alteri alter! 
 
 alterum alteram alterum 
 
 altero altera altero 
 
 {The plurals are like, those of bonus and miser.) 
 
 10. REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 
 
 Positive Comparative Superlative 
 
 latus latior, latius latissimus, -a, -um 
 
 fortis fortior, fortius fortissimus, -a, -um 
 
 felix fellcior, fellcius felicissimus, -a, -um 
 
 miser miserior, miserius miserrimus, -a, -um 
 
 facilis facilior, facilius facillimus, -a, -um 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 335 
 
 11. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 
 
 Positive 
 
 Comparative 
 
 Superlative 
 
 bonus 
 
 melior, melius 
 
 optimus, 
 
 , -a, -um 
 
 malus 
 
 pejor, pej 
 
 us 
 
 pessimus 
 
 5, -a, -um 
 
 magnus 
 
 major, majus 
 
 maximus, -a, -um 
 
 parvus 
 
 minor, minus 
 
 minimus 
 
 1, -a, -um 
 
 multus 
 
 , plus 
 
 plurimus 
 
 5, -a, -um 
 
 12. 
 
 DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES 
 
 
 
 
 latior, broader 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 r 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. latior 
 
 latius 
 
 
 latiores 
 
 latiora 
 
 G. latioris 
 
 latioris 
 
 
 latiorum 
 
 latiorum 
 
 D. latiori 
 
 atiori 
 
 
 latioribus 
 
 atioribus 
 
 Ac. latiorem 
 
 latius 
 
 
 latiores 
 
 latiora 
 
 Ah. latiore 
 
 atiore 
 
 plus, more 
 
 latioribus 
 
 latioribus 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N 
 
 plus 
 
 
 plures 
 
 plura 
 
 i\ • 
 
 n 
 
 pluris 
 
 
 plurium 
 
 plurium 
 
 KT. 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 pluribus 
 
 pluribus 
 
 u. 
 
 \r 
 
 plus 
 
 
 pluris or -es 
 
 plura 
 
 J±C. 
 
 Ah. 
 
 
 
 pluribus 
 
 pluribus 
 
 13. REGULAR COMPARISON 
 
 OF ADVERBS 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Positive 
 
 ( 
 
 Comparative 
 
 
 Superlative 
 
 late 
 
 
 latius 
 
 
 latissime 
 
 fortiter 
 
 
 fortius 
 
 
 fortissime 
 
 acriter 
 
 
 acrius 
 
 
 acerrime 
 
 facile 
 
 
 facilius 
 
 
 facillime 
 
336 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 
 
 14. 
 
 bene 
 
 male 
 
 magnopere 
 
 multum 
 
 parum 
 
 prope 
 
 saepe 
 
 diu 
 
 15. 
 
 Roman Numerals Cardinal 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 III. 
 
 melius 
 
 pejus 
 
 plus 
 
 magis 
 
 minus 
 
 propius 
 
 saepius 
 
 diutius 
 
 NUMERALS 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 XV. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 unus, -a, -um 
 duo, -ae, -o 
 tres, tria 
 quattuor 
 quinque 
 sex 
 
 septem 
 octo 
 novem 
 decern 
 undecim 
 duodecim 
 tredecim 
 quattuordeeim 
 quindecim 
 sedecim 
 septendecim 
 duodevlgintl 
 undevlginti 
 viginti 
 
 tinus et viginti 
 (viginti unus) 
 
 optime 
 
 pessime 
 
 maxime 
 
 plurimum 
 
 minime 
 
 proxime 
 
 saepissime 
 
 diutissime 
 
 Ordinal 
 
 primus, -a, -um 
 
 secundus or alter 
 
 tertius 
 
 quartus 
 
 quintus 
 
 sextus 
 
 Septimus 
 
 octavus 
 
 nonus 
 
 decimus 
 
 undecimus 
 
 duodecimus 
 
 tertius decimus 
 
 quartus decimus 
 
 quintus decimus 
 
 sextus decimus 
 
 Septimus decimus 
 
 duodevlcesimus 
 
 undevlcesimus 
 
 vicesimus 
 
 vicesimus primus 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 337 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 duodetrlginta 
 
 duodetricesimus 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 undetriginta 
 
 undetrlcesimus 
 
 XXX. 
 
 triginta 
 
 tricesimus 
 
 XL. 
 
 quadraginta 
 
 quadragesimus 
 
 L. 
 
 quinquaginta 
 
 quinquagesimus 
 
 LX. 
 
 sexaginta 
 
 sexagesimus 
 
 LXX. 
 
 septuaginta 
 
 septuagesimus 
 
 LXXX. 
 
 octoginta 
 
 octogesimus 
 
 XC. 
 
 nonaginta 
 
 nonagesimus 
 
 C. 
 
 centum 
 
 centesimus 
 
 CI. 
 
 centum (et) unus 
 
 centesimus( et) primus 
 
 CC. 
 
 ducenti, -ae, -a 
 
 ducentesimus 
 
 CCC. 
 
 trecenti 
 
 trecentesimus 
 
 CCCC. 
 
 quadringenti 
 
 quadringentesimus 
 
 D. 
 
 quingenti 
 
 quingentesimus 
 
 DC. 
 
 sescenti 
 
 sescentesimus 
 
 DCC. 
 
 septingenti 
 
 septingentesimub 
 
 DCCC. 
 
 octingenti 
 
 octingentesimus 
 
 DCCCC. 
 
 nongenti 
 
 nongentesimus 
 
 M. 
 
 mllle 
 
 millesimus 
 
 MM. 
 
 duo milia 
 
 bis millesimus 
 
 16 
 
 DECLENSION OF DUO, TRES, and MILIA 
 
 
 
 duo, two 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 .V. 
 
 duo 
 
 duae 
 
 duo 
 
 
 duorum 
 
 duarum 
 
 duorum 
 
 D. 
 
 duobus 
 
 duabus 
 
 duobus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 duos, duo 
 
 duas 
 
 duo 
 
 Ah. 
 
 duobus 
 
 duabus 
 
 duobus 
 
338 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 tres, three 
 
 
 rnfliaj 
 
 , N., thousands 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. tres 
 
 tria 
 
 
 milia 
 
 G. trium 
 
 trium 
 
 
 milium 
 
 D. tribus 
 
 tribus 
 
 
 milibus 
 
 Ac. tres, tris 
 
 tria 
 
 
 milia 
 
 Ah. tribus 
 
 tribus 
 
 
 milibus 
 
 a. In the singular, mille, thousand, is an indeclinable 
 adjective. In the plural it is a neuter noun, and the 
 noun denoting the persons or things which are numbered 
 is put in the genitive of the whole. 
 
 PRONOUNS 
 17. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 
 
 First person, 
 
 ego, I 
 
 Seconc 
 
 person. 
 
 tu, 
 
 you (thou) 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 N. ego 
 
 nos 
 
 
 tu 
 
 
 vos 
 
 G. mei 
 
 nostrum 
 
 
 tui 
 
 
 fvestrum 
 
 \nostr! 
 
 
 
 \vestri 
 
 D. mihi 
 
 nobis 
 
 
 tibi 
 
 
 vobis 
 
 Ac. me 
 
 nos 
 
 
 te 
 
 * 
 
 vos 
 
 Ab. me 
 
 nobis 
 
 
 te 
 
 
 vobis 
 
 a. There is no personal pronoun of the third person. 
 Its place is taken either by a demonstrative pronoun 
 (usually is, he, ea, she, id, it), or, if the antecedent is the 
 subject of the sentence or clause, by the reflexive^ 
 18. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 
 
 First person, 
 
 Second person. 
 
 Third person, 
 
 
 mei. 
 
 
 tui. 
 
 sui. 
 
 
 of myself 
 
 of 
 
 yourself 
 
 of himself, etc. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 G. mei 
 
 nostri 
 
 tui 
 
 vestri 
 
 sul sui 
 
 D. mihi 
 
 nobis 
 
 tibi 
 
 vobis 
 
 sibi sibi 
 
 Ac. me 
 
 nos 
 
 te 
 
 vos 
 
 se (sese) se (sese) 
 
 Ah. me 
 
 nobis 
 
 te 
 
 vobis 
 
 se (sese) se (sese) 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 339 
 
 19. POSSESSIVES 
 
 Singular 
 
 1st pers. meus, -a, -um, my 
 2d pers. tuus, -a, -um, your (of one person) 
 , j suus, -a, -um, his, her, its (reflexive) 
 
 * \ejus (gen. sing, of is) his, etc. (not reflexive) 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st pers. noster, -tra, -trum, our 
 
 2d pers. vester, -tra, -trum, your (of more than one person) 
 
 fsuus, -a,^ -um, their (reflexive) 
 3d pers. < eorum, earum, eorum (gen. plur. of is) their (not 
 reflexive) 
 
 a. The vocative singular masculine of meus is mi. 
 
 20. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 
 
 
 
 
 a. 
 
 hic, 
 
 this 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 hie 
 
 haec 
 
 hoc 
 
 
 hi 
 
 hae 
 
 laec 
 
 G. 
 
 hujus 
 
 lUJUS 
 
 hujus 
 
 
 horum 
 
 L harum 
 
 horum 
 
 D. 
 
 huic 
 
 huic 
 
 huic 
 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 Ac. 
 
 hunc 
 
 hanc 
 
 hoc 
 
 
 hos 
 
 has 
 
 haec 
 
 Ah. 
 
 hoc 
 
 hac 
 
 Singular 
 
 lOC 
 
 h. 
 
 ille, 
 
 his 
 
 that 
 
 his 
 
 Plural 
 
 his 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 ille 
 
 ilia 
 
 illud 
 
 
 iUi 
 
 illae 
 
 ilia 
 
 G. 
 
 illlus 
 
 illlus 
 
 illlus 
 
 
 illorum illarum 
 
 illorum 
 
 D. 
 
 illT 
 
 ill! 
 
 iUi 
 
 
 illls 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 ilium 
 
 illam 
 
 illud 
 
 
 illos 
 
 illas 
 
 ilia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 illo 
 
 ilia 
 
 illo 
 
 
 ilhs 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
340 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 
 
 c. 
 
 is, this. 
 
 that. 
 
 he, she. 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 A^. 
 
 is 
 
 ea 
 
 id 
 
 
 il, el 
 
 
 eae 
 
 ea 
 
 G. 
 
 ejus 
 
 ejus 
 
 ejus 
 
 
 eorum 
 
 
 earum 
 
 eorum 
 
 D. 
 
 ei 
 
 el 
 
 el 
 
 
 iis, eis 
 
 
 ils, eis 
 
 iis, els 
 
 Ac. 
 
 eum 
 
 earn 
 
 id 
 
 
 eos 
 
 
 eas 
 
 ea 
 
 Ab. 
 
 eo 
 
 ea 
 
 eo 
 
 
 ils, els 
 
 
 iis, els 
 
 iis, eis 
 
 (1) iste is declined like ille. 
 
 21. 
 
 THE IDENTIFYING PRONOUN 
 
 
 
 
 idem, i 
 
 he same 
 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Fern. 
 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 Idem 
 
 
 eadem 
 
 
 idem 
 
 G. 
 D. 
 
 ejusdem 
 eldem 
 
 
 ejusdem 
 eidem 
 
 
 ejusdem 
 eidem 
 
 Ac. 
 
 eundem 
 
 
 eandem 
 
 
 idem 
 
 Ab. 
 
 eodem " 
 
 
 eadem 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 eodem 
 
 N, 
 
 idem or 
 
 eidem 
 
 eaedem 
 
 eadem 
 
 G. 
 
 eorundem 
 
 earundem 
 
 eorundem 
 
 D. 
 
 isdeni or 
 
 elsdem 
 
 isdem or eisdem 
 
 isdem 
 
 or eisdem 
 
 Ac. 
 
 eosdem 
 
 
 easdem 
 
 eadeir 
 
 I 
 
 Ab. 
 
 isdem or 
 
 eisdem 
 
 isdem or eisdem 
 
 isdem 
 
 or eisdem 
 
 22. THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN 
 
 ipse, self 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 ipse 
 
 ipsa 
 
 ipsum 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsae 
 
 ipsa 
 
 G. 
 
 ipslus 
 
 ipsius 
 
 ipsius 
 
 ipsorum 
 
 ipsarum 
 
 ipsorum 
 
 D. 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 Ac. 
 Ab. 
 
 ipsum 
 ipso 
 
 ipsam 
 ipsa 
 
 ipsum 
 ipso 
 
 ipsos 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsas 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsa 
 ipsis 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 341 
 
 23. 
 
 THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 
 
 qui, who 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quod 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 G. 
 
 cujus 
 
 CUJUf 
 
 5 cujus 
 
 quorum 
 
 quarum 
 
 quorum 
 
 D. 
 
 cui 
 
 cui 
 
 cui 
 
 quibuR 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quern 
 
 quam quod 
 
 quos 
 
 quas 
 
 quae 
 
 Ah. 
 
 quo 
 
 qua 
 
 quo 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 24. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN . 
 
 A.ND ADJECTIVE 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 - 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 quis 
 
 quae 
 
 quid or quod 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 G. 
 
 cujus 
 
 cujus 
 
 cujus 
 
 quorum quarum 
 
 quorum 
 
 D. 
 
 cui 
 
 cui 
 
 cui 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quern 
 
 quam 
 
 quid or quod 
 
 quos 
 
 quas 
 
 quae 
 
 Ab. 
 
 quo 
 
 qua 
 
 qu5 
 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 a. In the nominative singular masculine the adjective 
 form is sometimes qui. In the nominative and accusative 
 singular neuter it is always quod. As a pronoun, quis 
 may be either masculine or feminine. 
 
 25. 
 
 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 
 
 
 
 a. quisque, 
 
 each 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 quisque 
 
 quaeque 
 
 
 quidque, quodque 
 
 G. 
 
 cuj usque 
 
 cuj usque 
 
 
 cuj usque 
 
 D. 
 
 cuique 
 
 cuique 
 
 
 cuique 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quemque 
 
 quamque 
 
 
 quidque, quodque 
 
 Ah. 
 
 quoque 
 
 quaque 
 {The plural is 
 
 rare) 
 
 quoque 
 
342 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 
 b. 
 
 quisquam, anyone 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 
 N. quisquam 
 
 quicquam (quidquam) 
 
 
 G. cujusquam 
 
 cujusquam 
 
 
 D. cuiquam 
 
 cuiquam 
 
 
 
 Ac. quemquam 
 
 quicquam (quidquam) 
 
 
 Ab. quoquam 
 
 quoquam 
 {Plural lacking) 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 c. 
 
 quidam, a certain 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 quidam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 quiddam (quoddam) 
 
 G. 
 
 cujusdam 
 
 cujusdam 
 
 cujusdam 
 
 D. 
 
 cuidam 
 
 cuidam 
 
 cuidam 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quendam 
 
 quandam 
 
 quiddam (quoddam) 
 
 Ab. 
 
 quodam 
 
 quadam 
 
 Plural 
 
 quodam 
 
 N. 
 
 quidam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 G. 
 
 quorundam 
 
 quarundam 
 
 quorundam 
 
 D. 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 Ac. 
 
 quosdam 
 
 quasdam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 Ab. 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 d. aliquis, some 
 Singular 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 aliquis (aliqul) 
 
 aliqua 
 
 aliquid (aliquod) 
 
 G. 
 
 alicujus 
 
 alicujus 
 
 alicujus 
 
 D. 
 
 alicui 
 
 alicui 
 
 alicui 
 
 Ac. 
 
 aliquem 
 
 aliquam 
 
 aliquid (aliquod) 
 
 Ab. 
 
 aliquo 
 
 aliqua 
 
 aliquo 
 

 
 A JUNIOR LATIN 
 
 READER 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 N. 
 
 aliqul 
 
 aliquae 
 
 aliqua 
 
 G. 
 
 aliquorum 
 
 aliquaruiu 
 
 aliquorum 
 
 D. 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 aliquos 
 
 aliquas 
 
 aliqua 
 
 Ab. 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 343 
 
 REGULAR VERBS 
 26. FIRST CONJUGATION 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 
 Principal parts : porto, portare, porta vi, portatum 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 INDICATRTE 
 
 Singular 
 
 SUBJUNCTRHE 
 
 porto, I carry 
 
 
 portem 
 
 portas, you carry 
 
 
 portes 
 
 portat, he carries 
 
 Plural 
 
 portet 
 
 portamus, we carry 
 
 
 portemus 
 
 portatis, you carry 
 
 
 portetis 
 
 portant, they carry 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Singular 
 
 portent 
 
 portabam, I was carrying 
 
 portarem 
 
 portabas, you were carrying 
 
 port ares 
 
 port ab at, he was carrying 
 
 portaret 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 portabamus, we were 
 
 carrying 
 
 portaremus 
 
 portabatis, you were 
 
 carrying 
 
 portaretis 
 
 portabant, they were 
 
 carrying 
 
 portarent 
 
344 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 FUTURE 
 Singular 
 portabo, / shall carry 
 portabis, you will carry 
 portabit, he will carry 
 
 Plural 
 portabimus, we shall carry 
 portabitis, you will carry 
 portabunt, they ivill carry 
 
 PERFECT 
 Singular 
 portavi, I have carried, I carried 
 portavisti, you have carried, etc. 
 portavit, he has carried, etc. 
 
 Plural 
 portavimus, we have carried, etc. 
 portavistis, you have carried, etc. 
 portaverunt, -ere, they have carried, etc. 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 Singular 
 portaveram, I had carried 
 portaveras, you had carried 
 portaverat, he had carried 
 
 Plural 
 portaveramus, we had carried 
 portaveratis, you had carried 
 portaverant, they had carried 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 Singular 
 portavero, / shall have carried 
 portaveris, you will have carried 
 portaverit, he will have carried 
 
 portaverim 
 
 portaveris 
 
 portaverit 
 
 portaverlmus 
 
 portaverltis 
 
 portaverint 
 
 portavissem 
 
 portavisses 
 
 portavisset 
 
 portavissemus 
 
 portavissetis 
 
 portavissent 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 345 
 
 Plural 
 portaverimus, we shall have carried 
 portaveritis, you will have carried 
 portaverint, they will have carried 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 Sing, porta, carry (thou) 
 Plur. portatej carry (ye) 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 Sing. 2. portato, thou shall carry 
 
 3. portato, he shall carry 
 
 Plur. 2. portatote, ye shall carry 
 
 3. portanto, they shall carry 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Past 
 
 Put. 
 
 INFINITIVES 
 
 port are, to carry 
 portavisse, to have carried 
 portaturus esse, to he going to carry 
 
 PARTICIPLES 
 
 Pres. portans, carrying 
 
 Put. portaturus, going to carry 
 
 GERUND 
 
 G. 
 D. 
 Ac. 
 Ah. 
 
 portandl, of carrying 
 portando, to (for) carrying 
 portandum, carrying 
 portando, from, hy carrying 
 
 SUPINE 
 
 Ac. portatum, to carry 
 Ah. portatu, to carry 
 
 27. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 Singular 
 
 portor, I am carried 
 portaris, -re, you are carried 
 portatur, he is carried 
 
 portamur, we are carried 
 portamini. you are carried 
 portantur, they are carried 
 
 Plural 
 
 SUBJUNCTFVE 
 
 porter 
 porteris, -re 
 portetur 
 
 portemur 
 portemini 
 portentur 
 
346 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 Singular 
 
 portabar, I was (being) carried 
 portabaris, -re, you were {being) carried 
 portabatur, he was (being) carried 
 
 Plural 
 
 portabamur, we were (being) carried 
 portabamini, you were (being) carried 
 portabantur, they were (Jbeing) carried 
 
 FUTURE 
 Singular 
 
 portabor, / shall be carried 
 portaberis, -re, you will be carried 
 portabitur, he will be carried 
 
 Plural 
 portabimur, we shall be carried 
 portabimini, you will be carried 
 portabuntur, they will be carried 
 
 PERFECT 
 Singular 
 
 portatus sum, / have been carried 
 portatus es, you have been carried 
 portatus est, he has been carried 
 
 Plural 
 portati sumus, we have been carried 
 portatT est is, you have been carried 
 portati sunt, they have been carried 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 Singular 
 
 portatus eram, I had been carried 
 portatus eras, you had been carried 
 portatus erat, he had been carried 
 
 portarer 
 portareris, -re 
 portaretur 
 
 portaremur 
 portaremini 
 portarentur 
 
 Singular 
 portatus sim 
 portatus sis 
 portatus sit 
 
 Plural 
 portati simus 
 portati sitis 
 portati sint 
 
 Singular 
 portatus essem 
 portatus esses 
 portatus esset 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 347 
 
 Plural Plural 
 
 portati eramus, we had been carried portati essemus 
 portati eratis, you had been carried portati essetis 
 
 portati erant, they had been carried portati essent 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 Singidar 
 
 portatus ero, I shall have been carried 
 portatus eris, you will have been carried 
 portatus erit, he will have been carried 
 
 Plural 
 
 portati erimus, we shall have been carried 
 portati eritis, you ivill have been carried 
 portati erunt, they will have been carried 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 PRESENT 
 
 Sing, portare, be (thou) carried 
 Plur. portamini, be (ye) carried . 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 Sing. 2. portator, thou shall be carried 
 
 3. portator, he shall be carried 
 Plur 
 
 3. portantor, they shall be carried 
 
 INFINITIVES 
 
 Pres. amari, to be loved 
 
 Past amatus esse, to have been loved 
 
 Fut. amatum iri, to be about to be loved 
 
 PARTICIPLES 
 
 Past portatus, having been carried 
 Fut. portandus, to be carried 
 
348 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 28. SECOND, THIRD, AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS 
 
 moneo, monere, monui, monitum 
 duco, ducere, duxi, ductum 
 capio, capere, cepi, captum 
 audio, audire, audivi, auditum 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 moneo 
 
 duco 
 
 capio 
 
 audio 
 
 mones 
 
 ducis 
 
 capis 
 
 audls 
 
 monet 
 
 ducit 
 
 • 
 
 capit 
 
 Plural 
 
 audit 
 
 monemus 
 
 ducimus 
 
 capimus 
 
 audlmus 
 
 monetis 
 
 ducitis 
 
 capitis 
 
 audltis 
 
 monent 
 
 ducunt 
 
 capiunt 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 Singular 
 
 audiunt 
 
 monebam 
 
 dticebam 
 
 capiebam 
 
 audiebam 
 
 monebas 
 
 ducebas 
 
 capiebas 
 
 audiebas 
 
 monebat 
 
 ducebat 
 
 capiebat 
 Plural 
 
 audiebat 
 
 monebamus 
 
 ducebamus 
 
 capiebamus 
 
 audiebamus 
 
 monebatis 
 
 ducebatis 
 
 capiebatis 
 
 audiebatis 
 
 monebant 
 
 ducebant 
 
 capiebant 
 
 FUTURE 
 Singular 
 
 audiebant 
 
 monebo 
 
 ducam 
 
 capiam 
 
 audiam 
 
 monebis 
 
 duces 
 
 capies 
 
 audies 
 
 monebit 
 
 dilcet 
 
 capiet 
 
 audiet 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 349 
 
 Plural 
 
 monebimus 
 
 ducemus 
 
 capiemus 
 
 audiemus 
 
 monebitis 
 
 ducetis 
 
 capietis 
 
 audietis 
 
 monebunt 
 
 ducent 
 
 capient 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 audient 
 
 monul 
 
 dux! * 
 
 cepi 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 audivi 
 
 monueram 
 
 duxeram 
 
 ceperam 
 
 audiveram 
 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 
 monuero 
 
 duxero 
 
 cepero 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 audivero 
 
 \ 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 Singular 
 
 
 moneam 
 
 ducam 
 
 capiam 
 
 audiam 
 
 moneas 
 
 ducas 
 
 capias 
 
 audias 
 
 moneat 
 
 ducat 
 
 capiat 
 Plural 
 
 audiat 
 
 moneamus 
 
 ducamus 
 
 capiamus 
 
 audiamur 
 
 moneatis 
 
 dticatis 
 
 capiatis 
 
 audiatis 
 
 moneant 
 
 ducant 
 
 capiant 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 Singular 
 
 audiant 
 
 monerem 
 
 ducerem 
 
 caperem 
 
 audirem 
 
 moneres 
 
 duceres 
 
 caperes 
 
 audlres 
 
 moneret 
 
 duceret 
 
 caperet 
 Plural 
 
 audiret 
 
 moneremus 
 
 duceremus caperemus 
 
 audiremu^ 
 
 moneretis 
 
 duceretis 
 
 caperetis 
 
 audiretis 
 
 monerent 
 
 dticerent 
 
 caperent 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 audirent 
 
 monuerim 
 
 duxerim 
 
 ceperim 
 
 audlverirn 
 
350 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 monuissem duxissem cepissem audivissem 
 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 
 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 mone 
 
 duc^ 
 
 cape 
 
 audi 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 monete 
 
 ducite 
 
 capite 
 
 FUTURE 
 Singular 
 
 audite 
 
 moneto 
 
 ducito 
 
 capito 
 
 audito 
 
 moneto 
 
 ducito 
 
 capito 
 Plural 
 
 audito 
 
 monetote 
 
 ducitote 
 
 capitote 
 
 auditote 
 
 monento 
 
 ducunto 
 
 capiunto 
 
 PARTICIPLES 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 audiunto 
 
 monens 
 
 ducens 
 
 capiens 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 audiens 
 
 moniturus 
 
 ducturus 
 
 capturus 
 
 INFINITIVES 
 PRESENT 
 
 auditurus 
 
 monere 
 
 ducere 
 
 capere 
 
 PAST 
 
 audire 
 
 monuisse 
 
 duxisse 
 
 cepisse 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 audivisse 
 
 moniturus 
 
 esse ducturus 
 
 esse capturus esse 
 
 auditurus esse 
 
 1 This is an irregular form. The imperative of mitto is mitte, mittite, etc., which 
 illustrates the regular formation in the 3d conjugation. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 351 
 
 
 
 GERUND 
 
 
 monendi 
 
 ducendl 
 
 capiendi 
 
 audiendi 
 
 monendo 
 
 ducendo 
 
 capiendo 
 
 audiendo 
 
 etc. 
 
 etc. 
 
 etc. 
 
 SUPINE 
 
 etc. 
 
 monitum 
 
 ductum 
 
 captum 
 
 audltum 
 
 monitu 
 
 ductu 
 
 captu 
 
 audita 
 
 29. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 moneor 
 
 dticor 
 
 capior 
 
 audior 
 
 moneris, -re 
 
 duceris, -re 
 
 caperis, -re 
 
 audlris, -re 
 
 monetur 
 
 ducitur 
 
 capitur 
 
 audltur 
 
 • 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 monemur 
 
 ducimur 
 
 capimur 
 
 audlmur 
 
 monemini 
 
 ducimini 
 
 capimini 
 
 audlmini 
 
 monentur 
 
 ducuntur 
 
 capiuntur 
 
 audiuntur 
 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 monebar 
 
 ducebar 
 
 capiebar 
 
 audiebar 
 
 monebaris, -re 
 
 ducebaris, - 
 
 re capiebaris, -re 
 
 audiebaris, -re 
 
 monebatur 
 
 dticebatur 
 
 capiebatur 
 Plural 
 
 audiebatur 
 
 monebamur 
 
 ducebamur 
 
 capiebamur 
 
 audiebamur 
 
 monebamini 
 
 ducebamini 
 
 capiebamini 
 
 audiebaminl 
 
 raonebantur 
 
 ducebantur 
 
 capiebantur 
 
 FUTURE 
 Singular 
 
 audiebantur 
 
 monebor 
 
 ducar 
 
 capiar 
 
 audiar 
 
 moneberis, -re 
 
 diSceris, -re 
 
 capieris, -re 
 
 audieris, -re 
 
 monebitur 
 
 ducetur 
 
 capietur 
 
 audietur 
 
352 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Plural 
 
 monebimur dticemur 
 monebimini ducemini 
 monebuntur ducentur 
 
 capiemur 
 capiemini 
 capientur 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 monitus sum ductus sum captus sum 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 monitus eram ductus eram captus eram 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 monitus ero ductus ero captus ero 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 PRESENT 
 Singular 
 capiar 
 capiaris, -re 
 capiatur 
 
 Plural 
 
 capiamur 
 capiamini 
 capiantur 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 Singular 
 
 caperer 
 ducereris, -re capereris, -re 
 duceretur caperetur 
 
 Plural 
 
 caperemur 
 caperemini 
 caperentur 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 captus sim 
 
 monear 
 monearis, -re 
 moneatur 
 
 moneamur 
 moneamini 
 moneantur 
 
 ducar 
 
 ducaris, -re 
 dticatur 
 
 ducamur 
 ducamini 
 clucantur 
 
 monerer 
 monereris, -re 
 moneretur 
 
 moneremur 
 moneremini 
 monerentur 
 
 ducerer 
 
 duceremur 
 duceremini 
 ducerentur 
 
 audiemur 
 audiemini 
 audientur 
 
 auditus sum 
 
 audltus eram 
 
 auditus ero 
 
 audiar 
 audiaris, -re 
 audiatur 
 
 audiamur 
 audiamini 
 audiantur 
 
 monitus sim ductus sim 
 
 audlrer 
 audlreris, -re 
 audiretur 
 
 audiremur 
 audlreminl 
 audirentur 
 
 auditus sim 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 353 
 
 monitus esseir 
 
 I ductus essem captus essem 
 
 audltus essem 
 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 
 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 monere 
 
 ducere 
 
 capere 
 
 Plural 
 
 audire 
 
 monemini 
 
 ducimini 
 
 capimini 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 Singular 
 
 audlmini 
 
 2. monetor 
 
 ducitor 
 
 capitor 
 
 auditor 
 
 S. monetor 
 
 ducitor 
 
 capitor 
 Plural 
 
 auditor 
 
 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3. monentor 
 
 ducuntor 
 
 capiuntor 
 
 PARTICIPLES 
 PAST 
 
 audiuntor 
 
 monitus 
 
 ductus 
 
 captus 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 audltus 
 
 monendus 
 
 ducendus 
 
 capiendus 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 
 audiendus 
 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 moneri 
 
 duci 
 
 capl 
 
 PAST 
 
 audiri 
 
 monitus esse 
 
 ductus esse captus esse 
 
 audltus esse 
 
 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 
 monitum irl 
 
 ductum In 
 
 captum hi 
 
 audltum Irl 
 
 a. A group of forms representing one person and num- 
 ber of a verb in all the tenses is called a Synopsis. The 
 synopsis of porto in the first person singular of the indica- 
 tive and subjunctive, active and passive, is as follows: 
 
354 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 DICATIVE 
 
 * 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Pres. 
 
 porto 
 
 portem 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 portabam 
 
 portarem 
 
 Fut. 
 
 portabo 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 portavl 
 
 portaverim . 
 
 P. PL 
 
 portaveram 
 
 portavissem 
 
 F.Pf. 
 
 portavero 
 
 FASSIYE 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 portor 
 
 porter 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 portabar 
 
 portarer 
 
 Fut. 
 
 portabor 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 portatus sum 
 
 portatus sim 
 
 P. Pf- 
 
 portatus eram 
 
 portatus essem 
 
 F . Pf. portatus ero 
 
 30. 
 
 DEPONENT VERBS 
 
 I. Conor, conari, conatus sum 
 
 II. polliceor, poUiceri, pollicitus sum 
 
 III. sequor, sequi, secutus sum 
 
 IV. potior, potiri, potitus sum 
 
 II. 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 PRESENT 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Singular 
 
 Conor 
 
 polliceor 
 
 sequor 
 
 potior 
 
 conaris, -re 
 
 polliceris, -re 
 
 sequeris, -re 
 
 potlris, -re 
 
 conatur 
 
 poUicetur 
 
 sequitur 
 
 Plural 
 
 potltur 
 
 conamur 
 
 poUicemur 
 
 sequimur 
 
 potlmur 
 
 conamini 
 
 poUiceminl 
 
 sequimini 
 
 potlmini 
 
 conantur 
 
 pollicentur 
 
 sequuntur 
 
 potiuntur 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 355 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 conabar pollicebar sequebar 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 conabor pollicebor sequar 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 conatus sum pollicitus sum secutus sum 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 conatus eram pollicitus eram secutus eram 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 conatus ero pollicitus ero secutus ero 
 
 potiebar 
 potiar 
 
 potltus sum 
 potltus eram 
 potltus ero 
 
 , SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 pollicear sequar 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 pollicerer sequerer 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 conatus sim pollicitus sim secutus sim 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 conatus essem pollicitus essem secutus essem potltus essem 
 
 coner 
 
 conarer 
 
 potiar 
 potirer 
 potltus sim 
 
 conare 
 
 conator 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 PRESENT 
 
 pollicere sequere 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 poUicetor sequitor 
 
 pot ire 
 potltor 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 PRESENT 
 
 conarl poUicerl sequi potlrl 
 
 PAST 
 
 conatus esse pollicitus esse secutus esse potltus esse 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 conaturus esse poUicittirus esse secuturus esse potiturus esse 
 
356 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 conans 
 conatus 
 conaturus 
 conandus 
 
 pollicens 
 pollicitus 
 
 PARTICIPLE 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 sequens 
 
 PAST 
 
 secutus 
 
 FUTURE ACTIVE 
 
 polliciturus secuturus 
 
 FUTURE PASSIVE 
 
 poUicendus sequendus 
 
 GERUND 
 
 potiens 
 potitus 
 potlturus 
 potiendus 
 
 conandi, etc. poUicendl, etc. sequendl, etc. potiendl, etc. 
 
 conatum 
 conatti 
 
 pollicitum 
 pollicitu 
 
 SUPINE 
 
 sectitum 
 secutu 
 
 potltum 
 potltti 
 
 a. The following verbs are semi-deponent. The present 
 system is active and the perfect system is passive: 
 
 audeo, audere, ausus sum, dare 
 gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, rejoice 
 soleo, solere, solitus sum, he accustomed 
 fido, fidere, fisus sum, trust 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS 
 
 31. CONJUGATION OF SUM 
 
 Principal parts: sum, esse, fui, futurus 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 PRESENT 
 
 Singular 
 sum, / am 
 es, you are 
 est, he, she, it is 
 
 Plural 
 sumus, toe are 
 estis, you are 
 sunt, they are 
 
A JUNIOR LATi:s READER 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 eram, / was 
 eras, you were 
 erat, he, she, it was 
 
 35' 
 
 eramus, we were 
 eratis, you were 
 erant, they were 
 
 ero, / shall be 
 
 eris, you will he 
 
 erit, he, she, it icill be 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 erimus, we shall be 
 erit is, you tvill be 
 erunt, they will be 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 ful, / have been, I was fuimus, we have been, we were 
 
 fuisti, you have been, you were fuistis, you have been, you were 
 fuit, he, she, it has been, was fuerunt, or -ere, they have been, 
 
 they were. 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 fueram, / had been 
 fueras, you had been 
 fuerat, he, she, it had been 
 
 fueramus, we had been 
 fueratis, you had been 
 fuerant, they had been 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 fuero, / shall have been fuerimus, we shall have been 
 
 fueris, you will have been fueritis, you will have been 
 
 fuerit, he, she, it ivill have been fuerint, they ivill have been 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 sim simus 
 
 sis sitis 
 
 sit sint 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 fuerim fuerimus 
 fueris fueritis 
 
 fuerit fuerint 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 Singular Plural 
 
 essem essemus 
 
 esses essetis 
 
 esset essent 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 fuissem fuissemus 
 
 fuisses fuissetis 
 
 fuisset fuissent 
 
358 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 M pers. es, he (thou) 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 PRESENT 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 este, he (ye) 
 
 2d pers. esto, he, thou shalt he estote, he, ye shall he 
 3d pers. esto, let him he, he sunto, let them he, they shall 
 shall he he 
 
 PARTICIPLE 
 
 Fut. futurus, ahout to he 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 
 Pres. esse, to he 
 
 Past fuisse, to have heen 
 
 Fut. futurus esse or fore, to he ahout to he 
 
 32. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF POSSUM 
 Principal parts: possum, posse, potui 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 Singular 
 possum 
 potes 
 potest 
 
 poteram 
 
 poteras 
 
 poterat 
 
 potero 
 
 potui 
 
 potueram 
 
 Plural 
 possumus 
 potestis 
 possunt 
 
 poteramus 
 
 poteratis 
 
 poterant 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 Singular 
 possim 
 possis 
 possit 
 
 possem 
 
 posses 
 
 posset 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 poterimus 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 potuimus potuerim 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 potueramus potuissem 
 
 Plural 
 posslmus 
 possitis 
 possint 
 
 possemus 
 
 possetis 
 
 possent 
 
 potuerimus 
 
 potuissemus 
 
potuero 
 
 33. 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 potuerimus 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 
 Pres. posse Past potuisse 
 
 CONJUGATION OF PROSUM 
 
 359 
 
 
 Principal parts: 
 
 prosum, prodesse, 
 
 profui 
 
 ] 
 
 [NDICATIVE 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 prosum 
 
 prosumus 
 
 prosim 
 
 proslmus 
 
 prodes 
 
 prodestis 
 
 prosis 
 
 prosltis 
 
 prodest 
 
 prosunt 
 
 prosit 
 
 prosint 
 
 The remaining forms of the present system are conjugated 
 Hke sum, with the prefix prod-. The perfect system is regu- 
 larly formed with the stem profu-. 
 
 34. CONJUGATION OF FERO 
 
 Principal parts: fero, ferre, tuli, latum 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 
 
 Active 
 
 
 
 Passive 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 fero 
 
 ferimus 
 
 feror 
 
 
 ferimur 
 
 fers 
 
 fertis 
 
 ferris,   
 
 -re 
 
 ferimini 
 
 fert 
 
 ferunt 
 
 fertur 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 
 feruntur 
 
 ferebam 
 
 ferebamus 
 
 ferebar 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 
 ferebamur 
 
 feram 
 
 feremus 
 
 ferar 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 
 feremur 
 
 tuli 
 
 tulimus 
 
 latus sum 
 
 latl sumus 
 
360 
 
 tuleram 
 
 tulero 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 tuleramus latus eram lati eramus 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 tulerimus latus ero lati erimus 
 
 feram 
 
 ferrem 
 
 tulerim 
 
 tulissem 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 feramus ferar 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 ferremus ferrer 
 
 feramur 
 
 ferremur 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 tulerimus latus sim lati simus 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 tulissemus latus essem lati essemus 
 
 2 fer 
 
 2 ferto 
 
 3 ferto 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 ferte 
 
 "erre 
 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 fertote 
 
 fertor 
 
 ferunto 
 
 fertor 
 
 ferimini 
 
 feruntor 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 Active Passive 
 
 Pres. ferre ferri 
 
 Past tulisse latus esse 
 
 Fut. liiturus esse latum iri 
 
 Pres. 
 Fut. 
 
 PARTICIPLES 
 
 Active Passive 
 
 ferens Past latus 
 laturus Fut. ferendus 
 
 GERUND 
 
 ferendl, etc. 
 
 SUPINE 
 
 Ace. latum Abl. latu 
 
35. 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 CONJUGATION OF EO 
 Principal parts: eo, ire, ii or ivi, itum 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 361 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 eo 
 
 Tmus 
 
 earn 
 
 eamus 
 
 is 
 
 Itis 
 
 eas 
 
 eatis 
 
 it 
 
 eunt 
 
 eat 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 eant 
 
 ibam 
 
 ibamus 
 
 Irem 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 iremus 
 
 Ibo 
 
 Ibimus 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 
 ii or Ivi 
 
 iimus or 
 
 ierim or 
 
 ierlmus or 
 
 
 Ivimus 
 
 iverim 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 iverlmus 
 
 ieram 
 
 ieramus 
 
 issem 
 
 Issemus 
 
 (Iveram) 
 
 (iveramus) (ivissem) 
 
 (Ivissemus) 
 
 -■r. T 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 lero or ivero ' lerimus or iverimus 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 
 Pres. Ire 
 
 Past iisse or isse 
 
 Fid. ittirus esse 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 
 Pres. I, ite 
 Fut. ito, itote 
 Ito, eunto 
 
 GERUND 
 
 eundi, etc. 
 36. 
 
 PARTICIPLE 
 
 Pres. iens {gen. euntis) 
 Fut. ittirus 
 
 CONJUGATION OF FIG 
 Principal parts: fio, fieri, factus sum 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 Singular Plural 
 
 fio — 
 
 fis — 
 
 fit fiunt 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 Singular Plural 
 
 fiam flamus 
 
 fias fiatis 
 
 fiat fiant 
 
362 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 fiebam 
 
 flam 
 
 fact us sum 
 
 factus cram 
 factus ero 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 flebamus fierem fieremus 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 flemus 
 
 PERFECT 
 
 factus sim 
 
 PAST PERFECT 
 
 factus essem 
 
 FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 
 Pres. fi, fite 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 
 Pres. fieri 
 Past, factus esse 
 Flit, factum iii 
 
 PARTICIPLES 
 
 Past, factus 
 Fut. faciendus 
 
 37. CONJUGATION OF VOLO, AND ITS COMPOUNDS 
 
 volo, velle, volui, he willing. 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling. 
 malo, malle, malui, prefer. 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 volo 
 
 nolo 
 
 malo 
 
 
 vis 
 
 non vis 
 
 mavis 
 
 • 
 
 vult 
 
 non vult 
 
 mavult 
 
 
 volumus 
 
 nolumus 
 
 malumus 
 
 
 vultis 
 
 non vultis 
 
 mavultis 
 
 
 volunt 
 
 nolunt 
 
 malunt 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 volebam 
 
 nolebam 
 
 malcbam 
 
 Fut. 
 
 volam 
 
 nolam 
 
 malam 
 
 Peri. 
 
 volul 
 
 nolul 
 
 malul 
 
 Past Perf. 
 
 volueram 
 
 nolueram 
 
 malueram 
 
 Fut. Perf. 
 
 voluero 
 
 noluero 
 
 maluero 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 363 
 
 Pres. 
 hnperf. 
 Perf. 
 Past Perf. 
 
 velim 
 vellem 
 voluerim 
 voluissem 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 nolim 
 noUem 
 noluerim 
 noluissem 
 
 malim 
 mallem 
 maluerim 
 maluissem 
 
 
 Pres. 
 Fut. 
 
 IMPERATIVE 
 
 noil nolite 
 nollto nolltote 
 nollto nolunto 
 
 1 
 
 Pres. 
 Past. 
 
 velle 
 voluisse 
 
 INFINITIVE 
 
 nolle 
 noluisse 
 
 malle 
 maluisse 
 
 Pres. 
 
 volens 
 
 PARTICIPLE 
 
 nolens 
 
 
 Note. — A few verbs are defective, that is, they lack some 
 forms which are found in the conjugation of other verbs. The 
 most important are aio, I say, I assent, inquam, / say, coepi, 
 I began, memini, / reme-mher, odi, / hate. 
 
 (1) The forms of aio most commonly used are found in 
 the present indicative, and are as follows: 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 1. aio 
 
 2. ais 
 
 3. ait aiunt 
 
 A few other forms, including the whole of the imperfect 
 indicative and the second and third persons singular of the 
 present subjunctive are sometimes found. 
 
 (2) The only forms of inquam in common use are found in 
 the present indicative. They are as follows: 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 inquam 
 
 inquis 
 
 inquit inquiunt 
 
364 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 (3) The three verbs, coepi, memini, and odi have no 
 present, imperfect, or future forms. The perfects of memini 
 and odi are used with present meanings, the past perfects 
 with imperfect meanings, and the future perfects with future 
 meanings. The tenses of coepi have their regular meanings. 
 The present, imperfect, and future of coepi are supphed by 
 the forms of incipio. 
 
 SYNTAX 
 
 Note. — The statement of grammatical principles which fol- 
 lows is not intended to be in any sense a complete outline of 
 Latin grammar. The topics presented are those which 
 are especially important for the work of the second year. 
 The mood and case uses treated are limited almost entirely 
 to those which are found in the exercises or the connected 
 text of this book. 
 
 AGREEMENT 
 
 38. (1) Adjectives and participles agree with their nouns 
 in gender, number, and case. 
 
 Magna urbs; magnae partis; magnis periculis. 
 
 (2) A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gen- 
 der and number, but its case depends on its use in its own 
 clause. 
 
 Homo quern vides amicus meus est, the man whom you 
 see is my friend. 
 
 39. A noun in apposition is put in the same case as the 
 noun which it explains. 
 
 Agricola, vir benignus, pueros laudat, the farmer, a kind 
 man, praises the boys. 
 
 40. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number. 
 
 Puer laborat, the hoy works; pueri laborant, the hoys 
 work. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 365 
 
 NOUNS: CASES 
 
 THE NOMINATIVE 
 
 41. The nominative is the case of the subject or predicate 
 of a finite^ verb. 
 
 Puella canit, the girl sings. 
 
 Prater tuus est agricola^ your brother is a farmer. 
 
 a. The predicate nominative is used with the verb 
 sum and with the passive voice of verbs meaning to 
 name, call, appoint, choose, and the Uke. 
 
 Is rex tyrannus appellatus est, this king was called a 
 tyrant. 
 
 THE GENITIVE 
 GENITIVE OF POSSESSION 
 
 42. The genitive is used to denote the possessor. 
 
 Liber pueri repertus est, the boy's book has been found. 
 
 GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE (PARTITIVE GENITIVE) 
 
 43. With words denoting a part, a dependent genitive is 
 used to name the whole of that to which the part belongs. 
 
 Multi amicorum meorum in ea urbe habitant, many of 
 my friends live in that city. 
 
 a. The ablative with de or ex is sometimes used in 
 place of the genitive of the whole, regularly so with car- 
 dinal numerals and quidam. tJnus e filiis tuis, one of 
 your sons. 
 
 GENITIVE OF DESCRIPTION 
 
 44. The genitive, modified by an adjective, may be used 
 to describe a person or thing. 
 
 Homo magnae virtUtiSy a man of great courage. 
 
 1 That is, any verb form which denotes person and number. 
 
366 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 a. The genitive is often employed in this construc- 
 tion to denote measure. 
 
 Murus quattuor pedurriy a four-foot wall (a wall of four 
 
 feet). 
 
 OBJECTIVE GENITIVE 
 
 45. Nouns and adjectives which denote action sometimes 
 take a dependent genitive in a relation similar to that of a 
 direct object to the verb on which it depends. 
 
 Timor pericuUy fear of danger. 
 
 SUBJECTIVE GENITIVE 
 
 46. Nouns which denote action sometimes take a genitive 
 to indicate the person who does the act. 
 
 Adventus Caesaris^ the arrival of Caesar. 
 
 GENITIVE OF MATERIAL OR COMPOSITION 
 
 47. The genitive may be used to denote the material of 
 which something is composed, or the persons or objects mak- 
 ing up a collective noun. 
 
 Exercitus virdrum fortium, aii army of hruve men. 
 
 GENITIVE WITH VERBS 
 
 48. The verbs memini and reminiscor, 'remember, and obli- 
 viscor, forget, frequently take a genitive as object. Virtuiis 
 vestrae non obliviscor, I do not forget your courage. 
 
 a. If the object is a neuter pronoun or a neuter ad- 
 jective used as a noun, it is always in the accusative. 
 
 Romani haec semper meminerint, the Romans will 
 always remember these things. 
 
 THE DATIVE 
 DATIVE OF INDIRECT OBJECT 
 
 49. The indirect object is put in the dative. 
 
 Femina puero epistulam dat, the woman gives the boy a 
 letter. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 367 
 
 DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES 
 
 50. The dative is used in dependence on adjectives mean- 
 ing kind, friendly, pleasing, dear, useful, near, and some 
 others. 
 
 Filius tuus sororibus benignus est, your son is kind to 
 
 (his) sisters. 
 
 DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS 
 
 51. Most verbs meaning to please, displease, trust, distrust, 
 believe, persuade, serve, obey, favor, resist, envy, threaten, par- 
 don, and spare govern the dative. 
 
 Illis barbaris nemo nunc confidit, no one now trusts those 
 barbarians. 
 
 DATIVE OF POSSESSION 
 
 52. The possessor of something may be denoted by a noun 
 or pronoun in the dative, with the word denoting the thing 
 possessed in the nominative as the subject of a form of sum. 
 
 Puero gladius est, the boy has a sword. 
 
 DATIVE OF PURPOSE 
 
 53. A noun in tlie dative is sometimes used to denote the 
 purpose or end which something serves or is intended to 
 serve. 
 
 Hunc librum ddno misi, I sent this book as a gift (Ut. 
 for a gift). 
 
 DATIVE OF REFERENCE 
 
 54. The dative is sometimes used to denote the person 
 with reference to whom an act is said to be done or a situa- 
 tion to exist. This use is especially common in expressions 
 which contain a dative of purpose. 
 
 Legi5 equitdtui auxilio missa est, the legion was sent as 
 aid (ht. for aid) to the cavalry. 
 
368 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS 
 
 55. Verbs compounded with ante, ob, prae, and sub fre- 
 quently have a dependent noun or pronoun in the dative 
 case. This construction is sometimes found also with com- 
 pounds of ad, circum, con-, in, inter, post, pro, and super. 
 
 Legioni praeest, he is in command of the legion. 
 
 a. If the simple verb from which the compound is 
 formed is a transitive verb, the compound may take 
 both the accusative and the dative. 
 
 Labienum castris praefecit, he placed Lahienus in 
 charge of the camp. 
 
 DATIVE OF AGENT 
 
 56. With the future passive participle, the person by 
 whom the act must be done or ought to be done is regularly 
 denoted by the dative. 
 
 Epistula mihi mittenda est, a letter ought to be sent by 7ne. 
 
 Note. — With a verb which has a dependent dative of some 
 other kind, the dative of agent is sometimes replaced by the 
 ablative of agent (66) to avoid confusion in the meaning of 
 the sentence. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE 
 ACCUSATIVE OF DIRECT OBJECT 
 
 57. The direct object of a verb is put in the accusative. 
 Silvam videmus, ive see the forest. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE OF DURATION OF TIME 
 
 58. The accusative without a preposition is used to tell 
 how long an act or situation continues. 
 
 Multas horas in insula mansi, I remained many hours 
 on the island. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 369 
 
 ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT IN SPACE 
 
 59. The accusative without a preposition is used to express 
 extent in space. 
 
 Puer quinque milia passuum ambulavit, the hoy walked 
 
 five miles. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE OF PLACE TO WHICH 
 
 60. The accusative of domus and of names of cities and 
 towns is used without a preposition to denote place to 
 which. With other words in this construction, a preposition, 
 ad or in, is used. 
 
 Exercitus Romam redibit, the army will return to Rome. 
 Exercitus in urbem redibit, the army will return to the 
 city. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS 
 
 61. Certain prepositions have their objects in the accusa- 
 tive case. Among the most important of these are ad, ante, 
 apud, circum, contra, inter, ob, per, post, praeter, propter, trans. 
 
 Is poeta inter barbards diu habitavit, this poet lived a 
 long time among barbarians. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE AS SUBJECT OF INFINITIVES 
 
 62. The accusative is used as the subject of the infinitive. 
 
 Explorator dixit urbem incensam esse, the scout said the 
 city had been burned. 
 
 TWO ACCUSATIVES 
 
 63. Verbs of naming, calling, appointing, thinking, and the 
 Uke, may have in addition to the direct object a second 
 accusative telhng what the person or thing denoted by the 
 object is named, called, appointed etc. 
 
 Fratrem tuum praetor em creavimus, we have elected your 
 brother praetor. 
 
370 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 a. Compounds of trans sometimes take two objects, 
 one governed by the preposition, the other by the simple 
 verb. With the passive of such verbs the object gov- 
 erned by the preposition may be retained. 
 
 Legionem flumen traduxi, I led the legion across 
 the river. 
 
 Legio flumen traducta est, the legion was led across 
 the river. 
 
 THE ABLATIVE 
 ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION 
 
 64. Verbs meaning to separate, rernove, deprive of, he absent, 
 and the Hke, take the ablative of separation, often with ab 
 or ex. 
 
 Hi montes Galliam ab Hispania dividunt, these moun- 
 tains separate Gaul from Spain. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF PLACE FROM WHICH 
 
 65. The ablative of domus and of names of cities and 
 towns is used without a preposition to express the idea of 
 place from which. With other words in this construction a 
 preposition, ab, de, or ex, is used. 
 
 Legatus Genava profectus est, the envoy set out from 
 Geneva. 
 
 Legatus ex oppido profectus est, the lieutenant set out 
 from the town. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF AGENT 
 
 66. With passive verbs the noun or pronoun which denotes 
 the person by whom the act is done is put in the ablative 
 with a or ab. 
 
 Explorator a militibus captus est, the scout was captured 
 by the soldiers. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 371 
 
 ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON 
 
 67. With the comparative form of an adjective (occasion- 
 ally of an adverb), if quam is omitted, the noun or pronoun 
 denoting the person or thing with which comparison is made 
 is put in the ablative without a preposition. 
 
 Puella altior puero est, the girl is taller than the hoy. 
 
 a. If quam is used, the word denoting the person or 
 thing with which comparison is made stands in the same 
 case as the thing compared. 
 
 Puella est altior quam puer, the girl is taller than 
 the hoy. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF PLACE WHERE 
 
 68. The ablative with in denotes the place where some- 
 thing is or where some act occurs. 
 
 In eis montibus multa animalia reperiuntur, many ani- 
 mals are found in these mountains. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF TIME 
 
 69. The time at which or within which some act takes 
 place is regularly expressed by a noun or pronoun in the 
 ablative case without a preposition. 
 
 Ed anno pater meus tectum novum aedificavit, my father 
 huilt a new house that year. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT 
 
 70. The ablative with the preposition cum is used to 
 denote the person with whom one is associated in doing an 
 act. 
 
 Cum. amico ambulo, I walk with a friend. 
 
 a. The ablative of accompaniment also denotes the 
 person with whom one is contending. 
 
372 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Cum Germanis bellum gesserunt, they waged war with 
 the Germans. 
 
 h. The preposition cum may be omitted in military 
 expressions, if the noun in the ablative is modified by 
 an adjective other than a numeral. 
 
 Multis militibus flumen transii, I crossed the river with 
 many soldiers. 
 
 Cum iribus legidnibus flumen transii, I crossed the 
 river with three legions. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF MANNER 
 
 71. The ablative, frequently with the preposition cum, is 
 used to express manner. 
 
 Magna cum euro, {or magna cUra) omnia paravimus, we 
 
 have prepared everything with great care. 
 
 Note. — Some words of frequent occurrence omit the prep- 
 osition in this construction. Among these are jure, justly 
 {with justice), injuria, unjustly {with injustice), merito, deserv- 
 edly {with merit), casu, accidentally {by chance), and some 
 others. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF MEANS 
 
 72. A word which is used to denote the means employed 
 in accomplishing an act is put in the ablative without a prep- 
 osition. 
 
 Galli gladiis pugnabant, the Gauls fought with swords. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF ROUTE 
 
 73. The way or route by which one goes may be denoted 
 by the ablative without a preposition. 
 
 Breviore itinere rediimus, we returned by a shorter route. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 373 
 
 ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE 
 
 74. The ablative without a preposition is used to express 
 the degree or measure of difference beween two things. 
 
 Arbor decern, pedibus altior muro {or quam mums) est, 
 
 the tree is ten feet higher than the wall. 
 
 ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 
 
 75. A noun or pronoun in the ablative, together with an 
 adjective, a participle, or another noun in agreement, may be 
 used to denote some circumstance or event loosely connected 
 with the rest of the sentence. 
 
 Duce captOy hostes fugerunt, the leader having been cap- 
 tured, the enemy fled. 
 
 a. An ablative absolute is frequently translated by a 
 clause introduced by ivhen, after, if, since, although, or 
 by a prepositional phrase. Thus, the ablative absolute 
 in the preceding example may be translated luhen the 
 leader had been captured or after the capture of the leader. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF RESPECT 
 
 76. The ablative without a preposition is used to indicate 
 in what respect a statement is true. 
 
 Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, the Helve- 
 tians surpass the rest of the Gauls in courage. 
 
 ABLATIVE OF DESCRIPTION 
 
 77. The ablative modified by an adjective may be used to 
 describe a person or thing. 
 
 Homo magna virtute^ a man of great courage. 
 
 Note. — In many phrases, such as the example given above, 
 either the ablative or the genitive of description (44) may be 
 used. But physical characteristics are usually expressed by 
 the ablative and measure always by the genitive. 
 
374 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ABLATIVE OF CAUSE 
 
 78. The ablative is sometimes used to express cause. 
 
 Hostes timore fugere coeperunt, the enemy began to flee 
 on account of fear. 
 
 a. Sometimes a preposition (ab, de or ex) is used with 
 the ablative of cause. 
 
 Ex commutatione rerum dolent, they grieve because of 
 the charige of circumstances. 
 
 b. Cause is frequently expressed by propter or ob 
 with the accusative. 
 
 Propter timorem, oji account of fear. 
 
 ABLATIVE WITH UTOR. ETC. 
 
 79. The deponents utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor 
 take their objects in the ablative. 
 
 Milites nostri hastis non utuntur, our soldiers do not use 
 spears. 
 
 a. Occasionally the genitive is used with potior instead 
 of the ablative. 
 
 Urbis potiri cupiunt, they wish to gain possessio7i of 
 the city. 
 
 THE VOCATIVE 
 
 80. The vocative denotes the person addressed. 
 
 Ubi, Mdrce, pater tuus est, Marcus, where is your father? 
 
 Note. — The vocative regularly stands after one or more 
 words of the sentence in which it is found. 
 
 THE LOCATIVE 
 
 81. With names of cities and towns and with domus, 
 place where is denoted by the locative case, which in the 
 singular of nouns of the first and second declensions has the 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 375 
 
 same form as the genitive singular; in nouns of the third 
 declension and in the plural of nouns of the first and second 
 declensions it regularly has the same form as the ablative. 
 
 Romae, at Rome; domi, at home; Athenis, at Athens. 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 ADHERENT AND PREDICATE ADJECTIVES 
 
 82. An adjective which is directly connected with the 
 noun which it modifies is called an adherent adjective. 
 Thus, vir fortisy a brave man; arbor altOj a tall tree. 
 
 83. An adjective which is connected with its noun by 
 some form of the verb meaning to be is called a predicate 
 adjective. Thus, vir fortis est, the man is brave. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVE USE OF ADJECTIVES 
 
 84. Adjectives and participles are sometimes used as sub- 
 stantives (nouns or pronouns). Words meaning many, all, 
 others, few and the like are especially common in this use. 
 The masculine refers to men, or to persons in general, the 
 feminine to women, and the neuter to things. 
 
 Multi te laudant, many praise you. 
 
 Omnia parata sunt, all things are prepared. 
 
 a. In military expressions nostri is used to mean our 
 men or our soldiers. Other possessives are sometimes 
 used with a similar meaning. Thus, tui or vestri, your 
 men, your soldiers. 
 
 ADJECTIVES DENOTING A PART 
 
 85. There are a few adjectives which tell what part of an 
 object is meant instead of telling what kind. Among the 
 most important are summus, medius, extremus, and imus. 
 Thus, summus mons, the highest part of the mountain, the 
 mountain top; medius collis, the middle of the hill, medio colle, 
 half way up the hill {on the middle of the hill) . 
 
376 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 ADJECTIVES WITH ADVERBIAL FORCE 
 
 86. Sometimes an adjective modifying the subject or object 
 is best translated by an adverb. 
 
 Inviti venerunt, they came unwillingly. 
 
 MEANING OF THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE 
 
 87. The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives 
 and adverbs are commonly translated by the corresponding 
 EngHsh forms. But sometimes the comparative is translated 
 by a positive form preceded by too or rather, and the superla- 
 tive by a positive form preceded by very. Thus, altior may 
 mean rather high, and altissimus may mean very high. 
 
 VERBS: MOODS 
 
 THE INDICATIVE IN MAIN CLAUSES 
 
 88. The indicative is used in statements of fact and in ques- 
 tions which imply that the answer expected is a statement 
 of fact. 
 
 Caesar aciem instruxit, Caesar drew up a line of battle. 
 Quid Considius dixit, what did Considius say? 
 
 THE INDICATIVE AFTER CERTAIN CONJUNCTIONS 
 
 89. The indicative is used in subordinate clauses after 
 the conjunctions quamquam, although, postquam, after, ubi, 
 when or where, and some others. 
 
 RELATIVE CLAUSES 
 
 90. A clause introduced by a relative pronoun commonly 
 takes its verb in the indicative, except in the special uses 
 described later (see especially 94, a, and 102). 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 377 
 
 SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES WITH QUOD 
 
 91. A clause introducod by quod meaning thai, with its 
 verb in the indicative, is sometimes used as the subject or 
 object of a verb, or in apposition with a noun or pronoun. 
 
 a. Sometimes quod is translated as to the fact that, 
 and the clause it introduces then serves as an adverbial 
 modifier, loosely connected with the rest of the sentence. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 VOLITIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 92. The subjunctive is used to express an act as willed by 
 some person. 
 
 Epistulas statim mittdmus, let us send the letters at once. 
 
 a. The negative used with the volitive subjunctive 
 is ne. 
 
 Ne diutius manedmus, let us not remain longer. 
 
 OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 93. The subjunctive, commonly with utinam, is used to 
 express a wish. The use of tenses is as follows: 
 
 (1) A wish that something had been true in the past has 
 the past perfect subjunctive. Utinam hunc locum numquam 
 vidissem, ivould that I had never seeii this place (I wish I had 
 never seen this place). 
 
 (2) A wish that something were true in the present has 
 the imperfect subjunctive. Utinam meliorem ducem hahere- 
 mus, woidd that we had a better leader {I wish that ice had a 
 better leader). 
 
 (3) A wish relating to the future has the present subjunctive. 
 (Utinam) frater tuus salvus redeat, inay your brother return 
 safely (7 hope your brother may return safely). 
 
I 
 
 378 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Note 1. — The imperfect and past perfect (and sometimes 
 the present) in wishes are introduced by utinam. 
 
 Note 2. — The negative used with wishes is sometimes ne 
 and sometimes non. 
 
 CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 
 
 94. A subordinate clause which expresses purpose has its 
 verb in the subjunctive. Such a clause is commonly intro- 
 duced by ut or (if negative) by ne. 
 
 Veni ut te viderem, I came to see you (lit. that I might 
 
 see you). 
 Milites missi sunt ne urbs caperetur, soldiers were sent 
 
 that the city might not he captured. 
 
 a. Sometimes a purpose clause is introduced by a 
 relative pronoun. This form of purpose clause is found 
 chiefly after mitto and its compounds, and after relinquo 
 and a few other verbs. 
 
 Puerum mittam qui te adjuvet, I will send a hoy to help 
 you (lit. who shall help you). 
 
 h. The clause of purpose may be translated by a 
 simple infinitive, by an infinitive with in order, or by a 
 clause with that or in order that. The following transla- 
 tions are possible for the sentence Veni ut te viderem : 
 
 / came to see you. 
 
 I came in order to see you. 
 
 I came that I anight see you. 
 
 I came in order that I might see you. 
 
 95. A purpose clause which contains a comparative form 
 of an adjective or adverb is introduced by quo instead of ut. 
 Pontem faciunt quo facilius trdnseant, they are making a 
 bridge that they may cross more easily. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 379 
 
 CLAUSES OF RESULT 
 
 96. A subordinate clause which expresses result has its 
 verb in the subjunctive. Such a clause is introduced by ut, 
 or occasionally by a relative pronoun. The negative is non. 
 
 Milites tarn fortiter restiterunt ut hostes repellerentur^ the 
 
 soldiers resisted so bravely that the enemy were driven hack. 
 Tempestates tantae erant ut ex portu proficisci non 
 
 auderemuSy the storms were so great that we did not dare 
 
 to set out from the harbor. 
 Est nemo tain sapiens qui numquam erretj there is no 
 
 one so wise that he never errs. 
 
 ' NOUN (OR SUBSTANTIVE) CLAUSES OF DESIRE 
 
 97. Verbs expressing an idea of desire, such as those mean- 
 ing to command, urge, persuade, request, and the like may take 
 as object (or as subject in the passive) a clause introduced 
 by ut or ne with its verb in the subjunctive. 
 
 Helvetiis persuasit ut exirenty he persuaded the Helvetians 
 
 to emigrate. 
 Militibus imperavit ne saxa jacerenty he ordered the soldiers 
 
 not to throw stones. 
 
 Note 1. — These clauses are frequently translated b}^ an 
 infinitive with a subject, as in the examples above. 
 
 Note 2. — Such expressions as jus est, there is a law, and 
 consilium est, the plan is, may be followed by a substantive 
 clause telling what the law or plan is to which reference is 
 made., 
 
 a. The verbs jubeo, I order, and veto, / forbid, regu- 
 larly take an infinitive with subject accusative, instead 
 of a subjunctive clause. Verbs meaning to wish some- 
 times take the infinitive with subject accusative. 
 
 Legidnem flumen trdnsire jussit, he ordered the legion 
 to cross the river. 
 
380 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 NOUN (OR SUBSTANTIVE) CLAUSES OF FACT 
 
 98. Verbs meaning to accomplish and impersonal verbs 
 meaning it happens, it results, it remains, and the like, take 
 a dependent clause with the subjunctive, introduced by ut 
 The negative is non. 
 
 Accidit ut duae cohortes ante castra essentf it happened 
 that there were two cohorts in front of the camp. 
 
 a. Such expressions as mos est, the custom is, may be 
 followed by a substantive clause with ut, telling what 
 the custom is to which reference is made. 
 
 CLAUSES OF FEAR 
 
 99. Verbs and other expressions of fear may take a de- 
 pendent clause with the subjunctive, introduced by ne mean- 
 ing that or ut meaning that . . . not. 
 
 Verebantur ne exercitus noster in Gallia manereiy they 
 feared that our army loould remain in Gaul. 
 
 Timeo ut se fortiter defendat, I fear that he will not defend 
 himself bravely. 
 
 a. Sometimes ne . . . non is used instead of ut after 
 words of fear. 
 
 Timeo ne se non defendat, I fear that he will not defend, 
 himself. 
 
 b. Such expressions as periculum est may take the 
 same construction as that used with words of fear. 
 
 Periculum est ne cohors capiatur, there is danger that 
 the cohort will be captured. 
 
 c. The present subjunctive in clauses depending on 
 words of fear is often translated by the English future 
 indicative. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 381 
 
 ANTICIPATORY SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 100. The subjunctive may be used in subordinate clauses 
 to denote an act which is anticipated or expected. 
 
 Expectabam dum f rater rediret, I was waiting until my 
 brother should return {or for my brother to return). 
 
 a. The anticipatory subjunctive is used mainly after 
 words meaning until or before (dum, antequam, prius- 
 quam) . 
 
 b. Sometimes the indicative is used after words 
 meaning before or until, to state a new fact which is of 
 importance in the narrative or to represent an actual 
 event as looked back upon. 
 
 CLAUSES OF PROVISO 
 
 101. The conjunctions dum, mode, and dmnmodo, when 
 meaning ^providedj provided that, or if only, take the subjunc- 
 tive. Urbs salva erit, dum tu exeds, the city will be safe, 'pro- 
 vided you withdraw. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE IN RELATIVE CLAUSES OF DESCRIPTION 
 (CHARACTERIZING' CLAUSES) 
 
 102. A relative clause with its verb in the subjunctive is 
 sometimes used to describe the antecedent of the relative. 
 
 Pauci erant qui arma ferre non possent, there were a few 
 who could not bear arms. 
 
 Note 1. — Such clauses are used with indefinite and nega- 
 tive antecedents, and with expressions of existence and non- 
 existence, such as sunt qui, there are those who, est nemo qui, 
 there is no one who. 
 
 Note 2. — Clauses of description which are parenthetical in 
 character or which have a personal pronoun as antecedent 
 take the indicative. 
 
382 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 CUM CAUSAL CLAUSES 
 
 103. A subordinate clause introduced by cum meaning 
 since has its verb in the subjunctive. 
 
 Cum nulla navis in conspectu sit, domum revertar, since 
 there is no ship in sight, I shall return home. 
 
 a. Sometimes a causal clause with its verb in the sub- 
 junctive is introduced by a relative pronoun. Felix es 
 qui tot amicos habeas, you are fortunate, since you have 
 so many friends. 
 
 CUM ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES 
 
 104. A subordinate clause introduced by cum meaning 
 although has its verb in the subjunctive. 
 
 Cum ea urbs parva esset, tamen magnam gloriam habe- 
 bat, although that city was small, nevertheless it had 
 great fame. 
 
 a. The principal clause with which an adversative 
 clause is connected frequently (but not always) contains 
 the adverb tamen. 
 
 h. An adversative clause is sometimes introduced 
 by a form of the relative pronoun. 
 
 Tmn Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid respondissetj 
 repente conticuit, then Cethegus, although he (lit. who) 
 had made soine reply a little before, sudderdy became 
 silent. 
 
 CUM DESCRIPTIVE CLAUSES OF SITUATION (CUM TEMPORAL) 
 
 105. The imperfect or past perfect subjunctive is often 
 used in a clause introduced by cum meaning when. Such a 
 clause describes the situation or makes known the time of 
 the main act. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 383 
 
 Cum pons {actus esset, exercitus traductus est, when the 
 bridge had been made, the army was led across. 
 
 a. If the clause with cum is used to make definite the 
 time denoted by the adverb tum or any other word of 
 time, it takes the indicative. 
 
 Tum cum hostes impetum faciebant, auxilium non mis- 
 sum est, at the time when the enemy were making an 
 attach, help was not sent. 
 
 h. If the verb of the cum clause denotes repeated 
 action, it is commonly in the indicative. In such clauses 
 cum is sometimes translated whenever. 
 
 Cuin navem hostium viderantj ad eam properabant, 
 
 whenever they saw a ship of the enemy, they hastened 
 toward it. 
 
 c. The present or future indicative, and occasionally 
 the perfect indicative, may be used with cum meaning 
 when. 
 
 CLAUSES WITH QUIN AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF DOUBT 
 
 106. Words and phrases of doubt, when accompanied by 
 a negative, are followed b}^ quin and the subjunctive. 
 
 Non dubito quin Belgae fortes sint, I do not doubt that 
 the Belgians are brave. 
 
 Non dubium est quin tuti simus, there is no doubt that 
 we are safe. 
 
 INDIRECT QUESTIONS 
 
 107. An indirect question has its verb in the subjunctive. 
 Quaesivl quis hoc fecisset, I asked who had done this. 
 
384 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE BY ATTRACTION 
 
 108. Sometimes a subordinate clause which would otherwise 
 have its verb in the indicative takes the subjunctive because 
 it is closely dependent on a subjunctive or an infinitive. 
 
 Ita acriter pugnaverunt ut omnes hostes qui fiumen 
 transissent celeriter repellerentur, they fought so fiercely 
 that all the enemy who had crossed the river were quickly 
 driven hack. 
 
 IMPLIED (OR INFORMAL) INDIRECT DISCOURSE 
 
 109. The subjunctive may be used in a subordinate clause 
 to indicate that it is a quotation, although no main clause 
 of indirect discourse stands in the context. 
 
 Servos qui ad eos perjugissent poposcit, he demanded the 
 slaves who had fled to them (who he said had fled to 
 them) . 
 
 The use of the subjunctive in this clause shows that the 
 clause was a part of the utterance of the person who made 
 the demand. 
 
 CAUSAL CLAUSES WITH QUOD, QUIA, AND QUONIAM 
 
 110. Clauses of reason introduced by quod, quia, and 
 quoniam take the indicative to denote a reason as given 
 directly by the speaker or writer. These conjunctions, how- 
 ever, take the subjunctive if the reason is given as a quotation 
 from someone else or from the thought or utterance of the 
 writer or speaker at another time. 
 
 Profectus est quod verebatuTy he set out because he was 
 
 afraid. 
 Gratias consuli egerunt quod rem piiblicam servdvisset, 
 
 they thanked the consul because (as they said) he had 
 saved the state. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 385 
 
 THE IMPERATIVE 
 
 111. The imperative mood is used to express commands. 
 Desilite, commilitones, jump down, comrades. 
 
 Note. — The English imperative is used only in the present 
 tense and in the second person. The Latin imperative has 
 a future as well as a present. The future has the second 
 and third persons, the present has only the second person. 
 
 NEGATIVE COMMANDS 
 
 112. Negative commands (prohibitions) in the second 
 person are commonly expressed by the imperative of nolo 
 (noli, n5lite) with the infinitive of the verb denoting the act 
 forbidden. 
 
 Noli hie manerey do not remain here. 
 
 a. Sometimes the perfect subjunctive with ne is used 
 to express a negative command. 
 
 Ne hie mdnseriSf do not remain here. 
 
 THE INFINITIVE 
 THE COMPLEIMENTARY INFINITIVE 
 
 113. x\n infinitive is sometimes used to complete the mean- 
 ing of another verb. When thus used, it denotes another 
 action of the same subject as that of the verb on which it 
 depends. 
 
 Omnes redire volunt, all wish to return. 
 
 THE INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT 
 
 114. An infinitive, with or without subject accusative, 
 may be used as the subject of many impersonal verbs and 
 also of est with a predicate adjective or noun. 
 
 Eum manere oportet, he ou^ht to stay. 
 Me ire necesse est, / must go. 
 
386 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Note. — The subjunctive is sometimes used with necesse 
 est and with a few other verbs which commonly take the 
 infinitive. 
 
 THE INFINITIVE WITH SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE 
 
 115. The infinitive with subject accusative is used with 
 words of saying, hearing, knowing, thinking, believing, seeing, 
 and the hke. 
 
 (For examples, see 121.) 
 
 116. The infinitive with subject accusative is regularly 
 used after jubeo, I order, veto, I forbid, and sometimes after 
 patior, I permit, cogo, I compel, vol5, I wish, nolo, I am un- 
 willing, malo, I prefer. 
 
 Dux milites impetum facere jussit, the leader ordered the 
 soldiers to make an attack. 
 
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 
 NON-COMMITTAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 
 
 117. A conditional sentence which does not imply that 
 the condition is either true or false has both verbs in the 
 indicative. 
 
 Si pueri in silva errant, in periculo sunt, if the boys are 
 wandering in the forest, they are in danger. 
 
 Si hostes tuti effUgerunt, nostri eos capere non cdndti 
 sunt, if the eneiny have escaped safely (lit. safe), our 
 men did not try to capture them. 
 
 a. Sometimes an imperative or a subjunctive express- 
 ing will is used in the conclusion of a conditional sen- 
 tence of this type instead of an indicative. 
 
 Si pacem capitis, arma trddite, if ijou wish peace, sur- 
 render your arihs. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 387 
 
 FUTURE MORE VIVID CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 
 
 118. A future more vivid conditional sentence refers to 
 future time and gives no indication as to the attitude of the 
 speaker or writer toward the fulfillment of the condition. 
 The verbs are in the future (or future perfect) tense. 
 
 Si auxilium mittetur^ oppidum defendetur^ if aid is (lit. 
 shall he) sent, the town will he defended. 
 
 Note 1. — The verb of the condition in a sentence of this 
 type is commonly translated by the present indicative with 
 future meaning, as in the example above. Sometimes the 
 future with shall is used. 
 
 Note 2. — The future perfect may be used in either clause 
 to represent an act as occurring before some expressed or 
 implied future time. 
 
 Note 3. — The future more vivid conditional sentence is 
 merely a non-committal conditional sentence in future time. 
 
 future less vivid conditional sentences 
 
 119. A future less vivid conditional sentence refers to 
 future time, and also implies doubt on the part of the writer 
 or speaker as to the fulfillment of the condition. The con- 
 clusion refers to a future act or situation as conceivable or 
 imaginable without asserting that it will take place or be 
 realized. The verbs are in the present (or perfect) subjunc- 
 tive. 
 
 Si milites flumen trdnseanty multi inter ficiantur ^ if the 
 
 soldiers should cross the river, many would he killed. * 
 
 Note. — The perfect may be used in either clause to show 
 that an act, if occurring, would take place before some ex- 
 pressed or implied future time. 
 
388 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES CONTRARY TO FACT 
 
 120. A conditional sentence which impUes that the condi- 
 tion is not true has its verbs in the imperfect or past perfect 
 subjunctive, the imperfect to refer to present time and the 
 past perfect to refer to past time. 
 
 (a) Si Haedui majores copias haberenty oppida defen- 
 
 derenty if the Haediians had larger forces, they would 
 
 defend the tow7is. 
 (h) Si Haedui majores copias habuissenty oppida de- 
 
 fendissenty if the Haeduans had had larger forces, they 
 
 would have defended the towns. 
 
 Note. — Commonly the tense of the verbs in the two clauses 
 is the same, but the imperfect may be used in one clause and 
 the past perfect in the other, if the sense requires. 
 
 INDIRECT DISCOURSE 
 
 121. Indirect discourse is used with words of saying, hear- 
 ing, knowing, thinking, believing, and the like. The use of 
 moods is as follows: 
 
 (1) A main clause expressing a statement has its verb in 
 the infinitive with subject accusative. 
 
 (2) A main clause expressing a command has its verb in 
 the subjunctive. 
 
 (3) All subordinate clauses have their verbs in the sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 Ea condicione quae a Caesare ferretur se usUrds esse 
 ostendebant; sibi tridui spatium daret, they stated (lit. 
 showed) that they would accept the terms which were offered 
 by Caesar; let him give them the space of three days. 
 
 PARTICIPLES 
 
 122. The Latin verb has four participles. They are the 
 present active, the past passive, the future active, and the 
 future passive. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 389 
 
 a. Deponent verbs have the same number of par- 
 ticiples as other verbs. The past participle of a deponent 
 is usually active in meaning, but it is occasionally used 
 as a passive. 
 
 THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 
 
 123. The present active participle denotes an act taking 
 place at the same time as the main verb. It is less frequently 
 used than the English present participle. Its declension 
 is given in section 8, page 328. 
 
 Nostri in hostes advenientes impetum fecerunt, our men 
 made an attack on the enemy coming up {i. e., as they 
 were coming up). 
 
 Note. — The English present participle is used with a form 
 of to he to make the progressive form of the verb. Thus, 
 he is marching, ive were standing. The Latin present participle 
 is never so used. 
 
 THE PAST PARTICIPLE 
 
 124. The past passive participle denotes an act taking 
 place before the time of the main verb. It is declined like 
 bonus, section 6, page 325. 
 
 Legio a Caesare praemissa castra muniebat, the legion, 
 having been sent ahead by Caesar, was fortifying the 
 camp. 
 
 THE FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE 
 
 125. The future active participle is used chiefly with forms 
 of sum to denote an act which someone intends to do or 
 is about to do. 
 
 Bellum cum Gallis gesturi erant, they intended to (or 
 were about to) ivage war with the Germans. 
 
390 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 THE FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE 
 
 126. The future passive participle is used chiefly with 
 forms of sum to denote an act which ought to be done or 
 must be done by someone. 
 
 Epistula mihi miitenda est, a letter ought to he sent hy me. 
 
 Note. — The future passive participle of a deponent verb 
 is passive in meaning. 
 
 THE GERUND 
 
 127. The gerund is a verbal noun of the second declension, 
 used only in four cases and only in the singular number. Its 
 cases are the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative. 
 
 a. The genitive of the gerund is used chiefly as an 
 objective genitive with an adjective or noun. With the 
 ablative causa it expresses purpose. 
 
 cupidus bellandi, desirous of engaging in war. 
 resistendi causa, for the purpose (sake) of resisting. 
 
 h. The dative of the gerund is little used. 
 
 c. The accusative of the gerund is frequently used as 
 the object of the preposition ad to express purpose. It 
 is never used as a direct object. 
 
 ad oppugnandum, for attacking, to attack. 
 
 d. The ablative of the gerund is used to express means 
 or cause, or as object of the prepositions ab, de, ex, 
 or in. 
 
 pugnand5, hy fighting. 
 
 in quaerendo, on inquiring. 
 
 Note. — The infinitive is used to supply the nominative 
 of the gerund and also the accusative when used as a direct 
 object. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 391 
 
 THE GERUNDIVE 
 
 128. The gerundive is a future passive participle which is 
 used in agreement with a noun or pronoun in a phrase equiva- 
 lent in meaning to a gerund with an object. 
 
 spes urbis capiendae, hope of capturing the city. 
 
 a. The case uses of the gerundive are in general the 
 same as those of the gerund. 
 
 cupidus oppidi expugnandi, desirous of storming the town. 
 auxilii ferendi causa, for the purpose (sake) of bringing 
 
 aid. 
 ad eas res conficiendds, for accomplishing these things. 
 de auxilio mittendo, about (concerning) sending aid. 
 lapidibus portandis, by carrying stones. 
 
 129. The following distinctions between the gerund and 
 the gerundive are to be observed: 
 
 Gerund Gerundive 
 
 A noun An adjective 
 
 Active in meaning Passive 
 
 Neuter gender All genders 
 
 Used only in the singular Both numbers 
 
 Note 1. — The genitive of the gerund and also the abla- 
 tive, when used without a preposition, sometimes take a 
 direct object. But no form of the gerund standing as the 
 object of a preposition can have a direct object. The 
 gerundive must be used instead. 
 
 THE SUPINE 
 
 130. The supine is a verbal noun of the fourth declension, 
 used only in the accusative and ablative. The accusative is 
 used to express purpose in clauses in which the finite verb 
 expresses motion. 
 
392 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Legates pacem petitum miserunt, they sent envoys to ask 
 peace. 
 
 a. The supine of a transitive verb may take a direct 
 object. 
 
 131. The ablative of the supine is used with a few adjec- 
 tives as an ablative of respect. It is usually translated by 
 the English present infinitive. 
 
 optimum factu, best to do (the best thing to do) . 
 
 TENSES 
 
 132. The tenses of the Latin indicative are the present, 
 imperfect, future, perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. 
 In the subjunctive only the present, imperfect, perfect, and 
 past perfect are found. 
 
 THE PRESENT 
 
 133. The present tense, as in English, is used to denote 
 present time. 
 
 Note 1. — In a narrative of past events the present in- 
 dicative is sometimes used for the purpose of presenting the 
 situation more vividly before the mind of the reader or the 
 hearer. This is called the Historical Present. 
 
 Note 2. — The present subjunctive is sometimes used with 
 future force. This is especially common in clauses of fear. 
 
 134. A clause introduced by dum meaning while takes 
 its verb in the present indicative. 
 
 Dum haec geruntuYy ex urbe profectus sum, ivhile this 
 was going on, I set out from the city. 
 
 a. Dum meaning as long as may take any tense of the 
 indicative which the sense requires. 
 
 the imperfect 
 
 135. The imperfect tense represents a past act as in progress 
 or a past situation as continuing. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 393 
 
 Note 1. — The imperfect indicative is sometimes used to 
 denote an act as customary or of frequent occurrence in past 
 time. 
 
 Note 2. — The imperfect indicative is often translated by 
 the progressive form of the EngHsh past tense — was praising, 
 was warmiig, etc., but sometimes the simple past tense is used 
 as its equivalent. 
 
 Note 3. — The imperfect subjunctive is sometimes used to 
 express action which was at a past time thought of as future. 
 
 the future 
 
 136. The future tense, as in English, denotes future time. 
 Note. — With conjunctions meaning if and when the future 
 
 tense is regularly used in Latin where the English employs 
 the present in translation. 
 
 THE perfect 
 
 137. The perfect tense has two uses. (1) It may be 
 equivalent in meaning to an English present perfect (trans- 
 hited with the auxiliary verbs have or has), or (2) it may be 
 the equivalent of the English past tense, referring to an in- 
 definite past act. 
 
 Note. — In future less vivid conditional sentences the per- 
 fect subjunctive is sometimes used to refer to a future act 
 which, if occurring, would take place before some ex- 
 pressed or implied future time. 
 
 the past perfect 
 
 138. The past perfect is used to represent an act as hav- 
 ing occurred before some expressed or implied past time. 
 
 Note 1. — The past perfect subjunctive is sometimes used 
 to refer to an act which was thought of in the past as likely 
 to occur before some expressed or implied future time. 
 
 Note 2. — The past perfect is sometimes used in subordinate 
 clauses to denote repeated action. 
 
394 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 THE FUTURE PERFECT 
 
 139. The future perfect is used to show that an act will 
 occur before some expressed or implied future time. 
 
 Note. — The future perfect is used more frequently in 
 Latin than in English. 
 
 THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES 
 
 140. The tense of the subjunctive in a dependent clause 
 usually bears a definite relation to the tense in the prin- 
 cipal clause. This relation is called the Sequence of Tenses. 
 
 1. If the main verb is present, future, or future perfect, 
 the dependent subjunctive is present or perfect. 
 
 2. If the main verb is imperfect, perfect, or past perfect, 
 the dependent subjunctive is imperfect or past perfect. 
 
 Note 1. — A perfect indicative which is translated by an 
 English present perfect may be followed by a present or 
 perfect subjunctive. 
 
 141. Exceptions to the rule for the sequence of tenses are 
 sometimes found. 
 
 1. In a clause of result a perfect subjunctive is sometimes 
 used where the sequence of tenses would lead us to expect 
 an imperfect. 
 
 2. The historical present may be followed either by the 
 tenses which would follow a perfect or by the tenses which 
 would follow a present. 
 
 3. Sometimes a strongly marked difference between the 
 time ideas of the subordinate clause and the main clause 
 leads to a seeming disregard of the sequence of tenses. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS 
 
 142. The following prepositions take their objects in the 
 ablative case : 
 
 Si, ab prae 
 
 cum pr5 
 
 de sine 
 e, ex 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 395 
 
 a. Cum is used as an enclitic with me, te, se, nobis, 
 and vobis, and commonly with quo, qua, and quibus. 
 Mecum, with me, tecum, witK you, quibuscum, with 
 whom. 
 
 143. The prepositions in and sub are used with the abla- 
 tive in expressions denoting existence or continuance in a 
 place; they are used with the accusative in expressions 
 denoting motion toward a place. 
 
 In urbe mansi, I remained in the city. 
 In urbem veni, I came into the city. 
 
 144. All prepositions found in this book except those 
 given above take their objects in the accusative. 
 
 145. When the object of a monosyllabio preposition is a 
 noun modified by an adjective, the preposition sometimes 
 stands between the adjective and the noun. 
 
 magno cimi periculo, with great danger. 
 
EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION 
 
 LESSON I 
 
 1. Predicate Nominative, App. 41, a 
 
 2. Ablative of Means, App. 72 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 brother, frater, -tris, m. kill, interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum. 
 
 call, name, appello, -are, -avi, -atum. king, rex, regis, m. 
 
 choose, deligo, -ligere, -legl, -lectum. leader, dux, ducis, m. 
 
 city, urbs, urbis, f. my, meus, -a, -um. 
 
 defend, defendo, -fendere, -fendi, soldier, miles, militis, m. 
 
 -fensum. sword, gladius, -i, m. 
 
 elect, creo, -are, -avi, -atum. weapon, telum, -i, n. 
 his, her, its, their, ^ suus, -a, -um. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The city will be called Rome. 2. Romulus had been 
 elected king. 3. The king was killed with his brother's 
 sword. 4. Romulus killed his brother with a weapon. 5. I 
 shall defend the king with my sword. 6. My brother has 
 been chosen leader of the soldiers. 7. Romulus was called 
 the king of Rome. 8. The soldiers killed their leader with 
 their swords. 9. The city will be defended by the weapons 
 of the soldiers. 
 
 1 In reflexive use. 
 
 397 
 
398 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 LESSON II 
 
 1. Apposition, App. 39 
 
 2. Agreement of the Relative Pronoun, App. 38 (2) 
 
 ally, socius, -i, m. 
 army, exercitus, -us, m. 
 beautiful, pulcher, -chra, 
 brave, fortis, forte, 
 consul, consul, consulis, m. 
 father, pater, -tris, m. 
 found, condo, -dere, -didi, 
 man, vir, virl, m. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 many, multi, -ae, -a. 
 
 native country, country, patria, 
 -chrum. -ae, f. 
 
 often, saepe, adv. , 
 
 our, noster, -tra, -trum. 
 
 send, mitto, -ere, misi, missum. 
 -ditum. who, which, what, that, qui, quae, 
 quod. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 L The brother of Romulus the king had been killed. 2. 
 Many cities which the Greeks founded were beautiful. 3. 
 The consul who was killed was a brave man. 4. Rome is a 
 city of Italy, my native country. 5. The army which we 
 have sent will defend the cities of our allies. 6. Cicero, the 
 consul, was called the father of his country. 7. We have 
 often defended our country with our swords. 8. The brother 
 of the man who was killed will be elected consul. 
 
 LESSON III 
 
 1. Ablative of Place, App. 68 
 
 2. Ablative of Agent, App. 66 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 battle, proelium, -I, n. 
 by, a, ab, prep, with abl. 
 have, habeo, -ere, -ul, -itum, 
 in, on, in, prep, with abl. 
 into, in, prep, with ace. 
 stand, sto, stare, steti, staturus. 
 stone, lapis, lapidis, m. 
 throw, jacio, -ere, jeci, jactum. 
 
 town, oppidum, -i, n. 
 
 wage, gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. 
 
 wall, murus, -i m. 
 
 war, bellum, -i, n. 
 
 woimd, vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 your, of one person, tuus, -a, -um; 
 
 of more than one, vester, -tra, 
 
 -trum. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 399 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The Greeks founded many cities in Italy. 2. The 
 Romans waged many wars in Gaul and Spain. 3. Many 
 wars were waged in Gaul by the Romans. 4. Weapons were 
 thrown by the soldiers who were standing on the wall. 5. 
 The leader of our allies was wounded in battle by the 
 Germans. 6. The town was defended by the consul, who had 
 a brave army. 7. The towns of the Gauls, our allies, will be 
 defended by Roman soldiers. 8. I have been wounded by a 
 stone which was thrown by your brother. 9. The town was 
 defended by the soldiers who had been sent into Spain. 
 
 LESSON IV 
 
 1. Ablative of Accompaniment, App. 70 
 
 2. Ablative of Respect (Specification), App. 76 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 cavalry, equitatus, -us, m. nation, gens, gentis, f. 
 
 courage, virtus, -tutis, f. place, locus, -i, m. {pi. usually 
 
 cross, transeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum. loca, n.). 
 
 destroy, deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum. river, flumen, fluminis, n. 
 
 differ, differo, -ferre, distuli, dlla- suitable, idoneus, -a, -um. 
 
 turn. surpass, praecedo, -cedere, -cessi, 
 drive back, repello, -ere, reppull, -cessum. 
 
 repulsum. wisdom, sapientia, -ae, f. 
 
 enemy, hostis, hostis, m. with, cum, prep, with abl. 
 knowledge, scientia, -ae, f. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The consul crossed the river with the cavalry. 3. The 
 enemy will send cavalry into Italy with the army. 3. Many 
 nations surpass us in knowledge of war. 4. Men differ from 
 one another (inter se) in courage and in wisdom. 5. The 
 Gauls waged many wars with the Germans, who often 
 crossed into Gaul. 6. We have chosen a place which is 
 
400 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 suitable in many respects (res). 7. Our soldiers drove back 
 with their weapons the Gauls who had crossed the river. 
 8. The Gauls who have crossed the river will be driven back 
 by our soldiers. 9. Our army has destroyed many cities of 
 our enemies, the Germans. 
 
 LESSON V 
 
 1. Ablative with Certain Deponent Verbs, App. 79 
 
 2. Ablative of Route, App. 73 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 bridge, pons, pontis, m. legion, legio, -onis, f. 
 
 can, am able, possum, posse, potui, lieutenant, legatus, -i, M. 
 
 custom, mos, moris, m. mountain, mons, montis, m. 
 
 difficult, difficilis, -e. narrow, angustus, -a, -um. 
 
 gain possession of, potior, -iri, po- road, iter, itineris, n. 
 
 titus sum. set out, proficlscor, proficlscl, pro- 
 grain, frumentum, -I, n. fectus sum. 
 
 language, lingua, -ae, f. this, hie, haec, hoc. 
 
 lead across, traduco, -ducere, -dtixi, use, utor, titl, usus sum. 
 
 -ductum. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The legion will use the grain which is in the town. 
 2. We gained possession of a town of the enemy, and we 
 killed their leader. 3. The army crossed the mountains by 
 a road which was narrow and difficult. 4. This is the road 
 by which the Roman legions often set out from the city. 5. 
 The Germans could not gain possession of this city of the 
 Gauls. 6. The lieutenant led the army across by a bridge. 
 
 7. The legion could not cross the river with the cavalry. 
 
 8. The Helvetians differ from the Germans in language and 
 in customs. 9. The consul was wounded by the weapons of 
 the enemy. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 401 
 
 LESSON VI 
 
 1. Ablative Absolute, App. 75 
 
 2. Ablative of Time, App. 69 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 another, alius, alia, aliud. number, numerus, -i, m. 
 
 because, quod, conj. return, rcvertor, revertl, (reverto, 
 
 bum, incendo, -ere, incendi, incen- revert ere), revertl, reversum. 
 
 sum. same, idem, eadem, idem, 
 
 camp, castra, -orum, n. pi. that, is, ea, id; ille, ilia, illud. 
 
 capture, capio, -ere, cepi, captum. twelve, duodecim, indecl. num. 
 
 come, veni5, -Ire, veni, ventum. village, vicus, -I, m. 
 
 day, dies, diei, m., f. year, annus, -i, m. 
 defeat, supero, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. After defeating the army of the consul (the army of 
 the consul having been defeated), the enemy crossed the 
 river. 2. When the towns of the Gauls had been burned 
 {not a clause), we returned to camp. 3. Many cities of our 
 allies were burned that year. 4. The leader of the enemy 
 and the Roman consul came into the town on the same day. 
 5. After capturing the camp of the king, the legion returned 
 to the town. 6. Our fathers waged many wars in those 
 3^ears. 7. You cannot defend your country because you can- 
 not use weapons. 8. We shall cross the mountains by an- 
 other road. 9. They burned their towns, twelve in number, 
 and many villages. 
 
402 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 LESSON VII 
 
 1. Ablative of Separation, App. 64 
 
 2. Ablative of Manner, App. 71 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 absent, be absent, absum, abesse, guard, custodio, -Ire, -Ivi, -itum. 
 
 aful. separate, divide, -ere, divisi, divi- 
 
 attack, oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum. sum. 
 
 but, sed, conj. several, complures, -ia, gen. com- 
 
 care, cura, -ae, f. pliirium. 
 
 deep, altus, -a, -um. speed, celeritas, -tatis, f. 
 
 forces, copiae, -arum, f. pi. time, tempus, temporis, n. 
 
 great, magnus, -a, -um. wide, latus, -a, -um. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The river Rhine, which separates the Gauls from the 
 Germans, is wide and deep. 2. The mountains which sepa- 
 rate Gaul from Spain are called the Pyrenees. 3. Our forces 
 attacked the camp of the enemy with great courage. 4. Our 
 cavalry crossed the river with great speed and drove back the 
 cavalry of the enemy. 5. The lieutenant was absent from 
 the camp at that time. 6. The Britons guard their territory 
 (fines) with great care. 7. When we had driven back the 
 cavalry {not a clause) ^ we captured several villages. 8. But 
 we were not able to gain possession of the large towns. 
 
 LESSON VIII 
 
 1. Dative of Indirect Object, App. 49 
 
 2. Dative with Adjectives, App. 50 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 cut off, intercludo, -cludere, -clusl, flee, fugio, -ere, fugi, fugiturus. 
 
 -clusum. friendly, amicus, -a, -um. 
 
 dear, carus, -a, -um. give, do, dare, dedi, datum. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 403 
 
 help, juvo, -arc, juvl, jutum. 
 live, habito, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 reward, praemium, -I, n. 
 say, dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, 
 supplies, commeatus, -us, m. 
 
 supreme power, imperium, -i, n. 
 
 two, duo, duae, duo. 
 
 very near, nearest, proximus, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 why, cur, adv. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The Romans gave supreme power to two consuls. 2. I 
 will give you a reward because j^ou have helped my brother. 
 3. Hannibal attacked a city which was friendly to the 
 Romans. 4. Italy, my native country, is dear to me. 5. 
 Why did you say this to your father? 6. These mountains 
 are very near to the town in which I live. 7. The legion 
 which w^as in the mountains was cut off from supplies. 8. 
 The soldiers defended the city on that day with the greatest 
 courage. 9. When the king had been captured {abl. ahs.)y 
 the army fled. 
 
 LESSON IX 
 
 1. Dative with Special Verbs, App. 51 
 
 2. Dative of Possession, App. 52 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 
 v 
 
 always, semper, adv. 
 book, liber, -bri, m. 
 boy, puer, puerl, m. 
 centurion, centurio, -onis, m. 
 favor, faveo, -ere, favl, fautum. 
 new, nevus, -a, -um. 
 persuade, persuadeo, -suadere, 
 -suasi, -suasum. 
 
 please, placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
 
 remain, maneo, -ere, mansi, man- 
 sum. 
 
 sister, sorer, seroris, f. 
 
 son, filius, -i, m 
 
 unwilling, be unwilling, nolo, nolle, 
 nolui. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. This place which the centurions have chosen will not 
 please the Heutenant. 2. We favor this man because he was 
 a brave leader. 3. Crassus had two sons, who were brave sol- 
 
 -) 
 
404 
 
 A. JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 diers. 4. The boy has a sword, which his father gave him. 
 5. This boy is unwilhng to remain, and I cannot persuade 
 him. 6. The Helvetians have many towns and villages which 
 we shall burn. 7. I gave your sister two new books. 8. The 
 city in which I live is dear to me. 9. Our allies will always 
 defend their native country with great courage. 
 
 LESSON X 
 
 1. Dative of Purpose, App. 53 
 
 2. Dative of Reference, App. 54 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 aid, auxilium, -i, n. 
 cohort, cohors, cohortis, f. 
 danger, periculum, -I, n. 
 displease, displiceo, -ere, 
 
 -itum. 
 fear, timeo, -ere, -ui. 
 fleet, classis, classis, f. 
 guard, praesidium, -i, n. 
 
 -ui. 
 
 leave, reHnquo, -linquere, -liqul, 
 
 -lictum. 
 no, nullus, -a, -um, gen. nullius. 
 peace, pax, pacis, f. 
 present, donum, -I, n. 
 reenforcements, subsidium, -I, n. 
 see, video, -ere, vidi, visum, 
 townspeople, oppidani, -orum, m. pi. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The boy sent these beautiful books as a present (for a 
 present) to his sister. 2. The legion came to reenforce (as 
 reenforcements to) the cavalry, who were in danger. 3. 
 Caesar left two cohorts as a guard for the bridge. 4. Two 
 legions will be sent to the aid of the townspeople (for aid to 
 the townspeople). 5. The cohorts which were left as a 
 guard for the camp did not see the battle. 6. We do not 
 fear the Romans, because they have no fleet (Lesson IX, 2). 
 7. This peace displeased the consuls, and they sent another 
 army into Spain. 8. After burning the villages {ahl. abs.), 
 the cavalry returned to camp. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 405 
 
 LESSON XI 
 
 1. Dative of Agent, App. 56 
 
 2. Dative with Compound Verbs, App. 55 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 assemble, convenio, -venire, -venT, neighbors, finitimi, -orum, m. pi. 
 
 -ventum. place in command of, praeficio, 
 build, aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum. -ficere, -feci, -fectum. 
 
 envoy, legatus, -i, m. prison, career, carceris, m. 
 
 hostage, obses, obsidis, m. senate, senatus, -Qs, M. 
 
 if, si, conj. slave, servus, -I, m, 
 
 make war on, bellum infero, -ferre, wish, volo, velle, volui. 
 
 etc. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Gaius Marius ought not to be killed by a slave. 2. 
 Hostages ought to be sent by the enemy, if their king wishes 
 peace. 3. We are brave men, but we do not make war on 
 our neighbors. 4. The Ueutenant has placed the centurion 
 in conomand of the cohort. 5. The village ought to be de- 
 fended by the soldiers. 6. The lieutenant was placed in 
 command of the legion. 7. The fleet which had assembled 
 was an aid (for an aid) to the army. 9. When the fleet 
 had been built {ahl. abs.), the army set out to Britain. 8. 
 The envoys will not be able to persuade the senate. 
 
 LESSON XII 
 
 1. Genitive of the Whole, App. 43 
 
 2. Genitive of Possession, App. 42 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 arrow, sagitta, -ae, f. find, reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum. 
 
 ascend, ascendo, -ere, ascendi, fortification, mGnitio, -onis, f. 
 ascensum. god, deus, dei (nom. pi. di), M. 
 
 citizen, civis, civis, m., f. hill, collis, coUis, m. 
 
406 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 house, tectum, -I, n. 
 make, facio, -ere, feci, factum. 
 part, pars, partis, f. 
 prisoner, captivus, -I, m. 
 
 retain, detineo, -tinere, -tinul, -ten- 
 
 tum. 
 temple, templum, -I, n. 
 try, Conor, -ari, -atus sum. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 , 1. Part of the town was burned by the enemy. 2. The 
 bravest of the Gauls tried to ascend the hill and attack the 
 camp. 3. Many weapons of the Germans were found in the 
 camp. 4. We have defended the temples of the gods and the 
 houses of the citizens. 5. Many of the prisoners were unwil- 
 ling to return to Africa. 6. The centurion was wounded by 
 the arrows of the Spaniards, and his brother was killed. 
 7. Peace has been made, and the prisoners ought not to be 
 retained by the Romans. 8. The consul's brother was placed 
 in command of the fortifications (singular) which had been 
 made. 
 
 LESSON XIII 
 
 1. Objective Genitive, App. 45 
 
 2. Genitive of Description, App. 44 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 ally omnis, -e. 
 
 children, liberi, -5rum, m. pL 
 depth, altitudo, -dinis, f. 
 desirous, cupidus, -a, -um. 
 foot, pes, pedis, m. 
 founder, conditor, -oris, m. 
 horseman, eques, equitis, m. 
 
 influence, auctoritas, -tatis, p. 
 pirate, praedo, -onis, m. 
 praetor, praetor, -oris, m. 
 sort, kind, modus, -I, m. 
 state, civitas, -tatis, f. 
 three, tres, tria. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Romulus was called the founder of this city. 2. The 
 leader of the horsemen was wounded by an arrow. 3. This 
 prisoner was a citizen of great influence in his state. 4. The 
 depth of the river which we crossed was (of) three feet. 5. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 407 
 
 We are desirous of peace, but we do not fear your army. 
 6. A man of this sort ought not to have been sent into Asia 
 by the Romans. 7. The Tiber is the largest of all the rivers 
 of Italy. 8. The children of the praetor were captured by 
 the pirates. 9. Caesar made war on the Helvetians and de- 
 feated them. 10. The horsemen were sent to the aid of (as 
 aid for) the cohorts which were crossing the river. 
 
 LESSON XIV 
 
 1. Ablative with a Preposition in Place of the Genitive of the 
 
 Whole, App. 43 a 
 
 2. Construction with mz7/e, App. 16 a 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 arrive, pervenio, -venire, -veni, one, unus, -a, -um. 
 
 -ventum. rest, the rest of, reliquus, -a, -um. 
 
 boat, navis, navis, f. senator, senator, -oris, m. 
 
 flight, fuga, -ae, f. small, parvus, -a, -um. 
 
 hope, spes, spei, f. certain, a certain, quidam, quae- 
 
 injure, noceo, -ere, -ul, -itum. dam, quoddam, or quiddam. 
 
 march, iter facio, facere, etc. stature, statura, -ae, f. 
 
 mile, niille passus or passuum, pi. thousand, niille, pi. mllia. 
 
 milia passuum. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. One of my brothers lives in Ireland. 2. Some of the 
 senators were killed by the Gauls who captured Rome. 3. 
 Three thousand men arrived in the town from (ex) the flight. 
 4. On that day we made a march of twelve miles into the 
 territory of the enemy. 5. Two of the hostages remained in 
 Italy, but the rest returned to Africa. 6. Three thousand 
 horsemen crossed the mountains with the legions. 7. The 
 hope of peace is greater, because the enemy have sent envoys. 
 8. The Romans were [men] of small stature, but they were 
 brave soldiers. 9. Our boats could not injure the boats 
 (Lesson IX, 1) of the Veneti. 
 
408 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 LESSON XV 
 
 1. Accusative of Duration and Extent, App. 58, 59 
 
 2. Two Accusatives with Compounds of trans y App. 63 a 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 after, post, prep, with ace. 
 ancestors, maj5res, -um, m. pi. 
 barbarous, barbarus, -a, -um. 
 bring back, reduce, -ducere, -duxl, 
 
 -ductum. 
 exile, exilium, -i, n. 
 four, quattuor, indecl. num. 
 
 friend, amicus, -i, m. 
 
 infantry (adj.), pedester, -tris, -tre. 
 
 month, mensis, mensis, m. 
 
 tired, defessus, -a, -um. 
 
 today, hodie, adv. 
 
 tribune, tribunus, -i, m. 
 
 walk, ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. My friends remained in Spain for three months. 2. We 
 have walked four miles today, and we are tired. 3. The 
 lieutenant led the infantry forces across the river and at- 
 tacked a town of the Gauls. 4. Part of our forces had been 
 led across the Rhine by the tribune of the soldiers. 5. Our 
 ancestors waged war with these barbarous nations for many 
 years. 6. The centurion who had led the cohort across 
 the river Allia was killed in battle. 7. Some of my friends 
 have set out into exile. 8. The Romans brought back 
 many thousand slaves to Italy after this war. 
 
 LESSON XVI 
 
 1. Accusative of Place to Which, General Rule, App. 60^ 
 
 2. Expressions of Place to Which Without a Preposition, 
 
 App. 602 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 before, ante, prep, with ace. 
 bravely, fortiter, adv. 
 consulship, consulatus, -us, m. 
 death, mors, mortis, f. 
 
 go, eo, ire, ii (Ivi), itum. 
 
 hasten, contends, -tendere, -tendl, 
 
 -tentum. 
 home, domus, -us, (-i) r. 
 
 ' See also section 7(1), page 59 
 2 See also section 8 (Ij, page o9 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 409 
 
 hour, hora, -ae, f. 
 kingdom, regnum, -I, n. 
 province, provincia, -ae, f. 
 resist, resisto, -ere, restiti. 
 
 send back, remitto, -mittere, -misi, 
 
 -missum. 
 summer, aestas, -tatis, f. 
 there, ibi, adv. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Why did not the praetor hasten to Gaul with the army? 
 2. We shall go to Geneva this summer, and we shall remain 
 there several days. 3. The tribune returned to Rome after 
 the death of his friend. 4. Cicero set out to Asia after his 
 consulship. 5. Our friends returned home before the war. 
 6. The hostages who are in Italy will be sent back into the 
 province. 7. The legion resisted bravely for four hours, and 
 many were killed. 8. The Helvetians had led a large part of 
 their forces across the river. 9. The king returned into his 
 kingdom with three thousand men. 
 
 LESSON XVII 
 
 1. Expressions of Place in Which with Names of Towns, 
 
 etc., App. 81 
 
 2. Expressions of Place from Which, App. 65 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 delay, moror, -ari, -atus sum. 
 demand, postulo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 escape, effugio, -fugerc, -fugi, -fu- 
 
 giturus. 
 few, pauci, -ae, -a. 
 following, posterus, -a, -um. 
 forest, silva, -ae, f. 
 
 general, imperator, -5ris, m. 
 
 give back, reddo, -dere, -didi, -di- 
 
 tum. 
 prepared, paratus, -a, -um. 
 where, ubi, adv. 
 withdraw, discedo, -cedere, -cessi, 
 
 -cessum. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The general is returning from Asia, and he will not 
 delay at Corinth. 2. The Roman citizens who are in Sagun- 
 tum demand our aid. 3. Cicero set out from Rome with a 
 
410 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 few friends. 4. The envoys withdrew from Corinth on the 
 following day. 5. Many citizens were not able to escape 
 from Saguntum. 6. The army is prepared, but the consul is 
 delaying at Rome. 7. I shall set out to Marseilles, where my 
 friends live. 8. The king sent his son to Italy before the 
 war. 9. Two of the boys had been in the forest three hours. 
 10. Many thousand prisoners who have been captured by the 
 Romans will be given back. 
 
 LESSON XVIII 
 
 1. The Gerund, App. 127 
 
 2. The Gerundive, App. 128, 129 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 accomplish, efficio, -ficere, -feci, lose, amitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 
 -fectum. sum. 
 
 collect, cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum. much, multus, -a, -um. 
 
 conquer, vinco, -ere, vici, victum. nothing, nihil, indecL, n. 
 
 fight, piigno, -are, -avi, -atum. still, tamen, adv. 
 
 girl, puella, -ae, f. wife, uxor, -oris, f. 
 hurl, conjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jeetum. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The enemy have no hope of conquering, but still they 
 fight bravely. 2. We have collected all our forces, and we 
 are prepared for (ad) setting out. 3. The Germans were 
 desirous of capturing the town, because there was much grain 
 in it. 4. In capturing the town we lost many men. 5. 
 Divico accomplished nothing by delaying. 6. The Gauls 
 drove back our men by hurling weapons. 7. Brutus had left 
 his wife and children in Rome. 8. This girl wishes to 
 remain at home with her brothers and sisters. 9. We shall 
 return from Geneva in a few days. 10. We shall send two 
 cohorts to Marseilles. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 411 
 
 LESSON XIX 
 
 1. Participles of Deponent Verbs, App. 122 a 
 
 2. Position of Monosyllabic Prepositions, App. 145 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 arrival, adventiis, -us, m. perish, pereo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -iturus. 
 
 catch sight of, conspicor, -ari, -atus reason, causa, -ae, f. 
 
 sum. ten, decern, indecl. num. 
 
 eighth, octavus, -a, -um. trader, mercator, -oris, m. 
 
 follow, sequor, -I, secutus sum. undertake, suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, 
 fort, castellum, -i, n. -ceptum. 
 
 lead back, reduce, -dticere, -duxi, wait for, expecto, -are, -avi, -alum. 
 
 -ductum. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The cavalry, having followed the enemy for ten miles, 
 returned to camp. 2. Having caught sight of the Gauls who 
 were in the Roman camp, Labienus sent aid to our men. 
 
 3. Caesar feared danger for (de with abl.) many reasons. 
 
 4. The Helvetians undertook this war with great hope, but 
 they were conquered. 5. Having gained possession of the 
 fort (Lesson V, 1), we waited for the arrival of the eighth 
 legion. 6. The traders went by this road (Lesson V, 2) w^ith 
 great danger. 7. The lieutenant led back his men into camp 
 because he was not desirous of fighting. 8. The praetor 
 remained to defend Italy (ad with gerundive constr.). 9. 
 Many who perished at Messina were Roman citizens. 
 
412 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 LESSON XX 
 
 1. Reflexive Pronouns, App. 18 
 
 2. Possessive Adjectives, App. 19 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 barbarians, barbari, -orum, m. pi. promise, polliceor, -eri, pollicitus 
 
 chief, princeps, principis, m. sum. 
 
 embassy, legatio, -onis, f. surrender, dedo, -dere, -didi, -di- 
 
 famous, clarus, -a, -um. turn. 
 
 field, ager, agri, m. , swamp, paliis, -udis, f, 
 
 grandfather, avus, -!, m. terrify, perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
 
 (of) himself, herself, themselves, wealthy, dives, divitis, superl. ditis- 
 
 reflex., sul, etc. simus, -a, -um. 
 name, nomen, nominis, n. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Many in Italy surrendered themselves to Hannibal. 
 2. The boy to whom the sword has been given will injure 
 himself (Lesson IX, 1). 3. Your name and your father's name 
 are famous in Gaul. 4. The barbarians, terrified by our 
 arrival, fled into the forest and swamps. 5. The chiefs of the 
 embassy brought (ducere) with them several wealthy men as 
 (pro with abl.) hostages. 6. My grandfather had been in 
 Africa with the army. 7. The Britons, having promised hos- 
 tages, returned to (in) their fields. 8. Hannibal crossed the 
 Alps with great danger. 9. He was desirous of destroying 
 Rome. 
 
 LESSON XXI 
 Indirect Discourse, App. 121 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 announce, nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum. hear, audio, -Ire, -ivi, -Itum. 
 
 arrest, comprehendo, -hendere, know, scio, scire, scivl, scitum. 
 
 -hendl, -hensum. lay waste, vasto, -are, -avI, -atum. 
 
 believe, credo, -dere, -didI, -ditum. money, pecunia, -ae. f. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 413 
 
 sailor, nauta, -ae, m. sink, cieprimo, -primere, -press!, 
 
 scout, explorator, -oris, m. -pressum. 
 
 ship, navis, navis, f. valley, valles, vallis, f. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The scout says that the enemy are crossing the valley. 
 2. We know that many sailors are being sent from (ex) 
 Spain. 3. I hear that you have built a new house. 4. All 
 believe that the ship was sunk by the pirates. 5. The scouts 
 say that the enemy (plural) will cross the valley. 6. The 
 Romans heard that the Gauls were laying waste the fields of 
 their allies. 7. The centurion announced that two men had 
 been arrested. 8. I believed that you would send back the 
 money. 9. My friend said that the house which his brother 
 had built had been burned. 
 
 LESSON XXII 
 
 1. Causal Clauses with cum, App. 103 
 
 2. Clauses of Result, App. 96 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 any, ullus, -a, -um. now, nunc, adv. 
 
 here, hie, adv. seize, occupo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 long, longus, -a, -um. • shore, litus, litoris, n. 
 
 messenger, nuntius, -i, m. since, cum, conj. 
 
 never, numquam, adv. so, ita, tam. 
 no one, nemo, dat. nemini (no gen. without, sine, prep, with abl. 
 or abl.). 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. Why do you remain here, since you have no friends? 
 2. The danger of the Roman citizens was so great that the 
 consul sent an army. 3. Since I saw no danger, I set out 
 without any weapons. 4. The legion fought so fiercely that 
 the Gauls fled. 5. The enemy resisted so bravely that we 
 
414 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 lost many rnqn. 6. Since no one has sent aid, we shall not 
 try to defend the camp. 7. The messenger says that our 
 men have driven back the barbarians and seized the bridge. 
 8. We knew that many who set out to the war would never 
 return. 9. The sailors said they had found this boy on the 
 shore. 
 
 LESSON XXIII 
 
 1. Descriptive Clauses of Situation, App. 105 
 
 2. Adversative Clauses with cum^ App. 104 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 although, cum, conj. invite, invito, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 animal, animal, -alis, n. leap, leap down, desilio, -silire, 
 
 at once, statim, adv. -silui. 
 
 break down, rescindo, -scindere, neighboring, vicinus, -a, -um. 
 
 -scidi, -seissum, not yet, nondum, adv. 
 
 delay, mora, -ae, f. summon, arcesso, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum. 
 
 honor, honor, -oris, m. when, cum, conj. 
 interpreter, interpres, -pretis, m. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The Gauls captured Rome when Camillus was in a 
 neighboring city. 2. Although I summoned the interpreter 
 at once, he has not yet arrived. 3. Although w^e were tired, 
 still we returned without delay. 4. When his friends had 
 broken down the bridge, Horatius leaped into the river. 
 5. When we were walking in the forest, we saw a large 
 animal. 6. Although all else (omnia reliqua) has been lost, 
 still honor has not been lost. 7. Since you are unwilling to 
 go, I shall invite your brother. 8. No one could cross the 
 river, because the bridge had been broken down. 9. The 
 praetor said that he had arrested the leader of these men. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIX READER 415 
 
 LESSON XXIV 
 
 1. Purpose Clauses with ut and Tie, App. 94 
 
 2. Relative Purpose Clauses, App. 94 a 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 buy, emo, -ere, emi, emptum. letter, epistula, -ae, f. 
 
 commonwealth, res publica, rei pub- people, populus, -I, m. 
 
 licae. quaestor, quaestor, -oris, m. 
 
 conspirators, conjuratl, -orum, m. pi. read, lego, -ere, legl, lectum. 
 
 disloyal, improbus, -a, -um. six, sex, indecl. num. 
 
 harbor, portus, -us, m. through, per, prep, with ace. 
 
 horse, equus, -i, m. villa, villa, -ae, f. 
 lead, dtico, -ere, diixl, ductum. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The quaestor set out to a neighboring town to buy 
 grain (that he might buy grain). 2. We arrested the man in 
 order that he might not set out with the conspirators. 3. 
 The lieutenant will send a scout to lead (who shall lead) the 
 horsemen through the forest. 4. The praetor left six cohorts 
 to defend the harbor. 5. I have come to see (that I may 
 see) your new horse. 6. We gave hostages, that our towns 
 might not be burned. 7. When my brother had read the 
 letter, he set out to the villa at once. 8. Although your 
 grandfather was a consul, you wish to destroy the common- 
 wealth. 9. The Roman people know (singular) that you are 
 a disloyal citizen. 
 
 LESSON XXV 
 
 1. Purpose Clauses with quo^ App. 95 
 
 2. Indirect Questions, App. 107 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 ask, quaero, -ere, quaeslvi, quaesi- fortify, munio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum. 
 
 turn. honorable, honestus, -a, -um. 
 
 baggage, impedimenta, -orum, n. pi. island, Insula, -ae, f. 
 
416 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 long, for a long time, diu, adv. 
 queen, regina, -ae, f. 
 rapid, celer, celeris, celere. 
 safely, tut5, adv. 
 
 send ahead, praernitto, -mittere, 
 
 -misi, -missum. 
 traveler, viator, -oris, m. 
 write, scribo, -ere, scrips!, scriptum. 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 1. The cohorts left their baggage in camp, that they might 
 make a more rapid flight. 2. Many ask why the king and 
 queen are setting out from the city. 3. No one knew who 
 had written this book. 4. The travelers constructed (made) 
 a bridge in order to cross (that they might cross) the river 
 more safely. 5. I said this in order that you might remain 
 longer. 6. I do not know in what part of the island you 
 live. 7. We broke down the bridge, that the enemy might 
 not cross. 8. The general sent ahead several soldiers to for- 
 tify (who should fortify) the camp. 9. I have heard that 
 this boy's father was not an honorable man. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 able, be able, possum, posse, potul. 
 absent, be absent, absum, abesse, 
 
 aful, afuturus. 
 accomplish, conficio, -ficere, -feci, 
 
 -fectum; efficiS, -ficere, -feci, 
 
 -fectum. 
 across, trans, prep, with ace. 
 address, alloquor, -loqul, -locutus 
 
 sum. 
 afraid, be afraid, timeo, -ere, -ul. 
 Africa, Africa, -ae, /. 
 after, post, prep, with ace. 
 again, iterum, adv. 
 aid, auxilium, -i, n. 
 all, omnis, omne. 
 Allia, Allia, -ae, /. 
 ally, socius, -i, m. 
 alone, solus, -a, -um, gen. solius. 
 Alps, Alpes, -ium, /. pi 
 although, cum, conj. 
 always, semper, adv. 
 among, inter, prep, with ace. 
 ancestors, majores, -um, m. pi. 
 and, et, -que, atque, conjs. 
 animal, animal, animalis, n. 
 announce, nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 another, alius, alia, aliud. 
 answer, responsum, -i, n. 
 any, uUus, -a, -um. 
 anyone, quisquam, quicquam or 
 
 quidquam. 
 armed, armatus, -a, -um. 
 arms, arma, -orum, n. pi. 
 army, exercitus, -us, m. 
 arrest, comprehendo, -hendere, 
 
 -hendi, -hensum. 
 arrival, adventus, -us, m. 
 arrive, pervenio, -venire, -veni, 
 -ventum. 
 
 arrow, sagitta, -ae, /. 
 
 Ascanius, Ascanius, -i, m. 
 
 ascend, ascendo, -ere, ascend!, as- 
 
 censum. 
 Asia, Asia, -ae, /. 
 ask, rogo, -Jire, -avi, -atum; quaero, 
 
 -ere, quaes! vl, quaesitum. 
 assemble, convenio, -vemre, -ven!, 
 
 -ventum. 
 Athens, Athenae, -arum, /. pi. 
 at once, statim, adv. 
 attack {noun), impetus, -us, m. 
 attack (verb), oppugno, -are, -av!, 
 
 -atjiim. 
 attempt, conor, -ar!, -atus sum. 
 await, expecto, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 B 
 
 baggage, impedimenta, -5rum, n. pi. 
 barbarian, barbarus, -i, m. 
 barbarous, barbarus, -a, -um. 
 battle, proelium, -!, n. 
 be, sum, esse, fui, futurus. 
 beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. 
 because, quod, conj. 
 before (adverb), antea. 
 before (preposition), ante, with ace. 
 before (conjunction), priusquam. 
 began, coepi, coepisse, coeptum. 
 beg for, peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum. 
 behind, post, prep, with ace. 
 believe, credo, -dere, -did!, -ditum. 
 
 better, melior, melius (compar. of 
 
 bonus). 
 between, inter, prep, with ace. 
 boat, navis, navis, /. 
 book, liber, libri, m. 
 booty, praeda, -ae, /. 
 bom, be bom, nascor, nasci, natus 
 
 sum. 
 boy, puer, pueri, m. 
 brave, fortis, forte. 
 bravely, fortiter, a^v. 
 break down, rescindo, -scindere, 
 
 -scidi, -scissum. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 bridge, pons, pontis, m. 
 
 bring, fero, ferre, tuli, latum. 
 
 bring back, reduce, -ducere, -duxi, 
 -ductum. 
 
 Britain, Britannia, -ae, /. 
 
 Britons, Britannl, -orum, m. pi. 
 
 broad, latus, -a, -um. 
 
 brother, frater, fratris, m. 
 
 Brutus, Brutus, -I, m. 
 
 build, aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 burn, incendo, -cendere, -cendi, 
 -censum. 
 
 but, sed, conj. 
 
 buy, emo, -ere, emi, emptum. 
 
 by, a, ab, prep, with abl. 
 
 C 
 
 Caesar, Caesar, Caesaris, m. 
 
 call, voco, -are, -avI, -atum; appello, 
 -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 Camillus, Camillus, -I, m. 
 
 camp, castra, -orum, n. pi. 
 
 can, am able, possum, posse, potui. 
 
 capture, capio, -ere, cepi, captum. 
 
 care, cura, -ae, /. 
 
 carry, porto, -are, -avI, -atum. 
 
 catch sight of, conspicor, -ari, -atus 
 sum. 
 
 cause, causa, -ae, /. 
 
 cavalry, equitatus, -us, m. 
 
 censure, accuso, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 centurion, centurio, -onis, 771. 
 
 certain, a certain, quidam, quaedam, 
 quiddam or quoddam. 
 
 change, muto, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 check, retardo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 chief, princeps, prlncipis, m. 
 
 children, liberi, -orum, m. pi. 
 
 choose, deligo, -ligere, -legl, -lectum. 
 
 Cicero, Cicero, -onis, m. 
 
 citadel, arx, arcis, /. 
 
 citizen, civis, civis, m. 
 
 city, urbs, urbis, /. 
 
 cohort, cohors, cohort is, /. 
 
 collect, conduco, -ducere, -duxi, 
 -ductum; cogo, cogere, coegl, 
 coactum. 
 
 come, venio, -Ire, veni, ventum. 
 
 command, impero, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 common people, plebs, plebis, /. 
 
 commonwealth, res publica, rei 
 publicae, /. 
 
 companion, comes, comitis, ?w. 
 
 complain, queror, querl, questus 
 sum. 
 
 conceal, celo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 confess, confiteor, -eri, confessus 
 sum. 
 
 conquer, vinco, -ere, vicl, victum. 
 
 conspirators, conjurati, -orum, m. 
 pi. 
 
 consul, consul, consulis, m. 
 
 consulship, consulatus, -us, m. 
 
 Corinth, Corinthus, -i, /. 
 
 Cornelius, Cornelius, -I, m. 
 
 cottage, casa, -ae, /. 
 
 country, native country, patria, 
 
 -ae, /. 
 country, territory, fines, -ium {pi. 
 
 of finis, finis, m.). 
 
 courage, virtus, virtutis, /. 
 
 course, iter, itineris, n. 
 
 cowardly, ignavus, -a, -um. 
 
 Crassus, Crassus, -I, m. 
 
 cross, transeo, -Ire, -il (-IvI), -itum. 
 
 custom, mos, moris, m. 
 
 cut off, intercliido, -cludere, -clusl, 
 -clusum. 
 
 D 
 
 danger, perlculum, -I, n. 
 
 dangerous, perlculosus, -a, -um. 
 
 dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum. 
 
 daughter, filia, -ae, /. 
 
 day, dies, diel, m.,f. 
 
 dear, carus, -a, -um. 
 
 death, mors, mortis, /. 
 
 decide, decerno, -cernere, -crevi, 
 -cretum. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 deep, altus, -a, -um. 
 
 defeat, supero, -are, -avi, -atum; 
 vinco, -ere, vicl, victum. 
 
 defend, defendo, -fendere, -fendi, 
 -fensum. 
 
 delay (noun), mora, -ae, /. 
 
 delay (verb), moror, -ari, -atus sum. 
 
 delighted, be delighted, laetor, -ari, 
 -atus sum. 
 
 demand, postulo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 depth, altitude, -dinis, /. 
 
 descend, descends, -scendere, 
 -scendi, -scensum. 
 
 desire, cupio, -ere, cupivi, cupitum. 
 
 desirous, cupidus, -a, -um. 
 
 despise, contemno, -temnere, -temp- 
 si, -temptum. 
 
 destroy, deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum. 
 
 differ, differo, -ferre, distuli, dila- 
 tum. 
 
 difficult, difficilis, -e. 
 
 disloyal, improbus, -a, -um. 
 
 displease, displiceo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
 
 ditch, fossa, -ae, /. 
 
 Divico, Divico, -onis, m. 
 
 do, facio, -ere, feci, factum. 
 
 dog, canis, canis, m. 
 
 draw up, instruo, -struere, -struxi, 
 -structum. 
 
 drive back, repello, -ere, reppuli, 
 
 repulsum. 
 drive out, expello, -pellere, -pull, 
 
 -pulsum. 
 
 E 
 each, quisque, quaeque, quidque. 
 easily, facile, adv. 
 easy, facilis, facile. 
 eighth, octavus, -a, -um. 
 elect, creo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 embassy, legatio, -onis, /. 
 end, finis, finis, m. 
 enemy, hostis, hostis, m.; inimicus. 
 
 -1, w. 
 
 energetically, impigre, adv. 
 
 enroll, conscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
 -scriptum. 
 
 envoy, legatus, -i, m. 
 
 escape, effugio, -fugere, -fugi. 
 
 ever, umquam, adv. 
 
 except, praeter, prep, with ace. 
 
 exile, exilium, -i, n. 
 
 explore, explore, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 faithful, fidelis, -e. 
 
 fame, gloria, -ae, /. 
 
 famous, clarus, -a, -um. 
 
 farmer, agricola, -ae, m. 
 
 father, pater, patris, m. 
 
 favor, faveo, -ere, favi, fautum. 
 
 fear {noun), timor, timoris, m. 
 
 fear (verb), timeo, -ere, -ui; vereor, 
 -eri, veritus sum. 
 
 few, pauci, -ae, -a. 
 
 field, ager, agri, m. 
 
 fierce, ferus, -a, -um. 
 
 fiercely, acriter, adv. 
 
 fight, pugno, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 find, invenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
 tum; reperio, -ire, repperi, 
 repertum. 
 
 find out, reperio, -ire, repperi, 
 repertum. 
 
 fire, ignis, ignis, ni. 
 
 first, primus, -a, -um. 
 
 five, quinque; indeel. num. 
 
 flee, fugio, -ere, fiigi, fugiturus. 
 
 fleet, classis, classis, /. 
 
 flight, fuga, -ae,/. 
 
 follow, sequor, sequi, secutus sum. 
 
 following, posterus, -a, -um. 
 
 foUy, stultitia, -ae, /. 
 
 foot, pes, pedis, m. 
 
 for, on behalf of, pro, prep, with abl. 
 
 forces (of soldiers), copiae, -ariun, 
 
 /• Pl. 
 foreigner, peregrinus, -i, 77i. 
 
A jujnIOR latin reader 
 
 forest, silva, -ae /. 
 forget, obllvlscor, -i, oblitus sum. 
 formerly, antea, adv. 
 fort, castellum, -i, n. 
 fortification, muniti5, -onis, /. 
 fortify, munio, -Ire, -ivi, -Itum. 
 found, condo, -dere -didi, -ditum. 
 founder, conditor, -oris, m. 
 four, quattuor, indecl. num. 
 friend, amicus, -I, m. 
 friendly, amicus, -a, -um. 
 friendship, amicitia, -ae, /. 
 frighten, terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
 from, a, ab; e, ex; de, preps, with abl. 
 
 G 
 
 gain possession of, potior, potlrl, 
 potitus sum. 
 
 Gains, Gaius, -I, m. 
 
 garrison, praesidium, -I, n. 
 
 Gaul (a country), Gallia, -ae, /. 
 
 Gaul (an inhabitant of the country 
 of Gaul), Gallus, -i, m. 
 
 general, imperator, -oris, m. 
 
 Geneva, Genava, -ae, /. 
 
 Germans, GermanI, -5rum, m. pi. 
 
 girl, puella, -ae, /. 
 
 give, do, dare, dedi, datum; give 
 back, reddo, -dere, -didI, -ditum. 
 
 go, eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum; go out, 
 exeo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum; go 
 away, abeo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum. 
 
 god, deus, -i, m. 
 
 gold, aurum, -i, n. 
 
 good, bonus, -a, -um. 
 
 grain, frumentum, -I, n. 
 
 grandfather, avus, -i, m. 
 
 grandson, nepos, nepotis, m. 
 
 great, magnus, -a, -um. 
 
 Greeks, Graeci, -orum, m. pi. 
 
 guard {noun), praesidium, -i, n. 
 
 guard (verb), custodio, -ire, -Ivi, 
 -itum. 
 
 H 
 
 Hannibal, Hannibal, -alis, m. 
 
 happen, accido, -ere, accidi. 
 
 harbor, portus, -lis, m. 
 
 hasten, propero, -are, -avi, -atum; 
 contendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
 tum. 
 
 have, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
 
 hear, audi5, -Ire, -ivi, -Itum. 
 
 height, altitudo, -dinis,/. 
 
 help (noun), auxilium, -i, 72. 
 
 help (verb), juvo, -are, juvi, jutum. 
 
 Helvetians, the Helvetians, Hel- 
 vetii, -orum, m. pi. 
 
 here, hie, adv. 
 
 high, altus, -a, -um. 
 
 hill, collis, collis, m. 
 
 (of) himself, herself, themselves, 
 reflex., sui, etc. 
 
 his, her, its, their, when reflexive, 
 suus, -a, -um; wheri not reflexive, 
 ejus, eorum, earum. 
 
 home, domus, -lis (-1), /. 
 
 honor, honor, honoris, m. 
 
 honorable, honestus, -a, -um. 
 
 hope, spes, spei, /. 
 
 Horatius, Horatius, -I, m. 
 
 horse, equus, -I, m. 
 
 horseman, eques, equitis, m. 
 
 hospitality, hospitium, -i, n. 
 
 hostage, obses, obsidis, m. 
 
 hour, hora, -ae, /. 
 
 house, tectum, -i, n. 
 
 hunt, venor, -ari, -atus sum. 
 
 hurl, jacio, -ere, jeci, jactum; con- 
 jicio, -jicere, -jecl, -jectum. 
 
 I 
 
 I, ego, mei. 
 
 if, si, conj. 
 
 in, in, prep, with abl. 
 
 increase, grow greater, cresc5, -ere, 
 crevi, cretum. 
 
 industrious, impiger, -gra, -grum. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 industriously, impigre, adv. 
 
 infantry (noun), pedites, -um (pi. 
 o/ pedes, peditis, m.); (adjective), 
 pedester, -tris, -tre. 
 
 influence, auctoritas, -tatis, /. 
 
 injure, noceo, -ere, -ul, -ituin. 
 
 interpreter, interpres, interpretis, m. 
 
 into, in, prep, icith ace. 
 
 invite, invito, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 Ireland, Hibernia, -ae, /. 
 
 island, Insula, -ae, /. 
 
 Italy, Italia, -ae, /. 
 
 javelin, pllum, -i, n. 
 journey, iter, itineris, n. 
 joy, gaudium, -i, n. 
 just, Justus, -a, -um. 
 justice, justitia, -ae, /. 
 
 kill, interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum; 
 neco, -are, -avI, -atum. 
 
 king, rex, regis, m. 
 
 kingdom, regnum, -I, n. 
 
 know, scio, scire, sclvi, scltum; not 
 know, ignore, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 knowledge, scientia, -ae, /. 
 
 Labienus, Labienus, -i, m. 
 
 lake, lacus, -iis, m. 
 
 language, lingua, -ae, /. 
 
 large, magnus, -a, -um. 
 
 Laurentum, Laurentum, -I, n. 
 
 Lavinia, Lavinia, -ae, /. 
 
 lay waste, vasto, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 lead, duco, -ere, diixl, ductum. 
 
 lead across, traduco, -ducere, -duxl, 
 -ductum. 
 
 lead back, reduco, -ducere, -duxl, 
 -ductum. 
 
 leader, dux, ducis, m. 
 
 leap down, desilio, -silire, -silui. 
 
 leave, relinquo, -ere, rellqui, relic- 
 tum. 
 
 legion, legi5, -onis, /. 
 
 letter, epistula, -ae, /. 
 
 liberty, llbertas, -tatis, /. 
 
 lieutenant, legatus, -i, m. 
 
 life, vita, -ae, /. 
 
 light, lux, lucis, /. 
 
 live, habito, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 long (adverb), diu. 
 
 long (adjective), longus, -a, -um. 
 
 lose, amitto, -ere, amisi, amissum. 
 
 love, amo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 low, humilis, -e. 
 
 M 
 
 make, facio, -ere, feci, factum; 
 
 make war on, bellum Infero, etc. 
 
 (with dative). 
 man, vir, virl, m. ; homo, hominis, m. 
 many, multl, -ae, -a (plural of 
 
 midtus). 
 march, iter facio, facere, etc. 
 Marius, Marius, -i, m. 
 Marseilles, Massilia, -ae, /. 
 master, dominus, -i, m. 
 messenger, nuntius, -i, m. 
 Messina, Messana, -ae, /. 
 middle, middle of, medius, -a, -um. 
 migrate, migro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 mile, mille passus, pi. milia pas- 
 
 suum. 
 military, mllitaris, -e. 
 mob, turba, -ae, /. 
 money, pecunia, -ae, /. 
 month, mensis, mensis, m. 
 mother, mater, matris, /. 
 mountain, mons, montis, m. 
 much, multus, -a, -um. 
 multitude, multitudo, -dinis, /. 
 my, meus, -a, -um. 
 
6 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 N 
 
 name, nomen, nominis, n. 
 
 narrow, angustus, -a, -um. 
 
 nation, gens, gentis, /. 
 
 native country, patria, -ae, /. 
 
 nature, natura, -ae, /. 
 
 necessary, it is necessary, oportet, 
 -ere, oportuit. 
 
 neighboring, vlcinus, -a, -um. 
 
 neighbors, finitiml, -orum, m. pi. 
 
 Neptune, Neptunus, -I, m. 
 
 never, numquam, adv. 
 
 new, nevus, -a, -um. 
 
 next, proximus, -a, -um. 
 
 night (adjective), nocturnus, -a, -um. 
 
 no, nullus, -a, -um, gen. nullius. 
 
 no one, nemo, dat. neminl. 
 
 nor, neque, conj. 
 
 not, non, adv. 
 
 nothing, nihil, indecL, n. 
 
 not yet, nondum, adv. 
 
 now, nunc, adv. 
 
 number, numerus, -I, m. 
 
 O 
 
 obey, pareo, -ere, parul. 
 
 observe^ specto, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 ocean, Oceanus, -I, m. 
 
 often, saepe, adv. 
 
 old, vetus, gen. veteris. 
 
 old man, senex, senis, m. 
 
 on, in, -prep, with abl. 
 
 on account of, propter, prep, with ace. 
 
 once, at once, statim, adv. 
 
 one, unus, -a, -um, gen. unius. 
 
 oi*der, jubeo, -ere, jussi, jussum. 
 
 other, another, alius, -a, -ud; the 
 
 / other, reliquus, -a, -um. 
 
 ought, one ought, oportet, -ere, 
 oportuit, impersonal. 
 
 our, noster, -tra, -trum. 
 
 outside, outside of, extra, prep, with 
 ace. 
 
 -are, -avi, 
 
 impermm, 
 
 part, pars, partis, /. 
 
 peace, pax, pacis, /. 
 
 people, populus, -I, m. 
 
 perish, pereo, -Ire, -ii, -iturus. 
 
 permit, it is permitted, licet, -ere, 
 licuit. 
 
 persuade, persuaded, -suadere, -sua- 
 sl, -suasum. 
 
 picture, picttira, -ae, /. 
 
 pirate, praedo, -onis, m. 
 
 place, locus, -i, m. (pi. loca, -orum, 
 
 n.). 
 
 place in command of, praeficio, 
 -ficere, -feci, -fectum. 
 
 plan, consilium, -I, n. 
 
 please, placeo, -ere, -uL 
 
 poet, poeta, -ae, m. 
 
 point out, demonstro, 
 -atum. 
 
 power, potentia, -ae, /. 
 -I, n. 
 
 praetor, praetor, -oris, m. 
 
 praise, laudo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 prefer, malo, malle, malul. 
 
 prepared, paratus, -a, -um. 
 
 present, donum, -I, n. 
 
 prison, career, carceris, m. 
 
 prisoner, captivus, -i, m. 
 
 promise, polliceor, -eri, pollicitus 
 sum. 
 
 province, provincia, -ae, /. 
 
 purpose, for the purpose of, causa, 
 
 preceded by genitive. 
 
 Pyrenees, Pyrenael, -orum, m. pi. 
 
 Q 
 
 quaestor, quaestor, -oris, m. 
 queen, regina, -ae, /. 
 quickly, celeriter, adv. 
 
 R 
 
 rampart, vallum, -i, n. 
 rapid, celer, celeris, celere. 
 read, lego, -ere, legl, lectum. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 rear, bring up, educo, -are, -avi, 
 
 -atum. 
 reason, causa, -ae, /. 
 receive, accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- 
 
 tum. 
 reenforcements, subsidium, -I, n. 
 regain, recupero, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 reject, repudio, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 remain, maneo, -ere, mansi, man- 
 sum. 
 remember, memini, meminisse. 
 Remus, Remus, -I, m. 
 renew, renovo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 repulse, repello, -ere, reppull, re- 
 
 pulsum. 
 residence, domicilium, -I, n. 
 resist, resisto, -sistere, -stiti. 
 resources, opes, opum (pL of ops, 
 
 opis, /.). 
 rest, the rest of, reliquus, -a, -um. 
 result, it results, fit, fieri, factum 
 
 est. 
 retain, detineo, -tipere, -tinui, -ten- 
 
 tum. 
 return, redeo, -Ire, -il (-Ivi), -itum; 
 reverter, reverti, reversus sum. 
 reward, praemium, -i, n. 
 Rhine, Rhenus, -i, m. 
 right, jus, juris, n. 
 rise, orior, orlrl, ortus sum. 
 river, flumen, fiuminis, n. 
 road, iter, itineris, n. 
 robber, latro, -onis, m. 
 rock, saxum, -i, n. 
 Roman {adjective), Romanus, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 Roman (noun), Romanus, -i, m; the 
 Romans, Rdmani, -orum, m. pi. 
 Rome, Roma, -ae, /. 
 Romulus, Romulus, -i, m. 
 rose, rosa, -ae, /. 
 route, iter, itineris, n. 
 royal power, regnum, -I, n. 
 
 rule, rego, -ere, rexl, rectum. 
 Rutulians, Rutuli, -orum, m. pi. 
 
 sacred, sacer, -era, -crum. 
 safe, tutus, -a, -um. 
 safely, tuto, adv. 
 Saguntum, Saguntum, -I, n. 
 sailor, nauta, -ae, m. 
 same, Idem, eadem, idem, 
 satisfied, contentus, -a, -um. 
 say, dico, -ere, dixl, dictum. 
 scout, explorator, -oris, m. 
 sea, mare, maris, n. 
 see, vide5, -ere, vidi, visum; con- 
 spicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spectum. 
 seek, peto, -ere, petlvl, petltum. 
 seize, occupo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 self, himself, herself, itself, pi, 
 themselves, when reflexive, sul, 
 sibi, etc.; when not reflexive, ipse, 
 ipsa, ipsum. 
 senate, senatus, -us, m. 
 senator, senator, -oris, m. 
 send, mitto, -ere, misl, missum. 
 send ahead, praemitto, -mittere, 
 
 -misl, -missum. 
 send back, remitto, -mittere, -misl, 
 
 -missum. 
 separate, divid5, -ere, divisi, dlvi- 
 
 sum. 
 set out, proficlscor, proficisci, pro- 
 
 fectus sum. 
 several, complures, -ia, gen. com- 
 
 plurium. 
 shepherd, pastor, -oris, m. 
 shield, scutum, -i, n. 
 ship, navis, navis, /. 
 shore, lltus, lltoris, n. 
 short, brevis, breve, 
 sight, conspectus, -us, m. 
 signal, signum, -i, n. 
 since, cum, conj. 
 
8 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 sink, deprimo, -primere, -pressi, 
 -pressum. 
 
 sister, soror, sororis, /. 
 
 six, sex, indecl. num. 
 
 slave, servus, -i, m. 
 
 small, parvus, -a, -um. 
 
 so, tarn, ita, advs. 
 
 so great, tantus, -a, -um. 
 
 soldier, miles, militis, m. 
 
 so many, tot, indeclinahle. 
 
 some, quldam, quaedam, quoddam 
 or quiddam. 
 
 son, filius, -i, m. 
 
 soon, mox, adv. 
 
 sort, kind, modus, -i, m. 
 
 sound, sonus, -i, m. 
 
 Spain, Hispania, -ae, /. 
 
 Spaniards, HispanI, -orum, m. pi. 
 
 speed, celeritas, -tatis, /. 
 
 spend the winter, hiemo, -are, -avi, 
 -atum. 
 
 stand, sto, stare, steti, staturus. 
 
 state, civitas, -tatis, /. 
 
 statue, statua, -ae, /. 
 
 stature, statura, -ae, /. 
 
 stay, maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum. 
 
 still, tamen, adv. 
 
 stone, lapis, lapidis, m.; saxum, -i, n. 
 
 storm, tempestas, -tatis, /. 
 
 street, via, -ae, /. 
 
 strong, firmus, -a, -um. 
 
 struggle, certamen, -minis, n. 
 
 suitable, idoneus, -a, -um. 
 
 summer, aestas, -tatis, /. 
 
 simmion, arcesso, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum. 
 
 sun, sol, solis, m. 
 
 supplies, commeatus, -us, m. 
 
 supreme power, imperium, -i, n. 
 
 surpass, praecedo, -cedere, -cessi, 
 -cessum. 
 
 surrender, trado, -dere^ -did!, -di- 
 tum; dedo, -dere, -didl, -ditum. 
 swamp, palus, -udis, /. 
 
 swift, celer, celeris, celere. 
 swiftly, celeriter, adv. 
 sword, gladius, -i, m. 
 
 T 
 
 take, capio, -ere, cepi, captum. 
 
 talk, loquor, loqul, locutus sum. 
 
 temple, templum, -i, n. 
 
 ten, decern, indecl. num. 
 
 terrify, perterreo, -ere, -ul, -itum. 
 
 terror, terror, terroris, m. 
 
 that (demonstrative), ille, ilia, illud; 
 is, ea, id; iste, ista, istud. 
 
 that (conj.), ut. 
 
 that not, ne. 
 
 their, when reflexive, suus, sua, 
 suum; when 7iot reflexive, eorum, 
 earum {gen. pi. of is). 
 
 then, tum, adv. 
 
 there, ibi, adv. 
 
 think, arbitror, -arl, -atus sum. 
 
 this, hie, haec, hoc; is, ea, id. 
 
 thousand, mllle, pi. milia. 
 
 threats, minae, -arum, /. pi. 
 
 three, tres, tria. 
 
 through, per, prep, with ace. 
 
 throw, jacio, -ere, jeci, jactum. 
 
 Tiber, Tiber, Tiberis, m. 
 
 time, tempus, temporis, n. 
 
 tired, tired out, defessus, -a, -um. 
 
 today, hodie, adv. 
 
 top of, highest part of, summus, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 toward, ad, prep, with ace. 
 town, oppidum, -I, n. 
 townspeople, oppidani, -orum, m. pi. 
 trader, mercator, -oris, m. 
 traveler, viator, -oris, m. 
 treason, proditio, -onis, /. 
 treaty, foedus, foederis, n. 
 tree, arbor, arboris, /. 
 tribune, tribunus, -i, m. 
 
 Trojan, Trojanus, -i, m., the Tro- 
 jans, TrojanI, -orum, m. pi. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 9 
 
 Troy, Troja, -ae, /. 
 true, verus, -a, -um. 
 trumpet, tuba, -ae, /. 
 trust, confido, -fidere, -fisus sum. 
 try, Conor, -arl, -atus sum. 
 turn, flecto, -ere, flexi, flexum. 
 twelve, duodecim, indecl. num. 
 two, duo, duae, duo. 
 
 U 
 undertake, suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, 
 
 -ceptum. 
 unjust, injustus, -a, -um. 
 until, dum. 
 unwilling, in Vitus, -a, -um; be 
 
 unwilling, n5l6, nolle, nolul. 
 
 urge, hortor, -ari, -atus sum. 
 use, utor, uti, usus sum. 
 
 V 
 valley, valles, vallis, /. 
 Veneti, Venetl, -orum, m. pi. 
 very near, nearest, proximus, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 victory, victoria, -ae, /. 
 villa, villa, -ae, /. 
 village, vicus, -i, m. 
 violate, violo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 vow, voveo, -ere, vovi, votum. 
 
 W 
 wage, gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. 
 wait, wait for, expecto, -are, -avi, 
 
 -atum. 
 walk, ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 wall, miirus, -i, m. 
 war, bellum, -i, n. 
 ward off, depello, -ere, depuli, 
 
 depulsum. 
 warn, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 
 wave, fluctus, -iis, m. 
 way, via, -ae, /. 
 wealth, divitiae, -arum, /. pi. 
 wealthy, dives, divitis, superl. ditis- 
 
 simus, -a, -um. 
 
 weapon, telum, -i, n. 
 
 when, cum, ubi, conjs. 
 
 where, ubi, adv. 
 
 who, which, what, that, rel. pron., 
 
 qui, quae, quod, 
 who, which, what, interrogative pron. 
 
 and adj., quis (qui), quae, quid 
 
 (quod). 
 
 why, ciir, adv. 
 
 wide, latus, -a, -um. 
 
 wife, uxor, uxoris, /. 
 
 wind, ventus, -i, m. 
 
 winter, hiems, hiemis, /.; spend the 
 winter, hiemo, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 
 wisdom, sapientia, -ae, /. 
 
 wise, sapiens, gen. sapientis. 
 
 wish, cupio, -ere, cupivi, cupitum; 
 volo, velle, volui; not wish, be 
 unwilling, nolo, n5lle, nolui. 
 
 with, cum, prep, with abl. 
 
 withdraw, exccdo, -cedere, -cessi, 
 
 -cessum; discedo, -cedere, -cessi, 
 
 -cessum. 
 without, sine, prep, with abl. 
 woman, femina, -ae, /.; mulier, 
 
 mulieris, /. 
 word, verbum, -i, n. 
 work, laboro, -are, -avi, -atum. 
 wound {noun), vulnus, vulneris, n. 
 wound {verb), vulnero, -are, -avi, 
 
 -atum. 
 write, scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum. 
 wrong, injuria, -ae, /. 
 
 year, annus, -i, m. 
 
 yearly, quotannis, adv. 
 
 yesterday, heri, adv. 
 
 you, tu, tui; pi. vos, vestrum or 
 
 vestri 
 young man, juvenis, juvenis, m. 
 your, of one person, tuus, -a, -um; 
 
 of more than one person, vester, 
 
 -tra, -trum. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 A., abbr. for Aulus. 
 
 a, ab, prep, with abl., from, by. 
 
 ab-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr., put 
 away, hide, conceal. 
 
 ab-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 
 tr., lead away, bring away. 
 
 ab-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, intr., go away, 
 depart. 
 
 abjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 [ab+jacio], throw away, throw 
 aside. 
 
 Aborigines, -um, m. pi., the Aborig- 
 ines, the original inhabitants of 
 Rome and vicinity. 
 
 abripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, tr. 
 [ab+rapio], snatch away, steal. 
 
 ab-rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., annul; 
 take away {an office). 
 
 abscido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, tr. 
 [abs+caedo], cut off. 
 
 absens, -entis, adj. [absuml, absent. 
 
 ab-solv6, -solvere, -solvi, -solutum, 
 
 tr., set free; acquit. 
 
 abs-tergeo, -tergere, -tersi, -tersum, 
 tr., wipe off or away. 
 
 abstineo, -tinere, -tinui, — , intr. 
 
 [abs+teneo], keep or remain 
 
 away. 
 ab-sum, abesse, afui, afuturus, intr., 
 
 be away, be distant, be absent. 
 
 ab-sumo, -sumere, -sumpsi, -sump- 
 tum, tr., consume, destroy. 
 
 Absyrtus, -i, m., Absyrtus, brother of 
 Medea. 
 
 ab-undo, -are, -avi, — , intr. [unda, 
 wave], overflow. 
 
 ac, see atque. 
 
 Acastus, -i, m., Acastus, son of 
 Pelias. 
 
 accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 intr. [ad+cedo], approach, draw 
 near; be added. 
 
 accendo, -cendere, -cendi, -censum, 
 
 tr. [ad+cendo, burn], kindle, Hght. 
 acceptus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 
 accipio], acceptable. 
 accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, tr. 
 
 [ad+capio], receive, accept, 
 accido, -cidere, -cidi, — , intr.' [ad + 
 
 cado], fall upon; happen, come 
 
 about. 
 
 accingo, -cingere, -cinxi,~-cinctum, 
 tr. [ad+cingo], gird to, "gird. 
 
 accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [ad+commodo, lend], fit to, adapt. 
 
 accumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cubi- 
 tum, intr. [ad+cumbo, recline], 
 recline {at table). 
 
 accurro, -currere, -curri, -cursum, 
 intr. [ad+curro], run to, come up 
 hurriedly. 
 
 accuse, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ad + 
 causa], accuse, blame, reprimand. 
 
 acer, acris, acre, adj., spirited, bold, 
 sharp. 
 
 acies, -ei, /., line of battle; flash of 
 the eye. 
 
 Acrisius, -i, m., Acrisius, grand- 
 father of Perseus. 
 
 acriter, adv. [acer], fiercely, severely. 
 
 actum, -i, n. [p. part, of ago], deed, 
 transaction. 
 
 aciitus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 acuo, sharpen], sharp. 
 
 ad, prep, with ace, to, toward; near, 
 in the vicinity of; according to. 
 
 ad-amo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., fall in 
 love with. 
 
 ad-aequo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 make equal to; equal, keep up 
 with. 
 
 ad-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr., add. 
 
 ad-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 
 tr., lead to, conduct, bring; incite, 
 induce. 
 
 10 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 11 
 
 ad-eo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, intr., 
 go or come up to, come up, 
 approach. 
 
 ad-eo, adv., to such a degree, so. 
 
 ad-equito, -are, -avi, — , intr., ride 
 up to, gallop to. 
 
 adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr. [ad + 
 habeo], apply; summon, admit, 
 employ. 
 
 ad-huc, adv., until now, as yet. 
 
 adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum, tr. 
 [ad+apiscor, reach], attain, ob- 
 tain, win. 
 
 aditus, -us, m. [adeo, -ire], entrance, 
 means of approach, access. 
 
 adjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 
 [ad+jacio], hurl to, hurl upon, 
 
 throw, 
 ad-jungo, -jungere, -jiinxi, -junc- 
 
 tum, tr., join to, attach. 
 ad-juv6, -juvare, -jiivi, -jiitum, //•., 
 
 help, assist. 
 Admeta, -ae,/., Admeta, daughter of 
 
 Eurystheus. 
 ad-ministro, -are, -avI, -atum, tr., 
 
 manage, direct. 
 admirandus, -a, -um, adj. [admirer], 
 
 admirable, wonderful. 
 admiratio, -onis, /. [admirer], ad- 
 miration, surprise. 
 
 ad-miror, -ari, -atus sum, tr., be 
 
 astonished at, admire, 
 ad-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
 
 tr., send to, let go; admit. 
 ad-modum, adv., fully, very, quite. 
 
 ad-moneo, -monere, -monui, -moni- 
 
 tum, tr., remind, admonish. 
 adolesc5, adolescere, adolevi, ad- 
 
 ultum, intr., grow up, grow to 
 
 maturity. 
 ad-orior, -oriri, -ortus sum, tr., fall 
 
 upon, attack. 
 ad-6ro, -are, -avi, -atum, ir., worship. 
 
 ad-scribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scrip- 
 tum, tr., write in addition, add. 
 
 ad-stringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
 -strictum, tr., bind to, bind. 
 
 ad-sum, -esse, -fui, -futunis, intr., 
 be at hand, be near. 
 
 adulescens, adulescentis, -ium, adj. 
 
 [pr. part, of adolesco], youthful; 
 suhst., m., a young man, a youth. 
 
 adulescentia, -ae, /. [adulescens], 
 
 youth. 
 
 adulescentulus, -i, m. [dim. of 
 adulescens], a very young man. 
 
 adultus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 adolesco], grown up, mature. 
 
 ad-uro, -iirere, -ussi, -ustum, tr., 
 burn, sear. 
 
 ad-venio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, 
 intr., come to, come up, approach. 
 
 advento, -ventare, — , — , intr. 
 [intens. of advenio], advance, 
 approach. 
 
 adventus, -us, m. [advenio], ap- 
 proach, coming, arrival. 
 
 adversarius, -a, -um, adj. [adverser], 
 opposed, hostile; subst., adversari- 
 us, -i, m., an opponent, adver- 
 sary. 
 
 adverser, -ari, -atus sum, intr. [ad- 
 
 versus], takes dative, resist, 
 oppose. 
 
 adversus, prep, with ace, opposed 
 to, against. 
 
 adversus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 adverto, turn to], opposing; un- 
 favorable; in front. 
 
 ad-vert5, -vertere, -verti, -versum, 
 tr., turn to, direct to; animiun 
 advertere, observe, notice. 
 
 Aeacus, -i, m., Aeacus, a judge in 
 the lower world. 
 
 aedes, aedis, -ium, /. sing., temple, 
 sanctuar}^; pi., dwelling, house. 
 
 aedificium, -i, n. [aedifico], a build- 
 
 ing. 
 
 aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [aedes+facio], build. 
 
 aedilis, aedUis, -ium, m., aedile, 
 
 title of a Roman magistrate. ^ 
 
 aedilitas, -atis, /. [aedilis], the oflBee 
 of an aedile, aedileship. 
 
12 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Aeetes, -ae, m., Aeetes, a king of 
 Colchis. 
 
 aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., ill, sick. 
 
 aegre, adv. [aeger], painfully; with 
 difficulty; with grief; with resent- 
 ment. 
 
 aegroto, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [aegrotus, sick], be sick. 
 
 Aegyptius, -a, -um, adj., Egyptian; 
 subst., Aegyptius, -i, m., an 
 Egyptian. 
 
 Aegyptus, -i,/., Egypt. 
 
 Aemilius, -i, in., L. Aemilius, a 
 cavalry officer in Julius Caesar s 
 army. 
 
 aemulatio, -onis, /. [aemulor, to 
 rival], rivalry. 
 
 Aeneas, -ae, m., Aeneas, a Trojan 
 hero. 
 
 aeneiis, -a, -um, adj. [aes], of 
 copper, of bronze. 
 
 aequalis, -e, adj., equal; suhsl., 
 aequalis, -is, vi., one of the same 
 age. 
 
 aeque, adv. [aequus], equally. 
 
 Aequi, -orum, ?/?., the Aequi, a 
 people of Latium. 
 
 aequitas, -atis, /. [aequus], equitj^, 
 fairness. 
 
 aequo, -are, -avi, -atum, Ir. [aequus], 
 make equal, equahze. 
 
 aequus, -a, -um, adj., level, even; 
 equal. 
 
 aer, aeris, m., the air. 
 
 aerarium, -I, n. [aes], treasury. 
 
 aes, aeris, u., copper, bronze; aes 
 alienum, debt. 
 
 Aeson, -onis, m., Aeson, father of 
 Jason. 
 
 aestas, -atis,/., summer. 
 
 aestivus, -a, -um, adj. [aestas], of 
 summer, summer {as adjective). 
 aetas, -atis, /., age. 
 
 aetemus, -a, -um, adj., eternal, 
 undying. 
 
 Aethiopes, -um, m. pi., the Ethi- 
 opians, a people of Africa. 
 Afer, -fra, -frum, adj., African. 
 
 afifecto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.[freq. of 
 afficio], strive after, aim at. 
 
 aflfero, afferre, attuli, allatum, tr. 
 [ad+fero], bring to, bring. 
 
 afRcio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, tr. 
 [ad+facio], do to; treat; affect. 
 
 affinis, -e, adj. [ad+finis], related by 
 marriage; subst., affinis, affinis, 
 -ium, m. and /., a relative by 
 
 marriage. 
 
 afifinitas, -atis, /. [affinis], relation- 
 ship by marriage. 
 
 Africa, -ae, /., Africa. 
 
 Africanus, -a, -um, adj., of Africa, 
 African; subst., Africanus, -i, m., 
 Africanus, a cognomen of P. 
 Corneli us Scip io . 
 
 agellus, -i, m. [dim. of ager], a httle 
 field. 
 
 ager, agri, m., field, land, estate. 
 
 aggredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, tr, 
 [ad+gradior, step], attack. 
 
 agito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [frcQ- of 
 ago], drive; impel, instigate. 
 
 agmen, -inis, n. [ago], a marching 
 army, a column. 
 
 agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitum, tr. 
 
 [ad + (g)n6sc6], recognize. 
 
 ago, agere, egi, actum, tr., drive, do, 
 act; spend, pass. 
 
 agrestis, -e, adj. [ager], of the 
 country; subst. agrestis, agrestis, 
 -ium, ?/?., a countryman, a 
 peasant. 
 
 agricola, -ae, m. [ager+colo], farmer. 
 
 Agrippa, see Menenius. 
 
 aio, difictive verb, say, affirm. 
 
 ala, -ae, /., wing. 
 
 alacritas, -atis, /. [alacer, eager], 
 eagerness, alacrity. 
 
 alarius, -a, -um, adj. [ala], on or of 
 the wings; subst., alarii, -orum, 
 m. pi., auxiliary troops. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 13 
 
 Alba Longa, Albae Longae, /., Alba 
 Longu, a city of Latium. 
 
 Albanus, -a, -um, adj., Alban, of 
 Alba; subst., Albani, -orum, rn. pi., 
 the people of Alba, the Albans. 
 
 albus, -a, -um, adj., white. 
 
 Alcmena, -ae,/., Alcmena, mother of 
 Hercules. 
 
 alea, -ae,/., a game with dice; a die. 
 
 alienus, -a, -um, adj. [alius], an- 
 other's; out of place; unfavorable. 
 
 alimenta, -orum, ?i. pi. [alo], food, 
 provisions; support. 
 
 aliquamdiu, adv., for a while. 
 
 allquando, adv., at some time or 
 
 other, once, 
 aliquantum, -i, 71. [aliquantus, some], 
 
 something. 
 
 aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, indef. pro- 
 no tn. adj., some, any. 
 
 aliquis, aliquid, indef. pron., some- 
 one, something. 
 
 aliquot, indecl. adj., several. 
 
 aliquotiens, adv. [aliquot], several 
 
 times. 
 aliter, adv. [alius], otherwise, 
 alius, -a, -ud, adj., another, other. 
 
 Allia, -ae, /., the AUia, a small river 
 near Rome. 
 
 Alliensis, -e, adj., of the Alha. 
 
 alligo, -are, -avi, -atum, //•. [ad + 
 ligo, bind], bind to, tie to. 
 
 Allobroges, -um, m. pi., the Allobro- 
 ges, a Gallic tribe on the Rhone. 
 
 alloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum, tr. 
 [ad+loquor], speak to, address. 
 
 Allucius, -i, m., Allucius, the name of 
 a certain Spaniard. 
 
 alo, alere, alui, altum, tr., nourish, 
 
 sustain. 
 Alpes, -ium, /. pi., the Alps. 
 Alpinus, -a, -um, adj., Alpine. 
 
 alter, altera, alterum, adj., the other 
 (0/ two), a second, another. 
 
 altitude, -inis, /. [altus], height, 
 depth. 
 
 altus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of aid], 
 high, deep; subst., altum, -I, n., 
 the deep, the sea. 
 
 alveus, -i, m., trough. 
 
 amans, amantis, adj. [pres. part, of 
 amo], loving, fond. 
 
 Amazones, -um,/. pi., the Amazons. 
 
 Ambarri, -orum, m. pi., the Ambarri, 
 a Gallic tribe. 
 
 ambitio, -onis,/. [ambio, go around], 
 ambition. 
 
 ambitus, -us, m. [ambio, go around], 
 canvassing for votes, bribery. 
 
 ambo, -ae, -6, num. adj., both. 
 
 ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 walk. 
 
 amentia, -ae, /. [amens, out of one's 
 mind], madness. 
 
 amicitia, -ae,/. [amicus], friendship. 
 
 amicus, -a, -um, adj. [amo], friendly. 
 
 amicus, -i, m. [amicus, adj.], a friend. 
 
 amita, -ae,/., {paternal) aunt. 
 
 a-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
 tr., lose. 
 
 amnis, amnis, -ium, m., river. 
 
 amo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., love. 
 
 amoenitas, -atis, /., pleasantness, 
 charm. 
 
 amor, -oris, m., love. 
 
 a-moveo, -movere, -movi, -mdtum, 
 tr., move away. 
 
 amphora, -a.e,f., jar, flagon. 
 
 ample, adv. [amplus, ample], abun- 
 dantly, hberalh; conipar., am- 
 plius, more. 
 
 AmiJlius, -i, /«., Amulius, a king of 
 Alba. 
 
 an, conj., or, used in double questions. 
 
 anceps, -cipitis, adj., two-headed, 
 double. 
 
 ancora, -ae, /., anchor. 
 
 Ancus, -i, 771., Ancus Marcius, 
 fourth king of Rome. 
 
 Andromeda, -ae, /., Andromeda, 
 the daughter of Cepheus. 
 
14 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 angor, -oris, m., anguish, torment. 
 
 anguis, anguis, -ium, m. and /.. 
 serpent, snake. 
 
 angulus, -i, m., corner. 
 
 angustiae, -arum, /. -pi. [angustus], 
 narrowness, a narrow place or 
 pass, defile. 
 
 angustus, -a, -um, adj., narrow. 
 
 anima, -ae, /., air, breath; life. 
 
 animadverto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
 sus, tr. [animus+adverto], direct 
 the mind to, observe, notice; 
 punish. 
 
 animal, animalis, -alium, n., an 
 animal. 
 
 animus, -i, m., mind, courage, 
 spirit. 
 
 Anio, Anienis, m., the Anio, a river 
 near Rome. 
 
 annona, -ae, /. [annus], the year's 
 
 produce; supphes, provisions, 
 annus, -i, m., year. 
 
 annuus, -a, -um, adj. [annus] 
 annual, lasting a year. 
 
 anser, -eris, w., goose. 
 
 ante, prep, with ace, before, in front 
 of. 
 
 antea, adv., formerly, before. 
 
 ante-eo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, intr., go 
 before or ahead. 
 
 ante-quam, conj., before. 
 
 Antiochus, -i, m., Antiochus, a Greek 
 philosopher. 
 
 antiquus, -a, -um, adj., ancient, of 
 long ago. 
 
 Antonius, -i, m., (1) C. Antonius, 
 consul in 63 B.C.; {2) M. 
 Antonius, consul in J^Jf. B.C., 
 afterwards triumvir. 
 
 antrum, -i, n., cave. 
 
 anxius, -a, -um, adj., anxious. 
 
 Ap., abbr.for Appius. 
 
 aper, apri, m., a wild boar. 
 
 aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum, tr., 
 open; reveal. 
 
 apertus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 aperio], open, exposed, unpro- 
 tected. 
 
 Apoll5, Apollinis, m., Apollo. 
 
 Apollonius, -i, m., Apollonius Molo, 
 a celebrated teacher of oratory at 
 Rhodes. 
 
 apparatus, -us, m. [apparo, prepare], 
 apparatus, equipment. 
 
 apparatus, -a, -um, adj. [apparo, 
 
 prepare], prepared, splendid, 
 apparitor, -oris, m., servant. 
 
 appello, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., call, 
 name. 
 
 appello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum, tr. 
 [ad+pell6], drive to, bring to; 
 with or without navem, land, put in. 
 
 Appenninus, -i, m., the Appen- 
 
 nines. 
 
 appeto, -petere, -petivi, or -petii, 
 -petitum, tr. and intr. [ad+peto], 
 strive after, seek; approach. 
 
 Appius, -i, m., Appius, a Roman 
 praenomen. 
 
 appono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
 tr. [ad+pono], place near; serve, 
 set before. 
 
 apprehend©, -hendere, -hendi, -hen- 
 sum, tr. [ad+prehendo], take hold 
 of, seize. 
 
 appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [ad+propinquo, draw near], ap- 
 proach. 
 
 Apr., abbr. for Aprilis, -e, adj., of 
 
 April. 
 aptus, -a, -um, adj., fit, adapted. 
 apud, prep, with ace, among, with; 
 
 near; at the house of; on the 
 
 bank of. 
 Apulia, -ae, /., Apulia, a region of 
 
 southern Italy. 
 
 aqua, -ae, /., water. 
 
 aquila, -ae, /., eagle. 
 
 Aquileia, -ae, /., a city of Cisalpine 
 Gaul, modern Aquileia. 
 
 Aquitania, -ae, /., Aquitania, one of 
 
 the divisions of Gaul. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 15 
 
 Aquitanus, -a, -um, adj., of Aqui- 
 
 tania, Aquitanian; subst., Aqui- 
 
 tani, -orum, m. pi., the Aquitani- 
 
 ans. 
 
 ara, -ae, /., altar. 
 
 Arar, -aris, m., the Arar, a river in 
 
 Gaul, now called the Saone. 
 arbitrium, -i, n. [arbiter, witness, 
 
 judge], judgment, pleasure. 
 arbitror, -ari, -atus sum, tr. [arbiter, 
 
 judge], think, suppose. 
 arbor, -oris,/., tree. 
 area, -ae, /., chest, box. 
 Arcadia, -ae, /., Arcadia, a district 
 
 in Greece. 
 arcesso, -cessere, -cessivi, -cessi- 
 
 tiim, tr., send for, summon. 
 arcus, -us, m., bow, arch. 
 Ardea, -ae, /., Ardea, a town of the 
 
 Rutuli, in Latium. 
 Ardeates, -ium, m. -pi., the people of 
 
 Ardea. 
 ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, intr., be on 
 
 fire, burn, burn up. 
 argenteus, -a, -um, adj. [argentum], 
 
 of silver, 
 argentum, -i, n., silver. 
 Argo, -us, /., the ship Argo. 
 Argolicus, -a, -um, adj., of Argolis 
 
 (a district of Greece) . 
 Argonautae, -arum, m. pi., the crew 
 
 of the Argo, the Argonauts. 
 Argus, -i, m., Argus, builder of the 
 
 Argo. 
 Aricinus, -a, -imi, adj., of Aricia 
 (a town of Latium). 
 
 aries, -etis, m., ram. 
 Ariovistus, -i, m., Ariovistus, king of 
 the Suevi, a German people. 
 
 anna, -drum, n. pi., arms, weapons. 
 
 aquila, -ae, /., eagle. 
 
 armamentariimi, -i, n. [anna] arsen- 
 al, armory. 
 
 armatus, -a, -imi, adj. [p. part, of 
 armo], armed, equipped; subst., 
 armati, -orum, m. pi., armed men. 
 
 Armenia, -ae, /., Armenia. 
 
 armo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [arma], 
 
 arm, equip. 
 aro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., plough. 
 Arpinum, -i, n., Arpinum, a town 
 
 of Latium.   
 
 arripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, tr. 
 
 [ad+rapio], grasp, seize. 
 anoganter, adv. [anogans, arrogant], 
 
 presumptuously. 
 anogantia, -ae, /. [arrogans, arro- 
 gant], arrogance, pride. 
 Arruns, -untis, m., Arruns Tar- 
 quinius, a son of Tarquinius 
 Priscus. 
 ars, artis, -ium,/., art. 
 artifex, -ids, m., artificer, artisan, 
 artus, -us, m., joint, Umb. 
 Arvemi, -orum, m. pi., the Arverni, 
 a tribe of Celtic Gaul. 
 
 arx, arcis, -ium,/., citadel. 
 Ascanius, -i, m., Ascanius, ^efirendary 
 
 founder of Alba Longa. 
 ascendo, -scendere, -scendi, -scen- 
 
 sum, tr. [ad+scando, climb], 
 
 ascend, climb, 
 ascensus, -us, m. [ascendo], way up, 
 
 ascent. 
 Asia, -ae, /., Asia. 
 Asiaticus, -a, -um, adj., of Asia, 
 
 Asiatic. 
 aspicio, aspicere,"aspexi, aspectum, 
 
 tr. [ad+specio, look], look at, 
 
 behold, look on. 
 assido, -sidere, -sedi, — , intr. 
 
 [ad+sido, sit], take a seat, sit 
 
 down, 
 assurgo, -surgere, -sunexi, -sur- 
 
 rectimi, intr. [ad+surgo, rise], 
 
 rise up. 
 asylum, -i, n., a place of refuge, 
 
 asylum. 
 at, conj., but. 
 Athenae, -arum, /. pi., Athens. 
 
 Atilius, -i, m., M. Atihus Regulus, 
 consul in 256 B. C. 
 
16 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Atlas, -antis, w., Atlas. 
 
 atque, conj., and also, and. 
 
 atrium, -I, n., atrium, the principal 
 room or hall of a house. 
 
 atrociter, adv. [atrox, savage], fierce- 
 
 ly. 
 
 attingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum, (r. 
 [ad+tango], touch; arrive at. 
 
 auctor, -oris, m. [augeo], promoter, 
 instigator. 
 
 auctoritas, -atis, /. [auctor], influ- 
 ence, authority. 
 
 auctus, -a, -um, see augeo. 
 
 audacia, -ae, /. [audax], boldness. 
 
 audacter, adv. [audax], boldly. 
 
 audax, -acis, adj., daring, bold. 
 
 audeo, -ere, ausus sum, tr. and inir., 
 dare, venture. 
 
 audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., hear. 
 
 aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum, 
 tr. [ab+fero], carry away, carry 
 off. 
 
 aufugid, -fugere, -fugi, — , intr. 
 [ab+fugio], flee away, run away. 
 
 Augeas, -ae, m., Augeas, a king of 
 Elis. 
 
 augeo, augere, auxi, auctum, tr., 
 
 increase; auctus, -a, -um, p. part. 
 
 as adj., increased; abundant, 
 
 ample, 
 augurium, -i, n. [augur, augur], 
 
 augury, divination. 
 
 Aulus, -i, m., Aulus, a Roman 
 praenomen. 
 
 aureus, -a, -um, adj. [aurum], of 
 gold, golden. 
 
 aurum, -i, n., gold. 
 
 aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, either 
 ... or. 
 
 autem, conj., but, on the other hand, 
 however; furthermore. 
 
 auxilium, -i, n. [augeo], help, aid. 
 
 avaritia, -ae, /., [avarus], greed, 
 
 avarice, 
 avarus, -a, -um, adj., greedy, 
 
 covetous. 
 
 a-veho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum, tr., 
 
 carry off, take away. 
 
 a-verto, -vertere, -verti, -versus, tr., 
 turn away, avert. 
 
 avis, avis, -ium, /., bird. 
 
 a-volo, -are, -avi, -aturus, intr., fly 
 
 away. 
 
 avunculus, -i, m. [avus], (maternal) 
 uncle. 
 
 avus, -i, 7n., grandfather. 
 
 B 
 
 baculum, -i, n., staff. 
 
 balteus, -i, m., girdle, belt. 
 
 barba, -ae, /., beard. 
 
 barbari, -orum, m. pi. [barbarus, 
 adj., barbarian], barbarians. 
 
 beatus, -a, -um, adj., happy, 
 prosperous. 
 
 Belgae, -arum, m. pi., the Belgae, 
 the Belgians. 
 
 bellicosus, -a, -um, adj. [bellum], 
 warlike, martial. 
 
 bello, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [bellum], carry on war. 
 
 bellum, -i, ?i., war. 
 
 belua, -ae, /., wild beast, monster. 
 
 bene, adv. [bonus], well. 
 
 beneficium, -i, n. [bene+facio], 
 
 kindness, favor. 
 
 benigne, adv. [benignus], kindly. 
 
 benignitas, -atis, /. [benignus], 
 kindness. 
 
 benignus, -a, -um, adj., kind. 
 
 bestia, -ae, /., beast. 
 
 bibliotheca, -ae, /., library. 
 
 bibo, bibere, bibi, — , tr. and intr., 
 drink. 
 
 Bibracte, -is, n., Bibracte, chiej 
 town of the Haedui. 
 
 Bibulus, -1, m., M. Calpurnius 
 Bibulus, consul in 59 B. C. 
 
 biceps, -cipitis, adj., two-headed. 
 
 biduum, -i, n. [bis+dies], a period of 
 two days, two days. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 17 
 
 bieiinium, -i, n. [bis+annus], two 
 
 years. 
 bipertito, adv. [bis+partior, divide], 
 
 in two divisions. 
 
 bis, adv., twice. 
 
 Bituriges, -um, m. pi., the Bituriges, 
 
 a tribe in central Gaul. 
 Bocchus, -i, m., Bocchus, a king of 
 
 Mauretania. 
 
 Bol (Boil), -orum, m. pi., the Boii, 
 
 a Gallic tribe. 
 bonitas, -atis, /. [bonus], goodness, 
 
 fertihty. 
 
 bonus, -a, -um, adj., good; subst., 
 bonum, -i, n., what is good, 
 good; bona, -drum, n., pi., goods, 
 property. 
 
 bos, bovis, m. and /., ox, cow; pi., 
 cattle. 
 
 bracchium, -I, n., the fore-arm, arm. 
 
 Brennus, -i, m., Brennus, a Gallic 
 king. 
 
 brevis, -e, adj., short. 
 
 brevitas, -atis,/. [brevis], shortness, 
 brevity. 
 
 breviter, adv. [brevis], briefly. 
 
 Britannia, -ae, /., Britain, Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Brundisium, -i, n., Brundisium, a 
 city on the east coast of Italy, now 
 Brindisi. 
 
 Brutus, -i, m., (2) L. Junius Brutus, 
 one of the first two consuls at 
 Rome; (3) M. Jvinius Brutus, one 
 of Julius Caesar's assassins. 
 
 Busiris, -idis, m., Busiris, a king of 
 Egypt. 
 
 C, abbr. for Gaius. 
 
 Cacus, -i, rn., Cacus, a giant slain by 
 Hercules. 
 
 cadaver, -eris, n., a dead body, 
 corpse. 
 
 cado, cadere, cecidi, casurus, intr., 
 fall; be killed. 
 
 caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind. 
 
 caedes, caedis, -ium, /. [caedo], 
 murder, slaughter, massacre. 
 
 caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, fr., 
 
 cut, cut down, kill. 
 
 caelestis, -e, adj. [caelum], from 
 heaven, celestial. 
 
 caelum, -i, n., sky, heaven, 
 
 Caere, no gen., n., Caere, a city of 
 
 Etrurin. 
 
 caerimonia, -ae, /., ceremony, rite. 
 
 Caesar, -aris, m., C. Julius Caesar, 
 consul in 59 B. C., later dictator. 
 
 Calais, -is, m., Calais, one of the 
 Argonauts. 
 
 calamitas, -atis, f., disaster, calam- 
 ity. 
 calcar, calcaris, -ium, n., spur, 
 calceus, -i, m., shoe. 
 
 callidus, -a, -um, adj. [calleo, be 
 callous, be skilled], shrewd, adroit. 
 
 calor, -oris, ni., heat. 
 
 calvus, -a, -um, adj., bald. 
 
 Camers, -ertis, m., a citizen of 
 Camerinum (a city in Italy). 
 
 Camillus, -i, m., M. Furius Camillus, 
 a famous Roman general of the 
 fourth century B. C. 
 
 campus, -i, m., plain. 
 
 cancer, -cri, w., a crab. 
 
 candidatus, -i, m. [candidus, white], 
 candidate. 
 
 Caninius, -i, m., C. Caninius 
 Rebilus, a lieutenant of Julius 
 Caesar's and later consul. 
 
 canis, -is, m. andf., dog. 
 
 Cannae, -arum, /. pi., Cannae, a 
 town in southeastern Italy. 
 
 Cannensis, -e, adj., of Cannae. 
 
 cano, canere, cecini, cantum, intr.. 
 
 smg. 
 
 canto, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. [freq. 
 of cano], sing. 
 
 Canusium, -i, n., Canusium, a toum 
 in southeastern Italy. 
 
18 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 capesso, -ere, — , — , tr. [capio], seize 
 (eagerly), undertake, undergo. 
 
 capio, capere, cepi, captum, tr., 
 take, capture. 
 
 capitalis, -e, adj. [caput], of the head; 
 of the hfe, capital. 
 
 Capitolinus, -a, -um, adj. [Capito- 
 lium], of the Capitol, Capitohne. 
 
 Capitolium, -i, n., the Capitol, the 
 temple of Jupiter in Rome; or, the 
 hill on which the Capitol stood. 
 
 captivus, -I, m., [capio], prisoner. 
 
 caput, capitis, 7i., head; chief city, 
 capital. 
 
 Carbo, -onis, m., Cn. Papirius 
 Carbo, consul in 85, 84, 82 B.C. 
 
 career, -eris, m., prison. 
 
 carmen, -inis, n., a song; charm, 
 incantation. 
 
 caro, camis, /., flesh. 
 
 carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum, tr., 
 pluck, 
 
 carpentum, -i, n., a carriage {with 
 two wheels). 
 
 carrus, -i, m., cart. 
 
 Carthaginiensis, -e, adj. [Carthago], 
 of Carthage, Carthaginian; subst. 
 Carthaginienses, -ium, m. pi., 
 the Carthaginians. 
 
 Carthago, -inis,/., Carthage, a city of 
 northern Africa; Nova Carthago, 
 New Carthage, a city of Spain. 
 
 cams, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious. 
 
 casa, -ae, /., cottage. 
 
 Casca, -ae, m., C. Servihus Casca, 
 one of the assassins of Julius 
 Caesar. 
 
 Cassianus, -a, -um, adj., of Cassius, 
 with Cassius. 
 
 Cassius, -i, m., (1) C. Cassius 
 Longinus, one of the assassins of 
 Julius Caesar; {2) L. Cassius 
 Longinus, consul in 107 B.C. 
 
 castellum, -i, n., fort, redoubt. 
 
 Casticus, -i, m., Casticus, a promi- 
 nent Sequanian. 
 
 Castor, -oris, m.. Castor, son of Leda 
 and twin brother of Pollux. 
 
 castra, -onim, n. pi., camp. 
 
 casus, -us, m. [cado], fall; accident, 
 occurrence, mischance. 
 
 catena, -ae, /., chain. 
 
 Catilina, -ae, m., L. Sergius Catilina, 
 organizer of a conspiracy against 
 the Roman government in 63 B.C; 
 usually Anglicized as Catihne. 
 
 Cato, -onis, m., ]VI. Porcius Cato, a 
 Roman, promi7ient towards the 
 close of the republic. 
 
 Caturiges, -um, m.pl. , the Caturiges, 
 a Gallic tribe in the Alps. 
 
 Cauda, -ae, /., tail. 
 
 causa, -ae, /., cause, reason; causa, 
 with preceding gen., for the sake of, 
 for the purpose of. 
 
 caveo, cavere, cavl, cautum, tr. and 
 
 intr., beware of, beware. 
 
 cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, intr., 
 withdraw, retire, yield. 
 
 celeber, -bris, -bre, adj., thronged; 
 renowned, famous. 
 
 celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [celeber], throng; celebrate. 
 
 celer, celeris, celere, adj., swift, 
 speedy. 
 
 celeritas, -atis, /. [celer], speed, 
 swiftness. 
 
 celeriter, adv. [celer], swiftly, quick- 
 
 ly. 
 
 celo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., conceal, 
 hide. 
 
 Celtae, -arum, m. pi., the Celts. 
 
 Celtiberi, -orum, m. pi., the Celtiberi, 
 
 a Spanish tribe. 
 
 cena, -ae, /., dinner. 
 
 cenaculum, -i, n. [cena], dining- 
 room. 
 
 Cenaeum, -i, n., Cenaeum, a 
 promontory of Euboea. 
 
 ceno, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. and tr. 
 [cena], dine, dine upon. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 19 
 
 censeo, censere, censui, censum, 
 
 tr., estimate; think, believe. 
 
 census, -us, m. [censeo], census, 
 enumeration. 
 
 centaunis, -i, m., Centaur, a mythical 
 creature with a horse's body and a 
 man's head. 
 
 centum, indecl. num. adj., hundred. 
 
 centurio, -onis, m. [centuria, hun- 
 dred men], centurion. 
 
 Cepheus, -i, m., Cepheus, a king of 
 
 Ethiopia. 
 Cerberus, -i, m., Cerberus, fabled 
 
 watch-dog of the Lower World. 
 
 Ceres, -eris, /., Ceres, goddess of 
 agriculture. 
 
 cerno, cemere, crevi, cretum, /r., 
 distinguish; discern, perceive. 
 
 certamen, -inis, n. [certo], struggle, 
 contest, rivalry. 
 
 certe, adv. [certus], assuredly, cer- 
 tainly. 
 
 certo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. [freq. of 
 cerno], contend, strive. 
 
 certus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 cerno], fixed, certain. 
 
 cervix, -icis, /., neck, throat. 
 
 cervus, -i, m., stag. 
 
 ceteri, -ae, -a, adj., pi., the other, the 
 
 rest of. 
 Ceutrones, -um, m. pi., the Ceu- 
 
 trones, a Gallic tribe in the Alps. 
 
 Charon, -ontis, m., Charon, the 
 ferryman over the river Styx. 
 
 Chrysogonus, -i, m., L. Cornehus 
 Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sulla. 
 
 cibarius, -a, -um, adj. [cibus], given 
 as rations; subst., cibaria, -drum, 
 n. pi., provisions, rations. 
 
 cibus, -i, m., food. 
 
 Cicero, -onis, m., M. TulUus Cicero, 
 the famous orator. 
 
 Ctmber, -bri, m., a Cimbrian; 
 Cimbri, -onmi, pL, the Cimbri, a 
 people of northern Germany. 
 
 Cimberius, -i, m., Cimberius, a leader 
 of the Suebi and brother of Nasua. 
 
 Cimbricus, -a, -um, adj. [Cimber], 
 of the Cimbri, Cimbrian. 
 
 Cincinnatus, -i, m., L. Quinctius 
 Cincinnatus, a famous Roman of 
 the fifth century B.C. 
 
 Cineas, -ae, m., Cineas, a minister 
 of king Pyrrhus of Epirus. 
 
 cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctum, tr., 
 surround, encircle. 
 
 cinis, cineris, m., ashes. 
 
 Cinna, -ae, m., L. Cornelius Cinna, 
 
 consul in 87-84- B.C. 
 circa, adv. and prep, with ace, 
 
 around, round about. 
 
 Circeii, -orum, m. pi., Circeii, a 
 town of Latium. 
 
 circinus, -i, m., a pair of compasses. 
 
 circiter, adv. [circus], about, nearly. 
 
 circuitus, -us, m.. [circumeo], a going 
 around, a circuit. 
 
 circum, prep, with ace. [circus], 
 around, about. 
 
 circum-aro, -arare, -aravi, tr., 
 plough around. 
 
 circum-do, -dare, -dedi, -datum, tr., 
 place around, surround. 
 
 circimi-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
 tum, tr., lead around. 
 
 circum-eo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, tr. 
 and intr., go around, go from one 
 to another. 
 
 circum-fundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fu- 
 sum, tr., pour around. 
 
 circum-saepio, -saepire, -saepsi, 
 -saeptum, tr., hedge around, 
 encircle. 
 
 circum-sisto, -sistere, -steti, — , tr., 
 surround. 
 
 circum-sto, -stare, -steti, — , intr., 
 stand around, surround. 
 
 circum-venio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
 tum, tr., come around, surround. 
 
 circus, -i, m., a circle; a circus. 
 
 citerior, -ius, comp. adj. [cis, this 
 side of], on this side; nearer, 
 hither. 
 
20 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 cithara, -ae,/., cithara, guitar. 
 citharoedus, -i, w., citharoedus, 
 
 one who plays on the cithara and 
 
 sings at the same time. 
 cito, adv. [citus, swift], quickly, 
 
 speedily. 
 citro, adv. [cis, this side of], to this 
 
 side; ultro citroque, hither and 
 
 thither, backwards and forwards. 
 
 civicus, -a, -um, adj. [civis], of 
 
 citizens; civic, 
 civilis, -e, adj. [civis], of citizens, 
 
 civil, 
 civis, civis, -ium, m., citizen. 
 civitas, -atis, /. [civis], citizenship; 
 
 the state, a state. 
 clades, cladis, -ium, /., disaster, 
 
 misfortune; defeat. 
 clam, adv., secretly. 
 clamito, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. [freg. 
 
 of clamo], call out loudly, cry out. 
 clamd, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., cry 
 
 out, shout. 
 clamor, -oris, m. [clamo], shout, 
 
 shouting, noise. 
 clangor, -oris, m., noise. 
 clarus, -a, -um, adj., famous; bright, 
 
 clear; loud. 
 classis, classis, -ium, /., class, fleet. 
 
 Claudius, -i, m., Ap. Claudius, a 
 tribune of the soldiers in 216 B.C. 
 
 claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum, 
 tr., close; agmen claudere, to 
 bring up the rear. 
 
 clava, -ae, /., staff, club. 
 
 Clemens, -entis, adj., merciful. 
 
 clementer, adv. [clemens], merci- 
 fully. 
 
 dementia, -ae,/. [clemens], forbear- 
 ance, mercy. 
 
 Cleopatra, -ae, /., Cleopatra, a 
 gueen of Egypt. 
 
 cliens, -entis, m., client, follower. 
 
 cloaca, -ae,/., sewer. 
 
 Clodius, -i, m., ^another form of 
 Claudius; P. Clodius Pulcher, a 
 
 Roman of Cicero's time and an 
 enemy of Cicero. 
 
 Cluilius, -i, m., Cluilius, a king of 
 
 Alba. 
 Cliisinus, -a, -um, adj. [Clusium], of 
 
 Clusium (a city of Etruria) . 
 
 Cn., abbr. for Gnaeus. 
 
 co-emo, -emere, -emi, -emptum, tr., 
 purchase, buy up. 
 
 coepi, coepisse, coeptum, tr. and 
 
 intr., defective verb, began. 
 
 coerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr. [com- 
 +arceo, enclose], restrain, curb. 
 
 cogitatio, -onis,/. [cogito], reflection, 
 
 meditation. 
 cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [com-+ 
 
 agito], ponder; plan. 
 
 cognatus, -a, -um, adj. [com-+ 
 (g)nascor], related. 
 
 cognomen, -inis, n. [com-+(g)n6- 
 men], cognomen, surname. 
 
 cognosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitum, 
 tr. [com-+(g)n6sco, learn], find 
 out, learn; pf., know. 
 
 cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, tr. 
 [com-+ago], drive together, bring 
 together, collect; compel, force. 
 
 cohors, cohortis, -ium, /., cohort, a 
 division of the Roman army. 
 
 co-hortor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., 
 encourage, rally, admonish. 
 
 Colchis, -idis, /., Colchis, a district 
 in Asia to the east of the Black Sea. 
 
 coUega, -ae, m., colleague. 
 
 coUigo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum, tr. 
 [com-+leg6], gather together, col- 
 lect. 
 
 coUigo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [com- 
 +ligo, Ijind], bind together. 
 
 collis, coUis, -ium, m., hill. 
 
 colloco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [com- 
 +loc6, place], station, arrange; 
 give in marriage. 
 
 colloquium, -i, n., [coUoquor], inter- 
 view, conference. 
 
 coUoquor, -loqui, -locutus sum, intr. 
 [com-+loquor], converse, confer. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 21 
 
 coUum, -i, n., neck, 
 
 colo, -ere, colui, cultum, tr., culti- 
 vate, till. 
 
 colonus, -i, m. [colo], farmer; settler, 
 colonist. 
 
 color, -oris, m., color. 
 
 columba, -ae, /., dove, pigeon. 
 
 columna, -ae, /., column, pillar. 
 
 com-, (also con- ai^d co-), forms of 
 the preposition cum employed in 
 composition only. 
 
 comburo, -urere, -ussi, -ustum, tr. 
 [com-+uro], burn up, consume. 
 
 comes, -itis, m. and /., companion. 
 
 comitas, -atis, /. [comis, courteous], 
 courteousness, affability. 
 
 comitium, -i, n. [com-+eo], a place 
 of assembly; the Comitium, a 
 meeting-place adjoining the old 
 Roman Forum; comitia, -orum, 
 pL, public assembly, election. 
 
 commeatus, -us, m. [commeo], 
 going to and fro; furlough; pro- 
 visions, supplies. 
 
 com-memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 mention. 
 
 commentarius, -i, m., note-book, 
 memorandum; pi., memoirs, rec- 
 ords. 
 
 com-meo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 
 [meo, go, pass], go and come; 
 
 resort to. 
 comminus, adv. [com-+manus], hand 
 
 to hand, at close quarters. 
 
 com-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
 tr., send together; undertake; 
 bring about; proelium commit- 
 tere, to begin battle. 
 
 commode, adv. [commodus, con- 
 venient], conveniently, advanta- 
 geous! J^ 
 
 commonefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
 ^tum, tr. [commoneo+facio], re- 
 "mind, impress upon. 
 
 com-moror, -ari, -atus sum, intr., 
 tarry, linger. 
 
 com-moveo, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
 
 [commuto], 
 
 -atum, tr., 
 nge. 
 
 -atum, tr., 
 
 turn, tr., move deeply, excite, 
 arouse, alarm. 
 
 com-munio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., 
 fortify, establish strongly. 
 
 communis, -e, adj., common. 
 
 communiter, adv. [communis], com- 
 monly, in common. 
 
 commutatio, -onis, /. 
 change. 
 
 com-muto, -are, -avi, 
 
 change (entireljO, e 
 com-paro, -are, -avi, 
 
 prepare. 
 
 compare, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [compar, like], compare. 
 
 com-pello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum, 
 
 ir., drive together, collect. 
 comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertum, 
 
 tr. and intr., find out, ascertain, 
 com-plector, -plecti, -plexus sum, tr. 
 
 [com-+plector, embrace], clasp, 
 
 embrace, 
 compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, tr. 
 
 [com-+ple6, fill], fill, fill up. 
 
 com-plures, -plura or -pluria, adj., 
 several, a number of, many. 
 
 com-pono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
 
 tum, tr., place together; compose, 
 settle. 
 
 com-port5, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 carry together, bring together, 
 collect. 
 
 com-prehendo, -hendere, -hendi, 
 -hensum, tr., seize, arrest. 
 
 comprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres- 
 sum, //•. [com-+prem6], press 
 together, squeeze; suppress. 
 
 conata, -orum, n. pi. [p. part, of 
 
 Conor], undertaking, enterprise, 
 conatus, -us, m. [conor], attempt, 
 con-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 
 intr. and tr., yield; grant, concede, 
 concido, -cidere, -cidi, — , intr. 
 
 [com-4-cad6], fall, be slain, 
 concido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, tr. 
 
 [com-+caed6], cut to pieces, 
 
 destroy. 
 
22 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, ir., win, 
 win over, win the favor of. 
 
 concilium, -i, n., council. 
 
 concipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, tr. 
 [com-+capi6], take hold of; con- 
 ceive. 
 
 concito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., rouse, 
 incite. 
 
 con-clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and 
 intr., cry out together, cry out 
 loudly, exclaim. 
 
 Concordia, -ae, /. [concors, harmoni- 
 ous], concord, harmony. 
 con-curro, -currere, -curri, -cursum, 
 
 intr., run together. 
 
 con-cursus, -us, w., a running to- 
 gether, concourse; assault, charge. 
 
 condemno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [com-+damn6], condemn. 
 
 condicio, -onis, /. [condico, agree], 
 agreement; terms, conditions. 
 
 conditor, -oris, m. [condo], founder. 
 
 con-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr., 
 put away, store up; found. 
 
 con-dono, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., give; 
 overlook, pardon. 
 
 con-duco, -diicere, -duxl, -ductum, 
 tr., bring together, collect. 
 
 con-ducti, -orum, m. pi. [p. part, of 
 conduco], mercenary soldiers, mer- 
 cenaries. 
 
 con-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, tr., 
 bring together, collect; compare; 
 se conferre, betake oneself, pro- 
 ceed. 
 
 confertus, -a, -um, adj, [p. part, of 
 confercio, press together], 
 crowded, dense. 
 
 confessio, -onis, /. [confiteor], con- 
 fession. 
 
 I; 
 
 confestim, adv., at once, immediate-/ 
 
 - ly. 
 
 conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, tr. 
 
 [com-+faci6], finish, complete; 
 
 weaken, overcome. 
 con-fido, -fidere, -fisus sum, intr. 
 
 {takes dative), trust; be confident, 
 
 have confidence. 
 
 con-firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 strengthen, estabhsh. 
 
 confiteor, -fiteri, -f essus sum, tr. and 
 intr. [com-+fateor, acknowledge], 
 confess. 
 
 con-flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 be on fire, be consumed. 
 
 con-fligo, -fligere, -flixi, -flictum, 
 intr., dash or strike together. 
 
 con-flo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., blow 
 together, kindle; aes alienum con- 
 flare, to contract a debt. 
 
 con-fodio, -fodere, -fodi, -fossum, 
 
 tr., stab, pierce. 
 
 congredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
 intr. [com-+gradior, step], come 
 together, meet. 
 
 congressus, -us, m. [congredior], 
 meeting, conference. 
 
 conjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 [com-+jaci6], throw together; hurl 
 cast. 
 
 con-jungo, -jungere, -jiinxl, -junc- 
 tum, tr., fasten together, join. 
 
 conjiinx, conjugis, m. andf. [compare 
 conjungo], a married person, hus- 
 band, wife. 
 
 conjurati, -drum, m. pi. [p. part, of 
 conjiiro], conspirators. 
 
 conjiiratio, -onis, /. [conjuro], con- 
 spiracy. 
 
 con-juro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 swear together, form a conspiracy, 
 conspire. 
 
 Conor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. and intr., 
 try, attempt. 
 
 conquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qulsi- 
 tum, tr. [com-+quaero], hunt for, 
 search out. 
 
 con-sanguineus, -a, -um, adj., re- 
 lated by blood; subst., consan- 
 guine!, -orum, m. pi., kinsmen, 
 blood-relations. 
 
 conscendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
 -scensum, tr. [com-+scando, 
 chmb], climb; go aboard, embark 
 on. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 23 
 
 c6n-scisc6, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitum, 
 
 tr. [scisco, approve], resolve upon; 
 
 mortem sibi consciscere, commit 
 
 suicide. 
 
 conscius, -a, -um, adj. [com-+sci6], 
 
 conscious, aware. 
 con-scribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
 
 -scriptum, tr., enroll, organize, 
 con-sensus, -us, ni. [c5nsentio, 
 
 agree], agreement. 
 c5n-sequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, 
 
 ir., follow up; overtake; gam. 
 con-servo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 retain, preserve. 
 Considius, -i, w., P. Considius, an 
 
 officer in Caesar's army. 
 con-sido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, 
 
 intr., sit down, take one's seat. 
 consilium, -t, n., plan, counsel, ad- 
 vice. 
 c5n-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , intr., 
 take one's stand, halt, make a 
 stand. 
 c6n-socio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., as- 
 sociate, unite. 
 con-solor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. [solor, 
 comfort], console, cheer, comfort, 
 conspectus, -us, m. [conspicio], sight, 
 
 view, 
 conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 //•. [com-+specio, look], perceive, 
 observe, 
 conspicor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., catch 
 
 sight of, observe, see. 
 constantia, -ae, /. [constans, firm], 
 
 constancy, firmness. 
 constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- 
 tum, tr. [com+statuo], station; de- 
 cide, determine. 
 
 con-sto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus, 
 intr., stand together; consist; iw- 
 pers., constat, it is known, it is 
 certain. 
 
 con-suesco, -suescere, -suevi, sue- 
 tum, intr., become accustomed; 
 pf., be accustomed, be in the habit 
 of. 
 
 consuetude, -inis, /. [consuesco], 
 custom, habit, way. 
 
 consul, -ulis, m., consul, one of the 
 chief magistrates at Rome. 
 
 consularis, -e, adj. [consul], of a con- 
 sul, consular. 
 
 consulatus, -us, m. [c5nsul], consul- 
 ship. 
 
 consulo, -sulere, -sului, -sultum, tr. 
 and intr., consult; consult the in- 
 terests of {with dative) . 
 
 consult©, adv. [ahl. of consultum], 
 intentionally. 
 
 consulto, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [freq. of consulo], consult, deliber- 
 ate. 
 
 consultum, -i, m. [consulo], decree. 
 
 con-sumo, -sumere, -sumpsi, -sump- 
 
 tum, tr., consume, spend, 
 con-tego, -tegere, -texi, -tectum, tr., 
 
 cover, 
 con-temno, -temnere, -tempsi, 
 
 -temptum, tr., scorn, despise. 
 
 contemptor, -oris, m. [contemno], 
 despiser, scorner. 
 
 con-tendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
 tum, intr., contend, fight; hasten. 
 
 contentia, -onis,/. [contend©], strug- 
 gle, contest. 
 
 contentus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part of 
 contineo, hold together], satisfied, 
 contented. 
 
 con-texo, -texere, -texui, -textum, 
 tr., weave. 
 
 continens, -entis, /. [contineo], con- 
 tinent, mainland. 
 
 continenter, adv. [continens, contin- 
 uous], continuously. 
 
 contineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, tr. 
 
 [com-+teneo], hold together; shut 
 
 in, confine, 
 contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum, tr. 
 
 [com-+tang6], touch, adjoin; mtr. 
 
 and impers., contingit, it befalls, 
 
 happens to. 
 
24 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 continuo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [con- 
 tinuus], make continuous, hold 
 without an interval. 
 
 continuus, -a, -um, adj. [contineo], 
 successive, continuous. 
 
 contio, -onis, /. [comyare com- and 
 venio], a public assembly; a 
 speech, a contio. 
 
 contra, prep, with ace, against, op- 
 posite. 
 
 con-traho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractum, 
 tr., draw or bring together. 
 
 controversia, -ae, /. [controversus, 
 disputed], dispute, quarrel. 
 
 contumelia, -ae, /., insult, abuse. 
 
 conubium, -i, n. [com-+nubo], mar- 
 riage. 
 
 con-vallis, -vallis, -ium, /., valley. 
 
 conveniens, -entis, adj. [pres. part, of 
 convenio], agreeing, appropriate. 
 
 con-venio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, 
 intr., assemble, come together; 
 impers., convenit, an agreement is 
 made, it is agreed. 
 
 conventus, -us, m. [convenio], meet- 
 ing, assembly. 
 
 con-verto, -vertere, -verti, -versum, 
 tr., turn round, turn. 
 
 con-vinco, -vincere, -vici, -victum, 
 tr., convict; prove. 
 
 con-voco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., call 
 together. 
 
 co-orior, -oriri, -ortus sum, intr., 
 come forth, arise. 
 
 copia, -ae, /., plenty; pi., forces, 
 troops. 
 
 copiose, adv. [copiosus], copiously, 
 at length. 
 
 copiosus, -a, -um, adj. [copia], plenti- 
 ful, well supplied. 
 
 Corinthius, -a, -um, adj., of Corinth, 
 Corinthian. 
 
 Corinthus, -i, /., Corinth, a city of 
 Greece. 
 
 Cornelia, -ae, /., Cornelia, na77ie of a 
 woman or girl. 
 
 Cornelius, -i, m., (1) P. Cornelius 
 Scipio Africanus IVIajor, a famous 
 Roman general who conquered Han- 
 nibal; {2) P. Cornehus Scipio 
 Africanus IVIinor, who destroyed 
 Carthage; (3) L. Cornelius Sulla, 
 consul in 8S B.C., later dictator. 
 
 comeus, -a, -um, adj. [comu], of 
 horn. 
 
 corneus, -a, -um, adj. [cornum, 
 cornel-cherry], of cornel- wood. 
 
 comu, -us, n., horn; wing {of an 
 army). 
 
 corona, -ae, /., garland, wreath, 
 crown. 
 
 corpus, corporis, n., body. 
 
 corrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum, tr. 
 [com-+rego], correct, reform. 
 
 corripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, tr. 
 [com-+rapi6], seize, take hold of, 
 snatch up. 
 
 corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptum, 
 tr. [com-+rumpo, burst], ruin; cor- 
 rupt. 
 
 cortex, -icis, m. andf., bark. 
 
 cotidianus, -a, -um, adj. [cotidie], 
 dail}'. 
 
 cotidie, adv. [quot+dies], every day, 
 daily. 
 
 Crassus, -i, m., (1) M. Licinius 
 Crassus, a member of the First 
 Triumvirate unth Caesar and Pom- 
 peius; {2) P. Licinius Crassus, son 
 of Marxus. 
 
 credibilis, -e, adj. [credo], credible. 
 
 creditor, -oris, m.. [credo], creditor. 
 
 credo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr., be- 
 heve, trust, entrust; lend. 
 
 cremo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., burn, 
 consume. 
 
 creo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., elect, 
 choose. 
 
 Creon, -ontis, m., Creon, a king of 
 Thebes. 
 
 crepitus, -us, m. [crepo, to rattle], 
 clattering, noise. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 25 
 
 crepundia, -drum, n., pi. [crepo, to 
 rattle], a child's rattle, a rattle. 
 
 cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum,in<r., 
 increase, grow greater. 
 
 Creta, -ae, /., Crete, an island in the 
 Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 crimen, -inis, n., charge, accusation. 
 
 crinis, crinis, -ium, m., hair. 
 
 cniciatus, -iis, 7)i. [crucio, to torture], 
 torture. 
 
 crudelis, -e, adj., cruel. 
 
 crudelitas, -atis, /. [crudelis], 
 
 cruelt}'. 
 crudeliter, adv. [crudelis], cruelly, 
 crus, cruris, n., leg. 
 crux, crucis, /., gallows, cross, 
 cubiculum, -i, n. [cubo], bedchamber. 
 
 cubo, -are, cubui, cubitum, intr., lie 
 down, recline. 
 
 culpa, -ae, /., fault, blame. 
 
 culpo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [culpa], 
 blame, rebuke. 
 
 culter, -tri, m., knife. 
 
 cultus, -us, m. [colo], cultivation, 
 culture; civilization, refinement. 
 
 cum, prep, with abl., with. 
 
 cum, conj., when, since, although. 
 
 cunae, -arum, /. pL, a cradle. 
 
 cunctator^ -oris, m. [ciinctor], a 
 delayer; as a proper noun, bestowed 
 informally as a cognomen on Q. 
 Fabius Maxim us. 
 
 cunctor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., delay, 
 hesitate. 
 
 cupide, adv. [cupidus], eagerly. 
 
 cupiditas, -atis, /. [cupidus], eager- 
 ness, longing, desire. 
 
 cupido, -inis, /. [cupidus], passion, 
 greed. 
 
 cupidus, -a, -um, adj. [cupio], de- 
 sirous, fond. 
 
 cupio, -ere, cupivi, cupitum, //•., 
 wish, desire. 
 
 cur, adv., why. 
 
 cura, -ae, /., care. 
 
 Cures, -ium, m. and f. pi., Cures, 
 chief town of the Sabines. 
 
 curia, -ae, /., curia (a division of the 
 Roman people), ward; senate 
 house. 
 
 Curiatius, -i, m., Curiatius, an Alban 
 name; name of triplet brothers who 
 fought the Roman Horalii. 
 
 euro, -are, -avI, -atum, tr. [cura], 
 care for, attend to; have done. 
 
 curro, currere, cucurri, cursum, intr., 
 run. 
 
 currus, -us, m., chariot. 
 
 cursus, -us, m. [curro], course. 
 
 curtilis, -e, adj., curule. 
 
 custodia, -ae, /. [custos], watch, cus- 
 tody, guard. 
 
 custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr. [cus- 
 tos], watch, guard. 
 
 custos, -odis, m. and /., guard, 
 guardian, keeper. 
 
 cyathus, -i, m., cup. 
 
 Cyzicus, -i,/., Cyzicus, (i) an island 
 or peninsula in the Sea of Marmora; 
 (2) a town situated on {l). 
 
 D 
 
 Dacus, -a, -um, adj., Dacian; subst., 
 Daci, -orum, m. pi., the Dacians. 
 
 damno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [dam- 
 num, loss], condemn, convict. 
 
 Danae, -es, /., Danae, mother of 
 Perseus. 
 
 de, prep, with abl., down from, from; 
 concerning, about. 
 
 de-ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 walk, stroll. 
 
 debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr. [de+ 
 habeo], owe, ought. 
 
 debitor, -oris, ?h. [debeo], debtor. 
 
 de-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 
 intr., withdraw, depart; die. 
 
 decem, indecl. num. adj., ten. 
 
 December, -bris, -bre, adj. [decem], 
 of December; subst., December, 
 -bris, 7n., December. 
 
26 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 de-cemo, -cemere, -crevi, -cretum, 
 tr., decide, decree. 
 
 de-certo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 fight it out, fight a decisive battle. 
 
 decide, -cidere, -cidi, — , intr., [de+ 
 
 cad5], fall down, fall off. 
 decimus, -a, -um, adj. [decern], 
 
 tenth. 
 
 decipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, tr. 
 [de+capio], beguile, deceive. 
 
 de-claro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [claro, make bright], disclose, re- 
 veal. 
 
 decoro, -are, -avi, -atum, fr. [decus, 
 decoration], adorn, honor. 
 
 decurio, -onis, m. [decuria, a division 
 of ten], decurion, the leader of a 
 decuria. 
 
 de-curro, -currere, -cucurri, -cur- 
 sum, intr. J run down; manoeuvre. 
 
 de-decus, -decoris, n. [decus, deco- 
 ration; honor], disgrace, dishonor. 
 
 dediticius, -a, -um, adj. [dedo], sur- 
 rendered; subst., dediticii, -orum, 
 m. pi., prisoners of war. 
 
 deditio, -onis, /. [dedo], surrender. 
 
 deditus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 dedc], surrendered; subst., dediti, 
 -drum, m. pi., prisoners of war, 
 captives. 
 
 dedo, -ere, dedidi, deditum, tr. [de+ 
 do], give up, surrender. 
 
 de-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 tr., lead away; draw down; navem 
 deducere, to launch a ship. 
 
 defendo, -ere, defendi, defensum, 
 tr., repel; defend. 
 
 defensor, -oris, m. [defendo], de- 
 fender. 
 
 de-fero, -ferre, detuli, delatum, tr., 
 carry away, carry down; confer. 
 
 defessus, -a, -um, adj. \p. part of 
 defetiscor, grow weary], tired out, 
 exhausted. 
 
 deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, tr. 
 and intr. [de+facio], fail, run out; 
 withdraw, desert. 
 
 de-figo, -figere, -fixi, -fixum, tr., 
 
 fasten down; strike motionless, 
 stupefy. 
 
 de-finio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, //•., limit, 
 define. 
 
 deformitas, -atis, /. [deformis, mis- 
 shapen], deformity, disfigure- 
 ment, unsighthness. 
 
 Deianira, -ae, /., Deianira, loife of 
 Hercules. 
 
 deinceps, adv., in succession. 
 
 deinde, adv., next, then. 
 
 dejicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 [de+jacio], throw down. 
 
 de-labor, -labi, -lapsus sum, intr., 
 fall down, shp down. 
 
 delectus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 deligo], chosen, choice; subst., 
 delecti, -orum, m. pi., chosen 
 men, picked men. 
 
 deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, tr., destroy. 
 
 de-libero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and 
 intr., ponder, meditate. 
 
 deliciae, -arum, /. pi., pleasure, lux- 
 ury. 
 
 de-ligo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., tie up, 
 bind fast, moor. 
 
 delig5, -ligere, -legi, -lectum, tr. 
 [de+lego], choose. 
 
 Delphi, -orum, m. pi., Delphi, a city 
 in Greece famous for the oracle of 
 Apollo. 
 
 Demaratus, -i, m., Demaratus, 
 father of Tarquinius Priscus. 
 
 de-minuo, -minuere, -minui, -minu- 
 tum, tr., lessen, diminish, impair. 
 
 demissus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 demitto], downcast, dejected. 
 
 de-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
 
 tr., send down, let fall. 
 
 de-monstro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 point out, show. 
 
 demum, adv., at last, at length. 
 
 deni, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj., ten 
 each. 
 
 denlque, adv., finally, at last. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 27 
 
 dens, dentis, m., tooth. 
 
 densus, -a, -um, adj., close, thick. 
 
 de-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 announce, proclaim; give warning. 
 
 de-pello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum, 
 ir., ward off. 
 
 de-perdo, -perdere, -perdidi, -perdi- 
 
 tum, tr., destro}', lose. 
 
 de-ploro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., de- 
 plore, lament. 
 
 de-pono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
 tr., set down, deposit; lay aside, 
 give up. 
 
 de-populor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., lay 
 waste, plunder, pillage. 
 
 deprecator, -oris, m. [deprecor], in- 
 tercessor, mediator. 
 
 de-precor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., avert 
 by prayer, deprecate. 
 
 de-prehendo, -hendere, -hendi, 
 -hensum, tr., seize upon; discover. 
 
 deripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, tr. 
 [de+rapio], tear away, pull off. 
 
 descendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
 -scensum, udr. [de+scando, 
 climb], descend, dismount. 
 
 de-sero, -serere, -serui, -sertum, 
 tr. [sero, join], abandon, desert. 
 
 desertus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 desero], deserted. 
 
 desiderium, -i, n., [desidero, long 
 for], desire, longing. 
 
 de-signo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 mark out; mean, intend. 
 
 desilio, -ire, -ui, — , intr. [de+salio, 
 leap], leap down. 
 
 de-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum, 
 
 intr., leave off, desist from. 
 
 de-spero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. arid 
 intr., despair of, despair. 
 
 despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 tr. [de+specio, look], look down 
 upon, despise. 
 
 de-spondeo, -spondere, -spondi, 
 -sponsum, tr., betroth, promise in 
 marriage. 
 
 de-stringo, -stringere, -strinxl, 
 -striatum, tr. [stringo, bind], strip 
 off, unsheathe, draw. 
 
 de-sum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, intr., 
 be wanting, be lacking. 
 
 de-super, adv., from above. 
 
 detectus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 detego, uncover], uncovered, bare. 
 
 deterior, -ius, compar. adj., of less 
 value, less. 
 
 de-terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., 
 frighten away, deter. 
 
 de-traho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractum, 
 tr., draw off, strip off. 
 
 detrimentum, -i, n. [detero, wear 
 away], loss. 
 
 deus, -i, m., a god. 
 
 deversorium, -i, n. [deversor, turn 
 aside, lodge], inn, lodging-place. 
 
 de-verto, -vertere, -verti, — , intr., 
 turn awa}', turn aside. 
 
 de-vinc6, -vincere, -vici, -victum, 
 tr., conquer completely. 
 
 de-voro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., swal- 
 low, devour. 
 
 dexter, -tra, -trum, adj., right, right- 
 hand. 
 
 dextra, -ae, /. [dexter], the right 
 hand. 
 
 diadema, -atis, n., diadem. 
 
 Diana, -ae, /., Diana, goddess of the 
 chase. 
 
 dicio, -onis,/., authority, rule, sway. 
 
 dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, tr., say; ap- 
 point, name. 
 
 dictator, -oris, m. [dicto, dictate], 
 dictator. 
 
 dictatiira, -ae, /. [dictator], dictator- 
 ship. 
 
 dictio, -onis, /. [dico], a speaking, a 
 pleading. 
 
 dictito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and intr. 
 [intens. of dicto, dictate], say often, 
 maintain. 
 
 dies, diei, m. andf., day. 
 
28 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 diflfero, -ferre, distull, dilatum, tr. 
 and intr. [dis-+fer6], carry apart; 
 put off; differ. 
 
 difRcilis, -e, adj. [dis-+facilis], dif- 
 ficult. 
 
 difficiliter, adv. [difficilis], with dif- 
 ficulty. 
 
 diiRcultas, -atis, f, [difficilis], diffi- 
 culty. 
 
 diffundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusum, 
 tr. [dis-+fund6], pour out, spread, 
 diffuse. 
 
 dignitas, -atis, /. [dignus], worth; 
 authority, prestige. 
 
 dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy. 
 
 dUigenter, adv. [diligens, industri- 
 ous], industriously,' dihgently. 
 
 dlligentia, -ae, /. [diligens], watch- 
 fulness, dihgence. 
 
 dlligo, -ligere, -lexi, -lectum, tr. 
 
 [dis-+leg6], single out; esteem, 
 
 love, 
 di-lucesco, -lucescere, -luxl, — , 
 
 intr. [lux], grow light, dawn. 
 
 di-mic6, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 
 [mico, flash], fight, contend. 
 dimidius, -a, -um, adj. [dis-+ 
 
 medius], half. 
 di-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
 
 tr., send out, send forth; dismiss. 
 Diomedes, -is, w., Diomede, a 
 
 Greek hero. 
 dirimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum, tr. 
 
 [dis-+emo], take apart ; interrupt ; 
 
 compose, settle. 
 diripid, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, tr. 
 
 [dis-+rapi6], plunder. 
 
 dims, -a, -um, adj., dreadful, dire. 
 
 dis- or di-, inseparable particle 
 employed in composition, apart, 
 away, in different directions. 
 
 dis-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 
 i?itr., withdraw, depart. 
 
 disciplina, -ae, /. [disco], training, 
 
 discipline. 
 discipulus, -i, m. [disco], learner, 
 
 pupil. 
 
 disco, -ere, didici, — , tr., learn. 
 
 di-scribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scrip- 
 tum, tr., distribute, divide. 
 
 discrimen, -inis, n. [discemo, sepa- 
 rate], crisis, peril. 
 
 discrimino, -are, -avi, -atuni, tr. 
 [discrimen], divide, distinguish. 
 
 discus, -i, m., discus, quoit. 
 
 disertus, -a, -um, adj. [from p. part, 
 of dissero], fluent, eloquent. 
 
 disjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 [dis-+jacio], throw asunder, 
 break up, disperse. 
 
 dis-par, ge?i. disparis, adj., unequal, 
 
 unlike. 
 dispergo, -spergere, -spersi, -sper- 
 
 sum, tr. [di-4-spargo, scatter], 
 
 scatter, spread, disperse. 
 
 displiceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr. 
 [dis-+placeo], displease. 
 
 dis-pono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
 
 tr., place here and there, dis- 
 tribute, 
 dis-puto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 argue, discourse. 
 
 dissensio, -5nis, /. [dissentio, dis- 
 agree], disagreement. 
 
 dis-sero, -serere, -semi, -sertum, 
 
 intr. [sero, join], discourse, argue, 
 dis-similis, -simile, adj., dissimilar, 
 
 unlike. 
 diu, adv., long, for a long time, 
 diumus, -a, -um, adj. [compare 
 , dies], of the day, daily, 
 diutumus, -a, -um, adj. [diu], 
 
 lasting, long, 
 di-vello, -vellere, -velli, -vulsum, tr., 
 
 tear apart, tear away. 
 di-versus, -versa, -versum, adj., 
 
 turned different ways, opposite. 
 
 dives, gen. divitis, adj., rich, wealthJ^ 
 
 Diviciacus, -i, m., Diviciacus, a 
 prominent Ilaeduan. 
 
 Divico, -onis, m., Divico, a promi- 
 nent Helvetian. 
 
 divido, -ere, divisi, divisum, ir., 
 divide, separate. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 29 
 
 divinus, -a, -um, adj. [divus, divine], 
 
 divine. 
 divitiae, -arum, /. pi. [dives], 
 
 riches, wealth. 
 do, dare, dedi, datum, tr., give. 
 doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, tr., teach; 
 
 show, explain. 
 
 doctrina, -ae, /. [doceo], teaching; 
 
 learning, erudition. 
 doctor, -oris, vi. [doceo], teacher. 
 doctus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 
 doceo], learned, skilled. 
 doled, -ere, -ui, -iturus, intr. and tr., 
 
 suffer; grieve. 
 
 dolor, -oris, m. [doleo], sorrow, 
 
 suffering, pain. 
 dolus, -i, ??i., trick, treachery, 
 
 deceit, 
 domesticus, -a, -um, adj. [domus], 
 
 of the house; private, personal. 
 
 domicilium, -i, n. [domus], resi- 
 dence, dwelHng-place. 
 
 dominatio, -onis, /. [dominor], rule, 
 supremacy. 
 
 dominor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., rule. 
 
 dominus, -i, m.. master. 
 
 domo, -are, domui, domitum, tr., 
 subdue, master. 
 
 domus, -us (-i),/., home, house. 
 donee, conj., as long as, while; until. 
 dono, -are, -avi, -atimi, tr. [donum], 
 present, bestow. 
 
 donum, -i, 71., gift. 
 
 dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itvun, intr., sleep. 
 
 dorsum, -i, n., back; ridge. 
 
 dos, dotis,/., dowry. 
 
 draco, -onis, m., serpent, dragon. 
 
 dubitatio, -onis, /. [dubito], doubt, 
 hesitation. 
 
 dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [dubius], doubt, hesitate. 
 
 Dubis, -is, m., the Dubis, a river in 
 Gaul, now the Doubs. 
 
 dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful, 
 uncertain. 
 
 ducenti, -ae, -a, num, adj. [duo+ 
 centum], two hundred. 
 
 duco, -ere, duxi, ductum, tr., lead; 
 prolong. 
 
 dudum, a^y., before, formerly; jam 
 "^dudum, this long time, a long 
 
 time ago. 
 dulcis, -e, adj., sweet, agreeable, 
 dum, conj., while; until. 
 
 Dumnorix, -igis, m., Dumnorix, a 
 prominent Haeduan. 
 
 duo, duae, duo, num. adj., two. 
 
 duodecim, indecl. num. adj. [duo-i- 
 decem], twelve. 
 
 duo-de-viginti, indecl. num. adj., 
 
 twenty. 
 duplex, gen. duplicis, adj., double, 
 
 twofold. 
 
 duro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and intr. 
 [durus], harden; last, endure. 
 
 durus, -a, -um, adj., hard, harsh, 
 
 severe. 
 dux, ducis, m. [duco], leader. 
 
 £ 
 
 e, ex, prep, with abl., from within, 
 out of, from. 
 
 ecquis, ecquid, pron., interrog., 
 anyone, anything, whether any- 
 one, whether anything. 
 
 e-dic5, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, tr.., 
 declare, proclaim, appoint. 
 
 edictum, -i, n. [p.' part, of edicoj, 
 edict. 
 
 e-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr., give 
 out, put forth; give birth to, 
 exhibit; inflict. 
 
 edo, -ere, edi, esum, tr., eat. 
 
 e-duco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., bring 
 up, rear, train. 
 
 e-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, tr., 
 lead out. 
 
 effemino, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [ex+femina], make womanish, 
 enervate. 
 
30 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 effero, efferre, extuli, elatum, tr. 
 
 [ex+fero], carry forth, remove; 
 
 lift up, raise, 
 effervesce, -fervescere, -ferbui, — , 
 
 [ex+fervesco, boil], boil up, boil. 
 
 efficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, tr. 
 
 [ex+facio], accomplish, bring 
 
 about, cause. 
 effigies, -ei, /., semblance, effigy. 
 
 efflo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ex+flo, 
 
 blow], breathe out. 
 effugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , intr. 
 
 [ex+fugio], escape, 
 effundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusum, tr. 
 
 [ex+fundo], pour out; use up, 
 
 waste. 
 Egeria, -ae, /., Egeria, the nymph of 
 
 a fountain near Rome. 
 
 ego, mei, -pers. pron., I. 
 
 egredior, egredi, egressus sum, intr. 
 [e+gradior, step], go out, depart. 
 
 egregie, adv. [egregius], excellently, 
 
 unusually. 
 egregius, -a, -um, adj. [e+grex, 
 
 flock], distinguished, eminent. 
 
 e-labor, -labi, -lapsus sum, intr., 
 ghde out, glide away, escape. 
 
 e-laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 endeavor, take pains. 
 
 eligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum, tr. 
 [e+lego], choose, select. 
 
 Elis, -idis, /., Elis, a district in 
 Greece. 
 
 eloquentia, -ae, /. [eloquens], elo- 
 quence. 
 
 Elysius, -a, -um, adj., Elysian. 
 
 e-migro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 move, depart, migrate. 
 
 e-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
 
 tr., send forth, release; utter, 
 emo, emere, emi, emptum, tr., buy. 
 en, inter j., behold! see! 
 enim, conj. (postpositive), for. 
 
 e-niteo, -nitere, -nitui, — , intr., 
 shine forth, gleam; be displayed. 
 
 e-nitor, -niti, -nixus or -nisus sum, 
 intr., struggle out; struggle, strive. 
 
 ensis, -is, m., sword. 
 
 e-numero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 reckon up, recount. 
 
 e-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 assert; proclaim, reveal. 
 
 eo, ire, ii or ivi, itum, intr., go. 
 
 eo, adv. [is], to that place, thither; 
 on that account. 
 
 eodem, adv. [idem], to the same 
 place; to the same end, to the 
 same result. 
 
 Ephesius, -a, -um, adj., of Ephesus, 
 Ephesian. 
 
 epigramma, -atis, n., epigram. 
 
 Epirus, -i, /., Epirus, a district in 
 northwestern Greece. 
 
 epistula, -ae, /., letter, epistle. 
 
 eques, equitis, m. [equus], horse- 
 man; pi., horsemen, cavalry. 
 
 equester, -tris,-tre, adj. [eques], of a 
 horseman, equestrian, cavalry {as 
 adj ). 
 
 equidem, adv., truly, at all events; 
 with first person verb, I for my part. 
 
 equitatus, -us, m. [equito], cavalry. 
 
 equito, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. [eques], 
 ride. 
 
 equus, equi, m., horse. 
 
 erectus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 erigo], upright, erect; resolute. 
 
 erga, prep, with ace, towards, for. 
 
 Erginus, -i, m., Erginus, a king of 
 the Minyae. 
 
 ergo, adv., therefore. 
 
 Eridanus, -i, m., the Eridanus, a 
 
 river. 
 
 erigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum, tr. 
 [e+rego], lift up; arouse, encour- 
 age. 
 
 eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, tr. 
 [e+rapio], snatch away, take 
 away, rescue. 
 
 erro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., wander, 
 stray; be mistaken, err. 
 
 erudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr. [e-f 
 rudis, rough], educate, instruct. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 31 
 
 e-rumpo, -nimpere, -rupi, -ruptum, 
 iritr., break out, burst forth. 
 
 e-nio, -ruere, -rui, -rutum, tr., dig 
 out, cast forth. 
 
 Erythia, -ae, /., Erythia, an island. 
 
 Erymanthius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Eryiiianthus (a chain of moun- 
 tains in Arcadia), Erymanthian, 
 
 etiam, odv. [et+jam], now too, yet; 
 also, besides; even. 
 
 Etruscus, -a, -um, adj., Etruscan, of 
 Etruria; subst., Etrusci, -orum, 
 m. pL, the Etruscans. 
 
 et-si, conj., though, although, even 
 if. 
 
 Eunomus, -i, m., Eunomus, name of 
 a certain youth. 
 
 Euripides, -is, m., Euripides, an 
 Athenian tragic poet. 
 
 Europa, -ae, /., Europe. 
 
 Eurystheus, -i, m., Eurystheus, a 
 king of Tiryns. 
 
 Eurytion, -onis m., Eurytion, a 
 giant. 
 
 Eurytus, -i, jn., Eurytus, a king of 
 Oechaiia. 
 
 e-vado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum, intr., 
 come out, make one's way; escape. 
 
 e-vello, -vellere, -velli, -vulsum, tr. 
 [vello, pluck], pull out. 
 
 e-venio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, 
 intr., come out; result, turn out. 
 
 e-verto, -vertere, -verti, -versum, 
 tr., overturn, overthrow. 
 
 e-voco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., call 
 out. 
 
 e-vomo, -vomere, -vomui, -vomi- 
 tum, tr., vomit forth. 
 
 ex, see e. 
 
 ex-animo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., put 
 out of breath, stun; exhaust. 
 
 ex-ardesc6, -ardescere, -arsi, -ar- 
 sum, intr., blaze out; be inflamed, 
 be enraged. 
 
 ex-audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., hear 
 clearly, hear. 
 
 ex-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 
 intr., withdraw. 
 
 excello, -cellere, — , -celsum, intr., 
 be eminent, excel. 
 
 excelsus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 excello], lofty, tall; distinguished. 
 
 excerpo, -cerpere, -cerpsi, -cerptum, 
 tr., [carpo], pick out, select. 
 
 excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, tr. 
 [ex+capio], take out, take up, 
 catch; receive, entertain. 
 
 excito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., call out; 
 rouse. 
 
 ex-clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., crj'' 
 out, exclaim. 
 
 ex-crucio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.^ 
 rack, torture. 
 
 excuse, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ex-t- 
 causa], excuse. 
 
 execror, -an, -atus sum, tr. [ex-r 
 sacro, doom], curse. 
 
 exemplum, -i, n., example, prece- 
 dent. 
 
 ex-eo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, intr., go 
 out. 
 
 exequor, -exequi, -executus sum, tr. 
 [ex+sequor], follow up; carry out, 
 enforce. 
 
 exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr. [ex-f- 
 arceo, enclose], train, drill. 
 
 exercitatio, -onis,/. [exercito, train], 
 exercise, training. 
 
 exercitatus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 exercito], trained, experienced. 
 
 exercitus, -us, m. [exerceo], army. 
 
 exigo, -igere, -egi, -actum, tr. [ex+ 
 ago], drive out, expel; exact: 
 spend. 
 
 exiguus, -a, -um, adj., scanty, small. 
 
 exilio, -ire, -ui, — , intr. [ex+salio, 
 
 leap], spring forth. 
 
 exilium, -i, 71. [exul], exile. 
 
 eximius, -a, -um, adj., unusual, dis- 
 tmguished. 
 
 existimatio, -onis, /. [existimo], 
 judgment, opinion. 
 
32 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ex+ • 
 aestimo, estimate], estimate; 
 judge, think. 
 
 exitium, -i, n., destruction, ruin. 
 
 exitus, -us, m. [exeo], outcome, end, 
 close. 
 
 ex-orior, -oriri, -ortus sum, intr., 
 come forth, arise, appear. 
 
 expecto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ex+ 
 specto], expect, await, wait for. 
 
 expectatio, -onis,/. [expecto], await- 
 ing, expectation. 
 
 expeditus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 expedio, extricate], unimpeded, 
 free, open. 
 
 ex-pello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum, 
 tr., drive out, expel. 
 
 experior, -periri, -partus sum, tr., 
 prove, test. 
 
 ex-pio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [pio, 
 appease], atone for, appease. 
 
 expire, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ex+ 
 spir5, breathe], breathe out. 
 
 explorator, -oris, i7i. [explore], scout. 
 
 exploro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., ex- 
 plore. 
 
 ex-pono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
 tr., set forth, explain; expose, 
 abandon; set ashore. 
 
 exprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres- 
 sum, tr. [ex+premo], press out; 
 wring out, elicit. 
 
 expugnatio, -onis, /. [expugno], a 
 taking by storm, storming. 
 
 ex-pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., take 
 by storm, capture. 
 
 exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -quisi- 
 tum, tr. [ex+quaero], search out, 
 inquire about. 
 
 extemplo, adv., immediately, forth- 
 with, without delay. 
 
 extemus, -a, -um, adj. [exterus, on 
 the outside], foreign, outer. 
 
 exto, -are, — , — , intr. [ex+sto], 
 stand forth; be extant, exist. 
 
 extra, prep, with ace, outside of. 
 
 ex-traho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractum, 
 tr., draw out; extricate, release. 
 
 extra-ordinarius, -a, -um, adj., 
 extraordinary, uncommon. 
 
 extremus, -a, -um, adj. [exterus, on 
 
 the outside], outermost, farthest, 
 most distant. 
 
 extruo, -uere, -iixi, -uctum, tr. 
 [struo], pile, heap up; erect. 
 
 exul, -ulis, m., an exile. 
 
 exulto, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [freg. of exsilio], leap up (for joy), 
 exult. 
 
 exuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, tr., take off, 
 remove. 
 
 ex-ur5, -urere, -ussi, -ustum, tr., 
 burn up. 
 
 F 
 
 faber, -bri, m., workman, smith. 
 
 Fabianus, -a, -um, adj., of Fabius. 
 
 Fabius, -i, w., (1) Q. Fabius 
 Maximus, a Roman commander in 
 the Second Punic War; {2) Q. 
 Fabius Maximus, consul in 121 
 B.C. 
 
 Fabricius, -i, m., C. Fabricius, a 
 prominent Roman of the 3d century 
 B.C. 
 
 fabricor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. [faber], 
 
 make, construct, build. 
 
 fabula, -ae,/., story, tale. 
 
 facete, adv. [facetus, witty], wittily, 
 humorously. 
 
 facile, adv. [facilis], easily. 
 
 facilis, -e, adj., easy. 
 
 f acinus, facinoris, n., deed; crime. 
 
 facio, facere, feci, factum, tr., make 
 do. 
 
 f actio, -onis,/. [facio], faction, party. 
 
 factum, -i, n. [p. part, of facio], 
 deed, action. 
 
 facultas, -atis, /. [facilis], means, 
 opportunity, chance. 
 
 fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum, tr., 
 deceive, cheat, elude. 
 
 falso, adv. [falsus], falsely. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 33 
 
 falsus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 fallo], false, deceptive, misleading. 
 
 fabc, falcis ,/., si ckle. 
 
 fama, -ae,/., r'^port, rumor, talk. 
 
 fames, -is, /., hunger. 
 
 familia, -ae, /. [famulus, servant], 
 household establishment, slaves 
 in a household; family. 
 
 familiaris, -e, adj. [familia], of a 
 household; res familiaris, private 
 property, estate; suhst., familiaris, 
 -is, m., a friend, an intimate 
 aquaintance. 
 
 fanum, -i, n., shrine, temple. 
 
 far, f arris, n., grain, meal. 
 
 fas, {only nom. and ace. sing.), n., 
 divine law (as opposed to jus, 
 human law); the right; fas est, it 
 is lawful, it is permitted. 
 
 fasti, -drum, m. pi., calendar. 
 
 fatigo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., weary, 
 tire, fatigue. 
 
 fatum, -i, n. [p. part, of for, speak], 
 fate, destiny. 
 
 fauces, -ium, /. pi., throat. 
 
 Fausta, -ae, /., Fausta, daughter of 
 L. Cornelius Sulla. 
 
 Faustulus, -i, m., Faustulus, the 
 shepherd who reared Romulus and 
 Remus. 
 
 Faustus, -i, m., Faustus, son of L. 
 Cornelius Sulla. 
 
 faveo, -ere, favi, fautum, intr. (takes 
 dative), favor. 
 
 favor, -oris, m. [faveo], favor, good- 
 will. 
 
 fax, facis,/., torch, firebrand. 
 
 felicitas, -atis, /. [fellx], good 
 fortune, luck. 
 
 feliciter, adv. [felix], happily, luckily. 
 
 felix, gen. felicis, adj., fortunate, 
 happy. 
 
 Felix, -ids, m., Fehx ( = the lucky), 
 a cognomen assumed by L. Cor- 
 nelius Sulla. 
 
 femina, -ae, /., woman. 
 
 femur, femoris, n., thigh. 
 
 fera, -ae,/., wild beast, wild animal. 
 
 I fere, adv., about, nearly; in general, 
 usually. 
 
 Ferentina, -ae, /., Ferentina, a god- 
 dess of the Latins. 
 
 fero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr., bear, 
 bring, carry; endure; signa ferre, 
 advance the standards, advance; 
 fertur, it is said; ferunt, they say. 
 
 ferociter, adv. [ferox], courageously, 
 fiercely, arrogantly. 
 
 ferox, gen. ferocis, adj., fierce, high- 
 spirited; emboldened, aggressive. 
 
 ferreus, -a, -um, adj. [ferrum], of 
 
 iron, 
 ferrum, -i, n., iron; sword, 
 fertilis, -e, adj., fertile, 
 ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild. 
 
 fessus, -a, -um, adj., wearied, tired, 
 
 exhausted. 
 festino, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 
 [festinus, hasty], hasten. 
 
 fetialis, -e, adj., diplomatic, fetial; 
 
 suhst., fetialis, -is, m., a fetial 
 
 priest, 
 fidelis, -e, adj. [fides], faithful. 
 
 Fidenates, -ium, m. pi., the Fide- 
 nates, the people of Fidenae (a 
 town near Rome). 
 
 fides, -ei, /., faith, confidence: 
 faithfulness; pledge. 
 
 fido, -ere, fisus sum, intr., trust, 
 
 rely upon, 
 filia, -ae, /., daughter, 
 filius, -i, m., son. 
 
 fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum, tr., form, 
 fashion, make up. 
 
 finio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr. [finis], 
 
 limit, determine, fix. 
 finis, finis, -ium, m. and /., end, 
 
 limit; pi., country, territory. 
 
 finitimus, -a, -um, adj. [finis], 
 neighboring; as suhst., finitimi, 
 -drum, m. pi., neighbors. 
 
 fio, fieri, f actus sum, intr., become, 
 be made. 
 
34 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [firmus], 
 strengthen, make firm. 
 
 firmus, -a, -um, adj., firm, strong. 
 
 flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., demand 
 urgently, demand. 
 
 flamma, -ae, /., flame. 
 
 flecto, -ere, flexi, flexum, tr., turn, 
 bend. 
 
 fleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, intr'., weep, 
 cry. 
 
 fletus, -us, 7n. [fleo], weeping, 
 wailing. 
 
 florens, -entis, adj. [pr. part, of 
 floreo], flourishing, prosperous. 
 
 floreo, -ere, -ul, — , intr. [flos], 
 blossom; flourish, be prosperous, 
 be eminent. 
 
 flos, floris, m., flower. 
 
 fluctus, -us, 711. [fluo], wave, billow. 
 
 flumen, fluminis, ??. [fluo], river. 
 
 fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxum, intr., flow. 
 
 focus, -i, m., fire-place, hearth. 
 
 foedus, foederis, n., treaty, alliance. 
 
 folium, -If n., leaf. 
 
 fons, fontis, m., spring, fountain. 
 
 foras, adv. [coynpare foris], out of 
 doors, out. 
 
 fore, fid. inf. o/sum. 
 
 foris, -is, /., door; frequently pJ. 
 
 {with reference to the two leaves of 
 
 a double door). 
 forma, -ae, /., form, appearance; 
 
 beauty. 
 formosus, -a, -um, adj. [forma], 
 
 beautiful, handsome. 
 
 forte, adv. [abl. of fors, chance], 
 perhaps, by chance. 
 
 fortis, -e, adj., strong; brave, vali- 
 ant. 
 
 fortiter, adv. [fortis], bravely. 
 
 fortitude, -dinis,/. [fortis], fortitude, 
 
 bravery. 
 fortuna, -ae, /. [fors], fortune. 
 
 forum, -i, n., an open space; market- 
 place; especially, Forum Roma- 
 num, the Roman Forum. 
 
 forus, -I, m., gangway; a row of 
 seats in the theatre or circus, seats. 
 fossa, -ae, /. [fodio, dig], ditch. 
 
 frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, tr., 
 break; weaken, dishearten. 
 
 frater, fratris, m., brother. 
 
 fraternus, -a, -um, adj. [frater], of a 
 brother, brotherly. 
 
 fraus, fraudis, /., deceit, deception, 
 fraud. 
 
 fremitus, -us, m. [fremo, roar], a 
 roar, a loud noise. 
 
 (frendo, -ere,) intr., only in pres. 
 participle, gnash the teeth. 
 
 frequens, -entis, adj., crowded, in 
 
 numbers, 
 f return, -i, n., a strait, channel, 
 frigidus, -a, -um, adj. [frigus], cold, 
 frigus, frigoris, n., cold, coldness. 
 
 fructuosus, -a, -um, adj. [fructus, 
 fruit], fruitful, productive. 
 
 frugalitas, -atis,/. [frux], thriftiness, 
 
 frugality. 
 frumentum, -i, n. [fruor], grain. 
 
 fruor, frui, fructus sum, i^itr. {takes 
 ablative), enjoy, have the benefit of. 
 
 frustra, adv., in vain, to no purpose. 
 
 frux, frugis,, /., usually pi., fruit, 
 
 produce, crops. 
 Fucinus, -i, m., Fucinus, a lake of 
 
 Latium, now Lago Fucino. 
 
 Fufidius, -i, m., Fufidius, a friend of 
 L. Cornelius Sulla. 
 
 fuga, -ae,/., flight. 
 
 fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitunis, intr., flee. 
 
 fugitivus, -i, m. [fugio], a runaway, 
 
 a fugitive slave. 
 fugo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [fuga], 
 
 rout, put to flight. 
 fulmen, -inis, n., hghtning-flash, 
 
 thunderbolt, 
 fumus, -i, m., smoke. 
 
 fundamentum, -i, n. [fundo, found], 
 
 foundation. 
 fundo, -ere, fudi, fiisum, tr., pour, 
 
 pour out; rout, defeat. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 35 
 
 fundus, -i, m., farm, estate. 
 
 furor, -oris, m. [fur5, to rage], 
 
 madness, fury, 
 furtum, -i, n. [fur, thief], theft. 
 futurus, -a, -um, adj. [Jut. part, of 
 
 sum], yet to be, to come, future. 
 
 Gabii, -orum, m. -pi., Gabii, a town 
 
 in Latimn. 
 Gabinius, -i, m., A. Gabinius, consul 
 
 in 58 B.C. 
 Gabinus, -a, -um, adj., of Gabii; 
 
 subst., Gaijii, -orum, m. pi., the 
 
 people of Gabii. 
 Gaetuli, -orum, m. pi., the Gaetu- 
 
 lians, a people of northwestern 
 
 Africa. 
 Gaius, -i, m., Gaius (or Caius), a 
 
 Roman pracnomen. 
 
 galea, -ae,/., helmet. 
 Gallia, -ae,/., Gaul. 
 
 Gallicus, -a, -um, adj. [Gallia], of 
 
 the Gauls, Gallic. 
 Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul; pi., the Gauls. 
 
 Garunna (less correctly, Garumna), 
 -ae, m., the Garunna, a river of 
 Gaul, now called the Garonne. 
 
 gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, semi- 
 deponent, intr., rejoice, be glad. 
 
 gaudium, -i, n., joy, gladness. 
 
 gemini, -orum, m. pi., twins. 
 
 gemo, -ere, gemui, — , intr., groan, 
 lament. 
 
 Genava, -ae, /., Genava, a city on 
 Lake Geneva, now Geneva. 
 
 gener, -eri, 7n., son-in-law. 
 
 generatim, adv. [genus], by kinds; 
 by tribes, by nations. 
 
 gens, gentis, -ium, /., nation, tribe. 
 
 genu, -us, n., knee. 
 
 genus, generis, n., race, family, 
 birth, descent; kind, class. 
 
 Germani, -orum, m. pi., the 
 Germans. 
 
 Germanicus, -a, -um, adj., of the 
 Germans, Germanic. 
 
 gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, tr., carry, 
 carry on, wage; wear; wield. 
 
 Geryon, -onis, 7n., Geryon, name of 
 a Spanish giant. 
 
 gesto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [freq. of 
 gero], bear, carry, wear. 
 
 gigas, -antis, ?w., giant. 
 
 gigno, -ere, genui, genitus, ir., give 
 birth to; beget. 
 
 gladius, -i, m., sword. 
 
 Glauce, -es, /., Glauce, daughter of 
 
 Creon. 
 
 gloria, -ae, /., glory, fame. 
 
 glorior, -ari, -atus sum, intr. 
 [gloria], boast, pride oneself. 
 
 gloriosus, -a, -um, adj. [gloria], 
 glorious, famous, renowned. 
 
 Gnaeus, -I, m., Gnaeus, ahbr. Cn., a 
 Roman praenomen. 
 
 Gorgo, -onis,/., a Gorgon. 
 
 gradus, -us, m., step, pace; pi., 
 steps, stairs. 
 
 Graeae, -arum, /. pL, the Graeae. 
 
 Graecia, -ae,/., Greece. 
 
 Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Greek, 
 Grecian; subst., Graeci, -drum, 
 m. pi., the Greeks. 
 
 Graioceli, -orum, m. pi., the 
 Graioceli, a Gallic tribe in the Alps. 
 
 grandis, -e, adj., large, extensive. 
 
 graphium, -i, n., stylus, pen. 
 
 gratia, -ae, /. [gratus], favor, influ- 
 ence; gratitude, thanks, requital; 
 gratias agere, to express thanks; 
 gratiam referre, to make requital, 
 to requite; gratia {with gen.), for 
 the sake of. 
 
 gratulatio, -onis, /. [gratulor], re- 
 joicing, joy. 
 
 gratulor, -ari, -atus sum, intr. 
 [gratus], manifest joy, congratu- 
 late. 
 
 gratus, -a, -um, adj., pleasing; 
 grateful. 
 
36 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 gravis, -e, adj., heavy; difficult. 
 
 gravitas, -atis,/. [gravis], heaviness; 
 importance; dignity. 
 
 graviter, adv. [gravis], heavily; 
 severely; with dignity, impres- 
 sively. 
 
 gravor, -ari, -atus sum, intr. [gravis], 
 be reluctant, do unwillingly, 
 
 H 
 
 habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., have, 
 hold; treat; consider, regard. 
 
 habito, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [freq. of habeo], live, dwell. 
 
 Hades, -ae, m., Hades, the abode of 
 the dead. 
 
 Haeduus, -a, -um, adj., Haeduan; 
 subst., Haedui, -drum, in. pL, the 
 Haedui, the Haeduans, a Gallic 
 tribe. 
 
 haereo, -ere, haesi, haesurus, intr., 
 stick, cling; hesitate. 
 
 haesito, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [freq. of haereo], stick fast, 
 remain fixed, hesitate. 
 
 Hamilcar, -aris, m., Hamilcar, a 
 Carthaginian general, father of 
 Hannibal. 
 
 Hamiibal, -alis, m., Hannibal, a 
 famous Carthaginian general, son 
 of Hamilcar. 
 
 Hammon, -onis, m., Hammon, an 
 Egyptian god. 
 
 Hanno, -onis, m., Hanno, a promi- 
 nent Carthaginian. 
 
 harena {sometimes spelled arena), 
 -Siejf., sand; shore, beach. 
 
 Harpy iae, -arum, /. pi., the Harpies. 
 
 Harudes, -um, m. pi., the Harudes, 
 a German tribe. 
 
 haruspex, -ids, m., soothsayer. 
 
 Hasdrubal, -alis, w., (1) Hasdrubal, 
 a Carthaginian general, son-in-law 
 of Hamilcar; {2) another general 
 of the same name, a little later in 
 time. 
 
 hasta, -ae, /., spear. 
 
 haud, adv., not at all, by no means, 
 not. 
 
 haud-quaquam, adv., by no means, 
 not at all. 
 
 haurio, -ire, hausi, haustum, tr., 
 draw, drain; swallow. 
 
 Helvetius, -a, -um, adj., Helvetian, 
 of the Helvetii; subst., Helvetii, 
 -orum, m. pi., the Helvetii, the 
 Helvetians, a Gallic people. 
 
 herba, -ae, /., herb; grass, turf. 
 
 Hercules, -is, m., Hercules, a 
 famous Greek hero. 
 
 heres, -edis, m. andf., heir, heiress. 
 
 Herminius, -i, m., T. Herminius, a 
 hero of the early Roman Republic. 
 heri, adv., yesterday. 
 
 Hesione, -es, /., Hesione, daughter 
 of Laomedon. 
 
 Hesperides, -um, /. pL, the Hesperi- 
 
 des. 
 
 Hibemia, -ae,/., Ireland. 
 
 hibemus, -a, -um, adj., of winter; 
 subst., hibema, -orum, n. pi., 
 winter-quarters. 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this; the 
 latter; the following; he, she, it. 
 hie, adv., here. 
 
 hiemo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [hiems], spend the winter, winter. 
 
 hiems, hiemis,/., winter. 
 
 Hierosolyma, -orum, n. pi., Jeru- 
 salem. 
 
 hinc, adv. [hie], from this place, 
 hence. 
 
 Hippolyte, -es, /., Hippolyte, queen 
 of the Amazons. 
 
 Hispania, -ae, /., Spain. 
 
 Hispanus, -a, -um, adj., Spanish. 
 
 historia, -ae, /., narrative, history. 
 
 hodie, adv. [hoc+die], today. 
 
 homo, hominis, m., a man, a human 
 being. 
 
 honestas, -atis,/. [honor], honesty, 
 honor. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 37 
 
 honeste, adv. [honestus], honorably, 
 
 properly, 
 honestus, -a, -um, adj. [honor], 
 
 honorable; honored, eminent. 
 
 honor, -oris, w., honor, repute, 
 esteem; Honor, -oris, m., Honor 
 personified as a god. 
 
 honorificus, -a, -um, adj. [honor + 
 facio], honorable, doing honor. 
 
 hora, -ae,/., hour. 
 
 Horatius, -i, m., Horatius; (1) the 
 name of three brothers ivho fought 
 the Alhan Curiatii; (2) the father 
 of the three Horatii; {3) Horatius 
 Codes. 
 
 horreo, -ere, -ui, — , intr. and tr., 
 shudder, shudder at, dread. 
 
 horreum, -i, n., storehouse, granary. 
 
 horribilis, -e, adj. [horreo], terrible, 
 
 fearful, dreadful. 
 hortor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., urge, 
 
 encourage, exhort. 
 
 hortus, -i, m., garden. 
 
 hospes, -itis, m., host, guest; friend, 
 guest-friend. 
 
 hospitium, -i, n. [hospes], hosp- 
 itality. 
 
 Hostilius, -i, m., (I) Hostius Hos- 
 tilius, a Roman commander in the 
 time of Romulus; (2) Tullus 
 Hostilius, third king of Rome. 
 
 hostis, hostis, -ium, m., enemy. 
 
 hue, adv. [hie], this way, to this 
 place. 
 
 humanitas, -atis, /. [humanus], 
 culture; kindness. 
 
 humanus, -a, -um, adj. [homo], 
 human; kind. 
 
 humi, adv. [locative of humus, 
 ground], on the ground. 
 
 humilis, -e, adj. [humus, ground], 
 low; humble. 
 
 Hydra, -ae, /., the Hydra. 
 
 Hylas, -ae, m., Hylas, one of the 
 Argonauts. 
 
 ibi, adv., there, in that place. 
 
 ictus, -us, m., blow, stroke. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron. 
 [is+-dem], the same. 
 
 ideo, adv., for that reason, therefore. 
 
 idoneus, -a, -um, adj., suitable, fit. 
 
 idus, iduum, /. pL, the Ides, the 
 middle of the rnonth. 
 
 igitur, adv., therefore. 
 
 ignavus, -a, -um, adj. [in-+gnavus, 
 
 busy], inactive, cowardly, 
 ignis, ignis, -ium, m., fire, 
 ignore, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., not 
 
 know, be unaware of. 
 
 ignosco, -noscere, -novi, -notum, 
 intr. [in- + (g)n6sco, know], over- 
 look, pardon. 
 
 ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that; the 
 former; he, she, it. 
 
 illie, adv. [ille], there, yonder. 
 
 illudo, -ludere, -lusi, -lusum, tr. 
 [in+ludo, play], make sport of, 
 ridicule. 
 
 illustris, -e, adj., bright; distin- 
 guished, illustrious. 
 
 illuvies, — , ahl. -e, /., overflow; 
 dirt, filth. 
 
 imber, -bris, m., rain, storm. 
 
 imbuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, tr., soak, 
 
 steep. 
 imitor, -ari, -atus sum, tr., imitate, 
 
 copy after. 
 immitto, -mitteie, -misi, -missum, 
 
 tr. [in+mitto], send in, let in. 
 
 immolo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [in+ 
 mola, meal], sacrifice. 
 
 immortalis, -e, adj. [in-+mortalis], 
 immortal. 
 
 immotus, -a, -um, adj. [in-+motus], 
 unmoved, unaffected. 
 
 impedimentum, -i, n. [impedio], 
 hindrance; pi., baggage. 
 
 impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr. [in+pes], 
 hinder, impede. 
 
38 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 impello, -pellere, -pulT, -pulsum, tr. 
 iin+pello], drive forward; impel, 
 urge on. 
 
 impended, -ere, — , — , intr. [im- 
 pended, hang], hang over, over- 
 hang. 
 
 imperator, -oris, m. [impero], gener- 
 al, commander. 
 
 imp era turn, -i, n. [p. part, of 
 impero], command, order. 
 
 imperitus, -a, -um, adj. [in- 4- peri- 
 tus], inexperienced, unskilled. 
 
 imperium, -i, n. [impero], power, 
 authority. 
 
 impero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and 
 intr. [in+par5], command; control. 
 
 impetrq, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and 
 intr. ' [in+patro, perform], gain, 
 gain one's request. 
 
 impetus, -us, m. [in+peto], attack, 
 raid. 
 
 impiger, -gra, -grum, adj. [in-+ 
 piger, lazy], industrious, energetic. 
 
 impigre, adv. [impiger], energeti- 
 cally, industriously. 
 
 impled, -ere, -evi, -etum, tr. [in4- 
 pleo, fill], fill, fill up. 
 
 imploro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [in+ 
 ploro, wail], implore, beseech. 
 
 impend, -p5nere, -posui, -positum, 
 tr. [in+pono], place upon, impose; 
 put on board. 
 
 importo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [m+ 
 porto], bring in, import. 
 
 imprimis, adv. [in+abl. pi. 0/ primus], 
 especially, chiefly. — - 
 
 improbus, -a, -um, adj. [in-+ 
 probus, honest], bad, wicked. 
 
 improviso, adv. [improvisus, un- 
 foreseen], unexpectedly. 
 
 impugno, -are, -avi, atum, tr. [in+ 
 pugno], attack, assail. 
 
 impune, adv. [compare in- and poe- 
 na, penalty], with impunity. 
 
 impiinitas, -atis, /. [compare im- 
 pune], impunitj^, freedom from 
 punishment. 
 
 imus, -a, -um, adj. [contr. for 
 infimus, superl. of inferus, lower], 
 lowest, lowest part of, base of. 
 
 in, prep, with abl. and ace; with abl., 
 in, on; with ace, into, against. 
 
 in-, inseparable negative particle 
 used in composition, not, un-, 
 in-. 
 
 in-ambul6, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 walk up and down. 
 
 in-auditus, -a, -um, adj., unheard 
 of, unusual. 
 
 incendium, -i, n. [incendo], fire, 
 conflagration. 
 
 incendo, -cendere, -cendi, -censum, 
 
 tr., set fire to, burn; irritate; make 
 angry. 
 
 inceptum, -i, n. [p. part, of incipio], 
 beginning; attempt, undertaking. 
 
 incido, -cidere, -cidi, — , intr. [in-f 
 cado], fall in, fall into. 
 
 incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, tr. 
 and intr. [in+capio], begin. 
 
 in-cito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [cito, 
 
 rouse], rouse, incite, instigate. 
 
 include, -cliidere, -clusi, -clusum, 
 tr. [in+claudo], shut up, enclose. 
 
 in-cognitus, -a, -um, adj., unknown. 
 
 incola, -ae, m. and f. [incolo], 
 
 inhabitant, resident. 
 in-col6, -colere, -colui, — , tr., 
 
 inhabit. 
 incolumis, -e, adj., unharmed, safe. 
 
 in-commodum, -i, n., inconvenience, 
 
 misfortune, loss. 
 incredibilis, -e, adj., incredible. 
 
 in-crepo, -crepare, -crepui, -crepi- 
 tum, tr., resound; upbraid. 
 
 incumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cubi- 
 tum, intr., lean upon; bend to, 
 apply oneself to. 
 
 incuso, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [in+ 
 causa], accuse, complain of. 
 
 inde, adv.^ thence, from that place; 
 from that time, then. 
 
 index, -dicis, m. and /., informer, 
 witness; index, sign. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 39 
 
 indicium, -i, n., information, dis- 
 closure. 
 
 in-dico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, tr., 
 proclaim, declare, appoint. 
 
 in-dictus, -a, -um, adj., (not said), 
 not pleaded, imheard. 
 
 indignatid. -onis, /. [indignor], in- 
 dignation. 
 
 indignitas, -atis, /. [indignus], in- 
 dignity, outrage. 
 
 in-dignor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., be 
 indignant, be offended. 
 
 in-dignus, -a, -um, adj., unworthy, 
 undeserving. 
 
 in-diico, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 tr., lead in; move, induce. 
 
 indulged, -ere, indulsi, indultum, 
 
 intr., be indulgent, be favorable. 
 
 induo, -duere, -dui, -dutum, tr., 
 
 put on. 
 in-eo, -ire, -ii {or -ivi), -itum, tr., 
 
 enter; enter upon, form. 
 
 inermis, -e, adj. [in-+arma], un- 
 armed, defenceless. 
 
 iners, -ertis, adj. [in-+ars], idle, 
 inert, indolent. 
 
 in-fandus, -a, -um, adj., unspeak- 
 able, shocking. 
 
 iu-fans, gen. -fantis, adj., without 
 speech; subst., m. and f., infant, 
 babe. 
 
 in-felix, -felicis, adj., unfortunate, 
 unhappy. 
 
 inferi, -orum, m. -pi. [inferus, below, 
 lower], those of the lower world, 
 the dead, the shades. 
 
 inferior, -ius, compar. adj., lower; 
 inferior. 
 
 in-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, tr., 
 bring upon, cause; allege; bellum 
 inferre, make war on; signa 
 inferre, advance to the attack, 
 aLtacii. 
 
 infestus, -a, -um, adj., unsafe; 
 hostile. 
 
 inficio, -ficere, -feci, -fecttim, tr. 
 [in+facio], stain, dye, color. 
 
 in-fiecto, -flectere, -flexi, -fiexum, 
 //•., bend, bow. 
 
 in-flo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., blow 
 into, inflate. 
 
 .in-fluo, -fluere, -fliixi, intr., flow 
 into, empty into. 
 
 in-formo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 shape, mould; instruct, educate. 
 
 infra, prep, with ace, below, under- 
 neath. 
 
 in-fundo, -fundere, -fiidi, -fusum, 
 tr., pour into, pour upon. 
 
 ingenium, -i, n., intellect, abihty, 
 character; disposition. 
 
 ingens, gen. ingentis, adj., huge, 
 very large, very great. 
 
 ingenuus, -a, -um, adj., free-born. 
 
 ingredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
 tr. and intr. [in+gradior, step], 
 step, enter, go into, advance. 
 
 inimicitia, -ae,/. [inimicus], enmity, 
 hostility. 
 
 inimicus, -a, -um, adj. [in-+amicus], 
 unfriendly, hostile; subst., inimi- 
 cus, -I, m., an enemy. 
 
 iniquus, -a, -um, adj. [in-+aequus], 
 uneven; unfair, unjust. 
 
 initium, -i, n. [ineo], beginning. 
 
 injicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 [in+jacio], throw into, hurl upon; 
 inspire in, cause. 
 
 injuria, -ae, /. [in-+jus], injury; 
 injuria, unjustly. 
 
 (in-jussus -us) m. [in-+jube6], only 
 ahl. injussu, without command, 
 without order. 
 
 in-justus, -a, -um, adj. unjust. 
 
 in-nascor, -nasci, -natus sum, ititr.^, 
 be born in, spring up, arise. 
 
 in-nitor, -niti, -nixus sum, intr., lean 
 upon, support oneself by. 
 
 innocentia, -ae, /. [innocens, harm- 
 less, blameless], honesty, inno- 
 cence. 
 
 in-noxius, -a, -um, adj., harmless, 
 innocent. 
 
40 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 inopia, -ae, /. [inops], want, lack; 
 poverty. 
 
 in-opinans, gen. inopinantis, adj. 
 [in-+ jpres. part, of oplnor, sup- 
 pose], not expecting, unawares, 
 off one's guard. 
 
 inops, -opis, adj. [in-+ops], poor, 
 destitute. 
 
 inquam, inquis, inquit, intr. defect., 
 say, employed in direct quotations. 
 
 in-sciens, gen. -scientis, adj., un- 
 knowing, without knowledge, un- 
 aware. 
 
 in-scius, -a, -um, adj., unknowing, 
 unaware. 
 
 in-sequens, gen., -sequentis, adj. 
 [pres. part, o/insequor], following, 
 next. 
 
 in-sequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, tr. 
 and intr., follow after, pursue, 
 follow up. 
 
 insidiae, -arum, /. pL, snare; am- 
 buscade, ambush; plot. 
 
 insigne, insignis, -ium, n., [insignis], 
 badge, decoration. 
 
 insignis, -e, adj. [in+signum], noted, 
 eminent, distinguished. 
 
 insilio, -silire, -silui, — -, intr. 
 [in+salio, leap], leap in, leap upon. 
 
 insolenter, adv. [insolens, insolent], 
 haughtily, insolently. 
 
 inspergo, -spergere, -spersi, -sper- 
 sum, tr., sprinkle over. 
 
 inspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 
 look into, look. 
 
 instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutum, 
 ^/•.[in+statuo], establish, institute, 
 appoint; train. 
 
 institutum, -i, n., custom, usage. 
 
 in-sto -stare, -stiti, -staturus, intr., 
 approach, be at hand; press on. 
 
 instrumentum, -i, n., implement, 
 tool; as collective in the sing., 
 implements, tools. 
 
 in-stnio, -struere, -struxi, -struc- 
 tum, tr., draw up, arrange; furnish, 
 equip. 
 
 insula, -ae, /., island. 
 
 in-sum, -esse, -fui, intr., be in, be 
 upon. 
 
 integer, -gra, -grum, adj., un- 
 touched, unhurt; fresh, vigorous. 
 
 intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum, tr. 
 [inter+lego], perceive, understand, 
 know. 
 
 in-tendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum, 
 
 tr., stretch; bend, aim. 
 
 intentus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 intendo], attentive, intent. 
 
 inter, prep, with ace, among, 
 between. 
 
 intercipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
 tr. [inter+capio], intercept. 
 
 intercludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum, 
 tr. [inter -fclaudo], cut off. 
 
 interdico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, tr., 
 forbid, interdict. 
 
 interdiu, adv., during the day, by " 
 
 day. 
 
 inter-dum, adv., sometimes, from 
 time to time. 
 
 inter-ea, adv., meanwhile, in the 
 meantime. 
 
 interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, tr. 
 [inter+facio], kill, slay. 
 
 interim, adv., meanwhile, in the 
 meantime. 
 
 interimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum, 
 tr. finter+emo, take out], destroy, 
 slay, kill. 
 
 interjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 [inter+jacid], throw between, in- 
 terpose. 
 
 inter-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 sum, tr., suspend, interrupt; let 
 pass; pass., intervene. 
 
 internecio, -5nis, /., slaughter, ex- 
 termination. 
 
 interpello, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 interrupt, obstruct. 
 
 interpres, -etis, m., interpreter. 
 
 interpreter, -arl, -atus sum, tr. 
 [interpres], explain, interpret. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 41 
 
 inter-regnum, -i, n., interregnum. 
 
 inter-rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., ask, 
 question. 
 
 inter-s;im, -esse, -fui, -futurus, 
 intr., be between, lie between; be 
 present at, attend. 
 
 inter- vallum, -i, n., interval, dis- 
 tance. 
 
 inter-venio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, 
 intr., come upon, come in. 
 
 in-tolerabilis, adj., intolerable, un- 
 bearable. 
 
 intra, prep, with ace, within. 
 
 intro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., enter. 
 
 introitus, -us, m. [introeO; go in], 
 entrance. 
 
 in-tueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum, tr., 
 look upon, gaze at; protect, 
 defend. 
 
 in-undo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., over- 
 flow, inundate. 
 
 in-usitatus, -a, -um, adj., unusual, 
 extraordinary. 
 
 (I m-veno, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum, 
 tr., carry in; pass., be carried, ride 
 in. 
 
 in-venio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, 
 tr., find, come Upon. 
 
 in-victus, -a, -um, adj., uncon- 
 quered, invincible. 
 
 in-video, -videre, -vidi, -visum, 
 
 iyitr., env}^, be jealous of. 
 
 invidia, -ae, /. [invidus, envious], 
 envy, jealousy. 
 
 invito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., invite. 
 
 invitus, -a, -um, adj., unwilling. 
 
 lolaus, -i, m., lolaus, a companion of 
 Hercules. 
 
 lole, -es, /., lole, daughter of Eury- 
 tus. 
 
 Iphicles, -is, m., Iphicles, brother of 
 Hercules. 
 
 ipse, ipsa, ipsum, dem. pron., self, 
 himself, herself, itself; pi., them- 
 selves. 
 
 ira, -ae, /., anger, wrath, ire. 
 
 iracundus, -a, -um, adj. [ira], 
 irritable, passionate. 
 
 iratus, -a, -um, adj. \p. part, of 
 irascor], angry, angered. 
 
 irrldeo, -ridere, -risi, -risum, intr. 
 [in+rideo], laugh at, jeer, mock. 
 
 irridicule, adv. [in-+ridicule, ab- 
 surd h^], without wit, without 
 humor. 
 
 irrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptum, 
 tr. and intr. [in+rumpo, burst], 
 break in, rush into, burst into. 
 
 imio, -mere, -rui, — , intr., rush in, 
 rush upon. 
 
 is, ea, id, demonstr. pron., this, that; 
 he, she, it. 
 
 iste, ista, istud, demonstr. pron., 
 that of 3'ours, that. 
 
 Isthmus, -i, m.. the Isthmus (of 
 Corinth). 
 
 ita, adv., so, in such a way, thus. 
 
 Italia, -ae, /., Italy. 
 
 ita-que, coiij., and so, accordingly, 
 therefore. 
 
 item, adv., likewise, also. 
 
 iter, itineris, n., road, march, 
 journey. 
 
 iterum, adv., again, a second time. 
 
 J 
 
 jaceo, -ere, jacui, — -, intr., he, be 
 prostrate. 
 
 jacio, jacere, jeci, jactum, tr., 
 ' throw, cast, hurl. 
 
 jactatio, -onis, /. [jacto], tossing, 
 motion. 
 
 jacto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [freq. of 
 jacio], toss about; discuss. 
 
 jam, adv., already, now; non jam, no 
 longer. 
 
 Janiculum, -i, n., the Janiculum, a 
 hill in Rome, iccst of the Tiber. 
 
 Janus, -i, ???., Janus, the Roman god 
 of beginnings and of doors and 
 entrances. 
 
 Jason, -onis, 7?i., Jason, leader of 
 the Argonauts. 
 
42 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 jocus, -i, 71%., jest, joke. 
 
 juba, -ae, /., mane. 
 
 Juba, -ae, m., Juba, a king of 
 Numidia. 
 
 jubeo, -ere, jussi, jussum, tr., 
 order, command. 
 
 jucundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant, 
 agreeable. 
 
 Judael, -onim, m. pi., the Jews. 
 
 judex, -ids, m., judge. 
 
 judicium, -i, n. [judex], judgment; 
 trial; court. 
 
 judico, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [judex], 
 judge, decide. 
 
 jugerum, -i (gen. pi. jugerum), n., 
 an acre, a juger (about two-thirds 
 of an English acre). 
 
 jugulum, -i, 71. [jugum], throat, neck. 
 
 jugum, -i, n., yoke. 
 
 Jugurtha, -ae, m., Jugurtha, a king 
 of Numidia. 
 
 Jugurthinus, -a, -um,' adj., of or 
 with Jugurtha, Jugurthine. 
 
 Julia, -ae,/., Julia, a wornan's name. 
 
 Julius, -i, m., see Caesar. 
 
 jumentum, -i, n. [compare jugum 
 and jungo], draught -animal, 
 beast of burden. 
 
 jungo, -ere, junxi, junctum, tr., 
 join, fasten together; form. 
 
 junior, adj. [compar. of juvenis], 
 younger. 
 
 Junius, -i, m., L. Junius Brutus, 
 one of the first two consuls of Rome. 
 
 Juno, -onis, /., Juno, queen of the 
 gods. 
 
 Juppiter, Jovis, m., Jupiter, king of 
 the gods. 
 
 Jura, -ae, 7n., the Jura, a chain of 
 mountains between the Rhine and 
 the Rhone. 
 
 juro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. [jus], 
 swear, take oath. 
 
 jus, juris, n., right, law, justice. 
 
 jus jiirandum, juris jurandi, n., an 
 oath. 
 
 jussum, -i, n. [p. part, of jubeo], 
 order, command. 
 
 (jussus, -lis), m., only in the abl., 
 jussu, by order, command, de- 
 cree. 
 
 jiistitia, -ae, /. [Justus], justice. 
 
 jiistus, -a, -um, adj. [jus], just, 
 upright. 
 
 juvenis, -is, adj., young, youthful; 
 subst. m., young man, a youth. 
 
 juvo, -are, juvi, jutum, tr., help, 
 
 assist. 
 
 juxta, pre]), with ace, next to, near. 
 
 K 
 
 Kal., abbr. for Kalendae, -arum, /. 
 pi., the Calends, the first day of 
 each month in the Roman calendar. 
 
 L., abbr. for Lucius. 
 
 Labienus, -i, m., Titus Atius 
 Labienus, a?i officer in Caesar's 
 army. 
 
 labor, labi, lapsus sum, intr., glide,. 
 
 slip, fall, 
 labor, -oris, m., labor, toil. 
 
 laboriose, adv. [laboriosus, toilsome], 
 laboriously. 
 
 laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. and 
 tr. [labor], work; suffer, be in 
 pain; be in difficulties; labor for. 
 
 Lacedaemonius, -a, -um, adj., Lace- 
 daemonian, of Lacedaemon (a 
 city of Laconia). 
 
 lacesso, -cessere, -cessivi, -cessi- 
 tum, tr., provoke, challenge, 
 attack. 
 
 Laconia, -ae, /., Laconia, a country 
 of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 lacrima, -ae, /., tear. 
 
 lacus, -lis, m., lake. 
 
 laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum, tr., 
 injure, offend. 
 
 laetitia, -ae, /. [laetus], joy, happi- 
 ness. 
 
 laetor, -ari, -atus sum, intr. [laetus], 
 rejoice, be delighted. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 43 
 
 laetus, -a, -um, adj., jo^-ful, happy, 
 glad. 
 
 laeva, -ae, /. [laevus, on the left 
 side], the left hand. 
 
 Laomedon, -ontis, m., Laomedon, 
 a king of Troy. 
 
 lapis, lapidis, m., stone. 
 
 laqueus, -i, m., noose. 
 
 Larcius, -i, w., Spurius Larcius, a 
 hero of the early Roman re-public. 
 
 Larentia, -ae, /., Larentia, wife of 
 Faustulus. 
 
 largior, -in, -Ttus sum, tr. and intr. 
 [largus, abundant], give lavishly. 
 
 largiter, adv. [largus, abundant], in 
 abundance, much. 
 
 largitio, -onis, /. [largior], lavish 
 giving, generosity. 
 
 Larissa, -ae, /., Larissa, a city of 
 Thessaly. 
 
 Lars, Lartis, m., Lars Porsena, a 
 king of Clusium. 
 
 lassitudo, -dinis, /. [lassus, weary], 
 weariness. 
 
 late, adv. [latus], widely, far and 
 wide, extensively. 
 
 latebrae, -arum, /. pi. [lateo], 
 hiding-place. 
 
 lateo, -ere, latui, — j intr., lie hid, 
 be hidden. 
 
 Latine, adv. [Latinus], in Latin. 
 
 Latini, -orum, m. pi. [Latinus, adj.], 
 the Latins, a nation of central 
 Italy. 
 
 Latinus, -a, -um, adj., of Latium, 
 Latin. 
 
 Latinus, -i, 771., Latinus, a king of 
 the Laurentines. 
 
 latitude, -dinis, /. [latus], width. 
 
 Latium, -i, n., Latium, a district of 
 ivest central Italy. 
 
 Latobrigi, -orum, m. pi., the Lato- 
 brigi, a German tribe. 
 
 latro, -onis, m., robber, brigand. 
 
 latus, -a, -um, adj., wide, broad. 
 
 latus, lateris, n., side; flank, wing. 
 
 laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [laus], 
 praise, laud. 
 
 laurea, -ae, /., laurel-tree; laurel 
 wreath. 
 
 Laurentes, -um, in. pi., the people 
 of Laurentum, the Laurentines. 
 
 Laurentum, -I, n., Laurentum, a 
 town of Latium. 
 
 laus, laudis, /., praise, glory. 
 
   Lavinia, -ae, /., Lavinia, daughter 
 of King Latinus. 
 
 Lavinium, -i, n., Lavinium, a city 
 of Latium. 
 
 lectica, -ae,/. [lectus], a litter, sedan. 
 
 lectus, -i, m., couch, bed. 
 
 legatio, -onis, /. [lego, appoint as 
 deputy], embassy, legation. 
 
 legatus, -i, m. [p. part, of lego, 
 appoint as deputy], lieutenant, 
 ambassador, envoy. 
 
 legio, -onis, /., legion. 
 
 legionarius, -a, -um, adj. [legio], 
 legionary. 
 
 legitimus, -a, -um, adj. [lex], fixed 
 by law, legal. 
 
 lego, legere, legl, lectum, tr., collect; 
 choose; read. 
 
 Lemannus, -i, m., Lake Geneva. 
 
 lenis, -e, adj., mild, gentle. 
 
 lenitas, -atis, /. [lenis], smoothness, 
 gentleness. 
 
 Lentulus, -i, m., P. Cornehus 
 Lentulus, Cicero's son-in-law. 
 
 leo, -onis, m., Uon. 
 
 Lernaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Lerna 
 (a marsh near Argos), Lernaean. 
 
 Lethe, -es, /., Lethe, the river of 
 forgctfulncss in the lower world. 
 
 Leuci, -orum, m. pi., the Leuci, a 
 tribe of Celtic Gaul. 
 
 levis, -e, adj., Hght, slight, trifling, 
 leviter, adv. [levis], hghtly, slightly, 
 lex, legis, /., law. 
 
 libenter, adv. [libens, willing], will- 
 ingly, with pleasure. 
 liber, libri, m., book. 
 
44 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 liber, libera, liberum, adj., free. 
 
 liberalis, -e, adj. [liber], befitting a 
 freeman; honorable, liberal. 
 
 liberalitas, -atis, /. [liberalis], gener- 
 osity, liberality. 
 
 liberator, -oris, m. [libero], liberator. 
 
 libere, adv. [liber], freely, boldly. 
 
 liberi, -drum, m. pi. [liber], children. 
 
 libero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [liber], 
 
 set free, free, liberate, release. 
 libertas, -atis, /. [liber], freedom, 
 
 liberty. 
 
 libertus, -i, m. [liber], freedman. 
 
 Libya, -ae, /., Libya, a country of 
 northern Africa. 
 
 licentia, -ae, /. [licens, free], free- 
 dom, license; boldness. 
 
 liceor, -eri, licitus sum, intr., bid, 
 make a bid. 
 
 licet, licere, licuit, impers., it is 
 ■permitted, it is allowed, one may. 
 
 Lichas, -ae, m., Lichas, a com-, 
 panion of Hercules. 
 
 lictor, -oris, m., lictor. 
 
 ligneus, -a, -um, adj. [lignum], of 
 wood, wooden. 
 
 lignum, -i, n., wood, firewood. 
 
 Ligures, -um, m. pi., the Ligures, 
 the people of Liguria. 
 
 Liguria, -ae, /., Liguria, a district of 
 northern Italy. 
 
 limen, -inis, n., threshold, door. 
 
 limus, -i, m., mud, mire. 
 
 Lingones, -um, m. pi., the Lingones, 
 a people of Celtic Gaul. 
 
 lingua, -ae, /., language, tongue. 
 
 linter, -tris,/., boat, skiff. 
 
 Linus, -i, m., Linus, a centaur who 
 instructed Hercules in music. 
 
 Liscus, -i, m., Liscus, chief magis- 
 trate of the Haedui. 
 
 littera, -ae, /., a letter {of the alpha- 
 bet); pi., a letter, an epistle; 
 literature. 
 
 litteratus, -a, -um, adj. [littera], of 
 letters, learned, educated. 
 
 litus, litoris, 7i., sea-shore, beach. 
 
 locus, -i, m. {pi. loca, -orum, n.), 
 place. 
 
 longe, adv. [longus], far, at a dis- 
 tance; by far. 
 
 longinquus, -a, -um, adj. [longus], 
 remote, distant; lengthy, long. 
 
 longitude, -inis, /. [longus], length. 
 
 longus, -a, -um, adj., long. 
 
 loquor, loqui, locutus sum, intr., 
 speak. 
 
 lorum, -i, n., thong, strap. 
 
 Lucius, -i, m., Lucius, a Roman 
 praenomen. 
 
 Lucretia, -ae, /., Lucretia, whose 
 death caused the expulsion of king 
 Tarquin. 
 
 luctor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., wrestle, 
 contend, struggle. 
 
 luctus, -us, m. [lugeo, mourn], 
 sorrow, mourning, affliction. 
 
 LucuUus, -i, m., L. Licinius Lucullus, 
 a noted Roman general of the last 
 century B.C. 
 
 Lucumo, -onis, m., Lucumo, an 
 
 Etruscan name; the original riame 
 of Tarquinius Priscus. 
 
 ludibrium, -i, n. [compare ludus], 
 object of ridicule, mockery. 
 
 ludicrum, -i, n. [compare ludus], 
 sport, game; public exhibition. 
 
 liidus, -i, m., game, sport. 
 
 lumen, -inis, n. [compare lux], 
 light, a light. 
 
 luna, -ae,/., the moon. 
 
 lupa, -ae,/., a she-wolf. 
 
 lux, lucis, /., light; prima luce, at 
 dawn. 
 
 liixuriosus, -a, -um, adj. [luxuria, 
 luxury], luxurious, voluptuous. 
 
 luxus, -us, m., luxury, splendor. 
 
 M 
 
 M., abhr. for Marcus. 
 
 Macedonia, -ae, /., Macedonia, a 
 
 country of southeastern Europe. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 45 
 
 macellum, -i, n., a meat-market. 
 
 maeror, -oris, m. [maereo, be sad], 
 mourning, sorrow. 
 
 maestus, -a, -um, adj. [maereo, be 
 sad], sad, sorrowful. 
 
 magicus, -a, -um, adj., magical, 
 magic. 
 
 magis, compar. adv., more, rather, 
 magister, -tri, m., master, teacher, 
 magistratus, -us, m. [magister], 
 magistracy, office; magistrate. 
 
 magnificus, -a, -um, adj. [magnus+ 
 facio], splendid, fine, magnifi- 
 cent. 
 
 magnitudo, -inis, /. [magnus], size, 
 magnitude. 
 
 magnopere, adv. [magno+opere], 
 greatly. 
 
 magnus, -a, -um, adj., large, great. 
 
 Magnus, -i, in., the Great, a cogno- 
 men of Cn. Pompeius. 
 
 majestas, -atis, /. [major], dignity, 
 majesty. 
 
 major, majus, adj. [compar. of 
 magnus], "larger, greater; major 
 natu, older; suhst., majores, -um, 
 m. pi., ancestors. 
 
 male, adv. [malus], badly, ill; coin- 
 par, pejus, superl. pessime. 
 
 maleficium, -i, n. [male+facio], an 
 evil deed; mischief, injury. 
 
 malo, malle, malui, — , tr. [magis+ 
 volo], prefer. 
 
 malum, -i, n. [malus], evil; misfor- 
 tune. 
 
 malus, -a, -um, adj., bad. 
 
 mandatum, -i, n. [p. part, of 
 mando], injunction, command. 
 
 mando, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [manus 
 +do], consign, intrust. 
 
 mane, adv., in the morning, early in 
 
 the morning. 
 maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, intr., 
 
 remain. 
 manes, -ium, m. pi., sl departed 
 
 spirit, shade, ghost. 
 
 manifestus, -a, -um, adj.; clear, 
 evident, manifest. 
 
 Manlius, -i, m., L. Manlius Vulso, 
 consul ill 256 B.C. 
 
 mansuetudo, -inis, /. [mansuetus, 
 mild], mildness, gentleness, clem- 
 ency. 
 
 manubiae, -arum, /. pi., booty, 
 prize-money. 
 
 manus, -us, /., hand; band {of 
 
 armed men). 
 Marcomannl, -orum, m. pi., the 
 
 ]VIarcomanni, a German tribe. 
 
 Marcus, -i, m., IMarcus, a Roman 
 praenomen. 
 
 mare, maris, n., the sea. 
 
 maritus, -i, m., husband. 
 
 Marius, -i, m., C. IMarius, a famous 
 Roman general, consul seven times, 
 died 86 B.C. 
 
 marmor, -oris, n., marble. 
 
 Mars, Martis, m., the Roman god of 
 
 war. 
 
 Martins, -a, -um, adj. [Mars], of 
 IVlars; of the month of March; 
 Campus Martins, the Campus 
 IVIartius, an open field and drill- 
 ground in Rome o?i the hank of the 
 Tiber. 
 
 Masinissa, -ae, m., IVIasinissa, a 
 
 king of Numidia. 
 Massiva, -ae, m., ]VIassiva, grandson 
 
 of Masinissa. 
 
 matara, -ae, /., javelin, pike. 
 
 mater, -tris, /., mother. 
 
 matrimonium, -I, n. [mater], mar- 
 riage; in matrimonium dare, give 
 in marriage, arrange a marriage 
 for; in matrimonium ducere, 
 marry. 
 
 matrona, -ae, /. [mater], married 
 woman, wife, matron. 
 
 Matrona, -ae, /., the river Marne. 
 
 mature, adv. [maturus], early, 
 quickly, soon. 
 
 mature, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [maturus], set about early, hasten. 
 
46 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 maturus, -a, -um, adj.f full grown, 
 mature, ripe. 
 
 maxime, superl. adv. [maximus], in 
 the highest degree, most, especi- 
 ally, exceedingly. 
 
 maximus, -a, -um, adj. [superlative 
 of magnus], largest, greatest. 
 
 Medea, -ae, /., Medea, wife of 
 Jason. 
 
 medicamentum, -i, n. [medeor, 
 heal], drug, antidote. 
 
 medicina, -ae, /. [medeor, heal], the 
 healing art, medicine. 
 
 medicus, -a, -um, adj. [medeor, 
 heal], of healing, medical. 
 
 medicus, -i, m. [medicus, medical], 
 physician, surgeon. 
 
 mediocriter, adv. [mediocris, medi- 
 um], moderately, shghtly. 
 
 meditor, -ari, -atus sum, intr. and 
 tr., reflect; meditate, plan. 
 
 medium, -i, n. [medius], the middle, 
 the intervening space. 
 
 medius, -a, -um, adj., middle, 
 intervening, middle of. 
 
 Medusa, -ae, /., Medusa, a Gorgon. 
 
 melior, -ius, adj. [co?7ipar. of bonus], 
 better. 
 
 membrum, -i, n., hmb, member. 
 
 memim, in/in. meminisse, defect., tr., 
 remember. 
 
 memoria, -ae, /., [memor, mindful], 
 memory, remembrance. 
 
 memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [memor, mindful], mention, re- 
 count, relate. 
 
 Menenius, -i, m., Menenius Agrip- 
 pa, a prominent Roman of the 
 early Republic. 
 
 mens, mentis,/., the mind, 
 mensa, -ae, /., table. 
 
 mensis, mensis, -ium or -um, m., 
 
 month. 
 
 mentio, -onis, /., mention. 
 
 mercator, -oris, m. [mercor, to 
 trade], trader, merchant. 
 
 mercemiarius, -a, -um, adj. [mer- 
 ces], hired, paid; subst., mercen- 
 narius, -i, m., hired servant. 
 
 merces, -edis, /., hire, pay, fee. 
 
 Mercurius, -i, m., Mercury, mes- 
 senger of the gods and god of 
 traders. 
 
 mereo, -ere, merui, meritum, atid 
 mereor, -eri, meritus sum, tr. and 
 intr., be deserving, deserve, merit. 
 
 mergo, -ere, mersi, mersum, tr., 
 plunge, sink. 
 
 meridies, -ei, m. [medius+dies], 
 mid-day, noon; the south. 
 
 meritum, -I, n. [p. part, of mereo], 
 merit, desert. 
 
 meritus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 mereo], due, deserved, just. 
 
 merx, mercis, /., goods, merchan- 
 dise. 
 
 Messala, -ae, m., M. Valerius 
 Messala, consul in 61 B.C. 
 
 -met, an enclitic suffix, self, own. 
 
 Metellus, -i, m., Q. Caecilius 
 
 Metellus Numidicus, consul in 
 
 109 B.C. 
 
 metior, -iri, mensus sum, tr., 
 measure; deal out, distribute. 
 
 Metius, -i, m., M. Metius, employed 
 by Julius Caesar as an envoy to 
 Ariovistus. 
 
 Mettius, -I, m., Mettius Fufetius, 
 an Alban dictator. 
 
 metuo, -ere, metui, — , tr. [metus], 
 fear, dread. 
 
 meus, -a, -um, adj. [me], my, mine. 
 
 migro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 migrate, remove. 
 
 miles, militis, m., soldier. 
 
 militaris, -e, adj. [miles], military. 
 
 milito, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 
 [miles], serve as a soldier, wage 
 
 war. 
 
 mille, num. adj. (pi. milia, -ium, 
 neuter noun), thousand. 
 
 millies, adv. [mille], a thousand 
 times. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 47 
 
 minae, -arum, /. pi., threats. 
 
 Minerva, -ae, /., Minerva, the 
 goddess of wisdom. 
 
 minime, superl. adv. [minimus], 
 least, very little; by no means, 
 not at all. 
 
 minimus, -a, -um, ndj. [superl. of 
 parvus], least, smallest, very 
 small; youngest. 
 
 ministerium, -i, n. [minister, ser- 
 vant], office, service, labor. 
 
 minitor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. [freq. of 
 minor, threaten], threaten, men- 
 ace. 
 
 minor, minus, adj. [compar. of 
 parvus], less, smaller; minor natu, 
 younger. 
 
 Minos, -ois, m., IMinos, a judge in 
 the lower world. 
 
 Mmtumae, -arum, /. pi, Mintur- 
 nae, a city of Latiuni. 
 
 Minucius, -i, m., M. Minucius 
 Rufus, master of horse in 217 B.C. 
 
 minuo, -ere, minui, minutum, tr., 
 diminish, weaken, impair. 
 
 minus, adv. [neut. of minor], less. 
 
 Minyae, -arum, m. pi., the Minyae, 
 neighbors of the Thebans. 
 
 mirabilis, -e, adj. [miror], wonder- 
 ful. 
 
 miraculum, -i, n. [miror], marvel, 
 miracle. 
 
 miror, -ari, -atus sum, tr. and intr. 
 [minis], be astonished; wonder at. 
 
 minis, -a, -um, adj., wonderful, 
 strange. 
 
 miser, -era, -erum, adj., unhappy. 
 
 misericordia, -ae, /. [misericors, 
 compassionate], pity, compassion. 
 
 miseror, -ari, -atus sum, tr. [miser], 
 lament, bewail. 
 
 Mithridates, -is, m., Mithridates, a 
 
 king of Ponius. 
 
 Mithridaticus, -a, -um, adj., of or 
 with Mithridates, Mithridatic. 
 
 mitis, -e, adj., mild, gentle, kind. 
 
 mitto, -ere, misi, missum, tr., send, 
 hurl. 
 
 moderatio, -onis,/. [moderor, to con- 
 trol], moderation, self-control. 
 
 modo, adv. [ahl. of modus], only, 
 merely; a Uttle while ago, recently. 
 
 modus, -1, m., manner, kind, way; 
 limit, measure. 
 
 moenia, -ium, n. pi., walls {of a city). 
 
 mola, -ae, /., meal, coarse flour. 
 
 moleste, adv. [molestus], with dif- 
 ficulty, with vexation; moleste 
 ferre, to be annoyed. 
 
 molestia, -ae, /. [molestus], vexa- 
 tion, annoyance. 
 
 molestus, -a, -um, adj. [moles, a 
 load], troublesome, annoying. 
 
 molimentum, -i, n. [molior, make 
 exertion], trouble, effort. 
 
 mollis, -e, adj., soft. 
 
 molo, -ere, molui, molitum, tr. 
 [mola], grind; molitus, -a, -um, 
 p. part, as adj., ground. 
 
 Molo, see ApoUonius. 
 
 moneo, -ere, monui, monitum, tr., 
 warn, advise. 
 
 monitus, -us, m. [mone5], admoni- 
 tion, advice. 
 
 mons, montis, -ium, m., mountain. 
 
 monstro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [nion- 
 strum], show, exhibit; point out. 
 
 monstrum, -i, n. [moneo], a divine 
 omen, portent; monster. 
 
 mora, -ae, /., delay. 
 
 morbus, -i, m., sickness, disease. 
 
 morded, -ere, momordi, morsum, 
 
 tr., bite. 
 moribundus, -a, -um, adj. [morior], 
 
 dying. 
 morior, mori, mortuus sum, intr., die. 
 moror, -ari, -atus sum, tr. and intr. 
 
 [mora], delay, linger; hinder, 
 mors, mortis,/., death. 
 mortalis, -e, adj. [mors], mortal; 
 
 subst., mortalis, -is, m., a mortal, 
 
 a person. 
 
48 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 mortifer, -era, -enim, adj. [mors+ 
 fero], death-dealing, deadly. 
 
 mortuus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 morior], dead. 
 
 mos, moris, m., custom. 
 
 motus, -us, m. [moveo], movement; 
 disturbance, tumult. 
 
 moved, -ere, movi, motum, tr., move. 
 
 mox, adv., soon, presently. 
 
 mugio, -ire, -ivi, — , intr., low, bel- 
 low. 
 
 mugitus, -us, m. [mugio], lowing, 
 bellowing. 
 
 muliebris, -e, adj. [mulier], of a 
 woman. 
 
 mulier, -eris, /., woman. 
 
 multitude, -inis, /. [multus], multi- 
 tude. 
 
 multo, adv. [abl. of multum], by 
 much, much, by far, far. 
 
 multo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [multa^ 
 a fine], punish, fine. 
 
 multum, adv. [ace. of multum], 
 much, greatly. 
 
 multus, -a, -um, adj., much; pi. 
 
 many; subst., multum, -i, n., 
 
 much, 
 munio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr. [moenia], 
 
 fortify, protect; build (a road). 
 
 miinitio, -onis, /. [munid], fortifica- 
 tion, intrenchment. 
 
 munus, muneris, n., service, duty; 
 present, gift. 
 
 mums, -i, m., wall. 
 
 musica, -ae, /., music, 
 
 muto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [freq. of 
 moveo], change. 
 
 mutuus, -a, -um, adj. [muto], mu- 
 tual. 
 
 Mysia, -ae, /., Mysia, a district of 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Mytilenae, -arum, /. pL, Mytilene, 
 a city on the island of Lesbos. 
 
 nam, conj., for. 
 
 nam-que, conj., for, for in fact; 
 inasmuch as. 
 
 nanciscor, -i, nactus sum, tr., get, 
 obtain; meet with, find. 
 
 narro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., tell, 
 relate. 
 
 nascor, -i, natus sum, intr., be born; 
 arise, grow. 
 
 Nasua, -ae, m., Nasua, a leader of 
 the Suebi, a German tribe. 
 
 nasus, -i, m., nose. 
 
 natio, -onis, /. [nascor], race, 
 nation, people. 
 
 nato, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. [freq. 
 of no, swim], swim, float. 
 
 natura, -ae, /. [nascor], nature. 
 
 naturalis, -e, adj. [natura], of nature, 
 natural. 
 
 naufragium, -i, n. [compare navis 
 and frango], shipwreck. 
 
 nauta, -ae, m. [for navita; compare 
 navis], sailor. 
 
 nauticus, -a, -um, adj. [nauta], 
 naval, nautical. 
 
 navalis, -e, adj. [navis], of ships, 
 nautical, naval. 
 
 navicula, -ae, /. [dirn. of navis], 
 boat, skiff. 
 
 navigo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [navis+ago], sail, navigate. 
 
 navis, navis, -ium, /., ship, boat. 
 
 -ne, enclitic particle employed as the 
 sign of a direct question that may 
 be answered by "yes'' or "no'\ 
 
 ne, conj., that . . . not, in 
 order that . . . not; after 
 words of fear, that; as adv., not; 
 ne . . . quidem, not even, 
 not . . . either. 
 
 necessario, adv. [abl. of necessari- 
 um], unavoidably, necessarily. 
 
 necessarius, -a, -um, adj. [necesse], 
 necessary, unavoidable, pressing; 
 subst., necessarii, -orum, m. pi., 
 connections, kinsmen. 
 
 necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. 
 
 necessitudo, -inis, /. [necesse], 
 close relationship, intimacy. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 49 
 
 nec-ne, adv., or not, used in double 
 questions. 
 
 neco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [nex], 
 kill, put to death. 
 
 nefastus, -a, -um, adj. [nefas, 
 wrong, crime], unhallowed; dies 
 nefastus, a day not open to the 
 transaction of state business. 
 
 neglego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum, tr. 
 [nec+lego], disregard, neglect, 
 slight. 
 
 nego, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. andintr., 
 say no, say that not; refuse, deny. 
 
 negdtium, -i, n. [nec+otium], busi- 
 ness; matter, affair, task; diffi- 
 culty, trouble. 
 
 Nemaeus, -a, -um, adj., Nemean, of 
 Nemea (a city of Argolis). 
 
 Nemetes, -um, m. pL, the Nemetes, 
 a German tribe. 
 
 nemo, dat. nemini, ace. neminem, 
 no gen. or abl., m. and f. [ne+ 
 homo], no one. 
 
 nepos, -Otis, m., grandson. 
 
 Neptunus, -i, m., Neptune, god of 
 the sea. 
 
 ne-quaquam, adv., by no means, not 
 at all. 
 
 ne-que, conj., nor, and . . . not. 
 
 nervus, -i, m., sinew, muscle, power, 
 strength. 
 
 ne-scio, -ire, -ivi, — , tr., not know, 
 be ignorant. 
 
 Nessus, -i, m., Nessus, a centaur. 
 
 neuter, -tra, -trum, pronom. adj. 
 [ne+uter], neither. 
 
 ne-ve, conj., and that not, and not. 
 
 nex, necis, /., death, murder. 
 
 ni, C071J., if not, unless. 
 
 niger, -gra, -grum, adj., black. 
 
 nihil, indecl., n. [ne+hilum, a shred], 
 nothing. 
 
 nihilum, -i, n. [ne+hilum, a shred], 
 nothing; esp. in the abl. with a 
 compar., e.g. nihilo minus, none 
 the less. 
 
 Nilus, -i, m., the river Nile, 
 nimbus, -i, m., rain-storm; thunder- 
 cloud. 
 
 nisi, conj. [ne+si], unless, if not; 
 adv., except. 
 
 niter, -i, nixus or nisus sum, intr., 
 lean; strive; rely, depend upon. 
 
 nix, nivis, /., snow. 
 
 nobilis, -e, adj. [n5tus], famous, well 
 known; noble; subst., nobiles, 
 -ium, m. pi., the nobles, the 
 nobility. 
 
 nobilitas, -atis, /. [nobilis], high 
 birth; collect., the nobility, the 
 nobles. 
 
 noceo, -ere, nocui, nocitum, intr., 
 injure. 
 
 noctu, adv. [nox], at night, by night. 
 
 noctumus, -a, -um, adj. [nox], 
 
 nightly, at night, night {as 
 
 adjective). 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, tr. and intr. 
 
 [ne+volo], be unwilling, not to 
 
 wish. 
 
 nomen, -inis, n., name, 
 nominatim, adv. [nomino], by name, 
 
 in detail. 
 nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 [nomen], call by name, mention. 
 
 non, adv., not. 
 
 nonaginta, indecl. num., ninety, 
 non-dum, adv., not yet. 
 non-niillus, -a, -um, adj., some, 
 
 several. 
 non-numquam, adv., sometimes, 
 
 a few times. 
 Noreia, -ae, /., Noreia, a town of 
 
 Noricum, now Neumarkt. 
 
 Noricus, -a, -um, adj., of Noricum 
 (a district south of the Danube). 
 
 nos, pi. of ego. 
 
 noster, -tra, -trum, adj. [nos], our, 
 ours. 
 
 notus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 nosco, learn, know], kno^Ti, fa- 
 miliar. 
 
50 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 novem, indecl. num., nine. 
 
 novitas, -atis, /. [novus], newness, 
 novelty. 
 
 novus, -a, -um, adj., new; superl., 
 last, latest; novissimum agmen, 
 the rear line {of an army) ; subst., 
 novissimi, -drum, m. pi., those 
 in the rear line, the rear Une. 
 
 nox, noctis, -ium,/., night. 
 
 noxa, -ae, /. [noceo], harm, injury. 
 
 nubes, nubis, -ium,/., cloud. 
 
 nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptum, intr., 
 
 cover, veil; of a bride, veil oneself, 
 
 marry, be married. 
 
 nudus, -a, -um, adj., naked, bare. 
 
 nuUus, -a, -um, adj., no, none. 
 
 num, interrog. particle, introducing a 
 question expecting a negative an- 
 swer; with indirect questions, 
 whether. 
 
 Numa, -ae, m., Numa Pompilius, 
 second king of Rome. 
 
 numerus, -i, m., number. 
 
 Numida, -ae, m., a Numidian, an 
 inhabitant of Numidia. 
 
 Numldia, -ae,/., Numidia, a country 
 
 of nortJiern Africa. 
 Numitor, -oris, m., Numitor, a king 
 
 of Alba. 
 nummus, -i, m.., a coin. 
 numquam, adv. [ne+umquam], 
 
 never. 
 
 nunc, adv., now. 
 
 nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [nun- 
 tius], announce, report. 
 
 nuntius, -i, m., messenger, message. 
 
 nuper, adv., newly, lately, recently. 
 
 nuptiae, -arum, /. pi. [nubo], 
 marriage, wedding. 
 
 nusquam, adv. [ne+usquam], no- 
 where. 
 
 nutrio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., nourish, 
 nurse. 
 
 nutus, -us, m. [nuo, nod], a nod; 
 hint. 
 
 nympha, -ae, /., nymph. 
 
 ob, prep, with ace, on kccount of. 
 
 ob-aeratus, -a, -um, adj. [ob+aes], 
 debtor. 
 
 objicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 [ob+jacio], throw before, throw 
 to, offer, expose; set against, 
 oppose. 
 
 ob-lino, -linere, levi, -litum, tr., 
 daub, smear over. 
 
 obliviscor, oblivisci, oblltus sum, tr., 
 forget. 
 
 ob-noxius, -a, -um, adj., liable, 
 exposed. 
 
 obscuro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [obscurus], darken, cover, hide. 
 
 obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark, dim. 
 
 obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ob+ 
 sacro, make sacred], entreat, 
 implore. 
 
 ob-sero, -serere, -sevi, -situm, tr., 
 plant; cover, fill. 
 
 ob-servo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 watch, heed, observe. 
 
 obses, obsidis, m., hostage. 
 
 obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, tr. 
 [ob+sedeo], beset, besiege, block, 
 blockade. 
 
 obsidio, -onis, /. [ob+sedeo], siege, 
 blockade, 
 
 ob-signo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., seal, 
 
 seal up. 
 ob-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum, 
 
 intr., resist, oppose, 
 
 obsonium, -i, n., victuals, viands. 
 
 ob-stringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
 -strictum, tr., bind; lay under 
 obligations. 
 
 ob-struo, -struere, -struxi, -struc- 
 tum, tr., stop up, bar. 
 
 obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, tentum, tr. 
 [ob+teneo], hold, possess. 
 
 obtrectator, -oris, m. [obtrecto, 
 disparage], traducer, disparager. 
 
 ob-venio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, 
 intr., come to, befall; fall to the 
 lot of. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 51 
 
 ob-viam, adv., in the way, to meet. 
 
 ob-volvo, -volvere, -volvi, -volutum, 
 tr., wrap round, enfold. 
 
 occasio, -onis, /. [ob+cado], oppor- 
 tunity, occasion, chance. 
 
 occasus, -us, m. [ob+casus], falHng 
 down, setting; solis occasus, 
 
 sunset. 
 
 occido, -cidere, -cidi, -casum, intr. 
 [ob+cado], fall; set (applied to the 
 sun); occidens, -entis, pres. part, 
 as adj., setting. 
 
 occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, tr. 
 [ob+caedo], cut down, kill. 
 
 occulto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. \jrcq. of 
 occulo, hide], hide, keep con- 
 cealed. 
 
 occultus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 occulo, hide], hidden, concealed; 
 suhst. n., in occulto, in secret. 
 
 occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., seize. 
 
 occurro, -currere, -curri, -cursum, 
 intr. [ob+curro], run to meet, meet. 
 
 Oceanus, -i, m., the Ocean. 
 
 Ocelum, -i, n., Ocelum, a town on 
 the western edge of Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 Octavianus, -i, m., Octavian, grand- 
 nephew of Julius Caesar, better 
 known as the Emperor Augustus. 
 
 Octavius, -i, w., Octavius Mamilius, 
 a leader among the early Latin 
 peoples. 
 
 octo, indecl. num., eight. 
 
 octoginta, indecl. num., eighty. 
 
 oculus, -i, m., eye. 
 
 odi, odisse, osurus, defect., tr., hate. 
 
 odium, -i, n. [odi], hatred. 
 
 odor, -oris, m., smell, odor. 
 
 Oechalia, -ae,/., Oechalia, a town of 
 Euboea. 
 
 Geneus, -i, m., Oeneus, father of 
 Deianira. 
 
 Oeta, -ae, /., Oeta, a mountain in 
 Thessaly. 
 
 offendd, -fendere, -fendl, -fensum, 
 tr. [ob+-fendo, strike], offend. 
 
 offensio, -onis, /. [offendo], offense. 
 
 offeroj^ -ferre, obtuli, oblatum, tr. 
 [oB+ferol, bring before, offer. 
 
 officium, -i, n. [opus+facio], duty, 
 service. 
 
 olim, adv., formerly, once upon a 
 time. 
 
 Olympus, -i, w., Olympus, a moun- 
 tain on the frontiers of Macedonia 
 and Thessaly. 
 
 omen, -inis, n., omen. 
 
 omitto, -ere, omisi, omissum, tr. 
 [ob+mitto], let go; neglect. 
 
 omnino, adv. [omnis], altogether, 
 entirely, at all; only. 
 
 omnis, -e, adj., all. 
 
 onero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [onus, a 
 
 burden], load, fill. 
 
 onustus, -a, -um, adj. [onus, a 
 burden], loaded, burdened. 
 
 opera, -ae,/. [opus], effort, labor, toil. 
 
 operarius, -i, m. [opera], laborer, 
 workman. 
 
 operio, -ire, operui, opertum, tr., 
 cover, cover over, conceal. 
 
 opinio, -onis, /. [opinor, suppose], 
 opinion; expectation. 
 
 oportet, oportere, oportuit, impers., 
 it is necessary, it is proper, one 
 must, one ought. 
 
 oppidani, -orum, m. pi. [oppidum], 
 townspeople, inhabitants of a 
 town. 
 
 oppidum, -i, n., town. 
 
 opportune, adv. [opportunus], fitly, 
 opportunely. 
 
 opportunus, -a, -um, adj. [ob-f- 
 portus], fit, seasonable, oppor- 
 tune. 
 
 opprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres- 
 sum, tr. [ob+premo], press down, 
 weigh down, overwhelm, over- 
 power. 
 
 oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [ob+ 
 pugno], attack. 
 
 ops, opis, /. power; pi., resources, 
 influence. 
 
52 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 optime, swperl. adv. [optimus], best. 
 optimus, -a, -um, adj. {swperl. of 
 
 bonus), best. 
 opus, operis, n., work, task, need, 
 oraculum, -i, n. [oro], oracle, 
 oratio, -onis, /. [oro], oration, 
 orator, -oris, m. [oro], orator, 
 orbis, orbis, -ium, m., ring, circle; 
 
 orbis terrarum, the earth, the 
 
 world. 
 Orcus, -i, w., Orcus, the lower world. 
 ordo, ordinis, tn., order, rank. 
 Orgetorix, -igis, m., Orgetorix, a 
 
 Helvetian chieftain. 
 origo, originis, /. [orior], origin, 
 orior, oriri, ortus sum, intr., rise, 
 
 arise; break out; oriens, -entis, 
 
 'pres. -part, as adj., rising. 
 ornamentum, -i, n. [orno], equip- 
 ment; mark of honor, ornament, 
 orno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., fit out, 
 
 furnish, equip; adorn. 
 oro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [os], beg, 
 
 entreat, ask for. 
 Orpheus, -i, m., Orpheus, a famous 
 
 musician of Thrace. 
 
 OS, oris, n., mouth. 
 
 osculor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. [oscu- 
 
 lum], to kiss. 
 osculum, -i, n. [os], a kiss. 
 ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum, 
 
 tr. [ob+tendo], show, point out. 
 
 Ostia, -ae, /., Ostia, a city at the 
 
 mouth of the Tiber. 
 ostium, -i, n. [compare os], door; 
 
 mouth, entrance, 
 otiosus, -a, -um, adj. [otium], at 
 
 leisure, unoccupied. 
 
 otium -i, n., peace, quiet. 
 
 P 
 
 P., abhr.'for Publius. 
 
 pabulum, -i, n. [compare pasco], 
 
 food, pasturage, fodder. 
 paciscor, pacisci, pactus sum, intr., 
 
 bargain, agree. 
 
 paco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [pax], 
 pacify, subdue. 
 
 pactio, -onis, /. [paciscor], agree- 
 ment, bargain. 
 
 paene, adv., nearly, almost. 
 
 pagus, -i, m., district, canton, 
 division. 
 
 palaestra, -ae, /., wrestling-place, 
 place of exercise. 
 
 palam, adv., openly, pubhcly, plain- 
 
 ly. 
 
 Palatium, -i, n., the Palatine hill, 
 
 one of the seven hills of Rome. 
 
 paliidamentum, j^i, n., military 
 cloak. 
 
 palus, -udis, /., swamp, marsh. 
 
 pando, -ere, pandi, passum, tr., 
 spread out, stretch out. 
 
 papaver, -eris, n., a popp3\ 
 
 par, paris, oAj., equal, like. 
 
 paratus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 
 paro], prepared, ready. 
 parco, -ere, peperci, parsiirus, intr. 
 
 {takes dative), spare, treat with 
 
 forbearance, 
 parcus, -a, -um, adj. [parco], sparing, 
 
 frugal. 
 parens, parentis, m. and f. [pario], 
 
 parent. 
 pareo, -ere, parui, — , intr., obey, 
 pario, -ere, peperi, partum, tr., bring 
 
 forth, give birth to, produce. 
 
 pariter, adv. [par], equally, in like 
 
 manner, as much, 
 paro, -are, -avi, -atimi, tr., prepare; 
 
 obtain, get. 
 parricidium, -i, n. [compare pater 
 
 and caedo], parricide, murder of a 
 
 father. 
 pars, partis, -ium,/., part; direction. 
 Parthi, -orum, m. pi., the Parthians, 
 
 a people of Asia: 
 partus, -lis, m. [pario], a bearing, 
 
 birth. 
 parum, adv., too little, insufficiently, 
 parvus, -a, -um, adj., small. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 53 
 
 pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum, tr., 
 
 supply with food, feed; pass., 
 
 graze, feed. 
 passim, adv. [pando], scattered, here 
 
 and there, in every direction, 
 passus, -us, m., pace; mille passus, 
 
 a mile, 
 pastor, -oris, m. [pasco], shepherd, 
 patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum, tr. 
 
 [pateo+facio], lay open, open, 
 
 throw open. 
 patella, -ae, /. [dim. of patina, pan], 
 
 a small pan, a small dish, 
 patens, -entis, adj. [pres. part, of 
 
 pateo], open, exposed, 
 pateo, -ere, -ul, — ,inir., extend; be 
 
 open. 
 pater, patris, m., father, 
 patemus, -a, -um, adj. [pater], of a 
 
 father, paternal. 
 
 patiens, -entis, adj. [pres. part, of 
 patior], enduring, tolerant, pa- 
 tient. 
 
 patientia, -ae, /. [patiens], patience, 
 endurance. 
 
 Ipatior, pati, passus sum, tr., bear, 
 
 j suffer; permit. 
 
 patria, -ae, /. [fern, of adj. patrius, of 
 a father; with terra understood], 
 country, native land. 
 
 patrimonium, -i, n. [pater], paternal 
 estate, patrimony. 
 
 patronus, -i, m. [pater], protector, 
 patron; defender, advocate. 
 
 patruus, -i, m. [pater], a father's 
 
 brother, uncle. 
 pauci, -ae, -a, adj., pi., few, a few. 
 paulatim, adv. [paulum, httle], 
 
 gradually. 
 paulisper, adv. [paulum, little,+per], 
 
 a Uttle wliile, a short time. 
 paulo, adv. [ahl. of paulum, a little], 
 
 (by) a Httle, a little, somewhat. 
 
 paulum, adv. [ace. 0/ paulum, a little], 
 
 somewhat. 
 pauper, -eris, adj., poor, of small 
 
 means. 
 
 paupertas, -atis, /. [pauper], small 
 
 means, poverty, 
 pavor, -oris, m. [paveo, be afraid], 
 
 terror, alarm. 
 pax, pacjs,/., peace, 
 pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, irdr., do 
 
 wrong, transgress, offend. 
 
 pectus, pectoris, n., breast. 
 
 pecuarius, -a, -um, adj. [pecu, 
 cattle], of cattle; suhst., pecuaria, 
 -ae, /. (res understood), cattle- 
 breeding. 
 
 pecunia, -ae, /. [pecus], money. 
 
 pecus, pecoris, n., cattle, herd, flock. 
 
 pecus, pecudis, /., a head of cattle, 
 
 beast; pi., flock, herd. 
 pedes, peditis, m. [pes], foot-soldier; 
 
 pi., infantry. 
 pediculus, -i, m. [pes], a little foot, a 
 
 small base. 
 Pelias, -ae, m., Pelias, uncle of 
 
 Jason. 
 pellis, pellis, -ium, /., skin, hide, 
 
 pelt. . 
 
 pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, tr., beat;! 
 
 drive out^ drive away, rout..,,^ J 
 
 pendo, -ere, pependi, pensum, /r., 
 
 weigh, pay out, pay. 
 per, prep, with ace, through. 
 
 per-ago, -agere, -egi, -actum, //•., 
 (drive through); finish, com- 
 plete. 
 
 peragro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [per+ 
 ager], wander through, traverse. 
 
 percipic, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, tr. 
 
 [per+capio], perceive, feel. 
 
 percussor, -oris, m. [percutio], 
 assassin. 
 
 percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussum, 
 tr. [per+quatio, shake], pierce, 
 strike. 
 
 per-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr., 
 ruin, destroy. 
 
 per-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 tr., lead through, lead, bring, 
 conduct. 
 
54 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 peregrinus, -a, -um, adj. [per+ager], 
 strange, foreign; subst., pere- 
 grinus, -i, m., a foreigner. 
 
 perennis, -e, adj. [per+annus], 
 lasting through the year, peren- 
 nial. 
 
 per-eo, -ire, -ii, -iturus, intr., perish, 
 be destroyed. 
 
 per-facilis, -e, adj., very easy. 
 
 per-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, tr., 
 bear through; bear, endure, with- 
 stand; bring; carry (a law). 
 
 perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, tr. 
 [per+facio], accomplish, perform, 
 complete. 
 
 per-fodio, -fodere, -fodi, -fossum, 
 
 tr., dig through; transfix. 
 
 perfringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractum, 
 tr. [per+frango], break through. 
 
 perfuga, ^ae, m., [perfugio], deserter. 
 
 per-fugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , intr., 
 flee for refuge, flee. 
 
 pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectum, intr. 
 [per+rego], go on, proceed. 
 
 periculosus, -a, -um, adj. [peri- 
 culum], dangerous. 
 
 periculum, -i, n., danger; trial, 
 test. 
 
 peritia, -ae, /. [peritus], experience, 
 knowledge. 
 
 peritus, -a, -um, adj., experienced, 
 skilled. 
 
 per-maneo, -manere, -mansi, -man- 
 sum, intr., remain, continue. 
 
 per-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
 
 tr., permit; entrust. 
 
 per-move5, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
 tum, tr., move deeply, excite, 
 induce. 
 
 pernicies, -ei, /. [per+nex], destruc- 
 tion, ruin. 
 
 perniciosus, -a, -um, adj. [pernicies], 
 destructive, ruinous. 
 
 per-pauci, -paucae, -pauca, adj., 
 very few. 
 
 perpetuo, adv. [perpetuus], continu- 
 ally. 
 
 perpetuus, -a, -um, adj., continuous, 
 constant, perpetual; subst., n. 
 sing., in perpetuum, for all time, 
 forever. 
 
 per-rumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- 
 tum, tr., burst through, burst 
 asunder. 
 
 per-saepe, adv., very often. 
 
 per-scribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scrip- 
 tum, tr., write in full, wTite out, 
 describe fully. 
 
 per-sequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, 
 
 tr., follow after, pursue. 
 
 Perseus, -i, m., Perseus, a Greek 
 hero. 
 
 persevere, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [per+severus, strict], persist, per- 
 severe. 
 
 per-solvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solutum, 
 
 tr., pay, pay over. 
 
 perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 tr. [per+specio, look], perceive 
 clearly, discern. 
 
 per-suadeo, -suadere, -suasi, -sua- 
 sum, intr., persuade. 
 
 per-terreo, -terrere, -terrui, -terri- 
 tum, tr., frighten thoroughly, 
 terrify. 
 
 pertinacia, -ae, /. [pertinax, stub- 
 born], stubbornness, obstinacy. 
 
 pertineo, -tinere, -tinui, — , intr. 
 [per+teneo], stretch out, extend; 
 relate, pertain. 
 
 per-turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 throw into confusion, throw into 
 disorder, disturb. ' - 
 
 per-venio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, 
 intr., come up, arrive. 
 
 pes, pedis, m., foot. 
 
 pessimus, -a, -um, adj. {superl. of 
 malus), worst. 
 
 pestilentia, -ae, /. [pestilens, pesti- 
 lential], plague, pestilence. 
 
 petitio, -onis, /. [compare peto], (a 
 seeking), candidacy, canvass. 
 
 peto, -ere, petivi, petitum, tr., seek; 
 ask; attack, assail. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 55 
 
 phalanx, -angis, /., phalanx. 
 
 phalerae, -arum, /. pL, decorations 
 
 of metal (Jor the breast) . 
 
 Phamaces, -is, m., Pharnaces, son 
 of king Mithridates of Pontus. 
 
 PhaTsalicus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Pharsalus, Pharsalian. 
 
 Pharsalus, -i, /., Pharsalus, a city in 
 Thessaly. 
 
 Phasis, -idos, m., the Phasis, a 
 
 river of Colchis. 
 
 philosophia, -ae, /., philosophy. 
 
 philosophus, -i, m., philosopher. 
 
 Phineus, -i, m., Phineus, a king of 
 Sabnydessus, in Thrace. 
 
 Phrixus, -i, m., Phrixus. 
 
 pictura, -ae, /. [pingo, to paint], a 
 picture. 
 
 pietas, -atis, /. [pius, pious], devo- 
 tion, piety. 
 
 pilleus, -i, m., a cap. 
 
 pflum, -i, n., javelin. 
 
 piscator, -oris, m. [piscor, to fish], 
 fisherman. 
 
 piscis, piscis, -ium, m., fish. 
 
 Piso, -onis, m., (1) M. Pupius Piso, 
 consul in 61 B.C.; (3) L. Calpur- 
 nius Piso, consul in 58 B.C.; 
 (3) L. Calpurnius Piso, a Roman 
 commander, grandfather of No. 2. 
 
 placed, -ere, placui, placitum, intr., 
 please; impers., placuit, it was 
 resolved, it was decided, it was 
 thought best. 
 
 placo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., soothe, 
 
 appease, placate. 
 plaga, -ae,/., blow, wound, 
 planities, -ei,/. [planus], a plain, 
 planus, -a, -um, adj., level, flat. 
 
 plausus, -us, m. [plaudo, to clap], 
 clapping, applause. 
 
 plebeius, -a, -um, adj. [plebs], of 
 the common people, plebeian. 
 
 plebs, plebis,/., the common people, 
 plebeians. 
 
 plenus, -a, -um, adj., full, filled. 
 
 plerlque, pleraeque, pleraque, adj., a 
 very great part, very many, the 
 greater part of, most of. 
 
 plerumque, adv. [n. ace. o/plerusque, 
 most], for the most part, com- 
 monly. 
 
 plurimum, adv. [n. ace. of plurimus], 
 very much, most. 
 
 plurimus, -a, -um, adj. {superl. of 
 multus), most, very much, very 
 many. 
 
 plus, plufis, (compar. of multus), 
 subst., n. sing., more; pi., plures, 
 
 , plura, adj., more, a greater num- 
 ber of. 
 
 plus, adv. [n. ace. of plus], more. 
 
 Pluto, -onis, m., Pluto, king of the 
 lower world. 
 
 poena, -ae, /., punishment. 
 
 Poenus, -a, -um, adj., Punic, 
 Carthaginian; subst., Poenus, -i, 
 m. sing., a Phoenician, a Cartha- 
 ginian; pi., the Phoenicians, the 
 Carthaginians. 
 
 poeta, -ae, m., poet. 
 
 polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum, tr., 
 promise, offer. 
 
 Polydectes, -is, m., Polydectes, a 
 
 king of Seriphus. 
 
 Polyphemus, -i, m., Polyphemus, 
 one of the Argonauts. 
 
 Pompeianus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Pompeius, Pompeian. 
 
 Pompeius, -i, m., Cn. Pompeius 
 
 jMagnus, a famous Roman general 
 of the last century B.C. 
 
 Pomptinus, -a, -um, adj Pomptine, 
 Pontine; paludes P^mptinae, the 
 Pomptine marshes {in Latium). 
 
 pomum, -i, n., fruit, apple. 
 
 pondo, adv. [compare pondus], by 
 weight, in weight. 
 
 pondus, ponderis, n. [compare pen- 
 do), weight, a weight. 
 
 pono, -ere, posui, positum, tr., place, 
 fix; castra ponere, to pitch camp. 
 
 pons, pontis, -ium, m., bridge. 
 
56 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Ponticus, -a, -um, adj., of Pontus, 
 Pontic. 
 
 Pontius, -i, m., Pontius Cominius, 
 name of a Roman youth. 
 
 Pontus, -i, m., Pontus, a country in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 popularis, -e, adj. [populus], of the 
 people, democratic, popular. 
 
 populatio, -onis,/. [populor], a laying 
 waste, plundering. 
 
 populor, -ari, -atus sum, ir., lay 
 waste, plunder. 
 
 populus, -i, m., a people, nation; the 
 people, the populace. 
 
 Porsena, -ae, m., Lars Porsena, a 
 king of Clusium. 
 
 porta, -ae, /., gate, door. 
 
 portendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum, 
 ir. [por for pro+tendo], indicate, 
 foretell. 
 
 portentum, -i, n. [p. part, of por- 
 tendo], omen, portent. 
 
 porticus, -us, /. [porta], colonnade, 
 portico. 
 
 porto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., carry. 
 
 portorium, -i, n. [portus], tax, duty, 
 toll. 
 
 portus, -us, 771., harbor, port. 
 
 posco, -ere, poposci, — , tr., ask, 
 request, demand. 
 
 Posidonius, -i, m., Posidonius, a 
 Stoic philosopher of Rhodes. 
 
 possessio, -onis, /. [possido, take 
 possession of], a possessing, oc- 
 cupation; possession, property. 
 
 possideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, 
 tr. [por for pro+sedeo], possess, 
 have. 
 
 possum, posse, potui, inlr. [potis, 
 able, +sum], be able, can. 
 
 post, prep, with ace. behind, 
 after. 
 
 post-ea, adv., afterward, thereafter. 
 
 postea-quam, conj., after. 
 
 posterns, -a, -um, adj. [post], follow- 
 ing, next. 
 
 post-hac, adv., hereafter, in the 
 
 future. 
 
 post-quam, co?ij., after, when. 
 
 postremo, adv. [abl. of postremus, 
 last; supply tempore], at last, at 
 length. 
 
 postridie, adv. [poster© +die], the 
 next day. 
 
 postulatum, -i, 7i. [p. part, of pos- 
 tulo], a demand, request. 
 
 postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., de- 
 mand, claim. 
 
 potens, gen., -entis, adj. [possum], 
 powerful, influential. 
 
 potentatus, -us, m. [potens], power, 
 dominion. 
 
 potentia, -ae, /. [potens], power. 
 
 potestas, -atis, /. [potis, able], 
 power; privilege, chance, oppor- 
 tunity. 
 
 potio, -onis, /. [poto, to drink], a 
 drink, drink. 
 
 potior, -iri, potitus sum, intr. [potis;^ 
 able], gain possession of. 
 
 potius, adv. {compar. of potis, able), 
 rather, preferably. 
 
 praebeo, -ere, praebui, praebitum, 
 tr. [prae, before, +habe6], hold 
 forth, offer; furnish, supply; ex- 
 hibit, show. 
 
 prae-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 intr. and tr., go before; surpass, 
 excel. 
 
 praeceps, -cipitis, adj. [prae, before, 
 +caput], headforemost, headlong. 
 
 praeceptor, -oris, m. [praecipio], 
 teacher, instructor. 
 
 praeceptum, -i, n. [p. part, of prae- 
 cipio], maxim, precept, order. 
 
 praecido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, tr. 
 [prae, in front, +caedo], cut 
 off. 
 
 praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
 tr. [prae, before, +capi6], enjoin 
 upon, impose upon; teach. 
 
 praecipue, adv. [praecipuus, espe- 
 cial], especially. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 57 
 
 ^ 
 
 prae-clarus, -a, -um, adj., very 
 bright, brilliant; splendid, dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 praeco, -onis, in., herald. 
 
 praeda, -ae, /., booty, spoil. 
 
 prae-dico, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.and 
 intr. [dico, dedicate], proclaim, 
 assert. 
 
 prae-dico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, 
 
 Ir., foretell, predict. 
 
 praedo, -onis, m. [praeda], pirate, 
 robber. 
 
 praefectus, -i, m. [p. part, of prae- 
 ficio], commander, prefect. 
 
 praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, tr. 
 [prae, before, +faci6], place in 
 charge of, place in command of. 
 
 prae-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 sum, tr., send ahead. 
 
 praemium, -i, n., reward. 
 
 prae-opto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 choose rather, prefer. 
 
 prae-scribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
 -scriptum, tr., determine in ad- 
 vance, prescribe, dictate. 
 
 praescriptum, -i, n. [p. part, of 
 praescribo], precept, direction. 
 
 praesens, gen., -entis, adj. [pres. 
 part, o/praesum], at hand, present. 
 
 praesentia, -ae, /. [praesens], pres- 
 ence; the present; in praesentia, 
 at the moment, for the present. 
 
 praesertim, adv., especially. 
 
 praesidium, -i, n. [compare prae, 
 before, and sedeo], protection; 
 guard, garrison. 
 
 prae-stans, gen., -stantis, adj. [pres. 
 part, of praestd], preeminent, dis- 
 tinguished, surpassing. 
 
 prae-sto, -stare, -stiti, -stitum, intr. 
 and tr., stand before; excel, be 
 better; exhibit, show. 
 
 prae-sum, -esse, -fui, — , intr., be in 
 command of, be in charge of. 
 
 praeter, prep, with ace. [compare 
 prae, before], except; past, be- 
 yond; in addition to; contrary to. 
 
 praeter-ea, adv., in addition, be- 
 sides, further. 
 
 praeter-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, tr. and 
 intr., go l)y, go past, pass; prae- 
 teritus, -a, -um, p. part, as adj., 
 gone by, past. 
 
 praeteritus, -a, -um, see praetereo. 
 
 praetextus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 praetexo, to border], bordered; 
 toga praetexta, the toga of a Ro- 
 man magistrate, which was edged 
 with scarlet. 
 
 praetor, -oris, m. [for praeitor, from 
 praeeo, go before], (a leader); 
 praetor, title of a Roman magis- 
 trate charged with judicial duties. 
 
 praetorius, -a, -um, adj. [praetor, 
 leader, general], of a praetor, 
 praetorian; praetoria cohors, a 
 general's bodyguard. 
 
 prae-venio, -venire, -veni, -ventum, 
 
 intr. and tr., come before, precede; 
 anticipate. 
 
 pravus, -a, -um, adj., crooked; bad, 
 dishonest. 
 
 preces, -um, /. pi., prayer, entreaty. 
 
 prehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hen- 
 sum, tr., grasp, seize. 
 
 premo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum, tr., 
 press; burden, weigh down. 
 
 pretium, -i, n., price, value; reward, 
 recompense. 
 
 Priamus, -i, m., Priam, a king of 
 Troy. 
 
 pridem, adv., long ago. 
 
 pridie, adv. [compare prior and dies], 
 the day before. 
 
 primo, adv. [primus], at first. 
 
 primum, adv. [primus], in the first 
 place, first of all; cum primum, 
 as soon as; quam primum, as 
 soon as possible. 
 
 primus, -a, -um, adj. {superl. of 
 prior), first. 
 
 princeps, gen. principis, adj. [com- 
 pare primus and capio], first; 
 subst., m., chief, prominent man. 
 
58 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 principatus, -us, m. [princeps], lead- 
 ership, supremacy. 
 
 prior, prius, compar. adj., former, 
 previous; first. 
 
 pristinus, -a, -um, adj. [corn-pare 
 prior], former, original. 
 
 prius, adv. [n. of prior], before, first. 
 
 prius-quam, conj., before. 
 
 privatim, adv. [privatus], in a pri- 
 vate capacity, privately. 
 
 privatus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 privo], private, personal; subst., 
 privatus, -i, m., a private citi- 
 zen. 
 
 privo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [privus, 
 private], deprive, rob. 
 
 pro, prep, with ahl., in front of; for, 
 on behalf of, for the sake of. 
 
 probo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [probus, 
 good], approve, approve of. 
 
 Proca, -ae, m,, Proca, .a king of 
 Alba. 
 
 pro-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 intr., advance, proceed. 
 
 Procillus, -i, m., C. Valerius Procil- 
 lus, a Gallic friend of Julius 
 Caesar. 
 
 procul, adv., in the distance, at a 
 distance, far off. 
 
 procumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cubi- 
 tum, intr. [pro+-cumb6, rechne], 
 fall forwards, fall prostrate. 
 
 pro-curro, -currere, -curri, -cursum, 
 intr., run or rush forwards, 
 charge. • 
 
 prod-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, intr. [prod 
 for pro], go forth, go forward, 
 advance. 
 
 prodigium, -i, ?i., omen, portent, 
 prodigy. 
 
 proditio, -onis, /. [prodo], treason, 
 betrayal. 
 
 pro-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr., 
 hand down, transmit; betray. 
 
 pro-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 tr., lead forth, bring out. 
 
 proelium, -i, n., battle. 
 
 prof actio, -onis, /. [proficiscor], set- 
 ting out, departure. 
 
 profecto, adv. [pro+facto], actually, 
 in fact, assuredly, certainh^ 
 
 pro-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, tr., 
 bring forth, carry forward, ex- 
 tend, defer. 
 
 proficiscor, proficisci, profectus 
 sum, intr., set out, start, depart. 
 
 profiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, tr. [pro 
 -ffateor, confess], declare pub- 
 licly, profess, avow. 
 
 pro-fugio, -fugere, -fugi, intr., flee, 
 escape. 
 
 profugus, -i, w. [profugio], fugitive, 
 refugee. 
 
 pro-fundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusum, 
 
 tr., pour out; spend freely, 
 squander. 
 
 profundus, -a, -um, adj., deep. 
 
 progredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
 intr. [pro+gradior, step], go on, 
 advance, proceed, 
 
 prohibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibitum, 
 
 tr. [pro+habeo], check, stop, re- 
 strain; keep out, prohibit, 
 projicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 [pro+jacio], hurl forward, hurl 
 down. 
 
 pro-inde, adv., therefore, accord- 
 ingly. 
 
 promineo, -minere, -minui, intr., 
 stand out; project, lean out. 
 
 pro-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
 
 tr., send forth, promise. 
 pro-moveo, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
 
 tum, tr., move forward, advance, 
 promptus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 
 promo, bring forth], ready, 
 
 prompt, 
 promunturium, -i, n., headland, 
 
 promontory, 
 prope, ady. and prep, with ace; as 
 
 adv., near, nearly, almost, about; 
 
 as prep., near, near to. 
 pro-pello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum, 
 
 tr., drive forward; drive off, repel, 
 
 rout. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 59 
 
 propere, adv. [properus, speedy], 
 hastily, speedily. 
 
 propero, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [properus, speedy], hasten. 
 
 propinquus, -a, -um, adj. [prope], 
 near, neighboring; subsl., pro- 
 pinqui, -orum, m. pL, relatives, 
 kinsmen. 
 
 pro-pono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
 tr., sot forth, relate; offer, propose. 
 
 propositum, -i, n. [p. part, of pro- 
 pono], plan, intention, purpose. 
 
 propter, prep, with ace, on account 
 of, by reason of. 
 
 propter-ea, adv., on that account; 
 propterea quod, for the reason 
 that, because. 
 
 pro-pulso, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 [freq. of propello], drive back, 
 
 repel. 
 prora, -ae, /., bow, prow. 
 
 pro-scribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
 -scriptum, tr., publish; outlaw, 
 proscribe.   
 
 proscriptio, -onis,/. [proscrlbo], pro- 
 scription, outlawry. 
 
 pro-sequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, 
 tr., follow, follow after, attend. 
 
 Proserpina, -ae,/., Proserpina, Pro- 
 serpine, queen of the lower world. 
 
 prosilio, -silire, -siluT, — , intr. [pro 
 +salio, leap], leap forward, spring 
 up. 
 
 prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 intr. [pro+specio, look], look 
 ahead; look out for, provide. 
 
 pro-sterno, -stemere, -stravi, 
 -stratum, tr., spread out; over- 
 throw, lay prostrate. 
 
 ! pro-sum, prodesse, profui, intr., be 
 \ useful, benefit, profit, serve. 
 
 pr5-veho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum, 
 tr., carry forward; pass., ride for- 
 ward; sail out; aetate provectus, 
 advanced in years. 
 
 pro-video, -videre, -vidi, -visum, 
 tr. and intr., foresee; provide for, 
 make provision for. 
 
 provincia, -ae, /., province. 
 
 proxime, adv. [proximus], nearest; 
 most recently, last. 
 
 proximus, -a, -um, adj. (superl. to 
 propior, nearer;, nearest, next. 
 
 Ptolomaeus, -i, m., Ptolemy, a king 
 
 of Egypt. 
 pubes, gen. -eris, adj., grown up, 
 
 adult; suhst., puberes, -um, m. 
 
 pi., adults, men. 
 
 publice, adv. [publicus], in the name 
 of the state, at public expense. 
 
 publicus, -a, -um, adj. [populus], of 
 the people or state, public. 
 
 Publius, -i, m., Publius, a Roman 
 
 pracnomcn. 
 
 pudor, -oris, m., shame, sense of 
 
 honor, 
 puella, -ae, /. [dim. of puer], girl, 
 puer, -pueri, m., boy. 
 
 puerflis, -e, adj. [puer], of a child, of 
 children, childish. 
 
 pugio, -onis, m., dagger, poniard. 
 
 pugna, -ae, /., fight, battle. 
 
 pugno, -are, -avi, -alum, intr. 
 [pugna], fight. 
 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., beauti- 
 ful. 
 
 punctum, -i, n. [p. part, of pungo], 
 point; moment. 
 
 pungo, -ere, pupugi, punctum, tr., 
 prick, sting, pierce. 
 
 Punicus, -a, -um, adj. [Poenus], 
 Punic, Carthaginian. 
 
 purgo, -are, -avi, -atum, //-. [purus 
 +ago], clean, cleanse; excuse; 
 purgatus, -a, -um, p. part, as 
 adj., free from blame. 
 
 purus, -a, -um, adj., clean, pure; 
 
 unadorned. 
 
 puto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. (clean, 
 
 prune) ; think, suppose. 
 Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, adj., Pyrenaean; 
 
 sub:it., Pyrenaei, -orum, m. pi., 
 
 the Pyrenees. 
 Pyrrhus, -i, iri., Pyrrhus, a king of 
 
 Epirus. 
 
60 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Pythia, -ae,/., Pythia, the prophetic 
 priestess in the temple of Apollo at 
 Delphi. 
 
 Q 
 
 qua, adv. [abl. fern, of qui], by which 
 way, where. 
 
 quadraginta, indecl. num. [quattuor], 
 forty. 
 
 quadringenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. 
 [quattuor+centum], four hun- 
 dred. 
 
 quaero, -ere, quaesivl, quaesitum, 
 
 tr., inquire, ask. 
 
 quaestor, -oris, m. \for quaesitor, 
 compare quaero], quaestor, a 
 Roman magistrate connected with 
 state finances. 
 
 quaestura, -ae, /. [quaestor], the 
 office of quaestor, quaestorship. 
 
 qualis, -e, pronom. adj.; interrog., of 
 what sort? what kind of? rela- 
 tive, of such kind, such as, as. 
 
 qualiscumque, qualecumque, indef. 
 pron., of any kind whatever. 
 
 quam, adv. [qui], than, (rather) than, 
 as, how. t 
 
 quam-diu, adv., as long as. 
 
 quam-quam, conj., although, though; 
 and yet, yet. 
 
 quantus, -a, -um, interrog. adj., how 
 great? how large? relative (follow- 
 ing tantus), as; e. g. tantus . . . 
 quantus, as large ... as; suhst., 
 quantum, -i, n., as much as, all 
 that. 
 
 qua-re, adv., wherefore, therefore; 
 wherefore? why? 
 
 quartanus, -a, -um, adj. [quartus], 
 occurring every fourth day, quar- 
 tan; subsf., quartana, -ae, /. (sup- 
 ply febris, fever),- quartan ague. 
 
 quartus, -a, -um, adj. [quattuor], 
 fourth. 
 
 qua-si, adv., as if. 
 
 quater, ado. [quattuor], four times. 
 
 quattuor, indecl. num., four. 
 
 -que, enclitic conj., and. 
 
 queror, queri, questus sum, intr.^ 
 and tr., complain, complain of. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, 
 which, what, that. 
 
 quia, conj., because. 
 
 quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
 cumque, indef. pron., whoever, 
 whatever, everyone who, every- 
 thing that. 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam or 
 quiddam, indef. pron. adj., a cer- 
 tain, a certain one; subst., a certain 
 one, somebody. 
 
 quidem, adv., certainly, in fact; to 
 be sure, it is true; ne . . . quidem, 
 not even, not . . . either. 
 
 quies, -etis, /., rest; peace, quiet. 
 
 quietus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 quiesco, keep quiet], quiet, peace- 
 ful, free from labor. 
 
 quin, conj. and adv. [qui, how,+ne]; 
 as conj., after ivords of doubt, that; 
 after words of hindering, from; 
 as adv., quin etiam, nay, nay even, 
 nay in fact. 
 
 Quinctius, -i, m., L. Quinctius 
 Cincinnatus, Roman dictator in 
 458 B.C. 
 
 quindecim, indecl. num. [quinque+ 
 decem], fifteen. 
 
 quingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. 
 
 [quinque+centum], five hundred, 
 quini, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. 
 
 [quinque], five each. 
 
 quinquaginta, indecl. num. [quinque], 
 fifty. 
 
 quinque, indecl. num., five. 
 
 quintus, -a, -um, adj. [quinque], fifth. 
 
 Qmrinalis, -e, adj. [Quirinus], of 
 Quirinus, Quirinal; Quirinalis 
 collis, the Quirinal Hill, one of the 
 seven hills of Rome. 
 
 Quirinus, -i, m., Quirinus, a name 
 given to Romulus. 
 
 Quirites, -ium, m. pi., Quirites, a 
 name applied to the Romans; it 
 may be translated citizens, fellow- 
 citizens. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 61 
 
 quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., anyone, 
 
 anybody, anything, someone, 
 
 somebody, something, 
 quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), 
 
 interrog. pron. and adj., who? 
 
 which? what? 
 quis-quam, quicquam, indej. pron., 
 
 any one, any thing, any one or 
 
 thing at all. 
 quis-que, quid-que, indef. pron., 
 
 each, each one, each man. 
 quis-quis, quicquid, indeJ. pron., 
 
 whoever, whatever, every one 
 
 who, every thing that. 
 quo, adv. [qui]; interrog., whither? 
 
 where? relative, to which place or 
 
 point, whither; indef., to any 
 
 place, anywhere; with compar., in 
 
 order that. 
 quo-ad, adv. and conj., until, as long 
 
 as. 
 quod, conj. [qui], because; the fact 
 
 that, that; quod si, but if, now if. 
 
 quoniam, conj. [quom, for cum,+ 
 jam], since, inasmuch as. 
 
 quoque, conj., also. 
 
 quotannis, adv. [quot, how many,+ 
 abl. o/annus], every year, yearly. 
 
 quotiens, adv. [quot, how many], 
 interrog., how often? relative, as 
 often as. 
 
 quo-usque, adv., till when? how 
 long? 
 
 R 
 
 radix, -dicis, /., root, lower part; 
 foot, base {of a mountain). 
 
 raeda, -ae, /., carriage, wagon {with 
 four wheels). 
 
 ramus, -i, m., branch, bough. 
 
 rapina, -ae, /. [rapid], robbery, 
 
 plunder, rapine. 
 rapio, -ere, rapui, raptum, tr., 
 
 seize, carry off. 
 rarus, -a, -um, adj., rare, scarce. 
 ratio, -onis, /., reckoning, account; 
 
 list, recordi; plan, course, manner; 
 
 principle, reason. 
 
 ratis, -is, /., raft, float. 
 
 Rauraci, -orum, m. pi., the Rauraci, 
 
 a Gallic people on the Rhine. 
 re-bell6, -are, -avT, -atum, intr., 
 
 rebel, make war again. 
 
 re-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 
 intr., retire, withdraw. 
 
 recens, gen. -entis, adj., recent, 
 new. 
 
 re-censeo, -censere, -censui, -cen- 
 sum, tr., number, reckon; re- 
 view. 
 
 redpio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, tr. 
 [re-+capio], take back, regain; 
 accept, receive; se recipere, to 
 recover oneself, to withdraw, to 
 retreat. 
 
 re-concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 win back, recover; reconcile. 
 
 re-creo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., renew, 
 restore, refresh. 
 
 recte, adv. [rectus], straight; right, 
 properly. 
 
 rectus, -a, -um, adj. \p. part, of 
 rego,] straight, direct; upright. 
 
 recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., re- 
 gain, recover. 
 
 recuse, -are, -avi, -atum, //•. and 
 intr. [re-+causa], refuse, dechne. 
 
 red-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr., give 
 
 back, return; render, 
 red-eo, -ire, -ii, (-ivi), -itum, intr., 
 
 go back, return. 
 reditio, -onis, /. [redeo], a going 
 
 back, return, 
 redigo, -igere, -egi, -actum, tr. 
 
 [red-+ago], force back; bring 
 
 under, reduce; collect. 
 redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum, tr. 
 
 [red-+emo], buy back, ransom, 
 
 buy up. 
 red-integro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 [integro, make whole], renew, 
 
 restore, 
 reditus, -us, m. [redeo], return, 
 re-duco, -diicere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 
 tr., lead back. 
 
62 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READH: 
 
 re-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, tr., 
 bear back, bring back; pedem 
 referre, withdraw, retire, retreat; 
 gratiam referre, requite. 
 
 reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, tr. 
 [re-+facio], make again; renew, 
 recruit, repair; reelect. 
 
 refringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractum, 
 
 tr. [re-+frango], break clown. 
 
 re-fugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugiturus, 
 intr., flee back; flee away, escape. 
 
 re-fulgeo, -fulgere, -fulsi, — , intr., 
 flash back, glitter. 
 
 regia, -ae, /. [regius], palace. 
 
 regina, -ae, /. [rex], queen, 
 
 regio, -onis,/. [rego], region, district. 
 
 regius, -a, -um, adj. [rex], royal, of 
 the king. 
 
 regno, -are, -avi, -atum, • intr. 
 [regnum], reign, rule. 
 
 regnum, -i, n. [rex], royal power, 
 kingdom. 
 
 rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, tr., guide, 
 direct; rule, govern. 
 
 regredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
 intr. [re-+gradior, step], go back, 
 return. 
 
 rejicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 [re-H-jacio], hurl back, drive back, 
 repulse. 
 
 religio, -onis, /., scruple, religion; 
 religious observance. 
 
 re-linquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lictum, 
 tr., leave behind, leave. 
 
 reliquiae, -arum, /. pi. [corn-pare re- 
 linquo], remains, relics, remnants. 
 
 reliquus, -a, -um, adj. [cornpare re- 
 linquo], remaining, rest of, the 
 remainder of. 
 
 re-luctor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., 
 struggle against, resist. 
 
 re-maneo, -manere, -mansi, -man- 
 sum, intr., remain. 
 
 remedium, -i, n. [re-, compare 
 medeor, heal], remedy, cure. 
 
 remigo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [remex, rower], row, ply an oar. 
 
 reminiscor, -i, intr. and tr., remem- 
 ber, recall. 
 
 re-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, 
 
 tr., send back; relax, discontinue. 
 
 remotus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 removeo], distant, remote. 
 
 re-moveo, -movere, -movi, -motum, 
 tr., move back; take away, re- 
 move. 
 
 re-muneror, -arl, -atus sum, tr., 
 repay, reward. 
 
 Remus, -i, ?n., Remus, brother of 
 Romulus. 
 
 remus, -i, m., oar. 
 
 re-novo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 renew. 
 
 re-nuo, -nuere, -nul, — , i-ntr., 
 shake the head, refuse. 
 
 re-niintio, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 bring back word, report, an- 
 nounce. 
 
 re-pello, -pellere, reppuli, repul- 
 sum, tr., drive back, repulse; 
 avert. 
 
 repente, adv. [repens, sudden], sud- 
 denly. 
 
 repentinus, -a, -um, adj. [repens, 
 sudden], sudden, unexpected. 
 
 reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum, tr., 
 find, discover. 
 
 re-peto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum, 
 tr., demand back; res repetere, to 
 demand reparation. 
 
 re-pleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum, tr., 
 fill again, refill. 
 
 re-pono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
 
 tr., replace, restore; put away, 
 keep, preserve. 
 
 re-praesento, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [compare praesens, present], make 
 present, display; do immediately. 
 
 re-prehendo, -prebend ere, -pre- 
 hendi, -prehensum, tr., hold back, 
 seize; censure, rebuke. 
 
 repudio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [re- 
 pudium, a casting off], reject, 
 divorce. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 63 
 
 re-pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 fight back, resist, oppose. 
 
 repulsa, -ae, /. [p. part, of repello], 
 repulse, defeat. 
 
 res, rei, /., thing, affair. 
 
 re-scindo, -scindere, -scidi, -scis- 
 Bum, tr., cut down, break down. 
 
 re-scisc6, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitum, 
 tr. [scisco, approve], learn, find out. 
 
 re-scribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip- 
 turn, //•., write back; rewrite, en- 
 roll anew. 
 
 re-servo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 keep back, save up, reserve. 
 
 re-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , iJitr., re- 
 sist, make a stand. 
 
 respicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 tr.. and intr. [re-+specio, look], 
 look back; have regard for. 
 
 re-spiro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 breath out ; breathe. 
 
 re-spondeo, -spondere, -spondi, 
 -sponsum, intr., reply, respond, 
 answer. 
 
 responsum, -i, n. [p. part, of re- 
 spondeo], reply, answer. 
 
 re-spuo, -spuere, -spui, — , tr., re- 
 fuse, spurn. 
 
 re-stinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi, 
 -stinctum, tr., put out, quench. 
 
 f estituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitiitum, 
 tr. [re-+statuo, station], restore. 
 
 re-tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 keep back, check. 
 
 retineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, tr. 
 [re-+tene6], restrain, retain. 
 
 re-vell6, -vellere, -velli, -vulsum, 
 
 tr., pull away, 
 re-vertor, -verti, (perf.) -verti, -ver- 
 
 sum, intr., turn back, return. 
 
 re-voco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., call 
 back, recall. 
 
 rex, regis, m. [rego], king. 
 
 Rhadamanthus, -i, m., Rhadaman- 
 thus, a judge in the lower world. 
 
 Rhea, -ae, /., Rhea Silvia, mother of 
 Ro)nulus and Remus. 
 
 Rhenus, -i, m., the river Rhine. 
 
 rhetor, -oris, m., a teacher of ora- 
 tory, rhetorician. 
 
 Rhodanus, -i, m., the river Rhone. 
 
 Rhodus, -i, /., the island of Rhodes. 
 
 rideo, -ere, risi, risum, intr., laugh. 
 
 ripa, -ae, /., bank (of a stream). 
 
 rite, adv. [compare ritus], in a proper 
 manner, fitly, duly. 
 
 ritus, -lis, ru:, rite, cerernony. 
 
 rixa, -ae,/., quarrel, dispute. 
 
 robur, roboris, n., oak. 
 
 rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., ask, re- 
 
 ciuest. 
 rogus, -i, m., funeral pile, funeral 
 
 pyre. 
 Roma, -SLQyf., Rome. 
 Romanus, -a, -um, adj., Roman; 
 
 subst., Romanus, -i, m., a Roman; 
 
 pi., the Romans. 
 Romulus, -i, m., Romulus, the 
 
 founder of Rome. 
 
 rosa, -ae, /., rose. 
 
 Roscius, -i, ni., Sextius Roscius, 
 defended by Cicero on a charge of 
 murder. 
 
 rostrum, -i, n. [rodo, gnaw], beak; 
 pi., rostra, -drum, the Rostra, a 
 platform for speakers in the 
 Forum, adorned loith beaks of 
 captured ships. 
 
 rota, -ae, /., wheel. 
 Rubico, -onis, m., the Rubicon, a 
 river in northeastern Italy. 
 
 ruina, -ae, /. [ruo, fa-11 in ruins], 
 ruin, downfall; pL, ruins. 
 
 riipes, -is, /., rock, chff. 
 
 rursus, adv. [contr. for reversus], 
 again, in turn. 
 
 riis, ruris, n., the country; pL, the 
 fields, the country. 
 
 rusticus, -a, -um, adj. [riis], of the 
 countrj', rustic. 
 
 Ruteni, -orum, m. pi., the Ruteni, 
 a Gallic tribe, partly in the Trans- 
 alpine province. 
 
64 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Rutuli, -orum, m. pL, the Rutuli, 
 the Rutuhans, a nation of central 
 Italy. 
 
 Sabini, -drum, m. pL, the Sabines, 
 a people of central Italy. 
 
 sacer, -era, -crum, adj., sacred; 
 subst., sacra, -orum, n. pi., sacred 
 rites, reUgious customs; Mons 
 Sacer, a hill near Rome. 
 
 sacerdos, -otis, m. and f. [sacer], 
 priest, priestess. 
 
 sacerdotium, -i, n. [sacerdos], priest- 
 hood. 
 
 sacrificium, -i, n. [compare sacrifice], 
 sacrifice. 
 
 sacrifice, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and 
 intr. [sacer+facio], offer sacrifice, 
 sacrifice. 
 
 saepe, adv., often. 
 
 saepe-numero, adv., very often, 
 again and again. 
 
 saevio, -ire, -ii, -itum, intr. [saevus, 
 savage], be furious, rage. 
 
 saevus, -a, -um, adj., fierce, savage. 
 
 sagino, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [sagina, 
 feeding], fatten. 
 
 sagitta, -ae, /., arrow. 
 
 sagulum, -i, n. [dim. of sagum, 
 mantle], a military cloak. 
 
 Saguntinus, -a, -um, adj., of Sagun- 
 tum, Saguntine; subst., Sagun- 
 tini, -orum, m. pi., the Saguntines, 
 the people of Saguntum. 
 
 Saguntum, -i, n., Saguntum, a city 
 in Spain. 
 
 sal, salis, m., salt. 
 
 salinum, -i, n. [sal], salt-cellar. 
 
 Salmydessus, -i, m., Salmydessus, 
 a town in Thrace. 
 
 salsus, -a, -um, adj. [sal], salted. 
 
 saltus, -us, m., [salio, leap], leaping, 
 a leap. 
 
 saltus, -us, m., ravine, mountain 
 pass, mountain valley. 
 
 salus, -utis, /., safety. 
 
 saliito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [saliis], 
 greet, hail. 
 
 salveo, -ere, — , — , intr., be well; 
 salve, imper. {in greetings), hail to 
 you. 
 
 Samnis, -itis, adj., of Samnium (a 
 district of central Italy), Samnite; 
 subst., Samnites, -ium, m. pi., the 
 people of Samnium, the Samnites. 
 
 sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctum, tr., 
 make sacred; decree, enact. 
 
 sanctus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 sancio], sacred, holy, inviolate. 
 
 sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood. 
 
 sanitas, -atis, /. [sanus], health, 
 sanity. 
 
 Santoni, -5rum or -um, m., pi. the 
 Santoni, a Gallic people of Aqui- 
 tania. 
 
 sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, healthy; 
 sane, sensible. 
 
 sapiens, gen. -entis, adj. [pres. part, 
 of sapio, have taste, be sensible], 
 wise. 
 
 sarcina, -ae, /., pack; pi., packs, 
 fight baggage. 
 
 Sardinia, -ae, /., Sardinia. 
 
 satis, adv., enough. 
 
 satis-facio, -facere, -feci, -factum, 
 
 intr., give satisfaction, make 
 reparation, apologize. 
 
 satisfactio, -onis, /. [satisfacio], 
 apology, explanation. 
 
 saxum, -i, n., rock, stone. 
 
 scalae, -arum, /. pi., stairway, 
 stairs; ladder. 
 
 scapha, -ae, /., skifT, boat. 
 
 sceleratus, -a, -um, adj. [scelus], 
 wicked, criminal. 
 
 scelus, sceleris, n., wickedness, 
 crime. 
 
 schola, -ae, /., school. 
 
 scientia, -ae, /. [sciens, knowing], 
 knowledge, expertness, skill. 
 
 scilicet, adv. [scire +licet], of course, 
 no doubt, doubtless. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 65 
 
 scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., know. 
 
 Scipid, -onis, m., Q. Caecilius 
 Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in- 
 law of Pompeius; see also Cor- 
 nelius. 
 
 scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum, tr., 
 write. 
 
 scrinium, -i, n., book-box, letter- 
 case. 
 
 scutum, -i, n., shield. 
 
 se- or sed-, inseparable prefix, 
 
 apart, away, 
 se-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 
 intr., go apart, retire, withdraw. 
 
 secrets, adv. [secretus], separately, 
 secretly, in private. 
 
 secretus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 secemo, to separate], secret; 
 subst., secretum, -i, n., secret; 
 privacy. 
 
 sector, -ari, -atus sum, tr. [freq. of 
 sequor], follow after, attend. 
 
 secundum, prep, with ace. [sequor], 
 following, along; in accordance 
 with. 
 
 secundus, -a, -um, adj. [sequor], 
 second; favorable, successful. 
 
 securis, -is, /., axe. 
 
 sed, conj., but. 
 
 sedecim, indecl. num. [sex+decem], 
 sixteen. 
 
 sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, intr., sit. 
 
 sedes, -is, /. [sedeo], seat, chair; 
 residence, abode. 
 
 seditiosus, -a, -imi, adj. [seditio, 
 sedition], seditious, factious. 
 
 Sedusii, -orum, m. pi., the Sedusii, 
 a German tribe. 
 
 Segusiavi, -orum, m. pi., the 
 Segusiavi, a Gallic tribe west of the 
 Rhone. 
 
 sella, -ae,/. [sedeo], chair, seat. 
 
 semel, adv., once; semel atque 
 iterum, time and again, repeatedly. 
 
 sementis, -is, /. [semen, seed], a 
 seeding, a sowing. 
 
 semper, adv., always. 
 
 senatus, -us, 7n. [senex], senate. 
 
 senectus, -utis, /. [senex], old age. 
 
 senesco, -ere, senui, — , intr. [com- 
 pare senex], grow old. 
 
 senex, senis, adj., old; subst., m., 
 old man. 
 
 seni, -ae, -a, distrib. num. [sex], six 
 each. 
 
 senior, gen. -oris, adj. {compar. of 
 senex), older; subst., m. pi., the 
 older men, the elders. 
 
 Senones, -um, m. pi., the Senones, 
 a Gallic tribe that settled in northern 
 Italy. 
 
 sententia, -ae, /. [sentio], opinion, 
 thought, purpose. 
 
 sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, tr., feel, 
 see, perceive. 
 
 separatim, adv. [separatus, separ- 
 ate], separately, severally. 
 
 sepelio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., bury. 
 
 septem, indecl. num., seven. 
 
 septendecim, indecl. num. [septem+ 
 decem], seventeen. 
 
 septentridnes, -um, w. [septem+ 
 triones, plowing oxen], the con- 
 stellation of the Great Bear, 
 the Big Dipper; the north. 
 
 Septimus, -a, -um, adj. [septem], 
 seventh. 
 
 sepultura, -ae, /. [sepelio], burial. 
 
 Sequana, -ae, /., the river Seine. 
 
 Sequanus, -a, -um, adj., of the 
 Sequani, Sequanian; subst., Se- 
 quani, -orum, m. pi., the Sequani, 
 a tribe of eastern Gaul. 
 
 sequor, sequi, secutus sum, tr. and 
 intr., follow, pursue. 
 
 Sergius, -i, m., see Catilina. 
 
 serio, adv. [serius, serious], seriously, 
 in earnest. 
 
 Seriphus, -i, /., Seriphus, an island 
 in the Aegean Sea. 
 
 sermo, -onis, m. [sero, entwine] 
 talk, conversation. 
 
66 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 sero, serere, sevi, satum, tr., sow, 
 plant. 
 
 serpens, gen. -entis, /. [pres. 'part, of 
 serpo, crawl], serpent. 
 
 Sertorius, -i, m., Q. Sertorius, a 
 Roman general and a friend of 
 Marius. 
 
 servilis, -e, adj. [servus], of slaves, 
 servile, 
 
 servitus, -utis,/. [servus], servitude, 
 slavery. 
 
 Servius, -i, m.., Servius TuUius, the 
 sixth king of Rorne. 
 
 servo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., save; 
 observe, 
 
 servus, -i, m., slave, servant. 
 
 sestertius, -i, gen. pi., sestertium, 
 
 sesterce, a small silver coin ivorth 
 four and one tenth cents. 
 
 setius, compar. adv., less, in a less 
 decree (ivith negatives only) ; nihilo 
 setius, nevertheless. 
 
 seu, see si/e. 
 
 severe, adv. [severus, serious], seri- 
 ously, severely, strictly. 
 
 sex, indccl. num., six. 
 
 sexaginta, indecl. nu7n., sixty, 
 
 sexcenti, -ae, -a, nurn. adj. [sex+ 
 centum], six hundred. 
 
 sextus, -a, -um, adj. [sex], sixth. 
 
 Sextilius, -I, m., Sextilius, iiaine of a 
 certain Roman praetor. 
 
 si, conj., if. 
 
 sic, adv., so, thus. 
 
 sicco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [siccus], 
 dr}', drain. 
 
 siccus, -a, -um, adj., dry; subst., 
 siccum, -i, n., dry land. 
 
 Sicilia, -ae,/., Sicily. 
 
 Siculus, -a, -um, adj., Sicilian; 
 subst., Siculi, -orum, m. pi., the 
 Sicilians. 
 
 sic-ut, adv., just as, as. 
 
 Signia, -ae, /., Signia, a town in 
 Latinm. 
 
 signifer, -i, m. [signum+fero], 
 standard bearer. 
 
 significo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 [signum+facio], point out; signify, 
 
 mean. 
 signo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [signum], 
 
 affix a seal to, seal. 
 
 signum, -i, n., mark, sign; signal; 
 standard (military) . 
 
 silentium, -i, n. [sile6,be still], silence. 
 
 silva, -ae,/., forest. 
 
 similis, -e, adj., like, similar. 
 
 similitudo, -inis,/. [similis], likeness, 
 
 resemblance. 
 simul, adv., at the same time. 
 
 simulacrum, -i, n. [simulo], likeness, 
 semblance. 
 
 simulatio, -onis, /. [simulo], pre- 
 tence, simulation. 
 
 simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [simi- 
 lis], make like; pretend. 
 
 sin, conj. [si+ne], but if. 
 
 sine, prep, with abl., without. 
 
 singuli, -ae, -a, adj., one at a time; 
 distrib., one on a side. 
 
 sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on 
 the left hand. 
 
 sinistra, -ae, /. [sinister], the left 
 hand. 
 
 sinus, -us, m., a fold; bosom. 
 
 sitiens, gen. -entis, adj. [pres. part. 
 of sitio, to thirst], thirsty, 
 
 situs, -us, m., site, location. 
 
 si-ve or seu, conj., whether, or if; 
 sive . . . sive, whether ... or, 
 either , , .or, 
 
 sobrius, -a, -um, adj. [se-+ebrius, 
 
 drunk], sober. 
 
 socer, -eri, w., father-in-law. 
 
 societas, -atis, /. [socius], associa- 
 tion, alhance. 
 
 socius, -i, m., associate, ally. 
 
 sol, solis, 771., the sun. 
 
 soleo, -ere, solitus sum, semi-de- 
 ponent, intr.; be accustomed, be in 
 the habit. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 67 
 
 solitarius. -a, -um, adj. [solus], 
 
 lonely, solitary, 
 solium, "i, n., throne, 
 sollemnis, -e, adj., established, 
 
 lixed, regular; solemn. 
 soUicito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 disturb, tempt, incite, 
 solum, -i, n., bottom, base; ground, 
 
 soil, 
 solum, adv. [solus], only, merely, 
 
 alone. 
 solus, -a, -um, adj., alone, only. 
 solv.o, -ere, solvi, solutum, tr., loosen, 
 
 unbind, release; relax; of ships, 
 
 ivilh or without navem or naves, 
 
 set sail, weigh anchor. 
 somnus, -i, m., sleep. 
 sonus, -i, ?n., sound. 
 soror, -oris, /., sister. 
 sors, sortis, /., lot, casting of lots. 
 Sp., ahhr. for Spurius. 
 spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsum, ir., 
 
 strew, scatter, sprinkle. 
 spatium, -i, n., space, distance, 
 
 interval, 
 species, -ei, /., appearance, aspect, 
 spectaculum, -i, n. [specto], spect- 
 acle, 
 spectator, -oris, m. [specto], looker- 
 on, spectator. 
 
 specto, -are, -avi, -atum, ir. [freq. 
 
 of specie, look], observe, watch, 
 
 look at, look to. 
 speculator, [-oris, m. [speculor], 
 
 spy. 
 speculor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. and 
 
 intr. [specula, watch-tower], spy, 
 
 observe, 
 speculum, -i, n. [specie, look], 
 
 mirror, 
 spelunca, -ae,/., cave, cavern. 
 spernd, -ere, sprevi, spretum, tr., 
 
 despise, scorn, spurn. 
 spero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and intr. 
 
 [spes], hope, expect. 
 
 spes, spei,/., hope. 
 
 spiritus, -us, vi. [spiro, breathe], 
 breath; spirit, pride, ambition, 
 arrogance. 
 
 spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, //•. [spolium], 
 despoil, plunder. 
 
 spolium, -i, n., skin; booty, spoil. 
 
 (spons, spontis),/. [compare spondeo, 
 promise], only abl. sing, [ii.sually 
 with the possessives mea, tua, sua), 
 of one's own accord, voluntarily. 
 
 sponsus, -i, m. [p. part, of spondeo, 
 promise], betrothed, lover. 
 
 Spurinna, -ae, m., Spurinna, name 
 of a certain soothsayer. 
 
 Spurius, -i, m., Spurius, a Roman 
 praenomen. 
 
 squalor, -oris, m., squalor, filth. 
 
 stabulum, -i, n., stable, stall. 
 
 statim, adv. [sto], at once, im- 
 mediately. 
 
 static, -onis, /. [sto], station, post; 
 sentries, outjxjsts. 
 
 Stator, -oris, m. [compare sto and 
 statuo], the Stayer, an epithet of 
 Jupiter. 
 
 statua, -ae, /. [compare status, a 
 .standing], statue. 
 
 statuo, -ere, statui, statutum, tr. 
 [status, a standing], cause to 
 stand; resolve, determine. 
 
 statura, -ae, /. [status, a standing], 
 height, stature. 
 
 Stella, -ae,/., star. 
 
 Sthenius, -i, m., Sthenius, a Sicilian. 
 
 stipendiarius, -a, -um, adj. [sti- 
 pendium], tributary, paying tri- 
 bute. 
 
 stipendium, -i, 7i. [stips, gift, + 
 pendo], tax, tribute; pay; service, 
 campaign. 
 
 stipo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., pack, 
 crowd; attend, accompany. 
 
 sto, stare, steti, staturus, intr., 
 stand. 
 
 stratum, -i, n. [p. part, of stemo, 
 spread out], bed-covering, cover- 
 let. 
 
68 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 strepitus, -us, m. [strepo, make a 
 
 noise], noise, uproar, confusion. 
 stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictum, tr., 
 
 strip off; draw, unsheathe. 
 studeo, -ere, studui, — , intr. (takes 
 
 dative), be devoted, apply oneself, 
 
 study; favor. 
 
 studiose, adv. [studiosus], eagerly, 
 devotedly. 
 
 studiosus, -a, -um, adj. [studium], 
 eager, fond, studious. 
 
 studium, -i, n. [studeo], zeal, 
 enthusiasm, eagerness. 
 
 stultitia, -ae, /. [stultus, foohsh], 
 folly; imbecihty. 
 
 stupeo, -ere, stupui, — , intr., be 
 astounded, amazed, aghast. 
 
 Stymphalis, gen. -idis, adj., of 
 Stymphalus, Stymphalian. 
 
 Stymphalus, -i, 7n., Stymphalus, a 
 town of Arcadia. 
 
 Styx, Stygis, /., the Styx, a river of 
 the lower world. 
 
 suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasum, tr. and 
 intr. [cotnpare suavis], advise, 
 recommend, urge. 
 
 suavis, -e, adj., sweet, agreeable, 
 pleasant. 
 
 sub, prep ivith ace. and ahl., under. 
 
 sub-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr., 
 put under, apply. 
 
 sub-duco, -ducere, -dtixi, -ductum, 
 tr., lead up, lead away; draw up, 
 beach. 
 
 sub-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, intr. and tr., 
 go under; undergo, submit to; 
 enter. 
 
 subigo, -igere, -egl, -actum, tr. 
 sub+ago], drive under, reduce, 
 subdue. 
 
 subito, adv. [subitus], suddenly, 
 unexpectedly. 
 
 subitus, -a, -um, adj., sudden, 
 unexpected. 
 
 subjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. 
 [sub+jacio], hurl under, hurl from 
 below. 
 
 sub-levo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., hold 
 up, support; assist, help. 
 
 sublicius, -a, -um, adj. [sublica, 
 pile, stake], of piles, resting on 
 piles. 
 
 sublimis, -e, adj., uplifted, high; up, 
 aloft. 
 
 sub-ministro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [ministro, provide], furnish, sup- 
 ply. 
 
 subsidium, -i, n. [compare sub and 
 sedeo], reenforcements, support, 
 aid. 
 
 sub-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , intr., 
 make, a stand; oppose, resist. 
 
 sub-sum, -esse, -fui, — , intr., be at 
 hand, be close by. 
 
 sub-traho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractum, 
 tr., draw from under; take away. 
 
 sub-veho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum, 
 tr. [veho, carry], bring up, trans- 
 port. 
 
 succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 intr. [sub+cedo], go under; suc- 
 ceed, take the place of; with- 
 draw. 
 
 successor, -oris, m. [succedo], suc- 
 cessor. 
 
 successus, -us, m. [succedo], suc- 
 cess. 
 
 succido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, tr. 
 
 [sub+caedo], cut down, fell, 
 sucus, -i, m., juice, sap. 
 sudor, -oris, m., perspiration. 
 Suebi, -orum, m. pi, the Suebi, a 
 
 people of Germany comprising 
 
 various tribes. 
 
 Suebus, -a, -um, adj., of the Suebi, 
 Suebic. 
 
 sui, reflexive pron., of himself, 
 herself, itself, themselves. 
 
 Sulla, -ae, m., see Cornelius. 
 
 Sullanus, -a, -um, adj., of Sulla; 
 subst., Sullani, -orum, w. pi., the 
 adherents of Sulla. 
 
 sum, esse, fui, futurus, intr., be, 
 exist. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 69 
 
 summa, -ae, /. [summus], chief 
 place, supremacy; sum, total. 
 
 summoveo, -movere,-movi,-motum, 
 tr. [sub+moveo], drive away, 
 remove. 
 
 summus, -a, -um, adj. {superl. of 
 superus), highest; utmost, great- 
 est; top of, highest part of; suhst., 
 summum, -i, n., the top. 
 
 sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, tr. 
 [sub+emo], take, take up. 
 
 sumptuarius, -a, -um, adj. [sump- 
 tus], sumptuary. 
 
 sumptus, -us, m. [sumo], expense, 
 cost . 
 
 supellex, -lectilis, /., domestic uten- 
 sils, furniture. 
 
 superbe, adv. [superbus], haughtily, 
 arrogantly. 
 
 superbia, -ae, /. [superbus], pride, 
 haughtiness. 
 
 superbus, -a, -um, ad.j., haughty, 
 proud; subst., Superbus, -i, vi., 
 the Proud, an epithet applied to 
 the second king Tar quia as a 
 cognomen. 
 
 superior, -ius, adj. (comp. of supe- 
 rus), higher; previous, preceding; 
 superior. 
 
 supero, -are, -avi, -atum, //•. [supe- 
 rus], defeat, overcome. 
 
 super-sum, -esse, -fui, — , intr., be 
 left over, survive, remain. 
 
 superus, -a, -um, adj. [super, above], 
 upper, higher; Mare Superum, 
 the upper sea, i.e. the Adriatic. 
 
 super-vivo, -vivere, -vixi, — , intr., 
 outlive, survive. 
 
 suppeto, -petere, -petivi or -petii, 
 -petitum, intr. [sub+peto], be at 
 hand, be available. 
 
 suppleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, tr. [sub+ 
 pleo, fill], hll up, fill out, recruit. 
 
 suppliciter, adv. [supplex, suppliant], 
 as suppliants, submissively. 
 
 supplicium, -i, n. [supplex, sup- 
 pliant], punishment. 
 
 suppono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, 
 tr. [sub+pono], put under. 
 
 supporto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [sub+ 
 porto], convey, bring up. 
 
 supra, adv. [superus], above, be- 
 fore. 
 
 supremus, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of 
 superus), highest; last. 
 
 suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, tr. 
 [sub+capio], undertake. 
 
 siispendo, -pendere, -pendi, -pen- 
 sum, tr. [sub+pendo], hang up, 
 suspend. 
 
 suspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 tr. [sub+specio, look], suspect. 
 
 suspicio, -onis,/. [compare suspicio], 
 suspicion, distrust. 
 
 suspicor, -ari, -atus sum, tr. [com- 
 pare suspicio], suspect. 
 
 sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, tr. 
 [sub+teneo], hold up, sustain, 
 withstand. 
 
 suus, -a, -um, reflexive adj. [compare 
 
 sui], his, her, its, their, his own, 
 
 her own etc. 
 Symplegades, -um, /., the Symple- 
 
 gades, the clashing rocks. 
 Syphax, -acis, m., Syphax, a king of 
 
 Numidia. 
 Syracusae, -arum, /. pi., Syracuse, 
 
 a city in Sicily. 
 Syria, -ae, /., Syria. 
 
 tabemaculum, -i, n. [tabema, hut], 
 
 tent. 
 tabula, -ae, /., board, plank; tablet, 
 
 hst, record, 
 taceo, -ere, tacui, tacitum, intr. and 
 
 tr., be silent, be silent about, 
 tacitus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, of 
 
 taceo], silent, still, 
 taedium, -i, n. [taedet, it wearies], 
 
 weariness, loathing. 
 Taenarum, -i, n., Taenarum, a 
 
 promontory of Laconia, in Greece. 
 
70 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 talaris, -e, adj. [talus, ankle], of the 
 ankles; subst., talaria, -ium, n. pL, 
 winged sandals. 
 
 talis, -e, adj., such, of such a kind. 
 
 tarn, adv., so. 
 
 tamen, adv., nevertheless, still, yet, 
 however. 
 
 tametsi, conj. [for tamen-etsi], 
 although. 
 
 tam-quam, adv., as if, just as if. 
 
 Tanaquil, -ills, /., Tanaquil, wife of 
 Tarquinius Priscus. 
 
 tandem, adv., at length, at last, 
 finall}'. 
 
 tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum, tr., touch. 
 
 tantopere, adv. [tanto+opere], so 
 greatly. 
 
 tantum, adv. [ace. n. of tantus], so 
 greatly; this much, only. 
 
 tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great, so 
 large; tantus . . . quantus, as large 
 . . . as; subst., tanti, 7i., gen., of so 
 much value, worth so much, 
 worth while. 
 
 tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [tardus, 
 slow], hinder, retard. 
 
 Tarentum, -i, n., Tarentum, a dty 
 in southern Italy, now Taranto. 
 
 Tarpeius, -a, -um, adj., Tarpeian; 
 mons Tarpeius, the Tarpeiaji 
 Rock, on the Capitoline Hill in 
 Rome. 
 
 Tarquinia, -ae, /., Tarquinia, sister 
 of king Tarquinius Superbus. 
 
 Tarquinii, -orum, w. pi., Tarquinii, 
 a city of Elruria. 
 
 Tarquinius, -i, m., Tarquinius, 
 Tarquin: (/) Tarquinius Priscus, 
 fifth king of Rome; {2) L, Tarquin- 
 ius, son of Priscus aiid afterwards 
 king himself with the added name 
 Superbus; {S) Arruns Tarquinius, 
 son of Priscus; (4) Sextus Tar- 
 quinius, son of Superbus. 
 
 Tartarus, -I, ???., Tartarus, the 
 
 inferyial regions. 
 
 taurus, -i, m., bull. 
 
 tectum, -i, n.[p. part, of tego], roof, 
 house, abode. 
 
 tego, -ere, texi, tectum, tr., cover, 
 
 protect. 
 telum, -i, n., weapon, missile, 
 temerarius, -a, -um, adj. [temere], 
 
 rash, heedless, inconsiderate. 
 temere, adv., rashly, heedlessly. 
 temperantia, -ae, /. [temperans, 
 
 moderate], seK-control, discretion, 
 tempera, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 
 [tempus], restrain, abstain from, 
 
 refrain from. 
 
 tempestas, -atis, /. [tempus], storm, 
 
 weather. 
 templum, -i, n., temple. 
 
 tempto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [intens. 
 of tendo], try, make trial of. 
 
 tempus, temporis, n., time. 
 
 tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum, tr., 
 stretch, aim, direct. 
 
 teneo, -ere, tenui, — , tr., hold, 
 
 tenuis, -e, adj., slight, thin; shallow, 
 
 ter, adv. [tres], three times, thrice, 
 
 tergum, -i, n., back. 
 
 terminus, -i, m., boundary, end. 
 
 temi, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. [ter], 
 three each. 
 
 terra, -ae, /., the earth, land. 
 
 terrenus, -a, -um, adj. [terra], of 
 earth, earthen. 
 
 terreo, -ere, terrui, territum, tr., 
 frighten, terrify. 
 
 terribilis, -e, adj. [terreo], dreadful, 
 
 terrible. 
 terror, -oris, m. [terreo], terror, 
 
 fright. 
 
 tertius, -a, -um, adj. [ter], third. 
 
 testamentum, -i, n. [tester, call to 
 witness], a (last) will. 
 
 testimonium, -i, n. [testis], evidence, 
 proof. 
 
 testis, -is, m. andf., witness. 
 
 testudo, -dinis, /. [testa, shell, hard 
 covering], tortoise; covered col- 
 umn (a military term). 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 71 
 
 Teuton! {-es),gen. Teutonum, m. pi, 
 
 the Tc'itons, a German people. 
 theatnim, -i, n., theatre. 
 Thebae, -arum, /. pL, Thebes, a 
 
 Greek city, in Boeotia. 
 Thebanus, -a, -um, adj., of Thebes, 
 
 Theban; subst., Thebani, -orum, 
 
 w. pi., the Thebans. 
 Thermodon, -ontis, m., the Thermo- 
 
 don, a river of Pontus, in Asia 
 
 Minor. 
 Theseus, -ei, m., Theseus, an 
 
 Athenian hero. 
 Thessalia, -ae, /., Thessaly. 
 Thracia, -ae, /., Thrace. 
 Tiberis, -is, m., the Tiber, a river 
 
 of Italy. 
 Ticinus, -i, ?n., the Ticinus, a river of 
 
 northern Italy, now called the 
 
 Ticino. 
 Tigranes, -is, m., Tigranes, a king of 
 
 Armenia. 
 
 Tigurinus, -a, -um, adj., of the 
 
 Tigurini; subst., Tigurini, -orum, 
 
 m. pi., the Tigurini, a division of 
 
 the Helvetii. 
 timeo, -ere, timui, — , tr. and intr., 
 
 fear, 
 timidus, -a, -um, adj. [timeo], timid, 
 
 cowardly, 
 timor, -oris, m. [timeo], fear. 
 tingo, -ere, tinxi, tinctum, tr., dip, 
 
 dye. 
 Tiryns, Tirynthis, /., Tiryns, a city 
 
 of Argolis, in Greece. 
 
 toga, -ae,/., toga. 
 
 togatus, -a, -um, adj. [toga], clad in 
 the toga. 
 
 tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., endure, 
 withstand. 
 
 tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, tr., 
 hft, elevate, raise; elate; remove. 
 
 Tolosates, -ium, m. pi., the Tolo- 
 sates, the people of Tolosa, in 
 Gaul. 
 
 torpeo, -ere, — , — , intr., be in- 
 active, languish. 
 
 torve, adv. [torvus, stern], sternly, 
 
 fiercely. 
 tot, indecl. adj., so manj'. 
 totidem, indecl. adj. [tot+idem], 
 
 just as many, the same number of. 
 
 totiens, adv. [tot], so many times, so 
 
 often, 
 totus, -a, -um, adj., the whole of, all. 
 tracto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [freq. of 
 
 traho], handle, treat. 
 trado, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr. 
 
 [trans+do], dehvcr over, sur- 
 render, 
 traduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 
 tr. [trans -i-duc6], lead across, 
 tragula, -ae, /., a dart, a javelin 
 
 thrown by a strap, 
 traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, tr., 
 
 draw, drag, 
 trajicio, -jicere, -jecl, -jectum, tr. 
 
 and intr. [trans+jacio], hurl a- 
 
 cross; pierce. 
 trajectus, -us, m. [trajicio], crossing 
 
 over, passage, 
 trano, -nare, -navi, — , tr. and intr. 
 
 [trans+no, swim], swim across, 
 tranquillitas, -atis, /. [tranquillus], 
 
 stillness; a calm {at sea). 
 tranquillus, -a, -um, adj., cahn, 
 
 still. 
 trans, prep, with ace, across, on the 
 
 other side of. 
 trans-eo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum, tr. 
 
 and intr., cross7 go over, 
 trans-figo, -figere, -fixi, -fLxum, tr., 
 
 pierce, transfix. 
 
 transilio, -silire, -silui, — , tr. and 
 intr. [trans+saiio, leap], leap over. 
 
 trans-porto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 carry over, transport. 
 
 trans-veho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum, 
 //•., convey across, carry over. 
 
 trans- versus, -a, -um, adj., lying 
 across, cross {as an adjective). 
 
 Trasumennus, -i, m., Trasumennus, 
 a lake in Etruria. 
 
72 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 Trebia, -ae, m,, Trebia, a river in 
 
 northern Italy. 
 tres, tria, gen. trium, num. adj., three. 
 Treveri, -orum, w. -pi., the Treveri, 
 
 a 'people of Belgic Gaul. Compare 
 
 modern Treves. 
 Triboci, -orum, m. pi., the Triboci, 
 
 a German tribe. 
 tribunus, -i, 7n. [tribus, tribe], 
 
 tribune, title of a Roman official. 
 tribuo, -ere, tribui, tributum, tr. 
 
 [tribus, tribe], assign, bestow. 
 
 tributum, -i, n. {p. part, of tribuo, 
 
 assign], tribute, payment. 
 triduum, -i, n. [tres+dies], a period 
 
 of three days, three days. 
 triennium, -i, n. [tres+annus], a 
 
 period of three years, three years' 
 
 time, 
 trigeminus, -a, -um, adj. [tres+ 
 
 geminus, born together], born 
 
 three at a birth; suhst., trigemini, 
 
 -orum, m. pi., triplets. 
 
 triginta, indecl. Jium., thirty. 
 
 trini, -ae, -a, distrib. num. [tres], 
 three each; three-fold, triple. 
 
 triplex, -ids, adj. [tres+plico, fold], 
 
 threefold, triple. 
 tristis, -e, adj., dejected, depressed, 
 
 sad. 
 tristitia, -ae, /. [tristis], dejection, 
 
 sadness. 
 
 triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum, intr. 
 [triumphus], celebrate a triumph, 
 triumph. 
 
 triumphus, -i, w., a triumphal pro- 
 cession, triumph. 
 
 Troja, -ae, /., Troy, a city in Asia 
 IVIinor. 
 
 Trojanus, -a, -um, adj., of Troy, 
 Trojan; suhst., Trojani, -orum, 
 m. pi., the Trojans. 
 
 Troucillus, -i, m., see Valerius. 
 
 trucido, -are, -avi, -atum, ir., 
 slaughter, massacre. 
 
 truncus, -i, m., trunk {of a tree); 
 trunk, body. 
 
 tu, gen. tui, pers. pron., you. 
 
 tuba, -ae, /., trumpet. 
 
 tueor, -eri, tutus sum, tr., gaze upon; 
 watch over, protect. 
 
 tugurium, -i, n., hut, cottage. 
 
 Tulin^i, -orum, m. pi., the Tuhngi, 
 a German people on the Rhine. 
 
 Tullia, -ae, /., Tullia, name of a 
 woman or girl; especially, the two 
 daughters of King Servius Tidlius. 
 
 Tullius, -i, m., see Cicero a7id 
 Servius. 
 
 tum, adv., then, at that time. 
 
 tumultus, -us, m., confusion, dis- 
 turbance, uprising. 
 
 tumulus, -i, 7n., mound, hillock. 
 
 Tunes, -etis, m.. Tunes {now 
 Tunis), a town of northern Africa. 
 
 turba, -ae, /., crowd, mob; con- 
 fusion, tumult. 
 
 turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [turba], 
 
 disturb, confound, throw into 
 confusion. 
 
 turbo, turbinis, m. [compare turbo, 
 disturb], w^hirlwind, hurricane. 
 
 Tumus, -i, m., (1) Turnus, king of 
 the Rutuli; {2) Turnus Herdonius, 
 of Aricia. 
 
 turpis, -e, adj., unseemly, shameful, 
 disgraceful. 
 
 turris, turris, -ium, /., tower. 
 
 Tusculanus, -a, -um, adj., of Tus- 
 culum, (a city of Latium). 
 
 tutor, -oris, m., [tueor], defender; 
 
 guardian. ' ""-^v^ 
 
 tutus, -a, -um, adj. [p. part, oy 
 
 tueor], safe; subst., tutum, -i, 7i., / 
 
 safety, place of safety. 
 
 tuus, -a, -um, adj. [tu], your, yours 
 {referring to one person). 
 
 tyrannus, -i, ?n., tyrant. 
 
 U 
 
 ubi, adv., when, where. 
 
 Ubii, -orum, ?«. pi., the Ubii, a 
 German tribe. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 73 
 
 ulciscor, -i, ultus sum, tr., take 
 vengeance on, avenge. 
 
 ullus, -a, -um, adj., any. 
 
 ulterior, -ius, corn-par. adj., farther. 
 
 ultimus, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of 
 ulterior), farthest, most distant, 
 last; subst., n., ad ultimum, at 
 last. 
 
 ultor, -oris, m. [ulciscor], avenger. 
 
 ultra, prep, with ace, beyond. 
 
 ultro, adv., beyond; of one's own 
 accord, voluntarily. 
 
 umbra, -ae, /., shadow. 
 
 umerus, -i, m., upper arm, shoulder. 
 
 umquam, adv., ever. 
 
 una, adv. [unus], at the same time, 
 together, along. 
 
 unda, -ae, /., wave. 
 
 unde, adv., from which place, 
 whence. 
 
 iindecimus, -a, -um, adj. [undecim, 
 eleven], eleventh. 
 
 undeviginti, indecl. num. [iinus+ 
 de+viginti], nineteen. 
 
 undique, adv., from all parts, on all 
 sides, all around, everywhere. 
 
 unguentum, -i, n. [ungo, anoint], 
 ointment. 
 
 universus, -a, -um, adj. [iinus+ 
 versus], all together, all. 
 
 unus, -a, -um, num. adj., one. 
 
 urbanus, -a, -um, adj. [urbs], of a 
 city, urban; subst., urbani, -orum, 
 m., pi., inhabitants of a city. 
 
 urbs, urbis, -ium, /., city. 
 
 urged, -ere, ursi, — , tr., press, press 
 hard, urge, distress. 
 
 uro, -ere, ussi, ustum, tr., burn. 
 
 usquam, adv., any place, anywhere. 
 
 usque, adv., all the way, even, all 
 the time, until. 
 
 usurpo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., make 
 use of, use. 
 
 usus, -us, m. [utor], use; practice, 
 experience. 
 
 ut, adv. and conj.; as adv., as, when; 
 as conj., that, in order that, so 
 that. 
 
 uter, utris, m., a vessel of skin, 
 leather bottle. 
 
 uter, -tra, -trum, pron., which (of 
 two) . 
 
 uterque, utraque, utrumque, pron., 
 each (of two). 
 
 utilis, -e, adj. [utor], useful, ex- 
 pedient. 
 
 utinam, adv. [uti (=ut)+nam], oh 
 that, I wish that, would that. 
 
 utor, uti, usus sum, intr., use, make 
 use of, enjoy. 
 
 utrimque, adv. [uterque], on both 
 
 sides. 
 
 utnim, adv. [neut. of uter], whether, 
 used in double indirect questions. 
 uxor, -oris. /., wife. 
 
 vaco, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., be 
 empty, be unoccupied. 
 
 vacuus, -a, -um, adj. [vaco], vacant, 
 empt}'. 
 
 vadum, -i, n., ford, shallow. 
 
 vae, inter j., woe! 
 
 vagitus, -us, m. [vagio, to cry], 
 waihng, crying. 
 
 vagor, -ari, -atus sum, intr. [vagus, 
 strolling], range, rove. 
 
 valeo, -ere,' valui, valiturus, intr., 
 be strong, have power, be valid. 
 
 Valerius, -i, m.; (/) C. Valerius 
 Troucillus, a Gallic leader; C. 
 Valerius Procillus, a Gallic friend 
 of Julius Caesar. 
 
 validus, -a, -um, adj. [valeo], strong. 
 
 valles, vallis, -ium,/., valley. 
 
 vallum, -i, n. [vallus, stake], ram- 
 part, wall. 
 
 Vangiones, -um, m. pi., the Van- 
 giones, a German tribe. 
 
 varius, -a, -um, adj., various, dif- 
 ferent. 
 
 vas, vasis, n., vessel, utensil. 
 
74 
 
 A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 vasto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [vastus, 
 waste, desert], lay waste. 
 
 vaticinatio, -onis, /. [vaticinor, fore- 
 tell], prophecy. 
 
 -ve, enclitic conj., or, 
 
 vectigal, -alls, n., revenue, tax. 
 
 vegetus, -a, -um, adj., lively, 
 animated. 
 
 vehementer, adv. [vehemens, ve- 
 hement, violent], violently; very 
 much, greatly. 
 
 veho, -ere, vexi, vectum, tr., bear, 
 carry, bring. 
 
 Veiens, gen. -e'ntis, adj., of Veii, 
 Veientian; subst., Veientes, -ium, 
 m. pi., the people of Veii, the 
 Veientians. 
 
 Veii, -orum, m. pi., Veii, a city of 
 Etruria not Jar from Rome. 
 
 vellus, velleris, n., fleece, pelt. 
 
 velo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [velum, 
 veil], cover, envelop, veil. 
 
 velociter, adv. [velox], swiftly. 
 
 velox, gen. -ocis, adj., swift, speedy. 
 
 venatio, -onis, /. [venor], hunting, 
 the chase. 
 
 vendo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr. 
 [venum, sale,+do], sell. 
 
 venenum, -i, n., drug, poison. 
 
 veneratio, -onis, /. [veneror, rever- 
 ence], deep respect, reverence. 
 
 venia, -ae, /., pardon. 
 
 venio, -ire, veni, ventum, intr., 
 come. 
 
 venor, -ari, -atus sum, intr., hunt. 
 
 venter, -tris, m., belly. 
 
 ventus, -i, m., wind. 
 
 Verbigenus, -i, m., Verbigenus, a 
 
 division of the Helvetii. 
 verbum, -i, n., word. 
 vere, adv. [verus], truly. 
 verecundia, -ae, /. [compare vereor], 
 
 shame, sense of shame, 
 vereor, -eri, veritus sum, tr., fear. 
 vergo, -ere, — , — , intr., be inclined, 
 
 slope. 
 
 vergobretus, -i, m., vergobret, title 
 of the chief magistrate of the 
 Haedui. 
 
 ver5, adv. [verus], in fact, certainly; 
 but in fact, however. 
 
 versor, -ari, -atus sum, iyitr. [dep., 
 andfreq. o/ verto], occupy oneself, 
 engage, conduct oneself. 
 
 versus, -us, w. [verto], Une; verse. 
 
 verto, -ere, verti, versum, tr., turn. 
 
 verus, -a, -um, adj., true. 
 
 vescor, -i, — , — , intr., feed upon. 
 
 Vesontio, -onis, m., Vesontio, a city 
 of the Sequani, now Besangon. 
 
 vesper, -eri, m., evening. 
 
 Vesta, -ae, /., Vesta, Roman goddess 
 of the hearth. 
 
 Vestalis, -e, adj., of Vesta, Vestal; 
 subst., /., a priestess of Vesta, a 
 vestal virgin. 
 
 vester, vestra, vestrum, adj. [vos], 
 your, yours {referring to more 
 than one person). 
 
 vestibulum, -i, n., entrance, ves- 
 tibule, 
 vestigium, -i, n., footstep, track, 
 vestis, -is, /., garment, clothing. 
 
 vestitus, -us, 7n. [vestio, to clothe], 
 
 clothing, 
 veteranus, -a, -um, adj. [vetus], 
 
 veteran. 
 veto, -are, vetui, vetitum, tr., forbid, 
 vetus, gen. veteris, adj., old. 
 vexo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., harass, 
 via, -ae, /., road, street, way. 
 viator, -oris, m. [via], traveller. 
 
 vicinus, -a, -um, adj. [vicus], 
 neighboring. 
 
 vicis, /. gen. {no nom.), change; in 
 vicem, in turn. 
 
 victima, -ae,/., victim {for sacrifice). 
 victor, -oris, m. [vinco], victor, con- 
 queror; as adj., victorious. 
 
 victoria, -ae, /. [victor], victory, 
 victus, -us, m. [vivo], means of 
 living, provisions; mode of living. 
 
A JUNIOR LATIN READER 
 
 75 
 
 vicus, -i, m., quarter, street; village. 
 video, -ere, vidi, visum, tr., see. 
 videor, -eri, visus sum, intr. [pass. 
 
 0/ video], seem, appear, 
 vigilantia, -ae, /. [vigilans, watch- 
 ful], watchfulness, vigilance. 
 vigUia, -ae, /. [vigil, awake], a 
 watching; a watch (as a division 
 of time) . 
 viginti, indecl. num., twenty. 
 vnicus, -i, m. [villa], steward, baihff. 
 villa, -ae,/., villa, country house. 
 viminalis, -e, adj. [vimen, osier, 
 willow], of osier; Viminahs Collis, 
 the Viminal Hill, in Rome. 
 vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctum, tr., bind, 
 
 fasten. 
 vinco, -ere, vici, victum, tr., conquer, 
 
 defeat. 
 vinculum, -i, n. [vincio], bond, fetter, 
 vinum, -i, n., wine, 
 violo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., violate. 
 vir, viri, m., man, a male person. 
 Virgo, virgmis, /., young woman, 
 
 maiden, virgin. 
 viritim, adv. [vir], man by man, to 
 
 each man. 
 virtus, -utis, /. [vir], manliness, 
 
 courage, bravery, virtue, 
 vis (see App. 5), /., force, violence; 
 
 pi., strength, 
 viso, -ere, visi, visum, tr. [/reg. of 
 
 video], go to see, visit. 
 vita, -ae, /., hfe. 
 vitium, -i, n., fault, vice, 
 vito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., avoid. 
 vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, intr., live, 
 vivus, -a, -um, adj. [vivo], Hving, 
 
 alive, 
 vix, adv., scarcely, with difficulty. 
 Voccio, -onis, w., Voccio, king of 
 
 Noricum. 
 voco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [vox], 
 call, summon. 
 
 Vocontii, -orum, in., the Vocontii, 
 
 ail Alpine Gallic tribe. 
 Volcanus, -i, m., Vulcan, the god 
 
 of fire. 
 volo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., fly. 
 volo, velle, volui, tr., wish, be 
 
 willing. 
 Volsci, -drum, m. pi, the Volsci, 
 
 a people of Latium. 
 volucris, -is, /. [volucer, flying], 
 
 bird. 
 voluntarius, -a, -um, adj. [voluntas], 
 voluntary; subst., voluntani, 
 -orum, m. pi., volunteers, 
 voluntas, -atis, /. [volo, wish], wish, 
 
 approval, sanction, good-will, 
 voluptas, -atis, /., pleasure, en- 
 joyment. 
 vos, pi. o/tu, you. 
 
 voro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., devour, 
 voveo, -ere, vovi, votum, tr., vow, 
 
 promise solemnly. 
 vox, vocis, /. voice, cry, utterance, 
 
 word . 
 vulgaris, -e, adj. [vulgus], ordinary, 
 
 common, 
 vulgo, adv. [vulgus], generally, 
 
 everywhere, 
 vulgus, -i, n., the multitude, the 
 
 public, 
 vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [vul- 
 
 nus], wound, 
 vulnus, vulneris, n., wound, 
 vultur, vulturis, jn., vulture, 
 vultus, -us, m., face, features, ex- 
 pression. 
 
 X 
 Xanthippus, -i, m., Xanthippus, a 
 Lacedaemonian general. 
 
 Z 
 
 Zama, -ae, /., Zana, a town of 
 
 Numidia. 
 Zetes, -ae, w., Zetes, one of the 
 
 Argonaids. 
 
INDEX 
 
 This index refers to the syntactical material to be found in the Lessons 
 of this book, pp. 57-125, in the Notes to the selections for reading, and in 
 the Grammatical Appendix. In the case of the Notes references are 
 made only to a few typical occurrences of the principle involved. 
 Numerals refer to section numbers in the Appendix, to line numbers in 
 the Perseus, Hercules, and The Argonauts, to section and line in the 
 stories from Roman History, and to chapter and line in Caesar. 
 
 Ablative : 
 
 absolute, App. 75; Arg. 29; 126; 
 
 R. 7, 2; 10, 34; C. 2, 2; 5, 6. 
 of accompaniment, App. 70; Her. 
 
 342. 
 of accordance, Her. 391, 523; R. 
 
 6, 17; C. 14, 3. 
 of agent, App. 66. 
 of attendant circumstance, C. 18, 
 
 23. 
 of cause, App. 78; Per. 83; R. 5, 
 
 19; C. 31, 19. 
 of comparison, Lesson XX; App. 
 
 67; R. 24, 10; 26, 98. 
 with de or ex for gen. of the whole, 
 
 App. 43, a; Her. 380; Arg. 6. 
 of degree of difference, App, 74; 
 
 Her. 265; R. 19, 21; C. 41, 
 
 14. 
 of description, App. 77; Per. 36; 
 
 Her. 122; Arg. 256; C. 6, 11. 
 with dignus, R. 23, 6; 24, 57. 
 of manner, App. 71; Per. 42; Arg. 
 
 261; C. 36, 10. 
 of means, App. 72; Her. 165. '^ 
 of place in which. Lesson II; R. 
 • 23, 1; C. 39, 17. \ 
 
 of place from which. Lesson II; 
 
 App. 65; R. 27, 44. 
 of respect, App. 76; Per. 55; R. 
 
 1, 20; C. 5, 3. 
 of route, Lesson XXXI; App. 73; 
 
 Arg. 136. 
 of separation, App. 64; Her. 47; 
 
 R. 11, 5; C. 1, 13. 
 of time, App. 69; Per. 50; C. 12, 
 
 12. 
 with idor etc., App. 79; Her. 193; 
 
 Arg. 35; C. 16, 5. 
 
 Accusative : 
 
 of direct object, App. 57. 
 
 of duration of time, App. 58; Per. 
 
 18; Her. 392. 
 of extent (amount), Arg. 121; R. 
 
 27, 103. 
 of extent (space), App. 59; Arg. 
 
 40; C. 38, 1. 
 of place to which, App. 60; Arg. 
 
 16. 
 with prepositions, App. 61. 
 with proximus, C. 54, 3. 
 as subject of an infinitive, App. 
 
 62. 
 governed b}^ trans in composi- 
 tion, App. 63, a; R. 26, 71. 
 two accusatives with verbs of 
 naming, etc., App. 63; Per. 10; 
 R. 1, 22. 
 two accusatives with volo, C. 34, 
 5. 
 Adjectives : 
 ^ adherent, App. 82. 
 with adverbial force, App. 86; R 
 j 1, 20; 6, 25. 
 
 '^comparative and superlative, 
 V meaning of, App. 87. 
 denoting a part. Lesson XXXIII; 
 App 85; R. 13, 17; C. 22, 1; 
 24, 3. 
 predicate, App. 83. 
 substantive use, App. 84; Per. 1; 
 Her. 85; R. 13, 19. 
 Adversative clauses: see cum and 
 
 quamquam. 
 Agreement: 
 
 of adjectives, App. 38, 1; adj. at- 
 tracted to agreement with pred- 
 icate noun, Her. 103. 
 
 76 
 
INDEX 
 
 77 
 
 Agreement: (continued) 
 of appositives, App. 39. 
 of rolative pronouns, App. 38, 2; 
 
 R. 12, 15. 
 of verbs, App. 40; R. 14, 6; 17, 
 32; C. 1,5. 
 Antecedent, included in relative 
 
 clause, R. 5, 39. 
 Apposition, App. 39. 
 
 causa, abl. with dependent gen., R. 
 4,17. 
 
 Causal clauses: see cwn and qiwd. 
 
 coepl, passive of with passive infini- 
 tive, C. 47, 2. 
 
 Commands: 
 
 in indirect discourse, App. 116, 
 
 (2)- 
 negative, with 7ioIi and infinitive. 
 
 Lesson XXXIV; App. 115;R. 9, 
 38; C. 13, 13; with ne and sub- 
 junctive, App. 115, a; with care 
 and subjunctive, App. 115, b. 
 Comparatives, with no influence 
 on case of noun, R. 26, 124 and 
 143. 
 Conditions, contrarv to fact. Les- 
 son XXX; App." 114; R. 13, 9; 
 C. 14, 4. 
 less vivid, Lesson XXIX; App. 
 
 113; R. 23, 67. 
 more vivid. Lesson XXIX, App. 
 
 112. 
 non-committal, Lesson XXXI, 
 App. 111. 
 consuesco, force of tenses, Her. 32. 
 cum, enclitic use of, App. 136, a; 
 
 Her. 91. 
 cum clauses, adversative, Lesson 
 XII; App. 101;Arg. 12;R. 1,23. 
 causal, Lesson XI; App. 100; 
 
 Arg. 28. 
 descriptive. Lesson XIII; App. 
 102; Arg. 8;R. 1, 5; 25, 63. 
 cum pj'imum, with perfect indie, 
 
 Her. 208; R. 3, 11. 
 cum inversum, Arg, 109, 342; R. 18, 
 31. 
 
 Dative : 
 
 with adjectives, App. 50; Per. 21; 
 Her. 43; R. 5, 1;C. 1, 9. 
 
 Dative : (continued) 
 
 of agent, Lesson XV; App. 56; 
 Arg. 244; C. 32, 13. 
 
 with compound verbs, App. 55; 
 Per. 33; 68; Her. 37; Arg. 298; 
 R. 20, 14. 
 
 indirect object, App. 49; Per. 55; 
 R. 3, 13. 
 
 with obviam Ire, R. 25, 22; 27, 67. 
 
 of possession, Lesson XXVIII; 
 App. 52; R. 2, 6; C. 34, 10. 
 
 of purpose, Lesson X; App. 53; 
 Arg. 44; R. 9, 19; C. 18, 27. 
 
 of reference, Lesson X; App. 54; 
 Arg. 226; R. 9, 19; for posses- 
 sive gen., Arg. 293; R. 27, 88. 
 
 of separation, C. 17, 9. 
 
 with special verbs, App. 51; Her. 
 23; 255; C. 9, 8. 
 Description, relative clauses of, 
 
 Lesson XXIII; App. 99. 
 Descriptive clause of situation, 
 
 see cum. 
 domiis, locative of. Lesson I.; de- 
 clension of, Lesson I. 
 dum, with present indicative in a 
 clause of situation. Per. 46; 
 Her. 328; R. 3, 14; C. 27, 6. 
 
 eisi, with indicative, R. 9, 22. 
 
 Fear, clauses of, Lesson XXIV; 
 App. 96. 
 
 Genitive : 
 
 of description, App. 44; Her. 120; 
 
 185. 
 explanatory, R. 25, 24; 26, 9. 
 of indefinite value, C. 20, 14. 
 of material, App. 47. 
 of measure, App. 44, a; Her. 186; 
 
 Arg. 40; C. 5, 7. 
 objective, App. 45; R. 6, 8; 8, 19; 
 
 C. 4, 3. 
 of possession, App. 42. 
 with potior, C. 3, 21. 
 subjective, App. 46. 
 with verbs of remembering and 
 
 forgetting, Lesson XXXV; 
 
 App. 48; C. 13, 11; 14, 6. 
 of the whole, App. 43; Her. 286; 
 
 R. 13, 24; C. 20, 4. 
 
78 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Gerund, App. 122, 124. 
 
 ablative of, App. 122, d; Her. 
 
 529; 549; Arg. 27; R. 11, 52. 
 ccusative of, with ad, App. 122, 
 
 c; Her. 238. 
 genitive of, App. 122, a; Her. 97, 
 
 504; C. 52, 6. 
 Gerundive, Lesson XVHI; App. 
 
 123, 124. 
 ablative, Arg. 27. 
 accusative of, with ad, Arg. 44; 
 
 R. 9, 14; C. 1, 8. 
 after curd, etc., C. 13, 2; 19, 2. 
 genitive of, Arg. 160; R. 11, 85; 
 
 18,12. 
 genitive with mei, tui, etc., C. 44, 
 
 18. 
 
 Imperative, use of, App. 107. 
 
 future. Lesson 32. 
 Impersonal verbs: 
 licet, Lesson IX. 
 oportet. Lesson IX; App. 109; R. 
 
 27, 106. 
 passive of intransitives used im- 
 personally. Lesson XVII; Arg. 
 75; 244; R. 10, 11; 22, 90; C. 
 7, 13. 
 Indicative mood, use of, App. 88. 
 Indirect discourse, App. 116. 
 commands in. Lesson XVI; App. 
 
 116, 2; C. 7, 18. 
 subordinate clauses in, Lesson 
 XVI; Arg. 31; R. 17, 51; C. 7, 
 10. 
 Indirect questions, Lesson XIV; 
 App. 104; Arg. 38; R. 11, 54; 
 23, 68 (double); C. 12, 2. 
 Infinitive : 
 
 complementary, App. 108. 
 
 as object of hahed, Arg. 5. 
 
 as subject, App. 109; Per. 23; 
 
 Her. 469. 
 with passive of cogo. Her. 474. 
 with subject accusative, App. 
 110; object of cupio, R. 6. 2; 
 patior, R. 13, 2; prohibed, Her. 
 343; of yoZo, R. 5, 51. 
 as subject, App. 109; Her. 464; 
 R. 16, 5; C. 33, 13. 
 Informal indirect discourse, App. 
 106; Arg. 142; R. 14, 10; C. 16, 1. 
 
 ja77i dudum, use of tenses with, 
 
 Per. 24; R. 12, 1. 
 licet, use of, Lesson IX. 
 
 Locative case, Lesson I; App. 81; 
 
 R. 6, 7; 11, 85. 
 7nille, use of in sing, and pi.. Her. 
 
 181. 
 
 noli, in negative commands', see 
 
 Commands. 
 Nominative : 
 
 as subject, App. 41. 
 as predicate, App. 41, a; Per. 2. 
 Noun clauses: 
 
 of desire. Lesson XXII; App. 94; 
 
 Arg. 20; 129; R. 7, 29; 20, 36. 
 
 of fact, Lesson VII; App. 95; Arg. 
 
 21; R. 24, 10; C. 13, 17. 
 of fear. Lesson XXIV; App. 96; 
 
 Arg. 15. 
 clause with ne dependent on peri- 
 culum, App. 96, b; R. 19, 26. 
 
 odi, force of tenses. Her. 3. 
 oportet, use of. Lesson IX; App. 
 109; R. 27, 106. 
 
 Participles: 
 
 uses of. Lessons XXV; App. 117- 
 
 121. 
 equal to coordinate verb, R. 9, 
 
 29; 10, 37; 24, 65. 
 future active, App. 120; Arg. 
 
 320; R. 27, 45. 
 future passive, Lesson XV; App. 
 
 121; Arg. 132; R. 5, 53. 
 perfect of deponent verbs as pas- 
 sive, C. 11, 9. 
 perfect of deponent verbs with 
 
 present force. Her. 331; Arg. 
 
 15; C. 32, 5. 
 perfect with habeo, C. 15, 3; 18, 9; 
 
 44, 37. 
 
 perfect translated by English 
 
 noun, R. 3, 15; 5, 21. 
 perfect equivalent to relative 
 
 clause, R. 3, 19; 4, 11. 
 present as substantive, Her. 536; 
 
 Arg. 260. 
 patior, with infinitive and ace. as 
 
 object, R. 13, 2. 
 with noun clause as object, C. 
 
 45, 3. 
 
INDEX 
 
 79 
 
 Place constructions, with preposi- 
 tions, Lesson II; App. 65, 68. 
 without prepositions, Lesson II; 
 
 App. 65; C. 39, 17. 
 place to which. Lesson II; App. 
 60; Arg. 17; R. 8, 15. 
 PosTPOsiTivES, enim, Lesson II; 
 
 Per. 7; tamen, Per. 9. 
 postquam, with perfect indicative. 
 Per. 12. 
 
 with past perfect indicative, Her. 
 127. 
 Prepositions, cases with, App. 
 136-138. 
 position of monosyllabic preposi- 
 tion between adjective and 
 noun, App. 139; Her. 73. 
 Purpose, Lessons XIX, XX; App. 
 91, 92; ut, Arg. 62; ne, Arg. 
 159; qui, Arg. 17; R. 5, 4; quo, 
 C. 8, 4. 
 
 quam, force of with superlative. Her. 
 
 351; Arg. 220. 
 quamquam, with indicative, R. 5, 19, 
 quidem, with concessive force. Her. 
 
 346; R. 11, 14. 
 quin, with subjunctive, after verb 
 
 of doubting, App. 103; Arg. 
 
 113; C. 3, 17. 
 quisquam, use of, Lesson IV. 
 quod causal, with subjunctive, Arg. 
 
 252; R. 10, 12. 
 quod, noun clause of fact, C. 14, 5; 
 
 19, 1; 44, 19. 
 gwod, ="as to the fact," C. 36, 12. 
 
 Reflexive use of passive voice, 
 
 Her. 301; R. 7, 40. 
 Relative clauses : 
 
 causal, with subjunctive, R. 23, 
 
 54; 27, 29. 
 descriptive, Lesson XXIII; App. 
 
 99; C. 6, 1. 
 of purpose, see Subjunctive. 
 relative clause preceding antece- 
 dent, Arg. 59; R. 21, 11. 
 Relative pronoun translated as 
 personal or demonstrative. 
 Her. 478; Arg. 87. 
 Result, clauses of. Lesson V; App. 
 93; Arg. 48; 70; R. 22, 93. 
 
 Sequence of tenses. Lesson VIII; 
 
 App. 134, 135; Arg. 185. 
 simul atque, with perfect indica- 
 tive, Per. 102; Her. 374. 
 Subjunctive : 
 
 anticipatory. Lesson XXVIII; 
 App. 97; Arg. 138; R. 19, 6; C. 
 11, 15. 
 
 by attraction, Lesson XXXV; 
 App. 105; Arg. 20; C. 36, 2. 
 
 in negative commands, after 
 cave, App. 115, b; with ne, App. 
 115, a. 
 
 in conditions, contrary to fact, 
 Lesson XXX; App. 114; R. 13, 
 9; C. 14, 4; less vivid, Lesson 
 XXIX; App. 113; R. 23, 
 67. 
 
 cum, adversative. Lesson XII; 
 App. 101; Arg. 12; R. 1, 23; cau- 
 sal, Lesson XI; App. 100; Arg. 
 28; descriptive clause. Lesson 
 XIII; App. 102; Arg. 8; R. 1, 
 5; 25, 63. 
 
 of desire or will, Lesson XXVI; 
 App. 89; R. 7, 15; 25, 29; 26, 34. 
 
 of entreaty, Arg. 293. 
 
 in clause of fear, Lesson XXIV; 
 App. 96; Arg. 15. 
 
 in indirect questions, Lesson XIV; 
 App. 104; Arg. 38; R. 11, 54; 
 23, 68 (double); C. 12, 2. 
 
 in indirect discourse. Lesson XVI; 
 App. 116; Arg. 31. 
 
 informal indirect discourse, App. 
 106; Arg. 142; R. 14, 10; C. 
 16, 1. 
 
 in noun clauses, of desire, Lesson 
 XXII; App. 94; Arg. 20; R. 7, 
 29; 20, 36; of fact. Lesson VII: 
 App. 95; Arg. 21; R. 24, 10; C. 
 13, 17; of fear. Lesson XXIV; 
 App. 96; Arg. 15. 
 
 optative, Lesson XXVII; App. 
 90; R. 4, 9; 18, 26. 
 
 potential, R. 18, 36; 24, 26; C. 
 6, 4; 28, 7. 
 
 proviso, App. 98. 
 
 in clauses of purpose. Lessons 
 XIX, XX; App. 91, a, 92; uf, 
 Arg. 62; ?ie, Arg. 159; qui, Arg. 
 17; R. 5, 4; quo, C. 8. 
 
80 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Subjunctive: (continued) 
 in clause with quln after verb of 
 
 doubting, App. 103; Arg. 113; 
 
 C. 3, 17. 
 quod causal, Arg. 252; R. 10, 12. 
 in relative causal clauses, R. 23, 
 
 54; 27, 29. 
 in relative descriptive clauses, 
 
 Lesson XXIII; App. 99; C. 6, 
 
 1. 
 in clauses of result, Lesson V; 
 
 App 93; Arg. 48; 70; R. 22, 93. 
 Supine, Lesson XXI; App. 125, 126; 
 in -um, R. 27, 117; C. 11, 4; in 
 -ti, R. 23, 68; C. 3, 15. 
 
 Tenses: 
 
 force of, App. 127-133. 
 
 force of with jam dudum, etc.. 
 
 Per. 24; R. 12, 1; 25, 46; 26, 60. 
 force of tenses of consuesco and 
 
 odi, Her. 3; 32, 
 future indicative = imperative, 
 
 Her. 540. 
 
 Tenses: (continued) 
 
 imperfect with ubi in clause of 
 
 situation. Her. 208. 
 past perfect with postquam in 
 
 clauses of situation, Her. 127. 
 perfect indicative with postquam, 
 
 ubi, cum prlmum, simul atque, 
 
 Per. 12; Her. 208; Arg. 276. 
 present, historical, Per. 64; R. 5, 
 
 37. 
 present indicative with dum in 
 
 clauses of situation. Per. 46; 
 
 63; Her. 328. 
 repeated or habitual action, im- 
 perfect and past perfect, Per. 
 
 40; Her. 18; 44; 109. 
 sequence of tenses, Lesson VIII; 
 
 App. 134, 135; Arg. 185. 
 
 ubi prlmum, with perfect indicative, 
 Arg. 276. 
 
 Wishes, mood and tenses in, Les- 
 son XXVII; App. 90. 
 
GENERAL LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-BERKELEY 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the 
 
 date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 14Dec'55K0 
 
 JRN2 
 
 y J ^^ 
 
 I «. 
 
 REC'D LCJ 
 
 96B '? 9- 
 
 REC'D LI 
 
 APR 1 4 1966 
 
 D 21-lOOm-l, -54(1887816)476 
 
YB 38088 
 
 lv;25013'3 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY