AN 
 
 EXPLANATORY AND PEONOUNOlNG 
 
 DICTIONARY OF THE NOTED 
 NAMES OF FICTION 
 
 INCLUDING ALSO 
 
 FAMILIAR PSEUDONYMS, SURNAMES BESTOWED ON EMINENT MEN, AND 
 
 ANALOGOUS POPULAR APPELLATIONS OFTEN REFERRED 
 
 TO IN LITERATURE AND CONVERSATION 
 
 By WILLIAM A. WHEELER 
 
 WITH APPENDIX BY CHARLES G. WHEELER 
 
 So eine Arbeit eigentlich nie fertig wird ; . . . man 
 sie fiir fertig erklaren muss, wenn man nach Zeit und 
 Umstanden das Moglichste daran gethan hat. 
 
 GOETHI. 
 
 BOSTON AND NEW YORK 
 
 HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY 
 
 (3Cbc Riber^ibe prw, Cambriboe 
 
REFERENCE 
 & BIBLIOG. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1 86s, BY WILLIAM A. WHEELER 
 COPYRIGHT, 1889, 1893, AND IQI?, BY OLIVE W. WHEELER 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLtTOING THE RIGHT TO REPRODUCK 
 THIS BOOK OR PARTS THEREOF IN ANY FORM 
 
VNf3 
 
 \A/0 
 
 REFERENCE 
 & filBUOG. 
 
 To 
 RICHARD SOULE 
 
 AS 
 
 A TOKEN OF AFFECTIONATE RESPECT. 
 
 ^ 
 
 960354 
 
PREFACE TO NINETEENTH EDITION. 
 
 The original work, now freshly offered to the public, was 
 published in 1865, and has remained since that date the author- 
 ity in the department which it occupies, and the model upon 
 which many books of like character have been constructed. It 
 has been in constant demand, and, so far as it covers literature 
 up to the date when it was first compiled, remains practically 
 complete. A quarter of a century, however, adds materially to 
 the stock of fiction, and gives opportunity for fictitious charac- 
 ters to become noted and familiar. The publishers therefore 
 have deemed it proper to add an appendix to the original work, 
 and have entrusted the preparation to the competent hand of 
 Mr. Charles G. Wheeler, a nephew of the editor of the work, 
 who was associated with his uncle in compiling the companion 
 volume Familiar Allusions. 
 
 In constructing the Appendix, Mr. Wheeler has kept care- 
 fully to the spirit and plan of the original work. His main task 
 has been to glean from the copious literature of the last twenty- 
 five years such additions as seem demanded by the judgment of 
 readers ; but he has also taken the opportunity to supply a few 
 omissions in the original work, and for this he has had the aid 
 of notes left for the purpose by the late Mr. William A. Wheeler. 
 The new edition, therefore, of the Dictionary represents the 
 latest and most thoroughly ordered survey of the field which it 
 occupies. 
 
 Boston, Aprils 1889. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The author of this volume contributed to the edition of Web- 
 ster's Quarto Dictionary published in 18G4 a " Vocabulary 
 of the Names of Noted Fictitious Persons and Places ; " but 
 the present work, though based on that Vocabulary, embraces 
 a wider range of subjects, contains nearly seventeen hundred 
 new articles, besides important modifications of many of the 
 others, and is furnished with an orthoepical Introduction, and 
 an Index of the real names of persons, places, &c., whose nick- 
 names, pseudonyms, or popular appellations, are given in the 
 body of the book. Notwithstanding the great pains that has 
 been taken to secure fullness and minute accuracy, there are 
 undoubtedly some errors and numerous omissions ; but no more 
 of either, it is hoped, than are inseparable from a work of such 
 multiplicity. And although a casual examination or closer 
 scrutiny may bring to light defects of both kinds, it may still be 
 affirmed, that, with respect to a very large class of names, there 
 can nowhere else be found in a collective form an equal amount 
 and variety of information. 
 
 The main design of the work is to explain, as far as practi- 
 cable, the allusions which occur in modern standard literature 
 to noted fictitious persons and places, whether mythological 
 or not. For this reason, the plan is almost entirely restricted 
 to proper names, or such as designate individual persons, 
 places, or things. The introduction of appellative or generic 
 names, such as abbot of unreason^ lord of misrule^ kobold^ &c., 
 as well as the explanation of celebrated customs and phrases, 
 such as flap-dragon^ idne-mevH s-morrice^ philosophy of the Porch^ 
 to send to Coventry, to carry coals to Newcastle, &c., would open 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 too vast a field of inquiry ; and, besides, there are copious 
 special treatises on these subjects already before the ])ublic, as 
 those of Brand, Hone, Pulieyn, Tinibs, and others. The author 
 has been urged to extend his plan so as to include the titles of 
 famous poems, essays, novels, and other literary works, and the 
 names of celebrated statues, paintings, palaces, country-seats, 
 churches, ships, streets, clubs, and the like ; inasmuch as such 
 names are of very common occurrence in books and newspa- 
 pers, and, for the most part, are not alphabetically entered and 
 explained in Encyclopaedias, Dictionaries, or Gazetteers. That 
 a dictionary which should furnish succinct information upon 
 such matters would supply a want which is daily felt by readers 
 of every class is not to be doubted ; but it should constitute an 
 independent work. A manual of this description the author 
 has for some time had in preparation ; and he hopes to publish 
 it, at no distant day, as a companion to the present volume. 
 
 The names from the Greek, Roman, Norse, and Hindu My- 
 thologies that are here given, are concisely treated, mainly with 
 a view to explain frequent allusions in the poets and other popu- 
 lar writers, and for the benefit of mere English readers, rather 
 than for that of professed scholars. From the Rabbinical and 
 Mohammedan Mythologies have been taken some names, which 
 are occasionally made the subject of reference, and concern- 
 ing which information is not readily obtainable. Prominence 
 has been given to the departments of Angelology, Demon- 
 ology. Fairy Mythology, and Popular Superstitions, which afford 
 many of the most important names in Fiction. Parables, Al- 
 legories. Proverbs, and Mediaeval Legends have also furnished 
 a considerable number. Ecclesiastical History contributes the 
 names of several pseudo-saints, and other imaginary personages. 
 In the Drama, and in Poetry — including the various kinds, 
 Epic, Romantic, Narrative, Comic, &c., — the intention has 
 been to give the names of all such characters as are familiarly 
 referred to by writers and speakers at the present day ; and, 
 though there may be accidental omissions, it is hoped that under 
 this head the Dictionary will be found reasonably complete. 
 
PREFACE. Vii 
 
 The principal deficiency is most likely to exist in the depart- 
 ment of Prose Romance ; for, though there is very little that is 
 fictitious in ancient literature which is not included in ancient 
 Mythology, yet the field of research continually widens as we 
 come down to modern times, until it seems to be almost bound- 
 less. In fixing the limits of the work, the consideration which 
 has deternu'ned the admission or rejection of names has not 
 been the intrinsic merit of a book, or the reputation of its writer, 
 but the hold which his characters have taken upon the popular 
 mind. There are many authors of acknowledged genius, and 
 hundreds of clever and prolific writers, who yet have not pro- 
 duced a single character that has so fallen in with the humor, or 
 hit the fancy, of the time, as to have become the subject of fre- 
 quent allusion. The English romancers and novelists whose 
 creations are most familiarly known and most firmly established 
 are Bunyan, De Foe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett, 
 Sterne, Goldsmith, Scott, Dickens, and Thackeray. Many of 
 the portraitures of these writers may be safely presumed to be 
 of more than temporary interest and importance. In regard to 
 other and minor characters, from whatever source derived, it is 
 to be borne in mind that a dictionary is chiefly designed for 
 the use of the existing generation. To what extent names of 
 secondary importance should be included was a question diffi- 
 cult to determine. Opinions from scholars entitled to the high- 
 est consideration were about equally divided upon this point. 
 Some favored a selected list of the most important names only : 
 others, and the greater number, recommended a much wader 
 scope. A middle course is the one that has been actually fol- 
 lowed. It is evident that many articles which may seem to one 
 person of very questionable importance, if not wholly unworthy 
 of insertion, will be held by another to be of special value, as 
 throwing light upon passages which to him would otherwise be 
 perplexing or obscure. 
 
 This Dictionary is, of course, chiefly designed to elucidate 
 the works of British and American w^'iters ; but names occur- 
 ring in the literatures of other modern nations have been in- 
 
^i PREFACE. 
 
 troduced whenever they have become well known to the public 
 through the medium of translations, or when they seemed, for 
 other reasons, to be worthy of insertion. 
 
 In accordance with the plan of the work as indicated in the 
 title, such English, French, German, and other Pseudonyms 
 as are frequently met with in books and newspapers have been 
 given for the benefit of the general reader. No pretense, how- 
 ever, is made to completeness, or even to fullness, in this re- 
 spect. The bibliographer will find here little or nothing that 
 is new to him ; and he must still have recourse to his Barbier, 
 Querard, Weller, and other writers of the same class. Names 
 like Erasmus, Melanchthon, Mercator, (Ecolampadius^ &c., as- 
 sumed by learned men after the revival of classical literature, 
 being, in general, merely the Latin or Greek equivalents of 
 their real names, and being also the only names by which they 
 are now known in history, are excluded as not pertinent to the 
 work. For a similar reason, no notice is taken of such names 
 as Massena, Metastasio, Philidor, Psalmanazar, Voltaire, &c. 
 
 Many eminent characters in political and literary history are 
 often known and referred to by the surnames and sobriquets, or 
 nicknames, which they have borne ; as, the Master of Sentences, 
 the Scourge of God, the Stagirite, the Wizard of the North, the 
 Little Corporal, &c. " Nicknames," said Napoleon, " should 
 never be despised : it is by such means mankind are governed." 
 The Dictionary embraces the more important of these ; but 
 names like Caligula, Guercino, Tintoretto, &c., which have en- 
 tirely superseded the real names of the persons designated 
 by them, have not been regarded as properly coming within 
 the purview of the present undertaking. Nor has it, as a rule, 
 been thought advisable to admit simple epithets, such as the 
 Sold, the Good, the Great, the Unready, the Courtier, &c., the 
 omission of which can hardly be considered a defect, since 
 their signification and the reason of their imposition are usually 
 too obvious to excite inquiry. This rule, however, has not 
 been uniformly observed. Here, as elsewhere in the work, 
 that discretionary power has been freely fcxercised, to which 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 every author of a dictionary or glossary is fairly entitled, and 
 which he is often compelled to use. 
 
 A considerable space has been allotted to familiar names of 
 Parties and Sects, of Laws, and of Battles ; to poetical and pop- 
 ular names of Seas, Countries, States, Cities, &c. ; to ancient 
 geographical names which have become interesting from their 
 revival in poetry or otherwise ; and to certain long-established 
 and important Personifications. In general, nicknames of 
 Parties and Sects, such as Chouans, Ghibellines, Gueux^ Method- 
 ists, Shakers, &c., which have been adopted by those to whom 
 they were at first derisively applied, or which have passed into 
 history and common use as their peculiar and appropriate 
 names, and are to be found in any good Encyclopaedia or Man- 
 ual of Dates, are designedly not included. Most of the his- 
 torical by-names inserted, such as Day of Dupes, Evil May-day, 
 Wonderful Parliament, Omiiihus Bill, Western Reserve, &c., are 
 those which are not to be found under the proper heads in 
 Encyclopaedias and other books of reference. Popular designa- 
 tions connected with History and Geography have been freely 
 given in all cases where they seemed to be well settled, and to be 
 fitted to illustrate past or contemporary events or characters. 
 
 A slight departure from the strict limits of the plan has 
 been thought allowable in the case of a few quasi-historical, 
 or real but obscure, persons, places, and things, such as Owle- 
 glass, John O Groat, Mrs. Glasse, the Minerva Press, &c., which 
 are often referred to in literature or conversation, and of most 
 of which no account can be obtained except through an amount 
 of research and toil hardly possible to a majority of readers. 
 
 Illustrative citations have been copiously given from no 
 small variety of authors ; and, as many of them are gems of 
 thought or expression, it is believed that they will be deemed 
 greatly to enhance the value and interest of the work. Some 
 of them, however, have purposely been taken from newspapers 
 and magazines rather than from the classics of the language, in 
 order to show, by such familiar examples, the popularity of the 
 characters or other creations of fiction to which they allude. 
 
« PREFACE. 
 
 There are also some quotations which serve no other purpose 
 than that of justifying the insertion of names whose claim to 
 admission might be thought doubtful, if it were not made to ap- 
 pear that they are referred to by authors " known and read of 
 all men." It will probably be observed that Sir Walter Scott is 
 more frequently cited than any other single writer ; the reason, 
 however, is not that his works have been examined with more 
 care or to a greater extent than those of some other writers, but 
 merely that he abounds more than most others in allusions, — 
 often remote or recondite, but almost always apt and suggest- 
 ive, — which his unusually tenacious memory enabled him to 
 draw from the stores of a vast and most multifarious reading. 
 
 In the explanation of names, statements borrowed in great 
 part from one author have been diligently collated with other 
 statements derived from independent and often widely sepa- 
 rated sources ; and they have been freely enlarged, abridged, 
 or otherwise modified, according to the necessity of the case, or 
 as would best subserve the purpose of the work. But where 
 the information required has been found already stated in the 
 best way, no hesitation has been felt in making use of the exact 
 language of the writer ; and, beyond this general explanation, 
 no acknowledgment of indebtedness seems necessary. 
 
 To determine the pronunciation of proper names is unques- 
 tionably the most difficult requirement of orthoepy ; and little 
 or no attention has hitherto been paid to the pronunciation of 
 such as are peculiar to the literature of fiction. In the absence, 
 not merely of a trustworthy guide, but of any printed guide at 
 all, the author may sometimes have gone astray ; but he has 
 been careful to avail himself of all the information he could 
 obtain. In particular, he has made a thorough examination of 
 such of our vernacular poets as are esteemed classics, and has 
 occasionally adduced passages from their writings to show the 
 accentuation adopted by these " best judges of pronunciation,'* 
 as Walker styles them ; or, more rarely, to show the sound they 
 assign to particular letters or syllables. If the decisions or 
 opinions he has given prove, in general, to be well grounded, 
 
PREFACE. XI 
 
 the credit will not be wholly clue to him, since he has often 
 profited by the advice and assistance of gentlemen whose 
 superior opportunities of becoming acquainted with the best 
 usage both at home and abroad, and whose critical taste and fa- 
 miliarity with all that pertains to the subject of orthoepy, afford 
 the assurance that they " speak scholarly and wisely." To indi- 
 cate with absolute accuracy the peculiar sounds of the principal 
 languages of modern Europe, including the English, would ne- 
 cessarily require an extensive and elaborate system of arbitrary 
 phonic signs ; and such a system would be hard to understand, 
 and still harder to remember. It has, therefore, been deemed 
 important not to introduce into this work unnecessary and per- 
 plexing discriminations of sounds nearly identical, or to em- 
 barrass the inquirer with needless intimations of a pronunciation 
 obvious or already familiar to him. Hence, diacritical marks 
 are sparingly employed, except in the case of unaccented vowels, 
 — which, in our language, are often of doubtful or variable 
 value, — and except also in the case of foreign sounds which 
 have no equivalent in English. Although the system of nota- 
 tion made use of is easy to be understood, so far as it applies to 
 most English names, it has been thought desirable to prefix to 
 the work observations on some points of English pronunciation 
 not familiar to the generality of readers, or concerning which 
 professed orthoepists differ. In regard to the sounds occurring 
 in the work that are peculiar to foreign languages, an explana- 
 tion is given, in the Introduction, of the mode of their organic 
 formation, or of their position and relations in a scientific clas- 
 sification of spoken sounds. These observations and explana- 
 tions are contained in distinct paragraphs or sections, consecu- 
 tively numbered, and are often referred to from the words in 
 the Dictionary. 
 
 The Index at the end of the volume forms the counterpart 
 of the Dictionary proper, and will, it is hoped, prove service- 
 able by enabling an inquirer to ascertain at once the distin- 
 guishing epithet or epithets borne by a particular person or 
 place of which only the real name may be known to him. 
 
Xll PREFACE. 
 
 In the preparation of this Dictionary, the wide field of gen- 
 eral literature has been extensively and carefully searched. 
 Moreover, use has been made of a large number of works 
 specially devoted to the various branches of literary history ; 
 and valuable assistance has been derived from the principal 
 Reviews, and the published writings of the best essayists. Not 
 a few noteworthy names and facts, incidentally mentioned in the 
 body of the articles of Encyclopaedias, Biographical Dictiona- 
 ries, Gazetteers, and other works of reference, but not treated 
 in alphabetical order, have been carefully gleaned from such 
 works, which have been systematically searched for this pur- 
 pose. These sources of information are altogether too numer- 
 ous to be particularized in this place, while to specify a few and 
 make no mention of others of equal importance would be as 
 unjust as it would be unsatisfactory. 
 
 The author would return his sincere thanks to the many 
 friends who have contributed in different ways to the complete- 
 ness and accuracy of his work. Some of them, whose kind 
 assistance he would gladly acknowledge, he regrets that he is 
 not permitted to name ; but it affords him unfeigned pleasure 
 to be able to mention his great and varied obligations to Dr. 
 Robley Dunglison and Dr. R. Shelton Mackenzie of Philadel- 
 phia, Mr. Charles Folsoni of Cambridge, Mr. Samuel Porter 
 of Hartford. Mr. Arthur W. AVright of New Haven, and Mr. 
 Loomis J. Campbell of Boston. 
 
 Believing that the successful accomplishment of a task like 
 the present, in its fullest extent, is hardly to be expected of 
 any individual, the author, in conclusion, would ask a candid 
 criticism of his labors ; and if corrections or suggestions from 
 any quarter — especially suggestions of additional names, ac- 
 companied with explanations, references, or citations — be sent 
 to him through his publishers, they will be gratefully received, 
 and used in the preparation of a future edition. 
 
 i.MjA.iiui;i., ^lAAoaAciiUai-iXb, UcLubtr iJU, 1865. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOI 
 
 KEY TO THE SCHEME OF PRONUNCIATION, . xiv 
 KEMARKS ON SOME POINTS OF ENGLISH OR- 
 THOEPY, xvu 
 
 RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK 
 
 AND LATIN WORDS, xxi to xxiii 
 
 Vowels, xxii 
 
 CoNSOXANTS, xxii 
 
 Accent, xxiii 
 
 BRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF 
 THE PRINCIPAL MODERN LANGUAGES 
 
 OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE, . . . xxiii to xxxii 
 
 Vowels, xxiii 
 
 Diphthongs and Vowel Combinations, . , xxv 
 
 Consonants, xxvi 
 
 Combined Consonants, xxix 
 
 Accent, xxxi 
 
 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., . xxxiv 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF THE NOTED NAMES 
 
 OF FICTION, ETC., . . . . 1 to 398 
 
 APPENDIX 399 
 
 INDEX OF THK REAL NAMES OF PERSONS, PLACES, 
 ETC., WHOSE NICKNAMES, PSEUDONYMS, OR 
 POPULAR APPELLATIONS, ARE GIVEN IN 
 THE PRECEDING DICTIONARY, ... 427 
 
KEY 
 
 TO THE SCHEME OF PHONUNCIATION. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 A, a, long, as in Ale, fate, great, pray, range, taste. [See § 1.;] | 
 
 A, a, short, as in Add, fat, narrow, raillery. 
 
 A, a, as in Aerial, Israel, ciiaotic, mortmain. 
 
 A, a, hive e, as in Air, fare, pear, prayer, scarce. [See § 3.] 
 
 A, a, like o, as in All, broad, haul, walk, 
 
 A, i, like d>, as in "Wan, swallow, quadrant. 
 
 A, a, as in Arm, aunt, grass, [Fr.] pate (pat). [See § 2.] 
 
 A, a, as in [Ger.J mann (manj, [Fr.] pas (pa). 
 
 A, a, as in Beggar, comma, metal, scholar. 
 
 E, e, long, as in Eve, mete, beam, ceil, piece, people. 
 
 E, 6, slwrt, as in End, m6t, h6ad, heifer, leopard. 
 
 E, e, as in Eject, appetite, serenity, strophe. 
 
 E, e, like «, as in Ere, bear, heir, where. [See § 3.] 
 
 E, e, like T, as in Err, term, servant, defer. [See § 4.] 
 
 E, §, like o, as in Eight, inveigh, prSy. 
 
 E, e, as in Brier, general, robber, sxiffer. 
 
 I, i, long, as in Ivy, ice, pine, child, aisle, height, tie. 
 
 I, I, short, as in Ill, inn, pin, lily, guilt, sieve. 
 
 Ij 1) as i!i ; tdea, diurnal, triumphant. 
 
 I, i, like I?, as in Marine, pique, police, ravine. 
 
 I, i, like ?, as in Irksome, fir, girl, virtuous. [See § 4.] 
 
 I, i, as in Elixir, nadir, tapir. 
 
 O, 6, l<mg, as in Old, t5ne, foe, enow, soul, yeSman. [See § 5.] 
 
 O, 6, short, as in Gdd, on, cot, knowledg-e, moral. 
 
 O5 S. as in Obey, borrow, [Fr.] homme (6m). [See § 5.] 
 
 0, o, like o, as in r)rb, orde^, georgic, bought. 
 
 O, 6, like 00, as in Move, prove, shoe. soup. 
 
 O, 6, like M, as in Come, doe*?, done, blood, touch. 
 
 O, 6, as in [Ger.] bose (bo/za>, [Fr.] jeu r/.ho). [See §§ 43,46.] 
 
 P, 0, as in Author, carol, ransom, connect. 
 
 "U, n, long, as in tTse, cube. tune, lute, feudal. [See § 6.] 
 
 0", u, short, as in tTs, cub, tiin, hurry. 
 
 U, ft, as in Hnite, ague, cunidity, globule. 
 
 C", li, like o5, as in Triie, ruin, erudite, virulent. [See § 6.] 
 
INTRODLCTION. XV 
 
 "Q, % like (3&, as in F^li Pyll» P^sla, ccflld. 
 
 ■&, u, as in tjrn, fur, furry, incur, purple. [See § 4.] 
 
 ij, ii, as in [Ger.J griin, [FrJ vue (vii). [See §§ ti4, 51.] 
 
 y, u, as in Sulphur, glorious. 
 
 Y, y, lonr/, as in Type, fly, style, buy, rye. 
 
 ■$■, y, sfiorf, as in Nj^-mpli, lyric, mythic, symbol. 
 
 Y, y, as in Typhoon, hydraulic, lyceum. 
 
 Y, y, like e, as in Myrrh, myrtle, syrt. [See § 4.] 
 
 Y, y, as in Martyr, zephyr. 
 
 7P. J 88, like e, as in Caesar {long), JEschylus (short). 
 
 CE, oe, like e, as in Croesus (long), CEdipus (short). 
 
 E"W, ew, like m, as in . . . Ewe, dew, few, new (= n), crew (=6b). 
 
 OI, oi, as in Oil, foible, foist, join, loiter, poignant. 
 
 OY, oy, as in Oyster, boy, employ, joyous, royal. 
 
 OO, do, as in Food, noon, mood, doze. 
 
 c5o, dd, as in Fddt, gdbd, stddd, woolly. 
 
 6lJ, 6u, as in Ounce, bcund, house, p6ut. 
 
 OW, 6w, as in Owl, n6\V, tQwer, vowel. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 9, 9, as in Cent, 9ity, 9yst, a9id, flac9id, suc9ess. 
 
 9, c, as in ^^se? coal, cure, flaccid, success. 
 
 CH, 9h, as in Chaise, 9hampagne, ma9hine. 
 
 CH, ch, as in Chasm, chaos, character, echo. 
 
 CH, ch, as in Chance, cheer, church, teacher. [See § 8.] 
 
 G, g, as in &et, give, tiger, foggy. 
 
 G, g, as in Gem, gender, giant, elegy. 
 
 BE, h, as in [Sp.] Jorge (hof^iia), hijo (ee'ho). [See § 60.] 
 
 K, k, as in [Ger,] ach (%), buch (book). [See § 71.] 
 
 K, k, as in [Ger.] ich (ik), durch (doork). [See § 71.] 
 
 ii,!, asin [Sp.] Uano, (UVno), [It.] gli (lee). [See § 82.] 
 
 iS", n, as in [Fr.] regne (ran), [Sp.] noiio. [Sec §§ 02, 78.] 
 
 ^, ^, as in [Fr.] vin (vaii), [Port.] vim (vec"). [See § G2.] 
 
 !N", n, like r?//, as in Ink, uncle, anger, anxiety, larynx. 
 
 NG, ng, as in Singing, hanger, prolong, young. 
 
 PH, ph, asin Phantom, philosophy, seraphic. 
 
 QU, qu, as in Quantity, queen, quince, banquet. 
 
 R> r, as in [Fr.] mer (mef ), [Sp.] rata (la^ta). [See § 64.] 
 
 S, s, like z, as in Advise, preside, rose, dismal, spasm. 
 
 "^H, th, as in Faf&er, fhen, tTiis, therefore, smootTl. 
 
 V, V, as in [^f^T-] schwan (phvan), [Sp.] cubo (koo'vo). [Se^ 
 
 ^VH,wh,asin When, which, while. [See § 11.] §68.] 
 
 ^, X, like r/z. as in E:^ample, exemplary, uxorious. 
 
 ZH, zh, as in Azure (ii'zhoor), usual (ii^zhoo-a]), vision (vizh-'un). 
 
xvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ^'^* In addition to what appears in the Ke}', the following explanations will be 
 needed for understanding the notation made use of in this Dictionary : — 
 
 Diacritical marks have been dispensed with, in the case of English names, 
 wherever it seemed that the accentuation and the division into syllables would 
 be sulHcient to indicate the true pronunciation to any one familiar with the more 
 general and connnonly-miderstood principles of English orthoepy; but, in all 
 exceptional, doubtful, or dillicult cases, the appropriate marks are used. Most 
 of the names from modern foreign languages are respelt. 
 
 In combinations of vowels, where one letter is marked, it is to be taken as 
 representing the sound of the combination, and the letter or letters which are 
 not marked are to be regarded as silent; as in yrdin^ deal, seize, tit, dour, yruup, 
 jonrnty, Jldio, &c. 
 
 The combined letters ce, n, sci, se, si, or ti, occurring before a vowel in a syl- 
 lable immediateh' preceded by an accented syllable, are generally equivalent 
 to sh ; as in o'cean, sapona'ceous, coer'ci'on, magi''c/an, an'c/ent, gra't/ous, 
 omni'science, nau''seous, tran's/ent, pa'i/ence, vexa'/<ous, proba'iion, &c. But if 
 the combination si, when thus situated, is at the same time preceded by a vowel, 
 it has the sound represented by the digraph zh ; as in eli'.s/on, explo'ft/on, suffu'- 
 sion, &c. Such syllables are not usually respelt, as, in general, they will naturally 
 be pronounced correctly by an English speaker. 
 
 In respelling for pronunciation, aw and e.e are often used instead of a and e 
 respectively. 
 
 In the notation of oH and oiv (as in ounce, owl), the mark over the o [~] is 
 intended to suggest the tirst element of the diphthong, namely, a as in arm 
 (marked a), and the circumflex [^] over the u and the to, to indicate the second 
 element, namely, u as in true (marked u). 
 
 The sounds represented by a, e, t, o, m, y, are essentially the same in quality 
 as the proper long sounds of these vowels, but differ in quantity, being less pro- 
 tracted in utterance. In respelling foreign names for pronunciation, a, e (or e), 
 and 0, are generally used instead of «, e, and o, unless a full accent falls upon 
 the vowel. 
 
 The marked letters a, e, i, o, u, y^ represent the sound of " the neutral vowel," 
 or u as in m, urn. They occur only in unaccented syllables. Diacritical signs 
 placed above these letters are intended to indicate their nonnal or theoretical 
 vahie. Thus, S'dxd, cymbal, altar, hillock, lion, sailor, ballot, confess, would 
 regularly be pronounced s-il'ad, cym'hal, al't.nr, hU'ldch, li'on, sniPw, hnl'ldt, 
 cdn-fess', but in fluent, and particularly in colloquial, utterance, the imaccented 
 vowel is apt to suffer a corruption or change of its distinctive quality, falling 
 into the easier sound of the neutral vowel, so that the actual or customary pro- 
 nunciation of the words in question is sal/wl, cym^bul, nl'tur, hil'hick, li'tm, 
 snil'ur, bal'lut, cun-fess'. They may, therefore, be printed thui^: — sal' ad, cym'- 
 Hl, al'tar, Idl'ldcJc, li'dn, sail'or, bnl'ldt, cdn-fess'. 
 
 The letter s is doubled, in the orthoepical respelling, to indicate the "sharp" 
 or hissing sound of this member of the alphabet, in ca^es where a single s 
 would be liable to be pronounced like z; as expense (eks-penssO- 
 
 In a word having more than one accent, the primary' or principal accent is 
 
INTRODUCTION. XVli 
 
 denoted bra hea%'A' mark; tlie secondary^, or subordinate, hy a lightor mark; as 
 in Ad'am'is'tor. In the division of words into syllables, these marks, besides 
 performing tlieir proper othce, supply the place of the hyphen. 
 
 An apostrophe [ ' ] is used in the respelling of certain French words to show 
 that an unaccented e is either entirely mute, or is pronounced with the briefest 
 possible sound of e- in her. It is also used after y^ in some cases, to denote that 
 this letter is to be pronounced with its consonant sound, as in ?/"•'/, t/cs, &c. 
 
 A tie [^] placed over two or more vowels denotes that they must be pro- 
 nounced without an obvious separation into distinct syllables ; as, Hduy (a'ii^'). 
 
 The tigures which follow some of the names in the Vocabulary refer to cor- 
 responding sections in the following " Remarks " and " Rules." 
 
 REMARKS ON SOME POINTS OF ENGLISH ORTHOEPY. 
 
 § 1. The sound of a in ale^faie (conmionly called " long n "), though regarded 
 by many writers as a simple element, is in most cases diphthongal, beginning 
 with a sound closely resembling that of the first v in tJitre^ but shghtly less 
 open, and ending with a brief sound of e in me. (See § 3.) This final e sound 
 is usually omitted in unaccented syllables, and in the correct pronunciation of 
 the common foreign equivalent of a; namely, e as in [Fr.] bete, nee, [Ger.] 
 ewiy, &c. (See § 31.) 
 
 A (as in bath, dance, &:c.). 
 § 2. There is a considerable class of words (chiefly monosyllables) ending 
 in aff^ aft, ask, asp, ass, ast, with a few ending in ance, and, and a7it (as staff, 
 graft I mask, rasp, fjlass, hst, lance, command, pant), to which must be added 
 castle, advantafje, half, and some other words, in the pronunciation of which, 
 usage, both in England and America, is far from being uniform, some speakers 
 giving to the vowel the full, open sound of a in far (3), and some the abrupt, 
 flat sound of a in man (a), while others, seeking for a compromise between these 
 two extremes, either slightly shorten the a, or dwell upon the a. Of these 
 varieties, the first and second {a and a) are much the most common. The 
 drawled d was never more than a temporary- and local fashion, which — ac- 
 cording to Smart — has been generally laid aside in England, and which seems to 
 be going out of use in America, in those parts where it has hitherto prevailed. 
 The brief ^, — improperly styled "intermediate," — though recommended by 
 Worcester, Goodrich, and some other orthoepists, differs so slightly from the 
 fuller form of this vowel, that the distinction attempted to be set up is practically 
 a nugatory one. Words belonging to the class under consideration are in this 
 Dictionary marked as having the full sound of a in far; but the reader is, in 
 everv instance, referred to this section, and can decide for himself which of the 
 sounds here described he will adopt in his own practice. 
 b 
 
xviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A, ]§]. 
 § 3. The sound of n hoard in fnre, lair, &c., and of e in tliere^ heir^ &c., when 
 these words arc correctly pronounced, is a lengthened form of the e in //«-?, or of 
 the initial element in long n {a as in mate), sounds which are closely allied, and 
 are, by some writers, regarded 38 identical. Instead of this, however, many 
 speakers substitute a prolongation of the a in mat, — a mode of utterance which, 
 notwithstanding its trcquency and its equal gracefulness, is opposed by the ma- 
 jority of cultivated speakers, including most of the orthoepists. 
 
 E, 1, U, ■§-. 
 
 ^ 4. The vowel u before r, in such words as urn, fur, fiirry, incur, incurring^ 
 &c. (sometimes called the " neutral vowel," from its peculiarly dull and indiscrete 
 character), is very common in English, and has a uniform and well-known sound. 
 According to the common practice, both in England and America, and according 
 to most writers upon the subject, the vowels e, i, and y, and the digraph ta, when 
 similarly situated, have precisely the same sound. But some speakers, particu- 
 larly among the more refined and aristocratic classes of English society, give 
 them a different and peculiar sound, which is best described as intermediate 
 between that of u in urn, and that of e in met, being less guttural than the 
 former, and less palatal than the latter. This " delicacy " of pronunciation, 
 as it has been termed, is not observed in unaccented syllables, or in "very 
 common words," even by those who are tenacious of its ol)servance in other 
 cases. In this work, all these vowels are marked in the same Avay (e, t, w, y), 
 but the reference-figure appended to words in the Dictionary in Avhich they 
 occur, will direct the reader to this section, that he may not be left in ignorance 
 of the fact that there is a diversity of usage in their pronunciation. 
 
 o, 6. 
 
 § 5. The sound of o in old, note, &c. (commonly called " long o"), though by 
 some writers regarded as a simple sound, is in reality diphthongal, ending in a 
 slight sound of oo in fond, or in foot. The initial element is the normal o, 
 intermediate in quality between nio (as in S'tw) and do. The terminal oo 
 sound is usually omitted in vmaccented syllables. 
 
 In some parts of America, particularly in New England, it is very common 
 to shorten the sound of long o in certain monosyllables, and in the accented 
 syllable of some other words, by dropping the brief final element which properly 
 belongs to the vowel, and at the same time making the initial element slightly 
 more open in quality; but the practice is an unauthorized provincialism. This 
 shortened form of long o is heard in the words home, stone, irhoUy, Szc. It also 
 occurs in some foreign languages. As it differs but little from the sound of un- 
 accented o (in cnr'fio, ech'o, &c.), it is, in this Dictionary, represented by the 
 same diacritical sign (o). 
 
 § 6. The sound of ?/ in unit, cube, mute, &c. (commonly called " long «"), is 
 a compound sound formed of consonant y as the initial element, and the oo in 
 
INTRODUCTION. xix 
 
 food as the final element. The sound of consonant y is distinctly heard -when 
 u (or any of its equivalent digraphs) makes or begins an initial syllable (as in 
 unite, «.se)^ when it is preceded by any one of the labial or palatal sounds 7;, b, 
 m, /, t\ k, f) (as in putrid, bu(/le, music, fudun, \ntio (= vu), cul/ic, c/tdis) ; and when 
 it is preceded by any one of the dental sounds d, t, I, n, th, provided the preced- 
 ing vowel is short and under tlie accent (as in ed'ucnte, rWuul, sdl'utary, mon'u- 
 mtnt, spdth'ulate). But when it is preceded, in the same syllable, by any one of 
 the consonants d, t, I, n, s, th, it is difficult to introduce the sound of y, and hence 
 careless speakers omit it altogether, saying duoJc, toob, lout, nood, soot, eni/ioosiasm, 
 instead of dulce, tube, lute, nude, suit, e7ithusinsui. The reason is, that, after 
 forming these dental consonants, the organs are in a position to pass directly and 
 easily to the labial 00 ; but to insert the palatal y before the 00, is to go back 
 from a medial to a posterior position of the organs before proceeding to an 
 anterior position. Although the tendency to get rid of the y, in such cases, is a 
 natural and legitimate one, it is only so far yielded to by the best speakers as to 
 substitute for the y the closely related element short i, made as brief as possible, 
 and pronounced in the same syllable as the 00. If, in similar situations, the u is 
 preceded by the sound of r, sh, or zh, it takes the simple sound of 00 in food ; as, 
 rule (rool), xrue (troo), virulent (vir^oo-lent), sure (shoor), azure (a'zhoor). 
 "VViien preceded by ch or j, the practice of dilferent speakers varies, some 
 sounding the u as 00, others as 1-60. 
 
 § 7. The sound of h in hand, heart, &c., is a pure aspiration produced by an 
 emission of breath through whatever configuration of the vocal channel may be 
 requisite for uttering a succeeding vowel or semivowel, the organs being always 
 adjusted to the position of the next following sound before the h is pronounced. 
 Yet h is palpably not a whisper of the following sound. If it were so, a Avhispered 
 he would be nothing more than a prolonged whispered e, whereas the difference 
 between the two elements is very marked, and is felt not only by the speaker, 
 but by the hearer as well. Physiologically considered, h is formed by an expul- 
 sion of unvocalixed breath through the glottis, which is opened wide through its 
 whole extent. In simple Avhispering of the vowels, on the contrary, the vocal 
 chords are brought together, — approximated, though not stretched, or but 
 slightly so, — and the breath, in passing through, is thus not only rendered audi- 
 ble, bat acquires a peculiar and distinctive quality, which approaches in a 
 greater or less degree to actual sonancy. 
 
 CH, J. 
 
 § 8. The digraph ch (as in church) is regarded by some writers as repre- 
 senting a simple sound; but most orthoepists consider that it is compounded 
 of < and sh. Neither view is quite right, nor is either wholly wrong. In forming 
 ch, there is an attempt at blending t and sh in a single sound, the result of 
 which is to modify the former of these elements by causing it to be produced, 
 not in the ordinary wai' with the tip of the tongue against the gum of the 
 
XX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 upper front teeth, but with the fiat surface of the tongue, near the tip, applied 
 within the dome of the palate at the point wliere a slight relaxation of the 
 contact, accompanied with an emission of breath, gives rise to the sound of sh. 
 Considering the brevity of the two elements, and the peculiar closeness with 
 which they are combined, we may regard ch as a consonant diphthong, or, as 
 Miiller expresses it, "only one whole consonant" consisting of "a half t and 
 a half s/t." 
 
 The sound of j — which is merely a vocal ch — is composed in like manner 
 of a modified d followed by zh. 
 
 B. 
 
 § 9. According to many English orthoepists, the letter r has two distinct though 
 related sounds, — the one a dental or lingual consonant, formed by a contact of 
 the margin of the fore part of the tongue with the inner surface of the upper 
 side teeth, the tip of the tongue touching, ornearly touching, the gum of the front 
 teeth with a slight quivering or tremulous motion as the stream of intonated 
 breath flows over it, heard (1.) when this letter is not preceded by a vowel, as in 
 rose, dream, pray, strike ; and (2.) when it is placed between two vowels of which 
 the former is short, as in arid, peril, spirit, cdral, lyric, sOrry (=s6ry), hurry 
 (=hi5ry); the other a guttural sound, nearly resembling a vowel, formed by a 
 slight vibration of the root of the tongue and the uvula, heard Avhen the let- 
 ter r occurs before any consonant, or is itself the final consonant in a word, as 
 m pm^t, verse, mirth, torn, surf, far, nor, slur. In the first case, r is sometimes 
 strongly trilled or rolled by a violent emission of the vocal current; but, in 
 ordinary pronunciation, the sound is peculiarly smooth and liquid, and any de- 
 cided vibration of the tongue is laborious, pedantic, and altogether un-English. 
 
 If r follows any one of the vowels a, e, I, o, u, 6b, 6u, a slight sound of the 
 neutral vowel {u in urn) is inserted before the r, forming a diphthong with the 
 preceding vowel, or, in the case of I, u, and ou, a triphthong. Thus, care, dear, 
 unre, more, lure, boor, sour, are pronounced ca'ur, de^r, wi'ur, mo'ur, lu'ur, 
 boo^r, soii'^ur. In English usage, the r is thus joined to the preceding vowel iji 
 all cases in which this vowel is in an accented syllable; and if, at the same time, 
 fi vowel follows, the r has, according to some orthoepists, both its guttural and its 
 lingual sound; as in vary (var'y, or var'ry), era (er'a, w er'ra), i^ry (tor'y, or 
 tor'r}'), burin (bur'in, or bur'rin), houri (hoiir'i, or hour'ri), &c. In the United 
 States, this mode of pronunciation is, for the most part, confined to words ending 
 with r or re preceded by one of the above-mentioned vowels, and to the deriva- 
 tives of such words. Thus, dearest (from dear) is pronounced dear'est, or 
 dear'rest; boorish (from boor), boor'ish, 07* boor'rish; sourer (from sour), sour'er, 
 or sour'rer, &c. ; but vary is va'ry ; era, e'ra; tory, to'ry, &c. The Scotch, on the 
 contrary, preserve the vowel pure even in derivatives, saying dea'rest, boo^rish, 
 sou'rer, &c., as well as va-'ry, e'^ra, to-'r}^', &c. 
 
 It must be observed that some very acute and eminent phonologists utterly 
 deny the existence of the alleged double pronunciation of r, maintaining that 
 the letter has, in English at least, one unvaried sound in all situations, produced 
 between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum. Others allow that when 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXl 
 
 T is preceded by a long or full vowel, a slight guttural vibration accompanies the 
 lingual articulation; but they do not regard this modification of the sound as 
 affording sufticient ground for its discrimination into two distinct and inde- 
 pendent elements. It is not improbable that the disagreement of authorities 
 in regard to the precise nature of the "guttural ?•" is owing, in some measure, to 
 actual ditlerer.ce of utterance. 
 
 It is further to be observed, that, in the best style of pronunciation, r is 
 never silent ; but that, when it occurs after a vowel, it is commonly suppressed 
 by careless or uneducated speakers. 
 
 W, T. 
 
 § 10. The sounds signified by w and t/, when these letters occur at the be- 
 ginning of a Avord or syllable, as in woo^ ye^ &c., are considered by some writera 
 to be identical with the vowels oo and e respectively; they are, however, formed 
 by a closer approximation of the articulative organs, which destroys the pure 
 vocality of the voAvel sounds, and gives them a consonantal or semi - conso- 
 nantal character. They are not, however, perfect consonants ; for it is impossible 
 to prolong them, and the attempt to do so results only in the production of the 
 vowels 00 and e. 
 
 'WH. 
 
 § 11. The digraph rcTi is regarded by many modem orthoepists as repre- 
 senting a simple elementary sound, which is the surd or whispered correspondent 
 of w. Of those who take this view, some say that the sound of wk is followed 
 by that of lo ; as in tclien (wh-w-e-n): others assert that the voice is not heard 
 until the following vowel is commenced, tchen, for example, being pronounced 
 wh-e-n; but such persons wrongly analyze their own pronunciation. The com- 
 mon opinion is, that both letters of the digraph are pronounced with their usual 
 sounds, only in the reverse order, — hw, — according to the original Anglo-Saxon 
 orthography. But h-io does not differ from wh-w, h being an emission of un- 
 vocalized breath through the position taken by the organs of speech in forming 
 the next following element, as is explained in § 7. 
 
 RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND 
 
 LATIN WORDS. 
 
 § 12. The established English pronunciation of Latin w^ords and of Latinized 
 forms of Greek words is confonned to the general laws and tendencies of the 
 English language. Hence, the proper position of the accent and the syl- 
 labication having been determined, each syllable is to be pronounced according 
 to the usual powers or sounds of the letters in English, except in cases specially 
 provided for in the following rules. 
 
Xxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Vowels. 
 
 § 13. (1.) Any vowel at the end of an accented syllable, and e, o, and u at the 
 end of an unaccented syllable, have tlie long English sound; as, Cd^to, Ce'res^ 
 MVdas, Si'/lun^ Nii'mn^ Pe-li'dcs, Ilu-mt'rus, Lu-caOius. 
 
 § 14. (2.) If a syllable ends with a consonant, the vowel has its short English 
 sound; as, Bdl'bus^ Meni'non^ Mos'chus, Piib'lius. 
 
 Exception. — /.', in final es, has its long sound; as in Achilles (a-kiPlez). 
 
 § 15. (3.) A, ending an unaccented s^dlable, is sounded like a in comma; as, 
 Cre-u'sn^ A-ri'on. 
 
 § 16. (4.) K iinal is always sounded; as in Ih'be^ Pe-ncl'o-jye. 
 
 § 17. (5.) The diphthongs ve. and ce are pronounced as e would be in the same 
 situation ; as, Ccesar (se'zar), (Eno7ie (e-no'ne), Daedalus (ded'^a-lus), (Edipus 
 (ed'i-pus). 
 
 § 18. (6.) /, ending a final syllable, has its long English sound; as, E-pig'o-ni. 
 Ending an initial unaccented syllable, it has in some cases its long sound, as in 
 Bt-n'nov^ 1-u'lus ; and in some its short sound, as in Ci-ilc'i-a^ 1-ta'U-a. In all 
 other cases, ending an unaccented syllable, it has its short sound ; as, Fd'bi-us. 
 
 § 19. (7.) Y is pronounced as i would be in the same situation. 
 
 § 20. (8.) When «/, ei, vl, and yi, not initial, are followed by another vovrel, 
 and take the accent on the a, e, o, or y, the i assumes the sound of consonant y, 
 and the vowel before it has its long somid; as in Maia (mii'ya), Hyyeia (hi-je^ya), 
 Pomptius (pom-pe'yus), Latoia (la-to'ya), Harpyia (har-ppya). 
 
 Consonants. 
 
 § 21. (9.) The consonants c and g have their " soft" sound, like s and _/, be- 
 fore e, t, ?/, CE, and (£ ; before o, o, and m, or a consonant, they have their 
 "hard" sound; as in cot, go. 
 
 ExcEPTiox. — When g, having the sound of y, is preceded by another /7, the 
 former of the two is suppressed, or may be said to coalesce in sound with the 
 second; as, Aggenus {a-je''nus). 
 
 § 22. (10.) The combination ch is pronounced like k ; as, Charon (ka'ron). 
 
 § 23. (11.) Each of the three consonants c, s, and f, when preceded im- 
 mediately b}' the accent, or itself ending an accented syllable, and followed by 
 in, ie, it, io, or iu, commonly has the sound of sfi ; as in Por'da (por'shi-a), 
 Cly'tie (klish'i-e), Hora'tii (ho-ra-'shi-i), Pho'clon (fo'shi-on), Cas'sius (kash'i- 
 us). C has also the same sound, when following an accented vowel, and stand- 
 ing before eM and yo ; as, Menm'cevs (me-ne'she-us), /S/'c?/wi (sish'i-on). 
 
 ExcEPTiox. — When si, immediately preceded by an accented vowel, is fol- 
 lowed by a vowel, the s takes the sound of 2/< ; as in Ht'slod (he^zhi-od). 
 — Though not properly an exception to the rule, it ma}' be stated that zi similarly 
 situated is pronounced in the same manner ; as in Aly'zia (a-lizh'i-a). — T, 
 when preceded by another t, and commonly in the termination tlon, has its 
 
 t)roper sound (heard in inp, mat, lkc.)\ as m Brui'ii-i, Jre'ti-oii: when preceded 
 )v s or X, it has, according to some authorities, the same sound; according to 
 others, the sound of ch in church ; as in S<dltis'tius {sa\-\us'ti-us, or sal-lus'chi-us}, 
 Bex' tins (seks'ti-us, or seks'chi-us), &c. 
 
 § 24. (12.) S, -when final, if preceded by e, has the sound of z ; as in i'er- 
 iclu (per'i-klez). 
 
INTRODUCTION. XXill 
 
 § 25. (13.) X, ending an accented syllable, and standing before i followed by 
 another vowel, has the sound of ksh ; as, Cinx'ia (singk'shi-a). 
 
 § 26. (14.) Combinations of initial consonants which are foreign to the nature 
 and habits of our language, drop the sound of their first letter or digraph; 
 as in Cmius (pronounced ne'yus), CUsip/ion (tcs/i-lbn), Gimtho (uu'tho), Mntmos- 
 yne (ne-mos'i-ne), Pnyiagoras (ni-tag'o-ras), Psyche (si'ke), Ptoltiny (toPe-me), 
 Phthas (thas). 
 
 § 27. (15.) The terminations mis and mis are always to be pronounced in 
 two syllables; as, Archda'us^ Alcin'o-us. 
 
 § 28. (16.) The termination e?<s, in proper names which in Greek end in 
 n)f, as Orjiheus^ Promtf/iens, &c., should be pronounced in one syllable, the 
 eu being a diphthong with the sound of "longM." 
 
 Accent. 
 
 § 29. (17.) Words of two syllables invariably have the accent on the first 
 syllable. In words of more than two syllables, if the penult is long in quantity, 
 it takes the accent; but, if short, the accent is on the antepenult. When the 
 penult is common, or doubtful, the accent is on the antepenult. 
 
 4®=" By quantity, in Greek and Latin, is meant the relative time occupied in 
 pronouncing a syllable, trhtn tlmse IniKjiKUjts wtre spoken tonr/ues. A syllable 
 containing a short vowel may be lengthened by accompanying consonants ; but 
 the ancients seem to have felt the etlect of these only when final, and to have 
 made no account of initial consonants — probably because they pronounced them 
 Avith extreme brevity — in estimating the duration of a syllable. The general 
 rules in relation to quantity are as follows: — 1. IJefore j, x, 2, or any two 
 consonants except a mute followed by / or r, the vowel of the peinilt is loncj by 
 position. [This is the language of the grammarians : the niird, in such cases, 
 was probably short or stopped; but the syH'ibh. was long, being made so by the 
 following consonant or consonants.] The digraphs ch, ph., rh, and /A, which rep- 
 resent simple sounds, are reckoned as single consonants. 2. A vowel before a 
 mute and / or /• is common ; that is, either long or short. 3. Diphthongs are long. 
 4. A vowel before another vowel or // is short. In other cases, the f|uantity must 
 be detemiined by etymology, metrical usage, or the orthography of the word in 
 Greek; but every vowel which cannot be proved to be long, is arbitrarily 
 assumed to be short. — The division of words into syllables — which depends in 
 part upon the position of the accent, and this, in turn, upon quantity — must be 
 understood before words can be correctly pronounced. The rules in regard to 
 this subject may be found in any good Latin grammar. 
 
 BRIEF RULES 
 
 FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL MODERN LANGUAGES OF 
 CONTINENTAL EUROPE. 
 
 Vowels. 
 § 30. (1.) In the languages of the ('ontinent of Europe, the vowel o,^ when long, 
 has usually the sound of the English a in f'n\ fiiher; when short, ncarl_v that 
 
xxiv INTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 of a in yVrf, manf never tliat of a in ^fate. A, in French, has a poimd rcpcmbling 
 that of a mfar, but deeper and less distinct, verging toward that of a in all: its 
 peculiar quality is due to the retraction of the tongue and the soft palate. A 
 briefer variety of the same sound is heard in the Fr. pns^ Ger. mnnn. In Hun- 
 garian, a is like o in iv>t; a, like a in far. J[, in Swedish, has a sound intermediate 
 between that of a in a//, and that of o in nvtt. For the sounds of «, a, a, see 
 §§ 37, 62. 
 
 § 31. (2.) JE" generally has a sound similar to that of "long a" in _/ofe, but 
 ofteu like that of " short e " in met^ or like the latter when protracted. (See § 1.) 
 /-", in French, has the sound of e in ^Aen, or that of the initial element in Tuate 
 (see § 1); e and c have the sound of the first e in tlnre ; e (unaccented) is, in 
 most cases, either entirely silent, or has a very brief sound of the neutral vowel 
 (u in up, U7'n). E, in Swedish, when long, has a sound somewhat like that of 
 short i {in- jiin), but more prolonged; when short, it is like e in 77iet. In Hun- 
 garian and Polish, e (unaccented) sounds like e in met; e nearly like a in 7nate. 
 For the sounds of e, e, see § 62. 
 
 §32. (3.) / has usually the sound of i in marine, which is the same as the 
 "long e" in me, she, &c. It is often sliortened in quantity, like the e in bemoan, 
 but the quality of the sound remains the same, and should not be suffered to 
 degenerate into that of i in ill. This latter sound, however, is heard in Dutch, 
 and sometimes in Gennan. In Hungarian, i and i differ only in length, the 
 accented voAv^el being more protracted than the unaccented. 
 
 § 33. (4.) has, for the most part, the same, or nearly the same, sounds 
 that it has in English in the words iwte, not, north. (See § 5.) It some- 
 tnnes — as in the It. rolpe — has a sound intennediate between that of o in 
 note and that of oo mfood. This is called, in Italian, "o chiuso.'''' The "o 
 aperto'" of the same language is a sound intermediate between the o of note 
 and that of noi'th. In Swedish and Norwegian, at the end of a syllable, o has 
 the sound of oo or of do. 0, in French, has always the full sound of " long o " 
 in English. In Hungarian, o is nearly like long o in English; 6 has a fuller 
 and deeper sound. In Polish, o sounds like o in note; 6, like oo in food, or 
 in foot. For the sound of t>, see § 46. 
 
 § 34. (5.) U, in most of these languages, has, when long, the sound of u in 
 true (equivalent to the oo in food); when short, that of u in full (equivalent to 
 the do in foot). In French, — and also in Dutch, when at the end of a syllable, — 
 it has a sound intermediate between oo and (".formed by attempting to pronounce 
 these sounds simultaneously, the lips being placed in the position for uttering oo, 
 and the tongue in that for e. The sound is sometimes long and sometimes short, 
 but the difference is merely one of quantity. In Dutch, ti, when short or stopped, 
 is sounded as in nut. U, in Swedish, is intermediate between I and oo, but is a 
 pinched and very peculiar sound, diflering considerably in its effect upon the ear 
 from that of the French w, the lips being rounded instead of pouted. The near- 
 est equivalent in English is oo. In Hungarian, u (unaccented) has the sound 
 of do; li, a longer and fuller sound of the same general quality. For the sound 
 of ti, see § 51. 
 
 § 35. (6.) Y, for the most part, has the same sound that i has; that is, it is 
 
INTRODUCTION. xxv 
 
 like "long e" in English. (See § 32.) In Dutch, it has the sound of the Eng- 
 lish "longi" (t in pine); but in the modern Dutch orthography it is replaced by 
 ij. In Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, it is like the French and Dutch u, or 
 the German it. (See § 34.) 
 
 Diphthongs and Vowel Combinations. 
 
 § 36. (7.) Aa, in most languages, has the same sound as single «, — that is, 
 the sound of a in /"ar, — but is more prolonged. In Danish, it sounds nearly 
 as a in o//, but verges towards the sound of o in note. 
 
 § 37. (8.) Ae, or o, when long, is usually sounded like a in J'ate, or the first c 
 in there; Avhen short, like e in met. (See § 1.) In Dutch, it is like a in far; 
 but the reformed Dutch orthography substitutes aa for ae. 
 
 § 38. (9.) Ae2t, or dii, in German, has the sound of oi in toil, but is differ- 
 ently pronounced in different parts of Germany. 
 
 § 39. (10.) Ai and ay are generally sounded like the English adverb ay (yes); 
 but in French they have nearly the sound of a in J'ate, or e in there. (See § 1.) 
 
 §40. (11.) Eau, in French, has the same sound as the French au ; that is, 
 ^f the English "long o." 
 
 §41. (12.) Ee has a prolonged sound of the foreign e, Avhich is nearly 
 equivalent to the English a in fate. (See § 31.) 
 
 §42. (13.) Ei and ey are generally like ay in day, when this word is pro- 
 nounced with the full diphthongal sound of the vowel. In French, they have a 
 more open sound, resembling that of e in met, or that of a in mate with the ter- 
 minal element of the a omitted. (See § 1.) In German and Danish, they are like 
 the English adverb ay (yes); that is, they unite the sounds of a in far and i in 
 ill, and hence nearly resemble our "long i." 
 
 § 43. (14.) Eio, in French and Dutch, has — with some variations of quantity, 
 and some slight differences of quality — a sound similar to that of u in urn, but 
 more accurately described as intermediate between the a in mate and the o in 
 note, and formed by an attempt to pronounce these vowels simultaneously. (See 
 § 46.) Eu, in Gennan and Danish, sounds like oi in toil. In Italian, Spanish, 
 and Portuguese, it is equivalent to d^oo. 
 
 §44. (15.) le usually sounds like e in me, but, in German, it sometimes 
 makes two syllables, and, in French, before r final, forms a diphthong which 
 is pronounced e-a. 
 
 §45. (16.) li is equivalent to i — that is, to the English "long e," as in 
 me — prolonged. 
 
 §46. (17.) Oe, or (in Dan. 0), in the Gennanic languages, is essfn^iVf//?/ the 
 same as eu in French (see § 43), though most authorities recognize a slight 
 ditterence of quality between the two sounds, 6 inclining more to the sound 
 of d, and having the lips more pursed up for its utterance, than eu. The u in 
 iirn is the nearest English approximation to both. In Hungarian, t or '6 is 
 merely a longer variety of o. 
 
 §47. (18.) Qai, in French, is like eu in the same language. (See § 43.) 
 
 §48. (19.) Oi, in French, sounds, in most words, nearly like wa in was. In 
 some words, it formerly had the sound now given to ai, by which it is replaced 
 
XXVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 in the modem F/onch spelling. Oi, in Danish, is like win English; 0i \s 
 o'e, with the o short, or brief. 
 
 § 49. (20.) Oo, has the sound of oo in door, or o in note, somewhat prolonged, 
 and without the linal element of this sound in English. 
 
 §50. (21.) Oil, in Froneh, when long, is like vo in food; when short, like 
 00 in foot. In Dutch and Norwegian, it has the sound of ou in the English 
 word out. In Portuguese, it is usually pronounced like the English " long c»." 
 
 § 51. (22.) Ue, or u, in the Germanic languages, is sounded like the French it 
 \See § 34.) In Hungarian, u or u is merely a longer variety of it. 
 
 § 52. (23.) Ui and iiy, in Dutch, resemble oi in English. 
 
 § 53. (2-i.) Uu is like oo m food, but longer. 
 
 Consonants. 
 
 § 54. (25.) B, in German and Danish, at the end of a word, sounds like /> 
 In Spanish, between two vowels, its sound is intermediate between those of th| 
 English b and w, and may be described as a v made without the aid of th< 
 teeth, but with the lips alone, which are pouted and brought flatly and feeblv 
 into contact. 
 
 § 55. (20.) C, in Italian, before e and i, sounds like ch in cJairch ; in Spanish, 
 in the same position, like th in thin (though in Catalonia and in Spanish 
 America it has the sound of s). In German and Danish, before e, i, y, d,6 (0), u, 
 or a diphthong commencing with any one of these letters, and in Polish in all 
 positions, it is pronounced like ts. C, in Polish, blends the sounds of ts and con> 
 sonant y. (Compare § 7-i.) ^, in French and Portuguese, sounds like s, before 
 a, 0, and u. 
 
 § 56. (27.) D, in German, Dutch, and Swedish, at the end of a word, sounds 
 like t; in Spanish and Danish, when occurring between two vowels, or at the 
 end of a word, like th in this, but it is very gently pronounced, so as some' 
 times scarcely to be audible. 
 
 § 57. (28.) F, in Swedish, at the end of a word or s^dlable, sounds as e 
 does in English. 
 
 § 58. (29.) G is always "hard" before o.o, u, as it is in the English words 
 gain, gold, gust. In Polish, it is hard in all situations ; so also in Hungarian, 
 unless followed by / or y. (See §§ 76, 79.) In French, Spanish, and Portuguese, 
 before e, i, and y, it is like the j of these languages. (See § 60.) In Italian, in 
 the same position, it is like the English j, that is, like g in geiii. (See § 8.) In 
 Gennan, the standard and best pronunciation makes g " hard " in every case 
 when it is followed by a vowel in the same word : but when preceded and not foU 
 lowed by a vowel, it has the sound of the Gennan ch. (See § 71.) In Dutch, </, 
 in all positions, has a harsh guttural sound, which is the sonant or vocalized cor' 
 respondent of the German guttural ch. (See § 71.) In Swedish, before e, i, y, d, 
 and 0, and when preceded by any other cons<mant than n, it sounds like tha 
 English consonar.t y; in Danish, at the end of a word, its sound is very soft, 
 somewhat rcscniltling that of h. — Gu, in French, S]iaiiish, and Portuguese, 
 before e and i, sounds like gu in gnist, guile, the u being inserted to keep the g 
 in its hard sound before these vowels. 
 
INTRODUCTION. xxvil 
 
 §59. (30.) //, in French, Italian, Spanish, and Portup^uese, is either wholly 
 mute, or is very feebly aspirated. In the reniainuig languages of Continental 
 Europe, it sounds as in English. In all of them, it is mute when it follows a vowel 
 in the same syllable, its office being merely to show that the vowel has its long 
 Bound. In Polish, h is very harshly aspirated, resembling k^ or the German 
 guttural ch. (See § 71.) 
 
 §60. (31.) J, in German, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Polish, and 
 Hungarian, has the sound of the English ^consonant. In Italian, it has rather 
 the sound of " long e." In French and Portuguese, it has the sound orthoepieally 
 represented by zh ; that is, of s in treasure, or z in azure. In Spanish, it has a 
 very peculiar sound, somewhat resembling that of a strongly aspirated //, and 
 this is substituted for it in Spanish America. " To pronounce it," says Ellis, 
 "the back of the mouth must be stopped by doubling up the back of the 
 tongue, and making an effort as if to hawk up phlegm, the scrape being in the 
 palate, and nut in the phaiynx." It is most nearly allied to the German palatal 
 cfi, but must not be confounded with it, nor with sh, h, or the guttural ch. 
 
 § 61. (32.) L, in French, in the teniiinations ble, nle, pie, &c. (as in table, 
 branle, simple), is colloquially whispered, but in serious or careful discourse, it 
 has its usual vocal sound, and is followed by a faint somid of the neutral vowel 
 (m m up, urn). £, in Polish, has a peculiar, thick sound, formed by placing the 
 under side of the tip of the tongue finnly against the back of the upper front 
 teeth, or the upper gum. 
 
 § 62. (33.) M and n, in French and Portuguese, when final in a word or 
 syllable, and also when not doubled or not followed by a vowel, have no 
 sound of their own, but are mere diacritical letters, or signs, serving to show 
 that the preceding vowel is nasal, that is, pronounced by opening the back 
 nostrils and allowing the voice to enter the nose simultaneously with its passage 
 through the mouth. The nasal vowels in French are as follows : — 
 1. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 am, an) -n im, in, (o)in] om, onJ^gn urn, un I w^ 
 
 em, en ) aim, ain I ^^^ aun ) eum, eun j 
 
 eim, ein f 
 (i)enj 
 In pronouncing these sounds, there must be no contact of the tongue and the 
 soft palate, as in forming the sound of nf/ in English. By some phonetists, 
 the first of these nasal vowels is regarded as corresponding to the pure oral 
 vowel in far ; In^ others, to that in not ; but these two sounds are closely re- 
 lated, the brief open o of not [o] being intermediate between the a oi far (a) and 
 the o of /or- (o, a, or aw), and hence differing but little from a shortened form of 
 the open a. There is disagreement, also, as to the quality of the third nasal 
 vowel, some referring it to the o in note, or to its briefer form as heard in the 
 New England pronunciation of whole, only, &c. (as is done in this work); while 
 others think that it corresponds to the o in form, north, &c. In Portuguese, 
 the nasality of a vowel is sometimes indicated by the sign "^ (originally a 
 superposed m) placed ov^er it. The combinations representing nasal vowels are 
 a, art, am, an (pnjn. a^); em, en (pron. a"); im (pron. e'*); d,om,on (pron. 
 S"); w», w/i (pron. tJu"). Nasal diphthongs are rle, rti, ao, oe. The terminations 
 
xxviu INTRODUCTION. 
 
 des, oes, were formerly •written aens, oens. The nasal vowels d^ and a" occur in 
 Polish, in which language they are written «, e. — J/, in conversational French, 
 is whispered, and not vocalized, in such words as schlsmt ; but, in formal 
 delivery, it has its usual vocal sound, followed by an indistinct murmur of the 
 mute e. — iV before (/, in Italian, usually preserves its pure sound; in the othei 
 Continental European languages, or in most of them, it takes the sound of the 
 English n in sink. — N, in Spanish, is a variety of n, formed by an attempt to 
 pronounce n and consonant y simultaneously. The same is true of the Polish n. 
 The eflect is verj' similar to that produced by the insertion of y after 7i ; as in 
 minion (min'yun). (Compare § 7-i.) 
 
 § 63. {'34:.) Qu, in Spanish and Portuguese, when followed by e or i, has the 
 sound of k ; in other situations, that of kob. In French, the combination has 
 the sound of k before every vowel. In German and Dutch, it is sounded as kio 
 would be in those languages. (See § 68.) In most other languages, its sound 
 is essentially the same as in English. 
 
 § 64. (35.) -ffi, at the end of a word or syllable, is sounded more distinctly, 
 and in other positions is apt to be more strongly trilled, than in English. By 
 us, this letter is usually pronounced with the under surface of the tip of the 
 tongue applied within the dome of the palate, in which position the utterance 
 is naturally very smooth and easy. By foreign nations, r is ordinarily produced 
 by applying the upper surface of the tongue's tip to the upper gum at a point 
 quite near the teeth, which occasions a peculiar harshness of sound, and most 
 generally a decided vibration, or trill. In French, in such words as sabi-e, cidve, 
 apotre, (suvre, it is usually pronounced as a whisper, but is sometimes vocalized, 
 particularly in serious discourse, foraiing a syllable with the obscure e. It 
 never admits the interposition of the neutral vowel {u in uji^ urn) between it and 
 a preceding vowel, as is often the case in English. Thus, the French dire is 
 pronounced def or de'ru, whereas the English dear is pronounced de'ur. 
 
 § 65. (36.) »S, between tAvo vowels, has usually the sound of z in zeal. In 
 German, it often has this sound given to it at the beginning of a syllable, but is 
 commonly pronounced like sz, a hiss gliding instantaneously and almost imper- 
 ceptibly into a buzz. In Hungarian, it sounds like sh in English. S, in Polish, 
 blends in a single utterance the sounds of s and consonant y. (Compare § 7-i.) 
 
 § QQ. (37.) T has often a more dental sound than in English, the tip of the 
 tongue being placed against the cutting edge of the upper tront teeth, and not 
 against the upper gum, as with us. This is particularly observable in Spanish. 
 
 § 67. (38.) F, in German, sounds like f. In Danish, it is usually like v in 
 English, but sometimes has the sound of ob; as in havn (ha'dbn, or houn); 
 when followed by /, it has the sound of f. 
 
 § 68. (39.) ir, in German and Dutch, is intermediate between the English h 
 and u', on the one hand, and r, on the other, the inner surfaces of the lips being 
 brought flat against each other, whereas in (Eng.) w they are rounded, in h the 
 edges are compressed, and in v the lower lip comes in contact with the upper 
 teeth. (See § 54.) B}"- some writers, this peculiar utterance of lo is said to be 
 provincial and dialectical, in German, except in words in Avhich lo is preceded 
 by a consonant, as, schivan. In Polish, w, when it precedes a whispered or mute 
 
INTRODUCTION. xxix 
 
 consonant, is pronounced as /; in other situations, it has the sound of the 
 German w. 
 
 § 69. (40.) X, in French, has often the sound of s, and occasionally that of 2, 
 but more generally that of ks or of (jz, as in English. In Spanish, it is equivalent 
 to the j of that language. (See § 60.) In Portuguese, it is pronounced like 
 sh in shall. 
 
 § 70. (41.) Z, in German and Swedish, has the sound of ts ; in Spanish, that 
 of tk in think ; in Italian, usually that of dz. In Polish, z has the sound of this 
 letter in the English word zeul ; z, the sound of zh, as in azure (u'zhoor); 
 i, nearly that of rzh. 
 
 Combined Consonants. 
 § 71. (42.) Ch, in Spanish (except in the Catalan dialect, where it sounds a3 
 Jc), is pronounced like the same combination in English in the word church. In 
 Italian and Hungarian, it has the sound of k ; in French and Portuguese, of sA, 
 the exceptions being confined to words in which it occurs before I or 1\ and to 
 a few words from the Greek, where it sounds like k. In German, Dutch, and 
 Polish, when preceded in the same syllable by any one of the vowels «, o, or u, 
 it has a harsh, guttural sound somewhat resembling a strongly aspirated h ; as in 
 ach, doch, buch : it is produced by bringing the uvula into contact with the base 
 of the tongue, and forcing unintonated breath through the ban-ier thus formed, 
 the position taken by the organs remaining in other respects unchanged. When 
 preceded by e, i, a, 0, ii, e^, du, eu, I, «, or ?•, the sound is palatal, and approxi- 
 mates closely to that of the first two elements in the word hue (h^'oo), the 
 tongue being considerably raised in the mouth; as in echt, ich, mdchtiy, toochent- 
 lich, biicher, reich^ euch, milch, manch, durch. 
 
 4®=" C/j, in German and Dutch, before s radical, has the sound of h ; as in 
 Sachs€7i (szak'sn). 
 
 § 72. (43.) Cs, in Hungarian, has the sound of ck in church. 
 
 § 73. (44.) Cz, in Hungarian, sounds like ts ; in Polish, like ch in church. 
 
 § 74. (45.) Dj and dy, in Hungarian, is a peculiar sound, organically formed 
 by placing the tip of the tongue in the position for uttering f/, and simultaneously 
 raising the back part into the position for sounding consonant ?/, before speaking. 
 It closely resembles the sound of d and consonant y produced in immediate 
 succession, as in verdure (verd'yoor), and hence approximates the kindred sound 
 of / in just. 
 
 § 75. (46.) Gh, in Italian, is like gh in the English words gherkin, ghost ; that 
 is, like g in get, begin, &c. 
 
 § 76. (47.) Gj, in Hungarian, is equivalent to dj or dy in the same language. 
 (See § 74.) 
 
 § 77. (48.) G^ before i, not followed by a consonant, in Italian, is a peculiar 
 liquid sound formed from / in precisely the same way that the Hungarian dy is 
 formed from d. Examples are gli, marsigli, &c. (See § 74.) The i is mute, if a 
 vowel follows it ; as in battaglia, miglio, &c. 
 
 § 78. (49.) Gn, in French and Italian, represents a peculiar liquid sound 
 which is identical with n in Spanish. (See § 62, and compare § 74.) 
 
XXX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 79. (50.) Gy, in Hungarian, is like dy in that language. (See § 74.) 
 
 § 80. (51.) KJ, in Swedish, sounds like ch in church. 
 
 § 81. (52.) Z//, in Portuguese, is the same in sound with yl in French and 
 Italian, and // in Spanish. (See §§ 77, 82.) 
 
 § 82. (53.) LI, in Si)anish, blends the sounds of Zand consonant y in a single, 
 though compound utterance, by an attempt to pronounce them simultaneously, 
 the back part of the tongue being placed in the position for forming «/, and the 
 tip at the same time in that for forming I. The effect produced is very nearly 
 the same as in the English words ^7/^// (tiPyal), 7«i7//(/;i (mil'yun), &c., where 
 tlie y follows the /, instead of being amalgamated with it. (Compare § 74.) — In 
 French, the sound here described is, by some speakers, given to //, when preceded 
 by ?, and followed by a vowel ; but, according to the modern popular style of 
 pronunciation, the sound of the / is dropped, while that of y is often whispered. 
 Thus, pcqnlUm is pronounced pa'pePyo"', or pS'pe'yo"'; file, fel, or fe^'; 
 mcmille, mool'ya', or moo'yS.'. It is to be observ'ed that the i preceding U is 
 silent, if itself preceded by a vowel. 
 
 § 83. (54.) Ly, in Hungarian, is pronounced like U in Spanish. (See § 82.) 
 
 § 84. (55.) -A'^, ill German and Swedish, has the same sound as in the English 
 •words sinf/, siiif/er. 
 
 § 85. (56.) Xh, in Portuguese, corresponds to the Spanish ?!. Ny, in Hun- 
 garian, has the same sound. (See § 62.) 
 
 § 86. (57.) Ph, in all the languages of Continental Europe in which it occurs, 
 has the same soimd, that of J". 
 
 § 87. (58.) Eh is pronounced like simple r. 
 
 § 88. (59.) i?2, in Polish, is a peculiar sound, said to be uttered by placing tlie 
 tongue in the position for zh, and trilling the tip, which is at liberty; in other 
 words, it is a simultaneous pronunciation of r and zh. 
 
 § 89. (60.) Sc, in Italian, before e and i. is sounded like sh in shall; in 
 other positions, like sk. Sc, in Polish, unites the soimds of s and 6. (See §§ 
 65, 55.) 
 
 § 90. (61.) Sch, in German, sounds like sh in shall ; in Italian, before e and 
 t, like sch in school, or sk in skill ; in Dutch and Polish, before all the vowels, it 
 resembles sk, but is harsher, the ch having the guttural or palatal sound de- 
 scribed in § 71. 
 
 § 91. (62.) Ss, in the Germanic languages, has the same sharp and hissing 
 sound that it usually has in English. 
 
 §92. (63.) Sz, in German and Hungarian, sounds like s in sun; in Polish, 
 like sh in shall. 
 
 § 93. (04.) Szcz, in Polish, is pronounced as shch would be in English. 
 
 § 94. (05.) Th, in all the languages of Continental Europe, except the Modem 
 Greek (in which i?, the graphic equivalent of th, has the same sound that this 
 digraph usually has in English), is pronounced like <A in thyme, Thomas, that is, 
 like simple t. 
 
 § 95. (06.) Tj and fy, in Hungarian, blend the sounds of t and consonant y in 
 the same manner that dj and dy, in the same language, blend the sounds of d 
 and y. (See § 74.) The nearest English equivalent is the combination of t 
 
INTRODUCTION. xxxl 
 
 ftnd y in the pronunciation sometimes given to the words nature (nat'yoor,. 
 virtiia (vert'yoo), »S:c., thougii tlie c7t iu ckurch is a very similar sound. 
 
 § 96. (67.) 7!s, in Hungarian, is like ch in church, being the same as the 
 Hungarian cs. (See § 72.) 
 
 § 97. (08.) Tsch, in German, sounds very nearly as ch in church. (See §§ 
 8, 90.) 
 
 § 98. (69.) Zs, in Hungarian, is like zh in English, as heard in the pronun- 
 ciation of azure (a'zhoor), confusion (kon-fu'zhun), &c. 
 
 § 99. (70.) Zsch, in German, has very nearly the sound of ch in church; 
 thus Zschokke is pronounced almost like chok'ka. (See §§ 8, 70, and 90.) 
 
 § 100. (71.) Zz, in Italian, usually has the sound of ts. 
 
 § 101. (72.) The letters k and/) have the same sound as in English. 
 
 § 102. (73) Double consonants, in some foreign languages, are dwelt upon 
 in a marked manner, producing the eftect of double articulation, though there 
 is but one contact of the organs of speech. This is particularly observable iu 
 Italian words; as, e. y., hanno, pronounced sLiVru), and not a'no, the two ti's 
 being pronounced as distinctly as in the English word unnerve. But if the 
 double letters are cc or gg, and the second c or </ has the power of ch (m 
 church ) or of ,/, in consequence of being followed by any one of the vowels 
 €, i, and y, the first c or g has the sound of t or d; thus ucciso is pronounced 
 dbt-che'zo, not do-che'zo nor dbch-e''zo; oggi is od'jee,not 6'jee,nor oj'ee. In 
 like manner, zz is equivalent to t-ts, sometimes to d-(Iz. 
 
 Final consonants in French — with the exception of c, J", I, r, in most 
 cases — are not generally pronounced, unless immediately followed, in the 
 same sentence, by a word beginning with a vowel. But final consonants, 
 in classical and foreign names adopted in French, are almost always articu- 
 lated. 
 
 Accent. 
 
 §103. (74.) The French language, — as s/)ol-e«, — unlike the English, has no 
 decided accent, all the syllables of a word being uttered with a nearly equal 
 stress of voice, except those in which the mute or obscure e occurs, and those in 
 which I, «, or ou, precedes a syllable commencing with a vowel. To an English 
 ear, however, the French seem to accent the last syllable of a word, because the 
 general tendency of our own language is to throw the accent back toward the 
 beginning of the word. Hence, it is the usual practice in English books, in 
 respelling French words for pronunciation, to mark the last syllable as having 
 the accent; at the same time, secondary accents may be placed on the other 
 syllables, to prevent them from being slurred over, or too hurriedly and indis- 
 tinctly pronounced, as is often the case in the enunciation of unaccented syl- 
 lables in English. It may be observed, that, in French words derived from the 
 Latin, the final spoken syllable always represents the accented syllable of the 
 Latin ; it therefore has a right to, and, in point of fact, receives, whatever accent 
 there is. 
 
 The Hungarian language, like the French, has no accent, the syllables of a 
 
XXxii INTRODUCTIOJr. 
 
 word being distinguished from each other solely by quantity, as in Greek and 
 Latin. (See§ 29.) But in this work, as in others, an accent is placed on the 
 long syllable, in conformity with the principle observed in the accentuation of 
 Greek and Lai in words. 
 
 In the Germanic family of languages, the principal accent falls upon the radi- 
 cal syllable; but, in consequence of the vast proportion of compound words, 
 secondarily accented syllables abound, so that two, and sometimes even three 
 or four, accents of nearly equal force may occur in the same word. It is 
 evident, that, to those who are familiar with the meaning and composition of 
 words in these languages, the accentuation must be easy ; but no general 
 rules can be given. 
 
 Italian words are mostly accented on the penultimate syllable ; the same is true 
 of Spanish and Portuguese words ending in a vowel, while those ending in a 
 consonant, in these two languages, are generally accented on the last syllable. 
 But the exceptions — especially in Italian — are so numerous that the rule is 
 not, perhaps, of much practical utility. 
 
 Pohsh words are invariably accented on the penultimate syllable; while th« 
 seat of the accent in Russian words is almost always the last syllable. 
 
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 
 
 a.. 
 
 Am.^ or Amer., 
 Ar., or Arab., . 
 A.-S., . 
 
 4, . . . 
 
 Celt., . 
 
 cent., 
 
 Chald., 
 
 coll., or colloq., 
 
 Comp., 
 
 Cyc, 
 
 d., . . 
 D.,. . 
 Dan., . . 
 
 Eclin., 
 
 Egypt, 
 
 Eng., 
 
 fern.. 
 For., 
 Fr., . . 
 
 Ger., 
 Gr., 
 
 Heb., 
 Hist., 
 Hung., 
 
 act. 
 American. 
 Arabic. 
 Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 born. 
 
 Celtic. 
 
 century. 
 
 Chald«an. 
 
 colloquially. 
 
 . Compare. 
 
 Cyclopedia. 
 
 . died. 
 
 . Dutch. 
 
 Danish. 
 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 . Egyptian. 
 
 English. 
 
 . feminine. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 French. 
 
 German. 
 Greek. 
 
 Hebrew. 
 
 History. 
 
 Hungarian. 
 
 Tceh, .... Icelandic. 
 
 Ir., Irish. 
 
 Jt., or Ital, .... Italian. 
 
 Lat., , 
 
 Mag., 
 Myth., 
 
 Norw.. 
 
 Latia 
 
 Magazine. 
 Mythology. 
 
 Norwegian. 
 
 Per., 
 
 Pol, 
 
 Port., 
 
 Pr., 
 
 pron., 
 
 Prov., 
 
 Persian. 
 
 . Polish. 
 
 Portuguese. 
 
 Proven9al. 
 
 pronounced, pronunciation. 
 
 Provincial. 
 
 Qu., . 
 
 q. V. (quod vide), 
 
 Rev., 
 Rom., 
 
 Quarterly, 
 which see. 
 
 Review. 
 Roman. 
 
 Sansk., 
 
 sc, . 
 
 Scand., 
 
 Scot, 
 
 Stiak., 
 
 Sp., 
 
 Sw., . 
 
 . Sanskrit. 
 
 . scene. 
 
 Scandinavian. 
 
 Scottish. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 . Swedish. 
 
 Spaced 
 not 80 common or 
 
 letters are used to distinguish forms of spelling which are 
 so well authorized as those adopted m the vocabulary. 
 
" AS PEOPLE READ NOTHING IN THESE DAYS THAT IS MORE THAN FORTY- 
 EIGHT HOURS OLD, I AM DAILY ADMONISHED THAT ALLUSIONS, THE MOST 
 OBVIOUS, TO ANY THING IN THE REAR OF OUR OWN TIME NEED EXPLA- 
 NATION." — De Quincby. 
 
DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NOTED NAMES OF FICTION, ETC. 
 
 A. 
 
 A-bad'd6n. [Heb., from dbnd, to be 
 ruined.] The Hebrew name of the 
 evil spirit or destroying angel, called 
 Apollyon in Greek. {Rtv. ix. 11.) 
 Some of the mediajval demonogra- 
 phers regarded him as the chief of the 
 demons of the seventh hierarchy, and 
 as the causer of wars, combustions, 
 anil uproars. Khipstock lias made 
 use of him in his " Messiah," under 
 the name of Abadonna, representing 
 him as a fallen angel, still bearing 
 traces of his former dignity amid the 
 disliguremeuts caused by sin. 
 
 Ab'a-ris. [Gr. 'AjSapL^.] A hyper- 
 borean priest of Apollo, Avhose history 
 is entirely mythical. He is said to 
 have been endowed with the gift of 
 prophec}^ ; to have taken no earthly 
 food ; and to have ridden through the 
 air on an arrow, the gift of Apollo. 
 
 The dart of Ahari.i, which carried the phi- 
 losopher wheresoever he desired it, gratifies 
 later enthusiasts in travel as the cap of For- 
 tunatus and the space-conipellint; hoots of 
 the nursery hero [Jack the Giant-killer]. 
 
 Ifillmoft. 
 
 Ab'di-el. [Heb., servant of God.] The 
 name of an ^ngel mentioned by the 
 Jewish Cabalists. He is represented, 
 in Milton's " Paradise Lost," as one 
 of the seraphim, who, when Satan 
 tried to stir up a revolt among the 
 angels subordinate to his authority, 
 alone and boldly withstood his trai- 
 torous desi<rns. 
 
 So spake the seraph Ahdiel, faithful found 
 Among the faithless; faithful only he; 
 Among innumerable false, unmoved, 
 Unshaken, unseduced, unterritied. 
 His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. 
 
 Par. Lost, Bl\ V 
 
 You shall invoke the Muse, — and certainly 
 
 she ought to be propitious to an author, who, 
 
 in an apostatizing age, adheres with the faith 
 
 of Abditl to the ancient form of adoration. 
 
 Sir \V. Scott. 
 
 Ab-hor'son (-sn). An executioner in 
 Shakespeare's " Measure for Meas- 
 ure." 
 
 A'bSti Has'san. The hero of one of 
 the stories in the " Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments," — a young man of 
 Bagdad, who, by a stratagem of Ha- 
 roun-Al-R'aschid, was twice made to 
 believe himself caliph, and who af- 
 terward became in reality the ca- 
 liph's chief favorite and companion. 
 
 Ah ! were I caliph for a day, as honest Ahon 
 Hassan wished to he. I would scourge me 
 these jugglers out of the commonwealth with 
 rods of scorpions. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Addington [Secretary of the Treasury], on 
 the other hand, was by no means inclined to 
 descend from his high position. Ho was, in- 
 deed, under a delusion much nsemliliiig tlvit 
 of Abcfu Hassan in the Arabian tulf. Ills brain 
 was turned by his shortand unreal ciiliphate. 
 
 Macaula/f. 
 
 Abraham - Cupid. An expression 
 occurring in Shakfspeare's " Komeo 
 and Juliet" (a. ii., sc. 1), conject- 
 ured by Upton to l)e a mistake for 
 Adcni Cupid, and to alliule to Adam 
 Bell, the celebrated archer. In Hal- 
 liwell's opinion, " the conjecture is 
 
 B©~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the acco?n[)iinying Explanation^ 
 and for the Kemarka and Rules to which the nunibera after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-. 
 
ABR 
 
 2 
 
 ACE 
 
 very plausible, as proper names are 
 frequently abbreviated in early MSS., 
 and it suits the sense and meter." 
 But Dyce thinks that Ahrnhnm is 
 merely ;i eor/uptioi; oi' auburn, and 
 supports h's vi "w by citing several 
 passages irom old books where the 
 corrppt'op '?• unquestionable. Mr. R. 
 G. Whit J remarks, in tontirmation 
 of Dycc's conjecture, that '' Cupid is 
 always represented by the old paint- 
 ers as auhurn-haired." 
 
 Abraham Newland. See Newland, 
 Abkaham. 
 
 Ab's|-16ni. A name given by Dry- 
 den, in his poem entitled "Absalom 
 and Achitophel," to the Duke of 
 Monmouth, a natural son of Charles 
 II. Like Absalom, the son of David. 
 Monmouth was remarkable for his 
 personal beauty, his popularity, and 
 his unilutifulness to his father. 
 
 Absolute, Captain. A character in 
 Sheridan's comedy of" The Rivals; " 
 distinguished for" his gallant, deter- 
 mined spirit, adroit address, and dry 
 humor. 
 
 The nuthor will do well to profit by Captain 
 Ahxoliite's advice to his servant, and never 
 tell him more lies than are indispensably 
 necessary. ■S'ir \V. Scott. 
 
 Absolute, Sir An'tho-ny (-to-). A 
 character in Sheridan's comedy of 
 •• The Rivals;" represented as testy, 
 positive, impatient, and overbearing, 
 but yet of a warm and generous dis- 
 position. 
 
 fi@= '' Sir Anthony is an evident copy 
 after SmoPett's kind-hearted, high-spir- 
 ited Mattliew Bramble." Hazlitt. 
 I will no longer avail myself of such weak 
 ministers as you; — I will discard you: — I 
 will unbeget you, as Sir Anthonii Absolute 
 says. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ab-syr'tus. [Gr. 'Ai/^uprof.] {(h\ 
 if Rom. }fyf]i.) A brother of Medea, 
 and her companion in her flight from 
 Colchis. Finding that she was nearly 
 overtaken by her father, she killed 
 Absyrtus, and cut his body into 
 pieces, which she scattered along the 
 way, that her father might thus be 
 detained by gathering up the re- 
 mains of his murdered son. See 
 Ak(:()naut.s and Medka. 
 
 &.-bu'dah. A wealthy merchant of 
 Bagdad who figures in the " Tales of 
 
 the Genii," by H. Ridley. He meets 
 with various remarkable adventures 
 in his quest for the talisman of Oro- 
 manes, which he is driven to seek by 
 the threats of a little old hag who 
 haunts him nightly, and makes his 
 life miserable. He finds at last that 
 the inestimable talisman is — to obey 
 God and to love his commandments; 
 and he finds also that all his wonder- 
 ful experiences have been but the 
 baseless fabric of a dream. 
 
 Like Ahuilah, in the Arabian story, he is 
 always looking out for the Fury, and knowi 
 that the night will come, and the inevitable 
 hag with it. Tfiuckcruy. 
 
 And there, too, was Abu/Jah, the mercliant, 
 with the terrible little old woman hobbling 
 out of the box in his bedroom. Dickens, 
 
 i-ca'di-S. [Fr. Acadie, said to be de- 
 rived from Shubenacddit, the name 
 of one of the principal rivers of Nova 
 Scotia; in old grants called L'Aotdie, 
 and L'l Ccidit.] The original, and 
 now the poetic, name of Nova Sco- 
 tia, or rather of a tract extendmg 
 from the fortieth to the forty-sixth 
 degree of north latitude, which was 
 granted, Nov. 8, 1603, to De Monts, 
 by Henry IV. of France. The present 
 province of Nova Scotia extends 
 from lat. 43° 26' to 45° bo' N. In 
 1621, Acadia was granted by charter 
 to Sir William Alexander, and its 
 name changed to Nnvn Scotia. 
 
 M^ In the numerous disputes between 
 the Entrhsh .-md French colonists previous 
 to 1763, this territory changed masters 
 ten or a dozen times, and the boundaries 
 were widened or narrowed according to 
 the respective views of the opposing par- 
 ties. In 1755. the French inhabitants 
 were seized, forcibly removed, and dis- 
 persed among the English colonists on 
 the .\tlantic coast. Lougfellow has made 
 this event the subject of his poem of 
 " Evangeline." 
 
 A-ces'tes. [Gr. 'AKEOTTjg.] {Gr. <f 
 ' Bom. yfyfh.) A son of the Sicilian 
 river-god Criraisns and of a Trojan 
 woman of the name of Egesta or 
 Segesta. JLneas, on his arrival in 
 Sicily, was hospitably received by 
 him, and, on revisiting the island, 
 celebrated the anniversary of An- 
 chises's death by various games and 
 feats at arms. At a trial of skill in 
 archery, Acestes took part, and dis- 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
ACH 
 
 3 
 
 ACR 
 
 charged his arrow into the air with 
 such force that it took tire, and 
 marked out a pathway of tiaine, until 
 it was wholly c<»nsunied and disap- 
 peared from sif;iit. 
 
 Thy di'stiiiy ruinaiiis untold; 
 For, like Acegtca' shaft of old, 
 The swift thought kindles as it flies. 
 And burns tu ushes in the skies. 
 
 Luiigfelloic. 
 
 A-cha'tes. [Gr. 'A;^;:aT?;c.] {Gr. c/ 
 Hum. Myth.) A companion and 
 friend of ^Eneas. His tidelity was 
 so exemplary that " tidus Achates," 
 faithful Achates, became a proverb. 
 
 Old enough, perhai)s, but scarce wise 
 enough, if he has chosen this fellow for his 
 " lidus Achates." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Agli'e-rSn. [Gr. 'AxEp(Jv ; as if 6 
 a^ta f)£cjv, the stream of woe, or from 
 " privative and x^i-pi^i-v, to rejoice, 
 the joyless stream.] {Gr. cf lioin. 
 Myth.) A son of Sol and Terra, 
 changed into a river in hell; some- 
 times used in a general sense to 
 designate hell itself. 
 
 Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate, 
 Sad Acheron, of sorrow black and deep. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 X-qhilles. [Gr. 'A;tiAXe{'f.] ( Gr. cf 
 Ram. Myth.) The principal hero of 
 Homer's "Iliad," the son of Peleus, 
 king of the Myrmidons, in Thessaly, 
 and of Thetis, a Nereid. He was 
 distinguished above all the rest of 
 the Greeks in the Trojan war by his 
 strength, beauty, and bravery. At 
 his birth, he was dipped by his mother 
 in the river Styx, and was thus made 
 invulnerable except in the right heel, 
 — or, as some say, the ankles, — by 
 which she held him ; but he was at 
 length killed by Paris, or, according 
 to some accounts, by Apollo. See 
 Hector. 
 
 An unfortunate country [Hanover], if the 
 English would but think ; liable to be stran- 
 gled, at any time, for England's quarrels; the 
 Achilles-heel to invulnerable England. 
 
 Carlisle. 
 
 ^-chillSs of Germany. A title 
 given, on account of his bravery, to 
 Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg 
 and Culmbach (U14-1486), "a tall, 
 fiery, tough old gentleman," says 
 Carlyle, "■ in his day, ... a very 
 blazing, far -seen character, dim as 
 he has now grown." 
 
 A-chit'o-phel. A nickname given to 
 ' the Karl of Shattcsbury (I(i21-1G83) 
 by his contemporaries, and made use 
 of by Drvden in his pot-m of "Ab- 
 salom and Aciiitophel," a masterly 
 satire, springing from the jjolitical 
 commotions of thi; times, and de- 
 sigiiL'd as a defense of Charles H. 
 against the Whig party. There is a 
 striking resemblance between the 
 ciiaracter and career of Shaftesbury 
 and those of Achit()i)hel,or Ahitho- 
 phei, the treacherous triend and coun- 
 selor of David, and the fellow-con- 
 spirator of Absalom. 
 
 Of this denial and this apology, we shall 
 only say that the first seems very apocryphal, 
 and the second would iustily any ciinie whien 
 Machiavel or Achitoimtl coaXd invent or rec- 
 ouiniend. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 A'cis. [Gr. Aki^.] {Gr. tf Earn. 
 Myth.) A Sicilian shepherd, beloved 
 by the nymph Galatea, and crushed 
 under a huge rock by Polyphemus, 
 the Cyclops, who was jealous of him. 
 His blood gushing forth from under 
 the rock was changed by the nymph 
 into a river, the Acis, or Acinius, at 
 the foot of Mount ^Etna. 
 
 Thus equipped, he would manfully sally 
 forth, with pipe in mouth, to besiege some 
 fair damsel's obdurate heart, — not such a 
 pipe, good reader, as that which Aci.f did 
 sweetly tune in praise of his Galatea, but 
 one of true Delft manufacture, and furnished 
 with a charge of fragrant tobacco. 
 
 W. Irvinr/. 
 
 A-cra'si-a (a-kra^zhi-S). [From Gr 
 uKpaala, want of self-control or mod- 
 eration, intemperance, from a priva- 
 tive and KpuTog, strength, power.'^, 
 A witch in Spenser's " Faery Queen,'' 
 represented as a lovely and charming 
 woman, whose dwelling is the Bower 
 of Bliss, situated on an island tioating 
 in a lake or gulf, and adorned with 
 every thing in nature that could de- 
 light the senses. Acrasia typities 
 the vice of Intemperance, and Sir 
 Guyon, who illustrates the opposite 
 virtue, is commissioned by the fairy 
 queen to bring her into subjection, 
 and to destroy her residence. 
 
 A'cres, Bob (a'k^rz). A character 
 in Sheridan's comedy of " The Ri- 
 vals;" celebrated for his cowardice, 
 and his system of referential or alle- 
 gorical swearing. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refier, see pp. xiv Tvrii 
 
ACT 
 
 ADA 
 
 Ai through his palms Boh Acref'' vnlor oozed, 
 So Juan'3 virtue ebbed, 1 knuw not how. 
 
 Byron. 
 Besides, terror, as Boh Acres says of its 
 counterpart, courage, will come and go; and 
 few peojjle can afford finiidity cnoujjli for the 
 writer's purpose who is determined on " hor- 
 rifying" them through three thick volumes. 
 -b'»> IV. :icoU. 
 
 Ac-t8e'6n. [Gr. 'A/croiwv.] (Gr. tf 
 Jio/ii. Myth.) A famous hunter, who, 
 having surprised Diana while she 
 was bathing, was changed by her 
 into a stag, and, in tiiat form, was 
 torn to pieces by his own hounds. 
 
 He [Byron], as I guess. 
 Had grazed on Nature's naked loveliness, 
 u4c?teo?j-like, and now ho fled astray 
 With feeble steps o'er the world's wilderness; 
 And liis own thoughts, along that rugged 
 
 way. 
 Pursued, like raging hounds, their father and 
 
 their prey. Shelley. 
 
 Adam. 1. Formerly a jocular name 
 for a sergeant or bailiff. 
 
 Not that Adam that kept the paradise, but 
 that Adam that keeps the prison. Shak. 
 
 2. An aged servant to Oliver, in 
 Shakespeare's "As You Like It." 
 
 4®^ '* The serving-man Adam, humbly 
 born and coarsely nurtured, is no insignif- 
 icant personage in the drama ; and we 
 find in the healthy tone of his mind, and 
 in his generous heart, which, under re- 
 verses and wrongs, still preserves its 
 charitable trust in his fellows, as well aa 
 in his kindly, though frosty, age, a de- 
 lightful and instructive contrast to the 
 character of Jaques, which could hardly 
 have been accidental."' K. G. White. 
 
 Adamastor^iid'a-mas'tor; Port.pron. 
 a-da-mas-tdf ', 64). The Spirit of the 
 Stormy Cape,— j. e., the Cape of 
 Good Hope, — a hideous phantom 
 described by Camoens, in the lifth 
 canto of the " Lusiad," as appearing 
 by night to the tleet of Vasco da 
 Gama, and predicting the woes which 
 would befall subsequent expeditions 
 to India. Mickle supposes that by 
 Adamastor the genius of Mohani- 
 medanism is intended. According to 
 Barreto, he was one of the Giants 
 ■who made an attack on heaven, and 
 were killed by the gods or buried 
 under various mountains. 
 
 Were A'tnmnxtor to appear to him Fthe 
 gamm of Parisl. he would shout out, " Hal- 
 lo there, old Bug-a-boo! " V. Hugo. Trans. 
 
 Adam Kad'm6n. In the Cabalistic 
 doctrine, the name given to the first 
 
 emanation from flie Eternal Foun- 
 tain. It signifies the First Man, or 
 the first production of divine energy, 
 or the Son of God; and to it the other 
 and inferior emanations are subor- 
 dinate. 
 
 Adam, Master. See Master Adam. 
 
 Adams, Parson Abraham. A coun- 
 try curate in Fielding's novel of 
 "Joseph Andrews;" distinguished 
 for his goodness of heart, poverty, 
 learning, and ignorance of the world, 
 combined with courage, modesty, and 
 a thousand oddities. 
 
 &S" "As to P.irson Adams, and his 
 fist, and hisgood heart, and his .Eschylus 
 which he couldnt .><ee to read, and hid 
 rejoicing at being delivered from a ride 
 in the carriage with Mr. Peter Pounce, 
 whom he had erroneously complimented 
 on the smallness of his parochial means, 
 let every body rejoice that there ha.s beeu 
 a man in the world called Ilenry fielding 
 to think of such a character, and thou- 
 sands of good people sprinkled about 
 that world to answer for the truth of 
 it ; for had there not been, what wouid 
 have been its value? ... He is one of 
 the simplest, but at the same time man- 
 hest of men ; is au.xious to read a man 
 of the world his .>*ermoa on ' vanitv ; ' 
 preaches patience under affliction, and 
 is ready to lose his senses on tlie death 
 of his little boy ; in short, has ' every 
 virtue under heaven,' except that of 
 superiority to the common failings of 
 humtnity, or of being able to resist 
 knocking a rascal down when he insults 
 the innocent. lie is very poor ; and, 
 agreeably to the notions of refinement in 
 those days, is treated by the rich as if 
 he were little better than a servant him- 
 self. Even their stewards think it a con- 
 descension to treat him on equal terras." 
 Lfigk Hunt. 
 " The humanitv, benevolence, and 
 goodness of heart so conspicuous in Mr. 
 Adams, his unswerving integrity, his 
 zeal in the cause of the oppressed, his 
 unaffected nature, independent of hia 
 talent and learning, win our esteem and 
 respect, even while his virtuous simplic- 
 ity provokes our smiles ; and the little 
 predicaments into which he falls, owing 
 to his absence of mind, are such as excite 
 our mirth without a shadow of derision 
 or malevolence." Thomas Ruscoe. 
 
 As to his [Hugo von Trimberg's] inward 
 man, we can still be sure that he was no 
 mere bookworm, or simple Parson Adanm. 
 
 Oarlyle, 
 
 Va^ For tlie " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanatioua, 
 
ADD 
 
 MG 
 
 Ad'di-Ron of the North (acl'di-sn). 
 A surname sometimes given to Henry 
 Mackenzie (1745-1831), the Scottisti 
 novelist, wiiose style like Addison's, 
 ]s distinguished lor its relinenient and 
 Qelieacy. 
 
 Addle, 07' Addled, Parliament. 
 {J^n(j, Hist.) A name given to the 
 English Parliament which assembled 
 at London, April 5, 1U14, and was 
 dissolved on the 7th of the following 
 June. It was so called because it 
 remonstrated with the King on his 
 levying "benevolences," and passed 
 no acts. 
 
 Ad-me'tus. [Gr.*'Af5//7;rof.] {Gr. if 
 Rom. ^fy(h.) A king of Plierte, in 
 '1 hessaly, liu«baiidofAIcestis, famous 
 for his misfurtuiies and piety. Apollo 
 entered his service as a shepherd, 
 having been condemned by Jupiter 
 to become the servant of a mortal for 
 one year as a punishment for slay- 
 ing the Cyclops. Lowell has made 
 this incident the subject of a short 
 poem entitled, " The Shepherd of 
 King Admetus." See Alcestis. 
 
 Admirable Crichton. See Crich- 
 TON, The Admihable. 
 
 Admirable Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Mlrabilis.] A title bestowed upon 
 Roger Bacon (1214-12^2), an English 
 monk, who, by the power of his 
 genius and the extent of his learning, 
 raised himself above his time, made 
 many astonishing discoveries in sci- 
 ence, and contributed much to the 
 extension of real knowdedge. 
 
 j^.d'o-na'is. A poetical name given 
 by Shelley to the poet Keats (1796- 
 1821), on -whose untimely death he 
 wrote a monody bearing this name 
 for its title. The name was coined 
 by Shelley probably to hint an anal- 
 ogy between Keats's fate and that 
 of Adonis. 
 
 A-do'nis. [Gr. 'Adojvic;.] {Gr. if 
 Bom. Aft/th.) A beautiful youth, 
 beloved by Venus and Proserpine, 
 who quarreled about the possession 
 of him. The dispute was settled by 
 Jupiter, who decided that he should 
 spend eight months in the upper 
 world with Venus, and four in the 
 lower with Proserpine. Adonis died 
 
 of a wound received from a wild boar 
 during the cnase, and was turned 
 into an anemone l>y Venus, who 
 yearly bewailed him on the anni- 
 versary of his death. The myths 
 connected with Adonis are of (Orient- 
 al origin, and his worship was widely 
 spread among the countries border- 
 ing on the eastern portion of the 
 Mediterranean. The story of Venus's 
 love for him was made the subject 
 of a long descriptive poem by Shake- 
 speare, and is often alluded to by 
 other poets. 
 
 Buds of hyacinths and roses 
 
 Where young Adonis oft reposes, 
 
 Waxing well of his deep wound 
 
 In slumber soft. Milton. 
 
 A-dras'tus. [Gr. "ArJpaarof.] (Gr. 
 if Rom. Myth.) A king of Argos, 
 and the institutor of the Nemean 
 games. He was one of the heroes 
 Avho engaged in the war of the 
 " Seven against Thebes." 
 
 A'dri-a'na (or ad'ri-an'a). Wife of 
 Antipholus of Ephesus, in Shake- 
 speare's "Comedy of Errors." 
 
 Adversity Hume. A nickname given 
 to Joseph Hume (1777-1855), in the 
 time of " Prosperity Robinson," and 
 in contradistinctiori to him, owing to 
 his constant presages of ruin and dis- 
 aster to befall the people of Great 
 Britain. See Pkospekity RoiiiN-soN. 
 
 -^'a-cus. [Gr.'Am/cdf.] {Gr.ifRom. 
 Myth. ) A son of Jupiter and ^gina, 
 renowned for his justice and piety. 
 After his death he was made one of 
 the three judges in Hades. 
 
 ^-g8e'6n. [Gr. 'Af/a/wv.] {Gr. if 
 Rom. Myth.) A huge monster with 
 a hundred arms and lifty heads, who. 
 wdth his brothers Cottus and Gyges, 
 conquered the Titans by hurling at 
 them three hundred rocks at once. 
 By some he is reckoned as a marine 
 god living under the yEgean Sea; 
 A'^irgil numbers him among the gods 
 who stormed Olympus; and Callima- 
 chiis, regarding him in the same 
 light, places him under Mount ^Etna. 
 
 .ffi-ge'on. A merchant of Syracuse, in 
 >hakespeare's " Comedy of Errors." 
 
 JEgeria. See Egehia. 
 
 -SJ^geiis. [Gr. klyevg.] ( Gr. if Rom. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the number* after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
JEGr 
 
 ML 
 
 Myth.) A king of Athens from whom 
 the vEgean Sea received its name. 
 His son Theseus went to Crete to 
 deliver Athens fronv the tribute it 
 had to pay to Minos, promising that, 
 on his return, he would hoist white 
 sails as a signal of his safety. This 
 he forgot to do, and ^£geus, who was 
 watching for him on a rock on the 
 sea-coast, on perceiving a black sail, 
 thought that his son had perished, 
 and tiirew himself into the sea. 
 
 ^-gi'na. (Or. c/ Rom. Myth.) A 
 daughter of the river-god Asopus, 
 and a favorite of Jupiter. 
 
 ^'gis. [Gr. Alyig.] (Or. <f Roni. 
 Myth.) 1. The shield of Jove, 
 fashioned by Vulcan, and described 
 as striking terror and amazement 
 into the beholders. 
 
 2. A sort of short cloak, worn by 
 Miner\-a, which was covered with 
 scales, set with the Gorgon's head, 
 and fringed with snakes. 
 
 .ffi-gis'thus. [Gr. AlyLodor.'] {Gr. 
 ^- Rom. Myth.) A son of Thyestes, 
 and the paraniour of Clytemnestra, 
 whose husband, Agamemnon, he 
 ♦reacherously murdered at a repast. 
 He was subsequently killed by Ores- 
 tes, a son of Agamemnon, who thus 
 avenged his father's death. See 
 Thyestes. 
 
 ^gle (eg'le). [Gr. AfyZ?;.] {Gr. if 
 Rom. Myth.) 1. One of the Hes- 
 perides. 
 
 2. The most beautiful of the Na- 
 iads, and the mother of the Graces. 
 
 ^-gyp'tus. [Gr. AfyvTTTOf.] {Gr. 4 
 Rom. Myth.) A son of Belus, and 
 twin brother of Danaus. He had by 
 several wives fifty sons, who were 
 married to their lifty cousins, the 
 daughters of Danaus, and all but one 
 of whom were murdered by their 
 wives on the bridal night. 
 
 ^1i-a Lseli-a Cris'pis. The un- 
 known subject of a very celebrated 
 enigmatical inscription, preserved in 
 Bologna, which has puzzled the heads 
 of many learned men who have at- 
 tempted to explain it. It is as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 iBIia Laelia Crispis, 
 Nee vir, nee mulier, nee androgyna; 
 Nee puella, nee juvenis, nee anus; 
 
 Nee moretrix, nee pudica; 
 Sed uninia: 
 Sublata neque fame, nee ferro, neque venenoi 
 
 Sed omnibus: 
 Ncc cselo, nee uquis, nee terris; 
 Sed ubiquejaeet. 
 
 Lucius Agutho Priseun, 
 Nee niaritus, nee amatur, nee necessarius; 
 Neque mcerens, neque gaudens, neque ilenB; 
 
 Sed omnia: 
 Hanc neque niolem. neque pyraniidem, ne- 
 que sepulehruui, 
 
 Seit et neseit quid posuerit. 
 Uoc est, bepulchrum intus cadaver non 
 
 habens; 
 Hoe est, cadaver, sepulchrum, extra non, 
 liabens; 
 
 Sed cadaver idem est, et sepulchrum 
 sibi. 
 jElia Laelia Crispis, neither man, nor wom- 
 an, nor hermapliiodite: neither girl, nor boy, 
 nor old woman; neither harlot nor virgin; 
 but all of these: destroyed neither by hunger, 
 nor sword, nor poison; but b}' all of them: 
 lies neither in heaven, nor in' the water, nor 
 in the ground, but everywhere. Lucius Aga- 
 tho Priscus, neither her husband, nor her 
 lover, nor her kinsman; neither sad, glad, nor 
 weeping, but all at once; knows and knows 
 not wliat he has built, which is neither a 
 funeral-pile, nor a pyramid, nor a tomb; that 
 is, a tomb without a corpse, a corp^e without 
 a tomb; for corpse and tomb are one and the 
 same. 
 
 iKg= Various explanations of the mean- 
 ing of this curious epitaph hiive, from 
 time to time, been put forward ; bi;t 
 there is much renson for doubting 
 whether it h;is any. Some have thought 
 the true interpretation to be rain-water ; 
 some, the so-called '" materia prima : " 
 some, the reasoning faculty ; s^ome. the 
 philo.«opher"s stone; some, love ; some, a 
 dissected person ; some, a shadow ; si me, 
 hemp ; some, an embryo. Professor 
 Schwartz, of Coburg, explained it of the 
 Christian Church, referring, in support 
 of his opinion, to Galatiaus iii. 28. — 
 '' There is neither Jew nor Greek, there 
 is neither bond nor free, there is neither 
 male nor female; for ye are all one in 
 Christ Jesus." Spondanus. in hi.<i '" Voy- 
 age d'ltalie." affirms that the inscription 
 is onlj' a copy, and that it is not known 
 what has become of the original. lie 
 denies its antiquity, regarding it as the 
 ludicrous fancy of a modern author, 
 who. he insists, was ignorant of the prin- 
 ciples of Latin family nomenclature. 
 But Franckenstein says that this asser- 
 tion has been confuted by Misson, in the 
 appendix to his " Travels.'" 
 
 I might add what attracted considerable 
 notice at the time, — and that is my paper in 
 the "Gentleman's Magazine" upon the in- 
 scription ^£lia Jxelia, which I subscribed 
 CEdipus. Sir »!'. Scott. 
 
 Bacon's system is, in its own terms, an idol 
 of the theater. It would scarcelv guide a 
 man to a solution of the riddle A^lia Lalia 
 C'rLipis, or to that of the charade of Sir Hilary 
 [by Praed]. J. W. Draper. 
 
 KT" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation!, 
 
JEM 
 
 AGR 
 
 ^-mil'i-a. Wife of JEgeon, and an 
 abbess at Epht'sus, in Shakespeare's 
 "Comedy of Errors." 
 
 ^-ne'as. [Gr. 'Aiveia^.] {Or. <f 
 Rom. yfyth.) A Trojan prince, the 
 hero of Virgil's "yEneid." He was 
 the son of Anchises and Venus, and 
 was distinguished for his pious care 
 of his father. Having survived the 
 fall of Troy, he sailed to Italy, and 
 settled in Latium, where he married 
 Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, 
 whom he succeeded in his kingdom. 
 See CHEU8A. 
 
 .ffi'o-lus. [Gr. Molog.'] ( Gr. (f Rom. 
 Myth.) The ruler and god of the 
 winds, who resided in the islands in 
 the Tyrrhenian sea, which were called 
 from him the /Eolian Islands. 
 
 ^s'a-cus. [Gr. Aiaa/toj-.] {Or. (f- 
 Rom. Myth.) A son of Priam, Avho 
 was enamored of the nymph Iles- 
 peria, and, on her death, threw him- 
 self into the sea, and was changed by 
 Thetis into a cormorant. 
 
 ^s'cu-la'pi-us. [Gr. 'AoKlrjinog. \ 
 {O'r. if Rom. Myth.) The son of 
 Apollo, and the god of the medical 
 art. He was killed Avith a Hash of 
 lightning by Jupiter, because he had 
 restored several persons to life. 
 
 ^'son. [Gr. Mauv.] {Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) The father of Jason. He was 
 restored to youth by Medea. 
 
 Afric. A poetical contraction of Af- 
 rica. 
 
 Where Afric's snnny f(juntains 
 Roil down their golden sand. 
 
 Heber. 
 
 Ag'a-mem'non. [Gr. 'Ayafxifivuv.] 
 {dr. if Rim'i. Myth.) King of My- 
 «;ena3, brother of Menelaus, and com- 
 mander-in-chief of the Grecian 
 forces in the Trojan war. See 
 
 ^GISTHUS. 
 
 Ag'a-nip'pe. [Gr. 'kynvLTr-Kr].'] { Gr. 
 (f Rom. Myth.) A fountain at the 
 foot of Mount Helicon, in Boeotia, 
 consecrated to Apollo and the Muses, 
 and believed to have the power of 
 inspiring those who drank of it. 
 The Pluses are sometimes called 
 Af/anippi(Ies. 
 
 Agapida, Fray Antonio (fri Sn- 
 to'ne-o a-ga-pe'tha). The imaginary 
 
 chronicler of the " Conquest of Gra- 
 nada," written by Washington In'ing. 
 
 A-ga've. [Gr. 'Ayav?/.] { Gr. (f Rom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of Cadmus, and 
 the mother of Tentheus, whom, in a 
 fit of frenzy, she tore to pieces on 
 i\Iount Cithieron, believing him to be 
 a wild beast. 
 
 A'gib. The third Calendar in the 
 story of " The Three Calendars," in 
 the " Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments." 
 
 Agitator, The Irish. See Irish Ag- 
 
 ITATOU. 
 
 Ag-la'i-a (20). [Gr. 'AyTiatr].] {Gr. 
 if Rom. Myth.) One of the three 
 Graces. 
 
 Ag'nes {Fr. pron. an'yes'). 1, A 
 young girl in Moliere's " L'EcoIe des 
 Fennnes," who is, or affects to be, 
 remarkably simple and ingenuous. 
 The name has passed into popular 
 use, and is applied to any young 
 woman unsophisticated in affairs of 
 the heart. 
 
 4®= Agnes is the origin.al from which 
 AVyclierley took liis Mrs. Pinchwife, in 
 the •' Country Wife." subsequently al- 
 tered by Garrick into the " Country 
 Girl." 
 
 2. A character in Dickens's novel 
 of " David Coppertield." See Whk- 
 FiELi), Agnes. 
 
 Ag'ni. [Sansk.. fire.] {Hindu Myth.) 
 The god of lightning and the sun's 
 fire. 
 
 Agramante (a-gra-man'ta), or Ag'ra- 
 mant. King of the Moors, in Bo- 
 jardo's poem of " Orlando Inna- 
 inurato," and in Ariosto's " Orlando 
 Furioso." 
 
 Ag'ra-viine, Sir. A knight of the 
 Round Table, celebrated in the old 
 romances of chivalry. He was sur- 
 named " Z' (>r^Mez7/ewa;," or "The 
 Proud." 
 
 A-Green, George. See George 
 a-Green. 
 
 Agricane (5-gre-ka''n5), or Ag'ri-can. 
 A fabulous king of Tartary, in Bo- 
 jardo's "Orlando Innamorato," who 
 besieges Angelica in the castle of 
 Albracca, and is killed by Orlando 
 in single contest. In his dying mo- 
 ments, he requests baptism at the 
 
 And for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv -xxxii. 
 
AGU 
 
 8 
 
 ALA 
 
 hand of his conqueror, who, with 
 great tenderness, bestows it. He is 
 represented as bringing; into the field 
 no fewer than two million two hun- 
 dred thousand troops. 
 
 Such forces met not, nor so wide a camp, 
 "When Arjrican, with nil liis northern powers, 
 Besieged Albracca, as romancers tell. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Ague-cheek, Sir Andrew. A de- 
 lightful simpleton in Shakespeare's 
 " Twelfth Night." See Slender. 
 
 JBC^ "To this straight-haired country 
 equire, Ufe consist^ only in eating and 
 drinking ; e iting hff f, he himself feai's, 
 has done harm to his wit; in fact, he is 
 etupid even to silliness, totally deprived 
 of all fashion, and thus of all self-love or 
 tself-conceit." Gervinus, Trans. 
 
 I suppose I must say of JefFrey ,is Sir An- 
 drew Afjtie-cheek s;iith:"" An I liad known he 
 was so cunning of fence, I had been him 
 damned ere I had fought him." Byron. 
 
 ^-has''u-e'rus (a-hazh'oo-e'rus, 10). 
 See -Iew, The Wandering. 
 
 Ahmed, Prince. See Prince Ah- 
 med. 
 
 Ah'ri-man, or Ah'ri-ma'nes. [Per., 
 from .Sansk. 0/7", foe.] (Mijtit.) A 
 deity of the ancient Persians, being 
 a personilication of the principle of 
 evil. To his agency Avere ascribed 
 all the evils existing in the world. 
 Ormuzd, or Oromasdes, the principle 
 of good, is eternal, but Ahriman is 
 created, and will one day perish. 
 See Ormuzd. 
 
 I recognize the evil spirit, Sir, and do 
 honor to Ahrimanes in taking off my hat to 
 this young man. Th'arkerwi. 
 
 Ai'denn. An Anglicized and dis- 
 guised spelling of the Arabic form of 
 the word hAhn ; used as a synonym 
 for the celestial paradise. 
 
 Tell this soul, with sorrow laden, if, within 
 
 the distant Ai'lenn. 
 It shall clnsp a sainted maiden, whom the 
 
 angels name Lenore. Poe. 
 
 Aimwell. A gentleman of broken 
 fortunes, master to Archer, in Far- 
 quhar's comedy, " The Beaux' Strat- 
 agem." 
 
 A'jax. [Gr. Amr.] (Gr. <f R(mi. 
 .\fyth.) 1. A son of Telamon, king 
 of Salamis. Next to Achilles, he was 
 the most distinguished, the bravest, 
 and tiie most beautiful, of all the 
 <ireeks before Troy. Accounts differ 
 as to the cause and manner of his 
 
 death. A tradition mentioned by 
 Pausanias states, that from his blood 
 there sprang up a purple flower, 
 which bore tlie letters ai on its leaves, 
 which were at once the initials of 
 his name and a sigh. 
 
 Gad ! slie shoots her glances as sharply from 
 behind the old pile yonder, as Teucer from 
 behind ^Oa^ Telamo'n's shield, ^ir H'. Scott. 
 
 2. A son of Oileus, king of the 
 Locrians. He was one of the great 
 heroes among the Greeks in the Tro- 
 jan war, but inferior to the son of 
 Telamon, whence he is called the 
 Itsstr Ajax. 
 
 His shafts, like those of the lesser Ajax, 
 were discharged more readily that the archer 
 was inaccessible to criticism, personally 
 speaking, as the Grecian archer under his 
 brother's sevenfold shield. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 A-lad'din. A character in the " Ara- 
 bian Nights' Entertainments," who 
 becomes possessed of a wonderful 
 lamp, and an equally wonderful ring, 
 on rubbing which two frightful genii 
 appear, who are respectively the slave 
 of the lamp and the slave of the ring, 
 and who execute the bidding of any 
 one who may have these talismans 
 in his keeping. 
 
 /^fg^ By menns of the lamp and ring, 
 Aladdin is enabled to marrv a diughter 
 of the sultan of Chinn, and builds in a 
 single night a magnifirent pal'ice con- 
 taining a larse hall with fonr-jind-twentv 
 windows in it decoratel with ji-wels of 
 everv description and of nntoH v ilne. one 
 window onlv being excepted, which is 
 left quite pliin that the suUan may 
 have the glor\ of finishing the p rtment. 
 But all the treisnres of hisenipir*' and all 
 the skill of liis jewelers and goldsmiths a re 
 not sufficient to nrname'it even one side 
 of the window : wherenpon Aladdin, after 
 having the materials which have bfcn 
 used removed and returned to the snltan, 
 direc'^s t'le genie to complete the \vindow, 
 which is immediately done. At length, 
 a malignant magician frandulenclv ob- 
 tains the mincnlous lamp, during the 
 t«'mporary absence of the owner, and in- 
 stantaneonslv transports the palace to 
 Africa. But the rinc still remains to 
 Aladdin, and enables him to pur-ue and 
 circumvent the thief, and to recover the 
 lamp and restore the palace to it« former 
 situation. 
 
 The epliemeral kingdom of West^ihalin. the 
 appin tire of Jerome Bonaparte, composed out 
 of the spoils of these p?-incipnlities. vanished 
 into nir. like the palace of Alnd'Un. in the 
 Arabian tale. Sir )F'. Scott 
 
 j^~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
ALA 
 
 ALB 
 
 It was absolutely imposf5ible that a family, 
 hnlrtini? a document which gave them un- 
 limitoft access to the patronajie of the most 
 powerful nobleman in Seotlnnrt, should liave 
 sufiered it to remain Tuieniployed, like Alad- 
 rfin's rusty lamp, while they strufrgled through 
 three generations in poverty and disuppoint- 
 nient. Senior. 
 
 Ah ! who shall lift that wand of magic power, 
 
 And the lost clew regain/ 
 The unfinished window in Aladdin's tower 
 
 Untinishcd ujust remain. Loruj/'ellow. 
 
 Alaric Cottin (a'la'rek' kot'ta" '). A 
 nickname given b}' Voltaire to Fred- 
 erick the Great, king of Prus.sia, who 
 was ditftinguisiied lor his military 
 geniu.*, and was also known as a dab- 
 bler in literature, and a writer of bad 
 French verses. The lirst name refers 
 to the famous Visigothic king and 
 warrior, while the second probably 
 refers to the Abb^ Cotin, a mediocre 
 poet of the seventeenth century, who 
 was severely satirized by Boileau, 
 Moliere, and other writers of his time. 
 See TnistsoTiN. 
 $.-las'nS,m. The hero of a story in 
 * the "Arabian >;ights' Entertain- 
 ments " entitled " The History of 
 Prince Zeyn Alaj^nam and the Sultan 
 of the Genii," which relates how he 
 came into the possession of immense 
 wealth, including eight statues of 
 solid gold; how he was led to seek 
 for a ninth statue more precious .still, 
 to place on an empty pedestal ; and 
 how he found it at last in the person 
 of the most beautiful and purest wom- 
 an in the world, who became his wife. 
 
 In this brilliant comedy [Congrcve's 
 "Love for Love "]> there is plenty of bright 
 and sparkling characters, rich as wit and 
 inaagination can make them ; hut there_ is 
 wanting one pure and perfect mridel of sim- 
 ple nature, and that one, wherever it is to be 
 found, is, like Alasnam's lady, .... worth 
 them all. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 jL-las'tor. [Gr. 'Ah'iaTu)p, from a 
 privative, and hid-dv, to forget.] In 
 classical mythology, a surname of 
 Zeus or Jupiter; also, in general, a 
 punitive deity, a hou.'^e-demon, the 
 never-forgetting, revengeful spirit, 
 \\ho, in consequence of some crime 
 perpetrated, persecutes a family from 
 generation to generation. Plutarch 
 relates that Cicero, in his hatred of 
 Augustus, meditated killing himself 
 by the fireside of this prince in order 
 to become his Alastnr. In the Zo- 
 Toastrian system, Alastor is called the 
 
 Executioner or Tormentor. Origen 
 says he is the same as Azazel. 
 Others confound him Avith the Ex- 
 temiinating Angel. By Wierus and 
 other media' val demonographers, 
 Alastor is described as a devil in the 
 infernal court, and the chief execu- 
 tive othcer in great undertakings. 
 Shelley, in his poem entitled "Alas^ 
 tor," makes him the " Spirit of Soli- 
 tude." 
 
 Al-ba'ni-a, ) A name given to Scotland, 
 
 Ai'ba-ny. \ or the Scottish High- 
 lands, in the old romances and his- 
 tories. It is said to have been derived 
 from a certain iabulous Albmmct^ who 
 received this portion of the island of 
 Albion, or Britain, from his father 
 Brutus. See Albyn. 
 
 Al'ba-u^ Regency. A name popu- 
 larly gi\en in the United States to a 
 jurtc of astute Democratic politicians, 
 havingtheirhead-(iiiarters at Albany, 
 who controlled the action of the 
 Dtmocratic party for many years, 
 ani hence had great weight in na- 
 ticnal politics. The effort to elect 
 William H. Crawford president, in- 
 stead of John Quincy Adams, was 
 their first great struggle. 
 
 Al'Vn-Sn. An ancient name of Britain, 
 said to have been given to it on ac- 
 ccunt of the lofty white clift's (Lat. 
 a/6?/5, white) on the southern coast. 
 Others trace the word to the Celtic 
 alb, (lip, high. 
 
 4f^iP" In the fabulous history of Eng- 
 land, it is related that the first inhab- 
 itants were subdued by Albion, a giaut 
 and a son of Neptune, who called the 
 island after his own name, and ruled it 
 forty-four years. Another legend derives 
 the name from a certain Albina, tlie 
 eldest of fifty daughters of '"a strange 
 Dioclesian king of Syria."' who, having 
 murdered their husbands on their mar- 
 riage-night, one only excepted, whom his 
 wife's loyalty saved, were by him, at the 
 5uit of his wife, their sister, not put to 
 death, but turned out to sea in a ship 
 unmanned, and who, as the tale goes, 
 were driven on this island, where they 
 had issue by the inhabitants, — none but 
 devils, as some write, or. as others assert, 
 a lawless crew, without head or governor. 
 Milton characterizes these stories as '" too 
 absurd and too uncf)nscionably gross" 
 for credence ; but he remarks, " Sure 
 
 for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, 6e3 pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
ALB 
 
 10 
 
 ALC 
 
 lale as the twelfth century, call the 
 country of the Scottish Gael Alban. 
 [Written also A 1 b i n and A 1 b i n n.] 
 
 The Celtic people of Erin and Alhyn had, 
 in short, a style of poetry properly called 
 natiiinul, though Maci)her8on was rather an 
 excellent poet than a faithful editor and trans- 
 lator. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The pure Culdees 
 Were Albyn's earliest priests of God, 
 
 Ere yet an island of her seas 
 By foot of Saxon monk was trod. 
 
 Campbell. 
 But woe to his kindred and woe to his cause. 
 When Albin her claymore indignantly (Iraws. 
 
 Cainjjbell. 
 
 Alceste (sl'sesf). The hero of Mo- 
 liere's comedy, "Le Misanthrope." 
 
 1^^ " Alceste i.s an upright and manly 
 character, but rude, and impatient even 
 of tlie ordinary civilities of life, and the 
 harmless hypocrisies of complaisance, by 
 which the ugliness of human nature is 
 in some degree disguised." Sir W. Sr.nii. 
 " Moliere exhibited, in his • Misanthrope,' 
 a pure and noble mind which had been 
 sorely vexed by the sight of perfidy and 
 malevolence disguised under the forms of 
 politeness. He adopts a standard of good 
 and evil directly opposed to that of the so- 
 ciety- which surrounded him. Courtesy 
 seems to him a vice, and those stem vir- 
 tues which are neglected by the fops and 
 coquettes of faris become too exclusively 
 the objects of his veneration. He is often 
 to blame, he is often ridiculous, but he 
 is always a good man." Macaulay. 
 
 Al-ces'tis, or Al-ces'te. [Gr. 'A-Akij- 
 orcg, or A/iAcnr?/.] (Gr. <f Rom. 
 Jfijth.) A daughter of Pelias, and 
 the wife of Admetus. To save her 
 hu.sband's life, she died in his stead, 
 but was brought back to the upper 
 world by Hercules. 
 
 Methou^ht I saw my late espoused saint 
 
 Brought to me like Alce.^ii.i from the grave. 
 
 Whom Jove's great son to her glad husband 
 
 gave. 
 
 Rescued from death by force, though pale 
 
 and faint. Milton. 
 
 Al-ci'des. [Gr. 'A;i/cf<%.] (Gr. if 
 Ram. .ffi/th.) A patronymic or title 
 of Hercules, the grandson of Alcaeus. 
 See Hekcules. 
 
 Alcina (al-che'na). A fair\- in Bo- 
 jardo's "Orlando Innamorato," where 
 she is represented as carrying off As- 
 tolfo. She re-appears in great splen- 
 dor in Ariosto's " Orlando Kurioso." 
 
 The scene, thotigh pleasing, was not quite 
 equal to the gardens of Alcina. Sir IV. Scott 
 
 U^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
 enough we are that Britain hath been 
 anciently termed Albion, both by the 
 Greeks and Jlomans." 
 
 Not vet enslaved, not wholly vile, 
 
 O Afhion, O my mother islel Coleridge. 
 
 Al'bi-on, New. A name formerly 
 given to an extensive tract of land 
 on the north-west coast of North 
 America. It was originally applied 
 by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578, to the 
 whole of what was then called Cali- 
 fornia; but it was afterward contined 
 to that part of the coast which ex- 
 tends Irom 43^ to 48^ X. lat., and is 
 now included within the State of 
 Oregon and Washington Territory. 
 
 AlBorak (al bor'ak). [Ar., the light- 
 ning.] An imaginary animal of won- 
 derful form and qualities, on which 
 Mohammed pretended to have per- 
 formed a nocturnal journey from the 
 temple of Mecca to Jerusalem, and 
 thence to the seventh heaven, under 
 the conduct of the angel Gabriel. 
 This marvelous steed was a female, 
 of a milk-white color, and of in- 
 credible swiftness. At every step, she 
 took a leap as far as the longest sight 
 could reach. She had a human face, 
 but the cheeks of a horse; her eyes 
 were a< jacinths, and radiant as stars. 
 She had eagle's wings, all glittering 
 with rays of light; and lier whole 
 form was resplendent with gems and 
 precious stones. 
 
 Albracca (al-brSk'ka, 102). A castle 
 of Cathay to which Angelica, in Bo- 
 jardo's ''Orlando Innamorato," re- 
 tires in grief at being scorned and 
 .<!hunned by Kinaldo, with whom she 
 is deeply in love. Here she is be- 
 sieged by Agricane, king of Tartary, 
 who resolves to win her, notwith- 
 standing her rejection of his suit. 
 
 Al'byn (aPbin). The ancient Celtic 
 name of Scotland, and, until Cesar's 
 time, the ap]x'llation of the whole 
 island of Great Britain. It is said to 
 be derived from the Celtic alp or alb, 
 meaning /ii(//i, and inn, an island. 
 The Scottish Celts denominate them- 
 selves (rael Alhinn, or Albitnucli, in 
 distinction from the Irish, whom they 
 call Gael Kirinnich ; and the Irish 
 themselves call tlie Scottish Gael 
 Albannaicli, while their writers, so 
 
ALC 
 
 11 
 
 ALL 
 
 Al-cin'o-us. [Gr. 'A?.Kivooc.] {Gr. 
 i/ Rom. Myth.) A kiii^ of Drepane, 
 or, as some say, of I'luvacia, who en- 
 tertained the Argonauts on their re- 
 turn from Colcliis, and Ulysses when 
 he was shipwrecked. 
 
 Al'ci-phr6ii. [Gr. 'AA/tf^pwy, from 
 uAKT}, strength, spirit, and fp^^, 
 heart, breast.] 
 
 1. A freethinking interlocutor in 
 Bishop Berkeley's work of the same 
 name, — otherwise called the "Mi- 
 nute Philosopher," — a work "writ- 
 ten with an nitention to expose the 
 weakness of intidelity." 
 
 2. The hero of Thomas Moore's 
 romance, "The Epicurean," and also 
 the title of a poem by the same au- 
 thor. 
 
 We lonj; to see one good solid rock or tree, 
 on which to fasten our attention ; but there is 
 none. Like Alciphroti we swing in air and 
 darkness, and know not whither the wind 
 blow8 us. Putnam's Mag. 
 
 Alc-me'na. [Gr. 'Aa/c^^vt?.] (r7r.cf 
 Rom. Myth.) The wife of Am]:>hit- 
 n'on, and the mother of Hercules by 
 Jupiter, Avho visited her in the dis- 
 guise of her husband. See Amphit- 
 
 KYON. 
 
 Alcofribas Nasier (aPko'fre'bft' na'- 
 se'^', 44). An anagrammatic pseu- 
 donym of Fran(^ois Rabelais (1483- 
 15.53), the celebrated French ro- 
 mancer. 
 
 Al-cy'o-ne. [Gr. 'AA/cwi;?;.] ((7r. cf 
 Rom. Myth.) A daughter of ^olus, 
 and the wife of Ceyx. On hearing 
 of her husband's death by ship^vreck, 
 she threw herself into the sea, and 
 was changed by the gods into a 
 kingfisher. [Written also Haley- 
 one.] 
 
 Al'da (al'da), or Al-da-bella (3l-da- 
 bel^la, 102). The name given to the 
 wife of Orlando, and sister of Oliver, 
 in the romantic poems of Italy. 
 
 Al/di-bo-ron'te-plios'co-plior'ni-o. 
 1. A character in Henry Carey's play 
 of " Chrononhotonthologos." 
 
 I felt as if my understandinpr were no 
 longer my own, but was iiUernat<'Iy under 
 the dominion of Aldihoronir)}hot!rophoTnio, 
 and that of his facetious friend Rigdiim Fun- 
 nidos. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 2. A nickname given by Sir Wai- 
 ter Scott to his school-mate, printer, 
 
 partner, and confidential friend, 
 James 13allantyne, on account of liis 
 solemn and rather pompous manner- 
 See Kl(iL)UM FUNNlI>OS. 
 
 Al'din-gar, Sir. A character in an 
 ancient legend, and the title of a 
 celebrated ballad, preserved in Per- 
 cy's " Reliques," which relates how 
 the honor of Queen Eleanor, wife of 
 Henry H. of England, impeached by 
 Sir Aldingar, her steward, was sul)- 
 mitted to the chance of a duel, and 
 how an angel, in the Ibrm of a little 
 child, appeared as her champion, and 
 estabUshed her innocence. 
 
 A-lec'to. [Gr. 'AXtjutu.] {Gr. (f 
 Rum. Myth.) One of the three Furies. 
 
 Alexander of the North. A sur- 
 name conferred upon Charles xn. of 
 Sweden ( l(i82-i( i8), who.se military 
 genius and success bore some re- 
 semblance to those of the Macedonian 
 conqueror. 
 
 A-lex'is. A youth of great beauty, of 
 whom the shepherd Corydon, in Vir- 
 gil's .second Eclogue, was enamored. 
 
 Alfadur (aPfS/difof). [That is, All- 
 Father.] {Satufl. Myth.) A name 
 given to the Supreme Being, the un- 
 created, eternal, and omnipresent 
 Deity, who.'^e nature and attributes 
 were unknown. The name was also 
 used as a title of Odin. See Odin. 
 
 Anen-a-Dale. The hero of an old 
 ballad which relates how his mar- 
 riage to his true love — who was on 
 the point of being forcibly wedded 
 to an old knight — was brought about 
 by Robin Hood. Allen-a-Dale is de- 
 scribed as "a brave young man," 
 gayly dressed, who 
 
 " did frisk it over the plain, 
 And chanted a roundelay." 
 
 Where is Alhn-a-DnJe, to chronicle me in ft 
 ballad, or if it were but a lay? Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Alliance, Grand. See Grand Alt- 
 liance; and for Hoi.Y Allt.vnce, 
 Quadruple Alliance, Triple 
 Alliance, see the respective adjec- 
 tives Holy, Quadruple, &c. 
 
 All-the-Talents Administration. 
 An administration formed by Lord 
 Grenville on the death of Mr. Pitt 
 (June 23, 1806). The friends of this 
 ministry gave it the appellation of 
 
 and for the Remarka and Rules to ipriiich the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
ALL 
 
 12 
 
 ALS 
 
 in Dryden's tragedy of " The Con-, 
 quest of Granada." 
 
 After all, I fa\ with Almanzor, — 
 
 " Know that \ alone am king f)f me." 
 
 .Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Almighty Dollar. A personification 
 of tlie supposed object of American 
 idolatry, intended as a satire upon 
 the prevailing passion for gain. The 
 expression originated with Washing- 
 ton Irving. 
 
 The Almighty Dollar, that i^eat object of 
 universal devotion throufjhout our land, 
 Bcems to have no genuine devotees in thc8» 
 peculiar villages. 
 
 W. Irving, The Creole Village. 
 
 Alp. The hero of Byron's " Siege of 
 Corinth." 
 
 Alph. A river mentioned bv Coleridge 
 in his poem entitled '' Kubla Khan," 
 composed during a dream, imme- 
 diately after a perusal of Purchas's 
 " Pilgrimage," and Avritten down 
 from memory. This name is not 
 found in Purchas, but was invented 
 by Coleridge, and was probably sug- 
 gested by the Alpheus of classical 
 mythology'. 
 
 "In Xanadu did Knhla Khan 
 
 A stiitely pleasure-dome decree, 
 Where Aljih, the sacred river, ran 
 Through cavern.^ measureless to man, 
 Down to a sunless sea." 
 
 Alquife (al-ke'fa). A personage who 
 figures in almost all the books of the 
 lineage of Amadis as a potent wizard. 
 
 Then . . . thou hadst not. as now. . . . con- 
 verted, in thy vain imagination, honest Grif- 
 fiths, citizen "and broker. . . . into snnie . . . 
 sage Alquit'e, the mystical and magical pro- 
 tector of thy peerless destiny. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Al Rakim (ar ra-keem')- [Ar.. from 
 rnkmn, to write, mhinuli, something 
 written or sent.] A tabulous dog 
 connectf'd Avith the legend of the 
 Seven Sleepers. The ]\Iohamnu'dans 
 have given him a place in Paradise, 
 where he has the care of all letters 
 and correspondence. See Seven 
 Sleepers. 
 
 Al-sa'ti-5 (al-sa'shi-5). A popular 
 name formerly given to Whitefriars, 
 a precinct in I-ondon. without the 
 Temple, and Avest of Rlackfriars. It 
 Avas for a long time an asylum or 
 sanctuarA' for insol\-ent debtors and 
 persons Avho had oftendf<1 against 
 the laAvs. The scene of Shadwell's 
 
 ear r » the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation* 
 
 "All-the-Talents," which, b3ing ech- 
 oed in derision by the Opposition, be- 
 came fi.xed upon it ever after. The 
 death of Mr. Fox, one of the mem- 
 bers, Sept. 13, 1800, led to various 
 changes, and tliis ministry Avas finally 
 dis.solved in March, 1807. 
 
 jg^ The members composing it were 
 as follows : — 
 
 Lord (irenville, First Lord of the Treas- 
 ury. 
 
 Earl Fitzwilliam, Lord President. 
 
 Viscount Sidmouth (Henry Adding- 
 ton), rrivy Seal. 
 
 Kt. Hou. Charles James Fox, Foreign 
 Seal. 
 
 Earl Spencer, Home Secretary. 
 
 ■\Villiam \Vindham, Colonial Secretary. 
 
 Lord Erskine. I^ord Chancellor. 
 
 Sir Charles Grey (afterwards Viscount 
 Howick, and Earl Grey). Admiralty. 
 
 Lord Minto, Board of Control. 
 
 Lord Auckland, hoard of Trade. 
 
 Lord Moira, Master - General of the 
 Ordnance. 
 
 Mr. Sheridan, Treasurer of the Navy. 
 
 lit. Hon. Richard Fitzpatrick. 
 
 Lord EUenhorough (Lord Chief Justice) 
 had a seat in the Cabinet. 
 
 Allwortliy, Mr. A character in 
 Fielding's novel of "Tom .Jones," 
 distinguished for his Avorth and 
 benevolence. This character Avas 
 draAvn for Fielding's private friend, 
 Ralph Allen, of Avhom Pope said, — 
 
 " Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame. 
 Do good by stealth, and blush to find it 
 
 fame. 
 The sturdy rectitude, the large charitA'. the 
 good nature, the modesty, the independent 
 epirit, the ardent philanthropy, the unaffected 
 indifference to money ;ind to fame, make up 
 a character, which, while it has nothing un- 
 natural, seems to us to approach nearer to 
 perfection than anv of the Grandisons and 
 Alhrorthi/s of fictioii. Macaulap. 
 
 Al-main'. [Loav Lat. Ahmnnnia, Fr. 
 Alh-iii'irjne, Sp. Ahunnl < ; from Ale- 
 mrtnm\ the collecti\'e name of seA^eral 
 ancient German tribes in the A^cinity 
 of the Lower and Middle Main; 
 from Celt, alhnnn, a stranger, for- 
 eigner, from (dJ^ another, mnn, place.] 
 An old English name lor Germany. 
 
 I have seen Almain's proud champions 
 
 prance: 
 Have seen the gallant knight.sof France; . . . 
 Have seen the sons of England true 
 Wield the brown V)ill and bend the yew. 
 Search France the fair, and England free. 
 But bonny Blue-cap still for me! Old Song. 
 
 AJ-man'zor. A prominent character 
 
ALS 
 
 13 
 
 AMA 
 
 comed}' of the "Squire of Alsatia" 
 is laid in this place; and Scott has 
 rendered it fannliar to all readers by 
 his " Fortunes of Migel." 
 
 jK^ " It is not unlikt'ly that the 
 Laudgra^iate of Alsace [Ger. Elf as.'!, Lat. 
 Alsatiit] — MOW t'le frontier province of 
 France, on the left bank of the Rhiue, 
 long a cause of contention, often the seat 
 of war, and f luiiliarly known to many 
 British soldiers — suggested the applica- 
 tion of the niuie Ahatia to ^.he precinct 
 of W'hitefriars. This privileged spot stood 
 in the same relation to th<? Temple as 
 Alsace did to France and the cfntral 
 powers of Kurope. In the Temple, ."tu- 
 dents were studying to observe the law ; 
 and in Alsatia, adjoining, debtors to avoid 
 and violate it. Tlie Alsatians were troub- 
 lesome neigh boifs to the Templars, ancf 
 the Templars as troublesome neignbors 
 to the Alsatians." Cunnintiliani. 
 
 The furious German comes, with his clarions 
 and hi.s driiiii.s, 
 
 His bravoes of Alsatia, and pages of White- 
 hall. Macaalaij. 
 
 Al Sirat (as se-rStO- [Ar., the path.] 
 A bridge extending from this world 
 to the next, over the abyss of hell, 
 which must be passed by every one 
 who would enter the Mohamme'dan 
 paradise. It is very narrow, the 
 breadth being less than the tliread 
 of a famished spider, according to 
 some writers; others compare it to 
 the edge of a sword, or of a razor. 
 The deceased cross Avith a rapidity 
 proportioned to their virtue. Some, 
 it is said, pass with the swiftness of 
 lightning, others with the speed of a 
 horse at full gallop, others like a 
 horse at a slow pace, others still 
 slower, on account of the weight of 
 their sins, and many fall down from it, 
 and are precipitated into hell. 
 
 Am'a-dis de Gaul. [Sp. Amadis de 
 Gniila.] The hero of an ancient 
 and celebrated romance of chivalry, 
 originally the work of a Portuguese, 
 Vasco de Lobeira, who died, as Tick- 
 nor conjectures, in 1403. It was 
 translated into Spanish bv Montalvo, 
 between 1492 and 1504.'^ The Por- 
 , guese original is no longer extant, 
 /i French version was made by Her- 
 beray, and was j)rinted, in 1555, under 
 the mistranslated title of " Amadis 
 des Gaules," meaning France. In 
 the original romance, Gaulais Wales; 
 
 and the subject, characters, and lo» 
 calities are British. The other Am- 
 adises that ligiire in romance are 
 represented as descendauts, more or 
 less remote, of Amadis de Gaul. He 
 himself was a love-child of a labulous 
 King I'eriun of Wales, and of LlLsena, 
 a British princess. 
 
 .^-mai'mdn, or A-may'inon. An 
 imaginary king of the East, one of 
 the principal devils who might be 
 bound or restrained from doing hurt 
 from the third hour till noon, and 
 from the nintli hour till evening. 
 He is alluded to in Shakespeare'? 
 "1 Henry IV." (a. ii., sc. 4), and 
 " Merry Wives of Windsor" (a. ii., 
 sc. 2). According to Holme, he wasi 
 " the chief whose dominion is on the 
 north part of the infernal gulf; " but 
 Mr. Christmas says he rided over the 
 easternmost of the four provinces 
 into which the Avorld of devils was 
 thought to b^. divided. Asmodeus 
 was his lieutenujit. 
 
 Am^ai-thee'a. [Gr.'Af.a?.^ELn.] (Gr. 
 ij' Jiijjji. Mijdi.) The name of a goat 
 with wliose milk the infant Jupiter 
 was fed, and one of vhose horns he 
 is said to have broken oflf, and given 
 to the daughters of INr-^lisseus, a 
 Cretan king. This he endo'»^ed with 
 such powers, that, whenever the pos- 
 sessor wished, it would instantane- 
 ously become filled with whatcer 
 might be desired : hence it was called 
 the cornucopin^ or horn of plenty. 
 According to other accounts, Amal- 
 thoea was the name of a nymph by 
 whom Jupiter was nursed in his in- 
 fancy. 
 
 The Britannic Fountain . . . flowed like an 
 Amnlthcea^s horn for seven years to come, re- 
 freshing Austria and all thirsty Prii),'matic 
 Nations, to defend tlie Key-stone of this I'^ni- 
 verse. C'arhjle. 
 
 Ain'a-ryllis. The name of a country- 
 girl in the Idyls of Theocritus and in 
 the Eclogues of Virgil, adopted into 
 modern pastoral poetry as the name 
 of a mistress or sweetheart. 
 
 To sport with AinaryUis in the shade. 
 
 3Ulton. 
 
 Am'a-zo'ni-a. A name given by 
 Francisco Orellana, in 158), to the 
 country on either side of the river 
 Mararon, from the companies of 
 
 and for tLe Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii 
 
AME 
 
 14 
 
 AMY 
 
 women in anns ■whom he observed 
 on its banks. He also ^ave the name 
 Amazon to the river, and it has since 
 been generally known under this 
 designation. 
 i.-ine'li-a (or a-meel'va). 1. The 
 title of one of lielding's novels, and 
 the name of its heroine, "vvho is dis- 
 tinguished for her conjugal tender- 
 ness and affection. The character 
 of Amelia is said to have been drawn 
 for I'ielding's wife, even down to an 
 accident which distigured her beauty. 
 
 ]^S" '■ To have invented that character 
 is not only a triumph of art, but it is a 
 good actiou." Thackeray. 
 
 2. A young woman killed in her 
 lover's arms by a stroke of lightning, 
 ■who forms the subject of a well- 
 known episode in the poem of " Sum- 
 mer," in Th(nuson's " Seasons." 
 
 American Fa'bi-us. An appellation 
 often given to General Washington 
 (1732-1799), whose militar}' policy 
 resembled that of the Roman general 
 QuintusFabius Maximus Ven-ucosus, 
 who conducted operations against 
 Hannibal by declining to risk a bat- 
 tle in the open tield, harassing him by 
 marches, counter-marches, and am- 
 buscades, 
 ^-mine'. A character in the "Ara- 
 bian Nights' Entertainments " who 
 leads her three sisters by her side 
 as a leash of hounds. 
 
 Aminte (a'mant', G2). The assumed 
 name of a female character in Mo- 
 liere's celebrated c«/niedy, " Les 
 Pr^cieuses Ridicules." Her real 
 name is Oithas^ which she has dis- 
 carded for a more .sentimental one, 
 in accordance with the prevailing 
 fashion. She dismisses her admirer 
 for proposing to marrv her, scolds 
 her uncle (see (iOHoihus) for not 
 possessing the air of a gentleman, 
 Rnd is taken in by a valet whom she 
 believes to be a nobleman, and who 
 easily imitates the foppery- and sen- 
 timentalism Avhich she so much ad- 
 mires. 
 
 ii-tnlet, Richard. The name of a 
 gamester in Vanbrugh's '* Confed- 
 eracy." 
 
 Richard Ainlet, Esq., in the play, is a nota- 
 
 ble instancp of the disadvantnges to which 
 this cliiiiierical notion of nffinitv constituting 
 (■liiiiM to acquauituncc may subji'ct the spirit 
 of a >,'entlLMnan. Charii< Lamb. 
 
 Am^m6n. [(ir. 'A^/zwi'.] (Or. c/ 
 lioia.' Myth.) The name of an 
 Ethiopian' or Libyan divinity, iden- 
 tified by the Greeks and Romans 
 witii Jupiter. He Avas represented in 
 the form of a ram, or as a humaii 
 being with the head of a ram, or 
 sometimes with only the horns. 
 [Written also H amnion.] 
 
 Am'o-ret. The name of a lady mar- 
 ried to Sir Scudamore, in Spenser's 
 " Taery Queen." She expresses the 
 affectionate devotedness of a loving 
 and tender wife. 
 
 Am-phi'Sn. [Gr. 'A/z^iwi'.] [Or. 
 tj- Rom'. Mi/fh.) A son of Jupiter 
 and Antiope, who built a wall round 
 the city of Thebes by the music of 
 his lyre. It is said,' that, when he 
 played, the stones moved of their 
 own accord, and fitted themselves to- 
 gether so as to form the wall. 
 
 It was like a sudden pause in one of Am- 
 p/iion'if countrv-dances, when the huts which 
 were to form the future Thebes were jigi-'ing 
 it to his lute. Sir U . Scott. 
 
 Am'phi-tri'te. [Gr. 'Afidtrpin].} 
 (Gr. c/ Rom. Mylh.) The wife of 
 Neptune, goddess of the sea, and 
 mother of Triton. 
 
 Am-phit'ry-Sn. [Gr. 'AfKpiTpvuv.'] 
 (Gr. ij- Rom. Myth.) A son of Al- 
 caMis and Hippomene. He was king 
 of Thebes, and husband of Alcmena, 
 who bore at the same time Iphicles, 
 his son, and Hercules, the son of Ju- 
 piter. See Alcmexa. [Written also 
 Amphi try o.] 
 
 Am'ri. See Father of Eqlity. 
 
 Amrita (5m-re'ta). (Ilimhi Jfyth.) 
 A beverage of inmiortality, churned 
 from the sea by the gods, who were 
 mortal until they discovered this po- 
 tent elixir. 
 
 A'my s and A-myl'i-Sn. Two faith- 
 ful and sorely tried friends, — the 
 Pylades and Orestes of the feudal 
 ages, — whose adventures are the 
 subject of a very ancient romance 
 bearing these names for its title. An 
 abstract of the story is given in El- 
 lis's " Specimens of Early English 
 Metrical Romances." 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Fronunciation," with the accompanying £zplaaatioa% 
 
ANA 
 
 15 
 
 AND 
 
 An'a-ghar'sis Clootz (kldts), A 
 name assumed by IJaroii Jean Bap- 
 tiste Clootz, wlio was born at (Jleves, 
 in 1755. He conceived the idea of 
 reforming the liunian race, and trav- 
 eled tlirouyh Kn^iand, Germany, 
 Italy, &c., denouncing- all kings, 
 princes, and rulers, and even the be- 
 lly. He called himself Aii(ich(rriiis, 
 in allusion to the JScythian philos- 
 opher of this name, who tiourished 
 about six centuries before the Chris- 
 tian era, and who travekd to (jreece 
 and other countries for the purpose 
 of gaining knowledge in order to im- 
 prove the people of his own country. 
 
 A-nac're-Sn Moore. A name some- 
 times given to Thomas Moore, the 
 {)oet, who, in 1801, published a trans- 
 ation of the Odes of Anacreon. 
 
 Julia sat within as pretty a bower 
 As e'er held hoiiri in tliat heathenish heaven 
 Described by Mahomet and Anucrton Moore. 
 
 liyrun. 
 
 i-nac're-on of Painters. A name 
 given to Francesco Albani (1578- 
 1660), a distinguished painter of It- 
 aly. He was so called on account of 
 the softness of his style, and his avoid- 
 ance of subjects which require spir- 
 ited and energetic treatment. 
 
 5-nac're-6n of Persia. A title 
 sometimes given to Hafiz (d. 1388), 
 the Persian poet, whose odes and 
 Ivric compositions, like those of 
 Anacreon, celebrate the pleasures of 
 love and wine. 
 
 A-nac're-6n of the Guillotine. A 
 name given by the French to Ber- 
 trand Barere (or Barrere) de Vieuzac 
 (1755-1841), president of the Nation- 
 al Convention in 17^12, on account of 
 the flowery and poetical language in 
 which he spoke upon all the meas- 
 ures of the reign of terror. See 
 Witling of Tehhor. 
 
 An'Ss-ta'si-us (an'as-ta'zhi-us). The 
 hero and title of a novel by Thomas 
 Hope (177()-18;}1), — a work purport- 
 ing to be the autobiography of a 
 Greek, who, to escape the conse- 
 quences of his own crimes and vil- 
 lainies of every kind, becomes a ren- 
 egade, and passes through a long 
 series of the most extraordinary and 
 romantic vicissitudes. 
 
 Anastasius Griin. See Grun, Anas- 
 
 T A NIL'S. 
 
 An-c8B'us. [Gr. 'Ay/cfuof.] ( 6V. (| 
 Rom. Mi/tli.) A son of Neptune 
 who, havnig left a cup of wine un- 
 tasted to pursue a wild boar, was 
 killed by it, which gave rise to the 
 proverb, " There 's many a slip be- 
 tween the cup and the lip." 
 
 An-chi'ses. [Gr. 'Ayxior/r.] {Gr. 4" 
 Rom. Myth.) A son of Capys and 
 Themis, and the father of ^Eiieas by 
 Venus. He survived the cajjture of 
 Troy, and was can-ied by ^Eneas on 
 his shoulders from the burning city. 
 
 Ancient Mariner. The hero of Cole- 
 ridge's poem of the same name, 
 who, for the crime of having shot an 
 albatross, a bird of good omen to 
 voyagers, sutlers dreadful penalties, 
 together with his companions, who 
 have made themselves accomplices in 
 his crime. These penalties are at last 
 remitted in consequence of his re- 
 pentance. He reaches land, where 
 he encounters a hermit, to whom he 
 relates his story ; 
 
 " Since then, at an uncertain hour, 
 Tbe agony returns," 
 
 and drives him on, like the Wander- 
 ing Jew, from land to land, compelled 
 to relate the tale of his suffering and 
 crime as a warning to others, and as 
 a lesson of love and charity towards 
 all God's creatures. 
 
 4@= The conception of this poem and 
 the mystical imagery of the skelerou-ship 
 are said by Dyce to have been borrowed 
 by Coleridge from a friend who had ex- 
 perienced a strange dream. But De 
 Quincey asserts that the germ of the story 
 is contained in a pai^sage of Shelvocke, 
 one of the classical ( ircumnavigators of 
 the earth, who states that his second cap. 
 tain, being a melanclioly man, was pos- 
 sessed by a fancy that some long sensor 
 of foul weather was owing to an albatross 
 which had steadily pursued the ship, 
 upon which he shot the bird, but with- 
 out mending their condition. 
 
 Andrews, Joseph. The title of a 
 novel by Fielding, and the nmne of 
 its hero, a footman who marries a 
 maid -servant. To ridicule Kich- 
 ardson's " Pamela," Fielding made 
 Joseph Andrews a brother of that 
 renowned lady, and, by way of con- 
 
 ■nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
AND 
 
 16 
 
 AXG 
 
 trast to Richardson's hero, repre- 
 sented him as a model of virtue and 
 excellence. 
 
 JStv' " t''i»i accounts of Joseph's brav- 
 ery aud t^ooil qualities, his voice too musi- 
 cal to halloo to the dogs, his bravtry ia 
 ridiii!^ races for the geatlemeu of tiie 
 county, and his constancy in refusing 
 bribes and temptation, have sometliiag 
 refreshing in their naiveti and freshness, 
 »nd prepossess one in favor of that hand- 
 some >oung hero."' Thackeray. 
 
 An-drom'S-ghe. [Gr. ^ Avipouuxv ■] 
 {Gr. c/ Rom. Mtft/i.) A daughter 
 of Eetioii, and the fond wife of Hec- 
 tor, by whom she had Astyanax. 
 She is'one of the noblest and loveli- 
 est female characters in Homer's " Il- 
 iad." 
 
 An-drom'e-da. [Gr. 'Audpousdrj.] 
 {Gr. c/ Rom. Myth.) A daughter 
 of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, and 
 of Cassiopeia. Her mother having 
 boasted that her beauty surpassed 
 that of the Nereids, Andromeda 
 was exposed to a sea-monster, but 
 was found, saved, and married by 
 Perseus. 
 
 An-geft'i-cS. An intidel princess of 
 exquisite beauty and consummate 
 coquetry, in Bojardo's " Orlando In- 
 namorato." She is represented to 
 have come all the way from farthest 
 Asia to sow dissension among the 
 Christians in Paris, who were be- 
 sieged by two hosts of infidels, one 
 from Spain, and another, which had 
 landed in the south of France, from 
 Africa. Among many others, Or- 
 lando falls desperately in love with 
 her, forgetting, for her sake, his wife, 
 his sovereign, his country, his glory, 
 in shcu't, every thing except his relig- 
 ion. She, however, cares nothing 
 for him. having fallen madly in love 
 with liinaldo, in consetjuence of 
 drinking at an enchanted fountain. 
 On the other hand, Rinaldo, from 
 drinking at a neighboring fountain 
 of exactly the opposite quality, can- 
 not abide her. Various adventures 
 arise out of these circumstances; and 
 the fountains are again drunk, with 
 a mutual reversal of their effects. 
 Ariosto, in his " Orlando Furioso," 
 took up the thread of Angelica's 
 
 story where Bojardo had left it, find 
 making the jilt fall in love herself 
 wuii jledoro, an obscure youthful 
 scjuire, he represents Orlando as 
 driven mad by jealousy and indig- 
 nati(ni. Angelica is celebrated n^r 
 the possession of a nia^ic ring, which, 
 placed on the finger, defended the 
 wearer from all spells, and, concealed 
 in the mouth, rendered the person in- 
 visible. See Agkic'ane. 
 
 jft:^ ''Angelica, noted in romance aa 
 the faithless lady for whose sake Orlando 
 lost his heart and his senses, was a gra> 
 tuitous invention of Bojardo aud .\rioeto j 
 for .Spanish ballads and earlier Italian 
 poets make him the faithful husband of 
 Alda or Uelicda." Yoiige. 
 
 The fairt'st of her sex, Angelica, 
 . . . sought by many prowest knights, 
 Both puiuim and the peers of Charleniain. 
 
 Jliltoiu 
 
 Angelic Doctor. [Lat. Doctor An- 
 (/e/icus.] Thomas Aquinas (1227- 
 1274), the most famous of the medi- 
 a;val schoolmen and divines. 
 
 j^^ Aquinas was extravagantly ad- 
 mired by his followers. One of his com- 
 mentators endeavors to prove that he 
 wrote with a special infusion of the Spirit 
 of Gol ; that he received many things by 
 direct revelation, and that Christ had 
 given anticipatorv testimony to his writ- 
 ings. Peter Labbe says, that, as he 
 learned some things from the angels, so 
 he taught the angels some things: that 
 he had said what St. Paul was not per- 
 mitted to utt«r ; and that he speaks of 
 God AS if he had seen him, and of Christ 
 as if he had been his voice. 
 
 We extol Bacon, and (.r.eer at Aquinas. 
 But, if the situations had been changed. 
 Bacon might have been the Angelic Doctor. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Ang61ique (on'zha'lek', G2). 1. The 
 heroine of Moliere's comedy, " Le 
 Malade Imaginaire." 
 
 2. The wife of George Dandin, in 
 Moliere's comedy of this name. See 
 Daxdin, George. 
 
 An'ge-lo. 1. The deputy of Vincen- 
 tio, in Shakespeare's " Measure for 
 Measure." At first he exercises his 
 delegated power with rigor and seem- 
 ing conscientiousness, but only to 
 enable him the more safely to gratify 
 his base passion for Isabella, the sis- 
 ter of a young nobleman named 
 Claudio. His design, however, is 
 thwarted, and his hypocrisy un- 
 
 tSS- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation!, 
 
ANG 
 
 17 
 
 ANT 
 
 masked, by a counteracting intrigue 
 of Viuceutio's, which, aided and fa- 
 vored by chance, rescues Isabella, 
 and punishes Angelo by compcllnig 
 him to marry ^lariana, a woman 
 whom he hatl a long time before sc;- 
 duced and abandoned. 
 
 2. A goldsmith in Shakespeare's 
 "Comedy of Errors." 
 
 ^gel of the Schools. A title given 
 to Thomas Aquinas, the most cele- 
 brated metaphysician of the Middle 
 Ages. See A^■GELIC Doctok. 
 
 ^jigurvardel (iing'g(X)f-var'del). [Tcel. 
 a stream of anguish. J The sword of 
 Frithiof. The blade was inscribed 
 with runic letters, which shone dimly 
 in peace, but gleamed with a won- 
 drous ruddy light in time of war. 
 See Fkithiof. [Written also An- 
 gu r wadel.] 
 
 Gloriously known was the sword, the first of 
 all swords m the Northland. 
 
 Up. I'egner, Trans. 
 
 Ajine, Sister. See Sister Anne. 
 
 An-t8e'us. [Gr. 'Avralng.'] {Ur. cf 
 Horn. Myth.) A son of Neptune and 
 Terra, a famous Libyan giant and 
 wrestler, wliose strength was invinci- 
 ble so long as he remained in contact 
 with his mother earth. Hercules dis- 
 covered the source of his might, lifted 
 him up from the eartn, and crushed 
 him in "lie air. 
 
 As when Earth's son Anta^i.t (to compare 
 Small things with grreatest) in Irassa strove 
 With Ji>"e*s Alcides, and, oft foiled, still rose, 
 Receiving from his mother earth new strength 
 Fresh from his fall, and fiercer grapple joined; 
 Throttled at length in air, expired and fell: 
 So, after many a foil, the tempter prond, 
 Renewing fresh assaults amidst his pride, 
 Fell whence he stood to see his victor fall. 
 
 2Iilton. 
 
 Ajit'e-r6s. [Gr. 'Avrepo)^.] {Gr. (f 
 Bom. Myth.) A deity opposed to 
 Eros, or Love, and fighting against 
 him ; usually, however, regarded as a 
 god who avenged slighted love. He 
 is sometimes represented as the sym- 
 bol of reciprocal affection. 
 
 ftji'ti-christ. Literally, the opponent 
 of the anointed, or of the Messiah. 
 The name of Antichrist was given by 
 the Jews and Christians to the great 
 enemy of true religion, who shall, ac- 
 cording to the Holy Scriptures, ap- 
 pear before the coming of the Messiah 
 
 in his glory. The name occurs in 
 the liible in the Ibllowing places 
 only: — ! .John ii. 18, 22; iv. ii\ 2 
 Jdha 7. The "man of sin," wliose 
 coining is foretold by St. Paul, 2 
 Thtss. ii., is supposed to be the same 
 with Antichrist. l^ml)lematic descrip- 
 tions of him occur in the 12th and 
 13th chapters of the Revelniion. The- 
 ological writers have indulged in 
 many and the most diverse and faii- 
 citul speculations respecting this great 
 advert>ary of Christianity; but the 
 prevalent opinion among Protestant 
 divines has always connected him 
 with the Roman Catholic church. At 
 the Council of Cap, in IGU^J, the re- 
 formed ministers there assembled in- 
 serted an article in their Coutiessioa 
 of 1 aith, in which the Pope is pro- 
 nounced Antichrist. Grotius and 
 most Roman Catholic divines con- 
 sider Antichrist as symbolical of Pa- 
 gan Rome and her persecutions; Le- 
 clerc, Lightfoot, and others, of the 
 Jewash Sanhedrim, or of particular 
 Jewish impostors. Many are of opin- 
 ion that the kingdom of Antichrist 
 comprehends all who are opposed to 
 Christ, openly or secretly. 
 
 An-tig'o-ne. [Gr. 'Avrtyovri.] ( Gr. 
 if Bom. Myth.) A daughter of CEdi- 
 pus by his mother Jocasta. She was 
 famous for her filial piety. 
 
 An-tin'o-us. [Gr. 'AvtivooC-] A page 
 of the Emperor Pladrian, celebrated 
 for his extraordinary beauty, and for 
 Hadrian's extravagant aftection tor 
 him. After his death by drowning 
 in the Nile, — about a. d. 122, — he 
 was enrolled among the gods, tem- 
 ples were erected to him in Egypt 
 and Greece, and statues set up in al- 
 most every part of the world. 
 
 An-ti'o-pe. [Gr. ' Avrtovij.'] {Gr. <f 
 Bom. Myth.) A favorite of Jupiter, 
 by whom she became the mother of 
 Amphion and Zethus. See Lycus. 
 
 An-tiph'o-lus of Eph'e-sus. ) Twin 
 An-tiph'o-lus of Syr'a-cuse.l broth- 
 ers, sons to ^Egeon and .Emilia, in 
 Shakespeare's "Comedy of Errors," 
 
 and 
 
 " the one so like the other 
 As could not be distinffuished but by names." 
 
 ttid for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xivxxxil 
 
 2 
 
ANT 
 
 18 
 
 APO 
 
 Their attendants were Dromio of Eph- 
 esus and l>n)iiiio of Syracuse, also 
 ' twins, and Ijoth alilvc in tlieir per- 
 sonal appearance. 
 
 An-to'ni-o. 1. Tlie usurping Duke 
 of Milan, and brother to I'rospero, 
 in Shakespeare's '" Tempest." See 
 
 PROSI'KKO. 
 
 2. The tiather of Proteus, in Shake- 
 speare's " Two Gentlemen of A enj- 
 na." 
 
 3. A minor character in Shake- 
 speare's " Much Ado about Nothing." 
 
 4. The '' Merchant of A^enice," in 
 Shakespeare's play of that name. 
 See rouTiA. 
 
 5. A sea-captain, friend to Sebas- 
 tian, in Shakespeare's " Twelfth 
 
 ^ Night." 
 
 A-nu'bis. [Gr. "AvovjSig.l {Ecjypt. 
 Jfyth.) A divinity, a son of Osiris, 
 worshiped in the lorm of a dog, or of 
 a human being with a dog's head. 
 He accompanied the ghosts of the 
 dead to the under-world. 
 
 Ap'e-m.an'tus. A churlish philoso- 
 pher, in Shakespeare's play, " Timon 
 of Athens." 
 
 Their affected melancholy showed like the 
 cynicism of A/ieiniintiis contrasted witli the 
 real niisauthropy of Timou. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Aph'ro-di'te. [Gr. 'Aopodiri].] ( Gr. 
 Myth.) The Greek name of Venus, 
 the goddess of love, beauty, and de- 
 sire. See Yexus. 
 
 A'pis. [Gr. 'A-w:.] (Efjypt. Myth.) 
 The chief deity of the Egyptians, 
 ■worshiped under the form of a bull. 
 He is sometimes identified with Osi- 
 ris and Serapis. 
 
 A-polTo. [Gy.'AttoHdv.'] {Gr. 4- 
 Mom. Myth.) The son of Jupiter and 
 Latona, and the brother of Diana, 
 portrayed with flowing hair as being 
 ever young. He was the god of song, 
 music, prophecy, and archery, the 
 punisher and destroyer of the wicked 
 and overbearing, the protector of 
 flocks and cattle, the averter of evil, 
 the afl'order of help, and the god who 
 delighted in the foundation of towns 
 and the establishment of civil consti- 
 tutions. By the later Greeks he was 
 identified with the sun. His favor- 
 ite residence was at Mount Parnas- 
 
 sus, and he had oracles at Delphi and 
 
 ^ Delos. 
 
 i-pol'ly-on, or A-poll'y6n. [Gr. 
 'Atto'aavuiv, from uTzoAAvvai, to de- 
 stroy utterly, to ruin. J In the .lew- 
 ish demonology, an evil spirit, called 
 in Hebrew Abaddon, and described 
 in ^eiJ. ix. 11, as " a king, the an- 
 gel of the bottomless pit." He is 
 introduced by Bunyan in liis allegor- 
 ical romance of the '' Pilgrim's Prog- 
 ress." 
 
 Apostle of Ardennes (afMen', 64). 
 A title given to St. Hubert (d. 727), 
 Bishop of Maestrecht and Liege, and 
 son of Bertrand, Duke of AquitaLne. 
 He was so ca.lled from his zeal in de- 
 stroying remnants of idolatry'. 
 
 Apostle of Germany. A title given 
 to St. Boniliace (680-755), who, for 
 more than thirty years of his life, 
 labored in the work of con\'erting 
 and civilizing the rude heathen na- 
 tions of Germany. 
 
 Apostle of Infidelity. A name 
 sometimes given to Voltaire (16U4- 
 1778), a bigoted and intolerant deist, 
 who avowed a design of destro\'ing 
 the Christian religion, and was un- 
 ceasing in his attacks upon it and 
 upon its defenders. 
 
 Apostle of Ireland. St. Patrick, 
 born near the end of the fourth cen- 
 tury, died in 483 or 493. He was 
 moved by visions, as he relates in 
 his confessions, to undertake the con- 
 version of the Irish to Christianity. 
 He established many churches and 
 schools, and made many converts. 
 
 Apostle of Temperance. An hon- 
 orarv appellation given to the Kev. 
 Theobald Mathew {1790-1856), a dis- 
 tinguished temperance reformer in 
 Ireland and England. 
 
 J3Q=- " However, as Protestants, we may 
 question the claim of departed saints, 
 here is a livini; minister, if he may be 
 judired from one work, who deserves to 
 be canonized, and wiiose name should be 
 placed in the calendar not far below the 
 apostles." Dr. Channing, 1841. 
 
 Apostle of the English. St. Augus- 
 tine, or Austin, who lived during the 
 latter part of the sixth century. He 
 was sent with forty monks, by Pope 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation!, 
 
APO 
 
 19 
 
 APO 
 
 Greprory I., to carry Christianity into 
 England. Such was his success that 
 he is said to have baptized 10,000 
 persons ni a single day. He has the 
 merit of having allowed no coercive 
 measures in the propagation of tlie 
 gospel. 
 
 Apostle of the French. A name 
 given to St. Denis, the first bishop of 
 Paris, in the third century. He was 
 sent from Rome, about A. n. 250, to 
 revive the drooping churches in Gaul, 
 and proceeded as far as Lutetia ( Par- 
 is), where he made many converts. 
 He became the patron saint of the 
 kingdom, and his name served, for 
 many ages, as a rallying cry in bat- 
 tle, — j/onljoie St. Denis ! 
 
 Apostle of the Frisians. An ap- 
 pellation commonlv given to Saint 
 Wilbrord, or Willibrod (657-738), a 
 native of the Saxon kingdom of 
 Northumbria, who spent forty-eight 
 years of his life in Friesland in preach- 
 ing Christianity, and endeavoring to 
 convert the i^eople from paganism to 
 the true faith. 
 
 Apostle of the Gauls. St. Irenteus, 
 presbyter, and afterward bishop, of 
 Lyons, near the close of the second 
 century. 
 
 -ft^ " The immortal Apostle of the 
 Gauls, who, in his earliest j'outh, had 
 sat at the feet of Pnlycarp, at Smyrna, 
 started from the school of Asia Minor. It 
 was during a great crisis that Providence 
 hrought this gem of Asia into the West. 
 Irenaeus possessed the apostolical pa- 
 tience, as well as the fiery zeal, of Poly- 
 carp. He learned Celtic, in order to 
 preach the gospel to the barbarhms in 
 their own language, ami rejoiceil in be- 
 holding the progress of the good work in 
 which he was eag;iged in the parts of 
 Germany bordering on Gaul." Biinsen. 
 
 Apostle of the Q-entiles. A title 
 assumed by St. Paul, who, in con- 
 junction with Barnabas, was divinely 
 appointed to the work of preaching 
 the gospel to all mankind, without 
 distinction of race or nation. His 
 labors lasted through many years, 
 and reached over a vast extent of 
 country. See Acts xiii., Rom. xi. 13, 
 and 2 Tim. i. 11. 
 
 Apostle of the Highlanders. A 
 name given to St. Columba f 521-597), 
 
 one of the earliest teachers of Chris- 
 tianity in Scotland. He established 
 himself in the island of lona, and is 
 believed to have been the founder of 
 the Culdees, who had their head-quar- 
 ters there. 
 Apostle of the Indians. An appel- 
 lation given to the ilev. John Eliot 
 (1603-l6!J0), a celebrated missionary 
 among the Indians in the Colony of 
 Massachusetts Bay, many of whom 
 he converted to Christianity. 
 
 e£S" " The Apostle, — and truly I know 
 not who, since Peter and I'aul, better 
 deserves that name." E. Everett. 
 
 Apostle of the Worth. 1. A title be- 
 stowed upon Anschar, Anscharius, or 
 Ansgar (801-8fj4), because he intro- 
 duced Christianity into Denmark, 
 Sweden, and Northern Gennany. 
 At the instigation of the Emperor, 
 Louis le Debonnaire, he went to Den- 
 mark, and, after many disappoint- 
 ments and persecutions, converted 
 the king and the greater part of the 
 nation. The Catholic church has 
 placed him among the saints. 
 
 ifc^ " lie [Anschar] was the Colum- 
 bus and the Cortes of that unknown 
 world whither he penetrated with no 
 other weapon than his dauntless faith 
 and the name of Rome." 
 
 Michelet. Trans. 
 
 2. A title conferred upon Bernard 
 Gilpin (1517-1583), an English re- 
 former, and the first who undertook 
 to preach the Protestant doctrines to 
 the inhabitants of the Scottish Bor- 
 der land. 
 
 Apostle of the Peak. A title given 
 to William Bag.shaw (1628-1702), a 
 non-conforming divine, distinguished 
 for his zeal and usefulness in the cause 
 of religion in the northem parts of 
 Derbyshire, England. 
 
 Apostle of the Picts. A name given 
 to St. Xinian, a British bishop of the 
 latter half of the fourth and the be- 
 ginning of the fifth centuries, on ac- 
 count of his labors for the conver- 
 sion of the Teutonic inhabitants of 
 Cumbria. 
 
 Apostle of the Scottish Reforma- 
 tion. A title given to John Knox 
 (1505-1572), the most active agent 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-KxxSL 
 
APO 
 
 20 
 
 ARE 
 
 in the overthrow of the Roman Cath- 
 olic religion, and tlie establishment 
 of the Reformed kirk, in Scotland. 
 
 Apostle of the Slaves. A title ^iven 
 to St. Cyril (ninth century), who con- 
 verted t(» Christianity the Cliasars, 
 dwelling by the Caspian Sea, labored 
 in the same cau.se among the heathens 
 of Bulgaria, Moravia, and Bohemia, 
 and, with the assi.stance of some of 
 his i)upils and his brother, made a 
 translation of the Holy Scriptures, 
 which is still used by all Greek-Cath- 
 olic Christians. 
 
 Apostle to the Indies. A title often 
 given to St. brancis Xavier, a distin- 
 guished Roman Catholic missionary 
 of the sixteenth century, who spent 
 more than ten years in laborious ef- 
 forts to introduce Christianity into 
 the East. 
 
 Apostolic King. A title given by 
 the Holy See to the kings of Hun- 
 gary, on account of the extensive 
 propagation of Christianity by Ste- 
 phen I., the founder of the royal line. 
 
 Ap'po-li'no. [The same as Apollo^ 
 the sun.] An imaginary deity, sup- 
 posed by the people of Western Eu- 
 rope, during the Middle Ages, to be 
 worshiped by the Mohammedans. 
 See Termagant. 
 
 Aq'iii-lo. {Rom. Jfi/th.) A personifi- 
 cation of the north wind ; the same 
 as Boreas. See Boreas. 
 
 Arabian Tailor. See Learned Tai- 
 lor. 
 
 Ar'a-b^. A poetical form of Arabia. 
 
 Farewell, • 
 ter. 
 
 farewell to thee, Arahi/'x daiish- 
 T. Moore. 
 
 li-rach'ne. [Gr. 'kpuxvr).'] (Gr. cf 
 Rom. }[yth.) A Lydian maiden, so 
 proud of her skill as a weaver that 
 she challenged INIinerva to compete 
 with her. She was successful in the 
 contest, but, being insulted by the 
 goddess, hung herself in despair, 
 and was changed into a spider. 
 
 Shall we tremble before cloth-wphs and cob- 
 webs, whether woven in Arkwritrht looms, or 
 by the silent Arnrhjips that weave unrestingly 
 in our imagination ? Carli/le. 
 
 Ar'c5-d^. A ])oetical form of Arcadia, 
 a pastoral district of the Peloponne- 
 sus (Morea) in Greece. 
 
 Archer. Ser\'^ant to Aimwoll, in Far- 
 quhar's " Beaux' Stratagem." 
 
 Ar'ghl-ma'go, or Ar'chl-niige. 
 [I'rom Gr. rip^'i, chief, in composi- 
 tion, and ijiuyoq, magician.] An en- 
 chanter in Spenser's " Faery Queen." 
 He is a type of Hypocrisy, or Fraud, 
 and, as opposed to Christian Holiness 
 embodied in the Red-cross Knight, 
 may also represent Satan, the incar- 
 nate principle of evil. He wins the 
 confidence of the knight in the dis- 
 guise of a reverend hermit, and by 
 the help of Duessa, or Deceit, sepa- 
 rates him from Una, or Truth. 
 
 By his mightv science he could take 
 As many forms and sliupes in seeming wise 
 As ever Proteus to himself could make : 
 Sometime a fowl, Kometime a tish in lake. 
 Now like a fox, now like a dragon fell; 
 Tliat of himself he oft for fear would quake. 
 And oft would fly away. Oh, who can tell 
 Tile hidden pcnver of herbs, and might of 
 magic spell? Far-rii (Jitcen. 
 
 Him followed his companion, dark and sage, 
 A» he, my Master, sung the dangerous Ar- 
 chiinage. Sir ]V. Scott. 
 
 Whatever momentary benefit may result 
 from satire, it is clear tHat its influence, in the 
 long run, is injurious to literature. The sat- 
 irist, like a malignant ArclnnitKjo, creates a 
 false medium, through which posterity ia 
 obliged to look at his contemporaries, — a 
 medium which so refracts and distorts their 
 images, that it is almost out of the question 
 to see them correctly. Atlantic Jlonthly. 
 
 Ar'cite. A character in the " Knight's 
 Tale," in Chaucer's " Canterbury 
 Tales." See Palamon. 
 
 Ar'den, Enoch. The hero of Tenny- 
 son's poem of the same name, a sea- 
 man Avho is wrecked on an uninhab- 
 ited and rarely visited tropical island, 
 where he spends many years, and 
 who returns home at last only to find 
 that his wife, believing him to be 
 dead, has married again, and is pros- 
 perous and happy. In a spirit of 
 heroic self-sacrilice, he determines 
 not to undeceive her, and soon dies 
 of a broken heart. 
 
 Ardennes, "Wild Boar of. See 
 "Wild Boar of Ardennes. 
 
 A'res. [Gr.' Afyrjg.] {Gr. Jfi/fh.) The 
 god of war; the same as Mars. See 
 INIars. 
 
 Ar'e-thu'sa. [Gr. 'Apn^oi^aa.] {Gr.if 
 Rom. .^fiith.) One of the Xereids, 
 and an attendant upon Diana. She 
 presided over a famous fountain of 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationa, 
 
ARE 
 
 21 
 
 ARG 
 
 the came name, close by the mar^n 
 of the sea in the island of Ortygia, 
 near Syracuse. According to Ovid, 
 the river-god Alpheus became enam- 
 ored of her while bathing in his 
 stream in Arcadia. Diana, however, 
 took pity on her, and changed her 
 into a well, which howed under the 
 Adriatic to Ortygia. But Alpheus 
 still pursued her, and, passing by 
 the same under-ground channel from 
 Greece to Sicily, re-appeared in the 
 fountain, and mingled his waters 
 with those of the nymph. [Written 
 also, poetically, A r e t h u s e . ] 
 
 That renowned flood, so often sung, 
 Divine Alplieus, who, by secret sluice, 
 Stole under seas to meet his Arethitse. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 aretino. The Only (5-rS-te'no). [It. 
 
 V Unico Aretino.] An honorary ap- 
 pellation given by his admirei's to 
 
 Bernardo Accolti, an Italian poet of 
 
 the sixteenth century, celebrated for 
 
 his Avonderful powers of improvisation. 
 
 The designation seems to have been 
 
 intended to express his superiority to 
 
 his uncle, Francesco Accolti (d. 148-3), 
 
 surnamed Aretlnus, who was also a 
 
 poet, and to Pietro Aretino, a distin- 
 guished contemporary satirist. 
 Argalia (af-g5-le'a). A brother to 
 
 Angelica, in Bojardo's romantic 
 
 poem, the " Orlando Innamorato." 
 
 He is celebrated as the possessor of 
 
 an enchanted lance which threw 
 
 whomsoever it touched. Ferraii 
 
 eventually killed him, and Astolfo 
 
 obtained the lance. 
 Ar'gS-lus. An unfortunate lover in 
 
 Sir Philip Sidney's "Arcadia." See 
 
 Parthenia. 
 Argan (af'gon', 62). The hero of Mo- 
 
 liere's comedy, " Le Malade Imagi- 
 
 naire," an hypochondriac patient, 
 
 whose love of medicine is accompa- 
 nied by a spirit of parsimony which 
 
 leads him to take every mode that 
 
 may diminish the expense of his 
 
 supposed indisposition. 
 
 4®" " Arjrati ... is discovered tax- 
 ing his apothef-ary's bill, at once delight- 
 ing his ear with the flowery language of 
 
 the f'harmapopoeia. and gratifying his 
 
 frugal disposition by clipping off some 
 
 items and reducing others, and arriving 
 
 at the double conclusion, first, that, if 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
 his apothecary does not become more 
 reasonable, he cannot afford to be a sick 
 man any longer; and, secondly, that, as 
 he has swallowed fewer drugs by one 
 third this mouth than he had done the 
 last, it was no wonder he was not so well. 
 . . . file] is at last persuaded that the 
 surest and cheapest way of securing him- 
 self against the variety of maladies by 
 which he is beset, will be to become a 
 doctor in his own proper person.. He 
 modestly represents his want of pre- 
 liminary study, and of the necessary 
 knowledge even of the Latin language ; 
 but he is assured that by merely putting 
 on the robe and cap of a physician he 
 will find himself endowed with all the 
 knowledge necessary for exercising the 
 profession . . . This leads to the inter- 
 lude which concludes the piece, being 
 the mock ceremonial of receiving a 
 physician into the iEsculapian college, 
 couched in macaronic Latiuitv." 
 
 Sir 'W. Scott. 
 
 Argante (ai'-'goit', 62). A character 
 in ^foliere's comedy, "Les FouiHberies 
 de Scapin." 
 
 Ar-gan'te. A terrible giantess in Spen- 
 ser's "Faery Queen; " a very mon- 
 ster and miracle of licentiousness. 
 
 Argantes (af-giin'tess). The bravest 
 of the infidel heroes in Tas.«o's epic 
 poem, "Jerusalem Delivered." 
 
 Bonaparte, in tliese disjointed yet signifi- 
 cant threats, stood before the deputies like 
 the Arpanfes of Italy's heroic poet, and gave 
 them the choice of peace and war with the 
 air of a superior being, capable at once to dic- 
 tate their fate. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ar-gier'. An old form of Alf/iers, 
 found in Shakespeare's "Tempest." 
 
 Ar'go. [Gr. 'Apyio, from upyoc, SAvift.] 
 {Gr. c} Earn. .Uytli.) A tifty-oared 
 ship in which Jason and his com- 
 panions made their voj^age to Colchis 
 in search of the golden fleece. See 
 Argonauts. 
 
 Harder beset 
 And more endangered, than when Ai-go 
 
 passed 
 Through Bosporus betwixt the justling rocks. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Ar'go-nauts. [Lat. Argonnutce ; Gr. 
 ' kpyovavTQL.'] {Gr. cj"- Rom. Myth.) 
 The heroes and demigods w-ho, ac- 
 cording to the traditions of the Greeks, 
 undertook an expedition to Colchis, 
 a far-distant country on the coast of 
 the I^uxine, for the purpose of ob- 
 taining a golden fleece, which was 
 
ARG 
 
 22 
 
 ARI 
 
 guarded bj' a sleepless and terrible 
 dragon. 
 
 A bodv of Bastille heroes, tolerably com- 
 plete, diil get togetlier ; — comparable to the 
 Anjonauts ; hoping to endure like them. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Ar'gus. [Gr. 'Apyo^.] (6V. lJ- Rom. 
 yhjtli.) A fabulous being of enor- 
 mous strength, who had a hundred 
 eyes, of which only two Avere asleep 
 aX once, whence he was named Pun- 
 optts, or the All -seeing. Juno ap- 
 
 Eointed him to watch over lo (see lo), 
 ut Mercury killed him, and Juno 
 transferred his eyes to the tail of the 
 peacock, her favorit* bird. 
 
 Spangled with ej'es m Dre numerous than 
 
 those 
 Of Arr/ia, and more wakeful than to drowse, 
 Charmed with Arcadian pipe, the pastoral 
 
 reed 
 Of Hermes, or his opiate rod. ^lilton. 
 
 A'ri-ad'ne (9). [Gr. 'ApiadvTj.] {Gr. cf 
 Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Minos, 
 king of Crete, who, from the love 
 she bore to Theseus, gave him a clew 
 of thread, which guided him out of 
 the Cretan labyrinth. Theseus in 
 return promised to marry her, and 
 she accordingly left the island with 
 him, but was slain by Diana in Xaxos. 
 According to another tradition, she 
 was married to Bacchus, who, after 
 her death, gave her a place among 
 the gods, and placed her wedding 
 crown as a constellation in the sky. 
 
 A'ri-el (9). 1. In the demonology of 
 the Cabala, a water-spirit; in the fa- 
 bles of the Middle Ages, a spirit of 
 the air, — the guardian angel of inno- 
 cence; in Shakespeare's "Tempest," 
 an airy and tricksy spirit, represented 
 as having been a servant to Sycorax, 
 a foul witch, by whom, for some acts 
 of disobedience, he was imprisoned 
 within the rift of a cloven pine-tree, 
 where he remained for twelve years, 
 until released by Prospero. In grat- 
 itude for his deliverance, he became 
 the willing messenger of Prospero, 
 assuming any shape, or rendering 
 himself invisible, in order to execute 
 the commands of his master. 
 
 On the hearth the lighted logs are glowing, 
 And, like Ariel in the cloven pine-tree. 
 
 For its freedom 
 Groans and sighs the air imprisoned in them. 
 LonafeUow. 
 
 2. The name of a sylph in Pope's 
 " Rape of the Lock." 
 
 J^^iif " Pope's fairy region, compared 
 with iShakespeare's, was what a dra^uug- 
 room is to tiie uuiverse. To give, there- 
 fore, to the sprite ot the ' Rape ot ttie 
 Lock ' tiie name of the spirit in tlia 
 ' Tempest ' was a bold ciiristeuing. Pros- 
 pero's Ariel could have putied uim out 
 like a tjiper. Or he would have suutfed 
 him up as an essence, by way of jest, and 
 found him flat. But. tested by less potent 
 senses, the sylph species is an exquisite 
 creation. He is an abstract of the spirifr 
 of fine life ; a suggester of fashions ; an 
 iuspirer of airs ; wuuld be cut to pieces 
 rataer than see his will contradicted; 
 takes his station with dignity on a pict- 
 ure-cord ; and is so nice an adjust«r of 
 claims that he ranks hearts with neck- 
 laces. . . . The punishments inflicted or. 
 him when disobedient have a like fitness. 
 He is to be kept hovering over the fumes 
 of the chocolate ; to be transfixed with 
 pins, clogged with pomatums, and wedged 
 ill the e^es of bodkins."' Lttgii Hunt. 
 
 Ariodantes ( It. pnm. a-re-o-dan'tess). 
 The lover of Ginevra, in Ariosto's 
 " C)r!ando Furioso." 
 
 A-ri'on. [Gr. 'A/u'wv.] {Gr. <j- Rom. 
 Myth.) An ancient Greek bard and 
 musician of the isle of Lesbos. On 
 his return to Corinth from Italy, on 
 one occasion, the mariners formed a 
 plot to murder him for his riches; but 
 being forewarned of their intention, 
 he played upon his lute, and, by the 
 charms of his music, brought a num- 
 ber of dolphins around the vessel, 
 when he threw himself into the sea, 
 and was carried on the back of one 
 of them to the promontory of Tcena- 
 rus in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Ar'is-tae'us. [Gr. 'Aptorafoc.] ( Gr. <f 
 Rom. Jfyth.) An ancient Greek di- 
 vinity, Avorshiped as the protector 
 of vine and olive plantations, and of 
 hunters and herdsmen. He was also 
 thouglit to have instructed men in the 
 management of bees. According to 
 the common tradition, he was a son of 
 Apollo and the Avater-nym]>h Cyreiui. 
 
 In such a palace .■lrist(F)i.i found 
 Cyrcne, wlu-n he bore the plnintive tale 
 Of his lost bees to her maternnl ear 
 Cou-j/er (on the Ice-palace of Anne of Runtia.] 
 
 A-ris'te-as. [Gr. 'AfuaTeac.] ( G7: 4 
 Rom. Myth.) A fabulous being, '*ho 
 
 t^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explaoap'oii* 
 
ARI 
 
 23 
 
 ART 
 
 has been styled the " Wandering 
 Jew " of popular tradition in ancient 
 Greece. He appears lirst as a teacher 
 ot Homer, and re-appears in dilterent 
 ages and places ui very dillerent 
 characters. Herodotus and 8uidas 
 assert that he was a magician, whose 
 soul could leave and re-enter its body 
 at pleasure. 
 
 Aristophanes, The Modern. See 
 MouEKN Akistophanks. 
 
 Arlecchino (ar-lek-ke'no, 102). See 
 Haklequin. 
 
 Armada, The Invincible. {Eng. tf 
 tSp. Hist.) A famous naval arma- 
 ment, or expedition, sent by Philip 
 II. of 8pain against England, in the 
 year 1588. It consisted of 1^0 ves- 
 sels, 21^0 great guns, 4575 quintals 
 of powder, nearly 20,000 soldiers, 
 above 8000 sailors, and more than 
 2000 volunteers. It arrived in the 
 Channel on the 19th of July, and was 
 defeated the next day by Admiral 
 Howard, who was seconded by Drake, 
 Hawkins, and Frobisher. Eight tire- 
 ships having been sent into the Span- 
 ish tieet, they bore off in great dis- 
 order. Profiting by the panic, the 
 English fell upon them, and captured 
 or destroyed a number of their ships, 
 and Admiral Howard maintained a 
 running fight from the 21st of Julv to 
 the 27th, with such effect, that "^the 
 Spanish commander, despairing of 
 success, resolved to return home, and, 
 as escape through the English Chan- 
 nel was prevented by contrary winds, 
 he undertook to sail around the Ork- 
 neys; but the vessels which still re- 
 mained to him were dispersed by 
 storms, or shipwrecked among the 
 rocks and shallows, on different parts 
 of the Scottish and Irish coast, and 
 upwards of 5000 men were drowned, 
 killed, or taken prisoners. Of the 
 whole Armada, 53 ships only returned 
 to Spain, and these in a Avretched con- 
 dition. The English lost but one ship. 
 
 Armado. See Don Adriano de Ar- 
 
 MA1>U. 
 
 Armed Soldier of Democracy. A 
 name given to Napoleon Bonaparte. 
 
 Armida (af-me'da, 64). One of the 
 most prominent female characters 
 
 in Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered.' 
 The stor^' of Armida is founded upon 
 a tradition related by Pi -rre Dtdancre. 
 jK^ The poet tells us, that, wlieu the 
 Crusaders arrived at the Holy City, Satan 
 held a council to devise some means of 
 disturbing the plans of the Christian 
 warriors, and Armida, a very beautiful 
 sorceress, was employed to seduce Ri- 
 naldo and other Crusaders. Riualdo was 
 conducted by Armida to a remote island, 
 where, in her splendici palace, surround- 
 ed by delightful gardens and pleasure- 
 grounds, he utterly forgot his vows and 
 the great object to whicli he had devoted 
 his life. To liberate him from his volup- 
 tuous bondage, two messengei-s from the 
 Christian army. Carlo and Ubaldo, came 
 to the island, bringing a talisman so pow- 
 erful that the witchery of Armida was 
 destroyed. Itinaldo escaped, but was fol- 
 lowed by the sorceress, who, in battle, in- 
 cited several warriors to attack the hero, 
 and at last herself rushed into the fight. 
 She was defeated by Kiualdo, who then 
 confessed his love to her, persuaded her 
 to become a Christian, and vowed to be 
 her faithful knight. The story of Armi- 
 da has been made the subject of an opera 
 by both Gluck and Kossini. 
 
 'T was but a doubt ; but ne'er magician's 
 
 wand 
 Wrought change with all Armida's fairy art 
 Like what this light touch left on Juan's 
 heart. Bi/ron. 
 
 The stage (even as it then was), after the 
 recluseness and austerity of a coUfge life, must 
 have appeared like Armida's enchanted pal- 
 ace. Jlnzlitt. 
 
 The grand mansions you arrive at in this 
 waste, howling solitude prove sometimes es- 
 sentially robber -towers; and there may be 
 Armida palaces and divine-looking Annidas, 
 where your ultimate fate is still worse. 
 
 Carhjle. 
 
 Arnolphe (ar'nolf). A selfish^ and 
 morose cynic in Moliere's " L'Ecole 
 des Femmes," whose pretended ha- 
 tred of the world springs from an ab- 
 sorbing regard to his own gratification. 
 
 Ar'oun-dight (-dit). The sword of 
 Lancelot of the Lake. 
 
 It is the sword of a good knight. 
 Though homespun was his mail; 
 Wliaf matter if it be not named 
 Joyeuse, Colada, Duriiulale, 
 Excalibar, or Around i(jhtf LongfeJlovo. 
 
 Ar-sin'o-e. A prude in Moliere's 
 comedy, "Le Misanthrope." 
 
 Ar'te-gS,l. 1. A mythic king of Britain 
 mentioned in the Chronicle of Geof- 
 frey of Monmouth, and in INIilton's 
 History of Britain. See ELiounE. 
 2. [Written also Arte gall, Ar- 
 
 ■nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxLl. 
 
ART 
 
 24 
 
 ASH 
 
 ch e g a 1, and Artegale.] A char- 
 acter ill Spenser's "Faery Queen," 
 representative ot" Justice, and also of 
 the poet's triend and patron, Lord 
 Grey. His main object is to rescue 
 Irena I'roni the tyranny ot' Grantoiio ; 
 but, hke a ciiivah'ous knight-errant, 
 he is ready to turn aside and subdue 
 the spirit of mischief and violence 
 wherever it may be encountered. 
 
 Every obligation, according to the maxim 
 of the Civil Law, is niude void in the same 
 manner in which it is rendered bindinj^ ; 
 as Artht-yul, tlie emblematic champion of 
 Justice in Spenser's allej^ory, decrees as law, 
 that what the sea has brought the sea may 
 resume. ^'iV W. Scott. 
 
 Ar'te-mis. [Or. 'Aprf/zif.] {Gr. 
 Myth.) One of the great divinities of 
 the ancient Greeks; the same as Di- 
 ana. See UiANA. 
 
 Artful Dodger. A sobriquet of one 
 of the characters in Dickens's " Oli- 
 ver Twist." He is a young thief, 
 and an adept in villainy. 
 
 Arthur. See King Arthur. 
 
 Ar'un-deL The steed of Bevis of 
 Southampton. See Bevis of South- 
 ampton, Sir. 
 
 Ar-vir'a-gus. A son of Cymbeline, 
 in Shakespeare's play of this name, 
 passing under the assumed name of 
 Cadwal, and supposed to be a son of 
 Belarius. See Belarius. 
 
 As-cal'a-plius. [Gr. 'Atr/cry/la^of.] 
 {Gr. if Rom. Myth.) A son of Ache- 
 ron, who, having declared that Pros- 
 erpine — whom Pluto had given per- 
 mission to return to earth, provided 
 she had not eaten any thing while in 
 the under-world — had tasted of a 
 pomegranate, was turned by Ceres 
 into an owl, for his mischief-making. 
 
 As-ca'ni-us. [Gr. 'Agkuvlo^.] {Gr. 
 cf Rom. Myth.) A son of Ji^ncas 
 and Creusa. He accompanied his 
 father to Itah^, succeeded him in the 
 kingdom of Latinus, and built the 
 city of Alba Longa. [Called also 
 Julus.] See ^NKAs. 
 
 The former belong to that class who, like 
 the young A.<cniiiii.<, are ever beiiting about in 
 quest of a tawny lion, though they are much 
 more successful in uow and then starting a 
 great bore. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 As'ca-part. The name of a giant 
 whom Bevis of Southampton con- 
 
 quered, according to the old romance. 
 His elligy may be seen on the city^ 
 gates of Soutiuunpton. He is said to 
 have been thirty feet high, and to have 
 carried Sir Bevis, his wife, and horse, 
 under his arm. Allusions to him 
 occur in Shakespeare, Drayton, and 
 other Elizabethan writers.' Accord- 
 ing to \\'arton, he is a character in 
 very old French romances. 
 
 Each man an Ascanart, of strength to toos 
 For quoits both Temple-bar and Charing- 
 cross. J'o/ie. 
 
 _ He was a man whose huge stature, thews, 
 sinews, and bulk in proportion, would have 
 enabled him to enact Colbrand, Ascaj)<jrt,ot 
 any other giant of romance, without raising 
 himself nearer to heaveu even by the altitude 
 ofachopin. Sir fV. Scott. 
 
 As-crae'Sn Sage. [Lat. Asn-ceus se- 
 ntx.] A name given by Virgil, in 
 his sixth Eclogue, to Hesiod, who 
 was born in the eighth centuiy, b. c. 
 at Ascra, a village of Baotia, in 
 Greece. 
 
 Asgard(as'gafd). [Old Norse, yard, ot 
 abode, of the Asir, or gods.] {Sctnd. 
 Myth.) A celestial city or territory, 
 the dwelling of the gods, situated in 
 the center of the universe, and acces- 
 sible only by the bridge Bifrost (the 
 rainbow). Here each of the princi- 
 'pal deities had a residence apart from 
 the rest. [Written aho A s a g a r d.] 
 
 Ash'ford, Isaac. A peasant in 
 Cral)be's " Parish Register," de- 
 scribed as 
 " A wise good man, contented to be poor." 
 
 Ash'ta-roth. {Myth.) The name 
 given in the Bible to Astarte, an 
 ancient Syrian deity, who was adored 
 as the goddess of the moon; hence 
 Jeremiah calls her "the queen of 
 heaven." Solomon built her a tem- 
 ple on the IMount of Olives (2 Kings 
 xxiii. 13), but her chief temples were 
 at Tyre and Sidon. Her worship, 
 according to ancient accounts, was of 
 a licentious character. See Astai;te. 
 [Written also Astaroth and 
 Astoreth.] 
 
 Mooned Ashtaroth, 
 Heaven's queen and mother both. Hilton. 
 
 Ash'tSn, Lucy. The heroine of Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel, " The Bride of 
 Lammermoor ; " daughter of Sir Wil- 
 liam Ashton, and betrothed to Edgar 
 Ravenswood. 
 
 For the " Kej' to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying ExplanatioQ't, 
 
ASH 
 
 25 
 
 ASS 
 
 Ash't8n, Sir 'William. The Lord 
 Keeper of Scotland; a prominent 
 character in Scott's " Bride of Lam- 
 mennoor." 
 
 Asir (a^sei^). [Scand. Myth.) The 
 most powerful, though not the oldest, 
 of the deities: usually reckoned as 
 twelve gods and twelve goddesses. 
 'I'he gods are — Odin, Thor, Baldur, 
 Ni()rd, Frey, Tyr, Bragi, Heimdall, 
 Vidar, Vali', Ullur, and Forseti; the 
 best-known of the goddesses — Vrig- 
 ga, Freyja,Iduna, and Saga. [Writ- 
 ten also Aser, Asar, and -<Esir.] 
 
 As'mo-dii. The same as Asmodeus. 
 See Asmodeus and Belial. 
 
 A§'ino-de'us. [Heb. Ashmedai, the 
 destroyer.] In the Jewish demonol- 
 ogy, an evil spirit, the demon of 
 vanit}-, or dress, called in the Tal- 
 mud " king of the devils," whence 
 some assume him to be identical with 
 Beelzebub, and others with Azrael. 
 In modern times, he has been jocu- 
 larly spoken of as the destroying de- 
 mon of matrimonial happiness. 
 
 4^ In the Apocryphal book of Tobit^ 
 he is represented as loving Sara, the 
 daughter of Raguel, and causing the 
 death of seven husbands, who married 
 her in succession, on the bridal night. 
 Tobias, instructed by Raphael, burns on 
 '• the ashes of perfume " the heart and 
 liver of the fish which he caught in the 
 Tigris ; " the which smell when the evil 
 spirit had smelled, he fled into the utmost 
 parts of Eg3'pt, and the angel bound 
 him." Those demonographers of the 
 Middle Ages who reckoned nine kinds of 
 evil spirits, placed Asmoileus at the head 
 of the fourth rank, whicli consisted of 
 malicious, revenging devils. According 
 to other authorities, he is the lieutenant 
 of Amaimon. Wierus, in his description 
 of the infernal court, makes him superin- 
 tendent of gambling-houses. Le Sage 
 has made him the companion of Don 
 Cleofas, in '• Le Diable Boiteux," or '' The 
 Devil on Two Stick.s," in which occurs 
 the celebrated adventure known as As- 
 modeus's flight. By direction of the 
 demon, Don Cleofas takes hold of Asmo- 
 deus's cloak, and is immediately borne 
 through the air like an arrow,and perched 
 upon the steeple of St. Salvador. Ar- 
 rived at this spot, the demon stretches 
 out his right arm, and at once, by his 
 diaboUcal power, the roofs of the houses 
 are taken off, and, notwithstanding the 
 
 darkness of the night, the interiors are 
 made visible. I'he scholar beliolds, as at 
 noonday, the inside of all the houses, as 
 one might viesv the inside of a pie from 
 which the crust had been removed. 
 
 jS£u^ "' It is impossible to conceive a 
 being more fitted to comment upon the 
 vices, and to ridicule the follies, of hu- 
 manity, than au esprit follet like Asmo- 
 deus [in ' Le Diable Boiteux '], who is as 
 much a decided creation of genius, in his 
 way, as Ariel or Caliban. Without pos- 
 sessing the darker powers and propen- 
 sities of a fallen angel, he presides over 
 the vices and follies, rather than the 
 crimes, of mankind ; is malicious rather 
 than malignant ; and his delight is to 
 gibe, and to scoff, and to tease, rather 
 than to torture ; — one of Satan's light- 
 infantry, in short, whose business is to 
 goad, perplex, and disturb the ordinary 
 train of society, rather than to break in 
 upon and overthrow it. This character 
 is maintained in all Asmodeus .says and 
 does, with so much spirit, wit, acuteness, 
 and playful malice, that we never forget 
 the fiend, even in those moments when 
 he is very near becoming amiable as well 
 as entertaining." Sir W. Scott, 
 
 Could the reader take an Asnwdeus-fiight, 
 and, waving open ail roofs and privacies, look 
 down from the roof of Notre-Dame, what a 
 Paris were it! Carhjle, 
 
 A-so'pus. [Gr. 'Aaw7roc.](Gr. ^ Rom. 
 Myth.) A son of Oceanus and Te- 
 (hys. changed into a river for rebel- 
 ling against Jupiter. 
 
 As-pa'si-3 (as-pa'zhI-5). A female 
 character in Beaumont and Fletcher's 
 play, " The Maid's Tragedy." 
 
 S£^ " Her sorrows are so deep, so 
 pure, so unmerited ; she sustains the 
 breach of plighted faith in Amy n tor, and 
 the taunts of vicious women, with so 
 much resignation, so little of that ter- 
 magant resentment these poets are apt to 
 infuse into their heroines ; the poetry of 
 her speeches is so exquisitely imaginative, 
 that, of those dramatic persons who are 
 not prominent in the development of a 
 story, scarce any, even in Shakespear«^, 
 are more interesting." Hal lam. 
 
 Assassination Plot. ( Eng. Hist.) The 
 name given to a conspiracy formed 
 in 1696, by the Earl of Aylesbury 
 and others, to assassinate King Wil- 
 liam III., near Richmond, as he re- 
 turned from the chase. It was dis- 
 covered Feb. 15, the day before that 
 fixed upon for the execution of the 
 plot. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
ASS 
 
 26 
 
 ATA 
 
 As'Bi-en'to. [Sp., seat, contract, 
 agreement.] A treaty or convention ; 
 specitically (»S/>. f/isl.), a convention 
 between the king of" .S))ain and some 
 foreign power tor the supply of ne- 
 groes for the .Spanish American colo- 
 nies. Tlie tirst Assiento was conclud- 
 ed with tlie Flemings by Charles I. 
 of Spain. In 17KJ, it was transferred 
 to England by the treaty of Utrecht, 
 and atterward made over for thirty 
 years by the English government to 
 the South-Sea Company, which, how- 
 ever, in 1750, relin(|uished its rights 
 to Spain, upon the payment of .£l()0,- 
 000, and the concession of certain 
 conunercial advantages. [Written 
 also, though rarely in English books, 
 A s i e u t o, which is the proper Span- 
 ish orthography.] 
 
 As-tar'te. {Myth.) The Punic name 
 of the Syrian deity named Ashtaroth. 
 
 See ASHTAKOTH.' 
 
 With these in troops 
 Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called 
 AMarte^ queen of heaven, with crescent horns; 
 To whose britfht imajre nij;htly by the moon 
 Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs; 
 In Sion also not unsung, where stood 
 Her temple on the offensive mountain, built 
 By that uxorious king, whose heart, though 
 
 lara;e, 
 Beguile(t by fair idolatresses, fell 
 To idols foul. Milton. 
 
 A.8'to-lat. The name given to Guil- 
 ford, in Surrey, in the old romances 
 of the Arthurian cycle. 
 
 A-s-tol'fo, o?- As-tol'pho. A celebrat- 
 ed character in the romantic tales 
 and poem-t founded upon the sup- 
 posed adventures of Charlemagne 
 and his paladins. Astolfo is repre- 
 sented as the English cousin of Or- 
 lando, being equally descended with 
 him from Charles Martel. He is a 
 boaster, and is perpetually under- 
 taking great feats, which he is unable 
 to perform; but he is generous, and 
 brave to tool - hardiness, courteous, 
 
 fay, and singularly handsome. In 
 .riosto's "Orlando Furioso," he is 
 made to cure Orlando's madness by 
 bringing home his lost wits in a phial 
 from the moon, and is noted for his 
 magic horn, that routed armies with 
 a blast. 
 
 In the hands of Antony Van Corlear, this 
 windy instrument [the trumpet] appeared to 
 
 him as potent a« the horn of the paladin A*to7. 
 p/io, or even tlie more classic horn of Alecto. 
 
 »r. /rtiiig. 
 
 As-tree'a. 1. [Gr. 'A arpaia.] (Gr.^f- 
 Rom. Myth . ) The goddess of j ustice, 
 a daughter of Jupiter and Themis, 
 or, according to others, of Astneus 
 and Aurora. She was the last of all 
 the deities who left the earth when 
 the golden age had passed away; 
 and, when she departed, shocked bv 
 the impiety of mankind, she took 
 her place in heaven among the stars, 
 as the constellation "Virgo," in the 
 zodiac. 
 
 2. A poetical name assumed by 
 Mrs. Aphara, or Aphra, Behn, a 
 dramatist and miscellaneous writer 
 of the seventeenth century, notorious 
 for the license of her life and writ- 
 ings. 
 
 The stage how loosely does Astrcea tread ! 
 
 J'oim:. 
 
 As'tro-phel. [A sort of metagram- 
 matic translation of Phil. Sid., an 
 abbreviation of Philip Sidney, — Si(L 
 being taken as a contraction of the 
 Latin sidus, a star, in Gr. uarpov, and 
 Phil, standing for (ptAog, a friend. 
 Hence, Astrophil, star-friend, or friend 
 of the star [Stella], changed to Astn^ 
 jjhd, which is the name of a flower- 
 ing plant called also starwort.] A 
 name given by Sir Philip Sidney to 
 himself in a series of poems entitled 
 " Astrophel and Stella," in which he 
 celebrated the praises of Penelope 
 Devereux, to whom he was at one 
 time betrothed. Spenser embalmed 
 the mutual friendship of Sidney and 
 himself in a pastoral ode entitled 
 "Astrophel." See Stella, 1. 
 
 The long-winded strophes of the divine 
 Astrophel. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 As-ty'a-nax. [Gr. 'AarvuvaE.] {Gr. 
 (f Bom. Myth.) The only son of 
 Hector and Andromache. After the 
 capture of Troy, the Greeks hurled 
 him down from the walls of the cit}' 
 to prevent the fultillment of a decree 
 of fate, according to which he was to 
 restore the kingdom of Troy. 
 
 At'a-lan'ta. [Gr. ' ATaTu'ivrTj.] {Gr. 
 <f Rom. Myth.) A princess of Scy- 
 ros, or, according to others, of Arca- 
 dia, who was famed for her beauty 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanyinK Explanationa, 
 
ATE 
 
 27 
 
 ATR 
 
 She consented to marn' that one of 
 her ninnerous suitors who slioiihl out- 
 run her; bat he was to die who lost 
 the prize. After many had perislied, 
 Hipi)onienes ottered hiniseU"; and, by 
 droi)ping at intervals three golden 
 apple*; from the garden of the lles- 
 perides, which Atalanta sto]>ped to 
 pick, up, arrived tirst at the goal, and 
 thus oblauied her hand. 
 
 A'te. [(jr. "Ar;/.] (Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of Jupiter, and 
 the goddess of discord. The tragic 
 writers describe her as the goddess of 
 retribution. 
 
 Atli'el-stS,ne. A prominent character 
 in Sir Walter Scott's novel of " Ivan- 
 hoe." He is thane of Coningsburgh, 
 and is surnamed " The Unready." 
 
 A-the'ne. [Gr. 'A&i/vr].] {Myth.) 
 One of the great female clivinities of 
 the Greeks; the same as the Minerva 
 of the liomans. See Mineuva. 
 [Written also A t h e n a.] 
 
 Athenian Bee. A title bestowed 
 upon Plato (n. c. 423—348), who was 
 a native of Athens, in allusion to the 
 sweetness and beauty of his style. 
 
 Athens of America. A name 
 sometimes given to Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. See MoDKKN Atiikms, 2. 
 
 Athens of Ireland. A popular des- 
 ignafion of the city of (Jork, the 
 birtiiplace or residence of very many 
 of the most cultivated and eminent 
 Irishmen of the present day. 
 
 Athens of the North. See North- 
 
 EKN ATIIf:NS. 
 
 At-lan'tes [It. pron. at-lSn'tess). A 
 famous enchanter, ^\\\n ligures in 
 B(;iardo's "Orlando Innamorato," 
 and Ariosto's " Orlando Furioso," as 
 the tutor of Rogero. 
 
 Thou mayst laugh, . . . but it [the shadow 
 of a liprse with two riders] reminded me of 
 the majrician Atlatitex on his hippo^jriif with 
 a Icnif^ht trussed up behind him. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 At-lan'tis. [Gr. 'kTlavrig.'] A vast 
 island supposed by the ancient Greeks 
 and Romans to have been situated in 
 the western ocean, beyond the Pil- 
 lars of Hercules. It Avas first men- 
 tioned by Plato, who tells us that he 
 obtained his information from the 
 
 priests of Egypt. He gives a beau- 
 tiful picture of the interior of this im- 
 aginary laud, aud enriches it with a 
 fal)ulous history. He says, that, nine 
 thousand years before his time, the 
 island suddenly sank into the sea, 
 rendering it innavigable ever since 
 by reason of the shoals of mud caused 
 by the submersion of so great an ex- 
 tent of land. 
 
 At-lan'tis, The New. The title of 
 an allegorical tiction by Lord Bacon, 
 and the name of an island described 
 in it as being situated, like the At- 
 lantis of the ancients, in the middle 
 of the Atlantic Ocean. Bacon rep- 
 resents himself as having been 
 wrecked on this island, and as find- 
 ing there an association for the cul- 
 tivation of natural science and the 
 promotion of improvements in the 
 arts. 
 
 AtTas. [Gr. 'ArAa^.] {Gr. f Bom. 
 Myth.) One of the Titans, son of 
 lapetus and Clymene. Being con- 
 quered by Jupiter, he was condemned 
 to the labcn- of bearing on his head 
 and hands the heaven he had at- 
 tempted to destroy. Another ac- 
 count makes him a man metanu)r- 
 phosed into a mountain by Perseus. 
 
 Atlas, Witch of. See Witch ok 
 
 _ Atlas. 
 
 A-tos'sa. [From Atossa, the daughter 
 ' of Cyrus, queen of Cambyses, and 
 afterward of Darius Hystaspis, by 
 whom she had Xerxes. Herodotus 
 speaks of her as a loUower of Sap- 
 pho.] A poetical name given by 
 Pope to Sarah, Duchess of Marlbor- 
 ough, a great friend of Lady Mary 
 Wortley Montagu, whom Pope calfs 
 Sappho" in his " Moral Essays," Lp. 
 II. 
 
 But what are these to great ^fo.wcr'.smind? 
 Scarce once herself, by turns all womankind. 
 
 A'treiis. [Gr. 'Arpei'f.] {Gr. ^- Ri>m. 
 Myth.) A son of Pelops and Hippo- 
 damia, grandson of Tantalus, and 
 father of Agamemnon and Menelaus. 
 
 i-tri'des. [Gr. ' hrptUhir.'] {Gr. if 
 Rom. Jfyth.) A patronymic used to 
 designate Agamemnon, the son of 
 Atreus. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbcrB after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
ATR 
 
 28 
 
 AUG 
 
 At'ro-pos. [Gr. 'ArpoTTOC, the inflex- 
 ible, thiin a [)rivati\'e,aii(i rpeTretv, to 
 cliange.j ((Jr. 4 Jtoin. Myt/i.) One 
 of the three I'areje, or Kates; the 
 one that cut the thread of life. 
 
 Attic Bee. An apjjellation conferred 
 by the ancients npon Plato (428-;j47, 
 B. c), the famous philoso])her of 
 Athens, on account of the purity of 
 his style, and the imrivnied beauty 
 and sweetnet-s of his pioductions. 
 
 Attic Muse. A title bestowed by the 
 Greeks upon Xenophon (b. c. 450), 
 the celebrated historian, on account 
 of the merit of liis style, which was 
 regarded as a model of simplicity 
 and elegance. He is sometimes 
 called The Muse of Greece. 
 
 At'ti-cus. 1. A poetical name given 
 by Pope to Addison in the " Epistle 
 to Dr. Arbutlinot" which forms the 
 " Prologue to the Satires." Atiicus 
 was an epithet applied by the Ro- 
 mans to a person distinguished for 
 his learning or eloquence. 
 
 2. A name given to George Faulk- 
 ner (d. 1775), to Avhom Lord Chester- 
 field addressed, under this title, a 
 series of ironical letters, which at- 
 tained great celebrity. 
 
 3. A name given to Richard He- 
 ber (177'3-1833), a famous English 
 book-hunter, in Dibdin's " Biblio- 
 mania." 
 
 Attorney-General to the Lantern. 
 [Fr. Procureur-General de la Lnn- 
 terne.'\ A title adopted by Camille 
 Desmoulins (1702-1794), one of the 
 earliest instigators of the French 
 Revolution, in reference to the sum- 
 mary executions in the streets, when 
 the mob took the law into their own 
 hands, and hanged those whom they 
 considered tlieir opponents, by means 
 of the long ropes to which the lamps 
 were suspended. 
 
 A'tys. [Gr. 'Aruf.] {Or. <f Rom. 
 Myth.) A beautiful Phrygian shep- 
 herd, beloved by Cybele^ who made 
 him her priest on condition of per- 
 petual chastity; but he broke his 
 vow, became insane, unmanned him- 
 self, and was changed into a tir-tree. 
 [Written also At'tys, Attis, A t- 
 tes, Att in.] 
 
 Audhumbla (Mwd-h*)(jm'bln[). {Srnn4 
 Jlylli.) The nana! of a wondcrfuV 
 cow formed by the fiat of Alfadur, at 
 the creation of the universe. She 
 fostered the giant Vmir, and, by lick- 
 ing the salt rocks in Ginnunga-gap 
 (from which siie obtained her own 
 nourishment), she occasioned tlie l)ntli 
 of Buri, the progenitor of the gods. 
 Audhunilthi represents the power of 
 nature acting u])on chaos. [Written 
 also Audumbla and A u d h u m- 
 la.] 
 
 Aud'ley, John. A name used by 
 theatrical performers, in the jjhrase, 
 " We will , John Audley it," when tliey 
 intend to abridge an act or a play. 
 [Written also John Urderle y.] 
 
 iftSr" " In fhe year 1749. Shut«r was 
 master of a droll at Bartholnmew Fair, 
 and it was liis mode to lens^thon the ex- 
 hibition until a sufficient number of per- 
 sons were gathered at the door to fiU the 
 house. This event was signified by a 
 fellow popping his head in at the gallery- 
 door, ami bellowing out. ^ John Aii///'i/,^ 
 as if in act of inquiry, though the inten- 
 tion was to let Shuter know that a fresh 
 audience were m high expectation beiDW. 
 The consequence of this notification was, 
 that the entertainments were immediately 
 concluded, and the gates of the booth 
 thrown open for a new auditory." 
 
 Pi(llpi/n. 
 
 Au'drey. A coimtry wench, in Shake- 
 speare's " As You Like It " 
 
 4®=" " Audrey is the most perfect spe- 
 cimen of a wondering she -gawky. . 
 She thanks the gods she is foul. and. if 
 to be poetical is not to be honest, she 
 thanks the gods also that she is not 
 poetical." Coic/fn Onrkp. 
 
 She flourished the switch she held in her 
 hand, dropped a courtesy as low as a lady at 
 a birthnit;ht introduction, recovered herself 
 seeininj^ly according to Touchstone'-s diree- 
 tiou.s to Auf/re;/, and opened the conversation 
 without waitinj; till any questions were asked. 
 6'u- jr. ^ott. 
 
 Au'ge-as. [Gr. Avyia^.] (Gr. cf 
 lioin. Mijlh.) A king of Elis, one of 
 the Argonauts. It was the fifth of 
 the twelve labors of Hercules to 
 cleanse his stables in one day of the 
 tiltii which had been procUiccd in 
 them by ."JOOO head of cattle during 
 thirty years. This he accomplished 
 by leading the waters of the Alpheus 
 and the Peneus through them. The 
 fable of the Augean stables is often 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunci»tioD," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
AUL 
 
 29 
 
 AVE 
 
 alluded to in declamations on politi- 
 cal corruptions and tlie like. [Writ- 
 ten also A ugi as.] 
 
 Auld Ane. [ i'liat is, the Old One.] 
 A vulgar name for the Devil in Scot- 
 land and the North of England. The 
 epithet "old," prefixed to so many 
 or the titles of the Devil, seems to 
 indicate the common opinion tiiat he 
 can only appear in the !?hape of an 
 old man. 
 
 A-uld Clootie. A Scottish name for 
 the Devil, supposed to allude to his 
 clortn feet. 
 
 Auld Hangie. A name popularly 
 given in Scotland to the Devil. 
 
 Auld Hornie. Among the Scotch, a 
 familiar name for the Devil, Avho is 
 often described and represented with 
 horns. 
 
 O thou ! whatever title suit thee, 
 
 Auld Hormc, Satiin, Nick, or Clootie, . . . 
 
 Hear irn-, Auld Ilaneie. for a wee, 
 
 And let poor damned bodies be. Bums. 
 
 Auld Reekie. A designation given 
 to Edinburgh on account of its 
 smvkij appearance, as seen from a dis- 
 tance ; or, according to others, on ac- 
 count of the uncleanliness of its pub- 
 lic streets. 
 
 4®=- "• This desiarnation [Auld Reekie] 
 remind-; one, that the (juarter of the city 
 to which it particularly refers, presents, 
 even to this dav, the spectacle of the most 
 flagrant violation of the most elementary 
 rules for ti;e preservation of public 
 health and the maintenance of domestic 
 decency."' London Rtview. 
 
 Ilech, sirs, but ye Ve gotten a nastj', cauld, 
 wet day for coiiiinj; into Auld Reekie, as you 
 kintra folks ca' Embro. J/. Lind'saii. 
 
 When my mind was quite made up to make 
 Auld Reekie my head-cjuarters, I besau to ex- 
 plore, in ^ood earnest, for the purpose of dis- 
 covering' a suitable habitation. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 A.u-ro'ra (9). [Gr. 'Avp/of wpa, the 
 golden hour.] i Rnm Myth.) The 
 goddess of the morning, or of the 
 dawn; sometimes described as the 
 goddess of day. She had a passion 
 for mortal youths, and carried oft" 
 Clitus, Orion, and Tithonus. 
 
 Aus'ter. {Rom. }fijth.) A personifi- 
 cation of the south wind. 
 
 Austrian Hyena. An appellation 
 given to .hilius .lakob von Haynau 
 (178G-1853), an Austrian general dis- 
 tinguished for his sinister appearance, 
 
 and notorious for his ruthless cruelty 
 to the prisoners — particularly the 
 female political prisoners — captured 
 by the forces under his command, in 
 the wars against Charles Albert of 
 Sardinia and the Hungarians under 
 Kossuth and Ourgey. 
 
 Authentic Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Au- 
 thtnticiis.] An honorary a()pelIation 
 conferred upon Gregory of Kimini 
 (d. 1857), a celebrated scholar of the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 Au-tol'y-cus. 1. [Gr. AvroAvKng.'] 
 ( Cr. (f Rom. Myth.) (~)ne of the Argo- 
 nauts, a son of ^lerciiry and Chione. 
 He is very famous in ancient story 
 as a successful robber, who had the 
 power of metamorphosing both the 
 stolen goods and himself. 
 
 2, A wittv rogue in Shakespeare's 
 " Winter's tale." 
 
 A lively, bustling', arch fellow, whose pack 
 and oaken ell-waiid, studded duly with brass 
 points, denoted him to he of Aut'(ihicu.<s pro- 
 fession, occupied a sood deal of the attention, 
 and furnished much of the amusement, of the 
 evening. Sir \V. Scott. 
 
 Av'a-lon. In ]\Iiddle-Age romance, 
 the name of an ocean island, and of 
 a castle of loadstone upon it. " not 
 far on this side of the terrestrial par- 
 adise; " represented as the abode of 
 Arthur and Obcron and Morgaine 
 la Eee. It is most fully described m 
 the old French Romance of " Ogier 
 le Danois " 
 
 4®=- " Avalon wa.s perhaps the Island 
 of the Blest of the Celtic mythology, and 
 then the abode of the Fees, through the 
 Breton Kerrigan. Writers, however, 
 seem to be unanimous in regardingit and 
 Glastonbury as the same place, — called 
 an isle^ it is stated, as being made nearly 
 such by the ' river's embracement ' It 
 was named Avalon, we are told, from the 
 British word aval, an apple, as it 
 abounded with orchards ; and Ynys 
 giot/flrin, Saxon Glastn-ey. glassy isle, 
 (Latin G/ri.sZf)H/V;,) from the green hue of 
 the water surrounding it." Keighlley.' 
 
 Avenel, "White Lady of. See White 
 Lady of Avenei>. 
 
 A-ver'nus (4). [Gr. 'Aopvog.] {Rom. 
 Myth.) Properly, a small, deep lake 
 in Campania, occupying the crater 
 of an extinct volcano, and almost 
 completely shut in by steep and 
 wooded heights. From its gloomy 
 
 and for tlie Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
AYM 
 
 30 
 
 AZR 
 
 and awful aspoct, it was dopcribcd by 
 the Latin pot-ts as tlit- entrance to the 
 lower world; but tlie name was often 
 used to designate tlie lower world it- 
 self. Avernus was also regarded as 
 a divine being. 
 
 Ay'mer, Prior. A jovial Benedictine 
 monk, prior of Jorvaulx Abbey, in 
 Sir Walter Scott's " Ivaidioe." 
 
 Ay^mon. {Fr.pron. a'my'i', G2.) A 
 seani-mythical character who tigures 
 in the romances and romantic poems 
 of the Caroliau series, lie is repre- 
 sented as Duke of Dordona (bor- 
 dogne), and father of four sons, Ki- 
 naldo, Guicriardo, Alavdo, and Kic- 
 ciardetto (or Renaud, Guiscard, Alard, 
 and Richard), whose adventures are 
 the subject of an old French romance, 
 entitled " Les C^uatre-Filz-Aymon," 
 by Huon de Villeneuve, a French 
 poet of the age of Philip II. (li(>5- 
 1223). 
 
 ^.-za'zel. Among the ancient Je^vs, 
 the name inscribed upon one of t.ie 
 lots cast by the high priest, on the 
 day of atonement, to determine which 
 of the two goats selected as a sin-of- 
 fering should be the scape-goat, and 
 •which should be sacriticed to Jeho- 
 vah. (See Z.et\ xvi.) There has been 
 much discussion among biblical in- 
 terpreters as to the meaning of the 
 word Az'izel. Some regard it as a 
 designation of the goat itself; some 
 as the name of the place to which he 
 was sent; and others as the name of 
 a personal being to whom he Avas 
 sent. Tholuck and other critics ren- 
 der the word " for complete sending 
 away." Ewald considers Azazel to 
 have been a demon belonging to the 
 pre-Mosaic religion. Another opin- 
 ioa identities him with Satan, or the 
 
 Devil. Milton makes him Satan's 
 standard-bearer. 
 
 That proud honoi claimed 
 Aznzrl ns his ri^ht, a cliuruh tall; 
 Who f'ortliwith from his glittering staff un- 
 furled 
 The iuii)i'riiil ensign, which, full high ad- 
 vanced. 
 Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind, 
 AVitli gems and golden luster rich emhlazed. 
 Seraphic arms and tnjphies. I'ur. Lo.<t, Jik. I. 
 
 A'zo. The name given by Byron to 
 the Prince of Este, in his poem of 
 " Parisina." The poem is founded 
 on fact, and the real name of the 
 prince was Nicholas; l)ut Lord Byron 
 substituted Azo as being metrically 
 preferable. See Pahisina. 
 
 Az'rS-el. [Heb., help of God.] In 
 the .Jewish and the Mohammedan 
 niytholdgv, the name of an angel 
 who watches over the dying, and 
 sej^arates the soul trom the body. 
 
 g^g" >< The Mohammedan doctors . . . 
 say that Azrael . . . wtuj commissioned 
 to intiict the penalty of death on ail 
 mankind, and that, until the time of 
 Mahomet, he visibly struck down before 
 the eyes of the living those whose time 
 for death was come ; and although not 
 invariably seen by by-stiinders, yet he 
 was supposed to be always visible, in the 
 very act of inflicting the mortal blow, to 
 those whose souls he was suunnoned to 
 take away. Malinmet, struck by the ter- 
 rific effect which this produced upon 
 men, entreated that the augel of death 
 should Uike away the soulstof men with- 
 out this visible appearance ; and. in con- 
 sequence of the prayers of the prophet, 
 it was no longer iiermitted, but men's 
 souls were taken without their beholding 
 the angelic form which removed them."' 
 Henry Chrislmas. 
 Even Azrntl, from his deadly quiver 
 
 Wlien flies that shaft, and fly it mus-t, 
 
 That parts all else, sliiill (loom fur ever 
 
 Our liearts to undivided dust. Bifron, 
 
 Madness . . . invisible, impalpable, and yet 
 
 no black AzraeU with wings spread over half 
 
 a continent, with sword sweeping from pea to 
 
 sea, could be a truer reality. Carlyle. 
 
 ISS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanatious, 
 
BAA 
 
 31 
 
 BAG 
 
 B. 
 
 Ba'ai. [Heb., lord, master.] (Myth.) 
 A general appellation of honor used 
 — sometimes in the plural t'orm, Ba- 
 alim — to designate many ditierent 
 gods among the ancient nations of 
 the East; but specilicallj applied to 
 the principal nuile deity of the I'ha'- 
 iiicians, who was also worshiped in 
 Assyria, Egypt, Carthage, and other 
 countries. He was the god of tlie 
 sun. See 1 Kings xviii. 
 
 JO®" " The word Baiil is frequently found 
 coupled with some epithet, and seems, in 
 puch cases, to have denoted a different 
 deity, or perhaps the same deity regarded 
 as exercising a different function. Thus, 
 we have Bail-Bereth, ''the Covenant 
 Lord," worshiped by the people of She- 
 chem ; Bail-Peor, the Priapus of the Mo- 
 abites and Midianites ; and Heelzebnb,or 
 BaU-zebub, — the " Fly-god," — the idol 
 of the Pliilistines at Ekron. 
 
 Baba, Ali (ade' ba^ba). A character 
 in the " Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments," which relates the story of 
 his adventures with the Forty Thieves 
 {q. v.)^ whom he discovers from his 
 hiding-place in a tree, and whose 
 cave he enters by the use of a magic 
 pass-word, " Sesame/' which he has 
 accidentally overheard. 
 
 Baba, Cassim (kas^sim bS'ba). A 
 character in the "■ Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments;" the brother of Ali 
 Baba. See Forty Tiiikves. 
 
 The spell loses its power, and he who should 
 then hope to conjure with it wonld find liini- 
 Belf as much mistaken as Cu^siin . . . when 
 he stood cryinfr, "Open, Whent," "Open, 
 Barley." to the door which obeyed no sound 
 but "Open, Sesame." Macaulay. 
 
 Baba, Hajji (had-'jee ba'bjx). The hero 
 of a novel of the same name, bv James 
 Morier( 1780-1 849); a sort of rersian 
 picaroon, on the Gil-Bias model. 
 
 Babes in the "Wood. See Chil- 
 
 DKKN IN THE WoOD. 
 
 Babes of the "Wood. {Irish Hist.) 
 Insurrectionary hordes who infested 
 the mountains of Wicklow and the 
 woods near Enniscarthy, toward the 
 end of the eighteenth century, and 
 who Avere guilty of the greatest 
 atrocities. 
 
 Baboon, Lewis. Louis XIV. of 
 France; — so called in Arbuthnot's 
 '• History of John Bull." 
 
 Baboon, Philip. A nickname given, 
 in Arbuthnot's " History of John 
 Bull," to I'hilip, Duke of Anjou, 
 grandson of Louis XIV. of France. 
 
 Bac'chus. [Gr. Bd/cxo?, the noisy or 
 riotous god.] {Gr. if Rom. Myth.) 
 The son of Jupiter and Semele, and 
 the god of wine; represented as a 
 beautiful but eft'eminate youth. 
 
 Bachelor of Salamanca. See Don 
 
 CIIERUBI3I. 
 
 Backbite, Sir Benjamin. A censo- 
 rious character in Sheridan's " School 
 for Scandal." 
 
 But could this sad, thoughtful countenance 
 be tlie same vacant face of folly . . . that 
 looked out so formally flat in ]'opj)inst< n, so 
 frothily pert in Tattle, so impoteutly busy in 
 Backbite f C//arlen Luinb. 
 
 Bac'tri-an Sage. An epithet given 
 to Zoroaster, the founder of the J\la- 
 gian religion, and a native of Bactria, 
 the modern Balkh. 
 
 Badebec (bad'bek'). The wife of 
 Gargantua, and mother of Pantag- 
 ruel, whose birth was the cause of 
 her death; which is not to be won- 
 dered at, since he came into the 
 world accompanied by eighty - one 
 f-ellers of salt, each leading a mule 
 by a halter; nine dromedaries, lad- 
 en with ham and smoked tongues; 
 seven camels, laden with eels; be- 
 sides twenty -five wagons full of 
 leeks, garlic, onions, and shallots. 
 
 Badger State. A name popularly 
 given to the State of Wisconsin. 
 
 Badinguet (baMa»/ga', 62). A nick- 
 name given ill F'rance to the em- 
 peror Napoleon III. 
 
 Ba'don, Mount (ba'dn). The scene 
 of a battle Avhich is said to have been 
 fought by King Arthur against the 
 Saxons who invaded his kingdom, 
 and in which the latter were signally 
 defeated. By some writers, Badon 
 has been identified with Bath, by 
 others with Berkshire. 
 
 Bag'stock, Joe. A wooden-featured, 
 
 and for the Remarka and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-zxzii. 
 
BAI 
 
 32 
 
 BAN 
 
 blue-faced major in DicVien?'? "Dom- 
 bev and Son," ?elt -absorbed, and for 
 ever talkinf-- of "J. B.," "old J. B.," 
 "Joey B.," ike. 
 
 Baillie ITicol Jarvie. See Jarvie, 
 Baillie Nicol. 
 
 Baiser de Lamourette, Le. See 
 Lamolhette's Klss. 
 
 Bajardo fba-^--ar'do). See Bayard. 
 
 Bal'der-st6ne, Caleb. In Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott's " Bride of Lamniennoor," 
 the faithful old butler of the Master 
 of Ravenswood. He stru^^gles most 
 virtuously, without food, furniture, or 
 comfort, to maintain an appearance 
 of affluence, and is always ready 
 with some ludicrous shift to uphold 
 the fallen dignity of his patron 
 
 4^ " Of all our author's fools and 
 bores, he is the most pertinafious. the 
 most intrusive, ami. from the nature of 
 his one monotonous note, the least par- 
 donable in his intrusion His silly 
 buffoonerv is always marring, with gross 
 absurdities and degrading associations, 
 Bome scene of tenderness or dignity." 
 
 Senior. 
 
 The Gallic for!\y was even more terrible 
 and fatal than Roinan vanitv chose to avow. 
 It was like ddeh />Vj///e/-.<^>/if-Vthunder-storm, 
 or Edward the First's destnietioii of charters, 
 for it utterly ruined early Roman history 
 
 Yunge. 
 
 BolduT Chjl'door). [Old Norse, bril- 
 liant, beautiful, powerful ] ( Scnnd. 
 Myth ) The second son of Odin and 
 Frigga ; the god of the summer sun ; 
 represented as the noblest, gentlest, 
 and ^nsest of all the gods, and so fair 
 that a brilliant while light streamed 
 from his person In consequence of 
 the machinations of Loki, he was 
 slain by his twin brother, Ilodur, the 
 blind god of war. His death typifies 
 the disappearance of the sun from 
 the horizon during the winter months 
 in the North. [Written also Bal- 
 der and B a 1 1 d r.] 
 
 Balisardo (ba-le-saf'do). [It.] The 
 name of a sword which, according to 
 Ariosto, in his " Orlando Furioso," 
 ■would cut even enchanted substances, 
 and was mad*' by a potent sorceress, 
 named F'alerina, to kill Orlando with. 
 It became the property of Ruggiero. 
 
 Ballengeigh, Goodman of. See 
 Goodman of Bali.engeigh. 
 
 BSl'ma-whap'ple (-pi). A stupidly 
 obstinate Scottish laird who figures 
 in Scott's novel of " Waverley." 
 
 Balmung (lulil'nKKjng). A sword of 
 great potency, belonging to Siegfried 
 in the (ierman epos, the " Nibelun- 
 gen Lied." Von der Hagen seems 
 to think it merely the sword Mimung 
 under another name. See Mimung 
 and WiELAND. 
 
 Yoim? hearts, senoration afler peneration, 
 will think with themselves. O worthy of wor- 
 Bhip. thou kinsr-desocndod. irod-desccnded, 
 and poor sister-woman [the Princess de I>am- 
 balle]! why was not I there [at her execu- 
 tion]: and "some Sword Balmun'j, or Thor'a 
 Hammer in my hand? Carlyle. 
 
 BaPni-bar'bi. A land occupied by 
 projectors, visited by Gulliver in his 
 famous imaginary " Travels." See 
 Gulliver 
 
 Bal-thaz'ar. 1. A merchant in Shake- 
 speare's " Comedy of Errors " 
 
 2. A .servant to Don Pedro, in 
 "Much Ado about Nothing.'' 
 
 3. A name assumed by Portia, in 
 Shakespeare's •' Merchant of Ven- 
 ice." See Portia. 
 
 4. One of the " Kings of Cologne," 
 — the three magi who came from the 
 East to worship the infant Saviour. 
 
 Balwery, Great "Witcli of. See 
 Great Witch of Balwery. 
 
 Bal'-wtdd-der, The Rev. Micah 
 (l)aPhwith-ur). A Scottish Presby- 
 terian pastor m Gait's " Annals of 
 the Parish," imbued with all old- 
 fashioned national feelings and prej- 
 udices, but thoroughly sincere, kind- 
 hearted, and pious. He is easy, 
 gaiTulous, fond of a quiet joke, and 
 perfectlv ignorant of the world ; dili- 
 gent, blameless, loyal, and exemplary 
 m his lifo, but without the tiery zeal 
 and "kirk-tilling eloquence" of the 
 supporters of the Covenant. 
 
 Ban, King. The father of Lancelot 
 du Lac, and a famous knight of the 
 Round Tal)le. He was a king of 
 Brittany, and a faithful ally of King 
 Arthur. 
 
 Banou, Peri. See Paribaxou. 
 
 Ban'quo (bangk'wo). A Scottish 
 thane and warrior of the eleventh 
 century, and progenitor of the royal 
 House of Stuart, immortalized in 
 
 OS- For the " Key to tlie Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanyinj; Explanationi, 
 
BAN 
 
 33 
 
 BAR 
 
 Shakespeare's traged}' of "Mac- 
 beth." 
 
 Like Jianquo's mtirdcrer, tliero was Mood 
 on his face, as well as upon the rowt'ls of liis 
 spurs, and the sides of his ovcr-riddcn horse. 
 Sir W. Srott. 
 
 Ban'shee. In the popular supersti- 
 tions of the Irish, a sort of tutehiry 
 female demon, called the wife of the 
 fairies, who is thought to give warn- 
 ing of an approachmg death by wail- 
 !ngs and shrieks which she utters. 
 [VVritten also B e n s h i e.] 
 
 ^aph'o-met. A mysterious idol, or 
 rather symbol, which was in use 
 among the Templars. It was a small 
 human ligure, cut out of stone, and 
 covered with emblems of unknown 
 ■(gnitication. It had two heads, one 
 male and the other female, with the 
 rest of the body purely femmine 
 Specimens are to be found in some 
 cf the museums of Coiitinental cities 
 
 jgcg^ The word Bnplwnnt is supposed 
 to l)e a corruption - arising from tlie 
 nesligcnee of some transcriber — of the 
 name Mahomet^ occurring in th« deposi- 
 tions of witnesses against the unfortunate 
 Teniphirs, who were accused of hiiving 
 a leaning to the faith of the Arabian 
 prophet. 
 
 Baptiste, Jean (zho" ba'test', 62). A 
 sobricjuet given to the French Cana- 
 dians, these being very common 
 Christian names among them. 
 
 Barataria (ba-ra-ta re-a). [Sp , from 
 (jai'dto, cheap ] Sancho Panza's isl- 
 and-city, in Cervantes's romance of 
 " Don Quixote " " Sancho then, 
 with all his attendants, arrived at a 
 town containing about a thousand 
 inhabitants. They gave him to un- 
 derstand that it was called the island 
 of Barataria, either because Barata- 
 ria was really the name of the place, 
 or because he obtained the govern- 
 ment of it at so cheap a rate. On 
 his an-ival near the gates of the 
 town, the municipal otHcers came out 
 to receive him. Presently after, with 
 certain ridiculous ceremonies, they 
 presented him with the keys of the 
 town, and constituted him pei'petual 
 governor of the island of Barataria." 
 
 Sancho Vun/.n, in his island of Jlnrnlnrin, 
 neither administered justice more wisely, nor 
 was interrupted more provokingly in his per- 
 sonal indulgences. ShelUy. 
 
 I don't oat side-dishes; and a* for the roait 
 heef of 1)1(1 Kn^land, why, the meat was piii 
 on the table and whisked a\v;iy like Sancho's 
 inauguration feast at lUiiittaiiu. Thackeray. 
 
 Bar'ba-son (-sn). The name of a 
 tiend mentioned by Shakespeare, 
 " Merry Wives of Windsor," a. ii., 
 sc. 2, and " Henry V.," a. ii., sc. 1. 
 
 Barber Poet. A name sometimes 
 given to Jacques Jasmin (17!J8-18(i4), 
 a popular poet of Gascony, and a 
 barber or hair-dresser by occupation. 
 
 Bar-dell', Mrs. A widow landlady in 
 Dickens's " Pickwick Papers," cele- 
 brated for the suit which she brought 
 against Mr. Pickwic'K for an alleged 
 breach of promise to marry her. 
 
 Bard of A'v6n. A surname often ap- 
 plied to Shakespeare, Avho was born 
 and buried in Stratford-upon-Avon. 
 
 Bard of Ayrshire. A name oitcn 
 given to Robert Burns, the great 
 peasant-poet of Scotland, who was a 
 native and resident of tiie county of 
 A3'r. 
 
 Bard of Hope. A title sometimes 
 given to Thomas Campbell (1777- 
 1844), author of "The Pleasures of 
 Hope," one of the most beautiful di- 
 dactic poems in the language. 
 
 Bard of Memory. A name used to 
 designate the poet Rogers (1762- 
 1855), author of "The Pleasures of 
 Memory." 
 
 The Bard of Memorii slumhered on hia 
 lauiels, and he of Ilope had scarce begun to 
 attract his share of public attention. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bard of Olney. An appellation 
 sometimes conferred upon the ])oet 
 Cowper, who resided for many year? 
 at (31ney, in Buckinghamshire. 
 
 Bard of Rydal Mount. A surname 
 sometimes applied to the poet V\^ords- 
 worth (1770-1850), who resided from 
 1813 until his death at Rydal, a chap- 
 elry of England, in the countyof West- 
 moreland" His dwelling commanded 
 a beautiful view of the lake of Rydal 
 and of a part of Windermere. 
 
 Bard of Twick'en-hani. A name 
 often given to the poet Pope ( 1688- 
 1744), who resided at Tvvickenham 
 for the last thirty y(!ars of his life. 
 
 Of all the abject and despicable driveling, 
 ever driveled by clerk or layman, is all that 
 
 knd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
 3 
 
BAR 
 
 34 
 
 BAR 
 
 lato (IrivclinR about tho eternal principles of 
 poctrv, and the genius of the Jiard of Iwick- 
 enJiam. BlackwooiVs Mug. 
 
 Bar'dolph. A follower of Falstatf, a 
 bravo, and a humorist, in Shake- 
 speare's " Merry Wives of Windsor," 
 and iu the two parts of " King Henry 
 IV." 
 
 AVe are muchof the mind of Falstaffs tailor. 
 Wi; must liave bettor assurance for Sir John 
 than Jiardolp/i's. We Uke not the security. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Though, like Bardolph, I have nothing, 
 and cannot even coin my nose for jj^uineas, or 
 inv blood for dracliinas, it is not the less flat- 
 ♦crinj? to a man's minor vanities to receive a 
 begging letter. Sala. 
 
 Bare'b6ne"a Parliament. {En(]. 
 Hist.) A nickname conferred upon 
 the Parliament convened by Crom- 
 well, July 4, 1653. It was composed 
 of 1.39 persons, who resigned their 
 authority Dec. 12, 1053; and it was 
 so called from a fanatical leather- 
 seller named Praise-God Barebone, 
 who was one of the principal mem- 
 bers, and was notorious for his long 
 prayers and sermons. [Called also 
 LitlU Parliament.^ 
 
 Bar'guest. {Fairy Myth.) A fright- 
 ful goblin, armed with teeth and 
 claws, which is an object of terror in 
 the North of England. According 
 to Ritsou (" Fairy Tales," p. 58), the 
 Barguest, besides its many other 
 pranks, would sometimes, in the 
 dead of night, in passing through 
 the ditferent streets, set up the most 
 horrid and continuous shrieks, in or- 
 der to scare the poor girls who might 
 happen to be out of bed. It was 
 generally believed that the faculty 
 of seeing this goblin was peculiar to 
 certain individuals, but that the gift 
 couhl be imparted to another, at the 
 time of the ghost's appearance, by 
 the mere act of touching. 
 
 Barlcis. A carrier in Dickens's novel 
 of' P/avid Copperlield," in love with 
 a servant-girl named Peggotty, whom 
 he solicits in marriage bv Avriting and 
 displaying before her eyes a proposal 
 uniquely worded, " Barkis is willin'." 
 
 Barleyoorn, Sir John. In England 
 and Scotland, a jocular name for ale 
 or beer, which is made of barley. 
 Sir .John is the subject of a famous 
 old ballad of the same name. In a 
 
 whimsical English tract of ancient 
 date, entitled " The Arraigning and 
 Indicting of Sir John Barleycorn, 
 Knt.," he is described as of " noble 
 blood, well beloved in England, a 
 great supporter of the crown, and a 
 maintainer of both rich and poor." 
 The following list of the jury is curi- 
 ous: — 
 
 Timothy Toss-pot. Richard Standfast. 
 
 Benjaiiiiii Bumper. Small Stout. 
 
 Giles Lick-spigot. Jehu Never-sober. 
 
 Baruaby Full-pot. Obadiah Tnirsty. 
 
 Lancelot 'Joper. Nicholas Speud-thrift. 
 
 John Six-go-downs. Edmund Empty-purse. 
 
 Sir John is tried in regular form, the 
 j ury' returning a verdict of Not Giulty. 
 
 Inspiring bold John Barle>/com, 
 
 "What dangers thou canst make us scorn! 
 
 "\Vi' tippenny we fear nae evil; 
 
 WV usqueba'e we 'U face the devil! Bums. 
 
 Good John Barlei/com, also, who always 
 heightens and exaggerates the prevailing pas- 
 sions, be they angry or kindly, was not want- 
 ing upon this occasion. iSir W. Scutt. 
 
 John Jkirle;/corn has given his very heart to 
 this liquor [the "Archdeacon"]: it is a su- 
 perior kind of ale, the Prince ot Ales, with a 
 richer flavor and a mightier spirit than you 
 can find elsewhere in this weary world. 
 
 JIawthonie. 
 
 Bar'me-cide, The. A prince of the 
 illustrious family of the same name, 
 which flourished at Bagdad contem- 
 poraneously with the Caliph liaroun- 
 Al-Raschid and his predecessors ; rep- 
 resented in the "Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments " as ordering rich 
 viands for a famished beggar named 
 Shacabac, and, before they could be 
 brought, calling upon him to help 
 himself to the ditferent dishes, — 
 naming them one after another. The 
 beggar humored the ^oke, pretend- 
 ing to eat, and praismg the enter- 
 tainment, and even protesting that 
 he coidd eat no more. In the end, 
 the eccentric host, pleased Avith the 
 patient complaisance of his guest, 
 ordered a real and sumptuous enter- 
 tainment for him, in place of tl>)|t of 
 which he had previously partakett 
 only in imagination. 
 
 It is, to he sure, something like the feast 
 ■which the Barmecide served up to Alnaschar 
 [Shacabac]; and we cannot expect to get fat 
 upon such diet. Sir \V. Scott. 
 
 The Bai'mecide's dinner to Shacabac wa* 
 onlv one degree removed from these solcina 
 banquets. Thackeray. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation." with the accompanying Explanation*. 
 
BAR 
 
 35 
 
 BAT 
 
 As for Karl Albert, lip had his new pleasant 
 dream of sovereignty at Prag: Titular of Up- 
 per Austria, and now of IJolunen as well, and 
 enjoyed his Feast of the Btinneciite, and glo- 
 rious repose in the captured metropolis after 
 dirticulty overcome. Curli/le. 
 
 Bar'na-by, Widow. The title of a 
 iiovrl by Mrs. Trollope, and the 
 name ot" its heroine, avIio is distin- 
 guished for her husband -hunting 
 schemes, her pretension, vulgar as- 
 surance, and want of principle. 
 
 Barnaby Budge. See Rudge, Bar- 
 nab y. 
 
 Bar'na-diue. A dis.solute and reck- 
 less character, " fearless of what 's 
 past, present, and to come," who tig- 
 ures in Shakespeare's " Measure for 
 Measure." 
 
 Barn-burners. 1. Lawless individ- 
 uals who secretly set tire to the barns 
 of the great landed proprietors in the 
 State of New York, in the tirst half 
 of the nineteenth century. 
 
 2. A nickname formerly given to 
 the more radical and progressive sec- 
 tion of the Democratic party in the 
 United States, who aimed at remov- 
 ing the abuses connected with banks 
 and corporations, in allusion to the 
 story of an old Dutchman who re- 
 lieved himself of rats by burning his 
 barns, Avhicli they infested. 
 
 Barn'well, George. The hero of 
 Lillo's tragedy of the same naine. 
 founded on an old ballad. Barnwell 
 is a London apprentice hurried on to 
 ruin and murder by an infamous wo- 
 man, who at last delivers him up to 
 justice and to an ignominious death. 
 
 Barons, "War of the. See War of 
 THE Baroxs. 
 
 Barrel-Mirabeau (mir'a-bo). [Fr. 
 MlrabKau- Tonneau.] A nickname 
 given to Boniface Riquetti. Viscount 
 de Mirabeau (1754-1792), brother to 
 the great tribune. He was so called 
 from his bulk, and the quantity of 
 drink he usually held. 
 
 Bar'rett, Clerk, "Walter. A pseudo- 
 nym of Joseph A. Scoville (d. 1804), 
 author of "The Old Merchants of 
 New York." 
 
 Barriers, Battle of the. 
 
 TLE OF THE BARRIERS. 
 
 See Bat- 
 
 Bartholo (baf'to'Io'). A doctor who 
 plays a prominent part in B(!aumar- 
 chais' comedies, '' Le iMariage de 
 Figaro "and "Le Barbierde Seville." 
 
 Bar-'thol'o-mew's Day, St. [Fr. 
 
 L(t. t>t.-Biirtlu'hiiiij ; Ger. /i(nil«)/o. 
 mciusitdc/it, Bartholomew's Night, or 
 B/ut/iodizcit, Blood-wedding. J {Fr. 
 Jlist.) The appellation given, in 
 English books, to a dreadful massa- 
 cre of French I'rotestants, commenced 
 in Paris on the eve of the festival ol 
 St. Bartholomew, August 24, 1572 
 The massacre was secretly ordere<} 
 by the king, Charles IX., at the in^ 
 stigation of his mother, the queen^ 
 dowager, Catharine de' Medici, and 
 was attended by circumstances of 
 the most tiendish cruelty. It is esti- 
 mated that in all 30,0U0 (some au- 
 thorities say 70,000) persons were 
 murdered. [Called also The Barthol- 
 omtto, and The Masmcrt uf St. Bar- 
 tJio[oinew.~\ 
 
 Basile (ba'zel'). A character in Beau- 
 marchais' comedies, " Le Mariage de 
 Figaro " and " Le Barbier de Se- 
 ville; " a calumniator, a bigot, and a 
 niggard. The name is used gener- 
 ically in French, to designate any 
 similar character. 
 
 Bas-'i-lis'co. A foolish and boastful 
 knight in an old play called " Soli- 
 man and Perseda," so popular that 
 his name became proverbial. 
 
 Bas-sa'ni-o. The lover of Portia, in 
 Shakespeare's " Merchant of Venice." 
 See Portia. 
 
 Bastard of Orle-ans. [Fr. Bdtard 
 (f Orleans.'] An appellation applied 
 to Jean Dunois (14();i-1468), a natu- 
 ral son of Louis, Duke of Orleans, 
 brother of Charles VI. He was one 
 of the most brilliant soldiers that 
 France ever produced. 
 
 Ba-ta'vi-a. The ancient Latin name 
 of Holland, — often used in modern 
 poetry. 
 
 Lo ! where, through flat Batavia's ■willowy 
 
 groves. 
 Or by the lazy Seine, the exile roves. 
 
 Worclswortk, 
 
 Bateman, Lord. See Lord Beichan. 
 Bath, Maid of. See Maid of Batii. 
 Bath, Major (2). The name of a 
 
 »nd for the Remarks and Kules to which tke numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii- 
 
BAT 
 
 86 
 
 BAT 
 
 character in Fioldin^'s novel of 
 "AniL'lia;" a poor and pompous, 
 but luibk'-iuiiKk'd fijeutlonian, wlio 
 swears, '* by tin; honor and dignity 
 of man," and is cau^lit cooking some 
 gruel in a saucepan for his ailing sis- 
 ter. 
 Bath, "Wife of. See Wife of Bath. 
 
 Bat'r5-cho niy-o-ma'chi-a. See 
 
 Battlk ok thk 1'kogs and Mice. 
 
 Battle, The Tearless. [Gr. "AdaKpvg 
 fidxv-] {(jr. Hist.) An engaj^ement 
 between the Laceda-monians, under 
 Archidamus II., and tlie Arcadians 
 and Argives (li. c. 3tj7), in which 
 the latter were defeated with great 
 slaughter, wliile not one Spartan fell. 
 Hence, says I'lutarch, it was " known 
 by the name of the Tearless Battle." 
 [Called also The Ttarltss Victury.] 
 
 Battle of Spurs. [Fr. Jourme des 
 Eptruns-I {Fr. Hist.) 1. A name 
 given to the battle of Courtray (July 
 11, 1302), the tirst great engagement 
 between the nobles and the burghers, 
 which, with the subsequent battles of 
 Bannockburn, Crecy, and Poictiers, 
 decided the fate of t'eudalism. In 
 this encounter, the knights and gen- 
 tlemen of France were entirely over- 
 thrown by the citizens of a llemish 
 manufacturing town. The French 
 nobility rushed forward with loose 
 bridles, and fell headlong, one after 
 another, into an enonnous ditch, 
 which lay between them and their 
 enwnies. The Avhole army was anni- 
 hilated; and when the spoils were 
 gathered, there were found 4000 
 golden spurs to mark the extent of 
 tlie knightly slaughter, and give a 
 \me to the engagement. 
 
 beheld the Flemish weavers, with Namur 
 and Juliers hold, 
 Marching lioincward i'rom the bloody Battle 
 of the .Spurs (j{ Gold. Lofiufelloiv. 
 
 2. A name given to an affair 
 at Guinegatc, near Calais (August 
 18, 1513), in which the English 
 troops under Henry VIII. defeated 
 the French forces. The allusion is 
 said to be to the unusual energy of 
 the beaten party in riding off the 
 field. 
 Battle of the Barriers. {Fr. Hist.) 
 
 The name of a 1 ml lie fought under 
 the walls of Paris, on the 30th of 
 March, 1814, between the forces un- 
 der Napoleon and the armies of the 
 allied sovereigns. The latter, after 
 an obstinate contest, gained the vic- 
 tory, which led to the capitulation of 
 Paris, and the abdication of Napo- 
 leon. 
 
 Battle of the Books. The subject 
 of a satirical composition l)y Swift, 
 entitled " The Battle . . . between' 
 the Ancient and ^lodern Books in 
 St. James's Library,"' alluding to a 
 celebrated controversy anu)ng the 
 literary men of iiis day regarding the 
 respective merits of ancient and mod- 
 ern learning. 
 
 Battle of the Frogs and Mice. [Gr. 
 j3aTijaxoiJ.vofj.axta, Lat. Batraclanuy- 
 (iiiiftchia.\ The subject of a mock- 
 heroic poem, ascribed to Homer, but 
 evidently of a much later origin, and 
 apparentlv designed to travestv the 
 " Iliad " and " Odyssey." 
 
 Battle of the Giants. {Fr. Hist.) A 
 name given to the celebrated batt/ 
 of Marignano (Melegnano), Sept. l^i, 
 1515, in which Francis I. of 1 ranee 
 fought against the Swiss, who were 
 led by the Didce of .Milan. Francis 
 lost, upon this occasion, 8000 of his 
 best troops, but displayed extraordi- 
 nary generalship, and acquired ex- 
 tensive fame. 
 
 Battle of the Herrings. {Enrj. Hisft.) 
 A name given by historians to an 
 engagement Avhich took place Feb. 
 12ri4-2!J, in which Sir John Fastolfe, 
 an English general, at the head of 
 1500 men, gained a victory over GOOD 
 Frenchmen near Orleans, and brought 
 a convoy of stores in safety to the 
 English camp l)efore that place. The 
 stores comprised a large (luantity of 
 herrings. 
 
 Battle of the Kegs. The subject 
 and title of a mock-heroic poem by 
 Francis Hopkinson (1738-17'Jl). This 
 ballad, very famous in the time of 
 the American Revolution, was occa- 
 sioned by a real incident. 
 
 jft5J= " Certain machines in the ^-m 
 of kegs, charj^cd with gunpowder »vere 
 sent down the river to annoy the Lritish 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
BAT 
 
 37 
 
 BAY 
 
 ("hipping then at riiil.idelphia. The 
 danger of these niaeliiiies being dis- 
 covered, the ISritish manned tlie wharfs 
 and sliippiiig. and diseharged their small- 
 amis and cannons at ever}' thing they 
 saw tioating in the river during the ebb- 
 tide. '' Autlior''s Note. 
 
 Battle of the Nations. A name 
 sometimes given to the battle of 
 Leipsic (1813), one of the greatest 
 and most sanguinary battles of mod- 
 ern times, on account of the various 
 nationalities, French, Austrian, Rus- 
 sian, Prussian, &c., which were there 
 represented. 
 
 Battle of the Poets. The subject 
 and title of a poem (1725) by John 
 ShetHeld, Duke of Buckingham, in 
 wliich he brings all the versifiers of 
 the time into the field. 
 
 Battle of the Standard. {Eng. Hist.) 
 A name given to an engagement be- 
 tween the English and Scotch at 
 Northallerton, Yorkshire, Aug. 22, 
 1138, resulting in the defeat of the 
 latter. It was so called on account 
 of a high crucifix borne by the Eng- 
 lish upon a wagon as a militar}^ en- 
 sign. 
 
 Battle of the Thirty. [Fr. Co)7ibat 
 (fe Trenk^.] {Knfj. if Fr. Hist.) A 
 name given to a celebrated engage- 
 ment which took place at a spot 
 known as Midway Oak, half-way 
 betAveen the castles of Josselin and 
 Ploermol, in France, March 27, 1351. 
 The French General Beaumanoir, 
 commanding the former post, being 
 enraged at the depredations commit- 
 ted by Bemliorough, the English 
 general, occupying the latter posi- 
 ticm, challenged him to tight. Upon 
 this, it was agreed that thirty knights 
 of each party should meet and de- 
 cide tiie contest. The two chiefs 
 presented themselves at the head of 
 their best soldiers, and the battle be- 
 gan in earnest. At the first onset, 
 the Englisii were successful ; but 
 Bemborough having been killed, the 
 French renewed the struggle with 
 redoubled courage, and finally won 
 the victory. 
 
 J^^ This w»8 one of the most heroic 
 exploits of the age. and gained such 
 popularity, that, more than a hundred 
 
 ypars later, when speaking of a hard eon- 
 test, it was usual to say. •' T'uere was 
 never such hard lighting fince the Battle 
 of the Thirty."' 
 
 Bau'cis. [(ir. Bac/vt*,.] {Gr. if Rom. 
 Myth.) An aged IMirygian woman, 
 who, Avith her husband, I'hiiemon, 
 hospitably received .Ju])iter and Mer- 
 cury, after bXi^yy one else in the place 
 had refused to entertain them. The 
 gods visited the ct)untry with an in- 
 undation, but saved Baucis and Phi- 
 lemon, and converted their humble 
 dwelling into a magnificent temple, 
 of which this pious couple became 
 the priests. Having expressed a 
 wish to die together, when the time 
 of their departure shoidd come, Ju- 
 piter granted their request by chang- 
 ing them sinuiltaneously into two 
 trees before the temple. 
 
 Bavieca (ba-ve-a'ka). The name of a 
 famous steed of the Cid. He sur- 
 vived his master two years and a 
 half, during which time no one wa^ 
 permitted to mount him. When he 
 died, he was buried before the gate 
 of the monastesry at Valencia, in the 
 public place, and two elms were 
 planted upon the grave, the one at 
 his head, the other at his feet. 
 
 Bay'ard {Fr.pron. bi'ar'). 1- A fa- 
 mous horse, of incredible swiftness, 
 belongmg to the four sons of Aymon. 
 (See Aymon.) He was of the ordi- 
 nary- size when only one of them 
 wi.slied to ride, but, when all four 
 were to be carried, he had the power 
 of elongating his body till it was 
 of the requisite dimensions. Many 
 wonderful things are related of him. 
 It is said that one of his foot-prints 
 is to be seen in the forest of Soignes 
 in Brabant, and another on a rock 
 near Dinant. 
 
 2. The same name is given in the 
 old romances and romantic poems to 
 Rinaldo's famous steed, a wonderful 
 animal of a bright bay color, Avhich 
 had formerly belonged to Amadis de 
 (Jaul. He Avas found by Malagigi, 
 the wizard knight and cousin to Ki- 
 naldo, in a grotto, together with a 
 suit of arms and the sword Fusberta, 
 under the watch of a dratron whom 
 
 and for thie Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
BAY 
 
 38 
 
 BEA 
 
 he charmed. Having obtained the 
 
 frize, he bestowed it upon Kinaldo. 
 n the French romances, he is repre- 
 sented to be yet alive in some ol" tlie 
 forests of France; but runs otfon be- 
 liolding any one ; on ■which account 
 all hope of securing him is vain. 
 Bayes. The name of the principal 
 character in " The Rehearsal," a witty 
 and celebrated farce, ostensibly and 
 chiefly written by George Villiers, 
 Duke of Buckingham, and intended 
 as a satire upon the heroic or rhym- 
 ing plays of his time. It was first 
 brought out in the 3'ear 1671. In its 
 original form, the character of Bayes 
 was meant for the Hon. Edward 
 Howard (for whom Sir William 
 I)avenant was afterAvards substitut- 
 ed); but, m its present form, the hero 
 of the satire is Dryden, who had 
 stood forth not only as a practicer, 
 but as the champion, of this peculiar 
 species of the drama. He is repre- 
 sented as greedy for applause ; impa- 
 tient of censure or criticism ; inordi- 
 nately vain, yet meanly obsequious 
 to those who, he hopes, will gratity 
 him by returning his flattery in kind ; 
 and, finally, as anxiously and dis- 
 tressingly mindful of the minute 
 parts of what, even in the whole, is 
 scarce worthy of attention. 
 
 In short, sir, von are of opinion with Bayes, 
 — *' 'UHiat the (le%Ml does the plot signify, ex- 
 cept to bring in fine things? " Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bayou State. A name sometimes 
 given to the State of Mississippi, 
 which abounds in bayous, or creeks. 
 
 Bay State. A popular name of ^las- 
 sachusetts, which, before the adop- 
 tion of the Federal Constitution, was 
 called the Colony of Massachusetts 
 Bay. 
 
 Lift again the etntely emblem on the Bay 
 
 State's rusted shield. 
 Give to Xorthorn winds the pine-tree on our 
 
 banner's twittered field! Wltitticr. 
 
 ■When first the Pilgrims landed on the Bay 
 
 State's iron shore. 
 The word went forth that slavery should one 
 
 day be no more. Lowell. 
 
 Bean Lean, Don'aid. A Highland 
 robber -chief in Sir Walter Scott's 
 novel of " Waverley." 
 
 B6amais, Le (lii ba'af'nft'). A sur- 
 name given to Henry IV., king of 
 
 France and Navarre ( 1553-1508 )y 
 from his native province, Le B('*arn. 
 He was so called in especial by the 
 I-,eaguers (see ]>KAGfR, The), who 
 refused to recognize him as king of 
 France, or even as king of Navarre. 
 
 Bear State. A name by which the 
 State of Arkansas is sometimes des- 
 ignated, on account of the number 
 of bears that infest its forests. 
 
 Be'a- trice (It. pron. ba-a-tre'cha). 
 1. The Christian name of a young 
 Florentine lady of the illustrious 
 family of Portinari, for whom the 
 poet Dante conceived a strong but 
 
 f)urely Platonic affection, and whom 
 le represents, in the " Divina Corn- 
 media," as his guide through para- 
 dise. 
 
 2. The heroine of Shakespeare's 
 "Much Ado about Nothing." 
 
 >6S^ "The extraordinary success of 
 this play in Shakespeare's own day. and 
 ever since, in England, is to l>e ascribed 
 more particularly to the parts of Bene- 
 dick and Beatrice, two humorsonie be- 
 inas, who incessantly attack each other 
 with all the resources of raillery. Avowed 
 rebels to love, they are both entangled in 
 its net b\' a merry plot of their friends to 
 make them believe that each is the object 
 of the secret passion of the other." Sckle- 
 gd. Trans. — " In Beatrice, high intellect 
 and high animal spirits meet, and excite 
 each other like fire and air. In her wit 
 (which is brilliant without being imagina- 
 tive) there is a touch of insolence, not in- 
 frequent in women when the wit predom- 
 inates over retiection and imagination. 
 In her temper, too, there is a slight in- 
 fusion of the termagant ; and her satiri- 
 cal humor plays with such an unrespect/- 
 ive levity over all subjects alike, that it 
 required a profound knowledge of women 
 to bring such a character wthin the pale 
 of our sympathy. But Beatrice, though 
 willfnl, is not wayward ; she is volatile, 
 not unfeeling. She ha.s not only an 
 exuberance of wit and gayety. but of 
 heart, and soul, and energy of spirit." 
 
 Mrs. Jnmeson. 
 
 3. See Beautiful Pakricide. 
 
 Beatrix. See Castlewood, Bea- 
 trix. 
 
 Beau'clarc (bo'-). [Fr., fine scholar.] 
 A surname of HenrA^ I. of England, 
 who received a more lit«rar\' educa- 
 tion than was usually given, in his 
 
 !&" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
BEA 
 
 39 
 
 BEK 
 
 time, cither to the pons of kings, or 
 to laymen of any rank. 
 
 Beau Tibbg. A prominent character 
 in (lolclsmith's " Citizen of the 
 AVorhl; " said by Hazlitt to be 
 " tlie best comic sketch since the 
 time of Addison; nnrivaled in his 
 finery, his vanity, and his poverty." 
 
 Beautiful Corisande (ko're'z6"d', 
 62). [Kr. La Belle Corisamh'.] A 
 sobri(iuet given to Diane d'Andou- 
 ins(1554-l()20), Countess of Guiche 
 and Grammont, and widow of Philip 
 de Grammont. 
 
 Beautiful Gardener. [Fr. La Belle 
 Janlinlere.] A sobriquet given to a 
 mistress of Henry IV. of France. 
 
 Beautiful Parricide. A name given 
 to lifatrice Cenci (d. 159'J), who is 
 alleged to have nmrdered her father, 
 a wealthy Roman nobleman, on ac- 
 count of the revolting and incestu- 
 ous brutality with which he treated 
 her. For this crime, she was con- 
 demned and put to death. Some 
 historians maintain that she had no 
 part in the murder, but was the vic- 
 tim of an infernal plot hatched by 
 two robbers, or by unknown persons 
 whose agents they were. The story 
 of Beatrice has been made the sub- 
 ject of a powerful tragedy by the 
 poet Shelley. 
 
 Beautiful Ropemaker. See Rope- 
 
 3IAKKK, The BEAUTIKIfL. 
 
 Beauty and the Beast. [Fr. Ln Belle 
 it la Brie] The hero and heroine of 
 a celebrated fairy tale — written in 
 French by Mine. VilleneuA'e — which 
 relates how a young and lovely wom- 
 an saved the life of her father by put- 
 ting herself in the power of a tright- 
 ful, but kind-hearted monster, who.se 
 respectful aftcction and deep melan- 
 choly finally overcame her aversion 
 to his hideousness, and induced her 
 to consent to marrA^ him, whereupon 
 he was freed from the enchantment 
 of which he had been a victim, and 
 appeared to her in his proper form 
 and character of a handsome and 
 graceful yoimg prince. 
 
 So stiP [Caroline of Anspach, afterward 
 queen of CJeor^'e II. of EnKlandl lived nt Ber- 
 lin, brilliant thoiij^h unportioned, with the 
 rough cub Friedricli Wilhelni much following 
 
 her about, find passinnntely loyal to her, as 
 tlio /:r(iKt was to lUdxfy ; whom she <rKl not 
 mind oxcei)t aH a cub loyal to her, beinf; live 
 yearH older than he. Carlyle. 
 
 Beauty of But'ter-mere. A cele- 
 brated and lovely English girl, uauud 
 Mary Robinson, who was married, by 
 means of the most odious deceit, to 
 John Hatfield, a heartless impostor, 
 who was executed tor forgery, at 
 Carlisle, Sept. 3, ]80;3. 
 
 Bede, Ciith'bert. A pseudonym a- 
 dopted by the Rev. Edward Briulley, 
 a popular English hutnorist of the 
 present day. 
 
 Bede, The Venerable. A famous 
 
 English monk of the eighth centurv, 
 whose surname was given him in 
 honor of his eminent talents, virtues, 
 and learning. 
 
 4®"' There is an old .«itory that a monk 
 in vain jittempted to write an epitaph 
 upon Bede, and fell asleep, lenTing it 
 thus : " Hac sunt in fo^.^^a Bedae . . . 
 os.^'a ; ■' and that, when he awoke, he 
 found, to his great surprise :ind satisfac- 
 tion, the long-sought epithet .supplied by 
 an angelic hand, — the whole line stiind- 
 ing thu.s : 
 " Ilac sunt in fossa Bedae venerahilis OBsa," 
 
 Bed'i-vere, Sir. King Arthur's but- 
 ler He was a knight of the Round 
 Table, and a prominent figure in 
 many of the old romances of chivaliy. 
 [Written also B e d v e r .] 
 
 Bed''red-din' Has'sSn. A charac- 
 ter in the stor}' of " Noureddin and 
 his Son, and Shemseddin and his 
 Daughter," in the "Arabian Kights' 
 Entertainments." 
 
 She [Effie Deansl amused herself with vis- 
 iting the dairy, in which she had so lone been 
 assistant, and was kg near discoveiinf; herself 
 to May Iletley, by betrayiiif? lier acquaint- 
 ance with the' celebrated receipt for Dunlop 
 cheese, that she compared herself to Pe^lreil- 
 ilin Jlassan, whom the vizier, hin father-in- 
 law, discovered by his superlative skill in 
 composint? cream-tarts with nepiier in thcni. 
 Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Beefing-tSn, Mi-lor'. A character 
 in " The Rovers, or The Double Ar- 
 rangement," in the poetry of the 
 "Anti-Jacobin." He is an Fjiglish 
 nobleman in exile by the tyranny of 
 King John, previous to the signature 
 of Magna Charta. 
 
 "Will without power," said the sagacious 
 Casimir to AfUcn- HeefingUm, "is like children 
 playing at soldiers." 3/acaukif/- 
 
 ■nd for the Remarks and Rulea to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
BEE 
 
 40 
 
 BEL 
 
 Be-el'ze-bub. [Hob. haal, lord, and 
 shiih, lly.J [Mulli-) 'I'lie title of a 
 heathoii deity, to whom the .lews 
 asenl)ed tlie soverei^'iity of the evil 
 spirits. iMihoii, in his " Paradise 
 Lost," makes iiim second in rank to 
 Satan ; but Wienis, the celel)rated de- 
 mono^napherof the sixteenth century, 
 ?;avs, that Satan is no longer the sov- 
 ereij;-n of hell, but tliat Beelzebub 
 reig-ns in his place. Other mediieval 
 writers, who reckon nine ranks or 
 orders of demons, place Beelzebub at 
 the head of the lirst rank, which 
 consists of the false gods of the Gen- 
 tiles. 
 
 "Which when JWJzehvh perceived, than wliom, 
 Satan except, none hijrlier sat, with frrave 
 Aspect lie rose, and in his rising seemed 
 A pillar of state: deei) on his front engraven 
 Deliberation sat and ])ublie care; 
 And prini'cly counsel in his face yet shone, 
 Majestic tliouiih in ruin: sage he stood, 
 With Atlantcan sho\ilders tit to bear 
 The weight of mightiest monarchies. 
 
 MUton. 
 
 Befana, La (la ba-fa'na). [It., a cor- 
 ruption of (ir. 'ETTiciai'm, the Epiph- 
 any.] In Italy, a common personi- 
 fication of the Epipliany, or I'estival 
 of the Manifestation of Christ to the 
 Gentiles, — variously represented as 
 a saint and as a tairy. According to 
 other accounts, she is the Italian bug- 
 bear of naughty children. 
 
 i(JS=- The Epiphany (.Ian. 6) is the day 
 for tlie presentation of Christm is gifts in 
 Italy, and there is a pleasant fiction that 
 La i5efiua goes about at niglifc like St. 
 Nicholas, carrying presents to children. 
 Whether from thus personifs iug the 
 season, or from whatever other cause, 
 a figure, called La Befana, is suspended 
 outside the doors of houses at the begin- 
 ning of Lent. 
 
 Beichan, Lord. See Lokd Beichan. 
 
 BeL {Ch(d<l .\fyth.) The same as 
 Belus and Baal. See Baal, Belus. 
 
 Be-la'ri-us {'.)). The name of one 
 of the characters in Shakespeare's 
 " Cymbeline.'" 
 
 Belch, Sir To'by. Uncle to Olivia, 
 in Siiakespeare's "Twelfth Night." 
 He is a type of the reckless. Jolly 
 roisterer of the Elizabethan period. 
 
 _ Balmuwlnipple was voimg, stout, and ac- 
 tive; hut tlie Baron, iniiidtely more mister 
 of his weapon, would, liVe .V;;- 7'obi/ /Iclr/i, 
 linve ticliled his t)pponents other gates than 
 
 he did, had he not been under the influence 
 of " Ursa Major" [a driiiking-cup so c dledj. 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bel'fftrd. A friend and corres]»ond- 
 ent of Lovelace, in Kichardson's 
 novel, "The History of Clarissa Har- 
 low." 
 
 It is well for thee, that, Lovelace-and-/?ei- 
 yb;v/-like, we came under a convention to 
 pardon every species of liberty which we 
 may take witli eacli other. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Be'li-aL [Heb. b'/i^ not, and ja'al, 
 useful.] A Hebrew word meaning 
 irordiUssncss, and hence rccklirs.-mtss, 
 laich'ssiu'ss. The translators of the 
 Bible have fre(]uently treated the 
 word as a jjroper name, though there 
 can be !io ([uestion that in the Old 
 Testament it is a mere a])pellative. 
 In the New Testament, the apostle 
 Paul, in order to indicate in the 
 strongest terms the high degree of 
 virtue after which the Ciiristian 
 shoidd strive, places Christ in direct 
 opposition to Belial. " What con- 
 cord hath Christ with Belial V" (2 
 Cor. vi. 15.) The term as here used 
 is generally understood as an ajjpel- 
 lative of Satan, as the personilication 
 of all that was bad; tliough Bengel 
 explains it of Antichrist, as more 
 strictly the opposite of Christ. Mil- 
 ton in' his " Paradise Lo?t " expressly 
 distinguishes Belial from Satan, and 
 he assigns him a prominent place ia 
 Pandemonium. Those mediieval de- 
 nionograpliers wiio reckoned nine 
 ranks of evil spirits, placed iielial at 
 the head of the third rank, which 
 consisted of inventors of mischief 
 and vessels of anger. According to 
 Wierus, who, following old authori- 
 ties, establishes a complete infernal 
 court, Belial is its autbassador in 
 Tin-key. 
 
 Belidl came last, than whom a spirit more 
 
 lewd 
 Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love 
 Vice for itself. 
 
 A f;ii'-er person lost not heaven: he seemed 
 For di'jrnity conijiosed and high exploit: 
 But all w"as false and hollow; though hia 
 
 tongue 
 Dropped manna, aaid could make the worse 
 
 a ppear 
 The better reason, to perplex and da.sh 
 Maturest counsels; for his thoughts wer« low. 
 
 PeJial, the dissolutest spirit that fell, 
 The sensiialest, and, after Asmodai, 
 The flesliliest Incubus. Hilton. 
 
 OS" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
BEL 
 
 41 
 
 BEL 
 
 But, could he mako an efrt'ctuiil strusRlo, 
 lie mifilit depi'iKl iiP"" tlu' aid of the servile 
 Harrere, a sort of /:<-liiil in tin- Couvuntion, 
 tlu' nieani'st, vet nut tliu least ublo, aniony; 
 tlidsc tUllfii spirits, wlu), with j;riat adroitness 
 and inLcenuity, as well as wit and tdocinence, 
 ctvuulit opportunities as tliey arose, and was 
 eminently dexterous iu beinjr always strouf^ 
 upon the strongest, and safe upon the safest, 
 side. «i'''' ^y^- ^cott. 
 
 Belianis. See Don Bklianis of 
 
 GitKlX'K. 
 
 Be-lin'da. 1. The poetical name of 
 the heroine of Pope's " Kape of the 
 Lock," whose real name was Arabella 
 Fermor. A frolic of g-allantrv in 
 which Lord Petre cut otf a lock of 
 this lady's hair — a frolic so much 
 resented' that the intercourse of the 
 two families, before very friendly, 
 was interrupted — was the occasion 
 of the poem, which was written with 
 the design of bringing the parties to 
 a better temper, and etfecting a rec- 
 onciliation. 
 
 2. The heroine of Miss Edgeworth's 
 novel of the same name. 
 
 Bell, Ac'tSn. A pseudonym of Anne 
 Bronte (d. 1849), an English novelist, 
 author of "Agnes Grev " and " The 
 Tenant of Wildfeld Hall." 
 
 Bell, Adam. The hero of a famous 
 old ballad having this name for its 
 title ; a wild, north - country outlaw, 
 celebrated for his skill in archer}'. 
 
 Bell, Bessy. A character in a ballad 
 by xVllan Ramsay, founded on fact, 
 and entitled " Bessy Bell and Mary 
 Gray." These Avere daughters of 
 two country gentlemen in the neigh- 
 borhood of Perth. WliL'ii tlic plague 
 of 1GG6 broke out, they built them- 
 sehes a bower in a very retired and 
 romantic spot called Burn Braes, 
 where they were supplied with food 
 and other necessaries by a young 
 gentleman who was in love with both 
 of them. After a time he himself 
 caught the disease, and, having un- 
 wittingly communicated it to them, 
 they all three sickened and died. 
 
 Mrs. Le Blanc, a yoiin'^ woman fair to look 
 upon, witli her yountc infant, has to live in 
 greenwood, like a beautiful Jli'ssi/ />e?/ of song, 
 ner bower thatched with rushes; — catching 
 premature rheumatism. Carlijlc. 
 
 Bell, Cur'rer. A pseudonym adopted 
 by jNIrs. NichoUs (Charlotte Bront('% 
 — 1816-1855, — sister of Anne and 
 
 Emily Bronte), wife of the Rev. Ar- 
 thur Pell Nicliolls, and a distin- 
 guished English novelist, author of 
 "•Jane Eyre," " Siiirlev," anil " Vii- 
 lette." 
 Bell, Ellis. A pseudonym of Emily 
 Bronte (d. 1848), sister of Anne and 
 Charlotte Bronte, and author of 
 " Wuthering Heights." 
 
 4@" " Averse to personal publicity, 
 we veiled our names under those of 
 Currer, Acton, and Ellis, Hell, — the am- 
 biguous choice being dictat«!d by a sort 
 of conscientious scruple at assuming 
 Christian names positively masculine, 
 while we did not like to declare ourselves 
 women, because — without at that time 
 suspecting that our mode of writing and 
 thinking was not what is called ' femi- 
 nine ' — we had a vague impression that 
 authoresses are likely to be looked oa 
 with prejudice ; we had noticed how 
 critics sometimes use for their chastise- 
 ment the weapon of personality, and for 
 their reward a flattery which is not true 
 praise."' C Bronte. 
 
 Bell, Peter. The stibject of Words- 
 worth's poem entitled " Peter Bell, a 
 Tale in Verse." A parody on this 
 poem appeared soon after its publica- 
 tion, and Shellev wrote a burlesque, 
 entitled "Peter Bell the Third," in- 
 tended to ridicule the ludicrous pu- 
 erility of language and sentiment 
 which Wordsworth often affected in 
 the championship of the poetical 
 system he had adopted. 
 
 Bel 'las-ton. Lady. A profligate 
 character in Fielding's novel, " The 
 History of Tom .lones, a Foinidling." 
 Suppose we were to describe the doinfrs of 
 such a person as Mr. I^ovelace, or my Lti'hi 
 Bf'llaxton . . . ? IIow the pure and outrap;ed 
 Nineteenth Century woidd lihish, scream, 
 run out of the rooVn, call uway the youn^ 
 ladies, and order Mr. Mudie never to send 
 one of that odious author's books asrain ! 
 
 Thackernfi. 
 
 Belle France, La (la bel fru»ss, 02). 
 [Fr., beautiful France.] A popidar 
 name applied to France, corres])ond' 
 ing to the epithet " Merry England," 
 as applied to England. 
 
 Biddy Fudire. thouu:h delighted to find her- 
 self in " La Hello Frrincf," was yet somewhat 
 disappointed at the unjiicturesfiueness of thi 
 country betwixt Calais and Amiens. 
 
 llrit. i,- For. Rer. 
 
 BelTen-den, Lady Margaret (bel '- 
 len-dn). An old 'I'nry lady, mistress 
 of the Tower of Tillietudlem, in Sir 
 
 and for the Remarks and Tlules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
BEL 
 
 42 
 
 BEL 
 
 Walter Scott's novel of " Old Mor- 
 tality." 
 Bel-16r'o-ph6n. [Gr. Bt/lAfpo^wv.] 
 {Gr. c/ Lat.' Mijth.) A beautiful son 
 of the Corinthian King Glaueus, and 
 a grandson of Sisyphus. With the 
 help (if the winged steed Pegasus, he 
 killed the Chinia-ra. He afterward 
 attempted to rise with Pegasus into 
 heaven; but Jupiter sent a gad-tly, 
 which stung the horse so that he 
 threw the rider, who bei-anie lame 
 and blind in consequence, and wan- 
 dered lonely through the Aleian field, 
 consumed by grief, and avoiding the 
 paths of men. 
 
 Upled by thee [Urania], 
 Into the heaven ot heavens I have presumed, 
 An earthly guest. . . . With like safety guided 
 
 down, 
 Return me to my native element; 
 Lest from this flying steed unreined (as once 
 MeUeroiihvn, tho'ugli from a lower sphere), 
 Dismounted on the Aleian field I fall. 
 Erroneous there to wander and forlorn. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Bel-le'rus (9). {Myth.) The name 
 of a Cornish giant. 
 
 Sleep'st by the fable of BeUeriis old, 
 Where the great vision of the guarded mount 
 Looks toward Namancos and Bayona's hold. 
 
 Jlilton. 
 
 Bel-lo'na. {Rom. Myth.) The god- 
 dess of war ; the companion and 
 sister or wife of iMars. Slie prepared 
 the chariot of Mars when he was 
 going to war; and she appeared on 
 the battle-field with disheveled hair, 
 a torch in her hand, and a whip to 
 animate the combatants. 
 
 Her features, late so exquisitely lovely in 
 their ptileness, [were] now inflamed with" the 
 fiiry of frenzy, resembling those of a Bel- 
 lona. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Imminent blood-thirsty Regiments camped 
 on the Champ de Mar*'; dispersed National 
 Assembly; red-hot eannon -balls (to burn 
 Paris): — the mad War -god and Bellona's 
 Bounding thongs. Carlyle. 
 
 Bell-the-Cat. A by-name given to 
 Archibald Douglas (d- 1514), a Scot- 
 tish nobleman, from an incident that 
 occurred at Lauder, where the great 
 barons of the realm had assembled 
 at the call of the king, James ILL, 
 to resist a threatened invasion of the 
 country by Edward lY. of England. 
 They were, however, less disposed to 
 advance against the English than to 
 correct the abuses of King James's 
 administration, which were chiefly to 
 
 be ascribed to tie intluence exerted 
 over him by fnean and unworthy 
 favorites, jnxrticularly one Cochran, 
 an arcliitect, but termed a masou by 
 the liaughty barons. 
 
 ^mT " Many of the nobility and barons 
 held a seiret council in the church of 
 Lauder, where they enlarged upon the 
 evils which Scotland sustained through 
 the insolence and corruption of Cochran 
 and his associates. While they were thus 
 declaiming, Lord Gray requested their 
 attention to a fable. ' The mice.' he said, 
 ' being much annoyed by the persecution 
 of the cat, resolved that a bell should bo 
 hung about pu>ss neck, to give notice 
 when she was coming. But. though the 
 measure was agreed to in full council, it 
 could not be carried into eflect, because 
 no mouse had courage enough to tie the 
 bell to the neck of the foruidable ene- 
 my.' This wa.s as much as to intimate 
 his opinion, that, though the discontented 
 nobles might make bold resolutions 
 against the king's niinisters, ) et it would 
 be liiflicult to find any one courageous 
 enongh to act upon them. Archibald, 
 Earl of .A^ngus, a man of gigantic strength 
 and intrepid courage, and head of that 
 second family of Douglas whom 1 before 
 mentioned, started up when Gray had 
 dot e speaking. • I am he." he said. ' who 
 will bell the cat ; ' from which expression 
 he was distinguished by the name of 
 Bdl-tlie- Cat to his dying day." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 lie was equally worthy of blazon with him 
 perpetuated in Scottish song and story by the 
 surname of A'e?/-//(f'-C'«f. ()'. Irving. 
 
 Beloved Disciple. An appellation 
 often given to John the evangelist 
 and apostle, Avho enjoys the memo- 
 rable distinction of having been the 
 chosen and favored friend of our 
 Lord. See Jchn xiii. 23; xix. 26, 
 27: XX. 2; xxi. 7, 20. 
 
 Beloved Merchant. A title bestoAved 
 by Edward III. of England upon 
 Michael de la Pole, an eminent Lon- 
 don merchant, who in the following 
 reign became lord chancellor, and 
 was raised to the peerage as Earl of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 Beloved Physician. An appellation 
 sometimes used to designate St. Luke. 
 It was first conferred upon him by 
 the apostle Paul ( Cul. iv. 14). 
 
 Bel'phe-gor. {Myth.) A Canaanitish 
 divinity, worshiped particularly I)y 
 the Moabites. Wierus calls him the 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanatlonai 
 
BEL 
 
 43 
 
 BEN 
 
 ambassador in France from the in- 
 fernal court of Beelzebub. According 
 to I'ulci, he was a Mahometan deity; 
 according to Macchiavelli, an arch- 
 fiend who had been an archangel. 
 Bel-phoe'be. [Fr. 6e//e, beautiful, and 
 J'lid^i', Diana. J A huntress in Spen- 
 ser's "Faery Queen;" intended as 
 a likeness of Queen Elizabeth, the 
 woman, as contradistinguisiied from 
 the ([ueen, who is imaged in Glori- 
 ana. 
 
 J8£g= " Flattery more highly seasoned 
 may have been offered her [Queen Eliza- 
 beth], but noue more delicate and fjrace- 
 ful tliaii that coutamed in the finished 
 portrait of Belphoebe. She represents 
 that pure and high-spirited niaideuhood 
 which the ancients embodied in Diana ; 
 and, like her, the forest is her dwelling- 
 place, and the chase her favorite pastime. 
 The breezes have imparted to her their 
 own tieetness, and the swaying foliage its 
 praceful movement. . . . 8he is passion- 
 less and pure, self -.sustained and self- 
 dependent, "in maiden meditation fiucy 
 free,' and shines ^ith a cold lunar light, 
 and not the warm glosv of day. The 
 author has mingled the elements of her 
 nature so skillfully tliat the result is 
 nothing harsh, unnatural, or unfemi- 
 nine ; and has so combined the lofty and 
 the ideal with the graceful and attractive, 
 that we behold in her a creature . . . 
 
 ' Too fair for worship, too divine for lovo. ' " 
 Geo. S. llillnrd 
 
 Belted "Will. A title bestowed upon 
 Lord William Howard (1503-1640), 
 warden of the western marches. 
 
 His Bilboa hlailo, by Marchmen felt, 
 Huns in a broad and studded belt; 
 Hence, in rude phrase, the Borderers still 
 Called noble Howard, Belted Will. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 It is within the memory of even middle- 
 aged peib-ons that tlie south-western portion 
 of our eouiitj-y was in as lawless a state as 
 ever were tiie borders of Enirland and Scot- 
 land, and with no Belted IVitl to hang up 
 ruffians to swing in the wind. 
 
 Atlantic Morithli/. 
 
 Beltenebros (bel-ta-na-bros')- [Sp., 
 the darkly beautiful, or fair forlorn; 
 from 6c//o, beautiful, and tencbmso, 
 dark, gloomy.] A name assumed by 
 Amadis de Gaid on retiring to a 
 hermitage, after receiving a cruel 
 letter from his mistress, Oriana. 
 
 Be'lus. [Gr. B^Ao?.] {Mjith.\ The 
 ancestral hero and national divinity 
 of several Eastern nations, especially 
 
 the Chalda^ans and Assyriai-.i.. lie 
 is the same as BaiiL See Baau 
 [Called also Bd.^ 
 BePvi-de'ra (D). The heroine of 
 Otway's tragedy of " Venice Pre- 
 served; " remarkable for her beauty, 
 conjugal tenderness, spotless purity, 
 and agonizing sulierings. See Jaf- 
 
 FIEK. 
 
 More tears have been Bhcd, probably, for 
 the sorrow.s of /Selvidvid and Jioninjia than 
 for those of Juliet and Desdeiuona. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bendy, Old. See Old Bkndy. 
 
 Ben'e-dick. A young lord of Padua, 
 
 in Shakespeare's " Much Ado about 
 Nothing," who combines the charac- 
 ters of a wit, humorist, gentleman, and 
 soldier. He marries Beatrice (though 
 at first he does not love her) after a 
 courtship which is a contest of wit 
 and raillery. The name is often used 
 as a .synonym lor a newly-married 
 man, and is sometimes written JJene- 
 dki.1 though this is not Shakesjxiare's 
 orthography. See Beatuice. 
 
 All these, like licvei/ick^f brushing his hat 
 of a morning, were signs that the sweet youth 
 was ni love Sir (T. Scott. 
 
 In the first-named place, Henry found his 
 dear iSencdick, tlie married man, who ap- 
 peared to be rather out of humor with his 
 matrimonial chain. TlKtckeran. 
 
 Ben'en-ge li. Old Ham'et [Sp. Cide 
 IlamHe Benen(/eli,Vi]e'(]A :x-mn'ta bfi- 
 nen-ha'lee]. An imaginary JMoonsh 
 chronicler fT-om whom ("ervantes pro- 
 fesses to have derived his account of 
 the adventures of Don Quixote. 
 
 ^Sf " The Spanish commentators . . 
 have discovered that Cid Hamt-t Benen- 
 geli is, affer all, no more than an Ara- 
 bian version of the name of Cervantes 
 himself. Cid., as all the world knows, 
 means lord or signior. Hanwt is a com- 
 niou Moorish prefix. Betu7iii(ii signifies 
 the son of a sta^, which, being expressed 
 in Spanish, is hijo del cieruo, cereal, or 
 cervavteno.'''' Lnrkhart. 
 
 I vow and pT-otest, thnt, of the two bad 
 cassocks I am worth in tlie wo M. T woiild 
 liave ffiven the latter of them, as freely as ever 
 Cid Hamet offced his, onlv to have stood by 
 and lieard my Uncle Toby's accompaniment. 
 
 Stc^me. 
 
 But thou, at least, mine own especial pen ! — 
 
 Once laid aside, but now assimied again, — 
 
 Our task complete, like Ilaiuet's, shall be 
 
 free. Bj/ron. 
 
 Be-ni'ci-a Boy. A sobriquet given 
 to John (!. Heenan, a noted American 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which tlie numbers after certain words refer, »ee pp. xiv-xxxii 
 
BEN^ 
 
 44 
 
 BES 
 
 pufjilist, who rosidod for a time at 
 Beiiicia, in Caliloniia. lii J8(j(), he 
 had a fainoiis li<^ht with 'I'oni Savors, 
 tilt' " chaiiii)i(»n prize-lighter of Eng- 
 land," which histed tor more tlian two 
 hours, and was then stopped by the 
 intert'erenee of the ])oliee. 
 
 Ben-nas'kar. A wealthy merchant 
 and magician of Delhi, in Ridley's 
 "Tales of the Genii." 
 
 Like the jewolcrof Delhi, in the house of 
 the magician /kiinas/cnr, I, at length, reached 
 a vaulted room dedicated to secrecy and 
 silence. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ben'net, Mrs. A demure, shy, in- 
 triguing, eciuivocal character in Field- 
 ing's novel of "Amelia." 
 
 Benshie. See BA^'sHEE. 
 
 Ben-vo'li-o. A friend to Romeo, and 
 nephew^ to Montague, ni Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of " Romeo and 
 Juliet." 
 
 Berchta. See Bektha, Frau. 
 
 Berkeley, Old Woman of. The 
 title and subject of a ballad by 
 Soathey. 
 
 Ber-lin' Decree. ( Fr. Hist ) A de- 
 cree issued at Berlin, on the 21st of 
 November, 1808, by the Emperor 
 Napoleon I., declaring the whole of 
 the British islands to be m a state 
 of blockade, and all vessels trading 
 to them to be liable to capture by 
 French ships It also shut out all 
 British vessels and produce both from 
 France, and from all the other coun- 
 tries Avhich gave obedience to the 
 French. 
 
 Ber-mob'ffigs. An old form of Ber- 
 mudas, and the Spanish pronuncia- 
 tion of the name of the tirst dis- 
 coverer of these islands, Btrmudtz, 
 who sighted them in 1527 
 
 In the deep nook, where once 
 Thou callcdstme up at inidui;jcht to fetch dew 
 From the .still-vexed Bcrmuotlita, there she 's 
 hid. SJiak. 
 
 Ber-mu'das. A cant term formerly 
 applied to certain ol)scure and intri- 
 cate alleys in London, in which per- 
 sons lodged who had occasion to live 
 cheaply or be concealed. They are 
 supposed to have been the naiTow 
 passages north of the Strand, near 
 Covent Garden. 
 
 Ber-nar'do. The name of an officer 
 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of " Ham- 
 let." 
 
 Bernardo del Carpio. See Carpio, 
 
 BEKNAltDO DEL. 
 
 Berserker (bef-sef'ker). [Old Norse 
 ie/", bare, naked, and sar/ci', a shirt 
 of mail. J (Scfuid. Mytli.) A re- 
 doubtable warrior avIio went into bat- 
 tle unharnessed, his strength and 
 fury serving hiin instead of armor, 
 which he despised. He had twelve 
 sons, who inherited his name as well 
 as his warlike ferocity. 
 
 Bertha, Frau (frow bef'ta). [0. Ger. 
 Pcnict'i, shining, white; fi'om the 
 same root as the Eng. br>f//if.] In 
 Germany, an imper.'^onation of the 
 Epiphany, corresponding to the 
 Italian Bcfanu, variously represented 
 as a gentle white lady who steals 
 softly to neglected cradles, and rocks 
 them in the absence of careless nurses, 
 and also as the terror of naughty 
 children. She has, besides, the over^ 
 sight of spinners. She is represented 
 as having an immensely large foot 
 and a long iron nose The legend 
 concerning her is mainly of Christian 
 origin, but with some admixture of 
 heathen elements. [AVritten also 
 Frau Berchta and Frau 
 Precht.] 
 
 Ber'tha with the Great Foot [Fr. 
 Bert/it an (irnnd Pitd] The moth- 
 er of Charlemagne, l)y King Pepin, 
 and the great -grand -daiigliter of 
 Charles Martel; — said to have been 
 so named because she had one toot 
 larger than the other. 
 
 Ber'tram. Count of Rousillon, a char- 
 acter in Shakespeare's "All 's Well 
 that Ends Well.-' 
 
 Bess, Good Queen. A sobriquet by 
 which Queen Elizabeth of England 
 is often lanuliarly reierred to. Her 
 reign, lake it all in all, was a happy 
 as well as a glorious one for England, 
 and the contrast it otters to that of 
 her predecessor is very striking. 
 
 Bes'sus. The name of a cowardly 
 cajUain in Beaumont and Fletciier's 
 play, "A King and No King." 
 
 The story which Clarendon tells of that af- 
 fair [the panic of the royal troops at Nasebyj 
 
 8@" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
BET 
 
 45 
 
 BIG 
 
 remlnde us of the excuses by vcliich Bessus 
 and Bubadil explain their cudgelinjis. 
 
 JJacaulay. 
 
 Bettina (bcfte'nsi). [A dimimitive of 
 Eli/.al)otli.] The name uiidor which 
 Eli/alx'tli Breiitano (b. 1785), after- 
 ward the wife of Ludwig Aehini von 
 Arnini, corresponded witii Goetiie. 
 This correspondence, under the title 
 of'' Cioethe's i^etters to a Cliild,''' was 
 publislied in 18.35, and was translated 
 by Bettuia into English. 
 
 Bevilah. See Land of Beulah. 
 
 Beuves d' Aygremont (bov dag'r'- 
 nio"', 43, 02). The iather of iMala- 
 gigi, or Maugis, and uncle of Kinaldo. 
 He was treacherously slain by (.iano. 
 
 Be'vis of South-anip'ton, Sir. A 
 famous knight of romance, whose 
 marvelous exploits are rehvted in the 
 second book of Drayton's " Poly- 
 olbioii." Heylin clanns him as a 
 real Earl of Southampton. He is 
 the Bciicts de I/diitoiie of the French, 
 the JJiKiro (V Anfona of the Italians. 
 [Called also Btvls of ILnujdon.^ 
 
 Ytene's oaks — beneath whose shade 
 
 Their theme the nierr}' minstrels made 
 
 Of Ascapart and //ei'is'bold. Sir W.Scott. 
 
 Be-z6n'ian (-van). A name given by 
 Pistol to Shallow m Shakespeare's 
 " King Heniy IV." (Part H., a. v., sc. 
 3). It comes from the Italian word, hi- 
 sof/no (need, want), and is frequently 
 used by the old dramatists as a term 
 of reproach, meaning be<j(jar, low 
 fdloiL\ or scowvlrel. Strictly, it is 
 not a proper name, but it is com- 
 monly thought to be such in the in- 
 stance referred to. 
 
 Bi-an'c§i. 1. A daughter to Baptista, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 2. Mistress to Cassio, in the tragedy 
 of "Othello." 
 
 Bibulus, Consvil. See Consul Bib- 
 
 ULl'S. 
 
 Bick'er-stafif, Isaac, Esq., Astrolo- 
 ger [•!). The assumed name mider 
 which the " Tatler " was edited. 
 
 iPg= '• Isaac BickerstafT, Esquire, A.«- 
 trolntjer. was an iiiiatrinary person, almost 
 as well known m that ace (A'Mison's] as 
 Mr. P:inl Vr\ or Mr. Pickwick in our^. 
 Swift had assumeil the name of Bicker- 
 staff in a satirical pamphlet against Par- 
 tridge, the almanac - maker. Partridge 
 
 had been fool enough to pul)lish a fu- 
 rious reply. BickcrstalT liMd rejoined in 
 a second pamphlet, still more diverting 
 than the first. All the wits had combined 
 to keep up the joke, and the town waa 
 long in convulsions of laughter. Steele 
 determined to employ the name which, 
 this controversy had made po])ular ; and, 
 in Ai)ril, 1709, it was announced that 
 Isaac Bickerstiiff, Esquire, Astrologer, 
 was about to publish a paper called tho 
 ' Tatler.' '• Macaiday. 
 
 t^Ssr" '■ Swift is said to have taken the 
 name of Bickerstajf from a smith's sign, 
 and added that of Isanr. as a Christian 
 appellation of uncommon occurrence. 
 Yet it was said a living pei-son was act- 
 ually found who owned both names." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bicorne. See Ciiiciievaciie. 
 
 Bid'den-den Maids (bid^dn-dn). A 
 name given to two immarried sisters, 
 named Mary and Elizabeth Chulk- 
 hurst, born at Biddenden, in 1100, 
 and joined together, as tradition 
 states, by the shoulders and hips. 
 They lived for thirty -four years, 
 when one died, and the other, persist- 
 ing in a refusal to be separated from 
 the corpse of her sister, succumbed 
 six hours after. They are said to 
 have left twenty acres of land, called 
 " Bread and Cheese Land," "vvhere, 
 on the afternoon of Easter Sunday, 
 SIX hiuidred rolls are distributed to 
 strangers, and two hundred and sev- 
 enty loaves, weighing three pounds 
 and a half each, Avith cheese in pro- 
 portion, are given to the poor of the 
 parish, — the expense being defrayed 
 by the rental of the land. Halstead, 
 in his " History of Kent," rejects this 
 story as fabulous, so far as it relates 
 to the Chulkliurst sisters, and asserts 
 that the " Bread and Cheese Land " 
 was left by two maiden ladies by the 
 name of Preston. 
 
 Bifrost ( bif'n St, 46). [Old Norse Mfa, 
 to move, and ivst, space.] {Scmul. 
 iMljth.) The name of the bridge 
 between heaven and earth, typilied 
 by the rainbow, and supposed to be 
 constructed of stones of various col- 
 ors. It was extremely solid, and 
 built with great art. 
 
 Big-endians, The. The name of a 
 religious ]iarty in the imaginary em- 
 pire of Lilliput, who made it a matter 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
BIG 
 
 46 
 
 BLA 
 
 of duty and conpcience to break thoir 
 
 egj?s at the larj,^e end. Tliey were 
 
 re{;:arded as heretics by tlie law, 
 
 ■vvhieh required all persons to break 
 
 the smaller end of their eggs, under 
 
 pain of heavy penalties in ease of 
 
 disobedience/ Under this name the 
 
 Roman Catholics of England are 
 
 satirized, and under that of Little- 
 
 eu'Vuin/., the English Protestants are 
 
 ridiculed. See LiLLirUT. 
 
 The Vatican is jircat; vet poor to Chim- 
 borazo or the Peak of Tcnorifto; its doiue is 
 but a foolish /;><i-ct)linn or Little-cntliau chip 
 of an C'ji'^'-sliuil compared with that star- 
 fretted Uonie where Arcturus and Orion 
 ghince for ever. Carlyle. 
 
 BiglSw, Mr. Hosea. The feigned 
 autliop of a series of liuinorous satiri- 
 cal ])oems, in the Yankee dialect, 
 really written by James Kussell Low- 
 ell, and directed mainly against sImv- 
 ery, the war between the United 
 States and Mexico, and the late Ke- 
 bellion of tlie Southern States. 
 
 Biinini (be'me-nee). A fabulous isl- 
 and said to belong to the Haliama 
 group, but lying far out in the ocean, 
 where, according to a tradition cur- 
 rent among the natives of Puerto 
 Kico, was a marvelous fountain pos- 
 sessing the power of restoring youth. 
 This was an object of eager and 
 long-continued quest to the celebrat- 
 ed Spanish navigator, Juan Ponce 
 de Leon. 
 
 Bi'on-dePlo. A sen^ant to Lucentio, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 Birch., Har'vey. A celebrated char- 
 acter in Cooper's novel of " The 
 Spy." 
 
 Bireno (be-ra'no). InAriosto's "Or- 
 lando Furioso," the lover and husband 
 of Olimpia, Avhom he abandons. 
 
 Biron (be-ro"')' A " merry mad-cap 
 lord" attending on the king of Na- 
 varre, in Shakespeare's " Love's La- 
 bor 's Lost." 
 
 Bishop, Madame. The name given 
 to a mixture of port, sugar, and nut- 
 meg. 
 
 Bishop Bun'y§,n. A sobriquet given 
 to ,Iohu r)Uuy;in(lfi-2S-l()88), because 
 he visite<l his religious brethren in 
 various parts of England, exhorting 
 
 them to good works and holiness o, 
 life. 
 
 Bishop of Hip'po. A title by which 
 St. Augustine (■i')i-^-l(i) is often re- 
 ferred to, he having held the office 
 for many yi-ars. 
 
 Black'a,-3re, Widow (-it-ker). A per- 
 verse, bustling, masculine, pettifog- 
 ging, and litigious character in 
 Wvcherley's comedy of " The Plain 
 Dealer." 
 
 jflgf " The Widow Blackacre, bejond 
 compjirison Wycheriey's best comic char- 
 acter, is the Countess in Ilaciiie's ' Plai- 
 deurs,* talkins^ the j irgon of Eni^lish in- 
 stead of French chicane." Macaulay. 
 
 Black Act, The. A name given in 
 England to an act passed in 1722 (9 
 Geo. I., c. 22). It was so called be- 
 cause it was occasioned by, and was 
 designed to put an end to, the wan- 
 ton destruction of deer, game, jilau- 
 tations, &c., by persons calling them- 
 selves Blacks^ and having their faces 
 blackened or otherwise disguised. It 
 was repealed June 21, 1827, by 7 and 
 8 of Geo. IV., c. 27. 
 
 BSr" The acts of the Scottish Parlia- 
 ment from .James I. of Scothxnd to 1.58ft 
 or 1587 were called Blark Aci$^ because 
 printed in black or Saxon characters. 
 
 Black Assize, The. A common des- 
 ignation of the sitting of the courts 
 held at Oxford in 1.577, during Avhich 
 judges, jurymen, and counsel were 
 swept away by a violent epidemic. 
 The term is also used to denote the 
 epidemic. 
 
 Black Captain, The. [Fr. Le Capi- 
 t'lint Nolr.] A name given by the 
 French to Lt.-Col. Dennis Davidotf, 
 an otticer in the Russian army, in the 
 time of the French invasion. 
 
 Black Death, The. A name given 
 to the celebrated Oriental plague 
 that devastated Asia, Europe, and 
 Africa, during the fourteenth century. 
 It took this name from the black 
 spots, symi)tomatic of putrid decom- 
 position, wliich, at one of its stages, 
 appeared upon the skin. 
 
 Black Dick. A sobriquet of Birhard, 
 Earl Howe (172r,-17!il)). the English 
 admiral who was sent with a squad- 
 ron to operate against D'Estaing, 
 
 OS" Tor the "Key to the Scheme of rronunciation," with tlic accompanying Lxplanations, 
 
BLA 
 
 47 
 
 BLA 
 
 who commanded the French forces 
 on the coast of America during the 
 ■war of the RevoUition. 
 
 Black Hole of Calcutta. A name 
 commonly given to a certain small 
 and close dungeon in Fort U'illiam, 
 Calcutta, the scene of one of the most 
 tragic events in the history of Uritish 
 India. On the capture of Calcutta, 
 by Surajah Dowlah, June 18, 1756, 
 the British garrison, consisting of 
 140 men, being made prisoners, were 
 locked up at night in this room, 
 ■which was only 20 feet square, and 
 poorly ventilated, never having been 
 intended to hold more than two or 
 three prisoners at a time. In the 
 morning, of the 146 who were impris- 
 oned, only 23 were found to have 
 survived the excruciating agony of 
 pressure, heat, thirst, and want of 
 air. In the " Annual Register " for 
 1758, is a narrative of the sufferings 
 of those imprisoned, written by Mr. 
 Holwell, one of the number. The 
 Black Hole is now used as a ware- 
 house. 
 
 Black Knight, The. See Faineant, 
 Le Noir. 
 
 Black Man, The. A common desig- 
 nation for the Devil in the tin»s of the 
 New England witchcraft. It is a 
 popular belief that the Devil is black. 
 In the " Golden Legend " there is a 
 story representing him as appearing 
 in the guise of a man clad in black, 
 of great height, and mounted on a 
 superb horse. 
 
 These wild doctors [the Indian medicine- 
 men] were supposed to draw their pharma- 
 ceutic knowledge from no srracious source, 
 the Black Man liimself bein;;? the principal 
 professor in their medical school. 
 
 Hawtfiome. 
 
 Black Monday, (f^nq. Hist.) A 
 memorable Easter Monday in 1351, 
 very dark and misty. A great deal 
 of hail fell, and the cold was so ex- 
 treme that many died from its effects. 
 The name afterward came to be ap- 
 plied to the Monday after Easter of 
 each year. 
 
 My nose fell a-bleeding on Black Monday 
 last. Shak. 
 
 Black Prince, The. Edward, Prince 
 of Wales, the son of Edward III. of 
 
 England ; — so called from the color 
 
 of his armor. 
 
 To portray a Roman of the age of Camilli,4 
 or Curius as superior to national antipathies, 
 as treating; conqucicd encniiis with tin- deli- 
 cacy of the Black I'rince, would l)0 to violate 
 all dramatic proi>ricty. Macuulay. 
 
 Black Hepublicans. See Repukli- 
 
 CANS, Hl.ACK. 
 
 Black Saturday. A name given, in 
 Scotland, to the 4th of August, 1621. 
 On this day, the Parliament sitting 
 at Edinburgh ratified certain articles 
 introducing Episcopalian fashions in- 
 to the church, — a proceeding highly 
 repugnant to the religious feelings 
 and convictions of the Scottish peo- 
 ple. A violent storm which occurred 
 at the same time, and was accompa- 
 nied by thunder and lightning and 
 "heavy darkness," was thought to 
 be a manifest token of the displeas- 
 ure of Heaven. 
 
 _ She was to remind a neighbor of some par- 
 ticular which she was to recall to his memory 
 by the token, that Thome Reid and he had 
 set out tdgetlier to go to the battle which took 
 place on the Black Saturday. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bla'dud. A legendary' king of Eng- 
 land, who is said to have built the 
 city of Bath, and dedicated the me- 
 dicinal springs to Minerva. 
 
 Winifred Jenkins and Tabitha Bramble 
 must keep Englishmen on the grin for ages 
 yet to come; and in their letters and the story 
 of tlieir loves there is a perpetual fount of 
 sparkling laughter as inexhaustible as Bla- 
 dud's well. Thackeray. 
 
 Blanche'fleuT. [It. Blancafiore.] A 
 lady beloved by Flores. Their ad- 
 ventures make the principal subject 
 of Boccaccio's " Philopoco," but they 
 had been famous for a long time 
 previously, as Boccaccio himself in- 
 forms us. They are mentioned as 
 illustrious lovers by Matfres Eymen- 
 gau de Bezers, a Languedocian poet, 
 in his " Breviari d' Amor," dated in 
 the year 1288. Boccaccio repeated 
 in the " Decameron " (Day 10, novel 
 5) the story of Flores and Blanche- 
 fleur, but changed the names of the 
 lovers to Ansaldo and Dianora. 
 Chaucer took it as the foundation of 
 the Frankelein's tale in the " Can- 
 terbury Tales," though he professes 
 to have derived it from " a British 
 lay." Boccaccio's novel is unques- 
 tionably the origin of the episode of 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
BLA 
 
 48 
 
 BLO 
 
 Iroldo, Prasildo, and Tisbina, in 
 Bojardo's " Orlando Innaniorato." 
 Tliert; is also an old ljijj,lisli romance 
 entitled " Mores and lilanthelleur," 
 said to have been ori^nnally written 
 in French. See I'nA.sii.ut). 
 
 Tlu' I hroiiiclc's of C'liaileinagne, 
 Of Merlin uiid tlie Mort d'Arthure, 
 Aliiiglutl together in his brain 
 With tales of Flores and Llanchefleur. 
 
 Lonyj'ellow. 
 
 Bias, Gil. See Gil Blas. 
 
 Blatant Beast, The. A bellowing 
 monster, in Si)enser'.s" Faer^M^lueen," 
 tj'picai of slander or cahinmy; or it 
 is an impersonation of what we now 
 call " Vox i'opuli," or the Voice of 
 the People. 
 
 Ble-fus'cu. The name of an island 
 mentioned in the imaginary " Trav- 
 els " of Lenuiel (ialliver, written by 
 Swift. It is described as being " sit- 
 uated to the north-east side of Lilli- 
 put, from whence it is parted only by 
 a channel of eight hundred yards 
 wide," and as being ruled over by an 
 emperor. The inhabitants, like the 
 Lilliputians, were all pygmies. 
 
 «^ '^ Rlefuscu is France, and the in- 
 gratitiide of the Lillijiutian court, which 
 forces Gulliver to take shelter there 
 rather than have his eyes put out, is an 
 indirect reproach upon that of Kntrlaud, 
 and a vindication of the flight of Oniioud 
 and Bolingbroke to Paris." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bli'fil. A noted character who figures 
 in Fielding's novel entitled " The 
 History of Tom Jones, a Foundling." 
 
 Blim'ber, Miss Cornelia. A char- 
 acter in Dickens's novel of " Dombey 
 and Son;" a daughter of Dr. Blim- 
 ber, the head of a tirst-class educa- 
 tional establishment conducted on 
 the forcing or cramming principle. 
 She is a very learned, grave, and 
 precise young lady, Avith " no light 
 nonsense about her," who has liecome 
 " dry and sandy with working in the 
 graves of deceased languages." 
 
 It costs her nothin<; to disown the slight- 
 est acquaintance with the dead lan{;u:i;:cs, 
 or science, or any thin}; that calls for abstract 
 thonfrht. In the opinion of those whose ap- 
 proval she most cares for, she might as well 
 assume J/is.« /lliinber's spectacles as shine in 
 any one of them. 
 
 Esmysfrom the Scitwclai/ Revieio. 
 
 Blind Harry. A name commonly 
 given to Henry the Minstrel, a Avan- 
 
 dering Scottish poet of the fifteenth 
 century, of whom nothing else is 
 known except that he was blind from 
 infancy, and comjtosed a romantic 
 poem entitled " 'I'he Life of that No- 
 ble ('hani])ion of Scotland, Sir Wil- 
 liam Wallace, Knight," which has 
 been handed down to the present 
 time. 
 
 Blind Preacher. A popular sobri- 
 quet given to William Henry Mil- 
 burn (b. 1823), a blind Anierican 
 clergyman and lecturer, noted for 
 his ability and eloquence. 
 
 Blind Traveler. A name given to 
 James Holman (d. 1857), a lieutenant 
 in the English navy, and author of 
 various books of travels. In 1812, 
 a disease contracted in the discharge 
 of his duty destroyed his eyesight. 
 
 Bloody Assizes. A common desig- 
 nation of the horrid judicial massacie 
 perpetrated, in 1685, by George Jetf- 
 reys. Lord Chief Justice of the King's 
 Bench, while on a circuit through tha 
 Avestern counties of luigland. About 
 three hundred persons were executed 
 after short trials; very many were 
 whipped, imprisoned, and fined; and 
 nearly one thousand were sent ai 
 slaves to the American plantations. 
 
 Bloody Bill. A name given to tha 
 statute of the "Articles" (31 Henry 
 VIII. , c. 14), by Avliich hanging or 
 burning was denounced against all 
 Avho should deny the doctrine of 
 trail substantiation. 
 
 Bloody-bones. The name of a hob- 
 goblin fiend, formeilv much feared 
 by children. The " Wyll of the Dev- 
 yll " is said to be " written by our 
 faithful secretarA'es hobgoblin, raw- 
 bed, and bloLxhjhnne^ in the spiteful 
 audience of all the court of hell." 
 
 ISIade children with your tones to run for't 
 As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford. 
 
 HudibroB, 
 
 Bloody Butcher. A sobriquet given 
 to the Duke of Cumberland, second 
 son of George II., on account of his 
 barbarities in the suppression of the 
 rebellion excited by Charles Edward 
 Stuart, the Younger Pretender. 
 
 Bloody Mary. A name commonly 
 given to Mary, a Roman Catholic 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationi, 
 
BLO 
 
 49 
 
 BLU 
 
 queen of England, whose reign is , 
 distinguished lor tlic sanguinary 
 persecutions of the adherents of tlie 
 Cliurcii of England, no fewer tlian 
 two IuuuUhhI i)ersoiis liaving bee-n 
 burnt at tiie stake witiiin tiie sjjace 
 of four years, for tiieir uttaelinient 
 to the reformed doctrines. 
 Blows 'i>-lin'da. A country girl in 
 (iay's' pastoral poem, " The Shei)- 
 herd's Weelc," whicii depicts rural 
 life in its character of poverty and 
 rudeness, rather than as clothed in 
 tlie colors of romance. 
 
 Wc, fair, fine ladies, who park ont our lives 
 From (n)iuinon sheep-paths, cannot help the 
 
 crows 
 From fls'in;^ over; we 're as natural still 
 As Blowsaliiuia. Mrs. E. Ji. Browning. 
 
 Blue-beard. [Fr. La Bnrbe Bleue.} 
 The hero of a well-known story of 
 the same name, originally written in 
 French by Charles Perrault. He is 
 represented as having a blue beard, 
 from which he gets his designation, 
 and as marrying a beautiful young 
 Avoman, who has all the keys of a 
 magniticent castle intrusted to her, 
 with injunctions not to open a certain 
 apartment. She gratities her curios- 
 ity during the absence of her lord, 
 and is horrilied to tind the remains 
 of his former wives, the victims of 
 his boundless lust and cruelty. Her 
 disobedience is discovered by means 
 of an indelible stain produced on 
 the key which opened the door of the 
 interdicted room, and she is told to 
 prepare for death, but obtains the 
 favor of a little delay, and is happily 
 rescued by the timely arrival of 
 friends, who instantly dispatch her 
 brutal husband. 
 
 j8®^ It is said that the original Blue- 
 beard wa'^ Giles de Laval, Lord of Ilaiz, 
 who was maile Marshal of France in 1429. 
 He was distinguished for his military 
 genius and intrepidity, and was possessed 
 of princely revenues, hut rendered him- 
 self infamous bv the murder of his wives, 
 and his extraordinary impiety and de- 
 baucheries. Mezeray saj's that he en- 
 couraged and maintained sorcerers to 
 discover hidden treasures, and corrupted 
 young persons of both sexes that he 
 might attach them to him, and after- 
 ward killed them for the sake of their 
 blood for his charms and incantations. 
 
 At length, for some state crime against 
 tlie Duke of Brittany, he was sentenced 
 to be burned alive in a lield at Nanti-s, ia 
 1440. llolinshed notices another Blue- 
 beard, in the reign of Henry VI., anno 
 1450. 8peaking of the conunittal of tlie 
 Duke of Sulfolk to the Tower, lie says, 
 '• This doing so much displeased tlie peo- 
 ple, that, if politic provision had not 
 been made, great mischief had imme- 
 diately ensued. For the commons, in 
 sundry places of the realm, assembled 
 together in great companies, and chose 
 to them a captain, whom they called 
 Blue-beard ; but ere they had attempted 
 any enterprise their leaders were ap- 
 prehended, and so the matter pacified 
 without any hurt committed."' Blue- 
 beard is also the name by which King 
 Henry VIII. lives in the popular super- 
 stitions of England. The German poet 
 Tieck, in his '' Fhautasus," has a tragedy 
 which is grounded upon the common 
 nursery tale. Duulop notices the strik- 
 ing resemblance between the story of 
 Blue-beard and that of the third calen- 
 dar in the '' Arabian Nights' Entertain* 
 ments." 
 
 A dark tragedy of Sophie's this; the Blitei 
 heard chamber of her mind, into which no 
 eye but her own must ever look. Carlyle. 
 
 Blue-ooat School. A name popu- 
 larly given to Christ's Hos|)ital, Lon- 
 don, — a charitable institution for the 
 education of orphans and foundlings, 
 — on account of the blue coats or 
 go-wiis worn by the boys. Their cos- 
 tume has continued unchanged ever 
 since the foundation of the school in 
 the reign of Edward VI. 
 
 Blue Hen. A cant or popular name 
 for the State of Delaware. This so- 
 briquet is said to have had its ori- 
 gin in a certain Captain Caldwell's 
 fondness for the amusement of cock- 
 lighting. Caldwell was for a time 
 an otlicer of the First Delaware Reg- 
 iment in the war of the Revolution, 
 and was greatly distinguished for his 
 daring and undaunted spirit. He 
 was exceeding'ly popular in the regi- 
 ment, and its high state of discipline 
 was generally conceded to ha due to 
 his exertions; so that when officers 
 Avere sent on recriu'ting service to en- 
 list new men in order to hll vacancies 
 caused by death or otherwise, it was 
 a saying, that they had gone liome 
 for more of Caldwell's game-cocks; 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numoers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
 4 
 
BLU 
 
 50 
 
 BOB 
 
 but, as Caldwell insisted that no cook i 
 could be truly j^aine unless the mother 
 was a blue hen, the expression " Blue 
 Hen's ehickens" was ?ub»ticuted for 
 *' ^anie-c-oeks." 
 iJtldiravt atiiU Jou^iial, Juiy, 1860. 
 
 Plue Laws. A nickname ^iven to 
 the quaint and severe regulations of 
 the early government ot New Haven 
 Plantation, when the public authori- 
 ties kept a sharp watch over the de- 
 portment of tiie people of the colony, 
 and punished all breaches of good 
 manners and good morals, often with 
 )udiirous formality. Some account 
 of these laws is given in a small work 
 published in 1825 (Hartford, bv Silas 
 Andrus), entitled " The Code oY 1G5U, 
 being a Compilation of the earliest 
 Laws and Orders of the General 
 Court of Connecticut," &€. The 
 ancient records of the Xew Haven 
 colony bear witness to the stern and 
 fcomber religious spirit common to all 
 the lirst settlers. The cliapter of 
 " Capitall Lawes," in the code of 
 1650. is almost verbally copied from 
 the Mosaic law. 
 
 ^f^ " After the restoration of Charles 
 II., the Puritans became the subject of 
 everj' kind of reproach and contumely. 
 The epithet blue was applied to any one 
 who looked %rith disapprobation upon 
 the licentiousness of the time. The 
 Presbyterians, under which name all 
 dissenters were often included, were more 
 particularly designated by this term. 
 Thus Butler : — 
 
 ' Frir his religion, it was fit 
 To match his learning and his wit, — 
 'T was Presbyterian true bliit.'' 
 
 Hudtbras. 
 
 That this epithet of derision should find 
 its way to the colonies was a matter of 
 course. It was here applied not only to 
 persons, but to customs, institutions, 
 and laws of the Puritans, by tho.se who 
 wished to render the prevailing system 
 ridiculous. Ilence, probably, a belief 
 with some that a distinct sjstem of laws, 
 known as the ' blue laws,' must have 
 somewhere a local habitation." 
 
 Kinssley. 
 
 Slue-Nose. A nickname popularly 
 given to an inhabitant of Xova Sco- 
 tia or New Brunswick. The appel- 
 lation is supposed to have been orig- 
 inally applied from the etleet upon 
 the more prominent parts of the tace 
 
 i>f the raw easterly \dnds and long- 
 continued fogs which prevail in these 
 provinces. Others say that it was 
 tirst applied to a particular kind of 
 potatoes wiiich were extensively j)ro- 
 duced by tiu' inhaiiitants, and that 
 it was afterward tran.^terretl to the 
 iidiabitauLs themselves. Others still 
 assert that its use is accounted tor by 
 the custom among certain tribes of 
 the aborigines ot ijainting the nose 
 blue as a punishment lor a crima 
 against chastity. 
 
 Blueskin. A nickname given to 
 Joseph Blake, an English burglar, 
 on account of his dark complexion. 
 Ho was executed Nov. 11, 172-J. 
 
 Blue-Skins. A nickname applied to 
 the Presbyterians, from thefr aUegcd 
 grave deportment. 
 
 Blue string, Eobin. See Robin Blue- 
 string. 
 
 BluJGf, Captain NoU. A swaggering 
 coward in Congreve's comedy of 
 " The Old Bachelor." 
 
 Those ancients, as XoTl Bluff m\g\\t say. 
 Were pretty fellows in their dav. 
 
 'Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bluff City. A descriptive name pop- 
 ularly given to the city of Hannibal, 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Bluff Hal, or Harry. The sobriquet 
 by which King Henri' YIII. of Eng- 
 land is commonly known. [Called 
 also Burly King Harry.'] 
 
 Ere yet in scorn of Peter's pence. 
 And nuniberert liead and shrift. 
 
 Bluff Ha i-rij broke into the spence. 
 And turned the cowls adrift 
 
 Tennu»on. 
 
 Bo'S-ner'ges. [Gr. Boai-epye'?, from 
 Heb. bene-refjes, the Aramaic pro- 
 nunciation of which was l>onne-ref/es.] 
 A name signifying " sons of thun- 
 der," given by our Lord i^fa}•k iii. 
 17) to the two sons of Zebedee, James 
 and John. Probably the name liad 
 respect to the fiery zeal of the broth- 
 ers, signs of which may be seen in 
 Luke ix. 54, Mark ix. 38. 
 
 Boar of Ardennes, "Wild. See Wild 
 
 Bo.VK OF Ain>ENNES. 
 
 Boast of England. See Tom-.v-lin. 
 
 Bob'S-dil, Captain. A beggarly and 
 cowardly adventurer, in Ben Jonson's 
 comedy, '* E\'ery ^Man in his Hu- 
 
 lO" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accoiupiuiying Explanation 
 
BOB 
 
 51 
 
 BOM 
 
 mor," who passes himself off with 
 young and simple people ibr a valiant 
 soldier. He says (a. iv., so. 7): "I 
 would select nineteen more to myself; 
 . . . gentlemen they should be, of <i()()d 
 spirit, strong and ahle constitution. 
 . . . We twenty would come into the 
 field the tenth of March, or there- 
 abouts, and we would challenge 
 twenty of the enemy : they could not 
 in their honor refuse us. Well, we 
 would kill them: challenge twenty 
 more; kill them: twenty more; kill 
 them : twenty more ; kill them too. 
 And thus we would kill every man 
 his twenty a day, — that 's twenty 
 score: twenty score, that 's two hun- 
 dred; two hundred a day, five days, 
 a thousand: forty thousand — lorty 
 times five — five times forty — two 
 hundred days kills them all up by 
 computation." 
 
 ;6®=" " Bobadil, with his big words and 
 his little heart, with his sword and his 
 oath, — "• By the foot of Pharaoh I ' — is a 
 braggart of the first water. He is, upon 
 the whole, the best invention of tlie au- 
 thor, and is wortUy to march in the SJiuie 
 regiment with Bessus and Pistol, and 
 ParoUtss and the Copper Captain." 
 
 JS. W. Procter. 
 
 The present author, like Jlobadil, had 
 taught his trick offence to a hundred gentle- 
 men, — and ladies, — who could fence very 
 nearly or quite as well as himself. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The whole province was once thrown in 
 amaze bj' the return of one of his campaigns, 
 wherein it was stated, tliat, though, like Cn)i- 
 tain Bitharlil, he had only twenty men to back 
 him, yet in the short space of six months he 
 had conquered and utterly annihilated sixty 
 oxen, ninety hogs, one hundred shtep, ten 
 thousand cabbages, one thousand bushels of 
 potatoes, one hundred and fifty kilderkins of 
 small beer, two thousand seven hundred and 
 thirty-five pipes, seventy-eight pounds of 
 Bugar-plums, and forty bars of iron, besides 
 sundry small meats, g«ine, poultry, and gar- 
 den-stuff ;— an achievement uiiparalleled 
 since the days of Pantagruel and his all-de- 
 vouring arniy. W. Irvhig. 
 
 Royalism totally abandons that Bobnflitirm 
 method of contest. Carlyle. 
 
 Bobbies. See Peelers, 
 
 Bceuf, Front de. Sir Eeginald 
 
 (fro" du buf 43). [Fr. ox-fnce, ox- 
 head.] A gig'intic and ferocious per- 
 sonage wlio ficrures in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of " Ivanhoe " as a fol- 
 lower of Prince John. 
 Bogy. See Old Bogy. 
 
 Bo-he'mi-a. A recent tant designa- 
 tion of those parts of London inhab- 
 ited by gay young fellows Avho hang 
 loosely " about town," leading a sort 
 of noniadic life, like the gypsies (Fv. 
 Buhcjiuciis), and living on their wits, 
 — as journalists, politicians, artists, 
 dancers, and the like. 
 
 JS^^ In France, La Boh&me is used of 
 Paris in a similar way. 
 
 Bohemian Tartar. Perhaps a gypsy; 
 or a mere wild a[»pellation designed 
 to ridicule the appearance of Simple 
 in Shakespeare's " Merry Wives of 
 Windsor," a. iv., sc. 5. 
 
 B5'hort, Sir, or King. A knight of 
 the Round Table, celebrated in the 
 old romances of chivalry. He was 
 the brother of King Ban, and uncle 
 to Lancelot du Lac. [Written also 
 Bors, Bort.] 
 
 Bois-Guilbert, Brian de (bre^Si'du 
 bwo'gePber'). A brave but cruel 
 and voluptuous Preceptor of the 
 Knights Temjjlars, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's " Ivanhoe." 
 
 The most resolute courage will sometimes 
 quail in a bad cause, and even die in its armor, 
 like Bois-Guilbert. Atlantic Moiithlu. 
 
 Bom'ba. A sobriquet given to Ferdi- 
 nand il. (1830-185'J), late king of the 
 Two Sicilies. 
 
 ^e®^ " Bomba is the name of children's 
 play in Italy, a kind of prisoner's-base, 
 or what used formerly to be called, in 
 England, ' King by your leave ; ' and 
 there was probably an allusion to this 
 pastime in tlie nickname; especially as 
 his majesty was fond of playing the king, 
 and iiad a predilection for childish 
 amusements besides, and for playing at 
 soldiers. But the name, whatever its 
 first cause, or its collective significance, 
 is understood to have derived its greatest 
 weight from a charge made against his 
 majesty of having called upon his soldiers 
 to ' bombard ' his people during one of 
 their insurrections. *■ Bombard 'em ! 
 bombard 'em I ' he is said to have cried 
 out ; that is to say, ' Sweep them away, — 
 cannonade "em I ' His apologist, Mr. 
 Macfarlane. not onlj- denies the charge, 
 but says his cry was the very i-tiverse ; to 
 wit. '• Spjire my misguided people I Malie 
 prisoners ; do not kill ; make prisoners I ' 
 . . . The book entitled ' Naples and King 
 Ferdinand ' repeats the charge, however, 
 in the strongest manner. It says that he 
 kept crying out, ' Down with them .' down 
 
 aad for the Semarke and Rules to which the Bumbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxu. 
 
BOM 
 
 52 
 
 BON^ 
 
 with them 1 ' arldinK. in a note, what was 
 stated to be the particular expression, 
 ' IJoiiibardare ;' and hence, says tlie au- 
 thor. • arose his vvell-knowa sobrit^uet of 
 Bumba.^'' L^igh Hunt. 
 
 m^ ■' The name Bomba is often mis- 
 inteiitreted as having some allusion to 
 l)onibirdnients. It is not ^o. In Italy, 
 when you tell a man a thing which he 
 knows to be false, or when he wishes to 
 convey to you the ideaof the utter worth- 
 lessuess of any thing or person, he puffs 
 out his cheek, like a bagpiper's in full 
 blow, smites it with his forefiiig«!r, and 
 allows the pent breath to explode, with 
 the exclamatio 1, ' ISomb-a.' 1 hive wit- 
 nessed the gesture, and heard the sound. 
 Hence, after 1S4*J. when regal oaths in 
 the name of the Most Holy Trinity were 
 found to be as worthless as a beggir's in 
 the name of Bacchus or the Madonna, 
 when Ferdinand was perceived to he a 
 worthless liar, his qui.'k-witted people 
 whispered his name. He wis called King 
 Bomba, King Puff cheek. King Linr, King 
 Knave. The name and his chara-terwere 
 then so much in harmony that it spread 
 widely ; and they have been so much in 
 harino.iy ever since, that he has retained 
 it lill now. and will retain it, I suppose, 
 till he is bundled into his unhonored 
 grave." Dublin Evening Gazette. 
 
 After Palermo's fatal sie^e, 
 Across the western seas lie fled 
 III fcood King Boniba's happy rei<rn. 
 
 Lonfj/ellow. 
 
 Bom-bas'tes Fia-ri-6'so. The hero 
 and title of a burlesque tragic opera 
 by Thomas Barnes Rhodes, Avhich 
 •was intended to ridicule the bombast 
 of modern tragedies. 
 
 Falling on one knee, [he] put both hands on 
 his heart, and rolled up his eyes much after 
 the manner of Boiiibastes Funnao making 
 love to Distaffiiia. Epcs Sargent. 
 
 Bo'na De'a. [Lat., the good god- 
 dess.] {^I^Jih.) A Roman divinity, 
 otherwise called Fauna, or Fatua, 
 and dijscribvid as the sister, Avife, or 
 daughter of Faunns. Her -worship 
 was so exclusively confined to wom- 
 en, that men Avere not even allowed 
 to know her name. 
 
 Bo-nas'SUS. [Gr. Boi-aa-o)?, Bovaaaoc^ 
 
 a. ■wild ox.] An imaginaiy wild 
 beast, with which the " Ettrick Shep- 
 herd " (.lames Hogg), in the " Noctes 
 Aml>rosian:e " (No. XLVHI. April, 
 1830), is represented as having had a 
 most remarkable adventure. A huge 
 animal of the genus Blsiy/i — Blsun 
 
 bonasauR — had been exhibited in 
 Londcm and other parts of Great 
 Britain a few years betbre. 
 
 I must have been the L'ona.viix liirnself to 
 have mistaken myself lor a {;euius. 
 
 Sir U'.Scoft. 
 
 Bon Chevalier, sans Peur et sans 
 Beproche, Le (hi bo" shva^le'^S' 
 so" per a SO" ru-prosh'). See Good 
 Knight, &c. 
 
 Bo'ney. A corruption or diminutive 
 of Bonaparte, often u.sed b}' English 
 writers and speakers m the tirst part 
 of the present century. 
 
 No monks can be had now fbr love or for 
 
 money, 
 (All owing, papa says, to that infidel Boney). 
 
 Moure. 
 
 Bon Gaul'ti-er. A pseudonym adopted 
 by Professor William Fdmonstoune 
 Xytoun and Theodore Martin, under 
 which they published a popuhir book 
 of ballads, and contributed to a num- 
 ber of periodicals, 
 
 Bonhomme, Jacques (zhak bo'- 
 nom'). [Fr., Jack or James Good- 
 man]. A derisive name given by 
 the French barons of the fourteenth 
 century to the peasants of the coun- 
 try The msurrection known as the 
 Jncquerie — which derived its name 
 from this epithet — was a terrible up- 
 rising of this class against the nobles, 
 in i;J58. 
 
 Jaa/ups Bonhomme had a longer memory 
 than his representative on this side of the 
 water [England]; and while the descendants 
 of Wat Tyler's followers were comfortable 
 church-and-king men, when the frreat trial 
 came, in 1793, the men of the Jacquerie were 
 boilinjT with revenfrc for centuries of wrong, 
 and poured forth the concentrott'd wrath of 
 generations on clergy, noble, and crown. 
 
 Bev. John fVhite. 
 
 Bon'i-face. The name of a landlord 
 in Farquhar's comedy, " The Beaux' 
 JStratagein," — one of the best rep- 
 resentatives of the English innkeeper 
 in tlie language; hence, a landlord 
 in general. 
 
 "Oh! I beg your pardon," replied the 
 Yankee Boniface; "I meant no offense." 
 
 Pntndiii'x 3fag. 
 
 Bono Johnny. The sobriquet by 
 which, in the East, the English are 
 commonly designated. 
 
 Bontemps, Koger (m'y.hti' l)nn/t6n', 
 ()-2). A ])()]iiilar personification, in 
 France, of a state of leisure, and free- 
 
 tty For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
BOO 
 
 53 
 
 BOR 
 
 dom from care. The equivalGnt, 
 
 among the Freiicli peasantry, iur the 
 
 Knglish proverb, " There 's a good 
 
 time coining," is '' Koger Bontenips." 
 
 'I'his character i.s the subject of one 
 
 of Beranger's most celebrated songs, 
 
 written in 181-4: — 
 
 To show our liypochondriacs, 
 In days the niu.-t foiloi ii, 
 A put'tern set before their eyes, 
 Jioger Bontemjix was born. 
 To live ob!5Curely at his will. 
 To keep alooflroiii strife, — 
 liurrali fbr fat Roinr Bontemps ! 
 This is his rule of life. 
 
 Ye envious poor ; j'e rich who deem 
 "Wealth still your thoughts deserving ; 
 Ye who in search of pleasant tracks 
 Yet find vour cap is swerving; 
 Ye who tlie titles that ye boast 
 May lose by some disaster, — 
 Uurrah for fat Rof/er BontcDips .' 
 Go, take hiui for your master. 
 
 Btranger, Trans. 
 
 Booby, Lady. A female character 
 of frail morals, in Fielding's novel 
 of '' .Joseph Andrews," Avho is unable 
 to conquer the virtue of her footman. 
 She was designed as a caricature of 
 Richardson's " Pamela," and is rep- 
 resented as a vulgar upstart, whom 
 the parson is compelled to reprove 
 for laughing in church. 
 
 Bo-o'tes. [Gr. Bouirr;?, the ox-driver.] 
 {Gv. cj"- Rom. Myth.) A son of Ceres, 
 and the inventor of the pknv. He 
 was translated to heaven, and made 
 a constellation. According to another 
 account, he was a son of Lycaon and 
 Callisto, and was slain by his father, 
 who set him before Jupiter for a re- 
 past, to try the omniscience of the 
 god. Jupiter restored him to life, 
 and placed him among the stars. 
 
 Booth, The husband of Amelia, in 
 Fielding's novel of that name. His 
 frailties are said to have shadowed 
 forth some of the author's own back- 
 slidings and experiences. 
 
 Bo-ra'chi-o. A follower of John 
 (bastard brother of Don Pedro, 
 Prince of Arragon), in Shakespeare's 
 " Much Ado about Nothing." 
 
 Borak, Al. See Al, Borak. 
 
 Border, The. In histor\' and in popu- 
 lar phraseology, the cnmninn frontier 
 of England and Iscotland, which, imtil 
 comparatively modern times, shitted 
 
 to t'.ie north or lo tlic .■south, accord- 
 ing '.o tho surging tide of war or di- 
 plomacy. From the eleventh century 
 to about the beginning of the eight- 
 eenth century, ruthless wars between 
 tiie two countries, and lends and 
 forays of clans and lamilies, caused 
 almost constant disturbance on the 
 border. Strenuous elforts were made 
 during the reigns of Elizabeth anc^. 
 James VI. to preserve peace; but it 
 was not until the legislative union of 
 17U7 took place, that the long course 
 of misrule was tinally brought to a 
 close. 
 
 Border Minstrel. A title often given 
 to Sir Walter Scott, who traced his 
 descent from the great border family 
 now represeiited by the dukes of 
 Buccleuch ; resided at Abbotsfbrd on 
 the Tweed ; edited, in early lite, a col- 
 lection of old ballads under the title 
 of " The Minstrelsy of the Scottish 
 Border;" and afterward wrote " The 
 Lay of the Last ]\Iinstrel," and other 
 original poems upon border subjects. 
 
 When last alons its banks I wandered, 
 Throuf^h groves that had begun to shed 
 
 Their golden leaves upon the pathways. 
 My steps the Tiordcr Minstrel led. 
 
 Wordswortli, Yarrow Eevixited. 
 
 Border States. Previous to the 
 Rebellion, a common designation of 
 those Slave States, in the American 
 Union, Avhich bordered upon the line 
 of the Free States; namely, Delaware, 
 Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and 
 Missouri. "With the abolition of slav- 
 ery throughout the United States, 
 the name will soon pass out of cur- 
 rent use. 
 
 Border-thief School. A name for- 
 merly given, to some extent, to Sir 
 Walter Scott and his poetical imita- 
 tors, who celebrated the adventures 
 of various predatory chiefs of the 
 Scottish border. 
 
 TVith your Lake Schools, and Border-thief 
 Sr/iool% and Cockney and Satanic Schools, 
 tliere has been enough to do. Carlyle. 
 
 Bo're-as (9). [Gr. Bopea?.] (Gr. .f- 
 Jiom. Myth.) The north wind, a pon 
 of Astrams and Aurora. He is fabled 
 to have carried off Orithvia, the 
 daughter of Ercchthous, and by her 
 to have had Zetes and Calais, winged 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
BOR 
 
 54 
 
 BOW 
 
 vrarriors, who accompanied the Ar- 
 gonautic exjx'dition. 
 Bors, ()/• Bort, King. See Boiiort, 
 
 oIU. 
 
 Boston Bard. A pseudonym as- 
 sumed by Robert 8. ColHn (1797- 
 1827), an American versilier who lived 
 for some years in Boston, Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 Boston Massacre. {Amer. Hist.) 
 A name popularly given to a disturb- 
 ance whic;h occurred m the streets of 
 Boston on the evening of March 5, 
 1770, when a sergeant's guard be- 
 longing to the British garrison fired 
 upon a crowd of people who were 
 surrounding them and pelting them 
 with snow-balls, and killed three 
 men, besides wounding several oth- 
 ers. The leader of the towns-people 
 was a black man named Crispus At- 
 tucks. The affair is of historical im- 
 portance, as it prepared the minds of 
 men for the revolutionaiy struggle 
 which followed. 
 
 Boston Tea-party. A name popu- 
 larly given to the famous assemblage 
 of citizens in Boston, Dec. 16, 1773, 
 who met to carry out the non-impor- 
 tation resolves of the colony, and 
 who, disguised as Indians, went on 
 board three English shi])s which had 
 just arrived in the harbor, and de- 
 stroyed several hundred chests of 
 tea. The British jiarliament retali- 
 ated by closing the port of Boston. 
 
 Bottle, Oracle of the Holy. See 
 Holy Bottle, Ohaclp: of the. 
 
 Bottle Riot. A disturbance which 
 took place at the theater in Dublin, 
 Dec. 14, 1822, in consequence of the 
 unpopularity of tiie Marquess Welles- 
 ley (Richard Colby, the younger). 
 Lord Lieutenant of Ireland; so called 
 from the cnx'umstance of a botvle 
 being thrown mto his box. [Called 
 also The Battle Conspiracy.] 
 
 Bottom, Nick. An Athenian weaver, 
 who is the ])riiicipal actor in the in- 
 terlude of'' Pyramus and Thisbe," in 
 Shakespeare's " Midsummer-Night's 
 Dream." Obenm, the fairv king, 
 desiring to punish Titania. his queen, 
 commissioned Puck to watch her 
 till she fell asleep, and then to anoint 
 
 her eyelids with the juice of a plant 
 called love-in-idleness, the ctlect of 
 which, when she awoke, was to make 
 her dote ii\}on Bottom, upon whom 
 Puck had hxed an ass's head. 
 
 j^i}'- " Hottoiii ... is a compound of 
 prutound iguorauce and omnivorous con- 
 ceit; but these are tempered b}' t^ood- 
 nature. decision of character, and some 
 mother-wit That which gives him hia 
 individuahty does not depend upon his 
 want of education, his position, or his 
 calling. All the sciiools of Athena could 
 not have rea^^oned it out of him ; and all 
 the gold of Croesus would have made 
 him but a gilded Bottom after all. . . . 
 His descendants have not unfrequently 
 appeared among the gifted intellects of 
 the world. AVhen Goldsmith, jealous of 
 the attention which a dancing monkey 
 attracted in a coffee-house, said, ' I can 
 do that as well,' and was about to at- 
 tempt it, he was but playing Bottom.'' 
 R. G. IV/iite. 
 
 Indeed, the caresses which this partiality 
 leads him [Milton] to bestow on " Sad Elec- 
 tia's poet," sometimes remind lis of the beau- 
 tiful queen of fairj'-land kissing the long 
 tixTH ot'Botfoiii. Macnulay. 
 
 Pitj- p'^pr Robinson [Sir Thomas Robinson], 
 O English reader, if you can, for indignation 
 at the business he is in. Saving the lil)ertie8 
 of Europe! thinks Robinson confidently : 
 Founding the English National Debt, an- 
 swers Fact; and doing Bottom the Wiarer, 
 with long ears, in the nnserablcst Pickle- 
 herring tragedy that ever was 1 Carlyle, 
 
 Bountiful, Lady. See Lady Boun- 
 tiful. 
 
 Boustrapa (boo'stra'pa'). A sobri- 
 quet given to the Emperor Napoleon 
 III., in allusion to his unsuccessful 
 attempts at a ccnip tVeti^t at iJowlogne 
 (in 1840) and -S^?-rt.sbourg (in 1836), 
 and his successful attempt at Paris 
 (in 1851), while President of the 
 French Republic. 
 
 Bower of Bliss. 1. A garden belong- 
 ing to the beautiful enchantress Ar- 
 mida, in Tasso's " Jerusalem De- 
 livered " It is described as lovely 
 beyond description, ever\' thing in the 
 place contributing to harinonv and 
 sweetness, and breathing forth the 
 fullness of bliss. Here Kinaldo and 
 Arniida, in love with each other, pass 
 their time; but at last two kniglits 
 come and release Kinaldo from his 
 enervating and dishonorable ser\'i- 
 tude. See Ahmida. 
 2. The dwelling of the witch 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Froauuciation," Trith the accompanying Explanationi, 
 
BOW 
 
 55 
 
 BRA 
 
 Acrasia, in Spenser's " Faery Queen," 
 Bk. ir.,c. 12. Acrasia is ix-preseiitcd 
 as a beautitul and lasciiuitiiij;' wonuui, 
 anil her residence, wliicli is situated 
 upon a lloatinj^ island, is described 
 as beiiiji^ embellished with every 
 thing calculated to charm the senses 
 and wrap the soul in oblivious indul- 
 genee. 
 Bow'ling, Tom. The name of a cel- 
 ebrated naval character in Smollett's 
 novel of " Roderick Random." 
 
 iK^"The character of Tom Bowling, 
 in ' KoJerick R;indom,' . . . will be re- 
 garded in all ages as a happy exhibition 
 of those naval heroes to whom Britain is 
 indebted for so much of her happiness 
 and glory." Dunlup. 
 
 Box and Cox. The title of a " dra- 
 matic romance of real life," by John 
 M. Morton, and the names of its 
 principal characters. 
 
 Boy-bishop, The. An appellation 
 conferred upon St. Nicholas (fourth 
 century), on account of his early con- 
 formity to the observances of the 
 Roman Catholic church, of which 
 the old legends relate marvelous in- 
 stances. 
 
 Boy-et'. A lord attending on the 
 princess of France, in Shakespeare's 
 " Love's Labor 's Lost." 
 
 Boz {hji some pron. boz). A pseudo- 
 nym under which Charles Dickens 
 contributed a series of " Sketches of 
 Life and Character " to the '' London 
 Morning Chronicle." Of this nom de 
 planie he has given the following ac- 
 count: — 
 
 tfS" ■' Box, my signature in the ' Morn- 
 ing C'lroniiie,' . . . was the nickname of 
 a pet child, a younger brother, wliom I 
 h.id dubbed Moses, in honor of the ' Vicar 
 of WaketieM,' which, being ficetiously 
 pronounceil through the nose, became 
 Boses, and being shortened, B^z. Bnz 
 was a very familiar household word to me 
 long before I was an author, and so I 
 came to adopt it."' 
 
 Though a pledsje I had to shiver, 
 
 And thu longest ever was. 
 Ere his vos'sel leaves our river 
 
 I would drink a health to Boz. Hood. 
 
 Boz'zy. A familiar diminutive of the 
 sirname of James Boswell (1740- 
 1822), the friend and biograplier of 
 
 Dr. Samuel Johnson, by whom the 
 nickname was coined. 
 Bra-ban'ti-o (bra-ban'shi-o). A sen- 
 ator of Venice, in Shakespeare's 
 play of " Othello." 
 
 Brad'a-mant, or Bradamante (bra- 
 da-nuin'ta). A Christian Amazon, 
 sister to Rinaldo, and mistress of 
 Ruggiero, in Bojardo's ''Orlando 
 Innamorato " and Ariosto's "Or- 
 lando Furioso." She possessed an 
 irresistible spear, which unhorsed 
 every antagonist whom it touched. 
 See RuGtiiKKo. [Written also Bran- 
 daman te.J 
 
 4®" '' I do not think Bradamante or 
 Brandamante is ever mentioned in old 
 romances, and I greatly suspect her to 
 be Bojardo's own invention." Fantzzi. 
 
 Brad'war-dine, Baron. A brave 
 and gallant, but pedantic, character 
 in Scott's '' Waverley." 
 
 Brad'war-dSne, Rose. The heroine 
 of Sir Walter Scott's novel of" Wa- 
 verley;" the daughter of Baron 
 Bradwardine, and the lover of Wa- 
 verley, whom she tlnally mames. 
 
 Brag, Jack. The hero of a novel of 
 the same name by 'I'heodore Hook 
 (1789-1841), a spirited embodiment 
 of the arts employed by a vulgar 
 pretender to creep into aristocratic 
 society. 
 
 In reality, however, he wns a sort of liter- 
 ary Jac/c lirtiq. As that amusin'jr creation . . . 
 mustered himself with sportins: {rentlcrnen 
 throujrh his command over the teclmicalities 
 or sl:in<i' of the kennel and the turf, so did 
 Hazlewood sit at the lioard with scholars and 
 aristocratic book-collectors throuirh a free use 
 of their technical phraseology. J. H. Burton. 
 
 Brag, Sir Jack. A sobriquet of Gen- 
 eral John Burgoyne (d. 1792). who 
 figtn-es in an old ballad entitled " Sir 
 Jack Brag." 
 
 Bragi (bra-'gee). fOld Norse hraqfjn., 
 to adorn, embellish. Comp. Eng. 
 hrnq.'] {Scmi'I. Afyth.) The son of 
 Odin and Frigga, the husband of 
 Iduna, and the god of poetry and 
 eloquence; represented as an old 
 man with a long, flowing beard, and 
 a brow mild and unAvn-inkled. [Writ- 
 ten also B r a g u r. Brag a.] 
 
 Bragmardo, Janotus de (ja-no'tus 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp.xiv-xxxii. 
 
BRA 
 
 56 
 
 BRA 
 
 de braff'mar-do ; Fr. prnn. zhJ'no'- 
 tiiss' clu bni^'marMo', 102). The 
 name of a t^opliister in lial)elais' sa- 
 tirical romam-e of" (iari^aiitua," pent 
 by tiie citizens of Paris to remon- 
 strate with (iarj^antua for havinj:? 
 carried off the bells of the churchy of 
 Notre-Dame, which he had taken to 
 suspend at tlie neck of his mare. 
 
 Brah'in$. {Ulnda .^[ijtli.) The su- 
 preme, self-existent god of the Hin- 
 dus, usually represented with four 
 heads and four arms. He is regarded 
 as the creator of the universe, and 
 forms, with Vishnu, the preserver, 
 and Siva, the destroyer, the divine 
 Tviinurtl^ or triad, consisting of the 
 three principal gods of the lirahmin- 
 ical faith. It is said that he has de- 
 scended upon the earth nine times, 
 in various forms, and is yet to appear 
 a tenth time, in the figure of a war- 
 rior upon a white horse, to visit retri- 
 bution upon all incorrigible offend- 
 ers. [Written also Br am a, and 
 sometimes B r u h m a.] 
 
 Brainworm. A curious, tricky char- 
 acter in Ben Jonson's play of " Every 
 Man in his Humor. 
 
 Bramble, Matthew. A well-known 
 character in Smollett's novel, " The 
 Expedition of Humphry Clinker;" 
 described as " an odd kind of humf)r- 
 ist," afflicted with the gout, and " al- 
 w^ays on the fi-et," but full of gener- 
 osity and benevolence. 
 
 To have all literature swum away before us 
 in watery extempore, and p spiritual time of 
 Noah supervene, — that, surely, is an awful 
 reflection, worthy of dyspeptic Mattheic Bram- 
 ble in a London fog. " Carlyle. 
 
 Bramble, Miss Tabitha. An un- 
 married sister of ^Matthew Bramble, 
 in Smollett's " Expedition of Hum- 
 phry Clinker." She is character- 
 ized as " a maiden of forty-five, ex- 
 ceeding starched, vain, and ridicu- 
 lous," soured by her unsuccessfid 
 endeavors to get married, proud, im- 
 perious, piying, malicious, greedy, 
 and uncharitable. She finally suc- 
 ceeds in disposing of herself to Cap- 
 tain Lismahago, who is content to 
 take her on account of her snug little 
 fortune of .£4000. Her personal ap- 
 pearance is thus described : — 
 
 flrjp " She is tall, raw-boned, awkward, 
 fl:it-flie>ite(l, :itid stoojiinji: ; lit'r complex- 
 ion is sallow and freckled ; her eyes are 
 not jcray, but jrreenisli, like those of a 
 cat, and generally intiaiiied ; lier hair is 
 of a sandy, or, rather, dust}', huw; her 
 forehead low ; her iio.-e long, sharp, and, 
 toward tlie e.xtreuiity, always red in cooi 
 weather ; her lii)s skinny; her mouth ex- 
 tensive ; her teeth straggling and loose, 
 of various colors and conformation; and 
 her long neck shriveled into a thousand 
 wrinkles." 
 
 Bra-mine', The. A name given by 
 Sterne (17i:J-1708) to Mrs. Elizabeth 
 l)raj)er, a young woman of English 
 parentage, born in India, for whom 
 he conceived a most violent aiui in- 
 judicious affection. In calling her 
 "The Bramine," he obviously in. 
 tended a reference to the country of 
 her birth. For himself he provided 
 a corresponding name, — " The Bra- 
 min," — suggested apparenth' by his 
 profession of a clergyman. In 1775, 
 ten letters of Sterne to Mrs. Draper 
 were published under the title of 
 "Letters to Eliza." 
 
 Bran. The name of FingaPs dog. 
 See FixGAL. 
 
 JQ'Tf' '• Our Highlanders have a pro- 
 verbial saying, founded on the traditional 
 renown of Fingal's dog. " If it is not 
 Pran,' they say, ' it is Bran's brother.' 
 Now this is always taken as a compli- 
 ment of the first class, whether applied 
 to an actual cur, or, paraboiicallv. to a 
 biped." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 In process of time, the nohle dns slept with 
 Brnn, I.naith, and the celebrated hounds of 
 antiquity. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Brandan, Island of St. See Island 
 
 OK St. BltAXDAX. 
 
 Bran'di-mart. fit., swords-lover.] A 
 character in Bojardo's "'Orlando, In- 
 namorato." and in Ariosto's "Or- 
 lando Furioso," king of the Distant 
 Islands. 
 
 Brandy Nan. A nickname given to 
 Queen Anne, in her lifetime, by the 
 populace, in allusion to her fondness 
 for brandy. 
 
 Brane'tons, The. Characters in the 
 novel of " Evelina," by ]Miss Rurney. 
 Their name became a synonym for 
 vulgarity, malice, and jealousy. 
 
 Brass, Sally. Sister to Sampson 
 
 ©3" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
BRA 
 
 57 
 
 BKI 
 
 Brass, whom she surpasses in vil- 
 lainy. See infra. 
 
 Brass, Sampson. A knavish attor- 
 ney in Dickens's ''Old ("uriosity 
 Shop," distinguished for his servility, 
 dishonesty, and affected sentimental- 
 ity. 
 
 Bravest of the Brave. [Fr. Le 
 Brtive <hs Bi-nrct^.] A title conferred 
 upon the celebrated Marshal Ney 
 (1769-1815) by the French troops at 
 Friedland (1807), on account of his 
 fearless bravery. He was in com- 
 mand of the right wing, which bore 
 the brunt of the battle, and stormed 
 the town. Napoleon, as he watched 
 him passing unterritied through a 
 shower of balls, exclaimed, " That 
 man is a lion;" and henceforth the 
 army styled him the Bravest of the 
 Brave. 
 
 Bray, The Vicar of. See Vicar of 
 Bray. 
 
 Brazen Age. [Lat. yEnen (stas.'] ( Gr. 
 ij- Rom. Myth.) One of the four ages 
 or eras into Avhich the ancient poets 
 divided the history of the human 
 race. It was a period of wild Avar- 
 fare and violence, presided over by 
 Neptune. The silver age preceded 
 it, and the iron age followed it. See 
 Ikon Age, Silver Age. 
 
 Bread and Cheese Land. See Bid- 
 DENDEN Maids. 
 
 Breeches Bibles. A name given to 
 editions of the so - called Genevan 
 Bible (first printed at Geneva, bv 
 Rowland Hall, 1560, in 4to), from 
 the peculiar rendering of Gtn. iii. 7. 
 
 Breeches Review. A name formerly 
 given, among booksellers, to the 
 "Westminster Review," from a Mr. 
 Francis Place, a great authority with 
 the " AVestminster." This Place Avas 
 at one time a leather-breeches maker 
 and tailor at Charing-cross, London. 
 
 Bren'da. Daughter of Magnus Troil, 
 and sister to Minna, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's " Pirate." 
 
 Breng'wain. The confidante of Isolde, 
 and a prominent character in the ro- 
 mances which treat of the love of 
 Isolde and Sir Tristram. [Written 
 
 also B r i n g w a i n, B r c n g e f n, 
 Brangwaine, Brangwayne.J 
 
 Brent'ford, The Two Kings o£ 
 
 Two characters in " The ltehe;n>al," 
 a celebrated farce, written by (ji-orge 
 Yilliers, Duke of Buckingham (1(>27- 
 1BS8), Avith the assistance of Butler, 
 Sprat, and others, in order to correct 
 the pidjlic taste by holding up the 
 heroic or rhyming tragedies to ridi- 
 cule. 
 
 ^Qf The two kings are represented as 
 walking hand in hand, as dancing to- 
 gether, as singing in concert, and, gen- 
 erally, as living on terms of the gi-eateet 
 intimacy and affection. There seems to 
 liave been no particular reason for mak- 
 ing them kings of Brentford rather than 
 of any other place. Bayes says (a. i., 
 sc. 1), '• Look you. sirs, the chief hinge 
 of this play ... is, that I suppose two 
 kings of the same place, as, for example, 
 at Brentford; for I love to write famil- 
 iarly."' Colonel Henry Howard, son of 
 Thonuas, Karl of Berkshire, wrote a play 
 called " The United Kingdoms," which 
 begun with a funeral, and had also two 
 kings in it. It has been supjiosed that 
 this was the occasion of Buckingham's 
 setting up two kings in Brentford, though 
 some are of opinion that he intended 
 them for the two rojal brothers, Charles 
 II. and the Duke of York, afterward 
 James II. Others say that they represent 
 Boabdelin and Abdalla, contending kings 
 of Granada. But it is altogether more 
 probable that they were designed to bur- 
 lesque the two kings contending for one 
 and the same crown introduced by Dry- 
 den — the Bayes of the piece — into sev- 
 eral of his serious plays. Persons who 
 have been known to hate each other 
 heartily for a long time, and who after- 
 ward profess to have become reconciled. 
 and to be warm friends, are often likened 
 to the Two Kings of Brentford . 
 
 This piece of generosity reminds u.s of the 
 liberality of the Kinqs oj Brentford tc ;heir 
 Kniglitsbridge forces. Sir W. ScoU, 
 
 Brewer of Ghent. A descriDtive 
 title bestowed upon Jacob ArteA'eld, 
 a brewer of metheglin in Ghent, Avho 
 became a great popular leader in the 
 earlv part of the fourteenth centur\', 
 drove Louis I., Count of Flanders, 
 into France, ruled that province, and 
 supported Edward III. of England. 
 
 Bri-a're-us (9). [Gr. Bpiapew?.] {Gr. 
 cjr Rom. Myth.) A son of Coelus and 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
BRI 
 
 58 
 
 BRI 
 
 Terra, a giant with a hundred arms 
 and fifty heads. At-cordii)",^ to lle- 
 8i()d, iu'"delt'iuU'd Jupiter against tlie 
 Titans; but (»tlier poets say tiiat ho 
 assisted tla' t,nants in their attempt 
 to storm Olympus, and was buried 
 alive under .Mount ^Etna as a punish- 
 ment. [Called also ^Eaton.] 
 Brick, Mr. Jef'ffr-son (-sn). A 
 tiery American politician, who li^aires 
 in Dickens's novel of " Martin Chuz- 
 zlewit." 
 
 Jefferson Brick, the American editor, twit- 
 ted ine witli tiic multifarious patented anom- 
 alies of overj;:rown, worthless Dukes, Bishops 
 of Durham, &c., which poor En'ilish society 
 at present labors under, and is made a sole- 
 cism by. Carlyle. 
 
 Bride of the Sea. A poetical name 
 of V^enice, having its origin in the 
 ancient ceremony of the espousal of 
 the Adriatic, during which the doge, 
 in the presence of his courtiers, and 
 amid circumstances of great splendor, 
 threw a ring into the sea, uttering 
 the words, '■' Dtsjxmsamvs ie, mm-e, 
 in sifjnum reri ptrpvliiique domwii^'''' 
 AVe wed thee, C) sea. in sign of a true 
 and perpetual dominion. 
 
 Bridge'north, Major B,alpli. A 
 
 Roundhead who figures conspicuously 
 in Scott's " Peveril of the Peak." 
 Bridge of Asses. See Pons Asino- 
 
 KUM. 
 
 Bridge of Sighs. [It. Ponte dti Sos- 
 pirl.j The name popularly given to 
 the covered passage-way which con- 
 nects the doge's palace in Venice 
 with the state prisons, from the cir- 
 cumstance that the condemned pris- 
 oners Avere transported over this 
 bridge from the hall of judgment to 
 the place of execution. Hood has 
 used the name as the title of one of 
 his poems. 
 
 Bridget, Mrs. The name of a char- 
 acter in Sterne's celebrated novel, 
 *' The Life and Opinions of Tristram 
 Shandy, Gent." 
 
 Bridlegoose, Judge. [Fr. Jurje Bri- 
 doye.] The name of a character in 
 Rabelais' famous satirical romance 
 of" Pantagruel," who decided causes 
 by the chance of dice. 
 
 Brid'oison (bre'dwo'zon', 62). A 
 
 stupid judge in Bcaumarchais' "Ma- 
 nage do i'igaro." 
 Brignella (bre-gel'la). [It., from 
 bii)j<iy trouble, restlessness.] A 
 masked character, in the Italian pop- 
 ular comedy, representing a proud, 
 bold, and crafty plebeian of Brescia. 
 
 Brigliadoro (brel-ya-do'ro). [It., bri- 
 dle of gold.] The name of Orlando's 
 steed, one of the most famous cours- 
 ers in romance, and second only to 
 Bajardo. 
 
 Bri-se'is. [Gr. Bpio-rji'?.] ( Gr. ^ 
 Rum. Myth.) The daughter of Bri- 
 seus, a priest at L}Tnessus. She fell 
 into the hands of Achilles, but was- 
 afterward forced from him by Aga- 
 memnon. [Called also IJippuddmld.] 
 
 British Ar'is-ti'des. An epithet fre- 
 quently applied to Andrew Marvell 
 (1020-1678), an intiuential member 
 of the House of Commons during the 
 reign of Charles II., and a tirm op- 
 ponent of the king. His integrity 
 was such that he refused every otter 
 of promotion and a direct bribe ten- 
 dered him by the lord treasurer, and 
 died in poverty, being buried at the 
 expense of his constituents. 
 
 British Jeremiah. A title given by 
 Gibbon to Gildas, a British historian, 
 who is said to have flourished in the 
 lirst halr'of the sixth century. Wright 
 considers him a fabulous person. 
 
 The Briti.^h Jeremiah ... is so pleased to 
 find, or so determined to invent, topics f<_ir 
 declumatorv lamentation or praise, that it is 
 ditfienlt to distinguish the basis of truth from 
 the fantastic superstructure of exaggeration 
 and falsehood with which he has overloaded 
 it. Edin. Rev. 
 
 British Pau-sa'ni-as. A name 
 conferred upon William Camder. 
 (1551-1623), one of the most dis- 
 tinguished scholars and learned anti- 
 quaries of his age. 
 
 Brit'o-mar'tis, or Brit'o-mart. [Gr. 
 BpiTOMapTK, from the Cretan words 
 ^plTl;?, sweet, and /xaons, maid.] 1. 
 {Gr. if Rom. .Myth.) A Cretan 
 nymph, daughter of Jupiter and 
 Carme; a Oetan epithet of Diana, 
 who loved her, assumed her name, 
 and was worshiped under it. 
 
 2. "A lady knight," representinf* 
 Chastity, whose adventures are re- 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
BRI 
 
 59 
 
 BRO 
 
 lated in Spenser's "Faery Queen." 
 She is represented as being armed 
 witli a magic spear, whicli nothing 
 could resist. 
 
 Sho I'harnied at once, and tamed the heart, 
 lncoiiii)urablo Hritoinart! Sir IT. Scott, 
 
 Brittany, Eagle of. See Eagle of 
 
 iiUITTANY. 
 
 Broad Bottom Ministry. {F.nfj. 
 Hist.) A name derisively given to 
 an administration comprising nine 
 dukes and a grand coalition of all 
 parties of weight and intluence in the 
 state, formed in Nov. 1744, and dis- 
 solved by the death of Mr. Pelham, 
 Mai'ch 6, 1755. 
 
 The names of the original members 
 were, — 
 
 The lit. Hon. Henry Pelham, First Tx)rd 
 cf tlie Treasury, and Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer. 
 
 Duke of Dorset, President of the Coun- 
 cil. 
 
 Earl Gower, Lord Priyy Seal. 
 
 Duke of Newcastle, ) Secretaries of 
 
 Earl of Harrington, ) State. 
 
 Duke of Mont;igu, Master of the Ord- 
 nance. 
 
 Duke of Bedford, First Lord of the Ad- 
 miralty- 
 Duke of Grafton, Lord Chamberlain. 
 
 Duke of Richmond, Master of the 
 Horse. 
 
 Duke of Argyll, Keeper of the Great 
 Seal of Scotland. 
 
 Marquess of Tweeddale, Secretary of 
 State lor Scotland. 
 
 Lord Hardwicke, Lord Chancellor. 
 
 From this administration, the particu- 
 lar adherents of Pulteney (newly cre- 
 ated Earl of Bath) and Lord Carteret 
 were carefully excluded. 
 
 Brob 'ding-nag. An imaginary coun- 
 try described in Swift's celebrated 
 romance entitled " Gulliver's Trav- 
 els." The inhabitants are repre- 
 sented as giants, about " as tall as an 
 ordinary spire-steeple." Every thing 
 else is on the same enormous scale. 
 [Written also Brobdignag, an 
 orthography which, though not that 
 of Swift, has acquired a prescriptive 
 title to be considered well authorized.] 
 
 Greatness with Tinion dwells in such a 
 
 draught 
 Ab brings all Brobdignag before your tlionght. 
 
 J'ope. 
 When Sir Thomas Lawrence paints a hand- 
 some peeress, he does not contemplate her 
 through a powerful microscope, and transfer 
 
 to the canvas the pores of the skin, the blood- 
 vessels of the eye, and all the otlier beauties 
 wliich Gulliver disciivered in the hrolx/iy- 
 naygiuH maids of honor. Jlacaulai/. 
 
 Bron'zo-mar'te. The name of Sir 
 J>auncelot Greaves's steed, in Smol- 
 lett's "Adventures" of that ceU^brat- 
 ed hero; represented to be "a line 
 mettlesome sorrel who had got blood 
 in him." 
 
 Brook, Master. A name assumed 
 by Ford, in Shakespeare's " Merry 
 Wives of ^Vindsor," witli a design 
 to dupe Sir John I'alstatf, who is in 
 love with Ford's wife. The amorous 
 knight duly reports to Master Brook 
 the progress of his suit to Mrs. Ford, 
 and the various contrivances by 
 which he escapes the search of her 
 jealous husband, one of which Avas 
 that of being carried out of the house 
 concealed in a heap of foul linen. 
 
 Brother Jonathan. A sportive col- 
 lective name tor the people of the 
 United States. 
 
 j8@=- When General Washington, after 
 being appointed commander of the army 
 of the Revolutionary war, went to Massa- 
 chusetts to organize it, and make prep- 
 arations for the defense of the country, 
 he found a great want of ammunition 
 and other means necessary to meet the 
 powerful foe he had to contend with, and 
 great difficulty in obtaining them. If 
 attacked in such a condition, the cause 
 might at once be lost On one occasion, 
 at that anxious period, a consultation of 
 the officers and others was had, when it 
 seemed no way could be devised to make 
 such preparation as was necessary. Jon- 
 athan Trumbull, the elder, was then 
 governor of Connecticut, and, as Wash- 
 ington placed the greatest reliance on his 
 judgment and aid, he remarked, "' We 
 must consult Brother .Tonathan on the 
 subject." He did so, and the governor 
 was successful in supplying many of the 
 wants of the army. When difficultiefs 
 afterward arose, and the army was spread 
 over the country, it became a by - word, 
 " We must consult Brother Jonathan." 
 The origin of the expression being soon 
 lost sight of, the name Brother Jonathan 
 came to be regarded as the national sobri- 
 quet. The foregoing account is from the 
 "•Norwich (Connecticut) Courier;"" but 
 it has more recently been suggested that 
 the expression originally had reference to 
 Captain Jonathan Carver (1732-1780), an 
 early American traveler among the In- 
 dians, from whom he received large grantt 
 
 nod for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
BRO 
 
 GO 
 
 BUD 
 
 of lands, in the deods convojinp: wliJch he 
 is repwittHlly styled "our dcjir hrotlier 
 Jonathau."' Carver published in London, 
 in 1778. an octavo volunieentitled. " Trav- 
 el» tlirouj^li the Interior I'arts of North 
 America, in the years 17G(J. "(57, and 'G8." 
 As the work was extensively read, the 
 author became a sort of representiitive 
 man of Ids countrymen ; and it is not 
 difficult to .'iCB how the odd designation 
 given him by the Indians might be caught 
 up and applied to ad Americans. The 
 following citation, however, from an old 
 pamphlet, satirizing the Puritan innova- 
 tions in the arrangement and furniture 
 of churches, would seem to imply that 
 the name originated at a much earlier 
 day, and that it was at first applied to 
 the Roundheads, or parliamentary party 
 in the time of Charles 1.: — 
 
 " Queen Elizabeth's monument was put up 
 at my char<;e when the reKal government liuu 
 fairer credit amonj; us than now, and her 
 epitaph was one of niy_ Brother Jonathan's 
 best poems, before he abjured the Univensity, 
 or had a thnup;ht of New Enjrland." 
 
 The Reforiiiado preciseli/ charactered hy a 
 transrbriued Churchwdrden at a Vestry, 
 London, 1043. 
 
 If you knock my old friend John Bull on 
 the head, I mean to take up with lirother 
 Jonathan,^ wlio, after_ all, is a very decent 
 fellow, and, in my opinion, more likely to 
 have iieace and quiet under his own fig-tree, 
 by and by, than any other gentleman of our 
 acquaintance. ^foctes Ambrosiaiioe. 
 
 Brown the Younger, Thomas. 
 A pseudonym under which Thomas 
 Moore, in 1813, published the " Two- 
 penny Po.st-bag," a series of witty, 
 playful, and very popular satires, 
 directed against the prince regent 
 and his ministers. 
 
 Brii'in. [D. bruin^ brown.] In the 
 German epic poem of " Reinecke the 
 Fox," the bear is called b}' this 
 name ; hence, a bear in general. 
 
 Brunehild (broo'na-hilf), or Brun- 
 hilde (broon-bll'dii). [0. H. Ger. 
 brimilnlt, from brunl^ brunja, coat of 
 mail, and Hilti^ goddess of war, from 
 hili., battle, contest.] A proud war- 
 rior-virgin in the German epic, the 
 " Nibelungen Lied," who promised 
 to be the bride of the man who could 
 conquer her in three trials, in hurling 
 the lance, in throwing the stone, and 
 in leaping after the stone when 
 thrown. I3y the arts and bravery of 
 Siegfried, sbe was deluded into mar- 
 rying Gunther, king of Burgundy; 
 but, discovering the trick that had 
 
 been pnt upon her. she planned an() 
 acconiplislied the destruction of Sieg- 
 fried, and the humiliation of Chriem» 
 liild, ills wile, who was her rival. 
 The story of iiriincliild forms a large 
 part of the cycle of ancient German 
 romance. See Ciihiemhild. [Writ- 
 ten also Brunhilt, Brynhilda, 
 and B ry n hi 1 d.] 
 
 Bru-nel'lo. A thievish dwarf in Bo- 
 jardo's " Orlando Innamorato," who 
 besides other exploits, steals Angel- 
 ica's magic ring, and, by means of 
 it, releases Bogero from a castle in 
 which he is imprisoned. 
 
 Brute, Sir John. A character in 
 Vanbriigh's play, " The I'rovoked 
 Wife," distinguished for his absurdi- 
 ties and coarse, pot-house valor. 
 
 Bubble, Law's. See Law's BuBULii. 
 
 Bubble, South-Sea. See South-Sea 
 
 BUIJBI.E. 
 
 Bubble Act. {Eng. Hist.) The name 
 popularly given to an act (6 Geo. L, 
 c. 18) passed in 1719, and designed 
 to punish unprincipled adventurers 
 who proposed schemes — popularly 
 called Bubbles — merely as baits to 
 extract money from the ignorant or 
 thoughtless. It was repealed Julv 5, 
 182.5. 
 
 Bu-ceph'a-lus. [Gr. ^ou»fe<f><iAa?, ]Ma- 
 cedonian, ^ovK€4)d\a<;^ bull -headed, 
 from iSou?, bullock, and/ce^aAr;, head.] 
 The name of a celebrated horse of 
 Alexander the (ireat, who was the 
 first to break him in, and who thus 
 fultilled the condition stated by an 
 oracle as necessary for gaining the 
 crown of INIacedon. 
 
 Buckeye State. The State of Ohio; 
 popularly so called from the buck- 
 eye-tree {Al,scuIus Jiava), which 
 abounds there. 
 
 Buddha (bo~6d'a). [Sansk., wise, sage, 
 from bufkl, to know.] One of the 
 beings -vvor-shiped or venerated by the 
 Huddhists, a sect of religionists in- 
 cluding more than one third of the 
 human race, and spreading over the 
 greater part of Central and Eastern 
 Asia, and the Indian islands. The 
 term is used to designate either the 
 historical founder of Buddhism, — a 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with th«> if "nmpaaying Explanation^ 
 
BUL 
 
 61 
 
 BUN 
 
 Hindu sage named Gautama, who is 
 thought to have lived in the sixth 
 century, b. c, — or one of his fab- 
 ulous protot}'pes or successors, of 
 whom there are many, of ditferent 
 classes. [Written also Bud ha, 
 Boodh, Bhood, Budh, auid in 
 many other ways. Hardy, in his 
 "Manual of Buddhism," gives a list 
 of more than tifty varieties which 
 had fallen under his notice.] 
 
 Bull, John. A well-kaown collective 
 name of the English nation, lirst 
 used in Arbuthnot's satire, " The 
 History of John Bull," usually pub- 
 lishetl in Swift's works. In this 
 satire, the French are designated as 
 Lewis Baboon, the Dutch as Nicholas 
 Frog, &.C. The " History of John 
 Bull " was designed to ridicule the 
 Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 4Q=» "There is no species of humor in 
 which the English more excel than that 
 which consists in caricaturing and giving 
 ludicrous appellations or nicknames. In 
 this way, they have whimsically desig- 
 nated, not merely individuals, but na- 
 tions ; and, in their fondness for pushing 
 a joke, they have not spared even them- 
 selves. One would think, that, in per- 
 sonifying itself, a nrition would be apt to 
 picture sometliiug gntnd. heroic, and im- 
 posing ; but it is characteristic of the 
 peculiar humor of the English, and of 
 their love for what is blunt, comic, and 
 familiar, thvt they have embodied their 
 national oddities in the figure of a sturdy, 
 corpulent old fellow, with a three-cornered 
 hat, red waistcoat, leiither breeches, and 
 stout oaken cudgel. Thus they have 
 taken a singular delight in exhibiting 
 their most private foibles in a laughable 
 point of view, and have been so success- 
 ful in their delineation, that there is 
 scarcely a being in actual existence more 
 ab.solutely present to the public mind 
 than that eccentric personage, John 
 Bull." W. Irving. 
 
 Bul'ler of Brazenose. A name given 
 
 in Wilson's " Noctes Ambrosiante " 
 to John Hughes (of Oriel College, — 
 not Brazenose, — Oxford), author of 
 an " Itinerary of the Rhone," and of 
 other works. 
 Bully Dawson. See Dawson, Bully. 
 
 Bum'ble, Mr. A mean and cowardly 
 L'iMdIe in Dickens's " Oliver Twist," 
 puffed up with the insolence of office. 
 
 Bunch, Mother. See Mother 
 Bunch. 
 
 Bun'cie, John (bungk'l). The hero 
 of a fantastic book entitled " The 
 Life of John Buncle, Es(|.; contain- 
 ing various Observations and Reflec- 
 tions made in several parts of the 
 World, and many Extraordinary Re- 
 lations." He is said to l)e the re))re- 
 sentative of his author, Thomas Am- 
 ory (I0Dl-178ii), an eccentric person 
 of whose history little is known. See 
 English Rabelais, 3. 
 
 j8®= " John is a kind of innocen( 
 ' Henry the Eighth of private life,' with, 
 out the other's fit, fury, and solemnity. 
 He is a prodigious hand at matrimony, 
 at divinity, at a song, at a loud ' hem,' 
 and at a turkey and chine. He breaks 
 with tiie Trinitarians as confidently and 
 with as much scorn as Henry did with 
 the Pope ; and he marries seven wives, 
 whom he disposes of by the lawful j>ro- 
 cess of fever and small-pox. His book is 
 made up of natural history, mathematics 
 (literally), songs, polemics, landscapes, 
 eating and drinking, and characters of 
 singular men, all bound together by his 
 introductions to, and marriages with, 
 these seven successive ladies, every one 
 of whom is a charmer, a Unitjirian. and 
 cut off in the flower of her youth. Bun- 
 cle does not know how to endure her 
 loss ; he shuts his eyes ' for three days ; ' 
 is stupefied ; is in despair ; till suddenly 
 he recollects that Heaven does not like 
 such conduct ; that it is a mourner's 
 business to bow to its decrees ; to be de- 
 vout ; to be philosophic; — in short, to 
 be jolly, and look out for another dear, 
 bewitching partner, ' on Christian prin- 
 ciples.' This is, literally, a fair account 
 ofiiisbook." Leigh Hunt. 
 
 Oh for the pen of John Buncle, to consecrate 
 a petit souvenir to their memory [Lamh'a 
 Wednesday-evening parties]! HazUtt. 
 
 Bun'combe (bungk'um). A cant or 
 popular name, in the United States, 
 for a body of constituents, or for an 
 oratorical display intended to win 
 popular applause. [Written also 
 B u n k u m.] 
 
 ^8®=" According to the Hon. William 
 Darlington, the phrase '* speaking for 
 Buncombe " originated near the close of 
 the debate on the famous '" Missouri 
 Question," in the sixteenth Congress. It 
 was then u.sed by Felix Walter, a naive 
 old mountaineer, who resided at Waynes- 
 ville, in Haywood, the most westeru 
 
 «nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers aftor certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
BUN 
 
 62 
 
 BYR 
 
 •ounty of North Carolina, near the bor- 
 der of the adjacent county of Buncouibe, 
 which fomied part of his district. The 
 old man rose to ppcak, while the House 
 was impatiently calhiig for the '" ques- 
 tion,"' and several members gathered 
 round him, begging him to desist. He 
 persevered, however, for a while, declar- 
 ing tliat the people of his district expected 
 it, ami tnat he was bound to "make a 
 speech for Buncombe."' 
 
 Bundschuh (b<j<jnt'sh(X)). [Ger., a 
 kind of large shoe which Avent over 
 the ankle aiid was tied up.] ( Gei: 
 Jlisl.) A name given to the insur- 
 rection of the peasants in the tir.st 
 half of the sixteenth centur\-, be- 
 cause the insurgents carried a clouted 
 shoe as an ensign upon a pole, and 
 even upon their banners. 
 
 Bvms'by, Jack. A commander of a 
 ship in Dickens's " Dombey and 
 Son," looked up to as an oracle and 
 philosopher by his friend Captain 
 Cuttle. He is"^ described as weaving 
 a '' rapt and imperturbable manner," 
 and seeming to be " always on the 
 lookout for something in the extrem- 
 est distance." 
 
 Bunyan, Bishop. See Bishop Bun- 
 van. 
 
 Buovo d' Agramonte (boo-o^vo da- 
 gra-mon'ta). See Beuves d'Ay- 
 
 CiKF.MONT. 
 
 Bur'chell, Mr. A prominent character 
 in Goldsmith's'" Vicar of AVaketield," 
 who passes himself off as a poor 
 man, but is really a baronet in dis- 
 
 fjuise, his true name being Sir Wil- 
 iam Thornhill. He is noted for his 
 habit of crying out " P\idge ! " by 
 way of expressing his strong dissent 
 from, and contempt for, the opinions 
 of others, or his disbelief of their as- 
 sertions. 
 Biird Helen. [Burr?, according to 
 Jamieson, is a Scottish form of bii-d, 
 used as a term of endearment. But 
 see inf'ra.l A heroine of Scottish 
 ballad and tradition, renowned for 
 
 her resolute constancy. She is borne 
 away to Eltland by the fairies, and 
 imprisoned in a castle, from which 
 she ift rescued by her brother, the 
 Childe Howland. See Rowland, 
 Chili>e. 
 
 jeSr" '■ Burd is the Scottish feminine of 
 the French prtux or pntd'honimc The 
 prtux cktvaJitr was brave and wise, the 
 Burd of Scottish song was discreet."' 
 
 Yonge. 
 
 B\iri (boo^ree). [Old Norse, producer.] 
 (SainJ. Mijth.) The progenitor of 
 the gods. See Audhumiila. [Writ- 
 ten also B u re.] 
 
 Burleigh, Lord. See Lokd Bur- 
 leigh. 
 
 Burly King Harry. See Bluff 
 Hal. 
 
 Burnbill. A name given to Henry 
 de Londres, Archbishop of Dublin 
 and Lord Justice of Ireland, in the 
 reign of Henry HI. He is said to 
 have fraudulently procured and 
 burnt all the instruments by which 
 the tenants of the archiepiscopal es- 
 tates held their lands. 
 
 Bu-si'ris (9). [Gr. BoOo-tpt?.] {Myth.) 
 An Kgyptian king, son of Neptune. 
 He was a monstrous giant, who fed 
 his horses on human flesh. He was 
 finally slain by Hercules. 
 
 Buttermere, Beauty of. See Beau- 
 ty OF BUTTEltMEKE. 
 
 Buz'fuz, Sergeant. A character in 
 Dickens's " Pickwick Papers." 
 
 Byblis. [Gr. B^iSAi'?.] ( Gr. (f Rom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of ^Miletus, who 
 wept herself into a fountain fi-om a 
 hopeless passion for her brother Cau- 
 nus. 
 
 Byeorne. See Ghtchevache. 
 
 By'rSn, Miss Harriet (9). A beau- 
 tiful and accomplished woman, de- 
 votedly attached, and finally married, 
 to Sir Charles Grandison, in Kicbard- 
 son's novel of this name. See Gkan- 
 
 DISON, SiK ChAKLES. 
 
 Cs3~ for the -'Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
CAB 
 
 63 
 
 CAL 
 
 c. 
 
 Dabal, The. {Eng. Hist.) A name 
 given to a famous cabinet council 
 Ibnaed in 1070, and composed of live 
 unpopular ministers of Charles II. ; 
 namely, Lords Cliftbrd, Ashlej', Buck- 
 iny;ham, Arlington, and Lauderdale. 
 The word " cabal " — at that time in 
 common use to denote <t junto, or Si-t 
 of men unittdfor j)o/itical purposes — 
 having been popidarly ap])lied to this 
 ministrj^ as a term of reproach, it 
 ■was soon discovered to be a sort of 
 anagram made up of the initials of 
 the names of the several members. 
 
 Caballero, Fernan (fef-nan' ka-bftl- 
 ya'ro, 82). A nam tie plume of Dora 
 Cecilia AiTom, one of the most popu- 
 lar living writers of Spain. She is 
 the autlior of various tales, which 
 present truthful and lively pictures 
 of Andalusian manners. 
 
 Ca-bi'ri (9). [Gr. Ka^etpot.] {Myth.) 
 Mystic divinities anciently worshiped 
 in Egypt, Phcenicia, Asia Minor, and 
 Greece. They were regarded as in- 
 ferior in dignity to the great gods, 
 and were probably representatives of 
 the powers of nature. [Written also 
 Cabeirei.] 
 
 Ca'cus. {Rom. Myth.) An Italian 
 shepherd, usually called a son of Vul- 
 can, and described by Ovid as a fear- 
 ful giant. He was a most notorious 
 robber, and w'as slain by Hercules for 
 stealing his oxen. 
 
 There you will find the Lord RJnaldo of 
 Montalban, with his friends and companions, 
 all of them greater thieves than Canus. 
 
 Cervantes, Trans. 
 
 Our hero, feeling his curiosity considerably 
 excited by the idea of visiting the den of a 
 Highland Cooiiss, took, however, the precau- 
 tion to inquire if his guide might be trusted. 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Daddee. See League of God's 
 House. 
 
 Da-de'nus. A name under which 
 Swift describes himself in his poem 
 of "Cadenus and Vanessa." Cade- 
 nns is the Latin word decanus (aean), 
 by transposition of letters. See Va- 
 nessa. 
 
 Cademts, indeed, believe him who will, has 
 assured us, that, in such a perilous intercourse, 
 he himself ))reHerved the limits which were 
 unhappily transgressed by the unfortunate 
 Vanessa, his more impassioned pupil. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Cad'mus. [Gr. Ka5|oios.] ( Gr. (f Ham. 
 Myth.) A son of A gen or, king of 
 Pha-nicia, and a brother of Europa. 
 He is the reputed founder of the city 
 of Thebes, in Baotia ; and he is said 
 to have invented, or at least to have 
 brought from Phcenicia, the old Greek 
 alphabet of sixteen letters, namely, 
 
 aliySeiKKfj-VonpcTTV- These 
 
 are called Cndmean letters. They 
 were afterward increased by the ad- 
 dition of eight more, nanied Ionic 
 letters, namely, <;y\0^^x^'^' 
 CSi-du'ce-us. [Lat., from Gr. Ki]pv- 
 K€Loi', a herald's wand, ^olic Kapv- 
 Keiov {r being changed into its cog- 
 nate, d), from icripv^, a herald.] ( Or. 
 (^ Rom. Mytli.) A winged staft' or 
 rod, with two serpents entwined 
 about it ; an attribute of Mercury. 
 
 Cad'w§,L A feigned name assumed 
 by Arviragus in Shakespeare's " Cym- 
 beline." See Akvikagus. 
 
 Csec'u-lus. ( Rom. Myth. ) A son of 
 Vulcan, a robber, and the reputed 
 founder of Prameste. 
 
 Cagliostro, Count de (kal-yos'tro). 
 Tlie assumed name of Joseph Balsa- 
 mo (1743-171)5), one of the most im- 
 pudent and successful impostors of 
 modern times. 
 
 Ca'ius, Dr. A French physician, in 
 Shakespeare's " Merrj' Wives of 
 Windsor." 
 
 Bad in themselves [certain portions of Bos- 
 well's "Life of Jolinson "], they are good 
 dramatically, like . . . the clipped English of 
 I>r. Cuius. Mucaulay. 
 
 Calandrino (kii-lan-dre^no). The 
 subject of a stor}^ in Boccaccio's " De- 
 cameron " (Day 8, Tale 9). His 
 mishaps, as Macavday states, " have 
 made all Europe merry for more than 
 four centuries." 
 
 Cal'chas. [Gr. KaAxa?.] {Gr. ff- 
 Rom. Myth.) A famous soothsayer 
 
 tod for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
CAL 
 
 64 
 
 CAM 
 
 who accompanied the Greeks to 
 Troy. 
 
 Cal'e-d.6n. A poetical contraction of 
 Cnltdonin. See Caledonia. 
 
 Not thus, in ancient daj^s of Vuledon, 
 Wad thy voice mute uuiid the festal crowd. 
 iSir IV. Scott. 
 
 Cal'e-do'ni-a. The ancient Latin 
 name of Scotland, often used as a 
 synonym of Scotland in modern poe- 
 try-. 
 
 O Caledonia, stern and wild, 
 Meet nurse for a poetic child! 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Calendars, The Three. See Three 
 Calendahs, The. 
 
 Cal'i-b3,n. [A metathesis of cnnnlbaL] 
 A savage and deformed slave of 
 Prospero, in Shakespeare's " Tem- 
 pest." He is represented as being 
 the "freckled whelp" of Sycorax, a 
 foul hag, who Avas banished troni Ar- 
 gier (or Algiers) to the desert island 
 afterward inhabited by Prospero. 
 
 M^ " ("aliban ... is all earth, all 
 condensed and gross in feelinpts aud im- 
 ages : he has the dawiiings of under- 
 standiug. without reason or the moral 
 sense ; and in him, as in some brute an- 
 imals, this advance to the intellectual 
 faculties, without the moral sense, is 
 marked by the appearance of vice." 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 The quantity of furious abuse poured out 
 against tlie Bourbons might have authorized 
 the authors to use tlie words of Caliban, — 
 
 " You taught me language, and my profit 
 on 't 
 Is— I know how to curse." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Cal'i-burn. See Excalibur. 
 
 Cal'i-dore. [Gr., beautifully gifted.] 
 A knight in Spenser's" " Faery 
 Queen," typical of courtesy, and 
 supposed to be intended as a portrait 
 of Sir Philip Sidney. 
 
 In renlity. he [Sir Gawain] was the CnJidore 
 of the Round Table. Southcy. 
 
 Ca-lip'o-lis. A character in " The 
 Battle of Alcazar" (L594), an inflat- 
 ed play attril)uted by Dyce to George 
 Peele, a dramatist of the Elizabethan 
 age ; — referred to by Pistol, in Shake- 
 speare's " 2 Henrj' IV.," a. ii., sc. 4. 
 
 Hark vc, most fair CaJipoJin, ... if thou 
 take>t all that trouble of skewerin"; thyself 
 together, like a trussed fowl, that there may 
 be more i)leasure in the carving, even save 
 thyself the labor. Sir W. Scott, 
 
 C5-lis'ta. The name of the heroine 
 
 of Rowe's " Fair Penitent," charac- 
 terized as 
 
 " haughty, insolent. 
 And fierce with high disdain." 
 
 No high Cdlistd tliat ever issued from story- 
 teller's brain will impress us more deeply than 
 this meanest of the mean, and for a good 
 reason, — that she issued from tlie maker of 
 men. Curli/le. 
 
 Cal-li'o-pe. [Gr. KaWionr), the beau- 
 tiful-voiced. J (Gi\ df Rom. Myth.) 
 One of the nine Pluses. She pre- 
 sided over eloquence and epic poetry, 
 or poetry in general, and was the 
 motlier of Orpheus and Linus. She 
 was usually represented with a style 
 and waxen tablets. 
 
 Cal-lis'to. [Gr. KaAAto-rci.] (Gr. (f 
 Rom. Myth.) An Arcadian nymph, 
 and a favorite of Jupiter, who meta- 
 morphosed her into a she-bear, that 
 ilheir intimacy might not become 
 known to Juno. Her son Areas 
 having met her in the chase, one 
 day, was on the point of killing her, 
 but Jupiter prevented him by placing 
 both of them in the heavens as the 
 Great Bear and the Little Bear. 
 
 Cal'j^-d6n. A forest supposed to have 
 occupied the northern portion of 
 Great Britain ; very celebrated in 
 the romances relating to King Arthur 
 and Merlin. 
 
 Ca-lyp'so. [Gr. KaAv.//c6.] (Gr. (f 
 Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Atlas. 
 She was one of the Oceanides, and 
 reigned in the island of Ogygia, 
 whose situation and even existence 
 are doubted. Here she received 
 Ulysses, on his way home from 
 Troy, entertaining him with great 
 hospitality, and promising him im- 
 mortality if he Avould remain with 
 her as a husband. Ulysses refused, 
 and, after seven years' delay, he was 
 permitted to depart by order of Mer- 
 cury, the messenger of Jupiter. 
 
 a solitary rover, in such a voyage, with 
 such nautical tactics, will meet witli adven- 
 tures. Nay ; as wc forthwith discover, a cer- 
 tain frt7.'//wo-island detiiins him at the very 
 outset, and, as it were, falsifies and oversets 
 his whole reckoning. Carli/le, 
 
 Camacho (kii-m.^'cho.) A character 
 in an episode in Ctfrvantes's " Don 
 Quixote," who gets cheated out of 
 his bride after liaving made great 
 preparations for their wedding. 
 
 j®~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying EzplauationSp 
 
CAM 
 
 Go 
 
 CAM 
 
 Prince. 
 
 Sec 
 
 Camaralzaman,^ Princ 
 
 Cam'ba-lu. In the "Voyages" of 
 Marco I'olo, the chief city of the 
 province of Cathay. It is now iden- 
 tified with Pel\in. 
 
 Cam'bri-a. Tiie ancient Latin name 
 of Wales, often used by modern 
 poets. It is derived from C'diuber, 
 the son of Brutus, a legendary Iving 
 of Britain. Brutus at Ids death lett 
 the isle to his three sons, one of 
 whom, Camber, received the western 
 part. 
 
 When stars through c^-^press - boughs are 
 gleaming, 
 Anil tiro-tlits wander bright and free. 
 Still of thy harps, thy mountains dreaming, 
 My thoughts, wild Cambria, dwell with thee. 
 J//>'. Jlenuuis. 
 
 Camnbus-can, or Cam-bus'can. A 
 king of Tartary, in Chaucer's 
 " Squier's Tale," to whom, upon the 
 anniversary of his birthday, the king 
 of Araby and Ind sends as presents 
 a brazen horse capable of transport- 
 ing his rider into the most distant 
 region of the world in the space of 
 twenty-four hours ; a mirror of glass 
 endued with the power of discover- 
 ing the most hidden machinations 
 of treason, and of showing any dis- 
 asters Avhich might threaten to befall 
 the possessor; a naked sword which 
 could pierce armor deemed impene- 
 trable ; and a ring — intended for 
 Canace, Cambuscan's daughter — 
 which would enable the owner to 
 understand the language of every 
 species of birds, and the virtues of 
 every plant. The poem ends abrupt- 
 ly, the conclusion of the story having 
 either been lost, or never written. 
 
 4fg=- " I think that it is not unlikely 
 that Chaucer had seen ' The Travels of 
 Marco Polo.' and that Cnmbitarnn, or 
 Cambu's Can. is a contraction of Cam- 
 balu. Can. We may observe that the 
 name of one of his sons is Camhallo. Of 
 Algarsif, the other son. I can give no ac- 
 count. The name of his daughter, Can- 
 ace, is Greek. Keiglitlcy. 
 
 4®=» " It is strange that Milton should 
 have pronounced the word Camhns'rnn ; 
 nor is it pleasant, when his robust line 
 must be resoundincj in the ear of every 
 one to whom the story is called to mind, 
 to be forced to obey even the greater dic- 
 tation of the original, and throw the 
 
 accent, as undoubtedly it ought to bo 
 tarown,()ii tlie first and last syllable. Oa 
 no theory, as respects Chaucer's versi- 
 tication, docs it appear intelligible how 
 Milton could have tiirown the accent oa 
 the second syllable, wuen the other read- 
 ing stares us in the face throughout 
 Chaucer's poem." Lti^k Hunt. 
 
 Tills noble king, this Tartrc Camhiiscan, 
 lladde two sones by Elfleta, his wif. 
 Of wliicli the eldest sone higlUe Algarsif, 
 That other was ycleped Cauiballo. 
 
 Qiaucer. 
 Or call up him that left half told 
 The story of Candniseayi bold, 
 Of Camball and of Algarsife, 
 And who had Canace to wife, 
 Tliat owned the virtuous rhig and glass; 
 And of the wondrous horse of brass 
 On which the Tartar king did ride. Milton 
 
 I have still bv me the beginnings of scvera' 
 stories, . . . wfiich, after in vain endeavorin 
 to mold them into shape, I threw aside, like 
 the tale of C'ambuscun, " left half told." 
 
 T. Moore. 
 
 Cambyses, King. See King Cam^ 
 
 liYlSKS. 
 
 Cam'de-o. {Hmdu Myth.) The god 
 of love. See Kama. 
 
 The tenth Avatar comes! at Heaven's com- 
 mand. 
 Shall Seriswattee wave her hallowed wand. 
 And Caiiitleo l)right an". Ganesa sublime 
 Shall bless with joy their own propitious 
 clime ! Cuiui>belU 
 
 Cam'e-lSt. A parish in Somerset- 
 shire, England (now called Queen's 
 Camel), where King Arthur is said 
 to have held his court, and where the 
 vast intrenchments of an ancient 
 town or station — called by the in- 
 habitants "King Arthur's "^ Palace " 
 — are still to be seen. It is some- 
 times erroneously identified with 
 Winchester. Shakespeare alludes to 
 Camelot as being famous for a breed 
 of geese. 
 
 Gnose. if once I had thee upon Sarum plain, 
 I 'd drive thee cackling home to Camelot. 
 
 Lear. 
 
 Ca-me'nse. (Rom. Myih.) Prophetic 
 nympbs, of whom Egeria was the 
 niost celebrated. The Roman poets 
 often apply the name to the INIuses. 
 [Written also, but improperly, C a- 
 ni oe n a^] 
 
 Ca-mina. A virgin queen of tho 
 Volscians, famous for her fleetness 
 of foot and her grace. She assisted 
 Turnus in bis war against vEneas, 
 and signalized herself by undaunted 
 brav^erv. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, ace pp. xiv-xxxil- 
 5 
 
CAN 
 
 66 
 
 CAP 
 
 flS^ "The first female warrior is the 
 Oauiilla of N'irfjil." Dr. Johnson. 
 
 "When ^Vjax strives sunie rock's vast weight 
 
 tt> tliniw, 
 The liiu', too, labors, and the words move 
 
 slow. 
 Not so wlioii swift Cdiiiilld scours the plain, 
 I'lies o'ur the uii bunding corn, or skims along 
 
 tlic main. I'opc. 
 
 Candide iku"Mud', G2). Tlie hero of 
 Voltaire s celebrated novel of the 
 same name, in which he collects to- 
 gether the most dreadful misfortunes, 
 and heaps them ujujii the head of a 
 single individual, with the intention, 
 probably, of inculcating a 2)lulosoph- 
 jcal inditteivnce to tlie disasters and 
 disappomtments and sorrows which 
 inevitably beset human life. 
 
 The boy-autlior [Bcckford] appears already 
 to have rubbed all the bloom off his heart; 
 and, in the midst of his dazzling genius, one 
 tremble^! to tliink that a stripling of years so 
 ttiuler siiould have attained the cool cynicism 
 of a Camliile. Loud. Qu. liev. 
 
 Candor, Mrs. A noted slanderer hi 
 Sheridan's " School for Scandal." 
 
 a^ •' The name of ' IMrs. Cmidor ' has 
 become one of those formidable by-words 
 which Ixave more power in putting folly 
 And ill-nature out of countenance than 
 whole volumes of the wisest remonstrance 
 and reasoning." T. Moore. 
 
 His [Sterne's] friends, . . . -wrote to him of 
 the rumor [that he had accepted a bribe], and 
 of how the Yorkshire J/rs. Cawlors were cir- 
 culating that he liad furnished all the details 
 of that complacent sketch. I'ercy Fitzfjerald. 
 
 CS-nid'i-a. A sorceress often men- 
 tioned by Horace. She used wax 
 figures in working her spells and en- 
 chantments, and, by her conjurations, 
 she made the moon descend from 
 the heavens. 
 
 The savor Ig sweet, but it hath been cooked 
 by a Ciini'/ia or an Erichtho. .Sir If. .'^cott. 
 
 Can-nucks'. A nickname applied to 
 Canailians hy people in the United 
 States. [Written al.so C u n n u c k s.] 
 
 Ca-no'pus, [Gr. Kai'-.tTro?.] (Gr. (f 
 Jiom. .Mijth.) The pilot of Menelaus, 
 killed in EgA'pt by the bite of a 
 poisonous serpent, when returning 
 from Troy. lie was buried by Men- 
 elaus on the site of the town of 
 Canopus, which derived its name 
 from him. According to some ac- 
 counts, Canopus was worshiped in 
 Egypt as a divine being, and was 
 represented in the shape of a jar Avith 
 small feet, a thin neck, a swollen 
 
 body, and a round back. [Written 
 also ( ' a n o b u s .J 
 
 Capability Brown. Launcelot Brown, 
 a famous English gardener of the 
 last century; — so called from his 
 constant use of the word '' capabil- 
 ity," as well as on account of his 
 genius for making sterile or naked 
 grounds fruitful and beautiful. 
 
 Tliere is a very lar;,'o artificial lake [at Blen- 
 heunj which was created by ( npuhilHyliroii-n, 
 and lills the basm that he scooped for it, just 
 as if Nature had jxiured these broad watero 
 into one of her own valleys. Jluuthoi-ne. 
 
 Cap'$-neus. [Gr. Kawavev<:.] (Gr. 
 Myth.) One of the seven heroes 
 wh.o marched ft-om Argos against 
 Thebes. He was killed with a thun- 
 der-bolt by .Jupiter for impiously say- 
 ing that not even the hre of .Jupiter 
 should prevent him from scaling the 
 walls of the city. See Evadne. 
 
 Cape of Storms. See Stokmy Cape. 
 
 Capitan (k.t^pe'to"', 02). A boastful, 
 swaggering, cowardly fellow, who 
 figured in almost all the Erench 
 farces and comedies previous to the 
 time of Moliere. 
 
 Caps and Hats. See Hats axd 
 Caps. 
 
 Captain, The Black. See Black 
 Captain, The. 
 
 Captain Loys. [Fr. Le Cnpitaine 
 Loy.'i.] A sobriquet given, by her 
 contemporaries, to Louise Labe ( J526- 
 1566), who, in early life, embraced 
 the profession of arms, and gave re- 
 peated proofs of the greatest valor. 
 
 Captain Ri^ht. A tictitious com- 
 mander — like the Captain Bock of 
 more recent times — whom the peas- 
 ants in the south of Ireland, in the 
 last century, were SAVorn to obey. 
 
 Captain Rock. The fictitious name 
 of a leader of Irish insurgents about 
 the year 1822. Avho appeared contin- 
 ually in large masses, among the hills 
 and valleys, and might, at almost 
 any time of night, be met with in 
 the highways. They were said to be 
 under the command of a Captain, or 
 General, Bock, and all the lawless 
 notices they issued were signed in 
 his name. The term is supposed t</ 
 have been a common imai^rinarv title 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Fronunciatlon," with the acconipaQying Explanation^ 
 
CAP 
 
 67 
 
 CAR 
 
 adopted by the chief confederates, — 
 whose identity was never established. 
 
 Cap'u-let, The head of a noble house 
 o ■ Verona, in Siiakespeare s tra^udy 
 of " Romeo and Juliet," — hostdc to 
 tli(^ house of Montai^ue. lie is rcp- 
 ri'sented as a jovial, testy old man, 
 self- willed, violent, and tyrannical. 
 
 Cap'u-let, Lady. Wife of Capulet, 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of" Koineo 
 and .luUet." 
 
 JSk^ " Then Lady Capulet comes sweep- 
 ing by with her train of velvet, her black 
 liood, lier tan, and her rosary, — the very 
 bfau-idfal of -A proud Italian matron of 
 the fifteenth century, wuose oiler to poi- 
 son llonieo in revenge for tlie death of 
 Tybalt stamps her with one very char- 
 acteristic trait of the age and country. 
 Yet she loves her daughter ; and there is 
 a touch of remorseful tenderness in her 
 lamentation over her vvliich adds to our 
 impression of the timid softness of Juliet 
 and the harsh subjection in which she 
 has been kept." Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 4®=- The Capulets and Montagues ( Cap- 
 elletti and Montfcciii, or Montico'i) were 
 two rival houses of Verona in the latter 
 part of the thirteenth ami the early part 
 of the fourteenth centuries. The familiar 
 expression, '• tiie tomb of the Capulets," 
 does not occur in Shakespeare. It has not 
 been found in any author previous to 
 Burke, and probably originated with him. 
 In a letter to Matthew Smith, he says, " [ 
 would rather sleep in the corner of a lit- 
 tle country church-yard than iu Uie tomb 
 ofatl the Capulets.''' 
 
 Car'a-bas, Marquis of. [Fr. Mar- 
 quis (It C'li-dJj'is, mar'ke' du ks/ra'- 
 ba']. A fanciful title employed to 
 designate a man who possesses, or 
 makes a boast of possessing, large 
 estates; a feudal lord; or, in general, 
 any pompous and purse-proud in- 
 dividual. The name occurs in the 
 nursery tale, " Puss in Boots," and 
 Beranger has adopted it as the title 
 of one of his most popidar lyrics. 
 See Pus.s in Boots. 
 
 " See this old marquis treating; us 
 
 Aa if a conquered race: 
 His raw-boned steed has brought him back 
 
 From distant hiding-place. 
 With saber brandished o'er his head 
 
 That never dealt a blow. 
 The noble mortal marches on, 
 
 And seeks his old chateau. 
 Hats off, bats off! near and far, 
 Bow to the Marquis qC Carahii^." 
 
 Bdranger, TrartM. 
 
 The States General assembled May 1, 17891 
 The dek'tjatt's of the poor were to meet under 
 the same roof with tlie titled aristocrats who 
 had trampled on their social rij;hts and do» 
 niestic att'cctions so long', with the niilered 
 loids who had cxtractcU Uieir last slieaves of 
 corn. Tlie opponents sat face to face — the 
 piilc, thoii,i;litliil, and emaciated face of the 
 butferiu.y and rcvciif;efiil tici:'<~(tut, the bloats 
 ed, luiiidsomc, and contemptuous I'aee of the 
 hisrb-born bishop and i)olislie(l duke. They 
 must have looked ateach other with strangely 
 ominous eyes when they met for the first 
 time, and Jacques Bonhomme examined the 
 Marquisde Caruf)as acrosa the gulf of so many 
 huudi-ed years. Jiev. J. White. 
 
 In Vivian Grey, his [Disraeli's] views seemed 
 bounded by a desire to find a Marquix <le 
 Curuhas. Smiles. 
 
 Car'a-doc. A knight of the Kound 
 Table, distinguished for his valor, 
 but yet more as the husband of a 
 chaste and constant lady, the only 
 dame ni Queen Giiiuever's train 
 who could wear a certain mantle de- 
 .signed to prove matrimonial fidelity. 
 He was surnamed Brief- Bras, or 
 " Shrunken -Arm," a Norman corrup- 
 tion oiFriech-Fras, or "Strong-Arm." 
 To explain the reason of the former 
 epithet, the later romancers ieigned 
 that a wicked enchanter caused a 
 sequent to fasten on Caradoc's arm, 
 and suck his fiesh and blood, and 
 that no human power was able to as- 
 suage his pain, or remove the reptile. 
 Caradoc is the hero of an old ballad 
 entitled " The Boy and the Mantle." 
 
 Car'a-this. The mother of the Caliph 
 Vathek, in Beckford's tale of this 
 name; represented as an adept in 
 judicial astrology and magic. 
 
 Caxderdo {Sp. jyrun. kaf-da'ne-o). A 
 distracted lover — the dupe of a per- 
 fidious friend — whose adventures 
 form an episode in the history of 
 " Don Quixote." 
 
 Car'du-el (6). A name given, in the 
 old romances al)out Arthur and his 
 knights, to the city of Carlisle. 
 
 Car'ker, Mr. A plausible villain in 
 Dickens's " Dombey and Son." 
 
 Carlo Khan. A nickname given to 
 Charles James Fox (l~-i9-18JG), on 
 account of a bill which he brought 
 into Parliament, in 1783, for a new 
 regidation of the East Indies, from 
 the supposition that he aimed to 
 establish a dictatorship in his own 
 person. 
 
 •nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. x\v-xxxii<. 
 
CAR 
 
 68 
 
 CAS 
 
 Carlyle, Jupiter. See Jutitkr Cak- 
 
 LYLE. 
 
 Carmilhan. See Klabotermann. 
 
 Car'pi-o, Ber-nar'do del. A very 
 ancient mythical, or senii-inytliic;il, 
 licru ul' Christian Sixain, who signal- 
 ized hiinsch', ciiit'tly in the Mourish 
 anny, by his chivah'ous deeds, lie 
 is said to have been an illei;itimate 
 son of Don Sancho, Count of Sal- 
 dafia, and of Doila Ximena, a sister 
 of King Alfonso, surnamed The 
 Chaste. lie is a favorite hero in the 
 old Spanish romances and l>alhuls, in 
 which the honor is claimed for him 
 of slaying the famous Orlando, or 
 Roland, on the fatal field of Ronces- 
 valles. 
 
 Car-ras'co, Samson. [Sp. Sanson 
 Can-((sc(), san-son' kar-rSs'ko.] A 
 waggish bachelor of Salamanca who 
 figures in Cervantes's romance, "Don 
 Quixote." 
 
 He rnay perhaps boast of arresting the gen- 
 eral attention, in tlie same manner as the 
 bachelor .'^(inison Corrusco, of fixing the 
 weather-cock La Giralda of Seville for weeks, 
 months, or years, that is, for as long as the 
 wind shall uniformly blow from one quarter. 
 Sir JV. Scott. 
 
 Car-taph'i-lus. See Jew, The Wan- 
 dering. 
 
 Casella (ka-zel'la). The name of a 
 musician and old friend of Dante, 
 immortalized by him in his poem 
 entitled "La Divina Connnedia." 
 Dante, on his arrival in Purgatory, 
 sees a vessel approaching freighted 
 with souls, imder the conduct of an 
 angel, to be cleansed from their 
 sins, and made fit for Paradise. 
 When they are disembarked, the 
 poet recognizes in the crowd his old 
 friend Casella. In the course of an 
 affectionate interview, the poet re- 
 quests a soothing air, and Casella 
 sings, with enchanting sweetness, 
 Dante's second canzone. 
 
 Dante shall give fame leave to set thee higher 
 Than his CiisiUd, whom he wooed to sing, 
 Met in the milder shades of Purgatory. 
 
 Hilton. 
 
 Cas'i-mere. A Polish emigrant in 
 " The Rovers, or The Double Ar- 
 rangement," in the poetrj' of the 
 " Anti-Jacobin." See Beefington, 
 
 MiLOR. 
 
 Cas-san'dra. [Or. Karrrrai/Spa.] {Gr. 
 tj- Jidin. Mi/lh.) A beautiful daugh- 
 ter of Priam and Hecuba. Accord- 
 ing to the poets, she possessed the 
 gift of proj)heey, but none believed 
 her j)re(Uctions. 
 
 Cassim Baba. See Baba, Cassim. 
 
 Cas'si-o (kash'I-o). Lieutemmt of 
 Othello, and a tool of lago, in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of " Otliello." ' 
 
 Indeed, I have so poor a brain mvself, when 
 I impose upon it the least burden heyond myi 
 usual three glasses, that I have, only, like 
 honest <'Vjs.s/!5, a very vague recollection of 
 the confusion of last night. Sir W. Scott, 
 
 Cas-si'o-pe, o?- Cas'si-o-pe'i-a (20). 
 
 [Gr. KacrcriOTrrj, Kaaaioneia.j ( ''/'. (J" 
 
 Rom. Myllt.) The wife of Cepheus, 
 and the mother of Andromache. She 
 was an Ethiopian by birth, and was 
 so proud of her beauty that she even 
 exalted it above that of the sea- 
 nymphs, and thus incurred their en- 
 mity. After death she was placed 
 among the stars, forming the constel- 
 lation popularly known as " The 
 Lady in her Chair." [Written also 
 C a s s i e p e i a.] 
 
 That starred Ethiop queen that strove 
 To set her beauty's praise above 
 The sea-nymphs, and their powers oflFended. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Cas'ta-ly. A poetical form of Cnstnlia, 
 the name of a spring at the toot of 
 Mt. Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and 
 the Muses. The poets feigned that 
 its waters filled the mind of those 
 Avho drank of it with poetic inspira- 
 tion. 
 
 Cas-ta'ra. [Probably from Lat. co.s^a, 
 fern, of cri.'iiuK, chaste ; perhaps castd 
 ara, sacred altar.] A poetical name 
 under which William Habington 
 (1(505-1054) celebrated the praises 
 of Lucia, daughter of the first Lord 
 Powis, the lady whom he married. 
 
 Castle, Doubting. See Doubting 
 Castle. 
 
 Castle of Indolence. The title of a 
 poem by Thomson, and the name of 
 a castle described in it as situated in 
 a pleasing land of drowsiness, where 
 every sense was steeped in the most 
 luxurious and enervating delights. 
 The owner of tliLs castle was a pow- 
 erful enchanter, who sought by tho 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
CAS 
 
 69 
 
 CAU 
 
 exercise of magical arts to entice un- 
 wary passers-by witiiiii tiie gate, that 
 lie might deprive them of their 
 nuuily strength, talie away all their 
 high hopes and aims, and engage 
 them in a constant round of sensual 
 amusements. 
 
 The effect of the climate, the air, the se- 
 renity :iml sweetness of the place, is almost as 
 seductive as that of the C'ustle of Indokncc. 
 
 W. Irving. 
 
 Castles in Spain. See Chateaux 
 
 EN Esl'AGNE. 
 
 Castlewood, Beatrix. The heroine 
 of Thackeray's novel of " Esmond; " 
 " perhaps the finest picture of splen- 
 did, lustrous physical beauty ever 
 given to the world." 
 
 Cas'tor. [Gr. Kaa-raip.] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 Mijili.) A son of Leda, and a brother 
 of Pollux, or Polydeuces. According 
 to some writers, Ihey were twins, and 
 Jupiter was their father; others as- 
 sert that the}^ were the sons of Tyn- 
 dareus, king of Lacedi^mon ; others, 
 again, say that Pollux was the son of 
 Jupiter, and Castor of Tyndareus. 
 Kence Pollux was immortal, while 
 Castor was subject to old age and 
 death, like other men. But such was 
 the mutual atlection of the two 
 brothers, that Jupiter granted the 
 pra^^er of Pollux, and consented that 
 they should share each other's lot, by 
 living, alternately, one day in the un- 
 der-world, and the next in heaven. 
 According to a different form of the 
 story, he rewarded their mutual at- 
 tachment by placing them among the 
 stars as Gemini.^ or " The Twins." the 
 third constellation of the zodiac. 
 [Castor and Pollux are sometimes 
 called the Dioscuri.^ or " Sons of Jove." 
 and TyndaridcB, or " Sons of Tynda- 
 reus."] 
 
 Ca-thay', An old name for China, 
 said to have been introduced into 
 Europe by ^larco Polo, the celebrat- 
 ed Venetian traveler. It is corrupted 
 from the Tartar appellation K/iitni 
 (ke-tiO, that is, the country of the 
 Khitans, who occupied the northern 
 portions of the empire at the period 
 of the Mongol invasion. The hero- 
 ine of Bojardo's " Orlando Innamo- 
 
 rato," the beautiful Angelica, was a 
 princess of Cathay. 
 
 Through the shadow of the plobe we swoop 
 
 into the younger day ; 
 Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of 
 
 Cdthaij. Tennyson. 
 
 Catholic Majesty. A title first given 
 in ~'i\) bv Gregory III. to Alfonso 
 I. of Spain, who was thereu|)on sur- 
 named The Catholic. The title was 
 also given to Ferdinand V., in 1474. 
 It was bestowed upon Ferdinand and 
 his queen by Innocent VIII., on ac- 
 count of their zeal for the Roman 
 Catholic religion, and their establish- 
 ment of the Inquisition in Spain. 
 
 Ca'to-Street Conspiracy. {Eng. 
 Hid.) A plot of a gang of low and 
 desperate politicians to murder the 
 ministers of the crown at a cabinet- 
 dinner at Lord Harrowby's, with the 
 view of raising an insurrection in 
 London, and overthrowing the gov- 
 ernment. The conspirators were ar- 
 rested in Cato Street, Feb. 23, 1820, 
 and Thistlewood — one of the ring- 
 leaders — and four of his chief as- 
 sociates, having been convicted of 
 treason, were executed May 1. 
 
 Caudle, Mrs. Margaret. The feigned 
 author of a series of " Curtain Lec- 
 tures" delivered in the course of 
 thirty years, between eleven at night 
 and seven in the morning, to her 
 husband, Mr. Job Caudle, "one of 
 the few men whom Nature, in her 
 casual bounty to women, sends into 
 the world as patient listeners." The 
 real author of these humorous and 
 famous lectures Avas Douglas Jerrold. 
 
 Violante was indeed a bewitching child, — 
 a child to whom I defy MrK. CawUe herself 
 (immortnl 3lrs. Caudle') to have been a harsh 
 step-mother. Sir E. JJidwer Lytton. 
 
 Cau'line, Sir. The hero of an an- 
 cient English ballad of the same 
 name, preserved in Percy's " Ke- 
 liques." 
 
 Cau'nus. [Gr. KaOi'o?.] See Byb- 
 
 LIS. 
 
 Caustic, Christopher. A pseudo- 
 nvm adopted bv Thomas Green Fes- 
 senden (1771-1837) in his Hudibras- 
 tic poem called " Ten-ible Tractora- 
 tion." 
 ' Caustic, Colonel. A prominent char- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxu. 
 
CAU 
 
 70 
 
 CEN 
 
 acter in " The Lounger," sketched 
 by Henry Mackenzie. He is '' a line 
 gentlcniiin of the last age, somewhat 
 severe in iiis remarks upon the pres- 
 ent." 
 Cautionary Towns. ( Ivna. Hist. ) A 
 name given to the towns of Briel, 
 l-lu>hing, llananckins, anci W'al- 
 cheren, whiih were placed, in 158.5, 
 in Queen Klizabetlfs possession as 
 security for the payment of troops 
 furnished l)y iier to the Xetherlands. 
 Only one third ot the sum was re- 
 funded; but the Cautionary Towns 
 Avere, notwithstanding, delivered up, 
 July 14, IGKj, a treaty for this purpose 
 having been signed May 22. 
 
 Cave of Mam'mSn. The abode of 
 the god of riches, described in the 
 seventh canto of the second book of 
 Spenser's " Faery Queen." 
 
 4^ " By what subtle art of tracing the 
 mental processes it is effected, we are not 
 philosophers enout^h to explain ; but in 
 that wonderful episode of the C.ive of 
 Mammon, in which the Money God ap- 
 pears first in the lowest form of a miser, 
 is then a worker of metals, and becomes 
 the god of all ttie treasures of the world, 
 and has a daugliter, Ambition, before 
 whom all the world kneels for favors, — 
 with the Hesperian fruit, the waters of 
 Tantalus, with Pilate washing his hands 
 Taiuly, but not impertinently, in the 
 same stream, — that we should be at one 
 moment in the cave of an old hoarder of 
 treasures, at the next at the forge of the 
 Cyclops, in a palace and yet in hell, all 
 at once, with the shifting mutations of 
 the most rambling dream, and our judg- 
 ment yet all the time awake, and neither 
 able nor willing to detect the fallacy, is 
 a proof of that hidden sanity which still 
 guides the poet in the wildest seeming 
 aberrations." Charles Lamb. 
 
 Cave of Montesinos. See Moxte- 
 
 SINOS. 
 
 Ce'crops. [Gr. KeVpwi^.] {Gr. Myth.) 
 The first king of Attica, described as 
 an autochthon, the upper part of 
 Avhose body was human, while the 
 lower part was that of a dragon. He 
 is said to have instituted marriage, 
 altars, and sacrifices, and to have in- 
 troduced agriculture, navigation, and 
 commerce. 
 
 Cfed'ric. A Saxon thane, of Rother- 
 
 wood, in Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 " ivanhoe." 
 Cel'a-d6n. 1. The hero of an epi^ 
 sode in the poem of " Summer," in 
 Thomson's " Seasons; " in love with 
 Amelia, who is described as having 
 been killed in his arras by a strokw 
 of lightning. 
 
 2. A poetical name for any sw,<uu, 
 or rustic lover. 
 
 Had we been the Celadon and Chloe of a 
 country viUa^TL-, he could not liave re;:^arded 
 us as more equal, so far us tlie world wunt. 
 
 air E. Buliver Lytton. 
 
 Ce-lae'no. [Gr. KeAaii'ui.] ( Gr. tf- Rom. 
 Myth.) One of the Harpies. See 
 Hakpies. 
 
 Celestial City. In Bunyan's " Pil- 
 grim's Progress," the city toward 
 which Christian makes his pilgrim- 
 age; — the heavenly Jerusalem, 
 whose splendors are portrayed in the 
 Apocalypse. 
 
 Celestial Empire. A name often 
 used, in Europe and America, as a 
 popular designation of China. It is 
 derived, according to Williams, from 
 the Chinese words Titn Chun, that 
 is, Heavenly Dynasty, meaning the 
 kingdom ruled over by the dynasty 
 appointed by Heaven. 
 
 Celia. 1. Daughter of Frederick, the 
 usurping duke, in Shakespeare's " Aa 
 You Like It." 
 
 2. The name given by Thomas 
 Carew, an English poet of the sev- 
 enteenth century, to his lady-love, 
 whose real name is unknown. 
 
 C61imene (sS'le'raan', 31,10.3). 1. A 
 misanthrope in Moliere's " Les 
 Precieuses Ridicules." 
 
 2. A coquette in Moliere's " Misan- 
 thrope," — an admirable jwrtrait. 
 
 Cen'taurs. [Lat. Centauri, Gr. 
 Kei'Tavpoi, bull-killers.] ( Gv. if Rom. 
 Myth.) According to the earliest ac- 
 counts, a rude and savage people 
 of Thessaly, afterward described as 
 monsters half man and half horse, 
 and particularly celebrated for theii 
 contest with the Lapithae. See 
 Lapith.e. 
 
 Century "White. A sobriquet given 
 to John White (1500-1645), a bar- 
 
 •^ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation* 
 
CEP 
 
 71 
 
 CHE 
 
 rister and political writer of the time 
 of the English ("dinnionwealth, from 
 his principal piil)lication, " Tliu First 
 Century of iScanclaluus Malignant 
 Priests, Made and Admitted into 
 Benelices by the I'relates," &e. 
 
 Ceph'a-lus. [Gr. Ke'(f>aAo?.] {Gr. ^ 
 Rom. Myth.) The husband of Pro- 
 cris. See Pkockis. 
 
 Ce'pheus (-28). [Gr. Kr,(|)ei;5.] {Gr. cf 
 Rinn. Mijth.) 1. One of the Argo- 
 nauts. 
 
 2. King of Ethiopia, husband of 
 Cassiopeia, and tather of Andromeda, 
 
 Cer'be-rus (4). [Gr. Kep^epos-] {Gr.cf 
 Rum. Mytli.) A dog with three heads, 
 a serpent's tail, and a snaky mane, 
 who guarded the portal of Hades, 
 into which he admitted the shades, 
 but from which he never let them out 
 again. Hercules overcame him, and 
 brought him away. 
 
 Ce'res(9). {Gr. cf Rom. Myth.) The 
 daughter of Saturn and Ops, sister of 
 Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Juno, and 
 Vesta, mother of Proserpine, and 
 goddess of corn, harvest, and Howers. 
 She is usually represented as riding 
 in a chariot drawn b}' dragons ; with 
 a torch or a basket in her hand, and 
 crowned with poppies or ears of corn. 
 
 CSr'I-mSn. A lord of Ephesus, in 
 Shakespeare's "Pericles." 
 
 Ce'yx. [Gr. Krii)^.] {Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) See Alcyone. 
 
 Chad'band, The Rev. Mr. A char- 
 acter in Dickens's "Bleak House;" 
 a type of hypocritical piety. 
 
 plia-mont'. One of the dramatis per- 
 sorxe in Otway's tragedy of " The 
 Orphan." 
 
 Why, Heaven love you ! I would as soon 
 Invitea fii-e-branrt into'my stack-yard, — he's 
 an Almanzor, a Chamont. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Dhampion of the Virgin. A title 
 given to St. Cyril of Alexandria. See 
 Doctor of the Incakxation. 
 
 Char'I-tes. [Gr. Xaptre?.] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 "^ Myth.) The Graces. See Graces. 
 
 Charlies. A sobriquet given to the 
 night-watchmen of London before the 
 organization of the police force by Sir 
 
 Robert Peel in 1829. They were so 
 called from King Charles I., who, in 
 1(U(), extended and improved the 
 police system of the metropolis. 
 
 Char'mi-an. A kind-hearted but 
 simple-minded female attendant on 
 Cleopatra, in Shakespeare's play of 
 "Antony and Cleopatra." 
 
 ^ha'ron. [Xapuir.] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) A god of Hades, son of Ere- 
 bus and Nox. He was an aged and 
 dirty terry-man, who conducted the 
 souls of the buried dead across the 
 river Styx. See Styx, 
 
 Cha-ryb'dis. [Gr. Xipu/SSis.] {Gr. 
 cj- Rom. Myth.) A ravenous woman, 
 turned by Ju])iter into a dangerous 
 gulf or whirlpool on the coast of 
 Sicily, opposite to Scylla, on the coast 
 of Italy. See Scy^lla. 
 
 Scylla wept. 
 And chid her barking waves into attention. 
 And fell C'harybdis murmured soft applause. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Chateaux en Espagne (sha'toz' 6a 
 nes'ijan', 02, 78). [Fr., castles in 
 Spain.] Groundless or visionary 
 projects; a French phrase sometimes 
 used in English. In the tifteenth 
 centur}', they said, in the same sense, 
 '■'■faii-e dts chateaux en Asie,'''' to build 
 castles in Asia. 
 
 Chauvin (sho'van', 62). The princi- 
 pal character in Scribe's " Soldat La- 
 boureur;" represented as a veteran 
 soldier of the time of the tirst Empire, 
 having an unbounded admiration of 
 Napoleon, and a blind idolatry of all 
 that pertains to him. 
 
 Cherubim, Don. See Don Cheru- 
 bim. 
 
 Chevalier de St. George. See St. 
 George, Chevalier de. 
 
 Chev'y Chase. The subject and the 
 title of a famous old English ballad. 
 The event which is commemorated 
 is probably the battle of Otterburn, 
 which happened in August, 1:388, 
 and is declared by Froissart to have 
 been the bravest and most chivalroiis 
 which was fought in his day ; but it 
 is impossible to reconcile the inci- 
 dents of the poem with historj-. 
 
 4@= " According to the ballad, Percy- 
 vowed that he would enter Scotland, and 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain voids refer, see pp. xiv-xxxi* 
 
CHI 
 
 72 
 
 CHI 
 
 take his pleasure for three days in the 
 woods of his rival, and slay the deer there- 
 in at will. Douglas, wlicn he heard the 
 vaunt, exclaimed : ' Tell him he will find 
 one day more than enough.' Accordingly, 
 at tlie time of the liay-harvest, I'ercy, 
 with stag - hounds and archers, passed 
 into the domains of his foe, and slew a 
 ' hundred fallow-deer and harts of grice.' 
 When the English liad hastily cooked 
 their game, and weie about to retire, 
 Earl Douglas, clad in armor and heading 
 his Scottisii peers, came on the scene. 
 Haughty challenge and defiance passed 
 between the potentates, and tne battle 
 joined. In the center of the fray the two 
 leaders met. ' Yield thee, Percy I ' cried 
 Douglas. 'I will ^ield to no Scot that 
 was ever born of woman I ' cried Percy. 
 During this colloquy, an English arrow 
 struck Douglas to the heart. ' Fight on, 
 my merry men I ' cried he, as he died. 
 Percy, with all the chivalrous feeling of 
 his race, took the dead man hy the hand, 
 and vowed that he would liave given all 
 his lands to save him, for a braver knight 
 never fell b^' such a chance. Sir Hugh 
 Montgomery, having seen the fall of 
 Douglas, chipped spurs to his horse, 
 dashed on Percy, and struck his spear 
 through his body a long cloth-yard and 
 more. Although the leaders on both 
 sides had fiUen, the battle, which had 
 begun at break of day, continued till the 
 ringing of the curfew -bell. When the 
 battle ended, representatives of every no- 
 ble tamily on either side of the border 
 lay on the bloody greensward." 
 
 Chambers. 
 
 jgSg^ " T never heard the old song of 
 
 Percy and Douglas, that I found not my 
 
 heart moved more than with a trumpet." 
 
 Sir Philip Sidney. 
 
 Chicaneau (she'ka'no'). A litigious 
 tradesman in Kacine's comedy, " Les 
 Plaideurs." 
 
 Chicard (she-'kai-', 64). [From the orig- 
 inator, a M. Chicard.] The Harlequin 
 of the modern French carnival. His 
 costume is composed of the most 
 various and incongruous articles, but 
 generally includes a helmet, a pos- 
 tilion's wig, a tlannei shirt, and 
 cavalry tnnisers. His arms ai-e half 
 bare, and are thrust into butt" gloves 
 ■with large cufts. 
 
 Chichevache (shesh'vash'). [Fr., 
 said to signify literally, " melancholy, 
 or sour visage."] " [Written also 
 C h i c h e f a c h e and Chinch- 
 
 V a c li e .] A fabulous monster. 
 Chaucer alludes to it near the cl(».se of 
 " The Clerkes Tale." 'Ihe following 
 is Tyrwhitfs note on the place: — 
 
 Hir '■ This excellent reading is restored 
 upon the authf)rity of the best MSS. in- 
 st*!ad of the common one, Vhechivache. 
 The allusion is to the subject of an old 
 ballad, which is stiil preserved in MS. 
 Harl. 2251. fol. 270. b. It is a kind of 
 pageant, in which two beasts are intro- 
 duced, called Bycorne and Chichevache. 
 The first is supposed to feed upon obe- 
 dient husbands, and the other upon pa- 
 tient wives ; and the humor of the piece 
 consists in representing Bycorne as pam- 
 pered with a supertluity of food, aud 
 Chichevache as half starved.'' 
 
 Childe Harold. See Harold.^ 
 Childe. 
 
 Childe Rowland. See I\o^vLA^'D, 
 Cnii.UE. 
 
 Child of Hale. A name often given 
 to John Middleton, a lamous Knglish 
 giant, Avho was born at Hale, in Lan- 
 cashire, in 1578. His height was 
 nine feet and three inches, " wanting 
 but six inches," says JJr. Plott, " of 
 the size of Goliath." 
 
 Children in the "Wood. Tavo char- 
 acters in an ancient and well-know.," 
 ballad entitled "The Children in tha 
 AVood, or The Norfolk (ient.'s Las* 
 Will and Testament," which is 
 thought by some to be a disguised 
 recital of the alleged murder of his 
 nephews by Kichard HI. It is cer- 
 tain that the ballad corresponds es- 
 sentially Avitli the narrative of the 
 chroniclers. Addison .'^ays of the 
 ballad referred to, that it is " one 
 of the darling songs of the common 
 people, and the delight of most Kng- 
 lishmen at some part of their age." 
 See the " Spectator," Nos. 85 and 
 179. 
 
 Chi-mse'ra (9). [Gr. Xt>aipa.] {Gr. 
 (/• Ritin. Slijtit.) A strange, fire-breath- 
 ing monster of Lycia, killed by Bel- 
 lerophon. See 1>elli:h()1'IU»n. 
 
 Chinaman, John. A cant or popular 
 name for the Chinese. The earliest 
 known instance of its use is in " A 
 Letter to the Conunittee of Manage- 
 ment of I )rurv-Lane Theater, London, 
 1819," p. 04.' 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunoiution," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
cm 
 
 73 
 
 CIIR 
 
 Chi'ron (9). [Or. Xeiptov.] {Or. ()• 
 '^ Ji<im. Jfi/tli.) The wisest iuid most 
 famous of all the Centaurs; noted 
 for his skill in inusie, medicine, and 
 huntiiiti;. He was the 'nstnietor of 
 Achilles, and many other heroes of 
 Grecian story. Jupiter placed him 
 amon}^ the stars, as the constellation 
 S((f/itf.(U-ius, or " The Archer." 
 Chlo'e. Formerly a very common 
 * name, in pastoral poetry, for a mis- 
 tress or sweetheart, but of late gen- 
 erally appropriated to negresses and 
 spaniels, 
 ghlo'ris m. [Gr. XAa,pc?.] (Gr. 
 Jlt/t/i.) The wife of Zephyrns, and 
 the goddess of flowers; the same 
 with the Roman Flora. See Flora. 
 Chriemliild (kreem^hilt), or Chriem- 
 hilde (kreem-hil'da). The heroine 
 of the German epic poem, the " Nibe- 
 lungen Lied," represented as a wom- 
 an of the rarest grace and beauty, 
 and rich beyond conception. By the 
 treacherous murder of her husband, 
 she becomes changed from a gentle 
 and loving woman into a perfect fury 
 of revenge. See Bhuneiiild, Hagen, 
 Siegfried. [Written also K r i e ra - 
 hilt.] 
 Ch.ris'ta-bel. 1. The heroine of the 
 ^ old romance of " Sir Eglamour of 
 Artois." 
 
 2. A lady in the ancient ballad of 
 " Sir Cauline," the daughter of a 
 " bonnye kinge " in Ireland. 
 
 3. A lady in Coleridge's poem of 
 the same name. 
 
 Christian. The hero of Bunyan's 
 si>iritual romance, " The Pilgrim's 
 Progress." This celebrated allegory 
 describes the awakening of Chris- 
 tian's spiritual fears; his resolution 
 to depart from the City of Destruc- 
 tion, where he had resided; his inef- 
 fectual attempts to induce his wife and 
 family and neighbors to accompany 
 him; his departure; and all the in- 
 cidents, Avhether of a discouraging or 
 a comforting nature, which befall 
 him on his journey, until he arrives 
 at the Celestial City; the whole l)eing 
 designed to rejjresent the various ex- 
 periences, internal and external, in 
 the life of a real Christian. 
 
 "We Boom to hiivo fallen ftmonff the ae- 
 q\i;iiiitam-fs()f()iii-()l<l friend f'liriMi<m: sonie- 
 timi's W(.' iiu'L't Mistiiist and 'riiiudou.s, some- 
 tiiiu-s Mr. llatijiiMid und Mr. l^dvulust, and 
 then aj^aiu Pruduucc, Piety, and Chanty. 
 
 Atacaulay. 
 
 Chris'ti-an'a (krist^i-an'ji). The 
 wife of (Jhristian, in Bunyan's "Pil- 
 grim's Progress," who sets out with 
 her children to rejoin her husl)and in 
 the Celestial City, under the guidance 
 of Mr. Great -heart. 
 
 One, like the white robes seen by C/iriMiana, 
 on the Delectable Mountains, is protected 
 from inipurity by nn inherent virtue ; the 
 other, like a virgin fortress, is secured ngainsl 
 assault by its forbidding frowu and its terrible 
 powers of resistance. E. G. White. 
 
 Christian Ci9'e-ro. A name con- 
 ferred upon Lucius Coelius Lactantius, 
 an eminent Christian author of the 
 early part of the fourth century, on 
 account of the remarkable purity and 
 eloquence of his style. 
 
 Christian Sen'e-ca. A title some- 
 times given to .Toseph Hall (1574— 
 1656), Bishop of Norwich, an eminent 
 divine, highly esteemed as a moralist. 
 
 Christian Vir'gil. A title given to 
 Marco Girolamo Vida (140U-1566), 
 one of the most learned scholars and 
 most elegant Latin writers of his 
 time. He was the author of a Latin 
 poem in six books, on the life of 
 Christ, the " Christias," which is as 
 close an imitation of the "^neid" 
 as the great dift'erence in the nature 
 of the subject would permit. 
 
 ghris'tle of the CUnt HiU. A char- 
 acter in Scott's novel of " The Mon- 
 astery;" one of Julian Avenel's re- 
 tainers. 
 
 Christopher, St. See St. Christo- 
 pher. 
 
 Chroniclers, The Hhyming. A 
 series of writers who arose in England 
 about the end of the thirteenth centu- 
 ry, and related in verse the; fal)ulous 
 and the authentic history of that coun- 
 try. The most celebrated of them 
 Avere Layamon, Robert of Gloucester, 
 and Robert de Brunne. 
 
 Chro-non'ho-ton-thol'o-ffos. 1. -:\, 
 pompous character in a burles(|ue 
 tiagedy of the same name by Heniy 
 Carev. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
CIIR 
 
 74 
 
 CIN 
 
 2. A nickname given to General 
 John Uuri^oyne (d. 17!)2), on account 
 of an inflated address which he de- 
 livered to the American Indians 
 durin<; the war of the Revolution. 
 
 CJhrysalde (kre'sald'). A character 
 in Moliere's '" L'ficoledes Femmes; " 
 a friend of Arnolphe. 
 
 Chrysale (kre'sal'). An honest, sim- 
 ple-minded, hen-pecked tradesman, 
 in Moliere's comedy, " Les Femmes 
 Siivantes." 
 
 Chrys'i-or. [Gr. Xpuo-aajp.] ( Or. if 
 Biiin. Myth.) A son of Neptune and 
 ]\Iedusa, and the father of Geryon by 
 Callirrhoii. 
 
 Cfiri/naor, rising out of the sea, 
 
 Showed thus'jilorious and thus emulous, 
 Leaving the anns of Callirrhoe, 
 
 For ever tender, soft, and tremulous. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 gliry-se'is. [Gr. Xpuo-rji?.] {Gr. ^ 
 Rom. Myth.) Daughter of Chryses, 
 a priest of Apollo. She Avas famed 
 for her beauty, and for her skill in 
 embroidery. In the course of the 
 Trojan war, she Avas taken prisoner, 
 and given to Agamemnon, who, 
 however, was obliged to restore her 
 to her father, in order to stop a plague 
 wdiich Apollo sent into the Grecian 
 camp in answer to the prayer of 
 Chryses. 
 
 Chuz'zle-wit, Jonas. A character 
 in Dickens's novel of " ^lartin Chuz- 
 zlewit;" distinguished lor his mean 
 brutality and small tyranny. 
 
 Cliuz'zle-wlt, Martin. The hero of 
 Dickens's novel of the same name. 
 
 Ci9'e-ro of Germany. [Lat. Cicero 
 (jermani(e.~\ A title given to .lohn 
 III., margrave and elector of Bran- 
 denburg (U55-14!ty). 
 
 JS£n" " Nothing struck a discerning pub- 
 lic like the talent he had for speaking : 
 spoke ' four honrs at a stretch in Kaiser 
 Max's Diets, in elegantly flowing Latin,' 
 ■with a fair share of meaning too. and had 
 bursts of parliamentary eloquence in him 
 that were astonishing to hear. . . . His 
 bursts of parliamentary eloquence, once 
 glorious as the day, procured him the 
 name of ■ .Johannes Cicero,' and that is 
 what remains of them, for they are sunk 
 now, irretrievalde he and they, into tlie 
 belly of eternal Night, the final resting- 
 
 place. I do perceive, of much Ciceronian 
 ware in this world." Carlyle. 
 
 Ci9'e-ro of the Senate. A title 
 popularly given to George Canning 
 (1770-1827), a distinguished British 
 statesman, and a very eloquent 
 orator. 
 
 Ci9'e-ro'8 Mouth. [Fr. Ln Bouche 
 da C'iccion.] A surname given, for 
 his elo(|uence, to l*hili])pe Pot (1428- 
 1494), prime minister of Louis XL 
 
 Cid, The. [Sp., lord, from Arab. 
 sei(L] A title given to Don Rodrigo 
 Laynez, a Spanish nobleman of tha 
 eleventh century. by five ^Moorish gen- 
 erals whom he had vanquished. The 
 title Avas confirmed by his king. He 
 Avas also knoAvn by the abbrcA'iated 
 name of Kuy Diaz (i. e., Rodrigo, 
 the son of Diego), and Avas Count of 
 Bivar. In 10G5, he Avas placed by 
 King Sancho at the head of all his 
 armies, whence he acquired the ap- 
 ])ellation of Onnpea<hr, i. e., Avarrior, 
 champion. He is said to haA-e died 
 at Valencia, in 1100, in the seventy- 
 fourth year of his age. The details of 
 his history are lost in a cloud of ro- 
 mantic fiction. He is regarded as the 
 model of the heroic A-irtues of his age, 
 and the tloAver of Spanish chiA'alry. 
 
 Cid Hamet Benengeli. See Ben- 
 KNGELi, Cid Hajikt. 
 
 Cim-me'ri-ans (9). [Lat. CimmeHi, 
 Vtv. KiMMepioi.J [Gr. if Rom. Myth.) 
 In the poems of Homer, a people 
 dwelling " beyond the ocean-stream," 
 in a land Avliere the sun never shines, 
 and Aviiere perpetual darkness reigns. 
 Later Avriters placed them in Italy, 
 near Lake Avernus, and described 
 them as living in dark caverns, ex- 
 ploring metals, and never coming 
 into the light of day. 
 
 Cin^der-el'la. [That is, little cinder" 
 girl; Fr. Cendrilhm, Ger. Aschen- 
 broih'l, Aschcnjnitttl.] The heroine 
 of a Avell-knoAvn fairy tale, repre- 
 sented as the daughter of a king or a 
 rich man, and condemned by a cruel 
 step -mother to act the part of a 
 household drurige, sitting in the ashes, 
 Aviiile her more favored sisters are 
 dressed in finery and live in splendor. 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Fronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
CIP 
 
 75 
 
 CIT 
 
 The ston' recounts how, by a fairy's 
 help, Cinderella presents lierself Ije- 
 fore a young prinee, and gains his 
 love, to the chagrin of her sisters, 
 who had sought to win his favor, and 
 how, when he would pursue her, he 
 loses sight of her, and, at last, by 
 means of a glass slipper, or, as some 
 say, a golden shoe, (the gift of the 
 fairy,) which she had dropped in her 
 flight, and which would tit no other 
 foot but hers, he discovers her, and 
 then marries her. 
 
 j^^ The story is very wide-spread, and 
 is told witb variations in different lan- 
 guages. It is of great antiquity, and 
 probably derived from the East. Among 
 the Germans, the story is mentioned as 
 early as the sixteeoth century, in Rolleu- 
 hagen's '' Froschmauseler." In France, 
 Perrault and Madame DWunoy have in- 
 cluded it in their " Fairy Tales." A 
 simil.tr story, of Grecian or Egyptian ori- 
 gin, is told of l{hodopis and Psammiti- 
 chus in Egypt. 
 
 Ci-pan'go. A marvelous island, de- 
 scribed in the '' Voyages" of Marco 
 Polo, the Venetian traveler. It is 
 represented as lying in the eastern 
 seas, some 1500 miles from land, and 
 of its beauty and wealth many stories 
 are related. The island of Cipango 
 was an object of diligent search with 
 Columbus and the early navigators. 
 It is supposed by some to be the same 
 as Japan. [Written also Zipangi 
 and Z i pangr i . ] 
 
 Nor will I bestow any more attention or 
 credit to the idea that America is the fairy 
 rejrion of Zi/iangri, described by that dream- 
 ing traveler, Marco Polo, the Venetian. 
 
 W. Irving. 
 
 Cir'ce(4). [Gr. K/p«r,.] {Gr. if Ronu 
 Mylh.) A daughter of Sol and the 
 oceanid Per.se, and a noted .'sorceress. 
 She lived in the island of ^Ea^a, sur- 
 rounded with numbers of human 
 beings, whom she had changed by 
 her drugs and incantations into the 
 shape of Avolves and lions. When 
 Ulysses, in his Avanderings, came to 
 this island, she turned two-and- 
 twenty of his companions into swine ; 
 but Ulysses himself, having obtained 
 from Mercury a sprig of the herb 
 
 , moly, — of wonderful power to resist 
 sorceries, — went boldly to the palace 
 of the enchantress, remained unin- 
 
 jured by her drugs, and induced her 
 
 to disenchant his comrades. 
 
 Wlio knows not C'rcf, 
 The daughter of tlie Sun, whose charmed ci p 
 Whoever tasted lost his nprifrht Fliape, 
 And downward fell into u groveling swine? 
 
 Circumlocution Office. A desi^.- 
 nation made use of by Dickens in 
 "Little Dorrit," in ridicule of official 
 delays and indirectness. The Cir- 
 cumlocution OlHce is described as 
 the chief of " pu!)lic departments in 
 the art of perceiving /;ow' net to do it."' 
 The name has come into popular use 
 as a synonym for governmental rou- 
 tine, or "red tape," or a roundabout 
 way of transacting public busmcss. 
 
 4@=" " The Administrative Reform As- 
 sociation might have worked for ten 
 years without producing half of tho 
 effect which Mr. Dickens has produced 
 in the same direction, by flinging out the 
 phrase, * The Circumlocution Office.' " 
 
 Mnsso?i. 
 
 Cirongillio of Thrace (the-ron-hel'- 
 3'e-o). The hero of an old romance 
 of chivalrj' by Bernardo de Vargas. 
 
 Cities of the Plain. The name often 
 given to Sodom and Gomorrah, the 
 chief of the five cities which were 
 destroyed by fire from heaven ( (Jeii. 
 xix.), and their sites covered by the 
 Dead Sea. 
 
 Citizen King. A surname popularly 
 given to Louis Philippe, Avho, in 
 1830, Avas placed on the throne of 
 France as the elective king of a 
 constitutional monarchy. 
 
 City of Brotherly Love. [Gr. 
 <l'iAaS6A(/)eia, brotherly love.] Phil- 
 adelphia, the metropolis of Pennsyl- 
 vania, is sometimes so called, Avith 
 reference to the signification of the 
 name in Greek. 
 
 City of Chvirches. A name popu- 
 larly given to the city of Brooklyn, 
 NeAv York, from the unusually large 
 number of churches Avhich it con- 
 tains. 
 
 City of David. A name giA-en to 
 Jerusalem by King DaA-id, who 
 Avrested it from the Canaanites, b. c. 
 1049. 
 
 City of Destruction. In Bunyan's 
 " Pilgrim's Progress," the imaginary 
 
 •nd for the Remarks jind Rules to which the number ifter certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
CIT 
 
 76 
 
 CIT 
 
 city, typifyiiii^ tlic 'vvorld, fmin Avhitli 
 Cliristiaii started (in his jtiigrimage 
 to tlie Celestial City. 
 
 City of Elms. A familiar denomi- 
 iiatinii (it New Haven, Connecticut, 
 many of the streets of wiiicli are 
 thickly shaded with lotty elms. 
 
 Wlipn happier days shall return, aiul the 
 South, awakeninj; from her suicidal ('.elusion, 
 shall remember who it was that sewed her 
 sunnv tiekU with the seeds of those golden 
 crops" with which she thinks to rule the world, 
 she will cast a veil of oblivion over the mem- 
 ory of the ambitious men who have goaded 
 her to her present madness, and will rear a 
 nionumcnt of her gratitude in the beautiful 
 Citii or' Elms, i>ver the ashes of her greatest 
 benefactor, — Eli Whitney. 
 
 Edward Everett (1801). 
 
 City of JEnch.antinents. A magical 
 city described in the stor\' of Beder, 
 Prince of Persia, in the " Arabian 
 Nights' Entertainments." 
 
 City of God. The snbject and title 
 of St. Augustine's celebrated work 
 (" De Civitate Dei"), written after 
 the sack of Rome by Alaric, to an- 
 swer the assertion of the pagans that 
 the disasters to their country were a 
 consequence of the desertion of the 
 national deities by the Christians. 
 The City of God compreliends the 
 body of Christian believers, in dis- 
 tinction from the City of the World, 
 which comprises those who do not 
 belong to the Church. The work 
 treats of both cities, but it takes its 
 name from the former only. 
 
 The City of the World, whose origin and 
 vicissitudes Augustine had traced, appeared 
 to him ui\dcr very dismal aspects, and it was 
 toward the Citii or' (iod, of which lie was also 
 the Catholic liomer, that all his hopes were 
 turned. J'oujoulat, Trann. 
 
 City of Lanterns. An imaginary 
 cloud- city spoken of in the " VerrB 
 Histori;e " of Lucian. a romance writ- 
 ten with a satirical purpose. The 
 voyagers, whose adventures are the 
 puiiject of the work, sail through the 
 Pillars of Hercules, and are wrecked 
 upon an enchanted island. They 
 next travel through the Zodiac, and 
 arrive at the City of Lanterns. Af- 
 ter further adventures, the voyage 
 tenninates at the Islands of the Blest. 
 Kabelais probably borrowed his con- 
 ception of the Island of Lanterns (see 
 Island of Lantekxs) from this 
 
 source, which also undoubtedly fur- 
 nished hints to Le Sage and to Swift- 
 City of Magnificent Distances. A 
 popular designation given to the city 
 of Washington, the capital of the 
 United States, which is laid out on 
 a very large scale, being intended to 
 cover a space of four miles and a half 
 long, and two miles and a half broad, 
 or eleven square miles. The entire 
 site is traversed by two ?ets of streets 
 from 70 to lUU teet wide, at right 
 angles to one another, the whole 
 again intersected oblic[uelv by fifteen 
 avenues from 130 to IGO teet wide. 
 
 City of Masts. A name often be- 
 stowed upon London, in allusion to 
 the magnitude (^if its commerce. 
 
 City of Notions. In the United 
 States, a popular name for the city of 
 Boston, Massachusetts, the metropo- 
 lis of Yankeedom. 
 
 City of Palaces. 1. An appellation 
 frequently given to Calcutta, the cap- 
 ital of British India. The southern 
 portion of the city comprises the 
 principal European residences, many 
 of which are vers- elegant and even 
 palatial edifices. 
 
 &^ The City of Palaces really deserves 
 that appellation. Nothing can Vie more 
 impeding than the splendid house.'^ of 
 Chowringhee. viewed from the Coiir.^e, 
 which is a broad carriage- road on the es- 
 planade of Fort William, adjoining the 
 nice-oourse. from which. I presume, it 
 derives its name. Black irooi/'s Ma^. 
 
 2. A title sometimes given to Ed- 
 inburgh, but Avith no great propriety. 
 
 City of Peace A name sometimes 
 given to .Terusalem, which was an- 
 ciently called Salt in, a Avord mean- 
 ing " peace." 
 
 City of Rocks. A descriptive name 
 popularlv given, in the United States, 
 to the city of Nashville, Tennessee. 
 
 City of Spindles. A name popularly 
 given to the city of Lowell. ^Ia<sa- 
 chusctts, the largest cotton-manufac- 
 turing town in the United States. 
 
 City of the Great King. A name 
 sometimes given to Jerusalem, which 
 is so called in Psalm xlviii. 2, and in 
 Mud. v. 35. 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanymg £xpliination% 
 
CIT 
 
 77 
 
 CLA 
 
 City of the Prophet. [Arab. 3fedi- 
 nnt al NithiJ\ A name f;ivcii to 
 Medina, in Arabia, because here Ma- 
 homet was protected wlieii be tied 
 from Mecca, -luiy 16, ()22, — a tii^lit 
 known in liistory as the J/e(/int, and 
 forming an important epoch in cliro- 
 nology. 
 
 City of the Straits. A name popu- 
 larly given to Detroit, which is situ- 
 ated on the west banlv of the river or 
 strait connectmg Lake 8t. Clair with 
 Lake Erie. Iktroit is a French word, 
 meanmg " strait." 
 
 City of the Sun. 1. A translation 
 of Bnnlbec, or Bftlbec, a ruined town 
 of Syria, once of great size, magnifi- 
 cence, and importance. Its Greek 
 name, Iltliojjulis^ has the same signif- 
 ication. 
 
 2. [Lat. Clvitns Solis, Fr. Cife chi 
 So/eiL] A citv placed by Thomas 
 Campanella (1508-1(339) in the ideal 
 republic which he constructed after 
 the manner of Plato, and m which 
 he depicts a perfect society organized 
 somewhat like a convent, and estab- 
 lished upon the pnnciples of a theo- 
 cratic communism. 
 
 City of the Tribes. A name given 
 to Galway, in Ireland, as having been 
 the residence of thirteen "tribes," or 
 chief families, who settled here about 
 the year 12'35, and whose names 
 were' Burke, Blake, Budkm, Martin, 
 Athy, Browne, D'Arcy, -Toyce, Kir- 
 wan, Lynch, Morris, Ffont, Skerrett. 
 
 City of the Violated Treaty. A 
 name given to the city of Lnnerick, 
 in Ireland, on account of the repeat- 
 ed violations of a treaty signed Oct. 
 1691, the first article of which was, 
 that the Roman Catholics should en- 
 joy such privileges in the exercise of 
 their religion as the}' enjoyed in the 
 reign of Charles 11. 
 
 JSC:S=- " Years of unjust and vindictive 
 penal laws, which are now, happily, 
 swept away, show that this name wks 
 well founded." Knight. 
 
 City of the Violet Crown. A desig- 
 nation sometimes given to Athens. 
 The ancient Greeks were accustomed 
 to wear garlands of flowers at their 
 lestive eutertaiiuneuts-, and tiie vioJet 
 
 (Cr. (o;) was the favorite flower of 
 the Athenians. It thus became the 
 .«ynil)ol of file city, to Avhich. as well 
 as to its inlial)it:ints, the epitiu>t I'c- 
 (TT€(l)ai'o^, A'ioiet-i'rowned, is aj'jilied by 
 the ])oets. In the opinion of vome, 
 the name involves a punning allu- 
 sion to the fact tliat Alliens was the 
 chief city in Europe of the Jmiiin 
 race. 
 
 He [Pitt] loved Entrland as an Athenian 
 loved the City of the Violut Crown. 
 
 JIncaulay, 
 
 City of the "West. A name gener- 
 ally given in Scotland to Glasgow, 
 the largest city, and the manufac- 
 turing and commercial metropolis, of 
 the kingdom It is situated on the 
 Clyde, the principal river on the 
 west coast, and far surpassing, in 
 navigable importance, all the other 
 Scottish rivers. 
 
 City of Victory. Cairo, the capital 
 city of Egypt; — sometimes s-o called 
 with reference to the signification of 
 its Aral)ic name, A/ Kaldr^a, or " The 
 Victorious." 
 
 Clarchen (klef'ken). A female char- 
 acter in Goethe's "Egmont;" cele- 
 brated for her constancy and devotion. 
 
 Clar 5ce (It- pron. kla-re'cheeV Wife 
 of Rinaldo, and sister of Huon of 
 Bordeaux, frequently mentioned in 
 fhe romances and romantic poems of 
 France and Italy. 
 
 Clarissa. See Harlow'e, Clahissa. 
 
 Clau'di-o. 1. A young gentleman in 
 love with Juliet, m Shakesi)eare's 
 "Measure for Measure." 
 
 2. A young lord of Florence, in 
 Shakespeare's " Much Ado about 
 Nothing." 
 
 Clau'di-us. A usurping king of Den- 
 mark, in Shakespeare's '' Ilamlet." 
 
 But Tom Tushcr, to tnke the place of the 
 tiol)le Castlowofid— faao;h! 'twas as monstrous 
 as Kins Iliunlet's widow taking off tier weeds 
 for Claurliiis. Tliackeray. 
 
 Claus, Peter. See Klaus, Petek. 
 
 Glaus, Santa. See St. Nicholas. 
 
 Clav'er-house (klav'er-us). The 
 name under which the unrelenting 
 ,]acol)ite partisan and pcrserut<ir, 
 .John Graham, Viscount Dundee (d. 
 168.)), eldest son of Sir William Gra- 
 ham, of Claverhouse, was generally 
 
 «nd for the Raniaiks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv xxxiL 
 
CLA 
 
 78 
 
 CLI 
 
 known in the time of James II., and 
 
 is still known in history. 
 Clavileno, Aligero (t;la-ve-lr\n'3'0 i- 
 le-ha'ro, 58, (32). [Sp., wooden-pin 
 wing-bearer.] A celebrated steed 
 which enabled Don Quixote and his 
 faithful squire to achieve the deliver- 
 ance of the Dolorida Duefa and her 
 companions in niislbrtune Irom their 
 beards. 
 
 C16ante (kla'ont', 62). 1. A charac- 
 ter in Moliere's celebrated comedy, 
 " Le Tartutfe," distinguished lor his 
 sound and genuine piety. 
 
 2. A chaiacter in the '' Malade 
 Imaginaire "' of the same author. 
 
 Clean the Causeway Riot. (Scot. 
 Hist. ) The name popularly given to 
 a skirmish or encounter in lulin- 
 burgh, in the year 1515, between the 
 rival factions of the Earl of Angus — 
 chief of the Douglases — and the 
 Earl of Arran — the head of the 
 great family of the Hamiltons. In 
 this contest, the partisans of Angus 
 were worsted, and tied Irym the city 
 in great confusion, being, as it were, 
 swept from the streets. 
 
 Cleishbotham, Jedediah (kleesh'- 
 both-Sm ). An imaginary editor of the 
 "Tales of My Landlord," written by 
 Sir Walter Scott, but represented as 
 the composition of a certain 3Ir. Pe- 
 ter Pattieson, assistant teacher at 
 Gandercleuch. See Pattieson 
 
 Richter tried all Leipsic with his MS. in 
 vain, to a man, with that total contempt of 
 grammar whi^h Jcrlcliah C'l('i.''hhof/ifim also 
 complains of, they " declined the article." 
 
 (Jarlyle, 
 
 C161ie (kla'le'). A principal charac- 
 ter in a romance — "Clelie, Ilistoire 
 Komaine " — written by Mine. Scu- 
 dery, though the first Volumes were 
 originally published under the name 
 of her brother, (ieorge de Scudery. 
 The action of the story is placed in 
 the early ages of Roman history, and 
 the heroine is that Cladia who es- 
 caped from the power of Porsena by 
 swimming across the Tiber. 
 
 _ High-flown compliments, profound bows, 
 sighs, and ogles, in the manner of tlie Vlelie 
 romances. Tfiackenu/. 
 
 Clem'en-ti'na, The Lady. An ami- 
 able, beautitul, and accomplished 
 woman, deeply in love with Sir 
 
 Charles Grandison, in Richardson's 
 novel of this name. Sir Charles fi- 
 nally marries Hamet Byron, though 
 he is represented as having little or 
 no partiality for her. 
 
 I shall be no Lnd;/ Clemevtina, to be the 
 wonder and pity of the npring of St. Ronan's, 
 — no Ophelia, neither, — though I will say 
 with her, "Good-night, ladies; good-night, 
 sweet ladies ! " Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Cleofas. See Don Cleofas. 
 
 Cle-om'bro-tus. [Gr. KAeoM^poro?.] 
 An Academic philos(ipher of Ambra- 
 cia, who is said to have been so en- 
 raptured by the perusal of Plato's 
 " Phadon " that he threw himself 
 down from a high wall, or, according 
 to some accounts, jumped into the 
 sea, in order to exchange this life for 
 a better. 
 
 Others came single; ... he who, to enjoy 
 Plato's Elysium, leaped into the sea, 
 Cltoiuhroius ; and many more too long. 
 
 Slilton. 
 
 Clifford, Paul. The title of a novel 
 by Sir Edward Lytton IJulwer (now 
 Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton), and the 
 name of its heio, a romantic high- 
 wayman, familiar with the haunts of 
 k'W vice and dissipation, but after- 
 ward relbrmtd and elevated by the 
 power of love. 
 
 Clim of the Clough. [That is, Clem- 
 ent of the Glen,] A north-country 
 archer, celebrated in the legendary 
 literature of England. 
 
 Clinker, Humphry. The hero of 
 Sm( ilett's nf>vel entitled, " The Ex- 
 pedition of Humphry Clinker." He 
 is intifduccd as a destitute and shab- 
 by fellow , who had been bioi;ght up 
 in the work-house, put out by the par- 
 ish as apprentice to a blacksmith, and 
 afterward employed as an hostler's 
 assistant and extra postilion. Hav- 
 ing been dismissed from the stable, 
 and reduced to great want, he at 
 length attracts the notice of Mr. 
 Bramble, who takes him into his 
 family as a servant He becomes 
 the accepted lover of Winifred Jen- 
 kins, and at length turns out to be a 
 natural son of Mr. Bramble. 
 
 ;fi!^ ''Humphry Clinker "* is, T do be- 
 lieve, the most hiuglnible story that has 
 ever been written since the goodl.x art of 
 novel-writing began. Tharkeray. 
 
 SS"" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationa, 
 
CLI 
 
 79 
 
 CLU 
 
 Cli'o. [Gr. KAeioG, the proclaimer.] 
 (6'/-. cf Jiom. Myth.) 1, One of the 
 nine Muses. She presided over his- 
 tory, and was represented as bearing 
 a hall-opened roll of a book. 
 
 2. A name formed from the four 
 letters used by Addison as his sij^na- 
 ture in the " Speetator." His most 
 admired papers were marked by one 
 or other of these letters, signed con- 
 secutively. But it is not probable 
 that he n'leant lo adopt the name of 
 one of the Muses. With greater 
 likelihood, the letters are supposed to 
 refer to the places where the essays 
 were composed ; namely, Chelsea, 
 London, Islington, and the Otiice. 
 The contrary opinion, however, has 
 generally prevailed ; and Addison 
 was often called " Clio " by his con- 
 temporaries, as well as by later writ- 
 ers. 
 
 When pantin}? virtue her last efforts made, 
 You brought your Clio to the virgin's aid. 
 
 Soniei'ville. 
 
 Cloacina. See Cluacina. 
 
 Clo-an'thus. One of the companions 
 of ^Eneas in his voyage to Italy, and 
 the reputed ancestor of the Cluentii 
 family at Rome. 
 
 Tlie strong Gyas and tlie strong CloanfJnm 
 are less distiiiguislied by the poet than the 
 strong Pereival, the strong John, Rieliard, 
 and Wilfred Osbaldistones [cliaracters in 
 " Rob lioy "] were by outward appeamnee. 
 
 .Sir W. ,ScoU. 
 
 Cloeli-a. See Clelie. 
 
 Clootie, or Cloots. See Auld Cloo- 
 tie. 
 
 Clorinda (klo-ren'da). The heroine 
 of the infidel army in Tasso's epic 
 poem, " Jerusalem Delivered." She 
 is an Amazon, and is represented as 
 inspiring the most tender attection in 
 others, especially in the Christian 
 chief Tancred ; yet she is herself 
 susceptible of no passion but the love 
 of military fame. See Sofkonia. 
 
 Clo'ten. A rejected lover of Imogen, 
 in Shakespeare's play of " Cymbe- 
 line; " a compound of the booby and 
 the villain; an " irregulous devil.'' 
 
 £^^ Miss Seward, in one of her letters, 
 assures us, that. <iMgiil;ir as the character 
 , of Cloten may appear, it is the exact pro- 
 totype of a person whom she once knew. 
 " The unmeaning frown of the counte- 
 
 nance ; the Fhuffling pait ; the bur.<«t of 
 
 voice ; tne bustling in.^igniticance ; tiie 
 fever-and-ague lits of valor ; the froward 
 tetcliiness ; tiie unprincipled malice ; 
 and — wiiat is most cLiri<)ii.> — those oc- 
 casional gleams of good sen>e, amiiist the 
 floating clouds of folly which generally 
 darkeni'd and coufusiMl the man's brain, 
 and which, in the (-haractcr of Cloten, we 
 are apt to impute to a violation of unity 
 in character; but, in the sometime (Cap- 
 tain V n, I saw the portrait of Cloteu 
 
 was not out of nature." 
 
 .Tnstico inav even sometimes class him 
 
 tPopeJ with those moral assassins who wea., 
 ike Cloten, their dagger in their mouths. 
 
 7i. /'. Whipple. 
 
 Clothier of England. See Jack 
 OK Newbury. 
 
 Clo'tho. [Gr. KAa)0ai, spinster.] {Gr. 
 if Jiom. Jfijtit.) One of the three 
 Parcffi, or Fates; the one who pre- 
 sides over birth, and holds the distaff 
 from which tlie thread of life is spun. 
 
 Mean criminals go to the gallows for a 
 purse cut ; and this chief criminal, guilty of a 
 France cut, of a France slashed asunder with 
 C/o</(o-scissors and civil war, . . . he, such 
 chief criminal, shall not even come to the 
 bar ? Carlj/le. 
 
 Cloudeslie, 'Williani of. See Wil- 
 liam OF Cloudeslie. 
 
 Clout, Col'in. The subject of a scur- 
 rilous satire by John Skelton (d. 
 152i)), but better known as a name 
 applied by Spenser to himself in the 
 " Faery Queen " and the " Shep- 
 herd's Calendar." Colin Clout tig- 
 m-es also in Gay's " Pastorals." 
 
 Clu'a-ci'na. [From Lat. cluere, to 
 purify.] {Rom. Myth.) A .surname 
 of Venus, who was so called because, 
 when the Romans and Sabines were 
 reconciled, they purified themselves 
 W'ith sacred myrtle-branches, in the 
 vicinity of a statue of the goddess, 
 and afterward erected a temple there 
 in honor of her. [Often w^ritten 
 Cloacina, from a mistaken notion 
 that she presided over the cloacce, or 
 sewers.] 
 
 Club, The. 1. {Eng. Hist.) A knot 
 of disappointed Whigs, of Avhom Sir 
 James Aiontgomery, the Earl ofAn- 
 nandale, and Lord Ross were the most 
 cons])ieuous, formed themselves, in 
 Edinburo;h. into a society, called '' The 
 Chil)," in William the "Third's time. 
 They were, according to Macaiday, 
 
 sad for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
CLU 
 
 80 
 
 coc 
 
 dishonest malcontents, -n-hoso object 
 was n-.erely to annoy the govern- 
 ment and get places. They lonned 
 a coahtion with tlie .Jacobites; gave 
 great trmiljle to William and Mary; 
 and broki- up in disgrace, the chiefs 
 betraying each otlier. 
 
 2. Under the name of " The 
 Chib," — at Garrick's funeral, in 
 1779, entitled the " Literary Club," 
 — tlourisliL'd a celebrated association, 
 proposed hrst by Sir .Joshua Ke}-- 
 nolds, and acceded to by Dr. John- 
 son ; of which the original members 
 were Sir Joshua, Dr. Johnson, Mr. 
 Edmund Burke, Dr. Nugent, Mr. 
 Beauclerk, Mr. Langton, Dr. Gold- 
 smith, Mr. Chamier, and Sir John 
 Hawkins. It has reckoned amongst 
 its members some of the most distin- 
 guished literary and scientitic char- 
 acters. 
 
 Clvunsy, Sir Tun'bel-ly. A charac- 
 ter in Vanbrugh's " Relapse." 
 
 Clu'ri-caune. {Fairy Myth.) A fa- 
 mous Irish elf, of evil disposition, 
 Avho usually appears as a wrinkled 
 old man, and has a knowledge of 
 hidden treasure. 
 
 Clut'ter-buck, Captain Cuth'bert. 
 A sort of pseudcjnym of Sir Walter 
 Scott, it being the name of an imag- 
 inary editor of his " Fortunes of Ni- 
 gel," and of an equally imaginary 
 patron to whom he dedicated his 
 '•Abbot." 
 
 Clyt'em-nes'trS. [Gr. KA.vrat/xi'^- 
 o-rpa.] {Gr. cf Eoin. Myth.) The 
 faithless wife of Agamemnon, killed 
 by her son Orestes for her crimes. 
 See ^Egisthus, Orestes. 
 
 Clyt'i-e(klish'i-e). [Gr.KA.vTta.] {Gr. 
 ()• Rom. Myth.) A water-nymph 
 who fell in love with Apollo, or the 
 Sun-god. Meeting with no recipro- 
 cation of her passion, she became 
 changed into a sunflower, and still 
 keeps her face constantly turned 
 towards him throughout his daily 
 course. 
 
 I will not have the mad Clyde, 
 ■\VhosL' head is tiinu-d by the sun ; 
 
 The tulip is a courtlv (hk-sui. 
 Whom therefore I will shun. Hood. 
 
 Coalition Ministry. ( Enrj. Hist. ) 1. 
 A desi'Miation given to the adminis- 
 
 tration of Lord North and Mr. Charles 
 James Kox, as being an extraordi- 
 nary' political union of statesmen 
 wlio had previously always displayed 
 a strong personal dislike toward each 
 other. It was t(»nned April 5, 1183, 
 and dissolved Dec. I'J, in the same 
 year. 
 
 jK^= '' Not three quarters of a year had 
 elapsed since Fox and liurke had threat- 
 ened North with impeaehmeut. and had 
 described hiui, uight after night, as the 
 most arbitrary, tue most corrupt, the 
 most incapable of ministers. They now 
 allied themselves witli him for the pur- 
 pose of driving from office a statesman 
 [Shelburne] with whom tney cannot be 
 said to have differed as to any impurtant 
 question." Maiauiay. 
 
 2. The same appellation was given 
 to the "Broad Bottom Administra- 
 tion" {q. v.), and to the Aberdeen 
 Administration (formed Dec. 28, 1852, 
 resigned Jan. 30, 1855). 
 
 Cockade City. A title popularly 
 given to the city of Petersburg, in 
 Virginia. 
 
 Cockagne (kok-an'). [Fr. {aho pays 
 (It cociifjnt); Old Fr. cocoifjne, Sp. cu- 
 cnila, It. iucafjnn, cuccaf/na, cuf/gu- 
 gmt^ from It. cucci, sweetmeats, dain- 
 ties, Prov. Fr. couque, Catalan coca, 
 cake, from Latin coquere, to cook, be- 
 cause it was fancied that the houses 
 in Cockagne were covered with 
 cakes.] An imaginaiy country' of 
 idleness and luxury ; hence, in bur- 
 lesque, London and its suburbs. It 
 is the subject of a celebrated satirical 
 poem of the same name, which War- 
 ton holds to have been " evidently 
 Avritten soon after the Conquest," but 
 which is probably not older than the 
 year 1.300. Boileau applies the name 
 to the French caj^ital. The mat tie 
 Cocru/ne (or greased pole) is one of 
 the amusements of the Champs fily- 
 sees, in Paris. The Neapolitans have 
 a festival Avhich they call O'cnyna. 
 In Germany, Hans Sachs has made 
 the " Land of Cockagne " the sub- 
 ject of a humorous poem under the 
 name of Schldrajfenland. See Lub- 
 iJEiiLAND. [Written also Cocaign, 
 Cockaigne, and anciently C o k- 
 aygne.] 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
coc 
 
 81 
 
 C<E 
 
 ' Cokayt^ne ' seems to have been 
 a sort of media) val Utopia. I'erliaps the 
 earliest speciuieu of Ihiglish p)Oetry which 
 we possess . . . is the humorous descrip- 
 tiou of it, begiuuiug, — 
 
 'Fur ill st'f, by-west Spayj;ne, 
 Is a loud ihote Coekaygnc' 
 Whatever may be the origin of the word, 
 it is evidently connected with the much- 
 debated cocLniy, wliich probably implied 
 an undue regard for luxury and refine- 
 ment in the persons to whom it was ap- 
 plied — generally to Londoners as con- 
 trasted with ' persons rusticall.' " 
 
 Loiver. 
 
 Even the Grand Elector himself was liable 
 to this fate of "absorption," as it was called, 
 although he held liis crown of Cofkaym' in 
 the common case for life. Sir )('. Scott. 
 
 It was for the readernotthe El Dorado only, 
 but a beatific land of Cockaigne (and paradise 
 of Do-nothings). Carli/le. 
 
 Cock-Lane Ghost. The name giv- 
 en to the imagined cause of certain 
 strange plienonieua wliicli took place 
 in the year 1762 about the bed of a 
 young girl by the name of Parsons, 
 at house No. 33 Cock Lane, West 
 Sniithtield, London, and were the 
 cause of much excitement. The rec- 
 tor of the parish, with " a number of 
 gentlemen of rank and character," 
 of whom Dr. Johnson was one, un- 
 dertook to soh^e the mystery. Their 
 examination satisfied them that the 
 whole was an imposture originating 
 in a malignant conspiracy, and the 
 parents of the girl were condemned 
 to the pillory and to imprisonment. 
 The supposed presence of the ghost 
 was indicated by certain mysterious 
 scratchings and knockings produced 
 on a piece of board which the girl 
 concealed about her person. Dr. 
 Johnson wrote a statement of the 
 affair, which was published in the 
 "Gentleman's Magazine. " See vol. 
 xxxii., pp. 43 ami 81. 
 
 Cockney School. A name formerly 
 given by some of the English critics 
 to a literary coterie whose produc- 
 tions were said " to consist of the 
 most incongruous ideas in the most 
 uncouth language." In this sect 
 were included Leigh Hunt, Hazlitt, 
 Shellev, Keats, and others; and the 
 "Quarterly lievicAv" (April, 1818) 
 charged the first with aspiring to be 
 the ''hierophant " of it. 
 
 JS(W " While the whole critical world 
 is occupied witli balan<'inK the merits, 
 whether in theory or execution, of what 
 is commonly called the Lake School, it is 
 strange that no one seems to think it at 
 all necessary to .say a single word about 
 another new sciiool of poetry wiiich has 
 of late sprung up among us. " Tiiis school 
 has not, I believe, as jet received any 
 name ; but, if 1 may be permitted to 
 have the honor of christening it, it may 
 henceforth be referred to by the designa- 
 tion of the Cockney School. Its chief 
 Doctor and Professor is Mr. Leigh Hunt, 
 a man certainly of some talents, of 
 extraordinary pretensions both in poe- 
 try and politics, and withal of exqui 
 sitely lad taste and extremely vulgar 
 modes of thinking and manners in all 
 respects. ... He is the ideal of a Cock- 
 ney poet. He raves perpetually about 
 'green fields,' 'jaunty streams,' and 
 ' o'erarching leafiness,' exnctly as a 
 Cheapside shopkeeper does about the 
 beauties of his box on the Camberwell 
 road." 
 
 Z. (i. e. J. G. Lork/iart), in Blackivood's 
 Mag., Oct. 1817. 
 
 Cock of the North. A sobriquet 
 given to the late and last Duke of 
 Gordon (d. 1836). He is so called on 
 a monument erected in his honor at 
 Fochabers, in Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Co'cles, Ho-ra'ti-us. [Lat., Hora- 
 tius the one-eyed.] A hero of the 
 old Koman lays, ivho defended a 
 bridge against the whole Etruscan 
 army under Porsena, until his coun- 
 trymen had broken dowji the end of 
 it which was behind him, when he 
 plunged into the stream, and swam, 
 amid the arrows of the enemy, to a 
 place of safety. 
 
 Co-cy'tus. [Gr. Kcok^vto'?, lamenta- 
 tion.] {Gr. if Rom. Myth.) One of 
 the rivers that washed the shores of 
 hell, and prevented imprisoned souls 
 fi-om returning to earth. It was a 
 branch of the Styx. 
 
 Coci/trai, named of lamentations lend 
 Heard on the rueful stream. Milton. 
 
 Coelebs. [Lat., a bachelor.] The 
 hero of a novel bv Hannah More 
 (1714-1833), entitled " Coelebs in 
 Search of a Wife." 
 
 Ready command of money, he feels, will be 
 extremely desiraf)le in a wife,— desirable and 
 almost iudispeusable in present utraitened 
 
 und for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers afler certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
 6 
 
C(E 
 
 82 
 
 COL 
 
 circumstances. These are the notions of this 
 ill-situuted ( (jelebs. Carli/ie. 
 
 Cce'lus. {Rom. .\fi/(h.) S(»n of ^Ether 
 (air) and Dies {(lay), and one of the 
 most ancient of the gods; the same 
 as Urtinm. !See Uka.m.s. 
 
 Coeur de Lion (kur dc li'on; Fr. 
 ]n-i>n. kordu Ic^l"', 4i', (»2). [Kr., lion- 
 lu'arted.J A surname given to liich- 
 ard I. of England, un atcuunt of his 
 dauntless courage, about A. i). ll'J2. 
 Tliis surname was also conferred on 
 Louis VIII. of France, who signal- 
 ized himself in the Crusades and in 
 his wars against England, about 122;J, 
 and on Boleslas L, king of Poland. 
 
 Coffin, Tom. See Long Tom Cof- 
 fin. 
 
 Co'I-la. A Latin or Latinized name 
 of Kyle, a district of Scotland, 
 county of Ayr, celebrated in the 
 lyric poetry of Burns. According to 
 tradition, it is derived from Coilus, a 
 Pictish monarch. Burns also uses 
 the name as a poetical synonym for 
 ScDllnnd. 
 
 Farewell, old Coila's hills and dales, 
 Her heathy moors, and winding vales. 
 
 Bums. 
 
 Colada {Sp.proii. ko-la'fha, 50). The 
 name of one of the Cid's two swords, 
 which were of dazzling brightness, 
 and had hilts of solid gold. 
 
 Cold'brand. A Danish giant van- 
 quished and slain in an encounter 
 with Guy of Warwick. See Guy, 
 Sir, Eahl of Warwick. [Writ- 
 ten also Colbran, Colbrand.] 
 
 " It is false! " said Gregory; 
 Dane was a dwarf to hin\." 
 
 Colbrand the 
 ^'(V W. Scott. 
 
 Coldstream, Sir Charles. The name 
 of a character in Charles Mathews's 
 play entitled " Csed Up;" distin- 
 guished for his utter ennui^ his men- 
 tal inanity, and his apparent physical 
 imbecility. 
 
 Colin Tampon (kn'lan' ton/po"', 62). 
 A reproachful sobriquet said to have 
 been anciently given to the Swis.s, 
 and to represent the sound of their 
 drums. 
 
 Col-lean', May. The heroine of a 
 Scottish ballad, which relates how a 
 " fause Sir John " carried her to a 
 rock by the sea for the purpose of 
 
 drowning her, and how she outwitted 
 him, and suljjccteti him to tlie same 
 late he had intended for her. 
 
 Colloquy of Poissy (pwo'se'). [Fr. 
 t'lillixjue lit J^otssi^.l {Fr. Hist.) The 
 name commonly given to a national 
 synod of Cat holies and Calvinistsheld 
 at Poissy, in l.'j(il, to .settle the relig- 
 ious controversies by which Prance 
 was then agitated. The conference, 
 however, was mutually unsatisfactor}-, 
 and was brought to a premature con- 
 clusion. Botli parties became more 
 embittered against each other than 
 ever, and the desolating wars of 
 religion soon followed. 
 
 Cologne, The Three Kings of. 
 A name given to the three magi 
 who visited the infant Saviour, and 
 whose bodies are said to have been 
 brought by the Empress Helena 
 from the East to Constantinople, 
 whence they were transferred to Mi- 
 lan. Afterward, in 1164, on Milan 
 being taken by the Emperor Fred- 
 erick, they were presented by him 
 to the Archbishop of Cologne, who 
 placed them in the principal church 
 of the city, where, says Cressy, 
 " they are to this day celebrated with 
 great veneration." Their names are 
 commonly said to be Jaspar, ilel- 
 chior, and Balthazar; but one tradi- 
 tion gives them as Apellius, Amerus, 
 Damascus; another as Magalath, 
 Galgalath, Sarasin; and still another 
 as Ator, Sator, Peratoras. See Magi, 
 The Three. 
 
 Colonel Caustic. See Caustic, 
 
 C<»LONEL. 
 
 Co-lum'bi-a. A name often given to 
 the New World, from a feeling of po- 
 etic justice to its discoverer. The 
 application of tlie term is usually re- 
 stricted to the L'nited States. It has 
 not been found in anv writer liofore 
 Dr. Timothv Dwight (1752-1818); 
 and it probably originated with him. 
 He wrote a song, formerly very pop- 
 ular, which began, — 
 
 " Columhia. Columbia, to glory arise. 
 The queen of the world and the child of the 
 skies." 
 
 iK^ The ballad " Hail. Columbia, hap- 
 py land," was written by Joseph Hop- 
 
 8£^ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationi^ 
 
COL 
 
 83 
 
 COP 
 
 kinson (1770-1842), for the benefit of an 
 actor lUiiiieil Fox, and to an air entitled 
 •• 'I'lie President's Mareli," composed in 
 178ii, by a Uertnaii named Teyles, on the 
 occasion of (Jeueral W'asliington's first 
 visit to a theater in New York. 
 
 Col'um-btne. [It. Colnnibimi^ pretty 
 little d()>e, — used as a diminutive 
 tenn of endearment.] The name of 
 a female mask iu pantomimes, with 
 whom ilarlecpiin is represented as iu 
 love. Their marriage usually forms 
 the denounittit oi' the play. In the old 
 Italian eomedy, she appeared as a 
 maid-servant, and a perfect cocpiette. 
 
 Commander of the Faithful. [Ar. 
 J^mir-nl-Muintnl/i.] A title assumed 
 by Omar I. (d. 644), and retained by 
 his successors in the caliphate. 
 
 Company, John. A popular nick- 
 name, among the native East-Indians, 
 for the East India Company, the 
 abstract idea involved in the name 
 being above their comprehension. 
 [Called also Muthtr Coinpany.] 
 
 I have jjone to the leeward of John C'oinpan>/\i 
 favor. C. Rpcitle. 
 
 Co'mus. [From Gr. kwjuo?, a revel, 
 from KuJju-r;, a country town, whence 
 a\<,o comedy.] {Myth.) In the later 
 age of Kome, a god of festive joy 
 and mirth. In Milton's poem enti- 
 tled " Comus: a Masque," he is rep- 
 resented as a base enchanter, who 
 endeavors, but in vain, to beguile 
 and entrap the innocent by means of 
 his " brewed enchantments." 
 
 Con-cor'di-3. (Rnm. Myth.) The 
 goddess of concord, or harmony. 
 
 Conqueror, The. A title given to 
 William, I)nke of Normandy, who, 
 by the battle of Hastings, in 1066, 
 became the sovereign of llngland. 
 
 Talk of " coniinf!: over with i/ie Crm/pipr- 
 or!" Tlie first Browns came over witli Hen- 
 gist and Horsa. Lower. 
 
 Con'rade. A folloAver of John (bas- 
 tard brother of Don Pedro, Prince of 
 Arragon), in Shakespeare's ''Much 
 Ado about Nothing." 
 
 Nonstable de Bourbon. [Fr. Con- 
 netiible de Bourbon.1 {Fr. Iffsf.) A 
 name given to Charles, Due du 
 Bourbonnais (1489-1527), a brilliant 
 military leader, famous for his aus- 
 tere morality and his misfortunes. 
 
 Con'stans. A legendary king of 
 Britain, celel)rated in the old ro- 
 numces of chivalry. He was the 
 grandfather of Arthur. 
 
 Consuelo (ko'i'sii^a'lo', 34, 62). The 
 heroine of George Sand's (Mme. 
 Dudevant's) novel of tin; same name, 
 an impersonation of noble purity 
 sustained amidst great teni[)taions. 
 
 Consul Bib'u-luS. {lioin. Jlist.) A 
 colleague of Julius Caesar in the con- 
 sulship in the year .59 b. c. He was 
 a man of small ability and little in- 
 fluence. After an inetfectual attempt 
 to ojjpose an agrarian law brought 
 forward hy Ciesar, he shut himself up 
 in his own house, and neither ap- 
 peared in public nor took part in the 
 affairs of state during the remainder 
 of his consulship; whence it was said 
 in joke that it was the consulship of 
 Julius and Cnesar. The name of Bib- 
 ulus is used proverbially to designate 
 any person who lills a high othce, 
 and yet is a mere cipher in the con- 
 duct of atiairs. 
 
 Continental System, {Fi: Hist.) 
 The name given to a plan by which 
 Napoleon I. endeavored to shut Eng- 
 land out from all connection with the 
 continent of Europe. See Behlin 
 Decree, Decree ok Fontaine- 
 liLEAU, Milan Decree. 
 
 Conversation Sharpe. A sobriquet 
 bestoAved upon Richard Sharpe, 
 (1759-1835), well known by this 
 name in London society. 
 
 Conway Cabal. {Amer. Hist.) A 
 name given to a faction organized in 
 1777, for the purpose of placing Gen- 
 eral Gates at the head of the Conti- 
 nental army. 
 
 C6-phet'u-a. An imaginary' African 
 king, of Avhom a legendary ballad 
 toki that he fell in love with the 
 daughter of a beggar, and married 
 her. The piece is extant in Percy's 
 " Keliques," and is several times al- 
 luded to by Shakespeare and others. 
 A modernized version of the story is 
 given by Tennyson in his poem en- 
 titled " The Beggar jNIaid." 
 
 Yountr Adam Cupid, he that shot so trim 
 When King Cophetua loved the beggar-maid. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
COP 
 
 84 
 
 COR 
 
 May not a monarclj love a maid of low de- 
 prt-e ? Is nut Kiiiy; ( 'o{jUctua and the bt'j;^ar- 
 liiuid a cose in i)oint ? Sir W. Scult. 
 
 How it would sound in sonjj, thiit a great 
 nionurcli liud declined his aftectioiis u|K>n the 
 dau^'hter of a he^'^ar .' Yet, do we feel the 
 inia^'ination at all violated when we read the 
 "true ballad" where King Co/i/wtiid wooes 
 the he;;gar-niaid l' C'/turlcJi Lamb. 
 
 Co'pi-a- {R»m. Myth.) The goddess 
 
 of jtk'iity. 
 Copper Captain. Michael Perez, a 
 
 Cfk'l>ratcd cliaracter in Beaumont 
 
 and Fletcher's comedy, " Kule a Wile 
 
 and Have a Wife." 
 
 To this Conper Ca/>tnin [General Van Pof- 
 fenburgh], therefore, was confided tlic com- 
 mand of the troops destined to protect tlie 
 scuthern frontier. W. Irving. 
 
 Cop'per-fleld, David. The hero of 
 Dickens's novel of the same name. 
 
 Copperheads. A popular nickname 
 ovi,y;inating in the time of the great 
 civil war in the United States, and 
 applied to a faction in the North, 
 which was vei y generally considered 
 to be in secret sympathy with the Re- 
 bellion, and to give it aid and com- 
 fort by attempting to thwart the 
 measures of the government. The 
 name is derived trom a poisonous 
 sequent called the copperhead ( Trltj- 
 onuceplinlu.-> cuntoi-trir), whose bite is 
 considered as deadly as that of the 
 rattlesnake, and whose geographical 
 range extends from 45" N. to Florida. 
 The copperhead, unlike the rattle- 
 snake, gives no warning of its attack, 
 and is, therefore, the type of a con- 
 cealed foe. 
 
 Cordelia. The youngest and favor- 
 ite daughter of Lear, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of this name. See Lear. 
 
 Cordiere, La Belle. See Rope- 
 MAKEK, The Beautiful. 
 
 Cor-flamTDO. [That is, heart of flame.] 
 A character in Spenser's " Faerv'' 
 Queen," representing sensual pas- 
 sion. See TiMiAs. 
 
 Corinne (ko'ren'). The heroine of 
 Mme. de Stael's novel of the same 
 name, a young maiden whose lover 
 proves false, and who, in consequence, 
 lives miserably a few years, and then 
 closes her eyes for ever on a world 
 grown dark and solitary. 
 
 Cormoran, Giant. See Giant 
 
 CoK.MOlIAN. 
 
 Corn-cracker, The. A popular nick- 
 
 I name or designation for tlie State of 
 
 Kt-ntucky. The inhal^itants of the 
 
 State lux- often calliMl Corn-crdckers. 
 
 Corn-law Rhymer, The. Ebenezer 
 Elliott, an English writer (1781-1849), 
 who, in a volume of prtems entitled 
 "• Corn-law Riiymes," set forth the 
 mischief which he believed the corn 
 laws were actually producing, and 
 the greater dangers which they were 
 threatening. These rhyming philip- 
 pics materially assisted in producing 
 tjiat revolt of the manufacturing pop- 
 ulation of the British islands against 
 the corn laws which led to their (inal 
 abolition in 1846. 
 
 Is not the Corn-Lnir Rhi/mer already a king, 
 thouijh a belligerent one, — king of "his own 
 mind and fuculty? and what man in the long 
 run is king of more;" Curlyle. 
 
 Corn'wall, Bar'ry. An imperfectly 
 anagrammatic 7iom de plume adopted 
 by Bryan Waller Procter, a distin- 
 guished P2nglish poet of the present 
 centur3^ 
 
 Co-ro'nis. [Gr. Koptui't'?.] ( Gr. (/• Rom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of Phoroneus, 
 king of Phocis. She was metamor- 
 phosed by Minerva into a crow, 
 having implored her protection on 
 one occasion when pursued by Nep- 
 tune. 
 
 Corporal, The Little. See Little 
 
 COHI'OKAL. 
 
 Corporal Nym. See Nym, Cor- 
 
 roHAL. 
 
 Corporal Trim. See Trim, Cor- 
 
 I'ORAL. 
 
 Corporal Violet. See Violet, Cor- 
 poral. 
 
 Corrector, Alexander the. A name 
 assumed by Alexander Cruden ( 1701- 
 1770), the author of the well-known 
 '"Concordance to the Bible," who 
 found employment for some years as 
 corrector of the press, in Eondon. 
 He believed himself divinely com- 
 missioned to refonii the manners of 
 the world, and petitioned l^arliament 
 to constituti^ him Itv act the "Cor- 
 rector of the People," hoping by this 
 
 OS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation!, 
 
COR 
 
 85 
 
 GOV 
 
 means to influence the people more 
 etFectually. 
 
 It appears to him that the seeming modesty 
 connocti'd with the former mode of writing 
 [in the tl\ird person] is overbalanced by 
 the inconvenience of stiffness and affecta- 
 tion which attends it durinj; a narrative of 
 some lenj^th, and which may be observed in 
 every work in which the third person is used, 
 from the " Commentaries " of CiBsar to the 
 "Autobiography of Alexander the Corrector." 
 Sir IF. Scott. 
 
 Corrouge (kor-roojO- The sword 
 of Su- Otuel; — so called in the ro- 
 mances of chivalry. 
 
 Corsica Paoli (pj'o-lee). A name 
 poinilarly given to Pasquale de Paoli 
 (172G-1807), a native of Corsica, and 
 leader in the war which his country- 
 men made against Genoa, and subse- 
 quently against France, in the eftbrt 
 to gain their independence. After 
 the conquest of the island by the 
 French, he took refuge in England, 
 where he was received with much 
 respect, and passed many years in 
 honorable friendship with Burke, 
 Johnson, and other distinguished 
 men of the time. 
 
 Cortana. See Curtana. 
 
 Cor'y-ban'tes. [Gr. KopvjSavTe?.] 
 Priests of Cybele whose religious 
 services consisted in noisy music and 
 wild armed dances. 
 
 Cor'y-don. A shepherd in one of the 
 Idyls of Theocritus, and one of thf 
 Eclogues of Virgil; — hence used to 
 designate any rustic, more especially 
 a rustic swain. 
 
 To obtain speech of him, I must have run 
 the risk of alarming the suspicions of Dorcas, 
 if not of her yet more stupid Con/ /on. 
 
 Sir (r. Scott. 
 
 Hardly a shiftless Cortffon ftiils in walks of 
 art that demand the loftiest endowments of the 
 mind, — and what crowds of such there are 
 every year! — that he or his friends do not 
 parade him as another example of melancholy 
 shipwreck, as if he deserved, or could fairly 
 have anticipated, any other end. 
 
 Putnani's Mag. 
 
 CoryphsBus of Grammarians. [Gr. 
 
 6 Kopv(f)aLO<; T(x>v ypajj-fxaTiKuji' .\ An 
 
 appellation given to Aristarchus, a 
 native of Samothrace, the most cele- 
 brated grammarian and critic in all 
 antiquity. His life was devoted to 
 the correction of the text of the an- 
 cient poets of Greece, — Homer, ^Es- 
 chylus, Sophocles, &c. 
 
 Cos'tard. A clown, in Shakespeare's 
 " Love's Labor 's I^ost," who apes the 
 display of wit, point, and sententious 
 observation allected by the courtiers 
 of (.iueen Elizalxith's time, and who 
 misapplies, in the most ridiculous 
 manner, the phrases and modes of 
 combination in argument that were 
 then in vogue. 
 
 Co-tyt'to. [Gr. Kotvttw.] ( Gr. <f 
 Rom. Myth.) The goddess of licen- 
 tiousness, originally worshiped in 
 Thrace, later in Athens also. Her 
 rites were celebrated with great inde- 
 cency in private and at midnight. 
 
 Dark-veiled Cotiitto ! to whom the secret flame 
 Of midnight torches burns. Milton. 
 
 Country Parson. A pseudonym, or 
 rather a sobriquet, of the Rev. A. K. 
 H. Boyd, a popular English essayist 
 of the i)resent time. 
 
 Courtney Melmoth. See Melmoth, 
 Courtney. 
 
 Cousin Michael. [Ger. Veiter Mi- 
 chel.] A S|)ortive and disparaging 
 designation of the German people, 
 intended to indicate the weaknesses 
 and follies of the national character, 
 and especially the proverbial nation- 
 al slowness, heaviness, and credulity. 
 In Germany, the name Michel is 
 often used as a contemptuous desig- 
 nation of any simple, coarse rustic, 
 and has prol)ably acquired this sig- 
 nitication through a mingling of the 
 Hebrew with the Old German viichtl., 
 gross. 
 
 Coventry, Peeping Tom of. See 
 Peeping Tom of Coventry. 
 
 C6v'er-ley, Sir Boger de. The 
 
 name of one of the members of the 
 imaginary club under whose direc- 
 tion the " Spectator " was professedly 
 edited; a genuine English gentleman 
 of the time of Queen Anne. 
 
 K^ " The characters of the club, not 
 only in the ' Tatler,' but in the ' Specta- 
 tor.' were drawn by Steele. That of Sir 
 Iloner de Coverlev i.-^ among the number. 
 Addison has, however, ji'iined himself 
 immortal honor by his manner of filliiij* 
 up this last character. Who is there that 
 can forjifet. or be insensible to, the inimi- 
 table, nameless jrraces, and various traits 
 of nature and of old Kntrlish character 
 in it, — to his unpretending virtues and 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii« 
 
cov 
 
 86 
 
 CRA 
 
 amiable weaknesses, — to his modesty, 
 generosity, hospitality, and eccentric 
 whims. — to the respect of his neighbors 
 and the affection of his domestics. — to 
 his wayward, hopeless, secret passion for 
 his fair enemy, tne widow, in which there 
 is more of real romance and true delicacy 
 than in a tliousiind tales of knighter- 
 rantrv, (we perceive the hectic tlush of 
 his cheek, the faltering of his tougue in 
 spejiking of her bewitching airs and the 
 ' whiteness of her hand,') — to the havoc 
 he makes among the game in his neigh- 
 borhood. — to his spieech trom the bench, 
 to show the ' Spectator " what is thought 
 of him in the country, — to his unwill- 
 ingness to be put up as a sign-post, and 
 his having his own Ukeness turned into 
 the 8anicen"s head, — to his gentle re- 
 proof of the baggage of a gypsy that tells 
 him ' he has a widow in his Hne of life,' — 
 to his doubts as to the existence of witch- 
 craft, and protectinu of reputed witches, 
 — to his account of the family pictures, 
 and his choice of a chaplain. — to his fall- 
 ing asleep at church, and his reproof of 
 John Williams, as soon as he recovered 
 from his nap, for talking in sermon- 
 time ? " Hazlitt. 
 
 j^' " What would ?ir Roger de Cover- 
 ley be without his follies and his charm- 
 ing little brain-cracks ? If the good knight 
 did not call out to the people sleeping in 
 church, and say • Amen ■ with such a 
 delightful pomposity : if he did not make 
 a speech in the a^ssize court apropos des 
 bottes, and merely to show his dignity to 
 Mr. Spectator ; if he did not mistake 
 Madam Doll Tearsheet for a lady of quality 
 in Temple Garden : if he were wiser than 
 he is : if he had not his humor to salt 
 his life, and were but a mere English 
 gentleman and game-preserver. — of what 
 worth were he to us ? We love him for 
 his vanities a.s much as his virtues. 
 What is ridiculous is delightful in him ; 
 we are so fond of him because we laugh 
 at him so."' Tnacktray. 
 
 The greitest risk which he seems to have 
 incurred, in his military capacity, was one 
 bomewhit resenihlintr the escape of .SV;- Roger 
 dp C'orp>-Jp)i\t ancestor at Worcester, who was 
 saved from the sl-ni^hter of that action by 
 having been absent from the field. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 CovieUo (ko-ve-eMo. 102). A Cala- 
 brian clown who figures in the " co?/i- 
 merli'i dtW arte,"" or Italian popular 
 comedy. 
 
 Crabshaw, Timothy. The name of 
 Sir Launcelot Greaves's squire, in 
 Smollett's "Adventures" of that 
 redoubted and quixotic knight. 
 
 Crabtree. A character in Smollett's 
 novel, " The Adventures of Peregrine 
 Pickle." 
 
 Cradle of Liberty. A popular name 
 givfii to I'aneuil (fun'il) Hall, a large 
 public editice in Boston, Ma-^^saehu- 
 sett.«, celebrated as being the place 
 where the orators of the Revolution 
 roused the people to resistance to 
 British oppression. 
 
 Crane, Ichabod. The name of 
 a credulous Yankee schoolmaster, 
 whose adventures are related in the 
 " Legend of Sleepy Hollow," in 
 Irving's "Sketch-book." 
 
 tj^ '' The cognomen of Crane was not 
 inapplicable to his person. He was tall, 
 but exceedingly lank, with narrow .shoul- 
 ders, long arms and legs, hands that dan- 
 gled a mile out of his sleeves, feet that 
 might have served for shovels, and his 
 whole frame most looselj- hung together. 
 His head was small, and flat at top. with 
 huge ears, large, green, glassy eyes, and 
 a long, snipe nose, so that it looked like 
 a weather-<ock perched upon his spindle 
 neck, to tell which way the wind blew. 
 To see him striding along the profile of a 
 hill on a windy day. with his clothes bag- 
 ging and fluttering about him. one might 
 have mistaken him for the genius of fam- 
 ine descending upon the earth, or some 
 scarecrow eloped from a corn-field." 
 
 W. Irving. 
 
 Crapaud, Jean, or Johnny (zhoQ 
 kra'pf)', 62). [Sometime? incor- 
 rectly written Crapeau.] A sport- 
 ive designation of a P'renchman, or 
 of the French nation collectively con- 
 sidered. The following accoimt has 
 been given of the origin of this 
 name : — 
 
 jg^ " When the French took the city 
 of Aras from the Spaniards, under Louis 
 XIV., after a long and most desperate 
 siege, it wns remembered that Nostrada- 
 mus had said, — 
 
 ' T-cs anciens crapauds prendront Sara' 
 (The ancient toads shall Sara take). 
 
 This line was then applied to this event 
 in a very roundabout manner. Sara is 
 Aras backw.ard. By the ancient toads 
 were meant the French : as that nation 
 formerlv had for its armorial bearings 
 three of tho.se odious reptiles instead of 
 the three flowers-de-luce which it now 
 bears." Seward's Anecdotes. 
 
 fl^ In Elliott's " Hor-cB Apocalyp- 
 tic ae " (vol. iv. p. 64, ed. 1S47), maybe 
 
 j^- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations^ 
 
CRA 
 
 87 
 
 CRO 
 
 found a very full presentation of the 
 reasons for believing that three toads, 
 or three trogs, were the old arms of 
 France. 
 
 Crayon, G-Soffrey, Esq. A pseu- 
 donym under ^vllit•h Washington Ir- 
 ving published "Tlie Sketch-book." 
 
 Crazy Poet. See Mad Poet. 
 
 Creakle, Mr. A tyrannous school- 
 master in Dickens's novel of " David 
 Coppertield; " represented as bully- 
 ing the little David's incipient man- 
 liness out of him. 
 
 Creole State. A name sometimes 
 given to the State of Louisiana, in 
 which the descendants of the original 
 French and Spanish settlers consti- 
 tute a large proportion of the popu- 
 lation. 
 
 Crescent City. A popular name for 
 the city of New Orleans, the older 
 portion of which is built around the 
 convex side of a bend of the Missis- 
 sippi Kivcr. In the progress of its 
 growth up-stream, however, the city 
 bas now so extended itself as to lill 
 the hollow of a curve in the oppo- 
 site direction, so that the river-front 
 
 • presents an outline resembling the 
 character 5. 
 
 Cres'si-da. The heroine of Shake- 
 speare's play, " Troilusand Cressida," 
 founded upon Chaucer's " Troilus 
 and Cresseide ; " represented as beau- 
 tiful, witty, and accomplished, but 
 impure. 
 
 4®=" " It is well known that there is no 
 trace of the particular story of ' Troilus 
 and Cressida ' among the ancients. I find 
 not so much as the name Cressida once 
 mentioned." Knig/U. 
 
 Cre-u'sa. [Gr. Kpeovaa.] ( Gr. (f Boju. 
 Myth.) A daughter of Priam and 
 Hecuba, and the wife of iEnoas, who 
 became by her the father of Ascanius. 
 When ^neas made his escape from 
 the flames of Troy, with his father 
 Anchises and his son Ascanius, she 
 folloM'cd him, but was unable to keep 
 him in sight, and became lost in the 
 streets of the city. 
 
 So when ^Tineas throup;li the flames of Troy 
 Bore liis i)ule sire, and led liis lovely boy ; 
 With loiti'riivjT step the fair ('jy-ii.'<(i stayed, 
 And death involved her in eternal shade. 
 
 Darwin. 
 
 CrSy'ton, Paul (-tn). A pseudonym 
 of J. T. Trowbridge, a popular Am(3ri- 
 can novelist of the present day. 
 
 Crichton, The Admirable (kri'(n). 
 James Crichtou, a Scottish gentleman 
 of the sixteenth century, who, at the 
 early age of tburteen, took his degree 
 of Master of Arts, and was considered 
 a prodigy, not only in abilities, but 
 in actual attainments. [Written also 
 Creighton.] 
 
 The editor of the translation before us has 
 collected some anecdotes, one of which is trulv 
 singular, and calls to mind the inarvelou'a 
 Btories which are told of the Admirable Creigh- 
 ton.^ Edin. Rev. 
 
 He [Keyserlin^] carried off all manner of 
 collejre prizes, and was the Admirable Crich- 
 ton of Kiinigsberg University and the gradu- 
 ates there. Carlyle. 
 
 Crisp. One of the names of Puck, or 
 Robin Goodfellow. 
 
 Cris'pin. 1. The patron of shoe-mak- 
 ers, represented as such in the cere- 
 monial processions of the craft. He is 
 also worshiped as a saint and martyr 
 by the Catholic clun-ch. About the 
 middle of the third centurj^, under the 
 reign of Diocletian, Crispin, with his 
 brother Crispian, accompanied St. 
 Quentin when he preached the gospel 
 in France. The two brothers settled 
 at Soissons, and, while pursuing their 
 mission, supported themselves by 
 making shoes, until their martyr- 
 dom, A. D. 287. 
 
 2. The name of a valet in French 
 comedy ; — popularly used to desig- 
 nate a wag or jester. 
 
 Cris'pin-Cat'i-line. A nickiiame 
 fastened by IMirabeau upon D'Es- 
 pre^me^nil, in ridicule of his conspira- 
 cies. He seems to have thought the 
 name of Catiline alone too respect- 
 able, and therefore prefixed that of 
 Crispin, which probably alludes to a 
 comedy in one act, pul)lished in 1707 
 by Le Sage, and called " Crispin the 
 Rival of his INIaster." The story 
 turns on the tricks of Crispin to gain 
 the affections of his master's mistress. 
 
 Note further our old Parlementary fiiend 
 Crinjiin-Cutiline d'Espremeiiil. Carlyle. 
 
 Criss Kringle. See Kkiss Kkingle. 
 
 Croaker. A character in Goldsmith's 
 comedy, " The Good-natured i\Ian; " 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
CRO 
 
 88 
 
 CUB 
 
 intended as a caricature on men who 
 are always tilled with groundless 
 and ludicrous apprehensions. 
 
 The vouii); travi'ler cxpecteil a hurst of in- 
 di'Tiiatiim; but whutht-r, as <^Vf)'(/,v;siys, . . . 
 our hcn> hail exliaustod hiinsflf iu t'rt'ttiiig 
 away his misfi)rtuncs Ijeforehaud. so that lie 
 did not ti't'i tlu'Mi when they actuallv arrived, 
 or whi'thcr ho found the comnauym which 
 lie was placed too eon;;enial to lead him to re- 
 pine at an v thin-; which delayed his journey, 
 it is certain that he uubmitted to his lot with 
 much re8i;^nation. Sir IV. Sc-ott. 
 
 Cro'cus. [Gr. Kp6>co?.] ( Gr. if Rom. 
 Myth.) A young man who was en- 
 amored of the nvniph Smilax, and 
 was ehan!;:ed by ("lie i^ods into a sat- 
 fron-plant, because he loved without 
 being loved again. 
 
 Croe'sus. [Gr. Kporo-o?.] The last 
 king of Lydia, and the richest nian 
 of his time. 
 
 Crof tan-gry, Chrys'tal. A pseudo- 
 nym of Sir \Valtcr Scott ; the name of 
 the imaginary editor of his " Chroni- 
 cles of the Canongate." 
 
 Cro'nos. [(ir. Kpow?.] {Gr. Myth.) 
 The youngest of the Titans; iden- 
 titied ' by the Romans with Saturn. 
 See Saturn. 
 
 Crow-de'ro (9). [From crowd, an 
 ancient kind of violin.] A tiddler 
 who figures in Butler's " Hudibras." 
 
 To confirm him in this favorable opinion,! 
 hejran to execute such a complicated flourish 
 as t thoujrht must have turned Crowlero into 
 a pillar of stone with envy and wonder. 
 
 6"(c ir. Scott. 
 
 Crowe, Captain. A celebrated nauti- 
 cal personage in Smollett's " Adven- 
 tures of Sir Launcelot Greaves." 
 
 jgg^ •' Captaia Crowe had coQinianded 
 a merchant ship ia the Mediterranean 
 trade for many years, and saved some 
 money by dint of frugality and trafi&c. 
 He was an excellent seaman, — brave, ac- 
 tive, friendly in his way, and scrupulously 
 honest ; but as little acquainted with the 
 world as a sucking child ; whimsical, im- 
 patient, and so impetuous that he could 
 not help breaking in upon the conversa- 
 tion, whatever it might be, with repeated 
 interruptions, that seemed to burst from 
 him by involuntary impulse. When he 
 himself attempted to speak, he never 
 finished his period, but made such a 
 number of abrupt transitions that his 
 discourse seemed to be an unconnected 
 series of unfinished sentences, the mean- 
 ing of which it was not easy to decipher." ! 
 
 SmoUttt. I 
 
 Crowfield, Christopher. A pseudo- 
 nym of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. 
 
 Crowquill, A. A pseudonym adopt- 
 ed by Alfred Henry Forrester (b. 
 1805), a popular English humorist 
 of the i)re.sent day. 
 
 Cruramles, Mr. (kruni'lz). The ec- 
 centric manager of a theatrical com- 
 pany in Dickens's novel of " Xicho- 
 las Nickleby." 
 
 Cru'soe, Rob'in-son (-sn). The hero 
 of i)e Foe's great iu»vel; a shi])- 
 wrecked sailor who for many years 
 leads a solitary existence on an unin- 
 habited island of the tropics, and 
 who alleviates his long reclusion by 
 an inexhaustible prodigality of con- 
 trivance. 
 
 >e!^ De Foe founded this story upon 
 the adventures of Alexander Selkirk yb. 
 1676), a Scottish sailor who was left on 
 the uninliabited island of Juan Fernandez 
 in 1704. by his captain, one Straddling, 
 to whom he had given some cause of of- 
 fense. Here he resided for four years and 
 four months, when he was rescued by 
 Captain Woods Rogers, and taken to 
 England. De Foe has often been charged 
 witli having surreptitiously taken the 
 story of Crusoe from the papers of Selkirk; 
 but he can have borrowed little bi-yond 
 the mere idea of a man being left alone 
 on a desert isle, there being scaicely any 
 thing common to the adventures of the 
 real and the fictitious soUtary. 
 
 There are Robinson Critsoes in the moral an 
 well as physical world . . . : men cii-st on 
 desert islands of thought and speculation; 
 without companionship; without worldly re- 
 sources; forced to arm and clothe themselves 
 out of the remains of shipwrecked hopes, and 
 to make a home for their solitary hearts in 
 the nooks and comers of imagination and 
 reading. Leujh Hunt. 
 
 What man does not remember with resrret 
 the first time that he read Rohitison Cruxo,' f 
 
 Jlacaulai/. 
 
 It soon became evident to me, that, like 
 Robin-wn CYusoe with his boat, I had begun 
 on too large a scale, and that, to launch my 
 history successt'ully, I must reduce its propor- 
 tions. }V. Irving. 
 
 Crystal Hills. An old name for the 
 White Mountains, in New Hamp- 
 shire, sometimes used by modern 
 writers. 
 
 We had passed 
 The hiirh source of the Saco; and, bewildered 
 In the dwarf spruce-belts of the Cn/stnl //(7/.<. 
 Had heard above us, like a voice in the cloud, 
 Theliorn of Fabyan sounding. U'/titticr. 
 
 Cu'bit-op'o-lis. S^e Mesopotamia. 
 
 OS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
CUD 
 
 89 
 
 CUT 
 
 Cuddie, Headrigg. See Headrigg, 
 
 Ctddik. 
 Cuffee, or Cuffey. A familiar or 
 coiitL'inj)tuous name api)lii;cl to ne- 
 groes. The word is saitl to be of 
 African origin, and it has been borne 
 as a surnanie. See Sambo. 
 
 Africa alone, of all nations, — though Turkey 
 has a leaning that way, — setn up fatness as a 
 etandaril of beauty. But Cnfi't'// is not ac- 
 knowledired by the rest of the world as the 
 arbiter eU<iantiaruin. Putiiuiii'g Men/. 
 
 Cunc-ta'tor. [I.at., the dela^-er.] A 
 surname given to the ilhistrious Ro- 
 man general, ()nintus Kabius INIaxi- 
 mus Verrucosus (d. u. c. 2();3), on ac- 
 count of his cautious but salutary 
 measures in opposing the progress of 
 Hannibal. He avoided all direct 
 engagements, tantalized the enemy 
 with marches and counter-marches, 
 watched his movements with imre- 
 mitting vigilance, cut off his strag- 
 glers and foragers, and compelled 
 him to weary his allies by necessary 
 exactions, and to dishearten his sol- 
 diers by fruitless maneuvers, while 
 Rome gained by the delay, and as- 
 sembled her forces in greater strength. 
 
 If Wellinfrton found it judicious to play the 
 Cunctutor in PortURnl and Spain, he would 
 hardly have followed the Fabian tactics, if he 
 had met the French in England. Szabad. 
 
 Cun6gonde, Mmle. (kii'nft'gond', 
 34-, 62). The mistress of Candide in 
 Voltaire's novel of this name. 
 
 Bright goddess [the moon], if thou art not 
 too busy with Candid and Minx Cnner/iaid's 
 affairs, take Tristram Shandy's under thiv pro- 
 tection also. AVe/-He. 
 
 Ca'pid. [Lat. Cupido.'] ( Gr. (.f Rom. 
 Myth.) The son of Mars and Venus; 
 the god of love. He was the con- 
 stant companion of his mother, and, 
 armed with bow and arrows, he shot 
 the darts of desire into the bosoms 
 of both gods and men. He was rep- 
 resented as a winged child or youth, 
 and often with a bandage covering 
 his eyes. 
 
 Cu'ran. A courtier, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of " Lear." 
 
 Curate of Meudon (mo'don', 43, 62). 
 [Fr. La Cure de Mtwlon.'] A name 
 by which Rabelais (1483-1553), the 
 French satirjt^t, is often refei-red to. 
 He was, during the latter part of his 
 life, the parish priest of Meudon. 
 
 Cu'ri-ft'ti-i (0,23). Three Albanian 
 brothers, who, according to an old 
 Roman legend, fouglit, in the time 
 of Tullus llostilius, with three Ro- 
 man brothers, the lioratii, and were 
 conquered by the cunning and brav- 
 ery of one of them. 
 
 Cu'ri-o. A gentleman attending on 
 the Duke of lllvria in Shakespeare's 
 " Twelfth Nigirt." 
 
 Curious Impertinent, The. [Sp. 
 
 El Curiuso lmptrtin{'tit(\^ The title 
 of a " novel " or tale introduced by 
 Cervantes into his "Don (Quixote" 
 by way of episode, and a designation 
 of one of the characters in it, an 
 Italian gentleman who is foolish 
 enough to make trial of his wife's 
 virtue — of which he is firmly con- 
 vinced — by persuading a trusted 
 friend to seem to lay siege to it. He 
 suffers the deserved penalty of his 
 impertinent curiosity in the treach- 
 ery of his friend and the intidelity of 
 his wife. 
 
 Ctir-ta'na. [It., the short ener; — so 
 called from its being used to cut off 
 heads.] 1. The sword of Ogier the 
 Dane. 
 
 2. The sword of Edward the Con- 
 fessor, which is borne before the 
 kings of England at their coronation. 
 It has a blunted edge as being em- 
 blematical of mercy, and is carried 
 between the swords of justice tempo- 
 ral and justice spiritual. 
 
 Cur'ti-o (kur'shi-o). A servant to 
 Petruchio, in Shakespeare's " Tam- 
 ing of the Shrew." 
 
 Cutpurse, Moll, or Mall. A pseudo- 
 nym of ^lary Frith, a notorious char- 
 acter frequently mentioned or allud- 
 ed to by the older English writers. 
 She is the heroine of IMiddletiHi's 
 comedy entitled " The Roaring Girl," 
 and is introduced by Kat. Field, a 
 contemporary dramatist, in his piece 
 called " Amends for Ladies." 
 
 Cuttle, Captain. A character in 
 Dickens's " Dombey and Son," com- 
 bining great humor, eccentricity, and 
 pathos. He is distinguished for his 
 simplicity, credulity, and generous 
 trustfulness. One of his famous ex- 
 
 and for the lieuiarks and Ru'es to which the numbers after cei-tain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
CYB 
 
 90 
 
 CYT 
 
 pressions is, " When found, make a 
 note of." 
 
 Are there any of you, my readers, who have 
 not rciid the " Life of Kohert Hall" t If so, in 
 the words of the great Caiitain ( 'utfir, " Wlien 
 (oiiiid, make u note of it. Never mind what 
 your tlieologieal opinion is, . . . send for 
 Koli.Tt Hull. SirE. JUtlwer Lytton. 
 
 Cyb'e-le. {Rom. Myth.) Thedau^di- 
 tcr <tf C'fL'liis and Tirra, and tlic wife 
 of Saturn ; the same as the lihtu 
 and 0/As- of the (jreeks. She is rep- 
 resented as wearing a mural erown, 
 and riding in a chariot drawn by 
 lion.s, or seated on a throne with lions 
 at her side. [Called also Bona Dta 
 and Afutlier of the Uods.] 
 
 Mi»ht she the wise Latona be, 
 Or the towered C'l/bele, 
 Mother of a hundred gods? 
 Juno dares not give her odds. ililton. 
 She looks a sea-Ci/hele, fresh from ocean, 
 
 Rising with her tiara of proud towers. 
 At airy dist:ince, with majestic motion, 
 A riiler of the waters and their powers. 
 
 Byron (on Feni'ce). 
 
 Cy 'clops. [Lat. Cycb'pes, Gr. Kv/cAoj- 
 Tre?, the round-eyed.] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) A gigantic one-eyed race of 
 men inhabiting the sea-coasts of Si- 
 cily, sons of Ctelus and Terra. Ac- 
 cording to Hesiod, they were three in 
 number, and their names were Arges, 
 Steropes, and Brontes. Homer de- 
 scribes them as wild, insolent, law- 
 less shepherds, who devoured human 
 beings. A later tradition represents 
 them as Vulcan's assistants in fabri- 
 cating the thunderbolts of Jupiter. 
 See Polyphemus. 
 
 Cyl-le'ni-us. [Gr. KvAATyvio?.] (Gr. 
 ff- Rom. Jfyth.) A surname of Mer- 
 cury, derived from ]Mount Cyllene. in 
 Arcadia, where he was born. 
 
 CymTDe-line, or Cym'be-line. A 
 legendary or mythical king of Brit- 
 ain, and the hero of Shakespeare's 
 play of the same name. 
 
 Cyn'o-sure. [Lat. Cynosurn, Gr. 
 
 Kvi'otroupa.] (6'/". i^- Rom. Myth.) An 
 Ida-an nymph, and one of the nurses 
 of Jupiter, wh(» placed her in the 
 constellation Ursa Minor, an the pole- 
 star. 
 
 Towers and battlements it sees 
 Hosomed high in tutted trees. 
 Where perhaps some beauty lies. 
 The Cynosure of neighboring eyes. 
 
 MUon. 
 
 Cyn'thi-a. [Gr. KwOia.] } ( Gr. t/ 
 Cyn'thi-us. [Gr. Ku^etos.] \ Rom. 
 Myth.) Surnames respectively of Di- 
 ana and Apollo. — hence iijjplied to the 
 sun and moon, — derived from Mount 
 Cynthus, in the island of Delos. their 
 birthplace. See Apollo. Diana. 
 
 Even Cynthia looks haggard of an after- 
 noon, as we may see her sonietimes in the 
 present winter season, with Phccbus staring 
 her out of countenance from the ojjposite side 
 of tlie heavens. Tfinckeruy- 
 
 Cyp'a-ris'sus. [Gr. KuTrapto-o-o?.] {Gr. 
 tf Rom. Myth.) A beautiful youth, 
 beloved by Apollo, whose favorite 
 stag he inadvertently killed, in con- 
 sequence of which immoderate grief 
 seized upon him, and he was meta- 
 morphosed into a cypress. 
 
 Cy-re'ne. [Gr. KvpTjioj.] ( Gr. (f Rom. 
 Myth.) A water-nymph, the mother 
 of Arista?us. Her residence under tlie 
 Peneus, and the visit of her son to her, 
 are described in a beautiful episode in 
 the fourth book of Virgil's ''Geor- 
 gics." 
 
 Cy-the'ra. [Gr. Ki)0>jpa.] ) ( Gr. (f 
 
 Cyth''e-re'a. [Gr. Kveepeia.] ) Riym. 
 Myth. ) Different forms of a surname 
 of Venus, derived from the town ot 
 Cythera, in Crete, or the isle of Cy- 
 thera, where the goddess was said to 
 have first landed, and where she had 
 a celebrated temple. 
 
 Violets dim. 
 But sweeter than the lids of Juno's ej'es. 
 Or Cyt/ierea's breath. Shak: 
 
 For the " Key to the Schenae of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanatioui, 
 
D^ 
 
 91 
 
 DAM 
 
 D, 
 
 Daed'a-lus (17). [Gr. AatSaAo?.] {Gr. 
 ij'- Rum. Myth.) A most ingenious 
 artist of Athens, who tbrnied the 
 famous Cretan labyrinth, and who, 
 by the help of wings which lie con- 
 structed, tied from Crete across the 
 ^gean Sea, to escape the resentment 
 of Alinos. He was thought to be the 
 inventor of carpentry and of most of 
 its tools, such as the saw, the ax, the 
 gimlet, and the like. See IcAuus. 
 
 Da'gon. [A diminutive of the Heb. 
 t/a^, a tish.] (Myth.) A Phoeniciau 
 or Syrian divinity, who, according 
 to the Bible, had richly adorned tem- 
 ples in several of the Philistine cities. 
 In profane history, the name by which 
 he is known is JJtrcttu. He is repre- 
 sented as having the face and hands 
 of a man and the tail of a fish ; and 
 he seems to have been generally re- 
 garded as a symbol of fertility and 
 reproduction. See ^MfZ/yes xvi. 23 ; 1 
 Sam. v. 4. 
 
 Next came one 
 Who mourned in earnest, when the captive 
 
 ark 
 Mainu'd his brute image, head and hands 
 
 lopped off 
 In his own temple, on the grunsel edge. 
 Where he fell flat, and shamed his worship- 
 ers: 
 Dufjon his name; sea-monster, upward man 
 And downward fish: yet hud his temple high 
 Reared in Azotus, dreaded tlirough the coast 
 Of Palestine, in Gath aiid Ascalon, 
 And Accaron and Gaza's frontier bounds. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Dag'o-net, Sir. The attendant fool 
 of King Arthur. [Written also 
 Daguenet.] 
 
 I was then Sir Dagonet in Arthur's show. 
 
 Skuk. 
 
 Dal-gar'no, Lord. A prominent 
 character in Sir Walter Scott's " For- 
 tunes of Nigel; " a profligate young 
 Scottish lord, thoroughly heartless 
 and shameless, who earned " the 
 craft of gray hairs under his curled 
 love-locks." 
 
 Dal-get'ty, Rittmaster Dii'gaid. 
 A mercenary soldier of fortune in Sir 
 Walter Scott's " Legend of jNIont- 
 rose," distinguished for his pedantry, 
 conceit, cool intrepiduy, vulgar as- 
 
 surance, knowledge of the world, 
 greediness, and a hundred other 
 qualities, making him one of the 
 most amusing, admirable, and nat- 
 ural characters ever drawn by the 
 hand of genius. 
 
 ^^ " The general idea of the charac- 
 ter is familiar to our tomic dmniatists 
 after the Restoration, atid may be said in 
 some nieiisure to be ( onipounded of Cap- 
 tain Fluellen and Bobadil ; but the ludi- 
 crous conibiuation of the soldada with 
 the divinity student of Mareschal College 
 is entirely original." Jfffrey. 
 
 Our second remark is of the circimistance 
 that no Historian or Kiirrator, neither Schil- 
 ler, Strada, Thuanus, Monroe, nor Ijv(/<ttd 
 Dal^etty, makes any mention of Ahasner's 
 having been present at the battle of J-iitzen. 
 
 C ariyle. 
 
 He [a hack author] lets out his pen to the 
 highest bidder, as Captain Ualgcttj/ kt out his 
 sword. J'J. 1'. Whipple. 
 
 Damis (da'me'). A character in 
 Moliere's comedy of '' Tartufie," dis- 
 tinguished by his self-willed impetu- 
 osity. 
 
 Dam'o-clS§. [Gr. Aa/uoKAf/?.] A 
 courtier of the elder Dionysius, the 
 tyrant of Syracuse. Having extolled 
 tlie happiness caused by the pos- ses- 
 sion of wealth and power, iJionysins 
 gave him a striking illustration of the 
 real nature of such seeming happiness, 
 by placing him at a table loaded with 
 delicacies, and surrounded b}* all I he 
 insignia of royalty, but, in the midst 
 of his magnificent banquet, Danio- 
 cles, chancing to h.ok upward, .aw 
 a sharp and naked sword sui-pended 
 over his head by a f-ingle horse-luiir. 
 A sight so alarming instantly changed 
 his views of the felicity of kings. 
 
 Like Damocles at liis cclebrsitpd bniiqiict, 
 Rebecca perpetually beheld, snuid the jior- 
 geous display, the sword which wassu.'^pended 
 over the heads of her people by a single hnir. 
 .S'jV W. Scott. 
 On what X'amocfe'?- hairs must the judg- 
 ment-sword hang over this distracted earth. 
 
 ( 'arhjle. 
 
 Da-raoe'-tas. A herdsman in Theoc- 
 ritus and Virgil ; hence, any herds- 
 man or rustic. 
 
 Rough satyrs danced, and fauns with cloven 
 lieel 
 
 a»d for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
DAM 
 
 92 
 
 DAN 
 
 From the glad sound would not be absent 
 
 lonjj ; 
 And old iJamcetas loved to hear our song. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Da'raSn. [Gr. Ad/xwr.] 1. A noble 
 rvtluxi^orean of Syracuse, memorable 
 fur lii.s I'rieiulship lur I'ythias, or 
 Phintias, a member of the same sect. 
 The latter, liaviiif; been condemned 
 to death b\' Dionysius 1., the tyrant 
 of Syracuse, begji^ed leave to go home 
 for the pui-pose of arranging his af- 
 fairs, Damon pledging his own life 
 for the return of his friend. Dio- 
 nysius consented, and Pythias came 
 back just in season to save Damon 
 from death. Struck by so rare and 
 noble an example of mutual friend- 
 ship, the tyrant pardoned Pythias, 
 and entreated to be admitted as a 
 third into their sacred fellowship. 
 
 2. A goat-herd in the third Eclogue 
 of Virgil ; hence, any rustic or swain. 
 
 Damsel of Brittany. A name given 
 to Eleanora, daughter of Geotti-ey, 
 third son of Henry II. of England, 
 and Duke of Brittany by marriage 
 with Constance, the daughter and 
 heiress of Duke Conan 1 V. 
 
 4®= Richard, the successor of Ilenry, 
 dying without issue, the Enjrlish crown 
 rightfully devolved upon Arthur, the .<oa 
 of Geoffrey ; but .lohn, the brother of 
 Kichard, and the youngest of the sons of 
 Henry, determined to secure it to him- 
 self, lie, therefore, managed to capture 
 the young prince, his nephew, and con- 
 signed him to close custody, first in the 
 eastle of Falaise. and afterward at Rouen, 
 where he is supposed to have munlered 
 him by his own hand. Arthur being 
 dead, the next in the order of succession 
 was Eleanor, his sister. John, however, 
 obtained possession other person, carried 
 her to Kngland, and confined her in the 
 castle of Bristol, in which jjrison she re- 
 mained till her death, in 124l. 
 
 Dan'i-e. [Gr. AavaY?.] ( G?\ </• Rojn. 
 Mijth.) The daughter of Acrisius, 
 and the mother of Perseus by Jupi- 
 ter, who visited her in the fonn of a 
 shower of gold when she was shut 
 up in a tower by her father. 
 
 Da-na'i-des. [Lat.; Gr. AavaiSe?.] 
 {Gr. if l{i,m. Myth.) The fifty 
 daughters of Danaus, king of Argos, 
 betrothed to the lifty sons of ^Egyp- 
 tus, all of whom they killed on the 
 
 first night after marriage, in fulfill- 
 ment Ota promise exacted by Danaus, 
 Lynceus alone excepted, who was 
 spared by his wife ilypemniestra. 
 lier guilty sisters were punished for 
 their crime, in llades, by being com- 
 pelled everlastingly to draw water 
 out of a deep well, and pour it into a 
 ves.sel full of holes. 
 
 Dandie Dinmont. See Dinmont, 
 Dandik. 
 
 Dandin, George (zhofzh dou'dan', 58, 
 t)2, 04). The title of a comedy by Mo- 
 liere, and the name of its hero, a 
 wealthy French citizen, who has had 
 the impudence to marry a sprig of 
 quality, daughter of an old noble 
 called Monsieur de Sotenville, and 
 his no less noble spouse, Madame de 
 la Prudoterie, and who, in conse- 
 quence, is exposed at once to the 
 coquetry of a light-headed wife, and 
 to the rigorous sway of her parents, 
 who, called upon to interpose with 
 their authority, place their daughter 
 in the right, and the unhappy mtur- 
 ritr., their son-in-law, in the wrong, 
 on every appeal which is made to 
 them. Falling, in consequence of 
 this mesfilUance, into many disagree^ 
 able situations, he constantly ex- 
 claims, " Til I' as raulu, Georcjt D ni- 
 flln,'" You would have it so, George 
 Dandin. The expression has hence 
 become proverbial to denote self-in- 
 flicted pain, and the name is common- 
 ly applied to any silly, simple-minded 
 fellow. 
 
 If yon have really been fool enough to fall 
 in love there, and have a mind to play Geori/e 
 Dandin, I'll find j'ou some money for the 
 part. C. Reade. 
 
 Dandin, Perrin (per'rrin' d6"'dan', 
 62.) 1. The name of an ignorant rustic 
 judge in Kabelais, Avho heard causes 
 sitting on the first trunk of a tree 
 which he met, instead of seating him- 
 self, like other judges, on the fieurs- 
 de-lis. 
 
 2. The name of a ridiculous judge, 
 in Kacine's comedy, " LesPlaideurs," 
 and in La Fontaine's " Fables." 
 
 Dangle. A prominent character in 
 Sheridan's farce, " The Critic ; " one 
 of those theatrical amateurs who be- 
 siege a manager with impertinent 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
DAN 
 
 93 
 
 DAV 
 
 flattery and f^ratuitous advice. He 
 is said to have been iiitoiuled for a 
 Mr. Thomas Vauyhaii, author of 
 " The Hotel," an indilferently suc- 
 cessful i)lay. 
 
 Daniel, The "Well-languaged. A 
 name j;iven by William Browne 
 (15U0-l()-i5), in his " Britannia's 
 Pastorals," to the English poet 
 Samuel Daniel (1562-1619), whose 
 writings are remarkable for their 
 modern style and pervading purity 
 of taste and grace of language. 
 
 Daph'ne. [Gr. Aaf/jvrj.] ( <jr. cp Earn. 
 Mijtli.) A beautiful maiden beloved 
 by Apollo, and metamorphosed into 
 a laurel-tree while attempting to es- 
 cape from him. 
 
 Naj', lady, sit; if I but wave this wand, 
 Your nerves are all chained up in alabaster, 
 And you a statue, or, as Daphne was, 
 Koot-bound, that fled Apollo. Milton. 
 
 Daph'nis. [Gr. Aa(f)i'is.] ( Gr. ^^ Rom. 
 Myth.) A beautiful young Sicilian 
 shepherd, a son of Mercury. He was 
 the inventor of bucolic poetry, and a 
 favorite of Pan and Apollo. 
 
 Dapper. A clerk in " The Alchemist," 
 a play by Ben Jonson. 
 
 This reminds us of the extreme doting at- 
 tachment which the queen of the fairies is rep- 
 resented to have taken for Diqyper. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Dapple. The name of Sancho's ass, 
 in Cervantes's romance of " Don 
 Quixote." 
 
 Dar'by and Joan. A married couple 
 said to have lived, more than a cen- 
 tury ago, in the village of Healaugh, 
 in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and 
 celebrated for their long life and con- 
 jugal felicity. They are the hero 
 and heroine of a ballad called " The 
 Happy Old Couple," which has been 
 attributed to Prior, but is of uncer- 
 tain authorship. Timperley says that 
 Darby was a printer in Bartholomew 
 Close, who died in 1730, and that 
 the ballad was MTitten by one of his 
 apprentices by the name of Henry 
 Woodfall. 
 
 Yon niJKht have sat, like Darby and Jonn, 
 and flattered each other; and liilled and cooed 
 like a pair of pigeons on a perch. Thackeray. 
 
 Indeed now, if you would but condescend 
 to forgive and forget, perhaps some day or 
 other we mav be Dartiii and .Joan, — only, you 
 Bee, just at this moment I am really not worthy 
 of such a Juan. Sir E. Jiulwer Lytton. 
 
 Dar'da-nus, [Gr. Aap5avo5.] ( Gr. if 
 Rom. M ijlli.) 'i'he son of Jupiter and 
 Elect ra of Arcadia, and ancestor of 
 the royal race of Troy. 
 
 Da'res (U). One of the competitors at 
 the funeral games of Anchises in 
 Sicily, described in the tifth book of 
 Virgil's " vEneid." He was over- 
 come at the combat of the cestus by 
 Entellus. 
 
 A Trojan combat would be something new: 
 I^et Dares beat Entellus black and blue. 
 
 Coicper. 
 
 Dark and Bloody Ground, The. 
 
 An expression often used in allusion 
 to Kentucky, of which name it is 
 Faid to be' the translation. The 
 phrase is an epitome of the early 
 history of the State, of the dark and 
 bloody contlicts of the tirst white 
 settlers with their savage foes; but 
 the name originated in the iact that 
 this was the grand battle-ground 
 between the northern and southern 
 Indians. 
 
 Dark Day, The. May 19, 1780; — 
 so called on account of a remarkable 
 darkness on that day extending over 
 all New England. In some places, 
 persons could not see to read common 
 print in the open air ibr several hours 
 together. Birds sang their evening 
 song, disappeared, and became silent; 
 fowls went to roost; cattle sought the 
 barn-yard ; and candles were lighted 
 in the houses. The obscuration be- 
 gan about ten o'clock in the morn- 
 ing, and continued till the middle of 
 the next night, but with ditferences 
 of degree and duration in ditlerent 
 places. For several days previous, 
 the wind had been variable, but 
 chiefly from the southwest and the 
 northeast. The true cause of this re- 
 markable phenomenon is not known. 
 
 David. See Jonathan. 
 
 DaVus. The name commonly given 
 to slaves in Latin comedies. The 
 proverb, '■'■ Davus sum., mm CEih'pus,^^ 
 I am Davus, not (Edipus, (that is, a 
 simple servant, not a resolver of rid- 
 dles,) occurs in Terence. 
 
 Da'vy. Servant to Shallow, in the 
 Second Part of Shakespeare's " King 
 Henry IV." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to whieh the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
DAV 
 
 94 
 
 DEA 
 
 Old Gudyill nssocintod himself with a party 
 BO much to his taste, pretty much as Davy in 
 the revels of his master, Justice Shallow. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Davy Jones. See Jones, Davy. 
 
 Daw'son, Bully (-sn). A noted Lon- 
 don sharper, s\v'at,'^a'rer, and de- 
 bauchee, especially in IMacktViars and 
 its infamous purlieus, lie lived in 
 the seventeenth century, and was a 
 contemporary ot" IJochester and Eth- 
 erege. An allusion to him occurs in 
 the " Spectator," No. 2. 
 
 Tom brown had a slirewder insight into 
 this kind of cliaracter than either of his pred- 
 ecessors, lie divides the palm more equably, 
 and allows his hero a sort of dimidi ite pre- 
 eminence: — " Jliilhi Ihiirson kicked by half 
 the town, and half tlic town kicked bv' /iiil/ij 
 Dawiion." This was true retributive justice. 
 C/iarIr<f Lainh. 
 
 "When, in our cooler moments, we reflect on 
 his [Homer's] Jove-protected warriors, his in- 
 vulnerable Achilles, they dwindle into insig- 
 nificance, and we are ready to exclaim, in the 
 quaint laiiguage of another, " /iulli/ Ddivxoii 
 would have fougnt the Devil witii such ad- 
 vantages." Jones Very. 
 
 Day of Barricades. [Fr. Journce des 
 £urrir',(/c.^.] {Fr. f/ist.) 1. May 
 12, 1588, on which day the Duke of 
 Guise entered Paris, when Henry III., 
 at his instigation, consented to take 
 severe measures against the ' [ugue- 
 nots, on the promise that th ■ duke 
 would assist him in purging Paris of 
 strangers and obnoxious persons. No 
 sooner, however, was an attempt 
 made to carry out this plan, than the 
 populace arose, erected barricades, 
 and attacked the king's troops wath 
 irresistible fury. Henry III., having 
 requested the Duke of Guise to put a 
 stop to the conflict, fled from Paris, 
 and the moment the duke showed 
 himself to the people, they pulled 
 down the barricades. 
 
 2. August 2G, 1G48 ; — so called on 
 account of a riot, instigated by the 
 leaders of the Fronde, which took 
 place in Paris on that day. 
 
 Day of Corn-sacks. [Fr. Journee 
 (/es FiiriiH'S.] {Fr. flist.) A name 
 given to the 3d of January, 151)1, 
 from an attempt made by Henry IV. 
 to surprise Paris on that day. Some 
 of his officers, disguised as corn- 
 dealers, with sacks on their shoul- 
 ders, endeavored to get possession of 
 the gate St. Honore ; but they Avere 
 
 recognized, and obliged to make a 
 hasty retreat. 
 Day of Dupes. [Fr. Journee des 
 JJnj)es.] (Fr. Hist.) 1. A name 
 given to the 11th of November, l(j;iO, 
 in allusion to a celeljrated imbroglio 
 by which the opponents of the prime 
 minister Richelieu — at the head of 
 whom were Maria de' Medici and 
 Anne of Austria — Avere completely 
 worsted in an attempt to ettect lii.s 
 removal trom office, and the power 
 of the cardinal was estabhshed upon 
 a firmer basis than ever. 
 
 Richelieu himself could not have taken a 
 gloomier view of things, when his levees were 
 deserted, and his power seemed annihilated 
 before the Day of Jjujjcs. 
 
 Sir E. Buhver Liitton. 
 
 2. Angnst 4th, 1789; — so called 
 on account of the renunciation by the 
 nobles and clergy in the French 
 National Convention of their peculiar 
 immunities and feudal rights. 
 
 Day of Gold Spurs. [Fr. Journee 
 des Eperons d 0/:] See Battle of 
 Spuhs. 
 
 Day of the Sections. [Fr. Journee 
 des Sections] (Fr. Ilist.) The name 
 commonly given to an affray which 
 occuiTed on the 4th of October, 1793, 
 between the troops under the control 
 of the Convention and the National 
 Guard acting in the interest of the 
 sections of Paris. The contest re- 
 sulted in the success of the Conven- 
 tion. 
 
 Dean of St. Patrick's. A title of 
 Jonathan Swift (1667-1745), the cele- 
 brated English satirist, by which he 
 is often referred to. The deanery of 
 St. Patrick's is in Dublin. Swift 
 was appointed to the place in 1713, 
 and retained it until his death. 
 
 Deans, Douce Da'vie. A poor cow- 
 feeder at Edinburgh, and the father 
 of Effie and Jeanie Deans, in Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel. " The Heart 
 of ^lid-Eothian." He is remarkable 
 for his religious peculiarities, for his 
 magnanimity in affliction, and his 
 anuising absurdities in prosperity. 
 
 Deans, Effie. A cliaracter in Scott's 
 " Heart of Mid-Lothian," whose lover 
 abandons her after eflecting her ruin. 
 
 SS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
DEA 
 
 95 
 
 DEL 
 
 Deans, Jean'ie. The heroine of 
 Scott's "Heart of Mid - Lothian." 
 The circumstances of her history are 
 based upon tacts coninuinicated to 
 the author by a correspondent. 
 
 iKij" "■ She is a pcrtect model of sober 
 heroism ; of the union of good sense with 
 strong affections, tirui principles, and 
 perfect disinterestedness ; and of the 
 calm superiority to misfortune, danger, 
 and difficulty, which such a union must 
 create.'' Senior. 
 
 ^V\■ follow the travelers fin the " Pilfrrini's 
 Pr<>;,'resr; "] throutrh their allefroricul pro-rress 
 with interest not inferior to that with which 
 we follow Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow, 
 orJeanic Deaiis from Edinburgh to London. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Debatable Land, The. A tract of 
 land on the western border of Eng- 
 land and Scotland, between the Esk 
 and Sark, which was at one time 
 claimed by both kingdoms, and was 
 afterward divided between them. It 
 was long the residence of thieves and 
 banditti, to whom its dubious state 
 attbrded a refuge. 
 
 Decree of Fontainebleau (fon'tan- 
 blu'). {Fr. Hist.) An edict of the 
 Emperor Napoleon L, dated at Fon- 
 tainebleau, October 18, 1810, ordering 
 the burning of all English goods. 
 
 Dedlock, Sir LSices'ter (les^ter). 
 A character in Dickens's novel of 
 " Bleak House." '' He is an honor- 
 able, obstinate, truthful, high-spirit- 
 ed, intensely prej udiced, perfectly un- 
 reasonable man." 
 
 Deerslayer. The hero of Cooper's 
 novel of the same name. 
 
 ;S;'^"This character ... is the au- 
 thor's ideal of a chivalresque manhood, 
 of the grace which is the natural flower 
 of pnritv and virtue; not the Stoic, but 
 the Christian of the woods, the man of 
 honorable act and sentiment, of courage 
 and truth." Diiyckinr/c. 
 
 Defender of the Faith. [Lat. Fiffei 
 f)tfV}isi>r.] A title confeiTcd, in 
 1521, by Pope Leo X. upon King 
 Henry VHL of England, in conse- 
 quence of a Latin treatise " On the 
 Seven Sacraments " Avhich the lat- 
 ter had published in confutation of 
 Luther, and had dedicated to that 
 pontiif. The title was not made 
 heritable by his heirs, and Pope Paul 
 III., in 1535, upon the king's apostasy 
 
 in turning suppressor of religiou* 
 houses, formally revoked and with- 
 drew it. Henry, however, continued 
 to use it as a part of the royal style, 
 and, in lo4;J, j)arliament annexed it 
 for ever to the crown bv stat. '6b Hen. 
 VIII. c. 3. 
 
 J^= It has been shown that the same 
 title w;us popularly applied to, or was as- 
 sumed by, some of the kings of England 
 who preceded Henry VllJ., as llichard 
 11. and Henry Vll. 
 
 Deg'o-re', Sir. [A corruption of 
 Uetjare, or Veyni-e, meaning a per- 
 son " almost lost."] The hero of a 
 romance of high antiquity, and tbr- 
 merly very popular, an abstract of 
 whicn may be seen hi Ellis's " Speci- 
 mens of tlie Early English Poets." 
 
 De-id'a-mi'5. [Gr. ATjiSaueta.] ( Gr. 
 4 Rom. Myth.) The daughter of 
 Lycomedes, king of Seyros. and the 
 mother of Pyrrhus by Achilles. 
 
 De-iph'o-bus. [Gr. Arji(i)o/3o<r.] {Gr. 
 (f- Horn. Myth.) A son of Priam and 
 llecuba. After the death of Paris, 
 he married Helen, but was betrayed 
 by her to the Greeks. Next to Hec- 
 tor, he was the bravest among the 
 Trojans. 
 
 Dej'a-ni'ra(9). [Gr. ATjlaveipa.] {Gr. 
 cf Rom. Afyth.) A daughter of 
 (Eneus, and the wife of Hercules, 
 whose death she involuntarily caused 
 by sending him a sliirt which had 
 been steeped in the poisoned blood of 
 Nessus, who falsely told her that his 
 blood would enable her to preserve 
 her husband's love. On hearing that 
 Hercules had burnt himself to death to 
 escape the torment it occasioned, she 
 killed herself in remorse and despair. 
 
 Delaunay, Le Vieomte (hi ve^ko^t' 
 d'lo'nS', 02). A nom rie plume of 
 Mme. Delphine de Girardin (1804— 
 ]8.t5), under Avhich she ])ublished her 
 best-known work, the " Parisian Let- 
 ters " {'•'•Ltttrts Pnrisienncs'"), which 
 originally appeared in "La Presse," 
 a newspaper edited by her husband, 
 Emile de Girardin. 
 
 Delectable Mountains. In Bunyan's 
 allegory of " The Pilgrim's Progress," 
 a range of hills from whose summit 
 might be seen the Celestial City. 
 
 imd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
DEL 
 
 96 
 
 DEL 
 
 " TVhen the morning was tip, they 
 had him to the top of the liouse, and 
 bid him h)oiv soutli. So he did, and 
 behold, at a great distance he .«aw a 
 most pleasant mountainous countr}', 
 beautilied with woods, vineyards, 
 fruits of all sorts, tiowers also, with 
 springs and fountains, very delectable 
 to behold. Jsi. xxxiii. IG, 17. ... 
 They then went till they came to the 
 Delectable Mountains. . . .Now there 
 were on the tops ot these mountains 
 shepherds feeding their flocks. The 
 pilgrims, therefore, went to tliem, and, 
 leaning on their staff's (as is connnon 
 Avith Aveary pilgrims when they stand 
 to talk with any by the way\ they 
 asked, ' Whose delectable mountains 
 are these, and whose be the sheep 
 that feed upon themV " The shep- 
 herds answered, " These mountains 
 are Emmanuel's land, and thoy are 
 within sight of his city, and the 
 sheep are his, and he laid down his 
 life for them." 
 
 On the Muses' hill he is happy and good as 
 one of the shepherds on the Delectable iloun- 
 tains. C/mrles Lamb. 
 
 Delia. A poetical name given by 
 the Roman poet Tilndlus (d. about 
 B. c. 18) to his lady-love, whose real 
 name is not certainly known, but is 
 thought to have been Plania (from 
 planus)., of which the Greek Dtlia 
 (from 6^Aoc, clear, manifest, plaiit) is 
 a translation. 
 
 De'li-a. [Gr. ArjAi'a.] ) ( Gr. (/• Rom. 
 
 DeTi-us. [Gr. Ar;Aios.] \ Mijth.) Sur- 
 names respectively of Diana and 
 Apollo, as bom in Delos. See 
 Delos. 
 
 Delight of Mankind. A name given 
 by his subji rts to Titus, emperor of 
 Kome (40-81), whose liV>erality, af- 
 fability, mildness, and virtuous con- 
 duct were the subject of general ad- 
 miration. 
 
 Delia Criis'cans, or Delia Crusca 
 School (del'la krws'ku). A c<il- 
 lective appellation applied to a class 
 of sentimental poetasters of both 
 sexes, which arose in England toward 
 the close of the last century, and who 
 were conspicuous for their affectation 
 and bad taste, and for their high- 
 flown paneg}'rics on one another. 
 
 Their productions consisted of odes, 
 elegies, epigrams, songs, sonnets, 
 epistles, plays, tScc. 
 
 j^-tr" Souie of these persons had. by 
 chance, beeu jumliled together for awhile 
 at Floreiue. wliore i\\f\ jmt forth a vol- 
 ume of rhiiiie.-, uiidtr the title of " The 
 Florence Misceliaiiy."' the insipidity and 
 fantastic silliness of which transcend all 
 belief. Afterward, they and a number 
 of other persons, tiieir admirers and imi- 
 tators, began to publish their effusions in 
 England, chiefly in two dailv newspapers 
 called •• The World "• and " the Oracle ; " 
 from which tliey were soon collected, and, 
 with va>t laudation, recommended to the 
 public attention in a volume entitled 
 "The Album," by Bell, the printer. An 
 end was at length put to the.-e iniinities 
 by the appearance, in 1794, of Gifford's 
 '• Baviad,'' which, in 1796, was followed 
 by its continuation, the '• Maviad." — 
 both powerful and extremely popular 
 satires, which lashed the Delia ('rusca au- 
 thors with merciless but deserved sever- 
 itv. One of the founders of this school 
 of poetry. Mr. Itobert Merry, wrote nn<ler 
 the signature of D>lia Criisrn. and this 
 name was given to the whole brood of 
 rhymsters to which he belonged, prob- 
 ably because he became the most noted 
 of them. Merry had traveled for some 
 years on the Continent, and h:id made a 
 long residence in Florence, where he wa.s 
 elected a member of the celebrated Acad- 
 emy Delia Crusra, — that is. Academy of 
 the Sieve, — which was founded for the 
 purpose of purifying and refining the 
 Italian language and style. In adopting 
 the name of this Academj' as a nom de 
 ■plume. Merry may not only have alluded 
 to the fa<'t of his membership, but very 
 possibly intended to intimate that what 
 lie should write would be quite exquisite, 
 and flee fioni chaff. It would appear that 
 Merry was not the first of these writers 
 whose lucubrations came out in " The 
 Oracle'- and "The World;" i^r^ .'i<yp 
 Gifford, " While the epidemic malady was 
 spreailing from fool tofuoi. Delia Crusca 
 came over [from Italy . and immediately 
 announced himself by a sonnet to Love. 
 Anna Matilda wrote an im oniparal lo 
 piece of nonsense in praise of it : and the 
 two ' great luminaries of the age," as Mr. 
 Bell calls them, fell desperately in love 
 with each other. From that period, i:ot 
 a day yiassed without an amatory epistle, 
 fraught with lightning and thunder, et 
 quicquid linbent telorvrn nrmamtntaria 
 call. The fever turned to frenzy : Laura, 
 Maria, Carlos, Orlando. Adelaide, and a 
 thousaad other nameless names, caught 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Ezplajiation^ 
 
DEL 
 
 97 
 
 DEM 
 
 the infection ; and from one end of the 
 kingdom to tlie other, all was nousuiisc 
 and Delia Crusca.'" Ottier writers of this 
 school, besides Merr\ , whose names have 
 been preserved, are Mr. Bertie Greathead, 
 a man of property and good family ; Mr. 
 William Parsons, another gentleman of 
 fortune ; Mr. Edward Jerningham {" The 
 Bard""), author of numerous plays and 
 poems ; Miles Peter Andrews, a writer of 
 prologues and epilogues ; Mr. Edward 
 Tophani, the proprietor of'' The World ; " 
 the Rev. Charles Este (" Morosoph Este," 
 as Gilford calls him), principal editor of 
 that paper; Mr. Joseph Weston, a small 
 magazine-critic of the day ; James Cobbe, 
 a now-forgotten farce-writer ; Frederick 
 Pilon, said to have been a player by pro- 
 fession ; a Mr. Timothy, or Thomas, Ad- 
 ney (wuo wrote under the atiagram of 
 "Mit Yenda.'" or "Mot Yonda"'); Mr. 
 Thomas Vaughan (" Edwin ") ; Mr. John 
 Williams (•'Tony — or Anthouy— Pas- 
 quin"'); the celebrated James Boswell, 
 who had not jet eskiblished his reputa- 
 tion as the prince of biogriphers ; and 
 the dramatists 0"Keefe, Morton, Rey- 
 nolds, Holcroft. Slieridan, and the Youn- 
 ger Colman, who survived and recovered 
 from their discreditable connection with 
 the Delia Cruscan folly. Of the female 
 writers of this school, the principal n:imes 
 are those of Mrs. Piozzi, the widow of 
 Johnson's friend Thrale, but at that time 
 the wife of her daughter's music-mister ; 
 Mrs. ii. Cowley (" Anna Matilda"), the 
 clever authoress of the " Belle's Strata- 
 gem ; '' and the somewhat notorious Mrs. 
 Kobinson, who, with all her levity, in- 
 tellectual as well as moral, w is not alto- 
 gether without literary talent and poeti- 
 cal feeling. In the preface to the "Mae- 
 viad," Gilford intimates that he had been 
 charged with breaking butterflies upon 
 a wheel ; but " many a man," he add.s, 
 " who now affects to pity me for wasting 
 my strength upon unresisting imbecility, 
 would, not long since, have heard these 
 poems with applause, and their praises 
 with delight."' On the other hand, the 
 great patron. Bell, the printer, accused 
 him of •• bespattering nearly all the po- 
 etical eminence of the day." " But. on 
 the whole." says Gifford, •' the clamor 
 against me was not loud, and was lost by 
 insensible degrees in the applause of such 
 as I was truly ambitious to please. Thus 
 supported, the good effects of the satire 
 (gtorioxe loquor] were not long in mani- 
 festing themselves. Delia Crusca ap- 
 peared no more in • The Oracle,' and, if 
 any of his followers ventured to treat the 
 town with a soft sonnet, it was not, as 
 before, introduced by a pompous preface. 
 
 Pope and Milton resumed their superior- 
 ity, and lOste and tiis coadjutors silently 
 ac(iuies<ed in the growing opinion of their 
 iuconip(!tency, and showed some .sense of 
 shame." 
 
 De'los. [Gr. AjjAo?.] A small island 
 ill the iEgean Sea, one of the Cyclades. 
 Here Apollo and ihaua \\ere born, 
 and here the former had a famous 
 oracle. Delos was at tirst a floating 
 island, but Neptune tixed it to the 
 bottom of the sea, that it might be a 
 secure resting-place for Latona. See 
 Latona. 
 
 Del 'phi. [Gr. AeA^oi'.] A famous 
 oracle of Apollo in Thoeis, at the foot 
 of Mount Parnassus. [I*2rroneousiy 
 written D e 1 p h o s by early English 
 writers.] 
 
 Apollo from his shrine 
 Can no more divine. 
 With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos 
 leaving. 
 No nightly trance, or breathed spell. 
 Inspires the jiale-eyed priest from the pro- 
 phetic cell. Ililton. 
 
 Delphine (del'fen'). The title of a 
 novel by Mme. de Stael (17GG-1817), 
 and the name of its heroine, whose 
 character is full of charm, and is said 
 to hav^e been an idealized picture of 
 the authoress herself. Delphine has 
 a faithless lover, and dies broken- 
 hearted. 
 
 Del'ta. The signature under which 
 David Macbeth Moir, a distinguished 
 Scottish writer (1778-1851), contrib- 
 uted a series of poems to '' Black- 
 wood's Magazine." 
 
 Del'ville, Mr. One of the guardians 
 of Cecilia, in Miss Burney's novel of 
 this name; a gentleman of wealth, 
 magnificent and ostentatious in his 
 st3de of living, and distinguished for 
 an air of haughty affability in his in- 
 tercourse with his inferiors. 
 
 Even old Delvillc received Cecilia, though 
 the daughter of a man of low birth. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 De-me'ter. [Gr. Arm^TTyp.] {Myth.) 
 One of the great divinities of the 
 Greeks, corresponding to the Certs 
 of the Romans. See Ceres. 
 
 De-moc'ri-tus, Junior. A pseu- 
 donviu under which Robert Burton 
 (157«)-1640) pid)lished his "Anatomy 
 of Melancholy," a work which pre- 
 
 and for the Remarks and RuIck to wliieh the numbers alter certain words refer, see pp. xiv-zxxii. 
 
 7 
 
DEM 
 
 98 
 
 DEV 
 
 sents, in quaint language, and with 
 many shrewd and amusing remarks, 
 a view of all the moditications of 
 that disease, and the manner of cur- 
 ing it. The name of Democritus, 
 Junior, is introduced in the inscrip- 
 tion on his monument in Christ- 
 Church Cathedral. It alludes to 
 Democritus of Abdera, the celebrated 
 " Laughing Philosopher" of antiqui- 
 ty-. See Laughing Philosophek. 
 De-mod'o-cus. [Gr. At)/x66oko5.] A 
 famous bard mentioned in Homer's 
 "Odyssey '' as delighting the guests of 
 King Alcinous, during their repast, by 
 singing the loves of Mars and Venus, 
 and tlie stratagem of the Wooden 
 Horse, by means of which the Greeks 
 gained entrance into Troy. 
 
 Tlien sin^ of secret things that came to pass 
 When beldam Nature in her cradle was; 
 And hist of kingjs, and queens, and heroes old, 
 Such as the wise Demodocus once told 
 In solemn songs at King Alcinous' feast. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 De'mo-gor'gSn. [Gr., from Saiixuiv, a 
 god, and yopy6<;, fearful.] {Myth.) 
 A formidable and mysterious deity, 
 superior to all others, mentioned by 
 Lutatius, or Lactantius, Placidus, the 
 scholiast on Statins, and made known 
 to modern readers by the account of 
 Boccaccio, in his " Genealogia Deo- 
 rum." According to Ariosto, the 
 fairies were all subject to Demogor- 
 gon, who inhabited a splendid palatial 
 temple on the Himalaya INIountains, 
 where every iifth year he summoned 
 them to appear before him, and give 
 account of their deeds. The very 
 mention of this deity's name was said 
 to be tremendous : wherefore Lucan 
 and Statins only allude to it. 
 
 Thou wast hegftt in liemwioryon'it hall. 
 And saw'st the secrets of the world unmade. 
 
 Spenser. 
 
 The dreaded name 
 Of Demorjoryon. Milton. 
 
 Derrydown Triangle. A sobriquet 
 given to Lord Castlereagh (17G9- 
 1822), afterwards Manjuess of Lon- 
 diiyndt rry, in a jiarody on the Athana- 
 sian Creed by William Hone; the 
 triangle referring, according to him, 
 to "a thing having three sides; the 
 meanest and most tinkling of all mu- 
 sical instniincnis ; machinery used in 
 militarv torture. Dictionary." See 
 
 the " Third Trial of William Hone 
 before I^ord Kllenborough," 3d edi- 
 tion, p. 'J, London, 1818. 
 
 De§'de-mo'na. The heroine of Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of" Othello," daugh- 
 ter of Brabantio, a Venetian senator, 
 and wife of Othello, a Moorish gen- 
 eral, who kills her in a groundless 
 belief of her intidelity. See Othkllo. 
 
 She was never tired of inquiring if sorrow 
 had his young days faded; and was ready to 
 listen and weep, like Des/lemona,a.t the stories 
 of his dangers and campaigns. Thackeray. 
 
 Deu-ca'li-6n. [Gr. AeuKoAtoj;'.] Gr. 
 tj'- Rum. Myth.) A son of Prome- 
 theus, king of Phthia, in Thessaly. 
 With his wife Pyrrha, he was pre- 
 served from a deluge sent upon the 
 earth by Jupiter; and he became the 
 progenitor of a new race of men, by 
 throwing stones behind him, as di- 
 rected by an oracle. From stones 
 thrown by Pyrrha there si)rang up 
 Avomen, and thus the world was re- 
 peopled. 
 
 Nor important less 
 Seemed their petition than when the ancient 
 
 pair 
 In fables old, — less ancient yet than these, — 
 Deucalion and chaste Pyrrha, to restore 
 The race of mankind" drowned, before the 
 
 shrine 
 Of Themis stood devout. Milton. 
 
 Devil, The. In the Bible, and in 
 Jewish and Christian theology, the 
 sovereign spirit of evil, who is ever 
 in active opposition to God. A ma- 
 jority of the early Christians, literal- 
 ly interpreting certain passages of 
 Scripture, regarded him as an apos- 
 tate angel, the instigator of a rebel- 
 lion among the heavenly host, and 
 their ruler in a kingdom of dark- 
 ness opposed to Christ's kingdom of 
 light. To his agency was ascribed 
 all evil, physical as well as moral; 
 and it was believed, that, for his 
 crimes, he was doomed to suffer end- 
 less torment in a material hell. Al- 
 though his power was supreme over 
 all not guarded by Christian faith and 
 "ites, over those who were thus guard- 
 ed, it was so weak that they could 
 easily rise superior to his influence. 
 As prince of the demons, and as the 
 ideal of evil, vice, heresy, subtlety, 
 and knavery, he has figured promi- 
 nently in literature, especially tliat 
 
 09* For tbe " Key to the Scheme of Proaunciation,'' with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
DEV 
 
 99 
 
 DIG 
 
 of the Middle A^es. In the old mys- 
 teries and miracle-plays, he was otieii 
 represented on tlie staf;e as a sort of 
 satyr or faun, with tiaminf^ saucer 
 eyes, sooty comjjlexion, hums, tail, 
 hooked nails, the cloven hoof of a 
 goat or horse, and astron^^ sidphurous 
 odor. At the present day, the doc- 
 trine of the existence of a personal 
 Devil, the chief of evil spirits, and 
 directly or indirectly the author of 
 at least all moral evil, is maintained 
 by most Christians, but re;jected by 
 many. See Auadi>c»n, Beelzebub, 
 Satax, (Sec. 
 
 Devils' Parliament. [Lat. Puidin- 
 luenlviii Di'ibulicum.] {-^''.V- Uii>t.) 
 A name ^iven to the Parliament as- 
 sembled by Henry VI. at Coventry, 
 145!:!, because it passed attainders 
 against the Duke of York and his 
 chief supporters. 
 
 Devil's "Wall. A name given by 
 the inhabitants of the neighborhood 
 to the old Roman wall separating 
 England from Scotland, because they 
 supposed, that, from the strength of 
 the cement and the durability of the 
 stone, the Devil must have built it. 
 The superstitious peasantry are said 
 to be in the habit of gathering up 
 the tragments of this wall to put in 
 the foundation of their own tene- 
 ments to insure an equal solidity. 
 
 Devonshire Poet. A sobriquet or 
 pseudonym of O. Jones, an unedu- 
 cated journeyman wool-comber, au- 
 thor of " Poetic Attempts," London, 
 1786. ^ 
 
 Diable, Le (lu de'^t'bl, 61). [Fr., the 
 Devil.] A surname given to Robert 
 I., Duke of Normandy. See Robert 
 THE Devil. 
 
 Diabolical Parliament. See Dev- 
 ils' Pakliament. 
 
 Diafoirus, Thomas (to'ma' de'a'fwo''- 
 riiss', 34, 102). A young and pe- 
 dantic medical student, about to be 
 dubbed doctor, who tigures in Mo- 
 liere's " Malade Imaginaire " as the 
 lover of Angelique. 
 
 The uncloubting faith of a politicaV Diafoirus. 
 
 Macaulai). 
 
 Diamond State. A name sometimes 
 given to the State of Delaware, from 
 
 its small size and its great worth, or 
 supposed importance. 
 Dt-a'na, m- Di-an'a. ( Or. (f Rum, 
 Mi)tli.) Origiiuilly, an Italian divin- 
 ity, afterward regarded as identical 
 with the Greek Artemis, tiie daugh- 
 ter of .lupiter and Latona, and the 
 twin sister of Apollo. She was the 
 goddess of hunting, chastity, mar- 
 riage, and noctural incantations. She 
 was also regarded as the goddess of 
 the moon. See Luna. Her temple 
 at Kphesus was one of the Seven 
 Wonders of the World. [Written 
 also, poetically, Dian.] 
 
 Hence [fioni chastity] had the huntress Dian 
 
 her drt-ad bnw, 
 Fair silver-shafted queen, for ever chaste, 
 Wherewith she tniiied the brinded honess 
 And Bi)()tted inountiiin pard, l)ut set at noufjht 
 The frivolous bow of Cui)id ; gods and men 
 Feared her stern frown, and she was queen of 
 
 the woods. Milton. 
 
 Diavolo, Fra. See Fka Diavolo. 
 
 Dicky Sam. A cant name applied to 
 the inhabitants of Liverpool. 
 
 Diddler, Jeremy. A character in 
 Kenny's farce of "Raising theWind," 
 where he is represented as a needy 
 and seedy individual, always contriv- 
 ing, by his songs, bon-mots, or other 
 expedients, to borrow money or ob- 
 tain credit. 
 
 Di'do. [Gr. AtSci.] The daughter of 
 Bel us, king of Tyre, and the wife of 
 Sichieus, whom her brother Pygma- 
 lion murdered for his riches. Escap- 
 ing to Africa, she purchased as much 
 land as could be encompassed with a 
 bullock's hide, which — after the bar- 
 gain was completed — she craftily cut 
 into small shreds, and thus secured a 
 large piece of territor3^ Here, not 
 far from the Phoenician colony of 
 Utica, she built the city of Carthage. 
 According to Virgil, when yEneas 
 was shipwrecked upon her coast, in 
 his voyage to Italy, she hospitably 
 entertained him, fell in love with him, 
 and, because he did not requite her 
 passion, stabbed herself in despair. 
 [Called also Klisa, or Elissa.] 
 
 Dig'go-ry. A talkative, awkward ser- 
 vant in Goldsmith's come(h% " She 
 Stoops to Conquer," — "taken from 
 the barn to make a show at the side- 
 table." 
 
 and for the Rcmarkii and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii< 
 
DIM 
 
 100 
 
 DIX 
 
 You might ns well make Hamlet (or Dig- 
 gory) " act mud " in a strait - waistcoat, us 
 trariiinel my buffoonery, if 1 am to l)c n l)ut'- 
 foon. Jl!fr(,ii. 
 
 Dimanche, M. (mos'e-(")' de'munsh', 
 4:3, 62). [Fr., Mr. Sun<lay.] A sobri- 
 quet popularly ^nveii, in Fiance, to a 
 creditor or dun, in allusion to an hon- 
 est merchant of this name, introduced 
 by Moliere into his •• \)im .luan," (a. 
 iv., so. y). lie is so caUed, doubtless, 
 because merchants and working-men, 
 having no other day in the week to 
 themselves, take Sunday for present- 
 ing their bills and collecting the 
 money which is due to them. 
 
 Dinah, Aunt. Mr. Walter Shandy's 
 aunt, in Sterne's novel of " Tristram 
 Shandy." She bequeathed to him a 
 thousand pounds, which he had as 
 many schemes lor expending. 
 
 Din'mont, Dan'die (or Andrew). 
 A humorous and eccentric store- 
 farmer in Sir Walter Scott's novel 
 of " Guy Mannering; " cue of the best 
 of rustic portraits. 
 
 Di'o-med, or Di'o-mede. [Lat. 
 
 Diomedes, Gr. AioM.>j5r)?.] ( (Jr. cj"- Eom. 
 Myth.) A son of Tydeus, king of 
 ^tolia. He was one of the most re- 
 nowned of the Grecian chiefs at the 
 siege of Troy, where he performed 
 many heroic deeds. He vanquisiied 
 in tight Hector and ^Eneas, the most 
 valiant of the Trojans, and, along 
 with Ulysses, carried olf the Palla- 
 dium, on Avhich the safety of Troy 
 depended. [Called also Tydides.] 
 
 Di-o'ne. [Gr. Aiyifrj.] ( Gr. (f Rom.. 
 Mifth.) A nymph who was, accord- 
 ing to some accounts, the mother of 
 Yenus. 
 
 Di'o-ny'sus. [Gr. Aioi'ua-o?, or ^mw- 
 ao?.] {Gr. Mtith.) The youthful, 
 beautiful, and effeminate god of Avine ; 
 the same as Bacchus. See Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 Di'os-cu'rt. [Gr. Aioa-Kovpoi, sons of 
 Zeus, or Jupiter.] ( Gr. <f Rom. 
 3fyth.) The well-known heroes Cas- 
 tor and Pollux, or Poh'deuces. See 
 Castok. 
 
 Di'rae (9). {Rom. Myth.) A name or 
 
 title of the Furies, given to them from 
 their dreadful appearance. 
 Dir'ce (4). [(Jr. Aip/cij.] Wife of 
 the Theban prince Lycus. For cruel 
 treatment of Antiope, she was tied to 
 a mad bull, and dragged about till 
 dead. See Antiope and Lycus. 
 
 Dis. [Lat., kindred with divus, god.] 
 
 {Rom. Myth.) A name sometimes 
 
 given to Pluto, and hence also to the 
 
 infernal world. 
 
 Quick is the movement here! And then 
 so confused, unsubstantial, you nii^lit call it 
 nlniiist spectral, pallid, dim, inane, like the 
 kinj^doms of Uis' L'urlijle. 
 
 Dis-cor'di-5. {Rom. Myth.) A ma- 
 levolent deity corresponding with the 
 Greek Eris, the goddess of conten- 
 tion. See Pakis. 
 
 Di'ves. A Latin word meaning rich, 
 or a rich man. It is a common or 
 appellative noun, or, more strictly, an 
 adjective used substantively: but it is 
 often erroneously regarded as a prop- 
 er name, when allusion is made to 
 our Lord's parable of the rich man 
 and Lazarus. (See Luke xvi.) It 
 has been suggested that the mistake 
 originally arose from the fact, that, 
 in old pictures upon this subject, 
 the inscription, or title, was in J^atin, 
 " JJires tt Lazarus,'' and that unedu- 
 cated persons probably supposed that 
 the first word was the name of the 
 rich man, as the last unquestionably 
 was that of the beggar. 
 
 Lazar and Dives liveden diversely. 
 
 And divers guerdon hadden they thereby. 
 
 C/imicer. 
 
 Nor have you, O poor parasite, and humble 
 
 hanger-on, fnvich reason to comi)lain ! Your 
 
 friendship for Dircf is about as sincere as the 
 
 return which it usually gets. Tliackeray. 
 
 Divine Doctor. An appellation given 
 to Jean Ruysbroek (1294-1381), a 
 celebrated mystic. 
 
 Dix'Ie. An imaginar\^ place some- 
 Avhere in the Southern States of 
 America, celebrated in a popular ne- 
 gro melody as a perfect ])aradise of 
 luxurious ease and enjoyment. The 
 term is often used as a collective des- 
 ignation of the Southern States. A 
 correspondent of the " Xew Orleans 
 Delta" has given the following ac- 
 count of the original and early appli- 
 cation of the name : — 
 
 OS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
DIZ 
 
 101 
 
 DOC 
 
 JKZf "I do not wish to spoil a pretty 
 illusion, but tlie real truta is, tliat Dixie 
 is an iiidigeiiuus Nortlieru ni'gro reli'aiu, 
 as common ti» tiie writer as the lanij)-pusts 
 in New York city seventy ur sevfiit_) -five 
 years ago. It was one of tiie every -day 
 illusions of boys at that time in all their 
 out-iloor sports. And no one ever heard 
 of Di.xie's land being otlior than Manhat- 
 tiiii Island until recently, when it has 
 been erroneously supposed to reler to the 
 South from its connection with pathetic 
 negro allegory. When slavery existed in 
 New York, one ' Dixy ' owned a large 
 tract of land on Manhattan Island, and a 
 large number of slaves. The increase of 
 the slaves, and the increase of the aboli- 
 tion sentiment, caused an emigration of 
 the slaves to more thorough and secure 
 slave sections ; and the negroes who were 
 thus sent off (many being born there) 
 naturally looked back to their old homes, 
 where they had lived in clover, with feel- 
 ings of regret, as they could not imagine 
 any place like Dix> "s. Hence, it became 
 synonymous with an ideal locality, com- 
 bining ease, comfort, and material hap- 
 piness of every description. In those 
 days, negro singing and minstrelsy were 
 in their infancy, and any subject that 
 could be wrought into a ballad was eagerly 
 picked up. This was the case with 
 • Dixie.' It origin.-ited in New York, and 
 assumed the proportions of a song there. 
 In its travels, it has been enlarged, and 
 has ' gathered moss.' It has picked up a 
 ' note ' here and there. A ' chorus ' has 
 been added to it ; and, from an indistinct 
 ' ch;int ' of two or three notes, it has 
 become an elaborate melody. But tlie 
 fact that it is not a Southern song ' can- 
 not be rubbed out.' The ftxllacy is so 
 popular to the contrary, that I have thus 
 been at pains to state the real origin of 
 it." 
 
 Piz'zy. A nickname given to Ben- 
 jamin Disraeli (b. 1805), an eminent 
 living English, statesman. 
 
 Djinnestan ( jin'nes-tan'). The name 
 of the ideal region in Avhich JJinns, 
 or genii, of Oriental superstition re- 
 side. [Written also Jinnesta n.] 
 
 Doctor, The. A nickname often given 
 to the lirst Lord Viscount Sidmoutli 
 (1757-1844:), on account of his being 
 the son of Doctor Anthony Addington 
 of Reading. 
 
 Doctor, The Admirable. See Ad- 
 MiHABLE Doctor; and forAxGELic 
 Doctor, Authentic Doctor, Di- 
 
 vine Doctor, Di.'lcifluou.s Doc- 
 tor, Ecstatic Doctor, Eloquent 
 Doctor, Evangelical or Gospel 
 D(»cToi;, lLLUMi>Ari;D pocrou, In- 
 viNciKLE Doctor,' Ij^LEi^KAGAULE 
 Doctor, MELLa'LL^)i^s "> Doctor, 
 Mo.sT CiiR..sTiA.>' Doctor, Mc).st 
 Methodical Doctor, ]\.'.o>;t J;>u>,sv- 
 LUTE Doctor, pLAiy anj^^PeiJi'spic-' 
 uous DijCToR, Profound Doctor, 
 Scholastic Doctor, Seraphic 
 Doctor, Singular Doctor, Sol- 
 emn Doctor, Solid Doctor, Sub- 
 tle Doctor, Thorough Doctor, 
 Universal Doctor, Venerable 
 Doctor-, Well-founded Doctor, 
 and Wonderful Doctor, see the 
 respective adjectives. 
 
 Doctor Dove. The hero of Southey's 
 " Doctor." 
 
 Doctor Dulcamara (do('>l-ka-m3/ra). 
 An itinerant physician in Donizetti's 
 opera, " L'Elisir d'Amore " ("The 
 Elixir of Love " ) ; noted for his char- 
 latanry, boastfulness, and pomposity. 
 
 Doctor My-book. A sobriquet very 
 generally bestowed upon Jolui Abei'- 
 nethy (17G5-1830), the eminent Eng- 
 lish surgeon. " I am christened Doc- 
 tor Mij-booh, and sanrized under that 
 name all over England." The cele- 
 brated "My-book," to which he was 
 so fond of referring his patients, was 
 his "Surgical Observations." 
 
 Doctor of the Incarnation. A title 
 
 given to St. Cyril of Alexandria (d. 
 444), on accoimt of his long and 
 tumultuous dispute with Nestorius, 
 bishop of Constantinople, who denied 
 the mystery of the hypostatic union, 
 and contended that the Deity could 
 not have been born of a woman ; that 
 the divine nature was not incarnate 
 in, but only attendant on, Jesus as a 
 man; and therefore that INIary was 
 not entitled to the appellation then 
 commonly used of Mother of God. 
 Doctor Slop. 1. The name of a 
 choleric and nncharitable physician 
 in Sterne's novel, " The Life and 
 Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gent." 
 He breaks down Tristram's nose, and 
 crushes Uncle Toby's fingers to a 
 jelly, in attempting to demonstrate 
 the use and virtues of a newlv in- 
 
 •ad for the Remaiks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xixiL 
 
DOC 
 
 102 
 
 DOE 
 
 vented pair of obstetrical forceps. 
 Under tliis name Sterne ridiculed 
 one Doctor IJurton, a nian-niidwil'e 
 at Vork, aJ^^ia^;t v/lioni lie had .sonic 
 piqAe.- / r 
 
 4^^ " The annals of satire can furnish 
 nothiiiij; inoTv "ut.iiiij; am', ludicrous than 
 •this'oonfcUuiuittte.'portraif, so farcical, and 
 •yet so ai>p»r;atly Irto from satire." 
 
 Elii^'n. 
 
 2. The name was applied to Doc- 
 tor (afterwards Sir John) Stoddart 
 (1773 - I806; on account of his vio- 
 lent prejudices, and the rancorous 
 deiiuiiciations witli wliich he as- 
 sailed the tir.«t Njipoleon and his 
 policy in the Lomlon •' Times " 
 newspaper, of which he was edi- 
 tor from 1812 to lbl6. Under this 
 name he was caricatured by Cruik- 
 shaiik in the parodies and satires of 
 Hone. 
 Doctor Squintum. A name under 
 which the celebrated Geor;.^e "Whire- 
 lield (1714-1770) was ridiculed in 
 Foote's farce of " Tlie ISIinor." It 
 ■Was afterwards applied hv Theodore 
 Hook to the Rev. Kd^vard Irvinjij 
 (17D2-18.34), who had a strong cast 
 in his eyes. 
 
 Doctor Syntax. The hero of a w^ork 
 by William Combe (1741-182;3), en- 
 titled '' The Tour of Dr. Syntax in 
 Search, of the Picturesque," formerly 
 very popular. 
 
 Do-do'na. [Gr. AtoScii'T?.] A verj' fa- 
 mous oracle of Jupiter in Epirus, sit- 
 uated in an oak grove ; said to have 
 been founded in obedience to the 
 command of a black dove Avith a hu- 
 man voice, which came from the city 
 of Thebes in Egypt. 
 
 And I will work in prose and rhyme. 
 
 And praise thee more in both 
 Than bard has )ionored beech or Ume, 
 
 Or that Thessalian growth 
 In whieh the swarthy ringdove sat 
 
 And mystic sentence spoke. Tennyson. 
 
 Dods, Meg. 1. An old landlady in 
 Scott's novel of " St. Ronan's Well ; " 
 one of his best low comic characters. 
 
 JSjT' " Mej? Dods, one of those happy 
 creations, approaching extravagance but 
 not reaching it. formed of the most dis- 
 similar materials without inconsistency, 
 . . . excites in the reader not the mere 
 pleasure of admiring a skillful copy, but 
 
 the interest and curiosity of an original, 
 and recur.s to his recollection among the 
 real beings whose acquaintance has en- 
 larged his knowledge of human nature."' 
 
 t'eti ior. 
 
 2. An alias, or pseudonym, under 
 which ^Irs. J(jhnstone, a Sc(jtti.>-h 
 authoress, published a well-known 
 work on cookery. 
 
 Dod'son and Fogg (-sn). Pettifog- 
 ging lawyers in partnership, who fig- 
 ure in the famous case of " Pardell vs. 
 Pickwick," in Dickens's '• Pickwick 
 Papers." 
 
 Doe, John. A merely nominal plain- 
 tiff in actions of ejectment at com- 
 mon law; usually associated with 
 the name o{ R'u hard Rot. 
 
 J^=' '1 he action of ejectment is a species 
 of mixed action, which lies for the re- 
 covery of possession of real estate, and 
 damages find costs lor the detention of 
 it. It was invented either in the reigti 
 of Edward II.. or in the beginning of 
 the reign of Edward III., in order to 
 enable suitors to escape ft-on; " the 
 thousand niceties with which. ' in the 
 language of Lord Mansfield, "real ac- 
 tions [that is. actions for the recovery of 
 real estate] were embarrassed and en- 
 tangled."' In order to foster this form 
 of action, the court early determined 
 (circiter a. d. 1445-1499) that the plain- 
 tiff wa.s entitU'd to recover not nerely the 
 damages claimed bj- the action, but also, 
 by way of collateral and additional relief, 
 the land it«elf. This form of action is 
 based entirely upon a legal fiction, in- 
 troduced in order to make the trial of the 
 lessor"s title, which would otherwise be 
 only incidentally broug'' t up for examina- 
 tion, the direct and main object of the 
 action. A sham plaintiff — John Doe — 
 pretends to be the lessee of the real claim- 
 ant, and alleges that he has been ousted 
 bj' a sham defendant. — Hichard Hoe. — 
 who is called the "'casual ejector."' No- 
 tice of this action is then given to the 
 actual tenant of the lands, together with 
 a letter from the imaginary Richard Roe 
 stating that he shall make no appeartmce 
 to the action, and warning the tenant to 
 defend his own interest, or. if he be only 
 the tenant of the real defendant, to give 
 the latter due notice of the proceeding. 
 If no appearance is made, judgment is 
 given in favor of the plaintiff, wlio there- 
 upon becomes entitled to turn out the 
 party in possession. But if the lattev 
 makes appearance, the first step in the 
 action is a formal acknowledgment by 
 him of his possession of the lands, of the 
 
 ©5" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with tke accompanying Explanations, 
 
DOE 
 
 103 
 
 DON 
 
 lease in favor of Doe, of Doe's entry, and 
 of the ouster by the tenant himself. This 
 elaborate tissue of fictions liavin^ been 
 introiluced to comply svith the technieal 
 rules of les^al title, when the real question 
 at issue presents itself, John Doe and 
 Kichard lioe disappear, the names of the 
 real parties are substituted, and the ac- 
 tion proceeds in the ordinary way at once 
 to trial. The action of ejectment is still 
 retained, with all its curious fictions, in 
 several of the United States ; in New York, 
 Pennsylvania, and other States, the fic- 
 titious part of the action has been abol- 
 islicd. It has also been abolished, in 
 England, bv tlie Common Law Procedure 
 Act of 1852(15 and 16 Victoria, c. 76). 
 
 Warre n . C/ia»ibers . 
 Ijj-^u Those mythical parties to so many 
 lejral proceedings, John Doe and Richar I 
 lloe, are evidently of fore-^t extraction, 
 and itoiiit to the days when forest laws 
 prevailed, and venison was a sacred 
 thing." Lower. 
 
 It was then I first became acquainted with 
 the quarter which my little work will, I hope, 
 render immortal, and grew fuiniliir with these 
 ningnificent wilds through which the kings of 
 Scf)tlund once chased the (l:irk-l)ii)Wii deer, 
 but which were chiefly n-cdiiiun'uded to me, 
 in those days, by their being iniiocessihle to 
 tlmsc mi'tiplivsicul persons whom the law of 
 tiie ufiu^hliciring country terms John Doe and 
 Jiic/ian/ lioe. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 While the patriotic author is weeping and 
 howling, in prose, in blank verso, and in 
 rhyme, nnd collecting the drops of public sor- 
 row into his volume, as into -x lachrymal vase, 
 it is more than jirobabk' liis fellow-citizens are 
 eating and drinking, fiddling and dancing, as 
 utterly ignorant of the bitter lamentations 
 made in their name as are those men of straw, 
 John Doe and Richard Koe^ of the plaintiffs 
 for wlioin they are generously pleased to be- 
 come sureties. W. Irrinff. 
 
 Do'eg. [From Doer/, chief of Saul's 
 herdsmen, " havin^^ charge of the 
 mules," 1 Sam. xxi. 7.] A nick- 
 name under Avhich Drvden, in the 
 second part of his " Absalom and 
 Achitopliel," satirized Elkanah Set- 
 tle (164^8-1743), a contemptible poet- 
 aster, -svho Avas for a time Dry den's 
 successfid rival. 
 
 J)oer/, though without knowing how or why, 
 >I.ide still a blnnderirg kind of melody. 
 Spurred boldly on, and dashed through thick 
 
 and thin. 
 Through sense and nonsense, never out nor 
 
 in ; 
 Free f om all meaning, whether good or bad. 
 And, in one word, heroically mad. Dryclen. 
 
 Doe'sticks, Q,. K. Phi-lan'der. A 
 pseudonym adopted 1)y ISIortimor 
 Thom|)son, an American comic writ- 
 er of the present day. 
 
 Doff'ber-ry. An ingeniously al)surd, 
 sell-satislied, and lo(|uacious night- 
 constable, in Shakespeare's " Much 
 Ado about Nothing." 
 
 It is an important examination, and there- 
 fore, like JJo(jhcrri/, we must spare no wisdom. 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Dom'bey, Florence. The heroine 
 of Dickens's novel of " Dombey and 
 Son; " a motherless child, of angelic 
 purity and loveliness of cliaracter. 
 
 Dom'bey, Mr. A prominent charac- 
 ter in Dickens's novel of "Dombey 
 and Son ; " a proud, self-sulHcieut, and 
 wealthy merchant, who is disciplined 
 and made better by a succession of 
 disasters. 
 
 Dom-dan'i-el. A cave in the region 
 adjoining Babylon, the abode of evil 
 spirits, by some traditions said to 
 have been originally the spot where 
 the prophet Daniel imparted instruc- 
 tion to his disciples. In another form, 
 the Domdaniel was a purely imagi- 
 nary region, subterranean, or subma- 
 rine, the dwelling-place of genii and 
 enchanters. 
 
 In the Domdaniel caverns. 
 Under the roots of the ocean. 
 Met the Masters of the Spell. 
 
 SontfieJ/. 
 
 We find it written, " Woe to them that are 
 at ease in Zion ; " but surely it is a double woe 
 to them that are at ease in Babel, in Dom- 
 daniel. Carlyle. 
 
 Dominic, Friar. See Friar Dom- 
 inic. 
 
 Dorainie Samp'son (-sn), A school- 
 master in Sir W. Scott's novel of 
 "Guy jNIannering ; " "a poor, mod- 
 est, humble scholar," says the author, 
 " who had won his way through the 
 classics, but fallen to the leeward in 
 the voyage of life, — no uncommon 
 personage in a country where a cer- 
 tain portion of learning is easily at- 
 tained by those who are willing to 
 sulfer hunger and thirst in exchange 
 for acquiring Greek and Latin." His 
 usual ejaculation when astonished 
 was, " Pro-di-gi-ous ! " [Called also 
 Abel S impso7i.i 
 
 Poor Jung [Stilling], a sort of German 
 Doriinie Sampson, awkward, honest, irascible, 
 in old-fashioned clothes and bag-wig. 
 
 Carlyle, 
 
 Don A'dri-a'no de Ar-ma'do. A 
 
 «nd for th.0 Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
DON 
 
 104 
 
 DON 
 
 pomiious, fantastical Spaniard, in 
 
 81iaktsi)eare's '' l>ove\s l^aUtr 's 
 Lost ; " represented as a lover and 
 a retainer of the court, and said to 
 have been desij;ned as a portrait of 
 John Florio, siimanied " The Reso- 
 lute." See Rksoi.i TK, Tiik. 
 
 ie®=» " Aniiado, the uiilitiiry braggart 
 in the statu of peace, ;is farolles is iu war, 
 appears iu the ridiculous exnggeration 
 and atTectation of a child of hot Span- 
 ish fancy, assuming a contempt toward 
 every thing connnou, Vioastful but poor, 
 a coiner of words, but most ignorant, 
 solemnly grave and laughably awkward, 
 a hector and a coward, of giit majestical 
 and of the lowest propensities." 
 
 Gercinus, Trans. 
 
 Don Belianis of Greece (bii'le-a'- 
 ness). Tiie hero of an old romance 
 of chivalry founded upon the model 
 of the " Aniadis," but with much infe- 
 rior art, and on a coarser plan. An 
 English abridgment of this romance 
 was published in 1073. It is often 
 ''eferred to in " Don Quixote." 
 
 He called you " le grand serieux," Don Be- 
 /vf«/s or' Greece, and I don't know what names, 
 riiniicking your manner. Thackeray. 
 
 I>on Cher'u-bim. The " Bachelor 
 of Salamanca," in Le Sage's novel 
 of this name ; a man placed in dif- 
 ferent situations of life, and made to 
 associate with all classes of society, 
 in order to give the author the great- 
 est possible scope for satire. 
 
 Don Cle'o-fas. The hero of Le 
 Sage's novel, " Le Diable Boiteux " 
 (commonly called in English *' The 
 Devil on Two Sticks"); a fiery 
 young Spaniard, proud, high-spirited, 
 and revengeful, but interesting from 
 his gallantry and generous senti- 
 ments. See AsMODEUs. [Written 
 also C 1 e p h a s.] 
 
 Farewell, old G'-anta's spires; 
 No more, like C/eo/os, I fly. Huron. 
 
 Come away thousib. now, Don Cleophn<i : 
 ■we must go further alield. Sala. 
 
 Don Ju'an {Sp. pvon. don hoo-an'). 
 A mythical personage Avho figures 
 largely in drama, melodrama, and 
 romance, as the type of. refined lib- 
 ertinism. 
 
 :^fS" There are two legends connected 
 with the name, bol^h of Spmis'i origi i, 
 but in course of time tliese have become so 
 
 blended together that they cannot easily 
 be separated. Dou .lu.in 'I'euorio of .Se- 
 ville, whose life has Iteen placed iu the 
 fourteentl\ century, is the supposed orig- 
 inal of tlie story. The traditions concern- 
 ing him were long current in Seville, in an 
 oral form, and were afterward dram.-itized 
 by Gabriel Tellez(Tirs() de Moiiiia). lie 
 is said to have attempted tue seduction of 
 the daughter of the governor of Seville, or 
 of a nobleman of tlie family of the Ulloas. 
 Her fatlier detects the design, and is 
 killed iu a duel which ensues. A statue 
 of the murdered man liaviug been erected 
 in the tainily tomb, Don .Juan forces his 
 way into tlie vault, aud iuvites tiie statue 
 to a feast which he has cau.sed to be pre- 
 pared. The stony guest makes his ap- 
 pearance at table, as invited, to the great 
 amazement of Don Juan, whom he com- 
 pels to follow him. aud delivers over to 
 hell. The legend, iu its earliest known 
 form, involved the same supernatur il 
 features, the ghostly apparition, the final 
 reprobation and consignment to hell, 
 which have, in general, characterized the 
 modern treatment of the subject. Fmni 
 the Spanish the story was translated by 
 the Italian playwiights : thence it passeil 
 into France, where it was adopted and 
 brought upon the stage by Moiiere and 
 Corneille. In Italy. Goldoni made it the 
 basis of a plav. Tlie first instance of a 
 musical treatment of the subject was by 
 Gluck, in his ballet of " Don Juan.'' about 
 the year 1765. Afterward Mozart im- 
 mortalizerl the tradition in his great ope- 
 ra, " Don Giovanni, ■■ which first appeared 
 at Prague in 1787. The name has been 
 rendered most fuiiiliar to Kiiglish readers 
 bv the u.se wliich I'yron has made of it 
 in his poem entitleil '• Don Juan." T.ut 
 the distinsruishing features of the old 
 legend, those which sefiarate Don Juan 
 from the muUitmle of vulgar libertines, 
 Bvron has omitted, and be can hardly be 
 said to have done more than borrow the 
 name of the hero. 
 
 /!?§=■ " As Goethe has expressed the 
 eternal significance of the German legend 
 of Faust, so Ins Mozirt best interpreted 
 the deep mysterv of the Spanish legend ; 
 the one by language, the other by music. 
 Language is the interpreter of thought, 
 music of feeling. Tlie F(tu'<'-sa^< belong.^ 
 to the former domain ; the legends of 
 Don Juan to the latter.'" 
 
 Sc/ieible, Trans. 
 
 "We could, like Don Jimn. ask them rOanto's 
 phnsts,-nd tlcr.ions] tosupper, and e t r.o"-'!ly 
 in their company. Macanlay. 
 
 Don't broik her heart, .Tos, yon riscal. said 
 another. Don't trifle with her affec i<in;. ^•ou 
 Don Juan! Thackeray. 
 
 E3~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation, " with the accompanying Explanations 
 
DON 
 
 105 
 
 DOR 
 
 Don Pedro. A Prince of Arragoii 
 wiio liiiuies in Shakesijcare's "Much 
 Ado about Notliinj;-." 
 
 TIk' author ot'"Iliijji U;il)a" rotunu'd an 
 answer (if a kiiiil niust" likely t" lui\e weight 
 with a Persian, anil wliieli we can all dliserve 
 is, like Don I'alro's answer ti> Dogherrv, 
 "rightly reasoned; and iu liis own division.'' 
 Sir ir. Srutt. 
 
 Don Quix'ote. [Sp. Don QuiJuU^, or 
 Bon Qiiiu-'ute, don ke-ho^taj. The 
 hero of a celebrated ISpanish romance 
 of the same name, by Cervantes. 
 Don Quixote i.s represented as " a 
 gaunt country gentleman of La jMan- 
 cha, full of genuine Castilian honor 
 and enthusiasm, gentle and dignilicd 
 in his character, trusted by his 
 Iriends, and loved by his depend- 
 ents," but " so completely crazed by 
 long reading the most famous books 
 of chivalry, that he believes them to 
 be true, and feels himself called oil 
 to become the impossible knight-er- 
 rant they describe, and actually goes 
 forth into the world to defend the op- 
 pressed and avenge the injured, like 
 the heroes of his romances. " 
 
 jK^ " Toooniplete his chivalrous equip- 
 ment, — whirh he had begun by fitting 
 Tip for himself a suit of armor strange to 
 his centur_y, — he took an esquire out of 
 his neighborhood ; a middle-aged peasant, 
 ignorant and credulous to excess, but of 
 great good-nature ; a glutton and a liar ; 
 selfish and gross, yet attached to his mas- 
 ter ; shrewd enough occasionally to see 
 the folly of their position, but always 
 amusing, and sometimes mischierous. in 
 his interpretations of it. These two sally 
 fortii from tiieir native village in search 
 of adventures, of which the excited imag- 
 ination of the knight, turning windmills 
 into giants, solit iry inns into castles, and 
 gall(\v -slaves into opjiressed gentlemen, 
 finds abundance wherever he goes ; while 
 the esqnii-e translates them all into the 
 plain ]n-ose of truth with an admirable 
 .simplicity, quite unconscious of its own 
 humor, and render('(l tiie more striking 
 by its contrast with the lofty and courte- 
 ous dignity and magnificent illusions of 
 the superior persouatre. There could, of 
 course, be but one consistent termination 
 of adventures like these. The kniglitand 
 his esquire suffer a series of ridiculous dis- 
 comfitures, and are at last brought liome, 
 like madmen, to their native village, 
 ■where Cervantes leaves them, with an in- 
 timation that the story of their adven- 
 tures is by no means ended. In a con- 
 tinuation, or Second Part, published in 
 
 1615, the Don is exhibited in another 
 series of adventures, equally amusing 
 with those in tin; First I'art, and is 
 finally restored, ' through a severe illness, 
 to his riglit mind, made to renounce all 
 the lollies of knight-errantry, and die, 
 like a peaceful Christian, iu his own 
 be<i.' " Ticknor. 
 
 4Q== " Some say his surname was 
 Quixada, or Qui.sada (lor authors differ 
 in this particular). However, we may 
 reasonably conjecture he was called Quix- 
 ada, that is. Lantern-jaws. . . . Having 
 seriously pondered the matter eight whole 
 days, he at length determined to call 
 himself Don Quixote. Whence the au- 
 thor of this most authentic history draws 
 the inference that his right name was 
 Quixada, and not Quisada, as others ob- 
 stinately pretend." Quixote means liter- 
 ally a cuish, or piece of armor for the 
 thigh. Cervantes calls his hero by the 
 name of this piece of armor, becau.se the 
 termination otc. with which it ends, gen- 
 erally gives a ridiculous meaning to words 
 in the Spanish language. 
 
 Be this law and this reasoning risrht or 
 wrong, onr interfering to arrange it wofdcl no) 
 be a whit more wise or rational than Don 
 Qviaote's campaign against the windmills. 
 
 Noctes Ambrosiance. 
 
 Don'zel del Phe'bo. [It.^donzello, a 
 squire, a young man.] A celebrated 
 hero of romance, in the "Mirror of 
 Knighthood, " &c. He is usually 
 associated with Rosiclear. 
 
 Defend thee powerfully, marr\' thee sump- 
 tuously, and keep thee in spite of Rosiclear or 
 Donzt'l del Fhebo. Malcoiittnt, Old I'la//. 
 
 Doo'lin of MS,y-ence' ( Fr. pi-on. 
 du4ri»')- The hero of an old French 
 romance of chivalry which relates 
 his exploits and wonderful adveiu 
 tures. He is chietly renuirkahlc as the 
 ancestor of a long race of paladm^, 
 particularly Ogier le Daiiois. 
 
 Dora. The "child-wife" of David 
 Cojjperlield, in Dickens's novel of 
 that name. 
 
 Doraliee {Tt.pron. ^o-xk-le'cht). A 
 female character in Ariosto's " Or^ 
 lando Fm-ioso." She is loved by 
 Rodomont, but marries IMandricardo. 
 
 Dorante (do^ronf, 02.) 1. A count in 
 INIoliere's comedy, " Le Bourgeois 
 Gentilhomme." 
 
 2. A courtier devoted to the chase, 
 who figures in Moliere's comedy, 
 " Les Lacheux." 
 
 and for tlie Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
DOR 
 
 106 
 
 DOU 
 
 3. A character in Moliere's " Vt.- 
 cole des Femmes." 
 
 I am going to make it known bluntly to 
 that . . . old beau, to that JJorunte become a 
 GCronte. Victor Hugo, Trans. 
 
 Do-ras'tU3. The hero of an old 
 popular " history " or romance, upon 
 which Shakespeare founded his 
 " Winter's Tale." It was written by 
 Robert Greene, and was lirst pub- 
 lished in 1588. under the title of 
 "Panuosto, the Triumph of Time," 
 an example, according to Hallam, 
 of " quaint, atiected, and empty eu- 
 phuism." 
 
 Do'rax (9). A character in Dryden's 
 play of "Don Sebastian; " 'repre- 
 sented as a noble Portuguese turned 
 renegade. 
 
 4®="Dorax is the chp/- d'ceuvre of 
 Drylen's tr;i2;ic rharacters. and perhaps 
 the only one in which he has applied his 
 gre^it kiQO .vledge of human kind to actual 
 delineation." Elin. Review, 1808. 
 
 But some friend or other always advised me 
 to put mv verses in the tire, and, like Dorcur 
 in the play, I submitted, " though with a 
 swelling heart." Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Dorchester, Patriarch of. See 
 PAnuAitcH OF Dorchester. 
 
 Doria D'Istria (do're-a des'tre-a). 
 A pseudonym of Princess Ivoltzoff- 
 Massalsky (ne'e Helena Gliika, b. 
 182.)), a ' distinguished Wallacliian 
 authoress. 
 
 Dor'i-court. A character in Con- 
 greve's " Way of the World." 
 
 Dor'I-mant. A character in I'Ltherege's 
 play entitled " The Man of Mode;" 
 a genteel witty rake, designed as a 
 portrait of the Earl of Rochester. 
 
 I shall believe it when Dori »nnt hands a 
 fish-wife across the kennel. Charles Lamb. 
 
 Dorine (do'ren'). A hasty and petu- 
 lant female in Moliere's " Tartutfe: " 
 represented as ridiculing the family 
 that she yet serv^es with sincere af- 
 fection. 
 
 t)o'ris(9). [Gr. Aa,ot?.] (Gr. if- Earn. 
 Myth.) The daughter of Oceanus 
 and Tethys, and the wife of her 
 brother Xereus. by whom she became 
 the mother of the Nereids. 
 
 Dor'o-the'a ( Ger. pron. do-ro-ta/s). 
 1. The heroine of Goethe's celebrat- 
 
 ed poem of " Hermann und Doro- 
 thea." 
 
 2. [Sp. Doroiea, do-ro-ta'S.] A 
 beautiful and unfortunate young 
 woman whose adventures form an 
 episode in the romance of " Don 
 Quixote." 
 
 Do'ry, John (9). 1. The title and hero 
 of an old ballad, formerly a great 
 favorite, and continually alluded to 
 in works of the sixteenth and seven- 
 teenth centuries. 
 
 2. A character in " Wild Oats, or 
 The Strolling Gentleman," a comedy 
 by John O'Keefe. 
 
 Do what I might, he interfered with the 
 
 resolute vigor of John Dory. Hood. 
 
 Do'the-boys HaU. [That is, the hall 
 where boys are taken in and " dune 
 for."] A model educational establish- 
 ment described in Dickens's '" Nich- 
 olas Nickleby," kept by a villain 
 named Squeers, whose system of 
 tuition consisted of alternate beating 
 and starving. 
 
 Oliver Twist in the parish work - house, 
 Smike at Dothehons HaU, were petted children 
 when compared with this wretched heir-ap- 
 parent of a crown [Frederick the Great]. 
 
 MacauJai). 
 
 Dotted Bible. A name given among 
 bibliographers to an edition of the 
 Bible published in London, in folio, 
 1-578, by assignment of Chr. Barker. 
 It is printed page for page with that 
 of 1574. 
 
 Doubting Castle. In Bunyan's spirit- 
 ual romance of "The Pilgrim's Prog- 
 ress, " a castle belonging to Giant 
 Despair, in which Christian and 
 Hopeful Avere confined, and from 
 which at last they made their escape 
 by means of the key called Promise, 
 which was able to open any lock in 
 the castle. 
 
 Conceive the giant Miraheau locked fas*, 
 then, in Don^tinq fVM^^cof Vincennes : his hot 
 soul surging up, wildly breakins itself against 
 cold obstruction, the voice of his despair re- 
 verberated on him by dead stone-walls. 
 
 Carhjle. 
 
 Douloureuse Garde, La (IS doo'loo'- 
 niz' gafd, 43). [P'r.] The name of a 
 castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed, won 
 by Lancelot of the Lake in one of 
 the most terrific adventures related 
 in romance, and thenceforth called 
 
 e^" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
DOU 
 
 107 
 
 DRA 
 
 La Joyeuse Garde. See Joyeuse 
 Gardk, La. 
 
 Dous'ter-swiv'el (-swiv'l). 1. (Her- 
 man.) A German schemer, in Sir 
 \\ alter Scott's novel of " The Anti- 
 quary." 
 
 2. A nickname given by the 
 Scotch reviewers to Dr. John Gaspar 
 Spurzheiui (17G6-1832), a native of 
 Germany, a distinguished craniolo- 
 gist, and an active promulgator of 
 the doctrines of phrenology in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Dove, Doctor. See Doctor Dove. 
 
 D6w, Jr. A pseudonvm adopted by 
 Eldridge F. Paige (d. 1859), an Eng- 
 lish lunnorist, author of ''Patent 
 Sermons," tJcc. 
 
 Down'ing, Jack. A pseudonym 
 under which Seba Smith, an Ameri- 
 can writer, wrote a series of humor- 
 ous and popular letters ( tirst published 
 collectively in 1833), in the Yankee 
 dialect, on the political attairs of the 
 United States. 
 
 Dra'co. [Gr. ^.paKojv.'] An Athenian 
 lawgiver, whose code punished 
 almost all crimes with death; whence 
 it was said to be not that of a man 
 but of a dragon (SpaKi^y), and to have 
 been written not in ink but in blood. 
 
 Dragon of "Want'ley. The subject 
 of an f)ld comic ballad, — a frightful 
 and devouring monster, killed by 
 More of More-Hall, who procured a 
 suit of armor studded all over with 
 long sharp spikes, and, concealing 
 himself in a well resorted to by the 
 dragon, kicked him in the mouth, 
 Avhere alone he was mortal. This 
 legend has been made the founda- 
 tion of a burlesque opera by Heniy 
 Carey. Wanthy is a vulgar pro- 
 nsnciation of VA'arnclifF, the name 
 of a lodge and a wood in the parish 
 of Penniston, in Yorkshire. 
 
 Dra'pi-er, M. B.,. A pseudonym 
 under which Swift addressed a series 
 of celebrated and remarkable letters 
 to the people of Ireland, relative to a 
 patent right granted by George T., in 
 1723, to one William Wood, allow- 
 ing him, in consideration of the great 
 Avant of copper money existing in 
 Ireland at that time, to coin half- 
 
 pence and farthings to the amount of 
 i-108,0UU, to pass current in that 
 kingdom. xVs the patent had been 
 obtained in what may be termed a 
 surreptitious manner, through the 
 influence of the Duchess of Kendal, 
 the mistress of George I., to whom 
 Wood had promised a share of the 
 profits; as it was passed without 
 consulting either the lord lieutenant 
 or the privy council of Ireland; and 
 as it devoured uj)on an obscur. indi- 
 vidual the right of exercising one of 
 the highest privileges of the crown, 
 therebj' disgracefully compromising 
 the dignity of the kingdom, — Swift, 
 under the assumed character of a 
 draper (which tor some reason he 
 chose to write drupier), warned the 
 people not to receive the coin that 
 was sent over to them. Such was 
 the unequaled adroitness of his 
 letters, such their strength of argu- 
 ment and brilliancy of humor, that, 
 in the end, they were completely 
 successful: Wood was compelled to 
 withdraw his obnoxious patent, and 
 his copper coinage was totally sup- 
 pressed, while the Drapier — for 
 whose discovery a reward of .£300 
 had been offered in vain — Avas re- 
 garded as the liberator of Ireland; 
 his health became a perpetual toast, 
 his head Avas adopted as a sign, a 
 clubAvas formed in honor of him, and 
 his portrait was displayed in every 
 street. 
 DraAv'can-sir. The name of a blus- 
 tenng, bullying felloAV in the cele- 
 brated mock-heroic play of "The 
 Rehearsal," Avritten by George Vil- 
 liers, Duke of Buckingham, assisted 
 by Sprat and others. He is repre- 
 sented as taking part in a battle, 
 where, after killing all the combat- 
 ants on both sides, he makes an ex- 
 travagantly boastful speech. From 
 the popularity of the character, the 
 name became a synonym for a brag- 
 gart. 
 
 j8fg=- ^'Johnson. Pray, Mr. Bayes, who 
 is that Drawcmsir? 
 
 Eni/fs. Why, sir, a ^eat hero, that 
 fritr'its his mistress, snubs up kings, 
 baffles armies, and does what he will, 
 without regard to numbers, good sense, 
 or justice." Tke Rtkearsal. 
 
 fiiA. for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
DRI 
 
 108 
 
 DUE 
 
 The leader wa."! of an ugly IfKik and pigantic 
 •tntiire; he ueted like u Jjraircaiu^ir, K|)aring 
 neither friend nor toe. Athlison. 
 
 In defiance of the young Drnvatni'ir'f 
 tlneats, with a stont heart and dauntless ac- 
 cent, he again uplifted t!ie iitave, — 
 
 " The Pope. th:it pagan full of pride, 
 Hath blinded ?' Sir W. Scott. 
 
 How they [the actors in the P'rench Kcvolu- 
 tion] bellowed, stalked, and flourished about, 
 counterfeiting Jove's thunder to an amazing 
 degree I terrine Z>»'«»(r««.--/r-rtgure8, of enor- 
 mous whiskei-age, unlimited command of 
 gunpowder; not withcjut ferocity, and even a 
 certain hennsm, stage heroism, in them. 
 
 Curbjle. 
 
 Drish-een' City. A name popularly 
 givi'U t<» the eity of Cork, from a dish 
 peculiar to the place, and formerly a 
 very fashionable one among tiie in- 
 habitants. Drisheens are made of 
 the serum of the blood of sheep mixed 
 ■with milk and seasoned with pepper, 
 f^alt, and tansy. They are usually 
 served hot for breakiast, and are 
 eaten with drawn butter and pepper. 
 
 Dro'gi-o. The name given, by Anto- 
 nio Zeno, a A^enetian voyager of the 
 fourteenth century, to a country of 
 vast extent, equivalent to a new 
 world. It is represented as lying 
 to the south and Avest of Estotiland, 
 and, by those who confided in the 
 narrative, was identitied with Nova 
 Scotia and New England. The whole 
 story is thought to be fabulous. 
 
 Dro'mi-o of Eph'e-sus. ) T^vin 
 Dro'mi-o of Syr'a-ciise. \ brothers, 
 attendants on the two Antipholuses 
 in Shakespeare's " Comedy of Er- 
 rors." 
 
 Drugger, Abel. A character in Ben 
 .hinson"s " Alchemist." 
 
 Drum, John. A name used in the 
 phrase, " .Tohn Drmn's entertain- 
 ment," which seems to have been 
 formerly a proverbial ex]3ression for 
 ill treatment, prol)al)ly alluding orig- 
 inally to some particular anecdote. 
 Most of the allusions seem to point 
 to the dismissing of some unwelcome 
 guest, with more or less of ignominy 
 and insult. [^\'ritten also, though 
 rar.'ly, Tom Drum.] 
 
 Oh. for the love of laughter, let him fetch his 
 drum: he snys he has a stratagem for it: when 
 your lordship sees the bottom of his success 
 in 't, and to whnt met^d this counterfeit lump 
 of ore will be melted, if you gire him not John 
 Drum'.'i entertainment, "your inclining cannot 
 be removed. Shak. 
 
 Tom Drum his entertainment, which is to 
 hale a man in by the head, and thrust him out 
 by botli the slKndders. StanihursU 
 
 Drunken Parliament. (Scot. Hist.) 
 A name given to the Parliament 
 whicli assembled at Edinburgh, .Ian. 
 1, KJGl, soon artt^r the restoration of 
 the Stuarts, liurnet says, " It was a 
 mad, warring time, full of extrava- 
 gance ; and no wonder it was so when 
 the men of aliairs were almost per- 
 petually drunk." 
 
 Dry'ads. [Lat. Dryachs, Gr. ApuaSes.] 
 {(Jr. Cf- Ram. Myth.) Nymphs who 
 presided over the woods, and were 
 thought to perish with the trees 
 Avhicli were their abode. 
 
 Dry'as-dust, The Kev. Dr. An 
 imaginary personage who selves as 
 a sort of introducer of some of Scott's 
 novels to the public, tinough the 
 medium of prefatory letters, purport- 
 ing to be written either to him or by 
 him, in relation to their origin and 
 histoiy. The name is sometimes 
 used to stigmatize a didl, plodding 
 author, particularly an historian or a 
 writer upon antiquities. 
 
 Nobody, he must have felt, wa.s ever likely 
 to study this great work of his, not even Dr. 
 Driiasd'ust. Dc (juiiicei/. 
 
 There was a Shandean library at Skelton 
 that would have captivated the most a>cetic 
 of Dn/as(lusts. Percu FitzgeruUl. 
 
 Truth is, the Prussian Druascbist. otherwise 
 an honest fellow, excels all other Dri/nsflu.^ts 
 vet known. I have often sorrowfully felt at 
 if there were not in Nature, for diirkness, 
 dreariness, inimethodic platitude, anv thing 
 comparable to him. Carlyle. 
 
 Dry'o-pe. [Gr. Apvotttj.] ( Gr. if liom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of King Dryops, 
 and the wife of Andra-nn>n, — turned 
 into a ])oi)lar or a lotus by the Ham- 
 adryads. She had a son Amphis- 
 sos by Apollo. 
 
 'T wns a lay 
 Atore suhtle-cadeneed, more forest-wild 
 Than iJryone's lone lulling of her child. 
 
 Keats. 
 
 Du-es's§i. [That is, double-minded.] 
 A fold witch, in Spenser's '" l'"aer\' 
 Queen," who, under the assumed 
 name of Fidessa, and the assumed 
 character of a distressed and lovely 
 woman, entices the Ked-cross Ivnight 
 into the House of Pride, where, ener- 
 vated by self-indulgence, he is at- 
 tacked, defeated, and imprisoned by 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explaaatiou*, 
 
DUK 
 
 109 
 
 DUM 
 
 the giant Orgop;lio. Duossa becomes 
 tlie paramour of'Oi'goglio, wlio decks 
 licr out iu gorgeous onianients, gives 
 lier a gold and purple robe to wear, 
 puts a triple crown on her head, and 
 sets her upon a monstrous beast with 
 sevcii heads, — from which circum- 
 stances the poet is sup})osed to typity 
 the Koman Catholic church. Una, 
 having heard of the Ked - cross 
 Knight's misfortune, sends Prince 
 Authur to his rescue, Avho slays the 
 giant, wounds the beast, releases the 
 knight, and strips Duessa of her 
 splendid trappings, upon which she 
 flees into the wilderness to hide her 
 shame from the world. 
 
 At present, thoiiirh her eves [those of" pop- 
 ish bi{;otrv"J are lilindtnldcil, her limds are 
 tied beliind lier, like the folse Duessa's. 
 
 HazUtt. 
 
 Tlie people had now to see tyranny naked. 
 That foul JJuessa was stripped of her Rorgeous 
 ornaments. Macaulaii. 
 
 Compassion and romantic honor, the prej- 
 udices of cliildhood, and the venerable names 
 of history, threw over them a spell as ])otent 
 ttfl tliat of DuesMi; and, like the Red-cross 
 Knisht^ they thought they were doing battle 
 for an injured beauty, while they defended a 
 false and'loathsome sorceress. Macaula>/. 
 
 Duke Humphrey. 1. A name used 
 in an old expression, " To dine with 
 Duke Humphrey," that is, to have no 
 dinner at all. This phrase is said to 
 have arisen from the circumstance 
 that a part of the public walks iu 
 old Saint Paul's, London, was called 
 Duke Humphrey's Walk, and that 
 those who were w^ithout the means 
 of defraying their expenses at a 
 tavern were formerly accustomed to 
 walk here in hope of procuring an 
 hivitation. 
 
 4®^ "In the form Hiimfrpy^ it [Iluni- 
 fred] was much used by the grett house 
 of Boliun, and through his mother, their 
 heiress, desceniled to the ill-f ited son of 
 Henry IV., who has left it an open ques- 
 tion whether 'dining with Duke Hum- 
 phrey ' alludes to the report th-it he was 
 starved to death, or to the Elizabethan 
 habit for poor geiitility to beguile the 
 dinner-hour by a pi'omenade neir his 
 tomb in old St. Paul's."' Yonge. 
 
 It distinctly appears . . . that one Diggory 
 Chu»:':lewit was in the habit of perpetually 
 dining with Didr /fiini/ihrfi/. So constantly 
 was lie a guest at that nobleman's table, in- 
 deed, and so unceasingly were his Grace's 
 hospitality and companionship forced, as it 
 
 were, upon him, that wc find him uneasy, and 
 
 full (if constraint and reluctance; wiiting his 
 IVieuds to the effect, tluit, if they fail to do so 
 and so li.\' boai'c.'. In- wiH hive no choice but 
 to diue again with Duke llaiiqtlirtij. Jjicketis. 
 
 2. Duke Humphrey, the Good. 
 See Good Dukk Humpiikey. 
 
 Dulcamara, Doctor. See Doctor 
 
 Dl'LC'AMAKA. 
 
 Dulcifluous Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 JJulciJluus.] A name given to An- 
 tony Andreas (d. Io20), a Spanish 
 Minorite, and a theologian of the 
 school of Dims Scotus. 
 
 Dulcinea del Toboso (did-sin^e-DL 
 del to-bo^zo; !Sj). j}ron. dool-the- 
 nri'ii del to-bo^zo). In Cervantes'sro- 
 nuuice, the mistress of Don (Quixote. 
 " Her name was Aldonza Lorenzo, 
 and her he pitched upon to be the 
 lady of his thoughts; then casting 
 about for a name which should have 
 some alhnity with her own, and yet 
 incline toward that of a great lady 
 and ])rincess, he resolved to call her 
 Dulcinea del Toboso (for she was 
 born at that ])lace), a name, to his 
 thinking, harmonious, uncommon, 
 and signiticant." The name Dulcinea 
 is often used as synonymous with 
 mistress or sweetheart. 
 
 I must ever have some Dulcinea in my 
 head, — it harmonizes the soul. Sterne. 
 
 If thou expectcst a fine description of this 
 j-oung womni, in order to entitle thee to taunt 
 me with having found a Dulcinea in the in- 
 habitant of a fisheriu'in's cottige on the Sol- 
 way Frith, thou shalt be disappointed. 
 
 Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 His moodiness must have made him per- 
 fectly odious to his friends under tlie teiits- 
 who like a jolly fellow, and 1 jugh ft ;i tnel m- 
 choly warrior always sighing vStar Dulrinca at 
 home. Thackeray. 
 
 Du-maine', A lord attending on the 
 king of Navarre, in Shakespeare's 
 " Love's Labor 's Lost." 
 
 Dum'ble-dikes. A young and bash- 
 ful Scotch laird, in love with Jeanie 
 Deans, in Sir Walter Scott's novel, 
 " The Heart of Mid-Lothian." 
 
 Dumb Ox. [Lat. Bos Mutus.] St. 
 Thomas Aquinas ; — said to have 
 been so named by his fellow-pupils 
 at Cologne, on account of his silence 
 and apj)arent stupidity. His teacher, 
 however, detected the genius that 
 was wrapped up under his taciturnity, 
 
 *nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers a^*er certain -vfords refer, Fee pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
DUN 
 
 110 
 
 DUR 
 
 and remarked, that, if that ox should 
 once begin to bellow, the world would 
 be Idled with the noise. He was 
 afterwards known as the " Angel of 
 the Schools" and the "■ Angelic Doc- 
 tor." 
 
 j8®= '' lie was the Aristotle of Chris- 
 tianity, whose legislation lie drew up, en- 
 deavoring to recoiK'ile logic witli faith for 
 the suppression of all heresy. . . . His 
 overpowering task utterly absorbed this 
 extraordinary man, and occupied liis 
 whole life, to the exclusion of all else, — a 
 life that was entirely one of abstnictioii, 
 and whose events are ideas. From five 
 years of age he took the Scriptures in liis 
 hand, and iKJiueforward never ceased 
 from meditation. In the schools, lie was 
 called by his companions the i^n at Uimib 
 ox of Sicily, lie only broke this silence 
 to dictate ; and wiien sleep closed the 
 eyes of his body, those of his soul re- 
 mained open, and lie went on still dic- 
 tating. One day, at sea, he was not con- 
 scious of a fearful tempest ; another, so 
 deep was his abstraction, he did not let 
 fill Ji lighted caudle which was burning 
 liis fingers." Michelrt, Trans. Miche- 
 let, in a note, says of this surname , that 
 it is "full of meaning to all who have 
 noticed the dreamy and monumental ap- 
 pearance of tiie ox of Southern Italy."' 
 St. Thomas is described as a large-bodied 
 man, fit and upright, of a brown com- 
 plexion, and with a large head, somewhat 
 bald. 
 
 Of a truth it almost makes me laugh, 
 
 To soe men liviving tlie golden grain, 
 
 Ti) giitliT in jiiles the iiitifiil c1\aff 
 
 That old Peter Lombard thrashed with hia 
 
 brain. 
 To have it caught up and tossed again 
 On the horns of the Dumb Ox of Cologne I 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Dun'cS,n (dnngk'an). A kingof Scot- 
 land immortalizod in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of " ]\rai'beth." Shakespeare 
 represents him as murdered by Mac- 
 beth, who succeeds to the Scottish 
 throne; but, according to veritable 
 history, he fell in battle. 
 
 Dunces' Parliament. See Parlia- 
 ment OF DUNCKS. 
 
 Dundas, Starvation. See Starva- 
 tion DrNo.vs. 
 
 Dun-drear'y, Lord. A grotesque 
 character in Taylor's comedy, " Our 
 American Cousin ; " noted ^ for his 
 aristocratic haughtiness of manner, 
 his weakness and excessive indolence 
 
 of mind, his habit of discontinuity 
 in exjircssion, his great admiration 
 of " lirothcr Sam," and his suspi- 
 cion of insanity in his friends, if, 
 from any motive which he does not 
 understand, they con.stantly cross his 
 convenience. The name is u.sed al- 
 lusively to characterize any empty 
 swell. 
 
 Dun Ed'in. A Celtic assimilation of 
 the name Edinburgh (i. e., Edwin's 
 burgh), serving at the .same time as a 
 descriptive designation of its site, the 
 words meaning " the face of a rock." 
 In Scottisli poetry, the name is often 
 used as a .synonym for Ldinburyh. 
 [Written also Dune din, as a sin- 
 gle word.] 
 
 When the streets of high Dunadin 
 Saw lances gleam, ancl falchions redden, 
 And heard the slogan's deadly yell, — 
 Then the Chief of Brunksonie fell. 
 
 :Sir IF. Scott. 
 No, not vet, thou high Dun Ediii, 
 
 Shalt thou tdtter to thy fall; 
 Though tliv bravest unci thy strongest 
 
 Are not tliere to man the wall. Aytoun. 
 
 Dun-shun'ner, Augustus. A nom 
 de plume of Professor AVilliam Ed- 
 monstoune Aytoun (1813-1865), in 
 " lilackwood's Magazine." 
 
 Durandal (doo'r6"'dal'). [Of uncer- 
 tain etymology. The root is probably 
 the Fr. du>\ hard, durer, to resist.] 
 The name of a marvelous sword of 
 Orlando, the renowned hero of ro- 
 mance. It is said to have been the 
 Avorkmanship of the fairies, who en- 
 dued it with such Avonderful properties 
 that its owner was able to cleave the 
 Pyrenees with it at a blow. See Or- 
 LAxno. [Written also D u r a n d a r t, 
 D u r i n d a n e, D u r i n d a 1 e, D u- 
 r i n d a n a, D u r e n d a, D u r e n d a 1, 
 and Durlindana.] 
 
 Durandarte (doo-r5n-dar'ta). A fab- 
 ulous hero of Spain, celebrated in the 
 aiu'ient ballads of that country, and 
 in the romances of chivalry. Cer- 
 vantes has introduced him, in " Don 
 (Quixote," in the celebrated adven- 
 ture of the knight in the Cave of 
 INIontcsinos. He is represented as a 
 cousin of Montesinos, and, like him, 
 a peer of France. At the liattle of 
 Roncesvalles, he expires in the anm 
 of Montesinos. Both of these char- 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying ExplanatioDi, 
 
DUR 
 
 111 
 
 DUR 
 
 acters are regarded by Ticknor as 
 imaginary personages. 
 
 In the moun time, us Durunilarte savs in the 
 Ciive ut' -Muutcsinus, "Patience, unil shntHe 
 the curds." bijrua. 
 
 Dur'den, Dame (diir^dn)- !• The 
 heroine of a popuhir English song. 
 She is described as a notable house- 
 wife, and the mistress of niniierous 
 serving-girls and laboring men. 
 2. A sobriquet applied to Esther 
 
 Summerson, the heroine of Dickens's 
 "lileak House." 
 
 Durga (dimr^ga). { flimlu Myth.) The 
 consort of Siva, represented a^ having 
 ten arms. 
 
 Dur'ward, Quen'tin. The hero of 
 Scott's novel of the same name; q 
 young archer of the Scottish guard 
 in the service of Louis XI. of 
 France. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, bee pp. xiv-xxxii 
 
EAG 
 
 112 
 
 ECS 
 
 E. 
 
 Eagle of Brittany. [Fr. VAigle de 
 Jjrttin/tit-.] A title bestowed upon 
 Bertraiid du Gue-scliu (d. i;J8()), a 
 native of Brittany, and constable of 
 !• ranee, renowned lor his gallantry 
 and military skill. 
 Eagle of Divines. A title bestowed 
 i.pon Thomas Atjuinas, the famous 
 tiieologian of the thirteenth century. 
 See Dlmb (Jx. 
 Eagle of French Doctors. [Fr. 
 Ju'Afi//e (Its JJuftturs dt Fr<i/tce.^ A 
 surname given to Pierre d'Ailly (1350- 
 14-25), a celebrated French cardinal 
 and theological disputant. 
 Eagle of Meaux (mo). [Fr. L'AhJe 
 lit Mt(Uiu.-.\ A name popularly given 
 to Jacques Benigne Bossuet (1627- 
 1704), a French divine celebrated for 
 his extraordinary powers of pulpit 
 eloquence, and for many years bishop 
 of Meaux. 
 Eastern States. A name popvdarly 
 given, in America, to the six New 
 England States, — Maine, New Hamp- 
 shire. Vermont. ^^lassachusetts, Fihode 
 Island, and Connecticut. 
 Eblis {Arnb. pron. ib-lees'). The 
 name given by the Arabians to the 
 prince of the "apostate angels, whom 
 they represent as exiled to the in- 
 fernal regions for refusing to worship 
 Adam at the conmiand of the Su- 
 preme. Eblis alleged, in justification 
 of his refusal, that he himself had 
 been formed of ethereal fire. Avhile 
 Adam was only a creature of clay. 
 To gratit\- his revenge, Eblis tempted 
 Adam and Eve, and succeeded in 
 leading them to their fall fi-om inno- 
 cence, in consequence of which they 
 were separated. The Mohammedans 
 say. that, at the moment of the birth 
 of their prophet, the throne of Eblis 
 was precipitated to the bottom of hell, 
 and the idols of the Gentiles were 
 overturned. According to some, he 
 is the same as the Azazel of the 
 Hebrews. [Written also Iblis.] 
 Ebony. [That is. Black wood.] A 
 humorous appellation given to Mr. 
 
 William Blackwood (1777-1804), the 
 original publisher of " Blackwood's 
 ^Magazine." He was so called by 
 Jaiucs Hogg, the *' F2ttrick Shep- 
 herd," in a famous jeu (tisprit, en- 
 titled " The Chaldee Maimscript," 
 which apjjeared in the ninnbcr tor 
 October, 1817, but Avas immediately 
 suppressed on account of its perso- 
 nalities and alleged immorality. The 
 name is sometimes used as a synonym 
 for the magazine itself. 
 
 Ech'o {Lat. pron. e'ko). [Gr. 'Hxni.] 
 {(Jr. if Horn, ^fytft.) An oread, who 
 fell desperately in love Avith Narcis- 
 sus. As her love Avas not returned, 
 she pined away in grief, until at last 
 there remained of her nothing but 
 her voice. 
 
 Eckhardt, The Faithful (ek'hart, 
 64). [Ger. Btr trtue Jick-hardt.] A 
 legendaiy hero of Germany, repre- 
 sented as an old man Avith a Avhite 
 stall', Avho, in Eisleben, appears on 
 the eAening of ^laundy - Thursday, 
 and driA'es all the people into their 
 houses, to saA-e them from being 
 harmed by a terrible procession of 
 dead men. headless bodies, and tAvo- 
 legged horses, AA'hich immediately 
 alter passes by. Other traditions 
 represent him as the companion of 
 the knight Tannhauser, and as Avarn- 
 ing travelers from the Yenusberg, the 
 mountain of fatal delights in the old 
 mythology of Germany. Tieck has 
 founded a story upon this legend, 
 Avhich has been' translated into Eng- 
 lish by Carlyle, in Avhich Eckhardt 
 is described as the good servant Avho 
 perishes to saA-e his master's children 
 from the seducing fiends of the moun- 
 tain. The German proverb, " Thou 
 art the faithful Eckhardt : thou Avarii- 
 est everA' one," is founded upon this 
 tradition. See T.\x.NHArsER, Sir. 
 
 Ecstatic Doctor. [I.at. Doctor Erstat- 
 /r»,s.] An honorarA' appellation con- 
 ferred upon .lean RuA-sbroek (1294- 
 1381), one of the old schoolmen. He 
 was prior of the Canons Regular of 
 
 eg- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronuuciation," \rith the accompanying Explanations, 
 
EDG 
 
 113 
 
 ELA 
 
 St. Augustine at Griinthal in Brabant, 
 and a mystic. 
 
 .Eidgar. Son to Gloster, in Shake- 
 j^peare's tragedy of " Lear." 
 
 Edict, Perpetual. See Pekfetual 
 Edict. 
 
 Edict of Nantes (nants, or no"t, G2). 
 (Fr. Hist.) A celebrated decree, 
 dated at Nantes, in 1598, by which 
 Henry IV. of France granted tolera- 
 tion to his Protestant subjects, it was 
 revoked by Louis XIV., on the 18th 
 of October, 1G85. The result of this 
 desj)otic act was, that, rather than 
 conform to the established religion, 
 400,000 Protestants — among " the 
 most industrious, intelligent, and re- 
 ligious of the nation — quitted France, 
 and took refuge in Great Britain, 
 Holland, Prussia, Switzerland, and 
 America. 
 
 Edict of Restitution. {Ger. Hist.) 
 A decree issued, in 1(329, by the Em- 
 peror Frederick II. of Germany, re- 
 quiring the relinquishment of many 
 church lands. 
 
 Ed'in, or E-di'na. A poetical name 
 for Kdinbiiryh, said to have been in- 
 troduced by Buchanan, the Scottish 
 poet. 
 
 Edina! Scotia's darling seat ! 
 
 All hail thy palaces and towers. 
 Where once, beneath a monarch's feet. 
 
 Sat legislation's sovereign powers. 
 
 Bums. 
 
 Edmonton, 'Witcli of. See Witch 
 OF Edmonton. 
 
 Edmund. A bastard son of Gloster, 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of " Lear." 
 
 Edwin. 1. The hero of Goldsmith's 
 ballad entitled "The Hermit." 
 
 2. The hero of Mallet's ballad of 
 " Edwin and Emma." 
 
 3. The hero ofBeattie's" Minstrel." 
 Egalit6 (a'gil'le'ta'). [Fr., equality.] 
 
 A name assumed, in 1792, by Louis 
 Philippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans 
 (born 1747, guillotined 1793), in place 
 of his hereditary title, in order to 
 court the favor of the populace. 
 E-ge'ri-a (9). {Rom. Jfyth.) A nymph 
 from whom King Numa Ponipilius 
 was fabled to have received his in- 
 structions respecting the forri^s of pul)- 
 lic worship which he established in 
 
 Rome. Their interviews took place in 
 a grove near Aricia, or, according to 
 some versions of the story, near Rome. 
 
 E-ge'us. Father to Hermia, in 
 Siiakespeare's " Midsummer-Night's 
 Dream." 
 
 Eg'la-mour. 1. A character in Shake- 
 speare's " Two Gentlemen of Vero- 
 na," who is an agent of Silvia in 
 her escape. 
 
 2. (Sir.) A valiant knight of the 
 Round Table, celebrated in the ro- 
 mances of chivalry, and in an old 
 ballad. [Written also K g 1 a m o r e.J 
 
 Eg'lan-tine, Madame. The name 
 of the prioress, in Chaucer's "'Can- 
 terbury Tales." She is distinguished 
 for the mixture, in her manners and 
 costume, of gentle worldly vanities 
 and ignorance of the world ; for her 
 gayety, and the ever-visible difficulty 
 she feels in putting on an air of 
 courtly hauteur; for the lady -like 
 delicacy of her manners at table; and 
 for her partiality to lap-dogs. 
 
 Egypt. A cant popular designation 
 of the southern portion of the State 
 of Illinois, — being a figurative al- 
 lusion to the " thick darkness " in 
 which ancient Egypt was involved 
 for three days, in the time of Closes ; 
 or, as some sav, to the extraordinary 
 fertility of that country. The inhab- 
 itants of Southern Illinois have had 
 the reputation of being, in general, 
 extremely ignorant. In its agnVult- 
 ural capabilities, and in actual fruit- 
 fulness, this region is unsur]>assed, if 
 not unequaled, by any other in the 
 United States. 
 
 Egypt, Little. See Lords of Lit- 
 TI.I-: Egypt. 
 
 Egyptian Thief. A personage al- 
 luded to by the Duke in Shake- 
 speare's " Twelfth Night" (a. v., sc. 
 1 ). The reference is to the story of 
 Thyamis, a robber-chief and native 
 of Memphis, who, knt)wing he must 
 die, would have stabbed liis captive 
 Chariclea, a woman whom he loved. 
 
 E-laine'. A mythic lady connected 
 with the romances of King Arthur's 
 court. Her story is treated by Ten- 
 nyson in his " Idylls of the King." 
 
 »nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
ELB 
 
 114 
 
 ELI 
 
 Elbow. A constable, in Shakespeare's 
 " Mtasure lor .Measure," — ignorant 
 and teeble-minded, but modest and 
 \vell-nit'aiiiiig. 
 
 El Do-ra'do, or ElDo-ra'do. [Sp., 
 
 the gohleii huid.J A name given by 
 the Spaniards to an in)aginar\- coun- 
 try, supposed, in the sixtLeiith cen- 
 tury, lo be situated in the interior of 
 JSoutli America, between tile rivers 
 Orinoco and Amazon, and to abound 
 in gold and all manner of precious 
 stones. Expeditions were titled out 
 for the purpose of discovering this 
 labulous region; and, though all such 
 attempts proved abortive, the rumors 
 of its existence continued to be be- 
 lieved down to the begiiming of the 
 eighteenth centuiy. 
 
 ijt^ It is said that the name was at 
 first applied not to a country, but t<» a 
 man, '^ el rey dorado."' !Sir Walter Rji- 
 leigh, in his '• Discovery of the Large, 
 Kich. and Beautiful Empire of Guiaua," 
 gives a description of the rising of this 
 gilded king, whose chauiberiaius, every 
 morning, after having rubbed his naked 
 body with aromatic oils, blew powdered 
 gold over it through long canes. After 
 the name came to be used as the designa- 
 tion of a country, it swrns to have been 
 variously applied, and the expeditions in 
 search of the golden land had different 
 destinations. The whole of Guiana was 
 sometimes included in the term. Hum- 
 boldt, while exploring the countries upon 
 the Upper Orinoco, was informed that the 
 portion of Eastern Guiana lying between 
 the rivers Essequibo Jind Branco was •' the 
 cla.sisic.al .«oil of the Dorado of Parima." 
 Francis Orellana. a companion of Pizarro, 
 first spread in Europe the account of this 
 fabulous region. 
 
 In short, tbo whole eomedv is a sort of El 
 Dorado of wit. whore the precious metal is 
 thrown nboi\t hv nil clnsses ns carelessly as if 
 they had not the lea-st idea of its value. 
 
 T. Moore. 
 
 There stoodest thou, in deep mountain am- 
 phitheater, on iiinhrafreons lawns, in the 
 serene solitude: stately, massive, nil of grnnite, 
 plltterinir in the western sunbenms, like a 
 palace of El Dorado, overlaid with precious 
 metal. Carhjle. 
 
 E-lec'tra. [Or. "HAe^cToa.] {Gr. cf 
 Rom. }f)ifh.) X daughter of Aga- 
 memnon and Clytemnestra. and the 
 sister of Iphigenia. She became the 
 accomph'oe of Orestes in the murder 
 of their mother. See Clytemnestra 
 and Orestes. 
 
 Eleven Thousand Virgins, Th«. 
 Celebrated characters in Roman 
 Catholic histor\'. The legend con- 
 cerning tliem — which underwent 
 some enlargements in the course of 
 time — can be traced back as tar as 
 the ninth century, and is substan- 
 tially as follows: Ursula, a i^aiid of 
 the Catholic church, being demanded 
 in marriage by a pagan prince, and 
 fearing to retu.-e him, apparently con- 
 Seiitf.'d, but obtained a respite of three 
 years, and a grant of ten triremes and 
 ten noble companions, each, as well 
 as herself, atteiidetl by one thousand 
 virgins. She pas.sed the three years 
 witli her virgins in nautical exercLses; 
 and when the marriage-day arrived, a 
 sudden wind arose, and wafted then\ 
 to the mouth of the Khme, and thence 
 to Ba.sel. Here they lelt their vessels, 
 and made a pilgrimage on foot to 
 Rome. On their return, they encoun- 
 tered at Cologne an army ot Hiuis. by 
 whom they were massacred, Ursula 
 having retused an otfer of marriage 
 from the prince. Their coqises were 
 buried by the people of Cologne, and 
 a church was erected to their honor, 
 in which bones, said to be those of 
 Ursula and her companions, are ex- 
 hibited to this day. 
 
 je^=- " This extravagant number of 
 martyred virgins, which is not specified 
 in the earlier legends, is .said [Maury, 
 ' Legendes Pieuses.- p. 214] to have 
 ari.sf-n from the name of one of the com- 
 panions of Ursula being Undfimflln, — 
 an explanation very plausible, though I 
 must confess that I have not been able to 
 find any authority for the name Umlt-ri- 
 mella.'''' Max Midler. 
 
 E1i-a. A pseudonym under which 
 Charles Lamb wrote a series of cel- 
 ebrated essays, which were begun in 
 the " London ^Fagazine," and were 
 afterward collected and published by 
 themselves. 
 
 ecff= " The establishment of the ' Lon- 
 don Magazine.' under the auspices of Mr. 
 John Scott, occasioned T>amb's introduc- 
 tion to the public bv the name under 
 color of which he acquired his most bril- 
 liant reputation. — ' Elia." The adoption 
 of this signiitnre was purely accidental. 
 His first contrib\ition to the magazine 
 was a description of the old South - Sea 
 House, where Lamb had passed a few 
 
 0@~ For the •' Key to the Scheme of Pronuuciation." with the accompanying Explanationi, 
 
ELI 
 
 115 
 
 KME 
 
 months' noTitiate as a clerk, thirty j-ears 
 before, and of its inmates who had long 
 passed away ; and, remembering the 
 name of a gay, lig.it-hearted foreigner, 
 wlio tluttered there at tuat time, he sub- 
 scribed liis name to the essay." Tnlfourd. 
 Lamb's second paper was unsigned, and 
 the printer repeated the signature which 
 had been affixed to the first paper. This 
 led to its being attached to subsequent 
 contributions ; and Lamb used it until, 
 in his •' Last Letters of Elia," he bade it 
 a reluctant farewell. 
 
 lie is also the true EUa, whose essays are 
 extiint in a little volume published a year or 
 two since, and rather better known from that 
 name without a meaning than from any thing 
 he has done, or can hope to do, in his own. 
 
 Churks Lamb, Autooiugrupldcal Sketch, lUll. 
 
 Comfort thee, O tliou mourner, yet a while; 
 
 Again shall Eliu's smile 
 Refresh thy heart, where heart can ache no 
 more. 
 
 What is it we deplore ? Landor. 
 
 El'i-dure. A legendary king of Brit- 
 ain, labietl to have been advanced to 
 the tlirune in place of his brother Ar- 
 tegal, or Arthgallo, who was deposed 
 by powerful nobles to Avliom he had 
 given great oftense. Keturning to 
 the country after a long exile, Artegal 
 accidentally encountered his broth- 
 er, who received him with open arms, 
 took him home to the palace, and 
 reinstated him in his old position, 
 abdicating the throne himself, after 
 feigning a dangerous illness, by which 
 he succeeded in inducing his peers 
 once more to swear allegiance to his 
 brother. Artegal reigned for ten 
 years, wisely and well, and, after his 
 death, was succeeded by Elidure. 
 Wordsworth has taken the story of 
 these two brothers for the subject of 
 a poem. See Aktkgal. 
 
 El'i-6t, George. A pseudonym a- 
 dop'ted by Mrs. Mar\' A. (Evans) 
 Lewes, a popular and ver\^ able nov- 
 elist of the present dav, author of 
 "Adam Bede," ''The Mill on the 
 Floss," and other works. 
 
 E-li's5, or E-lis'sa. Another name 
 of Dich. See Dido. 
 
 Elivagar (A-le-vS'gaf). [Old Norse 
 elf, stream, and rcu/n, to Avander.] 
 {'Scnnd. Myth.) The name of a great 
 chaotic river flowing from a fountain 
 in NiHheim. [Written also Eli va- 
 ga and Elivagor.] 
 
 Elm City. The same as Clfy of Elms. 
 See City ok Elms. 
 
 Elocution Walker. A name popu- 
 laily given, in his lifetime, to John 
 Walker, the English orthoepist and 
 lexicographer (17ti2-I8{)7), who was 
 for a long time a distinguislicd teacher 
 of elocution among the higher classes 
 in London. 
 
 Eloquent Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Fn^ 
 CHiidiis.'\ An honorary appellation 
 given to Peter Aureolas, Archbishop 
 of Aix in the fourteenth century. 
 
 El'shen-der the Recluse. The 
 '' Black Dwarf," in Scott's novel of 
 this name. [Called also Canny El- 
 s}iie,.'\ 
 
 El'speth. 1. A character in Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott's "■Antiquary." 
 
 2. An old servant to Dandie Din- 
 mont, in Scott's " Guy Mannering." 
 
 E-l^'si-um (e-lizh'I-um). [Gr. 'HAv- 
 criov.] (Gr. «f Rom. MytL) The 
 blissful abode of the virtuous dead, 
 placed by Homer in the Avest, on 
 the border of the Ocean stream; by 
 Hesiod and Pindar in the Fortunate 
 Islands, or Isles of the Blest, in the 
 Western Ocean; by Virgil in the 
 imder-world, with an entrance from 
 a cave on the shore of Lake Averaus, 
 in Campania. [Called also Elysian 
 EiehlsJ] 
 
 Em'br9. A common Scottish corrup- 
 tion of Edinburyli. 
 
 Emerald Isle. A name sometimes 
 given to Ireland, on account of the 
 peculiar bright green look of the sur- 
 j'ace of the coiuitry. It was lirst 
 used by Dr. William Drennan (1754- 
 1820), author of " Glendalloch, and 
 other Poems." It occm-s in his poem 
 entitled "Erin." 
 
 " When Erin first rose from the dark-swelling 
 
 flood, 
 God blessed the green island; lie saw it was 
 
 good. 
 The Emerald of Europe, it sparkled, it 
 
 shone. 
 In the ring of this world the most precious 
 
 stone, 
 
 " Arm of Erin, prove strong; but be gentle a« 
 
 brave. 
 And, uplifted to st-ike. still be ready to save; 
 Nor one feeling of vengeance presume to 
 
 defile 
 The cause or the men of the Emerald Isle. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain worda refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
i:m[ 
 
 116 
 
 ENU 
 
 ^mile (i'mel'). The subject of Jean 
 Jac(|ues Housscati's novel of the same 
 name, and liis idral of a perfectly 
 educated vomig man. 
 
 E-mil'i-a. 1. The lady - love of 
 ralamon and Arcite in Chaucer's 
 " Knii;lit's Tale/' See I'ala.mon. 
 
 2. A lady attending Ilermione, in 
 Shakespeare's " ^Vinl^;r's Tale." 
 
 3. W ife to lago, and waiting-wom- 
 an to Desdeniona, in .Siiakesjjeare's 
 tragedy of " Otiielio; " a woman of 
 thorough vulgarity, loose principles, 
 and low cunning, unhed to a high de- 
 gree of spirit, energetic feeling, and 
 strong sense. 
 
 4. riie sweetheart of Peregrine 
 Pickle, in .Smollett's novel entitled 
 " The Adventures of Peregrine 
 Pickle." 
 
 Em-ped'o-cles. [Gr. 'EfXTreSoKAf;?.] 
 A famous Sicilian philosopher who 
 flourisiied aljout the year 450 li. c, 
 and was the reputed possessor of mi- 
 raculous powers. There Avas a tradi- 
 tion that he secretly threw himself into 
 the crater of Mount /Etna. in order that 
 his mysterious disappearance might 
 be taken as a proof ot'his divine origin. 
 Lucian says tliat the volcano threw 
 out his sandals, and thus destro\'ed 
 the popular belief in his divinity. 
 
 Others came sinsrlp; he who, to be deemed 
 A god, leiped fondly into Etna flames, 
 Emijedocles ; . . . and many more too long;. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Emperor of Believers. A title of 
 Omar I. (034), father-in-law of Mo- 
 hammed, and second caliph of the 
 Mussulmans. He was one of the most 
 zealous apostles of Islamism. 
 
 Elmperor of the "West. A sobriquet 
 given to John ^lurray (1778-1843), 
 an eminent London publisher, who 
 chansed his place of business from 
 Fleet Street, in "the City," to Albe- 
 marle Street, at the West End. 
 
 Empire City. The city of New 
 York, the chief city of the western 
 world, and the metropolis of the Em- 
 pire State. 
 
 Empire State. A popular name of 
 the State of Xew York, the most 
 populous and the wealthiest State in 
 the Union. 
 
 Lo! the Empire St'ite is shaking 
 Tlu' !-liackks f/oiii her liaiid; 
 
 With tlie ruj,'j;ed North is wakin;; 
 'i'lif level huii.set land! Whittier. 
 
 En-cel'$-dus. [Gr. 'Ev/ceAaSo?.] ( Gr. 
 
 ()'• Rtnii. Mi/f/i.) A son of Titan and 
 
 Terra, and the most powerful of all the 
 
 giants who conspired against .Ju])iter, 
 
 and attem])ted to scale heaven. He 
 
 was struck by Jupiter's thunderbolts, 
 
 and overwhelmed under Mount /Etna 
 
 According to the poets, the flames of 
 
 .Etna j)roceeded Irom the breath of 
 
 Enceladus, and, as often as he tinned 
 
 his weary side, the whole island of 
 
 Sicily felt the motion, and shook troiu 
 
 its very loundations. 
 
 She liolds her adversary as if annihilated; 
 such adversary being, all the while, like sonm 
 buried Enci-ladwn, who, to gain the sniuUesl 
 freedom, must stir a whole Triuacria ISitilvJ 
 with its Etnas. CarlyU:. 
 
 Endor, "Witch of. See Witch op 
 Endok. 
 
 En-dym'i-on. [Gr. ^EvIvixmv.'] ( Or. 
 cj- lima. Mjitli. ) A beautiful sheyilicrd- 
 youth of Caria, who spent his life in 
 perpetual sleep, for which the old 
 legends assign various causes. Diana 
 is taljled to have come down to him 
 nightly, as he lav in a cave of Mount 
 Latmus, that she might kiss him 
 unobserved. 
 
 He stood. 
 Fine as those shapely spirits, heaven-de- 
 scended, 
 Hermes, or young Apollo, or whom she. 
 The moon-lit Dian. on the Latmian hill, 
 When all the woods and all the winds were 
 still. 
 Kissed with the kiss of immortality. 
 
 B. W. Procter. 
 
 England, Boast of. See Tom-a-i.in. 
 
 England, Clothier of. See Jack 
 or Xkwiu'ky. 
 
 England's Pride and "Westmin- 
 ster's Glory. An honorary title or 
 sobriquet given for a long time to 
 Sir Francis Burdett (1770-1844), the 
 most popular iMiglish politician of 
 his time, and in particular the idol 
 of Westminster, which he re])resented 
 in Parliament for nearly thirty years. 
 
 English Ar'is-toph'a-nes. A title 
 assumed by Samuel Foote (1722- 
 1777). the comic dramatist. [Called 
 also TItt }riiilfrn AristopUanes.] 
 
 English Bas-tille'. A nickname 
 given, about the tirst of the present 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation* 
 
EXG 
 
 117 
 
 EXG 
 
 century, to the jail of Cold-lJath 
 Fields, in London, from the number 
 of state-prisoners in it. 
 
 English Hob'be-ma. A designation 
 popularly given to I'atrick (or I'eter) 
 Kasmyth \d. 1831), a Scottish land- 
 scape-painter whose style was thought 
 to resemble that of the great 1- lemish 
 master ^liuderhoiit Uobbema (Kill- 
 IGSJU), though it really had little in 
 common with it exeei)t minuteness of 
 detail. 
 
 English Jus-tin'i-an. A name often 
 given to I'klward 1., whose reign is 
 remarkable for the progress which 
 was nuide in it toward the settlement 
 of the laws and eonstitution of Eng- 
 land. Sir Matthew Hale remarks, 
 that more was done in the tirst thir- 
 teen years of this reign to settle and 
 establish the distributive justice of 
 the kingdom than in all the next 
 four centuries. And similarly IJlaek- 
 stone sa\'s, " Upon the whole, we may 
 observe that the very scheme and 
 model of the administration of com- 
 mon justice betAveen party and party 
 was entirely settled by this king." 
 
 English Ju've-nal. An appellation 
 given to John Oldham (165;3-1G8:3), 
 a distinguished poet, on account of the 
 severity of his satires, and his spirited 
 delineation of contemporary lile and 
 manners. 
 
 English Mersenne (mef'sen'). Jahn 
 Collins, an English mathematician 
 and physicist ( 1 624-1 683 ) : — so called 
 from Marin ^lersenne, a contempo- 
 rary French philosopher and matlie- 
 matician, who was celebrated for the 
 wonderful extent of his erudition. 
 
 In short. Mr. Collins was like the 
 regi.'ster of all the new acquisitions made 
 in the mathematical sciences ; the maj^a- 
 zine to which the curious had frequent 
 recourse ; which acquired him the appel- 
 lation of the English Mersenne." 
 
 Hiitton. 
 
 English Opium-eater. Aname often 
 given to Thonuis De (\)uincey, one of 
 the most remarkable English writers 
 of the present century,; celebrated 
 for his eccentricities, induced — at 
 least in part — by the habit of eating 
 opium, and proclaimed by himself to 
 
 the world in a well-known volume of 
 " Confessions.'" 
 
 English Pale. See Tale, Tiik. 
 
 English Palladio (jml-lri'de-o, 102). 
 A surname given to Inigo .Toms 
 (1573-1653), who introduced into 
 England the Italian or '"classic" 
 style of architecture as exemplitied in 
 the works of Andrea Palladio (1518- 
 1580) and his school. [Called also 
 The En<jUsh V'ltnivlus.^ 
 
 English Pe'trarch. A name given 
 by Sir Walter IJalcigh to Sir Philip 
 Sidney (1554—1586), who, like I'e- 
 trarcli (1304-1374), Avas one of the 
 earliest cidtivators and reliners of 
 his native language. His writings, 
 as well as those ot his Italian prede- 
 cessor, are characterized by a rare 
 delicacy of poetical feeling and great 
 brilliancy of inuigination. 
 
 English Rabelais (rab^la'). 1. A 
 name often given to Jonathan Swiit 
 (1667-1745), whose Avritings resem- 
 ble in some points those of the great 
 French satirist. 
 
 2. A name sometimes given to 
 Lawrence Sterne (1713-1768), the 
 author of " Tristram Shandy " and 
 "The Sentimental Journey," and the 
 most airy and graceful of English 
 humorists. " The cast of the whole 
 Shandean history," says Fitzgerald, 
 " its tone and manner and thought, is 
 such as woidd come from one satu- 
 rated, as it were, Avith Kabelais, and 
 the school that imitated Kabelais." 
 
 3. The same name has been giv- 
 en to Thomas Amoiy (1691 -178 J), 
 author of " The Life and Opinions of 
 John Buncle, Esq." See Buncle, 
 John. 
 
 jBES^" " The soul of Francis Rabelais 
 passed into John Amory. . . . Both were 
 physicians, and enemies of too nuuh 
 gravitv. Their great business was to en- 
 joy life." Hazlitt. '• In point of ani- 
 mal spirits, love of good cheer, and some- 
 thing of a mixture of scholarship, the- 
 ology, and profane reading, he may he 
 held to deserve the title ; but he has no 
 claim to the Frenchman's greatness of 
 genius, freedom from bigotry, and pro- 
 tbnndness of wit and humor. He might 
 have done very well for a clerk to Rabe- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
ENG 
 
 118 
 
 EPI 
 
 lais ; and his master would have laughed 
 quite as much at, us with, him."' 
 
 L-^ig/i Hunt. 
 
 English Ros'ci-us (ro?h^l-us). An 
 hoiiorarv name or title given to 
 David Garrick (i710-i( /J), the most 
 eminent actor of his day upon the 
 English stage. 
 
 Eaglish Sap'pho (saf'fo^. A title 
 given to Mrs. Marv Uarin- Robinson 
 (1758-181);)), mistress of George IV. 
 .She acquired a brilliant reputation for 
 beautv and wit, and was tlie author 
 of some well -esteemed lyric poems. 
 See Della Ckuscans, Pebpita. 
 
 Euglish Sen'e-ca. A name given to 
 Joseph Hall (1574-1050), an English 
 bishop remarkable for his scholar- 
 ship, piety, and misfortunes. [Called 
 also lilt Christiitn Stiitca.] 
 
 4S^ •' He was commonly called our 
 Eiigii.;h Seneca, for tlie pureness. ]ilain- 
 ner-s, and fullness of his style."' Tiuimas 
 Fuller. '• It is much to our present pur- 
 pose to observe that the style of his prose 
 i-i strongly tinctured with the manner of 
 Seneca. The writer of the Satires is per- 
 ceptible in some of his gravest polemical 
 or scriptural treitises, which are per- 
 petually interspersed with excursive il- 
 lustrations, finiiliar allusions, and ob- 
 servations in life." T.iomas Warton. 
 
 English Solomon. See Solomon of 
 England. 
 
 English TSr'ence. A title some- 
 times given to Richard Cumberland 
 (1732-1811), an English dramatist 
 and miscellaneous writer. 
 
 The Terence of England, the mender of hearts. 
 
 Gohlsmith. 
 
 English Tin'to-ret. A name given 
 bv Charles L to William Dobson 
 (i()10-16-tG), a distinguished Eng- 
 lish jwrtrait and historical painter. 
 [Called also Tlie h'nr/lish ViuKfycL] 
 
 E'nid. A mythical lady menticmed 
 in a Welsh triad as one of the three 
 celebrated ladies of Arthur's court; a 
 beautiful picture of conjugal patience 
 and affection. Her story — which is 
 not included in the general cycle of 
 romances — has lately been rescued 
 from obscurity bv Tennvson, in his 
 '' Idylls of the King." 
 
 Enlightened Doctor. See Illumi- 
 nated DOCTOU. 
 
 Ent6]6chie (on't^'Ia'she', 62). The 
 name given by iiabelais to an im- 
 aginary kingdom, which he repre- 
 sents as governed by t^ueen (Quintes- 
 sence, and as visited by I'antagruei 
 and his companions in their search 
 to Hnd the oracle of the Holy Bottle. 
 This country symbolizes the ta.ste 
 for speculative science, and is, with- 
 out doubt, the foundation of the isl- 
 and of l>aputa, in Swift"s fictitious 
 " Travels " of l^emuel Gulliver. In 
 the Peripatetic ])hilosophy. tntekclty 
 signitied an actuality, or an object 
 completely actualized, in contradis- 
 tinction to mere potential existence. 
 
 En-telTus. See Daues. 
 
 E'os. [Gr. 'Hc6?.] {Gr. }fyth.) Thp 
 goddess of the dawn; the same as 
 Aurora. See Aukoka. 
 
 Eph'i-al'tes. [Gr. '£.^101x777?.] {Gr. 
 ()'• Rom. AJift/i.) One of the giants 
 who made war upon the gods. He 
 Avas deprived of his left eye by Apollo, 
 and of the right by Hercules. 
 
 E-pig'o-ni. [Gr. 'Eniyovoi, the after- 
 born.] A name given to the sons of 
 the seven Grecian heroes who laid 
 siege to Thebes. See Seven against 
 Thebes. 
 
 Ep'i-men'i-des. [Gr. 'ETriAJievtST)?.] A 
 philosopher and poet of Crete, who 
 lived in the sixth or seventh century 
 B. c. His history has reached us only 
 in a mythical form. He is said to have 
 fallen asleep in a cave, when a boy, 
 and to have remained in that state 
 for fifty-seven years, (^n waking and 
 going out into the broad daylight, 
 he was greatly perplexed and aston- 
 ished to find every thing around him 
 altered. But what was more wonder- 
 ful still, during his long period of 
 slumber, his soul, released from its 
 fleshlv prison, had been busily en- 
 gaged in the study of medicine and 
 natural ])hilosophy : and when it again 
 became incarnated. Epimenides fmind 
 himself a man of great knowledge and 
 wisdom, (ioethe has written a poem 
 on the snl)Ject, "Des Epimenides Er- 
 wachen." See Klaus, Peter, an(i 
 Winkle, Rip Van. 
 
 Like Epimeniile.o, I have been sleepin? in i 
 cave: and. waking, I see those whom I left 
 
 B&- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the acccnipanyiug Explanationa, 
 
EPI 
 
 119 
 
 ERY 
 
 rtiildren arc bearded men; and towns have 
 spruiij; up in the luiidseaiies whieli 1 left aa 
 solitary waslis. iHir A'. JSuld'er Li/ttoii. 
 
 Elp'i-me'theus. [Gr. 'ETrijar/eev?.] ( (/v. 
 (Jl- JcDiJi. Jlijf/i.) A brother of I'ronn'- 
 theus, and the husband of randora. 
 See J^VNDoHA. 
 
 Eraste (a^rAsf). Tlie heroine in INIo- 
 liere's comedy entitled " Les Fa- 
 clieux." 
 
 Er'a-to. [Gr. 'Eparw.] {G7\ cf Eom. 
 Mijtit.) One of the nine Muses. She 
 presided over lyric, tender and ama- 
 tory poetry. 
 
 Er^a-tos'tra-tus. See Herostka- 
 
 TUS. 
 
 Er'e-bus. [Gr. 'Epe^o?, darkness.] 
 ( (Jr. (J- Rom. Myth.) A son of Chaos, 
 and a god of hell. The name is used 
 by tlie poets to denote the darlv and 
 gloomy cavern under the eartli, 
 passed through by the shades in go- 
 ing to Hades. 
 
 E-re'tri-an Bull. An appellation of 
 Menedemus of Eretria, in Eubaa, a 
 Greek philosopher of the fourth cen- 
 tury B. c, and founder of the Ere- 
 trian school, which was a branch of 
 the Socratic. He Avas so called on 
 account of the gravity of his coun- 
 tenance. 
 
 E-ricti'tho. [Gr. 'Y.pix&^-'] A famous 
 Thessalian witch consulted by Pom- 
 pey. 
 
 Such a siihiect even the powerful Erichthn 
 was compelled to select, as alone capable of 
 being re-animated even by her potent mapie. 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 E'rin (9). An early name of Ireland, 
 now used as a poetic appellative. See 
 Emekald Isle. 
 
 E-rin'nys (pi. E-rin'ny-es). [Gr. 
 
 'EQti'fv?; pi. 'Epl^'^'ue?, 'Eoii'i'i}?. ) [Gr. 
 
 Myth.) An avenging deity, one of 
 the Eumenides, or Furies. See Fu- 
 ries. 
 E'ris (0). [Gr. 'Epi?.') [Gr. Myth.) 
 The goddess of discord ; a sister of 
 Mars, and a daughter of Night; the 
 same as the Koman Discordia. 
 
 Erl-king. [Ger. ErJ-Jconif/.! Erlenhn- 
 n'ni, derived by some from the root 
 erle, alder; l)y others supposed to be 
 identical with Elfen Kdiiifj, King of 
 the Elves,] A name applied to a 
 
 personified natural power or elemen- 
 tary spirit, whicit, according to Ger- 
 man poetical authorities, prepares 
 miscliief and ruin for nu'ii, and espe- 
 cially for chiUbx'U, thrcHigh delusive 
 seductions. It is fabled to aj)|)ear as 
 a goblin, haunting the lilack Forest in 
 Tliuringia. The existence of such 
 elementary spirits, and their connuc- 
 tion with maukiiul, have, in the ear- 
 liest times, occujjied the imagination 
 of the most widely different races. 
 The Erl-king was introduced into 
 German poetry from the sagas of the 
 North, througli Herder's translation 
 of the Danish ballad of " Sir Olaf 
 and the Erl-king's Daughter;" and 
 it has become universally known 
 through Goethe's ballad of the "Eri- 
 konig." 
 Erminia ( ef-me'ne-a). The heroine of 
 Tasso's epic poem, " Jerusalem De- 
 livered," in love with Tancred. 
 
 She re;"^ of fair Erminia't: flight, 
 Whicn Venice once might hear 
 
 Sung on her glittering seas at night 
 By many a gondolier. Jfrg. Hemans. 
 
 E'ros (9). [Gr. 'Epa>9.] (Gr. Myth.) 
 The Greek name of the deity called 
 Cupido, or Cupid, by the Romans. 
 See Cupid. 
 
 Er'ra Pa'ter. The name of some old 
 astrologer; but who was meant by it 
 has not been determined. Some of 
 the old almanacs say an eminent 
 Jewish astrologer. William Lilly 
 was so called by Butler. 
 
 In mathematics he was greater 
 Than Tycho Brahe or Erra Pater. 
 
 HufUbras. 
 
 fir'^-ci'na. [Gr. 'Epv/ciVr?.] ( Gr. cf- 
 Rnni. }fyth.) A surname of Venus, 
 derived from IMount Eryx, in Sicily, 
 where she had a famous temple. 
 
 Er'^-man'thi-an Boar. See Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Er'y-sich'tlion. [Gr. 'Epuo-tx^'^i'-J 
 ( Gr. (f Rom. Myth. ) A profane per- 
 son who cut down trees in a grove 
 sacred to Ceres, for which he was 
 punished by the goddess with raging 
 and tmappeasable hunger. 
 
 E'rvx(9). [Gr. 'Epi-M (Gr. tf Rom. 
 Myth.) A king of Sicily wlio chal- 
 lenged Hercules to fight with the 
 gauntlet, and lost both his life and 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xatxiL 
 
ESC 
 
 120 
 
 ETE 
 
 his crown, which he staked on the 
 issue ot the contest. 
 Es'ca-lus. 1. An ancient and kind- 
 lieartcd lord, in Sliakespeare's " Meas- 
 ure I'ur Measure," wiioni Vincentio, 
 the Duke ot" Vienna, joins with An- 
 gclo, but in an interior rank, as his 
 deputy durin{^ a pretended absence 
 on a distant journey. 
 
 We do not blame him [Leigh Hunt] for not 
 brin;;in^ to tlie judfjuifut-suat tlie merciless 
 ri{;orut I.ord AiiKt'lo, but we really think that 
 such flajjitiuu.-^ and impudent ottenders as 
 those now at the bar, deserved, at the least, 
 the gentle rebuke of J-Jucalu-i. Mucuuhty. 
 
 2. Prince of Verona, in Sliake- 
 speare's " Romeo and Juliet." 
 
 Es'cS-nes. A lord of Tyre, in Shake- 
 speare's '' Pericles." 
 
 Es'm6nd, Henry. The title of a 
 novel by Thackeray, and the name 
 of its hero, a ciiivalrous cavalier and 
 Jacobite of the time of Queen Anne. 
 
 Esplandian (es-plan-de-an'). In the 
 old romances of chivalry, the son of 
 Amadis and Oriana. JNlontalvo has 
 made him the subject of an original 
 work, which is a continuation of his 
 translation of the " Amadis," and 
 which, in the preface, he announces 
 to be the fifth book of the same. 
 
 Espriella (es-pre-ePya). The name 
 of an imaginary Spaniard, whose 
 " Letrers " from England, about the 
 year 1810, were written by Southey. 
 
 Es-tella. The heroine of Dickens's 
 novel of '• Great Expectations." 
 
 Esterraere, King. See King Ester- 
 mi: i;e. 
 
 Est-il-possible fS'tel' pos'se'bl. 61). 
 [Fr., Is it possible?] A name given 
 by King James II. of England to 
 F'rince George of Denmark, the hus- 
 band of James's daughter, the Prin- 
 cess Anne, afterwards Queen Anne. 
 These Avords had been a common 
 phrase with the prince at the time of 
 the Revolution of 1688, as reports of 
 one desertion of the king alter an- 
 other came to his ears. "When he 
 also went over to William and Mary, 
 ■ James is rejiorted to have said, 
 " What ! Es(-!/-/)(K^si/j!<^ gone too ? " 
 
 Es-tot'i-l§,nd, or Es-tot'i-land'i-a. 
 According to the " Geographical Dic- 
 
 tionary'" of Edmund Bohun (1G95), 
 " a great tract of land in the north 
 of America, toward the arctic circle 
 and Hudson's Bay, having New- 
 Prance on the south, and James's 
 Bay on the west, the first of Ameri- 
 can shores discovered, l)eing found 
 by some Friesland tisliers. that were 
 driven hither In- a temj)est. almost 
 two hundred years beiore Columbus." 
 Alcedo says of it, " An imaginary' 
 country wliich some authors suppose 
 to have been discovered in 1-477 by a 
 native of Poland named .John Scalve, 
 and that the same was part of the 
 land of Labrador. The fact is, that 
 this country never had any existence 
 but in the iniagiuations of the two 
 brothers of the name of Zeno, A'ene- 
 tian noblemen, who had no ])articu- 
 lar informati(m whatever respecting 
 the expedition of this Polish adven- 
 turer: and that, in 1497, John Cabot, 
 or Gabot, lett England with three 
 of his sons, under the commission 
 of Henry YII., when he discovered 
 Xewfoundlaud and part of the imme- 
 diate continent where this country is 
 supposed to exist." 
 
 Else . . . the low sun . . . 
 Had rounded still the horizon, and not known 
 Or east or west: which had forbid the snow 
 From cold Estotilaiu/, and south as far 
 Beneath Magellan. Milton. 
 
 The learned Grotius marches his Nor- 
 wegians by a pleasant route across froz'.n 
 rivers and "arms of the sea, throuirh Iceland, 
 Greenland, Estotiland, and Norunibe^a. 
 
 IF . Irving. 
 
 E-te'o-cles. [Gr. 'EreoKAii?.] {(Jr. (^ 
 Roiii. MijOt.) A son of CEdipus. king 
 of Thebes. He and his brother 
 Polynices agreed to reign alternately, 
 each holding the power a year at a 
 time. Eteocles did not adhere to his 
 engagement, and hence arose the 
 Theban war. The brothers at last 
 agreed to tinish the war by a duel: 
 in this they both fell. 
 
 Like flited Tv^f or/es-Polynices Brothers, em- 
 bracing, though in vain"; weening that they 
 must not love, that they must nate only, and 
 die by each other's hands! Carlyle. 
 
 Eternal City. A popular and very 
 ancient designation of Rome, which 
 was fabled to have been built under 
 the favor and immediate direction 
 of the gods. The expression, or 
 its equivalent, frequently occurs in 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
ETT 
 
 121 
 
 EUR 
 
 classic authors, as Livy, Til>ullus, 
 Quiutiliaii, &c. In the "yEneid," Vir- 
 gil, following" the received tradition, 
 represents Jupiter as holding the fol- 
 lowing languag'e to Venus, in refer- 
 ence to the Konians, who were su])- 
 posed to he the descendants of her 
 son .Eneas: — 
 
 " His t-ffo HOC metas reriim, iiectenipora poim: 
 liiiperiuni sine tine dedi." JJk. I., v. (8, 711. 
 
 "To them no bounds of empire I assign. 
 Nor term of years to their immortal line." 
 Unjden's TraiiK. 
 
 tittrick Shepherd. A name com- 
 monly given to .James Hogg (1772- 
 18:55), the Scottish poet, who was 
 oorn in the forest of Ettrick, in .Sel- 
 kirkshire, and in early life followed 
 the occupation of a shepherd. 
 
 "When first, descendinj; from the moorlands, 
 I saw the stream of I'arrow glide 
 
 Alonjf a l)are and ope7\ valley, 
 Tlie Ettrick S/icpherd was'my gnide. 
 
 HonlsivortJi. 
 
 fGu'cli-o. A character in Plautus's 
 comedy of "Aulularia," celehrated 
 for his penuriousness. 
 
 Now you must explain all this to me, unless 
 you wi'>nld liave me use you as ill as EkcIi'o 
 does Staphyla, in the "Aulularia." 
 
 Sir W. Srott. 
 
 .Eu-ge'iii-us. An amiable monitor 
 and counselor of Yorick, in Sterne's 
 " Life and Opinions of Tristram 
 Shandy." He is said to have been 
 intended as a portrait of the author's 
 friend, John Hall Stevenson. 
 
 Eulenspiegel (oi-len-spe'gel, 43, 58). 
 
 See OWLE-GLASS. 
 
 Eu-rase'us. [Gr. Eu/aaio?.] ( Gr. (.f 
 Rom. Myth. ) A swine-herd and slave 
 of Ulysses, famed for his tidelity to 
 his master. 
 
 Tliis second Eumceus strode hastily down 
 the forest-glade, driving before him, with the 
 assistance of Fangs, the whole herd of his in- 
 liainionious charge. Sir W.Scott. 
 
 Eu-men'i-des. [Gr. Eujaei-tSe?, L e., 
 the gracious or benign goddesses.] 
 {Gr. Jfijth.) A euphemistic name 
 given by the Greeks to the Eurics, 
 whose true name of Ayinnj/es they 
 were afraid to utter. See Fukies. 
 
 They lie always, those subterranean En- 
 meni'les, — fabulous, and yet so true, — in the 
 dullest existence of man ; and can dance, 
 brandishing their dusky torches, shaking 
 their serpent hair. Curlijlc. 
 
 Eu-mol'pus. [Gr. Eu/xoAtto?.] ( Gr. 
 
 (f Rom. j]fijfh.) A son of Neptune 
 and Chione, celebrated as a singer or 
 bard, and as the foiuuler of the Eleu- 
 siuiau mysteries. 
 
 Eu-phor'bus. [Gr. Eu</>op^o«.] ( Gr. 
 (j'- Rom. Myth.) A Trojan, son of 
 I'anthous, slain by jMenelaus in the 
 Trojan war. 
 
 Eu-phros'y-iie- [tlr. EiJ<|)po(rv»'Tj, 
 cheerfidness, mirth. J ( Gr. tf Rom. 
 Myth.) One of the three Graces. 
 
 Come, thou goddess fair and free, 
 In heaven y-clept En/i/iroxifiie, 
 And by men, heart-easing Mirth. 
 
 MiJtcm. 
 
 Eu'phu-es. [Gr. Eu(/)u>??, of good lig- 
 lU'e, comely, clever.] The principal 
 character in Lyiy's two famous works 
 entitled " Euphues, or The Anatomy 
 of AVit," and " Euphues and his 
 England." These works are re- 
 markable for their pedantic and fan- 
 tastical style, and tor the monstrous 
 and overstrained conceits with which 
 they abound. Euphues is represent- 
 ed as an Athenian gentleman, distin- 
 giushed for the elegance of his per- 
 son and the beauty of his wit, and 
 for liis amorous temperament and 
 roving disposition. 
 
 Eu-ro'pa. [Gr. EupuiTrr;.] ( Gr. </■ Rom. 
 Jfyth.) A beautiful daughter of 
 Phoenix, or of Agenor, carried otY by 
 Jupiter, under the form of a white 
 bull, from Phccnicia to Crete. By 
 him she became the mother of Minos 
 and Sarpedou. 
 
 Europe, The Nightmare of. See 
 Nic;ht3iare of Eukope. 
 
 Eu-ry'a-le. [Gr. EvpuaAr;.] {Gr. (f 
 Rom. Myth.) 1. One of the three 
 Crorgons. See Gokgons. 
 
 2. A queen of the Amazons. 
 
 3. A daughter of Minos, and the 
 mother of Orion. 
 
 Eu-ry'ai-lus. [Gr. EupvaAo?.] A Tro- 
 jan youth, immortalized by Virgil as 
 the faithful friend of Nisus. See 
 
 Nisus. 
 
 Wc have been Nisus and Ettn/nhis, Theseus 
 and Pirithous, Orestes and Pylades, and — to 
 sum up the whole with a ])uritanic toucli — 
 David and Jonathan, all in one breath. 
 
 Sir IF. Scott. 
 
 Eu-ryd'i-ce. [Gr. EvpvBiKrt.] {Gr. cf 
 Rom. Myth.) The wife of Orpheus, 
 
 »nd for the llemarks and Rules to which tlie numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
EUR 
 
 122 
 
 EXC 
 
 killed by a serpent on her bridal 
 day. See Okphkus. 
 
 Orpheus' self may heave liis head 
 
 I'loin j^olden «lunil)er<)H a berl 
 
 Of hfupeil Klysiaii flowers, uiid hear 
 
 Sucli strains as would liave wou the ear 
 
 Of Pluto, to have quite set free 
 
 His half-reguiiiud Karydwe. Milton. 
 
 Eu-ryl'o-chus. [Gr. Ei-piiAoxo?.] ( (ir. 
 (j- lioia. Jlyt//.) One of the eoinpan- 
 ion.s of Ulysses in his wanderings, 
 and the only one of them -who was 
 not chanyed by Circe into a hog. 
 
 Eu-ryn'o-me. [Gr. Evpwoixr].] ( G7\ 
 if Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Oce- 
 an us and Tetliys, and mother of the 
 Graces. 
 
 Eu-rys'theus, [Gr. Evpuo-^ev'?.] ( Gr. 
 tjr Ihnn. Myth.) A son of Sthenelus, 
 and grandson of Perseus, king of 
 Myceme. At Juno's instigation, he 
 imposed upon his cousin Hercules 
 twelve ditticult labors, which he had 
 a right to do on account of his prior- 
 ity of birth. See Hekcules. 
 
 Eu-ter'pe. [Gr. Eutcpttt}.] [Or. (f 
 Rom. Myth.) The Muse of music; 
 represented in ancient works of art 
 with a flute in her hand. See Muses. 
 
 E-vad'ne. [Gr. EudS^r,.] 1. {Gr. (f 
 Riiin. Myth.) Wife of Capaneus, and 
 mother of Sthenelus. Her husband 
 having been killed at the siege of 
 Thebes, she threw herself upon the 
 funeral pile, and was consumed with 
 him. 
 
 2. A female character in Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher's play, " The 
 Maid's Tragedy." 
 
 E-van'der. [Gr. EuavSpo?.] {Gr. cf 
 Rom. ^fyth ) A son of Mercury by 
 an Arcadian nymph. He is fabled 
 to have led a Pelasgian colony from 
 Arcadia into Italy, about sixty years 
 before the Trojan war. ^-Eneas, 
 wlien he arrived in Italy, found him 
 still alive, and formed an alliance 
 with him against the Latins. 
 
 Evangelical Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Kvaiujidlras.'] See Gospel Doctou. 
 
 E-van'Ke-line. The heroine of Long- 
 fellow's poem of the same name, 
 founded upon the historical incident 
 of the expulsion of the inhabitants 
 
 of Acadia from their homes in the 
 year 1755. See Acadia. 
 
 £v'an§, Sir Hugh. A pedantic 
 Welsh parson and schoolmaster, in 
 Shakesijeare's '' I\Ierry Wives of 
 Windsor," of childish simplicity and 
 ignorance. 
 
 'I'ho reader may well cry out, with honest 
 Sir Jlitijh Evans, " I like not when a Vxnnan 
 has a j;ieat peard: 1 spy a great peard under 
 her niultier." Macauluy. 
 
 Ev'e-li'na. The title of a novel by 
 Miss liurney (Madame D'Arblay), 
 and the name of its heroine, after- 
 ward Lady Orville. 
 
 Ever - memorable John Hales, 
 The. See Hales, The Evek- 
 
 MEMUKAIiLE JoH>'. 
 
 Evil May-day. {Em/. Hist.) A name 
 given to the 1st of May, 1517, on ac- 
 count of the dreadful excesses com- 
 mitted on that day by the apprentices 
 and populace against foreigners, par- 
 ticularly the French. 
 
 Evil One, The. A name often ap- 
 plied to the Devil. See Devil, The. 
 
 Ex-cal'i-bar. The name of Arthur's 
 famous sword, Avhich he pulled out 
 of a miraculous stone, in which it 
 was inserted as in a sheath, though 
 previously two hundred and one of 
 the most puissant barons in the realm 
 had singly been unable to withdraw 
 it. An inscription on the stone 
 around the sword stated that who- 
 ever should be able to draw it out 
 was rightful heir to the throne of 
 Britain; and Arthur, in consequence 
 of his remarkable success, was iin- 
 mediat^ely chosen and proclaimed 
 king by general acclamation. When 
 about to die, he sent an attendant to 
 throw the w-eapon into a lake hard 
 by. Twice eluding the I'equest, the 
 knitcht at last complied. A hand 
 and arm arose from the water, and 
 caught the sword by the hilt, flour- 
 ished it thrice, and then sank into 
 the lake, and was seen no more. 
 Tennyson has admirably versified 
 this incident in his poem entitled 
 " Morte d'Arthur." [Written also 
 E X c- a 1 i b o r, F^ x c a 1 i I) u r, F> s- 
 c a 1 i b a r, E s c a 1 i b o r, and C a 1 i- 
 burn.] 
 
 BS~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationi^ 
 
EXC 
 
 123 
 
 EYR 
 
 " According to the Engliish motri- 
 cal romance of 'Merlin,' this celebrated 
 Bword bore the following inscriptiou: — 
 
 'Ich am v-hote P^calibore; 
 Unto a king a fair trebure.' 
 
 And it is added, in explanation, — 
 
 *On Inglis is this writing, 
 " Kerve steel and yren and al thing." ' 
 
 When Arthur fir.<t used this sword in 
 battle, 'it east forth a great light full 
 spleudant, with such forcj that all those 
 who beheld it thought that they were 
 burning torches which issued from the 
 sword ; but they were the golden letters 
 on the sword which shone so mightily.' " 
 
 " No, surely," replied the king; "no bword 
 on earth, were it the UxcaluKir of King Ar- 
 thur, can cut that which opposes no steady 
 resistance to the blow. iSir W. Scott. 
 
 Excelsior State. The State of New 
 York, sometimes so called from the 
 motto " Excelsior " upon its coat of 
 arms. 
 
 Expounder of the Constitution. 
 A title popularly given to Daniel 
 Webster (1782-1852), on account of 
 his elaborate expositions of the Con- 
 stitution of the United States. 
 
 Expunging Kesolution. {Amer. 
 Hist.) A resolution introduced in 
 the senate of the United States, on 
 the 2(3th of December, 1836, by the 
 Hon. Thomas H. Benton, of Mis- 
 souri, b}^ which a resolution adopted 
 bv the senate on the 28th of March, 
 1834. charging " that the president 
 [Jackson], in the late executive pro- 
 
 ceedings in relation to the public 
 revenue, [IiadJ assiuned authority 
 and power not conferred by the Con- 
 stitution and laws, but in derogation 
 of both," was ordered to be expimged 
 from the journal of the senate by 
 drawing black lines round the re- 
 solve, and writing across the face of 
 it, in strong letters, the following 
 words: " Expunged, by order of the 
 
 senate, this day of , A. d. 
 
 1837." Mr. Benton's resolution was 
 adopted on the IGth of :March, 1837. 
 
 Exterminator, The. [Fr. DExter- 
 minateur^ Sp. El Exterminador.'] A 
 name given by the Spaniards to 
 Montbars (b. '1645), a notorious 
 French adventurer, who signalized 
 himself by his intense hatred of that 
 people, and by the atrocities he com- 
 mitted in the Antilles and other 
 Spanish colonies. 
 
 Eyes of Greece, The Two. See 
 Two Eyks of Greece, The. 
 
 feyre, Jane (er, 3). The heroine of 
 Miss Charlotte Bronte's novel of the 
 same name, a governess, coping 
 bravely with adverse circumstances, 
 and finally proving her genuine tbrce 
 of character by winning the respect 
 and love of a man in whom, though 
 he had exhausted the world, and 
 been exhausted b}' it, the instincts 
 and promptings of a noble nature 
 were not dead, but only suppressed. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv.-xxx i. 
 
FAC 
 
 124 
 
 FAI 
 
 F. 
 
 Fac-to'tum., Jo-han'nes. One who 
 is good at a)iy tliiiii,% -who can turn 
 his liand to any liind of work; — 
 the Latin equivalent of Jack-at-all- 
 tradts. 
 
 There is an upstart crow [Shakespeare], 
 beautiful with our featliers, tliat, with his 
 tiger's heart wrapped in a player's hide, sup- 
 poses he is as well able to bombast out a blank 
 verse as the best of you, and, being an absolute 
 Johannes Factotum, is, in his own conceit, the 
 only Shake-scene in a country. 
 
 Greene's GroaUworth of Wit, 1592. 
 
 Fad'la-deen'. The grand chamber- 
 lain of the harem in Moore's " Lalla 
 Eookh,"— magniticent, infallible, sen- 
 tentious, and shrewd. 
 
 Fag. A subordinate character, in 
 Sheridan's comedy of " The Rivals." 
 He is a lying servant to Captaia 
 Absolute, and " wears his master's 
 wit as he does his lace, at second- 
 hand." 
 
 I am quite conscious of my own immuni- 
 ties as a tale-teller. But eventhe mendacious 
 J/r. Fag . . . assures us, that, though he 
 never scruples to tell a lie at his master's com- 
 mand, yet it hurts his conscience to be found 
 out. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Fa'gin. An old Jew in Dickens's 
 "■ Oliver Twist," who employs young 
 persons of both sexes to carry on a 
 systematic trade of robbery. 
 
 Fainall, Mr. an'I Mrs. Noted char- 
 acters in Congreve's comedy, " The 
 Way of the World." 
 
 Faineant, Le !N"oir (lu nwof fa'nil'- 
 6»', 62). ^ [Fr., the Black Sluggard.] 
 In Sir "Walter Scott's '' Ivanhoe," a 
 name applied to the disguised Richard 
 Coeur de Lion by the spectators of a 
 tournament, on account of his indif- 
 ference during a great part of the ac- 
 tion, in which, however, he was finally 
 victorious. 
 
 Faineants, Les Rois (la rwo fS'nS'- 
 6"', G-2). [Fr., the Do-nothing 
 Kings.] A sarcastic designation ap- 
 plied to monarchs Avho delegate their 
 authority to their ministers, or from 
 whom, by reason of incapacity and 
 weakness, tlie power has been wrest- 
 ed, while they are still permitted 
 
 nominally to reign. The usual ap- 
 plication of the term is to the later 
 jSIcrovingian sovereigns of France, 
 imder Aviiose name the " Mayors of 
 the Palace" really governed the 
 countrv. The epithet Faineant was 
 also given in contempt to Louis V., 
 the last of the Carlovingian dynasty. 
 
 Fair City. A name po])ularly given 
 in Scotland to the to^vn of Perth, 
 which is remarkable for the beauty 
 of its situation, and for its elegant 
 appearance. 
 
 Fair GSr'al-dine. A supposed mis- 
 tress of the Earl of Surrey (Henry 
 Howard, 1510-15-47), whose praises 
 he celebrates in a famous sonnet, and 
 in other poems, and who has been 
 the occasion of much controversy 
 among his biographers and critics. 
 There is no doubt, however, that the 
 lady called Geraldine in the sonnet 
 was an Irish lady named Elizabeth 
 Fitzgerald, the daughter of Gerald 
 Fitzgerald, ninth ICarl of Kildare, 
 and afterward the wife of the Earl of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Fair Im'o-gine'. The heroine of a 
 popular ballad by ^latthcAv Gregory 
 LcAvis, entitled •" Alonzo the Brave 
 and the Fair Imogine." 
 
 Fair Mag'ue-lone^ The heroine of 
 an old chivalric romance, entitled 
 " The History of the Fair ^lagalona, 
 daughter of the King of Xaples, and 
 Peter, son of the Coimt of Provence." 
 This romance Avas originally Avritten 
 in French, but Avas translated into 
 Spanish before the middle of the six- 
 teenth century. CerA^antes alludes to 
 Magalona, or Maguelone, in '* F'on 
 Quixote." In Germany, her history 
 has been reproduced by Tieck. 
 
 Fair Maid of An'joii. A name giA-en 
 to the Lady Edith Plantagenet, a 
 kinsAvoman of Richard Cceur de Lion, 
 and an attendant of his queen. Beren- 
 garia. She married David, Earl of 
 Huntingdon, prince royal of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationi 
 
FAI 
 
 125 
 
 FAL 
 
 Fair Maid of Gal'lo-wS,y. A name 
 ]M)|,'Ulailv ^iven to Margaret, the only 
 dauj:;l)ter of Arcliibald V., Earl of 
 l)ouglas. She Ix'eanie the wife of 
 her eoushi, William, to' whom the 
 earldom had passed in the year 1448; 
 and, alter his death, in reliietant obe- 
 dience to the royal conmiantl, married 
 his brother and successor, James, the 
 last Earl of Douglas. 
 
 Fair Maid of Kent. A name given 
 to ,7oan, oidy daughter of Edmond 
 Plantagenet, Earl of Kent, on account 
 of her great beauty. She was mar- 
 ried three times: tirst, to William de 
 Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, from 
 whom she was divorced ; secondly, 
 to Sir Thomas Holland; thirdly, after 
 his death, to her second cousin, Ed- 
 ward, the Black Prince, under a dis- 
 pensation from the pope, rendered 
 necessary by reason of their consan- 
 guinity. Ijy the prince she was 
 mother of Richard IL, in whose reign 
 she died. 
 
 Fair Maid of Norway. See Maid 
 
 OF XoKW'AY. 
 
 Fair Maid of Perth (4). The title 
 of a novel by Sir Walter Scott, and 
 a sobriquet given to the heroine, 
 Catherine, or Katie, Glover, "who 
 was luiiversally acknowledged to be 
 the most beautiful young woman of 
 the city or its vicinity." 
 
 Fair Ros'a-inond. The name pop- 
 ularly given to a daughter of Lord 
 Cliftbrd, famous in the legendary his- 
 tory of England as the mistress of 
 Henry II. shortly before his acces- 
 sion to the throne, and the subject of 
 an old ballad. The facts of her his- 
 tory are not well ascertained ; but she 
 is said to have been kept by her royal 
 lover in a secret bower at Woodstock, 
 the approaches to which formed a 
 labyrinth so intricate that it could 
 only be discovered by the clew of a 
 silken thread, wdiich the king used 
 for that purpose. Here Queen El- 
 eanor discovered and poisoned her, 
 about 1173. 
 
 Fairservice, Andrew. A shrewd 
 and humorous Scotch gardener at 
 Osbaldistone Hall, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of " Rob Roy." 
 
 Fair-Star, Princess. See Princess 
 Eaih-Stau. 
 
 Faith, Defender of the. See De- 
 
 I'KNDKK OK TllK EaITII. 
 
 Faithful. One of the allegorical per- 
 sonages in Bunyan's " Pilgrim's 
 Progress," who dies a martyr before 
 completing his journey. 
 
 Faithful, Jacob. The hero of a pop- 
 idar novel, by IMarryatt, having this 
 name for its title. 
 
 Falkland (fawk'land). 1. A charac- 
 ter in Sheridan's comedy of " The 
 Rivals," noted for his wayward, cap- 
 tious jealousy. 
 
 2. The true hero of William God- 
 win's novel of "Caleb Williams," 
 and an impersonation of honor, intel- 
 lect, benevolence, and a passionate 
 love of fame ; but a man driven in a 
 moment of ungovernable passion, and 
 imder the provocation of the most 
 cruel, persevering, and tyrannical 
 insult, to commit a miu'der. His 
 fanatical love of reputation urges him 
 to conceal the crime; and, in order 
 to do this more effectually, he allows 
 an innocent man to be executed, and 
 his family ruined. Williams, an in- 
 telligent peasant-lad taken into the 
 service of Falkland, obtains, by an 
 accident, a clew to the guilt of his 
 master; when the latter, extorting 
 from him an oath that he will keep 
 his secret, communicates to his de- 
 pendent the whole storv of his double 
 crime, his remorse, and misery. The 
 youth, finding his life insupportable 
 from the p rpetual suspicio]i to which 
 he is exposed, and the restless sur- 
 veillance of his master, escapes, and 
 is pursued through the greater part 
 of the tale by the unrelenting perse- 
 cution of Falkland, who is led, by 
 his frantic and unnatural devotion to 
 fame, to annihilate, in Williams, the 
 evidence of his accumulated guilt. 
 At last Williams is formally accused 
 by Falkland of robbery, and natural- 
 ly discloses before the tribunal the 
 dreadful secret Avhich had caused his 
 long persecution, and Falkland dies 
 of shame and a broken heart. 
 
 Fall City. Louisville, Kentucky; — . 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
FAL 
 
 126 
 
 FAT 
 
 popularly po called from (he falls 
 whicli, fit this place, iniptde the navi- 
 t^ation ol" tlie Ohio River. 
 
 Pal'staff, Sir John (2). A famous 
 character in Shakespeare's comedy 
 of the " ]Merry NVives of Windsor," 
 and in the First and Second Parts 
 of his historical drama of " Henry 
 IV.;" tlie most perfect comic por- 
 trait that was ever drawn by the 
 pen of genius. In the Ibrmer play, 
 he is represented as in love with 3lrs. 
 Ford and Mrs. Page, wlio make a 
 butt and a dupe of him : in the latter, 
 he hgures as a soldier and a wit: in 
 both he is exhibited as a monster of 
 fat, sensual, mendacious, boastful, 
 and cowardly. See Bkook, Mas- 
 
 TEK. 
 
 4£g=' Tn this character, Shakespeare is 
 thought to have ridiculed Sir John Faa- 
 tolfe, an English geueral of the time of 
 Henry VI., wiio had partof the command 
 before Orleans, in France, and, at the 
 village of P.ita\ . set the example of an 
 inglorious flight before Joan of Arc, caus- 
 ing great destruction of liis men. for which 
 cowjirdice he was degraded from his rank 
 as a Knight of the Garter. The opinion 
 that Shakespeare intended to caricature 
 this personage has been very generally re- 
 ceived. Fuller, the church Kistorian, 
 pays. " Nor i-iour comedian excusable by 
 pome alteration of his name, writing him 
 Sir .Tohn Fnlatnfp, and making him the 
 property and pleasure of King Henry V. 
 to abuse, seeing the vicinity of sounds 
 [doth] intrench on the memory of that 
 worthy knight." Shakespeare introduces 
 the historical Fastolfe in "The First 
 Part of Henry VI.," and repre.^ents his 
 conduct at Patay, and his subsequent 
 degradation, with historical accuracy. 
 But recent commentators deny that he 
 was the original of the '' VHliant Jack 
 Falstaff" of Shakespeare's other plays, 
 and treat the supposition as a gross ab- 
 surdity. Tn the first draught of " King 
 Henry IV.." Sir John Falstaff was called 
 Sir John Ohlraxtlf . a name borne by a 
 distinguished Wycliffite who was born 
 undf^r Edward itl . and put to death in 
 the fourth year of Ilenrv V. The change 
 in the surname is attributed to remon- 
 Ptranc»>s on the part of Oldcastle's de- 
 scendants. That Shakespeare was desirous 
 to do awav with any impression that Fal- 
 staff and Oldcastle were one and the same 
 per.sonage under different names, appears 
 from the Epilogue to '• The Second Part 
 of King Henry IV.," in which, after prom- 
 
 ising that the play shall be continued 
 "with Sir John in it, ' he says, ''For 
 any thing T know, Falstaff shall die of a 
 sweat, unless already he be killed with 
 your hard opinions ; for Oldca.stle died a 
 martyr, and tkis is not the man." 
 
 All novelists have had occasion, at some 
 time or otlier, to wish, with Falstaif', that they 
 knt'W where a commodity of good names was 
 to be had. Sh- W. Scott. 
 
 Fang. A sheriffs officer, jn the Second 
 Part of Shakespeare's " King Henry 
 
 Farinata (degli TJberti) (fS-re-na'ta 
 del'vee oo-ber'tee). A Ghibelline 
 noble of Florence (d. 1G24), placed 
 by Dante in hell, as a punishment 
 for his inlidelity and epicurism. He 
 is represented as occupying a red-hot 
 toml), the lid of which is suspended 
 over him till the day of judgment, 
 yet looking as lofty as if he scorned 
 hell itself. 
 
 They [the Italian,* of the fourteenth century] 
 said little of those awful and lovely creations 
 on which later critics delight to dwell, — Fari- 
 nata, lifting his haughty and tranquil brow 
 from his couch of everhistiust tire, the lion-like 
 repose of Sordello, or the li^ht which shone 
 from the celestial smile of Beatrice. 
 
 3facaulay. 
 
 Farmer George. A name popularly 
 given to (jeorge III. of England, on 
 account of his parsimonious disposi- 
 tion, plain dress, familiar manners, 
 and hearty and homely good-nature. 
 He is said to have kept a larm at 
 Windsor, not for amusement, but be- 
 cause he derived a small profit from 
 it. 
 
 Fata Morgana (fS'ta mof-gS'na). 
 The name of a potent fairy, celebrated 
 in the tales of chivalry, and in the 
 romantic poems of Italy. She was a 
 pupil of the enchanter Merlin, and 
 the sister of Arthur, to Avhom she 
 discovered the intrigue of his queen, 
 Geneura, or Guinevcr, with Lancelot 
 of the Lake. In the " Orlando Inna- 
 morato " of Bojardo, she ai)pears at 
 first as a persom'iicatinn of Fortune, 
 inhabiting a splendid residence at 
 the bottom of a lake, and dispensing 
 all the trcasiHTs of the earth : but she 
 is afterward found in her proper sta- 
 tion, subject, with the other fairies 
 and the witches, to the all -potent 
 Demogorgon. [Called al.so Muryaine 
 la Fee and Morgut the Fay.^ 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
FAT 
 
 127 
 
 FAT 
 
 4®=- At the present day, the appellation 
 of Fata Morgana is given to a strange 
 meteoric piienomenon, nearly allied to the 
 mirage, witnessed, in certain states of the 
 tide and weather, in the Straits of Mes- 
 sina, hetween Calabria and Sicily, and 
 occa.sionally, though rarely, on other 
 coasts. It consists in the appearance, in 
 the air over the surface of the sea, of 
 multiplied inverted images of objects on 
 the surrounding coasts, — groves, hills, 
 towers, houses, and people. — all rep- 
 resented as in a moving picture. The 
 spectacle is popularly supposed to be pro- 
 duced by the fairy whose name is given 
 to it. 
 
 Not a stream did he mention but flowed over 
 Bands of sold, and not a palace that was in- 
 ferior to tliose of the celebrated Fata Morgana. 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Fat Boy, The. A laughable character 
 in Dickens's " PickAvick Papers;" 
 a youth of astonishing obesity, whose 
 employment consists in alternate eat- 
 ing and sleeping. 
 
 Fates. [Lat. Fata.'] See Parce. 
 
 Father of Angling. A title some- 
 times given to Izaak Walton (15!)-}- 
 1683), the celebrated author of" The 
 Complete Angler." 
 
 Father of British Inland Naviga- 
 tion. A name often given to Krancis 
 Egerton, Duke of Bridgewater (173t)- 
 1803), the originator of the first 
 navigable canal constructed in Great 
 Britain in modern times, and a zeal- 
 ous promoter of other schemes of 
 artificial water communication. 
 
 j$^ '• By that title he will ever be 
 known."' H. Mnrti/ieau. 
 
 Father of Comedy. A name given 
 to Aristophanes (444-380 h. c), one 
 of the most celebrated of the Greek 
 dramatists, and the only writer of 
 the old Greek comedy of whom any 
 entire works have been preserved. 
 He is remarkable for the richness of 
 his fancy, the exuberance of his wit 
 and humor, and the Attic purity and 
 great simplicity of his style. 
 
 Father of Dutch Poetry. A title be- 
 stowed upon Jakob ^Nlaerlant ( 1235- 
 1300), an early Belgic poet. [Called 
 also Father oj' Flemish Poets.'\ 
 
 Father of Ecclesiastical History. 
 A name commonly given to Eusebius 
 of Caesarea (264-340), a very learned 
 
 patristic divine, author of " Histnria 
 Ecclesiastica," an important and valu- 
 able record of the Christian Church, 
 in ten books, reaching trom the birth 
 of our Saviour to the defeat of Licin- 
 ius by Coustantine in 324. 
 
 Father of English Geology. An 
 honorary appellation given to \Villiara 
 Smith (i76!i-1840), author of the first 
 geological ma]j of England, and the 
 origmal di.'^cov erer and teacher, in that 
 country, of the identilication of strata, 
 and of the determination of their suc- 
 cession by means of their imbedded 
 fossils. 
 
 Father of English Poetry. A title 
 given by Dryden to Chaucer (four- 
 teenth century), as the first great 
 English poet. 
 
 Father of English Prose. An ap- 
 pellation bestowed on Roger Ascham 
 (1515-1568), one of our earliest mis- 
 cellaneous writers. Ills style is re- 
 garded as a fine example of genuine 
 English. 
 
 Father of Epic Poetry. A nan e 
 api)lied to Homer, the reputed author 
 of the " Iliad " and the "Gdyssey." the 
 earliest national heroic poems extant. 
 
 The former compares liim [Samncl Ihch- 
 ardsonjto Homer, and predicts for liis memory 
 the same lionors wliii-h are rendered to the 
 Father of Fpir J'octry. Sir ]V. Scott. 
 
 Father of Equity. A surname 
 conferred on Heneage Finch, Lord 
 Xottingham (1621-1682), an English 
 laA\yer and statesman of the time of 
 the Restoration, who had a very high 
 reputation for eloquence, sound iiidg- 
 ment, and integrity. Ills character 
 is drawn by Dryden, in his "Absa- 
 lom and Achitophel," under the name 
 of Amri : — 
 
 " To whom the double blessing does belong. 
 With Moses' inspiration, Aaron's tongue. 
 
 Father of French History- [Fr. 
 //(' Pere de I'llistoire de France.] A 
 title given to Andre Duchesne (1584- 
 1640), an early and celebrated French 
 historian. 
 
 Father of German Literature. A 
 name frequently given to Gotthold 
 Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781), an il- 
 lustrious author, and the admitted 
 reviver of the national character of 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xlv-xxxii. 
 
FAT 
 
 128 
 
 FAT 
 
 German literature, which before his 
 time was corrupted and enslaved by 
 Irencli inHucnces. 
 
 4bg" " Lessin^ was the Frederick [the 
 Great] of thought. JJy nature wholly 
 Teutonic, he too sounded a truuipet-call ; 
 und. with a restless energy in no wise in- 
 ferior to Frederick's, an activity and plen- 
 itude of resources that overlooked no 
 opportunity, he dashed, now into this 
 region of dormant literature, now into 
 that unpenetrated dei)artuient of philoso- 
 phy, until he liad laid the foundation of 
 almostevery ('oii([uest that has illustrated 
 the recent ever-ujeuiorable career of his 
 kindred •' J. P. Nichol. 
 
 Father of Greek Music. An appella- 
 tioii si^iven to Terpaiider, of Lesbos, 
 who lived about the year 676 n. c. He 
 tirst reduced to rules the different 
 modes of singing wtiich prevaded in 
 dirterent countries, and formed out of 
 these rude strains a connected sys- 
 tem, from which the Greek music 
 never departed throughout all the im- 
 provements and relinements of later 
 ages. 
 
 Father of his Country- [Lat. Pafpi' 
 Patrke, or Panns Patrhe.] A title 
 given by the Roman senate and forum 
 to Cicero, on account of the zeal, 
 courage, and prudence he displayed 
 in unmasking the famous Catilinarian 
 conspiracy, and bnnging the leaders 
 to punishment This title was offered 
 to Marias, but was refused by him. 
 It was subsequently bestowed upon 
 several of the Civ^sars, and was borne 
 b}' Andronicus Pahvologus (Androni- 
 cus II.), by Cosmo de' Medici, and 
 by some other European princes. 
 The same appellatic n has been ])op- 
 iilarly conferred in America upon 
 Washington, of whom Jelferson said, 
 " Ilis was the singular destiny and 
 merit of leading the armies of his 
 countr\' successfully through an ardu- 
 ous war for the establishment of its 
 independence." and " of conducting 
 its councils through the birth of a 
 government new in its forms and 
 principles, until it had settled down 
 into a quiet and orderly train." 
 
 Father of his People. [Fr. Le P'ere 
 (h la Pciip/e.l 1. A title given by 
 courtly historians to Louis XIL of 
 France (1462-1515), who has the 
 
 reputation of having been a kind- 
 hearted and generous king. 
 
 2. A title conferred upon Chris^ 
 tian III. of Denmark (1502-1559). 
 
 Father of History. [Lat. I'attr Ilis- 
 torioi.^ A name given bv Cicero 
 (Ley. i. i. v.) to Herodotus (484-4U8, 
 B. c), because he was, if not the lirst 
 historian, the lirst who brought his- 
 tory to any great degree ot perfection. 
 
 Father of Jests. A sobriquet be- 
 stowed upon Joseph Miller (1684- 
 1738), an English comic actor, whose 
 name has become widely known from 
 its connection with a celebrated jest- 
 book, the authorshij) of which was 
 ascribi'd to him. though it was not 
 published, or even compiled, until af- 
 ter his death. 
 
 4t?= Miller was himself proverbial for 
 dullness ; and it is said, that, when any 
 risible saying was recounted, his neigh- 
 bors would derisively apply it to him on 
 account of his taciturnity and impertur- 
 bable gravity. When he died, his family 
 were left entirely unprovided for ; and a 
 Mr. Motlej', a well-known dramatist of 
 that day, was employed to collect all the 
 stray jests current about town, and to 
 publish them for their benefit. Joe Mil- 
 ler's name was prefixed, and. from that 
 time to this, the man who never uttered 
 a jest has been the reputed author of 
 tvery jest, past, present, and to come. 
 
 Father of Letters. [Fr. Le P'ere 
 des Lettres.] 1. An appellation some- 
 times given to Francis I. (1494-1547), 
 king of France, a distinguished pa- 
 tron of literature and literary men. 
 
 2. A title conferred upon Lorenzo 
 de' Medici (d. 14U2), the ruler of 
 Florence, and a munificent patron of 
 learning and art. 
 
 Father of Lies. 1. A popular name 
 for Satan, or the Devil, the supposed 
 instigator of all falsehood. See Dkv- 
 IL, The. 
 
 2. A name sometimes given to 
 Herodotus (484-408 n. c), the Greek 
 historian, on account of the wonderful 
 stories he relates. But the title is not 
 merited, and has been given by " the 
 half-learned, who measure his experi- 
 ence by their own ignorance." Inci- 
 dental confirmations of his A-eracity 
 have been accumulating of late years 
 on all sides. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
FAT 
 
 129 
 
 FAT 
 
 Father of Medicine. A title often 
 applied to llippixnites (b. u. c. 4(iO), 
 the most lainous among the Greek 
 physician:?, and author of the tirst 
 atteni])t at a scientilic treatment of 
 medienie. 
 
 Father of Monks. A title conferred 
 upon Kthelwold of Winchester (d. 
 08-4) bv his contemporaries. lie is 
 celebrated as a relbrmerof the monas- 
 tic orders in England. 
 
 Father of Moral Philosophy. An 
 appellation bestowed upon Thomas 
 A(|uinas (1227-1274), the famous 
 scholastic theologian, on account of 
 his original, clear, and comprehensive 
 treatment of Christian ethics. 
 
 Father of Music. A title bestowed 
 upon Giambattista Pietro Aloisio da 
 Palestrina (1529-1594), a celebrated 
 Italian composer of church music. 
 " Dy his tine taste and admirable 
 skill in harmony," says Burney, he 
 '' l)rouglit choral music to a degree of 
 perfection that has never been ex- 
 ceeded." 
 
 Father of Ornithologists. A name 
 sometimes given to George Edwards 
 ( 1093-1773), an eminent English 
 naturalist, whose works, according to 
 Swainson, '' are assuredly the most 
 valuable on general ornithology that 
 have ever appeared in England." 
 
 Father of Orthodoxy. A name often 
 given to Athanasius (29G-373), arch- 
 bishop of Alexandria, one of the 
 brightest ornaments of the early 
 Church, and the great defender of 
 '• orthodoxy " against all heretics, 
 especially the Arians. 
 
 Father of Peace. A title conferred 
 by the Genoese senate upon Andrea 
 Uoria (1408-1560), the celebrated 
 ruler and admiral. He entered the 
 service of Charles V. against Francis 
 I., and became the deliverer of his 
 country by expelling the French 
 from Genoa. After the conclusion of 
 peace, Doria was invested with su- 
 preme power, and the senate awarded 
 him the title above named. 
 
 Father of Poetry. 1. A title some- 
 times given to Orpheus, of Thrace, 
 an ancient Greek poet who is said to 
 have flourished before Homer, and 
 
 before the siege of Troy, but whose 
 existence has Ix-en called in question, 
 besides others by Aristotle. 
 
 2. The same title is sometimes 
 given to Homer. See Fathek of 
 Epic Pokthv. 
 
 lie wlioni all civilized nations now ac- 
 knowIedj;e as the Father of I'oetri/, must have 
 himself looked back to an ancestry of poetical 
 predecessors, and is only held original because 
 we know not from whom he copied. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Father of Bidicule. A name some- 
 times given to Francois Kabelais 
 (1483-1553), the first noteworthy 
 comic romancer of modern times, and 
 the most original and remarkable of 
 all humorists. 
 
 Father of Song. A title sometimes 
 bestowed upon Homer, the supposed 
 author of the earliest Greek heroic 
 poems extant, and of some hymns in 
 praise of different gods. 
 
 Father of the Faithful. A name 
 often given to Abraliam, the pro- 
 genitor of the Jewish nation, and the 
 first depositaiy of the divine promises 
 in favor of the chosen people. See 
 Rnrti. iv. ; Gcd. iii. 6-9. 
 
 Father of the Poor. An appellation 
 given to Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583), 
 a celebrated English relbrmer, on 
 account of his pious and unwearied 
 exertions among the poorer classes. 
 
 Father of the Rondo. [Fr. Le Pere 
 mix RonchauxJ] A title sometimes 
 given to J. B. Davaux (d. 1822), a 
 celebrated French musical composer. 
 
 Father of the Vaudeville. [Fr. Le 
 
 Ph'e Joymx du Vaudeville .'\ A name 
 given to Oliver Basselin, a Nonnan 
 poet and artisan, who flourished in 
 the fitteenth century, and gave to his 
 convivial songs the name of his native 
 valW, the Val-de- 17/e, or, in Old 
 French, Vau-de- Vive. This name 
 was af^terward corrupted into the 
 modern vniidtrille. 
 
 Father of Tragedy. A title bestowed 
 bv the Athenians upon the poet 
 ^schylus (B. c. 525-426). The al- 
 terations made by him in the com- 
 position and representation of tragedy 
 were so great, that he was justly 
 considered the originator of it. 
 
 Father of "Waters. A popular name 
 
 and for the Remarkis and Rules to wliich the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 9 
 
FAT 
 
 130 
 
 FAU 
 
 given to the river Mississippi on ac- 
 count of its great length (;3i(iO miles), 
 and the very large number of its 
 tributaries, of which tlie Ked, the 
 Arkansas, the Ohio, the Missouri, the 
 Illinois, the Des Moines, the Wiscon- 
 sin, and the St. Peter's or Minnesota, 
 are the most important. The literal 
 signitication of the name, which is 
 of Indian origin, is said to be " yrtat 
 
 j^g" The name of the great river of 
 Farther India, the Irrawaddy, i-* said to 
 mean ■• Father of Waters." The course 
 of this river is estimated at 1200 miles iu 
 length. 
 
 Father Paul. The name usually 
 given to Peter Sarpi (1.55-2-1628), a 
 native of Venice, and a celebrated 
 ecclesiastic, historian, anatomist, and 
 astronomer. He is best known by 
 his work entitled " A History of the 
 Council of Trent." He was a father 
 of the order of Servites in Venice, 
 and, on assuming the religious habit, 
 changed his baptismal name of Peter 
 for that of Paul. 
 
 Father Prout. A pseudonym adopted 
 by Francis INIahony, a popular Eng- 
 lish journalist and author of the 
 present day. 
 
 Father Thoughtful. [Fr. Pere de 
 la Ptiisee.] A title given to Nicho- 
 las Catinat (1637-1712), nmrshal of 
 France, by his soldiers, on account 
 of his caution and j udgment. 
 
 Father Violet. [Fr. Le Pkre la 
 Viohtte.'\ A nickname given by the 
 Parisian populace to the Emperor 
 Napoleon I. See Violet, Cokpo- 
 
 Fathom, Ferdinand, Count. The 
 title of a novel by Smollett, and the 
 name of its principal cliaracter, a 
 complete villain, who proceeds step 
 by step to rob his benefactors and 
 pillage mankind, and Avho finally 
 dies in misery and despair. 
 
 The sturdy genius of modern philosophy 
 
 has got her m much the same situation that 
 
 Count Fathom has the woman that he lashes 
 
 before him from the robbers' cave in the forest. 
 
 Charles Laiiib. 
 
 Fat'i-ra$. 1. A female miracle-work- 
 er, in the stor}' of "Aladdin," in the 
 '"Arabian Nights' Entertainments." 
 
 2. The last of the wives of Blue- 
 beard, and the only one who escaped 
 being nmrdered by him. See Blue- 
 
 liKAKD. 
 
 " Well, guardian," said I, " without think- 
 ing myself a Fatima, or jou a Blue-beard, I 
 uin a little curious about it." Jjickens. 
 
 Faun, o/- Fau'nus. {Rom. Myth.) A 
 king of Italy, said to have tlourished 
 about 13UU years n. c, and riigarded 
 as the promoter of agriculture among 
 his subjects, and as one of the great 
 founders of the religion of the coun- 
 try. After his death, he was wor- 
 shiped as the protecting god of woods, 
 tield*:, and shepherds, and as an 
 oracular and jjrophetie divinity. As 
 a rural deity, he corresponded in 
 many of his attributes to the Greek 
 Pan ; and hence arose the idea of a 
 plurality of Fauns, or Fauni, assimi- 
 lated to" the Greek Panes or satyrs, 
 and represented as monster deities, 
 with tails, short horns, pointed ears, 
 and goats' legs and feet, with the 
 rest of the body human, to whom all 
 terrifying sounds and appearances 
 were ascribed. 
 
 In shadier bower, 
 More sacred and sequestered, though but 
 
 feigned. 
 Pan or Sylvanus never slept; nor nymph 
 Nur Fau'nus haunted. jlilton. 
 
 Fau'na. (Rom. Myth.) The prophesy- 
 ing wife or sister of Faunus. 
 
 Faust ( Ger. pron. fowst ; Anglicized 
 fawst.) The hero and title of a cele- 
 brated drama of Goethe, the materials 
 of Avhich are drawn in part from 
 the popular legends of Dr. Faustus. 
 Faust is a student who is toiling after 
 knowledge beyond his reach, and 
 who afterward deserts his studies, 
 and makes a pact with the Devil 
 (^Mephistopheles), in pursuance of 
 which he gives himself up to the full 
 enjoyment of the senses, until the 
 hour of his doom arrives, when 
 Mephistopheles re-appears upon the 
 scene, and carries off his victim as a 
 condemned soul. On one occasion, 
 Mephistopheles provided him with 
 a mantle by Avhich he was wafted 
 through the air whithersoever he 
 desired. See Margaret, Mephis- 
 topheles, and Wagner. 
 
 The mythical Faust dates from th» 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
FAU 
 
 131 
 
 FEL 
 
 ppriod of the Reformation. The numer- 
 ous lei^ends conntcted with the name all 
 relor to a certain Dr. Faustu.s, reputed to 
 be a celebrated magician and necroman- 
 cer, who tiourished during tlie latter naif 
 of the fifteenth and the beginning of the 
 Bixte-euth ceuturies, and who i.s otteii con- 
 fouuded with Johann taust, or Fust, tlie 
 associate of CJutenberg in the iuventiou 
 of the art of printing. it has been by 
 many strenuously maintained that no 
 such person ever existed, and that the 
 name has been fancifully imputed to some 
 magician ob Jaustum in rebus peructu 
 difficiUiynis succtssum. As long ago as 
 the seventeenth centurj', two books were 
 written witli the purpo.se of proving the 
 historical nonentity of Dr. Faustus.- xMod- 
 eru criticism, however, leaves little room 
 for doubting that there was a real person 
 of this name. Faustus occupies tlie same 
 place in reference to the popular super- 
 stitions of Germany that the enchanter 
 Merlin does to those of England, tliat Don 
 J uan holds in Spain. Robert of Normandy 
 iu France, and Virgil in Italy. The Goe- 
 thean Faust is the highest form which 
 the tradition has attained. See infra. 
 
 JS^ " As in Germany all popular wit 
 clusters about Eulenspiegel, so all that is 
 weird, mysterious, and magical, — all that 
 foretokens tlie terrible abyss of hell, — 
 groups itself about the story of Faust." 
 Sc'heible, Trans. 
 
 He says, in so manj^ words, ..." Society 
 Bails through the infinitude on cloth, as on a 
 Taust's mantle . . . ; and, without .such . . . 
 mantle, would sink to endless depths, or 
 mount to inane limbos, and in either case be 
 no more." Carli/le. 
 
 Faus'tus. The hero of Marlowe's 
 tragedy of the same name ; repre- 
 sented as a vulgar sorcerer tempted 
 to sell hi.s soul to the Devil (Mephos- 
 tophilis) on condition of having a 
 familiar spirit at his command, the 
 possession of earthly power and glory, 
 and unlimited gratification of his sen- 
 sual appetites, for twenty-four years, 
 at the end of which time, when the 
 forfeit comes to be exacted, he shrinks 
 and shudders in agony and remorse, 
 hnploring yet despairing of the mercy 
 of Heaven. 
 
 je®=" The tradition of the magician 
 Faustus WHS early transplanted to Eng- 
 land from Germany. In the same year 
 (1587-8) in which the first history of 
 Faust appeared in Germany, one ap- 
 peared in England written bv Bishop 
 AyUner. The transition from history to j 
 the drama was soon made, Marlowe's 
 
 " Faustus " having been composed not 
 later, probably, tiian 1581) or 1590, and 
 having been entered in the Statiouera' 
 books in ItiUU-l. See Faust. 
 Fa-vo'ni-us. [Lat., irum J'dvere, to 
 lavor.J {Horn. Mytli.) A personili- 
 cation of the west wind, regartled 
 as the harbinger and attendant of 
 spring, and a promoter of vegetation; 
 the same as Zipltyrus. See Zephy- 
 itus. 
 
 Ye delicate! . . . for whom 
 The winter rose must blow, . . . and silky 
 
 soft 
 FavoHius breathe still softer or be chid. 
 
 Young. 
 
 Faw'ni-a. The mistress or lady-love 
 of Dorastus, in the old romance of 
 this name. See Dorastus. 
 
 Feeble. A recruit, in the Second Part 
 of Shakespeare's " King Henry IV." 
 Falstatf calls him " most forcible 
 Feeble;" and this expression is some- 
 times used to stigmatize writers 
 whose productions are characterized 
 by great apparent vigor, though re- 
 ally tame or jejune. 
 
 Hef Aytonn] would purge his book of much 
 offensive matter, if he struck out epithets 
 which are in the bad taste of the forciole- 
 feeOle school. Aorth Brit. Rev. 
 
 Felicians, The (fe-lish'jinz). An im- 
 aginary people described by Mercier 
 de la Iviviere (1720-1794), the French 
 economist, in his work entitled " L' 
 Heureuse Nation;" represented as 
 free and sovereign, and living under 
 the absolute empire of laws. 
 
 Fe'lix-mar'te of Hyr-ca'ni-a. The 
 hero of an old romance of chivalry, 
 written by Melchior de Orteza Cabal- 
 lero de Ubeda, and printed at Valla- 
 dolid in the year 15G6. His father's 
 name being Flarisan, and his moth- 
 er's Maftedinn^ it was suggested that 
 he should be called Florismarte, after 
 both of his parents. His mother, 
 however, preferred Felixmarte. 
 
 i5@=- The curate, in " Don Quixote," 
 condemned this work to the flames, and 
 Lockhart speaks of it as a " dull and 
 affected folio :" but Dr. Johnson was of a 
 different opinion, according to Boswell, 
 who relates the following anecdote of him, 
 on the authority of BRihop Percy : " The 
 bishop .said the doctor, when a boy, was 
 immoderatelj' fond of romances of chiv- 
 alry, and he had retained his fondness 
 for them through life ; so that, spending 
 
 imd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv zxxfi. 
 
FEM 
 
 132 
 
 FER 
 
 part of a Bummer at my parsonage-house 
 in the country, he chose lor his regular 
 reading the old Spanish romance of 
 ' Felixmarte of llyrcania,' in folio, which 
 he read quite through." 
 
 I'emale How'Srd. A title often 
 given to Mrs. "Klizabeth Vry (1780- 
 184:4), an Engiisliwonian celebrated 
 for her benevolent exertions to i)n- 
 prove the condition of lunatics and 
 prisoners. 
 
 Fe-nel'la. A fi\iry-like creature — a 
 deaf and dumb attendant on the 
 Countess of Derby — in Sir A\'alter 
 Scott's " I'everil of the Peak," taken 
 from the sketcii of Mignon in Goetlie's 
 " Wiliielm Meister." See Migmon. 
 
 Fenrir (fen'rer). (Scand. Afyfh.) A 
 frightful d(!nion wolf, the oflspring of 
 Loki, chained by the gods, and cast 
 down into NifJlieim, where he is to 
 remain until Kagnariik. [Written 
 also, but erroneously, Fenris.] 
 
 Fen'ton (-tn). A character in Shake- 
 speare's " Merry Wives of Windsor," 
 Avho wooes the rich Anne Page for 
 her money, but soon discovers inward 
 treasures in her which quite trans- 
 form him. 
 
 Perdinand. 1. A character in Shake- 
 speare's " Tempest." He is son of 
 the king of Naples, and falls in love 
 with Miranda, the daughter of Pros- 
 
 ?ero, a banished Duke of Milan. See 
 RosPEKo and Miranda. 
 
 Yet oft to fancy's ehapel she would go 
 To pay her vows, and count the rosary o'er 
 
 Ot'lier love's promised graces: — haply so 
 Miranda's liope hud pictured Fcr'Unand 
 Long ere the gaunt wave tossed him on the 
 shore. Lowell. 
 
 2. King of Navarre, a character in 
 " Love's Labor 's Lost." 
 
 Fer'gus (4). The same as Ferracute. 
 See FEititACUTE. 
 
 rem, Fanny. A pseudonym adopt- 
 ed by ]\Irs. Sarah Payson (Willis) 
 Parton (b. 1811), a popular American 
 authoress. 
 
 Fernan Caballero. See Cabal- 
 LEito, Fernan. 
 
 Fe-ro'ni-a. {Rom. Myth.) An an- 
 cient Italian deity, the patroness of 
 plants aud of froedmen. 
 
 Fer'ra-cute, or Fgr'ra-cu'tus. [It., 
 sharp-iron.] The name of a giant 
 
 I in Turpin's " Chronicle of Charle- 
 magne, ' the i)roi<)ty]i(' of Pulci's 
 Morgante, aud a very lanious char- 
 acter in all the old chivalric romances. 
 He was of the race of Goliath, had 
 the strength of lorty men, and was 
 twenty cubits high. His skin was so 
 thick that no lance or sword could 
 pierce it. During the suspen.-ion of a 
 mortal combat with Orlando, the two' 
 antagonists discussed the mysteries 
 of the Christian laith, which its 
 champion exjjlained by a variety of 
 similes and the mo.st beautiful b(g- 
 gings of the question ; alter which- 
 the giant staked the credit of tiieir 
 respectiA e beliefs on the event of their 
 encounter, which was, that he was dis- 
 armed and put to death l)y ( )rUindo, 
 Avho was divinely endowed Avith irre- 
 sistible strength for this express pur- 
 pose. 
 F6r'ra-gus. A giant who flourished 
 in romantic table ; the same as Fer- 
 racutt. See I'Erraccte. 
 
 My sire's tall form might grace the part 
 Ot Ferruffus or Asc:ipart. Sir ]V. Scott. 
 
 Ferrau (fer-ra-oT)^). The same as 
 Ferracute. See Ferracute. 
 
 F6r'rex. A son of a fabulous king 
 of Britain, Gorbogudo or Gorbodego, 
 and biother of Poi-rex, by wlu m he 
 was driven out of the countiy, and, 
 on attempting to return, with a large 
 army, was defeated and slain. But 
 Porrex himself was shortly alter put 
 to death by his mother, with the a.s- 
 sistance of some of her women. The 
 two brothers tigure in an f»ld tragedy, 
 commonly called alter them '^ Ferrex 
 and Porrex," but sometimes named 
 " Gorboduc," after their lather. Hal- 
 liwell says that it was " the first reg- 
 ular historical play in the English 
 language." The first three acts 
 Avere written by Thomas Norton ; the 
 last two by Thomas Sackville, after- 
 wards Lord Buckhurst. 
 
 FSr'um-bras, Sir. The hero of an 
 old English metrical romance of the 
 same name, professedly translated 
 from a French original, probably 
 " Fierabras." (See Fiei;ahras.) An 
 analysis of the stor}^ mav be found in 
 Ellis's '' Specimens of Early English 
 Metrical Romances," vol. ii. 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation*, 
 
FIA 
 
 133 
 
 FIG 
 
 Piammetta (fe-am-met/t<i, 102). [It., 
 little tlaine, I'roiii //'///</«'?, \jiit. jtiDiiiud, 
 tlanie.J A name given by Boccaccio 
 to a lady whom he loved, and T\'ho 
 is generally believed to have been 
 INIaria, a natural daughter of Kol)ert, 
 king of Naples. It is used by him 
 in many of his works. 
 
 Fi-de'le. A feigned name assumed 
 by Imogen, in Shakespeare's " Cym- 
 beline." See Imogen. 
 
 !Field of Blood. 1. A translation of 
 the Hebrew word Acel'lainn, the 
 name given to the piece of land pur- 
 chased by the chief priests with the 
 thirty pieces of silver for which Ju- 
 das betrayed his Master, and which 
 he afterward, in remorse, carried 
 back and cast down in the temple 
 before those who had bribed him. 
 {M itt. xxvii. 5.)_ 
 
 2. [It. Ptzzo di Sangue.'\ A name 
 — not of classical origin — given to 
 the battle-tield of Cannie, on which 
 Hannibal, in the year 21(3 b. c, 
 defeated the Romans with great 
 si a Lighter. 
 
 Field of Mourning. A name given 
 to the place of a battle, near the city 
 of Aragon, between the Christians 
 and the Moors, July 17, 1134. 
 
 Field of Peterloo. See Peterloo, 
 Field of. 
 
 Field of the Cloth of Gold. A 
 name given to an open plain, between 
 Ardres and Guisnes, where Henry 
 Yin. of England had an interview, 
 in 152i), with Francis I. of F' ranee, in 
 a i)avilion of golden cloth. The no- 
 bility of both kingdoms embraced 
 the opportunity to display their mag- 
 nilicence with the utmost emulation 
 and profuseness of expense. 
 
 I supposed you must have served as a yeo- 
 man of the fiuard since Bhiff King Henry's 
 time, and expected to hear something from 
 you about tlie Field of the Cloth at' Goid. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Tliey [Petrarch's best compositions] differ 
 from them |lns bad ones] as a May-day pro- 
 cessiijn of chimney-sweepers differs from the 
 Field or' the Cloth'of Gold. Macuulay. 
 
 Fierabras (fe'a'ra'bra'). The hero 
 of various old romantic poems that 
 relate the conquest of Spain by 
 Charlemagne and his Twelve Peers. 
 Fierabras, who was a Saracen, made 
 
 himself master of Rome, and carried 
 away from it various sacred relics, 
 esj)ecially the crown of thorns, and 
 the balsam which was used in env 
 balming the body of the Saviour, 
 and which ])Ossessed medicinal prop- 
 erties of sovereign virtue, a single 
 drop, taken internally, being sulli- 
 cient to restore the continuity of the 
 most cruelly mangled skin. 
 
 Conveyances more rapid than tlie hinpogriff 
 of Kugniero, anus more formidal)le than the 
 hmec of Astolfo, remedies more cthcaciou* 
 than tlie balsam of Fierahrus. Macuulajf. 
 
 Fifth Doctor of the Church. A 
 title bestowed upon Thomas Aqui- 
 nas, the most celebrated schoolman 
 of the Middle Ages. See Angelic 
 
 DOCTOK. 
 
 Fifth Monarchy. A universal mon- 
 archy, which, in the belief of a 
 strange religious sect of England, in 
 the time of the Civil War and the 
 Protectorate, was to succeed the fall 
 of the Roman Empire, the fourth of 
 the four great monarchies of Anti- 
 christ marked out by the prophet 
 Daniel. This monarchy, it was be- 
 lieved, was to be given into the hands 
 of the saints of the Most High ; and, 
 under it, all the forms of violence 
 and suffering hitherto attendant on 
 the governments of this world were 
 to cease. In other words, it was to 
 be the kingdom of Christ on earth. 
 But it was to be set up with the 
 sword, and the usual worldlv expe- 
 dients were to be employed for the 
 purpose of securing partisans. In 
 politics, the Fifth Monarchy men 
 were republicans of the extreniest 
 views, and conspired to murder the 
 Protector and revolutionize the gov- 
 ernment. It is said that they actual- 
 ly proceeded to elect Jesi's Christ 
 king at London ! Cromwell dis- 
 persed them in 1653. 
 
 Figaro (fe'ga'ro'). The hero of Beau- 
 marchais' celebrated comedies, " Le 
 Barbier de Seville" and " Le Man- 
 age de Figaro." In the first of these 
 plays, Figaro is a barber; in the sec- 
 ond, a valet-de-chambre. In both 
 characters, he coolly outwits every 
 one with whom he has any dealings. 
 The name has passed into common 
 
 tnd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
FIG 
 
 134 
 
 FLI 
 
 speech, and is used to designate an 
 intriguer, a go-between; in general, 
 any adroit aiul unscrupulous person. 
 Mozart, Paesiello, and llossini have 
 made Figaro tiie liero of operas. 
 
 j^^ " In Figaro, Bcaumarcliais has 
 personified the Cii rs-i}t(tt, superior iu wit, 
 initustry. and activity to birth, rank, or 
 fortune, in whose hand hes the political 
 power ; so that the idea of the piece is 
 not only a satirical allej^ory upon the 
 government and nobility of that epoch, 
 but a living manifesto upon the inequal- 
 ity, just or unjust, of society." Rose. 
 
 fc'ighting Prelate. A sobriquet given 
 to Henrv Spenser, bishop of Norwich, 
 in the reign of Richard II. During 
 the rebellion of Wat Tyler, he dis- 
 tinguislied himself by his decisive 
 style of dealing with the insurgents; 
 first meeting them in the tield, and 
 then, when he had routed them, ex- 
 changing his sword and armor for a 
 crucifix and sacerdotal robes, and, 
 thus arrayed, confessing and absolv- 
 ing his prisoners as he iuirried them 
 to the gibbet. In 1383, he v.-ent over 
 to the Continent to assist the burghers 
 of Ghent in their contest with the 
 Count of Flaiulers and the French 
 king, and in support of the cause of 
 Urban VI., in the general European 
 war excited by the struggle between 
 that pope and' his rival, Clement VII. 
 
 The Bishop of Norwich, the famous Fight- 
 ing Prelate, jiad led an army into Flanders. 
 Beins; oblisred to return, with discomfiture, he 
 had been charged with breach of the condi- 
 tions on which a sum of money was granted 
 to him, and the temporalities of his see were 
 sequestered. Lord Campbell. 
 
 Filomena, St. See St. Filomena. 
 
 Finality John. A sobriquet given 
 to Lord John Paissell (b. 1792), a dis- 
 tinguished English statesman, and an 
 earnest advocate of the Reform Bill 
 of 1831, which he regarded as a " fi- 
 nality." 
 
 Fin'gal, or Fin-gal'. A mythical 
 hero, whose name occurs in Gaelic 
 ballads and traditions, and in Mac- 
 pherson's " Poems of Ossian." 
 
 First Gentleman of Europe (9). A 
 title given by many, during his life- 
 time, to King George IV. of England 
 (1762-1830), on account of his posi- 
 tion and personal attractions. 
 
 First Scotcti Reformer. A title 
 
 conferred upon Patrick Hamilton 
 (1503-1527), who was burnt at the 
 stake tor his dissemination of Lu- 
 theran doctrines. 
 
 Fitz-Boo'dle, George. A pseudo- 
 nym undir whicii Thackeray (1811- 
 1803) contributed to "' Eraser's Mag- 
 azine " a variety of tales, criticisms, 
 descriptive sketches, and verses, all of 
 which were characterized by a deli- 
 cate irony, a profound knowledge of 
 the world, and a playful but vigor- 
 ous and trenchant style. 
 
 Flam'bor-oughs, The Miss (flam'- 
 bCir-oz;. Snobbish female charac- 
 ters in Goldsnuth's novel, " The Vic- 
 ar of Wakefield." 
 
 Flan'ders, Moll. The subject of Do 
 Foe's novel of the same name, a tale 
 of low vice. 
 
 Fle'3,n9e. A son of Banquo, in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of " Macbeth." 
 
 Fle'ta. A Latinized name of the Fleet 
 prison in London, and the title of an 
 ancient law-book written by an un- 
 known author who was for a time 
 confined in this prison. 
 
 Flib'ber-ti-gib/bet. 1. The name 
 of a 'fiend mentioned by Edgar, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of " King 
 Lear." 
 
 4£g=- About the time of the attempted 
 Spanish invasion of England, some Jes- 
 uits, for the sake of making converts, 
 pretended to east out a large number of 
 evil spirits from the family of Mr. Ed- 
 mund Peckham, a Roman Catholic. By 
 order of the privy council. Bishop Hars- 
 net wrote and published a full account 
 of the imposture. Most of the fiends 
 mentioned by Edgar are to be found in 
 that work. 
 
 Frateretto, Fliherdigibet, Hoberdidance, To- 
 cobatto, were four devils of the round, or 
 niorice; these four had fortv assistants under 
 them, as themselves do confesse. 
 
 Harsnet, Declaration of Egregious Popish 
 Iinjiosture^. 
 
 This is the foul fiend FUfibertigihtyet ; he 
 begins at curfew, and walks till the tirst cock; 
 he gives the web and the pin, squints the eve, 
 and makes the harelip, mildews the white 
 wheat, and hurts ths poor creature of earth. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Flihbertigibbet, [the fiend] of mopping and 
 mowing, who since possesses chamber-miids 
 and waiting-women. Shak. 
 
 2. A name given to Dickon Sludgy 
 
 «a^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
FLO 
 
 135 
 
 FLY 
 
 a boy who figures in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel ol' " Kenilwortli," and 
 acts the part of Jill iiiij) at the eiiter- 
 taiunients given to Queen Elizabeth 
 by the Earl of Leicester. 
 
 Flo'ra(9). {Rom. Myth.) The goddess 
 of flowers and spring-time. 
 
 Thou, with voice 
 Mild, as when Zephyriis <m Flora breathes, 
 Her hand soft touching, whispered tlius. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Flor'de-lice. The mistress of Bran- 
 dimart, in Ariosto's " Orlando Euri- 
 
 OSO." See'liKANDIMAKT. 
 
 Flordespina (flor-des-pe^nS), or 
 Flor'des-pine. A female charac- 
 ter in Ariosto's '"Orlando Eurioso," 
 daughter of Marsiglio. 
 
 Flo-ren'ti-us. A knight Avhose story 
 is related in the lirst houk of Gower's 
 " Confessio Amantis." He bound 
 himself to marry a deformed hag, 
 provided she taught him the solution 
 of a riddle on which his litis de- 
 pended. 
 
 Be she foul as was Florentius' love. Shak. 
 
 Flo'res. The lover of Blanchefleur 
 in Boccaccio's " Ehilopoco," and in 
 other old tales and poems. See 
 Blanciieflkuu. 
 
 Flor'i-raeL A female character in 
 ST)enser's " Eaery C^ueen." A ma- 
 Ijjpnant Avitch is represented as hav- 
 ing fabricated, out of t^now, tempered 
 '• with tine mercury and virgin wax," 
 a counterfeit Florimel so like the true 
 one that it was next to impossible to 
 perceive any difi'erence betAveen them ; 
 but, on being placed side by side, — 
 
 " The enchanted damsel vanished into naught; 
 Her snciwy siibst.mce melted as with heat; 
 Neofthnt' goodly hue rcninined alight 
 But the empty "girdle which about her waist 
 was wrought." 
 
 4®^ " Her name is compounded of 
 two Latin words [j?of, genitive floris, 
 and mell meaning hoiify and flowers, 
 thus betokening the sweet and delicate 
 elements of which her nature is molded. 
 She seems to express the gentle delicacy 
 and timid sensitiveness of woman ; and 
 her adventures, the perils and rude en- 
 counters to which those qualities are ex- 
 posed in a world of passion and violence. 
 She flees alike from friend and fne, and 
 finds treachery in those upon whom she 
 had thrown herself for protection ; and 
 yet ghe is introduced to us under circum- 
 
 stances not altogether consistent Arith 
 feuiiniue delicacy , a« having left the court 
 of the fairy queen in jiursuit (tf a knight 
 Avho did not even returu her jias.'^ion." 
 
 Gto. S. Hi Hard. 
 To prove the whole system of this school 
 absurd, it is only necessary to applv the test 
 which dissolved the enchanted J- loriinel. 
 
 Jilucuulay. 
 
 Flor'is-mart. The name of one of 
 Charlemagne's Twelve Peers, and 
 the faithful friend of Orlando, or 
 Koland. 
 
 Flor'i-zeL A prince of Bohemia, in 
 
 Shakes])eare's " Winter's Tale," in 
 love with Perdita. See Perdita. 
 
 Flour City. A popular de.«ignation, 
 in the United States, tor the city of 
 IJochester, New York, a place re- 
 markable for its extensive manufac- 
 tories of flour. 
 
 FloA?v^er City. A name familiarly 
 given to Springfield, Illinois, the 
 capital of the State. It is distin- 
 guished for the beauty of its en- 
 Airons. 
 
 Flower of Chivalry. A name given 
 by his contemporaries to William 
 of Douglas, lord of Liddesdale, in the 
 fourteenth century. 
 
 Flower of Kings. [Lat. Flos Be- 
 (/iim.] A name applied to Arthur, 
 the renoAvned and half-fabulous king 
 of ancient Britain; — first given to 
 him by Joseph of Exeter, a ]>atin 
 poet of the twelfth century. 
 
 Flower of Poets. A title conferred 
 upon Chaucer by his contemporaries. 
 
 Flowery Kingdom. A translation 
 of the words Nu-a Kiroh^a. name olten 
 giA'en to China by the inhabitants^ 
 who consider themseh'es to be the 
 most polished and civilized of all 
 nations, as the epithet hwa intiniates. 
 
 Flti-el'len. A Welsh captain Avho is 
 an amusing pedant, in Shakespeare's 
 historical play of "Henry Y." 
 
 Lord Mahon will find, we think, that his 
 parallel is, in all essential circumstances, a* 
 incorrect as thnt which Fluellen drew between 
 Macedon and Monmouth. Macaulay. 
 
 The architect worked hard for weeks 
 In venting all his private peaks 
 I'pon the roof, whose crop of leaks 
 Had satisfied Fiuellen. Loivell. 
 
 Flying Dutchman. The name given 
 by sailors to a spectral .ship, Avhich 
 
 and for the Bemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxzii. 
 
FLY 
 
 136 
 
 FOO 
 
 is supposed to cruise in storms off the 
 Cape of (Jood ilope, and the sight of 
 Avhich is considered tlie Avorst of all 
 possible omens. She is distinguished 
 from earihly vessels by bearing a 
 press of sail when all others are un- 
 able, from stress of weather, to show 
 an inch of canvas. The cause other 
 "wandering is variously explained: 
 according to one account, a Dutch 
 captain, bound home from the Indies, 
 met with long-continued head-winds 
 and heavy weather ott" the Cape of 
 Good Hope, and refused to put back 
 as he was a Ivised to do, swearing a 
 ver}' profane oath that he Avould beat 
 round the Cape, if he had to beat 
 there until tlie Day of Judgnu^nt. He 
 was taken at his word, and doomed 
 to beat against head-winds all his 
 days. His sails are believed to have 
 become thin and sere, his ship's sides 
 white with age, and himself and crew 
 reduced almost to shadows. He can- 
 not heave to, or lower a boat, but 
 sometimes hails vessels through his 
 trumpet, and requests them to take 
 letters home for him. Dr. John 
 Leyden, who introduces the story 
 of the Flying Dutchman into his 
 " Scenes of Infancy," imputes, with 
 poetical ingenuity, tbe doom of the 
 ship to its having been the first to 
 engage in the slave-trade. But the 
 commoii tradition is, as stated by 
 Sir Walter Scott, "that she was 
 originally a vessel loaded with great 
 wealth, on board of which some 
 horrid act of murder and ])iracy had 
 been committed; that tlie plague 
 broke out among the wicked crew, 
 who had perpetrated the crime, and 
 that they sailed in vain from jiort to 
 port, ottering, as the price of shelter, 
 the whole of their ill-gotten wealth; 
 that they were excluded from every 
 harbor, for fear of t!ie contagion which 
 was devouring them; and that, as a 
 punishment of their crimes, the ap- 
 parition of the ship still continues to 
 haunt tho-^e seas in wliich the catas- 
 trophe took place." Tlie superstition 
 has its origin, probablv, in the loom- 
 ing, or apparent snspen-;ion in the 
 air, of some ship out of sight, — a 
 phenomenon sometimes witnessed at 
 
 sea, and caused by unequal refrac- 
 tion in the lower strata of the at- 
 mosphere. Marryatt's novel entitled 
 " The I'hantom Ship " is founded 
 upon this legend. 
 
 That Phuiitoin Ship, whose form 
 Shoots like a iiietc-or throug;h tho storm; 
 When tlie dirk scud comes drivin-^ hard, 
 And lowered is every to|)-sail vard, 
 And cnnvas, wove in earthly fooms. 
 No more to brave the storm "presumes; 
 Then, 'mid the war of sea and sky, 
 Top and t'ip-jr;illant hoisted hi^rh', 
 Full-spread and crowded every sail. 
 The JJemon Frifrate braves the pale; 
 And well the doomed spectators know 
 The harbinger of wreck and woe. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 Let this simple word [No, in answer to a 
 claim for "recoirnition " on the part of the 
 " Confedenite States"] be uttered, and the 
 audacious Slave-Power will be no better than 
 tlie Fh/h)g/Jutrfiiiititt, that famous craft, which, 
 darkened by piracy and murder, was doomed 
 to a perpetual cruise, unable to enter a port. 
 C/mrlt--' Sumner. 
 
 Flying Highwayman. A sobriquet 
 given to \\'illiam Harrow, a noted 
 high wav robber, executed at Hertford 
 (Eng.),\Mar.h 28, 17f>3. He Avas so 
 called from his practice of leaping his 
 horse over the turnpikes, Aviiich en- 
 aljled him for a time to escape detec- 
 tion. 
 
 Foible. An intriguing lady's-maid in 
 Congreve's " Way of the World," 
 who plays her mistress false. 
 
 Foi'gard. A mendacious and h}-po- 
 critical priest, in Farquhar's " Beaux' 
 Stratagem," who acts the part of a 
 pimp. 
 
 "We remember no Friar Dominic, no Father 
 Foir/ard y».ino\v^ the eh 'racters drawn bv those 
 great poets [the dramatists of th« Fli ■^-.ihothaii 
 age]. JIacauluy. 
 
 Fondle"wlfe. An uxorious banker in 
 
 Congreve's " Old Bachelor." 
 
 Fontainebleau, Decree of. See 
 Di:ci;ee ui-" Fuxtaixkuleal". 
 
 Fool, Tom. A popular nickname for 
 a Ibol, or foolish person. 
 
 j^^ '' Enslislimen bestowed upon Kent 
 the reproach taat the tails cut from 
 Beckot's mules Ity his enemit s had been 
 transferred to themselves, and foreigners 
 extenled the impntariou to the whole 
 nation, insomuch that, as Joinville tells 
 us. t.ie stout Eirl of Salisbury wnd hLs 
 men were oroaded on to perish in their 
 last fitil char'^e on the hanks of the Nile 
 bv the French scofT t'.iat they wonM not 
 tike the front lest t.ieir tails should be 
 detected. It is just po.<.sil>le that Tom 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
TOO 
 
 137 
 
 FOR 
 
 Fool may be connected with tliis story, 
 tliougli more ))rub;ibly with some jester 
 of forgotten fame."' Yonf^e. 
 
 The ancient iiTitl noble family of Tom Fool, 
 whii'li has ohtuiiieil sucli pic-cniinencc aiul 
 divinity in Church and State throughout all 
 Christendom. Qu. llco. 
 
 Pools' Paradise. See Limbo. 
 
 Foot-breadth. The sword of Thoralf 
 Skoliuson the Strong, a couipaniou of 
 of llako I. of Norway, distinguished 
 for his strength and bravery. See 
 
 QUERN-BITEK. 
 
 Fop'ping-ton, Lord. An empty cox- 
 conil), intent only on dress and faf h- 
 ion, in Yanbrugh's comedy, " The 
 Rehipse." 
 
 The shoe-makor in " The Relapse" tells 
 Lord Fojtpimjtoii tlint his hudship is mistaken 
 in supposing that his shoe pinches. 
 
 Macaula)/. 
 
 Ford, Master. A jealous gentleman 
 dwelling at Windsor, in Shake- 
 speare's comedy of " The Merry 
 Wives of Windsor." 
 
 Ford, Mrs. One of the " Merry 
 Wives of Windsor," in Shakespeare's 
 play of that name. Sir John KalstatF 
 is in love with her, and she encom-ages 
 his attentions for a time, in order to be- 
 tray and disgrace him. See Bkook, 
 Master. 
 
 Forest City. 1. A name popularly 
 given to Cleveland, Ohio, from the 
 many ornamental trees with Avhich 
 the streets are bordered. 
 
 2. A name given to Portland, 
 Maine, a city distinguished for its 
 many elms and other beautiful shade- 
 trees. 
 
 3. A name given to Savannah, 
 Georgia, the streets of Avhich are 
 closely shaded with pride - of- India 
 {Maryosa Azedariik) trees. 
 
 Forester, Fanny. A nam de plume 
 of .Aliss Emily Ohubbuck (1817-18.34), 
 a pojjular American authoress, after- 
 ward the wi:'e of Adoniram Judson, 
 the missionary. 
 
 Forester, Frank. A pseudonym un- 
 der which Henry William ilerbert 
 (18:)7-18.-J8), a versatile English 
 author, long resident in America, 
 published a number of works on 
 fowling, fishing, and field-sports in 
 general. 
 
 For'nax. {Rom. Afyth.) A goddess 
 of corn, and the patroness of bakers. 
 
 Forseti (ibpsa-tee). [Old Norse, pres- 
 ident, Irom Jor^ before, and sltja^ to 
 sit.] {Scaml Myth.) The god of 
 justice, a son of Ualdur. [Written 
 also Forsete.] 
 
 For'tin-brSs. Prince of Norway, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of " Hamlet." 
 
 For-tu'nS. {Rom. Myth.) The god- 
 dess of chance or luck, particularly 
 of good luck, success, and prosperity; 
 said to be blind. 
 
 Fortunate Islands. See Islands of 
 THE Blest. 
 
 For^tu-na'tus. The hero of a German 
 popuhir romance of the lilteenth cen- 
 tury, based upon legends of an earlier 
 date. 
 
 ;6£g= The story recounts how, when he 
 had been exposed to preat dangers from 
 wild beasts, and was in a state of starva- 
 tion, he suddenly beheld a beautiful lady 
 standing by his side, with a bandage over 
 her eyes, leaning upon a wheel, and look- 
 ing as if she were going to speak. The 
 lady did not wait long before she ad- 
 dressed him in these words: '-Know, 
 young man, that my name is Fortune. I 
 have power to bestow wisdom, strength, 
 riches, health, beauty, and long life. One 
 of these I am willing to bestow on you. 
 Choose for yourself which it shall he." 
 Fortunatus immediately answered, "Good 
 lady, I wish to have riclies in such plenty 
 that I may never again know what it is 
 to be so hungry as I now find myself." 
 The lady then gave him a pnr?e,and told 
 him, tliat, in all the countries wheie lie 
 might happen to be, lie need only put his 
 hand into the purse, as often as he 
 pleased, and he would be sure to find in 
 it pieces of gold ; that the purse should 
 never fail of yielding the same sum as 
 long as it should lie kept by himself and 
 children. Tt is further relateit, that a 
 certain sultan led Fortunatus to a room 
 almost filled with jewels, opened a large 
 closet, and took out a cap, which he said 
 was of greater value than all the rest. 
 Fortunatus thought the sultan was jok- 
 ing, and told liim he had seen many a 
 better cap than that. " Ah,"' said the 
 sultan, "■ that is because you do not know 
 its value. Whoever puts this cap on liia 
 head, and wishes to be in any part of the 
 world, will find himself there in a mo- 
 ment."' The story has a moral ending, 
 inasnuich as the posses-ion of tliis inex- 
 haustible purse and wishiug-eap are the 
 
 •nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
FOR 
 
 138 
 
 FRA 
 
 cause of niin to FortunatiiP, and to 
 his sous alter him. The subject was 
 dramatized hy Ilaus Saetis iu l;jy3, aud 
 by Thouia.sDekkcriu liis " IMeasaut Coui- 
 edie of Old Fortuuatus " (ItjUO); aud iu 
 moderu times it has been poetically treat- 
 ed by Ludwig Tieck iu his " I'hautasus " 
 (181G). 
 
 With a miraculous Fortunatux's purse in his 
 treasury, it might have lasted longer. 
 
 Carl>/7e. 
 
 Por-tu'ni-o (G). The hero of a pop- 
 ular tale, clo!^ely allied to that of For- 
 tunatus, — with whom he is perhaps 
 identical, — but which has generally 
 been treated as an independent story. 
 He is famcHis for his adventure with 
 a dragon, in the pursuit of Avhich he 
 made use of those marvelous servitors. 
 Fine-ear, who, " putting his ear to 
 the ground, informed his master that 
 the dragon Avas seven leagues olf;" 
 Tippler, who " drank up all the rivers 
 which were between;" Strong-back, 
 who '' carried Avine enough to fill 
 them all ; " Light-foot, Boisterer, and 
 Gormand. 
 
 Forty Thieves. Characters of a cele- 
 brated tale in the " Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments," represented as in- 
 habiting a secret cave in a forest, the 
 door of Avhich Avould open and shut 
 only at the sound of the magic word 
 " Sesame," — the name of a kind of 
 grain. See Baba, All 
 
 Ali Baba, when lie entered the cave of the 
 Forty Tbicvex, cfnikl not liave been move 
 amazed by tlie wealth of its contents thrn 
 some people will be when they fi-pt rend the 
 title of this book. Putnam's Mug. 
 
 Forwards, Marshal. See Marshal 
 
 FoKAVAKDS. 
 
 Foul-weather Jack. A name giA-en 
 to Commodore Byron (1723-178G), 
 by the men Avho sailed under him, in 
 allusion to his ill fortune at sea. 
 
 Fountain of Life. A title given to 
 Alexander Hales, an English friar of 
 the thirteenth century, and a distin- 
 guished schoolman. He Avas more 
 commonly styled The Irrefvagnhle 
 Doctor. 
 
 Fountain of Youth. A miraculous 
 fountain, Avhose AvatorsAvcre fabled to 
 haA'e the property of rencAving youth. 
 See BiMiNi. 
 
 Four Masters, The. [Lat. Quatuor 
 Jlagidri.] A name given to the 
 
 authors of an ancient Irish history 
 called " The Annals of Donegal." 
 Their names Avere Michael O'Clerigh, 
 or Clerk, Maurice and Fearfeafa 
 Conry, and Cucoirighc, or Peregrine, 
 O'Clerighe. 
 
 Fra Diavolo. (frS de-a'A'o-lo). [It., 
 Brother De\'il.] A sobriquet of 
 Michele Pezza (1760-1806), a native 
 of Calabria. According to some ac- 
 counts, he Avas in early life a goat- 
 herd, afterAvard a monk, under the 
 name of Fra Ant/tlo. Others say that 
 he Avas apprenticed to a stockinger. 
 Escaping trom the Avorkshop or the 
 monasteiy, he joined himself to a 
 band of robbers, of Avhich he soon 
 became the leader. On the arrival 
 of the French, he declared for the 
 king of Naples, and in 171)1) receiAed 
 pardon and office from Cardinal Bufto, 
 organized his band, and made an 
 incursion into the Konian territory. 
 Subsequently he repaired to Palermo, 
 Avhere he took part in an insurrection 
 under the leadership of Commodore 
 Sidney Smith. Being taken prisoner 
 by treachery at San Severino, he Avas 
 hanged at Naples, Nov. 1806, not- 
 Avithstanding the intercession of the 
 English on his behalf, prompted by 
 respect for his militarv' proAvess. He 
 has been made the subject of various 
 traditions and songs, and of an opera 
 by Auber, entitled " Fra Diavolo," in 
 Avhich, hoAvever, nothing of the char^ 
 acter but the name has been retained. 
 
 Fran-ces'ea of Rim'i-ni (//. pron. 
 fran-ches'ka). A daughter of Guido 
 da Polenta, lord of Kavenna in tha 
 latter part of the thirteenth century. 
 She Avas married to Lanciotto, son 
 of Malatesta da Kimini, a brave but 
 deformed and hateful person, Avho, 
 liaA'ing discoA'ered a criminal in- 
 timacy betAveen her and his own 
 brother, reA-engcd himself by putting 
 them both to death. The story of 
 Francesca forms one of the most ad- 
 mired episodes in Dante's " Inferno," 
 and has also been made the subject 
 of a poem by Leigh Hunt. 
 
 Frank'en-stein. A monster, in ^Irs. 
 Shelley's romance of the same name, 
 constructed by a young student of 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Fronunciatioa," with the accompanying Explanatioua, 
 
FRA 
 
 139 
 
 FRE 
 
 physiology out of the horrid rem- 
 nants of tlie fhurch-yurd ami dissect- 
 ing -room, and endued, apparently 
 tiirough the agency of galvanism, 
 with a sort of spectral and convulsive 
 life. This existence, rendered insup- 
 portable to the monster by his vain 
 craving at'ter human sympathy, and 
 by his consciousness of his own de- 
 formity, is employed in inflicting the 
 most dreadful retribution upon the 
 guilty philosopher. 
 
 It [the Southern " Confederacy "] will be the 
 soulU'ss monster of FranhcuMria, — the wretch- 
 ei creation of mortal s-cieiice witliout God; 
 endowed with life and nothing else; for ever 
 niinng madly, the scandal to humanity; pow- 
 erfulonly for evil; whose destruction will be 
 essential to the peace of the world. 
 
 Charles Sumner. 
 
 Frat'er-et'to. The name of a fiend 
 mentitmed by Edgar, in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of " King Lear." 
 
 See FUBBEUTIGIBBET, 1. 
 
 Free-born. John. John Lilburne 
 (IfJ 13-1657), a famous English repub- 
 lican; — popularly so called on ac- 
 count of his intrepid defense, before 
 the tribunal of tlie Star Chamber, of 
 his rights as a free-born Englishman. 
 
 Presman, Mrs. An assumed name 
 undt-r which the Duchess of Marl- 
 borough corresponded with Queen 
 Anne. See Mokley, Mks. 
 
 Preeport, Sir Andrew. The name 
 of one of the meml>ers of the imagi- 
 nary club under whose auspices the 
 "Spectator" was professedly is- 
 sued. He is represented as a Lon- 
 don merchant of great eminence and 
 experience, industrious, sensible, and 
 generous. 
 
 Freestone State. The State of Con- 
 necticut; — sometimes so called from 
 the quarries of freestone which it con- 
 tains. 
 
 Freischatz (fri'shiits, 51). [Ger., the 
 fr^e-shooter ; Fr. Robin des Bois.] 
 The name of a legendary hunter, or 
 marksman, who, by entering into a 
 compact with the Devil, procures 
 balls, six of which infallibly hit, 
 however great the distance, while the 
 seventh, or, according to some of the 
 versions, one of the seven, belongs 
 to the Devil, who directs it at his 
 pleasure. Legends of this nature 
 
 were rife among the troopers of Ger- 
 many of the fourteenth and fifteenth 
 centuries, and during the Thirty 
 Years' war. The slory first ap- 
 peared in a poetic form in 1810, in 
 Apel's "■ Gespensterbuch " ("Ghost- 
 book"), and F. Kind adapted the story 
 to the opera conipo.-^ed by Weber in 
 1821, which has inade it known in 
 all civilized countries. Pierer, 
 
 French. Devil. An opprobrious title 
 given by the English, Dutch, and 
 Spanish to Jean Barth, or Bart (1651- 
 1702), a French naval hero cele- 
 brated for his boldness and success 
 in battle. 
 
 French Fa'bi-us. A surname be- 
 stowed upon Anne (1493-1567), first 
 Duke of iMontmorency, grand con- 
 stable of France, on account of his 
 success in nearly destroying the im- 
 perial army which had invaded Pro- 
 vence, by the pohcy of laying waste 
 the country and skillfully prolong- 
 ing the campaign. See Amkkican 
 Fa 15 1 us. 
 
 French Fury. (ITist.) A name given 
 to the attempt made by the l)uke of 
 Anjou to carry Antwerp by storm, 
 Jan. 17, 1583. The whole of his force 
 was eitiier killed or taken captive in 
 less than an hour. 
 
 French Phid'i-as. 1. A title be- 
 stowed upon Jean Goujon (d. 1572), 
 a celebrated Parisian sculptor and 
 architect, in the reigns of Irancis L 
 and Henry IL 
 
 2. A title conferred upon Jean 
 Baptiste Pigalle (1714-1785), an emi- 
 nent French sculptor; but not hap- 
 pily, as his taste cannot be said to 
 be classical. 
 
 French Pin'dar. A title bestOAved 
 upon Jean Dorat, a French poet of 
 the sixteenth century. Charles IX. 
 created expres.sly for him the office 
 of Puete Roynl. He died at Paris in 
 1582, aged 80 years. 
 
 French Raph'i-el. A title conferred 
 upon Eustace Le Sueur (1617-1655), 
 a distinguished French painter. 
 
 French Ros'ci-us (rosh'i-us). Mi- 
 chael Baron (1053-1727), a celebrated 
 French actor. 
 
 uid for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-jucxii. 
 
FRE 
 
 140 
 
 FRI 
 
 French Solomon. See Solomon of 
 
 I'liA.NCK. 
 
 French Tl-bullus. [Fi . Le TlbuUe 
 Fniiii^dis.] A suniani ^ given to 
 Evariste Oesire Dcslorgc:, Chevalier 
 de Parny (1753-18U), a i-'reucii 
 elegiac and erotic poet. 
 
 Fres'ton. An enchanter or necro- 
 mancer who ligures in many terrible 
 scenes of the old romance of " Don 
 Belianis of Greece." 
 
 Not Muniatnn, but Frenfon, von should 
 have Slid, cried Don Quixote. iVuly, quoth 
 the niece, I can't tell whether it wiis'/'z-e.-t/ow, 
 or Friston, but sure I aui tliat hi.s name 
 ended with a " ton." Ct'ri-aiilei<, Tratvs. 
 
 Frey (fri, 42). {Scmul M;ilh.) The 
 god of the .sun and of rain, and hence 
 of fertility and peace, lie was one 
 of the most popular of the Northern 
 divinities. [ Written also F r e y r.] 
 
 Freyja (fr!/ya). {Scnnd. Mijih.) The 
 godde.ss of love, beauty, pleasure, and 
 fecundity. She was the sister of 
 I'rey, and the wife of Odur, who aban- 
 doned her on her loss of youth and 
 beauty, and was changed into a statue 
 by Odin, as a punishment. [Writ- 
 ten also F r e y i a and F r e y a.] 
 
 Friar Dom'i-nic. The chief person- 
 age in Dryden's play, " The Spanish 
 Friar," de.signed to ridicule the vices 
 of the priesthood. It is the best of 
 his comic characters. 
 
 Friar GSr'und. The hero of a cele- 
 brated Spanish satirical i"omance by 
 Padre Isla (ITO-'J-lTSl). designed to 
 ridicule the style of ))ulpit oratory in 
 A'ogue in his day, — oratory degraded 
 by bad taste, by conceits, puns, and 
 tricks of composition, and even by 
 low buffoonery, indulged in merely 
 to win the applause and increase the 
 contributions of vulgar audiences. 
 " The famous preacher, Friar Ger- 
 mid," is one of these ])opular orators; 
 and Isla describes his life from his 
 birth in an obscure village, through 
 his education in a fashionable con- 
 vent, and his adventures as a mission- 
 ary about the country, the tiction 
 ending abruptly with his preparation 
 to deliver a course of sermons in a 
 citv that seems intended to represent 
 Madri.l. 
 
 Friar John. The name of one of the 
 
 most celebrated characters in Rabe- 
 lais' romance of " I'antagruel." 
 
 t^iy- '• Throughout the book, he dashes 
 on, regardless ot every tiling in tins world 
 or the next. If there is a snij) wreck or a 
 skiruiish, Friar John is Ibreuiost iu the 
 bustle ; tear is unknown to hiiu ; if a 
 juke more than usually profane is to be 
 uttered, t'riar Johu is the .«iiokesujau. 
 The .swe.iriug. bulking phni.-e.-. are all 
 put iu the mouth of Iriar John. Rabe- 
 lais loved this lustj' friar, this nia^s of 
 lewdness, debauchery, profanity, and 
 valor. He is the ' fine fellow ' of the 
 book ; arid the author always seenis in a 
 good humor when he makes him fcilk." 
 For. Qii. Rev. 
 
 And a.s to a dinner, they can no more do 
 ■without him than they could without Friar 
 Jiilni at the roistering reveLi of the renowned 
 Paut;igruel. W. Iniiijj. 
 
 Then came the Rebellion, and, presto ! a 
 flaw iu our titles was discovered, . . . and we 
 were ... no relations of theirs after all, but a 
 dreggy hybrid of the basest bloods of Europe. 
 Panurge wa-s not quicker to coll J-'riur Jo/m 
 his '• former" friend. Lowell. 
 
 Friar Lau'rence. A Franciscan who 
 
 undertakes to marrs^ Romeo and 
 Juliet, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 that name. 
 Friar Rush. [Lat. Frnter Eauschuts, 
 Ger. Brudtr Jiausch, Dan. Bivdtr 
 Rhus. His name signilies either noise, 
 as Grimm thinks, or, ss Wolf deems, 
 dfunki-nness. Comp. Old Eng. loust.] 
 A house-spirit, celebrated in the niar- 
 velous legends of old times. His 
 history Avas printed in 102(», and had 
 proljalvly been often printed before. 
 The whole tale is designed .is a severe 
 satire upon the monks, the pretended 
 friar being sent from hell in conse- 
 quence of news, brought to the prince 
 of devils, '* of the great misride and 
 vile living of these religious men; to 
 keep them still in that state, and worse 
 if it might be." 
 
 Q lis nou legit quid Frater linuschiux cjrit? 
 liruuo SeiucUus. 
 
 Friar Tuck. One of the constant 
 associates of Robin Hood, to whom 
 Ben Jonson (in his "Sad Shep- 
 herd") makes him chaplain and 
 steward. According to some, he was 
 a real monk. Sir Walter Scott has 
 introduced him in " Ivanhoe," with 
 great success, as the Holy Clerk of 
 Copmanhurst. 
 
 Frib'ble (-bl). A feeble-minded cox- 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accoinpanyiiig Explanations, 
 
FRI 
 
 141 
 
 FRO 
 
 comb in Garrick's farce entitled " Miss 
 in her Teens; " niucli given to cod- 
 dling himself, and " sadly troubled* 
 with weaiv nerves." 
 
 Cdiild this sad, thou};htfiil countenance be 
 tin- siuiip . . . that luid hiukcd out ... so 
 bhifklv divfsti'd of all meaning, or resolutely 
 expio'sivf of none, in Acres, in Fribolc, and a 
 tliousiiud agreeable impertinences ? 
 
 CJiarks Lantb. 
 
 The fashionable FriMes of the day, the 
 chat, scandal, and anmsements of those at- 
 tending the wells, and the canting hypocrisy 
 of some sectarians, are deincted, sometimes 
 ■with indeliLacy, but always with force and 
 liveliness. A'. Chumbcrs. 
 
 Friday, Man. The name of a yoinig 
 Indian -whom Rol)inson Crusoe saved 
 from death on a Friday, and kept for 
 a companion and servant. 
 
 Even before they were acquainted, he had 
 admired Usborne in .secret. Now he was his 
 valet, his dog, his JIaii Friday. ThucLcruij. 
 
 Friend of Man. [Fr. VAinl clcs 
 I/oiniius.] A name popularlj- given 
 to Victor Ri()uetti, Martinis de Alira- 
 beau (1715-178,)), from tlie title of 
 one of his works. He was a distin- 
 guished political economist, and was 
 father of the great tribune, Mirabeau. 
 
 Frig'ga. {Scnnd. Mijlh.) The Avife 
 of Odin, the queen of the gods, and 
 the mother of Baldur, Thor, &c. 
 She sometimes typities the earth, as 
 Odin does the heavens. The xVnglo- 
 Saxons Avorshiped her as Frta. The 
 name survi\'es in Fr'uUuj. 
 
 Fris'co-bal'do. A character in Dek- 
 ker's " Honest "Whore." Hazlitt pro- 
 nounces it perfect, in its way, as a 
 picture of a broken-hearted father 
 with a sneer on his lips and a tear- 
 drop in his eye. 
 
 Frithiof (frith'T-of, o?-frith'y(;)f). [Icel. 
 Fn'fJIitJ/Jiifr, peace-destroyer.] The 
 hero of an ancient Icelandic " saga," 
 which records his love tor the beauti- 
 ful Ingel)org, the daughter of a petty 
 Norwegian king. After being reject- 
 ed by the brothers of Ingeborg, and 
 having committed various acts of re- 
 venge on his enemies, he comes to 
 the court of the old King Hring, to 
 Avhom Ingeborg has been married, 
 and is received with kindness. At the 
 death of her husband, Ingeborg is 
 married to her lover, who accjuires 
 with her hand the dominions of Hring, 
 
 over which he rules prosperously 
 to the end of his days. ihe dis- 
 tinguished Swedi.sh poet, liishop 
 Tegncr, has made use of this myth 
 as the groumlworlv of a poem of his 
 own C Frithjof's haga"), which has 
 obtained a -wide rcjnitation, and has 
 been translated into various modern 
 languages. [Written also Frith- 
 jof.j 
 
 Fritz, Der Alte (def ;iFta frits). [Ger., 
 Old Fritz, Old Fred.] A sobriquet 
 given by the Germans to Frederick 
 1.(1712-178(3) king of Prussia, com- 
 monly called Frederick the Great. 
 
 Frog, "Nic. A sportive collective 
 n;ime applied to the Dutch, 'n\ Arbulh- 
 not's " History of John Bull." 
 
 I back your Mc Frog against Mother Par- 
 tington. Socles Ambrosia am. 
 
 Frol'lo, Archdeacon Claude {Fr. 
 pron. kind froldo'). A noted charac- 
 ter in Victor Hugo's " Kotre-lJame 
 de Paris," absorbed in a bcAvildering 
 search after the pliilosophers' stone. 
 He has a great repidation ior sanc- 
 tity, but falls in love with a gypsy 
 girl, and pursues her Avith unrelent- 
 ing persecution, because she Avill not 
 yield to his desires. 
 
 Front de Bceuf. See Bgkuf, Fro>;t 
 
 DE. 
 
 Frontino (fron-te'no). The name 
 given, in the old romances of chivalry, 
 to the horse of lluggiero, or liogero. 
 
 Go, Rozinnnte, ... go rear thy awful front 
 wherever thou pleasest, secure that neither 
 the hipiiogrilfon of Astolpho, northe renowned 
 I'roiifino, which Bradamante purchased at so 
 high a price, could ever be thought thy equal. 
 VerLantcs, Von (^uijLOte. 
 
 Frost, Jack. A popular personifica- 
 tion of fi'ost. 
 
 /i<g=' Frost is the name of a dwarf in the 
 Scaiidiiia\Man mytliolog;y, and Ferguson 
 suy;sests that our nursery hero, .lack 
 Frost, may be derived from tliat source. 
 
 Froth. 1. (Master.) A foolish gentle- 
 man, in Shakespeare's "■ Measure for 
 Measure." His name explains his 
 character, which is Avithoiit solidity 
 enough for deep crime, and fiar too 
 liglit for A'irtue. 
 
 AVe have dealt with the tale very much ac- 
 cording to the clown's argument in fuvor of 
 Master F'roth : " Look upon his face. I '11 be 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
FUD 
 
 142 
 
 FITS 
 
 BWorTi npon a bonk thnt liis fare is the wnrst 
 part about him; and if his f'upc be the worst 
 part abiuit him, Iikw could ^tlL■<tl r Froth do 
 the constable's wile any harm ;• " iSir ir. Scott. 
 
 2. (Lord.) A solemn coxcomb, 
 in Congreve's comedy of " The 
 Double Dealer." 
 
 Fudge, Mr. A contemptuous desig- 
 nation l)estowed upon any absurd or 
 lying writer or talker. See Buk- 
 
 CHELL, Mk. 
 
 flGg= " There was, sir, in our time, one 
 Captain Fudge, commander of a mer- 
 chantman, who. upon his return from a 
 voyage, how ill fraught .soever his ship 
 was. alsvays brought home to his owners 
 a good cargo of /'V5, insomuch that now 
 aboard ship the sailors, when they hear a 
 great lie told, cry out, ' You fm/o^f it.' '' 
 Jxei/iarks ii/)on l/if Nnri/ (London, 1700). 
 " III the ye;ir 16(>4, we were sentenced for 
 banishment to .lamaica by .Judges Hyde 
 and Twisden. and our number was 5.5. 
 We were put on board the ship Black 
 Eagle ; the master's name was Fmlge, by 
 Bome called Lying Fudge." A CoUertinn 
 of soine Papers of WilUam Crouch. (8vo, 
 1712). 
 
 A^ " With a due respect to their an- 
 tiquity, and the unchanged reputation 
 always attached to the name, we have 
 long held in high consideration the an- 
 cient t;imily of Fudges. Some of them, 
 as we know, liave long reside'! in England, 
 and have been ever ready to assi.st in her 
 domestic squabbles and political changes. 
 But their fivorite place of residence we 
 understand to be in Ireland. Their usual 
 modes of expression, indeed, are akin to 
 the figurative talk of the Emerald island- 
 ers." Brit, if For. Kev. 
 
 Fudge Family. A name under which 
 the poet Moore, in a series of metrical 
 epistles, purporting to be written by 
 the members of a family of English 
 tourists visiting Paris, satirized the 
 absurdities of his traveling country- 
 men, Avho, having l)een long confined 
 at home by the wars waged b}^ Na- 
 poleon, flocked to the continent in 
 swarms, after his defeat at Waterloo. 
 The family is composed of a hack 
 writer and spy, devoted to legitimacy, 
 the Bourbons, and I^ord Castlereagh; 
 his .son, a young dandy of the first 
 •water ; and his daughter, a senti- 
 mental damsel, rapturously fond of 
 '' romance, and high bonnets, and 
 ^ladame Le Roy," m love with a 
 Parisian linen-draper, whom she has 
 
 mistaken for one of the Bourbons in 
 
 disguise. There is also a tutor and 
 
 , "poor relation" of this egregious 
 
 family, who is an ardent Bonapartist 
 
 and Irish patriot. 
 
 No sooner are we geated at the gay saloon 
 in Dessin's, than we call, like Biddy Fudge, 
 for " French pens and French ink."" 
 
 Jlrs. Jameson. 
 
 Funk, Peter. A person employed al 
 petty auctions to bid on articles put 
 up for sale, in order to raise their 
 price ; — probably so called from such 
 a name having frequently been given 
 wdien articles were bought in. To 
 funk, or funk mtt, is a vulgar expres- 
 sion, meaning to slink away, to take 
 one's self off. In some localities, it 
 conveys the added notion of great 
 fear. 
 
 S^^ " By thus running up goods, Peter 
 is of great service 10 the auctioneers, 
 though he never pays them a cent of 
 monej'. Indeed, it is not his intention to 
 purchase, nor is it that of the auctioneer 
 that he should. Goods, nevertheless, are 
 frequently struck off to him ; and then 
 tlie salesman cries out the name of Mr. 
 Smith, Mr. .lohni^on. or .some other among 
 the hundred aliases of Peter Funk, as the 
 purchaser. But the goods, ou such oc- 
 casions, are always taken back by the 
 auctioneer, agreeably to a secret under- 
 standing between him and Peter.'' 
 
 Asa Greene. 
 
 Furies. [Lat. Furice.'] { Gr. (|- Rom. 
 Jfj/t/t.) The three goddesses of ven- 
 geance, daughters of Acheron and 
 Nox. They were armed with lighted 
 torche.><, their heads were Avreathed 
 with snakes, and their Avhole ap- 
 pearance was terrific and appalling. 
 Their names were Alecto, ]\Iega'ra, 
 and Tisiphone. [Called also Erinnyes 
 and Eumenides-I 
 
 Furioso, Borabastes. See Bombas- 
 
 TKS Fui;n>so. 
 Furioso, Orlando. See Orl.vxdo. 
 
 Fusberta (ffHis-bef'ta.) The name of 
 the sword of Kinaldo. See Bay.a rd, 
 2, and Rinaldo. [Writtei/ alsc 
 Frusberta, Fushberta, and 
 Fl obe rge.] 
 
 This " awful sword," ns the comn.on people 
 term it, was as dear to htm as Durindana ot 
 Fushherin to their respective masters, and was 
 nearly as formidable to his enemies as those 
 renowned fidchions proved to the foes of 
 Christendom. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scbjeme of Fronuuciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
GAB 
 
 143 
 
 GAM 
 
 G. 
 
 G^a'b^i-el. [Heb., mighty one of God.] 
 The name of an angel described in 
 the Scriptures as charged with tlie 
 ministration of comfort and sympatliy 
 to man. He was sent to Daniel to 
 interpret in plain words the vision of 
 the ram and the he-goat, and to com- 
 fort him, atter his prayer, with the 
 prophecy of the " seventy weeks." 
 (8ee Dmi. viii. and ix.} In the 
 New Testament {Luke i.), he is the 
 herald of good tidings, declaring as 
 he does the coming of the predicted 
 Messiah, and of liis forerunner, .b)hn 
 the Baptist. In the ordinary' tradi- 
 tions, Jewish and Christian, Gabriel 
 is spoken of as one of the seven arch- 
 angels. According to the Kabbins, 
 he is the angel of death for the people 
 of Israel, whose souls are intrusted to 
 his care. The Talmud describes him 
 as the prince of tire, and as the spirit 
 who presides over thunder, and the 
 ripening of fruits. Gabriel has the 
 reputation, among the Kabbins, of 
 being a distinguished linguist, hav- 
 ing taught Joseph the seventy lan- 
 guages spoken at Babel, and being, 
 in addition, the only angel who could 
 speak Chaldee and Syriac. The 
 Mohammedans hold him in even 
 greater reverence than the Jews. He 
 is called the spirit of truth, and is 
 believed to have dictated the Koran 
 to Mohammed. Milton posts him at 
 " the eastern gate of Paradise," as 
 " chief of the angelic guards," keep- 
 ing watch there. 
 
 Gads'Mll. A companion of Sir John 
 Falstatf, in the First Part of Shake- 
 speare's " King Henry IV," 
 
 Ga'lier-is, Sir. A brother of Sir 
 Gawain, and a knight of the Round 
 Table, celebrated in old romances of 
 chivalry. 
 
 Gal'i-had, Sir. The son of Lancelot 
 of the Lake, and a knight of the 
 Round Table, remarkable for the 
 purity of his life. His successful ad- 
 ventures in search of the sangreal 
 
 were celebrated by the old romancers, 
 and have been made the subject, in 
 modern times, of one of the most ex- 
 quisite of Tennyson's minor poems. 
 [Written also G a 1 a a d.] 
 
 Galalon. See Gan. 
 
 Gal'a-or. A brother of Amadis do 
 Gaul! His exploits are recounted in 
 the romance of that name. 
 
 Ga-laph'ro-ne, or Gal'a-fron. A 
 king of Cathay, and father of An- 
 gelica, in Bojardo's " Orlando Inna- 
 morato," Ariosto's " Orlando Furi- 
 oso," and other romantic poems and 
 tales of the Carlovingian cycle. 
 
 GaPa-te'5. [Gr. raAareia.] { 6V. ^' EoTtl. 
 
 Myth.) A sea-nymph, the daugh- 
 ter of Nereus and Doris. She was 
 passionately loved by Polyphemus, 
 but her own afltections were bestowed 
 upon Acis. See Acis. 
 
 Ga-la'tian. A character in the Christ- 
 mas gambols of the olden time. 
 
 Gal'li-a. The ancient Latin name of 
 France, often used in modern poetry. 
 
 For gold let GnUia's legions fight, 
 
 Or plunder's bloody gain; 
 Unbribed, unbought, our swords we draw, 
 To guard our king, to fence our law, 
 
 Nor shall their edge be vain. 
 
 Sir n^. Scott. 
 
 Galloping Dick. A name popularly 
 given to Richard Ferguson, a cele- 
 brated highway robber, — executed 
 at Aylesbury "^(England), April 4, 
 1800, — on account of his bold riding 
 when pursued. 
 
 Galloway, Fair Maid of. See Fair 
 Maid of Galloway. 
 
 Gammer Gurton. See Gukton. 
 Gammer. 
 
 Gamp, Mrs. Sarah. A monthly nurse 
 who is a prominent cluiracter in 
 Dickens's novel of " Martin Chuz- 
 zlewit." She is celebrated for her 
 constant reference to a certain Mrs. 
 Harris, a purely imaginary person, 
 for whose feigned opinions and ut- 
 terances she professes the greatest 
 respect, in order to give the mora 
 
 tnd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
GAN 
 
 144 
 
 GAR 
 
 weipjht to her own. See Harris, 
 Mits. 
 Gan (j,^an), Ganelone (fjft-nu-lo'nS), 
 Ganelon (g-.1ii'lo"', ()2), or Gano 
 (ga^iio). A count of Alayence, and 
 one (if the paUidius of (.'harlenia<^ne, 
 by whom lie is perpetually trusted, 
 and whom he perpetually betrays; 
 always represented as engaged in 
 machinations for the destruction of 
 Christianity. Spite, patience, obsti- 
 nacy, dissimulation, ahected humility, 
 and inexliaustil)le jiowers of intrigue 
 are the chief elements of his charac- 
 ter. He tigures in the romantic 
 poems of Italy, and is placed by 
 l)ante in his Inferno. See Mak- 
 siGLio. [Written also G a 1 a 1 o n.] 
 
 Have you not, all of yoii, helrl me at such a 
 
 distaiict'" from your counsels, as if I were the 
 
 most faithless spy since the daj's of Gaiwlon f 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Heimer the fierce, who was the Ganelon of 
 the society, sat upon the left. //. Weber. 
 
 Gan'der-cleugh (-klobk). [That is, 
 gander-clilf, or gander-ravine.] An 
 imaginary town situated on the imag- 
 inary river Gander, in " the central 
 part, the navel of Scotland." It was 
 the residence of Jedediah Cleish- 
 botham (see Cleishbotham, Jede- 
 diah), who speaks of it as " a place 
 frequented by most at one time or 
 other in their lives." 
 
 Ga'nem. The name of a young 
 merchant who is the hero of one of 
 the tales in the "Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments." He incurs the 
 vengeance of Caliph Haroun-Al-Ea- 
 ?chid, and has his house leveled to 
 the ground in consequence, but es- 
 capes being made a prisoner by dis- 
 guising himself like a slave belonging 
 to an eating-house, and putting on 
 his head the dishes from which he 
 had just eaten dinner, — a trick 
 which effectually deceives the guards, 
 who permit him to pass without ex- 
 amination. 
 
 Gan'e-sa. {ITlndu Myth.) The god 
 of policy and prudence, or wisdom. 
 He is represented with the head of an 
 elephant, and with four arms; some- 
 times with three arms. 
 
 The tenth Avatar comes! at Heaven's com- 
 
 III and. 
 Shall Scriswattee wave her hallowed wand, 
 
 And Camdeo bright and Ganena sublime 
 
 Hliall liluss with joy their own propitioua 
 cliiiK-! 
 
 Come, Heavenly Powers! primeval peace re- 
 store I 
 
 Love,— Mercy, — Wisdom, — rule for ever- 
 more! CanipbM. 
 
 Gan'y-mede. [Gr. rai/v/uujSTj?, Lat. 
 Gdiiymtdes.] (G)\ (f jRvm. Myth.) 
 A son of Tros, king of Troy, by 
 Callirrhoe. He was the most Ijeauti- 
 ful of mortals; and Jupiter, charmed 
 with his appearance, assumed the 
 form of an eagle, snatched him away 
 from his playmates on Mount Ida, 
 and carried him up to heaven, where 
 he became the cup-bearer of the gods 
 in the place of Juno's daughter Hebe. 
 See Hehe. [Written also, poetically, 
 G a n y in e d.] 
 
 Tall stripliiis: youths rich clad, of fairer hue 
 Than Ganyintd or Hylas. Milton, 
 
 Pour forth heaven's wine, Tdsean Ganyinede, 
 And let it fill the Dsedal cups like lire 
 
 SfieUey. 
 There, too, flushed Ganymede, his rosy thigh 
 
 Half buried in the eagle's down. 
 Sole as a flying star shot through the sky 
 
 Above the pillared town. Teuhysoru 
 
 Garcias, Pedro (pa'dro gaf-the'jiss). 
 A mythical personage, of Avhom men- 
 tion is made in the preface to " Gil 
 Bias," in which it is related how two 
 scholars of Salamanca discovered 
 a tombstone with the inscription, 
 " Here lies inteiTed the soul of the 
 licentiate Pedro Garcias," and how^ 
 on digging beneath the stone, the]' 
 found a leathern purse containing a 
 hundred ducats. 
 
 Then it was like the soul of the licentiate 
 Pedro Garcia.-', which lay among the ducats 
 in his leathern purse. Sir W. Scott, 
 
 On the other hand, does not his soul lie 
 inclosed in this remarkable volume much 
 more truly tlian Ftdro Garcias' did in the 
 buried bag of doubloons? Carli/le, 
 
 Garden City. A popular name for 
 Chicago, a city in Illinois which is 
 remarkable for the number and 
 beauty of its private gardens. 
 
 Garden of England. A name gen- 
 erally applied to the county of Wor- 
 cester, on account of its beauty and 
 fertility. 
 
 If the county of Worcester, which has 
 hitherto been accounted the Giirdf-n of Eng- 
 land, is now (as the Report of the Home Mis- 
 Bionary assures us) become, for want of 
 preachers, "a waste and howling wilderness," 
 what must the mountains of Macgillicuddy 
 be? T.Moore, 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
GAR 
 
 145 
 
 GAW 
 
 Garden of Europe. An appellation 
 sometimes j^ivi'ii to Italy, a eoiiiitiy 
 remarkable for the extixnne fertility 
 of its soil, the variety of its vei;x'tahle 
 produetioiis, the <;-eiieral salubrity of 
 its climate, and the unsurpassed love- 
 liness and magnilieenee of its scenery. 
 
 Garden of France. [Fr. Jard'm de 
 la France.] A name given to the 
 department of Indre -et- Loire, in- 
 cluding Tourraine, part of Anjou, 
 Poitou, and the Orleanais, a region 
 celebrated for its beauty and fertility. 
 
 Garden of Italy. A name sometimes 
 given to the island of Sicily, Avhich 
 is distinguished for the romantic 
 beauty of its scenery, and the luxuri- 
 ance of its crops. 
 
 Garden of the "West. A name 
 usually given to Kansas, but some- 
 times applied to Illinois and others 
 of the Western States, which are all 
 noted for their productiveness. 
 
 Garden of the World. A name fre- 
 qnently given to the vast country, 
 comprising more than 1,200,000 
 square miles, which is drained by the 
 Mississippi and its tributaries, — a re- 
 gion of almost unexampled fertility. 
 
 Gargamelle (gai-'ga^'mel')- [Fr., 
 threat.] The mother of Gargantua, 
 in Kabelais' celebrated romance of 
 this name. ^ 
 
 Gargantua (gar-gant'yoo-a; Fr.pron. 
 gai-'gon-tirrj', 34, 62). [F>., from 
 Sp. (jarfjanta^ throat, gullet.] The 
 hero of Rabelais' celebrated ro- 
 mance of the same name, a royal 
 giant, about whom many wonderful 
 .ctories are related. He lived for 
 several centuries, and at last begot 
 a son, Pantagruel, as wonderful as 
 himself. 
 
 tew Rabelais borrowed this character 
 from an old Celtic giant story. The wa- 
 ter-giants were all great guzzlers. Gar- 
 gantua, in the legend, when a child, sucks 
 the milk from ten nurses. He stands 
 "with each foot upon a high mountain, 
 and bending down, drinks up the river 
 ■which flows between. 
 
 You must borrow me Gm-ffantua's mouth 
 first; 'tis a word too great for any inoutli of 
 this age's size. Shah. 
 
 Gar'ger-y, Joe. An illiterate black- 
 suiiih, in Dickens's " Great Expecta- 
 
 tions," romarkal)le for his simplicitr, 
 generosity, and kindness of heart. 
 
 Gar'ger-y, Mrs. Joe. A virago, who 
 tigures in Dickens's novel of '' Great 
 Expectations." 
 
 Gate City. 1. Keokuk, Iowa ; — pop- 
 ularly so called. It is situated at the 
 foot of the lower rapids of the Mis- 
 sissippi (which extend twelve miles, 
 with a fall of twenty-four feet), and 
 is the natural head of navigation. A 
 portion of the city is built on a blutf 
 one hundred and fifty feet high. 
 
 2. Atlanta, a city in Georgia, and 
 the terminus of four of the principal 
 railroads of the State ; — so called by 
 Jert'erson Davis, as being, in a mili- 
 tary point of view, the most impor- 
 tant inland position in the lower part 
 of the South. 
 
 Gate of Tears. A literal translation 
 of the word Babebnandeb, the straits 
 of which name were so called on ac- 
 count of the number of shipwrecks 
 Avhich occur m them. 
 
 Like some ill-destined bark that steers 
 In silence through the Gate of Tears 
 
 T. Moore. 
 
 Gaudentio di Lucca (gow-dent'se-o 
 dee lobk'ka). The name of a cele- 
 brated romance, — written by Simon 
 Berington, — and also of its hero, 
 who is represented as making a jour- 
 ney to Mezzoramia, an imaginary 
 country in the interior of Africa. 
 
 Gautier et Garguille (gd'te^a' a gaf'- 
 geP, 82). Two proper names having 
 a signitication equivalent to tout le 
 monde, or every body, found in the 
 FVench proverbial expression, " Se 
 mnqiier de (jautier et Garguille,'''' to 
 make game of Gautier and Garguille, 
 that is, to make game of every body. 
 
 For the rest, spare neither Gnutier nor Gar- 
 guille. Regnier, Traits. 
 
 Gaw'ain, Sir. [Written also Gau- 
 va i n.] A nephew of King Arthur, 
 and one of the most celebrated 
 knights of the Round Table, noted 
 for his sagacity, his habitual court- 
 esy, and his wonderful strength, 
 Avhich is said to have been greater at 
 certain hours of the day than at oth- 
 ers. Chaucer, in his " Squire's Tale," 
 
 and for the Kemarks and HuIcs to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
 10 
 
GAW 
 
 146 
 
 GEN 
 
 describin;; the entrance of a strange 
 knigljt, says that he 
 
 *' Siilueth king ami lordes alle, 
 Bv order :us they sat in the hall, 
 Witii so high revurence and obsen'ance, 
 As well in speech as in his coniitenance. 
 That Oiiwiiui with his olde eurtesie, 
 Though he were come again out of faerie, 
 Ne coude him not aMieiiduii with a word." 
 
 Gawkey, Lord. See LoRi> Gawkey. 
 
 Gaw'rey. A name given, in the ro- 
 mance of " I'eter Wilkins," to the 
 flying women among whom the hero 
 of the work -was thrown. See WiL- 
 KiNS, Petkh. 
 
 She spread out her beautiful arms, as if 
 indeed she eould fly off like the pretty Gaiortji 
 whom the man in the story was enamored of. 
 
 Thackeray . 
 
 Gefion(gS'fc-on), / {Scand. Myth.) 
 GeQon (giSPyon). ( The goddess of 
 virginity, t() whom all maidens re- 
 pair after death. 
 
 Gel'ert. The name of a favorite grey- 
 hound of Llewellyn, son-in-law to 
 King John of England. On one oc- 
 casion, during the absence of his 
 master in the chase, he destroyed a 
 ferocious wolf, who attacked Llewel- 
 Ivn's infant son Returning from the 
 field, and not finding the child, — 
 who was sound asleep under a con- 
 fused heap of bedclothes, — Llewellyn 
 rashly concluded that the dog, whose 
 lips were bloody from his struggle 
 with the wolf, had killed him; and, 
 without waiting to examine or in- 
 quire, plunged his sword to the hilt 
 in Gelert's side. With the dying 
 yell of the dog, the infant awoke, 
 and Llewellyn, smitten with remorse 
 for his rash and frantic deed, erected 
 an elegant monument over the re- 
 mains of the faithful animal; whence 
 the place was called Btihgelt-rt, or 
 "the grave of the greyhound," a 
 name which it bears to the present 
 day. It is in a parish of the same 
 name in North Wales. This legend 
 has been versified by William Robert 
 Spencer. 
 
 Llewellvn's grevhound has a second grave 
 very distant from'that of Bcthgelert. It sleeps 
 and points a m()ral in Persia. WUhiiott. 
 
 Celiat-ley, Da'vle. The name of an 
 
 idiot servant of the Baron of Brad- 
 
 wardine, in Scott's novel of " Wa- 
 verley." 
 
 Gem of TTormandy. A name given 
 to Lmma, ilaughter of Richard L, 
 duke of Normandy, married to Eth- 
 elred IL, king of England. She 
 died in 1052. 
 
 General Undertaker, The. [Fr. Le 
 (iencfitl Aritrtjji-fiitiir.] A nickname 
 given by the populace of Paris to the 
 Emperor Napok-ctn lionaparte, on ac- 
 count of the iminen.se public works 
 which he entered upon, but did not 
 always complete. 
 
 6e-neu'ra. The same as Guinerer, 
 King Arthur's queen, notorious for 
 her infidelity to him. See Guine- 
 
 VEK. 
 
 Gren'e-vieve'. 1. The heroine of a 
 ballad by Coleridge. 
 
 2. Under the f'onn Genoveva, or 
 Genovefii, the name occurs in a 
 German myth as that of the wife of 
 the Count Palatine Siegfried of 
 INlayenfeld, in the time of Charles 
 Martel. According to the tradition, 
 she was left behind by her husband 
 while on a march against the Sara- 
 cens Upon false accusations made 
 to him, he gave orders to put her to 
 death ; but the servant intrusted with 
 the commission sufl'ered her to escape 
 into the forest of Ardennes, where 
 she lay concealed a long time, until 
 by accident her husband discovered 
 her retreat, and recognized her inno- 
 cence. This legend furnished the 
 material of one of the earliest " Volks- 
 biicher," or popular tales. In modern 
 times, Tieck and Miiller have redacted 
 the tradition, and Raupach has made 
 it the subject of a drama. 
 
 4t^ " St. Genevieve is the patron saint 
 of Paris, and the name has always been 
 held in liio;h esteem in France. There is 
 a German form of the name borne bv the 
 apocryphal saint Genovefa. of Brabant, 
 to whom has attached the story, of sus- 
 picious universalitv, of the wife who was 
 driven by malicious accusations to the 
 woods, there to give birth to an infant, 
 and to be nourished by a white doe until 
 the final di.<covery of lier innocence.-' 
 
 Yonge. 
 
 Ge'ni-1. (Gr. c/ Rom. Mi/th.) Pro- 
 tecting spirits or tutelar deities anal- 
 agous to the guardian angels of the 
 Christian faith. 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationi, 
 
GEN" 
 
 147 
 
 GIA 
 
 Gentle Shepherd. A nickname, de- 
 rivv'd from a lino of a well-known 
 sonp, lu.NtfiiL'd upon Gcor^-c (irenville 
 (1712- 1770), by William Pitt, Earl 
 of (^liathani, in a celebrated debate 
 in parliament. 
 
 George a-Green. The subject of an 
 English prose romance entitled " The 
 History of Geoj'.G:e a-Green, Pindar 
 of the town of Wakelield." In its 
 MS. form, it is supposed to be as old 
 as the days of (Jueen Elizabeth. 
 " Pindar" is a corruption of p'mntr, 
 or /itiiner, that is, keeper of the pub- 
 lic pen or pound for the continemeut 
 of estrays. 
 
 Look before you leap, 
 For as you sow, you 're like to reap; 
 And were y' as Rood as George a-Green, 
 I shall make bold to turu again; 
 Nor am I doubtful of the issue 
 In a just quarrel, and mine is so. Jludi'bras. 
 
 I will presently order you a rundlct of 
 Rhenish, with a corresponding quantity of 
 neats' tonjcues and pickled herrinjis, to make 
 you all as glorious as George a-Green. 
 
 Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 6e-ramt', Sir. A legendar}' hero, 
 connected with the romances of the 
 Round Table. His story is treated 
 in Tennyson's "Idylls of the King." 
 
 66r'al-dine. A name of frequent oc- 
 currence in romantic poetry. Lady 
 Elizabeth Fitzgerald was the lady 
 who was made by Surrey the heroine 
 of his poetry, under the title of the 
 " Fair Geraldine," thus leading to 
 the adoption of this latter as one of 
 the class of romantic names. See 
 Fair Gekaldine. 
 
 6er'd$(4). {Samd. Myih.) The wife of 
 Frey. She was accounted the most 
 beautiful of all the goddesses, and 
 was renowned for her piety and vir- 
 tue. 
 
 German Achilles. 
 
 OF CiEKMANY. 
 
 German Cicero. 
 Ger:\iany. 
 
 German Hector. 
 Germany. 
 
 German Mil'ton 
 
 See Achilles 
 See Cicero of 
 See Hector of 
 
 (-tn). A title be- 
 stowed tipon Friedrich Gottlieb Klop- 
 stock (1724-1803), author of " The 
 Messiah," an epic poem. Coleridge 
 said of him, that he was "a very 
 German Milton, indeed ! " 
 
 While Klopstock was called onr MiltoTi, 
 
 Wieland our Voltaire, and cithers in the same 
 way, Goethe and Schiller wore never other 
 than themselves. Gc.rvinus, Trans. 
 
 German Pla'to. Friedrich Heinrich 
 Jacobi (174.'{-1819), a distinguished 
 German pliilosoi)her, so called on ac- 
 count of the high religious tone of 
 his metaphysical writings. 
 
 German Vol-taire' (-•}). 1. A title 
 often given to ( !hristoph Martin Wie- 
 land (1733-1813), one of the great 
 poets who are the pride of Genu any. 
 
 He [Wieland] had imbibed so much of the 
 taste of the French along with their philoso- 
 phy, that he bore the Jianie of the German 
 Voltaire, in Germany and out of Germany. 
 Jiouterwek, Trans. 
 
 2. A title sometimes applied to 
 Goeth. 
 
 i^" " Goethe has been called the Ger- 
 man Voltaire ; but it is a name which 
 does him wrong, and describes him ill. 
 Excepting in the corresponding variety 
 of their pursuits and knowledge, in which, 
 perhaps, it does 'V'oltaire wrong, the two 
 cannot be compiired. Goethe is all, or 
 the best of all, that Voltaire was. and he 
 was much that Voltaire did not dream 
 of." Carlyle. 
 
 G6ronte (zha'ront', 62). [Fr., from 
 the (xr. •yepoji', Yepoi'T09, an old man.] 
 A character in Moliere's comedies, 
 " Le Medecin malgrd Lui " and 
 " Les Fourberies de Scapin." The 
 name is commonly used in French 
 comedies to designate any old man, 
 particularly one who for any reason 
 makes himself ridiculous. 
 
 Gerund, Friar. See Friar Gerund. 
 
 Ge'ry-on (9). [Gr. Frjpuorrjs.] [Gr.cf 
 Rom. Mi/th.) A king of Hesperia, 
 son of Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, de- 
 scribed as a being with three bodies 
 and three heads. He possessed mag- 
 nificent oxen, but, as he fed them 
 with human tlesh, he was killed by 
 Hercules. 
 
 Ghent, Pacification of. See Paci- 
 fication OF Ghent. 
 
 Giant Cor'mo-ran. A Cornish giant, 
 slain by Jack the Giant-killer. See 
 Jack the Giant-killer. 
 
 Giant Despair. In Bunyan's "Pil- 
 grim's Progress," a giant who is the 
 owner of Doubting Castle, and who, 
 finding Christian and Hopeful asleep 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
GIA 
 
 148 
 
 GIL 
 
 upon his f^rounds, takes them pris- 
 oners, and thrusts them into a dun- 
 geon. 
 
 Since the time of John Milton, no braver 
 hciut had lifut in nii.V Ensiish boMiiii thiiii 
 Siinuiil Jolm.sDU now bore. . . . No Giditl 
 Beynir . . . aiipalls this pilgrim; he \vorl<.s 
 re.sohitelv for (K-live ranee, in still detiunee 
 steps resolutely alonj,'. Carlyh-. 
 
 The monotonons desolation of the scene 
 ini-.rensert to that deji;ree, tliat,for any redeem- 
 in;' feature it presented to their eyes, they 
 mi(<ht have entered in the body ou the {jriui 
 domains of Gkuit Ue.'<jjair. Dickens. 
 
 Giant Grim. In the " Pilgrim's Prog- 
 ress " of .lolin Uunyan. a giant who 
 seeks to stop the march of tlie pil- 
 grims to the Celestial City, hut is 
 slain in a duel hy Mr. Great-heart, 
 their guide. 
 
 Giant-killer, The. See Jack the 
 
 GlAXT-KILLEK. 
 
 Giants. [Gr. ri'-yai/re?, Lat. Gignntes.] 
 1. (Gr. it Jiom. .^rt/fh.) Sons' of Tar- 
 tarus and Terra, l)L'ings of monstrous 
 size, with dragons' tails and fearful 
 countenances. They attempted to 
 storm heaven, being armed with 
 huge rocks and the trunks of trees, 
 but were killed by the gods with the 
 assistance of Hercules, and were 
 buried under Moimt iEtna and other 
 volcanoes. 
 
 2. (Scrnd. Mijth.) Evil genii of 
 various forms and races, enemies of 
 the gods. They dwelt in a territory 
 of their own, called Jiiluiihelm^ or 
 Giant-land. They had the power of 
 assuming divers shapes, and of in- 
 creasing or diminishing their stature 
 at will." See JiiTUXiiKiM. 
 
 Giant Slay-good. In Bunyan's " Pil- 
 grim's Progress," a giant slain in a 
 duel by Mr. Great-heart. 
 
 (jrib'bet. A foot-pad in the " Beaux' 
 
 Stratagem," a comedy by George 
 Farquhar. 
 
 Like Gihlct . . . [they] piqued themselves 
 on being tlie best-behaved men on the road, 
 and on conducting themselvi's with all a])- 
 propriate civility in the exercise of their voca- 
 tion. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 &ib'bie, Goose. A half-witted lad 
 in Lady Bellenden's service, in 
 Scott's "novel of " Old INIortality." 
 
 A great companion of mv yonnger days 
 •was Johnny Stykes, who, like Goose Gihhie 
 of funious memory, first kept the turkeys, 
 
 and then, an his years advanced, was pro- 
 moted to the more importantolHce of miufhng 
 the cowii. Kcitjlitlcy. 
 
 Gibraltar of America. A name 
 often given to the city of (Quebec, 
 which, from its position, and natural- 
 and artilicial means of defense, is, 
 perhaps, the most strongly lortitied. 
 city in America. 
 
 GH Bias (zhel blass). The title of a 
 tamous romance by Le Sage (16G8- 
 1747), and tiie name of its hero, by 
 whom, and with whose commentaries, 
 the story is professedly told. 
 
 /f^ " Gil Bias ... is naturally dis- 
 posed toward honesty, thougli with a 
 mind unfortunately too ductile to resist 
 the temptations of opportunity or ex- 
 ample, lie is constitutionally timid, and 
 yet occasionally capable of doing brave 
 actions ; shrewd and intelligent, but apt 
 to be deceived by his own vanity ; witli 
 wit enough to make us laugh with him 
 at others, and follies enough to turn the 
 jest frefiuently against himself. Gener- 
 ous, good-natured, and humane, he hiia 
 virtues sufficient to make us love him, 
 and, as to respect, it is the last thing 
 which lie asks at his reader's hand." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 &l11, Harry. A character in Words- 
 worth's ballad entitled " Goody 
 Blake and Hairy Gill," smitten with 
 ])er])etual cold for his hard heart- 
 edness toward an old dame. See 
 Goody Blake. 
 
 Gills, Sol. A warm-hearted, simple- 
 minded ships'-instruments maker in 
 Dickens's '' Dombey and Son." 
 
 Gil Morrice. See Morrice, Gil. 
 
 Gil'pin, John. A citizen of London, 
 and " a train-band captain," whose 
 adventures are related in Cowper's 
 humorous poem entitled " The Di- 
 verting History of John Gilpin, 
 showing how he went further tlian 
 he intended, and came safe home 
 again." The story was related to 
 Cowper by a INIrs. Austen, who re- 
 membered to have heard it in her 
 childhood. The poem first api^cared 
 anonymously in the " Public Adver- 
 tiser," in 1782, and was first pub- 
 lished as Cowper's avowed produc- 
 tion in the second volume of his 
 poems. 
 
 •' John Gilpin is said to have been 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationa, 
 
GIN 
 
 149 
 
 GLA 
 
 Mr. Bayer, an eminent linen-draper, 
 superlatively polite, who figured, in the 
 visible onler of things, at the top of 
 Paternoster Row, or rather at tlie corner 
 of Cheapside. Quoth Mr. John Gilpin, — 
 
 ' I am a linen-draper bold, 
 
 As all the wuild doth know.'" 
 
 Sates ami Queries. 
 
 Gines de Passamonte (he-nes^ da, 
 pSs-sa-niou'ta, 58). The name of a 
 galley-slave and pupj)et-slio\v' man in 
 "Don Quixote." 
 
 In that case, replied I, painting excels the 
 ape of the renownud Giiics de I'dssainontc, 
 which only meddled with the past and the 
 present. Sir ))'. Scott. 
 
 He manages his delightful puppet-show 
 witliout thriii^ting his head beyond the cur- 
 tain, like Gines de rassamoiite, to explain 
 what he is doing. Sir W. Scutt. 
 
 Gl-nev'ra. 1. A lady whose story 
 has been interwoven with the adven- 
 tures of Kinaldo, in Ariosto's chiv- 
 alrous romance, the '' Orlando Furi- 
 oso." Ginevra, talsely accused, is 
 doomed to die, unless a true knight 
 comes within a month to do battle for 
 her honor. Her lover, Arit)dantes, 
 has tied, and is reported to have per- 
 ished. The wicked duke who has 
 brought the accusation appears secure 
 in his treachery ; but the woman who 
 has been his instrument, meeting 
 with Rinaldo, discloses the truth ; 
 then comes a combat, in which the 
 guilty duke is slain by the champion 
 of innocence, and the lover re appears 
 and recovers his lady. This incident 
 was derived by Ariosto from the popu- 
 lar traditions of the South of Europe. 
 Spenser has a similar story in the 
 " Faerv Queen," and Shakespeare 
 availed himself of the main incident 
 in his comedy of " Much Ado about 
 Nothing." 
 
 2. The title and subject of a 
 metrical tale by Samuel Rogers, 
 which relates how a young Italian 
 lady, upon her wedding-day, secreted 
 herself, from motives of frolic, in a 
 self-locking oaken chest, the lid of 
 which shut down and buried her 
 alive. 
 
 Phoebus, sitting one day in & laurel-tree's 
 
 shade. 
 Was reminded of Daphne, of whom it was 
 
 made. 
 For the god being one day too warm in his 
 
 wooing. 
 She took to the tree, to escape his pursuing; 
 
 Be the eanse what it might, from his offers she 
 
 shrunk, 
 And, Gi/tctva-like,shut herself up in a trunk. 
 
 Lowell. 
 
 3. See GuiNEVER. 
 
 Gingerbread, Gile§. The hero of an 
 old and celebrated English nursery 
 tale. 
 
 j^^ " The world is prohably not aware 
 of the ingenuity, humor, good sense, 
 and sly satire contained in many of the 
 old Knglisli nursery tales. Tliey have 
 evidently been the sportive productions 
 of able wi'iters, wlio would not trust their 
 names to productions that might he 
 considered beneath their dignity. Tlie 
 ponderous works on which they relied for 
 immortality have perhaps sunk into ob- 
 livion, and carried tlieir names down with 
 them ; while their unacknowledged off- 
 spring, 'Jack the Giant-killer,' ' Gile.s 
 Gingerbread," and " Tom Thumb,' flourish 
 in wide-spreading and never ceasing pop- 
 ularity." W. Irving. 
 
 Ginnunga-gap (gin-noon'ga-gap ). 
 [Old Norse f/inn,, wide, expanded 
 (used only in composition), and f/api, 
 to gape, yawn, open.] {Scand. 
 Mytli.) The vast chaotic abys.s 
 which existed before the present 
 world, and separated Nifiheim, or the 
 region of fog, from Muspelheim, or 
 the region of heat. 
 
 Gjallar (gyaM.if). [Old Norse gaii, 
 to sing, call out. Comp. Eng. call. \ 
 {Scand. Myth.) The horn of Heim- 
 dall, which he blows to give notice to 
 the gods of those who arrive at the 
 bridge Bifrclst, and attempt to cross 
 it. [Written also G i a 1 1 a r.] 
 
 Glasse, Mrs. (2). The real or fictitious 
 author of a cookery-book, formerly 
 very famous. It is said by some lo 
 have been written by one Hannah 
 Glasse, a habit maker and seller in 
 the early part of the last century. 
 Others attribute it to the scribatious 
 Dr. Hill (Sir John Hill, 1716-1775), 
 considering the name a pseudonym 
 The first "edition was published in 
 17-47, and, very appropriately, in what 
 is termed " pot" folio. INIrs. Glasse 
 is popularly thought to begin a re- 
 ceipt for cooking a hare with the pithy 
 advice, " First catch your hare; " but 
 this expression is not found in any 
 known edition of her book. 
 They [the Crim- Tartars] have bo far relin- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
GLA 
 
 150 
 
 GOD 
 
 nuished their ancient food of horse-flesh that 
 Uiey will only fued upon colts; and to this 
 diet is addid ... a irreat variety of learned 
 dainties, whicli J/rs. GlitsKe herself would not 
 disdain to add to her high-flavored eataloL'ue. 
 
 Edin. Jii'V. 
 
 Semmes took a pinch of snuff, and replied, 
 "You remember J/rs. Glasse's well-worn re- 
 ceipt for cooking a hare, — First catch your 
 hare." £jjcs Sargent. 
 
 G-lau'cus. [Gr. rAaOwo?.] ( Gr. if Rom. 
 Mijth.) 1. A son of Sisyphus, torn 
 to pieces by his own horses. 
 
 2. A lislierman of Anthedon. in 
 Eiiba'a, who was changed into a sea- 
 deity. 
 
 3^ A son of IMinos, king of Crete, 
 by Pasiphae. He met his death by 
 falling into a cask of honey, but was 
 miraculously restored to life. 
 
 Glen-coe'. A name commonly given 
 to JNIacdonald of Glencoe, who was 
 the chief of a Scottish clan, and 
 known among the mountains by the 
 hereditary name of Mac Ian. He 
 was one of the most impracticable 
 rebel chiefs in the time of William 
 and Mary, and met with a disastrous 
 death. 
 
 Glen'do-veer. {Hindu Myth.) The 
 most beautiful of the good spirits. 
 
 Glen-gar'ry. The name under which 
 Macdonald of Glengarry — one of the 
 groat Scottish chieftains who ulti- 
 mately gave in his adhesion to the 
 government of William HI. — is gen- 
 erally mentioned in history. 
 
 Glen-varloch, Lord. See Oli- 
 FAUNT, Nigel. 
 
 Glo'ri-a'na(9). In Spenser's " Faen,' 
 Queen," the " greatest glorious queen 
 of Faery-lond." 
 
 4®=" " In that Faery Queen, I mean 
 GInry in ni.v general intention, but in my 
 particular, I conceive the most excellent 
 and glorions person of our sovereign, the 
 Qiifen [Elizal)eth], and her kingdom in 
 Facrye-lnn(t y 
 
 Introductory '■'■'Letter of the Author.'*'' 
 
 Glorious Preacher. A title popu- 
 larlv given to St. John Chrvsostom, 
 or 'the "Golden-mouth" (354-407), 
 the most renowned of the Greek 
 fathers, and a very eloquent Church 
 orator. 
 
 je®=" He preached several times a week 
 to crowded audiences, and his sermons 
 were received by the people with such 
 
 shouts and acclamations of applaiise, that 
 his church became a sort of theater, 
 which attracted great numbers who had 
 hitherto attended only tlie circus and 
 other places of amusement. 
 
 Glos'sin, Gilbert. A villainous law- 
 yer in Scott's " Guy Mannering." 
 
 Glover, Catherine. See Fair Maid 
 
 OF I'EltTH. 
 
 Glub- dub 'drib. An imaginary island 
 fabled to have been visited by Gulli- 
 ver in his tamous " Travels." It is 
 represented to have been peopled by 
 sorcerers or magicians, who evoked, 
 for Gulliver's amusement, the spirits 
 of many great men of antiquity. 
 
 Glum-dal'clitch. A little girl only 
 nine years old, and barely forty feet 
 high, who had charge of Gulliver 
 wlaile he was in Brobdingnag. See 
 BitoHDiNGNAG, and Gulliver, 
 
 Le>IL'EL. 
 
 Soon as Glunulalclitch missed her pleasing 
 
 care. 
 She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her 
 
 hair. Pope. 
 
 He took it [a letter] up wonderinfrly and 
 suspiciously, as Glumdalchtch took u)) Gul- 
 liver. Sir E. iJulivtr Lytton. 
 
 Glyn'don, How'ard. A pseudonym 
 of Laura C Redden, an American 
 authoress of the present day. 
 
 Gna'tho (na'tho, 26). [Gr. VvaBoiv, 
 putf-cheek, fi-om -yfaeo?, jaw, mouth.] 
 A celebrated parasite in Terence's 
 comedy entitled " Eunuchus." The 
 name is used proverbially in the 
 Koman and the later Greek comedy 
 to designate a parasite. 
 
 Gob'bo, Ijaun'9e-lot. A clown, in 
 Shakespeare's " Merchant of Ven- 
 ice." 
 
 Gob'bo, Old. A subordinate charac- 
 ter in Shakespeare's " Merchant of 
 Venice; " father to Launcelot Gobbo. 
 
 Goddess of Reason. See Reason, 
 Goddess of. 
 
 Go-di'va, Lady. See Peeping Tom 
 
 OF CoVEXTKY. 
 
 Godon (go^don', 62^. or Godam (go'- 
 dam'). A nickname (with some varia- 
 tions of spelling and pronunciation) 
 applied by the French to the English, 
 who are thus characterized by their 
 
 Ba~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying EjcpIanaUoni, 
 
GOE 
 
 151 
 
 GON 
 
 national oath. The name has been 
 long in use. 
 
 JS^ "At the trial of Joan of Arc, a 
 French witness named (Colette, hjivint^ 
 used the name Godon, was asked who 
 Godon was, and replied that it was not 
 the de.-^ignation of any particular person, 
 but a sobriquet applied generally to the 
 English, on account of their continual 
 use of the exclamation, God damn it." 
 
 Sharon Turner. 
 
 Goetz of the Iron Hand (gots, 46). 
 See Ikon Hand. 
 
 Gog and Ma'gog. Popular names 
 for two colossal wooden statues in 
 the Guildhall, London. It is thought 
 that these renowned figures are con- 
 nected with the Corinaeus and Gotma- 
 got of the Armorican chronicle quot- 
 ed by Geoffrey of Monmouth. The 
 former name has gradually sunk into 
 oblivion, and the latter has been split 
 bv popular corruption to do duty for 
 both. 
 
 4®= " Our Guildhall giants boast of 
 almost as high an antiquity as the Gog 
 and Magog of the Scriptures, as they, or 
 their living prototypes, are said to have 
 been found in Britain by Brute, a youn- 
 ger son of Anthenor of Troy, who invaded 
 Albion, and founded the city of London 
 (at first called Troy-novaut), 3000 years 
 ago. However the fict may have been, 
 the two giants have been the pride of 
 l.,ondon from time immemorial. The old 
 giants were burned in the great fire, and 
 the new ones were constructed in 17U8. 
 They are fourteen feet high, and occupy 
 suitable pedestals in Guildhall. There 
 can be little doubt that the.'fe civic giants 
 are exaggerated representatives of real 
 persons and events." Chambers. 
 
 Boldemar, King (golt'S-maf). A 
 famous German kobold, or domestic 
 fairy servant, fabled to be the inti- 
 mate friend of Neveling von Harden- 
 berg. 
 
 Golden Age. [Lat. Aurea cetns.'] 
 {(Jr. 4- Rinn. Mijt/i.) One of the 
 four ages into which the life of the 
 human race was divided; the simple 
 and patriarchal reign of Saturn, a 
 
 f)eriod of pei-petual spring, when the 
 and flowed with milk and honey, and 
 all things needed to make life happy 
 were produced spontaneou.sly ; when 
 beasts of prey lived peaceably with 
 other animals, and man had not yet, 
 
 by indulging his vices and passion."?, 
 lapsed troni a .state of innocence. 
 It was succeeded by the ages of 
 silver, brass, and iron; but a belief 
 prevailed, that, when the stars and 
 planets had performed a complete 
 revolution around the heavens, the 
 Golden Age would return. 
 
 Golden Bull. [Lat. Bulla Auren, 
 G(^r. Gohlcne Built.] 1. {Ger. Hist.) 
 An edict issued by the Emperor 
 Charles IV. in the year 1336, mainly 
 for the purpose of settling the law 
 of imperial elections. 
 
 2. (Hunt/. Hist.) A constitutional 
 edict issued by Andrew II. in the early 
 part of the thirteenth centur\\ It 
 changed the government of Hungary 
 from absolutism to an aristocratic 
 monarchy, and, until recent times, 
 was the charter of the liberties of the 
 Hungarians. It remained in force 
 until the dissolution of the German 
 empire in 1806. 
 
 Golden Fleece. ( Gr. cf Eom. Mijth.) 
 The fleece of the ram Chrysomallus, 
 the acquisition of which was the 
 object of the Argonautic expedition. 
 See Argonauts. 
 
 Golden State. A popular name for 
 the State of California, which is one 
 of the most important gold-producing 
 regions in the world. 
 
 Golden, or Yellow, "Water. See 
 Parizade. 
 
 Gol'dy. An affectionate nickname 
 sometimes given to Oliver Goldsmith 
 by his friends. It originated with Dr. 
 Johnson. 
 
 Go-li'ath. A famous Philistine giant, 
 a native of Gath, and a formidable 
 opponent of the annies of Israel. He 
 was slain by the stripling David 
 with pebbles hurled from a sling. 
 [Written also, but less properly, 
 Goliah.] 
 
 Gon'er-il. A daughter of Lear, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of this name. 
 See Lear. 
 
 The edicts of ench succpedinq: set of maps- 
 trates have, like those oi' Goneril and Kefjan, 
 diminished thi.s venerable band witli the 
 similar question, " What need we five and 
 twenty ? — ten ? — or five ? " Sir W. Scott, 
 
 Gonnella (gon-neMa, 102.) An Ital. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii 
 
GON 
 
 152 
 
 GOO 
 
 lan buffoon of great celobrity, wlio 
 was domestic Jester to the .Margrave 
 Kieolausof Este, and to his son llorso, 
 tlie Duke of Ferrara. He was aceus- 
 tonied to ride upon a niiserahie horse, 
 to which the l^ulve upon one oceasioii 
 applied a line from Tlautus, " Os^a 
 attjut jjcllis lotus e6'<." (" Aulularia," 
 a. iii., sc. (j. ) " The Jests of Gonnella " 
 was publi.-^hed in 150G, at LJologna. 
 
 See liOZINANTE. 
 
 Gon-za'lo. An honest old counselor, 
 in Shakespeare's "Tempest." 
 
 Good Duke Humphrey. A name 
 popularly given, by his contempora- 
 ries, to Humphrey Flantagenet, Duke 
 of Gloucester, and youngest son of 
 Henry IV. 
 
 He wrought his miracles like a second 
 Duke Iluiiiphrei/ ; and by the influence of tlie 
 beadle's rod, caused the lame to walk, the 
 blind to see, and the palsied to labor. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Good Earl. A name commonly given 
 to Archibald, the eighth Earl of An- 
 gus (d. 1588), who was distinguished 
 for his virtues. 
 
 Goodfellow, Robin. A kind of 
 merry domestic spirit, whose charac- 
 ter and achievements are recorded in 
 the well - known ballad beginning 
 " From Oberon in Fairy - land." 
 "Wright, in his " Essays on the Lit- 
 erature, Superstitions, and History 
 of England in the iViiddle Ages," 
 suspects Kobin Goodfellow to have 
 been the Kobin Hood of the old pop- 
 ular morris-dance. See Hobgoblin. 
 
 J^=" " The constant attendant upon 
 the English fairy court was the celebrated 
 Puck, or I{obin Goodfellow, who, to the 
 elves, acted in some measure as the jester 
 or clown of the company, — a character 
 then to be found in the establishment of 
 every person of quality, — or, to use a 
 more modern comparison, resembled the 
 Pierrot of the pantomime. His jests were 
 of the most simple, and. at the same time, 
 the broadest comic character ; to mis- 
 lead a clown on his path homeward, to 
 disgui-;e himself hke a stool, in order to 
 induce an old srossip to commit the egre- 
 gious mist.ike of .fitting down on the Hoor 
 ■when she expected to repose on a chair, 
 were his special employments." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 That shrewd and knavish sprite 
 Called Jio'nti Goodfellow. Shak. 
 
 She was pinched and pulled, she said; 
 
 And lie, b\ tViurs lantt-rii led, 
 
 1'ells iiow the driid;;inj; j;oblin sweat, 
 
 To earn his creani-bowi, duly set, 
 
 When in one niitiit. ere jrlinipse of mom, 
 
 llis shadowy flail had threshed the corn. 
 
 'i'liat ten day-laborers could not end: 
 
 Then lies hit'i down the lubber fiend. 
 
 And, stietehed out all the chimney's length, 
 
 liasks at the Are his hairy streiitrth; 
 
 And crop full out fif doois he fliuf^s, 
 
 Ere the nrst cock his matin rint^s. Jlilton. 
 
 Good King Rene (ru-na'', or rR'na). 
 [Fr. Le Bon Rui Rtnc.\ The desig- 
 nation by which Kene d'-Vnjou (14()§- 
 148U) is commonly known in history. 
 
 Good Knight, without Fear and 
 without Reproach, The. [Fr. Le 
 Bon Clitvalifr.^ S'lns Pear et sim.f Re- 
 jn-oche.] An appellation conferred 
 upon PieiTe de Terrail Bayard (147G- 
 1524). a French knight celebrated for 
 his valor and loyalty. 
 
 Goodman of Bailengeigh (baMen- 
 gik). [That is, tenant of liallen- 
 geigh, which is a steep pass leading 
 down behind the castle of Stirling.] 
 A nam de t/uerre employed by the 
 Scottish king, -James V., who was 
 accustomed to make disguised expe- 
 ditions through the midnight streets 
 of Edinburgh, as Haroun-Al-Raschid 
 did through those of Bagdad. 
 
 Goodman Palsgrave. } Contempt- 
 Goody Palsgrave. ( uous nick- 
 names given respectively to Freder- 
 ick v., elector palatine (Ger. pfah- 
 (]rnf\ Eng. pa/srp-ave), and to his 
 wife Elizabeth, daughter of .lames I. 
 of England. See Wixtek King 
 and Winter Queen. 
 
 Good Physician. A title applied to 
 Chri.st, doubtless in allusion to the 
 passage in Mark ii. 17, — " They 
 that are whole have no need of thf 
 physician, but they that are sick : J 
 came not to call the righteous, bul 
 sinners, to repentance." 
 
 Good Queen Bess. See Bess, Good 
 (.Juken. 
 
 Good Regent. A name given to 
 James Stewart, Earl of ]\Iurray, or 
 Moray (1531-1570), appointed regent 
 of Scotland in 15G7, after the impris- 
 onment of his sister, Mary Queen of 
 Scots, in Lochleven castle. He was 
 distinguished for his zeal and pru- 
 dence, and lor the prompt and vigor- 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explr.natioD^ 
 
GOO 
 
 153 
 
 GOT 
 
 0U9 measures he adopted to secure 
 tlie peace of the kingdom. 
 
 Good Samaritan. The principal char- 
 acter in a well-linown parable of our 
 Lord. See Luke x. 30-37. 
 
 Good Shepherd. A title often ap- 
 plied to Clirist. 
 
 I am the (lood shepherd, and know my 
 sheep, and am known of mine. . . . and I 
 la^' down my life for the sheep. And other 
 sheep I liave', whieli are not of this fold: them 
 also I must brinjr, and they shall hear my 
 voice; and there shall be one fold, and one 
 shepherd. John x. 14-U!. 
 
 Goody Blake. A character in Words- 
 worth's poem entitled ''Goody IJlake 
 and HaiTV Gill," which purports to 
 be ''A True Stor}'." She is repre- 
 sented as a poor old dame, Avho, 
 driven by necessity to pilfer a few 
 sticks of wood from her neighbor's 
 ground, in the winter-cold, is detect- 
 ed by him in the act, and forced to 
 relinquish what she had taken. In 
 requital, she invokes upon him the 
 curse that he may " never more be 
 warm;" and ever after, "his teeth 
 they chatter, chatter still." 
 
 Goody Two-shoes. The name of a 
 well-known character in the litera- 
 ture of the nursery. Her " History " 
 was tirst published by Newbery, a 
 bookseller in St. Paul's Church-yard, 
 renowned throughout the latter half 
 of the last century for his picture- 
 books for children; and it is thought 
 to have been written by Goldsmith. 
 
 iEg=" " The famous nursery story of 
 ' Goody Two-shoes ' . . . appeai-ed ia 
 1765, at a moment when Goldsmith was 
 scribbling for Newbery, and much pressed 
 for funds. Several quaint little tnles in- 
 troduceil in his Essays show that he had 
 a turn for this species of mock history ; 
 and the advertisement and title-page bear 
 the stamp of his sly and playful humor. 
 
 '' ' We are desired to give notice that 
 there is in the press, and speedily will be 
 published, either bv subscription or 
 otherwise, as the public shall please to 
 . determine, the History of Little Goody 
 Two Shoes, otherwise Mrs. Margery Two 
 Shoes : with the means by which she 
 acquired learning and wisdom, and, in 
 consequence tliereof. her estate : set forth 
 at large for the benefit of those 
 
 " Who from a state of ra^s and care, 
 And havinir shoes but half a pair, 
 Their fortune and their fame should fix. 
 And gallop in » coach and six."' " 
 
 Pray don't go on in that Goody Two-shoe* 
 sort of way. A. lYoUoije. 
 
 Goosey Go'de-rich. A popular nick- 
 name given by Cobbett to l-rederick 
 lioi)iiisun (created Viscount (ioderich 
 in 1827, and Earl (»f IJijxtn in 18.}3), 
 on account of his incapacity as a 
 statesman. He was premier for a 
 short time in 1827-28. See Piius- 
 PEKiTY Robinson. 
 
 Gor'di-us. [Gr. r6p5io?.] A peasant 
 who became king of Phrygia, and 
 father of Midas. He tied an inextri- 
 cable knot on the yoke of his eiiariot, 
 and an oracle declared that whoever 
 should untie it would reign over all 
 Asia. Alexander the Great cut tlie 
 knot with his sword, and applied the 
 prophecy to himself. 
 
 Gorgibus (gor'zhe-biiss', 34). The 
 name of an honest, simple-minded 
 burgess, in Moliere's comedy, " Les 
 Precieuses Ridicules." His distress, 
 perplexity, and resentment are rep- 
 resented as being extreme, and as 
 all occasioned by the perverse atfec- 
 tation of elegance of his daughter 
 and niece. 
 
 Gor'gons. [Gr. rop^ofe?, Lat. Gor- 
 .f/oHt8.] (Gr. (^ Earn. Myth.) Three 
 daugliters of Phorcus and Ceto, 
 named Stheno, Euryale, and Mediisa. 
 Their hair was entwined with hissing 
 serpents, and their bodies were cov- 
 ered with impenetrable scales; tliey 
 had wings, and brazen claws, and 
 enormous teeth, and whoever looked 
 upon them was turned to stone. The 
 name Gurfjon was given more espe- 
 cially to Medusa, the only one of the 
 sisters who was mortal. She was 
 killed by Perseus, and her head was 
 fixed on the shield of Minerva. 
 From her blood sprang the winged 
 horse Pegasus. 
 
 Gosling, Giles. Landlord of the 
 "Black Bear" inn at Cumnor, in 
 Scott's novel of " Kenihvorth." 
 
 Gospel Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Evan- 
 (jtlicuA.] A title given to Wycliffe 
 (d. 1384), the celel)rated reformer, on 
 account of his ardent attachment to 
 the Holy Scriptures. 
 
 Go'tham. A popular name for the 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
GOT 
 
 154 
 
 GRA 
 
 city of New York ; — first fjiven to it 
 in '' Salmagundi " (a hunioroiis work 
 by Washington Irving, W'ill-iani Ir- 
 ving, and .lames K. I'aulding), he- 
 cause tlie inhabitants were such wise- 
 acres. 
 
 ;e®" The allusion to the " three wise 
 men of Gotham " who '" went to sea iu a 
 bowl " is very obvious. The (iotham 
 here referred to is a parish iu Notting- 
 hamshire, Kn-Jiland, whicli has long been 
 celebrated — like tUe Pbrygia of the Asi- 
 atics, the Abdera of the Thraciaus, the 
 Boeotia of the Greeks, and the Swabia of 
 the mole ru Germans — for the remark- 
 able stupidity of its inhabitants. They 
 are said to have heard the cuckoo upon a 
 certain occasion, but. never having seen 
 her, liedged the bush from which the note 
 proceeded. A busli is still shown there 
 called the '-cuckoo-bush." Fuller says, 
 '•The proverb of "as wise as a man of 
 Gotham ' p.isseth publicly for the periph- 
 rasis of a fool ; and a hundred fopper- 
 ies are forged and fathered ou the towns- 
 folk of Gotham." Wharton, speaking of 
 '• tne idle prauks of the men of Gotham,"' 
 observes, that "such pranks bore a ref- 
 ereiice to some customary law tenures 
 belonging to that place or its neighbor- 
 hood, now grown obsolete." Ilearue, in 
 allu.sion to this subject, also remarks, 
 '• Nor is there more reason to esteem 
 ' The Merry Tales of the Mad Men of 
 Gotham ' (which were much valued and 
 cried up in the time of Henry VIII., 
 though now sold at ballad-singers' stalls) 
 as altogether romance ; a certain skillful 
 person having told me, more than once, 
 that they formerly held lands there by 
 such customs as are touched upon in this 
 book.'' The book is that noticed by Wal- 
 pole, — "'The Merry Tales of the Mad 
 Men of Gothim,' a book extremely ad- 
 mired, and often reprinted in that age, 
 written by [jucas de Heere, a Flemish 
 painter, who resided in England at the 
 time of Elizabeth.'" Wood, however, tells 
 us that the tales were written by one 
 Andrew Borde (or Andreas Perforatus, as 
 he calls himself), a sort of traveling 
 quack, from whom the name and occu- 
 pation of the " Merry -andrew " are .said 
 to be derived. There is an ancient black- 
 letter edition of the work in the Bodleian 
 Library at Oxford, called " Certeine Merry 
 Tales "of the Mad Men of Gotham, com- 
 piled in the reign of Henry VIII.. by 
 Dr. Andrew Borde, an eminent physician 
 «f that period." Another derivation 
 of the phrase '' wise men of Gotham," 
 given in Thoroton's " Nottingham- 
 shire," is, that when King John, in one 
 of his '• progresses," was about to pass 
 
 through Gotham toward Nottingham, he 
 was prevented by the iniiabitauts, who 
 thougnt that the ground over which a 
 king pa.«sed became for ever after a public 
 road. The king was natur.ill.. incensed 
 at this incivihty, and .sent some p<'rsons 
 to punish the inhabifcmts, who bethought 
 themselves of an expedient for avoiding 
 the kuigs wrath. The me.«.sengers, on 
 their arrival, found all tue people en- 
 gaged in some foolish occupation or other, 
 80 that they rt-turned to the court, and 
 reported that Gotham was a village of 
 fools. 
 
 4tg= The Germans have an old tale 
 called the " Schildburger," which cor- 
 responds to our '• Wise Men of Gotham," 
 and which first appeared in 1598. 
 
 Gott'helf, Jeremias. A poor villager 
 who is the hero of a touching story 
 entitled " The Mirror of Peasants," 
 written by Albert Bitzius (1797- 
 1854), a very popular Swiss author, 
 who afterwards used the name as a 
 pseudonym. 
 
 Governor of Tilbury. See Til- 
 bury, Governor of. 
 
 Gow'er, The Moral. A name given 
 by Chaucer, in the dedication of his 
 "• Troilus and Cresseide," and subse- 
 quently by Lydgate and others, to 
 John Gower, a celebrated English 
 poet of the fourteenth century, who 
 wrote a poem called " ConJ'essio Ainan- 
 tis, ' which discusses, in a solemn and 
 sententious style, the morals and met- 
 aphysics of love. 
 
 O Moral Gorrer .' this book I direct 
 To thee and to the philosophical Strood, 
 
 To vouchsanf there need is to correct 
 Of your benignities and zeale.s good. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Gowk-thrap'ple, Maister. A cove- 
 nanting preacher referred to as a 
 " chosen vessel," in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of '* Waverley." 
 
 [Naijreon, author of a life of Diderot] a man 
 of coarse, mechanical, perhaps rather intrin- 
 sically feeble intellect, and then with the 
 vehemence of some pulpit-druinininir Gowk- 
 thrui)/>!e, or precious Mr. Jabesh Ren towel, — 
 only that his kirk is of the other conipiexion. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Graal. See St. Graal. 
 
 Graces. [Lat. Gmfio'..'] {Gr. (f 
 Rom. Mjith.) Three sister-goddesses, 
 daughters of .Jupiter and Kurvnome, 
 represented as beautiful and modest 
 virgins attendant upon Venus. They 
 
 t^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations. 
 
GRA 
 
 155 
 
 GRA 
 
 Tfere the source of all favor, loveli- 
 ness, and grace. Tlieir names were 
 Ag-laia, Euplirosyne, and Tlialia. 
 
 Q-ra'ci-o'sa (gra'shi-o'sS). A lovely 
 princess in an old and popular fairy 
 tale, — the ohject of the implacable 
 ill-will of a step-mother named Gro- 
 gnon, whose malicious designs are 
 perpetually thwarted by Percinet, a 
 fairy prince, who is in love with 
 Graciosa. 
 
 Oracioso (gra-the-o'zo). A panto- 
 mimic character in the popular com- 
 edy of Spain, noted tor his drollery, 
 and corresponding with the Italian 
 Harlequin and English clown. 
 
 je®=° Amid all these, and more accepta- 
 ble than almost the whole put together, 
 was the all-licensed fool, the Gracioso of 
 the Spanish drama, who, with his cap 
 fashioned into the resemblance of a cox- 
 comb, and his bauble, a truncheon ter- 
 minated by a carved figure wearing a 
 fool's-cap, in his hand, went, came, and 
 returned, mingling in every scene of the 
 piece, and interrupting the business, 
 without having any share hmiself in the 
 action, and ever and anon transferring his 
 gibes from the actors on the stage to the 
 audience who sat around, prompt to ap- 
 plaud the whole. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 ^radasso (grS-dSs'so, 102). The name 
 of a king of Sericana, who figures in 
 Bqjardo's " Orlando Innamorato " 
 and Ariosto's " Orlando Furioso " as 
 a wonder of martial prowess. Insti- 
 gated by a desire of winning the 
 sword and courser of Rinaldo, he in- 
 vades France, followed by his vassals, 
 " crowned kings," who never dare to 
 address him but on their knees. The 
 name is popularly used by the Ital- 
 ians to designate a bully. 
 
 Grad'grind, Thomas. A practical, 
 utilitarian character in Dickens's 
 novel of " Hard Times." ''A man 
 of realities. A man of facts and cal- 
 culations. A man who proceeds 
 upon the principle that two and two 
 are four, and nothing over, and who 
 is not to be talked into allowing for 
 any thing over. . . . With a rule 
 and a pair of scales and the multipli- 
 cation-table always in his pocket, 
 sir, ready to weigh and measure any 
 parcel of human nature, and tell you 
 exactlv what it comes to." 
 
 The Gradgrimh undervalue and dlsparag* 
 it, and the .K'BiiiU and their Hyni|mthi/,i!rs fira 
 enraged at it. Vhura/i Jie.view. 
 
 Grail, The Holy. See St. Ghaal. 
 
 Gram. (gram). A sword of trenchant 
 sliarpness owned by Siegfried. See 
 
 SlEGKKIED. 
 
 Granary of Evirope. A name an- 
 ciently given to the island of Sicily, 
 on account of its fertility. 
 
 Grand Alliance. (Hist.) A treaty 
 between England, Leopold I., em- 
 peror of Germany, and the States 
 General, signed at Vienna, May 12, 
 1689. To this treaty the king of 
 Spain (Charles II.) and the Duke of 
 Savoy (Victor Amadeus II.) acceded 
 in 1690. Its objects were " to pro- 
 cure satisfaction to his imperial maj- 
 esty in regard to the Spanish succes- 
 sion, obtain security to the English 
 and Dutch for their dominions and 
 commerce, prevent a union of the 
 monarchies of France and Spain, and 
 hinder the French from possessing 
 the Spanish dominions in America." 
 
 Grand Corrupter. A name given to 
 Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745) in 
 the libels of his time, and by his 
 political opponents. 
 
 Grand Elector. See Great Elect- 
 
 OK. 
 
 Grand Gousier, or Grangousier 
 
 (gron'goo'se^'). [Fr., great gullet.] 
 The father of Gargantua, in Rabe- 
 lais' romance of this name ; thought 
 by some to have been designed to 
 represent Louis XII. of France, by 
 others, John d'Albret, king of Na- 
 varre. 
 Gran'di-son, Sir Charles (-sn). The 
 hero of Richardson's novel entitled 
 " The History of Sir Charles Grandi- 
 son." In this character, Richardson 
 designed to represent his ideal of a 
 perfect hero, — a union of the good 
 Christian and the perfect English 
 gentleman. 
 
 £fg=- " All this does well enough in a 
 faneral sermon or monumental inscrip- 
 tion, where, bv privilege of suppressing 
 the worst qnalities and ex^ggcmting the 
 better, such imaires of perfection are 
 sometimes presented. Rut. in the living 
 world, a state of trial and a valley of tears, 
 
 end for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
GRA 
 
 156 
 
 GRE 
 
 Buch unspotted worth, such iinvarjing 
 p«»rfi'ttit>ii. is not to be met with ; it could 
 not, if we .-iupptjse it to liave existence, 
 be attended with all those favors of for- 
 tune whicli are accumulated upou Rich- 
 ardson's hero ; and hence the fatal ob- 
 jection of Sir Charles Grandison being the 
 
 'faultless monster that the world ne'er saw.' " 
 :Sir IV. iicott. 
 
 If we are by accident alone, I become as 
 silent as a Turk, as formal as Sir C/iarks 
 Grandison. Sir E. Bulwcr Lytlon. 
 
 Gran'di-son Crom'well (-sn). A 
 nickname givLii by Mirabcau to 
 Lafayette, whom he looked upon as 
 an ambitious man without power, 
 and one who would coquet with the 
 supreme authority without daring to 
 seize it, or, indeed, possessing the 
 means of doing so. 
 
 jefg= " There are nicknames of Mira- 
 beau's worth whole treatises. ' Grandi- 
 son Cromwell' Lafayette, — write a toI- 
 ume on the man, as many volumes have 
 been written, and try to say more. It is 
 the best likeness yet drawn of him." 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Grand Monarque, Le (lugro"mo'- 
 nark', 62). [Kr., the great monarch.] 
 A title often applied to Louis XIV. 
 (1638-1715), one of the most remark- 
 able rulers that ever sat on the throne 
 of France. In his long reign of sev- 
 enty-two years, he reared the fabric 
 of the absolute monarchy which con- 
 tinued for more than seventy-two 
 years after his death, when it was 
 shaken to pieces in the storms of the 
 Revolution; yet the ruling principles 
 of his administration — unitbrmity 
 and centralization — survived the 
 ^vreck, and France is still governed 
 by them. 
 
 "WTien it came to courtship, and your field 
 of preferment was the Versailles CEil-de-Boeuf, 
 and a Grand Jfonm-Qve walkin^: encircled 
 with scarlet women and adulators there, the 
 course of the Mirabeaus grew stiU more com- 
 plicated. Carlyle. 
 
 Grandmother's Review, My. A 
 
 nickname given to the " British Re- 
 view." a quarterly periodical owned 
 and edited by a Mr. Roberts, whom 
 Byron jocosely accused of having re- 
 ceived a bribe from him. Mr. Rob- 
 erts was foolish enough to take the 
 matter quite seriously, declared that 
 the chartre was an absolute falsehood, 
 and challenged Byron to name how 
 
 I and when the bribe was given. By- 
 ron responded in an amusing letter, 
 and turned the laugh against bis op- 
 ponent. 
 
 " I bribed M>j Grandmamma's Jieri>7w, the 
 British." Jjon Juon. 
 
 Am 1 flat, — ! tip ^f!/ Grandmother vi bit of 
 prose. Am I dunned into sourness,— 1 cut 
 up some deistical fellow for the Quarterly. 
 
 Soctes Anit/ro^iancB. 
 
 Grane (gra'na). A horse of marvel- 
 ous swittne.ss owned by Sieglried. 
 
 See SlEGFKIED. 
 
 Granite State. A popular name for 
 the .State of New Ham]>shire, the 
 moimtainous portions of which are 
 largely composed of granite. 
 
 Gratiano. 1. (grii'she-a'no.) A friend 
 to Antonio and Bas.'-anio. in Shake- 
 speare's " Merchant of Venice." 
 
 2. Brother to Brabantio. in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of " Uthello." 
 
 3. (gra-tse-a'no.) A character in 
 the Italian popular dramatic enter- 
 tainment called " conntitdid dtW 
 arte.''' He is represented as a Bo- 
 lognese doctor, and has a mask witii 
 a black nose and forehead and red 
 cheeks; his character is that of a 
 pedantic and tedious proser. 
 
 Gray. 1. (Auld Robin.) The title of 
 an ancient and celebrated ballad by 
 Lady Anne Lindsay (alterward Lady 
 Barnard), and the name of its hero, 
 a good old man married to a poor 
 young girl whose lover was thought 
 to have been lost at sea, but who 
 returns to claim her hand a month 
 after her marriage. 
 
 2. (Barry.) A pseudonym of 
 Robert Barry CofKn, an American 
 Avriter whose sketches first appeared 
 in the " Home .lournal." 
 
 3. (Duncan.) The hero of a ballad 
 of the same name by Burns. 
 
 4. (Mary-) See Bell, Bessy. 
 Greal. See St. Graal. 
 
 Great Bastard. [Fr. Le Grand Ba- 
 tdrd.] A sobriquet or surname given 
 to Antoinede Bourgogne (1421-1504), 
 a natural son of Philip the Good, 
 Duke of Bourgogne. He was cele- 
 brated for his bravery. 
 
 Great Captain. [Sp. R'l Gran Capi- 
 inn.'] 1. (ionsalvo de Cordova ( 1453- 
 1515), a distinguished general of 
 
 IR|- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationi, 
 
GRE 
 
 157 
 
 GRE 
 
 Spain. He was sent by Ferdinand 
 
 and Isabella to assist their kinsman, 
 Ferdiiiaiid II. of Naples, in recover- 
 ing his kingdom from the I'rench. 
 It was in the campaign of 149G, in 
 which he drove the brench (who a 
 year before had possessed the whole 
 kingdom) entirely out of Sicily, that 
 he was hailed by his soldiers as the 
 Great Captain, a name by which he 
 was ever afterward familiarly known 
 throughout Europe. 
 
 They [the people of India] could show 
 bankers richer than the rieliest firms of Bar- 
 celona and Cadiz, viceroys whose sjjlendor 
 far snrpasscd that of Fcidinand tlie Catholic, 
 myriads of cavalry, and lonir trains of artillery 
 which would have astonished the Greot Cap- 
 tain. Jlaeaulai/. 
 
 The great Castilian heroes, such as the Cid, 
 Bernardo del Carpio, and Pelavo, are even 
 now an essential portion of tFie faitli and 
 poetry of the common people of Spain, and 
 are still in some degree honored, as they were 
 honored in the age of the Great Captain. 
 
 'licknor. 
 
 2. A surname of Manuel I. (1120- 
 1180), emperor of Trebizond. 
 
 Great Qham of Literature. A name 
 given to Dr. Johnson by Smollett, in 
 a letter to John Wilkes. See Bos- 
 well's " Life of Johnson," vol. ii. 
 chap. iii. 
 
 This [a prologue for the comedvof'The 
 Good-natured Man "] immediately hccame au 
 object of great solicitude with Goldsmith, 
 knowing the weiglit an introduction from the 
 Great Cham of Literature would have with 
 the public. W. Irving. 
 
 Great Commoner. William Pitt 
 (Earl of Chatham), a famous parlia- 
 mentary orator, and for more than 
 thirty years (1735-1766) a leader in 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 We leave the Great Commoner in the zenith 
 of liis glory. Mucaulay. 
 
 Great Dauphin. [Fr. Le Grand Duvr- 
 pliin.] A name given by French his- 
 torians to tlie son of Louis XIV. He 
 was born in 1661, and died in 1711. 
 See Little Dauphin. 
 
 Great Duke. A title bv which the 
 Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) is 
 often distinguished. 
 
 Burv the Great Did-e 
 
 With an empire's lamentation. 
 Let us bury the (freat Duke 
 
 To the iioise of the mourning of a mighty 
 nation. Tenmjson. 
 
 Great Earl. A surname sometimes 
 given to Archibald Douglas (d. 1514), I 
 
 Earl of Ane^us. He is better known 
 as ArclilbaUl Bell-tht-Cai. See Bell- 
 thk-Cat. 
 
 Great Earl of Cork. A title be- 
 stowed upon Richard Boyle (1566- 
 1643), Earl of Cork, a nobleman who, 
 possessing the largest estate of any 
 English subject at that period, devot- 
 ed it, in the most generous manner, 
 to promoting public improvements. 
 
 Great Elector, [Ger. Grosse Kur- 
 furst.^ A surname given to Fred- 
 erick William, elector of Branden- 
 burg (1620-1688), a sovereign dis- 
 tinguished for his military genius 
 and his private virtues, for the pru- 
 dence and wisdom with which he 
 administered the civil government, 
 and for the zeal and success with 
 which he labored to augment the 
 prosperity of his dominions, and to 
 promote the welfare of his people. 
 He is regarded as the founder of the 
 Prussian greatness, and his reign 
 gave to the country the military 
 character which it still bears. 
 
 Great-heart, Mr. A character in the 
 "Pilgrim's Progress" of Bunvan, 
 represented as the guide of Christian's 
 wife and children upon their journey 
 to the Celestial City. 
 
 Great Ma^cian. An appellation of 
 Sir Walter Scott, given to him on 
 account of the singular fascination 
 he exercises over his readers by his 
 remarkable power of description and 
 his charming style. The designation 
 was originated by Professor John 
 W^ilson in a poem called " The Magic 
 Mirror," addressed to Scott, and 
 published in the Edinburgh "Annual 
 Register" for 1812. 
 
 And when once more the gracious vision 
 
 spoke, 
 I felt the voice familiar to mine ear; 
 While many a fiuled <lreani of earth awoke. 
 Connected strangely with that unknown 
 seer. 
 Who now stretched forth his arm, and on th» 
 
 sand 
 A circle round me traced, as with magician's 
 wand. frof. J. Wilson. 
 
 See Wizard of the North. 
 
 Then spake the man clothed in plain ap- 
 parel to the Great Magician who dwelleth in 
 the old fastness, hard bv the river Jordan 
 [Tweed!, which is bv the'Border. 
 
 Chaldee MS.,'BIackwooil's Mag. (1SI7). 
 
 Great Marquis. 1. A title given to 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
GRE 
 
 158 
 
 GRE 
 
 James Graham, Marquis of Montrose 
 (1612-1650), on account of his heroic 
 deeds in the cause of Charles I. 
 
 I've told tlu'f liow we swept Dundee, 
 And tamed the l^indsay's pride, 
 
 But never have I told thee yet 
 How the Ortat Marquis died. Aytoun. 
 
 2. A name given by the Portu- 
 guese peasantry to Dom Sebastiao 
 Jose de Carvalho, Marquis de Pom- 
 bal (1099-178-2), the greatest of all 
 Portuguese statesmen, and one of the 
 ablest men of his time. 
 
 Great Mogul. The title by which 
 the chief of the Moguls, or of the 
 empire founded in Hindostan by 
 Baber in tbe fifteenth century, was 
 known in Europe. The last person 
 to whom this title of right belonged 
 was Shah AUum, at whose death, in 
 1806, the Mogul empire came to an 
 end. 
 
 Great Moralist. A title often applied 
 to Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), 
 in allusion to the ethical chaiMcter 
 of his writings, particularly his es- 
 says, from which Goldsmith said a 
 complete system of morals might be 
 drawn. 
 
 Dr. Johnson thoufrht life had few things 
 better than the excitation produced by beinj; 
 whirled rapidly along in a post-chnife; but he 
 who has in youth oxijerieneed the confident 
 and indcponHent feeliuf; of a stout pedestrian 
 in an intercstinj; country, and during fine 
 weather, will hold the taste of the Gre(tt ^fnr- 
 aliit cheap in comparison. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Great Unknown. A name given to 
 the author of the " Waverley Novels," 
 which, on their first appearance, Avere 
 published anonymously, and Avhich 
 nnmediately acquired an extraordi- 
 nary degree of popularity. The epi- 
 thet was originated by James Bal- 
 lantyne. 
 
 tt^ " The circumstance of Scott's hav- 
 ing publisheil a poem ia the same year in 
 which ' Waverley ' appeared, and his en- 
 gagement in other literary undertakings 
 being known, combined, with the com- 
 mon prejudice that a poet cannot excel as 
 ji prose-writer, to avert from him for a 
 time the suspicion of the authorship of 
 the ' ^\^•lve^lev ■• novels. The taciturnity 
 of the few intrusted with the secret de- 
 feated all attempt to obtain direct evi- 
 dence as to who wa.s the author. From 
 the fir.st. however, suspicion pointed 
 strongly toward Scott ; and so manj' cir- 
 cumstances tended to strengthen it, that 
 
 the disclosures from Constable's and BaV 
 lautyne's books, and his own confession, 
 scarcely increased the moral conviction 
 which had long prevailed, that he was 
 the ' Great Unknown.^ ''' En^. Cyc. 
 
 Great "Witch of Bal-w6r'y. A name 
 popularly given to one Margaret 
 Aiken, a Scotchwoman of the latter 
 part of the sixteenth century, who, 
 on being accused of witchcraft, and 
 subjected to torture, made a pretended 
 confession of guilt, and, in order to 
 save her life, informed upon others, 
 asserting that they had a secret mark 
 in their eyes b}' which she knew 
 them for witches. She was carried 
 about the country for the sake of de- 
 tecting such emissaries of the Devil. 
 
 Greaves, Sir Laun'ce-lSt. The title 
 of a novel by Smollett (a sort of 
 travesty of " Don Quixote " ), and the 
 name of its hero, a well-born young 
 English squire of the time of George 
 II., handsome, virtuous, and enlight- 
 ened, but crack-brained, who sets 
 out, attended by an old sea-captain 
 for his Sancho Panza, to act " as co- 
 adjutor to the law, and even to rem- 
 edy evils Avhich the law cannot reach ; 
 to'detect fraud and treason, abase 
 insolence, mortify pride, discourage 
 slander, disgrace immodesty, and stig- 
 matize ingratitude." 
 
 Greece, The Two Eyes of. See 
 Two Eyes of Gkeece, The. 
 
 Greek Commentator. A title given 
 to Fernan Nunez de Guzman (1488- 
 1552), on account of his philological 
 lectures, delivered in the University 
 of Salamanca. 
 
 Green, George a-. See George a- 
 Gkeen. 
 
 Green-Bag Inquiry. {Enfj. Hist.) A 
 name given to an investigation into 
 the nature of a green bag containing 
 Reports on the state of the country 
 (alleged to be papers of seditious im- 
 port), which was laid before parlia- 
 ment by the prince regent, Feb. 3, 
 1817. These Reports were referred 
 to secret committees, and in accord- 
 ance with their recommendations the 
 Habeas Corpus Act was suspended 
 (March 3), and other coercive meas- 
 ures adopted. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pionunciation," with the accompanying Explaaations, 
 
GRE 
 
 159 
 
 GRU 
 
 Green-eyed Monster. A common 
 personitication of jealousy. The ex- 
 pression originated with Shakespeare. 
 
 Oil, bewnre, my lord, of jealousy ; 
 
 It is tlie (ircen-ei/ed Jlonstcr which doth mock 
 
 The meat it feeds ou. Shak. 
 
 Green Isle. Same as the Emerald 
 Jsle. See Emerald Isle. 
 
 If the Irish elves are any wise distinsuished 
 from tliose of Britain, it seenisto be by their 
 disposition to divide into factions, and li}rht 
 nnionj; themselves, — a pugnacity characteris- 
 tic ufthe Green Isle. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Green-Mountain State. A popular 
 name of Vermont, the Green Moun- 
 tains being the principal mountain- 
 range in the State. 
 
 Greenwood, Grace. A nom de jylume 
 adopted by jNIrs. Sara Jane (Clarke) 
 Lippincott, a popular American au- 
 thoress of the present day. 
 
 Gre'mi-o. A suitor to Bianca, in 
 Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 Gretchen (gret'ken). See Marga- 
 
 RET. 
 
 Grethel, Gammer (greth'el; Ger. 
 pron. gra^tel). The imaginary' nar- 
 rator of a series of German nurseiy 
 tales, said to have been taken down 
 by the brothers Grimm, from the lips 
 of Frau Viehmiinin, wife of a peasant 
 in the neighborhood of Hesse Cassel. 
 They have been translated into Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 Gride, Axthnr. An old usurer in 
 Dickens's " Nicholas Nickleby." 
 
 Grimes, Old. See Old Grimes. 
 
 Grin 'go, Harry. A nom de plume of 
 Henry Augustus Wise (b. 1819), an 
 American writer, author of " Los 
 Gringos," "Captain Brand," and 
 other works. Grinfio is a Spanish 
 word meaning uninttlli(jible. 
 
 Gri-sel'da, The Patient. A lady 
 in Chaucer's " Clerk of Oxenford's 
 Tale," immortalized by her virtue 
 and her patience. The model of 
 womanly and wifely obedience, she 
 comes victoriously out of the most 
 cruel and repeated ordeals to which 
 her conjugal and maternal atfections 
 are subjected. [Written also G r i- 
 seld, Grissell, Grizzell, Gri- 
 seldis.] 
 
 JKg=- The story of Griselda was first 
 told in the " Di-cameron." Boccaccio 
 derived the incidents from Petrarch, 
 who seems to have communicated them 
 also to Chaucer. About the middle of 
 the sixteenth century (156.5), a song of 
 " Patient Grissel'" appeared, and a prose 
 history the same year. Tlie theme has 
 subsequently been treated in a great va- 
 riety of ways. 
 
 For patience she will prove a second Grissel, 
 And Roman Lucrece for her chastity. 
 
 Shak. 
 He mipht cut 
 My body into coins to give away 
 Among his other paupers; change mv sonn. 
 While I stood dumb as Grisuld, for black 
 
 babes 
 Or piteous foundlings. 
 
 Mrs. E. B. Browning. 
 
 Grognon (gron'yoi^', 62). See Gra- 
 
 CIOSA. 
 
 Grub Street. The former name of a 
 street near Moorfields, in London, 
 much inhabited by literary hacks 
 (among Avhom Dr. Johnson includes 
 "the writers of Dictionaries"), 
 whence it was proverbially used to 
 characterize any worthless author, or 
 any mean production. Foxe, the 
 martyrologist, and Speed, the his- 
 torian, resided in this street. In 
 1830, the name was changed to 
 Milton Street. 
 
 Let Budgell charge low Grub Street on his 
 
 quill. 
 And write whate'er he please — except his 
 
 will. Pope. 
 
 I 'd sooner ballads write, and Grub-Street 
 lays. Gay. 
 
 Grum^ble-to'ni-ans. A nickname 
 sometimes given to those who were 
 not of the Court party in the time 
 of William and Mar\'. They were 
 at times honored with the name of 
 " Countr}' party." 
 
 Gru'mi-o. A servant to Petrnchio, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew^" 
 
 Grun, Anastasius (a-nS-sta'se-oos 
 griin, 34.) A nom de plume of Anton 
 Alexander von Auersperg (b. 1806), 
 a Gennan poet. 
 
 Grun'dy, Mrs. A person frequent- 
 ly referred to in IVIorton's comedy, 
 " Speed the Plough," but not intro- 
 duced as one of the dramntis persona;. 
 The solicitude of Dame Ashtield, in 
 this play, as to what vnll Mrs. Grundy 
 
 «nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the number* after certain wordi refer, see pp. xiv-xxxU. 
 
GUD 
 
 160 
 
 GUL 
 
 my, has given the latter jrreat celeb- 
 rity, the interrogatory having ac- 
 quired a proverbial currency. 
 
 You will be jileani'd to hear thnt I have hit 
 upon a niude ^)fsilti^t'yin;; the curiosity of our 
 frieiul, ^f)■s. Grundii, — that is " the world," — 
 witliout injury to auy one. 
 
 air E. Bulwer Lytton. 
 
 G-udrun (goodroon'). 1. A famous 
 mythical female character in the Edda 
 of Siiinund, married, by the magic arts 
 of her motlier, to Sigurd, who was be- 
 trothed to Hryniiild. After the death 
 of Sigurd, she married King Atli [Al- 
 tila], at the instance of her mother. 
 She did not love him. however; and 
 soon coming to hate him for his 
 cruelty, she took his life, having lirst 
 caused Iiim to drink out of the skulls, 
 and eat the wasted hearts, of their 
 two children, whom she had mur- 
 dered. She then sought to put an end 
 to her own wretched existence by 
 throwing herself into the sea; but the 
 wav^es bore her to the castle of King 
 JonakLir, whom she married. 
 
 2 The heroine of a celebrated 
 North-Saxon poem supposed to have 
 been composed in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, and still extant at Vienna in a 
 MS. of the tifteentli century. It was 
 translated into the modern High Ger- 
 man in 18 j8. Gudrun is the daugh- 
 ter of King Hettel [Attila], and is 
 betrothed to Herwig, king of Heligo- 
 land; but her rejected suitor, Hart- 
 muth, king of Norway, invades the 
 dominion-; of Hettel, kills him, and 
 carries off (rudrun. As she still treats 
 Hartmuth with contempt, and refuses 
 to marry hiui, she is j^ut to menial ser- 
 vice, and is treated with great indig- 
 nity by his mother, Gerlinda, or Gir- 
 lint. As she is one day washing linen 
 by the sea, she learns that a fleet is 
 bringing her brother and her lover to 
 her rescue. She flings the linen into 
 the sea, and, in order to escape pun- 
 ishment for doing so, feigns that 
 she is willing to marry Hartmuth. 
 But Herwig now appears on the scene, 
 gains a decisive victory, puts Gerlinda 
 to death, marries (iudrun. and, at 
 her intercession, pardons Hartmuth. 
 Gudrun is distinguished as a perfect 
 model of angelic mercy, heroic forti- 
 tude, and pious resignation. 
 
 Guen'do-len (gwen'-). A dirorced 
 wife of Locrine. See Sahhina. 
 
 Gui-de'ri-us (gAvi-, 0). A son of 
 Cynibeline, in Shakes])eare's play of 
 this name, passing under the assumed 
 name of I'olydore, and supjjosed to 
 be a son of Belarius. Guiderius, as 
 well as Cymbeline, was a legendary 
 or fabulous king of Britain. 
 
 Guil'den-stern (gil'-). The name of 
 a courtier, in Shakespeare's tragedy 
 of " Hamlet." 
 
 i6£y=" '• Itosencrantz ami Guildenstern 
 are favorable samples of the thorough- 
 pared, time - serving court - knave ; serv- 
 ants of all work, ticketed, and to be hired 
 for auy hard or dirty job." 
 
 Cowden Clarke. 
 
 Guinart, Koque. See Roque Gui- 
 
 NAKT. 
 
 Guin'e-ver (gwin'-). Queen to King 
 Arthur, celebrated for her amours 
 with Lancelot du Lac, and others. 
 Hence the name was frequently ap- 
 plied to any wanton woman. Geof- 
 frey of Monmouth says that she was 
 of a noble Roman lamily, and the 
 most beautiful woman in all Britain. 
 [Written also G u e n e v e r, G u i n- 
 e v e r e ( gwin 'e-veer' ), G u a n h u- 
 m a r a (gwan^iu-mu'ra ), (i e n e u r a 
 (ge-nu'ra), Ganora (ga-no'ra, 9), 
 Genievre (ge'ni-e'ver), and Gi- 
 n e V r a (gi-nev'ra).] 
 
 Gulli-ver, Lemuel. The imaginar}'- 
 hero of Swift's celebrated satirical 
 romance entitled " Travels into sev- 
 eral liemote Nations of the World, by 
 Lemuel Gulliver." He is represented 
 as being first a surgeon in London, 
 and then a captain of several ships. 
 After having followed the sea for 
 some years, he makes in succession 
 four extraordinary voyages, in the 
 first of which he gets wrecked on the 
 coast of Lilliput, a countr\- inhabited 
 by pygmies; in the second, he is 
 thrown among the people of Brobding- 
 nag, who are giants of a tremendous 
 size; in the '.bird, he is driven to 
 Laputa, an empire of quack pretend- 
 ers to science, knavish projectors, and 
 sorcerers: and in the fourth, he visits 
 the Houyhnhnms, a race of horsea 
 endowed with reason. 
 
 CS~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying ExplanatioDj^ 
 
GUL 
 
 IGl 
 
 GUY 
 
 D-ul-nare'. 1. A female character in 
 Byron's poem of ** Tlie Corsair." 
 8he is rescued from a burninj^j harem 
 by Conrad, and, becoming passion- 
 ately enamored of him, repays the 
 service he has done her by taking 
 the life of tile pasiia, Seyd, into whose 
 hands Conrad talis. 
 
 2. A character in one of the tales 
 of the "Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments." 
 
 Gum'mer's Ore. A marvelous island, 
 fabled to tloat in the northern seas, — 
 a tiction probably based upon the 
 existence of some partly submerged 
 reef or shoal. The geographer Bu- 
 ricus placed this island on his map 
 in view of Stockholm. 
 
 j^=> " There is a tradition in the north- 
 ern seas, and upon the const of Norway, 
 that Heating islands may often be seen 
 rising out of the bosom of the waves, with 
 trees fully formed, having branches from 
 •whieh hang shells instead of fruits, but 
 which disappear after some hours. Tor- 
 fteus, ia his history of Norway, alludes to 
 these. The sailors and inhabitants of 
 the coast regard these places as the sub- 
 marine habitations of evil spirits, who 
 cause these islands to rise to taunt navi- 
 gators, confuse their reckonings, and em- 
 barrass their voyages.'' Pichot. 
 
 Gungnir(gdong'nef). {Scand. Mj/fh.) 
 The name of Odin's spear or lance. 
 
 Gunpowder Plot. {Eng. Hist.) A 
 memorable conspiracy for overthrow- 
 ing the government by blowing up 
 the king, lords, and commons, at the 
 opening of parliament on the 5th of 
 November, 1005. This diabolical 
 scheme was projected by Robert 
 Catesby, a Roman Catholic, who 
 leagued with himself Guy Fawkes 
 and several other persons, of the same 
 faith, who were exasperated by the 
 intolerant and persecuting spirit of 
 James I. and his ministers. It was 
 discovered, however, on the evening 
 before it was to have been carried into 
 execution, and the principal conspira- 
 tors were put to death. 
 
 Giinther, King(giin'tef. 34). A hero 
 whose adventures are related in the 
 ancient (ierman epic, the " Nibelun- 
 gen Lied;" l)rother to Chriemhild. 
 
 Gurth. A Saxon swine-herd, the thrall 
 
 of Cedric of Kotherwood, in Sir 
 Walter Scott's " Ivanhoe." 
 
 Gur'ton, Gammer (-tn). The hero- 
 ine of an old English conjedy, long 
 supposed to be the earliest in the 
 language, but now ranked as the 
 second in point of time. It was 
 written about 1501, by John Still, 
 afterward Bishop of Bath and Wells. 
 The plot turns upon the loss of a 
 needle by Gammer Gurton, — a seri- 
 ous event at that period, especially in 
 a remote village, — and the subse- 
 quent discovery of it sticking in the 
 breeches of her man Hodge. 
 
 Guzman de Alfarache (gooth- 
 nian' da al-fa-ra'chS.). The hero of 
 a celebrated Spanish novel written 
 by Mateo Alcman, and first printed 
 at Madrid, in 1599. He begins his 
 career as a dupe, but atterward 
 becomes a consummate knave, and 
 exhibits a rich variety of gifts in the 
 various characters he is compelled by 
 circumstances to assume, such as 
 stable-boy, beggar, thief, coxcomb, 
 mercenary, valet, pander, merchant, 
 and the like. 
 
 Guy, Sir, Earl of "Warwick. The 
 hero of a famous English legend, 
 which celebrates his surpassing prow- 
 ess and the wonderful achievements 
 by which he obtained the hand of his 
 lady-love, the Fair Felice, as well as 
 the adventui'es he subsequently met 
 with in a pilgrimage to the Holy 
 I^and, and on his return home. He 
 is reputed to have lived in the reign 
 of the Saxon King Athelstan. The 
 romance of Sir Guy. mentioned by 
 Chaucer in the " Canterbury Tales," 
 cannot be traced further back than 
 the earlier part of the fourteenth cen~ 
 tury. His existence at any period is 
 very doubtful. 
 
 4fg=" Among the romances of the Angle 
 Danish cycle, by no means the least 
 celebrated is that of Guy of Warwick. 
 It is one of the few which have been pre. 
 served in the Anglo-Norman term : antl 
 it has gone through an extraordinary 
 number of versions. Chaucer enumerat- 
 ed it among the romances of pris. o» 
 those which in the fourteenth century 
 were held in the highest estimation. 
 
 Wright. 
 The Lord-keeper was scared by a dun cow. 
 
 »nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 11 
 
GUY 
 
 1C2 
 
 GYG 
 
 and ho takes the young fellow who killed her 
 ior Guy of Warwick. Sir H'. Scott. 
 
 The conduct of the expedition was intru.--ted 
 to a valiant IJutchnian, who for size and 
 weight might have matched with Colbrand, 
 the Danish champion slain by Guii of War- 
 wick. W. Irving. 
 
 Guy'6n, Sir(,5!'on). A knifrht whose 
 adventures are related in the second 
 book of Spenser's " Faerv Queen." 
 To him was assijjned the task of 
 bringing into snbjection a witch, 
 Acrasia, and of destroying her resi- 
 dence, the Bower of Bliss. Sir Giiyon 
 represents the quality of Temperance 
 in its largest sense; meaning that 
 virtuous self-government which holds 
 in check not only the inferior sensual 
 appetites, but also the impulses of 
 
 passion and the movements of re- 
 venge. 
 
 Qy'as. A mythical personage in Vir- 
 gil's "^neid;" a companion of 
 ^neas, noted for his braver}-. At 
 the naval games exhibited by^Eneas 
 in honor of his father Anchises, (iyas 
 commanded the ship " Chima-ra,"' of 
 which Mencetes was the pilot. See 
 Mencetks. 
 
 Gy'ges. [Gr. Tvyrj?.] {Gr. (f- i?07». 
 Myth.) A son of Ccelus and Terra, 
 a monstrous hundred-handed giant, 
 who, with his brothers, made war 
 upon the gods, and was slain by 
 Hercules, and subjected to everlast- 
 ing punishment in Tartarus. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Fronuueiatioii," with the accompanying ExplanatUiw, 
 
HAD 
 
 1G3 
 
 HAM 
 
 H. 
 
 of the pame name, son to the former, 
 and nephew to the reigning, king 
 of Denmark. 
 
 ;e£g=-"This is that Hamlet the Dane 
 whom we read of in our youth, and whom 
 we seem almost to remember in our after- 
 years; he who made that famous solilo- 
 quy on life, who gave the advice to the 
 players, who thought ' this goodly frame, 
 the earth, a sterile promontory, and this 
 brave, o'erhaugiiig lirmament. the air, 
 this uiajestical roof, fretted with golden 
 fire, a foul and pestilent congregation of 
 vapors ; ' wliom ' man delighted not, nor 
 woman neither ; ' he wlio talked with the 
 grave-diggers, and moralized on Yorick'a 
 skull ; the schoolfellow of ilosencrautz and 
 Guildenstern at Wittenberg; the friend 
 of Horatio ; the lover of Ophelia ; he that 
 was mad and sent to England ; the slow 
 avenger of his father's death ; who lived 
 at the court of llorwendillus five hun- 
 dred \e.irs before we were born, but all 
 whose thougiits we seem to know as well 
 as we do our own, because we have read 
 them in Shakespeare." HazliU. 
 
 jgfir" The critics have been greatly di- 
 vided in regard to Shakespeare's intent 
 in this tragedy and character. Coleridge 
 thinks that Shakespeare's purpose was 
 " to exhibit a character flying from the 
 sense of reality, and seeking a reprieve 
 from the pressure of its duties in that 
 ideal activity, the overbalance of which, 
 with the consequent indisposition to ac- 
 tion, is Hamlet's disease." Hazlitt says, 
 " It is not a character marked by strength 
 of passion or will, but by refinement of 
 thought and feeling. . . . Ills ruling 
 passion is to think, not to act ; and any 
 vague pretense that flatters this propen- 
 sity instantly diverts him from his pre- 
 vious purposes." In Mr. R. G. White's 
 view, " Hamlet is a man of contemplation, 
 who is ever diverted from his purposed 
 deeds by speculation upon their proba- 
 ble consequences or their past causes, 
 unless he acts too quickly, and under too 
 much excitement, for any reflection to 
 present itself." Goethe thought that 
 Shakespeare designed to exhibit '' a love- 
 ly, pure, noble, and most moral nature, 
 without the strength of nerve which 
 forms a hero, sinking beneath a burden 
 which it cannot bear, and must not cast 
 awav." According to Schlegel, " the 
 whole [play] is intended to show that a 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certaiu words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
 Ha'dg§. [Gr.'AiSr,?, 'AiSt,?.] (Cr. c/ 
 Jioin. Afjjt/t.) The god of the nether 
 world, the son of Saturn and Kliea, 
 and the brother of Jupiter and Nep- 
 tune. He is the same as /'/«/('. The 
 name is also applied to his kingdom, 
 the abode of the departed spirits, or 
 shades. See Pluto. 
 
 Ha3'm6n. [Gr. Mfx^yi'.] ( Gr. if Rom. 
 Myth.) A son of Creon of Thebes, 
 and a lover of Antigone. He is said 
 to have destroyed himself on hearing 
 that Antigone'was condenniedby her 
 father to be entombed alive. 
 
 Hagen (ha'gen). The murderer of 
 Siegfried in the German epic, the 
 " Nibelungen Lied;" represented as 
 a pale-faced and one-eyed dwarf, of 
 demon origin, who knows every thing, 
 and whose sole desire is mischief. 
 He is at last killed by Chriemhild, 
 Siegft-ied's wife, who strikes oflt" his 
 head with Siegfried's own sword. 
 
 Haidee (hi-deO. A beautiful young 
 Greek girl, in Byron's poem of " Don 
 Juan." 
 
 Hajji Baba. See Baba, Hajji. 
 
 Halcyone. See Alcyone. 
 
 Hales, The Ever-raemorable John. 
 A name often given to John Hales 
 (1584-1656), an able scholar and di- 
 vine of the church of England. The 
 epithet of "ever-memorable" was 
 first applied to him after his decease, 
 in the title pretixed to a collection 
 of his writings, called his " Golden 
 Remains," published in 1659. 
 
 Ham.'a-dry'ad§. [Gr. 'A/aaSpvaSe?, 
 Lat. Hdiaadryides.] ( Gr. (f- Rom. 
 Myth.) Nymphs of the woods who 
 were born and died with particular 
 trees. 
 
 Ham'il-ton, Gail. A pseudonym 
 adopted" by Miss Mary Ah'ifjaU 
 Dodge, of Hamilton, Masssachusetts, 
 a popular American writer of the 
 present day. 
 
 Hamlet. In Shakespeare's tragedy 
 
HAM 
 
 1G4 
 
 HAR 
 
 •aVculatinpconPuleration, which exhausts 
 all the reliitions and possible con-sequeuces 
 of a deed, must cripple the power of ac- 
 tion." 
 
 Hammer of Heretics. [Fr. Le 
 Marttita tics JJeietitjucs.] 1. A 
 sobriquet ffiven to I'ierre d'Ailly 
 (i;350-1425\ a noted French cardinal 
 and polemic, lie was president ot" 
 the council of Constance, by which 
 John Huss was condeniudd. 
 
 2. A surname ajjplied to John 
 Faber (d. 1541), from the title of 
 one of his works. He v;as a native 
 of Swabia, and an eminent Roman 
 Catholic divine. 
 
 Hammon. See Ammon. 
 
 Hrtndsome Englishman. [Fr. Lc 
 Bd Anijliiis.] A name given by the 
 Fre.ich troops under Turenne to John 
 Chuichill (1G50-1722), afterward the 
 celebruted Duke of Marlborough, who 
 was no /ess distinguished for the sin- 
 gular graces of his person, than for 
 his brilliant courage nnd his consum- 
 mate ability both as a soldier and a 
 statesman. 
 
 Handsome Swordsman. [Fr. Le 
 Beau Sahreur.] A. title popularly 
 given to Joachini Murat (1767-1815), 
 who was highly distinguished for 
 his handsome person, accomplished 
 horsemanship, and daring bravery as 
 a cavalry othcer. 
 
 Hanging Judge. A surname fastened 
 upon the Earl of Norbury (d. 1831), 
 who was Chief Justice of the Com- 
 mon Pleas ni Ireland, from 1820 to 
 1827. He is said to have been in the 
 habit of jesting with criminals, on 
 whom he Avas pronouncing sentence 
 of death. 
 
 Hans von Rippach (hanss fon rip'- 
 palj, (i7, 71). A fictitious personage, 
 to ask for whom was an old joke 
 among the German students. Hans 
 is the German Jack, and lilppach is 
 a village near Leipsic. 
 
 Hansvtrurst (hanss'voofst, 08). [Ger., 
 Jack Piulding.J A pantomimic char- 
 acter formerly introduced into Ger- 
 man comedies, and originally in- 
 tended as a caricature of the Italian 
 Harlef/uin, but corres])onding more 
 particularly with the Italian Macarimi, 
 
 the French Jerni Putngey the English 
 Jack Piuldluij^ and tlie Dutch PicktU 
 heriiuf/t, — all favorite characters 
 with the lower cla.sses of the popula- 
 tion, and called alter favorite national 
 dishes. llauswurst was noted for 
 his clumsiness, his gormandizing ap- 
 petite, and his Falstallian dimenMons. 
 He was driven trom the GeriUcin 
 stage by Gottsched, about the middle 
 of the eighteenth century. 
 
 Happy Valley. In Johnson's " Ras- 
 selas," a delightful valley, situated 
 in Abyssinia. 
 
 To his recollection, this retired spot was 
 imi)aralk'lo(l in beauty by the richest scene* 
 he luul visited in his wanderings. Even the 
 //(//;/;// I'aUcji ot Rassclas would have Bunk 
 into uothinj; upon the comparison. 
 
 Sir W.Scott. 
 
 Hard'cas-tle, Mr. (hard'kas-sl). A 
 character in Goldsmith's comedy of 
 '' 8he Stoops to Concjuer;" repre- 
 sented as prosy and hospitable. 
 
 Har'le-quin (har-'le-kin or har'le- 
 kwin). [Fr. Ilarltquin, Arlequin, Sp. 
 Arlequln, It. Arlecchino ; probably 
 from Old Fr. hieilekin, hellequin^ 
 goblin, elf. Low Lat harleq^amts, hel- 
 lequiniis, from D. and Old Ger. helle, 
 hell. — Mahn.'] 1. The name of a 
 well-known character in the popular 
 extemporized Italian comedy, in 
 which he originally figured as a 
 servant of Pantaleone, the comic 
 representative of Venetian foibles, 
 and as the lover of Columbina, or 
 the A r/echinetta. He appeared before 
 the public Avith a shaven head, a 
 masked face, unshod feet, and a coat 
 of many colors. He also carried a 
 light sword of lath, and his hat was 
 in a deplorable condition. He was 
 noted for his agility, and for being a 
 great gourmand, though his gluttony 
 had no effect upon the size of his 
 person. In this character were sat- 
 irized the roguery and drollery of 
 the Bergamasks, who were proverbial 
 for their intriguing knavery'. Har- 
 lequin is accordingly represented as 
 a simple, ignorant person, who tries 
 very hard to be Avitty, even at the 
 expense of being malicious. He is a 
 parasite, cowardly, yet faithful and 
 active, but easily induced, by fear 
 
 0Q~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
HAR 
 
 165 
 
 HAR 
 
 w interest, to commit all sorts of 
 tricks and knaveries, i^'roni tlie Ital- 
 ian staj^e lie \\a« transferred to that 
 of otlier countries. In England, he 
 was lirst introduct-d on the ^ta^e l)y 
 Rich, in the eighteenth century. The 
 harlequin, in its original conception, 
 has almost ceased to possess a legit- 
 imate existence in comedy, being 
 confined, at the present day, to the 
 sphere of Christmas pantonnmes and 
 puppet-shows, and to the improvised 
 plays of the Italians. 
 
 is. A punnmg nickname conferred 
 upon Robert JIarUij(Hjiil-l'i-2i), Karl 
 01 Oxford and Mortimer, an English 
 statesman of the time of (.^ueen Anne, 
 noted for his restless, intriguing dis- 
 position. 
 
 Har'ley. " The Man of Feeling," in 
 Mackenzie's novel of that name. 
 He is remarkable for his hne sensi- 
 bility and benevolence, and his bash- 
 fulness resulting from excessive deli- 
 cacy. See Ma>i of EEKLi>iG. 
 
 4^ " The principal object of Macken- 
 zie, in all his novels, has been to reach 
 and sustain a tone of moral pathos, by 
 representintr the effect of incidents, wheth- 
 er important or trifiin<;. upon the human 
 mind, and especially those which were not 
 only just, honorable, and intelligent, but 
 po framed as to be responsive to those 
 finer feelings to which ordinary hearts 
 are callous This is the direct and pro- 
 fesseii object of Mackenzie's tirst work, 
 which is in fact no narrative, but a series 
 of successive incidents, each I'eudered 
 interesting by the mode in which they 
 operate on the feelings of Ilarlev." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Harlot, The Infamous Northern. 
 See Northern Harlot, The In- 
 famous. 
 
 Har'l^we, Clarissa. The heroine 
 of Richardson's novel entitled "The 
 History of Clarissa Harlowe;" a 
 young lady, who, to avoid a mat- 
 rimonial union to Avhich her heart 
 cannot consent, and to which she is 
 urged by her parents, casts herself 
 on the protection of a lover, who 
 scandalously abuses the confidence 
 she reposes in him, and finally suc- 
 ceeds in gratifying his passion, 
 though he fails in insnaring her 
 virtue. She rejects the reparation of 
 
 marriage, which is at length ten- 
 dered, and retires to a solitary abode, 
 where she expires, overwhelmed with 
 grief and shame. 
 
 iJi^- " It was reserved to Richardson to 
 .show there is a chastity of the soul, 
 which can beam out spotless and unsul- 
 lied even after that of the person has 
 been violated ; and the dignity of Cla- 
 rissa, under her disgrace and her misfor- 
 tunes, reminds us of the sa} ing of the 
 ancient poet, thiit n good man, struggling 
 with the tide of adversity , and surmount- 
 ing it, was a sight upon which the immor- 
 tal gods might look down with jileasure." 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Har-mo'ni-a. [Gr. 'Apfxavia.] {Gr, 
 tj"- Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Mars 
 and Venus, and the wife of Cadmus. 
 She is renowned in ancient story on 
 account of a necklace which she 
 received from her husband on her 
 wedding-day, and which wrought 
 mischief to all who came into pos- 
 session of it. 
 
 Har'61d, ChUde (child, or child). The 
 hero of Lord Byron's poem, " Childe 
 Harold's Pilgrimage ; " represented as 
 a man of gentle birth, lol'ty bearing, 
 and peerless intellect, who, having 
 exhausted all the pleasures of youth 
 and early manhood, and feeling the 
 fullness of satiety, loathes his fellow- 
 bacchanals, and the " laughing dames 
 in whom he did delight." To banish 
 his disgust and melancholy, he de- 
 tennines to travel; but, though he 
 traverses some of the fairest portions 
 of the earth, the feelings of bitterness 
 and desolation still prey upon him, 
 without lor one moment lightening 
 the weight upon his heart, or ena- 
 bling him to lose his own wretched 
 identity. 
 
 j8@= •' Childe Harold may not be, nor 
 do we believe he is. Lord Byron's very 
 self; but he is Lord Byron's picture, 
 sketched by Lord Byron himself, arranged 
 in a fancy dress, and disguised perhaps 
 by some extrinsic attributes, but still 
 bearing a sufficient resemblance to the 
 original to warrant the conclusion that 
 we have drawn." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The feelings arising from so rich a land- 
 scape as is displayed by the valley of the 
 Rhine, must have been the same in every 
 bosom, from tlie period when our Englishman 
 took his solitary journey through it, in doubt 
 and danger, till that in which it heard the iu- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
HAR 
 
 166 
 
 HAV 
 
 dignant Chihh Harold bid a proud farewell to 
 his uative c<)uiiti\j , in the vain search of a 
 land in which lus lieart might throb less 
 fiercely. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Harpagon (aFpa''go"', 62). The hero 
 ofMulierc's comedy of "L'Avare;" 
 represented as a wretched miser, 
 whose avarice lias reached that point 
 where it is without pride, and whose 
 dread of losing his wealth has over- 
 powered the desire of being thought 
 to possess it. 
 
 Some [part of the treasure] went to stop for 
 a time the mouths of such claimants, who, 
 beinK wearv of fair promises, hud become ot 
 opinion with //ar/ii(;/oii, that it was m-ces*ary 
 to touch sometliin^ substantial. Sir n . Scott. 
 
 HuriKtijun is not more unlike to Jourdain 
 . . . than every one of Miss Austen's young 
 divines to all his reverend brethren. 
 
 Macaidaji. 
 
 Har'pi-er, or Har'per. Some mys- 
 terious personage referred to by the 
 witches, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 " Macbeth,"' a. iv., sc. 1. Collier sug- 
 gests that the word may be a cor- 
 ruption of harpy. The orthography 
 of the first folio, and of the best 
 modern editions, is Harpier. 
 
 Harpies. [Gr. 'ApTrvtot, swift robbers ; 
 Lat. ffarpylce.] {(Jr. cf Rom. Jfyth.) 
 Three daughters of Xeptune and 
 Terra, considered as ministers of the 
 vengeance of the gods. They were 
 disgusting winged monsters, of fierce 
 and loathsome aspect, with the bodies 
 of vultures, the heads of maidens, 
 hands armed with long claws, and 
 faces pale with hunger. They lived 
 in an atmosphere of filth and stench, 
 and polluted every thing they ap- 
 proached. Their names are com- 
 monly given as Aello, Celteno, and 
 Ocypete. 
 
 Har-poc'ra-tes. [Gr. 'XpnoKparnq.] 
 ( Mi/th. ) The Greek name of the 
 Egyptian FLtrus, the god of the sun 
 and of silence, represented with his 
 finger on his mouth. 
 
 Harris, Mrs. An imaginary person- 
 age to whom Mrs. Gamp — a month- 
 ly nurse who figures in Dickens's 
 novel of ''Martin Chuzzlewit " — 
 constantly refers as an authority for 
 her own fabrications and fancies. 
 See Gamp, Mrs. Sarah. 
 
 &^ " Mrs. Harris wa.s a glorious cre- 
 ation, or, rather, conception. Only, the 
 
 numerous and respectable persons who 
 bea.r that name must feel themselves ag- 
 grieved ; for tueir very existence i-t now 
 made a matter of doubt. By one breath 
 of tue magician, the ^olid tlesii-aud-blooj 
 of all the Harrises has been volatilized 
 into a hypothetical phantom." 
 
 Fraser's Mas;. 
 Now, hitherto, though the bandit was the 
 nominal hero of the piece; thou;4h you were 
 always hearing of him, — his wrongs, virtues, 
 hair- breadth escapes, — lie had never been 
 seen. Not Mrs. Hams, in the immortal nar- 
 rative, was more quoted and more mythical. 
 Sir E. Bulvscr Lutton. 
 
 Hatch'way, Lieutenant Jack. The 
 name of a retired naval olficer, on 
 hall-pay, in Smollett's novel, " The 
 Adventures of Teregrhie i^ickle." 
 He is represented as living with 
 Commodore Trunnion as a compan- 
 ion. 
 
 He who can read the calamities of T>"jnnion 
 and I/atc/iicay, when run away with ov their 
 mettled steeds, . . . without a good "heartjf 
 burst of honest laughter, must be well quali- 
 fied to look sad and gentleman-like with Lord 
 Chestertield or Master Stephen. Sir iV. Scott. 
 
 Hats and Caps. (Swed. fflst.) Pop- 
 ular names given to two political 
 factions by which Sweden was dis- 
 tracted in the middle of the eighteenth 
 century. The former party was fa- 
 vorable to France, the latter was in 
 the interest of Russia. They were 
 both broken up, and their names 
 prohibited, in 1771, by Gustavus III., 
 who desired to exclude foreign influ- 
 ence. 
 
 «^ " ' Faction of Hats,' ' Faction of 
 Caps ' (that i.<, H/^-Zii-caps, as being som- 
 nolent and disinclined to France and 
 War): seldom did a once valiant, far- 
 shining nation sink to such depths I " 
 
 Carlylf. 
 
 Hat'ter-iick, Dirk. A Dutch smug- 
 gler captain, and a thorough and 
 desperate villain, in Scott's novel of 
 " Guy Mannering." His character 
 is redeemed trom utter sordidness 
 and depravity only by his one vir- 
 tue of integrity to his employers. 
 " I was always faithful to my ship- 
 owners, always accounted for cargo 
 to the last stiver." 
 
 Hav'e-16k the Dane. [Fr. Haveloh 
 le Bnnois.] The hero of an early 
 French romance, the original of an 
 ancient English romance of the same 
 name, founded upon a story of the 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
HAW 
 
 167 
 
 HEI 
 
 Saxon era relating to the town of 
 Grimsby, in Lincolnshire. 
 Hawk'u-bites. Tlic same as Tityre 
 Tus. ' See Titykk Tus. 
 
 Hawk'eye State. The State of loAva; 
 — said to be so named alter an In- 
 dian eliief, who was once a terror 
 to voijutjtiu's to its borders. 
 
 Head of Africa. A name formerly 
 given to tlie Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 H6ad'rigg, Cud'die {or Cuthbert). 
 A plowman in Lady Bellenden's 
 service, in Scott's novel of " Old 
 Mortality." 
 
 Heart of Mid-Lo'thi-S,n. A poetical 
 and popular name of the old jail in 
 Edinburgh, the capital of the county 
 of Mid-Lothian. It was taken down 
 in 1817. One of Scott's novels bears 
 this name as its title. 
 
 He'be. [Gr. 'H^r,.] {Gr. (f Rom. 
 Mijtli.) The goddess of youth, a 
 daughter of Jupiter and Juno, and 
 the cujj-bearer of the gods. She was 
 banished from heaven on account of 
 an unlucky fall. 
 
 Wreathed smiles, 
 Such as hang on //e/^e's cheek, 
 And love to live in dimple sleek. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Hec'a-te {sometimes Anglicized hek''- 
 at).' [Gr. ■E.<aTT7.] {Gr. (f Bom. 
 ^fyth.) The daughter of Jupiter and 
 Latona; a mysterious divinity called 
 Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and 
 Hecate., or Proserjyina., in hell. In 
 the latter character, she is described 
 as a powerful and cruel goddess, of 
 hideous appearance, having all the 
 magical powers of the universe at 
 her command, and sending upon the 
 earth all kinds of demons and terrible 
 phantoms. 
 
 Hec'tor. [Gr. 'E/crwp.] {Gr. <f Rom. 
 Mijfh.) The son of Priam, king of 
 Troy, by Hecuba, and the bravest 
 and ablest of all the Trojan chiefs 
 ■who fought against the Greeks. For 
 a long time he gloriously defended 
 Troy, but was at last slain in single 
 combat by Achilles, who dragged his 
 body in insulting triumph three times 
 around the tomb of Patroclus and 
 the walls of the beleaguered city. 
 His exploits are sung by Homer in 
 
 the " Iliad." One of the most beau- 
 tiful and affecting as well as cele- 
 brated episodes in tliis poem is that 
 in which Hector takes leave of his 
 wife and child at the Sciean gate 
 before going into battle. 
 
 Hec'tor de Ma'rys, Sir. A knight 
 of the Round Table, brother of Lan- 
 celot du Lac. 
 
 Hec'tor of Germany. A title given 
 by the old chroniclers to Joachim II., 
 elector of Brandenburg (d. 1571). 
 
 Hec'torg. See Tityre Tus. 
 
 Hec'u-ba. [Gr. 'EKd^-q.] { Gr. ff Rom. 
 Myth.) The second wife of Priam, 
 king of Troy, and the mother of Paris 
 and Hector. After the fall of Troy, 
 she fell into the hands of the Greeks 
 as a slave, and, according to one 
 account, threw herself in despair into 
 the sea. 
 
 Heap, Uriah. A detestable char- 
 acter in Dickens's novel of " David 
 Copperfield," who, under the garb 
 of the most abject humility, conceals 
 a diabolic hatred and malignity. " I 
 am well aware," quoth he, " that I am 
 the umblest person going, let the 
 other be who he may. My mother 
 is likewise a ven^ umble person. We 
 live in a numble abode. Master Cop- 
 perfield, but have much to be thank- 
 ful for. My father's former calling 
 was umble; he was a sexton." 
 
 Heimdall (him'dal). {Scand. Myth.) 
 A god who stands as sentinel at the 
 bridge of Bifnist, to prevent the 
 giants from forcing their way into 
 heaven. It is said of him, that he 
 requires less sleep than a bird, that 
 he can see to a distance of one hun- 
 dred leagues, as Avell by night as by 
 day, and that he can hear the grass 
 grow and also the wool on sheep's 
 backs. See Gjallar. [Written also 
 Hei md al.] 
 
 Heir of the Republic. A name 
 
 given to Napoleon Bonaparte, " the 
 plebeian child of the Revolution," 
 who, in 1799, by a bold coup d'etat., 
 overthrew the Directory, and made 
 himself First Consul of France with 
 sovereign powers ; and who, in 1804, 
 
 and for the Remarlu and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, tee pp. xiv-xxziL 
 
HEL 
 
 1G8 
 
 HEP 
 
 • a.ssumed the title of emperor, and 
 destroyed the lai^t vestigeb ul democ- 
 racy and Ireedoiii. 
 
 Hei, ('/• He'la. (ScukK Myth.) The 
 queen of the dead, daughter of the 
 evil -hearted Loki and a giantess 
 named Augurboda. blie Mas (right- 
 ful to beliold, her aspect being lero- 
 cious, and the upper part of her 
 body black or livid troia congealed 
 blood, iler abode (Ilellieiui) was a 
 vast castle in Nillheim, in the midst 
 of eternal damp, snow, ice. and dark- 
 ness. Here she received all who died 
 of old age or disease. She was an 
 hiexorable divinity, and would re- 
 lease no one who had once entered 
 her domain. 
 
 I'prose the king of men with speed, 
 
 And saddled straight his cnul-bUick steed; 
 
 Down the yawnii^g steep lie rode, 
 
 That leads" to IIfhi\i diear abode. 
 
 Till full before his fearless eyes. 
 
 The portals nine of liell arise. Gray. 
 
 Pelen. [Gr. 'EAeVr;, Lat. Htlena ] 
 ( (ir. cf Horn. }fyth.) A daughter of 
 Jupiter and Leda, and the wife of 
 lyienelaus, king of Sparta. She was 
 the most beautit'ul Avoman of her age. 
 In the absence of her husband, Paris, 
 son of King Priam, carried her otf to 
 Troy. Avhich was the cause of the ten 
 years' Avar against that city, and of 
 its final destruction. 
 
 Helen, Burd. See Burd Helen. 
 
 HePe-na. 1. See Helen. 
 
 2. A lady in Shakes])eare's '' Mid- 
 summer- Niglifs Dream," in love 
 Avith Demetrius. 
 
 3. The heroine of Shakespeare's 
 "All 's Well that Ends Well," dis- 
 tinguished for her romantic passion 
 for Bertram, and her patient endur- 
 ance of the most adverse fortune. 
 
 4S^ " There was never, perhaps, a more 
 beautiful picture of a woman's love, 
 cherisheil in secret; not .«elf-consuming 
 in silent languishment ; not pining iu 
 thought : not p;u-;sive and ' desponding 
 over its idol : ' but patient and hopeful ; 
 strong in its own intensity, and sustained 
 by its ownfond fiitb. . . . The situation 
 of Helena is the moi^t painful and de- 
 grading in whirh a woman can he placed. 
 She is poor iiiid lowly ; she loves a man 
 [Bertram ] who is far her superior in ratik, 
 who repavs her love with indifference, 
 and rejects her hand with scorn. She 
 
 marries hitn against his will ; he leaypg 
 her, with contumely , on the day of their 
 marriage, and makes his return to hei 
 arms depend ou conditions ajijiarently 
 impossible. All the cireunistaines and 
 details with which Helena i> surrounded 
 are shocking to our kelings. and wound- 
 ing to our delicacy ; and _\ et the beauty 
 of the character is made to triumph over 
 all-'' Mrs. Jatt.fson. 
 
 HePe-na, The Patient. A character 
 in an old popular tale, reproduced in 
 Germany by Tieck. 
 
 HePe-nus. [Gr. "EAei/o?.] {Gr. cf 
 Rum. Myth.) A son of Priam and 
 Hecuba, and a celebrated sooth^aver. 
 
 He-li'a-des. [Gr. 'HAidSt?.] (Cr. <^ 
 Rom. Myth. ) Daughters of Helios or 
 Sol (the sun), changed into poplars 
 on account of their grief at the dt ath 
 of their brother Phaethon. Theit 
 names Avere Lampcthusa, Lampetia, 
 and Pluethu.sa, 
 
 Hei'i-c6n. [Gr. 'EAiKoii'.] A moun- 
 tain of Btt'olia, in Greece, sacred to 
 Apollo and the Muses. 
 
 From J/elicoii's liannonions springs 
 A thousand rill.s their mazy prigitss take. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 Heli-OS. [Gr. *HAiocr.] {Or. Mylh.] 
 The sun-god; identiliedin later times 
 Avith Apollo or Plutbus. He corre- 
 sponds to the Ponian iSd. 
 
 Heiae. [Gr. 'eaatj.] (6'?-. c^- Rni. 
 Mytli.) A daughter of Athan.as ai d 
 Nephele. With her brother 1 hrixus, 
 shelled, on a golden fleeced iam,lr< m 
 her step-mother Ino to (alibas, but 
 fell into the strait called alter her the 
 Hellespont. 
 
 Hel-ve'ti-5 (2-3). The Latin name of 
 SAvitzerland ; sometimes used in mod- 
 ern poetry. 
 
 Pee from the nshes of Belrefio's pile 
 The whitened skull of old Servctus smile! 
 
 Jiolmes. 
 
 Henriette (Fr. pron. on're-et', 62). 
 A daughter of Chrvsale in Moliere's 
 comedy, '' Pes Femmes Savantes." 
 Her name has beccmie ])rovtrbial in 
 the French language as a type of a 
 perfect Avoman. 
 
 He-ph8Bs'tus. [Gr.'Hf^aicrTo?.] {^fyth.) 
 The Greek name ot the god called 
 Vulcan by the Komans. See Vul- 
 can. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation* 
 
HER 
 
 169 
 
 HER 
 
 H&'rft (9). [Gr. 'iipa, 'iipr,.] {^^l|th.) 
 Tlie (Jivek iiaiiiu of the wile ot' Jupi- 
 ter, called Juno by the Uoiuaus. !See 
 
 J UNO. 
 
 H6r'a-clei'd.89. [Gr. 'HpaxAeZSat.] (Gr. 
 i.f liiiia. Mijth). The (leseendauta of 
 Hercules. See Hisucules. 
 
 Heracles. See EIekcules. 
 
 Her'cu-les. [Gr. 'HpaKA^)?.] {Gr. if 
 Ri>in. Mjjth.) A son of Jupiter azid 
 Alcmena, the most famous hero of 
 fabulous history, remarkal)le for his 
 great stren^^th, and for his many 
 wonderful achievements, particularly 
 his performance of twelve labors im- 
 posed upon him by his kinsman 
 Eurystheus. These were, 1. To 
 destroy a lion which haunted the 
 mountain valley of Nemea. 2. To kill 
 a formidable hydra which infested the 
 forest and marsh of Lerna. (See 
 Hydra.) 3. To capture a swift stag, 
 with golden antlers and brazen feet, 
 which belonged to Diana. 4. To 
 take alive a wild boar which ravaged 
 the neighborhood of Erymanthus. 
 5. To cleanse the Augean stables. 
 (See AiTGEAs.) 6. To slay certain 
 frightful carnivorous birds that deso- 
 lated the country near Lake Stym- 
 phalis, in Arcadia. 7. To bring alive 
 to Eurystheus a remarkable mad bull 
 belonging to Minos, king of Crete. 8. 
 To obtain the mares of Diomedes, king 
 of the Bistones in Thrace, which fed 
 on human flesh. 9. To procure the 
 girdle of Hippolyta, queen of the 
 Amazons. 10. To kill the monster 
 Geryon, and bring his herd-^ to Ar- 
 gos. (See Gekyon. ) 11. To obtain 
 certain golden apples which were 
 concealed in the gardens of the Hes- 
 perides. (See Hespeuides) 12. 
 To bring from the infernal regions 
 the three-headed dog Cerberus. (See 
 Cerberus.) To these " twelve 
 labors" must be added many other 
 exploits, such as his strangling two 
 serpents sent by Juno to destroy him 
 while yet an infant; his battles with 
 the Centaurs and with the Giants; his 
 partici))etion in the Argonautic ex- 
 pedition ; his liberation of Prometheus 
 and Theseus; and the like. It is re- 
 ated by the sophist Prodicus, that 
 
 Hercules in his youth met the god- 
 desses of Pleasure and Virtue at the 
 cross-ways, and that each endeavored 
 to persuade him to become her vo- 
 tary; but he rejected the charms of 
 i'leasure, and chose Virtue to be the 
 constant companion of his life. (See 
 l)E.rANiRA and Hylas.) [(jailed 
 also Alcldts^ after his grandfather Al- 
 civus.J 
 
 Tlicold world knew nothing of Conversion; 
 instead of an " Eccc Homo" [Hcliold the Man! 
 See ./o/iii xix. 5J, they hud only some Clioice 
 of Hercules. Carlyle. 
 
 Heretics, Hammer of. See Ham- 
 mer OK Heretics. 
 
 Hermann (heFman). The hero of 
 Goethe's poem entitled "Hermann 
 mid Dorothea." 
 
 >8i^ The aim of the " Hermann and 
 Dorothea " is " in an epic crucible to free 
 from its dross the pure human existence 
 of a small German town, and at the same 
 time mirror in a small glass the great 
 movements and changes of the world's 
 stage." Goethe, Trans. 
 
 Her'mes. [Gr. 'Ep/Jifi^.] {Myth.) The 
 Greek name of Mercury. See Mer- 
 cury. 
 
 Her'mi-a. A lady in Shakespeare's 
 " Midsummer- Night's Dream," in 
 love with Lysander. 
 
 H^r-mi'o-ne. [Gr. "Epixiov-q.'] { Gr. ^ 
 Rom. Myth.) 1. The only daughter 
 of Menelaus and Helen, celebrated 
 for her beauty. She became the wife 
 of Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus), the son 
 of Achilles; but, having been previ- 
 ously promised to Orestes, whom she 
 loved, the latter procured the assas- 
 sination of Pyrrhus, and carried her 
 oft' and man-ied her. 
 
 2. The heroine of the first three 
 acts of Shakesi^eare's " Winter's 
 Tale." 
 
 M^ " She is the wife of Leontes, king 
 of Sicilia, and, though in the prime of 
 beauty and womanhood, is not repre- 
 sented in the first bloom of youth. Her 
 husband, on slight grounds, suspects her 
 of infidelity with his friend I'olixenes, 
 king of Bohemia. The suspicion once 
 admitted, and working on a jealous, pas- 
 sionate, and vindictive mind, becomes a 
 settled and confirmed opinion. Ilcrmione 
 is thrown into a dumreon ; her new-born 
 infant is taken from her, and, by the oi-der 
 of her husband, frantic with jealousy, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
HER 
 
 170 
 
 HES 
 
 •xpoeed to death on a desert shore ; she 
 is herself brought to a public trial for 
 treason and incontinency, defends her- 
 self nobly, and is pronounced innocent 
 by the oracle. But. at tlie very moment 
 that she is acquitted, she learns the death 
 of the prince, her son, who, 
 
 * Conceivini: the dishonor of his mother, 
 Had straight decUned, drooped, took it deep- 
 ly, 
 Fa.«ti'iieil :ind fixed tlie sliaine on 't in himself, 
 Threw otf liis si)irit, appetite, and sleep. 
 And duwunght lant;uished.' 
 
 She swoons away with grief, and her sup- 
 posed death concludes the third act. The 
 two last acts are occupied witn tne adven- 
 tures of her daughter Ferditii ; and with 
 the restoration of I'erditi to the arms of 
 her mother, and the reconciliation of Her- 
 mioue and Leontes, the piece concludes. 
 Such, in few words, is the dramatic situ- 
 ation. The character of Hermione exhib- 
 its what is never found in the other sex, 
 but rarely in our own, — yet sometimes, 
 — dignity \vithout pride, love without 
 passion, and tenderness without weak- 
 ness." J\lrs. Jameson. 
 
 Hermod (her'mod, m- hef'mod). 
 {Sc'ind. Myth.) A son of Odiu, and 
 the messenger of the gods. 
 
 He'ro(9). [Gr. 'Hoci.] 1. {Gr. cf 
 Rom. Myth.) A beautiful priestess 
 of Venus at Sestos. in Thrace, be- 
 loved by Leander of Abvdos, who 
 repeatedly swam across the Helles- 
 pont to visit her; but, he being at 
 length unfortunately drowned, ."^he 
 threw herself, in despair, into the sea. 
 2. Daughter of Leonato, and a 
 friend of Beatrice, in Shakespeare's 
 "Much Ado about Xothing." 
 
 ^S" '' The character of Hero is well con- 
 trasted with that of Beatrice, and their 
 mutual attachment is very beautiful and 
 natural. When they are botli on the 
 scene together, Hero has but little to say 
 for herself: Beatrice asserts the rule of "a 
 master-spirit, eclipses her by her mental 
 superiority, aba-^hes her by her raillery, 
 dictates to her, answers for her. and 
 would fain inspire her gentle-hearted 
 cousin with some of her own assurance. 
 . . . But Shakespeare knew well how to 
 make one chamcter subordinate to anoth- 
 er, without sacrificing the slightest por- 
 tion of its effect : and Hero, added to her 
 grace and softness, and all the interest 
 which attaches to her as the sentimental 
 heroine of the play, possesses an intel- 
 lectual beauty of h»r own. When she 
 has Beatrice at an advantaire. she repavs 
 her, with interest, in the severe, but most 
 
 animated and elegant picture she drawi 
 of her cousin's imperious character and 
 unbridled levity of tongue." 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 H6r'on, Robert. A pseudonym under 
 which John Pinkerton (1^58-1826) 
 published a work, entitled " Letters 
 on Literature," distinguished for its 
 strange .system of spelling, as well a.s 
 for the singular opinions advanced in 
 it on the value of the Greek and 
 Koman writers. 
 
 Hero of the Nile. A surname often 
 given to Horatio Nelson (1758-1805), 
 the illustrious naval commander of 
 England, who, on the tirst of August, 
 17y8, with a greatly inferior torce, 
 attacked, and nearly destroyed, a 
 French fleet under the command of 
 Brueys, in Aboukir Bay. 
 
 He-ros'tra-tus. [Gr. 'UpoaTpa.ro';.'] 
 An Kphesian, who, to acquire im- 
 perishable fame, set lire to the mag- 
 nilicent temple of Diana, at Ephesus, 
 B. c. 356. He was tortured to death 
 for the deed, and a decree was passed 
 that no one .should mention his name 
 under pain of capital punishment; 
 but the effect produced was exactly 
 the opposite of that which was intend- 
 ed. [Called also Eratogtnitus.] 
 
 Her'tha. {Teutonic Myth.) A per- 
 sonification of the earth. Hertha was 
 worshiped by the ancient Germans 
 and the Anglo-Saxons, as well as by 
 the Norsemen. The name is some- 
 times used as a synonym of Friyga. 
 See Fkigga. 
 
 Her Trippa (ef trep'pa')- The name 
 of one of the characters in liabelais' 
 " Pantagruel " 
 
 i^S=' '• Her Trippa is undoubtedly Hen- 
 ricus Cornelius Agrippa burlesqued. Hfr 
 is H>'nrirus., or H'rrirus^ or perh.ips al- 
 ludes to HTr. because he was a German, 
 and As^rippa is turned into Trippa. to 
 play upon the word tripe.'' Mntteur. 
 
 He-si'o-ne. [Gr. 'Ho-tdio/.] {Gr. ^ 
 E(>7n. Myth.) A daughter of Laom- 
 edon, king of Troy, rescued from a 
 sea-monster by Hercules, and given 
 in marriage to Telamon, to whom 
 she bore Teucer. 
 
 Hes-per'I-des. [Gr. 'Eo-ireptSe?.] {Gr. 
 if Rom. Myth.) Three n^nnphs, 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanyins Explanation!, 
 
HES 
 
 171 
 
 HIP 
 
 daughters of Hespenis, — or, as some 
 say, of Erebus and Nox, — and guard- 
 ians of the gulden apples which J uno, 
 on her marriage with J upiter, received 
 from Terra, and which were kept in 
 a garden on an island beyond Mount 
 Athis, in Africa. The tree which bore 
 them was watched by a huge dragon. 
 
 Hes'pe-rus. [Gr. "Eo-Trepos.] {Gr. ^^ 
 Rom. Mytli.) A personification of the 
 evening star, worshiped with divine 
 honors. According to one form of 
 the legend, he was the son of Cepha- 
 lus and Aurora ; according to another 
 form, the son of lapetus and Asia. 
 Diodorus calls him a son of Atlas, 
 and says that he was fond of astron- 
 om}', and that once, a(ter having 
 ascended Mount Atlas to observe the 
 stars, he disappeared, and was seen 
 on earth no more. 
 
 Hes'ti-a. [Gr. 'EcrTia.] {Gr. Myth.) 
 The Greek name of the goddess 
 Avorshiped by the Romans as Vtsta. 
 See Vesta. 
 
 Hi'a-w^'tha. A mythical personage 
 of miraculous birth, believed by the 
 North American Indians to have been 
 sent among them to clear their rivers, 
 forests, and fishing-grounds, and to 
 teach them the arts of peace. The 
 stor}' of Hiawatha has been made the 
 subject of a poem by Longfellow. 
 
 Hi-ber'ni-a. The Latin name of 
 Ireland, often used in modem poetrj'. 
 
 Hick'a-thrift, Thomas, or Jack. 
 The name of a famous character in 
 an old legendary tale of the same 
 name, doubtless a popular corrup- 
 tion of an ancient Northern romance. 
 He is described as a poor lal)orer 
 of the time of William the Con- 
 queror, and the possessor of super- 
 human strength, which enabled him 
 to accomplish achievements so Avon- 
 derful,and of such public importance 
 and benefit, that he was knighted by 
 his grateful king, and made governor 
 of Kast Anglia, or Thanet. See 
 " Qu. Rev.," No. XLI. art. V. 
 
 When a man sits down to write a history, 
 thongrh it be but the history of Jack Hickh- 
 Ihrifi or Tom Thumb, lie Itnows no more 
 than his heels what lets and confounded 
 hindrances he is to meet with in his way. 
 
 Sterne. 
 
 Hieronymo. See Jeroijimo. 
 
 High-heels. A faction or party in 
 Lilliput opposed to I he Low-heels. 
 'Ihese parties were so t«alled from the 
 high and low heels of their shoes, by 
 which they respectively distinguished 
 themselves. The High-heels, it was 
 alleged, were most agreeable to the 
 ancient constitution of the empire, 
 but the emperor made use only of 
 Low-heels in the administration of 
 the government. Under these desig- 
 nations. Swift satirized the High- 
 church and Low-church parties of 
 his time, or the Whigs and Tories. 
 See Gulliver and Lilliput. 
 
 Highland Mary. Mary Campbell, 
 Burns's first love, the subject of 
 some of his most beautiful songs, 
 and of the elegy, " To Marj' in 
 Heaven." 
 
 Hin'doos. A cant name given to the 
 "Know-nothing" or Native- Ameri- 
 can party in the LTnited States, Dan- 
 iel I'llnian, their candidate for the 
 Presidency, having been charged 
 with being a native of Calcutta. 
 
 Hip'po-cre'ne {the EmjHsh poets some- 
 iiints prummnce it in three syllfiUes, 
 hip'po-kreen). [Gr. 'l7r7To/<:pr)iT).] A 
 fountain near Mount Helicon, sacred 
 to the Muses, and fabled to have been 
 produced by a stroke of Pegasus's 
 hoof. Longfellow has made use of 
 this myth in his " Pegasus in Pound." 
 See Pegasus. 
 
 Oh for a beaker full of the warm South, 
 P'ull of the true, the blushful Jlippocrene, 
 With beaded bubbles winking at the brim ! 
 
 Keats. 
 
 Hip'pO-da-mi'5. [Gr. 'InnoSaiJifia.] 
 
 {Gr. (f- Horn. Myth.) The real name 
 of Briseis, the beloved slave of Achil- 
 les. See Briseis. 
 
 Hip-pol'3?--ta. [Gr. 'iTrTroAvTrj.] 1, 
 {Gr. if Rom. Myth.) A que?n of 
 the Amazons, and daughter of Mars, 
 slain by Hercules, according to one 
 account, but, according to another, 
 conquered by Theseus, who married 
 her, and had by her his son Ilippoly- 
 tus. [Written also H i p p o 1 y t e.] 
 
 The worthy Doctor . . . magnanimously 
 suppressed his own inclination to become tlio 
 Theseus to this Hippoh/ta, in deference to the 
 
 knd fat the Remarks and Kules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
HIP 
 
 172 
 
 HOD 
 
 rights of hospitality, which enjoined him to 
 forbear intert'L'reiiue witli tlie pleasurable pur- 
 suits of his young frieud. iSir H'. ^utt. 
 
 2. Queen of tlie Amazons, in 
 Shakespeare's " Midsumnier-JSight's 
 Dream." 
 Hip-pol'^-tUS. [Gr. 'In-n-oAwTos.] ( Gr. 
 tj- Rom. Mijth.) A son of Tlieseus, 
 king of Athens, Ijy Antiope or Hip- 
 polyta. Ills step-mother, I'hiedra, — 
 the' second wife of Theseus, — fell in 
 love with him, but, finding that her 
 passion was not responded to, she ac- 
 cused him to lier husband of attempts 
 upon her chastity; the Icing in his 
 rage cursed him, and prayed for his 
 destruction, whereupon he was thrown 
 from his chariot and dragged to death 
 by his horses. ^Escuhipius, however, 
 restored him to life, and Diana placed 
 him, under the nauie of Virbius, and 
 under the protection of the nymph 
 Egeria, in the grove of Aricia, where 
 he afterward received divine honors. 
 
 Hip-pom'e-don. [Gr. "ijrn-oae'Saji'.] 
 (Gr. c/ ■Rom. Miftli.) One of the 
 seven Grecian chiefs who engaged in 
 the siege of Thebes. 
 
 Hip-pom'e-nes. [Gr. *i7r7rojoiei'T)5.] 
 (Gr. if Rom. Mijtit.) A Grecian 
 prince who conquered Atalanta in a 
 race, and thus obtained lier as liis 
 wife. See Atalanta. 
 
 Even here, in this resion of wonders, I find 
 That lislit-footed Fancy leaves Truth far be- 
 hind; 
 Or, at least, like Hiiipo'n/>n''i!, turns her astray 
 By the golden illusions he flings in her wiy. 
 
 T. Jfoore. 
 
 Hip-pot'a-des. [Gr. 'l7r7roTa5>)? ] ( Gr. 
 (f Rom. Mijih ) A name given to 
 ^olus, as the grandson of Hippotes. 
 See ^EoLus. 
 
 He . . . questioned every gust of rugged 
 
 wings 
 That blows from off each beaked promon- 
 
 Xary \ . . . 
 And sage liippotwJps their answer brings. 
 That nota blast was from his dungeon st-Tved. 
 
 Hi'ren (9). [A corruption of Trene.^ 
 The heroine of an ohl plav bv Georfje 
 Peele, entitled " The Turkish Ma- 
 homet, and Hiren, the fair Greek: " 
 referred to by Pistol, in Shakespeare's 
 "King IToiiry IV.," Part II., a. ii., 
 sc. 4. The name is proverbially 
 used by the writers of that day to 
 designate a strumpet. 
 
 " Come, come," exclaiiiied 01dl)uck; "what 
 is the lueaiiiug ut all ihiij.'' Iia\e we gut 
 Hiren liere .' We 'II have no swaggering here, 
 young.sters." dir H ■ 6cott. 
 
 His-pa'ni-S. The ancient Latin name 
 of Spain ; sometimes used iu modem 
 poetry. 
 
 IIob'bi-did.'an9e. The name of one 
 of tile liends mentioned by Shake- 
 speare in "Lear" (a. iv., sc. 1), and 
 taken from Harsnet's " Declaraiion 
 of Egregious i^ipish Impostures." 
 See r LiiiiiKUTiGiuuET, 1. ^Written 
 Hopdauce in a. iii., sc. ti.J 
 
 UoJjulutance, prince of dumbness. Shak. 
 
 Hob'gob^lin. A name formerly given 
 to the merr}^ spirit usually called 
 Puck^ or Rouin GuodJ'tUuio. 
 
 ^^^ " Goblin is the i'reuch gobelin^ 
 German koboLd ; Hob is Rob., Robin ^ Bob ; 
 juat as Hodge is Roger.'''' KeigkUey. 
 
 Those that Hobgoblin call vou, and sweet 
 
 Puck, 
 You do their work, and they shall have good 
 
 luck. a/ioJc. 
 
 Hob'i-nol. A name given by Spen- 
 ser, in his " Shepherds Calendar," 
 to Gabriel Harvev ( L^-45-lG3U), a per- 
 sonal friend, a respectable p(»et and 
 prose - writer, and one of the most 
 learned persons of his age. [Writ- 
 ten also Ho b b i n o 1. J 
 
 Hob'o-mok'ko. The name of an 
 evil spirit among the North American 
 
 Indians. 
 
 Hob'son, Tobias f-sn). A carrier 
 who lived at Cambridge (Eng.) in 
 the seventeenth century. He kept a 
 .'stable, and let out horses, but oblitred 
 each customer to take the one which 
 stood next to the door. Hence the 
 proverbial expression, " Hobson's 
 choice," used to denote a choice 
 without an alternative. 
 
 Hocus, Humphrev. A nickname 
 used to designate the Duke of Marl- 
 borough, in Arbuthnot's " Historv of 
 .John Bull." 
 
 Hodeken (hJ'.'da-ken, 46). [Ger., lit- 
 tle hat.] A famous German kobold, 
 or domestic fairy servant : — «o railed 
 because be always wore a little felt 
 hat pulled down over his face. 
 
 Hodge. The goodman of Gammer 
 Gurton, in the old play of " Gammer 
 
 OS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^. 
 
HOD 
 
 173 
 
 HOL 
 
 Gurton's Needle." See Gurton, 
 Gammek. 
 
 Hoaur (,iK)M(K)r, 46). {IScnnd. Myth.) 
 A. blind god who destroyed his broth- 
 er Ijaldur, at the iusliguuoii of l.oki, 
 without nieaiiiiig to do so. lie is tlie 
 type ol luglit and darkness, as Ual- 
 dur is of ligla and day. L^^^'^'^'^^^i 
 also H o d, il o d e r.J 
 
 Hol'o-ter'nes. 1. See Judith. 
 
 2. IVy. {Tluib(ii) lloliiJcrut.\ The 
 name of a pedant living in Paris, 
 under whose care Gargantua, in 
 Kabelais' romance of this name, is 
 placed tor instruction. 
 
 3. [An imperfect anagram of Jo/t. 
 nts Floreu, or Johannes i'lorio.] A 
 pedantic schoolmaster, in Siiake- 
 speare's "Love's Labor's L,ost," tan- 
 tastically vain of his empty knowl- 
 eage. bee Euriiuiis. 
 
 ij^ '• Umler the name of Holofernes, 
 Shakespeare ridicules Jolm Florio (d. 
 1625), tlie philologist and lexicographer, 
 called by liiiuselt " The Resolute.' . . . 
 The character of Holofernes, however, 
 while it caricatures tUe peculiar tolly jind 
 ostentation of Klorio, holds up to ridicule, 
 at the same time, the general pedantry 
 and literary affectations of the age ; and 
 amongst these, very particularly, the ab- 
 surd innovatious "vhich Lyly had intro 
 duced. D/uLe. 
 
 THoly AUiance. [Fr. La Smvfp AIU- 
 aiH'i'.'\ {Hht.) A league of the sov- 
 ereigns of Europe, proposed by the 
 Emperor Alexander of Russia, Sept. 
 26, 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon 
 at Waterloo, and founded upon the 
 idea tliat religion should be made the 
 basis of international politics. The 
 act establishing this alliance Avas 
 signed by Alexander, Francis of 
 Austria, and Frederick William of 
 Prussia, and consisted of a declara- 
 tion that tiie principles of Christian- 
 ity should be the basis of internal 
 administration and of public policy. 
 Principles so indefinite Ifd in time to 
 violations of justice, and the league 
 soon became a conspiracy of the gov- 
 ernments against the peoples. The 
 kings of England and France acced- 
 ed to the alliance, aiid. in 1818. a 
 congress was held at Aix-la-Chapclle, 
 in which a Declaration of the five 
 monarchs was issued, stating that 
 
 the object of the alliance was peace 
 and kyitliiidtv sUibiUtj. England 
 and brance afterward withdrew iroiu 
 this union, as its views became more 
 pronounced, and 1' ranee at the pres- 
 ent time occupies a position hostila to 
 it. A special article of the treaty of 
 alliance exchuled tor ever the mem- 
 bers of tile Lonaparte tamily from 
 any European throne ! 
 
 Holy Bottle, Oracle of the. An 
 imaginary oracle in search of which 
 Pantagruel, in Kabelais' romance of 
 this name, visits various islands, ac- 
 companied by his trieiid Paiiurge. 
 See Pa^ukge. 
 
 jjdj^ The last place at which they arrive 
 is Lantern-land (see 1sl.\nb of Lanterns), 
 where the oracular bottle is kept iu an 
 alabaster fount ni a magnificent ten''-'" 
 Being conducted hither, the attends «> 
 priestess throws something into the fount, 
 on which the water begins to bubble, and 
 the word I'rinc .' (Drink) is heard to pro- 
 ceed from the bottle, wiiich tbe priestess 
 declares to be th« most auspicious re- 
 spouse pronounced while she has offi- 
 ciated in the temple. They accordingly 
 all partake of Falernian wine ; and with 
 their ravings and jirophesyings under the 
 inspiration of Bacchanalian enthusiasm 
 the romance ends. 
 
 They were left in nil the distresses of desire 
 unsatisfied, — saw thcii- doctors, the Parch- 
 mentarians, the Bmssarians, the Tiirpenta- 
 rians, on one sirie, the Popish doctors on the 
 other, like Pnntagriicl and his companions in 
 quest of the Oracle of the Dottle , all embarked 
 out of sight. SteriK. 
 
 Holy City. A designation bestowed 
 by various nations upon the city 
 which is regarded as the center of 
 their religious worship and traditions. 
 By the Jews and r'hristian*, Jerusa- 
 lem is so called. By the Mohamme- 
 dan nations, the name is applied to 
 !Mecca and ^ledina. By the Hindus, 
 Benares is rpgarded as the Holy City. 
 By the Indian Mohammedans, Alla- 
 habad is so called. In the time of 
 the Tncas, the name was given to 
 Cuzco, where there was a trreat tem- 
 ple of the sun, to which pilgrims re- 
 sorted from tlie furthest borders of 
 the empire. 
 
 Holy Graal. See St. Graal. 
 
 Holy Island, 1. A name formerly 
 given to Ireland, on account of its 
 innumerable multitude of saints. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
HOL 
 
 174 
 
 HOO 
 
 2. Guernsey was so called, in the 
 tenth century, on account of its 
 many monks. 
 
 i>. Kugen was so called by the 
 Slavonic \'arini. 
 
 4. A synonym of Lindisfame, a 
 peninsula on the north-east cyast of 
 England, reniarkaljle as having been 
 the seat of a ft)axon abbey over 
 which the famous St. (Juthbert pre- 
 sided as bishop. 
 
 Holy Land. 1. A name commonly 
 applied to Palestine ; — first given to 
 it in Ztch. ii. 12. 
 
 2. A name given to Elis, in an- 
 cient Greece. 
 
 Soiy League. [Fr. La Sainte Lirjue.'] 
 (I/is/.) 1. A celebrated combination 
 against the republic of Venice, formed 
 in 1508 by Pope Julius 11. , — whence 
 the epithet of " Holy," — and in- 
 cluding the emperor of Germany 
 (Maximilian), the king of France 
 (Louis XII.), the king of Spain (Fer- 
 dinand III), and various Italian 
 princes. By this league, Venice was 
 ibrced to code to Spain her posses- 
 sions in the kingdom of >vaples. 
 
 2. A treaty concluded, in 153:3, be- 
 tween Pope (iement VII., the Ve- 
 netians, the Duke of IMilan (Fran- 
 cesco Maria Sforza), and Francis I. 
 of France, to compel the Emperor 
 Charles V. to release the French 
 king's sons on the payment of a rea- 
 sonable ransom, and to re-establish 
 Sforza in the possession of Milan. 
 It was so called because the Pope 
 was at the head of it. 
 
 3. A politico-religious association 
 formed by the Koman Catholic party 
 in France, in the reign of Henry III., 
 the object of which was to overthrow 
 the Protestants, prevent the accession 
 of Henry IV., and place the Duke of 
 Guise on the throne. [Called also 
 TIte League, by M'ay of eminence.] 
 
 Holy Maid of Kent. Elizabeth Bar- 
 ton, a woman once popularlv believed 
 to possess miraculous endowments, 
 and to be an instrument of divine 
 revelation. She was beheaded at Ty- 
 burn, on the 21st of April, 1534, for 
 high treason in having predicted that 
 direful calamities would befall the 
 
 English nation, and that Henrj'TITL 
 would die a >pfedy and violent death 
 if he should divorce C^ueen Catharine 
 and marry Anne Boleyn. Her im- 
 posture was lor a time so successful 
 that even Sir Thomas More was dis- 
 posed to be a believer. 
 
 Honeycomb, Will. One of the 
 members of the imaginar}- club by 
 whom the " Spectator " was profess- 
 edly edited. He is distinguished for 
 his graceful affectation, courtly pre- 
 tension, and knowledge of the gay 
 world. 
 
 Honeyed Teacher. An appellation 
 bestowed upon St. Bernard (1091- 
 1153), one of the most eloquent and 
 distinguished ecclesiastics of the Mid- 
 dle Ages. See Mellifluous Doc- 
 
 Tt)K. 
 
 Hon'ey-mSin, Charles. A free-and- 
 easy clergyman in Thackeray's novel 
 of " The Aewcomes." 
 
 In the I/onri/mnn of the parish, even where 
 tliat persdii is of ordinary qualifications, a 
 more funiiliur tone both of speech and writing 
 is tolerated. Ptroj Fitzgerald. 
 
 Hon'ey-wdbd. A character in Gold- 
 smith's comedy of " The Good-na- 
 tured Man;" distingiushed for his 
 exaggerated generosity and self-ab- 
 negation. 
 
 Honor, Mrs. The w^aiting-maid of 
 Sophia AVestern, in Fielding's novel, 
 " The History' of a Foundling." 
 
 Stop, stop; fold lip the bedclothes again, if 
 you please. I'pon my word, this i.s worse 
 than Sophy M'estem and Mrs. Honor about 
 Tom Jones's broken arm. Prof. J. Wihon. 
 
 Hood, Robin. See Robin Hood. 
 
 Hdbk'er, The Judicious. Richard 
 Hooker, an eminent English divine 
 (1553-lGOO), to whom the surname 
 of" The Judicious " has been given on 
 account of his wi.'-dom and judgment. 
 Of his " Ecclesiastical Polity " Pope 
 Clement VIII. said, " There are in it 
 such seeds of eternity as will con- 
 tinue till the last fire shall devour all 
 learning.'' 
 
 Hookey "Walker. The popidar name 
 of an out -door clerk at Longman, 
 Clementi, & Co.'s, in Cheapside, Lon- 
 don, where a great number of per- 
 sons were employed. His real nam" 
 was John Walker, and the epithet 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronuuciation," with the accompanying Explanationt, 
 
IIOO 
 
 175 
 
 HOR 
 
 "HnoJcey''' was given him on account 
 of his hooked or croolced nose. He 
 occupied tlie i)Ost of a spy upon the 
 other worlvmen, whose uiisdeniean- 
 ors Avere numerous. Of course it 
 ^vas for their interest to tlirow dis- 
 credit upon all Jack's reports to tiic 
 head of the lirm; and numbers could 
 attest that those reports were fabri- 
 cations, liowever true. Jack, some- 
 how or other, was constantly outvot- 
 ed, his evidence superseded, and of 
 course disbelieved; and thus his oc- 
 cupation ceased, but not the fame of 
 ^'■IluoJcey Walhr,"' who often forms 
 a subject of allusion when the tes- 
 timony of a person of tried and well- 
 known veracity is impeached. The 
 name is also often used as an ejacu- 
 lation, to express incredulity. 
 
 jg^g" According to the London " Satur- 
 day ileview,"' the expression is derived 
 from an aquiline - nosed Jew, named 
 Walker, an out-door astronomical lect- 
 urer of some local notoriety in his day. 
 Another aut'.iority refers it to "a magis- 
 trate of dreaded acuteness and incredu- 
 lity," whose hooked nose gave the title of 
 "beak" to all judges, constables, and po- 
 licemen. 
 
 Hoosier State (hob'zhur). The State 
 of Indiana, the inhabitants of which 
 are otten called floositrs. This word 
 is said to be a corruption of husher, 
 formerly a common term for a bully, 
 throughout the West. 
 
 Hopeful. A pilgrim in Bunyan's 
 " Pilgrim's Progress," who, after the 
 death of Faithful, accompanies Chris- 
 tian to the end of his journey. 
 
 Hop-o'-my-Thumb. A character in 
 the tales of the nursery, often con- 
 founded Avith Tom Thumb. See 
 Thumb, Tom. 
 
 Ho'rae (9). [Gr.^npai.] {Gr. if Rom. 
 Jli/th.) The Hours, daughters of 
 Jupiter and Themis, goddesses that 
 presided over the changes of the 
 seasons and the Avorks of man, and 
 kept Avatch at the gates of heaven ; 
 represented in art as blooming maid- 
 ens carr}'ing floAvers, fruits, &c. 
 Their names are usually giA^en as 
 Eunomia, Dice, and Irene. 
 
 L,o! where the rosy-bosomed Hours, 
 
 Fair Venus' train, appear. Gray. 
 
 Ho-ra'ti-1 (-shi-i). See CuRiAxn. 
 
 Ho-ra'ti-o (ho-ru'shi-o). A triend to 
 Hamlet, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 tliis name. 
 
 H6r'i-c6n. A fanciful name sometimes 
 given to Lake (jeorge, and c(uunu)nly 
 supposed to be the original Indian 
 name, but really an inventum of the 
 American novelist, James leuimore 
 Cooper. Tlie ancient Iroquois name 
 of this lake Avas Aruluddi-ucic, which 
 is ^aid to mean, " there the lake shuts 
 itself." The French missionary, Fa- 
 ther Jogues, called it Saint Sacre- 
 ment, because he discovered it on the 
 eve of that festiA' al. 
 
 Horn, King. See King Horn. 
 
 Hor'ner, Jack. The name of a cele- 
 brated personage in the literature of 
 the nursery. The full history of his 
 " Avitty tricks and pleasant pranks" 
 is giA'en in HalliAvell's "Niu-sery 
 Rhymes of England." 
 
 iKg= According to a ^v^ite^ in " Notes 
 and Queries " (xvi. 156). " There is a tra- 
 dition in Somersetshire that the Abbot 
 of Glastonbury, hearing that Henry VIII. 
 had spoken with indignation of his build- 
 ing such a kitchen as the king could not 
 burn down, — it being domed over with 
 stone, — sent up his steward. Jack Hor- 
 ner, to present the king with an accept- 
 able dish ; namely, a dish, which, when 
 the crust was lifted up, was found to con- 
 tain deeds transferring twelve manors to 
 his sovereign ; and that, as Jack Horner 
 traveled up to town in the Abbot's wagon, 
 he lifted up the crust, and stole out the 
 gift of the manor of Wells, still possessed 
 by his descendants, and, when he re- 
 turned, told the Abbot that the king had 
 given it to him, but was found, or sus- 
 pected, to have imposed upon his patron. 
 Hence the satire vested under the nursery 
 lines, — 
 
 ' Little Jdck Homer 
 Sat in a corner [namely, that of the wagon]. 
 Eying his Christmas pie; 
 He put in liis thumb, 
 And pulled out a plum [the deed of the 
 
 mnnor of AA'ells], 
 And said, " AA'hat a brave boy am I!'"" 
 
 Another correspondent of the same work 
 (xvii. 83) gives a different version of this 
 story. •• When the monasteries and their 
 property were seized, orders were given 
 that the title-deeds of the abbey estates 
 at Mells [Wells?], which Avere very exten- 
 sive and valuable, and partly consisted 
 of a sumptuous grange built by Abbot 
 John Sellwood, should be given up to the 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xir-xxxii. 
 
HOR 
 
 176 
 
 HOU 
 
 commissioners. After some delay, it was 
 dett'iiiiiiicd by the Abbot ot (jlastonbury 
 to jiive tiieiii up : ;iiul, for want of :i safe 
 mode of conveyinj^ tliem. it was decided 
 that the most likely to avoid tlieir beiii}? 
 seized by any but tliose for wlioui tiiey 
 were intended, w;is to send them in a 
 pasty, wliieh should be forwarded as a 
 present to one of the commissioners in 
 London. The safest messenger, and least 
 likei.v to excite suspicion, was considered 
 to be a lad named Jack Horner, who was 
 a son of poor parents living in the neigh- 
 borhood of the grange. The lad set out 
 on his journey on foot, laden with the 
 pasty. It was a weary road, and England 
 not being so thickly inhabited as now. he 
 sat down to rest in as snug a corner as he 
 could find by the way-side. Hunger, too, 
 overcame him, and he was at a loss what to 
 do, wlien he bethouglit himself that there 
 would be no h;irm in ta.sting ever so little 
 of the pasty wliich lie was carrying. lie 
 therefore inserted his thumb under the 
 crust, when, io 1 there was nothing but 
 parchments. Whether that allayed his 
 hunger then or not, I cannot say ; but, 
 although he could not read or under- 
 stand these parchments, yet he thought 
 they might be valuable. He therefore 
 took one of the parchments and pocketed 
 it, and pui-sued his journey with the rest 
 of his pasty. Upon his delivering his 
 parcel, it was perceived that one of the 
 chief deeils( the deed of the Mells[ Wells? ] 
 Abbey estates) was missing : and. as it was 
 thought that the Abbot had withheld it, 
 an order was stniightway sent for his ex- 
 ecution. But the sequel was, that, af- 
 ter the monasteries were despoiled, there 
 was found in the possession of the family 
 of Jack Horner a piece of parchment 
 which was. in fact, the title-deed of Mells 
 [Wells '> ] Abbey and lands ; and that was 
 ' the plum ■ whicli little Jack Horner had 
 unwittingly become possessed of. The 
 Abbot ^\'hiting was executed for with- 
 holding the deeds. This is the tale as 
 told to me." 
 
 " No, I a'n't, sir," replied the fat bov, start- 
 ing up from a remote corner, where, like the 
 patron saint of fat boys, — the immortal //or- 
 ner, — lie had been devouring a Christmas j)ic, 
 though not with the coolness and deliberation 
 which characterized that young gentleman's 
 procecdhig. Dickens. 
 
 Horn Gate. One of "two gates of 
 sleep " in tlie under-world, spoken 
 of by Virgil in the '' ^Eneid," Book 
 VI., one of whieli is made of horn, 
 the other of shining white ivorv. 
 Through that of horn, true visions or 
 dreams are sent up to men. 
 
 So too the Necklace, though we saw it van- 
 
 ish through the Horn Gate of Dreams, and in 
 
 my opinion man ^hall never more bthold it, 
 yet its activity ccai.et not, nor will. Carlyle. 
 
 Hornie, Avdd. See Alt^d Hornie. 
 
 Horse Latitudes. A name given by 
 seaiiifii to a liank or region of calms 
 in the Atlantic Ocean, between the 
 parallels of 30" and 35" ^I. The 
 name is said to be derived from the 
 cireiimstaiice that vessels formerly 
 bound from New England to the 
 West Indies, with a deck -load of 
 horses, were often delayed in this 
 calm belt, and, for want of water, 
 were obliged to throw the animals 
 overb(jard. 
 
 Hor-ten'si-o. A suitor to Bianca, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 Ho'rusO). [Gr. -npo?.] {Miith.) The 
 Egy{)tian god of the sun, correspond- 
 ing to the Grecian Apollo. He was a 
 son of Osiris and Isis, and along with 
 his mother avenged his father's death 
 by vanquishing Typhon in a great 
 battle (see Osikis), and taking his 
 place as king of the gods. He is 
 often represented as a child seated 
 on a lotus-tlower, with his linger on 
 his lips, and hence has been regard- 
 ed as the god of silence. His wor- 
 ship extended to Greece, and even to 
 Rome. 
 
 Hot'spur. An appellation for a person 
 of a warm or vehement disy)osition, 
 and therefore given to the famous 
 Harry Percy. The allusion is to one 
 who ' rides ' in hot haste, or spurs 
 hotly. 
 
 It is probable that he . . . forgot, amid the 
 liundreds of thousands which Paris contains, 
 what small relation the number of his own 
 faithful and devoted followers bore, not only 
 to those who were perilously engaged in fac- 
 tions liostile to him, but to the great mass, 
 who, in Hots/iin-s phrase, loved their own 
 shops or barns better than his house. 
 
 Sir W. .Scott. 
 
 Hot'spur of Debate. A sobriquet 
 given bv ]Macaiilay to the Earl of 
 Derby ("b. 1799), on account of his 
 fiery' invective and vehemence of 
 declamation. 
 
 Hours. See Hor.e. 
 
 House of Fame. The title of a cele- 
 brated poem of Chaucer's, and the 
 name of a magniticent palace de- 
 scribed in it as built upon a mountain 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
HOU 
 
 177 
 
 HUG 
 
 of ice, and supported bv rows of 
 pillars, on which are inscribed the 
 names of the most illustrious poets. 
 Here the goddess Fame, seated on 
 her throne, disjjcnses her capricious 
 and unjust judgments to the crowds 
 who come to solicit her favors. 
 Houssain, Prince. See Peince 
 
 HoU.SSAIN. 
 
 Houyhnhnms. A name given by 
 Swift, in his imaginary " Travels 
 into several Remote Nations of the 
 World, by Lemuel Gulliver," to a 
 race of horses endowed with reason. 
 The word seems intended to be sug- 
 gestive of the ichinnyinfj of a horse. 
 It is a dissyllable, and may be pro- 
 nounced hoo-inmz', or hoo'inmz, but 
 the voice should properly be qua- 
 vered in sounding the n. 
 
 Nay, would kind Jove inv organs so dispose 
 To liynin harmonious tlouyhnhnms through 
 
 the nose, 
 I'd call thee Iloui/hnhnm, that high-sounding 
 
 name; 
 Thy children's noses all should twang the 
 
 same. I'ope. 
 
 " True, true, — ay, too true," replied the 
 
 Dominie, his Huuyfinhnm laugh sinking into 
 
 an hysterical giggle. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 If the Howjhnhnms should ever catch me, 
 and, finding me particularly vicious and un- 
 manageable, send a man-bimer to Rarey-fy 
 me, I '11 tell you what drugs he would have to 
 take, and how he would have to use them. 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 HO'^e, Miss. A personage who tigures 
 in liichardson's novel of " Clarissa 
 Harlowe." 
 
 4E^ " Miss Howe is an admirably 
 Bketched character drawn in strong con- 
 trast to that of Clarissa, yet worthy of 
 being her friend, with more of worldly per- 
 Bpicarity, though less of abstracted prin- 
 ciple, and who. when they argue upon 
 points of doubt an<l delicacy, is often 
 able, by going directly to the question at 
 issue, to start the game, while lier more 
 gifted correspondent does but beat the 
 bush. Her high spirit and disinterested 
 devotion for her friend, acknowledging, 
 as she does on all occasions, her own in- 
 feriority, show her in a noble point of 
 ■view.'" Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Hubbard, and Hubberd, Mother. 
 See MoTiiKR Hubbard, and MoTHEK 
 
 HUBBEKD. 
 
 Hub of the Universe. A jocular 
 designation of the state -house in 
 Boston, Massachusetts, originating 
 with the American humorist, Oliver 
 
 Wendell Holmes ; sometimes ex- 
 tended, in its application, to the city 
 itself. 
 Hu'di-bras. The title and hero of a 
 celebrated satirical poem l)v Sanmel 
 Butler (l()U0-l(J80). lludibras is a 
 Presbyterian justice, of the time of the 
 Commonweaith, who, iired with the 
 same species of madness as the Don 
 Quixote of Cervantes, sets out (in 
 company with his squire, Kalph, an 
 Independent clerk, with whom he is 
 almost always engaged in contro- 
 versy) to correct abuses, and to en- 
 force the obsen-ance of the strict 
 laws enacted by parliament for the 
 suppression of the sports and amuse- 
 ments of the people. 
 
 SSf" lUitler is said to have taken the 
 name of his hero from the old romances 
 of chivalry, Sir Hugh de Bras being the 
 appellation of one of the knights of Ar- 
 thur's fabulous Kound 'I'able. A "Sir 
 Huddibras " figures in Spenser's "^ Faery 
 Queen," and is described as '> an hardy 
 man." but ''more huge in strength than 
 wise in works." '•• Huddibras " was also 
 the name of a fabulous king of England, 
 who is said to have founded Canterbury, 
 Winchester, and Shaftesbury. 
 
 He became wretched enough. As was natu- 
 ral, with haggard searcitv tlireatening him in 
 the distance, and so ve"heinent a soul lan- 
 guishing in restless inaction, and forced there- 
 by, like Sir Hiulibms^x sword by rust, 
 
 " To eat into itself, for lack 
 Of something else to hew and hack! " 
 
 t'arlt/Je. 
 
 Hug'gins and Mug'gins. A jocular 
 embodiment of vulgar pretension. 
 
 ^fg^ It has been suggested that the.se 
 names are a corruption of Hooge en Mo- 
 gendt (high and mighty), words occur- 
 ring in the style of the Sfcites General of 
 Holland, much ridiculed by English writ- 
 ers of the liitter part of the seventeenth 
 century, as, for example, in the following 
 couplet : — 
 
 But I have sent him for a token 
 
 To your Low-Country Hogen Mof/en. 
 
 ihidibras. 
 JS^S" " Although we have never felt the 
 least inclination to indulge in conjectural 
 etymology, . . . we cannot refrain, for 
 once, from noticing the curious coin- 
 cidence between the names of Odin's 
 ravens, Hugin and Munin, — Mind and 
 Memory. — and those of two personages 
 who figure so often in our comic literature 
 as Messrs. Hoggins and Muggins. . . . 
 Should this conjfrture, for it Is nothing 
 else, be well founded, one of the most 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. ziv-xzxii. 
 12 
 
HUG 
 
 178 
 
 HUR 
 
 poetical Ideas in the whole range of my- 
 thology would, in this plodding, practi- 
 cal, spinniuc-jeuuy ni^i ot ours, have thus 
 undergone a most singular metamor- 
 phosis. "' BacJcweU. 
 "SVhitford and Mitford joined the tmiu, 
 Uugnins ami Mifji/iiis from Lhick Luue, 
 And Clutterbiick, who i^ot a f piuiu 
 Before the plu>f was I'ouiid. 
 
 liijected Addresses, 
 
 Hugh of Lincoln. A legea Jury per- 
 soiia<;e wlio forms the subject of 
 Chaucer's " Prioress's Tale," and 
 also of an ancient English ballad. 
 The story lias its origin in the chron- 
 icle of iSlatthew Paris, who, in his 
 account of the reign of Henry III., 
 relates, that, in the year 1255, the 
 Jews of Lincoln stole a boy named 
 Hugh, of the age of eight years, 
 whom, after torturing for ten days, 
 they crucitied before a large number 
 of their people, in contempt of the 
 death of the Founder of Christianity. 
 Eighteen of the richest and most 
 distinguished .Jews of Lincoln were 
 hanged for participation in this mur- 
 der, while the body of the child Avas 
 buried Avith the honors of a martyr, 
 in Lincoln Cathedral. The story has 
 been generally discredited by modern 
 historians. Wordsworth has given a 
 modernized version of Chaucer's tale. 
 
 Hugh Roe. [That is, Red Hugh.] 
 The eldest son of Sir Hugh O'Don- 
 nell, of Ireland, who flourished at the 
 time of the intestine wars of that 
 country, in the reign of Elizabeth. 
 He Avas a man of great abilities and 
 ambition. 
 
 Hugin (hoo'gin). [Old Norse, thought, 
 intellect.] {Scaml. Mijt'i.) One of 
 Odin's two ravens, Avho carried him 
 neAvs from earth, and Avho, Avhen not 
 thus employed, perched npon his 
 shoulders. See Huggins and Mug- 
 gins. 
 
 Hugon (ii'gon', 34, G2). A kind of 
 evil spirit, in the popular superstition 
 of France, a sort of ogre made use 
 of to frighten children. It has been 
 said that from him the French Prot- 
 estants Avere called " Huguenots," on 
 account of the desolation resulting 
 from the religious Avars Avhich Avere 
 imputed to them; but the assertion 
 is an incorrect one. 
 
 Huguenot Pope. [Fr. Le Pape des 
 Ilu(jutiiots.\ A title bestowed upon 
 Philippe de Moriiay (154l»-102.:i), a 
 distingui.shed l-rencli nobleman, and 
 an able supporter of the Protestant 
 cause. He was so called on account 
 of the ability of his arguments and 
 the weight of his personal influence 
 in behalf of the reformed religion. 
 
 Humphrey, Duke. See Duke 
 
 llU.AlVHliEV. 
 
 Humptirey, Master. See Master 
 
 IlUMI'IIKKY. 
 
 Humphrey, Old. See Old Hum- 
 ph kky. 
 
 Hundred Days. [Fr. Les Cent 
 Jmijs.^ A name given to the period 
 which interA'ened betAveen the en- 
 trance of Napoleon Bonaparte into 
 Paris (March 20, 1815), after his 
 escape from the island of Elba, and 
 his abdication in favor of his son 
 {June 22). 
 
 Hunkers. See Old Hunkers. 
 
 Hunter, Mr. and Mrs. Leo. Char- 
 acters in Dickens's " PickAvick Pa- 
 pers," distinguished, as the name in- 
 dicates, for their desire to make the 
 acquaintance of all the " lions" of the 
 day. 
 
 Mr. Dickens was the grand object of inter- 
 est to the whole tribe of Zeo //uwters, male and 
 female, of the metropolis. Qu. Rev. 
 
 Huon of Bordeaux, Sir (bof'do'). 
 The hero of one of the romances of 
 chivalry bearing his name. He is 
 represented as having been a great 
 faA^orite of Oberon, the fairy king. 
 An abstract of this romance may be 
 found in Dunlop's " History of Fic- 
 tion," or in Keightley's " Fairy My- 
 thologA'." The adventures of Sir 
 Huon form the subject of "Wioland's 
 beautiful poem of " Oberon," known 
 to the English reader by Sotheby's 
 translation. 
 
 I will carry him off from the very foot of the 
 gallows into" the land of fai-ry, like Kin;; Ar- 
 thur, or Sir Iluon ot' Jionleatuc, or Uirero the 
 Dane. .SiV »'. Scott. 
 
 Hurlo-thrum'bo. The chief char- 
 acter in a play, entitled " Hurlo- 
 thrumbo, or The Supernatural," by 
 Samuel Johnson (d. 17731, an Eng- 
 lish actor and dramatic Avriter. The 
 Avhimsicalness and originality of this 
 
 as- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations. 
 
HYA 
 
 179 
 
 HYP 
 
 play, which is an absurd compound 
 oi fxtrava{j;ant incidents and uncon- 
 nected diaiogucb, gave it great suc- 
 cess- 
 Consider, then, before, like Jlarlothrunibo, 
 V.(ju aim >our cluL) at any creed on earth, 
 That, uy the simple accident of hu th, 
 You mignt have been higii-priest to Mumbo 
 J u. 11 DO. Hood, 
 
 Hy'a-cin'thus. [Gr. 'Yaxii/flo?.] ( Gr. 
 ij- liuin. Mijtii.) A Spartan boy of 
 extraordinary beauty, beloved by 
 Apollo, wlio uiuntentionally killed 
 him in a game ot quoits. Anotiier 
 form of tne myth is that lie was 
 beloved also by Zephyrus or Boreas, 
 Avho, from jealout^y of Apollo, drove 
 the quoit of the god against the head 
 of the boy, and thus killed him. 
 Apollo changed the blood that was 
 spilt into a dower called the hyacinth, 
 on the leaves of which there appeared 
 the exclamation of woe, AI, A I (alas, 
 alas), or the letter Y, the initial of 
 
 'Ya/ctfOos- 
 
 Hy'a-des. [Gr. 'YaSe?, the rainy.] 
 {(Jr. (J- Rom. Myth.) A class of 
 nymphs commonly said to be seven 
 in number, and their names to be 
 Ambrosia, Eudora, Pedile, Coronis, 
 Polyxo, Phyto, and Thyene orDione. 
 They were placed among the stars 
 (foniiing the constellation Taurus)^ 
 and were thought to threaten rain 
 when they rose with the sun. 
 
 Hy'drS. [Gr. "YSpa.] {Gr. (f- Rom. 
 Jfi/fh.) A many-headed water-ser- 
 pent which inhabited the marshes of 
 Lema, in Argolis, near the sea-coast. 
 As fast as one of its heads was cut 
 off, two sprang up in its place. Her- 
 cules, however, killed it with the 
 assistance of his friend lolaus. 
 
 Hy-e;e'i-3 (20). [Gr. 'Yvteia, 'Yvf-'a.] 
 {Gr. 4^' Rom. Myth.) The goddess 
 
 of health, a daughter of iEsculapios. 
 
 In works of art, slie is usually repre- 
 sented as a blooming virgin, wuti a 
 snalve, the symbol of nealtn, drinking 
 Irom a cup Held in her hand. \_\\ rit- 
 ten also 11 y g e a and Hygia.J 
 
 Hy'ias. [Gr. YAa?.] {Gr. if Rom. 
 Myth.) A beautitul youth passion- 
 ately loved by Here ides, wiiom he 
 aceonipanied on tlie Argonautic ex- 
 pedition. He was carried otf by the 
 nympns on the coast of Mysia, as 
 he was drawing water from a loun- 
 tain. Hercules long sought for him 
 in vain. 
 
 The self-same lay 
 Which melted in music, tlie night before. 
 From lips as the lips of Ib/las sweet, 
 And moved like twin roses which zephyrs 
 meet. Whittie,r. 
 
 Hy'men, or Hym-'e-nse'us. [Gr. 
 'Y/ujji', '\ix€vaio<;.\ { Gr. <f Roiii. Myth.) 
 The god of marriage, a son of Bac- 
 chus and Venus, or, according to 
 some, of Apollo and one of the Muses. 
 He is represented as a winged boy 
 crowned with a garland, and hav- 
 ing a bridal torch and a veil in his 
 hand. 
 
 There let Hi/men ofl appear 
 
 In safiron robe, with taper clear. 
 
 MUton. 
 
 Hyperboreans. [Gr. 'YTreo^opeot, i. e. 
 dwellers beyond Boreas, or the north 
 wind ; Lat. Flyperboi^ei.] { Gr. (f Rom. 
 Myth.) A fabulous people living at 
 the farthest north, supposed by the 
 Greeks to be the favorites of Apollo, 
 and therefore in the enjoyment of 
 a terrestrial paradise and everlasting 
 youth and health. 
 
 H^-pe'ri-on (9) {classical pron. hip'e- 
 
 •rT'on). [Gr. 'YTreotajt'l. {Gr. (f Rom.. 
 
 Myth.) One of the Titans, a son of 
 
 Coelus and Terra, and the father of 
 
 Sol, Luna, and Aurora. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kules to which the numberi after certain word* refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiu 
 
lAC 
 
 180 
 
 ILL 
 
 I. 
 
 I-ac'chus. [Gr. 'i«utxo?]. ( G7\ cf- Rom. 
 Mjiii.) A poetic suruanie of Bacchus. 
 
 lacu'i-mo (yak'i-iuo). Tlie iiaiiie of 
 an Italian villain, in .Shalvt'sijeare's 
 " Cynibtline," celebrated lur Uie art, 
 adclro.s, audacity, and ill success, 
 "vvitii whicn he attempts the chastity 
 of Imogen, the wife of I'osthunius, 
 and tor the daring' nnpusture by 
 which he conceals ttie defeat of his 
 project. 
 
 I know ■where she kept that packet she had, 
 
 — raid cau steal iu aud out oi her ehuiiiber 
 like lacJiiiiio. I'kuckcruij. 
 
 lago (e-a'go). The "ancient," or en- 
 sign, of Othello, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy o^ this name ; " a being of 
 motiveless malignity, passionless, sell- 
 jttossessed, skeptical oi all truth and 
 purity, — theabslract of the reasoning 
 power in the highest state of activity, 
 but without love, Avithout veneration, 
 a being next to devil, and only not 
 quite devil, and yet a character which 
 Shakespeare has attempted and exe- 
 cuted without bcandal." 
 
 Rirhnrd Plnntaprpnet was one of those, who, 
 in lafio'it words, would not serve God becatise 
 it was the Devil who bade hiui. 6V/- fV. Scott. 
 
 I-ap'e-tUS. [Gt. 'laTrerd?.] ( Gr. <.f 
 
 Rom. .} filth.) A Titan or a giant, 
 the father of Atlas, Prometheus, and 
 Epimetheus, regarded bv the Greeks 
 as the ancestor of the human race. 
 
 i-be'ri-a (9). [Gr. 'i^r,pia.] The 
 
 Greek name of Spain; sometimes 
 
 used by ancient Latin authors, and 
 
 also in modern poetry. 
 
 A'i: thou too fallen, Vieria ? Do we see 
 The robber and the murderer weak as we? 
 
 Cowpcr. 
 
 Ic'a-rus. [Gr, 'Ixapos.] ( Or. <f Rom. 
 ^[yt]^.) A son of Da-dalus, who, 
 flying with liis father out of Crete, 
 soared so high that the sun melted 
 his wings, and he fell into the sea, 
 
 — which was called after him the 
 Icarian Sea. 
 
 Belloisle is an imajrinary sun-crod; but the 
 poor /'■ar".«, tempted nlofl in tl""t I'vnner i'*o 
 the earnest elements, iind nieltiinr at once 
 into quills and rags, is a tragic reality! 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 I-dom'e-neus. [Gr. 'iSo/aercv?.] ( Or. 
 O'- Rovi. MyUi.) A king of Crete, 
 celebrated for his beauty, and tor his 
 braver\' at the siege of 'I'rov. wbither 
 lie led the Cretans. He was banished 
 troni his dominions by his own sub- 
 jects lor bringing a plague upon them 
 in consequence ot sacrificing his son 
 on account of a vo\v which he had 
 made to Xtptune in a tempest. 
 
 Iduna (e-doo'na.) [Scmid. Myth.) The 
 goddess of youth, and the wife of 
 Bragi. She was the guardian of the 
 apples of iminortalit}-, the Juice of 
 which gave the gods ))erpetual youth, 
 health, and beauty. [Written also 
 I dun, Idunna.] 
 
 I-ger'na(4). The beautiful wifeofGor- 
 lois, Duke of Tintadiel, or 'J'intagel, 
 in Cornwall, and mother of the illus- 
 trious Arthur, by Uther, a legendary 
 king of Britain, whom Merlin, the 
 renowned magician, changed into the 
 semblance of Gorlois, thus enabling 
 him to impose upon the duke's wife, 
 ibr whom he had conceived a violent 
 passion. [ W ritten also I g e r n e and 
 Yguern e.] 
 
 I-li'o-neus. [Gr. 'lAioi'ei ?.] ( Gr. cf 
 Rom. Myth.\ 1. A son of Niobe, 
 unintentionally killed, while praying, 
 by Apollo. 
 
 2. A Trojan, distinguished for his 
 elofpienco. 
 
 n'i-thy'i-l (20). [Gr. EJAfi'evca.] {Gr. 
 Myth.) The goddess of birth, who 
 came to women in travail, and short- 
 ened or protracted the labor, accord- 
 ing as she happened to be kindly 
 disposed or the reverse. She cor- 
 responds Avith the Roman Litcinn. 
 Homer mentions more than one, and 
 calls them daughters of Hera, or 
 Juno. 
 
 Il'i--um, or Il'i-6n. [Gr. 'lAior.] A 
 poetical name for Troy, which was 
 founded by Ilus. 
 
 ni-TTOunded Peace. (/>. TTlst.) 
 The name commonly given to a 
 treaty between the Huguenots and 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
ILL 
 
 181 
 
 INN 
 
 the Roman Catholics, conchidcd 
 March 23, 1568. It was a n\ere 
 stratagem on the part of the hitter to 
 ■weaken their opponents, and was soon 
 broken. [CaUed also L'lnie and Un- 
 stable Peace and Patchtd-up Peace.] 
 
 Uluminated Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 lllumlnatns.] 1. A title bestowed 
 upon Raymond l>ulle,or LuUy (1-235- 
 1315), a distinguished scholastic, and 
 author of the system called '* Ars 
 Lulliana." which "was taught through- 
 out Europe for several centuries, and 
 the purpose of which was to jirove 
 that the mysteries of faith are not 
 contrary to reason. 
 
 2. A title conferred upon John 
 Tauler (1294-1361), a celebrated 
 German mystic, on account of the 
 visions he professed to have seen, 
 and the spiritual voices he professed 
 to have heard. 
 
 3. An honorary appellation given 
 to Francois de Mairone (d. 1327), a 
 French religious writer. 
 
 Uluminator, The. A surname com- 
 monly given to St. Gregory of Arme- 
 nia, a celebrated bishop of the primi- 
 tive church, whose memory is held in 
 great reverence by the Greek, Coptic, 
 Abyssinian, Armenian, and Roman 
 Catholic churches. 
 
 Imlac. A character in Dr. Johnson's 
 " Rasselas." 
 
 Im'o-gen. The wife of Posthumus, 
 and the daughter of Cymbeline by a 
 deceased wife, in Shakespeare's play 
 of this name. She is distinguished 
 for her unalterable and magnanimous 
 fidelity to her mistaken husband, by 
 whom she is unjustly persecuted. 
 "Of all Shakespeare's women," says 
 Hazlitt, " she is, perhaps, the most 
 tender and the most artless." 
 
 Imogine, The Fair. See Fair Imo- 
 
 GINH. 
 
 Lmperial City. One of the names by 
 which Rome — for many ages the 
 seat of empire — is familiarly known. 
 
 Impertinent, The Curious. See 
 
 Curious Impertinent, The. 
 Ind. A poetical contraction of India. 
 
 High on a throne of royal state, which far 
 Out-<hone the wealth of Orm us anil of 7«'^ . . . 
 Satan exalted sat. Milton. 
 
 In'dra. [Sansk., the discoverer, sct7., 
 of tiie doings of the world.] ( Hindu 
 Myth.) The ever youthful god of 
 the tirmament, and the omnipotent 
 ruler of the elements. He is a most 
 imjxjrtant personage in Indian fable. 
 In the Vedic ])eriod of the Hindu 
 religion, he occupied a foremost rank, 
 and, though degraded to an inferior 
 position in the Fpic and Puranic pe- 
 riods, he long enjoyed a great legend- 
 ary po|)ularity. In works of art, he 
 is represented as riding on a gigantic 
 elephant. 
 
 " Then," as Iiidra says of Kehania, " then 
 was the time to strike." Macaxday. 
 
 In'golds-by, Thomas. A pseudonym 
 adojiteil by the Rev. Richard Barham 
 (1788-1815), author of a series of hu- 
 morous tales in verse entitled " The 
 Ingoldsby Legends," — wild and 
 wondrous stories of chivalry, witch> 
 craft, and diiddtrie, related in singu- 
 larly rich and flexible meter, and in 
 language in which the intermixture 
 of the modern cant phrases of soci- 
 ety with antiquarian pedantry pro- 
 duces a truly comic effect. 
 
 Iniquity, The. A personage who 
 figured in the old English moralities, 
 mysteries, and other dramas: the 
 same as The Vice. See Vice, The. 
 
 In'kle, Mr. Thomas (ingk'l). The 
 hero of a story by Sir Ricbard Steele 
 in the " Spectator " (No. 11 ) ; a young 
 Englishman who got lost in the 
 Spanish Main, where he fell in love 
 Avith a young Indian maiden named 
 Yarico, with whom he lived for many 
 months; but, having discovered a 
 vessel on the coast, he went with her 
 to Barbadoes, and there sold her into 
 slavery. The stor\' of Inkle and 
 Yarico has been made the subject of 
 an opera by George Colman. 
 
 Innamorato, Orlando. See Ori.an- 
 
 DO. 
 
 In'nis-fail. An ancient name of 
 Ireland, signifying the isle of dtstimj. 
 
 Oh ! once the harp of Innisfail 
 
 Was striinsr full hitrh to notes of gladness-, 
 But yet it often told a tale 
 
 Of'more prevailing sadness. Campbell. 
 
 Innocents, The. A name given, fr,-»m 
 early times, to the infants whom 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
INO 
 
 182 
 
 IRI 
 
 Herod massacred at Bethlehem. They 
 were termed in l^atin iiiuoctiUts, ironi 
 in, not, and nocere, to hurt. These 
 harmless ones were revered by the 
 Church from the lirst, and honored, 
 on the third day alter Cliristmas, as 
 martyrs; and with tliem were con- 
 nected many strange observances, 
 such as tlie festival ot the boy-bishop, 
 and, in opposition to this, the whip- 
 ping children out of their beds on that 
 morning. In tiie mf)dern Cluireh, the 
 feast of the Holy lnn(»cents is cele- 
 brated as a special holiday by the 
 young, and many curious and sport- 
 ive customs connected with it prevail 
 in Catholic countries. The relics of 
 the Holy Innocents were great fa- 
 vorites in the Middle Ages. The 
 Massacre of the Innocents is the sub- 
 ject of a poem by John Baptist Ma- 
 rino (15GU-1U25), the lluliau poet. 
 
 t'ro. [Cxr. •Ii'ai.] {Gr. 4' Rom. Myth.) 
 A daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, 
 sister of Semele, and wife of Athamas, 
 king of Thebes. Being pursued by 
 her husband, — who had become rav- 
 ing mad, — she threw herself into the 
 sea with her son ^Melicertes, where- 
 upon they were both changed into 
 sea-deities. 
 
 Inspired Idiot. A sobriquet applied 
 by Horace Walpole to Oliver Gold- 
 smith (1728-1774), on account of his 
 exquisite genius, his ungainly per- 
 son, his awkward manners, and his 
 fi'equent blunders and absurdities. 
 
 Interpreter. The. A personage in 
 Bunyan's allegorical romance, " The 
 Pilgrim's Progress," designed to sym- 
 bolize the Holy Spirit. Christian, on 
 his way to the Celestial City, called 
 at the Interpreter's house, where he 
 was shown many wonderful sights, 
 the remembrance of which Avas " as 
 a goad in his sides to prick him for- 
 ward " in his journey. 
 
 Invincible Armada. See Armada, 
 The Invinc'Iule. 
 
 Invincible Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Jnvincibilis.] An appellation con- 
 ferred upon William of Occam, a 
 celebrated English scholastic of the 
 fourteenth century, on account of his 
 rigorously logical and rational treat- 
 
 ment of Nominalism, of which he 
 was a zealous advocate. 
 
 I'd. [Gr. -loi.] (Gr. 4- Rom. Myth.) 
 A daughter of Inachus, king of Argos. 
 She was beloved by Jupiter, who 
 turned her into a cow, learmg the 
 jealousy of Juno. Juno, however, 
 set the hundred-eyed Argus to watch 
 her, and Jupiter ni return had him 
 killed by Mercury. Thereupon lo 
 was smitten with madness by Juno, 
 and, wandering about, came at last to 
 Egypt, where siie was restored to her 
 own Ibrni, married King Osiris, aud, 
 after death, was worshiped by the 
 Egpytiaus mider the name of Ms. 
 
 I'o-la'us. [Gr. 'idAaog.] ( Or. cf- Rom. 
 Myth.) A son of Iphicles, and a 
 faithful friend and* servant of Her- 
 cules. He assisted his master in 
 destroying the Lerna^an hydra. See 
 Hkkcules and Hydka. 
 
 Iph'I-ge-ni'a. [Gr. 'li^nyiveia.'] ( Gr. <j- 
 Rom. Myth. ) A daughter of Agamem- 
 non and Clytemnestra. Her father 
 having killed in Aulis a favorite deer 
 belonging to Diana, the soothsayer 
 Calchas declared that Iphigenia must 
 be sacriticed to appease the wrath of 
 the goddess. But when she was on 
 the point of being slain, Diana carried 
 her in a cloud to Tauris, and made 
 her a priestess in her temple. 
 
 rphis. [Gr. -1*1?.] {Gr. 4' Rom. 
 Myth. ) A Cyprian youth Avho hanged 
 himself because his love for the high- 
 born Anaxarete was not reciprocated, 
 and whose fate the gods avenged by 
 changing Anaxarete to stone. 
 
 I'rSs (9). An attendant on Cleopatra, 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of " Antony 
 and Cleopatra." 
 
 I-re'ne. [Gr. Etpvji/r;.] (Myth.) The 
 goddess of peace among the Greeks. 
 
 I'ris (9). [Gr. 'ipi?.] {Gr. ff ^om. 
 Myth.) The daughter of Thaumas 
 and Electra, and sister of the Harpies. 
 She was one of the Oceanides, and 
 messenger of the gods, more partic- 
 ularly of Juno. She is generally 
 regarded as a personification of the 
 rainbow; but the prevalent notion 
 among the ancients seems to have 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationfl, 
 
IRI 
 
 183 
 
 ISA 
 
 been that the rainbow was only the 
 
 f)ath on wliich Iris traveled between 
 leaven and earth, and that it there- 
 fore appeared whenever tlie goddess 
 wanted it, and vanished when it was 
 no longer needed. 
 trish Agitator. An epithet applied 
 to Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847), the 
 leader of the political movements in 
 Ireland for the emancipation of Roman 
 Catholics from civil disabilities, and 
 for the repeal of the Act of Union 
 between Great Britain and Ireland, 
 which was passed on the 2d of July, 
 1800. 
 Irish Night. {Eng. Illsi.) A night 
 of agitation and terror in London, 
 after the flight of James II., occa- 
 sioned by an unfounded report that 
 the Irisli Catholics of Feversham's 
 army had been let loose to murder 
 the Protestant population, men, wom- 
 en, and children. 
 Iroldo (e-rol'do). A character in 
 Bojardo's " Orlando Innamorato, " 
 distinguished tor his friendship for 
 Prasildo, See Prasildo. 
 Iron Age. [Lat. Ferrea wtas.'] ( Gr. 
 (/ Rom. Myth.) The last of the four 
 ages into which the ancients divided 
 the history of the human race; the 
 age of Pluto, characterized by the 
 prevalence of crime, fraud, cunning, 
 and avarice, and the absence of honor, 
 truth, justice, and piety. 
 Iron Arm. [Fr. B7'ns de Fer.^ A 
 surname or sobriquet given to Fran- 
 cois de Lanoue (1531-1591), a famous 
 Calvinistic captain, who died at the 
 siege of Lamballe, in the service of 
 Henr}' IV. 
 Iron City. A name popularly given, 
 in the United States, to Pittsburg, 
 Pennsylvania, a city distinguished 
 for its numerous and immense iron 
 manufactures. 
 Iron Duke. A familiar title given to 
 the Duke of Wellington. According 
 to his biographer, the Rev. George 
 Robert Gleig, this sobriquet arose out 
 of the building of an iron steamboat, 
 which plied between Liverpool and 
 Dublin, and which its owners called 
 the " Duke of Wellington." The term 
 " Iron Duke " was hrst applied to the 
 
 vessel ; and by and by, rather in jest 
 tlian in earnest, it was transferred to 
 the Duke himself. It had no ret'erence 
 whatever, at the outset, to any ])eculi- 
 arities, or assumed peculiarities, in his 
 disposition; though, from the jiopu- 
 lar belief that he never entertained a 
 single generous feeling toward the 
 masses, it is sometimes understood as 
 a ligm'ative allusion to his supposed 
 hostility to the interests of the lower 
 orders. 
 Iron Hand. A surname of Gottfried, 
 or Goetz, von Berlichingen, a famous 
 predatory burgrave of the sixteenth 
 century, who, at the siege of Land- 
 shut, lost his right hand, which was 
 replaced by one of iron, yet shown 
 at Jaxthausen. Goethe has made 
 him the subject of an historic drama. 
 
 Iron Mask. See Mask, Ikon. 
 
 Ironside. 1. A surname conferred 
 upon Edmund II. (989-1016), king 
 of the Anglo-Saxons, on account 
 either of his great strength, or else 
 of the armor which he wore. [Writ- 
 ten also Ironsides.] 
 
 2, (Nes'tor.) A name under 
 which Sir Richard Steele edited the 
 "Guardian." 
 
 3. (Sir.) One of the principal 
 knights of King Arthur's Round Ta- 
 ble. See Round Table. 
 
 Ironsides. 1. A name given to the 
 English soldiers who served under 
 Cromwell at IMarston jNIoor, on ac- 
 count of the great victory they there 
 gained over the royalist forces, a vic- 
 tory which gave them a world-wide 
 renown for invincible courage and 
 determination. 
 
 2. An appellation popularly con- 
 ferred upon the United States frigate 
 "Constitution." See Old Iuon- 
 
 SIDES. 
 
 Irrefragable Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Jrrefraf/abilis.] An honorary title 
 bestowed upon Alexander Hales, an 
 English friar of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, distinguished as a scholastic 
 divine and philosopher. 
 
 Isabella. 1. Sister to Claudio, in 
 Shakespeare's " Measure for Meas- 
 ure," and the heroine of the drama. 
 See Angelo. 
 
 tnd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer. Bee pp. xiv-xxxu. 
 
ISA 
 
 184 
 
 ISL 
 
 2. Tlie ]a(U'-love of Zerbino, in 
 Ariostos poeiu ot ** Orluiidu i' urioso." 
 
 Isaie le Triste. See Ysaie le 
 
 TitlSTE. 
 
 Isengrin (e'zen-gren')- The name of 
 the wolf hi the ancient and famous 
 animal-ei)os of Germany, *' lieinhard, 
 or Keinecke, Fuchs." See Kenaru. 
 
 I'sis. [Gr.no-15.] {yfyth.) An Egyp- 
 tian divinity, regarded as the god- 
 dess of the 'moon, and the queen of 
 heaven. She was the mother of Ho- 
 rns, and the wife of Osiris. She was 
 sometimes represented with the head 
 veiled, a synd)ol of mystery. Her 
 7\-orship spread from Egypt to (ireece, 
 Kome, and other parts of ancient 
 Europe. The Greeks identitied her 
 with lo. See lo, Osiris. 
 
 The drift of the maker is dark, an Ms hid by 
 the veil. Temu/son. 
 
 Island, The Ringing. See Ringing 
 
 ISL-^ND. 
 
 Island City. A popular synonym for 
 Montreal, the largest city of i3ritish 
 America, built on an island of the 
 same name. 
 
 Island of Lanterns. [Fr. L' lie des 
 L'lnterntii.] In the celebrated satire 
 of Rabelais, an imaginary country 
 inhabited by false pretenders to 
 knowledge, called lyiiitenwls. The 
 name was probaljly suggested by the 
 "City of Lanterns," in the Greek 
 romance of Lucian. See City of 
 Lanterns. 
 
 Island of St. Bran'dSn. A marvel- 
 ous flying island, the subject of an 
 old and widely spread legend of the 
 Middle Ages, which exercised an in- 
 fluence on geographical science down 
 to a late period. It is represented as 
 about ninety leagues in length, lying 
 west of the Canaries. This island 
 appears on most of the maps of the 
 time of Columbus, and is laid down 
 in a French geographical chart of as 
 late a date as 1755, in which it is 
 placed 5^ W. of the island of Ferro, 
 in lat. 2^'^ N. The name St. Bran- 
 dan^i or Boi'nnrinn, given to this im- 
 aginary island, is said to be derived 
 fi*om an Irish abbot who nourished in 
 the sixth century, and concerning 
 
 whose voyage in search of the Isl- 
 ands of I'aradise many legends are 
 related. Many expeditions were sent 
 lorlh in quest of tiiis mysterious isl- 
 and, the last being from hpain in 
 1721 ; but it always eluded the ^(. arcii, 
 though it was sometimes seen by ac- 
 cident. A king of I'ortugal is said 
 to have made a conditional cession 
 of it to another per>un, " when it 
 should be lound." The Spaniards 
 believe this lost island to have l)een 
 the retreat of their King liodrigo; 
 the Portuguese assign it u> their uon 
 Sebastian. "Its reality," ^ays Ir- 
 ving, " was for a long time a matter 
 of linn belief. The public, alter try- 
 ing all kinds of sophistry, luok refuge 
 in the supernatural to defend their 
 favorite chimera. They maintained 
 that it was rendered inaccessible to 
 mortals by divine Frovideiice, or by 
 diabolical magic. Poetry, it is said^ 
 owes to this popular belief one of 
 its beautifid tictions ; and the garden 
 of Armida, ^vhere Rinaldo was de- 
 tained enchanted, and which Tasso 
 places in one of the Canary Isles, has 
 been identified Avith the imaginary 
 San Borandan." The origin of this 
 illusion has been ascribed to certain 
 atmospherical deceptions, like that 
 of the Fata Morgana. 
 
 Island of the Seven Cities. An 
 imaginary island, the subject of one 
 of the popular traditions concerning 
 the ocean, which were current in the 
 time of Columbus. It is represented 
 as abounding in gold, with magnifi- 
 cent houses and temples, and high 
 towers that shone at a distance. The 
 legend relates, that, at the time of the 
 conquest of Spain and Pfirtugal by 
 the Moors, when the inhabitants fled 
 in every direction to escape from 
 slavery, seven bishops, followed by a 
 great number of people, took ship- 
 ping, and abandoned themselves to 
 their fate upon the high seas. After 
 tossing about for a time, they landed 
 upon an unknown island in the midst 
 of the ocean. Here the bishops 
 burned the ships to prevent the de- 
 sertion of their followers, and found- 
 ed seven cities. This mysterious isl- 
 and is said to have been visited at 
 
 E3~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the acoompanyinjr Explanations, 
 
ISL 
 
 185 
 
 IVA 
 
 different times by iiavip^atnrs, who, 
 however, were never penuitted to re- 
 turn. 
 
 islands of the Blest. [Gr. tCjv Ma- 
 xdpiof Mfjo-oi, Lat. Fortunnke Insuke.\ 
 {Gr. (f Rom. Mijth.) Imaginary isl- 
 ands in the west,aboundnig with liie 
 clioicest products of nature. They 
 were supposed to be situated on tlie 
 confines of tlie earth, in an ocean 
 warmed by the rays of tlie near set- 
 ting sun. Hither the favorites of tlie 
 gods were conveyed without dying, 
 and dwelt in never ending joy. The 
 name tirst occurs in Hesiod's " Works 
 and Days." Herodotus applies the 
 name to an oasis in the desert of Af- 
 rica. It is also of connnon occur- 
 rence in modern literature. 
 
 Their place of birth alone is mute 
 To sounds that echo further west 
 Than your sires' Isluuds of the Jilest. 
 
 Byro/i. 
 
 Isle of Saints, or Island of Saints. 
 [Lat. Insula Sdndorum.] A name 
 by which Ireland was designated in 
 *he Middle Ages, on account of the 
 rapid progress which Christianity 
 made in tliat country, and the num- 
 ber of leaiuied ecclesiastics which it 
 furnished. See Holy Island, 1. 
 
 " ^fy lord," uttered with a vernacular rich- 
 ness of Intonation, fjave him an assurance that 
 we were from ^^ the I.tlurul of Saints, and on 
 the right road to heaven." Shcil. 
 
 Ismeno (ez-mn-'no). The name of a 
 sorcerer in Tasso's " Jerusalem De- 
 livered." 
 
 Is'olde. The wife of King Mark of 
 Coi'nwall, and the mistress of her 
 nephew, Sir Tristram, of whom she 
 became passionately enamored from 
 having drunk a philter by mistake. 
 Their illicit love is celebrated in 
 many an ancient romance, and l)e- 
 came proverbial during the Middle 
 Ages. References to it are innumer- 
 able. She is often called Isolde Ihe 
 Foir, to distinguish her from IsoMe 
 of the Whitf Ilniids, a Breton prin- 
 cess Avhom Tristram married after he 
 undertook the conquest of the Holy 
 Grail. See Tkistkam, Sir. [Writ- 
 ten also I s e u 1 1, I s o ii d e, Y s e u 1 1, 
 Ysolde, Ysolt, Y sonde, and, 
 very erroneously, Y s o n d e.] 
 
 No art the poison might withstand; 
 
 No medicine coulil be ibuud 
 Till lovely hoh/e's lily hand 
 
 Had probed the rankling wound. 
 
 Sir yV. Scott. 
 
 Is'ra-feel. {Mohammedan Mijth.) The 
 name of the angel whose" ofHce it 
 will be to sound the trumpet at the 
 resurrection. He is said to have tho 
 most melodious voice of any of God's 
 creatures. [Written also Israfil.] 
 
 Is'um-bras, Sir. The hero of an old 
 romance of ciiivalry, which cele- 
 brates the painful labors and misfor- 
 tuues visited upon him as a punish- 
 ment for his pride and pi-esnmption, 
 and the happiness and blessings with 
 which his penitence was tinally re- 
 warded. 
 
 Italian Moliere (mo'loQr'). A title 
 given to Carlo Goldoni (1707-1793), 
 a distinguished Italian dramatist. 
 
 Italian Pin'd|r. A name given to 
 Gabriello Chiabrera ( 1552-16;37), a 
 celebrated Italian lyric poet, and one 
 
 I of the best modern imitators of Pin- 
 
 ! dar. 
 
 I-thu'ri-el (6). [Heb., the discovery of 
 God.] In Milton's "Paradise Lost," 
 an angel commissioned by Gabriel to 
 search through Paradise, in company 
 with Zeplion, to tind Satan, who had 
 eluded the vigilance of the angelic 
 guard, and effected an entrance into 
 the garden. 
 
 Him . . . they found, 
 Squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve, 
 Assaying by his devilish art to reach 
 The organs of her fancy, and witli them forge 
 Illusions as he list, phantasms and dreams; 
 Or if, inspiring venom, he might taint 
 The animal spirits ; . . . thence raise. 
 At least, distempered, discontented thoughts, 
 Vain hopes, vain aims, inordinate desires. 
 Blown up with high conceits engendering 
 
 pride. 
 Him thus intent, Ithvriel with his spear 
 Touched lightly; for no falsehood can endure 
 Toiich of celestial temjier, but returns, 
 Of force, to its own likeness; up he starts, 
 Discovered and surprised. 
 
 Par. Lost, Bk. IV. 
 
 Such spirits have nothing to do with the 
 detecting spear of Jthwiel. JIacatday. 
 
 He who argues against it [Christianity], or 
 for it, in this manner, may be regarded as 
 mistaking its nature: the Ithnrirl, though to 
 our eyes he wears a body and the fiishion of 
 armor, cannot be wounded by material aid. 
 
 CarJyle. 
 
 I'van-h6e. The hero of Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of the same name. He 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after ceitain words refer, see pp xiv-xxxii. 
 
IVA 
 
 186 
 
 ixr 
 
 figures as Cedric of Rotherwood's dis- 
 inherited sou, the tavorite of King 
 liichurd I., and the lover of the J^ady 
 Kowena, whom, iu the end, he mar- 
 ries. 
 
 Ivanovitch, Ivan (e-van' e-vfin'o- 
 vitch). An imaginary personage, 
 who is the embodiment of the pecu- 
 liarities of the Russian people, in the 
 same way as John Bull represents 
 the English, and Jean Crapaud the 
 French character. He is described as 
 a lazy, good-natured person. 
 
 Ivory Gate. According to Virgil, a 
 gate of sleep in the under -world, 
 wrought of shining wiiite ivory, 
 through which the infernal gods send 
 up false dreams to earth. See HcuiN 
 Gatk. 
 
 Ix-i'6n. [Gr. 'I^'o,^.] {Gr. c^- Rom. 
 Myth.) A king of the Lapithie 
 in Thessaly, and father of the Cen- 
 taurs. For his presumptuous impiety 
 he was sent to hell, and there bound 
 to a perpetually revolving fiery 
 wheel. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying £jy;)lanationi, 
 
JAC 
 
 187 
 
 JAC 
 
 J. 
 
 Tack. [An Anglicized form of the Fr. 
 Jacquts (from Lat. Jacobus, .liiines), 
 the coninionest Christian name in 
 France, and hence a contemptuous 
 expression for a peasant or common 
 man; introduced in tlie same sense 
 into EngUmd, where it got into use 
 as a diminutive or nickname of John, 
 the commonest of all English Chris- 
 tian names.] A general term of rid- 
 icule or contempt for a saucy or a 
 paltry fellow, or for one who puts 
 himself forward in some office or em- 
 ployment ; hence, any mechanical 
 contrivance that supplies the place 
 of an attendant ; as, a boot-j'ick. Tay- 
 lor, the " Water-Poet," inhis " Jack- 
 a-lent," thus enumerates some of the 
 persons and things to which the name 
 has been applied : — 
 
 " Of Jcich-an-apC'^ I list not to indite, 
 Nor of Jack Daiv my goose's quill shall 
 
 write: 
 Of Jack of Xeivhuri/ I will not repeat, 
 Nor of Jack-of-hoih-sides, nor of Skip-Jack 
 
 crente. 
 To praise the turnspit Jack my Muse is 
 
 mum, 
 Nor of the entertainment of Jack Drum 
 I '11 not rehearse; nor of Jack Dog, Jack 
 
 Date. 
 Jack Fool, or Jack-a-datnhj, I relate; 
 Nor of Hkick-Juck at <jarth buttery bars, 
 Wliose liquor oftentimes breeds nousehold 
 
 wars; 
 Nor Jack of Dover, that Grand-Jury Jack, 
 Hot Jack Sauce, tlie worst knave amongst 
 
 the pack." 
 
 [Jack-a-lent, a stuffed puppet, dressed in 
 rags, formerly thrown at in Lent. Jack- 
 an-a/)es, orJack-a-napes, a uionkey, a buffoon, 
 a fot). Jack Dair, the daw, a common Eng- 
 lislibird. Jack of XeWMrii. See below. Jack- 
 of-f>ot/i-sir/)^s, (Hie who is or tries to be neutral. 
 Skip-Jack, an iipst irt. Jack Drum. See Dkum, 
 John. Jack /■''(v'^/, a foolish person. See Fool, 
 Tom. J(/c/.-«-f/aw'i'//, afop, a coxcomb. Black- 
 jack, a leathern jug for household service. 
 Jack of Dover, a fish, the sole. Jack Sauce, 
 a saucy fellow.] 
 
 Jack, Colonel. The hero of De Foe's 
 novel entitled " The History of the 
 Most Remarkable Life and P^xtraor- 
 dinary Adventures of the truly Hon. 
 Colonel Jacque, vulgarly called Col- 
 onel Jack ; " a thief, whose portrait is 
 drawn with great power. He goes to 
 Virginia, and passes through all the 
 gradations of colonial life, from the 
 
 state of a senMnt to that of an owner 
 of slaves and plantations. 
 
 Jack, Sixteen - string. See Six- 
 
 TEEN-STKING JaCK. 
 
 Jack and Gill. Characters in an 
 ancient and popular nursery song. 
 [Written also Jack and Jill.] 
 
 4®=- ''■Julienne was in vogue among 
 the Norman families, and it long pre- 
 vailed in England as JuLyan: and, in- 
 deed, it became so common as Gillian^ 
 that Jill [or Gill] was the regular com- 
 panion of Jack, as still appears in nurs- 
 ery rhyme, though now this good old 
 form has entirely disappeared, except in 
 the occasional un-English form of Juli- 
 ana.''' Yonge. 
 
 How gallantly he extended, not his arm, 
 in our modern' Jack-and-Jill sort of fashion, 
 but his right hand, to my mother. 
 
 Sir E. Bulwer Lytton. 
 
 Jack and the Bean-stalk. A le- 
 gend of the nursery, which, like Jack 
 the Giant-killer, is of ancient, and 
 probably of Teutonic, origin. A boy 
 was sent by his mother to sell a cow, 
 and met with a butcher, to whom he 
 parted with her for a few colored 
 beans. His mother was very angry, 
 and threw them away. One of them 
 fell into the garden, and grew so 
 rapidly in one night, that by morning 
 the top reached the heavens. Jack 
 ascended the vine, and came to an 
 extensive countiy. After divers ad- 
 ventures, a fairy met him, and di- 
 rected him to the house of a giant, 
 from whom he acquired great wealth. 
 He descended the vine, and as the 
 giant attempted to fohow him, he 
 seized his hatchet and cut away tlie 
 vine, when the giant fell and was 
 killed. Jack and his mother hved 
 afterward in comfort. 
 
 Jack-in-the-Green. A character — 
 a puppet — in the May-day games of 
 England. Dr. Owen Piigli says that 
 Jack-in-the-Green, on May-day, was 
 once a pageant representing Melva, 
 or Melvas, king of the country now 
 called Somersetshire, disguised in 
 green boughs, as he lay in ambush 
 
 «nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
JAC 
 
 188 
 
 JAC 
 
 to steal Kinfc Arthur's wife, as she 
 •went out hunting. 
 
 Yesterday, being May -flay, the more se- 
 cluded parts of the metropolis were visited by 
 Jnck-in-the-Green, and the usual group of 
 grotesque attendants. London Tiint:f, 1844. 
 
 Jack of Newbury. A title given to 
 John WinchcDUib, the greatest cloth- 
 ier in England, in the time of Henry 
 YIII. He kept one hundred looms 
 in his own house at Newbur^^ and 
 
 / armed and clothed at his own ex- 
 pense one hundred of his men, to 
 march in the expedition against the 
 Scots at Flodden Field. 
 
 Jsuck. Pudding. See Hanswurst. 
 
 Jackson, Stonewall. See Stoxe- 
 
 AVALL JaCKSUX. 
 
 Jack the Giant-killer. The name 
 of a famous hero in the literature of 
 the nurser}', the subject of one of the 
 Teutonic or Indo-European legends, 
 which have become nationalized in 
 England. .lack was ''a valiant Cor- 
 ni'ihman." His first exploit was the 
 killing of a huge giant named Cor- 
 nioran, which he accomplished, when 
 a mere child, by artfully contriving 
 to make him fall into a deep pit, and 
 then knocking him on the head with 
 a pick-ax. He afterward destroyed 
 a great many Welsh monsters of the 
 same sort, being greatly aided in his 
 task by a coat of invisibility, a cap 
 of knowledge, an irresistible sword, 
 and shoes of incredible swit\ness, — 
 treasures which he tricked a foolish 
 giant into gi\ing him. For his inval- 
 uable services in ridding the country 
 of such undesirable inhabitants, he 
 was made a knight of Arthur's Round 
 Table, married to a duke's daughter, 
 and presented with a large estate. 
 
 iK^ " Before we dismiss the giganti- 
 cide. we must remark that most of his 
 giant<» rest upon good romance author- 
 ity : or, to speak more correctly. Jack's 
 history is a popular and degraded version 
 of the traditions upon which our ear- 
 liest romances are founded." Qii. Rev. 
 '' Not only single words come to attest our 
 common ancestry : hut many a nursery 
 legend or terse fable crops out in one 
 country after another, either in lofty my- 
 thology or homely household tale. For 
 instance, the Persian trick of Anieen and 
 the Ghool recurs in the Scandinavian visit 
 
 of Thor to Loki, which ha"? come doTn to 
 Germany in ' 'llie Brave Little Tailor.' and 
 to us in • .Jack the Giant-killer.' "' Yonse. 
 " Our ' .lack the (Jiant-kiljer" . . . is clear* 
 ly the last modem transmutation of the 
 old British legem!, told in Geoffrey of Mon- 
 mouth, of Corineus the Trojan, the com- 
 panion of the Trojan Brutus when he first 
 f^ettles in Britain ; which Corineus, being 
 a very strong man. and particularly good- 
 humored, is siiti.>;fied with being king of 
 Cornwall, and killing out the aboriginal 
 giants there, leaving to Brutus all the rest 
 of the island, and only stipulating, that, 
 whenever there is a peculiarly difficult 
 giant in any part of Brntus's dominions, 
 he shall be sent for to finish the fellow." 
 
 Masson. 
 
 While he [Junius] walks, like Jack the 
 Giant-killer, ni a coat of darkness, he may do 
 much mischief with little strength. Johnson. 
 
 They say she [Meg Merrilies] . . . can gang 
 any jjate she likes, Tike Jack the Giant-kill - 
 in the ballant, with his coat o' darkness and 
 his shoon o' swiftness. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 He made up for this turnspit construction 
 bj' striding to such .nn extent, that you would 
 have sworn he had on the seven-leagued boots 
 of Jack the Giant-killer : and so high did he 
 tread on parade, that his soldiers were some- 
 times alarmed lest he should trample himself 
 under foot. W. Irving. 
 
 Jack-with-tlie-Ijantern. In the 
 superstition of former times, an evil 
 spirit who delighted in leading be- 
 nighted and unAvar\' travelers astray 
 from their path, by assuming the 
 appearance of a light like that of a 
 candle. This superstition, as is well 
 known, had its origin in the ir/nis- 
 fntuus, a luminous meteor seen in 
 summer nights over morasses, grave- 
 yards, and other spots where there is 
 a great accumulation of animal or 
 vegetable substances, and caused, as 
 is supposed, by the spontaneous ig- 
 nition of a gaseous compound of 
 phosphorus and hydrogen, resulting 
 from their decomposition. [Written 
 also Jack o' Lantern.] 
 
 Jacob's Ladder. A ladder seen in a 
 vision by .Tacob, the .Jewish patriarch. 
 " And he dreamed, and behold, a lad- 
 der set upon the earth, and the top 
 of it reached to heaven : and behold, 
 the angels of God a-^cending and de- 
 scending on it." ( (ten. xxviii. 12.) 
 
 All of air they were, allsoul and form, so 
 lovely, like mysterious priestesses, in whose 
 hand was the invisible .Tacoh's Lnrlfler, where- 
 I by man might mount into very heaven. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 or For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
JAF 
 
 189 
 
 JAR 
 
 JarfiSr. A prominent character in 
 
 Otway's " Venice Preserved." He 
 joins with Pierre and others in a con- 
 spiracy a^^ainst the Venetian senate, 
 but communicates tlie secret to his 
 -wile, Ik'lvidera, and she, anxious to 
 pave the lite of her fatlier, a senator, 
 prevails on Jather to disclose the 
 plot. This he does upon the solemn 
 assurance of pardon for himself and 
 friends ; but, on discoverincc the per- 
 fidy' of the senate, who condemn the 
 conspirators to death, he stabs his 
 friend Pierre, to prevent his being 
 broken on the wheel, and then stabs 
 himself. 
 
 "I have it! "said Bunce, "I have itl" and 
 on he went in the vein oiJaffier. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Janot, or Jeannot (zha'no'). A 
 French proper name, the diminutive 
 of Jean (John), used proverbially to 
 designate a simpleton, a quiddler, 
 one who exercises a silly ingenuity. 
 
 "Without being a Janot, who has not somc- 
 times, in conversation, committed a Janot- 
 ism? Ourry, Irans. 
 
 January Searle. See Searle, Jan- 
 
 UAKY. 
 
 Ja'nus. (Rom. 3ryth.) A very ancient 
 Italian deity who presided over the 
 beginning of the year, and of each 
 mouth and day, and over the com- 
 mencement of all enterprises. He 
 Avas originally worshiped as the sun- 
 god. He was represented with two 
 faces, one on the front, the other on 
 the back of his head, one youthful, 
 and the other aged. A gateway — 
 often erroneously called a temple — 
 which stood close by the Forum in 
 Rome, and had two doors opposite 
 to each other, which, in time of war, 
 were always open, and in time of 
 peace were closed, was dedicated to 
 Janus by Numa. The myth makes 
 him to have been the most ancient 
 king of Latium or Etruria, where he 
 hospitably received Saturn when ex- 
 pelled from Crete by Jupiter. 
 
 Jaques (ja^kwes w jaks; Fr. pron. 
 zhak). A lord attending upon the 
 exiled duke, in Shakespeare's " As 
 You Like It." 
 
 4@= " .Taques is the only purely con- 
 templative character in Shakespeare. He 
 
 thinks, and dons — nothing. His whole 
 occupation is to amuse his mind ; and he 
 is totally regardless of liis body and hia 
 fortunes, lie is the prince of philosoph- 
 ical idlers ; his only passion is tliought ; 
 he sets no value on any thing but as it 
 serves as food for reflection. He can • suck 
 melancholy out of a song, as a weasel 
 sucks eggs ; ' the motley fool, ' who mor- 
 als on the time.' is the greatest jirize he 
 meets with in the forest. He resents Or- 
 lando's passion for Rosalind as some dis- 
 paragement of his own passion lor ab- 
 stract truth ; and leaves the duke, as 
 soon as he is restored to his sovereignty, 
 to seek his brother, who has quitted it 
 and turned hermit." Htizlitt. '"Jaques 
 is a morose, cynical, querulous old fel- 
 low, who has been a bad j oung one. He 
 does not have sad moments, but ' sullen 
 fits,' as the duke sajs. His melancholy 
 is morbid, and is but tlie fruit of that 
 utter loss of mental tone which results 
 from years of riot and debauchery. He 
 has not a tender spot in his heart. There 
 is not a gentle act attributed to him, or 
 a generous sentiment, or a kind word 
 put into his mouth by Shakespeai-e." 
 
 R. G. White. 
 
 Indcefl, my lord, 
 The melancholy Jaques grieves at that. 
 
 Shdk. 
 
 That motley clown in Ardcn wood, 
 Whom humorous Juqvcs with envy viewed, 
 Not even that clown could amplify 
 On this trite text so long as I. bir W. Scott. 
 
 The forest-wnlks of Arden's fair domain, 
 Where JaqiteA fed his solitary vein, 
 No pencil's aid as yet had dared supply, 
 Seen only by the intellectual eye. 
 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 Jarn'd^9e. A prominent figure in 
 Dickens's " Bleak House," distin- 
 guished for his philanthropy, easy 
 good-nature, and good sense, and for 
 always .'^aying, " The wind is in the 
 east," when any thing went wrong 
 with him. The famous suit of " Jarn- 
 dyce rs. Jarndyce," in this novel, is a 
 satire upon the Court of Chancery. 
 
 Jar'vie, Baillie Nic'ol. A prominent 
 and admirable character in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of " Rob Roy." He is 
 a magistrate of Glasgow, and a kins- 
 man of Kob Roy. 
 
 4fg=" "Nothing can promise less origi- 
 nality and interest than the portrait of a 
 conceited, petulant, purse-proud trades- 
 man, full of his own and his father's lo- 
 cal dignity and importance, and of mer- 
 cantile and Presbyterian formalities, and 
 totally without tact or discretion, who 
 does nothing in the story but give bail, 
 
 nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
JAS 
 
 190 
 
 JER 
 
 take a jfturney, ami marry his mnid. But 
 the cnunigt", tlie f^cncrosity, aiul tin; trank 
 tiai vtc nud WHrui-hf:irt<'(lii»'Ss, wliich are 
 united to these un[ir<'iiii>iii>? iii^rredients, 
 and above all, perliap-s, tlie ' llieland 
 blude of him tliat warms at thae daft 
 tales o* venturesome deeds and escapes, 
 tho' they are all sinfu' vanities,' and 
 makes him affirm before the council that 
 llob Hoy. 'sot apart what he had dune 
 again tlie law o" the country, and tlie her- 
 ship o" the Lennox [/. e. the laying waste 
 and plundering a whole county], and 
 the misfortune o' some folk losing life by 
 him. wa-s an honester man than stude on 
 any o' their hauks,' make him both origi- 
 nal and interesting." tientur. 
 
 Ja'son (-sn). [Gr. 'lao-ojv.] (Gr. (f 
 Jiom. Mifth.) A tamous Grecian hero, 
 kinfjf ot'Thessaly, leader of the Ar- 
 gonaiitic expeditiDH, and a sharer in 
 the Calydonian i)oar-hunt. He mar- 
 ried Medea, and afterward Creusa. 
 
 Javert (zha'vef', 64). A cliaracter in 
 Victor Hugo's " Les Mis^rables;" 
 an impersonation of the inexorable- 
 ness of law. 
 
 Jeames. An old English form of 
 JanifS, so pronounced, and often so 
 spelt, in the best society, till the end 
 of the last century, when it became 
 confined to the lower classes. Re- 
 cently, owing to the popularity of 
 Thackeray's " Jeames's Diary," it 
 has acquired a proverbial currency 
 as a designation of a footman, or of 
 a flunky. It has also been applied 
 to the London " Morning Post," the 
 organ of the " haristocracy." 
 
 A poor clergyman, or a poor military man, 
 may have no more than three hundred a year; 
 but I heartily venerate his endeavors to pre- 
 serve his girls from the society of the servants' 
 hall, and the delicate attention of Jeames. 
 
 A. K. H. Bojid. 
 
 Jean d'Ep6e (zho" da'pS' 31, 62). 
 [Fr., John with the sword.] A sym- 
 bolical name given to Bonaparte by 
 his partisans in France who conspired 
 to effect his restoration to power after 
 the allied sovereigns had banished 
 him to Elba, in 1814. 
 
 Jean Jacques (zh(> zhak, 30. 62). 
 Christian names of Rousseau (1712- 
 1778), the distinguished French phi- 
 losopher, by which alone he is often 
 designated by English writers, partic- 
 ularlv those of the last century. 
 
 Years ago, at Venice, poor Jean Jargtifg wai 
 Legation SsecreUiry to linii [Count dc lleiiiis], 
 a£ some readers may remember. Car/t/le. 
 
 That is alnnist the only maxim of Jean 
 Jacques to which I can cheerfully subscribe 1 
 ■Sir E. Jiulwer Li/tton. 
 
 Jeanjean (zh6"'zh6n', 62). A popular 
 name in France for a conscript. 
 
 Jean Paul ( "/■ zhong p(~)wl ). The name 
 under which the eminent German 
 author, .lean Paul Friedrich Richter 
 (1763-182,"j), wrote, and by which he 
 is most liamiliarly known. 
 
 Jeffrey's Campaign. A name given 
 by King .lames II. to the judicial 
 expedition through the west of Fjig- 
 land, headed by Lord Chief Justice 
 Jeffreys, in 1685. See Bloouy As- 
 sizes. 
 
 Jelly-by, Mrs. A character in Dick- 
 ens's nctvel of" Bleak House; " a type 
 of sham philanthropy. 
 
 Jenk'ins. A cant name for any 
 snobbish pennv-a liner. It was first 
 given, in " Punch," to a writer for 
 the London "Morning Post," — said 
 to have been originally a footman, — 
 whose descriptions of persons and 
 events in fashionable and aristocratic 
 society betrayed the ingrained servil- 
 ity, priggishness, and vulgarity of his 
 character. 
 
 Jenk'ins, Wiu'i-fred, The name 
 of Miss Tabitha Bramble's maid, in 
 Smollett's '' Expedition of Humphry 
 CHnker." 
 
 Jenk'in-son, Ephraim (-sn). A swin- 
 dlini,^ rascal in (ioldsmith's " Vicar of 
 Wakefield," who wins the confidence 
 of Dr. l*rimrose by liis venerable ap- 
 pearance, his great apparent devout- 
 ness, his learned talk about " cos- 
 mogony," and his loudly professed 
 admiration of the good Doctor's 
 writings on the subject of monogamy. 
 See Pkimhose, The Rev. Doctok. 
 
 Je-ron'i-mo, o?' Hi'er-on'y--mo. 
 The principal character in an tdd 
 play by Thomas Kyd, entitled " The 
 Spanish Tragedy;" — used in the 
 phrase, " Go by. Jeronimo," an ex- 
 pression made almost proverbial by 
 the ridicule of contemporary writers. 
 In the original, these words are 
 spoken by Hieronymo, or Jeronimo, 
 
 a^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
JES 
 
 191 
 
 JEZ 
 
 to himself, on finding his application 
 to tlie kin<; improper at the moment. 
 Hence, probably, tlie word f/o-by, sig- 
 nifying a putting or thrusting aside 
 without notice. 
 
 Jes'st-mf Bride. A by-name given 
 to Miss Mary Ilorneck, afterward 
 JMrs. Gwyn. She was a contempo- 
 rary and friend of Goldsmitli, vvho 
 is supposed to have been in love with 
 her. 
 
 Jes'si-ca. The beautiful daughter of 
 Shylock, in Shakespeare's " Mer- 
 chant of Venice." She is beloved by 
 Lorenzo. 
 
 /Kg= "Jessica, though properly kept 
 subordinate, is certainly — 
 'A most beautiful pagan, a most sweet Jew.' 
 
 She cannot be called a sketch ; or, if a 
 sketch, she is like one of those dashed off 
 ill glowing colors from the rainbow palette 
 of a Kubens ; she lias a rich tint of Ori- 
 entalism shed over her, worthy of lier 
 Eastern origin.'' 3Irs. Jameson. 
 
 Jew, The "Wandering. [Lat. Judceus 
 non Mortnlh, the undying Jew; Ger. 
 Dev Ewhjt Jude^ Fr. Le Juif 
 Arrant.] An imaginary personage, 
 who owes his existence to a legend 
 connected with the history of Christ's 
 passion. As the Saviour was on the 
 way to the place of execution, over- 
 come with the weight of the cross, he 
 wished to rest on a stone before the 
 house of a .Tew, whom the story calls 
 Aha.mtnis., who drove him away with 
 curses. .Jesus cabnly replied, " Thou 
 shalt wander on the earth till I re- 
 turn." The astonis^hed Jew did not 
 come to himself till the crowd had 
 passed, and the streets were empty. 
 JJriven by fear and remorse, he has 
 since Avandered, according to the 
 command of the Lord, from place to 
 place, and has never yet been able 
 to find a grave. According to another 
 account, he was Pontius Pilate's 
 porter, and his original name was 
 Cartaphilns. Soon after the Saviour's 
 crucifixion, he became converted, and 
 took the name ofJoscph. At the end 
 of every hundred years, he falls into 
 a fit or trance, upon which, when he 
 rt^covers, he returns to the same state 
 of youth he was in when our Saviour 
 suffered, being about thirty years of 
 
 age. He remembers all the circum- 
 stances of the death and resurrection 
 of Christ ; the saints tliat arose with 
 him; the composing of tlie Apostles' 
 Creed; and the preaching and dis- 
 ])ersi()ns of the apostles themselves. 
 In the Iburteenth century, he was 
 called Isfutc Ldktdion.^ or Lnquedein; 
 but the chronicles of that time make 
 no mention of these periodical alter- 
 nations of youth and age, though they 
 still attribute to him perpetual life. 
 
 j6E;g=- Ivoger of Wendover. a monk of St. 
 Albans (d. 1237), and Matthew Paris (d. 
 1259), a Benedictine monk of the Congre- 
 gation of Cluguy, and likewise of the 
 uiouastery of St. Albatis, give us4he old- 
 est traditions (.f the Wandering Jew. Ac- 
 cording to Menzel ('• History of German 
 Poetry "), the whole tradition is but an 
 allegory, the W^amiering Jew symbolizing 
 lieatheuism. M. Lacroix suggests that it 
 represents the Hebrew race dispersed and 
 wandering throughout the earth, but not 
 destroyed. In Germany, the tradition of 
 the Wandering Jew became connected 
 with John Bultadceus, a real person. The 
 story of this .lew was jirinted in 1602, and 
 frequently afterward. He is s;iid to have 
 been seen at Antwerp in the thirteenth 
 century, again in the fifteenth, and a 
 third time in the sixteenth, with every 
 appearance of age and decrepitude. His 
 last recorded apparition was at Brussels, 
 in April, 1774. Southey,in his poem of 
 "The Curse of Kehama," and Croly, in 
 his romance entitled " Salathiel," trnce 
 the course of the Wandering Jew, but in 
 violation of the whole legend ; and Eugene 
 Sue adopted the name as the title of one 
 of his most popular and most immoral 
 novels ("Le .iuif Errant"), though the 
 Jew scarcely figures at all in the work. 
 
 ^^^ " Ahasuerus is the antitype of 
 Faust. He shuns life, and seeks deliver- 
 ance from its pains, while Faust seeks to 
 eternize the moment." Grdsse, Trans. 
 
 Coppct, ... in short, trud.^ed and hurried 
 hither and thithe-, inconstant as an ignis- 
 fatuus, and restless as the Wandering Jew. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Je"wish. Pla'to. A title bestowed upon 
 Philo .ludicus, the Alexandrian Jew 
 and Platonist, who flourished in the 
 first century of the Christian era. 
 
 Jewkes, Mrs. (juks). A hateful char- 
 acter in liichardson's " Pamela." 
 
 Jez'e-bel. The wicked wife of Ahab, 
 an infamous king of Israel. How 
 she came to her end may be seen in 
 
 fcad for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xsJuL 
 
JIN 
 
 192 
 
 JOH 
 
 2 Kings ix. 30-37. The name is 
 proverbially used to designate a 
 showily ilrespcd woman otlrail morals 
 or suspected respectability. It has 
 been applied in this sense from the 
 time of the Puritans. 
 
 Piiilosophe-Scntiinentalism, what hast 
 thou to do with peace when thj' mother's 
 noine is Jezebel f Carbjlc. 
 
 Jingle, Mr. Alfred. An impudent, 
 swindlin.ii; stroller, in Dickens's 
 '' Pickwick Papers." He is repre- 
 sented as never speaking a connected 
 sentence, but stringing together mere 
 disjointed phrases, generally without 
 verbs. 
 
 Jinnestan. See Dji.xnestax. 
 
 J. tT. Initials used, particularly by 
 writers of the last centur\', to desig- 
 nate Kousseau, the celebrated author 
 of the " Confessions," Avhose Chris- 
 tian names were Jean Jacques, or 
 John James. 
 
 J5an. The name sometimes given to 
 the wife of Punch. She is common- 
 ly called Judi). 
 
 1 confess, that, were it safe to cherish such 
 dreams at all, I sliould more enjoy the thoujrlit 
 of remaining behind the curtain unseen, hhc 
 the ingenious manager of Punch and his wife 
 Joar), and enjoying the astonislimcnt and 
 conjectures of my audience. Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Joan, Pope. A supposed individual 
 of the female sex, who is placed by 
 several chroniclers in the series of 
 popes between Leo IV. and Benedict 
 III., about 853-855, under the name 
 of Juhn. The subject of this scan- 
 dalous stor}^ is said to have been a 
 young Avoman of English parentage, 
 educated at Cologne, who left her 
 home in man's disguise, Avith her 
 lover, a very learned man, and went 
 to Athens, where she made great 
 progress in profane law; afterward 
 she went to Home, where she became 
 equally proficient in sacred learning, 
 for which her reputation became so 
 great, that, at the death of Leo, she 
 was unanimously elected as his suc- 
 cessor, under the general belief of her 
 male sex. She, however, became 
 pregnant, and one day, as she was 
 proceeding to the I.ateran Basilica, 
 she was seized with the pains of 
 child-labor, on the road between the 
 Colosseum and the church of St. 
 
 Clement : and there she died, and was 
 buried without any honors, after a 
 pontilicate of two years, hve months, 
 and four days. 
 
 j^^ The first to mention this delecta- 
 ble piece of scandal was Marianus Scotus, 
 a monk of the abbey of Fuhla, who died 
 at Maiuz in 1U8(3 : i)ut thcaiitlienticity of 
 the MS. attributed to him is very doubt- 
 ful. The story is giveu more circumstan- 
 tially by Martinus I'olonus, a Ci-'tercian 
 monk, and confessor to Gregory X. It is 
 also mentioned by Stephen de Bourbon, 
 who wrote about 1225. " Until the Ref- 
 ormation." siys Gibbon, '-the t-ile was 
 repeated .-ind believed without offense." 
 The learned Calvinist divine. David Blon- 
 del. demonstrated its historical <rround- 
 lessness ; yc^t atteu)pts have occasionally 
 been made, siiue his time, to maintain 
 the truth of the tradition. Panviniua 
 and other writers find the orifrin of the 
 fable in the effeminacy or licentious- 
 ness of Pope John XII.. who was killed 
 in 964, while prosecuting an unlawful 
 intrigue. There is an ancient miracle- 
 play upon this subject, in German, en- 
 titled " The Canonization of Pope Joan, 
 1480," which was widely diffu.'^ed, .ind 
 did much to shake the popular rever- 
 ence for the Papal See. 
 
 Jo-Cas'ta. [Gr. 'loKao-rrj.] ( Or. (f 
 
 Bum . Mjiih .) The mother of CEdipus , 
 whom she married unknowingh", and 
 to whom she bore Eteocles and I'oly • 
 nices. 
 
 Jockey of ITorfolk. A sobriquet con- 
 ferred \\\)0\\ Sir John, son of Sir Rob- 
 ert Howard, a close adherent to the 
 house of York, and remarkable alike 
 for the magnillcence of his estate 
 and for the high oiHces which ho 
 held. In 1485, he accompanied his 
 master, Ilichard III., to the licld of 
 Bosworth, and, notwithstanding the 
 celebrated and friendly warning, 
 
 '\7ockcif o^ Xor'oU\ bo not too bold, 
 For I-iickon, thy muster, is bought and sold," 
 
 which was posted on bis tent during 
 the night betbre the battle, he entered 
 into the fight, and paid the inmalty of 
 his iidelity with his life, being one of 
 the slain on that Avell-contested day. 
 
 Jolin. 1. A bastard brother of Don 
 Pedro, in Shakespeare's " Much Ado 
 about Nothing." 
 
 2. A Franciscan friar, in Shake- 
 speare's " Ilomeo and Jidiet." 
 
 Beg" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accouipanying ExplauationB, 
 
JOII 
 
 193 
 
 JOU 
 
 Shuk. 
 
 See Company, 
 
 John, Friar. See Fkiau John. 
 
 John-a-dreains. A nanieapparendy 
 coined to suit a dreaminj;, stupid 
 character, a " dreaming John," as it 
 were. 
 
 Yet I, 
 
 A (lull and muddy-mettled rascal, peak, 
 jAkiiJo/iii.-a-/rea lis, uupreguantof'iny cause. 
 And can say nothiag. >.'<.../. 
 
 John Company. 
 John. 
 
 Johnny Rebs. A sobriquet given by 
 the soldiers of the United States 
 army, in the time of the late Rebel- 
 lion, to the "Confederate" soldiers. 
 It is said to have originated in a 
 taunting remark addressed to a rebel 
 picket, to the effect that the Southern 
 States relied on "John Bull " to help 
 them gain their independence, and 
 that the picket himself was no better 
 than a " John Bull;" an accusation 
 which he indignantly denied, saying 
 that he would " as soon be called a 
 ' nigger' as a 'Johnny Bull.' " 
 
 Jonathan. A son of Saul, king of 
 Israel, famous for his tender friend- 
 ship — '■ passing the love of woman " 
 — for David, wiiom Saul hated and 
 persecuted. " The soul of Jonathan 
 was knit with the soul of David, and 
 Jonathan loved him as his own soul." 
 (1 S'liii. xviii. 1.) 
 
 Jonathan, Brother. See Brother 
 Jonathan. 
 
 Jones, Da'vy. A familiar name 
 among sailors for Death, formerly for 
 the evil spirit who was supposed to 
 preside over the demons of the sea. 
 He was thought to be in all storms, 
 and was sometimes seen of gigantic 
 height, showing three rows of sharp 
 teeth in his enormous mouth, open- 
 ing great frightful eyes, and nostrils 
 which emitted blue flames. The 
 ocean is still termed by sailors, Davy 
 Joneses Locker. 
 
 The heads of Opposition, the Pitts and 
 others of that country [England] . . . wish 
 dear Hanover s ife enough (safe in Dnrtf 
 Jones's locker, if that would do); but are tired 
 of subsidizing, and fighting, and tumulting 
 all the world over, for that high end. Carlyle. 
 
 Jones, Tom. The hero of Fielding's 
 novel entitled " The History of Tom 
 Jones, a Foundling; " represented as 
 a model of generosity, openness, and 
 
 manly spirit, mingled with thought- 
 less dissipation. 
 
 /J®^ " Our immortal Fielding was of 
 the younger braiieli ot the EarN of Den- 
 bigh, wlio drew tiieir origin froiri the 
 Counts of Ilapsburg. . . . Far ditferent 
 have b(!en tlie fortuues of the English and 
 German divisions of the family. . . . Tlie 
 successors of Charles V. may disdain their 
 brethren of England ; but tlie romance 
 of ' Tom Jones,' that exquisite picture of 
 human manners, will outlive the palace 
 of the Escurial and the imperial eagle of 
 Austria." Gibbon. 
 
 &^ '' I cannot say that I think Mr. 
 Jones a virtuous character ; Icitnnot say 
 but that I think Fielding's evident liking 
 and admiration for Mr. Jones show that 
 the great humorists moral sense was 
 blunted by his life, and that iiere in art 
 and etiiics there is a great error. ... A 
 hero with a flawed reputation, a hero 
 sponging for a guinea, a hero who cannot 
 pay his landlady, and is obliged to let his 
 honor out to hire, is absurd, and his 
 claim to heroic rank untenable." 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Jormungand (ycif'mcKm-gand'). [Old 
 Norse, Jdn/mn, great, universal, and 
 jf/a?j(/r, serpent.] {iScand. Mytli.) A 
 fearful serpent, the offspring of Loki, 
 hurled down by the gods into the 
 ocean that surrounds Midgard, where 
 he is to remain until Ragnarik. He 
 is represented by the poets as hold- 
 ing his tail in his mouth. 
 
 Josse, M. (mos'e-J)' zhos). A jeweler 
 in Moliere's comedy, " L'Amour M^- 
 decin," whose advice to a friend who 
 consults him is that of a man who 
 wishes to dispose of his merchandise. 
 The expression, " Vims etts arfevre^ 
 M. Jnssf,'" You are a jeweler, Mr. 
 Josse, is proverbially applied, in 
 France, to any one who seeks to ad^ 
 vance his own interests at the ex, 
 pense of another. 
 
 Jotunheim (y(i't()on-hIm')- {Scand. 
 Myth.) The abode of the JiJtun, or 
 Giants. See Giants, 2. 
 
 Jourdain, M. (mos''e-<i' zhoof'da"', 
 fi2). The hero of Moliere's comedy, 
 " Le Bourgeois (ientilhomme ; " repre- 
 sented as an elderly tradesman, who, 
 having suddenly acquired immense 
 riches, becomes desirous to emulate 
 such as have been educated in the 
 front ranks of society, in those accom- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 13 
 
JOU 
 
 194 
 
 JUL 
 
 plishments, whether mental or per- 
 sonal, which cannot be gracefully ac- 
 quired alter the early jiart ot life is 
 past. 
 
 The Arabs, under great emotional excite- 
 ment, j;ive their language a rt-cognizable me- 
 ter, and talk poetrv as M. Jourdain talked 
 prose [i. e., without knowing itj. Lewes. 
 
 Journ^e des Dupes (zhoof'na'^ di 
 du]), 3i). See Day ok Dli'Ks. 
 
 Jove. See Ji riTEU. 
 
 Joyeuse, La (la zhwo'yoz', 43). [Lat. 
 Gdiuiiosa.] The sword of Charle- 
 magne; — so called in the romances 
 of chivalrA\ It bore the inscription, 
 " iJecem jjiitcepfvnim custos C'arolus.'" 
 
 Joyeuse Garde, La (la zhwo'yoz' 
 gafd). The residence of the famous 
 Lancelot du Lac, commonly said to 
 have been at Berwick-upon-Tweed. 
 He having successfidly defended the 
 honor of Queen Guinever against Sir 
 jVIadur (who had accused her of pois- 
 oning his brother). King Arthur, in 
 gratitude to her champion, gave him 
 the castle which had been the scene 
 of the queen's vindication, and named 
 it " La. Joyeuse Garde" in memory of 
 the happy event. See Madoh, Siij. 
 [Written also Joyous Gard and 
 Garde Joy esse.] 
 
 The Garrle Jnyesfr, pmid the tnle. 
 High reari'd its glittering head; 
 
 AndAvalon's enehanted vale 
 In !5il its wonde.-s spread. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Juan, Don. See Don Juan. 
 Judge Lynch. See Lynch, Judge. 
 
 Judicious Hooker, The. See Hook- 
 KK, The Judicious. 
 
 Judith. The heroine of a well-known 
 book of the same name in the Apoc- 
 rA'pha: a beautiful .Jewess of Bethu- 
 lia, who, to save her native toAvn, \ 
 undercook to assassinate Holofemes, j 
 general of Nebuchadnezzar, putting | 
 both Iitr life and her chastity in jeop- ' 
 ardy by venturing alone into his tent j 
 for this purpose. But she accom- 
 plished her ol)jeot, and escaped with , 
 the head of Holofernes to Bethulia; i 
 whereupon her fellow-townsmen, in- j 
 spired with a sudden enthusiasm, | 
 rushed out upon the enemy, and 
 completely defeated them. The 
 story, if not altogether tictitious. as 
 many think it to be, is a legend 
 
 founded upon some fact not men- 
 tioned by any historian. 
 
 Ju'dy (6). The wife of Punch, in the 
 modern puppet-show of *' Punch and 
 Judy." See Punch. 
 
 Jug'ger-naut. [Sansk. Jngannatha, 
 lord "of the world.] [Ilimlu .Myth.) 
 A name of Vislinu, of whom an idol 
 is kept in a temple at .laggeniaut, or 
 Jaggernaut Pun, a town m Orissa. 
 This idol is one of the chief objects 
 of pilgrimage in Lidia, and has ac- 
 quired great notoriety in consequence 
 of the fanatical practice, formerly 
 very prevalent among Hindu believ- 
 ers, of throwing themselves under 
 the wheels of the lofty chariot — sixty 
 feet high — in which it is carried in 
 procession, in the hope of attaining 
 eternal bliss by such a sacritice of 
 their lives. [Written also J a g g e r- 
 nau t.] 
 
 Julia. The name of a lady beloved 
 by Proteus, in Shakespeare's " Two 
 Gentlemen of Verona.'' 
 
 Julie (zhii'le', 34). The heroine of 
 iSIoliere's comedy, "Monsieur de 
 Pourceaugnac." 
 
 Juli-et (()). 1. A lady, in Shake- 
 speare's " Measure for Measure," be- 
 loved by Claudio. 
 
 2. The heroine of Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of ''Romeo and Juliet." 
 
 STir' " .Tnliet is a child whose intoxica- 
 tion in loviuj; and being loved whirls away 
 the little reason she may have possessed. 
 It is impossible, in my opinion, to place 
 her among the great female chanicters of 
 Shakespeare's creation." Ha'lavi. '' All 
 Shakespeare's women, being essentially 
 women, either love, or have loved, or are 
 capable of loving : but .luliet is love it- 
 self. The pnspion is her stat<> of being, 
 .Tnd out of it she has no existence. It is 
 the soul within her soul ; the pn'se within 
 her lie:irt : the life-blood along her veins, 
 ' blending with evprv atom of her frame.' 
 The love that is so chaste and dignified in 
 Portia : so airv-delicat« and fearless in 
 Miranda ; so sweetly ronfiding in Per- 
 dita : so playfullv fond in Kosalind : so 
 constant in Imogen : so devoted in T)es- 
 deniom ; so fervent in Helen : so tender 
 in Viola, — is each and all of the?e in .lu- 
 liet." Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 The hypert)ole of Juliet seemed to be veri- 
 fied withrespfot to them. " Upon their hi-ows 
 shame was ashamed to sit." Mncavday. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationi, 
 
JUN 
 
 195 
 
 JUT 
 
 June, Jennie. A pseudonym of Mrs. 
 J. C. Ci'uly, an American authoress 
 of the present day. 
 
 Ju'ni-us {ur jun'yus, 6). A celebrat- 
 ed pseudonym, under which a series 
 of renuiikable political letters were 
 published at intervals from 17GJ to 
 1772, in the "'Public Advertiser," 
 then the most popular newspaper in 
 Great Britain. 
 
 4®^ In these letters, the writer who 
 couceiiled himself luider this signature 
 attacked all the public characters of the 
 day counected with the govermneat, and 
 did not spare even royalty itself. Every 
 effort that could be devised b> the gov- 
 ernment, or prompted by private indig- 
 nation, was made to discover their au- 
 thor, but in vaiu. '' It is not in the na- 
 ture of things," he writes to his publisher, 
 " that you or any body else should know 
 me unless I make myself known : all arts, 
 or inquiries, or rewards, would be inef- 
 fectual."' In another place he remarks, 
 '' I am the sole depositary of my secret, 
 and it shall die with me." Many con- 
 jectures, however, have been started on 
 the subject of this great puzzle; and 
 Burke, William Gerard Hamilton (com- 
 monly called " Single - speech Hamil- 
 ton"), John Wilkes, Lord Chatham, Mr. 
 Dunning (afterward Lord Ashburton), 
 Lord George Sackville (afterward Lord 
 Germain), Serjeant Adair, the Ilev. J. Ko- 
 senhagen, John Koberts, Charles Lloyd, 
 Samuel Dyer. General Charles Lee, Hugh 
 Boyd, Colonel Isaac Barre, Sir Philip Fran- 
 cis, and many other eminent names, have 
 all been identified by different inquirers 
 with Junius. The evidence which has 
 heen presented to prove that Sir Philip 
 Francis was the author of these memo- 
 rable philippics, though entirely circum- 
 stantial, is very strong. Macaulav thinks 
 it sufficient "to support .a verdict in a 
 civil, nay, in a criminal proceeding." The 
 inquirer will do well to consult the articles 
 that have ai)peared on the subject ot "Ju- 
 nius " in " Notes and Queries," and in the 
 " Atheiiasura " since 184S. See also Jinrs 
 in Allibone's " Dictionary of Authors " and 
 in Bohn's edition of Lowndes's "Bibli- 
 ographer's Manual." 
 
 This arch intnirner, whom, to use nn ex- 
 pression of JiniiH.i, t'-enrbcry itself could not 
 trust, was nt one moment iiearlv C'lfrht in 
 his own toils. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ju'no. (Or. (f Rnm. MyfJ,.) The 
 dauj^hter of Saturn and Ops, the sis- 
 ter and wife of Jupiter, the queen of 
 heaven, and the jjnardian deity of 
 women, especially married women. 
 
 He, in delight . . . 
 Smiled with superior love; as Jupiter 
 Oil Jinio smiles, when he impregns the cloud* 
 That shed May flowers. Alitton. 
 
 Junto. (/•;«//. //I'M.) A small knot of 
 distinguished men in the time of Wil- 
 liam 111. ( Iti'JU), who, under tills name, 
 exercised over the \\'hi<,^ body, by 
 their coimsel duriiii,^ twenty tr()iil)led 
 years, an authority o\ which, says Ma- 
 caiday, there is perhap-- no parallel in 
 liistory, ancient or nuideii;. lu.ssell, 
 Lord-keei>er Vomers, jmd Charles 
 INlontague were prominent members 
 of it. 
 
 Ju'pi-ter. [Lat., a contraction of Dio- 
 ris or Dies ( = diriim, heaven ) pater' ; 
 i. c, the lather of heaven, or heavenly 
 father.] (6'/-. cj- Jivm. Myth.) A 
 son of Saturn and Ops, brother and 
 husband of Juno, the father and 
 king of gods and men, and the su- 
 jn-eme ruler of the imiverse As the 
 god of heaven, he had all power of 
 the phenomena of the skies; hence 
 his numerous epithets, such as Plu~ 
 riiis (the rain -giver), Tvnans (the 
 thunderer), Fuhiiivator (the light- 
 ning-wielder), and the like. [Called 
 also J We and Zius.] 
 
 Ju'pi-t6r Carlyle. A sobriquet giv- 
 en to the Kev. Alexander Carlyle 
 (1722-1805), minister of Inveresk^ in 
 Scotland, remarkable tor his magnif- 
 icent head, which was considered 
 worthy of being a model lor a Jupi- 
 ter Tonans. 
 
 j8@=- "• The grandest demigod T ever saw 
 was Dr. Carl.\ le. minister of Musselburgh, 
 commonly called Jupiter Carlyle, for hav- 
 ing sat more than once for the king of 
 gods and men to Gavin Hamilton." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ju'pi-ter Sca'pin. A nickname given 
 by the Abb(^ do Pradt to Napoleon 
 Bonaparte, on account of the mix- 
 ture in his character of greatness and 
 goodness with irregularity of imag- 
 ination and a disposition to artitice 
 which sometimes, as in his Egyptian 
 campaign, led to conduct half impi- 
 ous, half childish. See Scapin. 
 
 Ju-tur'na. The sister of King Tur- 
 nus; changed into a fountain of the 
 same name, the waters of which were 
 used in the sacrifices of Vesta. See 
 
 TURXUS. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
KAF 
 
 196 
 
 KEY 
 
 K. 
 
 Kaf, Mount. See Mount Cap. 
 
 Kail'yil. The heroine of Southey's 
 pijeiu, " The Curse of Kehania." 
 
 Kama (ka'ma), or Kamadeva (ka- 
 ma-dtVva). {Hiiula Myth.) Tliegod 
 of love. He is a favorite theme of 
 description and allusion in Sanskrit 
 poetry. His power is so mucli ex- 
 alted' that even the god Brahma is 
 said to succumb to it. He is de- 
 scribed or represented as riding on a 
 parrot or a sparrow, — the symbol of 
 voluptuousness, — and holding in his 
 hands a bow of sugar-cane strung 
 "with bees, besides live arrows, each 
 tipped with the bloom of a flower 
 supposed to conquer one of the senses. 
 
 Katherine. A lady attending on 
 the princess of France, in Shake- 
 speare's " Love's Labor 's Lost." 
 
 Kay, Sir. A foster-brother of King 
 Arthur, and a rude and boastful 
 knight of the Kound Table. He Avas 
 the butt of Arthur's court. He is 
 generally made by the romancers the 
 lirst to attempt an offered adventure, 
 in Avhich he never succeeds, and his 
 failure in which acts as a foil to the 
 brilliant achievement of some more 
 fortunate and deserving, and less 
 boastful, knight. [Written also 
 Q u e u X.] 
 
 Ke-ha'ma. A Hindu rajah, who ob- 
 tains and sports with supernatural 
 power. His adventures are related 
 in Southey's poem entitled " The 
 Curse of Keliama." 
 
 Keith, ^Wise ^Wife of. See Wise 
 Wife of Keith. 
 
 Kerap'fer-hau'sen (-zn). A name as- 
 sumed by Koliert Poarce Gillies, a con- 
 tributor to " Blackwood's INIagazine," 
 and one of the interlocutors in the 
 " Noctes Ainbrosianas " of that Avork. 
 
 Ken'na-quhair (-kwar). [Scot., 
 l)on"t-know-where. Comp. Ger. 
 \Vnssnichtim.~\ A Scottish name 
 for any imaginary locality. 
 
 It would bo a misapprehension to suppose, 
 because Melrose may in genenil paiss for 
 Jienncujufuiir, or because it agrees with scenes 
 of the " Monastery " in the circumstances of 
 the drawbridge, the mill-dam, and other points 
 of resemblance, that tlierefore an accurate or 
 perfect local similitude is to be found in all the 
 particulars of the picture. ^'iV it', .'icutt. 
 
 Kent, Holy Maid of, or Nun of. 
 See Holy Maid of Kent. 
 
 Kerr, Or'pheus C. (4). [That is, Of- 
 fice-seeker.] The ituin de plumt of 
 Robert H. Newell, a humorous and 
 popular American writer of the pres- 
 ent day. 
 
 Ketch, Jack. A hangman or execu- 
 tioner; — so called in England, Irom 
 one John Ketch, a wretch who lived 
 in the time of James H., and made 
 himself universally odious by the 
 butchery of many brave and noble 
 victims, particularly tho-e sentenced 
 to death by the infamous Jeffreys 
 during the "Bloody Assizes." The 
 name is thought by some to be de- 
 rived from Richard Jacquett, who 
 held the manor of Tyburn, near Lon- 
 don, where criminals were formerly 
 executed. 
 
 Ket'tle-drum'mle, Gabriel (-drum'- 
 ml). A covenanting preacher in Sir 
 Walter Scott's '' Old Mortality." 
 
 Key of Christendom. A name 
 foniierly given to Buda, the capital 
 of Hungary, on account of its ]X)litical 
 importance, its situation on the Dan- 
 ube, and its proximity to the Ottoman 
 empire. It was twice taken by the 
 Turks in the sixteenth century, but 
 Avas finallv wrested from them in 
 the year 1G86. 
 
 Key of Russia. An appellation popu- 
 larly gi\on to Smolensk, a fnrtilied 
 city of Russia, on the Dnieper, cele- 
 brated for its resistance to the French 
 in 1812. 
 
 Key of the Gulf. A name often given 
 to the island of Cuba, from its com- 
 manding position at the entrance of 
 the Gulf of :\Iexico. 
 
 Key of the Mediterranean. A name 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
KEY 
 
 197 
 
 KIN 
 
 frequently given to the fortress of 
 Gibraltar, whicli to some extent coui- 
 niands tlie entrance to tlie iMediterra- 
 noan .Sea tiuni tlie Atlantic. 
 
 Key-stone State. The State of 
 l'cHiis\ Ivaiiia; — so called from its 
 ha\ in^- been the central State of the 
 Union at the time of the lorniation of 
 
 the Constitution. If the names of the 
 
 thirteen original btates 
 
 are arranged 
 
 in the form of an arch, Pennsylva- 
 nia will occupy the place of the key- 
 stone, as in the above cut. 
 
 Kil'raan-segg, Miss. The heroine 
 of " A Golden Legend '" by Thomas 
 Hood; an heiress with great expecta- 
 tions and an artihcial leg of solid 
 gold. 
 
 King and Cobbler. King Henry 
 VHI. and a certain merry London 
 cobbler, who form the subject of one 
 of the many popular talcs in which 
 the sovereign is represented as visit- 
 ing the humble subject in disguise. 
 
 King Ar'thur. A famous king of 
 Britain, supposed to have flourished 
 at the time of the Saxon invasion, 
 and to have died at Glastonbury, in 
 the year 542, from wounds received 
 on the fatal battle-field of Camlan, 
 which is thought to be Camelford, 
 near Tintagel, in Cornwall. His true 
 history has been overlaid with so 
 many absurd fictions by the monkish 
 chroniclers and mediaeval poets and 
 romancers, that many have errone- 
 ously reijarded him as altogether a 
 mythical personage. The usual resi- 
 dence of King Arthur was said to be 
 at Caerleon, on the Usk. in Wales, 
 where, with his l)eautiful wife Guin- 
 ever, he lived in splendid state, sur- 
 rounded by himdreds of knights and 
 beautiful ladies, who served as 
 patterns of valor, breeding, and grace 
 to all the world. From his court, 
 
 knights went out to all countries, to 
 protect women, chastise ()))i)iessors, 
 liberate the enchanted, enchain giants 
 and malirioiis dwaris, and engage in 
 oilier ciiivalious adseiiluies. A popu- 
 lar traditional belief was long enter- 
 tained among the Uritoiisthat Arthur 
 was not dead, but had been carried 
 off to be healed of his wounds in 
 fairy -land, and that he would re- 
 appear to avenge his countrymen, and 
 resume the sovereignty of Britain. 
 This legend was proverbially referred 
 to in the Middle Ages, in speaking 
 of those who indulged vain hopes 
 or cherislied absurd expectations. 
 According to another account, Arthur 
 was buried by his sister, the fairy 
 IMorgana, in the vale of Avalon, fif- 
 teen feet deep, and his tomb bore this 
 inscription, — 
 
 " Ilic jact't Artliurus, rex quondam, rexque 
 
 t'uturus." 
 Here Artliur lies, king once, and king to be. 
 
 Giraldus Cambrensis states, that, in 
 the reign of Henry H., a leaden cross 
 bearing the inscription, " Ilic jacet 
 sepultus inclytus Jicx Artliurus in 
 insula AvftUunid,^^ Here in the island 
 of Avalon the illustrious King Arthur 
 is buried, was found in the cemetery 
 of Glastonbury Abbey, imder a stone 
 seven feet below the surface; and 
 that, nine feet below this, was found 
 an oaken coffin containing bones and 
 dust. See Excai.ibar, Guinever, 
 Igerna, Modred, Ron, Round 
 Table, Uther. 
 
 The feats of Arthur and his knightly peers; 
 Of Arthur, who, to upper light restored, 
 
 With that terrific sword 
 Which yot he wields in subterranean war. 
 Shall lift his country's fame above the polar 
 star! Wordsworth. 
 
 King Bomba. See Bomba. 
 
 King Cam-by's^s. The hero of " A 
 Lamentable Tragedy " of the same 
 name, by Thomas Preston, an elder 
 contemporary of Shakespeare ; a 
 ranting character known to modem 
 readers by FalstafTs allusion to him in 
 Shakespeare's "1 Henry IV." (a. ii., 
 sc. 4), — "Give me a cup of sack to 
 make mine eyes look red ; for I must 
 speak in passion, and I will do it in 
 King Cambyses' vein." 
 
 " How!" said the smith, in Kinfj Camhiisei 
 
 gnd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
KIN 
 
 198 
 
 KIN 
 
 Tein; " are we cominanrted to stand nnd <\e- 
 
 liver nil tlio kiiifi's liighwuy y" .SV;- H'. Scott. 
 
 Kill!) I 'uiitl)!/Ms' vt'iii i.s, iit'teruU, but a wnrtli- 
 
 less one; no vein tor ii wise laau. Curli/le. 
 
 Bong Cole, A k'j,a'iidarv king of 
 Britain, who ivigned, as the ohl 
 chronicles int'orni us, in the third 
 cenlui y after Christ. Accordinj^ to 
 llobert of Gloucester, he was the 
 father of the celebrated St. Helena, 
 and the successor of Asclepiad. Jble 
 is further relej^ated to the realms of 
 fable by the rli} me that sings, — 
 
 " Old lunrj Cole 
 Was a merry old soul, 
 And a merry old soul was he." 
 
 See HalliweU's "Nursery Rhymes of 
 England," where much curious in- 
 formation in regard to this celebrated 
 personage may be Ibund. 
 
 The venerable Kukj Cole would find few 
 subjects here to acknowledge his inonarcliy 
 of ni ir t h . E. P. Wh ipjj le . 
 
 lOng Cotton. A popular personifica- 
 tion of the great staple production of 
 he Southern States of the American 
 Union. I'he supremacy of cotton 
 sjems to have been tirst asserted by 
 Mr. Jaines H. Hammond, of South 
 Carolina, in a "Speech delivered by 
 him in the senate of the United 
 States, on the rith of March, 1858, 
 from Avhich the following is an ex- 
 tract : — 
 
 " No : Tou dare not make war upon cot- 
 ton. No poweron earth da.*es to make war 
 upon it. Cotton is kins:- Luril lately, the 
 Bank of England was king ,• but she tried 
 to put her screws, as usual, che fall be- 
 fore the last, on the cotton crop, and was 
 utterly vanquished. The last power has 
 been conquered. Who can doubt, that 
 has looked at recent events, that cotton 
 is supreme? " 
 
 When . . . the pedigree of Kiiifj Cotton is 
 trnced. he is found to ho the line\l child of the 
 Tariff; called into beinir by a specific duty: 
 renred by a tix laid upon the nnnufncturing; 
 industry of the North, to create the culture of 
 the raw' material in the South. E. Everett. 
 
 King Es'ter-mere. The hero of an 
 ancient and beautiful legend, which, 
 according to Bishop Percy, would 
 seem to have been written while a 
 great part of Spain was in the hands 
 of the Saracens or Moors, whose em- 
 pire was not fully extinuiiished be- 
 fore the year 1491. Sir Walter Scott 
 suggests that an old romance, entitled 
 
 " How the King of Estmureland 
 married the daughter of the King of 
 Westmureland," may have been the 
 origin of the legend." 
 
 King Franconi (fr6"/ko'ne', 62). A 
 nickname given to Joachim Murat 
 (17()7-1815), a famous Irench gen- 
 eral, trom a celebrated mountebank 
 of that name, on account of his lan- 
 tastic love of iinery in dress. See 
 Ha>d.s(jme Swokusman. 
 
 King Goldemar. See Goldemar, 
 
 KlXG. 
 
 King Giinther. See Guntiiek, 
 
 KiNCi. 
 
 King Horn. The hero and title of a 
 l-iviich metrical romance, the work 
 of a poet Avho calls himself " Mestre 
 Thomas," held by some to be a 
 composition of the latter part of the 
 twellth century, and the oiiginalof 
 the Engli>h " Home Childe," or 
 " Geste of Kyng Horn." By others, 
 the English poem is regarded as the 
 earlier of the two. Bi.hop Percy 
 ascribed the English "King Horn" 
 to so early a date as " within a cen- 
 tur\^ alter the Conquest," although, 
 in its jiresent Ibrm, it is probably not 
 older than the latter part of the thir- 
 teenth century. 
 
 King Log. A character in a cele- 
 brated fable of ^Esop, which relates 
 that the trogs, groAvn weary of living 
 without government, petitioned Jujii- 
 ter for a king, and that, in response 
 to their recjuest. he threw down a 
 log among tliem tor their ruler. The 
 fable adds that the frogs, though at 
 first terrified by the sudden ajipear- 
 ance of their king, on becoming 
 familiarized to his presence, and 
 learning his true character, exjie- 
 rienced a complete change of feeling, 
 their dread being turned into the 
 utmost contempt. They therefore 
 entreated Jupiter for another king; 
 whereupon he sent them a stork, — 
 or, as some say, a serpent, — who 
 immediately began to devour them 
 with unapi^easable voracity. Bind- 
 ing that neither their liberty, prop- 
 erty, nor lives were secure under such 
 a ruler, they sent yet once more to 
 Jupiter for another king; but instead 
 
 ftSf For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
KIN 
 
 199 
 
 KIN 
 
 of giving them one, he returned this 
 answer nKTely: " I'hey that will not 
 be contented when they are well, 
 must be patient when things go 
 amiss." 
 
 So, when Jove'a block descended from on 
 
 hi;,'h, . . . 
 Loud thunder to its bottom shook the bog, 
 And tlie hoarse nation croaked, " God save 
 
 Kinrj Log .' " I'ope. 
 
 I do not find throughout the whole of it 
 [Wouter Van Twiller's reign] a single in- 
 Btanee of any offender beinir hrought to pun- 
 ishment, — a most induliitaldc si'j:u of a mer- 
 ciful governor, and a case unparalleled, ex- 
 cepting in the reign of the illustrious King 
 Log, from whom, \t is hinted, the renowned 
 Van TwiUer waa a lineal descendant.^ 
 
 W. Irving. 
 
 King-maker, The. A title popularly 
 conferred luion Richard Nevil, Earl 
 of WarwicK (d. 1471), who was 
 chierty instrumental in deposing 
 King Henry VI., and raising the 
 Duke of York to the throne as Ed- 
 ward IV., and who afterward put 
 Edward to flight, and restored the 
 crown to Henr\\ 
 
 Thus, centuries after feudal times arc past, 
 we find warriors still gitluring under the old 
 castle-walls, and eommiindcd by a fliulid lord, 
 just as in the days of the King- maker, who, no 
 doubt, often mustered his retainers in the 
 same mirket-place where I beheld this mod- 
 ern regiment. Hawthorne. 
 
 King Nibelung (ne'ba-lobng). A 
 king of the Nibelungen, a mythical 
 Biirgundian tribe, who give name to 
 the great mediieval epic of Germany, 
 the " Nibelungen Lied." He be- 
 queathed to his two sons a hoard or 
 treasure beyond all price or compu- 
 tation, and incapable of diminution, 
 which was w^on by Siegfried, who 
 made war upon the Nibelungen and 
 conquered them. See Siegfried. 
 
 Here is learning; an irregular treasury, if 
 you will, but inexhaustible as the hoard of 
 King Xibehing, which twelve wagons in 
 twelve days, at the rate of three journeys a 
 day, could not carry off. Carlyle. 
 
 King No'del. The name of the lion 
 in the old (Tcrman animal-epos enti- 
 tled " Keinecke Fuchs." See Re- 
 
 NARD. 
 
 King of Bark. A sobriquet given by 
 the Swedish peasants of his dav to 
 Christopher HI. (d. 1448), king' of 
 Dermiark, Sweden, and Norway, on 
 account of their having had to use 
 birch-bark mixed with meal, in a 
 time of scarcity. INlichelet says that 
 
 Christopher himself was obliged to 
 subsist temporarily on the bark of a 
 tree, and derived the nickname from 
 this circumstance. 
 King of Bath (2). A title bestowed 
 ujxin Rii.'iiardNa<h (1074-17(31 ),com- 
 nioidy called " lieau Nasii," a cele- 
 brated master of the ceremonies, or 
 president over amusements, at Bath, 
 England. His leign continued, with 
 undiminished splendor, for lifteen 
 years. 
 
 King of Beggars. A sobriquet given 
 to Bampfyldc 3Ioore Carew, a noted 
 English vagabond, who died in 1758. 
 An "• Apology " lor his life was writ- 
 ten bv Robert Goadby (8vo, London, 
 1749). 
 
 King of Brave Men. [Fr. Roi des 
 Bnivcs.] A surname or title given 
 bv the troops under his command to 
 Henry IV. ( 1553-1010), a valiant and 
 successful general. 
 
 King of Cots'would. Grey Br\'dges, 
 Lord Chandos (d. 1021);-^ so called 
 from his magnificent style of living, 
 and his numerous attendants. Cots- 
 icould, or Cotswuld, is the name of a 
 range of hills in Gloucestershire, in 
 the neighborhood of Sudley Castle, 
 his lordship's residence. 
 
 King of England's Viceroy. A 
 name given bv the French, in de- 
 rision, to Louis XVIII. (1755-1824), 
 on account of his manifestations of 
 gratitude to the government of Great 
 Britain for the assistance he had 
 received from it in recovering the 
 throne of his ancestors. 
 
 King of Feuilletons (ffPv'^to"', 43, 
 62). [Fr. Le Roi des Fttiillcfons.] 
 A sobriquet given to Jules Gabriel 
 Janin (b. 1804), a clever and ex- 
 tremely popular French journalist, 
 who for many years w^as connected 
 with the "Journal des D^bats " as 
 a writer for the "• /"(?^/^7/eton," or that 
 part of the paper devoted to light 
 literature and criticism, it being the 
 foot of the page, and separated from 
 the upper portion by a heavy line. 
 
 King of Kings. [Gr. Bao-iAev? Ba- 
 criAetoi'.] 1. A title givcu to Christ 
 in Rev. xvii. 14. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiy-xzxii. 
 
KIX 
 
 200 
 
 KIN 
 
 2. A title given to Artaxerxes, or 
 Aniisliir (d. 241), the lirst bassaiiide 
 king of I'ersia. 
 King of Men, 1. A title given by 
 Homer, in tlie '" Iliad," to Agamem- 
 non, king of MyeeniU. 
 
 Slic, toi>, [Electru,] though a Grecian wom- 
 an, and the dauglitcr of the Kiiii/ of i)/«i, 
 yet wept sometimes, and liid lier face in lier 
 robe. De (/uuicey. 
 
 2. The same title is given to 
 Jupiter and to Odin. See Jupitek 
 and Odin. 
 King of Painters. A title assumed 
 by Parrliasius of Ephesus, a cele- 
 brated painter of anticjuity, and the 
 contemporary of Zeuxis. According 
 to Plutarch, he was accustomed to 
 dress himself in a purple robe, and 
 wear a crown of gold. 
 
 King of Preachers. [Fr. Le Roi des 
 Pir'Iic'it(furs.] A name conferred 
 upon Louis Bourdaloue (1032-1704), 
 a noted French preacher. 
 
 King of Reptiles. [Fr. Le Roi des 
 Reptiles.] A nickname given to 
 Bernard (iermain Etiemii' do la Ville, 
 Count Lacc'pede (1758-182.")), on ac- 
 count of his researches in natural 
 historv, and also on account of the 
 ready eloquence with which he justi- 
 fied the arbitrary measures of the 
 Emperor Napoleon. He was the 
 author of a work entitled " Histoire 
 des Ri-ptiles.''' 
 
 King of Tars. The subject and title 
 of an ancient English metrical ro- 
 mance. Tars is Thrace, or, accord- 
 ing to some commentators, Tarsus. 
 
 King of Terrors. A common person- 
 ification of death. 
 
 nis confidence yshall be rooted out of his 
 tabernacle, and it shall bring him to the Kinr/ 
 of Terrors. Joj xviii. 14. 
 
 King of the Border. A name given 
 to Adam Scott of Tushielaw, a noted 
 robber who infested the border terri- 
 tory' of England and Scotland. 
 
 King of the Courts. [Lat. Rex 
 J iirHriorum.] A name conferred 
 by Cicero upon Quintus Hortensius 
 (d. B. c. 50), a distinguished Roman 
 forensic orator. 
 
 King of the French. [Fr. Le Roi des 
 FraiK^ais.] The original style or ti- 
 
 tle of the French kings, which was 
 changed into that of "" Kmg of 
 I'rance" bv Philip Augustus U17'J- 
 122.J). On the lUth of Oct., 178*J, the 
 National Assembly decreed that the 
 old style should be resumed l)y l^ouis 
 XVI. In 17'J2, the nionaicliy was 
 abolished, and the republic declared; 
 but in 1814 the house of liourlxtii 
 was restored, and both Louis XVHL 
 and Charles X. assumed tlie title of 
 " King of France."' In 1830, the 
 Kevolution of July occurred, and soon 
 after Louis Philippe was called to 
 the throne as constitutional '• King 
 of the rrench," a title which he 
 formally accepted on the UUi of 
 August. 
 
 King of the Markets. [Fr. Le Roi 
 des //((//(-.S.J A sobriquet conferred 
 upon Franf'ois de \'end<iine licaufort 
 (IGKJ-lOfi!)), grandson of Henry IV. 
 He acquired tliis name trom his pop- 
 ularity with the i'ari.-ians, his tamiliar 
 manners, and the pleasure he took 
 in using their language and slang. 
 
 Kling of the Romans. [Lat. Rex 
 Roi/i'iHoriiiii.] A title assumed by 
 the Emperor Henrv II., previous to 
 his coronation in 1014. He was the 
 first reigning prince of Italy or Ger- 
 many who bore it. In 1U55, it was 
 conlerred upon the eldest son of 
 Henry III., and afterward, for many 
 years, Avas lu)rne by the heirs of the 
 emperors of Germany. Na])oleon I. 
 conferred the title of " King oi" 
 Rome" upon his son, March 20^ 
 1811. 
 
 Bang of "Waters. A name given to 
 the river Amazon. 
 
 King of Yvetot (ev'to'). [Fr. Le 
 Ri'i d' ri-eiot.] A title assumed by 
 the lord of a little principality in 
 France, named Yvetot, i-ome time in 
 the latter part of the eleventh cen- 
 tury. In the sixteenth century, the 
 title of king was changed to that of 
 prince souveroin, and, at a later day, 
 the idea of sovereignty attached to 
 this seigniory disappeared. P)(''ran- 
 ger has made of the King of Yvetot 
 a model of a potentate, a good little 
 king, not known in historv. but hap- 
 pier than any monarch, having taken 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationfc 
 
KIN 
 
 201 
 
 KIT 
 
 pleasure for his code. '* Under this 
 apologue," t^ays Tissot, '* Ik-rangor 
 has satirized tlie Groat Eni])eror him- 
 self." The title is luetapliurically 
 applied to a ruler of large j)reteusioiis, 
 but insiguilicaut authority. 
 
 There was u Khxj oj i'relol once 
 
 But little known in story; 
 To bed lietitius, and rising' late, 
 Sound sleeper without j,'lory; 
 With cotton iiJLclit-eaii, toii, instead 
 Of crown, would Jenny deck his head, 
 
 'T is said. 
 Rat tat, rat tat, rat tat, rat tat. 
 Oh, what u ^ood little king was tliat! 
 
 Ilat tat. JienuKjcr, Trans. 
 
 They would exchange Caesar for Prusias, 
 and Napoleon for the King of Yvetot. 
 
 Victor lluijo. Trans. 
 
 !King Pe-9lieur'. {¥y. ]>e< fieur, a sin- 
 ner.] Unele of Perceval, and keeper 
 of the sangreal and sacred lance, the 
 guardianship of -which was intrusted 
 only to a descendant of Joseph of 
 Arimathea, and on the sole condi- 
 tion of his leading a life of perfect 
 purity in thought, word, and deed. 
 Having one day so far forgotten the 
 obligations of his sacred othce as to 
 look with unhallowed eye upon a 
 young female pilgi'im, whose robe 
 was accidentally loosened as she knelt 
 before him, his' frailty was instantly 
 punished by the sacred lance spon- 
 taneously falling upon him, and in- 
 flicting a deep and incurable wound. 
 
 King Pellenore. See Pellenore. 
 
 KingP6taud (pii'to'). A French name 
 occurring only in the phrase, "Xe caur 
 de Roi Petrnid,'" The court of King 
 Petaud. It derives its origin from 
 an assembly of begaars, who formerly 
 held meetings under the presidency 
 of the most adroit, or the poorest, 
 among them, who took the title of 
 King Petaud (from the Latin pi-tere, 
 to beg). The phrase " the court of 
 King Petaud" denotes a place of 
 confusion, where every thing is out 
 of order, where every body is master. 
 
 King Pym. A sobriquet given, on 
 account of his great popularity and 
 his political influence, to John Pym 
 (1584-1043), leader of the English 
 house of commons during the strug- 
 gle preceding the parliamentary wars. 
 He was originally so called by the 
 royalists, in derision. 
 
 King Eyence. See Ryence, King. 
 
 Kings, The Do -nothing. See 
 Fain^am's, Les Kois. 
 
 King Sacripant. See Sackipant, 
 King. 
 
 King Serpent. See King Log. 
 
 It might have Iteen as well e.\|>ected that the 
 frogs in th':, fable would, in case of invasion, 
 have risen in a mass to defend King Serpent. 
 AVr W. Scott. 
 
 Kings of Brentford, The Two. 
 See Bkemtfoed, The Two Kings 
 
 OF. 
 
 Kings of Cologne, The Three. 
 See Cologne, The Thkee Kings 
 
 OF. 
 
 King Stork. See King Log. 
 
 Kink'eljMme. Ap.'^eudonym adopt- 
 ed by Miss Elizabeth Sara Sheppard, 
 an English novelist {d.l8(J2), author 
 of " Charles Auchester," " Counter- 
 parts," &c. 
 
 Kin'mont Willie. William Arm- 
 strong, of Kinmonth, a notorious free- 
 booter of the latter part of the six- 
 teenth century, and the hero of a 
 spirited and iamous Scottish ballad. 
 
 Kirke, Edmund (4). The literarj'- 
 name of James Koberts Gilmore, an 
 American writer, author of ''Among 
 the Pines," " My Southern Friends," 
 &c. 
 
 Kirke's Lambs. A name given to 
 the soldiers of Colonel Percy Kirke, 
 an otticer in the English army in the 
 time of James II., on account of their 
 ferocity and the barbarities which 
 they committed. 
 
 Kiss of Lamourette. See Lamou- 
 kette's Kiss. 
 
 Kitchen Cabinet. A name sportively 
 given, in the United States, to Francis 
 P. Blair and Amos" Kendall, by the 
 opponents of President Jackson's ad- 
 ministration. Blair was the editor 
 of " The Globe," the organ of the 
 president, and Kendall was one of the 
 principal contributors to the paper. 
 As it was necessary for Jackson to 
 consult frequently with these gentle- 
 men, and as, to avoid observation, 
 they were accustomed, when they 
 called upon him, to go in by a back 
 door, the AVhig party styled them, in 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
KIT 
 
 202 
 
 KRI 
 
 derision, the " Kitchen Cabinet," al- 
 leging that it was by their advice 
 that the president removed so many 
 AVhigs from othce and put Democrats 
 in their place. 
 
 Kite, Sergeant. A prominent char- 
 acter in Far(|uhar"s comedy of " The 
 Kecruitiiig Othcer."' He is an origi- 
 nal and admirable picture of low life 
 and humor. 
 
 Kitely. The name of a rich city 
 merchant, extremely Jealous of his 
 wife, in Ben Jonson's comedy of 
 " Ever\* Man in his Humor." 
 
 Klabotermann (kla-bo'tef-man). A 
 ship koboldof the Baltic, who is some- 
 times heard, but rarely seen. He 
 helps sailors at their work, and beats 
 them with a rope"s-(^nd, uhen needful. 
 He appears only to doomed vessels, 
 sitting on the bowsprit of a phantom- 
 ship called '• Carmilhan," smoking 
 a short pipe, dressed in yellow sail- 
 or's clothes, and wearing a nigbt-cap. 
 [Written also K 1 a b a u t e r m a n n.] 
 
 Klaus, Peter (klowss). The hero of 
 an old po])ular tradition of Germany, 
 
 — the prototype of Kip Van Winkle, 
 
 — represented as a goat -herd from 
 Sittendorf, who, one day leading his 
 herd to pasture on the Kytfhiiuser, 
 was accosted l)y a yoimg man, who 
 silently beckoned him to follow. The 
 goat-herd, obeying the direction, was 
 led into a deep dell inclosed by crag- 
 gy precipices, where he found twelve 
 knightly personages playing at skit- 
 tles, no one of whoin uttered a word. 
 Gazing around him, he observed a 
 can of wine which exhaled a delicious 
 fragrance. Drinking from it, he felt 
 inspired with new life, but at length 
 was overpowered l)v sleep. When 
 he awoke, he found himself again on 
 the plain where his goats were accus- 
 tomed to rest. But, rubbing his eyes, 
 he could see neither dog nor goats; 
 he was astonished at the height of 
 the grass, and at trees which he had 
 ne\'er before ob-erved. Descending 
 the mountain and entering the village, 
 he found, to his consternation, that 
 every thing in the place wore an 
 altered look ; most of the ^>eople were 
 strangers to him; the few acquaint- 
 
 ances he met seemed to have grown 
 suddenly old; and only at last by 
 mutual inquiries was the truth elicited 
 that he had been asleep tor twenty 
 years. The story is related inOtmar's 
 " Volcks-Sagen " (Traditions of the 
 Harz), Bremen, 1800. See Epimen- 
 iDKs, Sleeping Beauty in the 
 Wood, and Winkle, Kip Van. 
 
 Your Epimenides, vour somnolent Peter 
 Klaus, since named " Rip Van Winlcle." 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Knick'er-bock'er, Die'drich (de'- 
 drik nik'er-bok'er). The imaginary 
 author of a humorous tictitious " His- 
 tory of New York," written by Wash- 
 ington Irving. 
 
 Knight of La Mancha. See Don 
 
 UlIXUTE. 
 
 Knight of the Sorrowful Counte- 
 nance. [Aho Knif^/it of ifie Wxful 
 Countenance, or Knu^Jit of the Rueful 
 Cminienance.] An appellation given 
 to Don Quixote. See Don Quix- 
 ote. 
 
 Know-nothings. A name popular- 
 ly given, in the United States, to a 
 short-lived party of " Native Amer- 
 icans," a secret political order, Avhich 
 sprung np in 1853, and into which 
 no members were admitted whose 
 grandfathers were not natives of the 
 country. To all questions regarding 
 the movements of the organization, 
 the prescribed reply was, " I don't 
 know:" hence the nickname. The 
 cardinal principles of the party were, 
 the repeal or radical moditication of 
 the naturalization laws; the ineligi- 
 bility to public ottice of any but na- 
 tive Americans; a pure American 
 common-school system; and opposi- 
 tion to Catholicism. The party split 
 on the slavery' question, and became 
 divided into " North Americans " and 
 " South Americans." See Hindoos 
 and Sam. 
 
 Kriemhilt. See Chriemiiild. 
 
 Kriss Kringle (kring'gl), or Christ 
 Kinkle (kingk'l). [From Ger. 
 Krlst/cindlein, Christ-child.] A term 
 somewhat A'agueJy used in the 
 United States, — where (jemian and 
 Dutch customs prevail, — both tbr 
 Christ in his bovhood and for St. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Fronunciation," with the accompanying EzpUmatiwuii 
 
KRI 
 
 203 
 
 KUV 
 
 Nicholas. It generally means the 
 latter, who, under the inHuence of 
 the former, is presumed to issue his 
 rewards to good children, on the vigil 
 of his festival, " Christ Kinkle eve," 
 disguised in a fur cap and strange 
 apparel, with a capacious bag before 
 him from which to distribute his 
 gifts. Under the name Ptlznichd 
 {ptlz, fur), in Germany, he is the 
 terror of the young at that season, as 
 he is presumed to have heard all 
 about them from the omniscient 
 Christ-child. He is the Mumbo Jumbo 
 of Teutonic nations. By the little 
 children he is often propitiated as 
 follows : — 
 
 " ChriRtkindchen koram; 
 Much iiiicli t'roiiiiii ; 
 Daa ich zu dir in Iliinniel komm.'' 
 
 Christ-child come; make me devout? 
 that I may come to thee in heaven. 
 On Christmas eve, the young folks 
 hang up their stockings in tlieir 
 cliambers in expectation of being 
 held in remembrance by the same 
 mysterious stranger. [Written also 
 C r i s s K r i n g 1 e and C r i s s 
 Cringle.] 
 
 Kuvera (koo-vil'ra). [Sansk., having 
 a wretched body.] {Hindu Mylh.) 
 The god of riches, represented as 
 frightfully deformed, and as riding in 
 a car drawn by hobgoblins. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the nurabers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
LAB 
 
 204 
 
 LAG 
 
 L. 
 
 Labe, Queen. See Queen La be. 
 
 Lach'e-sis. [Gr. Adxe^i?.] (6V. ^ 
 lixiii. Myth.) One of the three Fates; 
 tliu one tliat spun the thread of lilie. 
 See pAKc.t:. 
 
 XiS-co'ni-a. A name originally given 
 to a tract of country bounded by the 
 Merrimack, the Kenneljcc, the ocean, 
 and the " Mi ver of Canada," included 
 in a royal giant to Ferdinaudo Gorges 
 and John .NJas^on. 
 
 Ladies' Peace. [Fr. La Paix des 
 Damts.] (Fr. Hist.) The treaty of 
 
 Eeace concluded at Cambrai, in 1529, 
 etween Francis L of Fran«e, and 
 Charles V., emperor of (xermany. 
 It was so called because it was chief- 
 ly negotiated by Louise of Savoy, 
 mother to Francis, and ^largaret, 
 duchess -dowager of Savoy, the em- 
 peror's aunt. 
 Lady Bountiful. A character in 
 Farquhar's "Beaux' Stratagem; "a 
 benevolent old country' gentlewoman 
 who goes about curing all sorts of 
 distempers. 
 
 To sum up the -whole, the dame . . . being 
 & sort of Lain/ /lountifiil in lier way, . . . w.is 
 proud of the skill by which she had averted 
 the probable attacksof hereditary malady, so 
 inveterate in the family of Bridgenorth. 
 
 Sir ir. Scott. 
 
 He [Southey] conceives that ... he [the 
 magistrate] ought to be a perfect .iack-of-all- 
 trades, — architect, enginoc-. scl'inolniister, 
 merchant, theologian, a Lm/;i /.'ountij'iit in 
 every parish, a Paul Prv in every house, spy- 
 ing, eavesdropping, relieving, nrlmonishing, 
 spending our money for us, choosinz our 
 opinions for us. Macaulati. 
 
 Lady of Avenel, The "White. See 
 White Lady of Avenei. 
 
 Lady of England. A title conferred 
 upon Matilda, daughter of Henry L 
 of England, and wife of Geoffrev 
 Plantagenet, by a council held at 
 Winchester, April 7, 1141. 
 
 Lady of Sha-lott'. A maiden of 
 gentle birth and exquisite beauty, 
 who fell in love with Lancelot du 
 Lac, and died on finding her passion 
 unrequited and alto^ctlier hopeless. 
 Tennyson has made her story the 
 
 subject of one of the most beautiful 
 of his minor poems. 
 
 Lady of the Lake. 1. A name giveri 
 to \Mvian, mistress of the enchanter 
 Merlin. She had a pahue situated 
 in the midst of an imaginary lake, — 
 like that often seen by the traveler 
 across tropical deserts,' — whose de- 
 luding senil)lance served as a barrier 
 to her residence. Here she dwelt, 
 surrounded by a splendid court of 
 knights and damsels, and attended 
 by a numerous retinue. 
 
 2. The title of a poem by Sir 
 Walter Scott, and a name given to 
 its heroine, Ellen, the daughter of 
 Douglas, the former favorite of King 
 James, but now banished, disgraced, 
 and living in a secret retreat near 
 Loch Katrine. 
 
 Lady of the Sun. A name given to 
 Alice Ferrers (or Pierce), a mistress 
 of Edward HI. of England, and a 
 married Avoman of great beauty, who 
 had been lady of the bed-chamber to 
 Queen Philippa. Although Edward 
 lavished upon her both honors and 
 riches, yet at his death she stole his 
 jewels, taking even the rings from 
 his fingers. 
 
 Lady of Threadneedle Street. See 
 Old Lady of Thkeadneedle 
 Street. 
 
 Lady Touchwood. See Touch- 
 wood, Lady. 
 
 Li-er'tes (4). Son to Polonius, and 
 brother to Ophelia, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of " Hamlet." 
 
 La-feii'. An old lord, in Shakespeare's 
 '■' All 's Well that Ends Well." 
 
 La-ga'do. The name of the capital 
 city of Ralnibarbi. a continent subject 
 to the king of Laputa. (See Gulli- 
 VEK, Lemfkl. ) Fagado is celebrated 
 for its grand academy of projectors, 
 who try to extract sunbeams from 
 cucumbers, to calcine ice into gun- 
 powder, &:c. L) the descrij)tion of 
 this fancied academy. Swift ridicules 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
LAI 
 
 205 
 
 LAL 
 
 the speculative philosophers and the 
 false and ciiiiuerical pretL'uders to 
 science who were so cuninion in his 
 day. 
 
 La'i'-us (20). [Gr. AaVo?.] ( Gr. <.f Rom. 
 Mijlh.) A king of Thebes, and the 
 father of (Edipus, by whom he was 
 unwittingly killed. 
 
 La-ke'di-6n, Isaac. See Jew, The 
 
 W^ANDKIUNG. 
 
 Lake Poets, Lake School, Lakers, 
 or Lakists. A nickname given by 
 the British critics, near the beginning 
 of the present century, to '• a certain 
 brotherhood of poets" — to use the 
 language of the " Edinburgh lleview," 
 vol. xi., p. 214 — wlio ''haunted for 
 some years about the lakes of Cum- 
 berland," and who were erroneously 
 thought to have united on some 
 settled theory or principles of com- 
 position and style. Wordsworth, 
 Southey, and Coleridge were re- 
 garded as the chief representatives 
 of this so-called school, but Lamb, 
 Lloyd, and Wilson were also included 
 under the same designation. 
 
 i6£g=" " The author who is now before us 
 [Southey] belong-* to a sect of poets thr>,t 
 has established itself in this country 
 within these ten or twelve years, and is 
 looked upon, we believe, as one of its 
 chief champions and apostles. The pecu- 
 liar doctrines of this sect it would not, 
 perhaps, be very easy to explain ; but 
 that they are dissenters from the estab- 
 lished systems in poetry and criticism is 
 admitted, and proved, indeed, by the 
 whole tenor of their compositions." . . . 
 '' The productions of this school . . . can- 
 not be better characterized thm by an 
 enumeration of the sources from which 
 their materials have been derived. The 
 greatest part of them, we ajiprehend. will 
 be found to be composed of the fnllcsini^ 
 •lements : 1. The anti-sociil principles 
 and distempered sensibility of Itous-^eau ; 
 his discontent with the present constitu- 
 tion of society : his paradoxical morality ; 
 and his perpetual hankerings after some 
 unattainable state of voluptuous virtue 
 and perfection. 2. The simplicity and en- 
 ergy (liorrescn ref'-rens) of Kotzetjue and 
 Schiller. 3. The homeliness and harsh- 
 ness of some of Cowper's language and 
 versification, interchanged occasionally 
 with the innocence of Ambrose I'hilips, 
 or the quaintness of Quarles and Dr. 
 Donne. From the diligent study of these 
 few originals, we have no doubt tha^ an 
 
 entire art of poetry may be collected, by 
 the assistance of which tlie very Kentlest 
 of our reatlers may soon be (lualiHed to 
 compose a poem as correctly versifi(?d as 
 ' Thalaba,' and to deal out sentiment and 
 description with all the sweetness of 
 Lamb, and all tlie magnificence of Cole- 
 ridge. ' Eilinburgk Rev., vol. i. 
 j^^ " When, some years ago, a gentle- 
 man [.Mr. Jetfrey], the chief writer and 
 conductor of a celet>ratc(l review [the 
 ' Eiiinburgh Review ' ] distinguished by 
 its hostility to Mr. .Southey, spent a day 
 or two at Keswick [.Mr. Soutiiey's placo 
 of i-esideme], he was circuiiist mtially 
 informed by wiiat series of accidents it 
 had happened that Mr. Wordsworth, Mr. 
 Southe>, and 1 had become iieigubors ; 
 and how utterly groundless was tiie sup- 
 position that we considered ourselves aa 
 belonging to any coiiiiuon school but that 
 of good sense, confirmed by the long- 
 established models of the best times of 
 Greece, Rome, Italy, and England, and 
 still more groundless the notion that Mr. 
 Southey (for, as to myself, 1 have pub- 
 lished so little, and that little of so little 
 unportance, as to make it almost ludi- 
 crous to mention my name at all) could 
 have been concerned in the formation of 
 a poetic sect with Mr. \V'ordsw(M'th, when 
 so many of his works had been published, 
 not only previously to any acquaintance 
 between them, but before Mr. Words- 
 worth himself had written any thing but 
 in a diction ornate and uniformly sus- 
 tained ; when, too, the slightest exami- 
 nation will make it evident that between 
 tho.se and the after- writings nf Mr. South- 
 ey there exists no other difference than 
 that of a progressive degree of excellence, 
 from progressive development of power, 
 and progressive facility from habit and 
 increase of experience. Yet, among the 
 first articles vrhich this man wrote after 
 his return from Keswick, we were char- 
 acterized as ' the school of whining and 
 hypochondriacal poets that haunt the 
 Lakes.' " Coleridge. 
 
 Lake State. A name popularly given 
 to the State of Michigan, wliich bor- 
 ders upon the four lakes, Superior, 
 Michigan, Huron, and P^rie. 
 
 Laks'mi. {flimlu Mijth.) The con- 
 sort of Vishnu, and the goddess of 
 beauty, grace, riches, and pleasure. 
 She is a favorite subject of Indian 
 painting and poetry, and is pictured 
 as a being of transcendent loveliness, 
 yet of a dark blue color. 
 
 Lal'la Robkh. The title of a poem 
 by Aloore, and the name of its hero- 
 
 <ind for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xrxiL 
 
LAM 
 
 206 
 
 LAM 
 
 ine, the daughter of the great Au- 
 rengzebe. She is betrothed to the 
 young king of Bucharia, and sets 
 forth with a splendid train of attend- 
 ants, to meet him in the delightful 
 valk-y of Cashmere. To amuse the 
 languor, or divert the impatienee, of 
 the royal bride, in the noontide and 
 night halts of lu-r luxurious progress, 
 a young (,'ashnierian poet had been 
 sent by the gallantry of the bride- 
 groom, and, on tliese occasions, he 
 recites the several tales that make up 
 the bulk of the poem. With him 
 she falls desperately in love, and by 
 the time she enters the lovely vale of 
 Cashmere, and sees the glittering 
 palaces and towers prepared for her 
 reception, she feels that she would 
 joyfully forego all this pomp and 
 splendor, and fly to the desert with 
 the youthful bard whom she adores. 
 He, however, has now disappeared 
 from her side, and she is supported, 
 with fainting heart and downcast 
 eye, into the presence of her tyrant; 
 when a well-known voice bids her be 
 of good cheer, and, looking up, she 
 sees her beloved poet in the prince 
 himself, who had assumed this gal- 
 lant disguise, and won her affections, 
 without any aid from his rank or her 
 engagements. 
 
 Lam'bro. The piratical father of 
 Haidee, in Byron's "Don Juan;" 
 considered by Coleridge to be the 
 finest of all Byron's characters. 
 
 Lame and Unstable Peace. [Fr. 
 Paix Boiteusa et Mal-dsslse.] (Fr. 
 Hist.) A name given to a treaty of 
 peace, of short duration, concluded 
 with the Calvinists, in 1 5*18, in the 
 name of Charles IX., by Biron, who 
 was lame. [Called also 1 11-;/ rounded 
 Ptnct and PnUhtd-up Peace.] 
 
 La'tni-a. [Gr. Aaixc'a.] ( ^r. cf Eom. 
 Myth.) A female phantom, whose 
 name was used as a bugbear to 
 frighten children. According to tra- 
 dition, she was a Libyan queen, a 
 daughter of Bel us, of great beauty, 
 and beloved by Jupiter, for which 
 reason the jealous Juno robbed her 
 of her children. Lamia, tilled with 
 revenge and despair, and unable to 
 
 injure Juno, robbed others of their 
 children, whom she afterward nmr- 
 dered. Her face became fearfully 
 distorted and ugly by indulgence in 
 such savage cruelty, and Jupiter in- 
 vested her with still greater terror by 
 giving her the power of taking out 
 her eyes and putting them in again 
 at w'ill. Lamia is the subject and ti- 
 tle of an admired poem by Keats. 
 
 jft^ In a later age, a belief .sprang up 
 in a pluralit}' of Lamia;, handsome >pec- 
 ters, wiio, by voluptuous artifices, enticed 
 young meu to tiieiii. in order to feast 
 upou their tlesh aud blood. 
 
 Lam'mi-kin. The subject of a welL 
 known .Scottish ballad. 
 
 4fg=' '* The licrn. if such a term is appli- 
 cable to the blood-tliirsty ma.son, has been 
 celebrated under the names of Launnikin, 
 Lamkin, Liukin, Beliukin, Bold Kankin, 
 and Ualcaiiqual, and has become, through 
 the medium of injudicious servants, the 
 prime terror of tlie Scottish nursery, 
 liike most such ogres, he is a myth ; at 
 least, I have never seen any satisfactory 
 attempt at his identification, nor has any 
 one discovered the locality of the castle 
 which he built and baptized with blood." 
 
 Aytoun. 
 
 Lamourette's Kiss (la'moo'ret'). 
 [l'"r. Le B'liser de Lnmourette.] (Fr. 
 Hist.) A name derisively given to a 
 sudden reconciliation of the diflerent 
 factions of the Legislative Assembly, 
 which had previously been bitterly 
 hostile to each other. It was br<»ught 
 about, on the 7th of July, 1792, by 
 an eloquent appeal of the Abb(^ La- 
 mourette, constitutional bishop of 
 Lyons, — whose name signifies the 
 sn-ect/ienrt, — but was of verv brief 
 duration. [Called also La Jiiconcl- 
 Viation Xormnru/e, or T/ie NornKin 
 RecimciHation, from the countr}'- of 
 the bishop.] 
 
 K^ '' The deputies of every faction, 
 Royalist, Constitutionalist, Girondist, 
 Jacobin, and Orleanist. rushed into each 
 other's arms, and mixed tears with the 
 solemn oaths by which they renounced 
 the innovations supposed to be imputed 
 to them. The king was sent for to enjoy 
 this spectacle of concord, ?-o strangely 
 and so unexpectedly renewed. Hut the 
 feeling, though strong. — and it might 
 be with many overpowering for the mo- 
 ment, — was but like oil spilt on tlie rag- 
 ing sea, or rather like a shot fired acrosa 
 
 V3f For the " Key to the Scheme of Fronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
LAX 
 
 207 
 
 LAX 
 
 the wares of a torrent, which, though it 
 counteracts th«'in by its uiomcutary iiii- 
 pul.se, cannot fur a secoud alt^-r their 
 course. The factions, like Le Saj?e"s de- 
 mons, detested each other the more lor 
 having been compelled to embrace."' 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Lan'ce-lot du Lac, or Lancelot of 
 the Lake. Tlie son of King Ban 
 of Brittany, and one of tiie must 
 fanioiis knights of the Kound Table; 
 equally remarkable for In's gallantry 
 and good-nature, lie was the hero 
 of a celeljrated romance of chivalry, 
 ■written in Latin by an unknown au- 
 thor, and translated by Walter Mapes, 
 in the twelfth century. He received 
 the appellation of du Lac " from hav- 
 ing been educated at the court of Viv- 
 ian, mistress of the enchanter Merlin, 
 and better known as the Lady of the 
 Lake. Lancelot Avas celebrated ibr 
 his amours Avith Guinever, the wife 
 of his friend and sovereign, King- 
 Arthur, and for the exploits he un- 
 dertook for her sake, which involved 
 him in a long and cruel war with Ar- 
 thur. Toward the close of his life, 
 he became a hermit. 
 
 4®=" " Thou . . . wert never matched 
 of none earthlv knighf "s hands ; and thou 
 wert the curtiest knight that ever bare 
 shield : and thou wert the truest friend 
 to thy lover that ever bestrode hor.-^e ; and 
 thou wert the truest lover, of a sinful 
 man, that ever loved woman ; and thou 
 wert the kindest man that ever struck 
 with sword ; and thou wert tiie goodliest 
 person that ever came among press of 
 kniglits ; and thou wert the meekest man 
 and the gentlest that ever ate in hall 
 among ladies : and thou wert the stern- 
 est knight to thy mortal foe that ever put 
 spear in the rest."' Morte d'Attkitr. 
 
 Ijand of Beu'lah. In Bunyan's alle- 
 gory, " The Pilgrim's Progress," a 
 land of rest and quiet (symbolizing 
 the Christian's peace of mind), rep- 
 resented as lying upon the hither 
 side of the river of Death. In it tlie 
 pilgrims tarry till their summons 
 comes to cross the stream, and enter 
 the Celestial City. The name occurs 
 in ha. Ixii. 4. 
 
 4fg= " After this, I beheld until they 
 came unto the land of Beulah, where the 
 sun shineth night and day. Here, be- 
 cause they were weary, they betook them- 
 
 selves awhile to rest. But a little whil« 
 soon refresiied them liere ; tor the bells 
 did so ring, i.nd the trumpets continu- 
 ally .-ouniled ,so melodiously, that they 
 could not slee]), and \ et they received 
 as much refreshing as if they" had slept 
 their sleep ever so .'^oundly. Here al.so 
 all the noise of them that walked the 
 streets was, More pilgrims are come to 
 town 1 And another would answer, say- 
 ing. And so many went over the water, 
 and were let in at the golden gates to-day ! 
 In this land they heard nothing, saw noth- 
 ing, smelt nothing, tasted nothing, that 
 was f flensive to their stomach or mind ; 
 only when they tasted of the water of the 
 river over whicli tliey were to go, they 
 thought that it tasted a little bitterish to 
 the palate ; but it proved sweet when it 
 was down." 
 
 Land of Bondage. A name some- 
 times given to Lgypt. The Israel- 
 ites, during the fir.'^t part of their so- 
 journ in that country, were treated 
 with great kindness, and increased 
 in numbers and prosperity; but at 
 length " there aro.-e up a new king 
 over Egypt, Avhich knew not Joseph," 
 and who adopted a subtle system to 
 afliict and reduce them by making 
 them perform forced labor, and soon 
 afterward by killing their male chil- 
 dren. This oppression led to the ex- 
 odus, the forty years" wandering in 
 the Avilderness, and the subsequent 
 conquest and occupation of the land 
 of Canaan. 
 
 Land of Cakes. A name sometime.s 
 given to Scotland, because oatmeal 
 cakes are a common national article 
 of ibod, particidarly among the poorer 
 classes. 
 
 Hoar, Land o' Ciile^ and britlier Scots, 
 Frae iMaidenkiik to John o' Groats, 
 If there 's a hole in a' your coats, 
 
 I rede ye tent it: 
 A chiel 's amanjj yon tnkin' notes. 
 
 And, faith, he '11 i^rent it. Bums. 
 
 The lady loves, and adniucs, and worshiijs 
 
 every thii'io: Scottisli; tlie frentleman looks 
 
 down on tlie Lund of Cuke f like a Buperior 
 
 intelligence. Ulucf.ux)od's Mug. 
 
 Land of Nod. The state or condition 
 of sleep, conceived of as a country 
 which people visit in their dreams. 
 
 ;gfg=- This figure is evidently borrowed 
 from the use of the English word noil, as 
 denoting the motion of the head in drow- 
 siness. But it was also, most probably, 
 at first employed as containing a ludi- 
 crous allusion to the language of Scripture 
 
 •nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxil. 
 
LAN 
 
 208 
 
 LAP 
 
 Id re^rd to the conduct of the first mur- 
 derer : "And Cain went out from the 
 presence of the Lord, and dwelt ia the 
 land of Nod." ( Utii. iv. 1(3.) 
 
 "And d'ye ken, lass," said Madge, "there 's 
 queer things cliaiiced since ye liae been in 
 tlie Land u/ Xod f " Hir W. Scott. 
 
 Land of Promise. See Pkomised 
 Land. 
 
 Land of Steady Habits. A name 
 by whii'h the State of Connecticut 
 i.s sometimes desi<?nated, in allusion 
 to the settled usaj,'es and staid de- 
 portment of its inhabitants. 
 
 Land of "Wisdom. [Fr. La Pays de 
 S'tpii'iice.] A name given to Nor- 
 mandy, in France, because of the 
 wise customs wiiich have prevailed 
 there, and also because of the skill 
 and judgment of the people in mat- 
 ters of jurisprudence. 
 
 Lane, "Wycliffe. A pseudonym of 
 iNIrs. E. Jenings, a writer of tlie 
 present day. 
 
 Lang'staff, LSun'ce-lot (2). A 
 pseudonym under which '" Salma- 
 
 fundi " was jointly published by 
 N^ashington Irving, Wdliam Irving, 
 and James K. Paulding. 
 Languish, Miss Lydia. The hero- 
 ine of Sheridan's comedy of '' The 
 Rivals;" distinguished for the ex- 
 travagance of her romantic notions. 
 
 Let not those, however, who enter into a 
 union for life witliout those cnibarrassnieuts 
 which delight a . . . Lfj'lia LanguUh, and 
 which are perhaps necessary to excite an en- 
 thusiastic passion in breasts more tirm than 
 theirs, au^ur worse of their future happiness, 
 because tneir own alliance is formed under 
 calmer auspices. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Lauternois, L'lle des (lei di \b^'- 
 ter^na', 02). See Island of Lan- 
 terns. 
 
 Li-oc'6-on. [Gr. AaoKoiov.] ( Gr. (f 
 Rom. Xfijtii.) A son of Priam and 
 Hecuba, and a priest of Apollo, or, 
 as some say, of Neptune. He op- 
 posed the reception of the Wooden 
 Horse into Troy, thinking it some 
 artifice of the deceitful Greeks. He 
 and liis two sons were killed by two 
 monstrous serpents which came from 
 the sea; but the reason of their be- 
 ing made to suffer this horrible fate 
 is dilferently stated. The serpents 
 first entwined the boys, and, when 
 
 their father attempted to rescue then\ 
 they involved and crushed him also 
 in their coils. The death of Laocoou 
 is the subject of one of the most 
 magniticent and celebrated works of 
 ancient sculpture still in existence; 
 it was discovered in 15U(J at lionie, 
 and is now i>»'eserved in the Vatican. 
 
 Li-od'a-mi'a. [Gr. AaoSdMfia.] ( G'r. 
 c)'- lioiii. My(/i.) The wife of Protes- 
 ilaus, whom she followed to the un- 
 der-world, after his death at the 
 hands of Hector. Wordsworth has 
 made this myth the subject of his 
 ex(juisite poem entitled '" Laodamia." 
 See Pkotesilaus. 
 
 Li-om'e-don. [Gr. \aoixeSuiv.'] {Gr. 
 </■ Horn. Myth.) A king of Troy, 
 son of Ilus and Eurydice, and the 
 father of Priam, Ganymede, and Ti- 
 thonus. With the assistance of Apol- 
 lo and Xeptune, he built the walls of 
 Troy; but, when the work was done, 
 he refused to pay the reward which 
 he had promised for the labor, and 
 expelled them from his dominions. 
 Hereupon Xeptune sent a sea mon- 
 ster to ravage the country; and in 
 compliance with the command of an 
 oracle, a maiden, chosen by lot, was 
 from time to time sacriticed to pro- 
 pitiate it. On one occasion, Laome- 
 don's own daughter Hesione was the 
 victim selected; but Hercules saved 
 her on receiving a certain solemn 
 promise from her father, which not 
 being fulfilled, Hercules killed him. 
 
 Lap'i-thae. [Gr. AaniOai.] {Gr. ^ 
 lioin. Myth.) Monstrous giants in- 
 habiting the mountains of Thessaly. 
 At the marriage of their king, Piritli- 
 ous, they fought with the Centaurs 
 and vancjuished them, but were after- 
 ward themselves overcome by Her- 
 cules. 
 
 La-pu'ta. The name of a flying isl- 
 and described by Swift in his imagi- 
 nary " Travels " of Lemuel Gulliver. 
 It is said to l>e " exactly circidar, its 
 diameter 78-57 yards, or about four 
 miles and a half, and [it] consequently 
 contains ten thousand acres." The 
 inhabitants are chiefly specidative 
 philosophers, devoted to mathemat- 
 ics and music ; and such is their ha- 
 
 0^- For the " Key to the Scheme of Tronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
LAR 
 
 209 
 
 LAS 
 
 bitual absent-mindedness, that they 
 are compelled to employ attendants 
 — called " dappers " — to rouse tlieni 
 from their proiound meditations, 
 when necessary, i)y striking' them 
 gently on the mouth and ears with a 
 peculiar instrument consistiuy; of a 
 blown bladder with a tew pebbles in 
 it, fastened on the end of a stick, like 
 the swiple of a flail. See Lagauo. 
 
 Thou art an unfortunate philosoplier of 
 
 Laputa, who has lost his flapper in the throng. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Strange it is, that, whilst all biographers have 
 ■worlied witli so iiuich zeal upon tlie most 
 barren dates or most baseless traditions in tlie 
 great poetV life, realizing in a_ manner tlie 
 dreams o\' Laputa, and endeavoring to extract 
 sunbeams from cucumbers, such a story with 
 regard to such an event . . . should formerly 
 have been dismissed without notice of any 
 kind. De Quincey. 
 
 So materializing is the spirit of the age, that 
 the extended stucYv of physical and mechani- 
 cal science seems likely, one of these days, to 
 convert our island into a Laputa. Keightley. 
 
 La'ra. The hero of Byron's poem of 
 the same name; represented as a 
 chief long absent from his own do- 
 main, who returns at length, attended 
 by a single page. Dark hints and 
 surmises are thrown out against him 
 by a noble whom he encounters at a 
 banquet, and who seems to be pos- 
 sessed of some knowledge of the 
 manner in which Lara's time has 
 been occupied during his prolonged 
 absence. This knight disappears 
 most opportunely for the reputation 
 of Lara, when he should have come 
 forward to substantiate the charges 
 against him, and is never heard of 
 at^er. A peasant, however, is witness 
 to the concealment of a corpse on the 
 same night, and the reader is left to 
 draw his own conclusions. 
 
 La'res. [Lat., pi. of Inv.^ a word of 
 Etruscan origin, signifying lord, king, 
 or /lero.] (Rom. Mfjth.) Tutelary 
 deities of particular localities. They 
 were of two classes : 1. The domestic 
 Inres, or household gods, whose im- 
 ages were kept on the hearth in a 
 little shrine, or in a small chapel, and 
 who were regarded as disembodied 
 and guardian spirits of virtuous an- 
 cestors ; 2. The public Inres, protect- 
 ors of streets, highways, cross-roads, 
 &c. [Written also, in an Anglicized 
 form, Lars.] 
 
 La Ro9he. A Protestant clergyman, 
 whose story — written by Henry 
 Mackenzie — is told in " I'he Mir- 
 ror." 
 
 Lar'vee. {Rom. Myfh.) The same 
 as Lcmuris. See Lkmukks. 
 
 Last Man. An appellation given, by 
 the parliamentary partv in Knglaiid, 
 to Charles L (ltJUU-l(J4"J), he being, 
 in their expectation, the last mouaich 
 who would ever sit on the Lritish 
 throne. 
 
 He did not consider himself as free in con- 
 Bcience to join with any party whicli might be 
 likely ultimately to acknowledge the interest 
 of Charles Stuart, the son of the " Lant Man," 
 as Charles I. was familiarly and irreverently 
 termed by them in their common discourse, 
 as well as in their more elaborate predications 
 and harangues. sir W. Scott. 
 
 Last of the Fathers. A title given 
 by some Roman Catholic writers to 
 St. Bernard (10i)l-115;J), one of the 
 most intiuential theologians and vo- 
 luminous writers of the Middle Ages. 
 
 Last of the Goths. Boderick, the 
 thirty -fourth and last of the Visi- 
 gothic line of kings, Avho filled the 
 throne of Spain from 411 to 711. 
 
 Last of the Greeks. [Lat. Ultimvs 
 Groicoruin, Or. "Yo-Taros- 'EkK-qvMv.l 
 An appellation confeiTed upon Phil- 
 opoemen (b. v. 253-183), a native of 
 Arcadia, and the last really great and 
 successful military leader of the an- 
 cient Greeks. 
 
 iKg= " One of the Romans, to praise 
 him, called him the Last of the Greeks, 
 as if after him Greece liad produced no 
 great man, nor one who deserved the 
 name of Greek." Plutarch^ Trans. 
 
 Last of the Knights. A title be- 
 stowed upon Maximilian L (1459- 
 1519), emperor of Germany. 
 
 " The iasC of the Knights" with his wild 
 effrontery and spirited chamois - hunting, 
 might be despised by the Italians as " Mas- 
 similianoPochi Danari [IVfaximilian the Pen- 
 niless];" but he was beloved by the Anstri- 
 ans as " Our Max." Yonr/e. 
 
 Last of the Mo-hi'cans. The hero 
 of Cooper's novel of the same name, 
 by which title the Indian chief Uncas 
 is designated. 
 
 Last of the Romans. [Lat. Ulti- 
 mus Roma norma.'] 1. A name apH 
 plied to the Roman general Aetius, 
 by Procopius. When the invasion 
 
 Snd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxziL 
 
 14 
 
LAS 
 
 210 
 
 LAW 
 
 of Attila took place in A. D. 450, 
 Aetius, with the help of Theodoric, 
 arrested it lirst by tlie relief of Or- 
 leans, and then by the victory of 
 Chiilons. ^\ ilh his death, wiiieh oc- 
 curred in 45-4, the last support of the 
 empire tell. 
 
 iJ. A name given by Marcus Ju- 
 nius Brutus to his lellow-conspirator, 
 Caius Cassius Longinus (d. i'.. c. 42), 
 one of the murderers of J ulius Caisar, 
 and one of the best generals of his 
 age. 
 
 3. [hr. Le Dernier des Romdiris.^ 
 A title bestowed upon l'ran(;ois Jo- 
 seph Terasse Desbillons (1751-178J), 
 a celebrated Jesuit, on account of 
 the elegance and purity of his Latin 
 style. 
 
 Last of the Troubadours. A name 
 given by his admirers to Jacques 
 Jasmin ( 1798-18IJ4), a native of Gas- 
 cony, and the most eminent moiiern 
 pat^)is poet of France. 
 
 La-ti'nus. A son of Faunus, and 
 king of the Laurentians, a people of 
 Latium, in Italy. When iBneas 
 first arrived in Latium, Latinus op- 
 posed him; but he afterward ibnned 
 an alliance with him, and gave him 
 his daughter Lavinia in marriage. 
 
 Latin "War. ( Ger. Hist. ) An insur- 
 rection of the peasantry in Salzburg, 
 in 1523, occasioned by the unpop- 
 ularity of an archbishop. It was 
 quickly suppressed. 
 
 La-to'na. [Gr. Atjtu>, Doric, Aarui, 
 ^olic, Aariui'.] {(Jr. tf- Rom. Myth.) 
 Dauirhter of Coeus, a Titan, and 
 Pho-be, and by Jupiter the mother 
 of Apollo and Diana, to whom she 
 gave birth on the island of Delos. 
 (See Dklos.) Ovid ("Met. " vi..fab. 
 iv.) relates a story of some clowns of 
 Lycia who insulted Latona as she 
 knelt with the infant deities in arms 
 to quench her thirst at a small lake, 
 and who were in consecpience changed 
 into frogs. 
 
 I did hut prompt the ago to quit their clogs 
 Bv the known rules of ancient liherty. 
 When straight a barharoua noise environs 
 me 
 Of owls and euckoow, asses, apeu, and dog«: 
 As when those hinds that were transformed to 
 frogs 
 
 Railed at iMtona^st twin-bom progeny, 
 Wkich utter held tlie buu luid uiiKtu in fee. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Laughing Philosopher. Democri- 
 tus ot' Abdi ra. a celebrated ])hiloso- 
 pher of antiquity, coiitenqxirary with 
 Socrates; — so called because he al- 
 ways made a jest of man's follies 
 and sorrows, his teeble struggles and 
 evanescent works. He is usually 
 contrasted with Heraclitus, '• The 
 Weeping Philosopher." See Weep- 
 ing PHILOSOPHEH. 
 
 Liaun9e. An awkward and silly serv- 
 ant of Proteus, in Shakespeare's 
 " Two Gentlemen of Verona." 
 
 Liaun'fftl, Sir. One of the knights 
 of the Pound Table, the subject of 
 a metrical romance composed by 
 Thomas Chestre, in the reign of 
 Henry VI. The name has also been 
 adopted as the title of a poem by 
 James Kussell Lowell, entitled " The 
 Vision of Sir Launfal." 
 
 Laura (7^ //row. low' ra). The Chris- 
 tiaii name of an Avignonese lady, 
 young, I'ut already married, lor 
 whom, in the 3'ear 1327, the poet 
 Petrarch conceived a strong though 
 Platonic aHection, which exercised a 
 powerful influence over his life, and 
 ended only with his death. He sung 
 her praises in " rime," or sonnets 
 and canzoni, which have immortal- 
 ized not only her name, but his own. 
 
 Latirence, Friar. See Fkiak Lau- 
 rence. 
 
 L5-vin'i-a. 1. A daughter of Latinus, 
 and the second wife of ^neas. She 
 had previously been betrothed to 
 Turnus. See Latinus and Cheusa. 
 
 Sad task! yet argument 
 Not less but more l)eroic"than tlie . . . rage 
 Of Turnus for Lariniu di6csiX)UBed. Mulon. 
 
 2. The heroine of a tale introduced 
 by Thomson, in his " Seasons," into 
 the poem on " Autumn." See Pale- 
 
 M«»N. 
 
 Law's Bubble. A name given to a 
 delusive speculation piojected by 
 John Law (1671-1729), a celebrated 
 financier, and a native of Edinburgh. 
 In 1710, he established a bank in 
 France, by royal authority, composed 
 of 1200 shares of 3000 livres each, 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Fronunciatioa," with the accompanying Explasatioua, 
 
LAZ 
 
 211 
 
 LEA 
 
 which soon bore a premium. This 
 bank became the othce tor all public 
 receipts, and tbere was annexed to it 
 a Mississi])pi company, which bad 
 j^rants of laud in Louisiana, and Avas 
 expected to realize immense sums by 
 plantini; and counnerce. In 17 J 8, it 
 was declared a royal bank, and its 
 shares rose to twenty times their 
 original value, so that, in 1719, they 
 were worth more than eig'bty times 
 the amount of all the current specie 
 in France. In 1720, the shares sunk 
 as rapidly as they had risen, nearly 
 overtin-owing the French govern- 
 ment, and occasioning great and 
 wide - spread tinancial distress and 
 bankruptcy. 
 
 Laz'a-rus. A poor leper, who, in the 
 parable of our Lord {Lukt xvi.), im- 
 plored in vain the pity of a rich man; 
 but after the death of both, Lazarus 
 went to heaven, and the rich man to 
 hell, where he in turn vainlj' implored 
 help from Lazarns. 
 
 1^/^ This is the only rase in the New Tes- 
 fcuiient where a proper name occurs in a 
 parable. The use of the wortl Inzzarn ap- 
 plied to a leper, and of the words hizarettn 
 and laznr-hoiisf for leper hospitals, and 
 of Inzznroni for bessars, shows the influ- 
 ence which this parable has had upon the 
 mind of Christendom. 
 
 Lazy, Lawrence. The hero of a 
 popular " history," or romance, of 
 ancient date, '' containing his Birth 
 and slothful breeding; how he served 
 the Schoolmaster, his Wife, the 
 Squire's Cook, and the Farmer, 
 which, by the laws of Lubberland, 
 was accounted Higli Treason ; his 
 Arraigmnent and Trial, and happy 
 deliverance from the many treasons 
 laid to his charge." 
 
 League, The. [Yv. Ln Li(iueS\ (Fr. 
 Hist.) A political coalition organized 
 in 157G by the Roman Catholics of 
 France, to prevent the accession of 
 Henry IV., who was then of the re- 
 formed religion. [Called also The 
 Holy Lenf^tie (Fr. Ij(t Sainte Li(pte), 
 and The Holy Union (Fr. La Stinie 
 Union). '\ 
 
 League and Covenant, Solemn. 
 See Solemn League and Cove- 
 nant. 
 
 League of God's House. [Fr. Licfue 
 de Id Afdison de iJicii.] {Siri.<^x Hist.) 
 A celebrated combination Ibrmed by 
 the (irisons in 1400, lor the pur- 
 pose of resisting domestic tyranny- 
 [Called also Cuddtv.] 
 
 League of the Public Good. [Fr. 
 
 Lif/ue dii Bitn Puhlic] (Fr. Hist.) 
 An alliance, in 14G4, between the 
 dukes of Burgundy, Brittany, and 
 Bourgogne, and other French princes, 
 against Louis XL 
 
 Leander. [Gr. Aeiai/Spo?.] A youth 
 of Abydos, famous for his love for 
 Hero, a priestess of Sestos, to visit 
 whom he nightly swam across the 
 Hellespont. See Hei:o. 
 
 L6andre (la'uu'dr, 62, 64, 103). A 
 lover in Moliere's " L'Etourdi." 
 
 Lear. A fabulous or legendary king 
 of Britain, and the hero of Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of the same name. 
 He is represented as a fond father, 
 duped, in his old age, by hypocritical 
 professions of love and duty on the 
 part of two daughters ((ioneril and 
 Kegan), to disinherit the tiiird (Cor- 
 delia), who had beibre been deserv- 
 edly more dear to him, and to divide 
 his kingdom between her sisters, who, 
 by their pertidious and cruel con- 
 duct, soon drive the poor old king 
 mad. After his misery has reached 
 its highest pitch, he is" found by the 
 daughter whom he has so deeply in- 
 jured; and, through her tender care, 
 he revives and recollects her. She 
 endeavors to reinstate him upon his 
 throne, but fails in her attempt, and 
 is hanged in prison, where her broken- 
 hearted father dies lamenting over 
 her. 
 
 Learned Blacksmith. A name 
 
 sometimes applied to Elihu P>urritt 
 (b. 1811), wlu) l)egan life as a black- 
 smith, and afterAvard distinguished 
 himself as a linguist. 
 
 Learned Tailor. A title sometimes 
 bestowed upon Henry WihL a native 
 of Norwich, England, where he was 
 born about the yeai- 1684. He Avas 
 in early life a tailor, and, Avhile 
 working at his trade, mastered the 
 Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syr- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, tee pp. xit- 
 
LK.\ 
 
 212 
 
 IT:! 
 
 iac, Arabic, and Perpian lanjiuages. 
 [Called also Tlit Ambinn Tnilur.] 
 
 Leatherstocking. A sobriquet given 
 to Natty, or Nathaniel, Buitippo, a 
 celebrated character in Cooper's nov- 
 els of" The Deerslayor," " 'I'lie I.nst 
 of the Mohicans," "'I'lie Piithfiiider." 
 *' The Pioneers," and '• The Prairie." 
 
 4®=- " Leiitherstockin,!; stands half-way 
 between saviig;e and civilized life; he has 
 the freshness of nature, a nl the first- 
 fruits of CiiristianitN . the seed dropped 
 into vigorous soil. These are the elements 
 of one of the most original characters in 
 fiction, in whom Cooper has transplanted 
 all the chivalry, ever feigned or practiced 
 in the Middle Ages, to the rivers, woods, 
 and forests of the unbroken New World."' 
 Dui/ckinck. 
 
 One Natt'i Leathomtockhig, one melodious 
 synopsis of man and nature ni the West. 
 
 Carbjle. 
 
 IjG Beau. A courtier, in Shakespeare's 
 "As You Like It." 
 
 Ije'da. [Gr. ArJSa.] {Gv. cf Rom. 
 My'tli.) The daughter of Thestius, 
 and the wife of Tyndareus. Jupiter 
 falling in love with her, and visiting 
 her in the form of a swan, she bore 
 two eggs, from one of Avhich came 
 forth Pollux and Helen, and from 
 the other Castor and Clytemnestra. 
 
 Led'dy Grip'py. The name of the 
 heroine in " The Entail," a novel by 
 Gait. 
 
 A decreet o' court, Jamie, as Leddie Grinpjf 
 would have said. Prof. J. IVilfon. 
 
 Le Fevre (lu fev'r, 64). The name 
 of a poor lieutenant, whose story is 
 related in Sterne's " Life and Opin- 
 ions of Tristram Shandy." 
 
 Legion. The name assumed by the 
 demoniac, or the unclean spirit, 
 spoken of in ^fark v.: "My name 
 is Legion; for we are many." The 
 term implies the presence of a supe- 
 rior power, in addition to subordi- 
 nate ones. 
 
 Legion, The Thundering. See 
 TnuNDEinxo Legion. 
 
 Leg-of-Mutton School. A name 
 given to those poetasters, who, at- 
 taching themselves as parasites and 
 dependents to persons of wealth and 
 station, endeavor to pay for good 
 
 dinners and sumptuous entertainmenf 
 by servile tiattery of tiieir pa iron, 
 and profuse laudation of him and liis, 
 the " leg of mutton " being supposed 
 to typify the source of their inspira- 
 tion, which is chietly gustatory. 1 he 
 phrase was llrst used by Lockhart, in 
 a review of a ridiculous poem iiititled 
 " Heurs, a Poem in lour Pooks," 
 the author of which is not named. 
 Heurs Castle was the seat of the 
 Duke of Koxburghe, whose nuitt«)U 
 and hospitality the rhymster ap{)ear3 
 to have shared, greatly to his delec- 
 tation. 
 
 ;8®=" " The chief constellations in this 
 poetical firmament consist of led captaina 
 and clerical hangers-on, whose pleasure 
 and whose busim-ss it is to celebrate ia 
 tuneful verse the virtues of some angelic 
 patron, who keeps a good table, and has 
 interest with the archbishop, or the In- 
 dia House. Verily, they hive their re- 
 ward. The anticipated living falls vacant 
 in due time, the son gets a pair of colors, 
 or is sent out as a cadet, or the happy 
 author succeeds in dining five times a 
 week on hock and venison, at the small 
 expense of acting as toad-eater to the 
 whole family, from my lord to the butler 
 inclusive. It is owing to the modesty, 
 certainly not to the numerical deficiency, 
 of this class of writers, that they have 
 hitherto obtained no specific distinction 
 among the authors of the present day. 
 We think it incumbent on us to remedy 
 this defect; and. in the baptismal font of 
 this our magazine, we declare, that ia 
 the poetical nomenclature they shall ia 
 future be known by the style and title 
 of The Lfs:- of- Mutton School.'''' . . . 
 " lie [the bard of Fleurs abovenientioned] 
 is marked by a more than usual portiou 
 of the qualities characteristic of the Lfg- 
 of-Miitton School : by all their vulgar ig- 
 norance, by more than all their clumsy 
 servility, their fawning adulation of 
 wealth and title, their hankering after 
 the tiesh-pots. and by all the symptoms 
 of an utter incapacity to stand straight 
 in the presence of a great man.'" 
 
 Z. {J. G. Lock/iart), Blackwood'.'' Mag. 
 vol. ix. 
 
 Le-gree'. A slave - dealer, in Mrs. 
 Stowe's novel, " L'ncle Tom's Cab- 
 in; " a hideous exhibition of the bru- 
 talizing influence of slavery. 
 
 Leigh, Au-ro'ra (lee). The heroine 
 of Mrs. Browning's jioem of the same 
 name ; " the representative of the 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronuuciation," with the atcompauying Explauationu, 
 
LEI 
 
 213 
 
 LEO 
 
 spiritual and o?sthetic spirit of the 
 age, through whom are exemplified 
 the noble ends and the high ottice of 
 true art." 
 
 Lei'la. The name of tlie heroine in 
 BjTon's poem of " Tlie Giaour;" 
 a beautiful slave - girl who suffers 
 death for love of her paramour, a 
 young " infidel." 
 
 Leilah. See Mejnoun. 
 
 L. E. L. The initials and literary- 
 signature of Letitia Elizabeth Lan- 
 don (afterward Mrs. Maclean, 1802- 
 1838), a well-known English poetess. 
 
 Ij6lie (la'le'). An inconsequential, 
 light-headed, gentleman -like cox- 
 comb, in Moliere's " L'fitourdi." 
 
 Lem'u-res. {Rom. Myth.) Spirits of 
 the dead thought to wander about 
 at night, like ghosts, and to torment 
 and frighten the living. 
 
 j6£g=" Milton Anj,^licizes the word in its 
 pronunciation, making it consist of two 
 syllables instead of three. 
 
 •' In consecrated earth, 
 And on the holy hearth. 
 The Lars and Lemures moan with mid- 
 night plaint." Ode on the Xativitij. 
 
 Le-nore'. 1. The heroine of a popular 
 ballad, composed by Gottfried August 
 Biirger (1748-1794), the German 
 lyric poet. The subject of this ballad 
 is an old tradition, which recounts 
 the ride of a spectral lover, who re- 
 appears to his mistress after death, 
 and carries her on horseback behind 
 him, " a fiction not less remarkable 
 for its extensive geographical dis- 
 semination, than for its bold imagi- 
 native character." 
 
 4®=" Biirger is said to have borrowed 
 the subject of his poem from an old Eng- 
 lish ballad entitled "' The Suffolk Miracle, 
 or a Itelation of a Young Man, who, a 
 month after his death, appeared to liis 
 sweetheart, and carried her on horseback 
 behind him forty miles in two hours, and 
 •was never seen afterward but in lier 
 grave." Blirirer, however, contradicted 
 this assertion, and declared that an old 
 Low Dutch ballad furnished him with 
 the idea of Lenore. The traditions prob- 
 ably both have a common origin. 
 
 2. The angelic name of " a rare 
 and radiant maiden " mentioned in 
 Poe's mystical ballad entitled " The 
 Raven." 
 
 Le'o-na'to. Governor of Messina, in 
 Shakespeare's " Much Ado about 
 Nothing." 
 
 Le-on'i-dSLs of Modern Greece. A 
 title given to 3iarco IJozzaris, a Greek 
 patriot, and an iieroic soldier, who 
 distinguished himself in the early 
 part of the modern Grecian War of 
 Independence, particularly by a suc- 
 cessful attack with 1200 nien upon 
 the van of the Turco-.AIbanian arn)y, 
 4000 strong, at Kerpenisi, on the 
 20th of August, 182;i. In this en- 
 gagement, Bozzaris lost his life. 
 
 Le-on'i-das We'dell (vaMel, 68). A 
 name given bv Erederick the threat 
 to General C ll. Wedell (1712-1782), 
 an officer in the Prussian service, on 
 account of his heroic defense of the 
 Elbe at Teinitz, on the 19fh of Novem- 
 ber, 1744. 
 
 Le'o-nine. A servant to Dionyza, in 
 Shakespeare's " Pericles." 
 
 Le'on-noys'. A fabulous countr^^, 
 formerly contiguous to Cornwall, 
 though it has long since disappean'd, 
 and is said to be now more than 
 fort\' fathoms imder water. It is oft- 
 en mentioned in the old romances of 
 chivalry. [Written also L e o n a i s, 
 L i n e s s e, L y o n n e s s e.] 
 
 j8Gg=" The Lyones or Leonnoys, where Sir 
 Tristram was born (see Tristram, Sir), is 
 Leonnois in Brittitny. 
 For Arthur, when none knew from whence 
 
 he came, 
 Lonjj ere the people chose him for their king, 
 Roving the trackless realms lA' Ljionuease, 
 Had found a glen, gray bowlder, and blncK 
 tarn. TtnnyiKtn. 
 
 Le-on'tSs. King of Sicilia, in Shake- 
 speare's "Winter's Tale." 
 
 S£m" '' Jealousy is a vice of the mind, 
 a culpable tendency of the temper, hav- 
 ing certain well-known and well-defined 
 effects and concomitants, all of which are 
 visible in Leontes, . . . such as, first, 
 an excitability by the most inadequate 
 causes, and an eagerness to snatch at 
 proofs ; secondly, a grossness of concep- 
 tion, and a disposition to degrade the 
 object of the passion by sensual fancies 
 and images ; thirdly, a sense of shan e of 
 his own feelings, exhibited in a solitary 
 moodiness of humor, and yet, from the 
 violence of the pa5sion, forced to utter 
 itself, and tlierefore catcliing occasions 
 to ease tiie mind by ambiguities, equi- 
 voques, by talking to those who cannot, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxrii. 
 
LES 
 
 214 
 
 LIL 
 
 and who are known not to be able to, un- 
 dfTstand what is said to tlieui, — in t*hort, 
 by soliloquy in th»' form of ilialogue. and 
 hence, a confused, broken, and frag- 
 mentary manner; fourtlily, a dread of 
 vulj^ar ridicule, as distinct from a high 
 sense of honor, or a inistaken sense of 
 duty ; and lastly, and iuiuiediately con- 
 sequent on tills, a spirit of selfish vindic- 
 tiveness."' ColcritJge. 
 
 Ij3§'bi-a. A name given by Catullus 
 (b. B. c. 87) to his favorite Ciodia, 
 whose praises he celebrates in a num- 
 ber of amatory poems. 
 
 Le'the. [Gr. a^Sij, forgetfulness.] ( Gr. 
 
 ij- lioiii. Mijlh.) A river in Hades, 
 
 the waters of which caused those who 
 
 drank it entirely to forget the past. 
 
 Far off from these, a slow and silent stream, 
 L'the, the river of oblivif)n, rolls 
 llcr w itery labyrinth: whereof whoso drinks 
 Straijrhtway his former sense and being for- 
 gets. — _ 
 Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Le'to. [Gr. ArjToi.] i.U>j/h.) The Greek 
 name of Latoria. See Latoxa. 
 
 Xieu-eo'the-a. [Gr. AeuKof^cr).] {Gr. 
 <|r Ro]ii. Mi)tli.) 1. A name given to 
 Ino, after she was received among 
 the sea-gods. See Ixo. 
 
 2. One of the Sirens. See Siuens. 
 
 Le-va'nSk. [Lat.,from lewive^to raise.] 
 (Run. Mi/fli.) The name of the 
 goddess that protected new-born in- 
 fants when they were taken up from 
 the ground. Kichter used the name 
 as the title of an educational work 
 which he wrote, and which has been 
 translated into English. 
 
 ioeviattian of Literature. An 
 
 appellation very generally conferred 
 upon Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709- 
 1784), the eminent writer and critic. 
 
 Lewis, Monk. See Monk Lewis. 
 
 Li'ber. {Rom. M;ifk.) An old Italian 
 deity, wlio i)resided over the cultiva- 
 tion of the vine, and fertility of the 
 tields. By the later Latin writers, 
 the name is used as a synonym of 
 Bicclius. 
 
 Liberation, "War of. See War of 
 
 LlBKH.VTION. 
 
 Liberator, The. 1. [Sp. FA Llhertn- 
 (l)r.\ A surname given by the Pe- 
 ruvians, in 182 J, to Simon Bolivar 
 
 (1785-1831), who established the in- 
 dependence of I'eru, and also of th« 
 other Spanish colonies of South 
 America. 
 
 2. A surname given to Daniel 
 O'Connell (1775-1847), a celebrated 
 Irish political agitator, on account of 
 his endeavors — wiiich were, after 
 all, unsuccessful — to bring abcnit a 
 repeal of the Articles of L'nion be- 
 tween (ireat Britain and Ireland. 
 
 JA-ke'%, I (20). [Gr. Ayeia.] {Gr. 
 
 Li-4e'i-a, ( if Ro/a. Mijth.) One of the 
 Sirens ; also, a nympii. 
 
 Bv . . . fair iiV/t'ffV golden comb, 
 Wherewitli she sits on diamond rocks, 
 Sleeking her soft alluring locks. Milton. 
 
 Light-horse Harry. A sobrifjuet 
 popularly conferred upon General 
 Henry Lee (17o(;-1818). a gallant 
 American cavalry ouicer in the war 
 of the llevolution, in allusion to his 
 rapid and dariug movements in Ijattle, 
 particularly during the campaign in 
 the Carulinas. 
 
 Lilith, or Lilis. In the popular be- 
 lief of the Hebrews, a female s])ecter 
 in the shape of a (inely dressed woman, 
 who lies in wait for, and kills, chil- 
 dren. Tlieold Kabbins turned Lilith 
 into a wife of Adam, on whom he 
 begot demons, and who still has power 
 to lie with men, and to kill children, 
 who are not protected by amulets, 
 with which the Jews of a yet later 
 period supply themselves as a pro- 
 tection against her. Burton, in his 
 "^ Anatomy of Melancholy," tells us. 
 " The Talmudists say that Adam had 
 a wife called Lilis before he married 
 Eve, and of her he begat nothing but 
 devils." Heber says, " To revenge 
 his deserting her for an earthly rival, 
 she is supposed to hover roimd the 
 habitation of new -married persons, 
 showering down imprecation-^ on their 
 heads. The attemlants on the bride 
 s{)end the night in going round the 
 house and uttering loud streams to 
 frighten her away." A counnentator 
 on Skinner's " Etymologicon Lingua? 
 Anglicana'," (|uoted in the " Encyclo- 
 pi^dia Metropolitana," says that the 
 English word htllnhij is derived from 
 Lilln., >ihi ! (Begone", Lilith!) In the 
 demonolog}' of the Middle Ages, Lilis 
 
 C@~ For the "Key to the Scheme of rronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations 
 
LTL 
 
 215 
 
 LIS 
 
 ■was a famous witch, and is introduced 
 as such in the W'alpurj^is-uiylit scene 
 in (joetiies " luiist." 
 Jijil'li-put. An inuiginaiy country 
 descnl)e(l as peopled by a very dimin- 
 utive race ot men, in Swift's satirical 
 romance entitled " Travels into sev- 
 eral Kemote Nations ot the World, by 
 Lemuel Gulliver." The voyage to 
 Lilliput is for the most part a satire 
 on the manners and usages of the 
 court of George L 
 
 There is no end to the variety of these small 
 missiles of malice with which t"lie Gullivers of 
 the world of literature are assailed by tlie Lil- 
 Jiptitiaiuf around them. T. Moore. 
 
 iJim'bo, ('/■ Lim'bus. [Lat., llmbus, 
 a border.] A region supposed b}' 
 some of the old scholastic theologians 
 to lie on the edge orcontines of hell. 
 Here, it was thought, the souls of 
 just men. not admitted into heaven 
 or into Purgator}-, remained to await 
 the general resurrection. Such were 
 the patriarchs and other pious an- 
 cients who died before the birth of 
 Christ. Hence, the limbo was called 
 Linibus Pdtrain. According to some 
 of the schoolmen, there was also a 
 Liinhua Puerorum, or Jiiffmtnn, a 
 similar place allotted to the souls of 
 infants dying unbaptized. To these 
 were added, in the popular opinion, a 
 Linibus Fdtuorum^or Fools' Paradise, 
 the receptacle of all vanity and non- 
 sense. Of this superstitious belief 
 Milton has made use in his " Paradise 
 Lost." (See Book TIL v. 440-497.) 
 Dante has placed his limbo, in Avhich 
 the distinguished spirits of antiquity 
 are confined, in the outeniiost of the 
 circles of his hell. 
 
 liimonadiere, La Muse. See Muse 
 
 LlMONADlfeKE, La. 
 
 Limp. A Jacobite sign in the time of 
 William TIL, Avhich consisted in the 
 zealots for hereditary right limping 
 al)out at night and drinking. Those in 
 the secret knew that the word " Limp" 
 ■was formed from the initials of august 
 names, and that the loyalist, when he 
 drank his wine and punch, was taking 
 off his bumper to Zouis, James, iWary, 
 and the Prince. 
 
 Lin-dab'ri-des. A celebrated heroine 
 in the ronumce called " The Mirror of 
 
 Knighthood." From the great celeb- 
 rity Of this lady, occasioned by the 
 popularity of the ronuuice, her name 
 was conniionly used lor a mistress. 
 
 I value Tony Foster's wrath no more than 
 a shelled pea-cod; and I will visit his Lin- 
 dabrides, ny Saint George, be he willing or 
 nol Sir \y. Scott. 
 
 Lin'dor. A poetical name formerly in 
 use for a swam or gallant. 
 
 A truce, dear Fergus ! spare us tho»e most 
 tedious and insipid persons of all Arcadia. 
 Do not, for heaven's sake, bring down Cory- 
 don and Lindor upon us. Sir \V. Scott. 
 
 I have listened to 3'ou when you spoke eit 
 bergere, — nay, my complaisance has been so 
 great as to answer you en bergrre, — for I do 
 not think any thing except ridicule can come 
 of dialogues betwixt Lindor and Jeanneton. 
 Sir IT. Scott. 
 
 Li'nus. [Gr. AiVo?.] {Gr. ij- Rom. 
 Myth.) 1. The son of Apollo and 
 an Argive princess; torn to pieces by 
 dogs. 
 
 2. The son of Apollo and Terp- 
 sichore, and the instructor of Orpheus 
 and Hercules, the latter of whom 
 killed him by a blow with a lyre. 
 
 Lionesse. See Leon^;oys. 
 
 Lion of God. A title conferred upon 
 Ali (597-600), son of Abu Taleb, the 
 uncle of Mahomet. He Avas distin- 
 guished for his eloquence and valor 
 in defense of Islamism. 
 
 Lion of the North. A title bestowed 
 upon Gustavus Adolphus (1594- 
 1632), king of Sweden, and the bul- 
 wark of the Protestant laith during 
 the Thirty Years' War. 
 
 That great leader, captain, and king, the 
 Lion or'tlie Xort/i, . . . had a way of winning 
 battles, taking towns, overrunning countries, 
 and levying contributions, which made his 
 service irresistibly delectable to all true-bred 
 cavaliers who follow the noble profession of 
 arms. Sir }V. Scott. 
 
 His task at this battle of Lutzen seems to 
 have been a very easy one, simply to see the 
 Lion of the Xorth brought down, not by a 
 cannon-shot, as is generally believed, but by 
 a traitorous pistol-bullet. Carlyle. 
 
 Lion of the Sea. [Port. Lean do 
 Mar.^ A name foiTnerly given to 
 the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Lis'ma-ha'go, Captain. A superan- 
 nuated officer on half-pay, who fig- 
 ures in Smollett's '' Expedition of 
 Humphrv Clinker " as the favored 
 suitor of Miss Tabitha Bramble. He 
 is described as a hard-featured and 
 forbidding Scotchman, of the most 
 
 and tor the Reniarka and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxzii. 
 
LIT 
 
 216 
 
 LIT 
 
 sinfjular drcsr^ and manners, self-con- 
 ceiti'tl, pedantic, rude, and disputa- 
 tious, with a jealous sense of honor, 
 and strong national pride. 
 
 M^r " Lisuiahat^o is the flower of the 
 flock. His teuaciousuess in argument is 
 not so dehKhtful as the relaxation of his 
 logical severity when he tinds his fortune 
 mellowing in the wintry' smiles of Mrs. 
 Tabitha Hrauible. This is the best-pre- 
 served and most severe of all Smolletfs 
 characters. The resemblance to ' Don 
 Quixote ' is only just enough to make it 
 interesting to the critical reader without 
 giving oll'ense to any body else." 
 
 Hazlilt. 
 
 In quotin" these ancient authorities, I must 
 not forget tlic more modern sketch of a Scot- 
 tish soldier of the old fashion, by a master- 
 hand, in the character of Lisniahago, since 
 the existence of that doughty captain alone 
 must deprive the present authorof all claim to 
 originality. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Little, Thomas. A pseudonym — in- 
 tended as a playful allusion to his 
 diminutive stature — inider -which 
 Thomas Moore, in 1808, published a 
 volume of amator}- poems. 
 
 Little Comedy. A name familiarly 
 given to Miss Catharine Horneck, — 
 afterward Mrs. Bunbury, — an ac- 
 quaintance and friend of Goldsmith. 
 The sobrifjuet was probably thought 
 to be indicative of her disposition. 
 She is described as being intelligent, 
 sprightly, and agreeable, as well as 
 very beautiful. 
 
 Little Corporal. [Fr. Le Petit Cnpo- 
 ral.'\ A familiar appellation jocose- 
 ly conferred upon (jcntral Bonaparte, 
 immediately after the battle of Lodi 
 (1796), by' the soldiers under his 
 command, on account of his juvenile 
 appearance and surpassing bravery. 
 Ever afterward, even as First Consul 
 and as emperor, he was popularly 
 known by this honorary and ati'ec- 
 tionate title. 
 
 Little Dauphin. [Fr. Le Petit Dnu- 
 pltin.] {Fr. IJisf.) A name given 
 to the Duke de Bourgogne, eldest 
 son of Louis the Dauphin (commonly 
 called the Great Dauphin), who Avas 
 the son of Louis XIV. 
 
 Little-endians. See Big-endians, 
 The. 
 
 Little England. A name popularly 
 given to Barbadoes by the inhabitants. 
 
 Little Giant. A popular sobriquet 
 conferred upon Stephen A. Douglas, 
 a distinguished American statesman 
 ( 18i;J-18ul ), in allusion to the dispar- 
 ity between his jjhysical and his in- 
 tellectual proportions. 
 
 Little John. A celebrated follower 
 of the still more celebrated English 
 outlaw, Uolun Hood. His surname 
 is traditiiuially said to have been 
 Nailor. See Kobin Hood. 
 
 J8~S^ •' It is certain that another of the 
 Sherwood heroes has imprinted his name 
 upon our family nomenclature iu the 
 shape of Littlejohn." Loicer. 
 
 In this our spacious isle, I think there is not 
 
 one 
 But he hath heard some talk of him and 
 Little John. Druiiton. 
 
 A squat, broad, LittJe-John sort of figure, 
 leaning on a quarter-staff, and wearing a 
 jerkin, which . . . had once been of the Lin- 
 coln gieen. Sir (('. Scott, 
 
 Little-John, Hugh. The designa- 
 tion given by Sir Walter Scott to his 
 grandson, John Hugh Lockhart, to 
 whom he addressed the " Tales of a 
 Grandfather." 
 
 Little Magician. A sobriquet con- 
 ferred upon Martin Van Buren (1782- 
 1802), President of the United States 
 from 18-57 to 1841, in allusion to his 
 supposed political sagacity and tal- 
 ents. 
 
 Little Marlborough (mawPbur-o). 
 A sobricjuet given to Count von 
 Schwerin (1G8-Ir-1757), a Prussian 
 tield-marshal, and a companion-in- 
 arms of the Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 The Little Marlborough — so they call him 
 (for he was at Blenheim, and has abrupt, hot 
 ways)— will not participate iu Prince Karl's 
 consolatory visit, then! Curlyle. 
 
 Little Master. A title given to Hans 
 Sel)ald Beham, a very celebrated 
 painter and engraver of the sixteenth 
 century, on account of the extreme 
 smallness of his prints. The name 
 was also given to other artists of the 
 same century. 
 
 Little Nell. A child, in Dickens's 
 novel of " The Old Curiosity Shop; " 
 distinguished for the celestial purity 
 of her character, though living amid 
 scenes of seltishness and shame, of 
 passion and crime. 
 
 Little Paris. A name given to the 
 city of ^Nlilan, in Italy, from its re- 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," Mrith the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
LIT 
 
 217 
 
 LOG 
 
 semblance, in point of gayety, to the 
 French capital. 
 
 Little Parliament. The same as 
 Biirtbone's P<irli'iinent. See Bare- 
 hone's Pauliament. 
 
 Little Ped'dling-t6n. An imagina- 
 ry locality in which hunibug, quack- 
 ery, cant^ puffery, ati'ectation, unmit- 
 igated selfishness, and other social 
 vices abound, it is described in a 
 work of the same name, written by 
 John Poole, — a good-natured and 
 amusing satire on the present condi- 
 tion of literature, art, criticism, and 
 social intercourse. 
 
 The wouUl-be founder of a ftreat slave em- 
 pire J Jefferson Davit-] eoiild now liardly lead 
 the uebUes o^ Little I'eddUngtoa. 
 
 Boston Evening I'raiufcript, May 1, I860. 
 
 Little Queen. A sobriquet given to 
 Isabella of Valois (1387-UIO), who 
 married Richard II., king of Eng- 
 land, when but eight years old, and 
 was left a widow when but thirteen. 
 
 Little Red Riding-hood. [Fr. Cha- 
 peron Rouf/e, Ger. Rot/ikappchen.] 
 The heroine of a Avell-known nursery 
 tale, which relates her encounter wMth 
 a wolf in a forest, the arts by which 
 he deceived her, and her tragical 
 end. (irimm derives the story from 
 a tradition current in the region bor- 
 dering upon the river Main, in Ger- 
 many, i'he legend is, however, 
 widely disseminated. In the Swed- 
 ish variation of the story. Little Rid- 
 ing-hood takes refuge in a tree, the 
 wolf meanwhile gnawing away at 
 the roots, when her lover, alarmed 
 by her cries, comes up just "in time 
 to see the tree fall and his mistress 
 crushed beneath it. 
 
 No man, whatever his sensibility may be, 
 is ever affected by " Hamlet " or " Lear '^ as a 
 little girl is affected by the story of poor Red 
 Riding-hood. Macaulai/. 
 
 Little Rhody. See Rhody, Little. 
 
 Little "Whig. A sobriquet given to 
 Anne, Countess of Sunderland, sec- 
 ond daughter of the great Duke of 
 Marlborough. She is described as 
 " rather /;e/i/e in person;" and it is 
 said that she " did not disdain the 
 appellation conferred upon her, at a 
 time when every thing bore the en- 
 signs of partv of one kind or other." 
 She died Apfil 15, 1716. 
 
 Loathly Lady. A hideous creature 
 whom Sir Gawain takes to be his 
 wife, when no one else would have 
 her, and who becomes a beautiful 
 wonuin on tlie moment of being mar- 
 ried to him, having previously Ijeen 
 under the power of a nuilignant en- 
 chanter. The story forms the sub- 
 ject of an old ballad entitled " The 
 Marriage of Sir Gawain," and occurs 
 under other forms in our early litera- 
 ture. See Gawain, Sik. 
 
 The walls of tlie apartment were partly 
 clothed with grim old tapestrj' representing 
 the memorable story of Sir (iawain's wedding, 
 in which full justice was done to the ugliness 
 of the Louthlij Ladij ; although, to judge from 
 his own looks, the gentle knight had less 
 reason to be disgusted with the match on ac- 
 count of disparity of outward favor than the 
 romancer has given us to understand 
 
 ^ir IF. Scott. 
 
 Lo-chi'el. Sir Evan Cameron (d. 
 1719), of Lochiel, surnamed ''The 
 Black," the ruler of the Camerons, 
 who in personal qualities has been 
 described as unrivaled among the 
 Celtic princes ; " a gracious master, 
 a trusty ally, a terrible enemy." He 
 figured largely in the wars of the 
 Highlands, but ultimately took the 
 oaths to the government of Wdliam 
 III. His grandson, Donald Cameron 
 (d. 1748), was sometimes called "The 
 Gentle Lochiel." 
 
 LochieJ, Lochiel, beware of the day 
 When the Lowlands shall meet thee in battle- 
 array. Cuinphcll. 
 
 Loch'in-var'. The hero of a ballad 
 by Sir Walter Scott, sung by the fair 
 Lady Heron, in " Marmion." Ap- 
 pearing suddenly at Netherby Hall, 
 where his sweetheart is to be sacri- 
 ficed in marriage to 
 
 " a laggard in love, and a dastard in war," 
 
 he persuades her to join wnth him in 
 one last dance, and, on reaching the 
 hall-door, where his horse is standing, 
 whispers in her ear, swings her to 
 the croup, and, springing into the 
 saddle, carries her off before the 
 eyes of the astonished bridegroom 
 and his friends, who pursue them 
 without success. 
 
 And so I come. — like ZocAtrai'or, to tread a 
 
 single measure. 
 To purchase with a loaf of bread a sugar-plunn 
 
 of pleasure. Holmes. 
 
 Lock 'it. A character in Gay's " Beg- 
 
 •nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
LOG 
 
 218 
 
 LON 
 
 ear's Opera." The quarrel between 
 Feachiiin and Luckit was an allu- 
 sion to a personal collision between 
 >\'alpole and his colleague, Lord 
 Townshend. See Pkachl'.m. 
 
 th 
 
 Wlieii you petred at tlie iiii>ty prisoner in 
 e clock.'you were always reiiiinucd ot'Cap- 
 
 biin Maclicath in his cell, when the iiihunum 
 Mr. Lockit wouldn't allow him any more 
 candles, and threatened to clap on extra fet- 
 ters in default of an immediate supply on the 
 captain's part of " garnish, " or jail-fees. Sala. 
 
 Locks'ley. An outlawed archer, in 
 Sir Walter Scott's novel of " Ivan- 
 hoe." Under this name the author 
 has represented Kobin Hood, who, 
 according to ballad authority, some- 
 times assumed it when in disguise. 
 It is said to have been the name of 
 the village Avliere he was born. 
 
 Lo'co-Fo'cos A nickname fonnerly 
 given to adherents of the Democratic 
 party in the United States. It origi- 
 nated in 183-4, from an incident that 
 occurred at a meeting in Tammany 
 Hall, New York. There being a 
 great diversity of sentiment among 
 tho-^e wiio were present, a scene of 
 confusion and tumult took place, 
 during which the chairman left his 
 sesit, and the gas-lights were extin- 
 guished, with a view to break up the 
 meeting But the opposite faction 
 produced loco-foco matches and can- 
 dles, relighted the hall, continued the 
 meeting, and accomplished their ob- 
 ject. 
 
 Lo-erine'. A son of Brutus, a fabu- 
 lous king of ancient Britain. By his 
 father's death, he became king of 
 Loegria, or England. See S.\brixa. 
 
 Lod'o-vi'co. A Venetian, kinsman 
 to Brabantio, in Shakespeare's trag- 
 edy of " Othello." 
 
 Lce'gri-a (le'gri-a). In the romances 
 of chivalry, and among the fabulous 
 historians, an old name for the part 
 of Britain occupied by the Saxons. 
 It is said to be of Welsh origin. 
 
 Lo'eris-tilla. A fairy in Ariosto's 
 " Orlando Furioso ; " a sister of Alcina 
 and Morgana. She teaches Ruggiero 
 how to master the hippogritf, and 
 gives Astolpho a book and a horn of 
 "wonderful power. 
 
 Lo'gres. Another form of Loegria,, an 
 
 old name for England, in the romances 
 of chivalry. [Written also Logris.J 
 
 Fairer than fei;;ned of old, or fahled since, 
 
 Of fairy damnels. met in Ibiest wide 
 
 Uy kni>;hts of Loijii-.x or of Lyones. Milton. 
 
 XiOki (lo'kee). [Old Norse Ivcht., to 
 tempt. J (Saind. Myth.) A sort of 
 Eddaic Satan; a demigod descended 
 from the Giants, but admitted among 
 the gods, mingling freely with the m 
 as an associate and etjual, yet essen- 
 tially opposed to them, being full o " 
 all manner of guile and artitice. and 
 otten bringing them into perilous 
 plights, from which however, he 
 again extricates them by his cun- 
 ning. He treacherously contrived the 
 death of Baldur (see Baldl'k), and 
 was, in consequence, made to sutler 
 the most terrible punishment, being 
 bound with the intestines of his sons 
 to a sharp subterranean rock, Avhere 
 two enormous serpents continually 
 drop torturing venom on his limbs. 
 His personal appearance is descril)ed 
 as very beautiful. He is often called 
 Asn-Loki, to distinguish him from his 
 kinsman, Uttinvfl-Loki ; but the two 
 are sometimes confounded. See Ut- 
 GARD-LoKi. [Written also Lok, 
 L o k e.] 
 
 Lolli-us. A mysterious author often 
 referred to by the writers of the Mid- 
 dle Ages; but so vain have been the 
 attempts to discover and identify him, 
 that he must be regarded as the if/nia- 
 J'atmis of antiquaries. " Of Lollius." 
 says one of these unhappy and baffled 
 investigators, " it will become every 
 one to speak with deference." Ac- 
 cording to Coleridge, " Lollius, if 
 a writer of that name existed at all, 
 was a somewhat somewhere." Dry- 
 den calls him " a Lombard." 
 
 Lone-Star State. The State of 
 Texas ; — so called from the device 
 on its coat of arms. 
 
 Long, Tom. The hero of an old 
 popular tale entitled " The Merry 
 Conceits of Tom Long, the Carrier, 
 being many pleasant Passages and 
 mad Pranks which he observed in 
 his travels. " 
 
 Lon'ga-ville. A lord attending on 
 the king of Navarre, in Shake- 
 speare's " Love's Labor 's Lost." 
 
 03* For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
LON 
 
 219 
 
 LOR 
 
 Lon'gl-us. A name piven in the 
 Middlf Afijes to the knight, or sciklier, 
 who pien-cd the side of the Saviour 
 with ids t^\vord, to ascertain il'he were 
 dead. 
 
 Long Meg of Westminster. A 
 " lusty, bouncing romp " and pro- 
 curess of tile sixteenth century, whose 
 " Life and i'ranies" were ''imprinted 
 at London," in 1582, and subse- 
 quently. IShe is often alluded to by 
 the older English writers. 
 
 Long Parliament. ( F.n(j. Hist. ) 
 The name which is commonly used 
 by historians to designate the cele- 
 brated parliament which assembled 
 Kovcmber 3, 1G40, and was dissolved 
 by Cromwell, April 20, lfi53. 
 
 Long Peter. [D. Luncfe Peter, It. 
 Pitirt) J^unf/o, Fr. J^<iii</ Pierre.] A 
 sobricjuet given to the eminent Flem- 
 ish painter, Peter Aartsen (1507- 
 1573), on account of his tallness. 
 
 Long Scribe. A sobriquet given to 
 Vincent Dowling (d. 1852), an em- 
 inent British ^])<)rtsman, and an in- 
 fallible authority ( n all matters con- 
 nected Avith field or other sports. He 
 was remarkable for his great height. 
 
 Long Tom CofiBn. A character in 
 
 Cooper's novel, "• The Pilot ; " '' prob- 
 ably the most widely known sailor 
 character in existence. He is an 
 example of the hei-oic in action, like 
 Leatherstocking. losing not a whit of 
 his individuality in his nobleness of 
 soul." 
 
 I.onp Tom Coffin himself will be for fetching 
 me. with a shroud in one hand, and a dead- 
 light in the other. Hood. 
 
 Lor-brul'grud. The metropolis of 
 the imaginary country of Brobding- 
 nai;, visited by Gulliver. The word 
 is humorously said to mean, " Pride 
 of the l^^niverse." 
 
 Lord BSi'chan. The title of an old 
 ballad of which there are many 
 versions, Scottish and English, and 
 the name given to the hero, who is 
 said to have been Gilbert Becket, 
 father of the renowned St. Thomas 
 of Canterbury. [Called also Lurd 
 Bdtevvtn.] 
 
 Lord Burleigh (bur'li). The name 
 of a character in Mr. Puffs tragedy 
 
 of the " Spanish Annada," in Sheri- 
 dan's farce of " The Critic." He 
 says nothing, being a miidster "Avitli 
 the whole aiiairs ui tlie nation on his 
 head," and therefore having no time 
 to talk ; but he comes torward upon 
 the stage, and shakes his head ex- 
 travagantly, — an action which is 
 thus explained by Mr. Pufi: "By 
 that shake of the head, he gave you 
 to understand, that, even though they 
 had more justice in their cause, and 
 wisdom in their measures, yet, if 
 there was not a greater spirit shown 
 on the ])art of the people, the country 
 would at last fall a sacrifice to the 
 hostile ambition of the Spanish mon- 
 archy." 
 
 If her looks express nil this, my dear Tinto, 
 replied I, interruplin;;; hiui, your peiieil rivals 
 the dramatic art of Mr. Puff, who crammed a 
 whole complicated sentence into the exjires- 
 sive shake ot Lord Burleigh's head. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 There are no such soliloquies in nature, it 
 is true; hut, unless they were received as a 
 conventioiuil medium of communication be- 
 twixt the poet and the aiulienee, we should 
 reduce dramatic authors to the recipe of Mas- 
 ter PufF, who makes Lord J:vrlei<ih intimate a 
 long train of political reasoning to the audi- 
 ence, by one comprehensive shake of his ncjd- 
 dle. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The Provost answered with another sfiga . 
 cious shake < f the hend, that would have dono 
 honor to Lord Lur lei gk- Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Lord Panny. A sobriquet conferred 
 upon Lord Hervey, a foppi.^h and 
 effeminate English nobleman of the 
 eighteenth century. He Avas in the 
 habit of painting his i'ace to conceal 
 its ghastly paleness. See Spokis. 
 
 J^S" " The modern J^««?»7/ is apparently 
 of the days of Ani;e. coniinj? into notice 
 with the beautiful Lady Fanny Shirley, 
 who made it a great favorite, ;ind almost 
 a proverb for prettii ess and simplicity, 
 so that the wits of George II. "s time called 
 •lohn. Lord Hervey, ' Lord Fanny,' for 
 his effeminacy." Yoiige. 
 
 Rake from each ancient dunghill every pearl. 
 Consult Lord Fanuy and contide in Curll. 
 
 Bi/ron. 
 
 Lord Foppington. See Foppixgtox, 
 
 Lord. 
 Lord Gawkey. A nickname giA-en 
 
 to Richard Gren\nl!e, Lord Temple 
 
 (1711-1770), in the pasquinades of 
 
 his time. 
 
 Lord Harry. X A'ulgar name for the 
 Devil. See Old Hakkv. 
 
 tnd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
LOR 
 
 220 
 
 LOV 
 
 By the Lord Ifnrrti, he says true; fighting 
 it meat, drink, and cloth to hliii. Coiiyrtic. 
 
 Lord Lov'el. Tlie hero of an am-ient 
 and wull-kiiowii Scotti.-li Ijallad. 
 
 Lord of Crazy Castle. A sol)rir|uet 
 of .John Hall Slcvun>on ( 1718-178.J), 
 author of some clever, but licentious 
 poems, called " Crazy Tales." His 
 residence was at Skelton Castle, — 
 nicknamed " Crazy Castle, " — an 
 ancient and ruinous mansion near 
 Guisborough. 
 
 His 1 Sterne's] conversation was animated 
 and wittv, but Johnson complained that it 
 was murked by license better suiting the 
 company of the" Lord of Crazy Castle than of 
 the Great .Moralist. ^'(V IV. Scott. 
 
 Lord of the Isles, A title assumed 
 by Dduald, a chief of Islay, who, in 
 1.346, reduced the whole of the Hebri- 
 des or Western Isles under his author- 
 ity. It was also borne by his succes- 
 sors, the last of whom died in 1536. 
 
 Lord Ogleby. See Oglehy, Lord. 
 
 Lord Peter. A humorous designation 
 of the Pope in Arbuthnot's " History 
 of John Bull." 
 
 Lords of Little Egypt. A title 
 assumed by the leaders or chiefs of 
 a horde of gypsies, who entered Hun- 
 gary and Bohemia fi"om the East, 
 giving themselves out as Christian 
 pilgrims. 
 
 Of the kingly demeanor and personal 
 achievements of old Will Fow [a gypsy chief 
 in Scotland], many curious particulars are 
 related. He never forgot his high descent 
 from the Lords of Little Egypt. 
 
 Blackv:ood''s Mag. 
 
 Lord Strutt. Charles II. of Spain ; 
 — so called in Arbuthnot's satire en- 
 titled '' The History- of John Bull." 
 
 Every body must remember . . . the par- 
 oxysm of rage into which poor old Lord Stnitt 
 fell, on hearing that his runaway servant 
 Nick Frog, his clothier John Bull, and his old 
 enemy Lewis Baboon, had come with quad- 
 rants, poles, and ink-horns to survey his 
 estate, and to draw his will for him. 
 
 Macmdap. 
 
 Lo-ren'zo. 1. A young man in love 
 with .Jessica, Shy'lock's daughter, in 
 Shakespeare's " Merchant of Venice." 
 2. The name of a character in 
 Young's " Night Thoughts," repre- 
 sented as a person of a thoroughly 
 debauched and reprobate life, and by 
 some supposed to be the portrait oV 
 the poet's own son, but probably i 
 
 nothing more than an embodiment 
 of imaginary atlieism and unavailing 
 remorse and despair. 
 
 Lor're-quer, Harry. The hero of a 
 novel of the same name by Charles 
 James Lever (b. 1800); also, a pseu- 
 donym of the author. 
 
 Lo-san'ti-ville. [That is, Z,, the river 
 
 Licking, m (Lat.), the mouth, ^'«//, 
 opposite to, vide, a town or city: the 
 town opposite the mouth of the Lick- 
 ing.] The original name of the city 
 of Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Lo-tha'ri-o (0). One of the drnnuifis 
 personce in liowe's tragedy, '' The 
 Fair Penitent." His cliaracter is 
 that of a libertine and a seducer, and 
 has served as the prototype of that 
 of many dramatic and romance he- 
 roes. 
 
 Is this that haughty gallant, gay Lothario ? 
 
 Liowe. 
 
 Shorn of their plumes, our moon-struck son- 
 neteers 
 
 Would seem but jackdaws croaking to the 
 spheres; 
 
 Our gay Lothariox, with their Byron curls. 
 
 Would pine like oysters cheated of their 
 pearls. Holmes. 
 
 Lovel, Lord. See Lord Lovel. 
 
 Love'lace. The hero of Richardson's 
 novel, " The History of Clarissa 
 Harlowe," represented as an unscru- 
 pulous volu]3tuary, who has devoted 
 his life and his talents to the subver- 
 sion of female virtue. He is, perhaps, 
 the most finished picture of a self- 
 possessed and insinuating libertine 
 ever drawn. The character is an 
 expansion of that of Lothario in 
 Rowe's " Fair Penitent." See Har- 
 lowe, Claiussa. 
 
 The eternal laws of poetry regained their 
 power, and the temporary fas'hions which had 
 superseded those liws went after the wig of 
 Lovelace and the hoop of Clarissa. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Lover's Leap. The promontory from 
 which .Sappho is said to have thrown 
 herself into the sea; Leucate. on the 
 south-western extremity of Leucas, 
 now Santa Maura. 
 
 Lovers' "War. \Yr. Grierredes Amry^t- 
 reiLc.] (Fr. Ifi.-tf.) A name given 
 to a civil war in the year 1580, during 
 the reign of Henry V. It was so 
 called because it arose from the jeal- 
 
 CgS" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
LOW 
 
 221 
 
 LUD 
 
 Ousies and rivalries of the leaders, 
 who were invited to meet at tiie palace 
 of the queen-mother. 
 
 Low-heels. 8ee High-heels. 
 
 Loys, Le Capitaine. See Captain 
 
 LoYS. 
 
 Ijreux(lroo). King Arthur's seneschal, 
 introduced in romances of the Hound 
 Table, and always rej)resented as a 
 detractor, a coward, and a boaster. 
 
 Lubberland. The same as Cockttf/ne, 
 for which name it was substituted by 
 the English ])oets of tlie sixteenth 
 century. Hence, also, a burles(jue 
 name anciently applied to London. 
 
 See CoCKAGNE. 
 
 But the idea wliicli Sieves entertained of 
 lodging the executive government in a Grand 
 Elector, who was to be ii very model of a king 
 oi Lubberland, was the ruin of his plan. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 Black Forests and the ^Xorxcsof Lubherlami, 
 sensuality and horror, the specter-nun and 
 charmed moonshine, shall not be wanting 
 
 Curlyle. 
 
 Lu-cas'tS. A poetical name under 
 which liichard Lovelace (I(;i8-lfi58) 
 celebrated the praises of '• the lady 
 of his love," whom he usually called 
 Lux Cdstfi. Antony Wood saj^s that 
 she was " a gentlewoman of great 
 beauty and fortune, named Lucy 
 SacheVerell ; " but W. C. Hazhtt, the 
 latest editor of Lovelace's works 
 (London, 18G4), thinks the statement 
 " may reasonably be doubted." 
 
 Luce. Servant to Adriana, in Shake- 
 speare's " Comedy of Errors." 
 
 Lu-cen'ti-o. Son to Vincentio, in 
 Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 Lu-cet'ta. The name of a waiting- 
 woman to Julia, in Shakespeare's 
 " Two Gentlemen of Verona." 
 
 Lu'ci-a'na. Sister-in-law to Antiph- 
 olus of Ephesus, in Shakespeare's 
 " Comedy of En'ors." 
 
 Lu'ei-fer. One of the names of the 
 Devil, being applied to him from 
 an allegorical interpretation by the 
 Church fathers of a passage in hnlnh 
 (xiv. 12), in which the king of Baby- 
 lon is likened to the morning star. 
 Wierus makes him the highest officer 
 of justice h\ the infernal court or 
 empire. 
 
 JSSS^ "Lucifer is, in fact, no profane or 
 Satanic title, it is the Latin Litcijinis^ 
 the lii^.it- briiij^er, the uiorninj^ star, 
 t»(iuivalent to the Greek (|)aja-(|)opos, and 
 was a Christian name in early times, borne 
 even by one of the popes. It only ac- 
 quired its present association from the 
 apostrophe of the ruined king of Bab- 
 ylon, in Isaiah, as a fallen star: 'How 
 art thou fallen from heaven, Lucifer, 
 son of the morning!' Thence, as this 
 destruction was assuredly a type of the 
 fall of Satan, Milton took Luciter as the 
 title of his demon of pride, atid tliis name 
 of the pure, pale herald of daylight has 
 become hateful to Christian ears." 
 
 Yonge. 
 Lu-ci'na. [Lat., from Jux, light, be- 
 cause she brings to light.] {Rom. 
 Mytli.) The goddess of childbirth, a 
 daughter of Jupiter and Juno. 
 
 Lu'ci-o. A fantastic, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy, "Measure for Measure," 
 who, Avithout being absolutely de- 
 praved or intentionally bad, has be- 
 come, through want of consideration, 
 both vicious and dissolute. 
 
 The Introductory Epistle is written, in 
 
 Lucio^s phrase, "according to the trick," and 
 
 would never have appeared had the writer 
 
 meditated making his avowal of the work. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Mr. Hunt treats the whole matter a little too 
 much in the easy style of Lucio. JIucaulay. 
 
 Lud. A mythic king of Britain, said 
 to have given his name to London. 
 
 The famous Cassibelan, who was once at point 
 (O giglot Fortune) to Master Cajsar's sword, 
 Made Lu'Vs town with rejoicing bright, 
 And Britons strut with courage. Sliak. 
 
 Lud, GeneraL A name of great 
 terror given to the feigned leader of 
 bands of distressed and riotous arti- 
 sans in the mamifacturing districts of 
 England, who, in 18U, endeavored 
 to prevent the introduction of power- 
 looms, — that is, looms worked by 
 machinery, — which they thought 
 would lessen the amount of manual 
 labor. In 1816, they re-appeared, but 
 were put down, after a short and 
 shai^p riot in London, by the police 
 and military. The real leaders ap- 
 peared in women's clothes, and were 
 called " Lud's wives." 
 
 4fg= " Above thirty years before this 
 time [1811], an imbecile named Ned Lnd, 
 living in a village in Leicestershire, waa 
 tormented by the boys in the streets, to 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the nmiiberg after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
LUD 
 
 222 
 
 LUZ 
 
 his perpetual irritation. One daj', in a 
 great passion, l>e puisucd one of the boys 
 into a house, auiJ, beiii)^ uiiaiiU; to find 
 hiui, lie broke two stocking-frames, ilis 
 name wjus now eitlier taken by those who 
 broke frames, or was given to them. When 
 frauie.s were broken, Lud liad been tliere ; 
 and tlie abettors were called Luddite.'i." 
 H Marti neau. 
 
 liudwig der Springer (UKit'vik def 
 spring'cr). [(ier., Louis the leaper.] 
 A name popularly given in Germany 
 to a margrave of Tiiuringia, bora 
 in 1042. There is a tradition of his 
 having become attaciied to the Pals- 
 gravine Adelheid ot' Saxony, wliose 
 husband, Frederick HI., he killed, and 
 then married her. For this he was 
 imprisoned in the castle of Giebich- 
 enstein, near Halle, and escaped by 
 a bold leap into the Saale. 
 
 One of their sisters, too, Tsistcrs of the mar- 
 graves of UrandfiiburK in tne eleventh centu- 
 rv,] had a stranj;v adventure with "Litdirlg 
 the Sjiniignr" — romantic, mythic man, fa- 
 mous in the German world, over wlicni my 
 readers and I must not pause at this tiine. 
 
 Oirbjle. 
 
 liUgg'nagg. The name of an imagi- 
 nary island about a hundred leagues 
 south-east of Japan, mentioned in 
 Swift's lictitious " Travels" of Lem- 
 uel Gulliver. In the account of this 
 country and its inhabitants, we are 
 shown how miserable woidd be the 
 consequence of human beings' re- 
 ceiving a privilege of eternal life, 
 imaccom]«inie(l l)y corresponding- 
 health, strength, and intellect. 
 
 liUmber State. A popular designa- 
 tion for the State of Maine, the inhab- 
 itants of which are largely engaged 
 in the business of cutting and raff- 
 ing lumber, or of converting it into 
 boards, shingles, scantlings, and the 
 hke. 
 
 liUrapTcin, Tony. A young, clown- 
 ish country squire, the foolish son of 
 a foolish mother, in Goldsmith's com- 
 edy, " She Stoops to Conquer." 
 
 ffJr" " He i.s in his own sex what a hoi- 
 den is in the other. lie is that vulgar 
 iiiekname, a hohb''ti/liriy. dr.amatized ; 
 forward and sheepish, miseliievons and 
 idle, cunning and stupid, with the vices 
 of the man and the lollies of the lioy ; 
 fond of low company, and giving him- 
 pelf all tin* airs of consequence of the 
 young squire." Hazlitl. 
 
 You ask me for the plan. I have no plan. 
 I had no plan; liut 1 liad, or have, materials; 
 thoujjh, if, like Tonii L^im/ikhi, " I am to be 
 pnnljl)e(l NO when 1 am in ^l)irits," the poem 
 will he naught, and the poet turn serious 
 again. Jjijron. 
 
 Nature had formed honest Meg for such en- 
 countei-s; and as her noble soul delighted in 
 them, so her outward properties were in what 
 Toiiii Lumpkin calls " a concatenation accord- 
 ingly." Sir \V. Scott. 
 
 I feel as Ton;/ Lumpkin felt, who never had 
 the least ditticultv in reading the outside of 
 his letters, but who found it very hard work 
 to decipher the inside. A. K. H. lioyd. 
 
 Lun. A feigned name of John Rich 
 (d. 1701), a celebrated English act- 
 or. When young, he attracted gen- 
 eral admiration by his performance 
 of Harle(|uin. and received frequent 
 tributes of applause from contempo- 
 rary critics. 
 
 When Lun appeared, with matchless art and 
 whim. Gurrick. 
 
 Lu'na. {Rom. Myih.) The goddess 
 of the moon ; a name of Diana. 
 
 Lu-per'cus (4). [Lat., from lupus, a 
 wolf.] {Rom. Myth.) A god of the 
 old Komans, sometimes identified 
 with the Grecian P'in. He was 
 Avorshiped by shepherds as the pro- 
 tector of flocks against wolves. His 
 priests were called •* Luperci," and 
 his festivals " Lupercalia." 
 
 Lu'sig-nan. A prominent character 
 
 in Aaron Hill's tragedy of '• Zara; " 
 
 the " last of the blood of the Christian 
 
 kings of Jerusalem." 
 
 His head, which was a fine one, bore pome 
 resemblance to that of Garrick in the charac- 
 ter of Liisi(//ain. Sir IF. Scott. 
 
 Lu'si-ta'ni-a. The ancient Latin 
 name of Portugal ; often used in 
 modern poetry. 
 
 Woe to the conquering, not the conquered, 
 
 host. 
 Since baffled Triumph droops on Lxsitrrnifi's 
 
 coast. iji/ruit. 
 
 Lu'sus. A mythical hero, fabled to 
 have visited' Portugal in company 
 with Ulysses, and to have founded 
 Lisbon under the name of Ulyssop- 
 olis. 
 
 Lu-te'ti-a (-te'shi-S). The ancient 
 Latin name of Paris. 
 
 Luz. A name given by the old Jewish 
 Kabbins to an imaginary little bone 
 which they believed to "exist at the 
 base of the spinal column, and to be 
 
 taS" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
LYC 
 
 223 
 
 LYS 
 
 incapable of destruction. To its ever- 
 living power, t'tnnented by a kind of 
 dew troni heaven, they ascribed the 
 resurrection of the dead. 
 
 4^=- " Hadrian (whose bones may they 
 be ground, and hi-< name blotted out I) 
 asked R. Joshua Ben llananiah, ' IIow 
 doth a man revive again in the world 
 to come ? ' He answered and said, • From 
 Liiz, in the backbone.' Saith he to him, 
 ' Demonstr.ite this to me.' Then he took 
 Luz, a little bone out of the backbone, 
 and i-iuf; it in water, and it was not 
 steeped ; he put it in the fire, and it was 
 not burned ; be brought it to the mill, 
 and that could not grind it ; he laid it 
 on tile anvil, and knocked it with a ham- 
 mer, but the anvil was cleft, and the 
 hammer broken." Ligktfuot. 
 
 Ly-ca'on. [Gr. Au/caioi/.] ( Gr. (f Rom. 
 Myth.) A king of Arcadia whom 
 Juno turned into a wolf because he 
 detiled his altar with human sacri- 
 fices. He was tlie father of CaUisto. 
 
 Ly-chor'i-da. A nurse, in Shake- 
 speare's " Pericles." 
 
 Ijy9'i-d.§,s. 1. A shepherd in the third 
 Eclogue of Virgil. 
 
 2. A poetical name inider which 
 Milton, in a celebrated monody, be- 
 wails the death of his friend Edward 
 King, fellow of Christ College, Cam- 
 bridge, who was drowned on his pas- 
 sage from Chester to Ireland, August 
 10, 1637. 
 
 Lyc'o-me'des. [Gr. AuKoiarjSrj?.] ( Gr. 
 cf Rom. Jft/t/i.) A king of the island 
 of Scyros, with whom Achilles con- 
 cealed himself for some time, dis- 
 guised in female apparel, to avoid 
 going to the Trojan war. 
 
 Ly'cus. [Gr. Au'/co?.] {Gi\ (f Rom. 
 Myth.) A king of Thebes, in Bceoria, 
 and the husband of Antiope, whom 
 he divorced because she was pregnant 
 by .Jupiter. He then married Dirce, 
 who treated Antiope with great cru- 
 elty; but the children of tlie latter, 
 when they were grown up, avenged 
 their mother on both Dirce and 
 Lycus. See Dikce. 
 
 Lying Dick. See Talbot, Lying 
 Dick. 
 
 Lyn'ceus. [Gr. Av-y/cevs-] ( Gr. c/ Rom. 
 
 Myfh.) 1. One of the Argonauts, 
 famed for the sharpness of his sight. 
 2. A son of ^Egyptus, and the 
 husband of Hypermnestra. See 
 Danaides. 
 
 Lynch, Judge. In America, a per- 
 sonitieatiun of violent and illegal 
 justice, or of mob-law. The name is 
 usually alleged to be derived from 
 one Lynch, who lived in what is now 
 the Liedmunt district of Virginia at 
 the time when that district was the 
 western frontier of the State, and 
 Avhen, on accc)unt of the distance from 
 thf courts of law, it was customary 
 to rel'er the adjustment of disputes to 
 men of known character and judg- 
 ment in the neighboriiood. This man 
 became so prominent by reason of 
 the wisdom and impartiality of his 
 decisions that he was known through- 
 out the country as "Judge Lynch." 
 Criminals were brought before him 
 to receive their sentence, which was 
 perhaps administered with some se- 
 verity. At present, the term Lynch- 
 law is synonymous with mobocracy. 
 By some, the term is said to be 
 derived from one James Lynch Fitz- 
 Stephen, a merchant of Galway, and 
 in 1520 its mayor. His son having 
 been convicted of murder, he. Brutus- 
 like, sentenced him to death, and, 
 fearing a rescue, caused him to be 
 brought home and hanged before his 
 own door. The.se explanations can- 
 not be regarded as conclusive, or 
 even tolerably well authenticated. A 
 more probable solution is to be found, 
 perhaps, in the Provincial English 
 word liiich, to beat or maltreat. If 
 this were admitted, Lynch-law would 
 then be simply equivalent to " club- 
 law." 
 
 Ly'on-nesse'. Another form of Leon- 
 noys. See Leonnoys. 
 
 Lyric Muse. A title awarded to 
 Corinna, a poetess of Tanagra, in 
 Ba-otia, contemporary with Pindar, 
 whom she is said to have conquered 
 five times in nmsical contests. 
 
 L^-san'der. A character in love with 
 Hermia, in Shakespeare's '' Midsum- 
 mer-Xight's Dream." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
MAB 
 
 224 
 
 MAC 
 
 M. 
 
 Mab. [Erse ^fenhhdli, said to have 
 been ori^^'inally the name of a great 
 Irish priiiees.s.J The name given by 
 the Knglisii poets of tlie tifteenth 
 and succeeding centuries to the imag- 
 inary queen of the fairies. Shake- 
 speare lias given a tamous descrip- 
 tion of Queen Mab in " Komeo and 
 Juhet," a. i., so. 4. 
 
 Miih, tin- mistress fairy. 
 That dotli nijjjlitly rob the dairy, 
 And can hurt or lieli) tlie churning 
 As she please, without discerninjj; 
 She that pinches country wenclies 
 If thev rub not clean their benches, 
 But if so they chance to feast her. 
 In a shoe slie drops a tester. Be.n Jonson. 
 If ye will with Mab find grace, 
 Set each platter in its place; 
 Rike tlie tire up and get 
 Water in ere sun be set; 
 Sweep vour house; who doth not so, 
 Mab will pinch her by the toe. Hei-rick. 
 
 Ma-caire'. Robert (Fr.pron. ro'ber' 
 ma^lx^ef'. G4). The name of a char- 
 acter in a hirge numbi-r of French 
 plays, particularly tAvo, entitled 
 " Chien de iMontargis " and '* Chien 
 d'Aubry ;" applied to any audacious 
 criminal. JMacaire was a real per- 
 son, a French knight of the time of 
 ('harles V., but his Christian name 
 was Richard, not Robert. He is tra- 
 ditionally said to have assassinated 
 Aubry de Montdiflier, one ©f his 
 conipanions-in-arnis, in the forest of 
 Bondy, in the year 1371. As the dog 
 of the murdered man displayed the 
 most unappeasable enmity towards 
 Macaire, the latter was arrested on 
 snspicion, and required to tight a 
 judicial combat with the animal. 
 The result was fatal to the murderer, 
 :;nd he died confessing his guilt. 
 The character of Macaire has been a 
 favorite one upon the Parisian stage, 
 and hence the name is sometimt'S 
 used as a sportive designation of the 
 French people generally. 
 
 Mac-beth'. An ancient king of Scot- 
 land, immortalized by being the hero 
 of Shakcsjieare's tragedy of the same 
 name. See Di'NCWN. 
 
 Mac-beth.', Lady. Tlie chief female 
 
 character in Shakespeare's tragedy 
 of •' .Uacbeth." 
 
 J^=- '■ 111 the mind of Lady Macbeth, 
 ambition is represented a.s Mie ruling; mo- 
 tive, — an intense, overmastering piu<.«ioa, 
 wliich is gratified at the e.xpenso of every 
 just and generous principle, and every 
 feminine feeling. In the pursuit of her 
 object, she is cruel, tre;icherous, and 
 daring. Slie is doubly, trebl\ dyed in 
 guilt and blood ; lor the murder she in- 
 stigates is rendered more friglitful by dis- 
 loyalty and ingratitude, and by the vio- 
 lation of all the most sacred claims of 
 kindred and hospitality. When herhu.s- 
 band's more kindly nature shrinks from 
 the perpetration of the deed of horror, 
 she, like an evil genius, whispers him on 
 to his damnation. . . . Lady Macbeth's 
 amazing po»ver of intellect, her inexora- 
 ble determination of purpose, her super- 
 human strengtii of nerve, remler her as 
 fearful in her.self as lier deeds are hate- 
 ful ; yet she is not ;i mere monster of de- 
 pravity, with whom we have nothing in 
 common, nor a meteor, whose destroying 
 path we watch in ignorant affright and 
 amaze. She is a terrible impersonation 
 of evil piussions and niiglity powers, never 
 so far removed from our own nature as 
 to be cast beyond the pale of our sympa- 
 thies : for the woman herself remains a 
 woman to the last, still linked with her 
 sex and with humanity.'' Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Mac'brt-ar, Ephraiin. An enthusia.st 
 preacher in Scott's " Old Mortality." 
 
 McBride, Miss. A proud heiress 
 with great expectations, whose his- 
 tory is related in a humorous and 
 popular poem by John G. Saxe. 
 
 Mac-duff. A Scottish thane, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of " Mac- 
 beth." 
 
 McPin'gSl. The hero of Trnmbnll's 
 Hudibrastic political poem of the 
 same name: represented as a burly 
 New England scpiire enlisted on the 
 side of the Tory, or royalist, partv of 
 the American Revolution, and con- 
 stantly engaged in controversy with 
 Honorius, tlie champion of the \Vhigs, 
 or relx'ls. 
 
 Mac Fleck'nSe. [That is, Flecknoe'g 
 son.] The title of a poem by Dry den, 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation,' with the accompanying Explanation 
 
MAC 
 
 225 
 
 MAD 
 
 in which ho lampoons Thomas Shad- 
 well, a worthless cdiiteniporarv \HK't 
 and dramatist, who had ivijeatedly 
 intimated his superiority to Drvden 
 as a writer of plays. liy " INlac 
 Hecknoe," 8had\vell is meant, though 
 he is called, in the poem itself, by his 
 real name only. The Mecknoe to 
 whom the title alludes was a wretched 
 poet, so distinguished for his bad 
 verses that his name had become 
 almost proverbial. Dryden describes 
 him as an aj^ed prince, who, tor many 
 years, had reigned 
 
 " without dispute. 
 Through all tlie realms of Nonsense, abso- 
 lute." 
 
 Shad well is represented as the adopted 
 son of this venerable monarch, and 
 is solemnly inaugurated as his succes- 
 sor on the throne of dullness. 
 
 McFlimsey, Flora. The heroine of 
 " Nothing to Wear," a ])opular satir- 
 ical ])oem by William Allen Butler 
 (b. 1825), an American author. 
 
 Mac-greg'or. See Rob Roy. 
 
 Ma-cha'6n. [Gr. Maxawv.] ( Or. (f 
 lioia. JJyt/i.) A son of ^^Lsculapius, 
 and a surgeon of the Greeks belbre 
 Tro}', Avhere he died. 
 
 Mac-heath', Captain. A highway- 
 man who is the hero of Gay's " Beg- 
 gar's Opera." 
 
 I communicnted this purpose, and recom- 
 mended the old haj; to poor Effie, hy a letter, 
 in which I recollect that I endeavored to sup- 
 port the character of Mucheath under con- 
 demnation, — a fine, gay, bold-faced ruffian, 
 who is game to the last. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 He hears the sound of coaches and six, 
 takes the road like Mricheath, and makes so- 
 ciety stand and deliver. Thiicherait. 
 
 Mac-I'vpr, Fer'gus (4V The chief 
 of Glenuaqnoich, a prominent charac- 
 ter in Scott's novel of " Waverley." 
 [Called also Vicli Jan Vohr.'] 
 
 Mac-i'vor, Flora. The heroine of 
 Scott's " Waverley; " sister to Ferg-us 
 ^laclvor. 
 
 Ma'cSn, or Mac'Sn. [It. Mncnrte. 
 '* Evidently a corruption of Jfaliomet 
 [or Mahdiiji] ; for the Italians do not 
 aspirate the //, thev pronounce it like 
 a a;." Ugo FnAcoto. See jMaitoun.] 
 An old English form of Mfilioniet. 
 
 Praised, quoth he, be Macon, whom we serve. 
 
 Fuirfux. 
 
 Mac-rab'in, Mark. A pseudonym 
 under which a series of interesting 
 " Recollections " by a Cameronian 
 were contril)uted to " Blackwood's 
 Magazine." The writer is believed 
 to have been Allan Cunningham. 
 
 Mac-rab'in, Peter. An imaginary 
 
 interlocutor in the " Noctes Ambro- 
 siamc " of Wilson, Lockhart, and 
 Maginn. 
 
 MacSycophant, Sir Per'ti-nax (4). 
 A noted character in 3Iacklin's com- 
 edy of " The Way of the World." 
 
 McTab, The Honorable Miss 
 Lucretia. A stiti' maiden aunt in 
 Colman's comedy, " The Poor Gen- 
 tleman ; " sister of one of the oldest 
 barons in Scotland, and extremely 
 proud of her noble birth, but reduced 
 to dependence upon the husband of 
 a deceased niece. 
 
 Mac-Turk', Captain Hec'tor. One 
 
 of the ^Managing Committee at the 
 Spa, in Scott's novel of " St. Ronan's 
 Well;" characterized as "the nian 
 of Peace." 
 
 Mad Anthony. A sobriquet of Major- 
 (ieneral Anthony Wayne (1745- 
 1790), distinguished for his military 
 skill and impetuous bravery in the 
 war of the American Revolution. 
 
 Mad Cavalier. A sobriquet given to 
 Prince Rupert of Bavaria (]()19-l(j82), 
 nephew of Charles I. of England, 
 and a leader of that king's forces dur- 
 ing the civil wars. He was remarka- 
 ble for his rash courage and impetu- 
 osity, and his impatience of control 
 and advice. 
 
 Madhava ( m a-tTi5' va ) . ( THmlu Myth . ) 
 A name often given to Vishnu. See 
 
 YlSHNU. 
 
 Madman of Macedonia. A name 
 
 sometimes applied to Alexander the 
 Great (;]56-;523 n. c), king of Mace- 
 donia, whose extraordinary and unin- 
 terrupted militar}' success created in 
 him a thirst for universal dominion so 
 insatiable that he is said to have 
 wept becans*; there were no more 
 worlds than this for him to conquer. 
 
 Heroes are much the same, the point 's aereed. 
 From Macedonia's Madman to the Swede. 
 
 Kom. lor the Remarks and Kules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 15 
 
MAD 
 
 22G 
 
 MAG 
 
 •'A Nation which can fight," think the 
 Gazetteers; "... and is Iccl on by iU king, 
 too, who may prove, in his way, a very 
 Charles XII., or sniiili Macedonia's Madinun, 
 for aught one knowts; " in wljicli latter branch 
 of their prognostic the Gazetteers were much 
 out. Carli/le. 
 
 Madman of the North. Charles XII. 
 of Swcik'ii ; — so called on account 
 of thu rashness and inijietuosity of 
 his character. He was born at Stuck- 
 liohn in 1G82, and killed at the siege 
 of Krederickslmll, in J718. His life 
 was full of exciting adventures in 
 war. He formed great plans for the 
 aggrandizement of his kingdom, 
 which he did not live to execute, an(l 
 at his death, Sweden iell from the 
 rank of a leading power. 
 
 Ma'dor, Sir. A Scottish knight with 
 whom Lancelot du Lac engaged in 
 single combat, in order to prove the 
 innocence of Queen (Juinever, falsely 
 accused by Sir Mador of having 
 poisoned his brother. The contest 
 lasted from noon till evening, when 
 Lancelot finally achieved a complete 
 victory over his antagonist. See 
 JoYKi'sE Garde, La. 
 
 Mad Parliament. (Kng. Hist.) \ 
 name given by the old chroniclers to 
 a parliament which assembled at 
 Oxford on the 11th of June 1258, 
 and which, exasperated at the ex- 
 orbitant demands for supplies made 
 by the king, Henry III., to enable 
 him to accomplish the conquest of 
 iSicily, broke out into open revolt 
 again-t the supremacy of the crown, 
 which resulted in the appointment of 
 twenty-four of their number, -svith 
 the famous Simon de Montfort as 
 president, to administer the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Mad Poet. 1. A name sometimes 
 given to Xathaniel Lee (1G57-10!)0), 
 ah Enulish dramatic poet, who, in 
 1681, Ijeeame insane, and was con- 
 fined in Bedlam for four years. 
 
 2. A sobriquet applied to ]McDon- 
 ald Clark (17;)8-1842), author of va- 
 rious fugitive yjoetical pieces in which 
 there are some glimmerings of gen- 
 ius. He died in the Insane Asyhun 
 at Blooiningdale, New York. 
 
 Mae-ce'nas (Caius Cilnius). A 
 wealth V IJoman nobleman (d. b. c. 
 
 8), a friend of Augustus, and a liberal 
 patnjn of Virgil, Horace, Tropertius, 
 and other men of genius. The name 
 is proverbially used to denote any 
 munihcent triend of literature. 
 
 M8e-on'i-de§. [Gr. Maioi'ifir)?.] A 
 poetical designation of Homer, whc 
 was born, according to some ac- 
 counts, in Ma-onia, a district of East- 
 ern Lydia, in Asia Minor. 
 
 Those other two equaled with me in fate, 
 So were 1 equaled with them in renown, — 
 Blind Thaniyris and blind MusOTudcs. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Ma'ga. A popular sobriquet of " Black- 
 wood's Magazine," the contributors 
 to Avhich have embraced many of the 
 most eminent writers of Great Brit- 
 ain, including Wordsworth, Cole- 
 ridge, Lamb, De Quincey, Landor, 
 and others. The name is a contrac- 
 tion of the word Magazine. 
 
 On other occasions he was similarly hon- 
 ored, and wi'.s invariably mentioneil with 
 praise by "Wilson, the presiding genius of 
 Jfarja. R. Sheltnn Mackenzie. 
 
 Ma'^i, The Three. The " wise men 
 from the East" who came to Jerusa- 
 lem bringing gifts to the infant Je- 
 sus. {Matt.n.) M(t(ji {m the orig- 
 inal Greek, ixayoi) is the Latin for 
 "wise men," in the Vulgate transla- 
 tion of the Bible. The traditional 
 names of the three Magi are Melchior, 
 represented as an old man with a long 
 beard, ottering gold, in acknowledg- 
 ment of the .';overeignty of Christ ; 
 Jaspar, a beardless youth, who offers 
 frankincense, in recognition of our 
 Lord's divinity; and Balthazar, a 
 black, or Moor, with a large spread- 
 ing beard, who tenders myrrh, as a 
 tribute to the Saviour's humanity. 
 They are the patron saints of trav- 
 elers. See Cologne, The Thuee 
 Kings of. 
 
 fi£S" '• Earlv did tradition fix the 
 number at three, prohablv in allnsion to 
 the thrve raees of men descended from 
 the son* of Nonh ; and .soon thev were 
 said to be descendants of the Mesopo- 
 tamian prophet Balaam, from whom they 
 derived the expectation of the star of 
 .Tacob. Their corps(»s were supposed to 
 be at that storeiiouse of relics, (Constan- 
 tinople, whence the Empre<!s Helena 
 caused them to be transported to Milan. 
 Frederick Barbaro.ssa carried them td 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
MAG 
 
 227 
 
 MAI 
 
 Cologne, the place of their especial glory- 
 as tlie Three Kings of C'ologue."' Yoiigf. 
 
 Magician, Great. See (Jkkat iMa- 
 
 tiU'IAN. 
 
 Magician, Little. Sec Litti.k INIa- 
 
 (.KIAN. 
 
 Magician of the North. [Cler. M<i- 
 Ifts <ius X(>i-(/in.\ A title a.ssuined by 
 Johann (ieori;; Hamann (1730-1788), 
 a (ierniaii writer of very original 
 jj;eiiius. 
 
 Maguelone, The Fair. See Fair 
 Ma(jui-:l<)nk. 
 
 Mahadeva (ma'ha-dri'va). [Sff/^,s^•., 
 great j;-()d.] (IIIik/u Mijili.) An a))- 
 ]jellati()n by whicli Siva is usually 
 designated. See Siva. 
 
 Mahadevi (mS'lia-da'vee). [Sansk., 
 great goddess.] (Hindu Myth.) An- 
 other name of Durga, the wife of 
 Siva. See Dukga. 
 
 Ma-houn', <>r Ma'houn, | [Old Fr. 
 
 Ma- hound', "r Ma'hound.i I\ln]iom."\ 
 (-'orrupted forms of the name Ma- 
 homet, used by our old writers. 
 
 And oftentimes by Termngaunt and Mahoimd 
 swore. Spenser. 
 
 Of sundry faith together in that town, . . . 
 The greater, tar, were votaries to Malioun. 
 
 Fairfax. 
 An antique flowered silk {jown graced the 
 extraordinary i)crson to whom belonged this 
 unparalleled iete, wliich her brother was wont 
 to say was fitter for a turb:ui ior Maliouitd (t 
 Termagant, than a head-gear for a reasonable 
 creature, or Christian gentlewoman. 
 
 ^'(V ir. Scolt. 
 
 There was crying in Granada when the sun 
 
 was going down. 
 Some calling on the Trinity, some calling on 
 
 Jla/ioiin. Lockhurt. 
 
 Mahu (ma-hoo', 0?' ma'hoo). A liend 
 mentioned by Shakespeare, in the 
 tragedy of " Lear," as the instigator 
 of theft See Flibbertigibbet, 1. 
 
 Ma'i-a (20). [Gr. Mala.] ( 6'r. (f Rom. 
 .]fytli ) A daughter of Atlas, and 
 the mother of iMercury. 
 
 Maiden Queen A name popularly 
 given to Queen Elizabeth of Eng- 
 land, who began to reign in 1558, at 
 the age of twenty-five, and died un- 
 married in 1G03, at the age of sev- 
 enty. See Virgin Qitken. 
 
 He merely asks whether, at that period, the 
 Mair/en fj^ieeii was red-painted on the nose, 
 and white-painted on the cheeks, is her tire- 
 women — when, from spk'en and wrinkles, 
 she would no longer look in any glass — were 
 wont to serve her. Carli/le. 
 
 Maiden Town. [Gael. Maiili-fJun, 
 Brit. Mitiiliii, Lat. Cdnlrnm. PiwWt- 
 rv.ni.\ A name popularly given .to 
 E(liul)urgli, from a monkish fable or 
 tradition that it was once the resi- 
 dence of the daughters of Pictish 
 kings, who were sent to this strong- 
 hold for ])rotectiou in times of war 
 aiul trouble. 
 
 Your hiinds are weak with age, he said, 
 Vonr hearts are stout and true; 
 
 So bide ye in the J/niilen 7'oirn, 
 While' others liglit for you. Aytoun. 
 
 Maid Ma'ri-an (9). A personage in 
 the morris-dances, often dressed like a 
 Avoman, and sometimes like a strum- 
 pet, and whose name is, therefore, 
 used to describe Avomen of an impu- 
 dent or masculine character. Though 
 the morris-dances were, as their name 
 denotes, of Moorish origin, yet they 
 Avere commonly adapted in England 
 to the popular English story of Hobiu 
 Hood, who.'^e fair Matilda, or Marian, 
 Avas the A^ery person here originallv 
 represented. See Robin Hood. 
 
 JO" Maid Marian, as Queen of May, 
 has a golden crown upon her head, and 
 ill her left hand a red pink as an emblem 
 of summer. Percy and Steevens agree ia 
 making Marian the mistress of Robin 
 Hood. Douce, however, considers the 
 character a dramatic fiction. '• None of 
 the materials ttiat constitute the more 
 authentic liistory of Robin Hood prove 
 the existence of such a character in the 
 shape of his mistress." 
 
 tX^ " Probably the addition of the 
 German diminutive chen, in French o«, 
 formed the name of 
 
 ' A bonny fine maid, of noble degree, 
 Maid Marian called by name.' 
 
 Verv soon had her fame traveled abroad, 
 for in 1332 the play of ' Robin et Marion ' 
 was performed by the students of Angers, 
 one of tliem appearing as a jillctti' d '- 
 guisee: the origin of Marionettes, pup- 
 pets disguised to play the part of Maid 
 Marian, is thus explained."' Yongt- 
 
 Robin's mistress denr, his loved 3/a?'('aw, 
 Was sovereign of the woods, chief lady of tho 
 
 gime; 
 Her clothes tucked to the knee, and dainty- 
 
 b'-aided hair. 
 With bow and quiver armed. Drayton. 
 
 Maid of Anjou, Fair. See Fair 
 Maid of Anjou. 
 
 Maid of Bath (2). A name giA^en to 
 INliss Linley, a beautiful and accom- 
 plished singer, Avho became the wife 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
MAT 
 
 228 
 
 MAL 
 
 of Richard P.rinsley Shoridan, the 
 celebrattjd dramatist and statesman. 
 
 Maid of Kent, Fair. See Fair Maid 
 OF Kknt. 
 
 Maid of Kent, Holy. See Holy 
 IMau) of Kk.nt. 
 
 Maid of Norway. In Scottish liis- 
 torv, a name given to ^largaret, a 
 grand-daiigiiter of Alexander III., 
 recognized as his successor by the 
 states of Scothmd, tiioiigh a i'emale, 
 an inlant,and a foreigner. She died, 
 however, on lier passage to Scotland, 
 in 1290. Her father -was Eric II., 
 king of Norway, and her mother 
 Margaret, only daughter of Alexan- 
 der. 
 
 Maid of Or'le-ans. A surname giv- 
 en to Joan of Arc, from her heroic 
 defense of the city of Orleans. Hav- 
 ing been taken captive by the Eng- 
 lish, she suffered martyrdom, being 
 burned alive bv order of the Earl of 
 Warwick, on the 2-tth of May, 1-431. 
 
 j6@=" " It was requisite that she should 
 suffer ; for had she not passed through 
 the supreme trial and purification, du- 
 bious shadows would have remained 
 among the rays tliat beam from her 
 saintly liead ; she would not have dwelt 
 in men's memory as the Maid of Or- 
 leans."' Mic/ielet, Trans. 
 
 Maid of Perth, Fair. See Fair 
 Maid of Pekth. 
 
 Maid of Saragossa. An appella- 
 tion bestowed upon Agustina Zara- 
 goza, a young Spanish woman dis- 
 tinguished for her heroism during the 
 defense of Saragossa in 1808-9. She 
 first attracted notice by mounting a 
 battery where her lover had fallen, 
 and working a gun in his room. By- 
 ron has celeb'-ated her in the first 
 canto of his " Childe Harold." 
 
 Malagigi (nutl-a-je-'jee). A celebrat- 
 ed hero in the romances and poems 
 based upon the fabulous adventures 
 of Charlenuigne and his paladins. 
 He is said to have been a cousin to 
 Rinaldo, and a son of Beuves. or Bu- 
 ovo. of Aygremont. He was brought 
 np In- the fairy Orianda, and became 
 a great enchanter. 
 
 Mal'a-gri'da. A nickname given by 
 contemporary political opponents to 
 
 Lord Sholl)urne ( 1717-180.5), a zeal- 
 ous oj)po>itionist (hiring the adminis- 
 tration of Lord North, (ilal)riel INlal- 
 agrida (KiSlJ-lTfil ) was an Italian 
 Jesuit, and missionary to r)ra/,il,who 
 Avas accused of conspiring against the 
 king of Portugal. 
 
 KJ}" " 'Do \ou know,' said Goldsmith 
 to his lordship, in tUe course of conversa- 
 tion, ' that I never conhl conceive why 
 they call you Malaprida, for Malaarida 
 was a very good M)rt ()f man." This was too 
 good a trip of the tongue for Beauclerc 
 to let pass : he serves it up in his next 
 letter to Lord Charlemont, as a specimen 
 of a mode of turning a thought the 
 wrong way, peculiar to the poet; he 
 makes mnrry over it with his witty and 
 sarcastic compeer, Horace ANalpole, who 
 pronounces it 'a picture of Goldsmith"s 
 whole life.' Dr. .lohnson alone, when he 
 hears it bandied about as Goldsmith's last 
 blunder, growls forth a friendly defense : 
 ' Sir,' said he, ' it was a mere blunder in 
 emphasis. He meant to say, I wonder 
 they should use Malagvida as a term of 
 reproach.' Poor Goh'smith I On such 
 points he was ever doomed to be misin- 
 terpreted." W. Irving. 
 Mal'a-grow'tSer. 1. (Sir Mun'go.) 
 An old courtier in Sir Walter Scott's 
 novel, "The Fortunes of Nigel." 
 " He is a man of birth and talents, 
 but naturally unamiable, and soured 
 by misfortune, who now, mutilated 
 by accident, and grown old. and deaf, 
 and peevish, endeavors by the un- 
 sparing exercise of a malicious pene- 
 tration and a caustic wit, under the 
 protection of his bodily infirmities, 
 to retaliate on an unfriendly world, 
 and to reduce its hajipier inhabitants 
 to a momentary level wiih himself." 
 
 2. (Mal'a-chi. ) A vom (It plume 
 used by Sir A\' alter Scott as the sig- 
 nature of several letters written by 
 him to the Edinburgh "Weekly 
 Journal" in 182fi, in opposition to 
 the proposition in the British parlia- 
 ment to restrict tJie circulation of 
 bank-notes of less than five pounds 
 value in Scotland. 
 
 /ii^ •• These diatribes produced in 
 Scotland a sensation not perhaps inferior 
 to that of the Drapier"s letters in Ire- 
 land : a greater one. certaiidy, than any 
 political tract had excited in the British 
 public at large since the appearance of 
 Burke's ' Refiectious on the French Revo- 
 lution.' " Lock/iart 
 
 0^* For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationa, 
 
MAL 
 
 229 
 
 MAM 
 
 Mal'a-prop, Mrs. A character in 
 Slicriilaa's comedy of" Tlic Rivals," 
 noted tor her bliinders in the use of 
 words. Tile name is obviously de- 
 rived from the Krencli iikU a propos, 
 unapt, ill-timed. 
 
 ti--^ " Mrs. Milaprop's mistakes in 
 ■whit she her-elf calls ' orthodoxy ' have 
 been often objec-teJ to as improbable from 
 a wnni m in her rank oflite ; bnt tiioujj;h 
 some of tliHm. it must be owueil. are ex- 
 trivagint and faroieal, thev are almost 
 all amusing; and the luckiness of her 
 simile, ' as headstrong as an aUes^orij on 
 the batiks of the Nile,' will be acknowl- 
 edgeil as lo ig as there are writers to be 
 run away with b/ the willfulness of this 
 truly ' headstrong ' species of composi- 
 tion." T. Mjor,'. 
 
 The conclusion drawn was, that Chikle 
 Hirold, Bvroii, and the Count in Boppo, are 
 one and the siuie person, thereby inikui;^ me 
 turn out to be, as .l/z-s. Midaprop siiys, " like 
 Cerberus, three gentlemen at once." Byron. 
 
 Mal-bec'cD. A character in Spen- 
 ser's " Faery Q.ieen " (B. III., c. 9, 
 10), desiirned to represent the self- 
 inrticted torments endured by him 
 
 *' Who dotes, yet doubts; suspects, yet fondly 
 loves.'* 
 
 The sight could jealous pangs beguile, 
 And charm Malb'ecco's cares awhile. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Malcolm (mll'kuni). A son of Dun- 
 can, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 " Macbeth." 
 
 Malebolge (ma-la-boPja). A name 
 given by Dante to the eighth circle 
 in his ■' Inferno," from the ten " evil " 
 " 60(74," OJ* P'ts, which it contains. 
 
 Mil-vo'li-o. Steward to Olivia, in 
 Shakespeare's '"Twelfth Night." 
 
 4f^ '• Malvolio is not essentially ludi- 
 crous. He become-! comic but by accident. 
 He is col I. austere, repelling, but dignified, 
 consistent, \x\ 1, for what appears, rather 
 of aa overstretcheii morality. . . . Hf is 
 opposed to tiie proper levities of the piece, 
 aid fills in the unequal contest. Still his 
 pride, or his -rravity (c;t,ll it which you 
 will), is i'lherent, anl native to the man, 
 not mock or affij''ted, which litter onl/ 
 are the fit objects to excite lauuhter. His 
 quality is, at the be-t, unlovely, but 
 neither buffoon nor contemptible. . . . 
 His dialect, on all occasions, is thaL of a 
 gentleman and a man of education. We 
 must not confound him witli the eternal, 
 old, low steward of comedv. He i« master 
 of the household to a great princess, — a 
 dignity, probably, conferred upon him 
 
 for other respects than age or length of 
 Service."' Ciuirlis Lamb. 
 
 Four of the duke's f iciids, with tlicohcdient 
 start which poor Mah olio a.^crihcs to his iin- 
 iigiiiary' rctiiuu', made out to lead the victor to 
 his presence. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Clearing liis voice with a preliniinary hem, 
 he addiessed his kinsman, checking, as Mal- 
 I'ulio proposed to do wluui seated in his state, 
 his familiar smile with an austere regard of 
 control. Sir H . Scott. 
 
 We fools of fancy, who suffer ourselves, like 
 Malrolio, to be cheated with our own visions, 
 have, nevertheless, this advantage over the 
 wise ones of the earth, that we have our whole 
 stock of enjoyments under our own command, 
 and can disli for ourselvoK an intellectual ban- 
 quet with most moderate assistance from ex- 
 ternal objects. Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 MamamoucM (ma^ma'moo'she'). A 
 knight of an imaginarj' order, of 
 which M. Jourdain, in INIoliere's 
 comedy, " Le Bourgeois Gentil- 
 homme," is persuaded that the grand 
 seignior has made him a member, 
 and into which he is inducted br the 
 ceremony of a mock installation. 
 
 AH the women most devoutly swear. 
 Each would be rather a poor actress here, 
 Than to be made a Mamaniouchi there. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Mambrino (mam-bre'no). A Moor- 
 ish king, in the romantic poems of 
 Bojardo and Ariosto, who was the 
 possessor of an enchanted golden 
 helmet, which rendered the wearer 
 invulnerable, and which was the ob- 
 ject of eager quest to the paladins 
 of Charlemagne. This helmet was 
 borne away by the knight Kinaldo. 
 It owes its celebrity, in a great meas- 
 ure, to the mention which is made of 
 it by Cervantes, in " Don Quixote," 
 where the crazy knight of that name 
 is represented as fully believing that 
 he had found it in what was in real- 
 ity nothing but a copper basin, high- 
 ly polished, which a barber, on his 
 way to bleed a patient, had put on 
 his head to protect a neAV hat during 
 a shower. 
 
 lake some enchanted Mamhrino's helmet. 
 
 Carlylc. 
 
 But the 'Wir' fbetweon Chnrles VT., em- 
 peror of Germany, and Philip X ., king of 
 SpMn, ]"l.S-_'m, except that miny men were 
 killed in it, and much vain bnhble wts uttered 
 upon it. ranks otherwise with tint of Don 
 Quixote for conquest of the enchanted helmet 
 of Mamhrivo, which, when looked into, proved 
 to be a barber's basin. Carlyle. 
 
 Ma-mil1i-us. A young prince of 
 Sicilia, in Shakespeare's " Winter's 
 Tale." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
MAM 
 
 230 
 
 MAN 
 
 Mam'mftn. A Syriac word used in 
 tilt- Scriptures to si<^iiify either riches 
 or the goci of riclies. By poetic li- 
 cense, 5iilton niaives Manunon one 
 ot'tlie fallen aiiLfels, and portrays his 
 character in the loUowiny lines: — 
 
 3Iainiiion, the least erected sjtirit that fell 
 I'roin heaven; for even in heaven his looks 
 
 and thoiisrhts 
 Were always downward bent: admirinj; more 
 The riches of heaven's pavement, trodden 
 
 gold, 
 Than aught divine or hoi}' else enjoyed 
 In vision beatilie: by him first 
 Men, also, and by his suggestion taught, 
 Ransacked the center, and with impious 
 
 hands 
 Rifled the bowels of their mother earth 
 Tor treasures better hid. Par. Lost, Bk. I. 
 
 Wieriis, in his account of the infernal 
 court of Beelzebub, makes Mannnon 
 its ambassador in Euf^land. Other 
 niediieval demono«^raphers placed 
 him at the head of tlie ninth rank of 
 demons, of which they reckoned nine 
 kinds. 
 Mammon, Cave of. See Cave of 
 Mammon. 
 
 Mam'mon, Sir Epicure. A Avorld- 
 h' sensualist, in Ben Jonson's play, 
 ''The Alchemist." 
 
 Sir E/jicurc did not indulge in visions more 
 magnificent and gigantic [than Bacon]. 
 
 Macaulai/. 
 
 Manchester Massacre. See Petek- 
 L()(), Field of. 
 
 Manchester Poet. An appellation 
 f^iven to Charles Swain (b. 1803), an 
 English poet, and a native of Man- 
 chester. 
 
 Mandane (mo°'dan', 62). The heroine 
 of Mme. Sciidery"s romance entitled 
 "Artamanes, ou Le Grand Cyrus." 
 
 Mandricardo (man-dre-kaf'do). A 
 .Saracen warrior in Bojardo's " Or- 
 lando Innamorato," son of Agricane, 
 and em])eror of Tartary. He figures 
 also in Ariosto's •' Orlando Furioso " 
 and other romantic poems and tales 
 of the Carlovingian cycle. 
 
 Ma'nes. [Lat., the good or benevolent 
 ones.] (Rom. Myth.) The deilied 
 souls of the departed, worshiped with 
 divine honors. 
 
 Man'fred. The hero of Byron's drama 
 of the same name ; represented as 
 a being estranged from all human 
 creatures, indifferent to all human 
 
 sympathies, and dwelling in the 
 magnilicent solitude of the central 
 Alps, where he holds communion 
 only with the spirits he invokes i>y 
 his s(u-ceries, ami with the fearful 
 memory ot the being he has loved 
 and destroyed. 
 
 Man in Black. 1. A character in 
 Goldsmith's " Citizen of the World," 
 supposed to be, in its main features, 
 a portrait of Goldsmith's father. 
 
 j6£^ •' A most delightful compound is 
 the ' Man in Black ; ' a rarity uot to be 
 met with often : a true oddity, with the 
 tongue of Timon and the heart of Uncle 
 I Toby. He prochijms war against pauper- 
 ism, vet he cannot say ' No ' to a beggar. 
 He ridicules generosity, yet would he 
 share with the poor whatever be pos- 
 sessed."' Henry Gikb. 
 
 2. The subject of a tale by Wash- 
 ington Irving. 
 
 Man in the Moon. A name popu- 
 larly given to the dark lines and 
 spots upon the surface of the moon 
 which are visible to the naked eye, 
 and which, when examined with a 
 good telescope, are discovered to be 
 the shadows of lunar mountains. It 
 is one of the most popular, and 
 perhaps one of the most ancient, 
 superstitions in the world, that these 
 lines and spots are the tigure of a 
 man leaning on a fork, on which he 
 carries a bundle of thorns or brush- 
 Avood, for stealing which on a Sunday 
 he was confined in the moon. (See 
 Shakespeare's '• ]Midsummer-Xight's 
 Dream," a. iii., sc. 1, and " Tempest," 
 a. ii., PC. 2.) The account given in 
 Numbers xv. 32, et seq., of a man 
 Avho was stoned to death for gathering 
 sticks upon the Sabbath-day, is im- 
 doubtedly the origin of this belief. 
 
 4!^ To have a care '' lest the chorle 
 may fall out of the moon "' appears from 
 Chaucer's "Troilus and Cresseide" to 
 have been a proverbial expression in lii.s 
 time. Tn the " Testament of Cresseide."' 
 describing the moon, he informs us that 
 she had 
 
 " On her brest a chorle painted ful even 
 r!caring a bush of thovnes on liis backe. 
 Which for his theft might climb uo uer the 
 lieven." 
 
 With the Italians, Cain appears to have 
 been the offender. Dante, in the twen- 
 tieth canto of the " Inferno," describes 
 
 ©3" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
MAN 
 
 231 
 
 MAN 
 
 the moon by the periphrasis, " Cnino e le 
 spill' .'^ The Jews liave soiim^ Tiihiiiuliciil 
 etory that .lacob is iti the moon, and tliey 
 believe tliat his face is visible. For Ori- 
 ental and other tr;iditioiis, see Grimm, 
 "Deutsehe Mytliologie," p. G79. 
 
 JS£^ " As for the forme of those spots, 
 some of the vulgar thiuke they represent 
 a innii. and the p<X'ts guess "t is the boy 
 Sii'/i/inidii, whose eomp.iny shee loves so 
 ■well that she carries hiui with her : oth- 
 ers will have it onely to be the face of a 
 man, as the moon is usually pictured ; 
 but Albertus thinkes rather that it rep- 
 resents a h/oii, with liis tail toward the 
 east and his head to the west ; and some 
 others have thought it to be very much 
 like a fox ; and certainly it is as much 
 like a lyon as that in the zodiake, or as 
 Ursii IMajor is like a beare." 
 
 Bp. Wilkins, Disc.qfa Neiu World. 
 
 ttanly. One of the dramatis pnsonce 
 in Wycherley's " Plain-dealer," de- 
 scribed by the author as " of an 
 honest, surly, nice humor, supposed 
 lirst in the time of the Dutch War to 
 have procured the command of a 
 ship, out of honor, not interest, and 
 choosinj^ a sea-life only to avoid the 
 Avorld." Leitcli Hunt characterizes 
 him as "a ferocious sensualist, who 
 believed himself as great a rascal as 
 he thought every body else." 
 
 l^a-no'S. A fabulous city of great 
 size, wealth, and population, in El 
 Dorado, on the west shore of Lake 
 I'arime, and at the mouth of a great 
 river which empties into this lake. 
 The houses were said to be covered 
 with plates of gold. 
 
 ij^ "'This fable began to gain credit 
 in 1534, and many were the stories in- 
 vented by Juan Martinez, a Spaniard, 
 who, among other things, asserted that 
 he had lived a long time in the country, 
 and that he left it by the permission of the 
 chief who commanded it, and who was 
 descended from the ancient Incas of Pe- 
 ru ; that this same cliief gave orders that 
 he sliould be accompanied by Indians till 
 he reached the Spanish frontiers ; that 
 they took care to lead him i»iindfold. lest 
 he might observe the way by which to re- 
 turn ; with several «">ther things equally 
 vague and foolish, but so as to induce, at 
 first, many expeditions to tliis fair-reputed 
 city at tlie expense of large sums of money 
 and many lives."' Alcedo, Trans. 
 
 Man of Bath (2). A surname given 
 to Ralph Allen, the fiiend of Pope, 
 
 "Warburton, and Fielding, celebrated 
 
 in the well-known lines of the lirst: — 
 
 " Let huiuhle Alli.Mi,with an awkward Khanie, 
 Do good l)v stealth, and blush to lind it 
 fame. 
 
 Man of Blood. An expression which 
 occurs in the Old Testament (2 Sam. 
 xvi. 7), in a marginal note exijlana- 
 tory of the context, and which refers 
 in (hat place to King David. The 
 application of the term to any man 
 of violence is naturally suggested, 
 and it would seem to have been em- 
 ployed by the Puritans in reference 
 to Charles I. It was also popularly 
 given to Thomas Simmons, an Eng- 
 lish murderer, executed at Hertford, 
 ]March 7, 1808. 
 
 And the M(m of Plood was there, with hia 
 Ions, cssenced liair, 
 
 And Astley, and Sir Marmaduke, and Ru- 
 pert of the Rhine. Jlacaiilay. 
 
 Man of Destiny. An appellation con- 
 ferred on Napoleon Bonaparte, who 
 believed himself to be a chosen in- 
 strument of Destiny, and that his 
 actions Avere governed by some occult 
 and supernatural intluence. 
 
 The head of the royal house of Savoy . . . 
 was to have the melancholy experience that 
 he had encountered with the Man of Dcsthii/, 
 . . . who, for a time, had power, in the em- 
 phatic phrase of Scripture, "to hind kings 
 with chains, and nobles with fetters of irf)n. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Man of Feeling. The title of a novel, 
 by Henry IMackenzie (1745-18-31), 
 designed to characterize the hero, 
 Ilarley, and often applied to him as a 
 descriptive epithet. It is also fre- 
 quently used as a sobriquet to desig- 
 nate the author. See Hakley. 
 
 The wonder rather is, that the Man of Feel- 
 ing shoidd never have been moved to mii'th, 
 than that T'ncle Tobv should have h'nshed 
 away his tears with a laugh. H. llartineau. 
 
 Man of Ross. John Kyrle, a priA'ate 
 gentleman of small fortune (1664- 
 1754), who resided in the parish of 
 Koss, comity of Hereiord, England, 
 and who was distinguished for his 
 benevolence and public spirit. Pope 
 has immortalized him in his "■ Moral 
 Essays," " Epistle Third," " On the 
 Use "of Riches." The title " Man of 
 Ross" was given to him in his life- 
 time by a countr\' friend; and Mr. 
 Kyrle is said to have been highly 
 pleased with the appellation. 
 
 and for th« Remarks aud Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
MAN 
 
 232 
 
 MAR 
 
 Richer thnn misor o'er his conntlcRR hoards, 
 NobliT tlian kings, (ir king-niilliitfd lords. 
 Here dwelt thu Man oj liosi '. O traveler, 
 
 lie I.! 
 Departed merit claims a reverent tear. 
 
 (Jolcriihje. 
 
 Man of Sin. A dosi^natioii occurriiif^ 
 in the Xow TfstaiiR'Ut (2 'Jlass. ii. 3), 
 respecting th ; meaning- of which com- 
 mentators are at variance. Whitby 
 says tlie .lewisii nation is intended. 
 Grotius allinns the reference to be to 
 Caius C;esar, or Caliyida. Wetstein 
 understands by it Titus and the 
 Fhivian house. Others, as Olshausen, 
 suppose it to mean some one Avho 
 has not yet appeared, in Avhom all 
 the characteristics specilied will be 
 united, lioman Catholics apply the 
 term to Antichrist, while most Prot- 
 estants apply it to the I'ope of Rome. 
 The rifth - .Monarchy men called 
 Cromwell the " Man of Sin." 
 
 The zeal of your Majesty toward the house 
 of God doth not slack or go backward, but is 
 more and more kindled, m inifesting itself 
 aliroad in the furthest parts of Christendom, 
 bv writing iu defense of the truth, which hath 
 given such a blow unto that Mini of' Sin us 
 will not be he lied. Trun.-'latois o/tlie Hi ,}•■. 
 
 Man of the People. A title popidarly 
 given by his contemporaries and ad- 
 mirers to Charles .James Fox (1741J- 
 180G), a celebrated English states- 
 man. 
 
 Man of the Sea, Old. See Old Man 
 OF THK Se.v. 
 
 Man'ta-li'ni. A cockney fop of ex- 
 travagant habits, maintained by his 
 wife, in Dickens's novel of " Nicholas 
 Nickleby." 
 
 Yet a gentleman of Mr. Charles Knight's 
 taste and sympathetic appreciation of Shake- 
 speare, editing his works in the middle of 
 the nineteenth century, can perpetuate the 
 Mantalini-ism of the tie-wig editors. 
 
 R. G. White. 
 
 Mantuan Swan. A title given to the 
 Latin poet Virgil, born at Mantua 
 (70 B. c), whose works have been 
 more studied and admired, especially 
 in the Middle .Vges, than those of any 
 other Latin author. Me is distin- 
 guished for the exquisite smoothness 
 and melodiousness of his versifica- 
 tion. 
 
 Ages elapsed ere Homer's Inmp appeared. 
 And ages e-e the Muntiiitti Siiuiii was bi-ird; 
 To carry N-iture lengths unknown before. 
 To give a Milton birth, asked ages mo"e. 
 
 CouT/ier. 
 
 Mar-cella (Sp. pron. mai'--thel'y5). 
 The name of a fair shepherdess, 
 whose story forms an episode in Cer- 
 vantes's romance of" Don Qui.xote." 
 
 Mar-cel'lus. The name of ;in olHcer, 
 ill Shakespeare's tragedy of " Ham- 
 let." 
 
 The author of " Waverley " was, in this re- 
 spect, as impassible to thecritic as the ghost 
 of Hamlet to the partisan of J/«rce//«.<. 
 
 Sir (('. Scott. 
 
 Marchioness, The. A poor, abu.sed, 
 half-starved girl, in Dickens's " Old 
 (Curiosity Shop;" the "small ser^'- 
 ant ■' to Sampson Brass. See liiiAss, 
 Sampson. 
 
 Mar-do'ni-us. The name of a captain, 
 in Beaumont and i'letcher's play, 
 " A King or No King." 
 
 Marfisa(mar-fe'sS). An Indian queen 
 who tigures in Bojardo's " Orlando 
 Innamorao" and in Ariosto's "Or- 
 lando Furioso." 
 
 Mar-gar'e-lon. [Probably from Gr. 
 /lapyap rz/s", Lat. mitrf/'ii i/a , a pearl. 
 The name is not classical, and was 
 apparently coined lo express " the 
 pear! of knighthood."] A Trojan 
 liero, of modern legendary history; 
 called by Shakespeare ('• Troilus and 
 Cressida," a. v., sc. 5)," bastard," and 
 described by him as performing deeds 
 of prowess which seem to imply gi- 
 gantic stature. 
 
 " Bastard Marrtnrdon 
 Hath Doreus prisoner. 
 
 And stands. Colossus-like, wnvinir his beam 
 Upon the pashed corses of the kings." 
 
 T>ydgatp's "Bokeof Troy" mentions 
 him under the name of .)f'iraariton, 
 and calls him a son of Priam. Ac- 
 cording to this author, he attacked 
 Achilles, and tell by his hand. 
 
 Margaret. 1. The heroine of Goethe's 
 " Faust" Faust meets her on her 
 return from charch, falls in love Avith 
 her, and at last seduces her. Over- 
 come with shame, Margaret de-trovs 
 the infant to Avhich she gives birth, 
 and is in consequi'uce condemned to 
 death. Faust attempts to save her: 
 gaining admission to the dungeon 
 where she i-^ immured, he finds her 
 lying huddled on a bed of >^traw, 
 singing wild snatches of ancient bal- 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanyiug Explanations, 
 
MAR 
 
 233 
 
 MAR 
 
 enormous, — and robbing the host, 
 he sets lire to the house, and departs 
 ■with .Morgante, rejoieing greatly in 
 his suecess, and earrying otK every 
 thing lie ean hiy his hands upon. 
 Tiiey go traveling on, and meet with 
 various adventures. At last, one 
 morning, Morgante, to play him a 
 triek. draws otf Margutte's boots 
 while he is asleep, and hides them. 
 Margutte looks lor them, and at 
 length perceives an ape, who is put- 
 ting them on and drawing them olf. 
 The sight of the animal thus engaged 
 so tickles ]Margutte's fancy that he 
 laughs till he bursts. 
 
 Maria. 1. A lady attending on the 
 princess of France, in Shakespeare's 
 -Love's Labor 's J^ost." 
 
 2. Olivia's woman, in Shake- 
 speare's "■ Twelfth Night." 
 
 3. A character in Sterne's " Senti- 
 mental Journey." 
 
 Ma'ri-an'a (9). 1. A lady, in Shake- 
 speare's "Measure for Measure," be- 
 loved by Angelo. 
 
 j8f0=- " Shakespeare has given us in 
 Mariana one of the most lovable and 
 ■womanly of his feminine creations. We 
 see little of her ; indeed, she does not 
 appear until the fourth act, in the tirst 
 scene of -which she says very little, in 
 the last scene but eight words, and in 
 the tifth act not a great deal. But the 
 few touches of the master's hand make a 
 charming picture. . . . Turn to the tifth 
 act and hear her plead, — pleuil for the 
 man [Angelo] whom she has loved 
 through lonelv years of wrong : t!ie man 
 whose life is jnstlv forfeit for taking, as 
 she thinks, the life of another, in a «'0ur>;e 
 of crime which involved a sin Mgninst her 
 love. Timid and shrinkinir before, she 
 does not now wait to be encouraged in 
 her suit. She i* instant and importu- 
 nate. Slie does not reason or quibble 
 with the duke ; she begs, she implores, 
 she kneels. . . . And does not hor very 
 praver for Angelo make his crime >'eem 
 more detestable, as well as her more lov- 
 able?" R. G. White. 
 2. A character in Shakespeare's 
 "All 's Well that Ends Well." 
 
 M5-ri'na. Daughter of IVricles and 
 Thaisa, in Shakespeare's play, "Peri- 
 cles, Prince of Tyre." 
 
 Mar'I-tor'nSs. [So., bad woman. 
 (Jomp. Old Fr. Mnlitorne.'] A dwarf- 
 
 aad for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certun words refer, see pp. xiv-xzxii. 
 
 lads, her reason gone, her end ap- 
 proaching. For a long time he vainly 
 strives to induce her to Hee Avith him. 
 At last the morning dawns, and 
 Mephistopheles appears, grim and 
 
 !)assionless, laust is hurrit'<l oil", antl 
 Vlargaret is left to her fate. The 
 story of Margaret is original with 
 Goethe, having little or no connec- 
 tion with the legends from which 
 the main characters of the poem are 
 drawn. [Called also (jrctcht-ii, a 
 German diminutive of Mar(/artt.] 
 
 4cg= '• Goethe is the only dramatic poet 
 ■who has succeeded in giving to a simple, 
 uncultured girl from the lower ranks of 
 life a poetic interest. Gretchen is a per- 
 fect union of homely nature and poetic 
 beauty. She says not a word that might 
 not have been uttered by any girl of her 
 class in any town in Germany ; and yet, 
 Buch is the exquisite art of the author, 
 she acquires in our estimation an ideal 
 import, and registers herself in the mem- 
 orj' as one of the most i-emarkable por- 
 traits in the rich, wide gallery of dramatic 
 art."' Christ. E.ranuner. "Shakespeare 
 himself has drawn no such portrait as 
 that of Margaret ; no such peculiar union 
 of passion, simplicitv, homeliness, and 
 witchery. The poverty and inferior social 
 position of Margaret are never lost sight 
 of; she never becomes an abstraction ; it 
 is love alone which exalts her above her 
 lowly station, and it is only i , passion 
 she is so exalted." L&ices. 
 
 2. The title of a strikingly original 
 American romance, bv the Keverend 
 Sylve.ster Judd (181.3-1853), and the 
 name of its heroine. 
 
 Margutte (maf-go(.taa. 102). The 
 name of a singular beini::, in Pulci's 
 " Morgante ^lag^iore," who was 
 desirous of l)ecomin!T: a giant, but 
 repented. half-Avay, so that he only 
 reached the height of ten feet He is 
 represented as an impudent, vulgar, 
 low - minded fellow, without con- 
 science, religion, humanity, or care 
 for aught but the grossest indulgence 
 of the senses, and as boa'^ting of 
 having no virtue but fidelity. His 
 adventures — which form a mere 
 episode in the poem — are conducted 
 ■with a kind of straightforward wick- 
 edness which amuses from its verv 
 excess. At an inn, after eating all 
 that is to be got, — his appetite is 
 
MAR 
 
 234 
 
 MAR 
 
 ish, foul, ugly, lewd Asturian wench, 
 •vvho ligures in C'ervuntes's "Don (Quix- 
 ote" as a servant at an inn. This inn 
 the Don took lor a castle, and imag- 
 ined Maritornes to be the lord's daugh- 
 ter, and in love with himself. 
 
 Tlic Jfaritonifs (jf iho Siraccn's Head, New- 
 ark, replied, Two women had pa&sed th:;t 
 morning. Sir If. Scott. 
 
 Had I used the privilege recommended to 
 me by the reviewer, . . . I fear I Fhinilcl he 
 considered as having f^illen into the frenzy of 
 him who discovered a iK'autifiil infanta in the 
 coarse skin ff Maritomi a, itnd "mistook her 
 hair, wliirh was iis rough as ii lK)rse's mane, 
 for soft flowing threads of curling gold." 
 
 DunJop. 
 
 Mark, King. A fabulous king of 
 Cornwall, husband of Isolde, and 
 imcle of Tristram. See Isolde, Tin- 
 TAGEL, and Tristkam, Sin. 
 
 Mark'ham, Mrs. A n<mi de plume, 
 adopted by ^Nlrs. Elizabeth (Cart- 
 ■vvright) Penrose, a ])opular English 
 authoress of the present day. 
 
 Marlow, Sir Charles. A character 
 
 in Goldsmith's comedy, " She Stoops 
 to Conquer.'' 
 
 Marlow, Young. The hero of Gold- 
 smith's comedy, " She Stoops to Con- 
 quer," distinguished for his excessive 
 bashfulness before his mistress, and 
 his easy familiarity Avith the chamber- 
 maid, who turns out to be his mistress 
 in disguise. 
 
 Mar'mi-on. The hero of Sir Walter 
 Scott's poem of the same name; an 
 English knight, valiant and sagacious, 
 but profligate and unscrupulous, who 
 meets with various adventures in 
 Scotland, and linally falls upon the 
 tield of Flodden. 
 
 Marplot. 1. (Sir Martin.) The title, 
 and the name of the hero, of an English 
 comedy, — a translation of 3Ioliere's 
 " T/Etourdi.'" — originally written by 
 the Duke of Newcastle (Wm. Cav- 
 endish), and adapted for the stage by 
 Dryden. 
 
 2. One of the dmmntis persnvce 
 in Mrs. Centlivre's comedy- of " The 
 Busybody; " described as "a sort of 
 silly fellow, cowardly, but very in- 
 quisitive to know every body's busi- 
 ness." 
 
 Mar-Prelate, Martin. A name as- 
 sumed by the author, or authors, of 
 
 a series of powerful but scurriloug 
 tracts, designed to show the anti- 
 scriptural character of the prelacy, 
 which Avere printed in England in 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 XJ^^ The first of the.'^e tracts, entitled 
 " Au Epistle to the Terrible Priest.*," 
 made its appearance in 1588. and created 
 intense excitement. The printer. RolMTt 
 Waldgrave, who was chietiy implicated 
 in the publication of the obnoxious pam- 
 phlet, together with other writings hoa- 
 tile to the Established Church, waj 
 ohligeil to tiee with his materials from 
 place to jilace, was often incarcerated, 
 and his press at last destroyed. The 
 great curiosity and interest which these 
 Avxitings occasioned are illustrated in an 
 anecdote furnished by Disraeli. " When 
 a i)rohiliition was issued that no person 
 should carry about with him any of the 
 Mar-l'relate tracts, on pain of punish- 
 ment, Kobert, Earl of Essex, observed to 
 the (jueen. ' What, then, is to become of 
 me? ' drawing one ot the pamphlets from 
 hisbosou),aud presenting it to her." The 
 " Mar-l'relate coil troversy "" forms an im- 
 portant episode in the ecclesiastical his- 
 tory of England, and in the annals of 
 Puritanism. Attempts have sometimes 
 been made to cast odium upon the F'uri- 
 tai;s by making them responsible for the 
 violent and abusive character of these 
 writings. Hopkins, in his *• History of 
 tiie Puritans,"' defends them from this 
 charge, declaring that they were in no 
 way implicated ia the affair: that the au- 
 thor, whoever he may have been, was not 
 a minister, was not even a Puritan, — 
 that is, in distinction from a Brownist ; 
 and that he wrote from a wholly inde- 
 pendent point of view. The ho.-tility of 
 the Church and State was aroused by 
 these violent attacks in an uncrmmon 
 degree. The strictest inquisition was 
 everywhei* made to discover the real 
 author. Four bishops perambulated the 
 country in search of the bold Martin. 
 Many persons were arrested, and severely 
 dealt with, on suspicion. But no discov- 
 ery was ever made ; ^lartin Mar-Prelate 
 remains a mystery. His secret died with 
 him. " Sfat noyn'ni is umbra.'' It is, how- 
 ever, generally believed that these pro- 
 ductions proceeded, either wholly or in 
 part, from .lohn Penry. or Ap Henry, 
 who WHS executpil Mav 29. 1593. for hav- 
 ing written seditious words against the 
 queen. With Penry some associate .lob 
 Throckmorton, or Throgmorton, John 
 Udall, and John Field, or W . Fenner. 
 
 Mars. (C,r. (f B<>m. ^fl,^h.) The 
 god of war, originally an agricaltu- 
 
 ' For the *' Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying £xplanationj% 
 
MAR 
 
 235 
 
 MAS 
 
 ral deity. As the reputed father of 
 RumuUis, he was held to be the pro- 
 genitor of the Roinau people, who 
 paid him hig-her lioiiors than any 
 other god exeept -lupiter. He was 
 identitied, at a very early period, with 
 the Greek Arts. 
 
 Marsh, The. [Fr. Le Mnrais.l i^Fr. 
 Hid.) A name given to "The 
 Plain," or the lowest benches in the 
 hall of the National Convention after 
 the overthrow of the Girondists by 
 the -Jacobins. This part of the house 
 was occupied by all the members of 
 the convention who, though not be- 
 longing to " The Mountain," were yet 
 meaidy subservient to it. See Mou:n- 
 TAiN, The, and Plain, The. 
 
 Marshal Forwards. [Ger. Jfarschall 
 I'onriirfa.] A title given by the 
 Russians, in 181:3, to Field-lNIarshal 
 J.ebrecht von I'.Uicher (1742-181!)), a 
 distinguished general of Prussia, on 
 account of the extraordinary celerity 
 of his movements, and his peculiar 
 manner of attack. From that time, 
 it became his name of honor through- 
 out all Europe. 
 
 Marsiglio (maf-seePyo), or Mar-sil'i- 
 us. A vSaracen king who ligures in 
 the romantic ])oems of Italy. Having 
 been defeated by Charlemagne, ami 
 condemned to pay him tribute, he 
 plots with Gano (see Gan, or Gano) 
 the destruction of Roland, or Orlando, 
 who is to come, slenderly accompa- 
 nied, to lioncesvalles, to receive the 
 promised gifts and submission. Mar- 
 siglio accordingly advances, accom- 
 panied by 6()0,(K)l) men, divided into 
 three armies, which successively at- 
 tack the paladin and his few troops, 
 and comi)letely overwhelm them. But 
 their death is avenged by Rinaldo and 
 Ciiarlemagne, who now arrive on the 
 scene, with a large force. Marsiglio 
 is at length defeated; and Archbishop 
 Turpi n kindly performs the last office 
 for liim by tying him up to a carob- 
 tree, — the same tree on which .Judas 
 Iscariot is said to have hanged him- 
 self, — under which he had planned 
 his villainy with (iano, who is also 
 hanged, and drawn and quartered, 
 amid the execrations of all who are 
 
 present. See Roland. [Written 
 also M a r s i r i and M a r s i r i u s.] 
 
 Mar'sy-as. [Gr. Mapcriias.] ( Gi: (f 
 Jioiii, .\lyth.) A famous Phrygian 
 peasant, or, as some say, a satyr, who 
 challenged Ajjollo to a trial of skill in 
 music, and, being vancjuished, was 
 tiayed alive for his presumption. 
 
 Marteau des II6r6tiques, Le (lu 
 mar'to' dit za'ra'tek'). See Hammek 
 OF Heketics. 
 
 Mar-Text, Sir Oliver. A vicar, in 
 Shakespeare's " As You Like It." 
 
 Martha. A friend of jNIargaret, in 
 Goethe's "Faust;" represented as 
 making love to Mephisto))heles with 
 direct worldly shrewdness. 
 
 Marvel, Ik. A intm de plume of Don- 
 ald G. Mitchell (b. 1822), a po))ular 
 Auierican Avriter of the present day. 
 
 Marvelous Boy. A name some- 
 times ap))lied to Thomas Chatterton 
 (1752-1770), whose precocious genius 
 and early and tragical deatb made 
 him one of the wonders of English 
 literature. It originated with Words- 
 worth. See Rowley, Thomas. 
 
 I tliouglit of Cljatterton, the inarreloiis bo;/, 
 Tlie sleepless soul that j)erishe(l in his i)ride. 
 U'ordsuorth. 
 
 Mascarille (mas'ka're^'', 82). A 
 valet in Moliere's " L'llitourdi," " Le 
 Depit Amoureux," and " Les Pi^ci- 
 
 euses Ridicules." 
 
 Mask, The Iron, or The Man with 
 the Iron Mask. [Fr. V nomine an 
 M((S'j[ue (It Ftr.] A name used to 
 desii^iate an unknown French pris- 
 oner, whose identity has never been 
 satisfactorily established. Me was 
 carried, about the year 1G79, with the 
 greatest secrecy, to the castle of Pi- 
 gnerol, of which Saint 31ars was gov- 
 ernor. He wore, during the Journey, 
 a black mask, and orders were given 
 to kill him if he discovered himself. 
 In 1086, he was carried by Saint 
 Mars to the isle of Sainte Margue- 
 rite ; and, on the passage, the same 
 precautions were observed as upon 
 his first journey. Saint Mars, hav- 
 ing been appointed governor of the 
 P)astile in 16.18, carried the prisoner 
 with him (Sept. 18), but still masked. 
 
 ami for the Kemarks aud Rules to which the numbers nfter certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
MAS 
 
 236 
 
 MAS 
 
 There he remained till his death, 
 on the lUth of Nov., 17()-'i, tieated 
 with the utmost respect, l)ut closely 
 watched, and not j^ermitted to take 
 ott" his mask even betore his ph\>i- 
 cian. lie was buried on the 2Utii of 
 Nov., in the cemetery of St. I'aul, 
 under the name oi" Marchiali. 
 
 jK^ Notwithstaudiiig the appellation 
 given him, the iiiiusk he wore was uot of 
 iron, hut of lil.ick velvet, strengthened 
 with whalehone, find secured behind the 
 head with steel springs, or, as some as- 
 sert, by means of a padlock. Many con- 
 jectures have beeu hazarded as to who this 
 mysterious personage could have been. 
 One opinion is, that he was a son of Anne 
 of Austria, queen of Louis XIII.. his fa- 
 ther being Cardinal Mazarin (to whom 
 that dowager queen was privately mar- 
 ried), or the Dnke of Buckingham. Oth- 
 ers suppose him to have been a twin 
 brother of Louis XIV., whose birth was 
 concealed to prevent the civil dissensions 
 in France which it might one day have 
 caused. The latter view was adopted by 
 Voltaire, in conmion with many others. 
 Some Dutch writers a.ssert that the pris- 
 oner was a young foreign nobleman, the 
 chamberlain of Queen Anne, and the 
 real father of Louis XIV. It has more 
 recently been surmised that Fouquet was 
 the mask; but M. Delort and the Right 
 Honorable Agar Ellis (afterward Lord 
 Dover) identifv him with a Count Mat- 
 thioH, a minister of Charles III., Duke of 
 Mantua. This ndnisterhad been largely 
 bribed by Louis XIV.. and had pledged 
 himself to urge the duke to give up to 
 the French the fortress of Casale, which 
 gave access to the wliole of Loniburdy. 
 But Louis, finding that Matthioli was 
 playing him fiLse, lured him to the 
 French frontier, and had him secretly 
 arrested and imprisoned. Being a min- 
 ister plenipotentiary at the time, his 
 seizure was a lligrant violation of inter- 
 national law, which it was safer to be 
 able to deny than to attempt to justify ; 
 and the denial once made, the honor of 
 France wa.s involved in upholding it 
 This opinion is the one gen-^rally received 
 at the present day by those who have in- 
 vestigateil the subjct. 
 
 Mason and Dixon's Line. A name 
 given to tlie southern boundary-line 
 separatini;; the free State of Pennsyl- 
 vania from the former slave States 
 of Marvland and Virginia. It lies 
 in latitude -V.y^ 4.3' •2ii.:i", and was 
 run — with the exception of about 
 tweutj'-two miles — by Charles Ma- 
 
 son and Jeremiah Dixon, two En,^ 
 lish mathematicians and surveyon 
 between Nov. J 5, ITG-J, and Dec. 26, 
 17G7. During the excited debate ";n 
 cfuigress, in 1820, on the (juestion of 
 excluding slavery from Missouri, the 
 eccentric John Kandolph of lloanoke 
 made great use of this phrase, which 
 was caught up and i"e-echoed by ev- 
 ery newspajHT in the land, and thus 
 gained a proverbial celebrity which 
 it still retains. 
 
 Massacre of St. Bartholomew. See 
 IJ.vmiioLo.-MEw's D.VY, St. 
 
 Master, The. [Ger. JJer J/m/er.] 
 A title given to Goethe by his admir- 
 ers. 
 
 I beseech vou, Mr. Tickler, not to be so sar- 
 coptic on "tlie JIuster." Xoctef AmbroMarwa. 
 
 Master Adam. [Fr. M'litre Admn.] 
 The name luider which the French 
 poet Adam Billaut (1002-1662) is 
 most familiarly knowm. 
 Master Humphrey. A character in 
 the introduction to Dickens's novel of 
 " The Old Curiosity Shop ; " an old 
 man who is the pretended author or 
 narrator of the story. 
 Master Leonard. In the fantastic 
 system of denionology received in 
 the Middle Ages, a powerful devil in 
 the infernal court. He was grand 
 master of the sabbats, or nocturnal 
 assemblies, in which demons and sor- 
 cerers were Avont to celebrate their 
 orgies. At these meetings, he pre- 
 sided in the favorite form of a three- 
 horned goat with a black human 
 countenance, and every guest did 
 him homage. Stolen children were 
 thought to be brought to him, to 
 swear through their god-parents to 
 renounce God, the Holy Virgin, and 
 the Saints, and to be marked with 
 one of his hfirns with a sign which 
 they bore diu-ing their novitiate. 
 Master Mattaew. A town gnll in 
 Ben -lonson's comedy of " Every 
 Man in his Humor." 
 
 The folly of individiial? led them, in those 
 times, to iissiinie or counterfeit the humors 
 in real life, — an aflfect.ntion which hud become 
 Bo general as to fall under the notice of the 
 stage, and to produce a ridicule of the clieat- 
 in^ humor, the br;i<;-<rin<r humor, the mel- 
 ancholy humor, thi' quarreling hujnor, ai 
 in the (•haracters f)f Nvm, of Pistol, of Master 
 Stephen, or Master Matthew. Kriin. Rev. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronuuciation," with the accorapauying Explanation^ 
 
MAS 
 
 237 
 
 MED 
 
 Master of Sentences, A title given 
 to rotor Loiiil)ai(l (d. 1104), a native 
 of Lonibarciy, and author of a book 
 of " SentencL's," collfcted fi\)ni tlie 
 fathers of tlie Chiircli. This work 
 acquired a iiigh degree of celebrity 
 in the Middle Ages. 
 
 jNIatolu'd agiiiiist the inuster (if " ologies," in 
 our chiys, tho iiidst acconiplishud of Grecians 
 is bocoiiung wliat tlie JIa.iter 0/ fSeiitcnces had 
 become king: since in competition witli the 
 poHtical economist. JJe (.^miiccy. 
 
 Master Stephen. The name of a 
 country gidl in Ben Jonson's com- 
 edy, ■* Every Man in his Humor." 
 
 Masters, The Four. See Four Mas- 
 TKKs, The. 
 
 Maugis (mo/zhe'). One of Charle- 
 magne's paladins. See jMAi.ACiiGi, 
 the Italian form of the name. 
 
 Maul of Monks. [Lat. Malleus Mon- 
 aihi>iuni.\ A designation of Thomas 
 Cromwell (149()-15-10), an eminent 
 English statesman and ecclesiastical 
 reformer. In 15-35, he was made vis- 
 itor-goneral of English monasteries, 
 whicli he shortly afterward su])- 
 pressed in the most stern and sum- 
 mary manner. 
 
 MaU-SO'luS. [Gr. MavVcoAog.] A 
 
 king of Caria, and husband of Arte- 
 misia, who raised a splendid tomb to 
 his memory, called the Mausoleinii, 
 and accounted one of the Seven 
 Wonders of the World. 
 
 Mawworm. A celebrated character 
 in Rickerstaft''s comedy of " The 
 Hypocrite." 
 
 Max'I-min. A Roman tyrant in Dry- 
 den's play entitled " Tyrannic Love, 
 or The Royal Martyr." 
 
 Mayeux (mit'e-ri', or mi'i/, 43). The 
 name of a hunchback who figures 
 prominently in numberless Frencb 
 caricatures and romances. The pop- 
 ularity of the character has made it 
 the recognized type of a man dread- 
 fully deformed, and vain and licen- 
 tious, but brave and witt}-. 
 
 Maypole, The. A nickname given, 
 by the English populace, to the Duch- 
 ess of Kendal, mistress of George I., 
 on account of her leanness and height. 
 
 Meal-tub Plot. {En;/. Hist.) A fic- 
 titious conspiracy against the Duke 
 
 of York (afterward James H.), fabri- 
 cated, in lti7!», by one Daiigertiold, 
 and ascribed l»y him to the I'resbyte- 
 rians; — s(» called because theschemo 
 of the j)reten(led couhjiirators was con- 
 ceaknl in a meal-tub in the house of 
 his mistress, a Mrs. Cellier. 1 'anger- 
 lield secreted a bundle of seditious 
 letters in the lodgings of Colonel 
 Alaunsell, and then gave notice to 
 the revenue otiiccrs that they would 
 tind smuggled goods there. The 
 papers having been proved to be for- 
 geries, 1 angeriield was committed to 
 prison, whereupon he conlessed that 
 he had been hired by Roman Catho- 
 lics to accuse of treason some of the 
 most eminent Protestants opposed to 
 the Duke of York's succession, par- 
 ticularly the Earls of Shattesl)ury, 
 Essex, and Halilax, the Countess of 
 Powis, and Lord Castleniaine. He 
 was condemned to a tine, the pillor}', 
 and a whipping. May 30, 1685. and 
 died, two days alterward, of an injury 
 received during the execution of his 
 sentence. 
 
 Meaux, Eagle of. See Eagle of 
 Meaux. 
 
 Medamothi (m'da'mo'te'). [Fr., 
 from Gr. fXTqbaiJ.66i, nowhere, from 
 /aTj6a/a6s, for /oLT)6e ajuiis, not even one, 
 none.] An island visited by Panurge 
 and Pantagruel, in their search for 
 the Oiacle of the Holy Bottle. 
 
 Me-de'a. [Gr. MrjSeia.] (O'r. if Bom. 
 MytJi.) A famous sorceress, daugh- 
 ter of yEetes, knig of Colchis, and 
 the wife of Jason, whom she assisted 
 in obtaining the (iolden lleece. and 
 then accompanied to Greece. Jason 
 afterward repudiated her in order to 
 maiTv Creusa, whereupon she killed 
 the children she had borne him, and 
 made away with her rival by send- 
 ing her a poisoned robe or diadem. 
 She finally became immortal, mar- 
 ried Achilles in Elysium, and was 
 honored with divine worship See 
 Absyrtus. 
 
 Me-do'ra (9). The heroine of By- 
 ron's poem of " The Corsair." 
 
 Medoro (ma-do^ro). A character in 
 Ariosto's romantic poem, '" Orlando 
 Furioso." See Orlando. 
 
 aad for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
MED 
 
 238 
 
 MEL 
 
 Me-du'sa. [Gr. MeSoucra.] {Gr. cf 
 Rom. Mijtli.) One of the Gorgons. 
 Her head was cut oil" hy IVrseiis, and 
 presented to Minerva, -.vho placed it 
 on her a'gis, where it turned into 
 stone all who fixed their eyes upon 
 it. See GoKGONS and Pekseus. 
 
 [Gr. Me-yatpa.] ( Gr. cf 
 
 One of the Furies. 
 
 Me-gse'ra (9). 
 Rom. .ili/f/i.) 
 See FuHiEs. 
 
 Meg of "Westminster, Long. See 
 Long Meg ok \Ve.st.min.steu. 
 
 Mei'kle-wham, Mr. Saun'der§ 
 (me'kl-). One of the ^lanaging 
 Committee at the Spa, in Scott's 
 novel of "• St. Konan's Well; " "the 
 man of Law." 
 
 Meister, "Wilhelm (viMielm niTs'tef, 
 42, (i4, (;8). The hero of (ioethe's 
 novel entitled " Wilhelm Meister's 
 Apprenticeship." 
 
 K^ "The critic seeks a central point 
 [to this romance], which, iu truth, is 
 hanl to fiml. 1 should think a rich man- 
 ifold life brought close to our eyes might 
 suffice, without auv determined moral 
 tendency which could Ije reasoned upon. 
 But, if thi-: is insisted upon, it may per- 
 haps be found in what Frederick, at the 
 end. says to tie hero, ' Thmi seemest to 
 me like Saul, the son of Kish, who went 
 out to seek his father's asses, and found 
 a kingdom I ' For what does the wliole 
 say, but that man, despite all his follies 
 and errors, Icl by a higher hand, reaches 
 some higlier aim at last ? '* 
 
 Goethe, Trans. 
 
 Mej'nSun and Leilah. Pattern 
 lovers amoui^ various Eastern na- 
 tions, like " Pyranuis and Thisbe " 
 among the Greeks and Komans. 
 [Written also Mejnun.] 
 
 J^W " Tliese personages are esteemed 
 among tlie Arabians as the most beau- 
 tiful, chaste, and impassioned of lovers, 
 and their amours have been celebrated 
 with all the charms of verse in every 
 Oriental language. The Moliammedans 
 reg-ard them, and the poetical records of 
 their love, in the same light as the 
 ' Bridegroom and .Spouse ' and the ' Song 
 of Songs 'are regarded by the Jews." 
 
 D'Herbelot, Trans. 
 Me-lan'ti-us (me-lan'shi-us). A brave, 
 honest soldier, in Beaumont and 
 Fletcher's play. " The ^Maid's Trag- 
 edy," who is incapable of suspecting 
 evil till it becomes impossible to be 
 
 ignorant of it, but is unshrinking in 
 
 punisliing it. 
 
 Me-le'a-4er. [Gr, MeXe'aypo?.] ( Gr. 
 ()'• Rom. Myth.) A son of CEueus, 
 king of Calydon, a city of ^Etolia iu 
 Greece, lie distinguished himself as 
 one of the Argonauts, and by his 
 skill in throwing the javelin. The 
 king, his father, having neglected to 
 pay honuige to Diana, the goddess 
 ^ent a wild boar to lay waste the 
 country: all the princes of the age 
 assembled to hiuit him down, but he 
 was at last killed by Meleager. His 
 mother — out of revenge for the 
 death of her brothers, who had fallen 
 in battle by his hand — caused his 
 destruction by burning an extin- 
 guishi'd brand, on the preservation 
 of which his lite depended. 
 
 MePe-sig'e-nes. [Gr. MeAr/criYei'rj?, 
 
 from MeAi,s, the river Meles, and 
 
 yeVeir, to beget.] An appellation 
 
 sometimes given to Homer, on the 
 
 supposition that he was born on the 
 
 banks of the ^leles, a river of Ionia, 
 
 in Asia Minor, or that the river-god 
 
 was his father. 
 
 Blind Melexifjenes. thence Homer called, 
 AVhose poem Phccbus challenged for his ow»i. 
 
 Miltori. 
 
 Me-li'5-dus. A prince of Leonnois, 
 and a knight of the Kound Table. 
 He was the father of Sir Tristram. 
 He is celebrated in a French niedi- 
 svval romance, originally written by 
 Rusticien de Pise, a more modern 
 French compilation from which was 
 printed at Paris in 1528. 
 
 MePI-boe'us. A shepherd in the first 
 Eclogue of Yirgil. The name is used 
 bv Chaucer in his prose composition 
 entitled "The Tale of Melibeus," 
 one of the " Canterbury Tales." He 
 also writes it M e 1 i b e e. 
 
 Mel'I-cer'ta, or MePi-cer'tes (4). 
 [Gr. .\leAtK'epT7;5-] (Gr.ij- Rom. Myth.) 
 A son of the Theban king Athamas 
 by Ino. He was metamorphosed 
 into a sea-god. See Ino. 
 
 Me-lis's5. A beneficent fairy invent- 
 ed by the Italian poets; the protector 
 of Bradamantc and Kuggiero, in the 
 "Orlando Furioso" of Ariosto. She 
 is sometimes confounded with the' 
 
 II9°* For the " Key to the Scheme of Fronuuciatiun," with the occompanyLag £xplanatioul^ 
 
MEL 
 
 239 
 
 MEX 
 
 fairy Meliisina. The name, passing 
 into French and En^'lish literatun; as 
 a poetical title, has linally become a 
 recognized Christian name. 
 
 Mellifluous Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 MtUijltiaa.l An ai)pellation given to 
 St. Bernard, a celebrated and elo- 
 quent jjreacher and theologian of the 
 twelfth century. His writings were 
 termed by his admirers '* a river of 
 paradise." 
 
 Mel'mSth, Coiirt'ney. A pseudo- 
 nym of Samuel .lackson Pratt (1741)- 
 1814), in his day a popular poet, and 
 a voluminous -writer both in prose and 
 verse. He was originally a strolling 
 player, next an itinerant lecturer, 
 and finally a Bath book-seller. 
 
 Mel-pom'e-ne. [Gr. yUKirou.ivy].'] ( Gr. 
 c^- Rom. Mijtlt.) One of the ]Muses; 
 the one who presided over tragedy. 
 See ]\IrsES. 
 
 MePu-si'na. [Fr. Melusine.] A 
 daughter of the fairy Pressina, by 
 Elenas, king of Albania; the most 
 renowned of the French fairies. Her 
 origin may be traced to the Teutonic 
 "Amalaswinth." She was condenuied 
 to become every Saturday a serpent 
 from the waist downward, as a pun- 
 ishment for having, by means of a 
 charm, inclosed her father in a high 
 mountain, in order to avenge an in- 
 jury her mother had received from 
 him. She married Kaymond, Count 
 of Poitiers, and, having been seen 
 by him during her loathsome trans- 
 fonnation, — in violation of his sol- 
 emn promise never to visit her on a 
 Saturday, — was immured in a sub- 
 terranean dungeon of the castle of 
 Lusignan. The traditions concern- 
 ing Melusina were collected by Jean 
 d'Arras, near the close of the four- 
 teenth century. 
 
 jg®=- The Melusine tradition ]ino;ers 
 around the castle of Lusij^nau, near Poi- 
 tiers, and to this day, at the fairs of that 
 city, gingerbread cakes ai'e sold with 
 human head and serpent tail, and called 
 MHusijifS. A rri de Melusine is a pro- 
 verbial expression for a sudden scream, 
 recalling that rvith which the unfortunate 
 fair one discovered the indiscretion of her 
 lord. 
 Mem'non. [Gr. Mejavtoi/.] ( Gv. if 
 
 Rom. Myth.) A son of Tithonus 
 and Aurora, and king of Ethiopia. 
 After the tall of Hector, he went to 
 the assistance of his uncle Priam, 
 with ten thousand men, and dis])layed 
 great courage in llie defense of Troy, 
 but was at length slain by Ajax, or 
 by Achilles, in single combat, where- 
 upon he was changed into a bird by 
 his mother, or, as some sa}', at her 
 reipicst. 
 
 lUr The colossal black statue of the 
 Egyptian king Amenophis 111., in tho 
 neighborhood of Thebes, was called by 
 the Greeks the statue of Memnon, and a 
 sound like that of a breaking lute-string 
 which it gave forth when struck by the 
 first be.ims of the sun. they regarded as 
 Memnon"s greeting to his mother. The 
 sound has been heard in modern times, 
 and has been variously ascribed to the 
 artifice of the priests who concealed them- 
 selves in a niche and with an iron rod 
 struck the sonorous stone of which the 
 statue is composed ; to the pas.sage of 
 light draughts of air through the cracks ; 
 and to the sudden expansion of inclosed 
 aqueous particles under the intluence of 
 the sun's rays. 
 
 As from ieolian harps in the breath of dawn, 
 as from the MemnorCs statue struck by the 
 rosy finger of Aurora, iinearthlv music was 
 around "liini, and lapped him mto untried, 
 balmy rest. Carhjle. 
 
 Soft as Memnon'n harp at morning, 
 To the inward eye devout, 
 
 Touched with liglit by heavenly warning, 
 Your transporting chords ring out. Kehle. 
 
 Me-nal'ca.s. [Gr. Me^aAKa?.] A shep- 
 herd in Theocritus and Virgil ; hence 
 any shepherd or rustic. Menalcas 
 figures in Spenser's "' Shepherd's 
 Calendar" as the treacherous rival 
 of Colin Clout. 
 
 Spend some months j'et among the sheep- 
 walks of Cuuiberland; learn all yon can, from 
 all the shepherds you can lind, — froui Thyrsis 
 to Menalcas. Sir E. Bulwer Lytton. 
 
 Men'e-la'uS. [Gr. Mei-eAao?.] {(h\ 
 
 tf Roiti. Jfi/fh.) A son of Atreus, the 
 brother of Agamemnon, and the luis- 
 band of Helen, who eloped from him 
 witli Paris, and thus brought on the 
 Trojan -war. ^Nlenelaus toolv part in 
 the contest, and behaved with great 
 spirit and courage. See Helen and 
 Pakis. 
 
 Me-noe'tes. The pilot of the ship 
 " Chinuera," which took part in tha 
 naval contest at Drepannm, in Sici- 
 ly, where ^Eneas celebrated the lirst 
 
 and for the Remaa-ka and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
MEN 
 
 240 
 
 MER 
 
 anniversary of his father's death by 
 various i;ainis and feats of skill. 
 For liis timidity in staiidinj^ out from 
 the siiore, in order to avoid certain 
 hidden rocks, and thereby allowing 
 the •' Cliima'ra ■' to he l)eaten, (iyas, 
 the connuander of tiie ve>sel, hurled 
 him headlong- into the sea, ji,reatly to 
 the amusement of the spectators. 
 
 Men'tor. [(!r. MeVriop.] (Gr. ^j' Rom. 
 M !///(. ) A friend of Ulysses in Ith- 
 aca, whose form Minerva assumed, to 
 tjive instructions to L'ly.sses's son Te- 
 lemacluis, -whom she accompanied to 
 Pylos and Lacedivmon. 
 
 With Friedrieh Wilhelm, who is his second 
 cousin (iiiothcM-'s gnnd-iipphew, if the reader 
 can count that), lie [Leopold, prince of Anhal'- 
 Dessau] is from of old on the best footing, aud 
 contrives to be his Mentor in inauj' things 
 beside war. Oirhjle. 
 
 ^e-phis'to. The same as Jftphis- 
 tojj/itUs. See infra. 
 
 Meph'is-toph'e-les. One of the 
 seven chief devils in the old demon- 
 ology, the second of the fallen arch- 
 angels, and the most powerful of the 
 infernal legions after Satan. He fig- 
 ures in the old legend of Dr. Faustus 
 as the familiar spirit of that renowned 
 magician, and, in former times, his 
 nauie was commonly used as a term 
 of jocular reproach. To modern read- 
 ers he is chiefly known as the cold, 
 scoffing, relentless fiend of Goethe's 
 " Faust," and as the attendant de- 
 mon in Marlowe's " Faustus." See 
 F'aust. 
 
 iKS" The name was formerly written 
 Mcphosfophiliis and Mi //hosiophilis ; tiie 
 former spelling heing that of .Shakespeai-e 
 (see '' Merry Wive^' of Windsor." a. i., sc. 
 1), and the latter that adopted by Mar- 
 lowe. Tlie origin of tlie word is uncer- 
 tain ; various derivations have been pro- 
 posed. By some it is thought to be derived 
 from a Semitic tongue. (See Uoethe"s 
 '• lirietVechsel mit Zelter." v. 330.) \\ id- 
 man calls it a Persian name. But that 
 etymology which refers it to the Greek 
 fjL-q, not, (f)oj?, (^ojTo?, liglit, and <J)l\o<;, 
 loving, accords with the old orthogra- 
 phy, and is the most plausible of all. 
 
 J^^ '• There is an awful melancholy 
 about JIarlowe'sMephistoplieles. perhaps 
 more expressive than tiie malignant 
 niirtii of that fiend in the renowned 
 work of Goethe."' Hallnm. 
 
 ij£^ '• Mephistopheles comes before us, 
 
 not arrayed in the terrors of Cocytus ana 
 I'ldegetiion, hut with natural iudelibln 
 deformity ot wickedness, lie is the Devil, 
 not of superstition, but ot knowledge. 
 Such a combination of perfect under- 
 Standing with perfect seltishi.ess. of logi- 
 cal life witii moral death, so universal a 
 denier both in heart .-ind head, is un- 
 doubtedly a cliild of Darkne.s-s, an tmi.s- 
 sary of the primeval Nothing, and may 
 stand in his merely s))iritual (ielbrmity, 
 at once potent, dangerous, and contempt- 
 ible, as the best and only genuine Devil 
 of these latter times." Carli/U. 
 
 Piiets of the first order might safely write ai 
 desperately as MejihiMojiheles rode. 
 
 ilacaulay. 
 
 We have here [in the literature of the Res- 
 toration] IJelial, not as when he insjiiied Ovid 
 and Ariosto, "graceful and humane," but 
 with the iron eye and cruel sneer of JA'y /((»■- 
 topheles. JIacatilay. 
 
 These are the fields of History wliich are to 
 be, so soon as humanly possible, su])j))essed; 
 which only JIc}ihi.<tojiliel('^, or tlie Bad Genius 
 of mankind, can contemplate M'itli pleasure. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Mer'cta-rj^(4). [Lat. Mercurius.] (Gr. 
 c)'- Rum. Myth.) The son of Jupiter 
 and 3Iaia, the messenger of the gods, 
 particularly of Jupiter, the inventor 
 of letters, the conductor of departtd 
 souls to the under-world, and the g(.d 
 of eloquence, commerce, thieves, ai,d 
 travelers. 
 
 Mer-cu'ti-o (mer-ku'shi-o). A friend 
 to Komeo, in Shakespeare's tragedy' 
 of " Komeo and Juliet,'' and the ])o - 
 trait of a finished tine gentleman of 
 his time. 
 
 vKS" " Wit ever wakeful, fancy busy 
 and procreative as an insect, courage, an 
 easy mind, that, without cares of its own, 
 is at once disposed to laugh away those of 
 others, and yet to be interested in them , — 
 these and all congenial qualities, melting 
 into the common copula of them all. the 
 man of rank and the gentleman, with all 
 its excellences and all its weaknes.«es, con- 
 stitute the character ot Mercutio." 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 MSr'e-dith, Owen. A pseudonym 
 adopted by Edward Robert Bidwer 
 Lytton (b. IS'Jl), a popular living 
 English poet, and a lineal descendant 
 of Oirtn (iwynnedd ap Gritbth, king 
 of North ^^'ales. and of Mertdith ap 
 Tudor, great-grandfather of Henry 
 YH. of England. 
 
 Merlin (4). A famous magician of 
 alleged supernatiu'al origin, contetn- 
 porary with King Arthur, celebrated 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pi-onuneiation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
MER 
 
 241 
 
 MES 
 
 in the tales and romances of chiA'alry', 
 in Spenser's "■ I'aery Queen," and in 
 the ronuintie poems of Italy. He is 
 said to iiave removed, l»y a wonder- 
 ful machiue of his own invention, the 
 Giants'- daiiee, now called .Stone- 
 heni;-e, from Ireland to Salisbury 
 Plain in ICnicland, where part of it is 
 still staudinn'. The old legends rec- 
 ognize two persons of tliis name, one 
 connected with the traditions of Scot- 
 land, the otiier with those of Wales; 
 but the essential I'eatures of both are 
 the same. 
 
 jg®^ The manner of Merlin's death is 
 Tarioiisly relateil. AccoriUng to one ac- 
 count, he was im-loseil in a tiawthorn- 
 bush by his mistress, tlie fairy Vivian 
 (the Ladv of the Lalce), by means of a 
 charm which he had communicated to 
 her. Not believing in the spell, she tried 
 it upon her lover, and found to her g;rief 
 and astonishment that he could not bo 
 extricateil from his thorny coverture. 
 
 Brengwaiii was there, and Sa^jramore, 
 Aiul tield-born Merlin's griammarye; 
 Of that funed wizard's niijrlity love. 
 Oh who could sing but he! Sir IV. Scott. 
 He [Bacon] . . . knew, tliat, if his words 
 sank deep hi to tlie minds of men, they would 
 produce effects such as superstition had never 
 ascribed to the incantations of Merlin and 
 Auchael Scott Macaulay. 
 
 M6r'ope. [Gr. Mepon-q.'] {Gr. if 
 liuii. Myth.) 1. One of the Pleia- 
 des, whose star is dimmer than the 
 rest, because she wedded Sisyphus, a 
 mortal. 
 
 2. See (Enopion. 
 
 M6r'ri-lies, Meg. A half-crazy gypsy, 
 who is a prominent and celebrated 
 character in Scott's novel of "Guy 
 Manner] ng." 
 
 ;8Eg=- " She is most akin to the witches 
 of Macbeth, with some traits of the an- 
 cient sibyl ingrafted on the coarser stock 
 of a gypsy of the last century. Though 
 not absolutely in nature, however, .«lie 
 must be allowed to be a very imposing 
 and emphatic personage, and to be min- 
 gled, both with the business and the 
 scenery of the piece, with the greatest 
 possible skill and etfect." Lord Jeffrnj. 
 
 MSr'ri-man, Mr. A name given to a 
 zany, or attendant upon a mounte- 
 bank at fairs, in market-places, and 
 on village greens. It is, perhaps, of 
 the same origin as Meny-andrew. 
 
 Merry- Aiidre"W. A name given orig- 
 
 inally to Andrew Borde (1500-1540"), 
 a man of learning, and a noted itin- 
 erant physician, who, as llearne tells 
 us, freiiuented "■ nuirkets and fairs, 
 where a conflux of people ustul to get 
 together, to whom he prescrilu-il-, 
 and, to induce them to tlock thither 
 the more readily, he would make hu- 
 morous sj)eeches, couched in such 
 language as caused mirth, and won- 
 derfully propagated his fame." From 
 him, any buffoon or zany, especially 
 one who attends upon a mountebank 
 or ((uack doctor, is called a Meny- 
 andrew. 
 Merry England. A common desig- 
 nation of England, which is so called, 
 not on account of the merry-makings 
 of the inhabitants, but in the old 
 sense of the word merry, that is, 
 pleasant, agreeable. In this sense we 
 speak of the '' merry month of May ; " 
 and in this sense Wakefield and Car- 
 lisle were formerly termed merry, and 
 Spenser spoke of " merry London," 
 and Chaucer of a 
 
 " citee 
 That stood full inei-nj upon a haven side." 
 
 Merry Monarch. A title by which 
 King Charles II. of England (IfioO- 
 1685) was in former times lamiliarly 
 known. 
 
 Mersenne, The English. See Eng. 
 Lisa Meksenne. 
 
 Mer'ton, Toramy (-tn, 4). One of the 
 principal characters in a very popu- 
 lar juvenile work wiitten bv Thomas 
 Day (1748-178.J), and entit'led "The 
 History of Sandfonl and Merton." 
 
 Me'ru(9). {Hindu .Ifyth.) A sacred 
 mountain, 80,000 leagues high, sit- 
 uated in the center of the world. It 
 is the abode of Intlra, and abounds 
 Avith every chann that can be imag- 
 ined. 
 
 Merveilleurefmei-'vaPyoz', 43). [Fr., 
 Avondei-ful.] Tiie name of the sword 
 of Doolin ofMayence. It was mag- 
 ically sharpened, and was so keen, 
 that, when placed edge downward on 
 a large tripod, its mere Aveight was 
 sufficient to cut the tripod through. 
 See DooLix of M.WEXCE. 
 
 Mes'o-po-ta'mi-a. A name popularly 
 given by Londoners to the Warwick 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pj^. xiv-xiiLL 
 IG 
 
MET 
 
 242 
 
 MID 
 
 and Eccleston Square districts in that 
 city. [Called al.-«(> Cub'Uopuds.] 
 
 Me'tis. [(ir. M»/Tts.] ( (jr. cf Rom. 
 Mijtli.) A (laii^diter of Oceaiius and 
 TJtliys, the lirst wile of Jupiter, and 
 tlie ^(Kides-s ul' prudewee. 
 
 Me-zen'ti-us (-shi-us) A tyrant of 
 Ca-'re, or Ayylla, a qWy of Etruria. 
 He was expelled by his subject?; on 
 account oi liis cruelties, and tied to 
 Turn us, who employed him in his 
 ■war again>t .Eneas, by whom he was 
 slain. Virgil calls hnu "a despiser 
 of the yodis." 
 
 Like ilezentiwt ... he [Bonaparte] ought 
 ti have ackiiowledjjcd no otlicr source of Tiis 
 authority [thau his taleutji autl his swordj. 
 
 ^'iy W. Scott. 
 
 Mez'zo-ra'mi-a ( It. pmn. med-zo-ra''- 
 me-a). The name of an imaginary 
 country in the heart of the de.serts of 
 Africa,' inaccessible except by one 
 particular road, and unknown to the 
 rest of the world. Gaudentio di 
 Lucca, in the romance of that name, 
 is represented as having visited it, 
 and as residing there tor twenty-tive 
 years. It is described as a terrestrial 
 paradise, and its government, laws, 
 and customs are highly commended. 
 See Gauoentio di Llxca. 
 
 Mi-caw'ber, Mr. "Wilkins. A prom- 
 inent and celebrated character in 
 Dickens's novel of " David Copper- 
 lield;" noted for his long speeches, 
 ambitious style, love of letter-writ- 
 ing, alternate elevation and depres- 
 sion of spirits, hearty appetite, reck- 
 less improvidence, and everlasting 
 troubles, and for his constantly 
 *' waiting for something to turn up." 
 /iC^ " There never was a Mr, INIicawber 
 in nature, exactly as he appears in the 
 paj^e-* of Dickens; but .Micawberisni per- 
 vades nature tlirough and through ; and 
 to have this quality from nature embody- 
 ing the full essence of a thousand in- 
 ptances of it in one ideal monstrosity, is a 
 feat of invention."' Mnsson. 
 
 Who does not venerate the chief of that il- 
 lustrious f.imily, who, hcinn; stricken by mis- 
 fortune, wisely and gre-itly tn>-ned his atten- 
 tion to "coals," — the accomplished, the Epi- 
 curean, the dirty, the delightful Mir-nwherf 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Mi'cM-el (rnllorj. nit'kol^. The name 
 of an archangel, mentioned in the 
 Bible as having special charge of the 
 
 I.sraelites a.s a nation ( Dan. x. 13,21), 
 as disj)uting with Satan al)out the 
 body of iMiises {.Jik/l- iJ), and as car- 
 rying on war, with the assistance of 
 his angels, against Satan and his 
 fori-e.s in the ujj[)er regions {Jttr. xii. 
 7-y). Micliael figures largely in 
 Milton's " l^aradise Lost," being sent 
 witli Gabriel to battle against Satan 
 and his angels, and also witli a band 
 of cherubim, to Paradise, to disjjos- 
 sess Adam and Eve, and to tbretell to 
 thon what should hajjpen till the 
 time of the coming of Christ. 
 
 Upwards of a century . . . must elapse, . . . 
 and the Moloch of iniquity have his victims, 
 and tlie Mic/incl of justice fiis martyrs, before 
 Tailors can be admitted to their true prerog- 
 atives of manhood, and this laist wound ot 
 sutiuriug humanity be closed. Carlyle. 
 
 Michael, Cousin. See Cousin Mi- 
 chael. 
 
 Mi'chi-el An'ge-lo of France. [Fr. 
 Miclitl-Anc/e de Id Franct.] A title 
 bestowed upon Pierre Puget {lC,2-i- 
 1094), a famous French statuary, 
 painter, and architect, remarkable, 
 like his illustrious namesake, for his 
 enthusiasm and decision of character 
 
 Mi'das. [Gr. MiSa?.] (6';-. <f- Rom. 
 Myth.) A king of Phrygia, son of 
 Gordius and Cybele. Bacchus gave 
 him the power of tiu-ning whatever 
 he touched into gold; but this proved 
 to be very inconvenient, as it pre- 
 A'ented him from eating and drink- 
 ing, and he prayed that the gift 
 might be revoked. At the command 
 of the god, he washed in the Pacto- 
 lus, the sands of whicii became in 
 consequence mixed with gold. An- 
 other tradition is, that, in a musical 
 contest between Pan and Apollo, lu; 
 adjudged the victory to the former, 
 and Apollo, in revenge, changed his 
 ears into those of an ass. Midas 
 tried to conceal them luidcr his 
 Phrvgian oa]\ but they were discov- 
 ered by his .servant. 
 
 Middle Ages. A term applied, rather 
 vaguely, to the great historic period 
 between the times of classical antiq- 
 uity and modern times, in which tlie 
 feudal system was formed, chivalry 
 rose, flourished, and declined, the 
 Church extended its bounds and ac- 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explaaation^ 
 
MID 
 
 243 
 
 MIL 
 
 quired enormous wealth and power, 
 and the nations of modern Europe 
 had their origin and began to develop 
 their respeetive poHtieal and soeiai 
 systems. "It is not possible," says 
 Hallam, "' to hx accurate limits to the 
 Middle Ages. The ten centuries 
 I'rom the htth to the lit'teenth seem, 
 in a general ])oint of view, to consti- 
 tute tliat period." The overthrow of 
 the Western lioman Empire, in the 
 year 47(5, is manifestly the termi- 
 nation vt' ancient history, and as the 
 Reformation (which began in 1517) 
 is the most convenient epoch from 
 which to date the commencement 
 of modern history, these events are 
 pretty generally regarded as mark- 
 ing the beginning and close of the 
 Middle Ages, [('ailed also, from the 
 prevalent superstition and ignorance, 
 the JJidk Afjts.] 
 
 JMiddle Kingdom. A translation of 
 
 T( lidiKj-kiHH', a name given to China 
 by the natives, from an idea that it is 
 situated in the center of the earth. 
 
 Middle States. A popular designa- 
 tion of the States of New York, New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania, ^Maryland, and 
 Delaware, from their having been in 
 reality, at the time of the fornuition 
 of the Federal Constitution, the cen- 
 tral States of the American Union. 
 By some Avriters, Mar} land is classed 
 as a Southern, and not a Middle State. 
 
 Mid'gard. [That is, middle ward.] 
 ( Scnntl. Mijfh. ) A name given to the 
 earth, as being in the middle region 
 between Asgard und Utgard. 
 
 Mid-Lothian, Heart of. See Heart 
 
 OF I\l ID- Lothian. 
 Miggs, Miss. Mrs. Yarden's maid, 
 
 in Dickens's novel of " liarnaby 
 
 Kudge." 
 
 4®" " She is an elderly maiden, who, 
 by some stranire neglect on the part of 
 mankind, has been allowed to remain un- 
 married. This netrlectmiglit, in some .small 
 degree, be accounted for by the fact that 
 her person and disposition came within 
 the range of Mr. T;ippertifs epithet of 
 ^scraprgy.' She had various ways of 
 wreaking her hatred upon the other sex, 
 the most cruel of which was in often 
 honoring them with her company and 
 discourse. . . . Dickens, in this charac- i 
 
 ter, well repre.sents how such .<!eemingly 
 
 insiguifjcant malignauts as i'\li>s Migga 
 can become tlie pest of families ; and 
 that, though full of sveakt)c.><s and malig- 
 nity, they can bo proud of their virtue 
 aud religion, and make slander the prom- 
 inent element of their pious conversa- 
 tion." J£. P. Whijrple. 
 
 Overflowing with a humor as pt'culiar in 
 its way as the humors of Andrew Fair.ser- 
 vioc, or ii Protestant J//.s.s .l/(V/(/s (that imper- 
 sonation of shrewish female service). 
 
 Zone/. Aihenccwn. 
 
 Mignon (men'yo"', G2). The name 
 of a young Italian girl in Goethe's 
 •' Wilhelm Meister's Apprentice- 
 ship; " rei)resented as beautiful aud 
 dwarfish, unaccountable, and full of 
 sensibility, and secretly in love with 
 Wilhelm, who is her protector, and 
 Avho leels lor her nothing but com- 
 mon kindness and compassion. She. 
 at last, becomes insane, and dies the 
 victim of her hopeless attachment. 
 
 i8®" " This mysterious child, at first 
 neglected by the render, gradually forced 
 on his attention, at length overpowers 
 him with an emotion more deep and 
 thrilling than any poet, since the days 
 of Shakespeare, has succeeded in pro- 
 ducing. The davighter of enthusiasm, 
 rapture, passion, and despair, she is of 
 earth, but not earthy. When she glides 
 before us through the mnzes of her fairy 
 dance, or whirls her tambourine, and 
 hurries round us like an antique Maenad, 
 we could almost fancy her a spirit, so 
 pure is she, so full of fervor, so disen- 
 gaged from the clay of this world." 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Mil 'an Decree. {Fr.Hht.) A decree 
 of the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 dated at xAlilan on the 27th of Decem- 
 ber, 1807, which declared the wdiole 
 British dominions to be in a state of 
 blockade, and prohibited all countries 
 from trading with each other in any 
 articles of British produce or manu- 
 tacture. 
 
 Mil'la-mant, Mrs. A celebrated char- 
 acter in Congreve's comedy, "'The 
 Way of the \\'orld." 
 
 Benedick and Beatrice throw Mirabel and 
 Millaiaant into the shade. Mucttulaij. 
 
 Mill-boy of the Slashes. A sobri- 
 quet conferred upon Henry Clay 
 ( I777-1852), a distinguished' Amer- 
 ican orator and statesman, who was 
 barn in the neighborhood of a place 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain word* refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
MIL 
 
 244 
 
 MIR 
 
 in Hanover County. Virginia, known 
 as " the Slashes " (a local term tor a 
 low, swampy country), where there 
 was a mill, to which he was often 
 sent on errands when a boy. 
 Miller, Joe. See Fathek of .Je.st.s. 
 
 Milo. [(rr. MtAoji'.] An athlete of 
 Criito.ia. famous for his extraordinary 
 stron;,^th. In liis old age, he attempt- 
 ed to rend the trunk of a tree which 
 had been partially split ojten ; Ijutthe 
 wood closed upon his hands, and 
 held him last, in which state he was 
 attacked and devoured l)y wolves. 
 
 He who of old would rend the oak 
 
 Deemed not of the rebound: 
 Chained by the trunk he vainly broke. 
 
 Alone, how looked he round! Byron. 
 
 Mimir (me'mef). [Scand. Mi/fli.) The 
 god of elo juence and wisdom. He 
 was the guardian of a well in which 
 wit and wisdom lay hidden, and of 
 which he drank every morning Irom 
 the horn GJallar. Odin once drank 
 from this fountain, and by doing so 
 became the wisest of gods and men ; 
 but he purchased the privilege and 
 distinction at the cost of one eye, 
 which Mimir exacted from him. 
 [Written also Mimer.] 
 
 Mimuag (nie'm()bng). The name of 
 a wonderful sword lent by AVittich to 
 Siegfried. See Siegfiiied. 
 
 Mi-ner'va (4). ( '';/•. (/• Rom. Mijlh.) 
 The goddess of wisdom, poetry, spin- 
 ning, weaving, and the various arts 
 and sciences. She was not born like 
 others, but sprang forth fully armetl 
 from the brain of Jove. 
 
 Minerva Press. The name of a 
 printing establishment in Leadenhall 
 Street, London, from which, during 
 the latter par*^ of tlie last century and 
 the early part of the prc'^ent century, 
 was issued a large number of mawk- 
 ish and trashy, but very popular 
 novels, which were widelv distriljuted 
 by means of the circulating libraries. 
 Charles Lamb describes their heroes 
 as *• persons neither of this world, 
 nor of any conceivable one ; an end- 
 less string ot" activities without pur- 
 pose, of purpo-ies without a motive." 
 
 In this respect. Burns, thnujih not perhaps 
 absolutely a. jrrf at jioet, lietter manifested hi^^ 
 capabilit.v, better proved the truth of his 
 
 genius, than if he had, by his own strength, 
 kept the whole Mimrra Prexs going to the 
 end of his literary course. Curliilc. 
 
 Scarcely in the Minerva Press is there rec- 
 ord of such surprising, iutinite, and inextri- 
 cable obstructions to a wedding or a double 
 wedding. Carli/le. 
 
 Min'na. One of the heroines in Scott's 
 novel of "The Pirate;" sister to 
 Brenda. She is distinguished by a 
 credulous simplicity and sober vanity, 
 and by talents, strong feelings, and 
 high-minded enthusiasm. 
 
 Mi'nSs. [Gr. Mtro,?.] {Gr. cf Rom. 
 ^fyth.) A i<on of .Jupiter and Kuropa, 
 the l)rother of Rhadamauthus, and 
 the lather of Deucalion and Ariadne. 
 He was a king and lawgiver in Crete, 
 and so distinguished lor his incor- 
 ruptible justice, that, atU'r death, he 
 was made supreme j udge in the lower 
 world. 
 
 Min'o-taiir. [Lat. Minntnurus, Gr. 
 Mtijjxat'oo?, bull of Minos.] {G7'. ^ 
 Rom. Mjjth.) A celebrated monster 
 with the head of a bidl and the body 
 of a man. the fruit of l'asiphae"s most 
 inmatural passion for a bull. He was 
 shut up in the Cretan labyrinth, and 
 fed with yoimg men and maidens 
 whom Athens was obliged to sujijily 
 every year, until Theseus linally 
 killed him with the help of Ariadne. 
 See Akiadne and The.seus. 
 
 Minstrel of the Border. A name 
 sometimes given to Sir Walter Scott. 
 See lioKDicn ^NIinstukl. 
 
 Once mcfro by Newark's castle gate, 
 
 I/on^ left without a wardei. 
 I stood, looked, listened, and with thee. 
 Great JIiii.<frel 0/ the Border. TVoruj^worih. 
 
 Mirabeau-Tonneau. See Bakkel- 
 
 MlKAUKAU. 
 
 Mir'a-bel. 1. A traveled Monsieur in 
 Beaumont and Tletcher's " Wild- 
 goose Chase : " represented as a great 
 detier of all ladies in the way of mar- 
 riage, and a very dissipated and licen- 
 tious fellow. 
 
 2. The name of two characters 
 in Farquhar's comedy. " The Incon- 
 stant." — an old gentleman and his 
 son; the former of an odd compound 
 between the pe<nishness incident to 
 his years and his fatherly fondne^^s 
 for his son; the latter an incorrigible 
 debauchee. 
 
 Q^ For the " Key to the Sohem** of P-^nviC ation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
MIR 
 
 245 
 
 MIS 
 
 studded with countless islands, the 
 abodes of the blessed, Ibnns the sub- 
 ject of a celebrated allegory in No. 
 15D of the " Spectator." 
 
 The massive and ancient bridal! vliich 
 stretches across the (.'l.\ de was now hut dimly 
 visible, and resenililed that whieli Mirza, in 
 his une(iualed vision, lias described as trav- 
 ersing tiie valley ot ilagdad. ^ir ]V. Scott. 
 
 Such strains of rapture as the jjenins played 
 In his still haunt on Hagdad's snininit high; 
 He who stood visible to Mirz'i's eye, 
 Never before to human si<rht bitiayed. 
 ]><i! in the vale, the mists of evening spreadi 
 The visionary arches are not there. 
 Nor the green islands, nor the shining seae. 
 Wordsivorth. 
 Then is Monmouth Street a Mirza'n hill, 
 where, in motley vision, the whole pageant 
 of existence jiasses awfully before us, with its 
 wail nndjiibilee, mad loves and mad hatreds, 
 ehnrch-bells and gallows-ropes, farce-tragedj', 
 beast-godhood, — the Bedlam of creation. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 Vales, soft, Elysian, 
 Like those in the vision 
 
 Oi' Mirza, when, dreaming, 
 He STW the long liollow dell. 
 Touched by the jirophet's spell. 
 Into an ocean swell. 
 
 With its isles teeming. Whittier. 
 
 He sat down at table witli them, and they 
 began to drink and indulge themselves in 
 gross jokes, while, like Miraoel, ._ . their 
 prisoner luut the heavy task of receiving their 
 insolence as wit, answering theii- insults with 
 good-humor, and \\ Ithholdin;: tiDUi them the 
 opportunity whii'li they sought of engaging 
 him in a quarrel, that tiiey might have a pre- 
 tence for misusing him. Sir H'. Scott. 
 
 Mir'a-bell. A character in Congreve's 
 comedy, '' Tlie Way of the World." 
 
 Miraculous Child. [Fr. V Enfant 
 (III Miracle.] An appellation popu- 
 larly given to Henri Charles Ferdi- 
 nand INIarie Dieudonne d'Artois, Due 
 de Bordeaux, better known as the 
 Comte de Chanibord, and as the rep- 
 resentative of the elder branch of the 
 house of Bourbon, and of its claims 
 to the throne of France. He was a 
 posthumous child of the Duke of 
 Berri, the second son of Charles X., 
 having been born Sept. 21), 1820, 
 nearly seven months after his father's 
 death. As presuinptive heir to the 
 crown, his birth occasioned great re- 
 joicing, and he was christened amid 
 circumstances of unusual pomp, with 
 Avater brought by M. de Chtiteau- 
 briand from the I'iver Jordan. 
 
 Mir'a-m6nt. An honest and testy old 
 man, in Fletcher's comedy of " The 
 Elder Brother," who admires learn- 
 ing without much more of it than 
 enables him to sign his name. 
 
 Miranda. A daughter of the princely 
 maiiician, Prospero. in Shakespeare's 
 " Tempest;" brought up on a desert 
 island, with the delicate spirit Ariel 
 and the savage and deformed Caliban 
 for her only attendants and acquaint- 
 ances. Ferdinand, the son of the 
 king of Naples, having been ship- 
 wrecked on the island, falls in love 
 with her at once, but cannot obtain 
 her father's consent to their imion 
 till he has proved the depth and 
 sincerity of his affection by self- 
 restraint, obedience, and the lowest 
 menial services. 
 
 In her retired chamber, . . . she was in 
 fancy . . . identifyingherself with the simple 
 yet noble-minded Miranda, in the isle of 
 wonder and enchantment. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Mir'za (4). An imaginary character, 
 whose wonderful vision of the tide 
 of time, the bridge of human life, 
 and the illimitable ocean of eternity, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Biiies to which the numbers after certain words refer, see [ip. xiv-xxxii. 
 
 Mississippi Bubble. See Law's 
 
 BUKRLE. 
 
 Missouri Compromise. {Amer. Hist. ) 
 A name ])opularly given to an act of 
 congress which was passed in 1820, 
 and Avas intended to reconcile the 
 two great sections that were strug- 
 gling, the one to promote, the other 
 to hinder, the extension of slavery. 
 By this act it was determined that 
 INIissouri should be admitted into the 
 Union as a slave-holding State, but 
 that slavery should never be estab- 
 lished in any State, to be formed in 
 the future, Iving to the north of lat. 
 30° 30/ . 
 
 Mistress of the Seas. A name some- 
 times given to (ireat Britain, on ac- 
 count of her naval supremacy. 
 
 In the War of ISll', our navy, still in its in- 
 fmcy, . . . boldly entered the lists with the 
 IfiKtre.'is of'tfir Spos, t\u(\ l)ore away the palm 
 from many a gallant enct)uriter. £. Everett. 
 
 Mistress of the "World. A common 
 designation of ancient Bome, which 
 was for centuries the grandest, richest, 
 and most j^opulous of European cities, 
 and Avas regarded as the capital of a 
 kind of tniiversal empire. 
 
 Mistress Roper. See Roper, Mis- 
 
 TUESS. 
 
MIT 
 
 24G 
 
 MOD 
 
 Mite, Sir Matthew. A noted char- 
 acter in Fdote's play of '' The Na- 
 bob; "a retiinit'd Kast India mer- 
 chant, repre^ented as disj-olute, un- 
 generous, tyrannical, ashamed of the 
 humble friends of his youth, hating 
 the aristocracy, yet childishly eager 
 to l)e numbered amongst them, 
 sfiuandering his wealth on panderers 
 and flatterers, tricking out his chair- 
 men with the most costly hot-house 
 flowers, and astounding the ignorant 
 with jargon about rupees, lacs, and 
 jaghires. 
 
 Sir John Malcolm gives us a letter worthy 
 of Sir Muttheiv Mite, in which Clive orders 
 "two hundred shirts, the best and finest that 
 can be got for love or money." Jlacaulay. 
 
 Mith'rSLs. {Per. Mylh.) One of the 
 principal gods of the ancient Persians, 
 a personilication of the sun. He was 
 regarded as a mediator between the 
 two opjjosite deities, Ormuzd and 
 Ahriman, or the principle of good and 
 the principle of evil. 
 
 Miolnir (m-ydl-'ner, 46). [Probably 
 from Old Norse mtJja^ to pound, or 
 maln^ to grind. Comp. Eng. mUl.'\ 
 {Scnnrh Myth.) The name of Thor's 
 celebrated hammer, — a type of the 
 tlumderbolt, — which, however far it 
 might be cast, was never lost, as it 
 always returned to his hand ; and 
 which, whenever he wished, became 
 so small that he could put it in his 
 pocket. This invalualde weapon was 
 once stolen by the giant Thrym, who 
 would not give it back unless he 
 could have Freyja for a bride; but 
 Thor disguised himself in the god- 
 dess's attire, and succeeded in re- 
 covering it, whereupt)n he killed 
 Thrym and the whole giant tribe. 
 See Thok. 
 
 Mne-mos'y-ne (ne-, 26). [Gr. Mi't?- 
 Mocriii'T).] {(jr. (/• Rom. Myth.) The 
 goddess of memory, and the mother 
 of the Pluses. 
 
 Mnes'theus (nes'-, 26). [Gr. Mio/tr- 
 0ev?.] A Trojan, and a companion of 
 iEneas in Ins voyage to Italy: the 
 reputed progenitor of the i'amily of 
 the Memmii in Pome. At the funer- 
 al games by which yEneas celebrat- 
 ed the death of his father Anchises, 
 
 ^Incstheus took part in a naval con- 
 test, and, though not the victor, ob- 
 tained a i)rize lor skill and energy. 
 
 Modern Ar'is-toph'5-nes. A name 
 assumed by Samuel loote (1720- 
 1777), a celebrated English write'" and 
 actor of comedy. [Called also A«^- 
 iish Aristojjhcmts.] 
 
 Modern Athens. 1. A name often 
 given to Edinburgh, on account of 
 its many noble literary institutions, 
 the taste and culture of the people, 
 the many distinguished men who 
 have issued Irom it or resided in it, 
 and the high character of its publica- 
 tions, and also on account of a marked 
 resemblance to Athens in its topo- 
 graphical position and its general 
 appearance. 
 
 2. The same name is applied 
 to Boston, Massachusetts, a city re- 
 markable for the high intellectual 
 character of its citizens, and for its 
 many excellent literary, scientitic, 
 and educational in.-titutions and pub- 
 lications. 
 
 Modern Babylon. A name often 
 given to the city of London, the larg- 
 est city of modern, as Babylon was 
 of ancient, times. 
 
 lie [William Saurin] was well aware that 
 he should disappear in tlie Modern Jlatii/lon, 
 and . . . preferred to the lackeying of the 
 English anstf)cracy the enjoyment of such 
 provincial influence as may still be obtained 
 in Ireland. Sheil. 
 
 Modern Mes'sa-li'na. An appella- 
 tion conferred upon Catharine II. of 
 Russia (1729-1 790), who had great 
 administrative talent, but whose 
 character, like that of her ancient 
 namesake, Valeria ^Nlessalina, Avas in- 
 famous on accomit of her licentious- 
 ness. 
 
 Modern Rabelais (rab'la'). A title 
 given, on account of his learning, wit, 
 eloquence, eccentricitv, and humor, 
 to William Maginn (1794-1842), the 
 most remarkable magazine writer of 
 his time. 
 
 Mo'do. A fiend referred to by Shake- 
 speare, in " Ecar, "' as j)residing over 
 murders. See Elidbertigibbet, 1. 
 
 Mod'red, Sir. A knight of the Pound 
 Talde, the rebellious nephew of King 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation!, 
 
MCE 
 
 247 
 
 MON 
 
 Arthur, whose wife lie seduced. He 
 was slaiu in the battle of Caiulan, in 
 Cornwall. [Written also INledrod 
 and M o r d r e d.] 
 
 Mce'rse (9). [Gr. Molpai.] [Myth.) 
 The Greek name of the Parcce, or 
 Fates. See Pakc.e. 
 
 Mo-ha'di, Imaura. A mysterious 
 individual, of whom the Orientals 
 believe that he is not dead, but is 
 destined to return and combat Anti- 
 christ before the consummation of all 
 thinj^s takes place. 
 
 "I am," replied the dwaif, with much as- 
 Bunied j,^ravity and di^nitv, " the twelfth 
 Iiii:ium,— I aiu Mahonimed 'ilohadi, thcfiuidc 
 and tlu^ conduetor of the faithful. An luin- 
 drcd liorses stand ready saddled for nio and 
 my train at the Holy City, and as jnanv at the 
 City of Refuge." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Mo'hawks, or Mo'hocks. See 
 TiTVi;i<: Tlts. 
 
 Mol-niu'ti-us, Dun-wal'lo (mol- 
 mu'shl-us). A legendary or mythical 
 king of Britain ; said to have estab- 
 lished the Molmutine laws, by which 
 the privilege of .sanctuary was be- 
 stowed upon temples, cities, and the 
 roads leading to them, and a like pro- 
 tection given even to plows. 
 
 3[olinathis made our laws; 
 Who was the first of Britain which did put 
 His hi-ows within a golden crown, and called 
 Himself a king. Shak. 
 
 Mo'loch. [Heb. mnlech, ^ing-] 
 {Mi/th.) The name of the chief god 
 of the Phoenicians, frequently men- 
 tioned in Scripture as the god of 
 the Ammonites. Human sacrilices, 
 particularly of children, were offered 
 at his shrine. Two lires were kin- 
 dled before the image of the god, 
 and through these the miserable vic- 
 tims were compelled to pass, while 
 the priests, to drown their cries, made 
 a deafening noise upon instruments 
 of various kinds. It was chietly in 
 the valley of Tophet, — that is, the 
 valley of " the sound of drums and 
 cymbals," — to the east of Jerusalem, 
 tiiat this brutal idolatry was perpe- 
 trated. Solomon built a temple to 
 ^Moloch upon the Mount of (3lives, 
 and Manasseh long after imitated his 
 impiety by making his son pass 
 through the lire kindled in honor of 
 tiiis deitv. In the fantastic demon- 
 
 ological system of Wierus, Moloch is 
 called prince of the realm of tears. 
 Milton has described his character ia 
 the following lines: — 
 
 First J/oloc/i, horrid king, besmeared with 
 
 hlo,)d 
 Of human sacrifice and parents' tears: 
 Though, f>n- the noise of drums and timbrels 
 
 loud, 
 Their children's cries unheard, that paBB«d 
 
 through fire 
 To his grim idol. Him the Ammonite 
 \Torshiped in Rabba and her watery plain, 
 In Argob and in Basan, to the stream 
 Of utmost Arnon. Nor content with such 
 Audacious neighborhood, tlic wisest heart 
 Of Solomon ho led, by fraud, to build 
 His temple right against the temple of God, 
 On tluit opprobrious hill; and made his grove, 
 The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet 
 
 thence 
 And black Gehenna called, the type of Hell. 
 I'ar. Lost, Bk. I. 
 
 The name has passed into common 
 use as a designation of any dread and 
 irresistible influence at whose shrine 
 every thing must be otfered up, even 
 as the deluded father of old saci'iliced 
 his child to the terrible idol. 
 
 Mom'mur. The name of an imagi- 
 nar}' city, where Oberon, king of the 
 fairies, was once supposed to hold his 
 court. 
 
 Mo'mus. [Gr. M<omo?.] ( Or. (f Rom.. 
 Myth.) The god of raillery and ridi- 
 cule, said to be a son of Nox, or night. 
 
 Monarque, Le Grand. See Gkaxd 
 
 MONAUQUE, Le. 
 M6-nim'i-a. The heroine of Otway's 
 tragedy of " The Orphan." 
 
 Dread o'er the scene the ghost of Hamlet stalks; 
 Othello rages; \mor Mnni mid mourns. 
 And Belvidera pours her soul iu love. 
 
 Tliomsoii. 
 
 Mon'I-plies, Richard. A servant of 
 Nigel Olifaunt in Sir Walter Scott's 
 novel, "The Fortunes of Nigel; " an 
 honest, self-willed, conceited, pedan- 
 tic Scotchman. 
 
 Morik'barns. See Oldbuck, Jona- 
 than. 
 
 Monk Lewis. INIatthew Gregory 
 Lewis (1773-1818) ; — so called from 
 being the author of a celebrated novel 
 entitled " The Monk." 
 
 Monk of "Westminster. A designa- 
 tion sometimes given to Richard of 
 Cirencester, or Kicardus Corinensis, 
 an eminent monkish historian of the 
 fourteenth century, of ttie Benedictine 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see rp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
MON 
 
 248 
 
 MOR 
 
 monastery of St. Peter, at "NVestmin- ' 
 
 ster. i 
 
 Monster, The. A ii;uiie poijiilarly 
 givi'ii to llfinvifk Willjaius, a wretch [ 
 wlio pniwk-il iiijj;litly through London, ' 
 secretly armed with a sliarp, double- 
 edged kuile, witli which he shocking- i 
 \y woinided numbers ot' women wliose | 
 respectable appearance attracted his J 
 attention. He was tried and con- 
 victed on a variety of these charges, 
 July 8, 17!»0. 
 Monster, The Green-eyed. See 
 
 Cil;KKN-KVi:i) MoNSTEIt. 
 
 Mon'ta-ffue. The head of a noble 
 house in Verona, at deadly enmity 
 with the house of Capulet, in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of '' Romeo and 
 Juliet." See Cafulet, Lady. 
 
 Montesinos (mon-tS-se'nos). [Sp., 
 from vwnteslno, bred or found in 
 a forest or mountain, from monte, 
 mountain, forest.] A legendary hero 
 whose history and adventures are 
 described in the ballads and romances 
 of chivalry. Having received some 
 cause of offense at the French court, 
 he is said to have retired into Spain, 
 Avhere, from his fondness for wild and 
 mountainous scenery, he acquired the 
 name by which he became so cele- 
 brated, and which has been given to 
 a cavern in the heart of La ^L'incha, 
 supposed to have been inhabited by 
 him. This cavern has been immor- 
 talized by Cervantes in his account of 
 the visit of Don Quixote to the Cave 
 of Montesinos. It is about sixty feet 
 in depth. Entrance is much more 
 easily effected at the present day than 
 in Cervantes's time, and it is fre- 
 quently resorted to by shepherds as 
 a shelter from the cold and from 
 storms. See Dukandaktk. 
 
 Monticello, Sage of. See Sage of 
 
 M()NTICKI>L(). 
 
 Montsalvage. See St. Graal. 
 
 Monumental City. The city of 
 Baltimore; — so called from the 
 monuments which it contains. 
 
 What, under tlie circumstances:, would not 
 have been the fate of the Monuinciital City, of 
 Ilarrisbursr. of Philadelphia, of Washington, 
 the capital of the I'nion, each and every one 
 of whicli would have lain at the mercy of the 
 eneniv? E. Ererctt. 
 
 Mop'sus. [Gr. Moi^os.] A shepherd 
 in \'irgirs hith Ecl-jgue, who, with 
 Menalcas, celebrates in ama;ba'an 
 verse the funeral eulogium of Daph- 
 nis. 
 
 Mor'dred. A knight of the Round 
 Table, distinguished for his treacliery. 
 See MoDKED. 
 
 Moreno, Don Antonio (ddn an- 
 to'ne-o mo-rfi^no). The name of a 
 gentleman of Barcelona, who tigures 
 in Cervantes's " Don (Quixote.'' He 
 entertains the Don with mock-heroic 
 hospitality. 
 
 More of More-Hall. See Dragon 
 OF Want LEV. 
 
 Mor'ga-donr, Sir. A knight of the 
 Round Table, celebrated in the old 
 romances of chivalry. 
 
 Morgaine la F6e i^mof'gSn'la fa). A 
 fairy, sister of King Arthur. She 
 revealed to him the intrigues of 
 Lancelot and Geneura. [Written also 
 Morgan a.] See Fata Mui'.gaxa. 
 
 You have had, I imagine, a happy journey 
 through Fairy-land, — all full of heroic ad- 
 venture, andhigh hope, and wild minstrel- 
 like delusion, like the gardens of Moranine la 
 Fee. Sir 11. Scott. 
 
 Mor'gSn. A feigned name adopted 
 by Belarius, a banished lord, in 
 Shakespeare's " Cymbeline." 
 
 Morgante (mof-gan'ta). The hero 
 of Pulei's romantic poem entitled 
 '' ^Morgante Maggiore." He is a 
 ferocious pagan giant, whom Orlando 
 attacks, conquers, and converts to 
 Christianity. He becomes the fast 
 friend of Orlando, and acquires great 
 rencnvn for his gentlenes?, generosity, 
 kindness of heart, and chivalrous de- 
 fense of ladies in distress. He dies 
 of the bite of a crab, as if to show on 
 what trivial chances depends the life 
 of the strongest. See Orlando. 
 
 As for the giant Mnrrfnnte, he always spoke 
 very civil thini.''s of him; for, though he was 
 one" of that monstrous l)rood who ever were 
 intolerably proud and brutish, he still be- 
 haved liimself like a civil and well-bred per- 
 son. Cerrantes, Tran.<. 
 
 Mor'gi-a'na. A female slave of Ali 
 Baba in the story of the " Forty 
 Thieves" in the "Arabian Nights* 
 Entertainments." 
 
 IIo went to work in this preparatory lesson, 
 looking into all the 
 
 not unlike Morgianu, 
 
 V^- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
MOR 
 
 249 
 
 MOR 
 
 Teasels ranged before him, one after another, 
 
 to see what they cuntaineil. JJicLviis. 
 
 Hor'glSy. [Celt, inor, viawr^ lar^e, 
 great, and y^'dj\ a cruokcd sword. 
 CUiyitiort^ ur yUiijiiiurt, i.s aa inver- 
 sion of the word. J The sword of .Sir 
 Eevis of Southampton ; so lanious 
 that it became a general name for a 
 sword. 
 
 Morgue the Fay. See Mokgai>;e 
 LA Fek and Fata Mokgaisa. 
 
 Mor'hault, Sir. A knight who makes 
 a great ligure in some of the ro- 
 mances of chivalry, particularly in 
 that of " Meliadus." [Written also 
 Mora u n t, M a r h o u s, M o r h a u s, 
 Morholf, Morhoult.] 
 
 Ilor'ley, Mrs. An assumed name 
 under which Queen Anne corre- 
 sponded with the Duchess of Marl- 
 borough. See Fkeeman, Mi:s. 
 
 Mor'mSn. The last of a pretended 
 line of Hebrew prophets, descril)ed as 
 existing among a race of Israelities, 
 principalh' tlie descendants of .losoph, 
 son of the patriarch .Jacob, who are fa- 
 bled to have emigrated from Jerusa- 
 lem to America about six hundred 
 years before Christ. This imaginary 
 prophet is said to have written the 
 book called "• The Book of Mormon," 
 which contains doctrines upon which 
 the ''Mormons," or "Latter-day 
 Saints," found their faith; but the 
 real author was one Solomon Spal- 
 ding (1761-1810), an inveterate scrib- 
 bler, who had in earlv life been a 
 clergyman. The work fell into the 
 hands of Joseph Smith (1805-1844), 
 who claimed it as a direct revehition 
 to himself from heaven, and, taking 
 it as his text and authority, began 
 to preach the new gospel of " Mor- 
 monism." 
 
 Morning Star of the Reformation. 
 
 A title (jften bestowed upon John 
 Wycliffe (d. 1384), the tirst of the 
 reformers. 
 
 &S" '' When the lamentable ignorance 
 and darkness of God's truth had over- 
 shadowed the whole earth, this m;m, 
 Wycliffe. stepped forth like a valiant 
 champion, unto whom it may ju.«tly be 
 applied that is spoken in the book called 
 Ecclesiristicus (chap. i. ver. 6). of one Si- 
 mon, the son of Onias. ' Even as the morn- 
 
 ing star being in the middost of a rlond, 
 and as the moon being full in her course, 
 and as the bright btNuns of tlie sun.' so 
 doth he sliine and glister in tiie temple 
 and church of Uod." J. Foxe. 
 
 Wycliffe will ever be renicmberecl ns a trood 
 and gieiit iiKui, an advijeate of eeelosiastieal 
 iiulependence, an iiiifailiii;; foe to iiojjish 
 tyranny, a translator of Seriiiture into our 
 mother ttjngue, and an indiistrions instnietor 
 of tiie people in their own nide hot ripening 
 dialect. May he not be justly styled the 
 *'JIorning Star of the Jiejoriiiation f " Eadie. 
 
 Mor'pheus (28). [Or. Mop(/)ei ?.] [Gr. 
 ()'• Rinn.. Mijtli.) The god of dreams, 
 a son of Somnus, or sleep. 
 
 Mor'rice, Gil. The hero of a cele- 
 brated Scottish baUad; represented 
 as the fon of an earl, wliose luime is 
 not mentioned, and the Avife of Lord 
 Barnard, a '' baiild baron." On Oil 
 Morrice's sending a message to his 
 mother requesting her to come to 
 him, and accompanying the message 
 with a gay mantle of her own Avork- 
 manship, by way of token. Lord Bar- 
 nard, who had never seen him, sup- 
 posed him to be a paramour of the 
 baroness. He went out, therefore, in 
 a great rage, to seek revenge, aiid 
 finding Oil Jlorrice in the greenwood, 
 slew iiim Avith his broadsword, stuck 
 the bloody head upon a spear, and 
 gave it to the meanest of his at- 
 tendants to carry. On returning to 
 the castle, where the lady Avas Avatch- 
 ing his coming ''Avi' meikle dide and' 
 doune," he upbraided her with her 
 adulterous love. 
 
 " But when she looked on Gil Morrice' head, 
 She never spake words but three: 
 * I never bare no child but ane, 
 And ye 've slain him eruellie.'" 
 
 4tg= This pathetic tale suggested the 
 plot of Home's tragedy of " Douglas.*' 
 The word •■ Gil '" is the same as •' Childe " 
 (pronounced child), a title formerly pre- 
 fixed to the surnames of the oldest sons 
 of noble families, while they had not as 
 yet succeeded to the titles of their ances- 
 tors, or gained ncAV ones by their own 
 prowess. 
 
 Morris, Peter. The pseudonymous 
 
 author of a Avork entitled " Peter's 
 Letters to his Kinsfolk," published 
 in 1819, and Avritten by John Oibson 
 Lockhart. It giA-es graphic sketches 
 of Scottish men and manners at that 
 time. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv xxxii. 
 
MOR 
 
 250 
 
 MOT 
 
 llors. [Lat.] {Gr. i^- Rom. Mijlh.) A 
 deitied personification of death, rep- 
 resL'iited as tlie daughter of l^ohus 
 and Xox. 
 
 Mortality, Old. See Old Mok- 
 
 TALITY. 
 
 Morton. A retainer of the Earl of 
 Xorthiunberland, in the Second Part 
 of Shakespeare's'" King Henry IV'." 
 
 Mo'rus Mul'ti-cau'lis Mania. A 
 wild, reckless spirit of speculation 
 which seized upon people, even those 
 of intelligence, in tlie United States, 
 about the year 18-35. and which le(l 
 them to purchase and cultivate mul- 
 berry-trees at fabulous prices, with 
 the view of rearing the silkworm. It 
 soon died out, however, but not with- 
 out great losses having been sustained 
 by the deluded. 
 
 Mor'ven. A kingdom spoken of in 
 the poems of Ossian, of which Fingal 
 was the rider, supposed to represent 
 Argyleshire and the adjoining parts 
 of the West Highlands, but of whose 
 existence there is absolutely no evi- 
 dence. 
 
 Moses. See Primrose, Moses. 
 
 Most Catholic Majesty. See Cath- 
 olic Majesty. 
 
 Most ChLristian Doctor. [Lat. Doc- 
 iiir CJiristidiussiinus.] 1. An appella- 
 tion bestowed on Jean Charlier de Ger- 
 >t)n (1363-1429), one of the most em- 
 inent and learned divines of his age. 
 2. The same title was given to 
 Nicolas de Cusa, Cuss, or Cusel ( 1401- 
 1464), a celebrated German philoso- 
 pher and cardinal. 
 
 Most Christian King, or Majesty. 
 [Lat. Cliri tiinlsshnus RexJ] A name 
 given by Pope Stephen III., in 755, 
 to Pepin the Short of France, and bv 
 the council of Savonnieres, in 859, 
 to Charles the Bald; i)ut it did not 
 become the peculiar a])pellation of 
 the sovereigns of that country nntil 
 1469, when Pope Paul II. conferred 
 it upon Louis XL It has been justly 
 said that never was the name of 
 Christian less deserved. His tyranny 
 and oppressions obliged his subjects 
 to enter into a league against him; 
 and four thousand persons were ex- 
 
 ecuted publicly or privately in hi» 
 niercile.«;s reig)i. 
 
 Most Faithful Majesty. A title 
 given, in 1748, by Pope Benedict 
 XIV., to John \'., king of Portugal. 
 
 Most Learned of the Romans. 
 [Lat. hi'uditissiiiiHS Jio/H'inoium.] A 
 title bestowed upon Marcus Terentius 
 Varro (u. c. 116-27), on account of 
 his vast and varied erudition in 
 almost every department of litera- 
 ture. He was .so called by Quintil- 
 ian, by Cicero, and by St. Augustine. 
 According to his own statement, he 
 wrote four hundred and ninety books. 
 
 Most Methodical Doctor. [Lat. 
 Jjoctor Orfliuatissiiiius.] An honorary 
 title given to John Bassol (d. 1347), 
 a distinguished Scotch philoso])her, 
 and a disciple of Duns Scotus, on 
 account of the clear and accurate 
 manner in which he lectured and 
 composed. His master greatly ad- 
 mired him, and used to say, " If only 
 Bassol be i)resent, I have a sulHcient 
 auditory." 
 
 Most Resolute Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Rt.^oliitis.^iinus.] A name given to 
 Durand de St. Pourcain (d. 1332). a 
 member of the order of Dominicans, 
 and a scholastic philosopher distin- 
 guished as an opponent of the realism 
 of Scotus and his followers. His style 
 is said to have been characterized by 
 a singular energy, and freedom from 
 all periphrasis and ambiguity. 
 
 Moth. 1. A page to Don Adriano de 
 Armado, in Sliakespeare's " Love's 
 Labor 's l>ost." 
 
 >Btg=- " To the stiff, weak, melannholy 
 Aruiado is opposed the little Moth. who. 
 light .'Ls his name, is all jest and playful- 
 ness, versatility and cunninsr." 
 
 Gf TV ill j/5, TVatis . 
 
 2. A fairy, in Shakespeare's *' Mid- 
 summer-Xight's Dream." 
 Mother Ann. A title conferred upon 
 Ann Lee (1735-1784), the "spiritual 
 mother " and leader of the society of 
 Shakers, and the name by which she 
 is familiarly known among the mem- 
 bers of that sect. She is regarded as 
 a second manifestation of the Christ 
 under a female form, Jesus being the 
 male manifestation. 
 
 O^ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
MOT 
 
 251 
 
 MOT 
 
 Mother Bunch. 1. A celebrated ale- 
 wit'e, apparently of the latter part of 
 the sixteenth eentury, inentioned l)y 
 Dekker in his " Satironiastix," l(i()2; 
 and in 1()()4 was published " I'asqiiil's 
 Jests, mixed with Mother Bunch's 
 Merriments." 
 Wit that shall make thy name to last, 
 
 When Turleton's jests are rotten, 
 And George a-Green and Mother Bunch 
 Shall all be quite forgotten. 
 
 Wit and Drollery, 1C82. 
 
 2. The subject of a book, formcr- 
 /v very popular, entitknl " Mother 
 Bunch's Closet newly broke open, 
 containing Kare Secrets of Art and 
 Nature, tried and experimented by 
 Learned Philosophers, and recom- 
 mended to all Ingenious Young Men 
 and 3Iaids, teaching them, in a Nat- 
 ural ^^ ay, how to get (Jood Wives 
 and Husbands. By a I ,o ver of INIirth 
 and Hater of Treason. In Two Parts, 
 London, 12^, 17(30." The following 
 extract from the Avork may serve as 
 a specimen of its contents. 
 
 fj-S""- A Wuu to tell iclio viuM be your 
 Hiisbrvid. — Take a St. Thomas's oniou, 
 pare it, and lay it on a clean handker- 
 chief under your piiiow ; put on a clean 
 smock; and. as you lie down, lay your 
 arms abroad, and say these words : — 
 ' Good St. Thomas, do me right, 
 And bring my love to me this night, 
 Tliat I may view him in the face, 
 And in my arms may l.im embrace.' 
 
 Then, lying on thy back with thy arms 
 abi-oad, go to sleep as soon as you can, 
 and in your first sleep you shall dream 
 of him who is to be your husband, and 
 be will come and offer to kiss you ; do not 
 hinder him, but catch him in thv arms, 
 and strive to hold him, for that is he. 
 This I have tried, and it was proved 
 true." 
 
 ^£g=» " Now that we have fairly entered 
 vnto the matrimonial chapter, we must 
 needs speak of Mother Bunch ; not the 
 Mother Bunch whose fairv tales are re- 
 peated to the Httle ones, but she whose 
 'cabinet.' when broken open, reveals so 
 many powerful love-spells. It is Mother 
 Bunch who fetiches the blooming damsel 
 to recall the fickle lover, or to fix the 
 vrandering gaze of the cautious swain, 
 attracted by her charms, yet scorning the 
 fetters of the pirson. and dreading the 
 sfill more fearful vision of the church- 
 warden, the constable, the justice, the 
 warrant, and the jail." Q'l. Rev. 
 
 My thoughts naturally turned to Master B. 
 My bpeculations about him were uneasy and 
 
 manifold, — whether his Christian name was 
 Benjamin, Bi.ssextile (from his having been 
 born in leap-year), Bartholomew, or Bill; 
 . . . whether he could ixissilily have been 
 kith and kin to an ilhi>t?ioiis liidy who bri^ht- 
 eiu'd my own eliildliootl, ;iud liad come ot the 
 blood of the brilliant Mother Hunch. Dickens. 
 
 Mother Ca'rey (!) ). A name which oc- 
 curs in the expression '• Mother Ca- 
 rey's chickens," which is applied by 
 sailors to \he Procclldiin j>tliif/i,c((, ot 
 stormy petrel, a small oceanic bird 
 vulgarly supposed to be .seen only be- 
 fore a storm, of which it is regarded as 
 the harbinger. According to Yarrell, 
 the distinguished ornithologist, '' The 
 name of 'Mother Carey's chickens' 
 is said to have been originally be- 
 stowed upon the stormy petrel by 
 (Japtain Carteret's sailors, probably 
 from some celebrated ideal hag of 
 that name." Others regard the words 
 as a characteristic English corrup- 
 tion of " Main- cava'''' (that is, dear 
 Mother), an aflTectionate appellation 
 said to be given by Italian sailors 
 to the Virgin Mary — the special pa- 
 troness of mariners — for her kind- 
 ness in sending these messengers to 
 forewarn them of impending tem- 
 pests; but this explanation is rather 
 ingenious than probable. When it 
 is snowing, Mother Carey is said by 
 the sailors to be plucking her goose ; 
 and this has been supposed to be the 
 comical and satirical form assunud 
 by a m3'th of the old German my- 
 thology, that described the snow as 
 the feathers falling from the bed of 
 the goddess Holda, when she shook 
 it in making it. 
 
 Among the unsolvable riddles which nature 
 propounds to mankind, we may reckon the 
 question, Who is Mother Carey, and where 
 does she rear her chickens? H. Bricltje. 
 
 Mother Company. See Company, 
 John. 
 
 Mother Doug'iass. A famous pro- 
 curess of the last century. Foote 
 represents her in " The Minor," in 
 the character of Mrs. Cole. She re- 
 sided " at the north-east corner of 
 Covent Garden," where she died June 
 10, 1761. Her house Avas superbly 
 furnished, and decorated Avith ex- 
 pensive pictures by old ma.sters. 
 
 I question whether the celebrated Mother 
 Donglasn herself could have made such a 
 figure in an extemporaneous altercation. 
 
 Smollett, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxil 
 
MOT 
 
 252 
 
 MOU 
 
 Mother Goose. 1. The feigned nar- 
 rator of a celebrated volume of fairy 
 tales ('* Contes de ma ^Mere r()ye "), 
 written by Charles I'errault, and first 
 published, under the name of his 
 infant sou, I'errault d"Armaneourt, 
 in 1697. Of the ten stories in this 
 work, seven are to be found in the 
 " Pentamerone." 
 
 2. The tictitious writer or compiler 
 of the collection of ancient nursery 
 rhymes known as " jNIother Goose's 
 Melodies." 
 
 #^ This *' Mother Goose " is not an 
 imaginary personaj^e, as is commonly 
 supposed. She belonged to a wealthy 
 family in Boston, Massachusetts, where 
 she was born, and resided for many years. 
 Iler eldest daughter, Elizabeth Goose, was 
 married, by the celebrated Cotton IMatlier, 
 on the 8th of .June, 1715. to an enterpris- 
 ing and industrious printer by the name 
 of Thomas Fleet, and, in due time, gave 
 birth to a son. Mother Goose, like all 
 pood grandmothers, was in ecstasies at 
 tlie event ; her joy was unbounded ; she 
 spent her whole time in the nursery, and 
 in wandering about the house, pouring 
 forth, in not the most melodious strains, 
 the songs and ditties which she had 
 learned in her younger days, greatly to 
 the annoyance of the whole neighbor- 
 hood, — to Fleet in particular, who was 
 a man fond of quiet. It was in vain he 
 exhausted his shafts of wit and ridicule, 
 and every expedient he could devise. It 
 was of no use ; the old lady was not thus 
 to be put down ; so, like others similarly 
 situated, he was obliged to submit. His 
 shrewdness, however, did not forsake 
 him : he conceived the idea of collecting 
 the songs and ditties as they came from 
 his good mother-in-law, and such as he 
 could gather from other sources, and 
 publishing them for the benefit of the 
 world — not forgetting himself. This he 
 did. and soon brought out a book, the 
 earliest known edition of which bears the 
 following title : '• Songs for the Nursery ; 
 or. Mother Goose's Melodies for Children. 
 Printed by T. Fleet, at his Printing-house, 
 Pudding Lane [now Devonshire Street], 
 1719. Price, two coppers." The adop- 
 tion of this title was in derision of his 
 mother-in-law, and was perfectly charac- 
 teristic of the man, as he was never known 
 to spare liis nearest friends in his raillery, 
 or when he could excite laughter at their 
 expense. 
 
 Mother Hubbard. The subject of 
 an old and well-known nursery 
 rhyme. 
 
 Mother Hubberd. The feigned nar- 
 rator of Spenser's poem entitled 
 "Mother Hubberd's Tale," which is 
 a satire upon the common modes 
 of rising in Church and State, and 
 which ])urports to be one of several 
 tales told to the author by his friends, 
 to beguile a season of sickness. 
 
 Mother Nicneven. See Nicneven. 
 
 Mother of Cities. [Arab. Amu al 
 BdliuL] A title given by Orientals, 
 on account of its antiquity, to Balkh, 
 the capital city of the province of the 
 same name (the ancient kingdom of 
 liactria), which is subordinate to the 
 khanate of Bokhara. 
 
 Mother of Presidents. A name fre- 
 quently given, in the United States, 
 to the State of Virginia, which ha.? 
 furnished six presidents to the Union. 
 
 Mother of States. A name sometimes 
 given to Virginia, the first settled 
 of the thirteen States which united 
 in the declaration of independence. 
 From the large amount of ten-itory 
 originally included under this name 
 have been formed the States of Ken- 
 tucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and 
 West Virginia. 
 
 Mother of the Camps. [Lat. Mater 
 C'fistronim.] A title given by the 
 Roman legions in Gaul to Victoria, 
 or Victorina, after the death of her 
 son Victorinus (a. d. 268), one of 
 the Thirty Tyrants. See Thirty 
 Tyrants. 
 
 Mother of the Gods. See Cybele. 
 
 Mother Ship ton. The subject of a 
 popular tale of ancient, but uncertain 
 date, and of unknown authorship, 
 entitled " The Strange and "Wonder- 
 ful History and Prophecies of Mother 
 Shipton, plainly setting forth her 
 birth, life, death, and burial." 
 
 Mouldy. A recruit, in the Second 
 Part of Shakespeare's " King Henrv 
 IV." 
 
 Mound City. A name popularly given 
 to St. Louis, [Missouri, on account of 
 the numerous artificial mounds in the 
 neighborhood of the site on which the 
 city is built. 
 
 Mountain, The. [Fr. Ln }fo'iitn(ine.'\ 
 A name given to the Jacobins, or 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Prouunciation," with the accompanying Explanatioiu 
 
MOU 
 
 253 
 
 MUM 
 
 extreme democratic politicians, in the 
 National Couveiitiou ot" France, from 
 their occupying tlie highest benches. 
 Of this iorniidal)le party, Coilot 
 d'Herbois, Danton, Marat, Robes- 
 pierre, and St. Just were the princi- 
 pal members. Brissot tir^t used the 
 term in the Constitutional Assembly, 
 in contrasting the Jacobins with the 
 Aristocrats. The expression is still 
 in use on the continent of Europe, 
 as applied to the extreme radicals, 
 or " the left." 
 
 Mount Badon. See Badon, Mount. 
 
 Mount Caf (kaf). { Mohamtnedcm 
 Mijth.) A fabulous mountain en- 
 circling the earth, — supposed to be 
 a circular plain or tiat disc, — as a 
 ring encircles the finger. It is the 
 home of giants and fairies, and rests 
 upon the sacred stone Sakhrat. See 
 Sakiikat. [Written also Mount 
 Kaf.] 
 
 Mount Meru. See Meru. 
 
 Muc'kle-back'it, Saun'ders (muk'- 
 1-). An old lishermau in Sir "Walter 
 Scott's novel of " The Antiquary." 
 
 Muc'kle-wrath, Ha-bak'kuk (muk'- 
 1-rawth). A I'anatic preacher in 
 Scott's " Old Mortality." 
 
 Muggins. See Huggins and Mug- 
 c;iNS. 
 
 Mul'cl-ber. [Lat.] {Rom. Myth.) A 
 surname of Vulcan. For taking the 
 part of Juno against Jupiter, in a 
 quarrel between the tAvo deities, the 
 latter seized him by the leg and 
 hurled him down I'rom Olympus. He 
 Av^as a Avhole day in falling; but, in 
 the evening, he came down in the isl- 
 and of Lemnos, Avhere he was kindly 
 received and taken care of. See 
 
 VUIXAN. 
 
 Nor was his name unheard or nnadorcd 
 In ancient Greece; and iu Ausonian land 
 Men called him ilulcihcr ; and how he fell 
 From lieaven they fabled, thrown by angry 
 
 Jove 
 Sheer o'er the crystal battlements: from morn 
 To noon he fell/from noon to dewy eve, 
 A summer's day; and with tlie setting; sun 
 Dropped from the zenith like a falling star, 
 On Lemnos, the iEgean isle. Millnn. 
 
 'Mul'la. A poetical name given by 
 Spenser to the Awbeg, ^ — a tributary 
 of the Blackwater, — in Ireland, near 
 which he lived for many years. 
 
 A8 erst the bard bj' Mulla'f silver Btream, 
 
 Oft as lie told ol'ueadlv dolorous pliglit, 
 Sighed u.s hi; tung, and did in teari indite. 
 
 Sli<:)istone. 
 
 Muller, Maud. The heroine of a 
 ballad by Wliittier, having tliis name 
 for its title. 
 
 Miil'lion, Mor'de-cS,i (muPyun). One 
 of the interlocutors in the " Noctes 
 Ambrosiame " of Wdson, Lockhart, 
 <S:c. ; a pin-ely imaginary character, 
 designed to represent, very generally, 
 the population of Glasgow and its vi- 
 cinity. Wilson also used the name 
 as a num de jjluiiit. 
 
 Mum'bo Jum'bo. A strange bug- 
 bear, common to all the Mandingo 
 tOAvns, and resorted to by the negroes 
 as a means of discipline. 
 
 iKg= " On the 7th of December, 1795, 
 I departed from Konjour, and sk'pt at a 
 villa^^e called Malla(orMallaiug) ; and, on 
 the 8th, about noon, I arrived at Kalor, 
 a considerable town, near the entrance 
 into which I observed, hanging upon a 
 tree, a sort of masquerade habit, made 
 of the bark of trees, which I was told, on 
 inquir}-, belonged to Munibo .tumbo. This 
 is a strange bugbear, conmion to the Man- 
 dingo towns, and much employed by the 
 pagan lu^tives in keeping their women in 
 subjection ; for, as the Kaffirs are not 
 restricted in the number of their wives, 
 every one marries as many as he can con- 
 veniently maintain ; and, as it frequent- 
 ly happens that the ladies do not agree 
 among themselves, family quarrels some- 
 times rise to such a height, that the au- 
 thority of the husband can no longer pre- 
 serve peace in his houseliold. In such 
 cases, the interposition of Miimbo Jumbo 
 is called in, and is always decisive. Tliis 
 strange minister of justice (who is sup- 
 posed to be either t.ie husband liimself 
 or some person instructed by him), dis- 
 guised iu the dress that has been men- 
 tioned, and armed with the rod of public 
 authorit , , announces his coming by loud 
 and dismal screams in the woods near the 
 town. lie begins the pantomime at the 
 approach of night, and as soon as it is 
 dark he enters the town. The ceremony 
 conmienccs with songs and dances, which 
 continue till midnight, about which time 
 Mumbo fixes on the offender. The unfor- 
 t'.inate victim, being seized, is stripped, 
 tied to a post, and severely scourged with 
 Mumbo's rod, amidst the shouts and de. 
 rision of the whole assembly. Daylight 
 puts an end to the unseemly revel." 
 
 Mnngo Park. 
 
 The grand question and hope, however, is, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
MUN 
 
 254 
 
 MYR 
 
 Will not this feast of the Tuileries' Mumbo 
 Jumho L)e u sign, perlmps, that iJie guillotine 
 is to abate .' (JurlijUs. 
 
 Mun-chau'sen (-sn). The putative 
 author and hero ot a book ot travels 
 tilled with the most marvelous fic- 
 tions, compiled trom various sources, 
 and first published in England, in 
 178.), by Rudolf Erich Gaspe, an ex- 
 patriated (jerman. I he wit and hu- 
 mor of the work gave it great success. 
 Several other editions soon appeared, 
 and translations or imiiations were 
 brought out in (jerman and other 
 foreign languages, i'lie name Alun- 
 chau.-^eu is corrupted irom that of 
 Jerome Charles livderick von Munch- 
 hausen (1720-1797), a German officer 
 in the llussian i^ervice, who accjuired 
 a remarkable notoriety by relating 
 the most ridiculously false and exag- 
 gerated tales of his adventures. He 
 is said to have repeated the Fame 
 stories so often, without the slightest 
 rariation in their most minute points, 
 that he came at length really to be- 
 lieve even his most extravagant fic- 
 tions, and was highly offended if any 
 one presumed to doubt them. Tet 
 there was nothing of the braggart 
 about him, his whole demeanor being 
 that of a quiet and modest gentleman. 
 He must not be confounded, as is 
 sometimes the case, with Gerlach 
 Adolphus, Baron von Miinchhausen 
 (1G88-1770), one of the founders of 
 the University of Gottingen, and for 
 many years a privy councilor of the 
 Elector of Hanover, George II. of 
 England. 
 
 jSlun-duii'gus. A nickname — sig- 
 nifying tob'iccn — given by Sterne, 
 in his " Sentimental Journey," to 
 Doctor Samuel Sharp (d. 1778), an 
 English tourist who traveled upon 
 the continent at the same time as 
 Sterne, and who published a cold, 
 didactic account of what he had seen, 
 disdgured by coarse libels upon the 
 ladies of Italy. See Smelfuxgus. 
 
 Munin (moo'nin). {Scnnd. Myth.) 
 One of Odin's two ravens. See 
 Odin. 
 
 Muse Limonadiere, La (la miiz 
 le'mo'na'de-er'. 34). [Fr., cofi'ee- 
 house muse.] A sobriquet given to 
 
 Charlotte Bourette (1714-1784,, a 
 >rencn poete^■s who kept a cajt wiucli 
 was frequented by all the wits ol her 
 tinii' in Fari>. 
 
 Muse of Greece. See Attic Muse. 
 
 Muses. [Lat. Musce, Gr. MoOaai.] 
 {Ur. ly Rnni. Mylh.) Daughters of 
 Jupiter and Mnemosyne, and god- 
 desses who presided over the ditier- 
 ent kinds ot poetry, and over music, 
 dancing, and the other liberal arts. 
 They were nine in number; namely, 
 Clio, the muse of history; .Melpom- 
 ene, of tragedy; Thalia, of comedy; 
 Euterpe, of music; 1 er])sichore, of 
 dancing; Calliojie, of epic poetry; 
 Erato, of lyric and amatory poetry; 
 Urania, of astronomy; Polyhymnia, 
 or I'olymnia, of singing and rhetoric. 
 
 Mu'gi-do'ra (9). A beautiful young 
 woman who forms the subject of an 
 episode in the poem on "Summer" 
 in Thomson's " Seasons." 
 
 i82"' " Musidora was one of the fashion- 
 able poetical sobriquets of the last cen 
 tury/' Yonge. 
 
 Muspel (md()s'pel), or Muspelheim, 
 (m()(js^pel-h!m). (Sc.niul. }fylh.) A 
 region of lire and heat, lying to the 
 south of Ginnunga-gap. Iroin it, at 
 Ragnarcik, Surtur will collect flames, 
 and set lire to the universe. 
 
 Mutch. One of Kobin Hood's band 
 of outlaws. See KoniN Hood. [Writ- 
 ten also Much, Midge.] 
 
 Mutual Admiration Society. [Fr. 
 Socicte iC Afhnirat'utii Miituel/e.] A 
 nickname popularly given in Paris 
 to the Societe d'Cibservation ^Medi- 
 cale. It is used in English, in a 
 more general way, usually with refer- 
 ence to a circle or set of persons who 
 are lavish of compliments on each 
 other. 
 
 Wlin can tell what wc owe to the Mutual 
 Admiration Sorirtif of which Sh.ikespearc, 
 and Ucn Jonson.and Bciununt rnd Fletcher 
 were members? Or to th;it t<f wliich Addison 
 and Steele formed the center, and which pave 
 tta the " Snr-ct ;to'-?" Or to th:it where John- 
 son, and Goldsmith, :nid P.ii'-ke, and Rey- 
 nolds, and Bcuuelerc, and Boswcll, most ad- 
 mirinsr anionic all admirers, met together? 
 . . . Wise ones are prouder of the title M. S. 
 M. A. than of all their other honors nut to- 
 gether. JMmes. 
 
 Myrrha (mir'ra). The heroine of 
 
 0@" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronj'.nciation," with the accompanj'ing Explanations, 
 
MYR 
 
 255 
 
 MYS 
 
 Lord Byron's tragedy of " Sardanap- 
 alus." 
 
 Myrtle, Minnie. A pseudonym of 
 Mis. Anna C. .lohnson, an American 
 autliuiKss of the present day. 
 
 Mystical Babylon. A name often 
 opprobriously f;iven by Protestants 
 to Home, or the Roman Catholic 
 chm'ch, with reference to the languane 
 used by St. John, in the seventeenth 
 
 Ynd for the Remarks and Bules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
 and eighteenth chapters of the book 
 of litvtkttum. where he prophetically 
 foretells the downfall ot some rtlig- 
 ions system or tenets, whicli he com- 
 pares to Babylon, once the proudest 
 and most powerl'ui city in the woiJd, 
 but, in his time, fallen from its high 
 and palmy state into a condition of 
 utter ruin and desolation, through its 
 hixury, licentiousness, and ett'emi- 
 nacy. 
 
NAG 
 
 256 
 
 NEM 
 
 N. 
 
 JTaglfar (na'j^^i-far). [Old Norse ncujl, 
 a luunaii nail, and fm-a, to j^o, to 
 fare. J {Scuiid. Mi/tfi.) A ship con- 
 structed by tlie Giants out ot dead 
 men's naifs. On board of it the 
 Giants ^\■ill eml)ark, at Kagnarok, to 
 give battle to the gods. 
 
 Na'iads. [Lat. Niiides, Gr. NalaSe?.] 
 ( (ii-. (/• Rom. }[jith. ) Nymphs of 
 lakes, streams, and fountains. 
 
 Nameless City. Ancient Kome ; — ■ 
 so called because it had an elder and 
 mysterious name, which it was death 
 to"pront)unce. This name is said to 
 have been Y'lU-ntit^ afterward trans- 
 lated into the Greek word 'FuJ/xt?- 
 'PcJAir?, as the Greek form of Rome, 
 is first mentioned, amf)ng Grecian 
 writers, by Aristotle or Theophrastus. 
 4i^=" '• They [cert^iin local names and 
 nicknames] are all inferior, I think, to tlie 
 one sacred and proverbi:il name which 
 belonged to Home. Tliey take many 
 words to convey one idea. In one word, 
 the secret qualifying name of the ancient 
 city, many ideas found expression, — 
 Valentia!'"' Dr. Doran. 
 
 Namo (na'mo'), or Na'mus. A semi- 
 mythical duke of Bavaria, who fig- 
 ures in old romances of chivalry as one 
 of Charlemagne's Twelve Peers. 
 
 Wanna (nSn'na). (Scnn<I. Mi/fli.) The 
 wife of Baldur, famed for her piety 
 and constancy. When her husband 
 died, she threw herself on the funeral 
 pyre, and was buried with him. 
 
 Wantes, Edict of. See Edict of 
 Nantp:s. 
 
 Napoleon of Mexico. A name giv- 
 en to Augusto Iturbide (1784-1824), 
 emperor of Mexico, whose career in 
 some respects bears a distant re- 
 semblance to that of Napoleon Bo- 
 naparte. 
 
 Napoleon of Peace. A name some- 
 times given t«» Louis Philippe, king 
 of the French, in allusion to the grent 
 increase in wealth and the steady 
 physical progress of the nation during 
 his reign of eighteen years (1830- 
 
 1848), — results which may be advan- 
 tageously compared with those of the 
 first empire, it is said that the king 
 liked to be called by this appellation. 
 
 Nar-cis'sus. [Gr. Napxtcrao?.] ( Gr. 
 if Rom. Mijth.) A son of Cephissus 
 and the nymph i^iriope. He was 
 uncommonly beautiful, and, seeing 
 his own image reflected in a foun- 
 tain, I)ecanie enamored of it, thinking 
 it to be the nymph of the place. As 
 the shadow was unapproachable, he 
 wasted away with desire, and was 
 changed into a fiower, which still 
 bears his name. See Echo. 
 
 Nastrond (na'strimd, 40). [Old Norse 
 7?c/, a corpse, and stn'ind, strand.] 
 ( Scnid. Mjtli.) A noisome and horri- 
 ble marsh in the under-world, where 
 the impenitent will be punished in 
 the future life. 
 
 Nathaniel, Sir. A grotesque curate 
 in Shakespeare's "Love's Labor's 
 Lost." 
 
 Nation of Gentlemen. A compli- 
 mentary designation given to the 
 people of Scotland by George IV., 
 on occasion of a royal visit to that 
 kingdom in 1822. He is said to have 
 been much struck with the quiet and 
 respectful demeanor of the multitude, 
 which ollored a strong contrast to 
 the wild enthusiasm with which he 
 was greeted at Dublin the year be- 
 fore. 
 
 Nation of Shop-keepers. A con- 
 tem])tuous a|ipellation bestowed upon 
 the English by Napoleon lioiuiparte. 
 
 Ne-se'ra (9). [Gr. Neaipa.] The name 
 of a girl mentioned by the Latin 
 poets Horace, Virgil, and Tibullus; 
 sometimes also introduced into mod- 
 ern pastoral poetry as the name of a 
 mistress or sweetheart. 
 
 To sport with Amaryllis in the shade, 
 Or witli the tangles of Secera's hair. 
 
 Jfilton. 
 
 Ne'me-an Lion. See Hp:ucules. 
 Nem'e-sis. [Gr. NeVeat?.] ( Or. <f 
 Rom. } fifth.) A daughter of Nox, or 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of rronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
NEO 
 
 257 
 
 NEW 
 
 of Erebus, o?iginally a personification 
 of conscience; atterward regarded as 
 tiae awful and mysterious goddess of 
 retribution, who a\'enges all Avrong- 
 doiiig, and jiunislu's anil liuinhlcs tlie 
 promt and presumptuous in particu- 
 lar. 
 
 O thou, who never yet of human wronjj 
 Lett the iinbal-.inecu scak", jjreat yeiiiesi.^.' 
 Thou who didst call the Furies from the abyss, 
 And round Orestes bade them howl and liiss. 
 For that unnatural retribution, — jubt. 
 Had it been from hands less near, — in this. 
 Thy former realm, I call thee from the dust. 
 
 Li/ru>i. 
 
 We'Op-tol'e-mUS. [Gr. NeoirTdAe/ixo?.] 
 
 {Gr. (f Earn. Mi/(h.) The son of 
 Achilles. [Called also Pynhvs.'] 
 See Pykrhus. 
 
 M'eph.'e-lo-coc-eyg'i-a. [Gr. Ne(f)e- 
 XoKOKKvyia^ cloud-cuckoo-town, from 
 re^eAr;, cloud, and kokkv^, cuckoo.] A 
 town built in tiie clouds bv the cuck- 
 oos, in the " Birds" of Aristophanes, 
 a comedy intended as a satire on 
 Athenian frivolity and credulity, on 
 that building of castles in tlie air, and 
 that dreaming expectation of a life of 
 luxury and ease, in which the great 
 mass of the Athenian people of that 
 day indulged, i'his imaginary city 
 occupied the whole horizon, and was 
 designed to cut off the gods from all 
 connection with mankind, and even 
 from the power of receiving sacritices, 
 so as to force them ultimately to 
 surrender at discretion to the birds. 
 The name occurs also in the " Vera^ 
 Historioe " of Lucian, a romance 
 written probably in the age of M. 
 Am'clius Antoninus, and composed 
 with the view of ridiculing the authors 
 of extraordinary tales. 
 
 Without flyin°; to Xephelococcjigm, or to the 
 court of Queen Slab, we can meet with sharp- 
 ers, bullies, hard-hearted, impudent debau- 
 chees, and women worthy of such paramours. 
 
 3Iacaulay. 
 
 What you do 
 For bread, will taste of common grain, not 
 
 grapes. 
 Although you have a vineyard in Champagne, 
 Much less in Naphelococctigia, 
 As mine was, peradventure. 
 
 Mrs. E. B. Browning. 
 
 ITep'tune (nep'ch'oon). [I.at. Neptu- 
 nw6*.] ((/'/•. ()■• Rom,. }fiilli.) The god 
 of the sea and of all other waters, the 
 son of Saturn and Ops, the brother 
 of Jupiter, and the husband of Am- 
 
 phitrite. He is represented with a 
 trident in his hand. 
 
 Ne're-ids (9). [Lat. Nereides, Gr. 
 NTjpeiSf?.] {Gr. i^- Jioni. MyfJi.) Sea- 
 nyinphs, daughters of Nereus and 
 l)oris. The\' were fifty in number, 
 and were regarded as nymphs of the 
 Mediterranean, in distinction from 
 the Oceanids, or nymphs of the great 
 ocean. 
 
 Ne'reus (9). [Gr. Nrjpeu?.] (Gr. ^ 
 Rom. Myth.) A sea-god, father of 
 the Nereids ; described as a wise and 
 unerring old man, ruling over the 
 Mediterranean, or, more particularly, 
 the iEgean Sea. 
 
 Ne-ris'sa. Portia's waitiner-woman, 
 in Shakespeare's " Merchant of Ven- 
 ice." See PoKTiA. 
 
 S£§= " Nerissa is . . . a clever, confi- 
 dential waitinj;- woman, who has caught a 
 little of her lady's elefrauco and romance ; 
 she atTects to be lively and sententious, 
 falls in love, and makes her favor con- 
 ditional on the fortune of the caskets, 
 and. in short, mimics her mistress with 
 good emphasis and discretion." 
 
 Mm. Jameson. 
 
 Nero of the K'orth. A title given 
 to Christian II. (1480-1559), kin<? 
 of Denmark and Sweden, and well 
 merited by him on account of his 
 ferocious cruelty. 
 
 Wes'sus. [Gr. Neo-<r6?.] { Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) A famous Centaur, who, for 
 offering violence to Dejanira, was slain 
 by Hercules with a poisoned arrow, 
 wdiich afterward became the cause of 
 Horcules's own death. See Deja- 
 
 NIKA. 
 
 Nes'tor. [Gr. NeVrajp.] ( Gr. (f Rovi. 
 Myth.) A son of Ncleus and Chloris, 
 and king of Pylos in Triphylia. He 
 took a prominent part in the Trojan 
 war, acting as counselor of the other 
 Grecian chiefs, but was equally dis- 
 tinguished for his valor in the field 
 of battle. Homer extols his wisdom, 
 Justice, bravery, and eloquence. He 
 lived to so great an age that his ad- 
 vice and authority were deemed equal 
 to those of the immortal gods. 
 
 New Albion. See Albion, New. 
 New Am'ster-dam. [D. Nieuio 
 Amsterdam.'] The original name of 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
 17 
 
NEW 
 
 258 
 
 NIC 
 
 the presentcityof New York; — given 
 to it by the lirst settlers, Avho were 
 Dutcii.' 
 New Atlantis. See Atlantis, 
 The Ni:\v. 
 
 Newbury, Jack of. See Jack of 
 
 NliWULUY. 
 
 New Christians. A name given in 
 Portugal, ill the tifteeiith century, 
 to the Jews, who, yiekliug to coni- 
 jnilsioii, suUurcd thciiisfh es to be 
 l)aj)tize(l cii iif's.<i', but who in private 
 reinaim-(l faithliil to their old religion, 
 and continued scrupulously to observe 
 the Mosaic ceremonies. 
 
 New'come, Colonel. A prominent 
 character in Thackeray's ncnel, "The 
 Newcomes;" distinguished for the 
 moral beauty of his life. 
 
 New'come, Johnny. A nickname 
 for any raw, unpracticed youtli or 
 person, especially any very young 
 olHcer in the anny or navy of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 "A' cf>mcs o' t-.iking folk on the right eidc, I 
 trow," (luoth Ciilcli to himself; " anil I had 
 onco thu ill hap to s ly lie was but a Johnnie 
 Xewco lie in our town, and the carle bore the 
 family an ill-will ever since." Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 NewCon-nec'ti-cuttkon-net'tl-kiit). 
 A name fornierly given to the Western 
 Keserve. See We.stkrn Kesekvk. 
 
 New France. An old name of Can- 
 ada, wliich was lirst settled and pos- 
 sessed by the French. 
 
 New Jerusalem. The name by 
 which, among Christians, heaven, or 
 the ab<^de of the redeemed, is sym- 
 bolized. The allusion is to the de- 
 scription contained in the twentv-tirst 
 chapter of the book of Rtvthition. 
 
 Newland, Abraham. A name by 
 Avhicli a 15ank-of-I'Liiglaiid note was 
 long known, owing to its l)eiiiLj made 
 pHy.il)le to Mr. Newland, the cashier. 
 An old song, fifty or sixty years ago, 
 ran thus: — 
 
 Tor fashion and arts, skould you Bcek for- 
 eign pirts. 
 It matters not wherever yo'i land, 
 Hebrew, I>»itin, or Greek", the same language 
 
 they ppeak. 
 The language of Ahraham Sewland. 
 
 Ciioncs. 
 Oh Abrahnni Xrwlan'f, notified Abraham 
 yewland '. 
 
 With compliments crammed, you may die 
 
 and be damned. 
 If you haven't an Auruhain yewlaml." 
 
 New Moses. [Gr. Mioarj? ueo^.] A 
 designatiiin given, by the later Greek 
 writers, to Anastasius, a presbyter and 
 monk of Mount Sinai, who lived to- 
 ward the end of the seventh century. 
 
 New Netherlands. The name orig- 
 inalh' given to the Dutch colony or 
 settlements included within what is 
 now the State of New York. 
 
 New Sweden, or New Swede'- 
 land. The name given to the ter- 
 ritory between Virginia and New 
 York, while it was in the jiosi-ession 
 of the Swedes, who founded a col- 
 ony here in 1(}"27. It was afterward 
 claimed by the Dutch. 
 
 New "World. A familiar name for 
 the Western Hemisphere. By whom 
 it was lirst employed is not known. 
 But, from its obvious appropriate- 
 ness, it must have been applied con- 
 temporaneously with the discovery. 
 U]jon the tomb of Columbus, Terdi- 
 nand ordered this inscription to be 
 placed : — 
 
 "A Castilla y a Leon 
 Nuovo niondo dio Colon," 
 
 that is. To Castile and to Leon, Co- 
 lumbus gave a New World. 
 
 Nibelung, King. See Kikg Nibe- 
 
 lANO. 
 
 Nibelungen. See Kixo NinELUXG. 
 
 And now has begun, in Nanci, as in that 
 doomed Hall of the yibelunyeii, "a murder 
 grim and great." Carlyle. 
 
 Nicholas, St. See St. Nicholas. 
 Nick, Old. See Old Nick. 
 Nickers. See Tityre Tus. 
 
 Nick'Ie-Ben. A familiar Scottish 
 name for the Devil. (See Burns'.s 
 '* Address to the Deil.") Bm is a 
 Scotch adverb, denoting toward, or 
 into, the inner apartment of a house. 
 It is used adjectively and metaphor- 
 ically to denote intimacy, favor, or 
 honor. See Old Nick. 
 
 Nickle-bj^, Mrs. (nik'l-bn. The 
 mother of Nicholas Nickleby, in 
 Dickens's novel of this name; a 
 widoAv lady of no force of character, 
 chiefly remarkable on account of her 
 
 cei~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying ExplanatioDi, 
 
NIC 
 
 259 
 
 NIS 
 
 haljit of introdiicintr, in conversation, 
 topics wlidlly irrelevant to the sul)iect 
 under cousiileration, and ot' always 
 dcclarini;", when any tliiui;- imantivi- 
 pated oceiMTed, that siie had expect- 
 ed it all aliiii,!;", and had prophesied 
 to that priH'ise ettect on divers (un- 
 known) occasions. 
 
 Tliis is so thorou^lily De-Qiiuiceyisli (like 
 J/;-s. S'iiJ:!,' iti l)riii^iu;^ in i)ei»ims and thint;.s 
 quite indeptMulentoftlie niiitter on tlio td/iis), 
 tliat of Course 1 cannot conii)l;iin of Ins tlius 
 writing "an iutinite deal of nothing." 
 
 R. S/ieltoii Mucketizic. 
 
 Nick'le-by, Nicholas. The hero of 
 Dickens's novel of the same name. 
 
 Nic'nev-en. A ^i^antic and malig- 
 nant female spirit of the old popular 
 Scottish mythiilogy. The Scottish 
 poet Uunbar has i^iven a spirited de- 
 scription of this lia<;- ridiuif at the 
 head of witches and fairies, sorcer- 
 esses and elves, inditterently, upon 
 the ghostly eve of AU-hailow-mass. 
 See his " Flyting of Dunbar and 
 Kennedy." 
 
 Nicole (ne''kol'). A female servant 
 of M. Jourdain, in Moliere's comedy, 
 " Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme," who 
 sees the folly of her master, and ex- 
 poses it in a most natural and amus- 
 mg manner. 
 
 Nidli6?g (ned^hog, 46). (Samd. 
 Afytli.) A terrible dragon who dwells 
 in Nastriind, and continually gnaws 
 the root of Yggdrasil, the mundane 
 ash-tree. 
 
 Niflheim (nef^l-hlm). [Old Norse 
 nifl, cloud, mist, and heiiiii\ home.] 
 {^ctnd. Mijt'i.) A region of eternal 
 cold, fog, darkness, and horror, on 
 the north of Ginnimga-gap. It con- 
 sisted of nine worlds, reserved lor 
 those that died of disease, or old age, 
 and was ruled over l)v Hela, or 
 death. [Written also N i f 1 h e i m r, 
 N i \'i'Q 1 h e i m, N i f f 1 e h e i m, and 
 Niflhel.] 
 
 Nigel. See Olifaunt, Nigel. 
 
 Nightmare of Europe. An appella- 
 tion given to Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 whose schemes of personal aggran- 
 dizement and whose stupendous mil- 
 itary successes terrified, and, for a 
 time, stupefied, the naticms of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Nim'rod. A pseudonym of Charles 
 .lames Apperley (d. 184:}), an Kng- 
 lish writer on sporting sul>iects. He 
 was for many years looked up to as 
 the highest authority on all matters 
 connected with the lield, the road, or 
 the turf. 
 
 Nine Gods. See Novknsidks. 
 
 Lars I'orscna of Clnsiuni, 
 
 By tlie .Sine Goi/s he swure. Marauhv/. 
 
 Nine Worthies. See Worthies, 
 The Nine. 
 
 Ni'nus. [Gr. NT^o?.] ( (Jr. (f Rain. 
 Mt/f/i.) The son of lielus, the hus- 
 band of Semirauiis, and the reputed 
 builder of Nineveh and founder of 
 the A.ssyrian monarchy. 
 
 Ni'o-be. [Gr. Nio/St,.] {Gr. (f Rom. 
 Myth.) The daughter of Tantalus, 
 and the wife of Amphion, king of 
 Thebes. On the strength of her 
 more luunerous progenv, she i^ai her- 
 self before Latona, and' her six sons 
 and six daughters were in conse- 
 quence slain by Apollo and Diana, 
 while the weeping Niobe wa^; changed 
 into a stone, and trans])orted in a 
 whirlwind to the top of Mount Sip- 
 ylus, where she has ever since re- 
 mained, her tears flowing unceasing- 
 
 The Niohe of nations! there she stands. 
 Childless and crownless in lier voiceless ■vro«. 
 Jjt/ron (on Rome). 
 
 Nip, Number. See Numueh Nip. 
 
 Nipper, Susan. An attendant upon 
 Florence Dombey, in Dickens's novel 
 of "Dombey and Son;" a spicy, 
 though good-natured little body, 
 sharp and biting, but affectionate 
 and faithful. 
 
 Niqu6e (ne'ka'). A female character 
 in the romance of "Amadis de Gaul." 
 Her godmother, the fairy Zorplu'e, 
 wishing to withdraw her from the in- 
 cestiu)us love of her brother Aiia.'-- 
 terax, enchanted her, after having 
 placed her upon a magnilicent throne. 
 
 Ni'sus. [Gr. Nro-o?.] A Trojan youth 
 who accompanied /Eneas to Italy, 
 after the fall ftf Troy, and who is cel- 
 ebrated for his devoted attachment 
 to Eurvalus. The two friends fought 
 with great bravery against the Rutu- 
 lians, but at last Nisus peri.'^hed in 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the nunibers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
NJO 
 
 260 
 
 NOR 
 
 attempting the rescue of his friend 
 Euryalus, who had fallen into the en- 
 emy's liuiuls. 
 
 Njord (iPviird, 4G). (Scand. Myth.) 
 The god of the winds, and especially 
 of the north wind. [Written also 
 N ior d.J 
 
 ^oakes, John o', or John a. 
 
 A fictitious character made use of j 
 by lawyers in actions of ejectment, 
 usually' coupled with the name of 
 Ju/i II, or Tom, Siylts. Many other 
 names Avere also formerly used in 
 these tietitious proceedings. John a 
 Noakes and J(jhn a Styles being otl- 
 en employed in this way, they came 
 to have the appearance and reputa- 
 tion of l>eing very litigious charac- 
 ters. See Doe, John, and Styles, 
 Tom. [Written also No kes.] 
 
 4Q=- " Originally the name [Noakes] 
 •was spelled Aten Oke and Atten Oke ; 
 aft«rward, when the preposition waa 
 contracted, the final N adhered (as in 
 some other instances) to the name of 
 the tree, giving us A - Noke, subse- 
 quently pluralized into Noakes. John- 
 A-Noakes and his constant antagonist, 
 John Atte Style, were formerly as well 
 known in our law-courts as the re- 
 doubtable John Doe and Kichard lloe of 
 later times. Jack Noakes and Tom Styles 
 — the phrase by which we designate the 
 ignobile vulgus — are lineal descendants 
 of those litigious parties. In the Middle 
 Ages, the phrase John at Style was in 
 common use, to designate a plebeian ; and 
 it still survives in the slightly altered 
 form above given." Lower. 
 
 A litigated point, fairlv hun^ up; — for in- 
 Btanco, whether John o' "Xokesms nose could 
 stand in Tom o' Stiles his face, without a tres- 
 pass or not. Sterne. 
 
 There is, in the present day, so little op- 
 portiinitv of a man of fortune and family ris- 
 ing: to that eminence at the bar which is at- 
 tained by adventurers who are as willing to 
 plead for John a Xokes va for the first noble of 
 the land, that I was early disgusted with prac- 
 tice. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Nod, Land of. See Land of Nod. 
 
 Noddy, Tom. ) A type of fools or 
 Noodle, Tom. j folly; a popular des- 
 ignation for any very foolish person. 
 
 7*3"oU, Old. See Old Noll. 
 
 I'To-Popery Riots. {Scot. Hist.) A 
 name given to riots at Edinburgh and 
 Glasgow, Feb. 5, 1779 ; and in Lon- 
 don, from June 2 to June 9, 1780. 
 
 The latter were occasioned by the 
 zeal of Lord George (iordon, and 
 40,000 persons are said to have taken 
 part in them. In the end, 210 of the 
 rioters were killed, and 248 were 
 wounded, of whom 75 died after- 
 wards in the hospitals. 
 
 Norman Reconciliation. See La- 
 
 M()l UETTK.S Kiss. 
 
 Nor'na. A mysterious being of super- 
 natural powers, in Scott's novel of 
 "The Pirate." 
 
 jeSy= '' Thecharacter of Noma is meant 
 to be an instance of that singular kind 
 of insanity, during which the patient, 
 while she or he retains much subtlety 
 and address for . . . imposing upon oth- 
 ers, is still more ingenious in endeav- 
 oring to impose upon themselves." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Norns. [Old Norse Xornir, pi. of 
 Xunui.'] {Scaiu/. Myth.) Three vir- 
 gin goddesses who weave the woof 
 of human destiny sitting by the As- 
 gard root of the world-tree Yggdra- 
 sil, which they carefully tend. Their 
 names are Urda (the past), Yerdandi 
 (the present), and Skidda (the fu- 
 ture). The name is also given to 
 subordinate beings, some good and 
 some bad, of whom one is assigned 
 to every person born into the world, 
 and determines his fate. 
 
 North, Christopher, or Kit. A cel- 
 ebrated pseudonym adopted by Pro- 
 fessor John "Wilson (1785-1854) in 
 connection Avith the famous series of 
 dialogues tirst published in " Black- 
 wood's Magazine " and entitled 
 '' Noctes Ambrosianae," of which he 
 was the chief author. 
 
 North Britain. A popular synonym 
 of Scotlmul, which fonns the north- 
 ern part of the island of Britain, or 
 Great Britain. 
 
 The reviewers of ,Vbr/A Britain, in common 
 with the other inhabitants of the Scottish 
 metropolis, enjoy some advantases, unknown, 
 it is believed, to their southern Drethren. 
 
 Edin. Rev. 
 
 Northern Apostle. See Apostle 
 
 OF THE NoKTTL 
 
 Northern Athens. A name given 
 to the city of Edinburgh, from a fan- 
 cied resemblance in its appearance to 
 Athens, and in allusion also to its lit- 
 
 l^T" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
NOR 
 
 261 
 
 NUT 
 
 erary and scientific institutions. See 
 
 MoDEltN AtIIEIS'S, 1. 
 
 KTorthern Bear. A popular designa- 
 tion ot liusisia. 
 
 For ourselves, we believe that in arranging 
 the terms of peace he Ltlie treneli emperoi-] 
 was as little inelined to clip the claws uf the 
 JS'ortheni Liear as his ally. Christ. Exaiuiner. 
 
 Northern Giant. A common de.'-ig- 
 natioM of llussia, in allusion to the 
 enormous size, the rapid growth, and 
 the immense |)o\ver and resources of 
 that empire, which occupies the whole 
 northern ])ortion of the eastern hem- 
 isphere, from Norway to Behring's 
 Strait, and a large adjoining region 
 in North America. 
 
 It is no sinull (lclij;ht to the lovers of truth, 
 freedom, and Eng-iand, to see that the North- 
 emi Giant has, by dint of too nuich Ji)ies.<e, 
 suffered his once-willing prey to sliii through 
 his hands. Edin. Rev. 
 
 Northern Harlot, The Infamous. 
 [Fr. Ivfdiiie Cutin (hi Nuvd.\ A 
 name given to Elizabeth Petrowna 
 (1709-17G1), empress of Russia, in- 
 famous for her sensuality. 
 
 Northern He-rod'o-tus. A name 
 
 given to Snorro Sturleson (1179- 
 1241), a native of Iceland, famous as 
 a poet, lawgiver, and historian. He 
 lived many years at the courts of 
 Norway and Sweden, and composed 
 a general history of the North from 
 the ancient songs of the skalds, and 
 from other sources. 
 
 Northern Semiramis. See S emir- 
 amis OF THE North. 
 
 North-west Territory. {Amer. 
 Hid.) A region north-west of the 
 Ohio River, bounded on the north by 
 a line touching the southern bound- 
 ary of lakes Erie and Michigan, and 
 on the west by the Mississippi River. 
 After the war of the Revolution, it 
 was ceded to the federal government 
 by the States owning or laving claim 
 to it. A bill for its organization was 
 passed, in 1787, by the continental 
 congress, which immediately began 
 to exercise jurisdiction over the terri- 
 tory; but its full or complete organi- 
 zation did not take place until 1799. 
 See Western Reserve. 
 
 ,^6r'uni-be'ga. A name formerly giv- 
 
 en to some now unknown subarctic 
 portion of North America. 
 
 Now, fiom the north 
 Of Norumhega, and the Suiuoid t-hore, 
 Bursting their brazen dungeon, armed with 
 
 ice 
 And snow an<l hull, and stormy gust and flaw, 
 Koreas, and C'a'cias, and Argtstes loud, 
 And Thraeias, rend the woods, and seas up- 
 turn. Milton. 
 
 Nor'val. The name of an aged peas 
 ant and his son, in Home's tragedy 
 
 of " Douglas." 
 
 The reflection perhaps reminded him tliat 
 he had better, like young jS'onars father, 
 " increase his store." Dickens. 
 
 Norway, Maid of. See Maid of 
 Norway. 
 
 Novalis (no-va-'lis). A pseudonym 
 of Friedrich von Hardenberg (17^2- 
 1801), a distinguished German litte- 
 rateur and poet. 
 
 No-ven'si-des, o?- No-ven'si-les. 
 [Lat. 1IUVUS, new, and inside re, To 
 settle.] {Jiviti. Myth ) A name given 
 by the ancient Romans to the new 
 gods received from abroad, in distinc- 
 tion from the Indigetes, or native 
 gods. Some have thought that the 
 first part of the word was from 7U)Vem, 
 nine, and have asserted that the 
 Novensides were nine gods to whom 
 Jupiter gave i)ermission to hurl his 
 thunderbolts. But this opinion seems 
 not to be supported by evidence. 
 
 Nox. [Lat.] (Gr. if Rom. Myth.) 
 Goddess of night ; one of the most 
 ancient of the deities. By her brotluT 
 Erebus, she becaiue the mother of 
 ^ther (air) and Dies (day). 
 
 Nub'bles, Kit (nub'blz). A char- 
 acter in Dickens's " Old Curiosity 
 Shop." 
 
 Number Nip. The same as Eubeznhi, 
 the famous mountain goblin of Ger- 
 many. His history is told by Musaius 
 in his " Popular Tales." See Rube- 
 
 ZAIIL. 
 
 Nun of Kent. See Holy Maid of 
 Kent. 
 
 Nu'ri-el (9). [Another form of Uriel. 
 See F^riel.] In the Rabbinical my- 
 thology, the name of an angel who 
 presided over hailstorms. 
 
 Nut-brown Maid. The subject of a 
 celebrated English ballad of the same 
 name, of uncertain date and origin; 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
NUT 
 
 2G2 
 
 NYM 
 
 ft perfect female character, exposed, 
 like Boccaccio's (iriselda, to tlie se- 
 verest trials, subinittiii^^ without a 
 miinmir to uiiiiaritcd cruelty, dis- 
 arininjjj a tonnciitor by gentleness 
 and patii'nce, and, finally, recom- 
 pensed tor her virtues by transj)orts 
 rendered more exquisite by her suf- 
 fering. 
 
 4®=" The most ancient form in which 
 the b:illaii is no.v exttiit is in Arnold's 
 " Chronicle."' the earlie.-t eJition of which 
 if? thought to tiave been printed in 1d02. 
 It seems to liave been long forgotten, but 
 was at lengtti brought to notice by Percy, 
 who inchilcd it in his •' Rcliques of An- 
 cient Knglish Poetry."'' This ballad has 
 been modernized by Prior, who entitled it 
 " Henry and Enma,"' supposing it to 
 have been founded on the history of Lord 
 Clifford, the •' Shepaerd Lord." See 
 Shephehd Lord. 
 
 Nutmeg State. A popular name, in 
 America, for the State of Connecticut, 
 the inliabitants of which have such 
 a reputation for .shrewdness that they 
 
 have been jocosely accused of palm- 
 ing off wooden nutmegs on unsus- 
 pecting jjurcliasers, instead of the 
 genuine article. 
 
 Nym. A follower of Falstaff, and 
 an arrant rogue, in Shakespeare's 
 " Merry Wives of Windsor." 
 
 flf^ To nim is an old word, still com- 
 mon among thieves, meaning to pilfer, 
 to steal. 
 
 The reader may expect me to explain the 
 motives wliy I have to loiifr persisted in dis- 
 clainiiiifjj tlic works (if wliich T ."in now w:it- 
 in;j. To this it would be difficult to jrive nny 
 otlier reply s.ive that of Cori)oral .V'///i,— it 
 was the author's humor or caprice for the 
 time. Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Nymplis. [Lat. Xj/mphce. Or. Nvu^ai.] 
 {(h-. t)'- Item, ^fl|th.) rinddes.ses of an 
 inferior rank, inhabiting the sea, 
 rivers, lakes, fountains, woods, trees, 
 mountains, &:c., and having .special 
 names according to the nature of 
 the place in which they dwell ; as, 
 Oceanids, Xaiads, Dryads, Hamadrj'- 
 ads, Oreads, ^c. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explamitions, 
 
OAN 
 
 263 
 
 ODI 
 
 o. 
 
 O-an'nes. {Ea si em Myth.) A Baby- 
 lonian ^od represented as a monster, 
 half man and half tish. He lived 
 amongst men durinjj^ the daytime, 
 instructing them in the use of letters, 
 and in the arts and sciences; but at 
 night he retired to the sea. 
 
 Obadiah. The name of a servant in 
 Sterne's " Life and Opinions of Tris- 
 tram Shandy, Gent." 
 
 Obermann (n/bef-man). The title of 
 a novel by Etienne I'ivert de .Senan- 
 cour (177'0-18-4G), and the name of 
 the hero, who is a personification of 
 moral elevation unaccompanied by 
 genius, a man of feeling tortured by 
 tlie absence not only of the means of 
 action, but of all stimulus to it. 
 
 0'ber-6n,(*/' Ob'er-6n. ( Fairy Mytli.) 
 The king of the fairies. He is the elf- 
 in dwari-Elbtriih, or Albtruh, whose 
 name became Alberon or Aubtraii in 
 French, and sul)set|uently in English 
 Oheron. He was represented as en- 
 dowed with magical powers, and with 
 the qualities of a good and upright 
 monarch, rewarding those who prac- 
 ticed truth and honesty, and punish- 
 ing those who acted otherwise. He 
 and Titania, his wife, are fabled to 
 have inhabited India, and to have 
 crossed the seas to Northern Europe 
 to dance by the light of the moon. 
 He is familiar to all readers of Shake- 
 speare, and has been made the sub- 
 ject of a romantic poem by Wieland, 
 having this name as its title. 
 
 " Xny, but T must see the riders," answered 
 Wamba; "perhaps they are come from Fairy- 
 land with a message from King Oheron." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 And play the graceless robber on 
 Your grave-eyed brother Oberon. 
 
 Leiijh Hunt. 
 
 0-bi'dah. The subject of an allegory 
 by Dr. Johnson, in the " Rambler" 
 (No. 05), which relates the adven- 
 tures and misf(»rtunes of a young man 
 during the journey of a day, and is 
 designed as a picture of human life. 
 
 O-bid'i-cut. A fiend mentioned bv 
 
 Shakespeare (" Lear," a. iv., sc. 1] 
 as ]>rovoUing men to the gratitication 
 
 of lust. See EMBBEUTKiinUET, 1. 
 
 O'Cataract, Jehu. A sobriquet given 
 to John Neal (b. 1793), a versatile 
 American author, on account of his 
 impetuosity; adopted by him in some 
 of liis works as a pseudonym. 
 
 Occidente, Maria dell' (mS-re'a del 
 ot-che-deii'ta, K)2). A pseudonym 
 adopted by Mrs. Maria (Gowen) 
 Brooks (1795-1815), an American 
 writer, whom Southcy pronounced 
 " the most impassioned and most 
 imaginative of all poetesses." She 
 is best known as the author of 
 " Zophiel, or The Bride of Seven." 
 
 O-ce'a-na. The name of an imag- 
 inary country described by James 
 Harrington (l(ill-lfi77) in a politi- 
 cal romance bearing the same title, 
 and illustrating the author'.s idea of 
 a model commonwealth. 
 
 O-ce'a-nids. [Lat. Ocennides, Gr. 
 'nKt-ai/tfic?.] (6'/-. (Jr- Earn. Myth.) 
 Nymphs of the ocean, said to be three 
 thousand in number; daughters of 
 Oceanus. 
 
 O-ce'a-nus. [Gr. 'fiKeavo?.] {Gr. (f- 
 Jioin. Myth.) The god of the great 
 salt river which, in the ancient cos- 
 mogony, was thought to encompass 
 the whole earth. He was the son of 
 Ccelus and Terra, the husband of 
 Tethys, and the father of the rivers 
 and ocean-nymphs. 
 
 O'chil-tree, Ed'ie. An old wander- 
 ing beggar, garrulous and kind- 
 hearted, who performs a prominent 
 part in Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 " The Antiquary." 
 
 O'Con'nell's TaU. A nickname given, 
 in England, after the passage of the 
 Reform Bill (in 1832), to a parlia- 
 mentary body voting together under 
 the leadership of Daniel O'Connell, 
 the celebrated Irish agitator. 
 
 O'din. {Scmd. Myth.) The supreme 
 and omniscient ruler of the universe, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
ODO 
 
 264 
 
 OGI 
 
 the kinf:^ of ^och and men, and the 
 reputed ])r()^eiiitor of" the Scandi- 
 navian kin^s. lie eorresjjonds both 
 to the ./u/)i/cr and the Mnrs of classi- 
 cal niytliologv. As god of Avar, he 
 holds his court in ^'alllaIla, surround- 
 ed hv all brave warriors who have 
 fallen in battle, and attended by two 
 favorite wolves, to whom he gives his 
 share of food; for he himself lives 
 on wine alone. On his shoulders 
 he carries two ravens, Ilugin (mind) 
 and Munin (memory), whom he dis- 
 patches every day to bring him news 
 of all that is . doing throughout the 
 world. He has three great treasures; 
 namely, Sleipnir, an eight -footed 
 horse of marvelous swiftness; (lung- 
 nir, a spear, which never fails to 
 strike what it is aimed at; and Draup- 
 nir, a magic ring, which every ninth 
 night drops eight other rings of 
 equal value. At Hagnari k, Odin will 
 be swallowed up bv the Avolf Fenrir. 
 [Called also Alfadur^ and by a great 
 many other names.] 
 
 tf^ The (lerman tribes worshiped Odin 
 under the iiaine of Wodm^ or Wuntan. 
 The fourth d-iy of the week. Wednesday 
 (/. p., Woden's day), was saered to him. 
 
 O-doli'er-ty-, Mor'gan, Sir. A 
 pseudonym of Dr. William Maginn 
 (1793-1842), a frecjuent contributor 
 to "Blackwood's Magazine " and to 
 " Fraser's i^lagazine,"' and an inter- 
 locutor in the •' Xoctes Ambrosiana?." 
 
 O'Dowd, Cornelius. The p.'^eudo- 
 nym of a writer in " Blackwood's 
 Magazine ; " generally believed to 
 be Charles James Lever, the Irish 
 novelist. 
 
 Odur (o^dcTbf). {S^and. Myth.) The 
 name of Freyja's husband. He 
 abandoned his wife on her loss of 
 j-outh and beauty, and was punished 
 by being changed into a statue. See 
 
 FltEVJA. 
 
 O-dys'seus. [Gr. *oSu<rcreu'?.] The 
 Greek form of Ulysses. See Ulys- 
 ses. 
 
 CEd'i-pus. [Gr. o;6i'7rov?.] (Gr. dj- 
 Jiviit. Myth.) A king of Thebes, the 
 son of haius and -locasta. He solved 
 the riddle of the .-phinx, unwittingly 
 killed his own father and n)arried his 
 
 mother, who bore him four children. 
 AV'hen the incest Avas discovered, 
 Jocasta hung herself, and G^dipus 
 Avent mad, and put out his CAvn eyes. 
 See SiMiiN-V. 
 
 CE'neus. [Gr. oJi/ev?.] ( Gr. (f- Rom. 
 Myth.) A king of Calydon, in yEtolia, 
 and the father of Meleager, Tydeus, 
 Dejanira, dsic. See Mklkageh. 
 
 (E-no'ne. [Gr. Oivciirr).] ( Gr. <f- Rmn. 
 Myth.) A Phrygian nymph beloved 
 and married by l^aris, Avho alterAvard 
 deserted her for Helen. Tennyson 
 has chosen (Enone as the subject of 
 one of his minor poems. See I'Aias. 
 
 CE-no'pi-6n. [Gr. olionlmi'.] { Gr. if 
 Bum. Myth.) A king of Chios, and 
 the father of Meroj)e. The giant 
 Orion Avas a suitor lor the hand of 
 INIerope, but, as G:^nopion constantly 
 deferred their marriage, Orion once, 
 Avhen intoxicated, offered her A'io- 
 lence. For this Q^nopion blinded 
 him, Avhile asleep, and expelled him 
 from the island. He aiterAvard re- 
 coA'ered his sight, and returned to 
 Chios seeking reAenge; but (E):opi(in 
 Avas not to be found, his liiend.- hav- 
 ing concealed him. See Oi;i(»x. 
 
 O'gier le Danois (lu da'na'). [It. 
 Uf/ytro, 0;,(/er(>. Ofjf,ie! i. Eat. 0;,e- 
 rius.] The hero of an ancient French 
 romance, Avhose story is ])robably a 
 contribution from the stores of Nor- 
 man tradition, Holger, or Olger, 
 Danske being the national hero of 
 Denmark. lie figures in Ariosto's 
 " Orlando Furioso." and other ro- 
 mantic tales and poems. 
 
 U^ '• Acrordinj; to some autliorities, 
 his surnauu' Avas bestowed on him be- 
 cause lie ranie from Dei mark : others say 
 that he took it after fiavin.a; conquered 
 that country : Avhile others again . . . 
 say that Ogier was a Saracen who turned 
 Cliristian.and as they wrote to him from 
 home, Ti' es 'lawn^ [You are dami ed], 
 for haA'ini: cha-'jred his reHpon. the 
 French barons called him in ji st. Ogier 
 Dn)nnr, and lie himself insisted on 
 being so called, when he Avas chris- 
 tened. This surname agrees with the 
 assertion th:it he was condemned by 
 Charleniairne.' Pnnizzi. Kcightlev ad- 
 vances tlic opinion th;it Ogier is the Ileliri 
 of the Edda. and in this A'iew Pauizzi 
 himself concurs. 
 
 Uar For the '• Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accojnpanying Explanations, 
 
OGL 
 
 2G5 
 
 OLD 
 
 O'gle-by, Lord (o'^l-bT). A super- 
 annuated peer who artects gayety and 
 the graees of youth, but is witluil 
 kind-hearted and heuevoleut; a ehar- 
 aeter in the eoniedy of tlie " Clandes- 
 tine Marriage," by Garrick and the 
 elder Colnian. 
 
 O'Groat', John {or Johnny Groat). 
 A name which occurs in tlie phrase 
 " John OHrroat's House," used to 
 designate an ancient buihling for- 
 merly situated on Dimcansby Head, 
 remarkable for being the most north- 
 erly point in Great Britain. John 
 of Groat, or Groot, and his brothers, 
 were originally from Holland, and 
 are said to have settled here about 
 148D. According to tradition, the 
 liouse was of an octagonal shape, 
 being one room with eight windows 
 and eight doors, to admit eight mem- 
 bers of the family, the heads of eight 
 different branches of it, to prevent 
 their quarrels for precedence at table, 
 which on a previous occasion had 
 well-nigh proved fatal. Each came 
 in, by this contrivance, at his own 
 door, and all sat at an octagonal 
 table, at which, of course, there was 
 no chief place, or head. 
 
 Hear, Land o' Cakes and brither Scots, 
 Frae Maidenkirk to John o' Groat's, 
 If there 's a hole in a' your coats, 
 
 I rede ye tent it: 
 A chiel 's amang you takin' notes, 
 
 And, faith, he '11 prent it. Burnt. 
 
 O-gyg'i-a. [Gr. 'O-yuvia.] (Gr.if Rom. 
 Mijth.) An island in the Mediter- 
 ranean, or, according to some, in the 
 great Western Ocean ; tiie al)ode of 
 Calypso. It presented such a scene 
 of sylvan beauty as charmed even 
 Mercury, one of the dwellers on 
 Olympus. See Calypso. 
 
 Old Bags. A nickname given to John 
 Scott, l.ord Kldon (1751-18^38), lord 
 chancellor of England for twentv live 
 years. He was so very cautious of 
 delivering a hasty judgment, that he 
 always expressed his doubts, and was 
 accustomed to take all the papers 
 of complicated cases home with him 
 in different bags; hence the name. 
 According to another account, he was 
 so called from the large and richly 
 embroidered bag in whicli the great 
 seal of England is carried — or sup- 
 
 posed to be carried — before the lord 
 chancellor when he proceeds to take 
 his seat on the judicial bench or on 
 the woolsack. 
 
 You found them all In {;ood savor? How 
 does OhI /!<ii/s look? And the worthy Doctor 
 [Lord SidniouthJ? I hope years sit lightly on 
 that lofty fabric. Soctes Antbroi^ianae. 
 
 Old Bendy. A cant name for the 
 Devil. 
 
 Old Bo'g^. [Probably a corruption 
 of Bofjn, the Slavonic name of the 
 Deity.] A nursery ghost or demon, 
 whose name, like that of Lilith, was 
 formerly used to frighten children. 
 [Written also Bogey.] 
 
 This man . . . has a friendly heart (al- 
 though some wiseacres have painted him as 
 black as Jioijei/), and you may trust what he 
 says. Thackeray. 
 
 Old'buck, Jonathan. A whimsical 
 virtuoso, wdio gives name to Scott's 
 novel of " The Anticpiary." He is 
 devoted to the study and accumu- 
 lation of old coins and medals, and 
 indeed every kind of Roman relics, 
 and is sarcastic, irritable, and, from 
 early disappointment in love, a misog- 
 ynist, but humorous, kind-hearted, 
 and faithful to his friends. [Called 
 also Monkbdrns.^ 
 
 4®= " The character of Jonathan Old- 
 buck. in the ' Antiquary,' was partly 
 founded on an old friend of my youth . . . , 
 but I thought 1 had so completely dis- 
 guised the likeness, that it could not 
 be recognized by any one now alive. I 
 was mistaken. . . . The reader is not 
 to .suppose, however, that my l.tte i-e- 
 spected friend resembled Mr. Oldhuck, 
 either in his pedigree, or the history 
 imputed to the ideal personage. ... An 
 excellent temper, with a slight degree of 
 subicid huinor ; learning, wit, and droll- 
 ery, the more poignant that thev were a 
 little marked by the peculiarities of an 
 old bachelor; a soundness of thought, 
 rendered more forcible by an occasional 
 quaintness of expression, — were. I con- 
 ceive, the only qualities in which the 
 creature of my imatrination resembled 
 my benevolent and excellent old friend." 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 How much good might we have done, if we 
 had had the looking-over and methodizing of 
 the chaos in which Mr. Oldhurl- found him- 
 self just at the moment, so agonizing to the 
 autlior, when he knows that the patience of 
 his victim is oozinjr awny, and fears it will be 
 quite prone before he can lav bis hand on the 
 charm which is to fix him a hopeless listener! 
 Notes ami Queries. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
OLD 
 
 266 
 
 OLD 
 
 Old Bullion. A sobriquet conferred 
 on ( 'dloncl Thomas I Tart Benton 
 ( 1782-1 858 ), a (listin^MiislK'd Amer- 
 ican statesman, on account of his ad- 
 vocacy of a gold and silver currency 
 as the true remedy for the financial 
 embarrassments in which the United 
 States were involved, ai\er the expi- 
 ration of the charter of the national 
 bank, and as the only proper medium 
 for government disbursements and 
 receipts. 
 
 Old Clootie. See Auld Clootie. 
 
 Old Colony. A name popularly given 
 to that jxirtion of Massachusetts in- 
 cluded within the original limits of 
 the Plymouth colony, which was 
 formed at an earlier date than the 
 colony of Massachusetts Bay. In 
 1092, the two colonies were united in 
 one province, bearing the name of 
 the latter, and, at the formation of 
 the Federal Uni(»n, became the State 
 of Massachusetts. 
 
 Old Country. A term usually applied, 
 in the United States, to the British 
 Isles ; sometimes restricted to Ireland. 
 
 Old Dessauer (des-sdd'er). A so- 
 briquet given to Leopold, prince of 
 Anhalt- Uessau (1(>70-1747), distin- 
 guished as the creator of the Prussian 
 army. See Mkntou. 
 
 Old Dominion. A popidar name for 
 the State of Virginia. The origin of 
 this term has been differently ac- 
 counted for by difterent writers. The 
 following explanation is the most 
 plausible of all, and is probably the 
 true one. 
 
 i^=- •' Tn CaptHin .John Smith's ' His- 
 tory of VirginiH." edition of 1029, there is 
 a map of the settleuieuts of Virginia, 
 which, at that time, incliiJed New Eng- 
 land, as well as every other part of tlie 
 Britisli settlements in America, lie there 
 calls our present Virginia ' Oultl Virginia,' 
 
 — the word o'd being so spelt at that time, 
 
 — in contradistinction to tlie New Eng- 
 land colony, which is called ' New Vir- 
 ginia.' Here, then, we have the word 
 'ould.' the distinctive word of tlie title. 
 
 Now, we know, that, from the settlement 
 of the colony to the Revolution, every act 
 of parlinment, every letter of the king to 
 the governor, always designated Virginia 
 as the ' Tnlony and Dominion ' of Vir- 
 ginia. Here is found the other word ; 
 
 and the change in common talk trom 
 ' Ould Virginia' to ' Old Dominion ' was 
 easy, imperceptible, and almost inevita- 
 ble.'' Historical Mandzine, iii. 319. 
 "What means the Ol/I Doiiiiiiioit f Hath she 
 
 forgot tile day 
 When o'er her conquered valleys swept the 
 
 Briton '.s steel array? Whittier, 
 
 Old Dou'ro (U). A sobriquet conferred 
 upon the Duke of Wellington, on 
 account of his passage of the Douro, 
 May 11, 18Uil, by which he surprised 
 jNIarshal Soult, and put him to tlight. 
 
 Old Ebony. See Ebony. 
 
 Old Fox. [Fr. Lt Vitux Rennrcl.] A 
 nickname given to 3Iarshal Soult 
 (170U-1851 ), l)y the soldiers under his 
 command, on account of his remarka- 
 ble strategic abilities and fertility of 
 resources. 
 
 Old Gentleman. In some parts of 
 luigland, a familiar name of the 
 Devil. 
 
 Old Glory. A name popularly given, 
 m the United States, to the national 
 tiag, — "the star-spangled banner." 
 
 Old Gobbo. See Gobbo, Old. 
 
 Old Grimes. The subject of a popidar 
 ballad by Albert G. Greene (b. 1802), 
 an American poet. TLe name seems 
 to have originated with Crabbe. It 
 is the title of one of his metrical 
 tales. 
 
 Old Grog. A nicknaine given by the 
 sailors in the British navy to Admiral 
 Edward Vernon (1684-1757), on ac- 
 count of his wearing a grogram cloak 
 in foul weather. They afterward 
 transferred the abbreviated term f/rotf 
 to a mixture of rum, gin, or othef 
 spirituous liquor, with water. — a 
 kind of beverage first introduced by 
 the admiral on board ship. 
 
 Old Harry. A vulgar name for the 
 Devil. [Called also Lord flan-y.] 
 
 S^= It has been suggested (■' Notes and 
 Queries." xii. 229) that this appellation 
 conies from the Scandinavian Hari or 
 H' ria (equivalent to the German Herr), 
 names of Odin, who ctime in time ( like the 
 other deities of the Northern mythology) 
 to be degraded from his rank of a god to 
 that of a fiend or evil spirit. According 
 to Henley, the hirsute honors of the Satan 
 of till' ancient reliirions stage procured 
 him the ninie "• Old Hairy," corrupted 
 into " Old Harrv.'' 
 
 •8" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying ExplanatiouBr 
 
OLD 
 
 267 
 
 OLD 
 
 Old Hickory- A sobriquet conferred 
 upon (it'iieral Aiuirew Jack.^on, in 
 181'i, by the soldiers under liis com- 
 mand. 
 
 j^^ '• The name of ' Old Hickory ' was 
 not an inst'intaticous hispinitioti, but a 
 growth. First of all, tlit- remark was 
 made by some soldier, wlio was struck 
 with his coumiauder's pedestrian pow- 
 ers, that the jjeiieral was "■ tough.' Next 
 it was observed . . . that he was " tough as 
 hickory.' Then he was called " Hickory.' 
 Lastly, the affection.ate adjective ' old ' 
 was prefixed, and the general thenceforth 
 rejoiced in tiie completed nickname, usu- 
 ally the first-won honor of a great com- 
 mander.'" Parton. According to another 
 account, the name sprung from his hav- 
 ing, on one occasion, set his men an ex- 
 ample of endurance by feeding on hick- 
 ory-nuts, when destitute of supplies. 
 
 True, surely ; as all observation and survey 
 of mankind from China to Pern, from Nebu- 
 chadnezzar to Old Hickory, will testify ! 
 
 (JarlyJe. 
 
 Old Humphrey. A pseudonym of 
 Geori:;e ^Nlogridge (d. 1854:), of Lon- 
 don, autlior of numerous religious 
 books and essays, intended especially 
 for the young, which have enjoyed an 
 extensive popularity. 
 
 Old Hunkers. A nickname applied 
 to the ultra-conservative portion of 
 the Democratic party in the United 
 States, and especially in the State of 
 New York. It is said to have been 
 intended to indicate that those to 
 Avhom it was given had an appetite 
 for a large '' hunk " of the spoils. 
 
 Old Ironsides. A title popularly con- 
 ferred upon the L'nited States frigate 
 "Constitution," Avhich was launched 
 at Bost(ni, Sept. 20, 1797, and is still 
 (1835) in the service. She became 
 greatly celebrated on accotnit of the 
 prominent iiart she to(»k in the bom- 
 bardment of Tripoli, in 1804, and for 
 the gallantry dis])layed l)y her otlicers 
 and men during the War of 1812. 
 
 4^^ " In the course of two years and 
 nine months [July, 1812, to March, 1815i, 
 this ship had been in three actions, had 
 been twice critically chased, and had cap- 
 tured five vessels of war, two of which 
 ■were frigates, and a third frigate-built. 
 In all her service, . . . her good fortune 
 was remarkable. She never was dis- 
 masted, never got ashore, and scarcely 
 ever sulfered anv of the usual accidents 
 
 of the sea. Though so often in battle, no 
 very serious slaughter ever took place on 
 board her. One of her conunauders was 
 wounded, and tour of her lieuti nants had 
 been killed, two on her own decks, and 
 two in tile • Intrepid ; " but, on the whole, 
 her entire career had been that of what is 
 usually called 'a lucky ship.' Her for- 
 tune, however, may perhaps he cxjilained 
 in the simple fact, that she had always 
 been well commanded. In her two last 
 cruises, she had probably possessed as 
 fine a crew as ever manned a frigate. 
 They were principally from New Eng- 
 land ; and it has ))een s.iid of them that 
 they were almost qualified to fight the 
 ship without her officers." 
 
 James Fenlmore Cooper. 
 
 Old La^y of Threadneedle Street. 
 A cant name in Loudon tor the Bank 
 of England, which is situated in 
 Threadnetdle Street. 
 
 Old Man Eloquent. An expre.ssion 
 made use of by ^Milton, in his tenth 
 sonnet, in allusion to Isocrates, and 
 very generally applied, in AmericA, 
 to .lohn Quincy Adams (17G7-1848), 
 sixth president of the United States. 
 
 When that dishonest victory 
 At Chasronea, fatal to liberty, 
 Killed with report that old man elo'jiient. 
 
 Miltfm. 
 
 Old Man of the Mountain, [Arab. 
 lSlieikli-fi/-.f(/j'i/.] 1. An Eastern ti- 
 tle tir.st applied to the Imaum Has- 
 san Ben - Sabbah-el -Homairi, who 
 founded a tormidable dynasty in 
 Syria, a. d. 1090. He was the prince 
 or chief of a sect of the Mohamnu-dans, 
 which in the West acquired the name 
 of Assassins. His residence was in 
 the moimtain fa.stnesses of Syria. 
 The name Avas also given to his seven 
 successors. At the close of the twelfth 
 century, the Mongols put an end to 
 the dynasty. 
 
 2. A name popularly given, in the 
 United States, to a remarkable nat- 
 ural formation on Protile jNlountain, 
 one of the mountains of the I-raiu^onia 
 range, in Ncav Hampshire. It con- 
 sists of a projecting rock, elevated 
 about 1000 feet above the plain, and, 
 vieAved at a certain angle, bears a 
 wonderful resemblance to the human 
 face. 
 
 Old Man of the Sea. In the "Ara- 
 bian Nights' Entertainments," a 
 monster encountered bA'- Sindbad the 
 
 aud for the Remarks and Rulea to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
OLD 
 
 268 
 
 OLD 
 
 Sailor, in his fifth vova;xe. lie man- 
 -'^ged to t'astoii liiinselt'upoii the slioul- 
 ders of'Siiidliad so lirinly that he could 
 not be dislodged by the utmost etlbrts 
 of his uiilbrtuiiate victim; but, after 
 carrviii;^ him about tor a Ioiijj: time, 
 Siiidliad at last succeeded in intoxi- 
 catiuj; him, and eti'ected his escape. 
 See SiNUisAU the Sailor. 
 
 He lias powois of boring beyond ten of the 
 dulli'st of all nossible doctors, — stuck like a 
 liiupct to a rocK, — a i)erfoct double uf the Old 
 Man ot'tlie Sea, wh<jni I take to have been the 
 greatest bore on record. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 It is quite cruel that a poet cannot wander 
 through his regions of enchantment, without 
 having a critic for ever, like the Olil Man of 
 the Sea, upon his back. T. Moore. 
 
 In the life of Friedrich Wilhclm there is 
 now to bo discovered a.s little of human inter- 
 est or pathos as could well be imagined of any 
 life so near our own times. He is a horrible 
 Old Man of the Sea for our Sindbad to carry. 
 Christ. Examiner. 
 
 Old Mortality. A character and the 
 title of a novel by Sir Walter Scott. 
 The name is said to have been a 
 sobriquet popularly conferred upon 
 one Robert Paterson, the traditions 
 concerning whom are related in the 
 story, and who is described as a re- 
 ligious itinerant of the latter half of 
 the last century, frequenting country 
 church-yards, and the graves of the 
 Covenanters, in the south of Scot- 
 land, and whose occupation consisted 
 in clearing tlie moss from the gray 
 tombstones, renewing with his chisel 
 the half-defaced inscriptions, and re- 
 pairing the emblems of death with 
 which the monuments Avere adorned. 
 
 Even Capelgiie — whose business is to be- 
 little all that is truly greit, and especially to 
 efface those names wliich are associated with 
 human liberty, while, like another Old Mor- 
 tah't;/, he furi»ishes the tombstones of royal 
 mistresses — is yet constrained to bear witness 
 to the ijopularity and influence which Frank- 
 lin achieved. diaries Sumner. 
 
 Old Nick. A vulgar and ancient 
 name for the Devil, derived from that 
 of the Neck, or Nikr, a dangerous 
 Avater-demon of the Scandinavian 
 popular mythology. " The British 
 sailor," says Scott, " who fears noth- 
 ing else, confesses his terrors for this 
 terrible being, and believes him the 
 autlior of almost all the various 
 calamities to which the precarious 
 life of a seaman is so continually 
 exposed." Butler, the author of 
 " Hudibras," erroneously derives the 
 
 term from the name of Nicolo Mac- 
 chiavelli. 
 
 Old Noll. An epithet contemptuously 
 
 applied to Oliver Cromwell by his 
 
 contemporaries. 
 
 May, (Md Soil, whose bones were dug up 
 and iiung in chains here at home, has not he, 
 too got to be a very respectable grim bronze- 
 ligure, of whom i:.ugland seems proud rather 
 than otherwise.' Carlyle. 
 
 Old North State. A popular desig- 
 nation of the State of Xorth Carolina. 
 Old One. See Alld A>'e. 
 
 Old Public Functionary. A sobri- 
 quet sometimes given to James Bu' 
 chanan, fifteenth president of the 
 United States. He tirst applied the 
 expression to himself, in his Annual 
 Mes.sage to congress in the year 
 1859. Sometimes humorously ab- 
 breviated O. P. F. 
 
 jKg=" '*This advice proceeds from the 
 heart of an old public functionary, whose 
 service commenced in the last genera- 
 tion, anions the wise and con.<5ervative 
 statesmen of that day, now nearly all 
 passed away, and whose first and dearest 
 earthly wish is to leave his country tran- 
 quil, prosperous, united, and powerful." 
 Jami-s Buc/ianan. 
 
 Old Put. A nickname given, by the 
 soldiers under his command, to Israel 
 Putnam (1718-1790), a major-general 
 in the war of the American Revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Old Kowley. A nickname given to 
 Charles II., who was famous for his 
 amours. Old Rowley was a famous 
 stalli(jn in his majesty's stud. 
 
 ^Moving hack towirds her couch, [she] 
 asked, '• Who is there?" "O/'/ /io(t7<// him- 
 self, mad im," said the king, entering the 
 apartment with his usual air of easy com- 
 posure. Sir U'. Scott. 
 
 Old Scratch. A jocular and ancient 
 term for the Devil, supposed to be a 
 corruption of S/cr<i(/i, Scln-a/^ or 
 Sihrdtz.! a demon of the old North- 
 ern mythology. 
 
 Old Stars. A sobriquet given by the 
 men of his command to General 
 Ormsby McKnight Mitchel (1810- 
 18G2), of the American army, on ac- 
 count of his distinguished reputation 
 and attainments as an astronomer. 
 
 Oldstvle, Jonathan. A n<mi de plume 
 of Washington Irving, luider which 
 
 BS~ For the "Key to the Scheme of I'ronuuciation," with the accompanyiug Explauutious, 
 
OLD 
 
 269 
 
 OPH 
 
 he contributed, in 1802, to the 
 " iMurniny Chronicle," a democratic 
 journal oi xsew York city. 
 
 Old Wagon. A sobriquet often given, 
 in America, to the irigate " Lnited 
 kjtate?^," which was launched at Phil- 
 adelplua in iidl, and was afterward 
 rebuilt on the original model. 8he 
 got her nieknanie, previously to the 
 War of 18i"2, from her dull sailing 
 qualities, wliicii were subsequently 
 very much improved. 
 
 Old World. A name popularly given 
 to the Eastern Hemisphere after the 
 discovery of America in 1-4'J2. 
 
 Ol'i-faunt, Nig'el. The hero of Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel, " The l''ortunes 
 of Nigel." [Otherwise called Lord 
 (jlencarL,cli.'\ 
 
 Olimpia (o-lem'pe-a). The lady-love 
 and wife of Bireno, in Ariosto's 
 "Orlando Furiot-o;" represented as 
 equally uncomproiaising in her love 
 and in her hate. 
 
 Olindo (o-len'do). The hero of a 
 celel)rated episode h- Tasso's epic 
 poem, " tTerusalem i)eliv 3red." See 
 
 SOFKONIA. 
 
 Oliver. \\i.Olivieri^ Olu'iero, Ulivie^o, 
 Ulivieri.~\ 1. One ot the Twelve 
 Peers of Charlemagne. See Row- 
 land. [Written also Olivier.] 
 
 2. A son of Sir Rowland de Bois, 
 in Shakespeare's " As You Like It." 
 
 O-liv'i-^. A rich countess, in Shake- 
 speare's " Twelfth Night." 
 
 Olla-pod, Cornet. A whimsical 
 apothecary, in Colman's " Poor Gen- 
 tleman," who is also a cornet in tha 
 Association Corps of Cavalry. He 
 is noted for "his jumble of physic 
 and shooting." 
 
 O-lym'pus. [Gr. 'OAu/xtto?.] A moun- 
 tain about 0000 feet high, between 
 Macedonia and Thessaly, on the sum- 
 mit of which Vulcan was fabled to 
 have built a walled town as a resi- 
 dence for Jupiter and the other heav- 
 enly gods, and a convenient place 
 of assembly for the gods Avho dwelt 
 on the earth and in the sea. 
 
 Omnibus Bill. A name popularly 
 given, in America, to a compromise 
 
 act originally inti-oduccd in the .sen- 
 ate of tlie Lnited States In' Henry 
 Clay, on the 2Jth of .lanuary, J850, 
 from the circumstance that several 
 nieasuies, entirely distinct in their 
 object, were embodied ni one bill. 
 The most important stipulations of 
 this act were those providing lor the 
 admission ofCalilornia intotiie Union 
 as a State witli its anti-slavery con- 
 stitution, tor the admission of Utah 
 and New Mexico as Territories with 
 no mention of slavery, for the aboli- 
 tion of the slave-trade in the District 
 of Columbia, and tor the more certain 
 lendition of fugitive slaves. The bill 
 did not become a law in the form in 
 which it Avas lirst presented, but the 
 object aimed at by Mr. Clay was ac- 
 complished by the passage ot' separate 
 acts. 
 Om'pha-le. [Gr. 'Ofji<f)d\rj.] [Gr. <f 
 Rom. Mi/fli.) A queen of Lydia to 
 Avliom Hercules was sf)ld for three 
 years for nnn-dering Iphitus. The 
 hero fell in love with her, and for a 
 time led an effeminate life in her so- 
 ciety, si)inning wool, and wearing 
 the garments of a Avornan, while Om- 
 phale donned his lion's skin. 
 
 Only, The. [Ger. Der Kinzige.'] A 
 title affectionately api)lied b}^ the 
 Germans to their admired poet and 
 romancist, Jean Paul Friedrich Rich- 
 ter (1703- 1 82.5), on account of the 
 unique character of his writings and 
 genius. 
 
 ifS" " Not without reason have his 
 panegyrists named him .lean Paul der 
 Einzige, ' Jean l^aul the Onfv : ' in one 
 sense or the other, either as i)rai-e or 
 ce'sure, his critics also must adojjt t lis 
 epithet ; for surelv, in the wliole circle of 
 literature we look in vain for his par- 
 allel." Carhjle. 
 
 Only Aretino, The. 
 The Only. 
 
 See AiJETiNO, 
 
 O-phe'li-a (or o-feeFya). The heroine 
 of Shakespeare's tragedy of " Ham- 
 let." She is beloved by Hamlet, who, 
 during his real or assumed madness, 
 treats her Avith undeserved and angry 
 A'iolence, and Avho afterAvard, in a lit 
 of inconsiderate rashness, kills her 
 father, the old Polonius, by mistake. 
 Tiie terrible shock given to her mind 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
OPR 
 
 270 
 
 OKE 
 
 by these events completely shatters 
 her intellect, and slic comes to her 
 death by accidental drowning. 
 
 O. P. Kiot. L'l'hat is, Old Prices Kiot.] 
 Theconnnon designation ot'a popular 
 disturbance whicn took place at the 
 opening of the new Covent-Garden 
 1 heater in London, on the 17th of 
 September, 180J,and which grew out 
 of an advance in tiie rates of admis- 
 sion. The play was " Macbeth," and, 
 from the rising of the curtain until 
 its fall, not a single word from the 
 stage could be heard in any part of 
 the house. The concurrence of the 
 whole audience — many of them being 
 persons well known and of some con- 
 sideration in the city — gave a furi- 
 ous and determined party in the pit 
 courage to proceed, and great damage 
 ■was done in pit, boxes, and galleries. 
 For many nights in succession, the 
 audience, too strong to be controlled, 
 continued their demand, and renewed 
 their depredations, while the mana- 
 gers seemed, on their part, resolved 
 not to give way; but in the end they 
 3'ielded. This contest, which had 
 continued for nearly three months, 
 Avas terminated on the 10th of De- 
 cember. 
 
 Ops. ( C,r. (/• Rmn. M;/fh.) A goddess 
 of plenty, fertility, and power, the 
 wife of Saturn, and the patroness of 
 husbandrv ; identical with Cybele^ or 
 Rhea. 
 
 Optic, Oliver. A pseudonym adopted 
 by William T. Adams, an American 
 writer of juvenile works. 
 
 Oracle, Sir. A name which occurs in 
 Shakespeare's '' Merchant of Venice" 
 (a. i., sc. 1), in the expression, — 
 
 " I nm Sir Oracle, 
 And, when I ope my lips, let no dog bark." 
 
 In the first folio, the Avords are, " I 
 am, sir, an Oracle," which is proba- 
 bly the true reading. 
 
 "Well. Sir Oracle, yon that have laid so 
 many .schemes to supplant this she-wolf of 
 Gaul, where arc all your contrivances now? 
 Sir \V. Scott. 
 
 Mouthy gentlemen are all 5iV Oracles; and 
 where they are, no dogs must bark nor violets 
 be cried. Sala. 
 
 Oracle of the Holy Bottle. See 
 
 IIoLV BoTTLi:, (^IJ.VrLK (>K TIIE. 
 
 Orange-Peel. A nickname given by 
 the Iri.-^h to Sir Itobert Peel (1788- 
 1800), at the time of his holding the 
 olhce of Chief Secretary lor Ireland 
 (J812-18i8), on account of the strong 
 anti-taiholic spirit which he dis- 
 played, and wliicli was characteristic 
 of the Protestant association, called 
 
 — after William 111., Prince of (Jrange 
 
 — the "Orange Society." In 182!), 
 however, — his opinions on this sub- 
 ject having, in the mean time, under- 
 gone a gn at change, — he actually 
 introduced into the house of commons 
 a "lielief Pill." or "Emancipation 
 Act" (10 (ieo. lY. c. 7), granting 
 certain political privileges to the Ko- 
 nian ("alholies. 
 
 Orator Hen'ley. The name by which 
 John Henley (16'J2-1750), 'a cele- 
 brated English lecturer, is generally 
 known and referred to. He delivered 
 lectures or orations on theology, poli- 
 tics, fashions, and matters in gener- 
 al, during a period of nearly thirty 
 years, and was one of the celebrities 
 of London. Pope calls him the 
 " zany of his age; " and Hogarth has 
 introduced him into many of his hu- 
 morous delineations. 
 
 Or'cus. {Rom. Myth.) The lower 
 Avorld, the abode of the dead; also, 
 the god of the lower world, Pluto; 
 sometimes used by the poets as a 
 name of Death. 
 
 Orderloy, John. See Audley, John. 
 
 Ordinance of 1787. {Amer. Hist.) 
 An act of congress for the govern- 
 ment of " the territory north-west of 
 the Ohio Kiver." Article 6 was as 
 follows: " There shall be neither 
 f-lavery nor involuntaiy servitude in 
 the said territory, otherwise than as 
 in the punishment of crimes whereof 
 the party shall have been duly con- 
 victed: Provide 1 always, that, any 
 person escaping into the same, tiom 
 whom labor or service is lawfully 
 claimed in any one of the original 
 States, such fugitive may be lawful- 
 ly reclaimed, and conveyed to the 
 person claiming his or her labor or 
 service as aforesaid " 
 
 0're-ad§ (D). [Lat. Oreades.Gr.'Opn- 
 <i6t?.] ((Jr. if Jiom. Mi/t/i.) >iymph9 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronuuciation," with the accompanying ExplanatioD^ 
 
ORE 
 
 271 
 
 ORL 
 
 of the mountains, and attendants on 
 Diana. 
 
 O'Keil'ly, Private Miles, A pseu- 
 donym ut' Colonel Charles C Hal- 
 pine, under which he has published 
 a volume of song's and speeches, ])r(»- 
 lessedly the j)roducti()n ut' an Irish 
 private in the turty-seventh regiment 
 of New York volunteers. 
 
 O-res'tes. [Gr. 'Opea-Tr;?.] ( Gt\ tf 
 Rom. .]fj/fli. ) The son of Agamemnon 
 and Clviemnestra, and I he constant 
 friend of 1*\ lades. Having slain his 
 mother and her ]>aramour yEgisthus, 
 because they had murdered his father, 
 he became mad, and fled from land 
 to land, vainly endeavoring to avoid 
 the Furies, who pursued and tor- 
 mented him. His sufferings were 
 a favorite subject for representation 
 ■with the tragic poets of Greece. See 
 Nemesis. 
 
 Orgoglio (or-gul'yo). [It., pride, arro- 
 gance.] The name of a giant, in 
 Spenser's " Faery Queen," wlio de- 
 feats the Red-cross Knight in single 
 combat, and imprisons him in a dun- 
 geon of his castle. 
 
 Orgon {oir'go^', G2). A brother-in-law 
 and a dupe of Tartutfe, in Moliere's 
 comed}' of the latter name. 
 
 J^^ " Nothing can be more happily 
 coaceived than tiie creJulit ,■ of the hon- 
 est Orgon and his more doting mother ; 
 it is that which we sometimes witness, 
 incurable except by the evidence of the 
 senses, and tightiug every inch of ground 
 against that."' Hnllam. 
 
 O-'ri-an'a (9). 1. In the romance of 
 " .Amadis de Gaul,'' a daughter of 
 Lisuarte, an imaginary king of ICng- 
 land. She is beloved by Amadis, and 
 is represented as the fairest, gentler.t, 
 and most affable, courteous, and faith- 
 ful woman in the world. 
 
 For thou htist sung how he of Gaul, 
 That Amiidls ^o f uiud in hall, 
 For Oriana foiled in l':grlit 
 The necromancer's felon might. 
 
 .S(V IT'. Scott. 
 
 2. The name was also given, in 
 flattery, to (Jueen Elizabeth, in a se'^ 
 of madrigals published in 1301, to 
 celebrate her beauty and chastity at 
 sixty-eight. 
 
 3. Ben Jonson applied the name 
 
 to Anne, queen of James I., quasi 
 Oriciis Anuii. 
 
 Oriande (()'re-6»d', fi2). A fairy cel- 
 ebrated ill the Irench romances of 
 chivalry. 
 
 O-rin'da, The Matchless, or The 
 Incompara'Dle. A poetical name 
 given to Mrs. Katharine I'hillips 
 (16ol-10G4), a distinguislied jtoetess 
 of the period of the Restoration, 
 higiily popular among her contem- 
 porai'ies. 
 
 It never did to pages wove 
 
 For gay romaiint belong: 
 It never dedicate did move, 
 As Sacharissi, unto love, — 
 
 Orinda, unto son^. 
 
 Mrs. E. B. Browning. 
 
 O-ri'on. [Gr. 'Q.pii^v.'] ( Gr. ()'• Rom. 
 Mi/li.) A mighty giant and hunt- 
 er, famous for his beauty. He Avas 
 blinded by Ginopion for ravishing 
 Merope, and expelled from Chios; 
 but, by following the sound of a 
 Cyclops' hanuner, he reached Lem- 
 nos, where he found Vulcan, who 
 gave him Cedalion as a guide to the 
 abode of the sun. Proceeding to the 
 east, — as he had been commanded 
 to do by an oracle, — and exposing 
 his eyeballs to the rays of the ris- 
 ing sun, he recovered his lost sight. 
 Orion was slain by Diana, or, as 
 some say, by Jupiter, and placed 
 among the stars, where he forms the 
 most splendid of all the constella- 
 tions, appearing as a giant wearing a 
 lion's skin and a girdle, and wielding 
 a club. See GLnopion. 
 
 Down foil the red skin of the lion 
 Into the river at lus feet; 
 Ills miglity club no longer beat 
 The foichcad of the Bull; but he 
 Reeled as of yore beside the sea 
 
 When, blinded by Qilnopion, 
 He sought the blacksmith at his forge, 
 And, climbing up the narrow gorge, 
 
 Fixed Ins blank eyes u|)on the sun. 
 Longfellow, The'Occultation of Orion. 
 
 5r/i-thy'i-a (2:)). [Gr. 'Opec6)ui.T.] 
 {'Jr. if Rnin. Mjidi.) A daughter of 
 Ereclitheus, beloved by Boreas, who 
 carried her off as Aie was wandering 
 near the river Ilissus. See Boreas. 
 
 Or-lan'do. [Otherwise called Roland.] 
 
 1. The name of a so-called nephew 
 
 of Charlenuigne, and the hero of the 
 
 romantic tales and poems founded on 
 
 the adventures of Charlemagne and 
 
 ind for tha Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
ORL 
 
 272 
 
 ORP 
 
 Lis paladins, as Pulci's "Morj^ante 
 Ma^ji'loiv," Bujardo's "Orlando In- 
 iianiorato," and Ariostu's •* Orlando 
 l"uno>o." lie is the model of a true 
 knij^'ht, — single- minded, genennis, 
 compassionate, and valiant. His 
 deatli is courageous and pious: he 
 thinks of the grief of his wit'e Alda- 
 bella, and the mourning of Charle- 
 magne, and after recommending them 
 to God, lie embraces his liimuus sword 
 Durandal, pressing it to his heart, 
 and, comforted by an angel, lixes his 
 eyes on heaven and expires. .Many 
 ■wonderful stories are told of his mag- 
 ical honi, called Olivant, which he 
 Avon from a giant named Jatmund, 
 or Jasmandus, and which was origi- 
 nally the property of Alexander the 
 Great. It was of ivory, of immense 
 size, — bigger than a massy beam, 
 Cervantes says, — and endowed with 
 such marvelous power that it might be 
 heard to a distance of twenty miles. 
 See Mahsiglio, Roland, and Du- 
 randal. 
 
 jft3=' Bqjardo took for his subject the 
 fabulous wars of Charlemagne against 
 the Saracens, the theme of many an old 
 legend and romance : but he placed the 
 scene in France, and under the walls of 
 Paris, which" he represents as besieged 
 by two hosts of infidels, one under t e 
 command of AgramUnte, emperor of Af- 
 rica, and the other led by Gradasso, king 
 of Sericana. He adopted Orlando — the 
 Roland of the French romances — for his 
 hero ; but, while others had represented 
 him as the champion of Chri-tendom, 
 passionless and above frailty. Bojardo 
 makes him fall in love with Angelica, a 
 fascinating coquette, who had come aft 
 the way from farthest Asia to sow dissen- 
 sion among the Christians. Ariosto took 
 up the subject as left to him by Bojardo, 
 and making Angelica fall in love herself 
 with Medoro. an obscure youthful squire, 
 he represents Orlando as driven mad by 
 jealousy and indignation ; he continues 
 in this stiite during the greater part of 
 the poem, committing a thousand ab- 
 surdities, until he is restored to reason 
 by Astolfo, who brings back his wits in 
 a phial from the moon. 
 
 Like that mirror of knightly virtue, the re- 
 nowned paladhi Orlando, he was more anx- 
 ious to (Id trroat octions than to talk of them 
 after thi-y were done. IF. Irving. 
 
 The clangor of his trumpet, like that of the 
 ivory horn of the renowiicd paladin Orlando, 
 when expiring on the glorious field of Ron- 
 
 ceBvalles, rang far and wide through tht 
 Country, alarming the neighbors round, wlio 
 liurrieu in umazeiueiit to the i<|>ot. 
 
 W. Irving. 
 
 2. A .son of Sir Rowland de Bois, 
 
 in .Shake>i)eare's comedy of " As 
 You Like It." 
 
 Or'miizd, or dr'o-mas'des. [Old 
 Vai; (ihuiv-iiiazddu, tha spiritual being 
 who is the creator of all things.] 
 {Ptr. Mytli.) The name of the su- 
 preme deity of the ancient Persians, 
 and of their descendants, the Parsees 
 and Guebers. He is an embodiment 
 of the principle of good, and was 
 created by the will of the great eternal 
 spirit, Zervan-Akharana, siinidtane- 
 ously with Ahriman, the principle of 
 evil, with whom he is in perpetual 
 conflict. Ornmzd is the creator of 
 the earth, sun, moon, and stars, to 
 each of which he originally assigned 
 its proper place, and whose various 
 movements he continues to regulate. 
 
 4Q=" According to the Persian myths, 
 the world — which is to last 12,000 jears, 
 during which the war between the good 
 and the evil principle is to go on increasing 
 — is at length to be consumed, the evil 
 principle exterminated, and a new world 
 created in its room, over which Orniuzd 
 is to reign as the supreme and sole mon- 
 arch. 
 
 It seemed as if those two [Pitt and Fox! 
 were the Ormuzd and Ahriman of political 
 nature. Carlyle. 
 
 6r'o-on-da'tes. A prominent char- 
 acter in La Calprenede"s romance, 
 "Cassandra." He is the only son of 
 a great king of Scythia, and falls in 
 love with the fair Statira, widow of 
 Alexander the Great, and daughter 
 of Darius. After many adventures, 
 full of difficulty and danger, he wins 
 her hand. 
 
 I looked upon myself as a princess in some 
 region of romance, who, bting delivered from 
 the power of a brutiil giant or satyr by a 
 generous Oroondates.wa^ bound in gratitude. 
 OS well as led by inclination, to jield up my 
 affection to him witliout reser^'e. ' Smollett. 
 
 It was the love of Anindis and Oriana, of 
 Oroondati-.'i and Statini: that love which re- 
 quired a sacrifice f>f every wish, hope, and 
 feeling unconnected with itself. Sir )>". Scott. 
 
 A creature so well educated, said the Duke, 
 with tlie sense she is s'lid to possess, would, 
 rustic ns she is, laugh at the assumed rants of 
 
 Oroonduteji. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Or'pheus. [Gr. 'Op<^ei;?.] ( Gi: (f 
 Rom. Myth.) A famous Argonaut, 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
ORP 
 
 273 
 
 OSI 
 
 irhose skill in music was so wonder- 
 ful tliat lie could nialie even trees and 
 rocks lollow liiui. Irle was the hus- 
 band of Euiydice •, atter lier death, he 
 went to llie lower world to recover 
 her, and so charmed I'lato and I'roscr- 
 pine with the music ot his lyre that 
 tliey consented to let her ^o, provided 
 he lorlxire to look behind i)ini until 
 he hud gained tlie upper regions; but 
 he lorgot iiis promise, and lookeil 
 back to ^ee ir Eurydice was loJlowing, 
 when she vanisiied Irom his sight in- 
 stantly and lor ever. 
 
 But oh, sad virgin, tliat tlij' power 
 Might . . . hid tlie soul of 0/7j//ei(s sing 
 Such notes us, warbled to the string, 
 Drew iron tears down Pluto's check, 
 And niude hell grant what love did seek. 
 
 21iUon. 
 
 Or'phetis of Highwayraen. A ti- 
 tle popularly given to the poet Gay 
 (1688-1732)' on account of his " Beg- 
 gar's Opera," a famous play, which, 
 according to Sir John Fielding, was 
 never represented " without creating 
 an additional number of thieves." 
 
 Or-si'no. Duke of Illyria, in Shake- 
 speare's " Twelfth Night." 
 
 Or'son (or'sn). [Fr. ourson, a little 
 bear, ours, a bear, from Lat. ursus. 
 It. orso.] One of the heroes in the 
 old romance of " Valentine and Or- 
 son; " a twin, who, being adopted by 
 a bear, grew up with bearish quali- 
 ties. See Valentine. 
 
 Among the dapper royal gentlemen of the 
 eighteenth century, what was to be done with 
 such an Orson of a king [as Frederick William 
 of Prussia]? Carhjlc. 
 
 A large class of her fellow- oountrvmcn, 
 ■who, in their every word, avow themselves to 
 be as senseless to the hij^h principles on which 
 America sprang, a nation, into life, as any 
 Orson in her legislati\-e halls. Dickens. 
 
 Orville, Lord. The hero of Miss 
 Burney's novel of "Evelina," and 
 the amiable and devoted lover of that 
 young lady, whom he tinally marries. 
 
 Os'bal-dis'tone, Eash'leigh (-li). 
 See RASHLEKiir. 
 
 O'Shan'ter, Tarn. The title of a poem 
 by Burns, and the name of its hero, 
 a farmer, who, riding home very late 
 and very drunk from Ayr, in a stormy 
 night, had to pass by the kirk of 
 Alloway, a place reputed to be a 
 favorite haunt of the Devil and liis 
 
 friends and emissaries. On approach- 
 ing the kirU, he j)erceived a light 
 gleaming tiirough the windows; but 
 having got courageously drunk, he 
 ventured on till lie coidd look into 
 the edilice, when he saw a dance of 
 witches merrily tooting it round their 
 master, who was j)layiiig on the bag- 
 pijjC to them. The dance grew so 
 furious that they all stripped them- 
 selves of their upper garments, and 
 kept at it ill their shifts. One " win- 
 some wench " haj)pening unluckily 
 to have a shift which was considera- 
 bly too short to answer all the j)ur- 
 poses of that uselul article of dress, 
 Tam was so tickled that he involun- 
 tarily roared out, " Weeldone, Cutty- 
 sark," [Well done, Short - smock] ; 
 whereupon in an instant all was dark, 
 and Tam, recollecting himself, turned 
 and spurred his "'gray mare. IM eg," 
 to the top of her speed, chased by the 
 whole fiemlish crew. It is a current 
 belief that witches, or any evil spirits, 
 have no power to iolloAv a poor wight 
 any further than the middle of the 
 next running stream, fortunately 
 for Tam, the river Toon was near; 
 for, notwithstanding the s- peed of his 
 mare, by the time he had gained the 
 middle of the arch of the bridge, 
 and consecjuently the middle of the 
 stream, the pursuing vengeful hags 
 Avere so close at his heels that one 
 of them, " Cutty -sark," actually 
 sprang to seize him; but it was too 
 late, — nothing was on her side of 
 the stream but the mare's tail, which 
 immediately gave way at her inter- 
 nal gripe, as if blasted by a stroke 
 of lightning; but the farmer was be- 
 yond her reach. 
 
 The numberand nature of the ''mosses and 
 waters" which he had to cross in his pere- 
 grination was fully sufficient to . . . render 
 his journey as toilsome and danj^erous as 
 Ta7Tt O Shanier's celehmted retreat from Ayr. 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 0-si'ris(9). [Gr. 'Oatpi?.] (Myih.) A 
 great Egyptian divinity, the god of 
 the sun, and the source of life and 
 fruitfulness ; regarded also as the god 
 of the Nile. He was worshiped under 
 the i'orm of an ox. 
 
 j8®=- Tn the beginning. Osiris reigned 
 over Egypt, aud was greatly beloTed ; but 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules; to which the numbers atter certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 18 
 
OSR 
 
 274 
 
 OTX 
 
 his envious "brnthor Typlmn formed a con- 
 «piriu;> to j^ct ril ni' liiiii. Mikiu^ .i liaiid- 
 fiouie chest of tli« exact diuieutiioii.s «f 
 Osiris, lie proiiuceii it .it a banquet at 
 which Osiris was (•re>ei.i. ami iiroiiii-^yl 
 to give it to wlioia.soever it wouli tit. All 
 of ttic conspir itors in turn lay down aud 
 tried it, hut it suited none of them. At 
 last O.siris j?ot into it. when T\ phon 
 closed the lid. aud threvi' the chest into 
 the Nile. It tlo.ited down the river, and 
 through the I'auMiiji- braut^h into the 
 Jlediterraneau. The loss ot the god was 
 soon discovered, and his wife l.-^is iuime- 
 diately began to search for tae body. At 
 length she found it on the coast ot IMioe- 
 nicia. and took it back to Kgvpt. where 
 she depo-ited it in an unfrequented spot : 
 but L'yphou discovered it, and cut it into 
 fourteen pieces, distributing them among 
 as many nomes, or districts. Isis wa^j 
 forced to make another search, and suc- 
 ceeded in finding thirteen of the pieces, 
 but the reuiainiig one had been eaten by 
 the fishes of toe Nile, and had to be re- 
 placed by one of wood. Temples were ulti- 
 mately raised wherever a limb of tlie god 
 had beeu found, and one of surpassing | 
 magnificence at Philae, where the body was i 
 finally pi iced. During all this time Tv- | 
 phon had been undisputed monarch in 
 Egypt, but he had not slain llorus. tiie i 
 sou of Osiris and Isis, who had beeu con- j 
 cealed from his anger in the city of Hutis. 
 Wlien llorus grew up and became strong, 
 he left tiis coacealnient. proclaimed war 
 upon his father's murdei-er. vanquished 
 him in a series of battles, ami finally ' 
 slew him, aud threw his carcass into 
 Lake Sirbon. 
 
 Nor is Osiris seen 
 
 In Memphiau grove or greea. 
 
 Trampling tlie unshowered grass with low- 
 ing* loud: 
 
 Nor can he be at rest 
 
 Within his sacroj che«t; 
 Nau'.;ht but profoundest hell can be his 
 shroud: 
 
 In vaiu with timbrelel anthems dark 
 
 The s.ible-stoltd sorcerers bear his worshiped 
 ark. Milion. 
 
 0§'rick. A courtier, in Shakespeare's 
 "■ Haiultt." 
 
 IS£S^ •• Osrick is a tvpe of the enphuist, 
 or atfected courtier of Shakespeare's time, 
 who was a hiir-splitter in thought, and 
 absurdly dainty and extravagant in ex- 
 pression/' A'. G. White. 
 
 Os'sa. [Gr. 'Oo-o-a.] .\ hijrh inouiitain 
 in Thes.'ialy, near Pelion. The an- 
 cients placed the abode ot" the (iiants 
 and tlie Centaurs in the nei;;hbor- 
 hood of these two mountains, and 
 they feigned that the Giants piled 
 
 Ossa upon Pelion in their attempti 
 to scale heaven. 
 
 Os'siSLn (osh'iln). A fabulous Celtic 
 wariior poet mentioned in Krse bal- 
 lads and Hj_:.cliland traditions, and 
 chietiy known tVom Maepherson's 
 pretended " I'oeiiis of Ossian." 
 
 Ost-end' Manifesto. iAmtr. Hist.) 
 A name popuLarJy given in America 
 to a dcelaration by .lames Buchanan, 
 minister to Knglaml, John Y. Mason, 
 minister to Iraiicc. and I'ierre Soule, 
 minister to Spain, that Cuba must be 
 acquired by the United States, as not 
 only necessary to the jwlitical power 
 of th« Union, but especially indis- 
 pensable to the welfare and .security 
 of the slave - holding portion of it. 
 This declaration was in the form of 
 a joint communication to the home 
 government, and was dated at Ai.\- 
 la-Chapelle on the 17th of ( )ctober, 
 18-57, though a preliminary confer- 
 ence of three days' duration had been 
 held at Ostend in Belgium. 
 
 Os'w"4ld. Steward to Goneril, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of " Lear." 
 
 O-thel'lo. A Moor of Venice, in 
 Shakespeare's play of the same name. 
 He marries Desdemona, the daughter 
 of a Venetian senator, and is led by 
 his ensign, lago, a consummate vil- 
 lain, to distrust her lidelity and virtue, 
 and finally to kill her; not, however, 
 in jealousy, ])roporly speaking, but, 
 as Coleridge says, "in a conviction 
 forced upon him by the almo.st super- 
 human art of lago, — such a convic- 
 tion as any man would and must 
 have entertained who had believed 
 lago's honesty, as Othello did." 
 
 Other One, The. [Fr. 7/ Autre.'] An 
 allusive soliriciuet given to Napoleon 
 Bonaparte l)v his partisans in Franco 
 during his Vtanishment to Elba. See 
 
 VioLKT, Court )HAL. 
 
 Ot'nit. A fa1)Mlons emperor of the 
 Lombards who figures in one of the 
 most pleasing poems in the old Ger- 
 man " Heldeiibiich." By the hel]i 
 of the celebrated dwarf Elberich (see 
 Oukkon) he gains the daughter of 
 the painim soldan of Syria for his 
 wife. 
 
 IS^ For the " Key t<.> the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanyiiit; Explunatiuna 
 
OTR 
 
 ?7o 
 
 OWL 
 
 O'Trig'ger, Sir Lucius. An honest, 
 fortune-'huntin;^^ liihiTuian in ^iheri- 
 dan's (.•oiML'dy of *• I'lie Kivals." He 
 is noted tor liis love of lighting. 
 
 As Sir /,«(•/'«.< 0"J'ii(j!/cr says, there was an 
 air ufsucci'ss about Cui)tain Oluvelandj wliich 
 Was iiiiglity provoking. jSir H . Scott. 
 
 Ot'u-el, Sir. A haughty and pre- 
 suniptiious Saracen, nepliew to the 
 I'ainoiis iH-rragus, or Icrraciite. He 
 was nuratiiloiisly converted from 
 paganism to Christianity, and mar- 
 ried the daughter of Cliarlemagne. 
 
 Outis (ow'tis, or oo'tis). [Gr. outi?, 
 nobody, from ov, not, and n?, any 
 one. J An assumed name which 
 Ulysses, in the '" Odyssey," palms off 
 as his real name upon i^olyphemus, 
 a Cyclops, wiiose single eye he de- 
 stroys while the monster is stretched 
 out on the ground in a drunken 
 sleep. 
 
 All now looked on him [Robespierre] with 
 fear, and none dared liope at the hands of the 
 Dictator a better boon than th.it whieh is 
 
 Sroniised to Outis, that he should be the last 
 evoured. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Those feel it[poctry] most, and write it best, 
 who forget tliat it is a work of art; . . . who 
 are too much frightened for IHysses in the I 
 C'lve of Polyphemus to care whether the pun I 
 about Ottfi.-i be good or bad. Jdicaukif/. \ 
 
 Overdo, Justice. A prominent and 
 
 cele!)rated character in Ben Jonson's 
 
 *' Bartholomew I'air." 
 
 " Your friend, here," said Claverhouse to 
 the veteran, coolly, "is one of thfisc scrupu- 
 lous gentlemen who, like tlie madmin in the 
 plav, will not tit' his cravat without the war- 
 rant of Mr. ,/«.v//Vv' Orarilo." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Overdone, Mistress. A bawd, in 
 Shakespeare's '• Measure for Meas- 
 ure." 
 
 Overreach, Sir Giles. A famous 
 character in ^Nlassinger's comedy, '" A 
 New AVav to pay Old lehts," in- 
 tended to represent a real person, one 
 Sir Giles Mompesson, a notorious 
 usurer of the day, who was expelled 
 the kingdom tV)r his misdeeds. Over- 
 reach is a hold, unscrupulous op- 
 pressor, greedy of wealth, intensely 
 passionate, and of inordinate pride 
 and ambition. 
 
 The son wns proud, not of his f ither's fame, 
 but of his father's money, and withal not 
 penerous, nor exactly extrrvagant, but using 
 money as power, — power thit allowed him to 
 insult an equal or to buy a slave. Tn a word, 
 his nickname at school was " ,SV> frifes Orer- 
 rcach." Sir E. Buhoer Lytton. 
 
 Ow'ain, Sir. An Irish knight of King 
 Stephen's court, who is fabled to 
 have entered and passed through St. 
 Patrick's Purgatory by way of per- 
 forming penance for luiving lived a 
 life of violence and lajjine. The le- 
 gend of the descent of Owain, com- 
 posed by Henry, an English Bene- 
 dictine monk of the abbey of Saltrey, 
 in llo^i, first made known to the 
 world the .story of the Purgatory of 
 St. Patrick. See St. pAxmcK's 
 
 PUKGATUKY. 
 
 Owle-glass, TyU. [Ger. Tyll Evlen- 
 s/ju(/(:l, from e«/e, owl, ajntr/el^ glass; 
 hence, Vv. tsplrt/U-, waggish, origi- 
 nally ults/nr(j(t.\ The liero of a 
 '• V'olksbuch," or (ierman popular 
 comic tale, often alluded to by va- 
 rious old authors, which relates the 
 freaks, pranks, drolleries, fortunes, 
 and misfortunes, of a Avandering me- 
 chanic, said to have been born in 
 the village of Kneittingen, in Bruns- 
 Avick. The author of this work is 
 supposed to have been Dr. Thomas 
 jNIurner (1475 — about 1530), a Fran- 
 ciscan friar, and a jirolific writer. 
 Translations exist in Knglish, French, 
 Italian, and other languages. Our 
 English version, entitled ''The mer- 
 rA^e jeste of a man that was called 
 Jlotcle-f/f.'i.'f.'i, and of many marveylous 
 thinges and jestes that he did in his 
 lyfe in I'>astland," was " Imprinted at 
 London in 'i'amestreete, at the Vin- 
 Ire, in Three (Jraned \\'arfe, by Wyl- 
 lyam Copland." Another edition, in 
 a modified Ibrm, appeared in 1720. 
 The excellent edition by Kenneth 
 R. II. Mackenzie (London, 1800), 
 though in the main following the 
 Low (ierman original of 151i), is not 
 a simple translation, hut a collection 
 orselection of Owle-glass stories made 
 by a collation of several editions in 
 the German, French, and Ileinish 
 languages, and including two or three 
 tales wholly his own. [Written also 
 II o w 1 e - g 1 a s s, O w ] c - S p i e g e 1, 
 and U len -S pi egcL] 
 
 j^^ " We may sny that to few mortals 
 has it been granted to ear:i such a place 
 i I universal history as 'I;, 11 Eulenspiepel. 
 Now, after five centuries, Tyll's native 
 ■village is pointed out witli pride to tha 
 
 ftnd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain wordii refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
OWL 
 
 276 
 
 OX 
 
 traveler; ami liis tombstone — with a 
 sculptured pun on his name, an owl, 
 namely, and a glass — still stands, or 
 pretends to stand, ' at Mblleu, near Lii- 
 bcck," whore. .«ince 13o0. his once nim- 
 ble bones have V)een at rest."' Carlyle. 
 '• The inhabitants of Damme, in Belgium, 
 also boast of having his bones in their 
 churrh-yard. and place his death in 1301, 
 po that s«'veral critics regard F-ulenspie- 
 gel iis an altogether imaginary person, a 
 
 mere nnminis umbm affixed to a cycle 
 of mediaeval tricks and adventures. The 
 opinion, however, considered most prob- 
 able is, that Eulen-piegel is not a myth, 
 but that there were two historical in- 
 dividuals ot that name, father and son, 
 of whom thi^ former died at Damme, and 
 the latter at Mnlln." Chambers. 
 
 Ox, Dvunb, or Mute. 
 Ox. 
 
 See Dumb 
 
 , e^ F«r the " Key to the Scheme of Pronuaciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
PAC 
 
 277 
 
 PAL 
 
 P. 
 
 Paeiflcation of Ghent. ( Eist. ) The 
 name ^ivcii to ii compact entered into 
 bv the north and soutli ])rovinees of 
 the Netherlands to resist the tyranny 
 of Spain. It was signed at Ghent, 
 November 8, 157t). 
 
 Pac'o-let. A dwarf in the old ro- 
 mance of '' Valentine and Orson," 
 "full of great sense and subtle in- 
 genuity," who owned an enchanted 
 steed, made of wood, which is often 
 alluded to by early writers. The 
 name of Pacolet was borrowed by 
 Steele for his familiar spirit in the 
 " Tatler." The French have a prov- 
 erb, " It is the horse of Pacolet ; " that 
 is, it is one who goes extremely quick. 
 
 Here is a letter, she said, . . . which . . . 
 misht, perliaps, never have reached your 
 hands, had it not fallen into the possession of 
 a certain I'ncnlet, or enchanted dwarf, whom, 
 like all distressed damsels of romance, I re- 
 tain in my secret service. Sir IT. Scott. 
 
 Pac-tolus. [Gr. na^TcoAo?.] The an- 
 cient name of a river of Lydia, Asia 
 Minor, which was said to flow over 
 golden sands. It is now the Bagou- 
 ly. See Midas. 
 
 Pad'g-lon. {Bindu Myth.) The un- 
 der - world, the abode of departed 
 spirits ; thought to be of an octago- 
 nal shape, and to liave its eight gate- 
 ways guarded bj^ as many gods. 
 
 PsB'on. [Gr. Ilaidiv.'] {Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) The physician of the gods; 
 the god of medicine; — used some- 
 times as a surname of JEsculajnus. 
 See ^scuLAPius. [Written also 
 Pa; an.] 
 
 Page, Anne. A young w^oman, in 
 Shakespeare's " Merry Wives of 
 Windsor," in love with Fenton. 
 
 Page, Mr. A gentleman living at 
 Windsor, in Shakespeare's " Merry 
 Wives of Windsor;" distinguished 
 for his uxoriousness. 
 
 Page, Mrs. A gentlewoman, in Shake- 
 speare's " Merry Wives of Windsor," 
 with whom Sir John Falstatf is in 
 
 love, and who joins with Mrs. Ford 
 in a plot to dupe and disgrace him. 
 
 Page, William. A school- boy in 
 Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of 
 Windsor;" a son of the Mr. Pago 
 who figures in the same play. 
 
 Painter of the Graces. A name 
 applied by his contemporaries to An- 
 drea Appiani (175-t-]817), an Italian 
 painter celebrated for his beautiful 
 
 frescoes. 
 
 Paix des Dames (padiidam). Sec 
 Ladiks' Pkace. 
 
 Paix Pourr6e (pa foo'ra'). See 
 Patcukd-up Peace. 
 
 Pa-lse'mon. [Gr. UaXai^tav.'] 1. {Gr. 
 tf Rinn. }tylh.) A sea-god friendly 
 to the shipwrecked; — a surname of 
 Melicei'tes, the son of I no. See 
 Melicertes. 
 
 2. A shepherd in Virgil's third 
 Eclogue. He is chosen umpire in a 
 musical contest between Damoetas 
 and Menalcas, but, after hearing 
 them, declares his inability to decide 
 such an important controversy. 
 
 PaPa-me'des. [Gr. naAa/A^Srjs.] 
 ( Gr. cf Rom. Myth.) A son of Nau- 
 plius, king of Eubcea, and of Clym- 
 ene, his wife. He was celebrated 
 for his inventive genius, and is said 
 to have been the iirst who made 
 measures, scales, dice. &c. Hence 
 the name is sometimes used as an 
 appellation of any ingenious man. 
 When Ulysses, to avoid going to the 
 Trojan war, feigned madness, and 
 plowed up the sea-shore, sowing it 
 Avith salt, Palamedes discovered the 
 deception by placing Ulysses' son 
 Telemachus in the way, which com- 
 pelled him to turn the plow aside, 
 that he might not hurt the boy. For 
 this Ulysses hated and persecuted 
 Palamedea, and at last caused his 
 destruction; thouch, as to the way 
 in which this was effected, accounts 
 differ 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
PAL 
 
 278 
 
 PAL 
 
 Pal'a-me'dSs, Sir. A fjallant Sara- 
 cen kiii;;iit, the iiiitortiniate and de- 
 spairiiii; adoivr of Isolde, overcome 
 ill siii<,^Ie coiiil)at by Sir Tristram, his 
 siiccesst'ul rival, who converted iiiin 
 to Christianity, had liim baptized, 
 and became his godfather. 
 
 Pal'S-mon. A cliaracter in the 
 " Knight's Tale " in (Jhancer's" Can- 
 terbury Tales." This poem is an im- 
 itation of one l)y Boccaccio, entitled 
 '' Le Teseide." Dryden made a spir- 
 ited version of Chaucer's ])oem, which 
 he published under the name of " Pal- 
 auion and Arcite." The i)lot turns 
 upon the love of these two youths for 
 a beautiful lady nanu'(l Emilia. In 
 the conclusion, Palamon, after many 
 troubles. ol)tains her; while Arcite, 
 who had taken advantage of Pala- 
 mon's friendsliip, is killed. 
 
 Pale, The. (Jrisli Hist.) That por- 
 tion of the kingdom of Ireland over 
 which the P^nglish rule and English 
 law were acknowledged after the in- 
 vasion of 1 172. It may be considered, 
 in a general way, as comprising the 
 counties of I)ul)lin, Meath, Carlow, 
 Kilkenny, and Louth, though the 
 limits of the district varied at dif- 
 ferent times. According to Knight, 
 it originally comj^rised all the eastern 
 coast of Ireland from Dundalk Bay 
 to Waterford harbor, and extended 
 some forty or lifty miles inland. It 
 Avas so called Ix-cause the conquerors, 
 in fear of the half-snbdued natives, 
 " inclosed and iinp-ilcd themselves, as 
 it were, within certain lists and ter- 
 ritories." [Called also The Knylisit 
 Pale.] 
 
 Pa-le'mSn. 1. A character in Fal- 
 coner's " Shipwreck," in love with 
 the daughter of Albert, the com- 
 mander. 
 
 2. The hero of an episode in 
 Thomson's "• Seasons " (''Autumn " ) ; 
 represented as "the pride of swains," 
 and the owner of harvest-fields, in 
 ■which ''the lovely young Lavinia " 
 coming to glean, Palemon falls in 
 love with her, and wooes and wins 
 her. 
 
 The pomposition nnd harmony of the work 
 rSouthey's " Th^iliha"], ai'ciinliinfly, is inucli 
 like the pattern of that patch work drapery 
 
 that is sometimes to he met with in the ma«- 
 sioiis of tlie iudustriou.s, wliere a blue tfr« 
 overshadows u shell-tish, nnd a >;iganfir but- 
 terfly seems ready to swallow up Pultmun and 
 Lavinia. Jvjirty. 
 
 Pa'les. {Rnm. Miith.) The tutelary 
 deity of shepherds, tlocks, and cat- 
 tle; worshiped with great solemnity 
 among the Komans. 
 
 Pomona loves the orchard, 
 
 And Liber l()\es the vine, 
 And I'nivs loves the straw-lniilt shed 
 
 Warm with the breath of kine. 
 
 Macatilay. 
 
 PaPi-nu'rus. [Or. riaAo'ovpo?.] The 
 pilot of ^Eneas, in Virgil's ''^Eneid," 
 who fell asleep at the helm, and tum- 
 bled into the sea when ott' the coast 
 of Lucania, Avhence the name of the 
 ])romontory near the spot. [Written 
 also poetically, and in an Anglicized 
 form. Pal i n ur e.] 
 
 More had she spoke, but j-awned. All nature 
 
 nods; 
 VVlint mortal can resisttheyawn of gods? . . . 
 Wide, and more wide, it spreads o'er all the 
 
 realm ; 
 Even /'«/(//!/>■(/.< nodded at the helm. Pope. 
 His [Frederick the Great's] J'dlinurtix and 
 chief counselo!-, at present and afterward, is a 
 Count von Briihl, ... a cunning little wretch, 
 tliey say, and of daft tongue, but surely 
 among the unwisest of all tlie sons of Adam 
 in that day, and such a I'alinunts as seldom 
 steered before. Curlyle. 
 
 Palla-diae of England. The hero 
 of an old " Famous, Pleasant, and 
 Delightful History," formerly very 
 popular. It was translated from the 
 French, and was originallv published 
 in 1.58(5. 
 
 Pal-la'di-um. [Gr. llaAAiStoi'.] ( Gr. 
 if Rom. Mijilt.) A famous statue of 
 Pallas, or Minerva, ."^aid to have fall- 
 en from heaven upon the plain of 
 Troy. On its preservation the safety 
 of Troy depended; and it was there- 
 fore stolen by L'lysses and Diomed. 
 
 Pallas. [(Jr. HaAAas.] (Gr. i.f Rom. 
 Mj/tli.) A surname of Minerva. See 
 
 MiNEUV.V. 
 
 Can tyrants but bv tyrants conquered be. 
 And Freedom tind nochainpion and no child. 
 Such as Cohimbii s>w arise, when she 
 Sprang forth a Pallas, armed and undefiled ? 
 
 Dfiroiu 
 
 PaPmer-in. The hero of several fa- 
 mous old romances of chivalry, par- 
 ticularly the two entitled " Palmeriu 
 de Oliva" and " Palmerin of Eng- 
 land." 
 
 QST' For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
PAL 
 
 279 
 
 PAX 
 
 Bnt, believe me, though to be an absolute 
 Patmtrin ui' Kii^riiiiid is not in my nature, no 
 son ever loved a mother more dearly, or would 
 do more to (>l)lige her. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Palmetto State. Tlie State of South 
 Carolina ; — so called from the arms of 
 the State, Avhich contain a palmetto- 
 tree. 
 
 Pam. A familiar diminutive or con- 
 traction of PdliHtrsUm, the titular 
 name of Henry Jului 'leinple (1784- 
 18155), a distinguished English states- 
 man, minister, and diplomatist, and 
 a viscount of the Irish peerage. 
 
 Pa-me'la. The title of a celebrated 
 novel bv Richardson, and the name 
 (adopted by him from Sir Philip 
 Sidney's " Arcadia ") of its heroine, 
 a simple and innocent conn try -girl, 
 whose virtue a dissolute master as- 
 sails by violence, as well as all the 
 milder means of i;eduction, but who 
 con(|uers him at last, by persevering 
 in the paths of rectitude, and is re- 
 warded by being raised to the sta- 
 tion of his wife, the lawful participa- 
 tor in his rank and fortune. 
 
 4®= "Althou.ii;h some objection may be 
 made to the deductions which the author 
 desired and expected should be drawn 
 from the story of Pamela, yet the pure 
 and modest character of the Enj^lish 
 maiden is so well maintairied during the 
 work ; her sorrows and afflictions are 
 borne with so much meekness ; her little 
 intervals of hope or comparative tran- 
 quillity break in on her troubles so much 
 like the specks of blue sky through a 
 cloudy atmosphere, that the whole rec- 
 ollection is soothing, tranquilizing, and 
 doubtless edifying."' Sir W. Scott. 
 
 i8@= " She told me that . . . they had a 
 daughter of a very strange name. Pamela 
 or Pamela ; some pronounce it one way, 
 and some the other." 
 
 Field in g, Joseph Andrews. 
 
 Pan. [Gr. Ilai', probably connected 
 with Traoj, Lat. pasco, to feed, to pas- 
 ture ; but thought by some to be the 
 same as to nay, the whole, the uni- 
 verse.] ((??'. if Rom. Myth.) The 
 son of IMercury and Penelope, and 
 the god of woods, shepherds, and 
 huntsmen ; represented as a grim, 
 shaggy l)eing, with horns, pointed 
 ears, a crooked nose, a tail, and 
 goat's feet. He was fond of music, 
 and possessed prophetic powers. He 
 
 had a terrific voice, and sometime 
 appeared unexpectedly to travelers, 
 whom he startled with a sudden awe 
 or terror. It was a current belief 
 among the early Christians, that, at 
 the moment of our Saviour's cruci- 
 fixion, a deep groan, lu'ard all through 
 the Grecian isles, told that the great 
 Pan was dead, and all the gods of 
 Olympus dethroned. See Syhinx. 
 
 Airs, vernnl airs, 
 Breathing the smell of field and grove, attune 
 The trembling leaves; while tiniversiil l'<in. 
 Knit with the (inicts and the Hours in danee, 
 Led on the eternal si)ring. Milton. 
 
 The lonely mountains o'er, 
 And the resounding shore, 
 
 A voice of weeping heard and loud lament; 
 From haunted spring and dale, 
 Edged with pojilar pale. 
 
 The parting genius is with sighing sent: 
 "With fiower-inwoven tresses torn. 
 The nymphs in twilight shade of tangled 
 thickets mourn. Hilton. 
 
 Pan'da-rus. [Gr. navSapo?.] A son 
 of Lj'caon, and leader of the Lycians 
 in the Trojan war, celebrated by 
 Homer in the " Iliad." In mediieval 
 romances, and by Chaucer in " Troi- 
 lus and Cresseide," and Shakespeare 
 in " Troilus and Cressida," he is rep- 
 resented as procuring for Troilus the 
 love and good graces of Chryseis; 
 hence the word pnnder (formerly 
 written pmnbtr) is used to denote a 
 pimp, or procurer. 
 
 Pan'de-mo'ni-um. [Gr. Tra?, nav, 
 all, and Saiimoji', a demon.] A name 
 given by Milton to 
 
 " The higli capital 
 Of Satan and his peers." 
 
 (Far. Lost, Bk. I.) 
 
 Pan-do'ra (9). [Gr. UavhiLpa, the all- 
 endowed.] {Gr. cf- Rom. Myth.) The 
 first mortal woman; made by Vul- 
 can, at the command of Jupiter. She 
 was very beautiful, and all the gods 
 made her presents, that she might 
 win the heart of Prometheus, to 
 whom Jove sent her, designing, that, 
 by her charms, miseries of every kind 
 should be brought upon men, as a 
 punishment for the crime of Prome- 
 theus in stealing fire from heaven. 
 Prometheus, however, would not re- 
 ceive her; and ^lercurv accordingly 
 took her to Epimetheus, Avho had less 
 wisdom, and was captivated by her 
 loveliness. A later form of the txa- 
 
 ^nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
PAN 
 
 280 
 
 PAN 
 
 dition says that Jupiter gave her a 
 box tilled with winged blessings, 
 wliicii would licivc buuii preserved lur 
 tile liumaii race, had not euricisity 
 tempted her to open it, when all tiew 
 out, except Hope. 
 
 In naked beauty more adorned, 
 More lovely, tliaii I'anLtiru, whom the gods 
 Endowed "with all their gitls; and olil too 
 
 like 
 In siid event, when to the unwiscr son 
 Of'Japhet l)i(iu>clit by Hermes, slie ensnared 
 M in kind with her lair looks, to he avenjred 
 On him who had stole Jove's authentic fire. 
 
 Hilton. 
 
 Pan'gloss. [Gr. irii', all, and vAdxra-a, 
 tongue.] 1. An optimist philosopher 
 in Voltaire's " Candide." 
 
 2. A noted pedant in Colman's 
 play entitled ''The Heir at Law;" 
 poor, hut proud of being an LL.D., 
 and, moreover, an A.k.S. {Artlurn 
 (S('( ittdlis Sen lus). 
 
 Pan-handle, The. A fanciful and 
 cant name given, from its form, to 
 the most northerly portion of the 
 State of West Virginia, — a long, 
 narrow projection between the Ohio 
 Kiver and the western boundary of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pan-jan'drum, The Grand. A sort 
 of mythical nonentity invented l)y 
 Foote, the comic dramatist. The 
 name occurs in a farrago of utter 
 nonsense, of about a dozen lines in 
 length, which he wrote on a wager, 
 to test the memory of a person who 
 boasted of the wonderful retentive- 
 ness of this faculty in himself, and 
 who agreed to get Foote's galimatias 
 by heart in twelve minutes, and re- 
 peat it without making the slightest 
 mistake. It is said that Foote won 
 the wager. 
 
 He w;is the great Fanjnndrum ci( the place. 
 Calais, in fact, centered in Dossein. 
 
 I'ercji FitzgeraJd. 
 
 So, said Charles, thf^re were nt the marrintre 
 the Picanninies, and tl\e Jdblilies, but not 7'/;e 
 QrcDul I'luiJandruiiL himself. Yonge. 
 
 Pan'o-pae'a, or Pan'o-pe. [Gr. iia- 
 I'on-Tj.] {Gr. i^^ Rom. Mi/th.) A sea- 
 nymph, one of the Nereids. 
 
 The air was calm, and on the level brine 
 Sleek Panupe with all her sisters played. 
 
 ' Milton. 
 
 Pantagruel (pan-tag'roo-el; Fr.pron. 
 po"'t.l''grii'el', 34,' G2). (Jnc of the 
 principal characters in Rabelais' cele- 
 
 brated satirical romance of the same 
 name; represented as a gigantic per- 
 sonage, beneath whose tongue a 
 whole army taKes shelter from rain; 
 in wliose mouth and throat are cities 
 which coiuaiii an immense popula- 
 tion, &ic. I'aiitagruel is a virtuous 
 prince, devout, and .'icvere in his 
 morals; yet he takes tor his favorite 
 the licentious, intemperate, coward- 
 ly rogue, I'anurge. Born in the 
 midst of a drought, when all the 
 moisture of the earth was a salt per- 
 spiration, he is named Pantagruel, 
 by the combination of a Greek word 
 (TToti'Ta) and an Arabic word, to sig- 
 nify " All-thirsty." See Badebec, 
 Panukge. 
 
 Old Chaucer doth of Thopas tell; 
 
 Mad Ii.ibelais of I'untagruel. Drayton. 
 
 lie fiir besought the ferryman of hell 
 That he might drink to iead Puntdqruel. 
 
 jjjj. IfaTl. 
 
 Pantagru^lion (pan'tS-groo-e'li-nn ; 
 Fv. prun. p6u'ta''grii''a/le-oi'). The 
 name of an herb mentioned in Rabe- 
 lais' romance of " Pantagruel," and 
 supposed to mean htinp. and to bear 
 a reference to the persecution of the 
 Protestants. 
 
 Pan'ta-loon'. [Fr. Pdntalon, It. 
 Pantdlone, from Pantaleone (Gr. 
 UavTaKeixty, all or entirely lion, a 
 Greek personal name), the patron 
 saint of Venice, and hence a bap- 
 tismal name very frequent among the 
 Venetians, and applied to them in 
 derision by the other Italians. Some, 
 however, derive the name from the 
 Italian words pinntu-ltone, that is, 
 the '' lioii-planter," the lion of St. 
 Mark being the standard of the 
 A'enetian republic. (See Byron's 
 '' Childe Harold," canto iv.)] One 
 of tlie chief characters in the modern 
 Christmas pantomime ; usually rep- 
 resented as a feeble-minded old man, 
 the butt of the clown, and yet the 
 aider and abettor of his comic vil- 
 lainy. In the original Italian panto- 
 mime, he was a Venetian burgher, 
 dressed in close breeches and stock- 
 ings that were all of a piece. 
 
 Pan urge (pa-nurj' ; Fr. pron. p.t'- 
 niir/.h', 34). A celebrated character 
 in Rabelais' " Pantagruel," and the 
 
 CS~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
PAN 
 
 281 
 
 PAP 
 
 real hero of the story ; represented 
 as an arrant rogue, crafty and versa- 
 tile in the extreme, a drunkard, a 
 coward, and a Hbertine. 
 
 >e®=" Learned iu tlie highest degree, 
 this eccentric person is a kiud of spoiled 
 child, aud, ou that aci-ouut, the privi- 
 leged jester of l*autagruel aud liis frieuds. 
 He is described as of middle stature, with 
 au aquiline nose, handsome to look upon, 
 aud subject to a disease called •• want of 
 money." The great object of his life, 
 previous to his acquaintance with Pan- 
 tagruel, was the performance of count- 
 less malicious practical jokes, with the 
 materials for which his numerous pockets 
 are arnietl. In one he has little horns full 
 of Heas, which he amuses himself by blow- 
 ing upon the necks of the ladies in church ; 
 in another he has a store of hooks, that 
 he may fasten people's dresses together ; 
 in the third a bottle of oil, that he may 
 soil handsome suits ; in another an itch- 
 ing powder ; and so on. These are no very 
 amiable qualities, but, nevertheless, the 
 reader always has an affection for Pa- 
 nurge. In the third book, Pantagruel is 
 represented as making Panurge governor 
 of Salmagondin, in which capacity he 
 soon contrives to waste his revenue. For 
 immersing himself in debt, he has to en- 
 dure the reproaches of his master ; and 
 his defense, in which he sets up a eulogy 
 of indebtedness, is a masterpiece of pomp- 
 ous burlesque. Pantagruel is not con- 
 vinced by the eloquent harangue of his 
 favorite, but discharges his debts ; where- 
 upon Panurge takes a new freak into liis 
 head, for he attires himself in a coarse 
 gown, and attaches a pair of spectacles 
 to his cap. declaring it is his resolution 
 to take to himself a wife. An uneasy 
 doubt as to whether his entrance into 
 married life will insure felicity is the 
 foundation of all the humor and satire 
 of the book. Every mode of divination 
 into future events is tried, a member of 
 every conceivable calling is consulted. 
 The theologian, the lawyer, the phj si- 
 cian, and skeptical philosopher, the poet, 
 the idiot, the sibyl, — all are asked for 
 counsel, besides a recurrence to dreams, 
 and a search for oracular answers, ac- 
 cording to the old superstition, in the 
 works of Virgil. All the oracles unite in 
 giving answers which, in the opinion of 
 disinterested friends, are plain dissuasives 
 from matrimony ; while Panurge, whose 
 heart is bent on a wife, displays the most 
 vexing ingenuity in torturing them to 
 mean the reverse. The last person of 
 whom he asks advice puts info his hands 
 an empty bottle, which Panurge inter- 
 prets to imply that he should undertake 
 
 a voyage for the purpose of obtaining a 
 response from the oracle of the Holy Bot- 
 tle. The fourth and tiftli liooks are occu- 
 pied with the expedition of Panurge, ac- 
 companied by Pantagruel, iu quest of the 
 oracie. This voyage is said to .-ignify a 
 departure Irom the world of error to 
 search after truth, which the author 
 places in a bottle, in consequence of the 
 proverbial effects of intoxication (•'//» 
 vino Veritas '"). See IloLV Bottle, Or.\- 
 
 CLE OF THE. 
 
 MSP" '■ All Rabelais' personages are 
 phantasmagoric allegories, but Panurge 
 above all. He is, throughout, the na- 
 vovpyia, — the wisdom, that is, the cun- 
 ning, of the human animal. — the under- 
 standing, as the faculty of means to pur- 
 poses without ultimate ends, in the most 
 conipreliensive sense, and including art, 
 sensuous fvncy, and all the passions of 
 the understanding."' Coleridge. 
 
 Panza, Sancho (sank'o pan'za; Sp. 
 j))-on. san'cho pSn'tha). [Sj)., from 
 znncas, spindle-shanks, and prinz'i, 
 paunch.] The esquire of Don Quix- 
 ote, in Cervantes's famous novel of 
 this name; a short, pot-bellied peas- 
 ant, with small legs. Ho is a type 
 of vulgar common sense without im- 
 agination. See Don Quixote and 
 Bakataiua. 
 
 j^Sr" " At first he is introduced as the 
 opposite of Don Quixote, and used merely 
 to bring out his master's peculiarities in 
 a more striking relief. It is not until we 
 have gone thi'ough nearly half of the 
 First Part that he utters one of those 
 proverbs which form afterward the staple 
 of his conversation and humor ; and it is 
 not till the opening of the Second Part, 
 and, indeed, not till he comes forth, in 
 alibis mingled shrewdness and credulity, 
 as governor of Barataria, that his char- 
 acter is quite developed and completed to 
 the full measure of its grotesque yet 
 congruous proportions." Ticknor. 
 
 Sleep, says Sancfio Pnnza, covens a man 
 all over lite a mantle of comfort ; but rishi'^ 
 before daylight envelops the entire bein.Lf in 
 jietty misery. A. K. II. l.oyd. 
 
 Panza, Teresa (te-re'zS pan'zJL; Sp. 
 pron. ta-ra'za pan'thal. A character 
 in Cervantes's "Don Quixote;" the 
 wife of Sancho Panza. 
 
 Paper King. A name formerly popu- 
 larly given to John Law (1671-172'J), 
 the celebrated financial projector. 
 See Law's Bluble. 
 
 ;0^ " The basis of Law's project was 
 the idea tliat piper money may be mul- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxij 
 
PAR 
 
 282 
 
 PAR 
 
 tipUed to any extent, provided there be 
 security in lixed stock ; wliiie tlie truth 
 is, if ttie bulk of a curr«,'iicy is iiicreapt-d 
 beyond the actu;il wants of coiiiijierce, 
 all Ids parts, or .•-eparate coins and notes, 
 must depreciate in proportion." Rich. 
 
 Paradise of Fools. See Limbo. 
 
 Par'cse. (Rom. MytJi.) Three daugh- 
 tiTs (if Xox and Krebus; all-povvert'ul 
 goddesses who presided over the des- 
 tiny ofiiian. Thfir names wt-reClotho, 
 who was siip])Osed to hohl the distaff' 
 or spindle: l.aehesis. wlio was some- 
 times >iud to draw out the thread ofhii- 
 niau life; and Atropos, wlio cut it oft' 
 
 Paribanou (pa-re-ba'noo). [Per., 
 female fairy.] A fairy in the story 
 of" I'rince Ahmed," in the " Arabian 
 Nights' Entertainments." [Written 
 also Peri Banou.] 
 
 Ills [Bacon's] understanding resembled the 
 tent wliicli tlie f.iiry J'ariuDWUgnyi} to Prince 
 Ahmed. Fold it, "and it seemed a toy for the 
 hand of a 1 uly ; spread it, and the armies of 
 powerful sultans might repose beneath its 
 bhade. Jfacaulai/. 
 
 Par'i-del. A tickle and inconstant lib- 
 ertine in Spenser's " Faiiiy Queen." 
 
 Nor durst li^ht I'uridel advance, 
 Bold as lie was, a looser glance. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Par'is {classical pron. pa'ris). [Gr. 
 llapis.] 1. ( Gr. if Rum. Myth.) A son 
 of Priam and Hecuba, distinguished 
 for his beauty. His mother, having 
 liad an ominous dream, exposed him, 
 as soon as he was born, on Mount 
 Ida; but he was found by a shepherd, 
 Avho reared him. When he had 
 grown up, he married CEnone, daugh- 
 ter of the river-god Cebren. A dis- 
 pute having arisen between Juno, 
 Minerva, and Venus as to which of 
 them was the handsomest, Paris was 
 chosen umpire, and decided in favor 
 of Venus, who had jjromised him 
 Helen, the handsomest Avoman in the 
 world. By running away Avith her, 
 he caused the Trojan war, in which 
 he was mortally wounded by the 
 arrow of Philoctetes. In his dying 
 moments, his love for his tirst wife, 
 the long-abandoned CEnone, returned ; 
 but she, remend)ering her wrongs, 
 would at first have nothing to do with 
 him. Soon, however, repenting of her 
 unkindness, she hastened after him 
 
 with remedies; bu* it was too late, 
 and, in her grief, she hung herself. 
 
 2. A young nobleman, kinsman 
 to Escalus, Prince of Verona, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of "liomeo 
 and Juliet. 
 
 Par'i-si-na. The heroine of Byron's 
 
 Eoem of the same name. She had 
 een betrothed to Hugo, the natural 
 son of Azo, Prince of Kste. Azo 
 saw and coveted heri)eauty; and, re- 
 proaching his sf)n lor the stain of his 
 birth, which, he said, rendered him 
 unworthy the possession of so rich a 
 treasure, he himself wedded her. The 
 unhappy lovers could not control 
 the passion, Avhich was innocent and 
 praiseworthy in its commencement, 
 but which a change of circumstances 
 had rendered criminal. Their incest- 
 uous love being discovered, Hugo is 
 executed; but the poem leaves the 
 fate of Parisina doubtful. 
 
 Par'is-me'nos. The hero of a con- 
 tinuation or " second ])art '' of the 
 history of Parismus. It records his 
 " adventurous travels and noble 
 chivalry, with his love to the fair 
 Princess Angelica, the Lady of the 
 Golden ToAver ; " and it was first pub- 
 lished in 1598. 
 
 Pa-ris'mus. A " valiant and re- 
 nowned prince of Bohemia," the hero 
 of an old romance, or " history," for- 
 merly very popular. It contains an 
 account of" his noble l)attles against 
 the Persians, his love to Laurana. the 
 king's daughter of Thessaly, and his 
 strange adventures in the Desolate 
 Island." It was written by Emanuel 
 Foord, and was first published in 
 1598. 
 
 Par'I-zide. A princess whose adven- 
 tures in search of the Talking Bird, 
 the Singing Tree, and the YelloAV 
 Water, are related in the " Story of 
 the Sisters Avho envied their younger 
 Sister," in the "Arabian Nights' En- 
 tertainments." Of these curiosities, 
 the first was a bird, which could not 
 only talk and reason like human 
 beings, but could call all the singing- 
 birds in his neighborhood to come 
 and join in his song; the second was 
 a tree, of which the leaves were so 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations 
 
PAR 
 
 283 
 
 PAR 
 
 many mouths, that formod a most 
 harmonious concert; tlic tliird was a 
 kind of water, a small (luantity ot 
 which, beini^ put into a basin, wouhl 
 fill it, and form a beautiful fountain, 
 which would continually Jtlay witli- 
 out overriowin<;. I'arizade, or Pari- 
 zadeh, — the Fan'sutis of the Greeks, 
 — signifies born of a. fairy. 
 
 In truth, much of Bacon's life was passed in 
 a visionary world . . . amidst buildings more 
 sumptuous than the palace of Aladdin, foun- 
 tains mon' wonderful than the golden water 
 of I'arizade. Macaulaij. 
 
 Par'ley, Peter. An assumed name 
 under which Samuel Griswold Good- 
 rich (17;)3-18iU), an American writ- 
 er, published a series of very popular 
 books for the young. 
 
 Parliament, Addle. See Addle 
 Pakliament. 
 
 Parliament, Barebone's. See Bare- 
 bone's Pakliajient. 
 
 Parliament, Devils'. See Devils' 
 Parliament. 
 
 Parliament, Drunken. See Drunk- 
 en Parliament. 
 
 Parliament, Long. See Long Par- 
 liament. 
 
 Parliament, Mad. See Mad Par- 
 liament. 
 
 Parliament, Rump. See Rump 
 Parliament. 
 
 Parliament, Unlearned. See Par- 
 liament OF Dunces. 
 
 Parliament, Useless. See Useless 
 Parliament. 
 
 Parliament, "Wonderful. See Won- 
 deuful Parliament. 
 
 Parliament of Dunces. [Lat. Par- 
 llninentum Iwloctoruin.^ {^^ii;i- Hist.) 
 A name given to a Parliament con- 
 vened by Henry IV". at Coventry, in 
 "Warwickshire (1404), because law- 
 yers were excluded from it. 
 
 Par-nas'sus. [Gr. naprao-o?, or iiap- 
 vartro?.] A lofty mountain of Phocis 
 in Greece, sacred to Apollo and the 
 Muses. At its base w^ere the Casta- 
 lian spring and the city of Delphi. 
 
 P5-rol16s. A boastful and cowardly 
 follower of Bertram in Shakespeare's 
 "All's Well that Ends Well;" so 
 consummate in baseness, that we 
 
 regard him with contemptnons com- 
 placency : " he hath outvillained vil- 
 hiinv so far, that the rarity redeems 
 him. 
 
 4®" " The braggart ParolU's, who«e 
 name signifies words^ as though lie spoke 
 nothing else, scarcely utters a sunteni-« 
 that is not rich with ideas ; jet his weak- 
 ness and self-committals hang over them 
 all like a sneaking infection, and hinder 
 our laughter from becoming respectful. 
 The scene in which he is taken blindfold 
 among his old acquaintances, and so led 
 to vilify their characters under the im- 
 pression that he is gratifying their ene- 
 mies, is almost as good as the screen 
 scene in the ' School for Scandal.' " 
 
 Leigh Hunt. 
 Rust, sword ; cool, blushes ; and, Varolles, 
 
 live 
 Safest in shame ; being fooled, by fooling 
 
 thrive. Shak. 
 
 There was Parollcs, too, the legal bully. 
 
 JJi/ron. 
 
 He [Dr. Samuel Parr] was a mere Parollea 
 
 in a pedagogue's wig. Nodes Amhrosiance. 
 
 Parricide, The Beautiful. See 
 Beautiful Parricide. 
 
 Parsons' Emperor. [Ger. Pfiffen^ 
 Kaiser.] A nickname given to 
 Charles IV. of Moravia, who, at the 
 instigation of the pope, — Clement 
 VI., — was set up as a competitor of 
 Louis IV., the actual reigning em- 
 peror of Germany. 
 
 Par-the'ni-a. The mistress of Arga- 
 lus, in Sir Philip Sidney's " Arcadia." 
 
 She thought . . . that Alice gave him a 
 little more encouragement than I'arthenia 
 would have afforded to any such Jack-a- 
 dandy, in the absence of Argalus. 
 
 Sir W. Scolt. 
 
 Par-then'o-pe. [Gr. iiapBevonr].'] ( dr. 
 if Rom. Mijili.) One of the three 
 Sirens. She became enamored of 
 Ulysses, and, in her grief at not 
 winning him, threw herself into the 
 sea, and was cast up on the shore 
 where Naples afterward stood, for 
 which reason that city was originally 
 called by her name. 
 
 Par'ting-t6n, Mrs. An imaginary 
 old lady Avhose laughable sayings 
 have been recorded by the American 
 humorist, B. P. Shillaber. She is 
 distinguished, like Smollett's Tahiti. a 
 Bramble and Sheridan's j\Irs. Mala- 
 prop, for her amusing affectation and 
 misuse of learned words. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
PAR 
 
 284 
 
 PAT 
 
 The namfi of this cbaractpr Peema 
 to have bfcn sujif^esU-d by tlie following 
 anecdote which Syduey Smith related in 
 a speech delivered by him at Tauutou 
 (Eus;.). iu 1831, and whicli has become 
 somewhat celebrated : '"I do not mean 
 to be disrespectful ; but the attempt of 
 the Lords to stop the progress of reform 
 reminds nie very forcibly of the great 
 Btorm of Sidmouth, and tin; conduct of 
 the excellent Mrs. Partington on that 
 occasion. In the winter of 1824, there 
 set in a great flood upon that town ; the 
 tide roj<e to an incredible height, the 
 I waves rushed in upon the houses, and 
 every thing was threatened with destruc- 
 tion. In the midst of this sublime storm, 
 Dame Partington, who lived upon the 
 beach, was seen at the door of her house, 
 with mop and pattens, trundling her 
 mop, and squeezing out the sea-water, 
 and vigorously pushing away the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean. The Atlantic was roused. 
 Mrs. Partington's spirit was up. But I 
 need not tell jou that the contest was 
 unequal. The Atlantic Ocean beat Mrs. 
 Partington. She was excellent at a slop 
 or a puddle, but she should not have 
 meddled with a tempest." 
 
 Partridge. The attendant of Tom 
 Jones, in Fieldinsc's novel, '■ The His- 
 tory of Tom Jones, a Foundling ; " 
 noted for his fidelity, shrewdness, 
 and child-like simplicity, 
 
 Parvati (pSr'vS-tee'). [Sansk., moun- 
 tain -born.] (Hindu Myt/i.) The 
 daughter of the mountain Himalaya; 
 one of the names by which the god- 
 dess Durga is usually called. See 
 
 DuiiGA. 
 
 Pa-siph'a-e. [Gr. naa-i(f)ar).] ( Gr. cf 
 Ito}n. Mijth.) A daughter of Helios, 
 or Sol (the sun), and Terse; sister of 
 Circe, wife of Minos, and mother of 
 Pha?dra, Ariadne, and Androgens, 
 and also of the Minotaur by a beau- 
 tiful bull, for which Venus, out of 
 hatred, had inspired her with a violent 
 passion. See Minotaur. 
 
 Pas'quin (pasMvwin). [It. Pasguino.] 
 1. A Roman cobbler of the latter 
 half of the lifteenth century, whose 
 shop stood in the immediate neigh- 
 borhood of the Braschi palace, near 
 the Piazza Xavona. Pasquin was 
 notorious for making caustic remarks, 
 and by degrees every Intter saying 
 current in the city became attributed 
 to him or liis workmen. After his 
 
 death, a mutilated statue, -which had 
 long lain half imbedded in the ground 
 near Ins shop, was dug out and set 
 up in the vicinity, upon which the 
 populace declareil that the cobbler 
 liad come to lile again, and called 
 the torso by his name. Thenceforth 
 a custom arose of attaching to it 
 stinging epigrams or satirical verses, 
 often directed against the pope and 
 cardinals, and other persons in high 
 public station. No prohibitions or 
 penalties could put a stop to the prac- 
 tice; and even now, after the lapse 
 of more than four centuries, the statue 
 pursues his ancient calling with un- 
 diminished vigor. 
 
 2. (Tony, or Antony.) A nom 
 de plume of John Williams, author 
 of loads of writing in prose and verse. 
 See Della Cklsca.ns. 
 
 Passamonte, Gines de. See Gines 
 DE Pas-samonte. 
 
 PEsse'treul. The name of Sir Tris- 
 tram's horse. See Tkistkam, Sik. 
 
 Patch,ed-up Peace. [Fr. La P nx 
 Fourree.] (Fr. IJisi.) 1. The name 
 given to a treaty of peace between 
 the Duke of Orleans and John of 
 Burgundy, in 1409. 
 
 2. [Called also Ill-grounded Pence 
 and Lame and Fnaiable Peace.1 The 
 name of a treaty between Charles 
 IX. and the Huguenots, concluded at 
 Longjumeau, in 15C8. It was so 
 called because it was made very sud- 
 denly, and because neither of the par- 
 ties to it had any confidence in the 
 other. 
 
 Patelin (pat'la,"', G2). The hero of 
 an ancient French comedy, entitled 
 " L'Avocat Patelin," reproduced by 
 Brueys, in 170G. B}- his address aiul 
 cunning he succeeds in obtaining six 
 ells of cloth from a merchant. The 
 name has passed into popular use to 
 designate a subtle and crafty man, 
 who, by tiattery and insinuating arts, 
 entices others to the accomplishment 
 of his designs. 
 
 Path-flnder, The. A title popularly 
 given to Major-General John Charles 
 Fremont (b. ISl^J), who conducted 
 four ex])loring expeditions across the 
 Rockv Mountains. 
 
 B^" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
PAT 
 
 285 
 
 PEA 
 
 Patient Griselda, or Qrissell. See 
 
 (Jkiselda, Thk Patient. 
 Patient Helena. See Helena, The 
 
 I'ATIKNT. 
 
 Patriarch of Dorchester. An appel- 
 lation ^ivcn to -lolin White, of Dor- 
 eliester, Kn^huul, a j)nritan divine, 
 highly esteemed tor his eloquence 
 and piety. He died in 1G48, aged 74. 
 
 Pa-tro'clus. [Gr. iiarpoKAos.] ( 6'/-. (/ 
 Jiom. Myth.) One of the Grecian 
 chiefs in the Trojan war, and the 
 constant companion and friend of 
 Achilles. Ue one day put on the 
 armor of Achilles, and slew many of 
 the Trojans; but, being struck by 
 Apollo, he became senseless, and in 
 that state was killed by Euphorbus 
 and Hector. See Hectok. 
 
 Pat'tie-son, Peter (-sn). An imag- 
 inary assistant teacher at Gander- 
 clench, and the feigned author of 
 Scott's "■ Tales of My Landlord," 
 which were represented as having 
 been published posthumously by his 
 pedagogue superior, Jedediah Cleish- 
 botham. 
 
 Paul. See Yirginie. 
 
 Pau-li'na. Wife of Antigonus, in 
 Shakespeare's " Winter's Tale." 
 
 j6®= " She is a character strongly 
 drawn from real and common life, — a 
 clever, generous, strong-minded, warm- 
 hearted woman, fearless in asserting the 
 truth, firm in her sense of right, enthu- 
 siastic in all her affections ; quick in 
 thought, resolute in word, and energetic 
 in action ; but heedless, hot-tempered, 
 impatient ; loud, bold, voluble, and tur- 
 bulent of tongue ; regardless of the feel- 
 ings of those for whom she would sacri- 
 fice her life, and injuring, from excess of 
 zeal, those whom she most wishes to 
 serve. ■' Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 ^^-vo'ni-a. A name given in ancient 
 maps t(j a tract of country extending 
 from about Iloboken to Amboy, in 
 what is now the State of New Jersey. 
 
 Pax. (Eom. JfyfJi.) A deified person- 
 ification of peace; the same as the 
 Irene of the Greeks. 
 
 Pays de Sapience. See Land op 
 Wisdom. 
 
 Peach'um. A character in Gay's 
 " Beggar's Opera," represented as a 
 pimp and a receiver of stolen prop- 
 
 erty, and as making his house a 
 re.sort tor tliieves, pickpockets, and 
 villains of all !>orts. See Lockit. 
 
 No J'taclntm it is, or young I^ockit, 
 That liflos my i'nh with a snatcli; 
 
 Alas! 1 must jiick my <iwii iiockct, 
 And make gravy-soup of my watch. 
 
 Jlood. 
 
 Peach'um, Mrs. A character in (iay's 
 "Beggar's Opera;" witie of I'each- 
 mn. See svpra. 
 
 The aiitliors of this scheme [the Kansas 
 usurjjation] have scaicelv shown the ordinary 
 cunning of njgucs, which conceals its ulterior 
 purposes. Disdaining the advice of J//-». 
 J'eac/ium to her daughter Polly, to he "some- 
 wliat nice " in her deviations from virtue, 
 they have advanced bravely and flagrantly to 
 their nefarious object. Atlnntic JJonihly. 
 
 Peach'um, Polly. A celebrated char^ 
 acter in Gay's "Beggar's Opera;" 
 daughter of Peachum. She is repre- 
 sented as having great beauty, and 
 as preserving, luispotted, the purity 
 of her character, though living among 
 the basest persons. 
 
 Peasant Bard. A descriptive epithet 
 conferred upon Robert Burns, the 
 great lyric poet oi' Scotland. 
 
 Peasant of the Danube. A title 
 given to Louis Legendre (1756-1797), 
 member of the Frencli National Con- 
 vention, who took an active part in 
 all the events of the Bevolution. His 
 wild eloquence was the occasion of 
 this surname being given him. 
 
 Peasant Poet of Northampton- 
 shire. A name given to John Clare 
 (179.3-1804), an English poet of hum- 
 ble origin, Avhose remarkable powers 
 of description brought him into pub- 
 lic notice and secured the public fa- 
 vor. 
 
 Ifi'^ " The instance before us is. per- 
 haps, one of the most striking of patient 
 and persevering talent existing and en- 
 during ia the most forlorn and seemingly 
 hopeless condition that literature has at 
 any time exhibited.'" Lund. Qti. Rev. 
 
 Peasants' War. [Ger. Bauern Krieg.'] 
 {Ger. Hist.) The name given to a 
 revolt of the German peasantry in 
 Swabia and Franeonia, and subse- 
 quently in Saxony, Thuringia, and 
 Alsace, occasioned by the increasing 
 oppression and cruelty of the nobles 
 and clergy. It broke out several 
 different times, from about 1500 to 
 1525, in which latter vear it was 
 
 tnd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii- 
 
PEC 
 
 286 
 
 PEL 
 
 finally terminated, after upwards of 
 150,U00 livt's liad been lost. Tlie de- 
 feated insur^^ents not only tailed to 
 obtain relief irom their feudal burdens, 
 but their h)t became in many respects 
 harder tlian before. 
 
 Pecksniff. A hypocrite in Dickens's 
 " Martin Chuzzlewit," " so thor- 
 out(hly impref:;nated with the spirit 
 of falsehood that lie is moral even in 
 drunkeimess, and canting even in 
 shame and discovery." 
 
 Pedro, Don. See Day Pedro. 
 
 Pee'bles, Peter (pe'blz). A charac- 
 ter in Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 '^ Kedgauntlet;" represented as vain, 
 litijjfious, hard-hearted, credulous, a 
 liar, a drunkard, and a pauper. 
 
 In one point of view, there is nothing more 
 Hogartliiun comic tlian this lonj; I'eter- Peebles 
 " gtinginj; plea" of " M.irqiiis Alirabeau ver- 
 sus Nature :in(l others; "yet, in adeepcr point 
 of view, it is but too serious. Carhjle. 
 
 Peelers. The uniformed constabida- 
 ry of Ireland appointed under the 
 "Peace Preservatiim Act" of 1814, 
 proposed by Sir Robert Peel. The 
 name was subsequently given to the 
 new police of England, who were, 
 also, vulgarly called " Bobbies," af- 
 ter Sir Robert. 
 
 Peeping Tom of Cov'en-try. An 
 appellation given to a person of un- 
 governable inquisitiveness. 
 
 j8®= " The Countess Godiva, bearing 
 an extriordinary Jiiroctioii to this place 
 [Ooveutry], often and earnestly besouglit 
 her husijand [Leofric, Earl of Mercia], 
 that, for the love of God and the blessed 
 Virgin, he would free it fro n that griev- 
 ous servitude whereunto it was subject ; 
 but he, rebuking her for importuning 
 him in a matter so inconsistent with 
 his profit, commanded that she should 
 thenceforth forbeir to move therein ; yet 
 she, out of her womanish pertinacity, 
 continued to solicit him ; insomuch that; 
 he told her [a. d. 1057] if she would ride 
 on horseback, naked, from one end of 
 the town to the other, in the sight of all 
 the people, he would grant her request. 
 AVhereunto she answered, ' T?iit will you 
 give me leave so to do > ' And he reply- 
 ing, ' Yes,' the noble lady, upon an ap- 
 pointed day. got on horseback, naked, 
 with her hair loose, so that it covered all 
 her body but her legs, and thus perform- 
 ing the journey, returned with joy to her 
 husband, who therefore granted to the 
 
 inhabitants a charter of freedom, which 
 
 iauu unity 1 rather conceive to have beeu 
 a kind of manumission from some . 
 servile tenure, wtiereby they then held 
 what they had under tuis great earl, than 
 only a freedom from all manner of toll, 
 except horses, as Knighton atftrms." 
 Dug(Jalf. It is said by llapiu, that the 
 countess, previous to her riding, com- 
 manded all persons to keep within doors 
 and from their windows on pain of death ; 
 but, notwitlistanding this severe penalty, 
 there was one person who could not for. 
 bear giving a look, out of curiosity ; buv 
 it cost him his life. From this circum- 
 stance originated the familiar epithet of 
 " I'eeping Tom of Coventry." To com- 
 memorate tlie event, the mayor and cor- 
 poration periodically walk in procession 
 through tlie town, accompanied by a 
 female on horseback, clad in a linen dress 
 closely fitted to her limbs. A figure, com- 
 memorative of the peeper, has long been 
 preserved in Coventry, and is now in- 
 serted in the niche of a new house com- 
 municating with the High Street. Ten- 
 nyson has versified the story of the Count- 
 ess a m1 Peeping Tom in his poem entitled 
 " Godiva." 
 
 Peers, The Twelve. See Twelve 
 Peehs. 
 
 Peg-a-Lantern. Another name for 
 A\'ill-with-the-Wisp, or Jack-with- 
 the-Lantern. 
 
 Peg-a^Ram'sey. The heroine of an 
 old song, having this name for its 
 title, which is alluded to in Shake- 
 speare's " Twelfth Night," a. ii., sc. 3. 
 Percy ^ays it was an indecent ballad. 
 [Written also P e g g y K a m s e y.] 
 
 He [James I] h.ad Ijeen much struck with 
 the beauty and embarrassment of the i)retty 
 reg-a-Rumsey, as he called her, when he first 
 saw her. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Peg'a-sus. [Gr. njjYao-og.] ( Gr. 4 
 Rom. Myih.) A winged horse which 
 sprung from the blood of Medusa, 
 and belonged to Apollo and the 
 !Muses. From a stroke of his hoof 
 the fountain lIii)pocrene burst tbrth 
 on ]\rount Helicon. He was caught 
 by Pellerophon, who destroyed the 
 Chima-ra with his aid. But when 
 Bellerophon attemi)ted to ride to 
 heaven on his back, he threw him 
 off, and ascended alone to the skies, 
 Avhere he was changed into a constel- 
 lation. 
 
 Peleus. [Gr. iTrjAev'?.] ( C,r. (f- Rom. 
 Myth.) A king of Thessaly, son of 
 
 For the " Key to the Sclieme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying ExplanationSi 
 
PEL 
 
 287 
 
 PEN 
 
 ^Eacus, husband of Thetis, father of 
 Achilles, and a sharer iu the Argo- 
 nautic expedition. 
 
 Pe-li'dds. [Gr. ri^AeiSr/?.] {Or. cf 
 Uoiii. Mtjtli.) A patronymic of 
 Achilles, the son of Peleus. 
 
 Pe'li-on. [Gr. \U)\iqv.'] A high moun- 
 tain in 1 hessaly. See OssA. 
 
 f el'le-as. Sir. A very valorous knight 
 of Arthur s Hound Table. In "The 
 Faery Queen," he is one of those Avho 
 pursue " the blatant beast," when, 
 after iiaving been conquered and 
 chained up bv Sir Calidore, it breaks 
 its iron chain, and again ranges 
 through the world. 
 
 Fairy damLels, met in forests wide 
 By knijihts of 1/ igres, or of Lj-ones, 
 Lancelot, or I-eUeas, or Pelleiiore. Milton. 
 
 Pel'le-nore, King. A celebrated 
 character in the old romance of 
 "Morte d'Arthu/." 
 
 PeTops. [Gr. iTeAaji//.] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 Mijtlt.) A Phrygian prince, grandson 
 of Jupiter, and sui of Tantalus. He 
 was slain, and siived up before the 
 gods by his own lather, Avho wished 
 to test their omniscience. They were 
 not deceived, howe\ er, and would not 
 touch the horrible food; but Ceres, 
 absorbed in grief for Ihe loss of Pros- 
 erpine, tasted of the shoulder before 
 she discovered what it was. Jupiter 
 restored Pelops to life, and replaced 
 his shoulder with one of ivory. 
 
 Pe-na'tes. {Rom. Myth.) Guardian 
 deities of the househofd, and of the 
 State regarded as a larger liouschold 
 formed by the union ol niany smaller 
 ones. They were similar to, or iden- 
 tical with, the Lares. See Lares. 
 
 Pen-den'nis, Arthur. The hero of 
 Thackeray's satirical romance en- 
 titled " The History of Pendennis, 
 his Fortunes and Misfortunes;" a 
 young man of warm feelings and 
 lively intellect, self- conceited and 
 .selfish, with no attractive points of 
 character but a sense of honor and a 
 capacity for love. 
 
 Pen-den'nis, Major. A gentleman- 
 like parasite, or rather tuft-hunter, 
 in Thackeray's " History of Penden- 
 nis," who fawns upon his patrons for 
 
 the sake of being received into their 
 society. 
 Pen-drag'on. A son of Constans. 
 and his successor on the throne ot 
 Britain, according to legendary his- 
 torians; also, a surname given, alter 
 the death of this king, to L'ther, an- 
 other son of Constans, and the father 
 of King Arthur. See Constans and 
 Uther. 
 
 For onco I read 
 That stout Pendragon in liis litter sick 
 Came to the lield and vanquished his foes. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Pe-nel'o-pe. [Gr. nTji/eAoTrrj.] {Gr. 
 tj'- Rom. Mijth.) A celebrated Gre- 
 cian princess, wife of Ulysses, and 
 mother of Telemachus, famed for her 
 chastity and constancy during the 
 long absence of her husband. Being 
 greatly annoyed by many importu- 
 nate suitors, she put them off for a 
 time by declaring that she could not 
 decide between them until she had 
 tinished weaving a shroud for her 
 aged father-in-law ; and, to protract 
 the time, she pulled out by night 
 what she had woven during the day. 
 The stratagem Avas at length discov- 
 ered; but Ulysses happened to return 
 in season to prevent the unpleasant 
 consequences that might otherwise 
 have ensued. 
 
 Peninsular State. The State of 
 Florida; — popularly so called from 
 its shape. 
 
 Peninsular "War. ( Hist. ) The name 
 given to the war carried on in Portu- 
 gal and Spain by the English forces 
 under Sir Arthur Wellesley against 
 the invading armies of Napoleon L, 
 between 18U8 and 1812. 
 
 Pennsylvania Farmer. A surname 
 given to Joini Dickinson (1732-1808), 
 an American statesman and author, 
 and a citizen of Pennsylvania. In 
 the year 17G8, he published his " Let- 
 ters from a Peinisylvania Farmer to 
 the Inhabitants of the British Colo- 
 nies." These were republished in 
 London, with a preface by Dr. Frank- 
 lin, and were subsequently translated 
 into Freiuli, and published in Paris. 
 
 Pen-tap'o-lin {Sp. pron. pen-t5-po- 
 leenO The leader of one of two 
 vast hostile armies into which the 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
PEN 
 
 288 
 
 PER 
 
 distempered imagination of Don 
 Quixote (.see Don Qi^'i-'^o'J'^O trans- 
 furniL'd two large tioclvs of sheep, 
 ■vvhicii, from a distance, he saw ap- 
 pruaeliing each oiiicr on a wide and 
 dusty i)laiii. Tliis jjhantom warrior, 
 according to tlie veracious Don, was 
 the Clnistian king of the Garaman- 
 tians, suriiamcd "' Of the Naked 
 Ann," because he always entered 
 into battle with his right arm bare. 
 His beautiful daughter had been de- 
 manded in marriage by Alitanfaron, 
 emperor of the great isle of Tapro- 
 bana, Avho was a strong pagan. But 
 as Peiitapolin Avould not accept such 
 a misbeliever for a son-in-law, Ali- 
 tanfaron resolved to win the lady by 
 means of the sword ; and the armies 
 of the hostile chiefs were upon the 
 point of engaging each other when 
 the Don desci-ied them. 
 
 Not Siincho, when his master interrupted 
 his account of the combatants of J'entapoUn 
 with the naked arm to advance in pc-son to 
 the charfje of the floclc of sheep, stood more 
 confounded than Oldbuck at tliis sudden 
 escapade of liis nephew. Sir JV. Scott. 
 
 Pen-thes'i-le'a. [Gr. Uev9eai\eia.] 
 
 {Gr, c/- Earn. [Uyth.) A queen of the 
 
 Amazons, who fought against the 
 
 Greeks during the Trojan war, and 
 
 was slain by Achilles. 
 
 Had I not unfortunately, by the earnestness 
 of my description, awakened the jenlousy of 
 his I'enthesUea of a countess, he had forgotten 
 the crusade and all belonging to it. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Pen'theus. [Gr. nevfleu?.] {Gr. cf 
 Rom. }[Dt]i.) A king of Thebes, 
 who, for treating with contempt the 
 rites of Bacchus, Avas torn in pieces 
 by his mother and aunts, they being 
 at the time under the intiuence of the 
 god. 
 
 A man hunted hv the devils thnt dwell un- 
 chained within himself; like Pcvtfwii.f by the 
 Micnads; like Actacon by his own dogs. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 People, Man of the. See Man of 
 TIIK Pkoi'le. 
 
 Pepper, K. N. [That is, Cayenne 
 Pepper.] A 7iom dc plume of James 
 M. Morris, a humorous American 
 writer of the present day. 
 
 Perce'for-est (4). The title of an old 
 romance of chivalry, and the name 
 of its hero, a knight of the Round 
 Table. An analysis of the romance 
 
 is given in Dunlop's "History (f 
 Hction." 
 
 Per'ce-vai (4). The hero of an old ro- 
 maiici! of chivalry of the .same name, 
 celebrated lor his adventures in search 
 of the sangreal. 
 
 Per'ci-net (4). See Gkaciosa. 
 
 Per'dl-ta (4). 1. Daughter of Leontes, 
 king of Sicilia, and of Hermione, his 
 queen, in Shakespeare's " Winter's 
 Tale; " in love Avith Horizel. 
 
 ^^ir '' The qualitie.s which impart to 
 Perdita lier distinct individuality are the 
 beautiful comhinatiou of the pa.«toral 
 •with the elegant, of simplicity with ele- 
 vation, of spirit with sweetness." 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 2. Under this name the beautiful 
 and unfortunate Mrs. ]Mar\- (Darby) 
 Kobinson (1758-1800), who"^ fell a vic- 
 tim to the licenti(jusness of the Prince 
 of Wales, — afterward George IV., — 
 was known at the time of her con- 
 nection with hiin. She first attracted 
 his attention while playing the part 
 of Perdita in the " Winter's Tale." 
 The prince was nicknamed Florizel. 
 
 Pere de la Pens6e (per du la pon'- 
 sa', 62). See Fatiiek Thoughtful. 
 
 Pere Duchesne, Le (h.i per dii'shSn', 
 34). A by-name given to Jacques 
 Ren^ Ilebert (1755-1794), a brutal 
 and profligate Jacobin leader of the 
 French Revolution, from the name of 
 a newspaper which he edited. 
 
 Perez, Michael. See Copper Cap- 
 tain. 
 
 Peri Banou. See Pakibanou. 
 
 Pe'ri-on of Gaul (9). A king- of 
 Wales (Gaula) in the old romance of 
 "Amadis de Gaul." See Amadis 
 i)E Gaul. 
 
 Pernelle, Mine, (ma'dani' pef'neP). 
 A scolding old grandmother in Mo- 
 liere's " Tartutfe." 
 
 PSr^o-nella. [Fr. Peronelle, a cor- 
 ruption of Pctnmelle, from Pierre, 
 Peter. Petrondle was a character in 
 the ancient mysteries.] The subject 
 of a fairy tale, represented as a pretty 
 country lass, who, at the otl'er of a 
 fairy, changes place with an old and 
 decrepit (nieen,aiHl receives the hom- 
 age paid to rank and wealth, but af» 
 
 OS- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying ExplanationSp 
 
PER 
 
 289 
 
 PHA 
 
 terward gladly resumes her beauty 
 auil ra.ijfs. 
 
 Perpetual Edict. [Lat. Edictum 
 Ptipttuuin.] {Rnm. Ilist.) A de- 
 cree issued by the emperor ^Elius 
 Hadrianus (f(J-138), promulgating 
 and embodying a tixed eode ot laws, 
 which was' drawn up by the jurist 
 Salvius Julian us. 
 
 Perrin, Dandin. See Dandin, Per- 
 
 RIN. 
 
 Per-seph'o-ne. [Gr. Uepaef^ovri.^ 
 (M(jfh.) The Greek name of Pros- 
 erpine. See Proserpink. 
 
 Per'seus (4). [Gr. Ilepo-eu?.] {Gr. (f 
 Bom. Mijtli.) The son of Jupiter and 
 Daiiae, who, being furnished by 
 INIercury with a sickle-shaped sword, 
 bj' Minerva with a mirror, and by 
 the nymphs with winged sandals, 
 a bag, and a helmet of invisibility, 
 vantiuished the Gorgons (see Goit- 
 Goxs), and armed himself with 
 Medusa's head, by means of which 
 he turned into stone the sea-monster 
 to whom Andromeda was exposed, 
 besides performing many other ex- 
 ploits. After death, he was placed 
 among the stars as a constellation. 
 
 Persian Anacreon. See Axacreon 
 OF Persia. 
 
 Perth, Fair Maid of. See Fair 
 Maid of Perth. 
 
 P6taud. See King Petaud. 
 
 Peter. 1. (Lord.) The name by 
 which Swift designates the pope in 
 his " Tale of a Tub." 
 2. See Morris, Peter. 
 
 Pe'tfr-loo, Field of. A name popu- 
 larly given in England to tlie scene 
 of an attack made by the military, 
 acting under the orders of the magis- 
 trates, upon a reform meeting, held 
 in St. Peter's Field, at Manchester, 
 on the 16th of August, 1810, which 
 was attended l)y 6 ),000 persons, of 
 ■whom only eiglit were killed, though 
 many were wounded; a word formed 
 in burlesque imitation of Wdterbio. 
 
 Battles and bloodshed, September Mas- 
 sacrea, Bridgres of Lodi, retreats of Moscow, 
 Watcrloos, Prfrrlnnv, ten-pound franonises, 
 tar-barrels, and iriiillotines. Oirh/le. 
 
 Peter the "Wnd Boy. See Wild 
 Boy, The. 
 
 Pe'to. A companion of Sir John Fal- 
 stad", in the birst and Second Parta 
 of Shakespeare's " King Henry IV." 
 
 Petrified City. A name given to 
 Ishmonie, in Up[)er l'>gypt, on ac- 
 count of a great number of statues 
 of men, women, children, and ani- 
 mals, wliich are said to be seen there 
 at this day, and which, according to 
 the popular superstition, were once 
 animated beings, but were miracu- 
 lously changed into stone in all the 
 various postures and attitudes which 
 were assumed by them at the instant 
 of their supposed transubstantiation. 
 Allusions to this city occur in several 
 English writers. The story is said to 
 have been first mentioned by Kir- 
 cher, in his "MundusSubterraneus." 
 
 Pe-tru'chi-o. A gentleman of Verona, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 j^^ " Petruchio is a madman in his 
 
 senses, a very honest fellow, who hardly 
 speaks a word of truth, and sueceeds in 
 all his tricks and impostures. He acts 
 his assumed character to the life, with 
 the most fantastical extravagance, with 
 untired animal spirits, and without a 
 particle of ill-humor from beginning to 
 end."' Hazlitt. '• He is a fine, hearty 
 compound of bodily and mental vigor, 
 adorned by wit, spirits, and good-nature." 
 Leigh Hunt. 
 
 Phae'dra. [Gr. ^aiSpa.] ( Gr. if Rom. 
 }[yth.) A daughter of Minos, king 
 of Crete, a sister of Ariadne, and the 
 wife of Theseus. See Hippolytus. 
 
 Pha'e-t6n. [Gr. ^aiOoiu., the shining.] 
 {Gr. ()'• Rom. Mijth.) A son of He- 
 lios, or Sol (the sun), and Clymene, 
 who asked and obtained leave to 
 drive his father's chariot for one day, 
 as a proof of his divine descent. 
 Losing control of tlie steeds, he set 
 the world on tire, and was punished 
 for his presumption by being struck 
 with a thunderbolt and thrown into 
 the river Eridanus, or Po. [Writtea 
 also P h a e t h o n.] 
 
 Gallop apace, yon fiery-footed steeds. 
 Towards Phoebus' mansion; such a wagonei 
 As Pha-ton would whip yon to tlie west. 
 And brins' in cloudy night immediately. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Phar'a-m6nd. A king of the Franks, 
 and a knight of the'Round Table, who 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 19 
 
PITE 
 
 290 
 
 PHI 
 
 visited King Arthur's court incogniU), 
 to obtain, by his prowess and exploits, 
 a seat at this renowned board. 
 
 Phe'be. A shepherdess, in Shake- 
 speare's "As You Like It." 
 
 Phi-la'ri-o (9). An Italian, and a 
 friend to Posthunuis, in Shake- 
 speare's play ot " Cymbeline," 
 
 Phl-le'mSn. [Gr. <i>i\riixu}i'.] ( Gr. cf 
 JioMi. Mijtii.) A pious rustic, huS' 
 band ot iiaucis. See Baucis. 
 
 Philinte (fe'lTint', 62) A character in 
 Moliere's comedy of " The Misan- 
 thrope." 
 
 Phi-lis'i-des. One of the poetical 
 names of Sir Philip Sidney; formed 
 from portions of the two names P/*/7/p 
 and iSw/ney, with a Latin termination 
 added. It was invented by himself, 
 and occurs in the "Arcadia." 
 
 He knows the u^noe of that new elegance 
 Which sweet rhi/isif/es fetched of late from 
 France. Up. Hall. 
 
 Phil'oc-te'tes. [Gr. <i>aoK:T^Tr;?.] ( Cr. 
 tf Jioiii. Myth.) A son of Pceas, and 
 one of the Ar<j:onauts. He was pres- 
 ent at the deatli of Hercules, and re- 
 ceived from him certain arrows which 
 had been dijjped in the ^all of the 
 Lern:Tcan hydra. (See Hekcules.) 
 On his journey to Troy, he was 
 wounded in the foot by one of these 
 arrows, — or, according to some ac- 
 counts, b}' a w'ater-snake, — and, as 
 the wound ulcerated and became ex- 
 cruciathigly painful, his companions 
 treacherously left him on the solitary 
 island of Lemnos. In the tenth year 
 of the war, however, an oracle de- 
 clared, that Troy could not be taken 
 Avithout the arrows of Hercules; and 
 Philoctetes, yielding to the solicita- 
 tion of Ulysses and Diomed, repaired 
 to Troy, and made use of them, dis- 
 tinguishing himself by his A'alor and 
 dexterity. 
 
 riow changed for Marat, lifted from his 
 dark cellar into this luminous "peculiar trib- 
 une!" All dogs have tl)eir dav; even rabid 
 dogs. Sorrowful, incurixble /'hifortptc.t Ma- 
 rat; without whom Troy cannot be taken ! 
 
 Carli/le, 
 
 Phil'o-mel^. [Gr. *iAo/a^Aa.] {Gr. 
 ()• Rom. Myth ) A daughter of Pan- 
 dion, king of Athens, changed into 
 a. nightingale. 
 
 Philosoplier, The. 1. A common 
 designation of the Roman emperor 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. The epi- 
 thet lV/m//«M.s — " The Philoso- 
 ])her" — was applied to him by 
 .lustin Martyr, and is that by which 
 he has been connnonly distinguished 
 from that period to the present, al- 
 though no such title was ever pub- 
 licly or formally conferred. 
 
 2. A surname given to Leo VI. 
 (8(J7-!JI1), emperor of the East, prob- 
 ably on account of his writings, lor 
 his conduct gave him no claims to 
 the a|)pelIation. 
 
 3. An appellation bestowed upon 
 Porphyry .(223-30-i), an acute and 
 learned Neoplatonist, and an earnest 
 opponent of Christianity. 
 
 Philosopher of Fer'ney (o?-fef'ni'). 
 
 Voltaire is sometimes so called from 
 
 his chateau of Ferney, near Geneva, 
 
 where he spent the last twenty years 
 
 of his life. 
 
 This, and several subsequent appeals of the 
 same sort, are among the best |H)iut.s in the 
 conduct of the " Philosoplier of Fcrnri/." 
 
 W. Sjialdiny. 
 
 Philosopher of Malmesbury 
 (mum/yber-ri). A name often given 
 to Thomas Hobbes, who was born at 
 Malmesbury in 1588, and who is cel- 
 ebrated as the first English psychol- 
 ogist, and the lirst great PLnglish 
 writer on the science of government. 
 His, says Mill, was " a great name in 
 philosophy, on account both of the 
 value of what he taught, and the ex- 
 traordinary impulse Avhich he com- 
 municated to the spirit of free inquiry 
 in Europe." 
 
 Philosopher of Sans-Souci (so" 
 soo'se', 02). A name given to Fred- 
 erick the (Jreat (1712-1780), who was 
 a disciple of Voltaire, and the author 
 of a book entitled " Anti-^Machiavel," 
 as well as several other politico-phil- 
 osophical works. 
 
 Philosopher of the TJrLknown. [Fr. 
 Le Phil<>s()/>he /mortnu.] The self- 
 assumed appellation of Louis Claude 
 de Saint INIartin (1743-180.3), a 
 French mystic. 
 
 Philosopher of "Wim'ble-dSn (-bl-). 
 A designation of John Home Tooke 
 
 For tho " Key to the Scheme of Froauuciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
PHI 
 
 291 
 
 PIC 
 
 (1736-J812), a noted Enp:lish gram- 
 marian, pliilolofi'ist, and politician, 
 Avho resided at Wimbledon, a parish 
 in the vicinity of I.ondon. 
 
 Phil'os-trS,te. IMuster of the revels 
 tu Tlieseus, in Shakespeare's " Mid- 
 summer-Night's Dream." 
 
 Phineus. [Gr. <l>ii'eu?.] ( f!r. if Rom. 
 Myth.) A blind king of Thrace, who 
 possessed the gitt of prophecy. He 
 was tormented by the Harpies for his 
 ciiielty t<nvard his sons, whom he 
 deprived of sight in consequence of a 
 lalse accusation made against them 
 bv their mother-in-law, who charged 
 them with having behaved improp- 
 erlv to her. Whenever Phineus 
 wanted to eat, the Harpies came, and 
 took away or devoured a portion of 
 his food, and detiled the rest. 
 
 Phiz. A pseudonym adopted by Hab- 
 lot K. Browne, an English comic 
 draughtsman, who designed the illus- 
 trations in the first edition of Dick- 
 ens's " Pickwick Papers." 
 
 Phleg'e-thon. [Gr. ^XeyeBiov, burning, 
 flaming.] "( Gr. tj- Rnm. }fyih.) A river 
 hi Hades which rolled Avith waves of 
 tire instead of water. Nothing grew 
 on its scorched and desolate sliores. 
 
 Fierce Phlegethon, 
 "Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rnpe. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Phle'g^-as. [Gr. $Aeyva?.] {Gr. if 
 
 Rom. }fiiili.) The son of Mars, the 
 king of the Lapitha?, and the father 
 of Ixion and Coronis. For his im- 
 piety in plundering and burning the 
 temple of Apollo at Delphi, he was 
 placed in hell, where a huge stone 
 was suspended over his head, which 
 kept him in a state of continual 
 alarm. 
 PhoeTDe. [Gr. <i)o-'/3r,.] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myfh.) The goddess of the moon, 
 and sister of Phoebus; a name of 
 Diana. See Diana. 
 
 Phoe'bus. [Gr. ^oi^o?, the radiant.] 
 ( Gr. if Rom. Mytli.) A poetical name 
 of Apollo, considered as the sun-god. 
 See Apollo. 
 
 Phoe'nix. [Gr. ^oivi^.'] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) A bird said to visit Heliopolis, 
 in Egypt, once in every 500 years ; 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to v hich the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
 according to another and the more 
 popular acc(uint, it lived 500 years, 
 and, when about to die, made a nest 
 in Arabia, and burned itself to ashes, 
 from which a young pha'uix arose. 
 
 Phoe'nix, John, Gentleman. A 
 pseudonym of Captain (icorge Ho- 
 ratio Derby (d. IStJl), a humorous 
 and popular American writer. 
 
 Phoo'ka or Poo'ka. [Probably the 
 same as the Englisli Puck.^ {Fairy 
 Myth.) Among the Irish, a spirit of 
 diabolical disposition. He sometimes 
 appears as an eagle or a black horse, 
 and hurries to destruction the person 
 he gets possession of. 
 
 Phor'cus. [Gr. 4'6pKo?.] {Gr.<^- Rom. 
 Myth.) A son of Neptune, and father 
 of Medusa and the other Gorgons. 
 After death, he was changed into a 
 sea-god. [Written also P h o r c y s.] 
 
 Phor'mi-o. A parasite in Terence's 
 comedy of the same name; an accom- 
 modating gentleman who reconciles 
 all parties 
 
 PhyPlis. [Gr. <l>vAAi9.] 1. {Gr.^-Rom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of King Sithon 
 of Thrace, wlio hung herself, thinking 
 that she was deserted by her lover, 
 and was changed by the gods into 
 an almond-tree. 
 
 2. A country girl in Virgil's third 
 and fifth Eclogues; hence, a rustic 
 maiden in general. 
 
 At their savory dinner set 
 Of lierbs, and ntlicr co'untrv messes. 
 Which the neat-handed PhyUis dresses. 
 
 MUton. 
 
 Pickelherringe (pik'el-her'ring-a). 
 The popular name of a bufi"o(m among 
 the Dutch. SeeHAXSWUHST. [Called 
 PicUehcirincj by the Germans.] 
 
 f^^ Sir F. Palgrave conjeftures, that 
 thn term may have heeu orifiitially Pickle- 
 h'Arin, i. f., the hairy sprite, answering 
 to Ben .Tonson's Puck-hairy ; and that he 
 mav have worn a rough garment of hair 
 or leaves, like the Scottish Brownie and 
 other similar beings. 
 
 Pickle, P6r'e-grine. The hero of 
 Smollett's novel, " The Adventures 
 of Peregrine Pickle." 
 
 Xt@= " The savage and ferorious Pickle, 
 . . . besides his gro<s and base brutality, 
 besides his ingratitude to his uncle, and 
 
PIC 
 
 292 
 
 PIE 
 
 the saya^ propensity which he shows in 
 the pleasure lie tiikes to torment others 
 by pr;u;tical jokes, resembling those of a 
 fiend iu glee, exhibits a low and uugeu- 
 tlemanlike tone of thinking, only one 
 degree higher tliau that of Roderick llan- 
 dom. . . . ^V'e eertaiuly sympathize very 
 little in the distress of Pickle, brought 
 on by his own profligate profusion and 
 enhanced by his insolent misanthropy. 
 We are only surprised that his predomi- 
 nating arrogance does not wearv out the 
 benevolence of Hatchway and Pipes, and 
 scarce think the ruined spendthrift de- 
 serves their persevering and faithful at- 
 tachment." Sir \V. HcoU. 
 
 Pick'wick, Samuel. The hero of 
 Dickens's "Pickwick Papers;" dis- 
 tinguished for his genial goodness 
 and his unsophisticated simplicity. 
 He is represented as tlie founder of a 
 club called after his own name, in 
 company with other members of 
 which, who are under his care and 
 guidance, he trav^els over England, 
 meeting with many laughable ad- 
 ventures. The expression, '• a Pick- 
 wickian sense," which has passed 
 into common speech as denoting 
 a merely technical or constructive 
 sense, refers to a quarrel at a meeting 
 of the club, in which Mr. Pickwick 
 accused Mr. Blotton of acting in 
 a "vile and calumnious" manner, 
 whereupon the latter retorted by 
 calling Mr. Pickwick "a humbug;" 
 but, it finally being made to appear 
 that they both used the offensive 
 words not in a common, but in a 
 parliamentary sense, and that each 
 personally entertained " the highest 
 regard and esteem " for the other, the 
 ditHculty was readily settled, and the 
 gentlemen expressed themselves mu- 
 tually satisfied with the explanations 
 which had been made. 
 
 JS(^ " This name [Pickwick] is no fab- 
 rication of our great novelist ; and. in- 
 deed, Very few of his names, however 
 happy, however ludicrous, are so. I 
 have noticed a large proportion of them 
 on iictual sign-boards in his osvn native 
 county of Kent. At Folkestone there is, 
 or at least there recently was, a veritable 
 Mark Tapley, — one, too, who had been 
 to America." Lower. 
 
 lawyers .ind politicians daily abuse each 
 other in a Pickicickian sense. ' Boicditch. 
 
 Picrochole (pek'ro'kfiP). [Fr., from 
 
 Gr. TTixpo?, bitter, and xaXr^y choler, 
 bile, or gall. J Tiie name of a charac- 
 ter in Rabelais' " Gargantua," cele- 
 brated for his thirst of empire, and 
 his vast i)roJects. By some, Charles 
 V. of Spain is supposed to be satirized 
 under this name. 
 
 Pi'cua. {Rom. Myth.) A king of 
 Latium, son of Saturn and father of 
 Faunus; turned by Circe, whose love 
 he had slighted, into a woodpecker. 
 
 Pied Piper of Ham'e-lin. [Lat. 
 
 Tihicvn ()/nuicolvr.\ The hero of an 
 old and celebrated German legend, 
 related in Verstegan's '" Ite.-^titntion 
 of Decayed Intelligence" (London, 
 3634), of which narrative Kobert 
 Browning, in his poem entitled " The 
 Pied Piper," has given an extended 
 metrical version. The legend re- 
 counts how a certain musician, dressed 
 in a fantastical coat, came into the 
 town of Hamel, in the country of 
 Brunswick, and ofiered, for a sum of 
 money, to rid the town of the rats 
 by which it was infested ; and how, 
 having executed his task, and the 
 promised reward having been with- 
 held, he in revenge blew again his 
 pipe, and, by the magic of its tones, 
 drew the children of the town, to the 
 number of a hundred and thirty, to a 
 cavern in the side of a hill, which, 
 immediately upon their entrance, 
 closed and shut them in for ever. 
 Erichius wrote a work, entitled 
 '' Exodus Hamelensis," expresslv on 
 the subject, in which he maintained 
 the historical authenticity of the 
 stor\-; and Martin Schoock wrote 
 another, " F'abula Hamelensis," in 
 which he took the opposite ground. 
 According to Yer-stegan, the "exo- 
 dus" took place on the 22d of July, 
 1376; but the date commonly given 
 is June 20, 1284. Harenlx^rg main- 
 tains, according to Zedler, that a 
 number of Hamelin children, who 
 were carried away captive in a con- 
 test with the Bishop of Minden 
 (Conrad II.), never returned to their 
 native land, and so gave occasion for 
 the tradition that they had been 
 swallowed up alive. 
 
 S^ It has been remarked that the 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
PIE 
 
 293 
 
 PIN 
 
 ©erman vf^iff^n^ to pipe, moans, also, to 
 decoy, to iilhin-, to entice, to inveigle, 
 aud tliat tliis, perliaps, is the origin of 
 the Hanielin in.\ tli so far as relates to the 
 children's being spirited away by a piper. 
 As all tiie niiscnief eanu! tVom not paving 
 the Tibieen Onmieolor liis just dues, we 
 have a curious illustration of our prover- 
 bial expression, •' I'ay the i'iper." which 
 may, indeed, have sprung from tais story. 
 
 Tliis is that despotism wliich poets have 
 ceU'br.ited in the I'ied I'ljter of Hanielin, 
 Whose tinisic drew like the power of gravita- 
 tion, — drew soldiers and priests, traders and 
 feasters, women and boys, rats and mice. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 I rather think Petrarch was the first c/io- 
 ragiis of that sentimental dance wliich so long 
 led yonng folks awaj-from the realities of life, 
 like the Piper of' Jlaineliii. Lowell. 
 
 Pt-6r'i-des. [Gr. nteptSe^.] {Gr. tf 
 Jiiiiu. }rijtlt.) 1, A name given to 
 the Muse.^, from Pieria, a fountain 
 near Mount 01ympu.s. 
 
 2. Daughters of Pierus, whom the 
 Muses changed into magpies lor chal- 
 lenging them to sing. 
 
 Pierre (peer; Fr. pron. pe-ef')- A 
 conspirator in Otway's tragedy of 
 " Venice Preserved," impelled to 
 treason by a mixture of patriotism 
 and misanthropy. See Jafpiek. 
 
 Ours is a trophv which will not decay 
 With the Rialto; Shylock, and tlie ^■Ioor, 
 And Pierre, cannot be swept or worn away. 
 
 liyron. 
 
 Pierrot (pe-ef^o'). [Fr., little Peter, 
 from Pierre, Peter.] A jesting char- 
 acter in pantomime, who takes the 
 part of a simple valet, wearing white 
 pantaloons, and a large white jacket 
 with a row of big buttons in front, 
 and who often paints his face white. 
 
 Pi-'gro-grom'i-tus. A name occur- 
 ring in Shakespeare's comedv of 
 "Twelfth Night." Who or what is 
 meant by it, is not known. Sir 
 Andrew Ague-cheek merely alludes 
 to it as having been used by Olivia's 
 clown upon an occasion of mirth and 
 jesting, so that, in all likelihood, it 
 was not intended to be taken seri- 
 ously as a genuine name. 
 
 In sooth, thou wast in very gracious fooling 
 last night, when thou spokest of /'if/rofjroiiit- 
 tiut, of the ^'apians passing the equinoctial of 
 Queubus; 't was very good, i' faith. S/iak. 
 
 Pig-wig'gin. The name of a doughty 
 elf, whose amours with Queen Mab, 
 and furious combat with the jealous 
 
 Oberon, are related in Drayton's 
 " Nyniphidia." 
 
 The same genius whicli now busies us with 
 their concerns nnght have excited an equal 
 nitercst for the adventures of Oberon and 
 I'i'Ji:.i<jyui. Jeffrey. 
 
 Pillar of Doctors. [Fr. Ln Colnnne 
 des L)ucteurs.\ An honorary appella- 
 tion given by his admirers to W illiam 
 de i;hanipeaux, a celei)rated French 
 philosopher and theologian of the 
 twelfth centiny. 
 
 Pillars of Her'cu-les. [Lat. Columrus 
 
 HerCLlUs.^ Gr. 'Hpa/cAeiai (jT^Aai.] A 
 
 name given hy the old Greeks and 
 Koinans to two mountains on oppo- 
 site sides of the strait comiecting 
 the Mediterranean Sea with the At- 
 lantic Ocean. These mountains — 
 anciently called Calpe andAb\la — 
 were sitiuited, the former in Fin'ope, 
 and the latter in Atrica. Their mod- 
 ern names are, respectively, theliock 
 of Gibraltar, and Jebel Zatout, or 
 Apes' Hill. The classical appellation 
 of the Pillars of Hercules was given 
 to them in consequence of a fiction 
 that Hercules, in his travels to lind 
 the oxen of Geryon, raised these two 
 mountains as moninnents of his 
 journey, and placed on them the in- 
 scription, "Ne plus ultra.,'" importing 
 that they marked the utmost limits 
 of the habitable world in that direc- 
 tion. The Pillars of Hercules long 
 remained deeply fixed in the Greek 
 mind as a terminus of human adven- 
 ture and aspiration. 
 
 Perhaps the strongest circumstance of the 
 ■whole was, that the old dethroned king of 
 Spain, and his consort, undertook a journey, 
 for the purpose of carrying their personal con- 
 gratulations on the birtli' of an heir, to one 
 who had deposed, and was detaining in prison, 
 their own lineage, and had laid Spain, their 
 native douiinions, in blood, from the Pvreneea 
 to thi: I'illurg of Hercules. Sir }t. Scott. 
 
 Pinch. A schoolma.ster and conjurer 
 in Shakespeare's " Comedy of Er- 
 1-0 rs." 
 
 Pinch, Tom. A character in Dick- 
 ens's '• M.irtin Chuzzlewit," distin- 
 guished by his guilelessness, his odd- 
 ity, his excessive modesty, and his 
 exhaustless goodness of heart. 
 
 Pinchwife, Mr. A prominent char- 
 acter in Wvcherley's comedy of 
 "The Country Wife" 
 
 •nd for the Remarks and Rules to whick the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
PIN 
 
 294 
 
 PLA 
 
 She [Lady Jlroghedn] well knew in what 
 estoeiii conjugal iidclity wu» held aniunfc the 
 fine geiitlciiiLii there, and watched her town 
 husb:iiid as assiduously as Mr. I'iiichwife 
 watched his country wile. Macuutuy. 
 
 Pinchwife, Mrs. The heroine of 
 Wvrhorley's " Countiy Wife." See 
 Agnes, 1. 
 
 Pindar, Peter. A ppeudonvm adopted 
 by Dr. .lolin Woloott (1738-1819). 
 la his first jtiiblicalioii, " Lyric Odes 
 to tlie Koyal Academicians for 1782," 
 he styles himself " a distant relation 
 of the poet of Thebes." 
 
 Pindar of "Wakefield. See Georgk 
 a-Gi:i:en. 
 
 Pine-tree State. A popular name 
 of the State of Maine, tlie central and 
 northern ])ortions of -which are cov- 
 ered with extensive pine forests. 
 
 Pip. [A childish corruption of P/(////> 
 I'irrijj.] A by-name of the hero of 
 Dickens's novel of " Great Expecta- 
 tions." 
 
 Piper, Tom. One of the characters 
 making up a morris-dance. 
 
 So have I seen 
 Tom Piper stand upon our village green, 
 Backed with the May-pole, while a gentle 
 
 crew, 
 In gentle motion, circularly threw 
 Themselves about him. ]Vm. Browne. 
 
 Piper of Hamelin, The Pied. See 
 I'lEi) PiPEK OF Hamelin. 
 
 Pipes, Tom. The name of a char- 
 acter in Smollett's " Adventures of 
 I'eregrine Pickle;" celebrated for his 
 taciturnity, and represented as a re- 
 tired boatswain's mate, living with 
 the eccentric Contmodore Trunnion 
 to keep the servants in order. 
 
 One wonders. Were I'i/ies and Hatchway 
 there in [Cominodon] Martin's squadron? 
 In what station CdiiniMKlore Trunnion did 
 then serve in the British Navy ? Carhjle. 
 
 Pi-rith'o-us. [Gr. Ileipieoo?.] {Gr. (f 
 Itoia. Mtfdi.) A son of Ixion, and a 
 king of the Lapitha;. His friendship 
 for Theseus, king of Athens, was 
 proverbial. After the death of Hip- 
 podamia, he descended, in company 
 with Theseus, to the infernal regions, 
 to carry away Proserpine; but Pluto, 
 who was advised of their intention, 
 bound Pirithous to his father's wheel 
 (see Ixiox), and Theseus to a mon- 
 strous stone. 
 
 Pl-sa'ni-o. A servant to Posthumus, 
 
 in Shakespeare's " Cymbeline." He 
 is distinguished for faithful attach- 
 ment to Imogen, his master's wife. 
 Pistol, Ancient. A iollower of Pal- 
 staff, in Shakespeare's "■ Merry Wives 
 of Windsor," and in the Seciiiid Part 
 of " King Henry the Pourth." He 
 is a bully and a swaggerer by profes- 
 sion. 
 
 ti^ Perhaps from piatolfo, explained 
 by Florio as ''.a roj^uing heggar. a can- 
 tier, an upright man that liveth by cozen- 
 age." HuUiu'ell. 
 
 In this mood, if any one endeavored to 
 bring Sir Arthur down to the regions of com- 
 mon life, his replies were in the vein of Aw 
 cieiit I'i.itol : — 
 
 "A fico for the world, and worldlings base ! 
 I speak of Africa and golden joys ! " 
 
 ■V(> M'. Scott. 
 
 I only say, that I read from liabit and from 
 
 indolence, not from real interest: thiit, like 
 
 Ancient I'iMol devouring his leek, I lead and 
 
 swear till I get to the end of the narrative. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Plagiary, Sir Fretful. A character 
 in Sheridan's play, " The Critic." 
 designed, it is said, for Richard Cum- 
 berland (1732-1811), an English dra- 
 matic writer, noted lor his vanity 
 and irritabilit}'. 
 
 He has, therefore, no reason to complain; 
 and I dare say, that, like Sir Frttinl I'layiurnj, 
 he is rather pleased than otherwise. Lpron. 
 
 Plain, The. [Fr. Ln Plaine ] {Fr. 
 Jlist.) A name given to that part of 
 the benches, in the National Conven- 
 tion, occupied by the Girondists, or 
 the more moderate among the dep- 
 uties; hence, these deputies them- 
 selves. The Plain succumbed in the 
 contest with "The Mountain." See 
 Mountain, The, and Maiush, The. 
 
 Plain and Perspicuous Doctor. 
 
 [Lat. Ihidor Planus et Piis/jicuiis, or 
 Coiispuuus.] An honorary title be- 
 stowed upon Walter Burleigh (1275- 
 1357), a famous scholastic, by hi.s 
 admiring contemporaries, lie is said 
 to have combated the opinions of 
 Duns Scotus with great vigor. 
 
 Platonic Puritan. An appellation 
 given to John Howe (lOoO-HOfi), a 
 distinguished Xon -conformist divine, 
 and a man of great general learning. 
 His writings are distinguished for 
 their originality, profundity, and ])hil- 
 osophical calmness and comj)rehen- 
 siveness. 
 
 B@°" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
PLE 
 
 295 
 
 POE 
 
 Ple'iad, The. A title given, in allu- 
 sion to the seven stars ol' tiiis name, 
 to a j^roiip or reuniuu of seven cele- 
 brated persons. 
 
 1. The PiiiLosopTtirAL Plkiad. 
 See Seven Wi.se Men of Gheece. 
 
 2. The First Litekahy Pleiad, 
 or Pleiad ok Aleva.ndkia, was 
 instituted bv Ptolemy Philailelphus, 
 and compo.-ed of the contemporary 
 poets, Callimachus, Apollonius of 
 Rhodes, Aratus, Homer the younger, 
 Lycophron, Nicander,and Theocritus. 
 
 3. The Liteuaky Pleiad of 
 Charlemagne was a sort of acad- 
 emy founded by that monarch, in 
 which Alcuin was called Alhlnus ; 
 Angilbert, fTnincr; Adelard, Aur/iis- 
 tiin- ; Riculfe, /)aw£< /s ; and Charle- 
 magne himself, David. Varnefrid 
 and one other completed the Pleiad. 
 
 4. A literary school in France, in 
 the sixteenth century, of which 
 Ronsard was the head, and six of 
 his admirers the remaining mem- 
 bers; namely, the poets .loachim du 
 Beliay, Aiitoine de Baif, Amadis 
 Jamyn, Belleau, Jodelle, and Ponthus 
 de Thiard. They were at tirst called 
 L'l Brigade. 
 
 Ple'i-a-des (ple'yS-dez, 20). [Gr. 
 II veiaSes.] ( ('i: c/ Roiii. Mijth. ) Sev- 
 en daughters of Atlas and Pleione, 
 named Electra, Alcyone, Ceheno, 
 Maia, Steropj, Taygete, and Merope. 
 Their history is ditferently related, 
 but all authorities agree that they 
 were transt'ormed into the constel- 
 lation which bears their name. Only 
 six of these stars are visible to the 
 naked eve; and the ancients believed 
 that the seventh (Merope) hid her- 
 self from shame, she alone having 
 married a mortal, while her sisters 
 were the wives of gods. 
 
 PlSy'deU, Mr. Pau'lus. A shrewd 
 and witty lawyer in Scott's novel of 
 " Guy Mannering." 
 
 Did the old gentleman who drawls about 
 the boozing buffoonery of the " Noctes " ever 
 hear of a celebrated lawyer, one Phprlell, who, 
 in his leisure hours, was strenuously addicted 
 to High Jinks ? Noctes Amhi-osiance. 
 
 Pliant, Sir Paul. An uxorious, fool- 
 ish old knight, in Congreve's comedy 
 of "The Double Dealer." 
 
 Of what consequence is it to Virtue, or hov 
 is she ut all concerned about it, . . . who is 
 the father of Lord Froth's or Sir Paul I'linnt's 
 children? C/iarlns Lanih. 
 
 Plon-plon, Prince (plo"'pl6n', f»2). 
 A nickname given to Princi' Napoleon 
 Josepli Charles liouaparte, son of 
 Jerome Bonaparte bv his second wife, 
 the Princess Frederica Catherine of 
 Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Plowman, PiSrs. The hero of a 
 celeijrated satirical poem (" The 
 Vision of Piers I'iowman ") of the 
 fourteenth century, of which Robert 
 Langland (or Langlande) is the re- 
 puted author. Piers is represented 
 as tailing asleep on the Malvern Hills, 
 in Worcestershire, and as having a 
 series of dreams. In describing these, 
 he exposes the corruptions of society, 
 and particularly the dissoluteness and 
 avarice of the religious orders, with 
 great humor and fancy, but consider- 
 able bitterness. An imitation of the 
 " Vision,"' called " I'iers Plowman's 
 Creed," appears to have been written 
 about the end of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury. It is an exposition of the imped- 
 iments and temptations which beset 
 this mortal life The method, like that 
 of Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress," 
 is allegorical, but the spirit of the 
 poetry is not so much picturesque as 
 satirical. 
 
 Plu'to. [Gr. u\ovToii'.] ( Gr. (f Rom. 
 }[llt}i.) A son of Saturn and Ops, 
 brother of Jupiter and Xeptime. hus- 
 band of Proser[)ine, and the inexo- 
 rable king of the under-world. See 
 PitosEKi'iNE. [Called also />/s.] 
 
 Plu'tus. [Gr. OAoOto? ] ( Gr. cj- Rom. 
 Myth.) The god of riches; a son of 
 lasius, or lasion, and Ceres. 
 
 Plymley, Peter. A pseudonym 
 under which Sydney Smith (1771- 
 1845), published a powerful political 
 tract, entitled "■ Letters on the Sub- 
 ject of the Catholics, to mv Brother 
 Abraham, who lives in the Country." 
 
 Pochi Danari (po'kee dS-na'ree). 
 [It., the penniless.] A sobriquet 
 given by the Italians to jMaximilian 
 I. ( 1459-1.519 ), emperor of Germany. 
 
 Poet of Poets. A name often given 
 to Shelley (1792-1822), who is pre- 
 
 and for the Kemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
POE 
 
 296 
 
 POL 
 
 eminent anions modem writers for 
 the c-onipass of his imagination and 
 the peeidiar graces of liis style. 
 Maeauhiy says that the words 
 " bard " and "'inspiration," generally 
 so unmeaning wiien applied to mod- 
 ern poets, have a special signiticance 
 when applied to Shelley. 
 Poets' Corner. An angle in the 
 south transept ofWestminster Abbey, 
 London ; — popularly so called from 
 the fact that it contains the toml)s of 
 Chaucer, Spenser, and other eminent 
 English poets, and memorial tablets, 
 busts, statues, or monuments, to many 
 who are buried in other places. 
 
 Poet Squab. A nickname given by 
 Lord Rochester to Dryden, on ac- 
 count of his corpulence in later life. 
 
 Poins. A companion of Sir John 
 Falstaff in the two parts of Shake- 
 speare's " King Henry IV." [Writ- 
 ten also Poy ns.] 
 
 We were still further removed from the 
 days of " the inad prince and J'oinx." 
 
 ^ Sir }V. Scott. 
 
 The chronicles of that day contain accounts 
 of many a luad prank which he [Lord War- 
 wick, Addison's step-son] played, as we have 
 legends of a still earlier date of the lawless 
 freaks of the wild prince and Poyns. 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Polish Bay'ard. A name given to 
 Prince Joser)h Poniatowski (17G3- 
 18 U), a Polish general of distin- 
 guished bravery. 
 
 Polish By'rSn (9). A name which 
 has been very generally given to the 
 Polish poet, Adam ^Nlickiewicz (1798- 
 1855). It has been said to convey 
 " as correct a notion of the nature 
 and the extent of his genius as any 
 single epithet could possibly do." 
 
 Polish Franklin. An appellation 
 conferred on Thaddeus Czacki ( 1765- 
 1813), a distinguished counselor, phi- 
 losopher, and historian of Poland. 
 
 Polish Vol-taire'. A name popular- 
 ly given to Ignatius Krasicki (177'i- 
 1801), one of the most distinguished 
 literary men of Poland, and author 
 of a great number of works in prose 
 and verse. 
 
 Polixene (|)o'lek'san'). An assumed 
 name, adopted, instead of her bap- 
 tismal one of M(ultliin, by a female 
 
 character in Moliere's famous com- 
 edy, '* Les Precieuses Kidicules." 
 
 Po-lix'e-ne§. King of Bohemia, in 
 
 Shakespeare's " Winter's Tale." 
 
 Pol'lux. A famous pugilist, the twin, 
 brother of Castor. See Castok. 
 
 Po-lo'ni-us. Lord chamberlain to the 
 king of Denmark, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of " llandet." 
 
 Xf^ " Polonius ... is the personified 
 meuiory of wisdom no lougf-r iictu.iUy pos- 
 sessed. This admirable character is always 
 niisrepreseuted on the stairt- . Shakespeare 
 never iuteuded to exhibit him as a buf- 
 foon ; for, although it was natural that 
 Hamlet — a young man of fire and genius, 
 detesting formality, and disliking PoloniufJ 
 on political grounds, as imagining that he 
 had assisted his uncle in his usurpation 
 — should express himself satirically, yet 
 this must not be taken as exactly the 
 poet's conception of him. In Polonius. a 
 certain induration of character had arisen 
 from long habits of business: but tJike 
 his advice to Laertes, and Ophelia's rev- 
 erence for his memory, and we shall see 
 that he was meant to be represented as a 
 statesman somesvhat past his faculties, — 
 his recollections of life all full of wis- 
 dom, and showing aknowleilgc of humaa 
 nature, whilst what immediately takes 
 place before him, and escapes from him, 
 is indicative of weakness. ... In the 
 great, ever-recurring dangers and duties 
 of life. — where to distinguish the fit ob- 
 jects for the application of the maxims 
 collected by the experience of a long life 
 requires no fint-ness of tact, as iti the 
 admonitions to his son and daughter, — 
 Polonius is uniformly made respectable." 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 Po-lyd'a-niS,s. [Gr. Uo\vSatxa<;.] A 
 Grecian athlete, famous for his im- 
 mense size and strength. .Many 
 marvelous stories are related of him, 
 as that, when unarmetl. he killed a 
 huge and liercc lion, stopped a chariot 
 in full career, lifted a mad bull, and 
 the like. He is said to have met his 
 death in attempting to stop or to sus- 
 tain a failing ruck. 
 
 PoPy-deu'ces. [Gr. noAuSevKT;?.] ( Gr. 
 (f Rom. Mi/tli ) The Greek form of 
 Pollux. See Pollux. 
 
 PoP^-dore. [Lat. Poti/Jom.^, Gr. 
 IloAi;6iooo . I 1. {O'r. (f Rom. .Mijth.] 
 The voungest son of Priam and 
 Hecuba; he was killed for his riches 
 
 Tor the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
POL 
 
 297 
 
 POP 
 
 by Poljinnestor, king of Thrace, who 
 had been intrusted with tlie care of 
 him. 
 
 2. A feigned name assumed by 
 Guiderius, in Shakespeare's " Cyni- 
 beline." 
 
 PoPy-liyra'ni-a, or Po-lym'ni-a. 
 
 [Gr. lloAuMi'ta.] {Gr. (f Rom. Mijlh'.) 
 One of the Muses; the one who pre- 
 sided over rhetoric and singing. She 
 was reputed to be the inventress of 
 the lyre. 
 
 PoF^-ni'ces. [Gr. iToAvi'et/cT)?.] ( Gr. 
 t)'- Ram. Myth.) Son of Oedipus and 
 Jocasta, and brother of Eteocles. See 
 Eteocles and Seven against 
 Thebes. 
 
 PoPy-phe'mus. [Gr. noAv'^Tj/xo?.] ( Gr. 
 if Rom. Myth.) A son of Neptune, 
 and one of the Cyclops, who dwelt 
 in Sicily. He was a cruel monster, 
 of immense size and strength, and 
 had but one eye. which was in the 
 middle of his forehead. When Ulys- 
 ses landed in Sicily, he, with twelve 
 of his companions, got caught in the 
 cave of Polyphemus, and six of the 
 number were eaten by the tremendous 
 cannibal. The rest were in expecta- 
 tion of the same fate, but their cun- 
 ning leader enabled them to escape, 
 by contriving to intoxicate Polyphe- 
 mus, and then destroying his single 
 eye with a tire-brand. [Written also 
 poetically, and in an Anglicized form, 
 P o 1 _\' p h e m e.] 
 
 Po-mo'na. [Lat., cognate with potmim, 
 fruit.] (Rom. My'h.) The goddess 
 of fruit and friut-trees. See Yek- 
 
 TU.MNUS. 
 
 Pom'pey. The name of a clown, in 
 Shakespeare's '" Measure lor Meas- 
 ure." 
 
 Ponocrates (po-nok^rS-tez; Fr. jrron. 
 po'nok'ra-tess'). The name of Gar- 
 gantua's tutor, in Ilabelais' famous 
 roniance. 
 
 Pons As'I-no'rum. [Lat., Bridge of 
 Asses.] A name given to the famous 
 fifth proposition of the tirst book of 
 Euclid's " E'ements," from tlie cir- 
 cumstance that tvTos usually fiud 
 much diliculty in getting over it. 
 
 Poor Richard. The feigned author 
 
 of a series of Almanacs (commenced 
 in 17'i2, and continued (or twenty-live 
 years), really written by lienjamin 
 Franklin, and distinguished for their 
 inculcation of the prudential virtues, 
 as temperance, frugality, order, jus- 
 tice, cleanliness, chastity, and the 
 like, by means of maxims or precepts, 
 which, it has been said, "are as valu- 
 able as any thing that has descended 
 from Pythagoras." See Saunders, 
 
 RiCIIAKD. 
 
 Few of the rtianv wise apotheprns which 
 have been uttered, troni the time of tlie Seven 
 Sages of Greece to that of Poor Richard, have 
 prevented a single foolish action. Mucaulay, 
 
 Poor Robin. The imaginar\- author 
 of a celebrated series of Almanacs 
 first published in 1661 or 16G2, and 
 said to have originated with Kobert 
 Herrick, the poet. Other books were 
 also published under the same name, 
 as " Poor Robin's Visions," " Poor 
 Robin's Pathway to Knowledge," &c. 
 
 Pope Joan. See Joan, Pope. 
 
 Pope of Philosophy. An appellation 
 conferred upon Aristotle (b. c. 384— 
 322), in modern times, on account of 
 the boundless reverence paid to his 
 name, the infallibility ascribed to his 
 teaching, and the despotic influence 
 which his system of thought exercised 
 upon the strongest minds of Europe 
 for centuries. 
 
 Popish Plot. ( En f/. Hist.) The name 
 given to an imaginary plot on the 
 part of the Roman Catholics in the 
 time of Charles II., to massacre the 
 Protestants, burn the city of London, 
 and assassinate the king. The fiction 
 was devised by one Titus Gates, an 
 unprincipled and vagabond adven- 
 turer, who had been successively an 
 Anabaptist minister, a clergyman of 
 the Lstablished Church, and a Roman 
 Catholic. By the aid of suborned 
 witnesses, he procured the judicial 
 murder of many innocent persons; 
 but a violent reaction at last set in, 
 and he Avas tried, convicted of per- 
 jury, pilloried, whipped, and impris- 
 oned. 
 
 Poplar, Anthony. A name assumed 
 by the editor of the " Dublin Uni- 
 versity Magazine," when it was first 
 started. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numDers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
POR 
 
 298 
 
 roR 
 
 Porcupine, Peter. A pseudonym 
 adopted by William Coijbett (17fi2- 
 18;}5), a voluiniiimis political Avriter. 
 In 17'JG, he establisiied in I'liiladel- 
 pliia " Peter Porcupine's Gazette." 
 An edition of the Porcupine Papers, 
 in 12 vols., was pubHshed in London 
 in 1801. 
 
 Pork-op'o-lis. [Eng. porlc, and Gr. 
 TToAi?, city. J A Jocular nickname for 
 the city of Cincinnati, which is one 
 of the greatest markets for pork in 
 America. 
 
 Por'rex. See Ferrex. 
 
 Por'se-na, or Por-sen'na, Larg. A 
 legendary king of ILtruria, who made 
 war on Uomc on accoimt of the ban- 
 ishment of the Tarquins from that 
 city. Macaulay has made him the 
 subject of one of the most magnili- 
 cent of his " Lays of Ancient Home." 
 
 Porte-Crayon. A pseudonym of 
 David H. Strother, author of an in- 
 teresting series of illustrated papers 
 published in " Harper's Magazine." 
 
 Por'ti-a (por'shi-fl, or por'shla). A 
 rich heiress, in Shakespeare's " Mer- 
 chant of Venice.'' She is in love 
 with IJassanio; but her choice of a 
 husband is rL-strained by a whim of 
 her deceased father, who deposited 
 her picture in one of three locked 
 caskets, of gold, silver, and lead, 
 respectively, with the testamentary 
 proviso that her hand and fortune 
 were to be bestowed upon that suitor 
 only who should guess which of the 
 caskets contained her likeness. For- 
 eign princes, who come to try their 
 luck, select the golden and silver 
 chests, which contain nothing but a 
 death's-head and a fool's head, with 
 scrolls bearing mocking mottoes ; 
 but Hassanio fortunately chooses the 
 " meager lead," and wins his mis- 
 tress. Soon after, his friend Antonio, 
 a wealthy merchant, having thought- 
 lessly signed a bond in favor of 
 Shylock, a -Tewish usurer, by which 
 he agreed to forfeit a pound of flesh 
 in case of failure to n-pay in a stip 
 ulated time a sum of money which 
 he liad borrowed, and being unable, 
 fi'om a concurrence of unt'ortunate 
 circumstances, to meet the obligation, 
 
 Portia, in the di.sguise of a " young 
 doctor of Rome," and under the 
 assumed name of Balthazar, man- 
 ages to have the case tried belore 
 herself, and at last gives judgment 
 against the Jew. Bassanio urges her 
 to accept of three thousand ducats — 
 the sum due to Shylock from Antonio 
 — byway of remuneration; but she 
 begs for a ring that she had once 
 given him, and which he had sworn 
 never to sell, or give away, or lose. 
 He begs to be excused from parting 
 with it, but is linally over-persuaded, 
 and lets her have it. This incident 
 furnishes the occasion for a simu- 
 lated (juarrel between Bassanio and 
 Portia when they meet at Portia's 
 house in Belmont. The story of the 
 bond is of Eastern origin. 
 
 Portuguese A-pollo. A title be- 
 stowed upon Luis Camocns (1.527- 
 1579), the great national poet of 
 Portugal. See Apollo. 
 
 Portuguese Liv'y-. An appellation 
 conferred upon Joao de Barros ( 1490- 
 1570), the most distinguished of 
 Portuguese historians. His style is 
 greatly admired. 
 
 Portuguese Mars. A title of Alfonso 
 de All)0(iuerque (1452-1515), viceroy 
 of India, and a man of extraordinary 
 wisdom and enterprise, Avho, in 1503, 
 took possession of Goa, which he 
 made the center of Portuguese pow- 
 er and commerce in Asia, and sub- 
 dued the whole of Malabar, Ceylon, 
 the Sunda Isles, and the peninsula of 
 Malacca. 
 
 Portuguese Nos'tra-da'mus. A 
 surname of Gon(,'alo Annes Bandarra 
 (d. 1556), a poet-cobbler, whose writ- 
 ings were vsuppressed by the Inquisi- 
 tion. 
 
 Portuguese !N"un. Mariana Alcafo- 
 rad.) (d. about 1700), a Portuguese 
 lady who addressed a series of famous 
 letters to the Chevalier de Cham illy, 
 with whom she was deeply in love, 
 though he did not reciprocate her 
 passion. She derived the sobriquet 
 from her supposed connection with a 
 c<)nvont. 
 
 Portuguese Ti'ti-an (tish'T-iin). A 
 title given to Alonzo Sanches Coello 
 
 Ukir For the " Key to the Scheme of Fruuuuciatiuu," with the accuiiipunyiug Escplonation^ 
 
POR 
 
 299 
 
 PRA 
 
 (1515-1590), a Portuguese painter 
 whose style is thouglit to resemble 
 that of the illustrious Italian painter, 
 Veecllio Tiziauo, or Titian. 
 
 Por-tu'nus (0). [Lat., from partus, a 
 harbor. J (Jiom. Myth.) The pro- 
 tecting god of harbors. 
 
 Po-sei'don. [Gr. nocreiSwi'.] {Myth.) 
 The Greek name of Nejitune. See 
 Neftune. 
 
 Post'hu-mus, Le'o-nap'tus. Hus- 
 band to Imogen, in Shakespeare's 
 " Cymbeline." He is distinguished 
 for his rash but unsuccessful plotting 
 of his wife's death as a punishment 
 of her supposed intidelity to him. 
 
 Potage, Jean (zho" po^tazh', 62), A 
 grotesque character on tlie French 
 stage. See Hanswukst. 
 
 Pounce, Mr, Peter. A character in 
 Fielding's novel, "^ The Adventures 
 of Joseph Andrews." See Adams, 
 Pakson Abraham. 
 
 Poundtext, Peter. An "indulged 
 pastor" with the Covenanters' armv. 
 in Sir Walter Scott's '^ Old Mortal- 
 ity." 
 
 Pourceau^nao, M. de (mos'e^' du 
 poor/sdn'yak', 43, 78). The hero of 
 Moliere's comedy of the same name; 
 a pompous country gentleman who 
 comes to Paris to marry Julie, — the 
 heroine of the piece, — the authority 
 of her father having destined her 
 hand to him. But .lulie has a lover, 
 and this lover plays off" so many 
 tricks and mystifications upon the 
 provincial suitor that he finally re- 
 linquishes his suit in despair. 
 
 l6w'ell, Mary. A pseudonym of 
 Miss Anne Manning, a writer of 
 the present day. 
 
 Poy'nings' Law. (Irish Hist.) A 
 law passed by a parliament sum- 
 moned to meet at Drogheda, by Sir 
 Edward Poynings, governor of Ire- 
 land in the time of Henry YII. 
 This memorable statute established 
 the authority of the English govern- 
 ment in Ireland. 
 
 P. P., Clerk of this Parish. The 
 feiffned author of a humorous and 
 celebrated volume of ]\Iemoirs real- 
 ly written by Arbuthnot, in ridicule 
 
 of Burnet's "History of My Own 
 Times," The I'ollowmg extract will 
 give an idea of this lamous work : — 
 
 " In the name of tUe Lord, Auien. 
 I, I*. P., Clerk of this Parish, by the 
 grace of (Jod write tiiis liistory. . . . 
 Even when 1 was at school my mistress 
 did ever extol me above tlie rest of the 
 youth, in that J had a laudable voice. 
 And it was furthermore observed that I 
 took a kindly affection unto that blai k 
 letter in which our Bibles are printed. 
 Yea, often did I exercise myself in sing- 
 ing goodly ballads, such as 'The I*ady 
 and Death,' "■ The Children in the 
 Wood,' and ' Chevy Chase;' and not, 
 like other children, in lewd and trivial 
 ditties. Moreover, while I was a boy, 
 I always ventured to lead the psalm 
 next after Master William Harris, my 
 predecessor, who (it must be confessed 
 to the glory of Gud) was a must excellent 
 parish clerk in that his day. . . . Ever 
 since I arrived at tlie age of discretion, 
 I had a call to take upon me the function 
 of a parish clerk ; and to that end it 
 seemed to me meetaid profitable to as- 
 sociate myself with the parish clerks of 
 this land, — such, I mean, as were right 
 worthy in their calling, and of becom- 
 ing gravity. Now it came to pass that I 
 was born in the year of our Lord. Anno 
 Domini, 1655, the year wiierein our wor- 
 thy benefactor Esquire Bret did add oi;e 
 bell to the ring of this parish. So that 
 it hath been wittily said, that ' one and 
 the same day did give to this our church 
 two rare gifts, — its great bell, and its 
 clerk.' '' 
 
 Those who were placed around it [adhincr- 
 tablc] had those fccliiifrs of awe with wliich 
 P. P., Clerk ot' the I'dvisli, described himself 
 oppressed, when lie first uplifted the psalm in 
 presence of those persons fif Jii^h worship, the 
 wise Mr. Justice Freeiii;ui, the ;;ood Lady 
 Jones, and the great Sir Thomas Triibv. 
 
 Sir K". Srott. 
 
 The example of the famous "P. P., Clerk 
 ofthU Parish " was never more faithfully fol- 
 lowed. Jlawthome. 
 
 Interspersed also are long, purely autobio- 
 graphical delineations, yet without connec- 
 tion, without recornizable coherence; bo un- 
 important, so Bupcrfluously minute, they al- 
 most remind us of "P. 'P., Clerk of this 
 Parish." Carlyle. 
 
 Pragmatic Sanction. {Hist.) A 
 decree by Avhich, in the year 1713, 
 Charles VI., emperor of tiermany, 
 and the last descendant in the male 
 line of the house of Austria, settled 
 his dominions on his daughter, the 
 Archduchess Maria Theresa, wife of 
 Francis ot" Lorraine. Her succession 
 Avas guaranteed bv Great Britain, 
 
 ftad for the Kemarks and Bulea to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. ziv-zzxii. 
 
PRA 
 
 300 
 
 PRE 
 
 France, the States (reneral, and most 
 of tlie European powers, and she 
 ascended the tin-one in (,)ctober, 1741) ; 
 but a general European war was the 
 result. 
 
 jCiS^ The term " Prajrmatic Sanction " 
 is souietimcs applied to other solemn 
 ordinances or decrees relating either to 
 Church or State affairs ; but that by 
 which the empire of Germany was set- 
 tled in tile house of Austria is the most 
 celebrated of all. 
 
 Prairie State. A name popularly 
 given to Illinois, in allusion to the 
 wide -spread and beautiful prairies 
 which form a striking leature of the 
 scenery of the State. 
 
 Prasildo (pra-zel'do). A nobleman 
 of Babylon, in Bqjardo's " Orlando 
 Innamorato," noted for his devoted 
 friendship for Iroldo, with whose wife, 
 Tisbina, he falls violently in love. 
 Being overheard by her and her 
 husband threatening to kill himself, 
 the lady, hoping to divert him from 
 his passion by time and absence, prom- 
 ises to return it on condition of his 
 performing a distant and perilous 
 adventure. He pertbrms the adven- 
 ture; and the husband and wife, sup- 
 posing that there is no other way of 
 her escaping the consequences, resolve 
 to take poison; after which the lady 
 goes to Prasildo's house, and informs 
 him of their having done so. Prasildo 
 resolves to die with them; but hear- 
 ing, in the mean time, that the apoth- 
 ecary had given them a drink that 
 was harmless, he goes and tells them 
 of their good fortune; upon which 
 the hus!)and is so struck with his 
 generosity, that he voluntarily quits 
 Babylon for life, and the lady marries 
 the l(jver. The new husband subse- 
 quently hears that his I'riend's life is 
 in danger, and quits the wife to go 
 and deliver him from it at the risk of 
 his own. 
 
 Preacher, The. A title sometimes 
 given to Solomon, " the son of David, 
 king in Jerusalem," and author of 
 the book of '' Ecclesiastes," — a Avord 
 which signifies ^>reaf/te?\ 
 
 Thus saith Tlic Preacher : "Naught beneath 
 
 the sun 
 Is new;" yet still from change to change we 
 
 run. Hyron. 
 
 Precht, Frau (frow prekt). See 
 
 BlilMIlA, EltAU. 
 
 Pr6cieuses Ridicules, Les (la pra'- 
 stQiz' reMe'kul', ;j4, 4;j). 'Ihe title 
 of a comedy by Moliere (1022-1673), 
 and a name given to its heroines, 
 Aminte and Polixene, who represent 
 a class of women among INloliere's 
 contemporaries remarkable for their 
 attectation of extreme politeness, 
 their high-flown sentiments, their 
 metaphysical conceits, and their eu- 
 phuistic style of speaking and writ- 
 ing. 
 
 j^^ It has been customary to saj- that 
 Moliere's charming satire was aimed at 
 the Hotel de Itambouillet, a famous cote- 
 rie of the most accomplished and illus- 
 trious wits, critics, scholars, and poets, 
 of both sexes, to be found in Paris dur- 
 ing the seventeenth century : but the 
 notion has been shown to be utterly 
 groundless. In its original acceptation, 
 the word prccieusf was an honorable 
 designation, signifying a woman who, to 
 grace and dignity of manner, added ele- 
 gance and culture of mind. It was there- 
 fore applied with perfect propriety to the 
 brilliant and cultivated ladies of the 
 Ilambouillct circle. But. in the course 
 of time, grotesque imitations of the man- 
 ners and style of tlie Hotel became prev- 
 alent botli in Paris and the jirovinces, 
 and the epithet consequently took on a 
 tinge of reproach or contempt. 
 
 PrSs'ter John. [That is, the Priest, 
 or the Presbyter. John.] The name 
 given, in the Middle Ages, to a sup- 
 posed Christian sovereign and ]'riest 
 in the interior of Asia, Avhose domin- 
 ions were variously ])laced. The 
 story is said to have originated in the 
 fact that the Nestorian missionaries, 
 in the eleventh or twelfth century, 
 penetrated into Eastern Asia, and 
 converted Ung (or Ungh Khan), the 
 chief of the Kerait, or Krit, i'arlars. 
 This name they corrupted or trans- 
 lated into Prester John, Fit;/ being 
 turned into " Jachanan," or "John," 
 and KIkiii being rendered by" Priest." 
 His fame spread to Europe, and not 
 only furnished the material of num- 
 berless medi;cval legends, but supplied 
 the occasion of several missionar}' ex- 
 peditions to the East. 
 
 I will go on tho lizhtest errand now to the 
 Antipodes that you can devise to send nie on; 
 I will fetch you a tooth-picker now from the 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
PRE 
 
 301 
 
 PRI 
 
 ftirthest inch of Asia; brin^ you the length 
 of Prester Jo/in's foot; fcteli you a hair of the 
 great Cham's beard; do you any embassage 
 fo the Pygmies, — rather tlian hold tlireo 
 words' conference with this harpy. iShah. 
 
 Pres'to. [It. and Sp., quick, nimble, 
 swift, from Lat. j>neslus, ready.] A 
 naniL' yiven to Swift by the Duchess 
 of Shrewsbury, who, being a for- 
 ei,u;iu'r, could not remember the Eng- 
 lish word siolft. The sobriquet is 
 frequently used in Swift's " Journal 
 to SteUa." See Stella. 
 
 Pretenders, The. James Francis 
 Edward Stuart, son of James II., 
 and Charles Edward Stuart, grand- 
 son of James II. ; called respectively, 
 the E^Ider and the Younger Pretender. 
 By the forced abdication and flight 
 of James II., in IG88, the crown of 
 England passed to William, Prince 
 of Orange (who was the son of Mary, 
 daughter of Charles I.), and to Mary, 
 his \vife (who was the daughter of 
 James II., and consequently cousin 
 to William). The Acts of Settlement 
 passed in the reign of William III. 
 (A. 1). 1701 and ""1708) secured the 
 succession of the house of Hanover 
 to the English throne. The Elder 
 Pretender made some vain attempts 
 to recover the kingdom, but surren- 
 dered his claims, in 174-3, to his son, 
 Charles P^dward, the Younger Pre- 
 tender, who, in the following year, 
 invaded Great Britain from France, 
 and fought gallantly for the throne 
 of his ancestors, but was signally 
 defeated at Culloden, in 174(5, and 
 compelled to escape to the Continent. 
 
 Prettyman, Prince. See Prince 
 Pkkttyman. 
 
 Pri'am. [Eat. Priamus, Gr. Tlpia/uo?.] 
 {(jr. c/- R<»)i. Myth.) A son of Laom- 
 edon, and the last king of Troy ; 
 husband of Hecuba, and father of 
 Hector, Helenus, Paris, Deiphobus, 
 Polyxena, Troilus, Cassandra, &c. 
 He was slain by Pyrrhus, the son of 
 Achilles, the same night on which 
 Troy was taken by the Greeks. 
 
 Pri-a'pus. [Gr. lipJaTro?.] {Gr. (f- 
 Roiii. Mtjfli.) The god of ]iro(Tea- 
 tion in general, or a deified personifi- 
 cation of the fructifying principle in 
 nature. He was worshiped particu- 
 
 larly as the god of gardens and vine- 
 yards, aiul of whatever ])crtains to 
 agriculture. He is variously described 
 as the son of Ad(jnis and Venus, of 
 Bacchus and Venus, and of Mercury 
 and Chione. 
 
 Pride's Purge. {Enrj. Hist.) A name 
 given to a violent invasion of parlia- 
 mentary rights, in K)4'.), by Colonel 
 Pride, who, at the head of two regi- 
 ments, surrounded the house of com- 
 mons, and seized in the i)assage tbrty- 
 one members of the Presbyterian 
 part}^ whom he confined. Above 
 one hundred and sixty others were 
 excluded, and none admitted but 
 the most furious and determined of 
 the Independents. These privileged 
 members were called " The Kump." 
 
 Prid'win. The name of Arthur's 
 shield, on which the picture of the 
 blessed Virgin Marj^ was painted, in 
 order to put him frequently in mind 
 of her. [Written also P r i w e n.] 
 
 The temper of his sword, the tried Excalibor, 
 The bigness and the length of Rone, his 
 
 noble spear, 
 "With J'rii/icin, his great shield, and what the 
 
 proof could bear. Drcnjton. 
 
 Primrose, George. A character in 
 Goldsmith's " Vicar of Wakefield," 
 who went to Amsterdam to teach 
 Dutchmen English, without recollect- 
 ing, until he landed, that he should 
 first know something of Dutch him- 
 self. 
 
 Primrose, Moses. A character in 
 Goldsmith's " Vicar of Wakefield;"' 
 celebrated for his quiet pedantry and 
 blundering sim]dicity, and especially 
 for having bartered away a good 
 horse for a gross of worthless green 
 spectacles with tortoise-shell rims and 
 shagreen casern. 
 
 As for myself, I expect to rival honest Prim- 
 ro»c''g son Moses iu his great bargain of tho 
 green spectacles. JI'. Irving. 
 
 Primrose, Mrs. Deborah. The wife 
 of the vicar, in Goldsmith's novel, 
 "The Vicar of Wakefield." She is 
 distinguished for her boasted skill in 
 housewiferv', her motherly vanity, her 
 pride in her husband, and her desire 
 to appear genteel. 
 
 Thackeray's works, like Mrs. T'rimrose^s 
 "wedding "gown," wear well, though they 
 may not at once captivate the fancy. 
 
 C7irist. Examiner. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rulet to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
PRI 
 
 302 
 
 PRI 
 
 Primrose, Olivia. A lovely and 
 beloved child of Doctor Priiurose, in 
 Goldsinitlis " Vicar of Wakelield." 
 
 Primrose, Sophia. A beautiful 
 daughter of Doctor Primrose, in 
 "The Vicar of Waketield." 
 
 Primrose, The Rev. Doctor. The 
 vicar, ill (johlsmitirs "Vicarof Wake- 
 field;" celebrated for the simplicity 
 of his character, and for his siipjKirt 
 of the Whistoiiian theory in regard 
 to marriage, that it is unlawful for a 
 priest of the Church of England, atter 
 the death of his tirst wife, to take a 
 second. His weaknesses, however, 
 it has been well said, '• only serve to 
 endear him more closely to his read- 
 ers; and when distress falls upon the 
 virtuous household, the noble forti- 
 tude and resignation of the princijjal 
 sufferer, and the etFicacy of his ex- 
 ample, form one of the most affecting 
 and even sublime moral pictures." 
 
 /E^ '• Wh;it reader is there in the civ- 
 ilized world who is not the better for the 
 story of the w;i.shes which the wortliy Dnc- 
 tor Primrose demolished so deliberately 
 with the poker ; for the kuowledj^e of the 
 guinea whicix the Miss Primroses kept 
 unchanged in their pockets ; the adven- 
 ture of the picture of the vicar's family, 
 which could not be got into the house, 
 and that of the Flamborongh family, all 
 painted with oranges in their hands; or 
 for the story of the case of green specta- 
 cles and the cosmogony ? " Hazlitt. 
 
 The Colonel bowed and smiled with very 
 
 f)leasant jrood-nature at our plaiuht.-;. Itwns 
 ike Doctor rriinro.<fe prcachiii.i; his sermon in 
 the prison. There was soniethiiig tonchinij 
 in the iiuiveU^ and kindness of the placid and 
 eimple gentleman. Thackeray. 
 
 Prince Ah'med. A character in the 
 "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," 
 in the story of " Prince Ahmed and 
 the fairy Paribanou." He purchases 
 in Samarcand an artificial apple, the 
 smell of which has power to cure all 
 kinds of disorders. See Paribanou. 
 
 It proves only this; that laws have no mag- 
 ical or supernatnral virtne; that laws do not 
 act like . . . Prince Ahtiied's apple. 
 
 JIacaulat/. 
 
 Prince Alasnam. See Alasnam. 
 
 Prince Beder. See Queen Labe. 
 
 Prince Cam'a-ral'za-mS,n. A char- 
 acter in the " Arabian Xi'^its' En- 
 
 tertainments," in the story of " Prince 
 ( aniaralzaman and the Princess Ba- 
 doura." 
 
 As for Colonel Thomas Newcome and hit 
 niece, they fell in love with each other in- 
 stantaneously, like J'rince Camaralzatuan anA 
 the princess of China. Thackeray. 
 
 Prince Cherry. [Fr. Le Prince 
 Clii.'ri, Prince Beloved.] The hero 
 of a nurseiy story, originally wTitten 
 in French by Mme. iJ'Aunoy. He 
 is represented as the sovereign of a 
 great empire, who, for his cruelty and 
 other vices, was transformed by a kind 
 guardian fairy into a frightful mon- 
 ster, until he had learned to conquer 
 his evil passions, and had proved him- 
 self worthy to wear his crown again. 
 
 Prince Hous'siin. A character in 
 the story of " Prince Ahmed and the 
 fairy Paribanou," in the "Aral)ian 
 Nights' P^ntertainments; " the eldest 
 brother of Prince Ahmed. He pos- 
 sessed a piece of carpeting of very 
 indifferent appearance, but of such a 
 Avonderful quality that any one who 
 simply sat on it ccuild be trans|)orted 
 in an instant whithersoever he de- 
 sired. 
 
 Whether the rapid pace at which the fancr 
 movetli in such exercitations, where the wish 
 of the penman i.s to him like Prince llous- 
 saia's tapestry, in the Eastern fable, be the 
 chief Fource of peril, — . . . this question be- 
 longeth not to me. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 He [Prince Le Boo] had lost all usual marks 
 for comparing difficult and easy; and, if 
 Prince Jfnitssain'x flying tapestry or Astol- 
 pho'shippogritf had' been shown, he would 
 havejudgcd of them by the ordinary rules of 
 convenience, and preferred a snug comer in a 
 well-hung chariot. Sir }V. Scott. 
 
 Prince of Artists. A title often giv- 
 en by the Germans to Albert Dhrer 
 (147i-1528), a celebrated painter, 
 sculptor, and engraver. He is said 
 to have invented the art of etching, 
 and he carried wood-engraving to a 
 degree of excellence that has hardly 
 been surpassed. 
 
 Prince of Coxcombs. A sobriquet 
 given to Charles Joseph, Prince de 
 Eigne (17;J5-i8i4). 
 
 Prince of Darkness. A title often 
 given to Satan. 
 
 The Prince of Darkness is a gentleman. 
 
 Shak. 
 lie was treated as one who, having sinned 
 
 0^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
PRI 
 
 303 
 
 PHI 
 
 against light, was, therefore, deservedly left a 
 
 prey to the Friiicc uf Ddikiass. Sir \\ . Scott. 
 
 E*rince of Destruction. A name 
 conferred u])oii Tainerluiie, or Tiinoiir 
 (1335-1405), one ol' tiie most cele- 
 brated ot" Oriental eontjiieror!^, who 
 overrun Persia, rarlary,and llindos- 
 tan, his conquests extending troni the 
 Volga to the Persian Gulf, and from 
 the Ganges to the Archipelago. He 
 was oidy jjrevented by the want of 
 shipping from crossing into Europe. 
 He died Just as he was making vast 
 preparations for the invasion of China. 
 No con(piests were ever attended 
 with greater cruelty, devastation, and 
 waste of lil'e. 
 
 Prince of Grammarians. 1. See 
 
 CoKYl'II.EUS OF GkAIMMAKIANS. 
 
 2. Apollonius of Alexandria (d. 
 B. c. 240), denominated by Priscian, 
 " Grammaticorum i^rinceps." He 
 was the first who reduced grammar 
 to a system. 
 
 Prince of Liars. A name applied 
 to Ferdinand Mendez Pinto, a cele- 
 brated Portuguese traveler of the 
 sixteenth century. He published an 
 account of his travels, full of extrav- 
 agant tictions, which have caused 
 him to be classed with Munchausen. 
 The epithet was originally conferred 
 upon him by Cervantes. 
 
 Prince of Peace. A title often given 
 to the Saviour, who came " not to 
 destroy men's lives, but to save 
 them," and who proclaimed, " Blessed 
 are the peace-makers; for they shall 
 be called the children of God.'' See 
 Jsn. ix. G. 
 
 Prince of Physicians. A title given 
 to Avicenna ('J8U-1037), a famous 
 Arabian philosopher and physician. 
 His system, a kind of logical al- 
 chemy, was founded on the supposi- 
 tion that the operations of nature are 
 in perfect correlation with those of 
 the human spirit. 
 
 Prince of Poets. A name sometimes 
 given to Edmund Spenser (1553- 
 1598), the admired author of the 
 "Faery Queen." He is so termed 
 in the inscription on his monument 
 in Westminster Abbey; and though, 
 at the present day, the fitness ot the 
 
 appellation may bp doubted, it is 
 thought by some that " his pootry is 
 the most poetical of all poetry." 
 
 Prince of Spanish Poetry. A name 
 otten applied to (.arcila>o de la Vega 
 (i503-i53(j), a celebrated .^j.anish 
 poet, tor whom his countrymen ex- 
 press an admiration such as they 
 give to none of his predecessors, and 
 to few of those who have lived since 
 his time. It occurs repeatedly in 
 Cervantes. 
 
 j8@= " This title, -which can be traced 
 back to Ilerrera, and has been continued 
 down to our own times, has, perhaps, 
 rarely been taken literally. " 2'icknor. 
 
 Prince of the Apostles. An hon- 
 orary title bestowed upon St. Peter, 
 from the supposed pre-eminence as- 
 cribed to him m Matt. xvi. 18, 19, — 
 upon which verses the claims of the 
 Roman Catholic church are Ibunded. 
 In the plural, the expression is ap- 
 plied to St. Peter and St. Paul. 
 
 Tlie Irish, regardless of the true history of 
 Patricijis, want to make St. Patrick a name- 
 sake of St. Peter, and make all tl eir Paddies 
 own not only tlieir national apostle, but the 
 Prhice of Apostha, for their patrons. Yonge. 
 
 Prince of the Ode. A title given to 
 Pierre de Ponsard (1524-1585), a cel- 
 ebrated French lyric poet. 
 
 Prince of the Peace. A title given, 
 in 1795, by Charles IV. of Spain to 
 his prime minister, Don Manuel de 
 Godoy (17G7-1851), on account of 
 his separating Spain from England, 
 and forming an oflensive and defen- 
 sive alliance with France, the same 
 year, after having previously de- 
 clared war against the latter coun- 
 try. 
 
 Prince of the Power of the Air. A 
 
 name given to Satan in Lj/h. ii. 2: 
 " Wherein in time past ye walked 
 according to the course of this world, 
 according to the prince of the pOAvei 
 of the air, the spirit that now work- 
 eth in the children of disobedience." 
 
 Prince of the Sonnet. A title be- 
 stowed upon Joachim du Bellay 
 (1524-1560), a distinguished French 
 poet. 
 
 Prince Prettyman. A character in 
 the Duke of Buckingham's farce, 
 
 and for the Reniai-ks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
PRI 
 
 304 
 
 PRO 
 
 " The Rehearsal," in love with Clo- 
 ris. lie lij^ures sometimes as a tish- 
 er's soil, sometimes as a prinee, mueli 
 to his own distress, lie is said to 
 have l)e(.'n intended as a parody npon 
 the cliarueter of i-eonidas in Dryden's 
 "Marriage ii-la-Mode." 
 
 J'liiicf I'rcttiniKDi, now a i)rince, and now a 
 fisher's son, h;i(l not a more awkward sense 
 ofhis dejjrudation. Sir W. .Scott. 
 
 Princess Fair-Star. [Fr. La Prhi- 
 cess(^ /Jcl/e-J-ydile.] The lady-love of 
 Prince Cherry. See Pkince Cheu- 
 
 KY. 
 
 Prince VoPsci-us. A military hero 
 in Biickini^liani's play, ''The Re- 
 hearsal." lie falls ill love with a fair 
 damsel named Partlienope, and dis- 
 putes with I'rinec Prettyman about 
 her, m iiiitainin<^ her superiority to 
 Cloris, the latter's sweetheart. 
 
 Unlikely as it all was, I could not help sus- 
 pecting from the beginning that there waj a 
 firl in tlie case. Why, tliis is worse than 
 'rince Vulscius in love! Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Prisoner of ChilTSn ( Fr. pron. she'- 
 yo'i', 02, 82). An appellation .some- 
 times given to Francois de Bonni- 
 vard (1490-1570), a Frenchman re- 
 siding in Geneva, who made himself 
 obnoxious to Charles III., duke of 
 Savoy, — who had become in a man- 
 ner master of Geneva, — and was 
 immured by him for six years in a 
 dungeon of the Chateau-de-Chillon, 
 a fortified castle at the eastern end 
 of the Lake of Geneva. At the ex- 
 piration of that time, he was released 
 by the Bernese, who were at war 
 with Savoy, and had gained posses- 
 sion of the fortress. On the fact of 
 Bonnivard's imprisonment here, and 
 on certain traditions of the residents 
 in the vicinity, Byron founded his 
 affecting narrative poem of " The 
 Prisoner of Cliillon;" but the addi- 
 tional circumstance of two brothers 
 of Boimivard having been imprisoned 
 with him, and dying in consequence 
 of their conlinoment and sufferings, 
 has no foundation except in the imaij- 
 ination of the poet, and was probably 
 suggested by Dante's Count Ugolino 
 and his two sons. See Ugolino. 
 
 Priuli (pre-oo'lee). A character in 
 Otway's tragedy of " Venice Pre- 
 
 served;" noted for his pride, and 
 his harsh, unnatural cruelty to his 
 daugliter. 
 
 Priwen. See Pkidwin. 
 
 Pro'cris. [(ir. Ilp6/<pt?.] {Or. (f 
 Ituiii. Mi/th.) A daughter of Erech- 
 theus, king of Athens, and wife of 
 Cei)halus, wlio shot her in a wood, 
 having mistaken her for a wild beast. 
 She was turned into a star by Jupi- 
 ter. 
 
 Pro-crus'tes. [Gr. XipoKpoucmj?, the 
 stretcher.] "(Gr. if Earn. Myth.) The 
 surname of a noted highwayman of 
 Attica, named Polypemon, or Damas- 
 tes. He used to tie travelers who fell 
 into his hands upon a bed, and ac- 
 commodate them to the length of it 
 by stretching or lopping off their 
 limbs, as the case required. 
 
 Profound Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Pro- 
 fundus.] 1. A title given to Thomas 
 Bradwardine (d. 1349), archbishop 
 of Canterbury, and one of the most 
 distinguished and learned of the 
 English schoolmen. 
 
 2. An appellation of Richard Mid- 
 dleton (d. 1-J04), an English scholas- 
 tic divine. See Solid Doctor. 
 
 Prog'ne. [Gr. npoKVT].] ( Gr. cj"- liiun. 
 Mijth.) The daughter of the Athe- 
 nian king Pandion, the sister of 
 Philomela, and the Avite of Tereus; 
 changed into a swallow by the gods. 
 See Tekeus. 
 
 Pro-me'theus (28). [Gr. npoMT?9ev'5.] 
 {Gr. if Rom. ^fyth.) A son of lapetus 
 and Clymene, the brother of Epime- 
 theus, and the father of Deucalion. 
 He made men of clay, and animated 
 them by means of fire which he stole 
 from heaven ; for this he was chained 
 by Jupiter to Mount Caucasus, where 
 an eagle, or, as some say, a vulture, 
 preyed by day upon his liver, which 
 grew again by night. See Pandora. 
 
 Like the thief of fire from heaven 
 Wilt thou withstand the shock. 
 
 And share with him, the unforgiven, 
 His vulture and his rock. 
 
 Byron, Ode to Xapoleon. 
 
 Promised IJand. A name often giv- 
 en to Canaan, or that portion of Pal- 
 estine lying west of the river Jor- 
 dan, which was repeatedly promised 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompany'ng Explanation^ 
 
PRO 
 
 305 
 
 PRO 
 
 by Jehovah to the patriarchs Abra- 
 ham, Isaac, and Jacob. See O'tw. 
 xii. 7, xiii. 15, xxviii. 13, xxxv. 12. 
 
 Prophet of the Syrians. A title 
 given to Kphraem Syrus (d. '378), a 
 celebrated lather of the Cliurch of tiic 
 Antiochian school. 
 
 Pros'er-pine. [Lat. Proserpina, Gr. 
 IItpo-e(/)orTj.] {Or. cf Earn. Mytli.) 
 The (hiii>j:Iiter of Jupiter and Ceres, 
 and wife of Pluto, who carried her 
 otF to the under-world as she was 
 gathering flowers in Sicily. See 
 Pl.ut< ). 
 
 Forgive, if some while I forget. 
 In woe to come, tlie present bliss; 
 
 As fiiglitcd l'roscr]>inc let ftill 
 Her flowers at sight of l>is. Hood. 
 
 Prosperity Rob'in-son (-sn). A 
 nickname given to Frederick Robin- 
 son (aftei'wards Viscount Goderich 
 and Earl of Kipon), chancellor of the 
 exchequer in 1823. Just before the 
 commercial crisis which occurred in 
 1825, he boasted of the great pros- 
 perity of the country^ derived, he 
 said, from the vast number of joint- 
 stock companies, which, he argued, 
 showed a superabundance of wealth. 
 The general financial distress and 
 ruin which occurred shortly after, and 
 which amounted almost to national 
 bankruptcy, proved the fallacy of 
 the chancellor's opinion ; Avhereupon 
 Cobbett gave him the sobriquet of 
 " Prosperity Robinson." [Called also 
 Goosey Goderich.J 
 
 Pros'pe-ro. One of the principal 
 characters in Shakespeare's "Tem- 
 pest." Prospero is the rightful duke 
 of Milan, who, having been dispos- 
 sessed of his dukedom by his brother 
 Antonio and the king of Naples, is 
 carried to sea, and there set adrift 
 with his daughter Miranda, in a 
 "rotten carcass of a boat." He for- 
 tunately reaches an uninhabited isl- 
 and, where he betakes himself to the 
 practice of magic (an art which he 
 had studied in Milan); and, having 
 raised a tempest, in which Antonio, 
 the king of Naples, and others, are 
 completely shipwrecked upon the isl- 
 and, he secretly subjects them to 
 many discomforts by way of punish- 
 ment, but finally discovers himself. 
 
 forgives his brother and the kin^, 
 and provides for their safe and speedy 
 return, with that of their followers, 
 accompanying them himself, with his 
 (laughter, of whom Ferdinand, the 
 king's son, has already become en- 
 amored. This (lone, Prospero re- 
 nounces his magic arts. 
 
 j6f^ •'■Prospero, with liis iiiafjical pow- 
 ers, his superhuman wisdom, his moral 
 worth and j^randeur, and his kingly dig- 
 nity, is one of ttie most sublime visions 
 that ever swept, with ample robes, pale 
 brow, and sceptered hand, before the 
 eye of fancy. lie controls the invisible 
 world, and works through the agency of 
 spirits, not by any evil and forbidden 
 compact, but solely by superior might of 
 intellect, by potent spells gathered from 
 the lore of ages, and abjured when he 
 mingles again as a man with bis fellow- 
 men. He is as distinct a being from the 
 necromancere and astrologers celobrated 
 in Shakespeare's age as can well be im- 
 agined ; and all the wizards of poetry and 
 fiction, even Faust and St. Leon, sink 
 into commonplaces before the princely, 
 the philosophic, the benevolent Prospe- 
 ro." Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Although he [Maturin] has threatened, like 
 Prospero, to break his wand, we have done 
 our poor endeavor to save his book from being 
 burned. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 His existence was a bright, soft element of 
 joy, out of which, as in Frospero's isl:.nd, 
 wonder after wonder bodied itself forth, to 
 teach by charming. Carli/Ic. 
 
 PrO-teS'i-la'uS. [Gr. IIpooreo-tAaoT.] 
 
 (Gr. (/ Bom. Myth.) A son of Iplii- 
 cles, and the husband of Laodamia. 
 He went to the siege of Tro3% and 
 was the first Avho landed, but fell by 
 the hand of Hector. His dead body 
 being sent home to Laodamia, she 
 prayed to be allowed to converse 
 w^ith him for three hours only. Her 
 prayer was granted, Mercury con- 
 ducted Protesiiaus to the upper world, 
 and, when he died a second time, 
 Laodamia expired with him. 
 
 Protestant Duke. A name given by 
 his contemporarv admirers to James, 
 Duke of jronniouth (IGlO-lf.SS), a 
 natural son of Charles IL Though 
 brought up as a Catholic, he em- 
 braced Protestantism, and became 
 the idol of the English people, — es- 
 pecially of the Non-conformists, — 
 and a formidable rival of the Duke 
 of York (aftenvard James IL), whose 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxU. 
 20 
 
PRO 
 
 306 
 
 PUC 
 
 lie ['Boswcll] wa3 a slave p^'id of hh servi- 
 tude, a I'dul Pry, convinced that liis own 
 curiosity and garrulity were virtues. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Prynne, Hester. A character in 
 llawllionif's romance, "The Scarlet 
 Letter,' whose singular punishment 
 gives name to the story. 
 
 Psy'che (si'ke, 2G). [Gr. -^vxri, breath, 
 spirit, soul.] ( (Jr. cf Rum. Myth.) A 
 beautiful maiden beloved by ('ujiid, 
 •who visited her only in the night, 
 and Avarned her not to seek to know 
 •who he was. She violated the injunc- 
 tion, and hapjiening to let a drop of 
 hot oil from the lamp she had lighted 
 fall upon his shoulder, he awoke, up- 
 braided her for lier mistrust, and van- 
 i.shed. He finally forgave her, ho-sv- 
 ever, and they were united in immor- 
 tal wedlock. 
 
 Public Good, League of the. See 
 League of the Public Good. 
 
 Publi-us. A nam de plume under 
 Avhich Alexander Hamilton (1757- 
 1804) wrote his celebrated contribu- 
 tions to " The Federalist." 
 
 Pu-celle', La (Fr. prcm. pu'sel', 34). 
 [Fr., the Maid.] A surname given 
 to the celebrated Joan of Arc (1410- 
 1431). See Maid of Orleans. 
 
 Puck. Originally, the name of a 
 liend; subsequently, the name for 
 that "merry wanderer of the night," 
 styled also Rubin GuodfdUnc, who 
 plays so conspicuous a part in 
 Shakespeare's " Midsummer-Night's 
 Dream." Ruy-, in Ben Jonson's play 
 called " The Devil is an Ass," is evi- 
 dently the same person, though Jon- 
 son makes him a goblin or fiend, and 
 not a fairy. See Goodfellow, 
 
 KOBIN. 
 
 S^ "Tn truth, it is first in Shake- 
 speare that we find Puck confounded 
 with the house spirit, and havinjr those 
 traits of character which are now re- 
 garded as his very essence, and have 
 caused his name Pug to be given to the 
 agile, mischievous monkey, and to a 
 kind of little dog." Keig/itley. 
 
 jfi?^ " Who that has read the play [' A 
 Midsummer Nights Dream '] (and who 
 has not?) cannot call the urchin before 
 his mind's e\e as instantly as Oheron 
 commanded his real presence, — a rough. 
 
 aa^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
 Catholicism and arbitrary disposition 
 rendered him very unpopular. 
 
 Protestant Pope. An appellation 
 ccjnferred upon Pope Clement XIV. 
 ((iian Viufcnz-o ( iaiiganrlli, 170.")- 
 1774), a i)onlitf distinguished for his 
 enlightened and liberal policy, and 
 for his Bull suppressing the Jesuits. 
 
 Pro'teiis (28). [Gr. ilpajrevs.] 1. {Gi\ 
 tf Rum. Mtjtit.) A sea-god, son of 
 Oceanus and Tethys, residing usu- 
 ally in the Carpathian Sea, between 
 Rhodes and Crete. He possessed the 
 gift of prophecy, and also the power 
 of changing himself into different 
 shapes. 
 
 He [Voltaire] was all fire and fickleness; a 
 
 child. 
 Most mutable in wishes, but in mind 
 A wit as various, — Kay, grave, sajrc, or wild, — 
 Historian, b.xrd, philosopher, combined; 
 lie multiplied himself among mankind, 
 The Protein of their talents. Byron. 
 
 2. One of the " Two Gentlemen of 
 Verona," in Shakespeare's play of 
 that name. 
 
 Proud Duke. A name proverbial!}' 
 given to Charles Seymour, Duke of 
 Somerset, who died on the 12th of 
 August, 1748, and who was noted for 
 his boundless pride, and the fantastic 
 exhibitions which he used to make 
 of his title and station. It is said 
 that he would never suffer any of his 
 children to sit in his presence, and 
 that to his servants he deigned to 
 speak only by signs. 
 
 Proud'fute, Oliver. A boasting 
 bonnet-maker, in Sir Walter Scott's 
 " Fair Maid of Perth." 
 
 Prudhomme, M. (mos'e-<")' prii'dom', 
 34, 43 ). A character created by Henry 
 Monier; a professor of penmanship, 
 sworn ap])raiser, &c. 
 
 Prudoterie, Mme. de la (priiMot''re', 
 34). A character in Moliere's com- 
 edy of " George Dandin." 
 
 Pry, Paul. The title of a well- 
 known comedy by John Poole, and 
 the name of its principal character, 
 "one of those idle, meddling felloAvs, 
 who, having no employment them- 
 selves, are perpetually interfering in 
 other people's affairs." 
 
PUD 
 
 307 
 
 PUR 
 
 knurl3'-limbed, f.iun-faced, shock-pated 
 little lelloA', ji very .Slietlauder tiinonj^ the 
 gossauier-winged, d.iiiitv -limbed shapes 
 around him, and strougeuougn to k;;ock 
 all their heads together for his clvls'.i 
 sport?" R. 0. Mliiic. 
 
 The mirth of Swift is the mirth of Mephis- 
 tophclcs; the mirtli of Voltaire is the mi t!i 
 of Puck. JIucaula'j. 
 
 Pudding, Jack. A zany; a r>Ierry- 
 andrew; a bulfoon; a clo^vu. See 
 Han.swurst. 
 
 iKg- •• A biiEFoon is called by every na- 
 tion by the name of the dish they like 
 best: in French, dean Potage, and i:i 
 Eiighsh, Jack Padding.''' Guardian. 
 
 Ifis [\ Idison's] tone is never that either of 
 a Jack Puddiny or of a cynic. Macuulaij. 
 
 Puff. A bold and impudent literary 
 quack, who ligurcs iu Sheridan's 
 farce of "" The Critic." 
 
 Perhaps not, — but what then ? I may have 
 seen her picture, as Ptijf's.xys, ... or fallen 
 iu love with her from rumor. Sir W. Scolt. 
 
 Mrs. Ridcliffe is, indeed, too lavish of her 
 landscapes, anil her readers have frequent 
 occasiiin to lament that she CA'A not follow the 
 example i>f Mi-. Pult'in the pliy, — "I open 
 witli a clock strikiii;^, to bc.L^ct an awful at- 
 tention in tlie audience; it also marks the 
 timj, which is four o'clnck in the mornin'^, 
 and saves a description of tlie risiiv^ sun, and 
 a "r-e it deal about gilding the eastern hcnu- 
 sphere." Dunloi). 
 
 Pum'ble-chdbk, Uncle. A charac- 
 ter in Dickens's '• Great Expecta- 
 tions," Avho bidlied Pip — the hero 
 of the story — when he was a poor 
 boy, and fawned ou him Aviien he had 
 a prospect of l)ecominu; rich. He i ; 
 noted for saying-, " Miglit I, Mr. Pip, 
 — Ma}' I, — " {scilicet, shake hands;. 
 
 Punch, or Piinch.'I-nel'lo. A hu- 
 morous character iu a species of pup- 
 pet-show exhibited on the Italian 
 stage and in the streets of European 
 cities. In person he is short and fat, 
 with an enormous liump on his back, 
 a wide mouth, long chin, and hooked 
 nose. His dress consists of wide 
 drawers of white woolen, and a large 
 upper garment of the same material, 
 with wide sleeves, fastened with a 
 black leather belt or hair cord. This 
 upper garment is sprinkled over with 
 hearts of red cloth, and is trimmed 
 round the bottom with a fringe. 
 Around his neck he wears a linen 
 ruffle, and on his head a tall, three- 
 
 pointed cap terminating in a red 
 tuft. The modern puppet-show of 
 '' Punch and Judy " embodies a 
 domestic tragedy, followed by a su- 
 pernatLU'al retribution, tlie whole of 
 which is treated iu a broadly farcical 
 manner. 
 
 jtK5" The name Pu!ich, or Punchinello, 
 issupposetl to be a corrujitiou of Polici- 
 nello, or Pidcinello, whicli, in turn, ac- 
 cording to GaUani iu his •' Vocabolario 
 del Dialetto Napoletano,"' was derived 
 from Puccio d^ AnitUo, a peasant, whoso 
 humorous eccentricities were, in the 
 seventeenth century, transferred to the 
 Neapolitan stage, where he has contin- 
 ued to be the medium of local and po- 
 litical satire, and a favorite conventional 
 character in the Italian exhibitions of 
 fantoccini., or puppet-shows. 
 
 Pure, Simon. The name of a Penn- 
 sylvania <)uaker in Mrs. Centlivre's 
 comedy, "A Bold Stroke for a Wite." 
 Being about to visit London to at- 
 tend the quarterly meeting of his 
 sect, his friend, Aminadab Holdfast, 
 sends a letter of recommendation and 
 introduction to another (Quaker, Oba- 
 diah Prim, a rigid and stern man, 
 Avho is guardian of Anne Lovelv, a 
 young lady w(.rtli £:J0,0()0. Colonel 
 Feignwell, another character in the 
 same play, who is enamored of ]Miss 
 Lovely and her handsome fortune, 
 availing himself of an accidental dis- 
 covery of Holdfast's letter and of its 
 contents, succeeds in passing himself 
 otf on Prim as his expected visitor. 
 The real Simon Pure, calling at 
 Prim's house, is treated as an impos- 
 tor, and is obliged to depart in order 
 to hunt up witnesses who can testify 
 to his identity. Meantime, Feign- 
 well succeeds in getting from Prim a 
 written and unconditional consent to 
 his maiTiage with Anne. No sooner 
 has he obtained possession of the 
 document, than Simon Pure re-ap- 
 pears with his witnesses, and Prim 
 discovers the trick that has been put 
 upon him. 
 
 T nelieve that mnnv who took the trouble 
 of thinkint; upon the suhfect were rather of 
 the opinion tint mv ingrenions fi-iend was th« 
 true, and not the flctitious, Siinon Pure. 
 
 Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Purgatory, St. Patrick's. See St. 
 Patkick's Pukgatoky. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which tlie numbers after certain words refer, Bee pp. xiv-xxJoL 
 
PUR 
 
 108 
 
 PYT 
 
 Pxiritan, The Platonic. See Pla- 
 tonic rililTAN. 
 
 Puritan City. A by-name some- 
 limes rrivou to the cit}^ of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, in allusion to the 
 character of its founders and inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Purple Island. The subject and title 
 of a long and grotesque allegorical 
 poem by Phineas Fletcher, published 
 in lG-J-3; the Purple Island represent- 
 ing the human l)ody, and the poem 
 being in great part a system of anat- 
 oni}'. 
 
 Puss in Boots. [Fr. Ze Chat BoUc.] 
 The hero of an old and popular nurs- 
 crv' tale of the same name, written 
 by Perrault; a marvelously accom- 
 plished cat, who, by his ready Avit 
 and ingenious tricks, secures a for- 
 tune and a royal consort for his mas- 
 ter, a penniless young miller, who 
 passes under the "name of the Mar- 
 quis of Carabas. This story is taken 
 from the lirst of the eleventh night 
 of Straparola, where the cat of Con- 
 stantine procures his master a fine 
 castle and the heiress of a king. 
 The Germans and the Scandinavians 
 have a nursery tale very similar to 
 this. See Carabas, Ma'kquis of. 
 
 Like Puss in Boots, after the nuptials of his 
 master, Jackeymo only now caii^'ht min- 
 nows and sticklebacks' for his own amuse- 
 Jiient. Sir E. Bulwer Lytton. 
 
 Pyg-maTi-on. [Gr. nuyjaaAitov.] {Gi\ 
 (j- Rom. Mi/th.) 1. A grandson of 
 Agenor. He made a beautiful statue, 
 which he fell so deeply in love with, 
 that Venus, at his earnest petition 
 gave it life. 
 
 2. A son of Belus, and king of 
 Tyre, who slew his brother-in-law, 
 SichiTpus, — the husband of Dido, — 
 for his riches. 
 
 Pygmies. [Lat. Py^mcei, Gr. Uvy- 
 fj.aloL.] {Gr. (^- Rom. ^fyth.) A na- 
 tion of dwarfs, only a span high, 
 who dwelt on the baiiks of the upper 
 Nile. They were warred on and de- 
 feated every spring by the cranes. 
 
 Pyl'a-des. [Gr. nuAaSr,?.] {Gr. <f 
 
 Rom. Myth.) A friend of Orestes, 
 celebrated for the constancy of his 
 allection. See Okkstes. 
 
 You seem to have conceived, my lord, that 
 you and I were Pylucks and Ort-stes,— a 
 second edition of Damon and Pythias, — 
 Theseus and Piritlious, at the least. You are 
 mistaken. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 P^rr'a-mus. [Gr. nvpaiao?.] {Gr. (f 
 R(wi. Myth.) The lover of Thisbe, 
 who, on account of her supposed 
 death, stabbed himself under a mul- 
 berry-tree. Thisbe, afterward, lind- 
 ing the body of her lover, killed her- 
 self on the same spot with the same 
 weapon; and the fruit of the mul- 
 berry' has ever since been as red as 
 blood. See Thisbe. 
 
 I*SB^ In Shakespeare's "Midsummer- 
 Night's Dream,'' he is introduced as one 
 of the characters in a burlesque iuter- 
 lude. 
 
 Pyr'go-poPi-ni'ces (4). [Lat., tower- 
 town-takor, from Gr. tt^pyo?, tower, 
 TToAts, city, town, and vlkclp, to ctn- 
 quer, vanquish, ra*:r;T^?, a victor.] 
 The name of the hero — an extrava- 
 gant blusterer — in ITautus's "Miles 
 Gloriosus." 
 
 If he [the modem reader] knows nothingof 
 
 Pyrgupolinlces and Thraso,he is familiar with 
 Dobadil and Bessus, and Pistol and Parolles. 
 If he is shut out from Jsephelococcygia, he 
 may take refuge in Lilliput. Jl'acaiday. 
 
 Pyr'rha (pir/ra). [Gr. nv/5pa.] ( Gr. 
 (f Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Epi- 
 metheus, and wife of her cousin Deu- 
 calion. See Deucalion. 
 
 PyT'rlius(pIr'rus). [Gr. nv/ipo?.] {Gr. 
 if Rom. Myth.) A son of Achilles 
 and Deldamia, remarkable for his 
 cruelty at the siege of Troy. He 
 was slain at Delphi, at the request of 
 his own wife, by Orestes. [Called 
 also Neopto/emus.] 
 
 Pytli'i-as. A friend of Damon. See 
 Damon, 1. 
 
 Py'tliSn. [Gr. UvB^v.] ( Gr. 4- Rom. 
 Myth). A huge serpent engendered 
 from the mud of the deluge of Deu- 
 calion, and slain near Delphi by 
 Apollo, who, in memory thereof, in- 
 stituted the Pythian games. 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
QUA 
 
 309 
 
 QUE 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quadrangle, or Quadrilateral, 
 The. A name ^iveu to lour stront; 
 Austrian I'ortrosses in nortiiern Italy, 
 -which mutually supjwrt each other, 
 and t'orni a barrier that divides the 
 north plain of the Po into two sec- 
 tions. These fortresses are, 1. Pes- 
 chiera, ou an island in the Mincio, 
 near the lake of Garda; 2. Man- 
 tua, on the Mincio; 3. Verona; and 
 4. Legnago ; — the last two ou the 
 Adige. 
 
 Quadruple Alliance. (Hist.) An al- 
 liance between (jreat Bi'itain, France, 
 the emperor of Germany (Charles 
 VI.), and the United Provinces of 
 Holland, for the purpose of guaran- 
 teeing the succession of the reigning 
 families in Great Britain and France, 
 and settling the partition of the 8]jan- 
 ish monai'chy. It was originated by 
 Great Britain and France, and was 
 signed at Paris, July 7, 1718. The 
 emperor acceded to it on the 22d of 
 the same month, and the United 
 Provinces on the 8th of February, 
 1719. 
 
 Quaker City. A popular name of 
 Philadelphia, which was planned and 
 settled b}' William Penn, accompa- 
 nied by a colony of English Friends. 
 
 Quaker Poet. 1. A common des- 
 ignation of Bernard Barton (1784- 
 184'J), an English poet of some note, 
 and a member of the society of 
 Friends. 
 
 2. A name often given to John 
 Greenleaf Whittier (b. 1807), a mem- 
 ber of the society of Friends, and 
 an eminent and peculiarly national 
 American poet. 
 
 Qu3rll, Philip. The hero of a work 
 entitled '" The Hermit, or The Suf- 
 ferings and Adventures of Philip 
 Quarll. an Englishman." The story 
 is an imitation of" Kobinson Crusoe," 
 with the substitution of an affection- 
 ate ape or chimpanzee for Man Fri- 
 day. The book was first published 
 
 in 1727, and has been frequently re- 
 printed. 
 
 Quash'ee (kwosh'ee). A cant name 
 given to any negro, or to the negro 
 race ; — said to be derived from (^uas- 
 si, or Quasha, a black man of Suri- 
 nam, by whom the medicinal virtues 
 of one species of the (juas^ia plant 
 were made known to the SAvedish nat- 
 uralist liolander, about the middle of 
 the last century. 
 
 Quasimodo (ku-S'ze'mo'do', 34). 
 [Fr.] A foundling adopted by Frol- 
 lo, in Victor Hugo's '" Notre-Dame 
 de Paris; " a man of great strength, 
 but a complete monster of deformity, 
 without one redeeming grace. The 
 name is used popularly and generi- 
 cally to designate any hideously de- 
 formed man. 
 
 Quatre-Pilz-Aymon, Les (la ka'tr- 
 
 ii'A-a'mo^'). See Ayjnkjn. 
 
 Queen City. A popular name of Cin- 
 cinnati ; — given to it Avhen it Avas 
 the undisputed connnercial metropo- 
 lis of the W^est. See Queen of the 
 West. 
 
 Queen City of the Lakes. A name 
 sometimes given to the city of Buf- 
 falo, New York, from its position and 
 importance. 
 
 Queen LSbe. A magic queen, rul- 
 ing over the City of Enchantments, 
 in the story of "Beder, Prince of 
 Persia," in the "Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments." By her diabolic 
 art, she transforms men into horses, 
 mules, and other animals. Beder 
 marries her, defeats her ])lots against 
 him, turns her into a mare, and takes 
 her to a distance; there she is re- 
 stored to her OAvn shape, and, by the 
 assistance of her mother, turns the 
 tables upon the young prince, and 
 changes him into an oavI ; but, alter 
 some adventures, he escapes tlieir 
 vengeance. 
 
 i8@=- " Queen Labe, Avith her lovers 
 turned into various animals, renainds 
 
 oud for the Remarks and Bules to which the numberii after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xjcxii. 
 
QUE 
 
 310 
 
 QUI 
 
 one strongly of the Homeric Circe ; and 
 I tliiuk it not at all impossible that Gre- 
 cian fable may have penetrated into Per- 
 sia." KtigkUey. 
 Queen of Cities. One of the names 
 popuhirly given to liunie. iSee 6iiV- 
 
 EN-lllLLEl) UlTV. 
 
 Queen of Hearts. Elizabeth, the 
 (laugliter of Jauies I., and the unfor- 
 tunate queen of Bolieniia. So en- 
 gai^ing was her behavior, that in 
 tlie Low Countries she was called the 
 Queen of liearts. When her fortunes 
 ■\Tere at the lowest ebb, she never de- 
 parted from her dignity ; and pov- 
 erty and distress seemed to have no 
 otlier effect upon her tlian to render 
 her more an object of admiration 
 than before. 
 
 Queen of Queens. A title given by 
 Antony to Cleopatra (b. c. 69—30), 
 the last sovereign of the dynasty of 
 the i^tolemies in Egypt. 
 
 Queen of Tears. A name given to 
 Mary of Modena, the second wife of 
 James II. of England. ' Her eyes," 
 says Noble, "became etern d foun- 
 tains of sorrow for that crown her 
 own ill policy contributed to lose." 
 
 Queen of the Antilles (an-teelz')- 
 An appellation sometimes given to 
 Cuba, which, from its great size, its 
 rich natural productions, its fine har- 
 bors, its varied and beautiful scen- 
 ery, and its commanding geograph- 
 ical position, ranks first among all 
 the islands of the West Indian group. 
 
 Queen of the East. 1. A title as- 
 sumed by Zenobia, queen of Palmy- 
 ra, on the death of her husband Ode- 
 natus (A. D. 267). 
 
 2. A name given to Antioch, the 
 ancient capital of Syria, the resi- 
 dence of the Macedonian kings and 
 the Roman governors, and long cele- 
 brated as one of the first cities of 
 the East. 
 
 3. In modem times, a name some- 
 times given to Batavia, in .Java, cap- 
 ital of the Dutch possessions in the 
 East. 
 
 Queen of the Eastern Archipel- 
 ago. A popular apittUation of .lava, 
 one of the most beautiful and fertile 
 islands of the East Indian group, and 
 
 commercially the most important of 
 them all. 
 Queen of the North. A name 
 sometimes given to Edinburgh, the 
 capital of .Scotland. 
 
 Queen of the West. A name some- 
 times given to Cincinnati. See Queen 
 
 ClTV. 
 
 And tliis Song of the Vine, 
 
 This KieftinK of mine, 
 The winds and tlie birds shall deliver 
 
 To tlie (^ueeno/t/ie IVest, 
 
 In her jrarlands dressed. 
 On the banks of the Beautiful River. 
 
 Longfelloxe. 
 
 Queen Scheherazade. See Sche- 
 
 IIEHEZADE, (^UEEX. 
 
 Quern-biter (kwern'blt'er, 4). A fa- 
 mous sword of Ilako I. of Norway, 
 
 surnamed " The Good." 
 
 Quern-hiter of Hakon the Good, 
 Wherewith at a stroke he hewed 
 
 The millstone through and through, 
 And Foot-breadth of Thoralf the Stroiig, 
 Were neither so broad nor so lonjr, 
 
 Xor so true. Lonafdlow. 
 
 Que-u'bus, Equinoctial of. An 
 expression whicli occurs in Shake- 
 speare's " Twelfth Night " (a. ii., so. 
 3); but what is meant by it is not 
 known. Leigh Hunt says, " some 
 glorious torrid zone lying beyond 
 three o'clock in the morning." See 
 
 PiGKOGKOMITUS. 
 
 Queux. See Kay, Sir. 
 
 Quickly, Mrs. 1. A serA'ant to Dr. 
 Caius, in Shakespeare's " Merry 
 Wives of Windsor." 
 
 The controversy has been maintained with 
 great warmth; we leave it with the prudent 
 resolution of Dame Qnickhi, " We will not 
 burn our fingers, and need not, indeed, la! " 
 
 Edin. Rev. 
 
 2. The hostess of a tavern in East- 
 cheap, in the First and Second Parts 
 of Shakespeare's " King Henry the 
 Fourth." 
 
 Shakespeare knew innumerable things; 
 what men are, and what the world is, and 
 what men aim at there, from the Dame Quicklu 
 of modern Eastcheap to the Csesar of aneient 
 Rome. Carhjle. 
 
 Quilp. A hideous dwarf, full of feroc- 
 ity and cunning, in Dickens's "Old 
 Cm-iosity Shop." 
 
 Quince, Peter, A carpenter, in 
 Shakespeare's " Midsummer-Night's 
 Dream." 
 
 This is indeed " very tmgieal mirth," as 
 Petvr Quince's play -bill "has it; and we would 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations. 
 
QUI 
 
 311 
 
 QUO- 
 
 not advise any person who reads for amuse- 
 meat to veiiUUL- on it us loii^ as he ctiu pro- 
 cure a volume oftlie Statutes at l^aiye. 
 
 Jiacaiilui/, 
 
 Quintessence, Queen (kwiut'es- 
 enss; /V. pron. kii"^le.s'86"ss', (J2). 
 A character in Rabelais' roniaiice ot' 
 *• Faatagruel ; " represented as ruling 
 over the kingdom ot Entelechie. 8ee 
 
 ENTtLKCHIL:. 
 
 Quin'tus Fix'lein. The title of a 
 romance by Jean Paul Friedrich 
 Richter, and the name of its prin- 
 cipal character. 
 
 Francia, VikeQuintits Fia-leiv, had "peren- 
 nial fire-proof joys, namely, employments." 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Qui-ri'nus, [Lat., from guiris, or 
 curi.^, a Sabine word signifying a 
 spenrman.] (Rom. Mijffi.) A name 
 given, after his deification, to Rom- 
 ulus, the reputed founder of Rome. 
 See Romulus. 
 
 Quisada (ke-sS'thS, 56). The same as 
 
 Don Quixote, of which name two 
 tierivauons are given. See Don 
 
 tjUl.VOTK. 
 
 Nevertheless, noble K , come in, and 
 
 take your seat here, between Armado and 
 l^uisaUa ; for, in true courtesy, in jjruvity, in 
 fantastic smiling to thyself, in courteous smil- 
 ing; upon othe.s, in the jtoodly ornature of 
 •well-appareled speech, and the conunenda- 
 tiou of wise sentences, thou art nothing infe- 
 rior to those accomplished Dons of Spam. 
 
 Charles Lanib. 
 
 Quixote, Don. See Dox Quixote. 
 
 Quix'ote of the Worth. An appella- 
 tion sometimes bestowed upon Charles 
 XII. of Sweden (1682-1718), on tic- 
 count of the rash impetuosity of his 
 character. See Madman of the 
 NoHTH. 
 
 Quo'tem, Caleb. A parish clerk, and 
 a Jack-af-all-trades, in Colnian's play 
 entitled " The Review, or The Wag3 
 of Windsor." 
 
 I had sworn to be there, and I determined 
 to keep my oath, and, like Caleb Qiiotem^ to 
 " have a place at the review." IV. Irving. 
 
 aad for the Remarks and Kules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
RAB 
 
 312 
 
 KAL 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabelais, The English. See Eng- 
 lish liAiiKLAlS. 
 
 Rabelais, The Modern. See Mod- 
 Kny Kai'.klais). 
 
 Rabicano (ra-be-ka'no). The name 
 of Ari;alia's steed in iJojardo's " (Jr- 
 laiido liaiaiiiurato." 
 
 Ra'by, Aurora. A character in the 
 tit'teenth and sixteenth cantos of 
 Byron's " Don Juan." 
 
 Rack'rent, Sir Con'dy. A character 
 
 in Miss Kdgeworth's novel, " Castle 
 Rackrent. 
 
 Like Sir Comhi Rackrent in the tale, she 
 [Madame d'Aibluy] survived her own wake, 
 and overheard the judgment of posteritj'. 
 
 Macaulaij. 
 
 Ragnarok (raic'na-riik, 46). [Old 
 Norse R>t(/n(irdki\ twilight of the 
 gods.] (ScamL Myth.) The "last 
 day," the period of the destruction 
 of the universe, when the whole 
 creation, mankind, giants, and gods, 
 are to perish in a shower of tire anil 
 blood. Yidar and Vali alone Avill 
 survive the general conflagration, 
 and will reconstruct the universe on 
 an imperishable basis. [Written also 
 Kag n ar uc k.] 
 
 Belleisle — little as Belleisle dreamt of it, in 
 these hijih enterprises — was usherinjj in a 
 Ragnurok, or Twili<^lit of the Gods, wliich, as 
 "French Revolution, or Apotheosis of Saiis- 
 culottism," is now well known. Carlyle. 
 
 Railroad City. Indianapolis, the cap- 
 ital of the State of Indiana, is some- 
 times called by this name, as being 
 the teruiinus of various railroads. 
 
 RaU- Splitter, The. A popular desig- 
 nation of Abraham Lincoln (1809- 
 1865), the sixteenth president of the 
 United States, who is said to have 
 supported himself for one winter, in 
 early life, by splitting rails for a 
 farmer. 
 
 Railway King, The. A title popu- 
 larlv given iu England to Mr. George 
 Hudson (b. 181)0). of York, one of the 
 most daring and celelirated specula- 
 tors of modern times. He is said to 
 have made, in one instance, .£100,000 
 in one day. Since 1859, he has re- 
 
 sided on the Continent, in compara. 
 tively nariow circumstances. 
 
 UuT " In 1839 he betanie cliairuian of 
 the York uud North Midland Corpora, 
 tiou, aud, by his iudelatigable industry 
 and his .^lirewdiic.-s in n.atters of husi- 
 pess, he soou gained an iii.portaut and 
 influential position as a railway -man. 
 The shares iu all the lines of wliich he 
 was chairuian went to a preuiiuni ; larga 
 dividends were declared ; share-holdera 
 and directors recognized his power. — 
 and thus he sliortly Ibund himself at the 
 head of six hundred Uiiles of railways, 
 aud of numerous new projects by means 
 of which paper wealth could he cieated, 
 as it were, at pleasure. He held in his 
 own hands almost the entire administra- 
 tive power of the companies over wlii( h 
 he presided ; he was chaiinian, hoard, 
 manager, and all. He was^oted praises, 
 testimonials, and surplus shares alike 
 liberally ; and scarcely a word against 
 him could find a hearii g. He was equal- 
 ly popular outside the circle of railway 
 proprietors. His entertainnients wire 
 crowded ; and he went his round of visits 
 among the peerage like am prince. Of 
 course, Mr. Hud.son was a great authority 
 on railway questions in parliament, to 
 which the burgesses of Sunderland had 
 sent him. In the session of 1845, when 
 he was at the height of his power, it was 
 triumphantly said of him. that ' he 
 walked quietly through parliament with 
 some sixteen railway bills under his aim.' 
 But his reign was drawing rapidly to a 
 close. The railway mania of 1845 was 
 followed by a sudden reaction. Shares 
 went down faster than they had got e up ; 
 the holders of them hastened to sell, 
 in order to avoid payment of the calls; 
 and the fortunes of many were utterly 
 wrecked. The stockholders were Jill 
 grievously enraged, and looked about 
 them for a victim. At a railway meeting 
 in York, some pertinent questions were 
 put to the Itailway King. His replies 
 were not satisfactory, and the questions 
 were pushed home. Mr. Hiidson Viecanie 
 confused. A committee of investigation 
 was appointed, and the gilded idol of the 
 railway world was straightwaj- dethroned. 
 A howl of execration arose from his de- 
 luded followers ; and those who had 
 bowed the lowest before him during his 
 brief reign, hissed the loudest when he 
 fell.'' Smiles. 
 
 Ralph. 1. An Independent clerk, the 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
RAM 
 
 313 
 
 RAW 
 
 attendant of Hudibras, in Butler's 
 celebrated burlesque poem. See 
 HuDiiuiAS. [Called also JidljjJio.] 
 
 Yet he [Johnson] was liiniselt' nniler the 
 tyranny of scruples as unreasonable as those 
 of . . . Ralji/io. Macaulwj. 
 
 2. The name of a sjjirit formerly 
 supposeel to haunt printing-houses. 
 
 Raminagrobis (ra'me^na'gro'be'). 
 The name of one of the characters 
 in Rabelais' romance of "■ Pantag- 
 ruel;" described as an old French 
 poet who was almost at death's-door. 
 He is said to have been intended for 
 Cretin, an author of high repute in 
 his own day, though utterly neglect- 
 ed by posterity. 
 
 Ramsbottom, Mrs. The imaginary 
 author of a celebrated series of letters 
 which appeared in the '" John Bull," 
 a Loudon newspaper, commenced in 
 182 J. These letters were written by 
 the editor, Theodore Hook, who, tbl- 
 lowing the example of Smollett's 
 Winifred Jenkins, managed by bad 
 spelling to excite the merriment usu- 
 ally elicited by humorous writing. 
 
 Random, Rod'er-ick. The title of a 
 novel by Smollett, and the name of 
 its hero, a young Scotsman in quest 
 of fortune, who at one time revels in 
 prosperity, and at another is plunged 
 into utter destitution. Although he 
 is represented as having a dash of 
 generosity and good - humor in his 
 character, he is equally conspicuous 
 for reckless libertinism and mischief, 
 — more prone to selfishness and re- 
 venge than disposed to friendship or 
 gratitude. He borrows the money, 
 and wears the clothes, of his simple 
 and kind-hearted adherent, Strap, by 
 whoui he is I'escued from starving, 
 and whom he i*ewards by squander- 
 ing his substance, receiving his at- 
 tendance as a servant, and beating 
 him v>'hen the dice run against him. 
 
 ilanger. 1. A young gentleman of 
 
 the town, in Wycherley's comedy of 
 
 " Love in a Wood." 
 
 2. The leading character in Hoad- 
 
 ley's comedy of " The Suspicious 
 
 Husband." 
 Ra'pM-el {colloq. ra'fel). [Heb., 
 
 remedy or physic of God, in allusion 
 
 to the cures he performed on Sara 
 and Tol)it.J The name of an angel 
 mentioned in the Apocryphal book 
 of Tobh as traveling with Tobias 
 into Me^lia and back again, and in- 
 structing him how to marry Sara, 
 and how to drive away the Avicked 
 spirit. Milton calls him " the socia- 
 ble spirit," and "• the affable archan- 
 gel," and represents him as sent by 
 God to Adam " to admonish him of 
 his obedience, of his free estate, of 
 his enemy near at hand, who he is, 
 and why his enemy, and whatever 
 else may avail Adam to know." See 
 
 AsMODEUS. 
 
 Raph'i-el of Cats. A name be- 
 stoAved upon Godefroi Mind (1708- 
 1814), a Swiss painter, famous for his 
 skill in painting cats. 
 
 Rare Ben Jonson. A famous ap- 
 pellation conferred upon l>en .louson 
 (15T1-1G37), the dramatic poet. It 
 is said, that, socm after his death, a 
 subsci'iption was commenced for the 
 purpose of erecting a monument to 
 his memory; but, the undertaking 
 having advanced slowly, an eccentric 
 Oxfordshire squire took the ti[)por- 
 tunity, on passing one day through 
 Westminster Abbey, to secure at 
 least an epitaph for the poet, by 
 giving a mason 18.'Z. to cut, on the 
 stone which covered the grave, the 
 words, "0 rare Ben Jonson." 
 
 Rash'leigh. (rash^Ii). A hypocritical 
 and accomplished villain in Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott's novel of" Rob Roy; " one 
 of the Osbaldistone family. 
 
 Ra'si-el. The name of an angel spok- 
 en of in the Talmud as the tutor of 
 Adam. 
 
 Ras'se-las. The title of a celebrated 
 romance by Dr. Johnson, and the 
 name of its hero, an imaginary prince 
 of Abyssinia. 
 
 Rattlin, Jack. A celebrated naval 
 character in Smollett's " Adventures 
 of Roderick Random." 
 
 RaVens-wcJbd. The hero of Sir 
 AValter Scott's novel of " The Bride 
 of Lammermoor ; " a Scottish royalist, 
 intrepid, haughty, and revengeful. 
 
 Rawhead. In the popular superstition 
 of former days, the name of a specter 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
REA. 
 
 314 
 
 KED 
 
 or bugbear. [Called also Raivhead- 
 and-bUx idy-bones.] 
 
 Servants awe cliililron, and keep thoin in 
 subjection, by telling them of RawheaU-awl- 
 hloody-tAtnes. Locke. 
 
 In short, lie became the bu^'bcar of every 
 house; and was us efteetual in f ii'litcnin;; lit- 
 tle children into obedience and liystiTies as 
 the redoubtable Rawliead-aud-UiJohi-Lones 
 himself. W.Irvintj. 
 
 Eeason, Goddess of. A personill- 
 tatiou of those intellectual powers 
 ■which distinj^uish man from the rc-t 
 of the animal creation ; deilied in 170.'3 
 by the revolutionists of France, and 
 substituted as an object of worship 
 for the divine bein<;s of the Chris- 
 tian faith. It was decreed that the 
 metropolitan church of Notre -Dame 
 should be converted into a Temple 
 of Reason; and a festival was insti- 
 tuted for the tirst day of each decade, 
 to supersede the Catholic ceremonies 
 of Sunday. The lirst festival of this 
 sort Avas held with great pomp on the 
 10th of November. A young woman, 
 the wife of Momoro, Ji well-known 
 printer, represented the Goddess of 
 Keason. She was dressed in white 
 drapery ; an azure mantle himg from 
 her shoulders; and her flowing hair 
 was surmounted with the cap of 
 libert}'. She sat upon an antique 
 seat, entwined with ivy, and borne 
 by four citizens. Young girls dressed 
 in Avhite, and crowned Avith roses, 
 preceded and followed her. The 
 services of the occasion consisted of 
 speeches, processions, and patriotic 
 hymns. 
 
 Rebecca. A name assumed by the 
 leader of the Rebeccaites, a band of 
 Welsh rioters, Avho, in 1843, exas- 
 perated by the heavy and vexatious 
 tolls to which they were subjected, 
 undertook to demolish the gates and 
 toll-houses upon the turnpikes in the 
 rural districts of Pembrokeshire and 
 Caermarthenshire, and who after- 
 ward eonnnitted various excesses 
 throughout the mining and manufac- 
 turing districts of the principality. 
 The crusade had begun as early as 
 1839, but did not assume the shape 
 of a system and organization until 
 1843. The name was derived from 
 a strange and preposterous appli- 
 cation of the following passage in 
 
 Genesis (xxiv. 60): — "And ther 
 blessed Rebekah, and said unto lier, 
 . . . let thy seed possess the gate of 
 those which hale them." The ca|> 
 tain of the rioters disguised himself 
 in female apparel, as did his body- 
 guard, who were called his daughters. 
 Their marches and attacks were al- 
 ways made by night. I'he insurrec- 
 tion was ultimately suppressed by the 
 police and the military. 
 
 Rebecca the Jewess. A meek but 
 high-soukd Hebrew maiden in Sir 
 AValter Scott's novel of " Ivanhoe," 
 and the actual heroine of the story. 
 See RowKNA. 
 
 Reconciliation JsTormande, La (la 
 ra'ko'i'se^le^'se^n' nor'mond', G2). 
 [Fr., the Norman, or feigned, recon- 
 ciliation.] {Fr. Hist.) A name given 
 to a sudden and brief restoration of 
 harmony which was etfected in the 
 distracted Legislative Assemblv, on 
 the 7th of July, 1702, by the Abbe- 
 Lamourette, a native of Normandy. 
 [Called also Le Baistr de Lnmou- 
 retfe.] See L amourette's Kiss. 
 
 Red-coats. The name given by the 
 Americans, in the Revolutionary 
 War, to the British soldiery, in al- 
 lusion to their scarlet uniform. 
 
 Red-cross Knight. A prominent char- 
 acter in Spenser's *' Faery Queen." 
 To him was assigned the adventure 
 of slaying a dragon, by which the 
 kingdom of Una's father was laid 
 ■waste, and his person endangered. 
 Una herself had gone to the court of 
 the tairy queen to solicit a champion, 
 and, at the commencement of the 
 poem, is represented as accomjjany- 
 nig the knight upon his expedition. 
 After various vicissitudes of fortune, 
 the dragon is at last met and com- 
 pletely destroyed; when the knight 
 marries Una, and departs to engage 
 in other adventures assigned him by 
 the fairy queen. 
 
 I^^ The Rod - cross Knight is ?t. 
 Georjre, the patron saint of England, and. 
 in the ohvioiii?and general interpretation, 
 typifies Holiness, or the perfection of the 
 spiritual man in reliorion : but, i'l a polit- 
 ical a"d particular sen.se. his adventure! 
 are intended to .shadow forth the histcrj 
 of the Church of England. 
 
 03" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanntioua. 
 
RED 
 
 315 
 
 REN^ 
 
 Like the Red-cross Knight, they urge their 
 way. 
 To lead lu memorable triumph home 
 Truth, — tliL'ir iiiiiiiortul Una. \\ urdsicorth. 
 
 Redeemed Captive. An appellation 
 given to the iiov. John Williams 
 (lC4-i-172J), a New Enyland clergy- 
 man Avlio was made prisoner by the 
 French and Indians in 1704, and oi)- 
 tained his freedom in ITOt!. He pub- 
 lished a narrative of his experiences 
 under the title of " The Redeemed 
 Captive." 
 
 Eed'gaunt'let, Sir Edward Hugh. 
 One of the principal characters in 
 Sir Walter Scott's novel of the same 
 name; a political enthusiast and Jac- 
 obite, who scruples at no means of 
 upholding the cause of the Pretender, 
 and tiiially accompanies him into ex- 
 ile. He is represented as possessing 
 the power of contorting his brow into 
 a territic frown, which made distinct- 
 ly visible the figure of a horseshoe, 
 the fatal mark of his race. 
 
 Red Man. [Fr. Homme Rou(je.'\ 1. 
 In the popular superstition of France, 
 and especially of Urittany, a demon 
 of tempests, who commands the ele- 
 ments, and precipitates into the waves 
 the voyager who seeks to molest the 
 solitude which he loves. It is said 
 to be a popular belief in France, that 
 a mysterious little Red Man appeared 
 to Napoleon, and foretold his reverses. 
 2. A name given, on account of 
 his copper-colored skin, to the Ameri- 
 can Indian. 
 
 Red Republicans. See Republi- 
 cans, Red. 
 
 Red Riding-hood. See Little Red 
 Riding-hood. 
 
 Red Rose. A popular designation of 
 the house of Lancaster, from its em- 
 blem, a red rose. 
 
 Reekie, Auld. See Auld Reekie. 
 
 Re'gan. An unnatural daughter of 
 Lear, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 that name. See Leak. 
 
 "Father! madam," said the stranger; "they 
 think no more of their father than Begmi or 
 Goneril." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Regno (ran'yo, 78). [It. kingdom.] A 
 
 name gi\'en to Naples by way of 
 
 distinction among the Italian States. 
 
 Are our wiser heads leaning towards alliance 
 
 with the Pope and the Rrgno, or are they In- 
 clining; their ears to the orators of France and 
 Milan .■' Mrs. Lewcs (" (A-onjc Lliot "). 
 
 Reign of Terror. (F)-. JJi^t.) A term 
 ajjplied to a period of anarchy, blood- 
 shed, and conliscation, in the time of 
 the lirst Revolution, during which the 
 country was under the sway of the 
 actual terror inspired by the fero- 
 cious measures of its governors, on 
 which they depended for the sup- 
 port of their authority. It began af- 
 ter the fall of the Girondists, May yi, 
 1793, and extended to the overthrow 
 of Robespierre and his accomplices. 
 July 27, 171)4. Thousands ot persons 
 were put to death during this short 
 time. 
 
 Re'mus. In Roman legendary histo- 
 ry, the twin brother of Romulus, by 
 whom he was killed for leaping in 
 scorn over the Avails of Rome, when 
 they were building. 
 
 Ren'ard. A name given to a fox in 
 fables or familiar tales and in poetry. 
 It is derived from the celebrated 
 German beast-epic ('' Thier-epos ") 
 entitled " Reinecke Fuchs," or " Rein- 
 hard Fuchs," which is a satire on 
 the state of society in Germany dur- 
 ing the Middle Ages and the Vendal 
 re/jime., originated at an unknown 
 period among the Frankish tribo>^, 
 and tirst made known through the 
 medium of a Low German version in 
 the lifteenth century. Written aUo 
 R e y n a r d.] 
 
 4®= This remarkable poem contains a 
 humorous acoount of the adventures of 
 llcnard the Fox at the court of King 
 Nodel (the lion); and it exhibits the 
 cunning of the former, the means which 
 he adopted to rebut the charges made 
 against him, and the hypocrisy and lies 
 by which he contrived to gain the favor 
 of his sovereign, who loaded him with 
 honors. The plot turns chiefly on the 
 long struggle between Itenard and his 
 uncle Isengrin, the wolf, who typifies the 
 feudal baron, as Itenard does the Churcii. 
 Renard is swayed by a constant impulse 
 to deceive and victimize every body, 
 whether friend or foe, but especially Isen- 
 grin ; and, though the latter frequently 
 reduces him to the greatest straits, he 
 generally gets the better of it in the end. 
 Renault (re-no'). An aged, sangui- 
 nary, and lustful conspirator in Ot- 
 wav's "Venice Preserved." 
 
 and for the Remarks ana Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxil. 
 
REN 
 
 31G 
 
 RIG 
 
 Each man indulges in his peciiliar prnpen- 
 flitics. " Slied blood enough," cries old Re- 
 nault. •' lie just, be huniuue, be merciful," 
 Bays Buslie. Shed. 
 
 Ren6 (ru-na', 31). The title of a ro- 
 mance by Francois Rene, Viscount 
 de CluUeaubrianil (17(J8-1848), and 
 the name ol' its liero, a man in wiioin 
 social inaction, blended with a proud 
 scorn resnltin;jj from a consciousness 
 of superior genius, has produced a 
 peculiar and morbid bitterness of 
 spirit. 
 
 Ben'tow-el, Mr. Jabesh. A " pre- 
 cious" covenanting preacher men- 
 tioned in Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 " Waverley." See Gowkthkapple, 
 Maisteu. 
 
 Republic, Heir of the. See Heir 
 OF THE Repuhlic. 
 
 Republican Queen. An appellation 
 given to Sophie Charlotte, Avife of 
 Frederick I., king of I'russia, "a 
 famed queen and lady in her day." 
 
 Republicans, Black. A nickname 
 given by the jn'o-slavery or " conserv- 
 ative " party in the United States to 
 the members of the ''Republican" 
 party, which Avas organized to pre- 
 vent the introduction of slavery into 
 the national Territories, and to con- 
 line it to the States, where it had an 
 acknowledged legal existence. 
 
 Republicans, Red. A sobriquet 
 given by the French to those who are 
 bent upon maintaining extreme re- 
 publican doctrines, even at tiie ex- 
 pense of blood. 
 
 Resolute, The. A surname assumed 
 by John Florio (d. 16'25), the philolo- 
 gist and lexicographer. Shakespeare 
 ridiculed him in the character of 
 Holofernes. the pedantic schoolmaster 
 in " Love's Labor 's Lost," and in the 
 character of Don Adriano de Armado, 
 the vaporing and ridiculous Spaniard, 
 in the same play. See l/ifra, 1. 
 
 Resolute Doctor. 1. An appellation 
 given to Durand, or Durandus, a 
 scholastic philosopher of the Middle 
 Ages. " Resolute " is here used in 
 the sense of resolving, explaining, or 
 interpreting. See Most Resolute 
 
 DoCTOU. 
 
 2. A title bestowed upon John 
 
 Baconthorp, Bacondorp, or Bacon 
 
 (d. J.'J4(i), a distinguished mediieval 
 schoolman, on account of the readi- 
 ness and skill witli which he decided 
 controverted questions. 
 Restitution, Edict of. See Edict 
 o;-' Restitltkjn. 
 
 Restorer of Parnassus. [Sp. Res- 
 tdurtti/or titl J'drnitso.^ A title given 
 bv his admiring countr\'men to Don 
 .Juan Melendez Valdes' ( 1754-1817), 
 a very distinguished Spanish poet, 
 who has had great influence on the 
 literature of his country. 
 
 Review, Breeches. See Biieeciies 
 Review. 
 
 Review, My Grandmother's. Se» 
 Gkaxd.aiotiiek's Review, My. 
 
 Rey-nal'do. A servant to Polonius^ 
 in Shakespeare's " Hamlet." 
 
 R5yn'ard. See Renakd. 
 
 Rhad^a-man'thus (rad'-). [Gr. 'PaSd- 
 /xai'So?.] ( 6V. if Rom. ^ flit It.) A 
 son of Jupiter and Europa, brother 
 of Minos, and king of Lycia. He 
 Avas so renowned for his justice and 
 equity, that, after death, he Avas made 
 one of the three judges in the under- 
 Avorld. 
 
 Rhe'a (re'S). [Gr. 'Pei>, "Pea.] (6'?-. 
 (/ Rom. Jfjjth.) Another name for 
 Cybele. See Cybele. 
 
 Rhe'sus (re'-). [Gr. 'Pfja-o?.] ( Cjv. if- 
 Rom. }fijth.) A Avarlike king of 
 Thrace, Avho marched to the assist- 
 ance of Priam Avhen the Trojan war 
 broke out, but Avas robbed of his 
 horses and killed, on the night of his 
 arrival, by Diomed and Ulysses, Avho 
 Avished to preA'ent the fultiilment of a 
 prophecy that Troy should ncA'er be 
 taken, if the horses of Rhesus drank 
 the Avaters of Xanthus and grazed 
 on the Trojan plains. 
 
 Rho'dy, Little (roMi). A popular 
 designation of Rhode Island, the 
 smallest of the United States. 
 
 Ricciardetto(ret-chaf-det'to. 102). A 
 son of Aymon, and brother of Brada- 
 mante, in Ariosto's " Orlando Furi- 
 oso." 
 
 Rig'dum Fun'n5-dos. 1. A char- 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations 
 
RIG 
 
 317 
 
 ROB 
 
 acter in Henry Carey's play entitled 
 " Chroiionliotontholo^os." 
 
 2. A nickimuie given by Sir 
 Walter Scott to John Ballantyne 
 (1776-1821 ), his friend and partner 
 in the piiblishinj^" house of "John 
 IJalhuityne & Company." Lockhart 
 says of him : " He was a quick, 
 active, intrepid little fellow; and in 
 society so very lively and amusing, 
 so full of fun and merriment, such a 
 thoroughly light-hearted droll, all 
 over ([uaintness and humorous mim- 
 icry, and moreover such a keen and 
 skillful devotee to all manner of tield- 
 sports, from fox-hunting to badger- 
 baiting inclusive, that it was no 
 wonder he should have made a fa- 
 vorable impression on Scott." See 
 
 AlDIB(JKUNTEPHOSCOPHOK>'IO. 
 
 ttigolette (re'go'Ief). The name of 
 a female cliaracter in Eugene Sue's 
 " Mysteries of Paris." It has ac- 
 quired a proverbial currency, and is 
 used as a .synonym of grisette. 
 
 Riin'raon. (Myth.) A god of the 
 Syrians, generally thought to have 
 been the same as Baal. See Baal. 
 
 Him followed Rimmon, whose delightful seat 
 Was f.iir Damascus, ou the fertile banks 
 Of Abbana and Pharphar, lucid streams. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Einaldo (re-naPdo). [Fr. Eenaud, 
 Lat. Jiinakhis, Re(jinaldus.'\ 1. A 
 famous warrior, violent, headstrong, 
 and unscrupulous, but of great gal- 
 lantry, ingenuity, and generosity, in 
 Tasso's " Gerusalemme Liberata," 
 Pulci's " Morgante Maggiore," Bo- 
 jardo's " Orlando Innamorato," Ari- 
 osto'.s " Orlando Furioso," and other 
 romantic tales of Italy and France. 
 He was a son of the great Duke 
 Aymon, and cousin to Orlando, and 
 one of the most renowned of Charle- 
 magne's paladins. Having, in a trans- 
 port of rage, killed Charlemagne's 
 nephew Berthelot by a blow with a 
 chess-board, he was, with all his 
 family except his father, banislieil 
 and outlawed. After various adven- 
 tures and disasters, he went to the 
 Holv Land, and, on his return, suc- 
 ceeded in making peace with the 
 emperor. Angelica, the lovely infidel 
 princess, fell madly in love with him; 
 
 but he could not endure her, and, 
 while kings and nations were warriiig 
 only for her, he turned a deaf ear to 
 her prayers, and left her to deplore 
 her unrequited love. See Ai^gelica, 
 AmnDA. 
 
 ■\Ve stare at a dragoon who has killed three 
 Frencli cuirassiers as a jjrodigy; vet we read, 
 without the least disgust, how (iodfiey slew 
 his thousands, and Rinaldo his ten thousands. 
 
 Mucaulay. 
 
 2. Steward to the Countess of 
 Rousillon, in Shakespeare's '" All 's 
 Well that Ends Well." 
 
 Ringing Island. A name given to 
 England, on account of the music of 
 its many bells. 
 
 S£S= " From very early age.*?, England 
 has been ftimous for its bells ; so much 
 so, that Britain was known even in Saxon 
 times as ' The Hinging Island.' " Lower. 
 
 Rippach, Hans von. See Haxs yon 
 RippAcir. 
 
 Rip Van Winkle. See Winkle, 
 Rip Van. 
 
 Riquet with the Tuft (re'ka). [Fr. 
 R'tquct a la Jloiippe.] A prince of 
 surpassing ugliness, but of great wit 
 and good sense, upon whom a fairy 
 bestowed the power of communicat- 
 ing these gifts to the person he should 
 love best. Becoming enamored of a 
 very l)eautiful but excessively stupid 
 princess of a neighboring country, he 
 makes her, by the exercise of his 
 power, altogether clever and charm- 
 ing; while she, in return, and by the 
 exercise of a like power bestowed 
 upon her by the same fairy, makes 
 him become the handsomest man in 
 the world. 
 
 Robber Synod. [Gr. 'S.vvoSo'; k-qarpi- 
 KT).] (K(rlesi((stical nist.) A name 
 given by the Greeks to a council 
 convoked at Ephesus, by the em- 
 peror Theodosius, in the year 449. 
 The name was intended to signify 
 that every thing was carried in it by 
 fraud and violence: but, as has been 
 justly said, it would be equally appli- 
 cable to many councils of subsequent 
 times. 
 
 Robert the Devil. [Fr. Robert le Dia- 
 6/e.] 1. The hero of an old French 
 metrical romance of the thirteenth 
 centurv, the same as Robert, first Duke 
 
 6ud for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
ROB 
 
 318 
 
 ROB 
 
 of Normandj', who became an early 
 object of legendary scandal. Having 
 been given over to the Devil belore 
 birth, he ran a career of cruelties and 
 crimes unparalleled, till he ^vas mi- 
 raculously reclaimed, whereupon he 
 did penance by living among the 
 dogs, became an exemplary Christian, 
 and married the emperor's daugh- 
 ter. It is thought in 2sormandy 
 that his wandering ghost is doomed 
 to expiate his crimes until the day 
 of judguient. In the fourteenth cen- 
 tury, the romance above mentioned 
 was turned into ])rose, and of the 
 prose story two translations were 
 made into English. There was also 
 a miracle play on the same subject. 
 The opera of " Kobert le Diable " was 
 composed by Meyerbeer, iu 1820. 
 
 2. The same name was popularly 
 given to IJobert Francois Damiens 
 (1714-1757), noted ibr his attempt to 
 assassinate Louis XV. 
 
 Robin Bluestring. A nickname 
 
 given to Sir Robert Walpole (1G7G- 
 1745), by contemporary ))olitical ( p- 
 ponents, in allusion to his blue ribbc.ii 
 as a knight of the Garter. 
 
 Robin des Bois (ro'ban' dS l)wo, G2). 
 [Fr.] In Germany, a mysterioi;s 
 hunter of the forest. (See Fkei- 
 SCHUTZ.) Robin des Bois occurs in 
 one of Eugene Sue's novels " as a 
 well-known mythical character wdiose 
 name is employed by French mothers 
 to frighten their children." 
 
 Robin Goodfellow. See Goodfel- 
 
 LOW, RoBIX. 
 
 Robin Gray. See Gray, Auld 
 RoBix. 
 
 Robin Hood. A famous English out- 
 law, whose exjjloits are the subject 
 of jnany old ballads and tradition- 
 arv' stories, but of whose actual exist- 
 ence little or no evidence can be dis- 
 covered. Various periods, ranging 
 from the time of Richard I. to near 
 the end of the reign of Edward II., 
 have been assigned as the age in 
 which he lived. He is usually de- 
 cribed as a yeoman, and his chief 
 residence is said to have been the 
 forest of Sherwood, in Xottingham- 
 shire. Of his followers, the most 
 
 noted are Little John ; his chaplain, 
 Friar Tuck; and his paramour, named 
 Marian. All the j)0]tular legends ex- 
 tol his personal courage, his gener- 
 osity, his humanity, and his skill in 
 archery. His conduct in many re- 
 spects resembled Ihat of a leudal lord. 
 He robbed the rich only, and gave 
 freely to the poor, protecting the 
 needy, and also the lair .'■ex, whose 
 Avrongs he undertc)ok to avenge. He 
 was particularly Ibnd of pillaging 
 prelates. 
 
 JSOr" The principal inridcnts of his his- 
 tory are to be found in Stow, and in Hit- 
 son's •' Itobin Hood, a Collection of all 
 the Ancient Poems, Songs, and IJ.Tllads 
 now extant, relating to that celebrated 
 English Outlaw," 8vo, London. 1795. 
 Prefixed to this collection are " Historical 
 Anecdotes " of the life of Hohin Hood, an 
 accumulation of all the notices respecting 
 the outlaw that the compiler's reading 
 had discovered in manuscripts or printed 
 books. Various and widely different hy- 
 potheses hnve been advanced concerning 
 Robin Hood, and his clnim to be consid- 
 ered a real historical personage. These 
 are well sfcited, and are investigated with 
 entire candor and much acuteness of 
 criticism, in the elaborate Introduction 
 to the fifth volume of the '• English and 
 Scottish Ballads."' editeil bv Professor 
 Francis J. Child (Boston, 1857). 
 
 But chief, beside the butts, there stand 
 Bold lUiliin Hood and all liis band, — 
 Friar Tuck, with quarter-stuff and cowl, 
 Old Scathelookc, with liis surly scowl, 
 Maid Marian, fair as ivory boiie, 
 Scarlet, and Mutch, and" Little John. 
 
 &\r W. Scott. 
 
 The Duke of Marlborough, the Duke of 
 Cumberland, the Marquis of Granby, have 
 flourished upon sign-posts, siiid have faded 
 there: so have their eomi)eers, Piince Eugene 
 and Prince Ferdinand. Rodney and Nelson 
 are fadimr, and the time is not fir distant 
 when AVelliuLTton also will have had his day. 
 But while Fiigland shall be England, Rohtn 
 llooil will be a popular name. Soutlwy. 
 
 Rob'in-son, Jack(-sn). A name used 
 in the phrase, " Before one could say 
 Jack Robinson," — a saying to ex- 
 press a very short time ; said by Grose 
 to have originated irom a very vol- 
 atile gentleman of that apjiellation 
 who would call on his neigliliors and 
 be gone before hi< name could be an- 
 nounced. The following lines '"from 
 an old plc^y " are elsewhere given as 
 the original phrase: — 
 
 "A wnrke it ys as easie to be doone, 
 As tys to saye, Jackc ! robys oti." 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations^ 
 
ROB 
 
 319 
 
 ROL 
 
 The expression has been erroneously 
 connected with one John Kobinson 
 (17-27-1802), of Appleby, Westmore- 
 land, who, in a sur|)nsin.i;h- short 
 time, rose from ()b.seurity to wealth 
 and power, becoming an influential 
 member of parliament, secretary to 
 the treasury, surveyor -general of 
 His Majesty's woods and forests, &c. 
 
 An operation in comparison to the celerity 
 of which a pig's wliisper is an aj;e, and the 
 pronunciation (if the mystic words '■'Jack 
 Jiobiiison" a life-long task. Sala. 
 
 Robinson, Prosperity. See Pros- 
 
 PEKITY RoniNSON. 
 
 Robinson Crusoe. See Crusoe, 
 KoniNsox. 
 
 Robin the Devil. [Fr. Rvhert le 
 Dlnb/e.] Robert, the tirst Duke of 
 Normandy; — so surnamed " for his 
 monstrous birtli and behavior." See 
 lionEUT THE Devil. 
 
 Rob Roy. [That is, Robert the Red.] 
 A nickname popularly given to a cel- 
 ebrated Higlihind freebooter, whose 
 true name was Robert ]\laegregor, 
 but who assumed that of Campbell, 
 on account of the outlawry of the 
 clan Macgregor by the Scottish par- 
 liament, in 1602. He is the hero of 
 Sir Walter Scott's novel entitled 
 '^ Rob Roy." 
 
 A famous man is Robin Hood, 
 The English ballad-singer's joy! 
 And Scotland lias a thief as good, 
 An outlaw of as daring mood; 
 She has her brave Jiob Hoy ! 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Brilliant and handsome though Peschiera 
 
 be. Lord L'Estrange, like Ro') Ron Macgregor, 
 
 is " on his native heath," and has the decided 
 
 advantage over the foreigner. 
 
 Sir E. Buliuer Lytton. 
 
 Rod'er-i'go. A Venetian gentleman, 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of '• Othel- 
 lo;" represented as the dupe of lago. 
 
 Rod'o-mont, or Rodomonte (rod-o- 
 mon'ta). [That is, one who rolls 
 away mountains, from Prov. It. roch- 
 re, to roll away or forward, from Lat. 
 rota, a wheel, and It. monie, Lat. 
 mons, a mountain.] A famous Moor- 
 ish hero in Bojardo's " Orlando In- 
 namorato " and Ariosto's " Orlando 
 Furioso;" represented as a king of 
 Algiers, and the bravest, fiercest, 
 and wildest of all warriors. His 
 name is generally used to stigmatize 
 
 a boaster, and from it we derive the 
 woi'd rodunwidadt. 
 
 He vapored; but, being pretty sharply ad- 
 monished, he quickly became mild and calm, 
 
 — a posture ill becoming such a Hodonumt. 
 
 air T. Herbert. 
 
 Roe, Richard. A merely nominal 
 defendant in actions of ejectment; 
 usually coupled with the name of 
 Joliii Due, See Doe, John. 
 
 We need hardly say, therefore, that, in the 
 present instance, M. Perier is merely a Rich- 
 ard /loe, — that his name is used for the sole 
 purpose of bringing Macchiavelli into court, 
 
 — and that he will not be mentioned in any 
 subsequent stage of the proceedings. 
 
 JIacaulai/. 
 
 Ro-ge'ro (9). 1. See Ruggiero. 
 
 2. A gentleman of Sicilia, in Shake- 
 speare's '' Winter's Tale." 
 
 Rois Faineants, Les. See Fai- 
 neants, Les Rois. 
 
 Roister Doister, Ralph. The sub- 
 ject and the title of the earliest 
 English comedy, the production of 
 Nicholas Udall, in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Ro'land. One of the Twelve Peers 
 of Charlemagne, and his supposed 
 nephew, warden of the marches of 
 Brittany, and the hero of many a 
 romantic tale. He is said to have 
 been killed in 778, at Roncesvalles, 
 or Roncesveaux, where the rear of 
 Charlemagne's army Avas cut off by 
 some revolted Gascons on its return 
 from a successful expedition into 
 Spain, — a circumstance which has 
 been magnitied by poets and roman- 
 cers into a " dolorous rout " of Charle- 
 magne " with all his peerage." See 
 Orlando and Rowland. [Written 
 also Rowland and Orlando] 
 
 j8®=» According to Pulci. Charlemagne's 
 warriors were decoyed into the pass of 
 Roncesvalles, where they were set upon 
 by three armies of the Saracens, while 
 Charlemagne himself remained at St. 
 Jean Pied de Port, a few miles distant, 
 whither he had come to receive prom- 
 i.«ed tribute from Marsiglio. or Marsilius, 
 the Saracen king. The French knights 
 performed prodigies of valor, but the bat- 
 tle wentagiiinst them. Roland was acci- 
 dentally, but fatally, wounded by his 
 friend Oliver, who had himself received a 
 death-blow, and w;is blinded with his own 
 blood. Roland now sounded his marvel- 
 ous horn, which was to give Charle- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-i 
 
KOL 
 
 320 
 
 ROS 
 
 magne notice of his peril, and with such 
 force, tli.it, at tlie third blast, it broke in 
 two. Over all tlie noise ot the battle, the 
 horn was heard a.s if it had been a voice 
 Iroin the other world. Hird.s fell dead at 
 the sound, and the wiiole Saracen army 
 drew back m terror, while Charlemagne 
 heard it at St. Jeau Pied de Port, and 
 understood at ouce that he was the victim 
 of treachery. It is also recorded that 
 lloland, wisliing to prevent his wonder- 
 ful sword Duraudal (.<ee DuR.iND.iL) from 
 falling into the hands of the enemy, 
 smote it upon a rock near him. making 
 a monstrous tissure therein (the cele- 
 brated •' Breche de lloland,"' a deep de- 
 file in the crest of the Pyrenees from 200 
 to 300 feet in width, lietweeu precipitous 
 rocks rising to a height of from 300 to 
 600 feet), while the sword remained un- 
 injured. See Marsiglio. 
 
 Oh for one blast of that dread horn, 
 On Fontarabian echoes borne. 
 
 Which to King Charles did come, 
 "When Roland brave, and Olivier, 
 And evcrv paladin and peer, 
 
 Ou R( ncesvallus died! Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Then would I seek the Pyrenean breach 
 Which Roland clove with huge two-handed 
 
 sway. 
 And to the enormous labor left his name, 
 Where unremitting frosts the rocky crescent 
 bleach. Wordsivorth. 
 
 Ro1|nd of the Army. [Fr. Roland 
 (T Aniiee.^ A sobriquet of Louis 
 Vincent Joseph Le Blond, Comte de 
 Saint Hilaire (17GG-1809), a French 
 general distinguished for his valiant 
 and chivalrous conduct. 
 
 Boman A-chil'les. A surname of 
 Sicinius Dentatus (405 b. c), be- 
 stowed upon him on account of his 
 braver}'. 
 
 Ro'me-o. In Shakespeare's tragedy 
 of '■ Romeo and Juliet," a son of 
 Montague, in love with Juliet, the 
 daughter of Capulet. Between the 
 two houses of Montague and Capulet 
 there existed a deadly feud, 
 
 Rom'u-lus. In the legendary history 
 of Rome, the son of Mars and a vestal 
 named Silvia. He was thrown into 
 the Tiber, together with his twin 
 brother Remus, by his uncle, but was 
 washed ashore, suckled by a she- 
 wolf, found and adopted by a shep- 
 herd, and finally became the founder 
 and lirst king of Rome. After a reign 
 of thirty-seven years, he was sudden- 
 ly carried ofi' to heaven bv his father 
 
 Mars, as he was reviewing the peo> 
 pie near the marsh of L'apra, and 
 was thenceforth worshiped under the 
 name ot Quirinus. Another form of 
 the tradition represents Romulus as 
 a tyrant, and relates that the senators, 
 discontented with his oppressive rule, 
 nuirdered him during the darkness of 
 a tempest, cut up his body, and car- 
 ried home the mangled pieces under 
 their robes. 
 
 Ron. The name of Arthur's lance, 
 which was " hard, broad, and fit for 
 slaughter." See Pkidwin. [Writ- 
 ten also Ro n e.] 
 
 Roncesvalles, Battle of f ron'.se-val'- 
 less, or ron-thes-val'yes). See Ro- 
 land, MAKblGLIO. 
 
 Rondibilis (ron-dib'i-lis; Fr. pron. 
 roii'dc^be'le', 62). A physician con- 
 sulted by Panurge, in Rabelais' ro- 
 mance of " Rantagruel." See Pa- 
 
 NIIIGE. 
 
 Ropemaker, The Beautiful. [Fr. 
 La Belle C'ordiere.] A sobriquet 
 given to Loiuse Lab^ (152G-15GG), a 
 French poetess who wrote in three 
 difli'erent languages, and who was 
 distinguished for her extraordinary 
 courage at the siege of Perpignan. 
 She married Enneniond Perrin, a rich 
 merchant, and a rope manufacturer. 
 
 Rop'er, Mistress. A cant name 
 given in the British navy to the 
 " Royal Marines." 
 
 Roque Guinart (ro'kS ge-naftO- A 
 famous freebooter introduced by Cer- 
 vantes into " Don Quixote." His true 
 name was Pedro Rocha Guinarda, and 
 he was one of the principal leaders 
 of a great band of robbers who levied 
 shameful contrilnitions all over the 
 mountainous districts of Catalonia, 
 about the time when " Don Quixote " 
 was written. 
 
 Ros'a-lind. 1. The poetic name of 
 a youthful mistress of Spenser. She 
 is described by him as of great beauty, 
 and as occupying a position of honor 
 and dignity, though her parentagft 
 Avas humble. In the '' Shepherd's 
 Calendar," he bewails her ill usage, 
 and, in the sixth book of the '' Faery 
 Queen," — where she is undoubtedly 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Fronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
ROS 
 
 321 
 
 ROU 
 
 Intended by Mirabel, — be retab'ates 
 it. Her real name was lung unknown ; 
 but within a tew years it has been 
 proved that she was Rose Daniel, 
 sister of ISaniiiel Daniel, the poet, and 
 tliat she married .lohn t lorio (see Don 
 AuitlANO 1)E AUMADO, and HoLO- 
 
 FKRNEs, 3) in preference to Spenser. 
 Jiosn/iiule reads, anagi'ammatically, 
 Hose Ddnu'i; for, according to Cam- 
 den, " a letter may be doubled, re- 
 jected, or contrariwise, if the sense 
 fall aptly;" we thus get ]*id of the 
 redundant e, and have a perfect ana- 
 gram. 
 
 2. A daughter of the exiled duke, 
 in Shakespeare's " As You Like It." 
 
 I^c^ " llosalind . . . has vivat-ity and 
 wit enough to captivate those who like a 
 ■woman of spirit ; and yet with this there 
 is interwoven so much womanly tender- 
 ness and delicacy, she is, in her gayest 
 moods, so truly, sometimes so touchingly, 
 feminine, that she wins more admirers 
 tlian she dazzles." A'. G. White. 
 
 Kos'a-line, or Ros'a-line. 1. A lady 
 attending on the princess of France, 
 in Shakespeare's " Love's Labor 's 
 Lost." 
 
 2. A scornful lady, for whom Romeo 
 entertained a dreamy and fanciful 
 passion before he fell in love with 
 Juliet, who was in every respect her 
 opposite. See Romeo. 
 
 Kosamond, Fair. See Fair Rosa- 
 
 MOMD. 
 
 Ro'sen-crantz (ro/zn-kra,nts). The 
 name of a courtier, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of " Hamlet." 
 
 Ros'i-clear. A character in the 
 " Mirror of Knighthood." See Don- 
 zee DEE PhEBO. 
 
 Eos'i-phele. Princess of Armenia, a 
 lady of^surpassing beauty, but insen- 
 sible to the power of love, represented 
 by Gower, in his " Confessio Aman- 
 tis," as reduced to obedience to Cupid 
 by a vision which befell her on a 
 ]\iay-day ramble. 
 
 Ross, Man of. See Man of Ross. 
 
 Roubign6, Jxilie de (zhii'le' dii 
 roo'ben'ya', 34). The title of a novel 
 by Henry Mackenzie, and the name 
 of its heroine. 
 
 Rough, and Ready. A sobriquet 
 
 given to General Zacharv Taylor 
 ll7UU-18oO), twelfth president of" the 
 United States, as expressive of prom- 
 inent traits in his character. 
 
 Round Table. 1. A huge circular 
 marble table, at which, according to 
 the ohl romancers, King Arthur and 
 his knights were accustomed to sit. 
 It was originally the property of 
 Uther Pendragon, for whom it" was 
 made b}'- the sorcerer INIerlin ; it 
 afterward belonged to Leodegrance, 
 king of Camelard, and came to 
 Arthur as the portion of his wife 
 Guinever, the daughter of that mon- 
 arch. It was said to have been mod- 
 eled after one established by Joseph 
 of Arimathea in imitation of that 
 wdiich Jesus had used at the Last 
 Supper. Every knight had his seat, 
 with his name inscribed on it in let- 
 ters of gold. Some say there were 
 only thirteen seats around it, in mem- 
 ory of the thirteen apostles. Twelve 
 only were occupied, and by knights 
 of the highest lame. The thirteenth 
 represented the seat of the traitor Ju- 
 das. According to others, there were 
 seats for lifty, sixt}^ a hundred, or a 
 hundred and lifty; and an empty 
 place — called ''the perilous siege" 
 or seat — was left for the sangreal. 
 
 j8®^ "King Arthur stablished all his 
 knights, and gave them lands that were 
 not rich of land, and charged them iicver 
 to do outrage nor murder, and aiway to 
 fliH? treason. Also, by no means to be 
 cruel, but to give mercy unto him that 
 asked mercy, upon pain of forfeiture of 
 their worship, and lordship of King Ar- 
 thur, for evermore, and alway to do ladies, 
 damosels, and gentlewomen succor upon 
 pain of death. Also, that no man take 
 no battailes in a wrong quarrel for no 
 law, nor for worldly goods. Unto thi3 
 were all the knights sworn of the Round 
 Table, both old and young." 
 
 Morte d'' Arthur. 
 
 ^@= The more celebrated members of 
 this order were, Meliadus. Ran. Bohort, 
 Caradoc, R\ence, I'haraniond, Lancelot 
 du Lac, Gawain, Tristram, Hector de 
 Marys, Bliomberis, finheiis, Kay, gagra- 
 mour le Desirus, Mnrhault. Agravaine, 
 Mordrt'd, Dodynas le Sanvage, Dynadani, 
 Perceval, Galahad, Driam, Palamedes, 
 Amoral of Wales, Yvain, Ozanna, Per 
 saunt of Inde (called '-of Inde," notas be ■ 
 ing an Indian, but from the color he wore 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain Words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii 
 21 
 
ROU 
 
 322 
 
 ROZ 
 
 namely, dark hlue), Torres. Lavaine, Ga- 
 rcth, I'elleas, Braudiles, Bedivere, Colgre- 
 vancc, Ladyuari, Irouside, Lionel, Lucan. 
 
 4)1^ This ancient order of kuijihthood 
 was' revived by Edward 111. at Windsor, 
 upon New- Year's day, 1344, in order to 
 draw tlie best soldiers ot Europe into his 
 interest, witli a view to tae recovery of 
 I'r.aiice, vvIucU descended to him in right 
 of his mot.ier. A liuge round table is 
 still presei-ved in Winchester castle as 
 the identical one around which King Ar- 
 thur and liis knigiits were accustomed to 
 sit. Tlie tradition that it is such dates 
 back to the beginning of the twelfth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 "For his own part," he said, "and in the 
 land where he was bred, men would as Boon 
 tike for their mark Kin^ Arthur's Round Ta- 
 bic, which held sixty knights around it." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 2. A similar table said by French 
 and Italian romancers to have been 
 constructed or instituted by Charle- 
 mai^iie in imitation of that of King 
 Arthur. 
 
 Roujtera (roos'tem). A famous half- 
 mythical Persian hero, another Her- 
 cules, who is said to have lived in 
 the sixteenth century, and to have 
 been a descendant of the celebrated 
 Djamsliid. Marvelous exploits are 
 ascribc^d to him, such as the killing 
 of a thousand Tartars at one blow, 
 the vanqtiishment of dragons and 
 devils, the capture of whole cities, and 
 the lilvc. [Written also Rust am, 
 Rous tarn, Rostam.] 
 
 Row-e'na. A Saxon ])rincess, ward of 
 Cedric of Rotherwood, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of" Ivanhoe," of which 
 she is the nominal heroine. See 
 REr.ECCA TiiK Jkwess. 
 
 Row'land. Another orthography of 
 liolati'f, one of the most famous of 
 Charl 'magne's Twelve Peers. To 
 give one " a Rowland lor an Oliver" 
 is an old and proverbial expression 
 used to signily the matching of one 
 incredible lie Avith another. Oliver 
 Avas also one of Charlemagne's pal- 
 adins; and the exploits of these re- 
 nowned heroes are rendered ridicu- 
 lously and equally extravagant by 
 the old romancers. See RoLuVnd and 
 
 Or.LANDO. 
 
 I promise yon that he pnve mv tcmatrant 
 kmsman a "quid pro quo,"— a Rowland for 
 
 his OKrer, ns the vulgar say, alluding to the 
 two celebrated paladma ot'diuneiiiajfiie. 
 
 .^(/- »('. Scott. 
 
 B-ow'land, Childe. Tlie hero of an 
 ola bcottish ballad, ot whicli only a 
 tragment has been preserved ; the 
 youngest brother of tlie lair Burd 
 Helen, and the same as JioLind, or 
 Oi'ldiidi}^ the famous paladin. Guided 
 by ]\Ierlin, he undertakes tue perilous 
 task of bringing back his si-ster from 
 EUlaiid, whither she had been carried 
 by the fairies. See Ijukd Helen 
 and RoL.vxD. 
 
 Childe Rowland to the dark tower came. 
 
 ( Quoted by Shak.) 
 
 Rowley, Thomas. The name of a 
 lictitious priest of Bristol, pretended 
 by Chatterton to have lived in the 
 reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV., 
 and to liave written several remark- 
 able poems, of which Chatterton him- 
 self was really the author. 
 
 Royalist Butcher. [Fr. Le Boucher 
 Jicy'i/iste.] A sobricjuct given to 
 Blaise de Montluc (1502-1527), a 
 French captain distinguished for his 
 cruelties to the Protestants in the 
 time of Charles IX. 
 
 Royal Martyr. Charles I. of Eng- 
 land, who was beheaded Jan. 30, 
 lG4i), in pursuance of the sentence of 
 death pronounced against him by the 
 High Court of Justice, on the 27th 
 of the same month. 
 
 We are at a loss to conceive how the same 
 persons, who, on tlie 5th tif November, thank 
 God for wonderfullv conducting his servant 
 Kin"; Willinm, and for making all opposition 
 fall before him until lie became our king and 
 governor, can, on the .'^Otli of .January, con- 
 trive to be afraid that the blood of the" Royal 
 Martijr may be visited on themselves and 
 their children ! Jlacaulatj. 
 
 Royal 'Prentice in the Art of Poe- 
 try. A name given to himself by 
 James I. of England, who wrote a 
 great many miserable roundels, bal- 
 lads, sonnets, and other pieces of 
 verse. His hrst publication was a 
 collection of poems, under the title 
 of " The Essavs of a Prentice in the 
 Divine Art of 'Poesy " (4to, 1584). 
 
 Royal Psalmist. A designation oft- 
 en applied to King David, the reputed 
 author of most of the compositions 
 known as " The Psalms." 
 
 Roz'I-nan'te. [Sp. Hodnante, from 
 
 I®" For the " Key to the Scheme of ProQunciation," with the accompanying Explanations 
 
RUB 
 
 323 
 
 RUM 
 
 rocin, a small, jaded horse, a cart- 
 horse, and (inU\, berore, t'ornierly.J 
 The name given by Uon Quixote to 
 his celebrated steed. feee DoM 
 
 QUIXOTK. 
 
 ;yj:^- *• lie next visited his horse, which, 
 though he had more coruers tua.i a real 
 (beiug as leau as GoiiueUa's, tuat tuiiiuin 
 ptllis tt ussd juU), uevertaeless, iu liis 
 eye appeared iiitiuicely prelerahle to Alex- 
 ander's Bucepualus, o/ tuo Cid".s liavieea. 
 Four da.\s he coasuiiied iu iuveutiug a 
 name for this remarkable steud. . . . 
 After having chosen, rejected, amended, 
 tortured, and revolved a world of names 
 in his imagination, he fixed upon Rozi- 
 nante, — an appellation, in his opinion, 
 lofty, sonorous, and expressive not ouly 
 of his former, but likewise of his pres- 
 ent, situation, which entitled him to the 
 preference over all other horses under the 
 sun. Cervantts, Trans. 
 
 In short, bid Rozinante change witli Pega- 
 sus, and you do no more than Mr. Vane's 
 letter held out to Triplet. C. lieade. 
 
 Rubezahl (ru'bu-ts41, 51, 70). The 
 name of a famous spirit of the liie- 
 sengebirge in Germany, corresi)ond- 
 ing to the Puck of England. He is 
 celebrated in innumerable sagas, bal- 
 lads, and tales, and represented under 
 the various forms of a miner, hunter, 
 monk, dwarf, giant, &c. He is said 
 to aid the poor and oppressed, and 
 shows benighted wanderers their 
 road, but wages incessant Avar with 
 the proud and wicked. The origin 
 of the name is obscure. See Num- 
 ber Nip. 
 
 Road aboundina: in gloomy valleys, intri- 
 cate rock-libyrintiis, haunts of sprite Rii^e- 
 zahl, sources 'of the Elbe, and I know not 
 what. Carhjle. 
 
 Ru'bi-con. The ancient name of a 
 small stream — thought to be the 
 modern Pisatello — which formed the 
 boundary between Italy and Cisal- 
 pine Gaul. It is celebrated from 
 Caesar's having hesitated about cross- 
 ing it with his army, and initiat- 
 ing civil war, in the year 49 b. c. 
 Hence, " to pass the liubicon " has 
 become a proverbial phrase to denote 
 the taking of the first step in an un- 
 dertaking from which one cannot or 
 will not recede. 
 
 Rd'chi-el. [Heb. ruch, air, and p^ 
 god, or mighty one.] In the old 
 Jewish angelology, the name of the 
 
 angel who ruled the air and the 
 winds. 
 
 Budge, Barnaby. The title of a 
 novel by L-iiarles Dickens, and the 
 name or its liero, a hall-wittcd lad 
 whuse companion is a knowing but 
 evil-looking raven. 
 
 There comes Poe, with his raven, like Bar- 
 
 Three lifihsof him genius and two fifths sheer 
 fudge. Lowell. 
 
 Riidiger (rli-'de-gCf, 51,58,04). The 
 faithful squire of Chriemiiild in the 
 great epic jjoem of Germany, the 
 "• Nibelungen Lied." 
 
 Rug'by. A servant to Dr. Caius, in 
 Shakespeare's " Men-}' Wives of 
 Windsor." 
 
 Ruggiero (rood-ja-'ro, 102). A young 
 Saracen knight, born of Christian par- 
 ents, who figures in Bojardo's •' Or- 
 lando Innamorato," and in Ariosto's 
 " Orlando Furioso." In the latter 
 poem, he falls in love with Brad- 
 amante, a Christian Amazon, and 
 sister to Rinaldo. After numerous 
 adventures, crosses, and narrow es- 
 capes, the poet, in the last canto of 
 the poem, makes them marry; and 
 from their union he derives the gen- 
 ealogy of the house of Este. Rug- 
 giero is noted for the possession of a 
 hippogrifJ", or Avingcd horse, and also 
 of a veiled shield, the dazzling splen- 
 dor of which, when suddenly dis- 
 closed, struck with blindness and as- 
 tonishment all eyes that beheld it. 
 This he threw into a hidden well, in 
 a nameless forest, in an undiscovered 
 land, after having Avon too cheap a 
 victory by its accidental exposure. 
 [Written also Ruggieri, Roger o, 
 Ruggero, Rugger i.] 
 
 Rtunp, The. {£»!/■ flist.) See 
 Pride's Purge; see also infra. 
 
 Rumpelstilzchen (robm/pel-stilts'- 
 ken, 71). A character in a German 
 nursery tale, Avhich has been trans- 
 lated into English, and is composed, 
 according to Grimm, of several 
 mutually complementary narratives, 
 originating in Hesse. 
 
 ijgr" Rumpelstilzchen is a dwarf who 
 spins straw into gold for a certain miller's 
 daughter, — a task enjoined upon her, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to wliich the numbers after certain word* refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
RUM 
 
 324 
 
 RYE 
 
 under penalty of death, by the king, 
 who, in tae sequel, marries lier. lu her 
 distress, tue girl had eugayed to give the 
 little mau her tirst ciiiid as a reward lor 
 the service he had rendered her ; but 
 wheu the tultilluieut of the promise was 
 claimed, she grieved so bitterly and 
 pleaded so hard, tuat he gave her three 
 days in which to liud out his name, 
 telling her, that, if she succeeded, she 
 shfllhld keep the child. On the first and 
 second days, when he presented himself 
 before her, she repeated all the names 
 she knew ; but at each one he said. " That 
 is not my name."' Early on the third 
 day, a messenger of the queen accident- 
 ally ."^aw liim in an out-of-the-way place, 
 where he lived, and overheard him ex- 
 claim, '"IIow glad I am that nobody 
 knows my name is Ilumpelstilzchen ! "' 
 The queen, being told of this, was ready 
 for him at his next appearance ; and he 
 was so chagrined .-it finding his secret 
 known as to destroy himself on the spot. 
 
 Rump Parliament. ( Eiig. Hist. ) A 
 derisive name applied to a remnant 
 or the famous Long Parliament of 
 England, which re-assembled on the 
 6th of 3Iay, 1G59, after the dissolu- 
 tion of the parliament summoned by 
 Richard Cromwell on the 27th of 
 January, and dissolved by him on 
 the 22d of April, of the same year. 
 [Called also, simply, The Rump, q. v.] 
 
 Ku'pert, Knight. Formerly, and 
 still in some of the villages of north- 
 ern Germany, a personage clad in 
 high buskins, white robe, mask, and 
 enormous flaxen ^^■ig, who, at Christ- 
 mas time, receives Irom parents the 
 presents designed for their children, 
 goes about from house to house, 
 every Avhere received with great 
 pomp and Avelcome, and, calling the 
 children, distributes to each a pres- 
 ent. Like St. Nicholas, he is sup- 
 posed to exercise a secret supervision 
 over children ; but more especially he 
 keeps watch over naughty children, 
 and thus answers to the English 
 Robin (Joo(lfdloiL\ or Hubyoblin. The 
 
 horseman in the May pageant is in 
 some parts of Germany called Ru- 
 precht, or Rupert. 
 
 Rush, Friar. See Friar Rush. 
 
 Russian Byron. A name given by 
 his coiintryuu'u to Alexander Sergei- 
 vitcli Pushkin (J7 'J-18;j7j, the most 
 distinguished poet of Russia in the 
 present century. He is said to have 
 not a little of the bold and brilliant 
 genius of his prototype, and, like 
 him, to excel in vigor of imagerj' 
 and impassioned sentiment. 
 
 Russian Mu-rat' (o?- mii'ra'). A 
 name given by the Irenchto jNIichael 
 Miloradowitch (1770-1820), distin- 
 guished in the wars against Napo- 
 leon, and accountid one of the boldest 
 and most enterprising and active of 
 the Russian generals of his time. 
 
 Rye-house Plot. {Encj. Hist.) The 
 name given to an alleged conspiracy 
 to assassinate Charles IL and his 
 brother, the Duke of York (after- 
 ward James II. ), at a place called 
 Rye-house, between London and 
 NcAvmarket, as they returned from 
 Xewmarlict races. The execution 
 of the plot is said to have been frus- 
 trated by the king's leaving New- 
 market somewhat sooner than was 
 expected. 
 
 Ry'ence, King. A knight of the 
 Round Table, king of Ireland, North 
 Wales, and many isles. He sent to 
 King Arthur for his beard, to en- 
 able him, Avith those of eleven other 
 kings, Avhom he had already discom- 
 fited, to purfle his mantle. jNIeeting 
 ■with an angrv refusal, he entered 
 Britain with a large army, to en- 
 force his demand, but was captured, 
 and sent as a prisoner to Arthur, 
 who, according to some accounts, 
 mamed his daughter Guinever. 
 [Written also Ryon.] 
 
 ■ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Expianationi, 
 
SAB 
 
 325 
 
 SAG 
 
 S; 
 
 Sabreur, Le Beau (lu bd sS'bror', 
 4 5). See Handsome Swordsman. 
 
 Ja-bri'na. The virgin daui^iiter of 
 l.ucrina' and Estrildas, thrown into 
 the Severn (Lat. Sd/trinn) by Giien- 
 dolen, a divorced wife of Locrine. 
 In Milton's " Conuis " and Fletclier's 
 " Faithful Shepiierdess," siie is fabled 
 to have been translbrnied into a riv- 
 er-nymph, that her honor might be 
 preserved inviolate. See Lockine. 
 
 To fashion'b light tempters, her very 
 thought was as closed as, 
 " Under the glassy, cool, translucent wave," 
 was the ear of Sabrijia to the comrades of 
 Comus. iSir E. Buliver Lyttoii. 
 
 ^5h'a-ris's3. [From Gr. o-aK^ap, 
 craKxa-poi', sugar, like Melissa from 
 /LieAt, honey.] A poetical name given 
 by Waller (1605-1687) to tha eldest 
 daughter of the Earl of Leicester, 
 Lady Dorothea Sidney, for whose 
 hand he was an unsuccessful suitor. 
 
 Fancy Sdcharissa beckoning and smjliiig 
 from the upper window. Thackei ay. 
 
 ^j,cred Island. An old name of 
 Ireland; the same as Holy Island. 
 See Holy Island, 1. 
 
 Sacred "War. (6V. Hht.) 1. A 
 war undertaken by the Amphicty- 
 onic league — a council established 
 at a very early period tor the man- 
 agement of all affairs relative to 
 Greece — for the defense of Delphi 
 against the Cirrh;eans. It began b. 
 c. 595, and ended b. c. 587. 
 
 2. A war instituted by the Athe- 
 nians for the purpose of restoring 
 Delphi to the Phocians, from whom 
 it had been taken by the Lacedai- 
 moniaus. b. c. 448-447. 
 
 3. A war in which the Phocians, 
 who had seized Delphi, b. c. 357, 
 were attacked and conquered by 
 Philip of Macedon, as chief of the 
 Amphictyonic league. This is the 
 most celebrated of the Sacred Wars. 
 
 Sac'ri-pant, King. 1. King of Cir- 
 cassia, and a lover of Angelica, in 
 the poems of Bojardo and Ariosto. 
 This is no new thing, said Don Quixote, 
 
 nor is it di^cult to be done. "With the same 
 stratagem, Sacri))ant\\vui\. Ills steed stolon from 
 under him by that notorious thief Bruiiello at 
 the siege of Albracca. Ccrva/ilcs, Truiiji. 
 
 2. A pei'sonage introduced by Ales- 
 sandro fassoni (1565-16:55), the Ital- 
 ian poet, in his mock-heroic poem 
 entitled " Secchia Kapita," or " The 
 Kape of the Bucket;" represented 
 as false, brave, noisy, and hectoring. 
 The name is quoted as a synonym 
 with vanity and braggart courage. 
 
 Let us hunt up this Sacripant, let us beat 
 him as we would the Devil. Qranval, Trans. 
 
 Saehrimnir (sza-rim'ner). (Sntjid. 
 
 Myt/i.) A boar whose flesh furnishes 
 
 food for the banquets of Valhalla. 
 
 Every day it is served up at table, 
 
 and every day it is entirely renewed 
 
 again. 
 Saga (szS^gd). [From the same root 
 
 as the Eng. sny.'\ (Scand. Myth.) 
 
 The goddess of history. 
 
 Sage of Mon'ti-cel'lo. An appel- 
 lation often given, in America, to 
 Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), third 
 president of the United States, from 
 the name of his country-seat, and in 
 allusion to his wise statesmanship 
 and great political sagacity. 
 
 As from the grave where Henry sleeps, 
 From Vernon's weeping-willow, 
 
 And from the grnssy pall which hidei 
 The Sage of MoniiceUo, 
 
 So from the lenf-strewn burial-stone 
 Of Randolph's lowly dwelling, 
 
 Virginia, o'er thy land of slaves 
 
 A warning voice is swellinn 
 
 Wit it tier. 
 
 Sage of Samos. See Samian Sage. 
 
 6ag'it-ta-ry. A famous imaginaiy 
 monster introduced into the armies 
 of the Trojans by the fabling writer, 
 Guido da Colonna, whose work was 
 translated by Lydgate. He is de- 
 scribed as '• a terrible archer, half 
 man and half beast, Avho neighs like 
 a horse, whose eyes sparkle like tire, 
 and strike dead like lightning." He 
 is evidently the same as the archer- 
 centaur, the sign Sagittarius in the 
 zodiac. 
 
 The dreadful Sagittary 
 Appalls our numbers; haste we, Dionied, 
 To reinforcement, or we perish all. Sliak. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbt^ after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
SAG 
 
 326 
 
 SAT 
 
 Jj^ The same name is given in " Othel- 
 lo " (a. i., PC. 1 and 3) to the residence of 
 the military officers at the arsenal in Ven- 
 ice, from the figure of au archer over the 
 door. 
 
 Bagramour l8 Desirus (sag'rS-moor 
 lu dfi-'ze-ruus'). A kni<i;lit of the 
 Kound Table, who ligure^^ in '' Lance- 
 lot du Lac," " Morte d'Arthur," aud 
 other old romances of chivalry. 
 
 Sailor King. A title popularly con- 
 ferred upon Williani IV. of England, 
 who entered the navy in 1771), at 
 fourteen years of age, and continued 
 in the service till 1827, having passed 
 from the rank of niidshij)inan to that 
 of captain, by regular promotion, and 
 thence by a merely formal ascent to 
 that of admiral of the fieet in 1801, 
 and that of lord high admiral in 1827. 
 
 St. Befana. See Befana, La. 
 
 St. Brandan, Island of. See Island 
 OK St. Bkaxdan. 
 
 St. Christoplier. A saint of the 
 Roman Catholic and Greek churches. 
 Legendary writers place him in the 
 third century, but critical historians 
 reject him as imaginary, and regard 
 his history as wholly fabulous. Ac- 
 cording to the common account, he 
 was a native of Lycia; but the 
 " Legenda Aurea " (cap. 100) says 
 that he was a Canaanite, and adds, 
 that he was very tall and fearful to 
 look at. So proud was he of his bulk 
 and strength, that he would serve 
 only the mightiest princes, and was 
 ever in search of a stronger master. 
 At length he entered the service of 
 the Uevil; but, finding that his new 
 master was thrown into great treyjida- 
 tion and alarm by the sight of an 
 image of Christ, he lost all respect 
 for him, and resolved to seek out and 
 follow the Saviour. For a long time 
 his quest was vain: but he finally 
 found him in a little child, whom he 
 undertook to carry across a deep 
 river, which had no bridge, — or, 
 according to a late Latin hymn, the 
 Red Sea, — and whose weight kept 
 growing greater and greater, until 
 Christopher began to sink under 
 the burden, when the child declared 
 himself to be Christ, and -wTought a 
 
 miracle to prove it. Christopher was 
 convinced, embraced Christianity, 
 performed miracles him.^^elf, was 
 martyred, canonized, and became au 
 object of the most eager veneration. 
 The sight of his image was thought 
 to be a protection from sickness, 
 earthquakes, tire, or Hood, for the 
 re.'-t of the day, and it was therefore 
 earved and painted in huge propor- 
 tions on the outside of churches and 
 houses, especially in Italy, Spain, and 
 Germany. His body is said to be at 
 Valencia, in Spain; he has an arm at 
 Compostella, a jaw-bone at Astorga, 
 a shoulder at St. Peter's in Home, a 
 tooth and a rib at Venice, and many 
 other relics, all enormous, at other 
 places. The Greek church celebrates 
 his festival on the iJth of ]May;the 
 Roman Catholic, on the 25th of July. 
 
 Like the great {riant ChHstopher it stands 
 L'poii the brink of the tempes^tuous wave, 
 
 Wading far out among the rocks and sands, 
 The night-o'ertaken" mariner to save. 
 
 Longfellow, The Light-house. 
 
 St. Distafif. An imaginary saint to 
 Avhom the 7th ofJanuar}- — the day 
 after the Epiphany, or Tweltth-dav — 
 is consecrated in some localities. The 
 Christmas holidays being ended, the 
 distaft' and other industrious employ- 
 ments are now resumed. The name 
 occurs in an old ballad, entitled " "Wit 
 a-sporting in a pleasant Grove of new 
 Fancies," Lond., 1657. 
 
 " Partly worke and partly play 
 You iniist on St. Distajfs dav; 
 Give St. Di.<tajf'vi.\\ the right," 
 Then give Christmas-sport good night." 
 
 St. Fil'o-me'na. The name of a 
 pseudo-saint of the Roman Catholic 
 church, whose worship commenced 
 in the present century. Longfellow 
 has applied the name to Florence 
 Nightingale, probably from its re- 
 semblance to the Greek and Latin 
 pJiilumela, a nightingale, and also 
 because, in a picture by Sabatelli, St. 
 Filomena is represented as hovering 
 over a group of the sick and maimed, 
 who are healed by her intercession. 
 
 J^iT' In the year 1802, a gmve waa 
 found in the cemetery of St. Priscilla. by 
 whicii were the remains of a glass vase 
 that had held blood, the indication of the 
 burial-place of a martyr. The grave was 
 
 tGf For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
SAI 
 
 327 
 
 SAI 
 
 closed by three tiles, on which were the 
 followiiii? words, paiuted iu red letters : 
 LVMENA PAXTE CVMFl. There were 
 also rudely painted ou the tiles two an- 
 chors, three darts, a torch, and a palui- 
 braneh. The inscription was read by 
 placing the first tile after the two oth- 
 ers, thus, — " I'ax tecum Filuniena," 
 Peace be with thee, Filuuieua ; and Filu- 
 meua was adopted as a new saint in the 
 long list of those to whom the Roman 
 church has given this title. It was sup- 
 posed, that, in the haste of closing the 
 grave, the tiles had been thus misplaced. 
 Thereupon a devout artisan, a priest, and 
 a nun, were all severally visited by vis- 
 ions of a virgin martyr, who told them 
 the story of Diocletian's love for her. of 
 her refusal, and subsequent martyrdom ; 
 and explained, that, having been once 
 called Lumena, she was baptized Filu- 
 niena, which she explained as a daughter 
 of light I Some human remains near the 
 stone being dignified as relics of St. Filo- 
 mena, she was presented to Mugnano, 
 and, on the way, not only worked many 
 miracles on her adorers, but actually re- 
 paired her own skeleton, and made her 
 hair grow. So many wonders are said 
 to have been worked by this phantom 
 saint, that a book printed at Paris in the 
 year 1847 calls her '' La Thaumaturge 
 (111 19//?f Steele ;'''' and she is by far the 
 most fashionable patrones.s in the Itomish 
 church. Norton. Yonge. 
 
 St. George, Chevalier de. A name 
 assumed by James Francis Edward 
 Stuart, the elder Pretender. See 
 Pketendeks, The. 
 
 St. Graal, or San'grea,!. [Old Fr., 
 holyp'ail; r/nial^ (/real, (jrasal, Pr. 
 grazal, from Middle Lat. f/raclalis, 
 f^radale, as if from a Latin word 
 cratalis, from crater, cratei-n, a cup.] 
 A vessel made of a single precious 
 stone (usually said to be an emerald \ 
 from wliich our Saviour was supposed 
 to have drunk at the last supper, and 
 which was afterward lilled with the 
 blood which flowed from the wounds 
 with Avhich he was pierced at the 
 crucitixion ; or, according to some 
 accounts, it was the platter on which 
 the paschal lamb was served at the 
 last Passover which Jesus celebrated 
 with his disciples. It is fabled to 
 have been preserved and carried to 
 England by Joseph of Arimathea. 
 It remained there many years, an 
 object of pilgrimage and de.otion: 
 
 but at length it disappeared, one of 
 its keepers luiviug violated the condi- 
 tion ot strict virtue in thought, word, 
 and deed, which was imposed upon 
 those who had charge of it. Thence- 
 forth many knights - errant, particu- 
 larly those of the Pound Table, spent 
 their lives in searching lor it, and Sir 
 Galahad Avas at last successtul in 
 linding it. Various miraculous prop- 
 erties are attributed to this disli, by 
 the old romancers, such as the power 
 of prolonging life, preserving chas- 
 tity, and the like. In some legends, 
 it is said to have been brought down 
 from heaven by angels, and given in 
 charge to a body of knights, who 
 guarded it in a temple -like castle 
 on top of the inaccessible mountain 
 IMontsalvage, whence it would be 
 borne away and vanish from their 
 sight, if approached by any but a per- 
 fectly pure and boly person. [Called 
 also Jlii/y ( It-ail.] See Galahad, 
 SxK, and King Peciieur. 
 
 A sinful mail, and unconfessed. 
 He took tlie Stnigrear^ boly quest, 
 And, shnnl)eiiii^, saw the vision high, 
 He might not view witli waking ej'e. 
 
 .■Sir W. Scott. 
 
 St. Hilaire, Marco de (mai-'ko' du 
 so"t e^lei-', G2, 04). A pseudonym of 
 tmile IVIarc Hilaire, a French writer 
 of the present day (b. 1790). 
 
 Sain tine (san/ten', 62). A pseudonym 
 adopted by Joseph Xavier Bonil'ace 
 (b. 1797), a popular French writer, 
 author of "Picciola" and other well- 
 known works. 
 
 St. Le'6n. The title of a novel by 
 William Goodwin (175G-1836), and 
 the name of its hero, a man Avho be- 
 comes possessed of the elixir of life 
 (by which he has the power of re- 
 newing his youth), and the secret 
 of the transmutation of metals into 
 gold, — acquisitions which only bring 
 him misfortunes and much protracted 
 misery. 
 
 St. Nicholas. The patron saint of 
 boys. He is said to have been bishop 
 of Myra, in Lycia, and to have died 
 in the year 32(5. Of his personal his- 
 tory- little or nothing is knoMU with 
 certainty. The young were imiver- 
 sally taught to revere him, and the 
 
 nnd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
SAI 
 
 328 
 
 SAI 
 
 popular fiction which represents him 
 as tiie bearer of presents to cliildren 
 on Christinas eve is well-known. He 
 is the S'tnti Ciius and the Kriss 
 Krini/le oi' the Dutch. [Written also 
 Nicolas.] See Kris.-? Kringle. 
 
 I®" •' St. Nicliohis i.x said to have sup- 
 plied tliree destitute luaideus with mar- 
 riage portioQs bv .secretly leaving money 
 at tiieir window, and a.s lii.s day occurred 
 ju.'^t before ij;iristiii;t.-s, he thus was made 
 the purveyor of t le gifts of the .season to 
 all children in b'landers and Holland, who 
 put out their shoe or stocking in the 
 confidence that Santi Ivltus. or Knecht 
 Clobes, as th'jy call him. will put in a 
 prize for good conduct before morning. 
 Another legenl described the saint as 
 having brought three murdered children 
 to life agiin ; an'l this rendered him the 
 patron of boys, especially school-boys." 
 
 Yonge. 
 
 St. Patrick's, Deau of. See Deax 
 OK St. Patkiciv's. 
 
 St. Patrick's Purgatory. The sub- 
 ject ami locality of" a legend long 
 famous throughout Europe. The 
 scene is laid in Ireland, upon an islet 
 in Lough Derg. Here St. Patrick 
 w:is supposed to have made a cave, 
 through which was a descent into 
 Purgatory fo. the living sinner who 
 was desirous of expiating his evil 
 deeds while yet in the tlesh. The 
 punishmLMits undergone were analo- 
 gous to those described by Dante in 
 his " Divina Commedia " The in- 
 terest in this legend and locality 
 tended, pirhaps, as much as any 
 thing, to lix the popular notion of an 
 intermediate state of existence. The 
 story was made the subject of a ro- 
 mance in the fourteenth century ; and, 
 in Spain, in the seventeenth century, 
 it was dramatized by Calderon. See 
 OwAiN, Sir. 
 
 4®- •' Who has not heard of St. Pat- 
 rick's Purg itory, of its my.>terious won- 
 ders, and of the crowds of devotees who 
 have for ages been attracted by its re- 
 puted sanctity ? There it stands, with its i 
 chapels and its toll-houses : and thither i 
 repiir yearly crowds of pious pilgrims, j 
 who would wash away at once. b> a vi>it j 
 to these holy shores, the accumulated I 
 sins of their lives." Wright, j 
 
 St. Swith'in. P)ishop of Winchester, 
 and tutor to King Alfred, canonized 
 
 by the Roman Catliolic church. He 
 is said to have wrouglit many 
 miracles, the most celebrated being 
 a rain of forty days' continuance, by 
 which he testified his displeasure at 
 an attempt of the monks to bury him 
 in the chancel of the minster, instead 
 of the open church-yard, as he had 
 directed. Hence the popular super- 
 stition, that, if it rain on St. Swithin's 
 day (.luly 15), it will rain for forty 
 days thereafter. 
 
 St. Tam'in|-n^. An Indian chief, 
 who, in the United States, has been 
 ])op}d'n-bj canonized as a saint, and 
 adopted as the tutelary genius of 
 one l)ranch of the Democratic party. 
 Tammany, or Tammenund (the name 
 is variously written), was of the 
 Delaware nation, and lived probably 
 in the middle of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury. He resided in the country 
 which is now Delaware until he Avas 
 of age, when he moved beyond the 
 AlK'ghanies. and settled on the banks 
 of the Ohio. He became a chief 
 sachem of his tribe, and. being always 
 a friend of the whites, often restiained 
 his warriors frf)m deeds of violence. 
 His rule was always discreet, and he 
 endeavored to induce his followers to 
 cultivate agriculture and the arts 
 of peace, rather than those of war. 
 When he became old, he called a 
 council to have a successor appointed; 
 after which the residue of his liie was 
 spent in retirement : and tradition 
 relates that '" young and old repaired 
 to his wigwam to hear him discorrse 
 wisdom." His great motto was, 
 '' Unite in peace for happiness, in 
 war for defense." When and by 
 whom he was first styled S lint, or 
 by what whim he was chosen to be 
 the patron of the Democracy, does 
 not appear. 
 
 ^g=" •' The Americans sometimes ".aD 
 their tutelar saint • Taniend\ .' a corrup' 
 tion of the name [Tammenund] of the re- 
 nowned chief here introduced. There nr* 
 many rraditinns which speik of the chir 
 acter and power of Tamenun<l." Cuofr. 
 
 This is the first of Mny: our shcphcnl.s and 
 nyniiilis art- colchr'tin'^r our plo'ious ^t. Tan- 
 »(ianv'< day. Wi- '11 hear thf soii'.r out. ard 
 then ioin in the f •ulic, and <'h"rii!i it o'er nrrf 
 o'crf'^ain. This day shall be devoted to io« 
 and istivity. Ohl (Amer.) Plan. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronuuciation," with the accompanying Explanation*, 
 
SAK 
 
 329 
 
 SAN 
 
 Sakhrat (sa^'r.it). {Mohammedan 
 Myth.) A sacred stone of wliicli a 
 single grain gives miraculous powers 
 to the possessor. This stone is of an 
 emerald color, and its reticctcd light 
 is the cause of the tints of the sky. 
 Upon it rests Mount Caf. See Mount 
 Cap\ 
 
 Salamanca, Bachelor of. See Don 
 Chkruhim. 
 
 Sa-la'ni-o. A fi'iend to Antonio and 
 Bassanio, in Shakespeare's " Mer- 
 chant of Venice." 
 
 Sa'la-ri'no. A fi-iend to Antonio and 
 Bassanio, in Shakespeare's " Mer- 
 chant of Venice." 
 
 Sal-mo'neas. [Gr. SaA/LLwi/ev?.] {Gr. 
 (f Rom. Mi/th.) A king of Elis, son 
 of vEolus, and brother of Sisyphus; 
 celebrated for his arrogance and im- 
 piety. He ordered sacritices to be 
 offered to himself, as if he were a 
 god, and even imitated the thunder 
 and lightning of Jupiter, for which 
 he was struck by a thunderbolt, and 
 punished in the infernal regions. 
 
 It was to be the literary Salnio/ieus of the 
 political Jupiter. Sir E. Bulwer Lytton. 
 
 Salt River. An imaginary river, up 
 Avhich defeated political parties are 
 supposed to be sent to oblivion. 
 [Cant, U. S.] 
 
 /}®= " The phrase, ' To row up Salt Riv- 
 er,' has its origin in the fact that there is a 
 small stream of that name in Kentuck}', 
 the passage of which is made difficult and 
 laborious as wt-ll by it ; tortuous course as 
 by the abundance of shallows and bars. 
 The real application of the phrase is to 
 the unhappy wight who has tlie task of 
 propelliug the boat up the stream ; but, 
 in political or slang usage, it is to those 
 who are rowed up.''' J. Inman. 
 
 Sam. A popular synonym in the Unit- 
 ed States for the Know-nothing, or 
 Native-American, party. The name 
 involves an allusion to Uncle Sa.m, 
 the common personification of the 
 government of the United States. 
 
 Sam, Dicky. See Dicky Sam. 
 
 Sam, Uncle. See Uncle Saai. 
 
 Samael (sa'mS-el). In the old Jewish 
 demonology, the prince of demons, 
 who in the guise of a serpent tempted 
 Eve. Many Rabbins, however, say 
 
 that he is the angel of death, who is 
 armed with a sword, or with a bow 
 aiul arrows, liy some, he is identified 
 with Asmodeus. 
 
 Sam'bo. A cant designation of the 
 negro race. 
 
 No race lias ever shown such capabilities of 
 adai)tation to varyiuy; soil and circumstances 
 as the negro. Alike to thcni the snows of 
 Canada, the hard, rocky land of New Eng- 
 land, or the gorgeous piofusion of the South- 
 ern States. Scimbo and Cuffcy expand under 
 them all. Harriet lieccher Stowe. 
 
 Samian Sage. An appellation be- 
 stowed upon Pythagoras (about 584- 
 506 B. c), one of the most celebrated 
 philosophers of antiquity, wiio, ac- 
 cording to the received opinion, was 
 a native of Samos. 
 
 Sampson. A servant to Capulet, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of '' Romeo 
 and Juliet." 
 
 Sampson, Dominie. See Dominie 
 Sampson. 
 
 Sam'son (-sn). A judge of Israel in 
 the twelfth century before Christ; fa- 
 mous for his wonderful strength, — 
 which was dependent on the length 
 of his hair, — and for his unfortunate 
 marriage with the artful Delilah, a 
 Philistine, who betrayed him to his 
 enemies. Milton's magnificent clas- 
 sical tragedy of " Samson Agonistes " 
 — that is, Samson the Champion, or 
 Combatant — is founded upon and 
 embodies the Scriptural account of 
 Samson. 
 
 Sancho. See Panza, Sancho. 
 
 Sanction, Pragmatic. See Prag- 
 matic Sanction. 
 
 Sand, George (jorj sand, or zhofzh 
 so", 62). A pseudonym of Madame 
 Dudevant, a distinguished French 
 authoress of the present day (b. 1804). 
 The name Sand was assumed in con- 
 sequence of Mme. Dudevant's friend- 
 ship for Jules Sandeau, a young stu- 
 dent, conjointly with whom she wrote 
 her first novel, " Rose et Blanche," 
 which was published (1832) with 
 "Jules Sand" on the title-page as 
 the author's name. 
 
 San-dal'phon. In the Rabbinical sys- 
 tem of angelology, one of three angels 
 who receive the prayers of the Israel- 
 
 »nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
SAN 
 
 330 
 
 SAT 
 
 Ites and weave crowns from them. 
 Longfellow has made this superstition 
 the subject of a beautiful poem. 
 
 Sand'ford, Harry. One of the lead- 
 ing characters in Thomas Day's pop- 
 ular juvenile work entitled " The 
 History of Sandtbrd and AJerton." 
 
 Now the poor cottager has . . . something 
 of thf pleasure wliich Sandford and Merton 
 felt when they had built and thatched their 
 house, and then sat within it, gravely proud 
 and happy. A. K. H. Boyd. 
 
 San'gla-more. The sword of Brag- 
 gadochio, in Spenser's '^ Faery 
 Queen." 
 
 Ssuagrado, Doctor (san-gra'ffio, 56). 
 The name of a ])hysician in Le Sage's 
 novel of " Gil Bias," who practices 
 blood-letting as a remedy for all sorts 
 of ailments. By Le Sage's contem- 
 poraries, this character was generally 
 thought to be intended for the cele- 
 brated Helvetius. 
 
 If this will not be sufficient, may we have 
 plenty f)f Scinfjrados to pour in plenty of cold 
 water till this terrible fermentation is over! 
 
 Sterne. 
 I was obliged to send for a physician, who 
 seemed to have been a disciple of Sangrado ; 
 for he scarce left a drop of blood in mv body. 
 
 'SmoUett. 
 
 The results were "bad nights and much 
 feverish agitation; " and the remedies were of 
 the usual desperate Sa n a rado order, — bleed- 
 ing two days in succession, leaving him " al- 
 most dead." Percy Fitzgerald. 
 
 Sangreal. See St. Graal. 
 
 Santa Glaus, or Klaus { Dutch pron. 
 san'ta klowss). The Dutch name of 
 St. Nicholas. See St. Nicholas. 
 
 Sappho of Toulouse (saf'fo, too'- 
 looz'). A title given to Clemence 
 Isaure (b. 10G4), on account of a 
 beautiful ode to Spring wliich she 
 composed. 
 
 S3,r^as-wa'ti. { Hindu Mi/th.) TheAvife 
 of Brahma, and the goddess of poetry, 
 painting, scul])ture, eloquence, and 
 music. [Written also SerisAvat- 
 tee.] 
 
 Sar-ma'ti-a (sjir-mfi^^hi-a). The 
 country of the Sarmat;p, a great 
 Slavic people of ancient times, dwell- 
 ing between the Vistula and the 
 Don. It is often used in modern 
 poetiy as synonymous with Poland. 
 
 Oh, bloodiest picture in the book of Time! 
 Sa7-inatia fell unwept, without a crime; 
 
 Found not a generous friend, a pitying foe, 
 Strength in her arms, nor mercy in Jier woe. 
 
 Vumpbell. 
 
 Sar-pe'd6n. [Gr. Sapn-^Swv.] ( Gr. <^ 
 Rom. Mi/th.) A sfin of Jupiter, and 
 king of Lycia, avIio went into the 
 Trojan war to assist Priam, and waa 
 slain by Patrocius. 
 
 Sa'tan. [Heb., an adversary; Lat. 
 Soi'd-nas.] One of the names of 
 the Devil, and that by Avhich in the 
 Bible, in poetry, and in popular 
 legends, he is often designated. Ac- 
 cording to the Talmud, he wa^; orig- 
 inally an archangel, but revolted 
 from God, together Avith one third 
 of the host of heaven, on being re- 
 quired to boAV doAvn and do reverence 
 to Adam. He was thereupon ex- 
 pelled from heaA'cn, vanquished in 
 battle by Michael and the other 
 angels " Avho kept their lirst estate," 
 and cast Avith all his creAv into the 
 abyss of hell. Satan is the most con- 
 spicuous figure in Milton's sublime 
 epic, the " Paradise Lost," and he 
 figures also in the " Paradise Re- 
 gained " of the same author Those 
 media-val Avriters Avho reckoned nine 
 kinds of demons, ])laced Satan at the 
 head of the tifth rank, Avhich con- 
 sisted of cozeners, as magicians and 
 Avitches. Wierus makes him leader 
 of the opposition in the infernal em- 
 pire, of which Beelzebub AA'as con- 
 sidered the sovereign. See Devil, 
 The. 
 
 J^!^ " The legendary Satan is a being 
 wholly distinct from the theological Lu- 
 cifer, lie is never ennobled by the pullen 
 dignity of the fallen angel. No traces of 
 celestial origin are to be discovered on his 
 brow. He is not a rebellious aeon who 
 was once clothed in radiance; but he is 
 the fiend, the enemy, evil from all time 
 past in his very es^ence. foul and de- 
 graded, cowardly and impure: his rage 
 is oftenest impotent, unless his cunning 
 can as.'ji.'^t his power. Equally dramatic 
 and poetical is the part allotted to l^atan 
 ill tiiose ancient romances of religion, 
 'The Lives of the Saints." But in the 
 conception of the legendary Satan, the 
 belief in his might melts into the ideal 
 of his character. Amiilst clouds of infer- 
 nal vapor he develops his form, half in 
 allegory, and half with spiritual reality; 
 and his horns, his tail, his samer exes, 
 his claws, his taunts, his wiles, his mai- 
 
 ler For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronuuciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
SAT 
 
 331 
 
 SAU 
 
 ice, all bear witness to the simtiltaneoua 
 yet contradictory impressious to whicU 
 the hagiologist is compelled to \ield." 
 
 Fdlgrave. 
 
 /J3^ " Milton has carefully marked in 
 his Satan the intense selfishness, the 
 alcohol of egotism, which would rather 
 reign in liell tliaii serve in heaven. To 
 place this lust of self in opposition to 
 denial of self or duty, and to show what 
 exertions it would make, and what pains 
 endure, to accomplish its end, is Milton's 
 particular object in the character of Sa- 
 tan. IJut around this character he has 
 thrown a singularity of daring, a gran- 
 deur of sufferance, and a ruined splen- 
 dor, which constitute the very height of 
 poetic sublimity." Coleridge. 
 
 Satanic School. A name often given 
 to a class of writers whose produc- 
 tions are thought to be characterized 
 by an imparience of all restraint, 
 a disgust at the whole constitution 
 of -ociety, an impassioned and ex- 
 travagant strain of sentimentality, 
 and a presumptuous scorn of all 
 moral rules, as well as of the holiest 
 truths of religion. Southey, in the 
 preface to his '• Vision of Judgment," 
 was the lirst to use this degrading 
 appellation. Of the writers who 
 have been incltided under it, Byron, 
 Shelley, Moore, Bulwer, liousseau, 
 Victor Hugo, Paul de Kock, and 
 George Sand are the most prominent. 
 
 ;Kg= ''Immoral writers, . . . men of 
 diseased hearts and depraved imagina- 
 tions, who, forming a system of opinions 
 to suit their own unhappy course of con- 
 duct, have rebelled ag linst the holiest 
 ordinances of human society, and, hat- 
 ing that revealed religion which, with all 
 their efforts and bravadoes, they are un- 
 able entirely to disbelieve, labor to make 
 others as miserable as tliemselves by in- 
 fecting them with a moral virus that eats 
 into the soul. The school which they 
 have set up may properly be called the 
 Satanic Siliool ; for, though their pro- 
 ductions breathe the spirit of Belial in 
 their lascivious parts, and the spirit of 
 Moloch in their loathsome images of 
 atrocities and horrors, which they de- 
 light to represent, they are more espe- 
 cially characterized by' a Satanic spirit 
 of pride and audacious impiety which 
 still betravs thewretcheil feeling of hope- 
 lessness wherewith it is allied." Snuthey. 
 
 This ["Werthor"] and " Goctz von Rer- 
 liohin'.;en" . . . have produced incalcnlible 
 effects, — which now, indeed, however some 
 
 departing echo of them may ling'cr in the 
 wrecks of our own Mosstroowr limitation of 
 Sir Walter Scott's " Lay or the Last Min- 
 strel"] and Satanic Schools, do at length all 
 happily lie behind us. t'arlyle. 
 
 Sat'urn. [Lat. Satumus, cognate 
 with i^erere, to sow, stttor, a planter.] 
 ((/'/•.(/ Rom. Jhjt/i.) The lirst king 
 of Latium, who came to Italy in the 
 reign of Janies. He Avas afterward 
 worshiped as the god of agriculture, 
 and of civilization and social order. 
 At a ver^' early period he Avas identi- 
 fied with the Cronos of the Greeks, 
 and hence was said to be the son of 
 Ccelus and Terra, and the husband 
 of Ops, or Cybele. He was de- 
 throned and imprisoned by his brother 
 Titan, but was set at liberty and re- 
 instated in his rights by his son 
 Jupiter, Avho, however, afterward de- 
 posed him and divided his kingdom 
 with Neptune and Pluto. Saturn 
 fled to Italy, whei'e his reign was so 
 mild that men called it " the golden 
 age." 
 
 Sat'y-rane, Sir. A knight, in Spen- 
 ser's " Faery Queen," who helps 
 Una escape from the satyrs who 
 rescued her from the lust of Archi^ 
 mago. 
 
 And passion, erst imknown, could gain 
 The breast of blunt Sir Satt/rane. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Sat'yrs, or Sa'tyrs. [Gr. Sarupot, 
 Lat. Salyri.] {(ir. if Rom. M/jfL) 
 Woodland deities with horns, pointed 
 ears, tails, and goat's feet. They are 
 described as fond of wine and every 
 kind of sensual j)leasure. 
 
 Saun'ders, Clerk. The hero of a 
 well-known Scottish ballad. 
 
 Saun'ders, Richard. A feigned name 
 under which Dr. Franklin, in 1732, 
 commenced the publication of an 
 Almanac, commonly called " Poor 
 Richard's Almanac," of Avhich the 
 distinguishing feature was a series of 
 maxims of prudence and industry 
 in the form of proverbs. 
 
 JR^ " T endeavored to make it both 
 entertaining and useful. . . . .\nd. ob- 
 servin? that it was generallv read, scarce 
 anv neighborhood in the province being 
 without it, I con«iilered it Ji« a proper 
 vehicle for conveying instruction among 
 the copuiion people, whobouirht scarcely 
 any other books. I therefore filled all the 
 
 and for the Remarks and liules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
SAW 
 
 332 
 
 SCA 
 
 little spaces that occurred between the 
 remarkable davs in tlie calendar with 
 proverbial fcnteiices. chiefly such as in- 
 culcated industry and Irugality as the 
 means of procuring wealtli, and thereby 
 securing virtue ; it being more diHicult 
 for a man in want to act aiwa^ s honestly, 
 as, to use here one of those proverbs, ' It 
 is hard for an empty sack to stand up- 
 right.' These proverbs, which contained 
 the wisdom of many ages and nations, I 
 assembled and formed into a connected 
 discourse prefixed to the Almanac of 
 1757, as the harangue of a wise old man 
 to the people attending an auction. The 
 bringing all these scattered counsels thus 
 into a focus, enabled them to make great- 
 er impression. The piece, being univer- 
 sally approved, was copied in all the 
 newspapers of the American continent ; 
 reprinted in Britain, on a large sheet of 
 paper, to be stuck up in houses ; two 
 translations were made of it in France, 
 and great numbers bought by the clergy 
 and gentry, to distribute gratis among 
 their poor parishioners and tenants. In 
 Pennsylvania, as it discouraged u.seless 
 expense in foreign superfluities, some 
 thought it had its share of influence in 
 producing that growing i)lenty of money 
 which was observable for several years 
 after its publication." 
 
 Franklin's Autobiography. 
 
 Saw'ney. A sportive designation ap- 
 plied by the Knf:;lish to the Scotch. 
 It is a corruption of Sandie, the Scot- 
 tish abbreviation of Altxander. 
 
 I muse how any man can say that the 
 Scotch, as a people, are deficient in hmnur! 
 "Why, S(ucn<!i has a humor of his own so 
 etronfr and irrepressible that it broke out all 
 the stronger in sjiite of worldly thrift, kirk- 
 session, cutt3'-stool, and lectures. 
 
 IJartle;/ Coleridge. 
 
 Baxon Switzerland. A name com- 
 monly tjiven to the mountainous re- 
 gion of the kingdom of Saxony south- 
 east of Dresden. Although the scen- 
 ery is liighly picturesque, its moun- 
 tains are of no great elevation, the 
 highest not exceeding 2000 fuct. 
 
 BTB^ " To rendTS of a touring hnbit, 
 this Saxon countrv is jierhaps well known . 
 For the last half-century, it has been 
 growing more and more famous, under 
 the name of ' Saxon Switzerland ' ( Sar/i- 
 sisrhf Srhivitz). instead of ' Mi>nian 
 Highlands' { Ma /.•>".<; >i '>v A ^ Hnrhlnnd). 
 which it used to he called. A beautiful 
 enough and extremelv rugged countrv ; 
 interesting to the picturesque mind. Be- 
 gins rising, in soft hills, on both sides of 
 the Elbe, a few miles east of Dresden, as 
 
 you ascend the river ; till itri.ses into hills 
 of wild character, getting ever wilder, and 
 riven into wondrous ch.usms and preci- 
 pices; . . . torn and tumbled into titoue 
 labyrinths, chasms, and winding rock 
 walls, as few regions i.re. Grows pine- 
 wood, to the topmost height ; pine-trees 
 far aloft look quietly down upon you, 
 over sheer precipices, on your intricate 
 path." Carhjle. 
 
 Sc83v'o-l5. [Lat., diminutive of scce- 
 va, the ieft-handed.] A surname or 
 sobriquet of Caius Mucins, a young 
 Ilomau patrician, who made his -way 
 into the camp of King Porsena to 
 kill him, and, on his intention being 
 discovered, burned off his own right 
 hand, 1o show that he did not fear 
 torture or deatli. 
 
 Scan''di-na'vi-a. The classic name 
 of the great peninsula of northern 
 Europe, consisting of Sweden and 
 Nonvav ; often used in modern poe- 
 try. 
 
 Scapino (ska-pe'no), o?- Sca'pin {Fr. 
 pron. sk<ViJ.iii', G2). [l-roni It. scap^ 
 pino, a sock, or short stocking.] 
 
 1. A mask on the Italian stage; 
 represented as a cunning and knavish 
 servant of Gratiano, the loquacious 
 and pedantic Bolognese doctor. 
 
 2. A valet in Moliere's comedy, 
 " Les Fourberies de Scapin." 
 
 Both were angry, and a warbejran.in which 
 Frederick stooped to the part of Harpagon, 
 and ^■oltaire to that of ,Scapin. Macuulay. 
 
 Sca^'a-In6uch^ [Originally the name 
 of a celebrated Italian comodian.] 
 A militarv personage in the old Ital- 
 ian comedy, derived from Spain, and 
 dressed in the Spanisli or Ilispano- 
 Neapolitan costume. His character 
 is that of a great boaster and poltroon, 
 and in the end lie always leceives a 
 beating from Harlequin. The term 
 is used in a general way to stigmatize 
 a buffoon or braggadochio. 
 
 !\rnrnrnoiirh i« to hnvp the honor of thf d^T, 
 and now marohe* to the engagremcnt on the 
 shonl'ler of tlio philosopher. Dni'len. 
 
 Scarlet. "Will. One of the companions 
 of T?obin Hood, as appears from an 
 old l)allad. 
 
 "I have heard t ilk of Bohin Rood, 
 
 Do -TV. fli'rry, derry down; 
 And of brive Little .Tohn. 
 Of '^^i^r Tuck, -nd Will .<^cnrlet, 
 Stokesby, and M'lid M-irian. 
 Hey down." 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Froauuciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
SCA 
 
 333 
 
 SCO 
 
 Scarlet "Woman. In the controver- 
 sial writings of the Protestants, a 
 coniniou lU-signation of tiie eliunli 
 of Konie, intended to syndjohze its 
 vices and corruptions. Tlie alhisiou 
 is to the description contained in 
 Revdittion^ xvii., where it is said, 
 that '* the woman ... is that great 
 city which reigneth over the kings 
 of the earth." 
 
 Sca€B.e'ldt)ke. The name of one of 
 I{oi)in Hood's followers. See Kobin 
 Hood. 
 
 Seheherezade, Queen (she-he're- 
 zud' ; /'/■. j}ron. sha'ha^ra'zad')- 
 The fictitious relater of the stories 
 in the "Arabian ^sights' Entertain- 
 ments." The sultan of the Indies, 
 exasperated by the infidelity of his 
 wife, resolves to espouse a new sultana 
 every evening, and to strangle her in 
 the morning, to prevent the accidents 
 of the day. At length, iScheherezadc, 
 the daughter of the viziei". solicits the 
 hand of this indulgent bridegroom, 
 interrupts the progress of these f n - 
 quent and sanguinary nuptials, and 
 saves her own life, by the relation of 
 tales in winch she awakens and sus- 
 pends the sultan's curiosity night af- 
 ter night, till he at length repents 
 of his vow, and recalls it. 
 
 Pray consider, even the memory of the re- 
 nowned Seheherezade, that empress of tale- 
 tellers, could not preserve every ci'cumstancc, 
 Sir \y. Scott. 
 
 If we may borrow another illustration from 
 Queen Scheheresmie, we would eoniiiaro the 
 writers of this school to the jewelers who were 
 employed to complete the unfinished window 
 of the palace of Aladdin. Macaulai/. 
 
 Schlemihl, Peter (shla'meel, Gl). 
 The title of a little work by Chamis- 
 so (1781-18o8), and the name of its 
 hero, a man wdio sells his shadow to 
 an old man in gray (the Devil) who 
 meets him jnst after he has been dis- 
 appointed in an application for assist- 
 ance to a nobleman. The name has 
 become a by-word for any poor, silly, 
 and nnfortnnate fellow. 
 
 tScholastic Doctor. An honorary 
 title given by his admirers to An- 
 selm of Laon (b. 1117), a celebrated 
 French theologian. 
 
 Sco'gSn, John. A favorite buffoon 
 of the court of Edward IV. A col- 
 
 lection of his jests was published by 
 the notorious Dr. Andrew Horde. 
 
 Sco'ti-a (sko^shl-a). A modern Latin 
 name of Scotland, often used by the 
 poets. It was formerly, and for a 
 long time (some say Irom the second 
 to the tenth century), applied to Ire- 
 land, which was sometimes called 
 Siotui Mfifput, or Jfdji.r, to distin- 
 guish it fi-om Scdfia Xl'mor, or Scot- 
 land. Old historians derive the name 
 from that of Scota, wife of a legend- 
 ary king of Ireland. Venerable Bede 
 savs that Scotland bore the name of 
 Caledonia until A. d. 258, Avhcn it 
 was invaded l)y a tribe from Ireland, 
 and called Scotia. 
 
 Scottish Ilo'garth. A title given to 
 David Allan (1744-179G), Avhose skill 
 as an artist lay in depicting the famil- 
 iar and the humorous. 
 
 Scottish Homer. A title given by 
 his literary friends to William Wilkie 
 (17-2I-1772), author of " The Epigo- 
 niad." 
 
 Scottish Solomon. James VI. of 
 Scotland and I. of England. See 
 Solomon of England, 2. 
 
 Scottish Ten'i-ers. A name given 
 to Sir David Wifkie (1785-1841), a 
 Scottish painter who ranks among 
 the most celebrated masters of the 
 Dutch school. 
 
 The scales I'ell from his eyes on viewing 
 
 the sketches of a contemporary, the Scotfish 
 
 Teniers, as Wilkie has been deservedly styled. 
 
 Sir U'. Srott. 
 
 Scottish The-oc'ri-tus. A name 
 often given to Allan Kamsay (1685- 
 1758), a popular and eminently 
 national Scottish poet. His " Gentle 
 Shepherd " is, perhaps, the finest 
 dramatic pastoral in the language. 
 
 Scourers. See Tityre Tus. 
 
 Scourgre of God. [Gothic Godepeeil, 
 Lat. Flrif/eJIiim Bei.] A title often 
 given to Attila, king of the Huns, 
 and the most formidable of the in- 
 vaders of the Roman empire. It is 
 first found in the legend of St. Loup, 
 written in the eighth or ninth cen- 
 tiny bv a priest of Troves. 
 
 K'^ " Tie was tho son of Mundzuk, 
 and, with his hrother Blcdi. . . . at- 
 tained, in A. D. 434, to the sovereignty of 
 
 •nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
SCO 
 
 834 
 
 SEB 
 
 all ttie northern tribes between the fron- 
 tier of G;iul aud the frontier of Cliina, 
 and to tiie toniinand of an army ot'5(A>,U00 
 barbari.iii.s. In tliis position, partly from 
 the real turroi- it inspinvl, partl_\ from his 
 own en leavors to invest hiuiseif, in the 
 eyes of Cnristendoiii, witU tue dreadful 
 character of t.ie predicted Antichrist, and 
 in tlie eves of Ins o.vu countrymen with 
 the invincible attril)Utes attendant on the 
 possessor of the mir;u;ulous swurd of tne 
 Scytliiaii go 1 of war. he gradually concen- 
 trated on himself tne awe an I fear of the 
 •wliole ancient worid, whic.i ultimately 
 expressed itself by aflxing to his name 
 tlie well-known epitnet of • Tne Scourge 
 of God.' Tne word seems to have been 
 used gener illy at tie time to denote the 
 barbarian invaders ; but it is not directly 
 applied to Attilt in any author prior to 
 tue Hungarian Chronicles, which first re- 
 late tne story of nis receiving tne name 
 from a hermit in Gaul. The earliest 
 contemporary approaches to it are in a 
 p issage in Isidore's Curonicle speaking 
 of the Huns as • Virga Dei,' and in an 
 inscription at Aquileia, written a short 
 time before the siege in 451, in which 
 they are described as ' imminentia 
 pecnntorum Jia'j;''lla ' [the threatening 
 scourges of sinners]."' A. P. Stanley. 
 Ihre (•• Glossarium Suiogothicum," sub 
 voce "Gisl") suggest.-: tu.it fToJegesil — 
 usually derived from Goth, God. ixud gesil, 
 rol, whip, scourge — may probably come 
 from tile Gotnic words Goth, God, and 
 gesal, given, correspouding to the Gr. 
 &e6&0T0i, Lat. Dvodatus, a common title 
 of the kings and emperors who were At- 
 tila's contemporaries. Theepithet would 
 then convey no injurious meaning. 
 
 Scourge of Princes. An appellation 
 given to Pietro Aretiiio ( ]4'J2-155!j), 
 an Italian aathor, who distinguished 
 himself" as a satirist. 
 
 Scrambling Committee. A name 
 given to the " patriots " of Ireland, 
 in the Irish parliament, Avho Avere 
 received into lavor by the Didce ot" 
 Devonshire, viceroy in 1755, and Avho 
 signalized themselves for their rapac- 
 ity in regard to the division of the 
 surplus revenue. 
 
 Scri-ble'rus, Cornelius (9). The 
 name of the father of Martinus Scri- 
 blerus; noted for his pedantry and 
 his oddities and absurdities about the 
 education of his son. See Scrible- 
 
 RUS, M.VUTINUS. 
 
 Scri-ble'rus, Mar-ti'nus (0). A cel- 
 
 ebrated personage whcs^e imaginary 
 history is related in the satirical 
 '* Memoirs of the llxtraordinary l.,ite, 
 Works, and Discoveries oi .Martinus 
 Scriblerus," usually published in 
 Pope s works, but chietiy, if not 
 •Wholly, written by Arbuthnot. Tha 
 design of this worK, as stated by Pope, 
 is to ridicule all the lalse tastes in 
 leaniiug, under the character of a 
 man of capacity that had dipped into 
 every art and science, but injudi- 
 ciously in each. 
 
 Being a world-schoolmaster (and, indeed, a 
 Martinus Scriolenis, as we here lind, more 
 ways than one), this was not strange in him. 
 
 CarlijU. 
 
 Scrog'§en. A poor hack author cele- 
 brated by Goldsmith in his " Descrip- 
 tion of an Author's Bed- chamber." 
 
 Otway could still die of hunger, not to 
 speak of innumerable Scroi/i/inses iScroij(/ens], 
 whom " the Muse found stretched beneath a 
 rug." Carbjle. 
 
 Scrub. An amusing valet in Far- 
 quhar's comedy, " The Beaux' Strat- 
 agem." 
 
 Scyl'la. [Gr. lKvkXa.'\ ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) 1. A daughter of Nisus, 
 •who, for love of Minos, cut from her 
 father's head a purple lock, on the 
 preservation of which his life depend- 
 ed, and was changed in consequence 
 into a lark. 
 
 2. A daughter of Phorcus, changed 
 by Circe, who Avas jealous of her, into 
 a frightful sea-monster, and placed on 
 a rock on the Italian coast opposite 
 Charybdis on the coast of Sicily. 
 
 Search, Edward. A pseudonym 
 under which Abraham Tucker ( 1705- 
 1774), an English metaphysician, 
 published his " Light of Nature Pur- 
 sued." 
 
 Searcher, The. A surname or sobri- 
 quet given to Dr. Kobert Pludd (1574- 
 16-J7), on account of his investiga- 
 tions in medicine, mathematics, phi- 
 losophy, (Sec. 
 
 Searle, January. A pseudonym 
 adopted by George Searle Thillips, a 
 popular writer of the present day, 
 author of " The Gvpsies of the Danes' 
 Dike." 
 
 Se-bast'ian. 1. A character in Shake- 
 speare's " Tempest." 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of FrouuDciatiou," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
SEC 
 
 335 
 
 SEM 
 
 2. A character in Shakespeare's , 
 "Tweirth Night." 
 
 Se-ce^'si-a (se-sesli'l-u). A popular 
 collective name applied to the states 
 which atteinpled lo secede Irom the 
 American Lnion, in JSOO-tJi. The 
 inhabitants received the cant name 
 of " rile Secesli." 
 
 Second Au-gils'tine. A title given 
 to St. Tliomas Aquinas by his admir- 
 ing scholars. See Angelic Doctou. 
 
 Sed'ley, Amelia. A marked ligure in 
 Thackeray's '• Vanity Fair;" an im- 
 personation of virtue without intellect. 
 She is contrasted with Becky Sharp, 
 who is an impersonation of intellect 
 without virtue. The one has no 
 head, the other no heart. 
 
 Seekers. A name originally given to 
 the (Quakers, or Friends, from their 
 seeking the truth. 
 
 Self-denying Ordinance. {J^ng. 
 Hist.) The name given to an act or 
 resolution of the Long Parliament, 
 passed Dec. 9, 1044, whereby the 
 members bound themselves not to 
 acc;.'pt certain executive otiices, par- 
 ticularly commands in the army. The 
 eftect of this ordinance was the trans- 
 ference of power, lirst in the army 
 and then in the State, from the I'res- 
 byterian to the Independent party. 
 
 Se'lim. 1. The hero of Byron's " Bride 
 of Abydos;" brought up as a son, 
 but treated with great cruelty, by his 
 uncle, the pasha Giatfer, who has 
 secretly destroyed his own brother, 
 Abdaliah, Selim's father, by poison. 
 The discov^ery of the fondness of his 
 beautiful daughter, Zuleika, for her 
 supposed brother, tills Giatfer with 
 rage and jealousy. He informs 
 Zuleika, in the presence of Sclim, of 
 his intention to marry her immedi- 
 ately to Usmyn Bey; but she volun- 
 tarily gives a promise to Selim, in 
 private, never to marry against his 
 wishes. At his urgent request, she 
 meets him at night in a favorite 
 grotto in the harem gardens. lie 
 appears, not as a pasha's son, but as 
 the chief of a band of j)irates, informs 
 her that he is not her brother, declares 
 his love, and proposes that she should 
 fly with him, and become the com- 
 
 panion of his adventures and toils, 
 the sliarer of his joys and tnumplis, 
 when distant voices and Hashing 
 torches announce betrayal and pur- 
 suit. Selim is shot wliile endeavor- 
 ing to join las ibllowers un the beacli ; 
 but he dies not unrevenged, for Zu- 
 leika cannot survive her lover, and 
 Giatl'er is left in childless desolation. 
 
 2. The hero of Moore's " Lalla 
 Rookh." See Lalla Kookh. 
 
 Sem'e-le. [Gr. SeMeA,,.] ( Gr. cj- Rom. 
 M^tli.) A daughter of Cadmus and 
 Thebe, and mother of Bacchus by 
 Jupiter. 
 
 Se-mir'a-mis. [Gr. SefxipaMi?-] A 
 celebrated (jueen of Assyria, wife and 
 successor of Ninus. She built the 
 walls of Babylon, Avas slain by her 
 own son, Ninyas, and Avas turned, ac- 
 cording to the jiopular belief, into a 
 pigeon. 
 
 Se-mlr'a-mis of the North. 1. A 
 name otten given to Margaret (1353- 
 1412), daughter of Waldemar III., 
 king of Denmark, and a most politic 
 and able ruler. By the death of her 
 father and of her son, his successor, 
 she became queen of Denmark ; and, 
 by the death of her husband, Ilaco 
 Vm., king of Norway, she succeeded 
 to the throne of that kingdom also. 
 She then turned her arms against 
 Albert, king of Sweden, who was un- 
 popular Avith his subjects, defeated 
 him, and made him prisoner, upon 
 Avhich she Avas acknowledged queen 
 of Sweden. She is said to haA'e pos- 
 sessed considerable beauty of person, 
 and unusual powers of fascination. 
 
 From Scotland it [the name jNIargaret] went 
 to Norway with the daughter of Alexander 
 III., whose bridal cost the life of Sir Patriclc 
 Spens; and it . . . remained in Scandinavia 
 to be tlie dreaded niuwa oi t\\Q SemiramU of 
 the North, and was taken as the equivalent of 
 Astrid and Grjotgard. Yonje. 
 
 2. A title given to Catharine II., 
 empress of Russia (172tJ-17'JG), a 
 powerful and ambitious sovereign, 
 Avho administered Avith great energy 
 the internal affairs of the empire, 
 Avhile carrying on extensive and im- 
 portant Avars Avith other nations, llcr 
 sensuality AV'as extreme, and she 
 lived a life of open and unrestrained 
 vice. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which, the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii 
 
SEN 
 
 336 
 
 SEV 
 
 Sentry, Captain. One of the mem- 
 bers ot tlie lictitious elub under 
 ■whose auspices and superintendence 
 the ■* Speciatur" was prulessedly is- 
 sued. 
 
 September Massacre. (/>. Ilisl.) 
 An indisciiniinatc shuiyhter of loyal- 
 ists conlincd in the Abbaye and otlier 
 prisons, which took place in Paris, 
 iSeptcniber 2-b, 17li2, on receipt of the 
 news of the capture of Verdun. The 
 number of victims was not less than 
 1200, and by some is placed as high 
 as 4000. 
 
 fleraphic Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Se- 
 rnp/ucus.\ An appellation given to 
 St. Bonaventura (1-J-'1-1274), an 
 Italian sclnjlastic theologian of the 
 order of Franciscans, and one of the 
 most eminent of Konian Catholic di- 
 vines. He was so called on account 
 of the religious fervor of his style. 
 Dante places him among the saints 
 in his '' Paradiso,"' and, in 3587, he 
 was ranked by Sixtus V. as the sixth 
 of the great doctors of the Church. 
 His own order is as proud of him as 
 the Dominicans are of Thomas Aqui- 
 nas. 
 
 What do I care for the Doctor Seraphic, 
 "With all his wordy clialfer and traffic i* 
 
 Lorififellow. 
 
 Seraptiic Saint. An appellation be- 
 stinved Upon St. Francis d'Assisi 
 (1182-1220), founder of the order of 
 the 1 ranci.^caus. " Of all the saints," 
 ?ays Dean Milman, '' St. Francis was 
 the most blameless and gentle." 
 
 Se-ra'piS. [Gr. SapaTri?, 2epa7rt?.] 
 
 (Mi/t/i.) An Egyptian deity, after- 
 ward worshiped also in Greece and 
 Pome; at lirst a symbol of the Nile, 
 and so of fertility ; later, an infernal 
 god. 
 
 Ser-ges'tus. One of the companions 
 of ^Eneas; the re])uted progenitor of 
 the Sergian family at Rome. He 
 took part in the naval games at Drep- 
 anum, in Sicily, on the occasion of 
 the anniversary of Anchises's death, 
 and comnumded the "'Centaur," but 
 ran upon tlie rocks, and with diffi- 
 culty preserved the vessel and crew. 
 
 Servant of the Servants of God. 
 [Lat. Sei^vus Sei'vui'uin DtiJ\ A style 
 
 or appellation assumed by Pope Greg, 
 ory 1. (544-004) in his letters, and 
 retained by his successors. Hy " the 
 servants of God," tlie bishops are in- 
 tended. 
 
 Set'e-bos. A deity mentioned in 
 Shakespeare's "Tempest" as wor- 
 shiped by Sycorax, the mother of 
 Caliban. 
 
 Ilis art is of such power, 
 It would control my dam's god Setebos. 
 
 Shak, 
 M£^ Shakespeare did not invent this 
 false god ; he had found him in the 
 travels of liis time, in which he is men- 
 tioned as a deity of the Patagonians, — 
 an evidence, in addition to others, that 
 Shakespeare had been reading hooks of 
 American discovery before he wrote " The 
 Tern pest. ■■ 
 
 The giants, when thev found themselvet 
 fettered, roared like bulls, and cried upon 
 Setebos to help them. 
 
 Eden's Hist, of Travayle. 
 
 Seven against Thebes. ( Gr. ^ 
 lioia. Mijth.) The leaders of an ex- 
 pedition designed to place Polynices 
 on the throne of Thebes, from Avhich 
 he had been driven by his brother 
 Eteocles. (See Eteocles.) Their 
 names Avere Adrastus, Amphiaraus, 
 Capaneus, Hippomedon (Argives); 
 l*arthenopa?us (an Arcadian); Poly- 
 nices (a Theban); Tydeus (an ^Eo- 
 lian). The expedition was a failure, 
 as the chiefs were aiTogant and 
 boastful, and despised signs sent by 
 the gods; but a second expedition, 
 conducted by their more pious sons, 
 — the t'pifjani, — who acted in obe- 
 dience to the will of heaven, "waa 
 crowned Avith success. One of the 
 noblest dramas of^Eschylus is enti- 
 tled " The Seven against Thebes." 
 
 Seven Champions of Christen- 
 dom. St. George, the patron i-aint 
 of England; St. Denis, of France; 
 St. James, of Spain ; St. Anthony, 
 of Italv; St. Andrew, of Scotland; 
 St. Patrick, of Ireland; and St. Da- 
 A-id, of ^^'ales. They are often al- 
 luded to by old Avriters. " The Fa- 
 mous History of the Seven Champi- 
 ons of Christendom " is the Avork of 
 Ilichard .Johnson, a ballad-maker of 
 some note at the end of the sixteenth 
 and the beginning of the seA-enteenth 
 centuries. 
 
 CS- For the "'Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying £xplanation% 
 
SEV 
 
 337 
 
 SEV 
 
 Seven Cities, Island of. See Isl- 
 and (^)F TiiK JSevkn Cities. 
 
 Seven - hilled City. One of the 
 names by ^s'llicll lioine has for many 
 ages bei'U (U'sigiuited. It was origi- 
 nallv built u]Hm sisven hills, several (if 
 which ha\'(', in course of time, so far 
 disappeared that they are now hardly 
 recoi^nizable. 
 
 Seven Sages. 1. See Seven Wise 
 
 Men of CrltEECE. 
 
 2. Characters in an ancient English 
 metrical romance having" this appel- 
 lation for its title. 
 
 fifjjr' A young lloman prince having ro- 
 jecte.l iinpropor a<lvance.s made by lii.s 
 step -mot, lor, the latter falsely aoeuse-i 
 him of having attempted to offer her 
 violence, anil persuades her husband to 
 order his deitli; but the prince's in- 
 structors, the Seven Sages, preserve his 
 life by each telling the emperor, his fa- 
 ther, on successive days, a story which as 
 often induces him to delay the execu- 
 tion, though each night the queen coun- 
 teracts the effect they have produced by 
 telling a story which changes her hus- 
 band's mind. At the end of seven days, 
 the prince, who has all the wiile ab- 
 stained from speaking, in obedience to 
 inform ition obtained by consulting the 
 stirs, tells a story which leads his fatlier 
 to have the queen brought to judgment 
 and put to de:ith. The romance of the 
 Seven Sages is of great antiquity, and 
 probably of Indian origin. Versions 
 exist in Aribic, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, 
 French. German, and other languages. 
 In Knglish there are two metrical ver- 
 sions, and also one in the humble form 
 of a chap-book, under the title of "The 
 Seven Wise Masters." 
 
 Seven Sleepers. According to a 
 very widely diffused legend of early 
 Christianity, seven noble youths of 
 Ephesus, in the time of the Decian 
 persecution, who, having tied to a 
 certain cavern for refuge, and having 
 been pursued, discovered, and walled 
 in for a cruel death, were made to 
 fall asleep, and in that state were mi- 
 raculously kept for almost two centu- 
 ries. Their names are traditionally 
 said to have been Maximian, jMalchus, 
 Martinian, Denis, John, Serapion, and 
 Constantine. Their relics are said to 
 have been conveyed to ^Marseilles in 
 a large stone coffin, which is still 
 
 show^n there in St. Victor's church. 
 The churcli has canonized the Seven 
 Sleepers, and has consecrated the 
 '2rth of June to their memory. The 
 Koran relates the tale of the Seven 
 Sleepers, — deriving it probably from 
 the same source as the Christian le- 
 gend, — and declares that out of re- 
 spect for them the sun altered his 
 course twice a day that he might 
 shine into the cavern. 
 
 13®=" " By the Seven Sleepers are com- 
 monly understood seven Christians of 
 the third century of our era who were 
 put to death for the faith of .lesus Christ. 
 The event happened at Ephesus, in Asia 
 Elinor, in the reign of the emperor De- 
 cius. . . . More than two centuries after, 
 . . . their bodies having been found in a 
 cavern where they had been inclosed, 
 they were taken out, and exposed to the 
 veneration of the f lithfnl. The legend, 
 in speaking of their death, said, follow- 
 ing the usual form, that they had fallen 
 asleep in the Lord. The vulgar took oc- 
 ca^^ion thence to sav that these holy mar- 
 tyrs were not dead ; that they had been 
 hid in the cavern, where they had fallen 
 asleep ; and that they at last awoke, to 
 the great astonishment of the spectators. 
 Such is the origin of the legend of the 
 Seven Sleepers. At Ephesus, the spot is 
 still shown where this pretended miracle 
 took place. As a dog liad accompanied 
 these seven martyrs into their retreat, 
 he has been made to share the celebrity 
 of his masters, anil is fabled to have re- 
 mained standing all the time they slept, 
 without eating or drinking, being whol- 
 ly occupied with guarding their persons. 
 The Persians celebrate annually the feast 
 of the Seven Sleepers, and their names 
 are regarded as powerful talismans 
 against the decrees of fate. Their dog 
 has not been foi-gotten; and, to recom- 
 pense him for his zeal, he has been in- 
 trusted with the care of letters missive 
 and correspondences, and admitted to 
 Paradise with the ram which Aliraham 
 sacrificed in place of his sou, with the 
 ass of Balaam, with the ass upon which 
 our Lord entered Jerusalem upon tho 
 Day of Palms, and with the mare upon 
 which Mohammed mounted miraculously 
 to heaven." Reinaud. 
 
 Tressilian's fellow hath ever averred, that 
 to w;ike the earl were death, and Masters 
 would wake the Seven Sleepers themselves, if 
 lie thought they blept not by regular ordinance 
 of medicine. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Here, however, we gladly recall to mind 
 that once we saw him laugh; once only: per- 
 haps it was the first and last time in His life; 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxiii- 
 22 
 
SEV 
 
 338 
 
 SHA 
 
 but then such a pbal of laughter, — enough to 
 have uwukuiitid the Sereu .S/cc/c/s .' Curiyle. 
 " Wliot'ver it is, lia.s knocked tliree tiiiit's, 
 and oaeli one loud enougli to wuke tlie" — Jie 
 had sucli u rejjuj;nance to tlie idea of waking 
 tlie dead, tliat lie stopped even then, with the 
 ■words u|)c)n his tonL'ue, and said, instead — 
 *' tile ^Vtcyi Sltjcpcrs.' Jjiakctts. 
 
 Seven "Wise Masters. See Seven 
 Sages, •!. 
 
 I think he [Don Quixote] is one of the 
 Seven Wise Masters. 1 thought )ie knew noth- 
 ing but his knifiht-errautry, but now I see the 
 devil a tiling can escape him: he has an oar in 
 every man's boat, anil a hnger in every man's 
 pie. Cercaiites, Traiis. 
 
 Seven "Wise Men of Greece. Fa- 
 mous Greeks of tlie sixth century u. 
 c, (listiii<;uislif'(l lor their practical 
 sajj^acity and their wise maxims or 
 principles of life- Their names are 
 variously j^iven ; but those most gen- 
 erally admitted to the honor are So- 
 lon, Chilo, Pittficus, Bias, Periander 
 (in place of whom some give I']p- 
 imenides), Cleobulus, and Thales. 
 They were the authors of the cele- 
 brated mottoes inscribed in later da\'s 
 in the Delphian temple: " Know thy- 
 self" (Solon); "Consider the end" 
 {Ch'do); ''Know thy opportunity" 
 (Pittacus)', "Most men are bad" 
 (Bl(ts); "Nothing is impossible to 
 industry " (Pe/•^VfWer); "Avoid ex- 
 cess " ( Cleobulus) ; " Suretyship is the 
 precursor of ruin" ( Thalts). 
 
 Seven "Wonders of the "World. A 
 name given to seven very remark- 
 able objects of the ancient world, 
 which have been variously enumer- 
 ated. The following classification is 
 the one most generally received: 1. 
 The Pyramid's of Egypt; 2. The 
 Pharos of Alexandria; S. The walls 
 and hanging gardens of Balndon ; 4. 
 The temple of Diana at Ephcsus; 5. 
 The statue of Jupiter by Phidias, at 
 Olympia; G. The Mausoleum erected 
 by Artemisia, at Halicarnassus; 7. 
 The Colossus of Rhodes. 
 
 Seven "Tears' "War. ( Ger. Tlist.) A 
 war carried on by two alliances, 
 headed respectively by Austria and 
 Prussia, which commenced in 175G, 
 and was brought to a close — with- 
 out material advantages gained by 
 any party — by the peace of IIu- 
 bertsburg, Nov. 15, 1763. It is re- 
 markable for the extraordinarA"- cam- 
 
 paigns of Frederick the Great, the 
 Prussian king. 
 
 Seyd. A tierce and revengeful pasha 
 in liyron's poem of "The Corsair." 
 See Gli.nauj:, 1. 
 
 But a scene ensued like that in the hall of 
 Seyd. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Sey'ton (-tn). An officer attending 
 Macbeth, in Shakespeare's tragedy 
 of this name. 
 
 Sganarelle (sga'nS'rel'). 1, The hero 
 of Moliere"s comedy, " Le Mariage 
 Force." He is represented as a hu- 
 morist of titty -three or tour, who, 
 having a mind to marry a fashionable 
 young woman, but feeling some in- 
 stinctive doubts and scruples, con- 
 sults several of his friends upon this 
 momentous question, lieceiving no 
 satisfactory counsel, and not much 
 pleased with the proceedings of his 
 bride elect, he at last determines to 
 give up his engagement, but is cud- 
 geled into compliance by the brother 
 of his intended. 
 
 ;K^ The plot of this play is founded 
 on an adventure of the Count de Gram- 
 niont, who, when leaving England, waa 
 followed by the brothers of hi belle Ilnm- 
 ilton, who, with their hands on the pom- 
 mels of their swords, asked him if he 
 had not left something behind. '• True," 
 said the count, '• 1 forgot to marry your 
 sister ; " and instantly went back to re- 
 pair his lap:se of memory by making her 
 Countess de Gramniout. 
 
 2. A simple-minded valet in Mo- 
 liere's " Festin de Pierre," who is 
 ever halting between the fear of be- 
 ing drubl)e(l by his master, Don Juan, 
 and the far deeper horror of abetting 
 or witnessing his crimes. See Dox 
 
 J LAX. 
 
 3. The same name occurs in sev- 
 eral of ]\Ioliere's other plays ("Le 
 Cocu Imaginaire," " L'Ecole des 
 Maris,'" ike), and is usually assigned 
 to a blutf, willful, and domineering 
 character. 
 
 De Pradt answered by saying that . . . the 
 country was in the situation of the wife of 
 Sg'tnarelli' in the f;iree, who quarreled with a 
 stranger fur interfering with her husband 
 when he was beating her. Sir fV. Scott. 
 
 Shac'a-bac. See Barmecide, The. 
 
 Sharton, Sir Pier'cie (2). A fantas- 
 tical character in Sir Walter Scott'd 
 
 I^T" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
SHA 
 
 339 
 
 SHA 
 
 "Monastery;" diawn in imitation 
 of the pedantic courtiers ot Queen 
 Klizabetti s reign, and ujade to taliv 
 in tlie unnatural and liigli-tluwn style 
 ■which Lyly rendered la.'^hionabh; by 
 his '• Kuphues.' lie turns out to be 
 graud.son of one Overstitch, a tailor. 
 
 His [Johnson's] speech, like Sir Piercie 
 Sh<ifioi)\< eiiphiiistic eloquence, bewrayed him 
 under evci-y disguise. Mucuulay. 
 
 Shakespeare of Divines. An appel- 
 lation sometinics given to Jeremy 
 Taylor (1613-1(5(57), one of the great- 
 est ornaments of the English pulpit. 
 His devotional Avritings are charac- 
 terized by a fervid eloquence and an 
 affluence and aptness of illustration 
 that entitle them to the praise of 
 belonging to the loftiest and most 
 sacred description of poetry, *' of 
 Avhich," as Heber remarks, "they 
 only Avant ■what they cannot be said 
 to need, the name and the metrical 
 arrangement." 
 
 Old Chrysostom, best Augustine, 
 And he who blent both in his line. 
 The younger Golden Lips or mines, 
 Taylor, the iShakespearc of Divines. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 Shallow. A country justice, in >Shakc- 
 ^peare's '" ^lerry Wives of NN'indsor," 
 and in the Second Tart of "■ King 
 Henry IV. ; " a braggart, a liar, a 
 rogue, and a blockhead. It is sup- 
 posed that this character ■was in- 
 tended as a satirical portrait of Sir 
 Thomas Lucy, of Charlecote, near 
 Stratford-upon-Avon, Avho is said to 
 have prosecuted Shakespeare for a 
 youthful misdemeanor. 
 
 A nurse of this century is as wise as a justice 
 of the quorum and cust-alorum in Shallow's 
 time. Macuulaij. 
 
 Shan'dy, Captaiu. The uncle of 
 Tristram Shandy, in Sterne's novel 
 of this name ; the same as Uncle 
 Toby. See Uxclk Toby. 
 
 TVhen IMr. Southey takes tip his pen, he 
 changes his nature as much as Captain S/ianfhf 
 ■when he girt on his sword. JJucauiaij. 
 
 Shan'dy, Dinah. See Dinah, Aunt. 
 
 Shan'd^, Mrs. EUzabeth. The 
 mother of Tristram Shandy, in 
 Sterne's novel of this name. She is 
 the ideal of nonentity, a character 
 profoundly individual from its veiy 
 absence of individualitv. 
 
 Shan'dj^, Tris'tram. The nominal 
 hero of Sterne's novel, " The Life 
 and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, 
 Gent." 
 
 The author proceeds, with the most un- 
 feeling prolixity, to give a minute detail of 
 the civil and common law, otthe feudal insti- 
 tutions, of the architecture of churches ond 
 castlcs,of sculpture and painting, of minstrels, 
 of players, of parish clerks, &c., &c.; while 
 poor Chaucer, like Tristram tihundy, can 
 hardly be said to be fairly born, iilthough his 
 life has attained tlic fcizc of half a volume. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Shan'd;^, "Walter. The name of 
 
 Tristram Shandy's father, in Sterne's 
 novel entitled "■ The Lile and Opin- 
 ions of Tristram Shandy, Gent." By 
 reading antiquated books he has got 
 his head tilled -with absurd or idle 
 iancies and theories; but all his no- 
 tions are thwarted, and the exact 
 opposite of what he wishes takes 
 place. He believes in the virtue of 
 a substantial nose, and his son's is 
 crushed by iJie accoucheur Avho at- 
 tends upon his Avife. A leading arti- 
 cle of his creed is that the characters 
 of mankind are greatly influenced by 
 their Christian names. Trismegistus 
 he thinks the most propitious name 
 in the world, and Tristram the A'ery 
 Avorst; yet his son accidentally gets 
 christened Tristram. 
 
 ^^ "He [Sterne] . . . supposed in 
 BIr. Sha dy a m.an of an active and met- 
 r.pliysical, but at the same time a whim- 
 sical, cast of mind, Avhoin too much and 
 too miscellaneous learning had brought 
 within a step or two of madness, and who 
 acted, in the ordinary affnirs of life, upon 
 the absurd theories adopted by the ped- 
 ants of past ages. He is moj-t admirably 
 contrasted with his Avife, well described 
 as a good lady of ih& poco-curaiitf school, 
 Avho neitlier obstructed the progress of 
 her liusband's hobby-horse, — to use j» 
 phrase Avhich Sterne has rendered clas- 
 sical, — nor could be prevailed upon to 
 spare him the least admiration for the 
 grace and dexterity with which he man- 
 aged it."' Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The project of mending a bad world, by 
 teaching people to give new names to old 
 things, reminds us of Walter Snandj/'s schema 
 for compensatingthe loss of his son's nose by 
 christening him Trismegistus. JJacuulay. 
 
 Foolish enough, too, iras the college tutor's 
 surpiisent It'alter S/ianilif, bow, though un- 
 read in Aristotle, he could nevertheless argue, 
 and, not knowing the name of any dialectic 
 tool, handled them all to perfection. Varlylc, 
 
 ud for the Bemortu and Rules to which the numberft after certain words refer, see pp. xlv-xxxil* 
 
SHA 
 
 340 
 
 SIC 
 
 Sharp, Becky. A female sharper, 
 . wfio is a prominent character in 
 Thackeray's " Vanity Fair; " distin- 
 guished by her intriguing disposition, 
 her selrisliness, goud-humor, energy, 
 perseverance, cleverness, and utter 
 want of heart and moral principle. 
 See Sedley, Amelia. 
 
 With Bcckii Shnrj), -we think we could be 
 good, if we had live thousand a j'car. Buyne. 
 
 Shepherd Kings. [Called also Uyk- 
 slios, or fli/ksos.] A name often given 
 to a tribe of Arabian or Phcenician 
 shepherds wlio are said to have in- 
 vaded Lower Ki:ypt about two thou- 
 sand years b. c, and to have over- 
 thrown the reigning dynasty. They 
 maintained their authority, according 
 to some accounts, about two hundred 
 and sixty years, when they were ex- 
 pelled by the Egyptian rulers of Up- 
 per Egy])t. Some writers, however, 
 wholly deny the existence of any 
 such race of kings; others hold that 
 the captive .Jews, the, descendants of 
 Jacob, are intended by this designa- 
 tion; and various other theories liave 
 been advanced in explanation of this 
 vexed question. 
 
 Shepherd Lord. Lord Henry Clif- 
 ford (d. 1543), of the English house 
 of Lancaster, and the hero of much 
 legendary narration. To save him 
 from the vengeance of the victorious 
 York party, his mother put him in 
 charge of a shepherd, to be brought 
 up as one of his own children. Af- 
 terward, on the accession of Henry 
 VH. (being then at the age of thirty- 
 one years), he was restored to his 
 birthright and possessions. In the 
 " White Doe of Rylstone," Words- 
 worth speaks of 
 
 " The gracious fairy 
 Who loved the She/ihrnl Lord to meet 
 In his wanderings solitary." 
 
 Shepherd of Banbury. The osten- 
 sil)le author of a work entitled " The 
 Shepherd of Banbury's Rules to judge 
 of the Changes of Weather, ground- 
 ed on Fortv Years' Experience, &:c. 
 By .Tohn Claridge, Shepherd," first 
 pul>lished in 1744, and reprinted in 
 1827. It is a work «>f great p(i))ular- 
 ity among the English poor, and is 
 attributed to Dr. John Campbell, au- 
 
 thor of " A Political Survey of Brit- 
 ain." It is UKjstly a compilatiim 
 from "A Rational Survey of the 
 Weather," by .lohn Pointer, rector 
 of .Shipton in Northamptonshire. 
 
 Shepherd of Salisbury Plain (sol//- 
 bur-i). The hero of a very popular 
 tract having this name for its title, 
 and written by Mrs. Hannah More; 
 distinguished ti)r his homely wisdom 
 and simple Christian piety. The orig- 
 inal of this character was one David 
 Saunders, who, with his father, had 
 kept sheep upon Salisbury Plain for 
 a hundred years. 
 
 Shepherd of the Ocean. A name 
 given by Spenser, in his poem, " Co- 
 lin Clout 's come Home again," to 
 his friend Sir Walter Raleigh, cele- 
 brated tor his maritime expeditions 
 and discoveries. 
 
 Shipton, Mother. See Mother 
 Shipton. 
 
 Short-lived Administration. ( Enr/. 
 Jlist.) A name popularly given to 
 an administration formed by the 
 Hon. William Pulteney, which ex- 
 pired on the 12th of Feliruary, 174G, 
 two days after its partial formation. 
 [Called also, in derision, Lcm^-lictd 
 Adiiiinistratlun.^ 
 
 ShuflQebottom, Abel. A pseudonym 
 of Robert Southey (1774-1 843). un- 
 der Avhich he Avrote several amatory 
 sonnets and elegies. 
 
 Shylock. A sordid, avaricious, re- 
 vengeful Jew, in Siiakespeare's '" Mer- 
 chant of Venice." See Portia. 
 
 Of ooiirse, not Louis XVI. alone, but all 
 monarchs, might be justly put to death in 
 Carnot's e^;tinlation ; liecause they are natural- 
 ly the ob.ieets of fear to their snbiecLs: because 
 we hate those we fear; and because, according 
 to the kindred authority of Shiilock, no maa 
 hates the thing he would not kill. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Sicilian Vespers. {Hist.) A name 
 given to a memorable massacre of 
 the French which beuan at Paler- 
 mo, in Sicily, INIarch .'50, 1282, at the 
 hour of vespers on Easter Monday, 
 and extended throughout the island. 
 Sicily was at this time subject to 
 Charles of Anjou, whose soldiers had 
 made themselves hatefid to the Sicil- 
 ians. The result of the insurrection 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Proaunciation," with the accompanying ExplanatiouK, 
 
SIC 
 
 811 
 
 SIF 
 
 was, that the authority of Charles 
 was completely overthrown, and tlie 
 islanders placed themselves under the 
 protection of the kin<j; of Aragon. 
 
 Sick Man of the East. A name 
 popularly ji;iven to tiie Turkish em- 
 pire, which, under Soliman the Mai^- 
 uilicent (1495- 15(j()), reached the 
 summit of Its prosperity, and has 
 ever since steadily declined. At the 
 present day, Turkey is mainly in- 
 debted for its existence to the sup- 
 port of foreign powers. 
 
 fl£g=" The expression. " Sick Man," as 
 applied tn Turkey, originated with the 
 euiperdr Nicholas of Russia. lie is rep- 
 resented to have said to 8ir George Sey- 
 mour, the IJritish charge d'affaires, in a 
 conversation at St. Petersburg, on the 
 11th of January, 1844, '' We have on our 
 hands a sick man, a very sick man. It 
 would be a great misfortune, T tell you 
 frankly, if. one of these days, he should 
 happen to die before the necessary ar- 
 rangements were all made. But this is 
 not the time to speak to you of that."' 
 The conversation then broke off, but was 
 renewed on the 14th of the same month, 
 ■when the emperor observed, " Turkey, in 
 the condition which I have described, has 
 by degrees fillen into such a state of de- 
 crepitude, that, as I told you the other 
 night, eager as we all .are for the pro- 
 longed existence of the man (and that I 
 am as desirous as you can be for the con- 
 tinuance of his life, I beg you to believe). 
 he may suddenly die upon our hands." 
 And again, at another interview, on the 
 21st inst. : " I think your government 
 does not well understand my object. I 
 am not so eager to determine what shall 
 be <lone when the sick man die.s, as I am 
 to determine with England what shall not 
 be done upon that event taking place. 
 ... I repeat to you that the sick man is 
 dying ; and we can never allow such an 
 event to take us by surprise. We must 
 come to some understanding." (Annual 
 Rfgistf'r for 1853, p. 248, et s^q.) The 
 minutes of Sir George Seymour's conver- 
 pations with the emperor having been laid 
 before parliament by the English ministry 
 in the course of the debates that imme- 
 diately preceded the declaration of war 
 against Rus.sia, the expressive appella- 
 tion. '• Sick Man of the East,"' was 
 caught up and circulated by the press, 
 till it has become an established national 
 sobriquet. 
 
 Sid'ro-phel . A poetical name fi^iven 
 by Butler, in his " Hudibras," to Wil- 
 liam Lilly, a distinguished astrologer 
 
 of the seventeenth centurj'. Some, 
 however, have supposed that under 
 this name Butler intended to refer to 
 Sir Paul Neal, a conceited virtuoso, 
 and a member of the Ivoyal Society, 
 who constantly aflirnu'd tiiat Butler 
 was not the author of " lludiljras." 
 
 The last inroad of these pretended friends 
 
 to cleanline.ss was almost as fatal to my col' 
 
 lection Ui» Hudibras' visit to that of Sidrnphel 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 How I became a prophet, it is not very im- 
 
 Iiortant to the reader to know. Nevertheless, 
 feel all the anxiety wliich, under similar cir- 
 cumstances, troubled the sensitive Sidrophel. 
 
 Macuuluy. 
 
 Siegfried (szeek'freet, 58, G5). The 
 hero of various Scandinavian and 
 Teutonic legends, particularly of the 
 old German epic poem, the " Nibe- 
 lungen Lied;" a young warrior of 
 peerless physical strengtli and beauty, 
 and in valor superior to all men of 
 his time. Lie cannot easily be iden- 
 tified with any historical personage. 
 In an old saga, he is rcjjresented as 
 having slain a dreadful dragon, and 
 bathed in its blood, whereby his skin 
 became as hard as horn, except in 
 one spot, Avhere a leaf intervened. 
 But he is most celebrated for having 
 vanquished the ancient fabulous royal 
 race of the Nibelungen, and taken 
 aAvay their immense treasures of gold 
 and gems. He wooes, and finally 
 Avins, the beautiful Chriemhild, but is 
 treacherously killed by the tierce and 
 covetous Hagen, who seeks the treas- 
 ures of the Nibelungen, and who 
 skillfully draws from Chriemhild the 
 secret of the spot where alone Sieg- 
 fried is mortal, and fatally plimges 
 a lance between his shoulders in a 
 royal chase. Siegfried is noted for a 
 cape which rendered its wearer in- 
 visible, and for a wonderful sword 
 named Balmung. The former he 
 obtained from the dwarf Alberich; 
 the latter he is said to have forged, 
 while yet a boy, at a traitorous 
 smith's in the depths of a primeval 
 forest. See Balmuxg, Bkunehh.!), 
 Chkiemhild, and HACiEN. 
 
 iB®" " In this colossal figure are com- 
 bined what Greece divided, — heroic 
 strength and the passion lor travel, 
 Achilles and Ulysses." Mirhelet, Trans. 
 
 Sif. {Scand. Myth.) Wife of Thor, 
 
 and for the Ilemai-ks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
SIG 
 
 342 
 
 SIL 
 
 famous for the beauty of her hair, 
 which Loki cut off wiiile she was 
 asleep. Thor compelled him to ^et 
 her a new head ot hair made of ^old, 
 that should i^row like natural hair. 
 This he obtained from the dwarfs. 
 
 Sig'is-mun'da. [It. Gfiismimda.] 1. 
 The heroine of one of the tales in 
 iJoccaccio's " Decamerone," which 
 relates her love for a pa^e named 
 Guiscardo, and the secret, accidental 
 discovery of their f^uilt by her lather, 
 Tancred, prince of .Salerno, who af- 
 terward upbraids her with her con- 
 duct, and, findinii; her insensible to 
 shame and reproof, sends her Guis- 
 cardo's heart in a golden cup, where- 
 upon the princess drains a poisonous 
 draught, after having poured it on 
 her lover's heart. 
 
 4®^ No tale of Bocoaccio has been so 
 often translated and imitated as this. In 
 English it is best known through the 
 '' .Sigisniunda and Guiscardo ■' of Dryden. 
 
 The pale widow whom Captain Richard, in 
 his poetic rapture, ciiniparcd to a Niobe in 
 tears, to a. Siqisnnmr/fi, to a weeping Belvide- 
 ra, was an object the most lovely and pathetic 
 which his eyes had ever beheld. Thackeray. 
 
 2. The heroine of Thomson's trag- 
 edy of " Tancred and Sigismunda," 
 the groundwork of which is the tale 
 — founded on fact — of "The Bale- 
 ful Marriage " ("Le Maridfjtdt Vtn- 
 (jtance'") in "Gil Bias." 
 Siguna (sze-goo^na), or Sigyn (sze'- 
 gin). (Scand. Jfytlt.) The wifeof Loki, 
 celebrated for her constancy to him. 
 She sits by him in the subterranean 
 cavern where he is chained, and holds 
 out a vase to catch the venom dropped 
 by the serpents Avhich hang over him. 
 When she goes out to empty the ves- 
 sel, the poison falls on his limbs, and 
 his writhings cause eartlujuakes. 
 
 Sigurd, (sze'goofd). The hero of an 
 old Scandinavian saga or legend, the 
 foundation of the celebrated German 
 epic, the " Nibelungen Lied." He 
 discovered Brvnhild, a beautiful val- 
 kyria, encased in complete armor, 
 and lying in a death-like sleep, to 
 which, for some offense, she had been 
 condemned by Odin. Sigurd awoke 
 her by ripping up her corstdet, fell in 
 love with her, engaged on oath to 
 marry her, and took his departure. 
 
 He subsequently met with Gudrun, 
 whom her mother caused him to 
 nuirry by giving him a charmed po- 
 tion which made him lorget Bryn- 
 hild. This ill->tarrcd union wns the 
 cause of unnumbered woes. Slyurd 
 is the Icelandic or Old Norse form of 
 Sieiifi-itd. See Siegki;iel). 
 
 Sikes. A rulhau in Dickens's " Oli-. 
 ver Twist." 
 
 Silence. A country justice, in tha 
 Second Part of Shakespeare's " King 
 IlenrvIV.;" a man of untamable 
 mirth when he is tipsy, and of asi- 
 nine dullness Avhen he is abstinent. 
 
 Like Muster Silfiicp, lie had been merry 
 twice and once in his time. Sir H\ Scott. 
 
 Silent Sister. A name given to 
 Trinity College, Dublin, on account 
 of the little influence it exerts in pro- 
 portion to its resources. 
 
 Trinity College itself held its ground and 
 grow wealthy only to deserve the name of the 
 Sili'iit Sit'tr-r. while its great endowments 
 ser^•e<l ( tfectuallv to indemnify it against the 
 necessity of conforming to the conditions un- 
 der wliich alone its example could be iiseful 
 to the whole nation. (iohhvin Smith. 
 
 Neither Oxford nor Cambridt:e, I am cer- 
 tain, would blush to own my Tabors in this 
 department [classical criticism and exegesis]; 
 and yet I was an alumnus of her whom they 
 usedto style the Siknt Sister. Kciyhtley. 
 
 Si-le'nus. [Gr. SeiArjj'd?.] ( 6V. ^ 
 Rum. Myth.) The foster-father, in- 
 structor, and companion of Bacchus; 
 represented as a jovial old man, with 
 a bald head, pug nose, and rubicund 
 visage, and generally as intoxicated, 
 and therefore riding on an ass or .sup- 
 ported by satyrs. His fondness for 
 sleep and music, and his lascivious- 
 ness, are prominent traits in his char- 
 acter. He is further described as a 
 prophetic deity. 
 
 The tile-beard of Jourdan is shaven off; his 
 fat visage has got coppered, and studded with 
 black carbuncles: the Silfntis-trunk is swollen 
 with drink and high Uving. Carlyle. 
 
 Sil'u-rist, The. Henry Vaughan 
 (1021-1005), a British poet of some 
 note ; — so called because born among 
 the Silures, or people of South Wales. 
 
 Sil-va'nus. {Rom. ^[;|ih) A deity 
 presiding over woods, forests, and 
 fields. [Written also S y 1 v a n u s.] 
 
 In shadier bower 
 More sacred and sequestered, though but 
 
 feigned, 
 Pan or Si/lrantui never slept. MUtotu 
 
 US' For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
SIL 
 
 343 
 
 SIN 
 
 Silver Age. [Lat. Argentea ceUts.'] 
 ( Gr. ()'• Rnin. Mytli.) One of the four 
 ages into which tlie history of jnan- 
 kiiid was divided by the ancient po- 
 ets. It was ruled over by Jupiter, 
 and was marked by the change of 
 the seasons, and the division and cul- 
 tivation of lands. See Brazen Age 
 and Golden Age. 
 
 Silver-fork School. A name which 
 has been given to novelists of the 
 Theodore Hook class; that is, those 
 who attach great and undue impor- 
 tance to the etiquette of the drawing- 
 room, and the mere externals of so- 
 cial intercourse. An»ong the more 
 distinguished Avriters of this class are 
 reckoned Mrs. Trollope, Lady Bless- 
 ington, and Sir Edward Bulwer Lyt- 
 ton. 
 
 Silverpen. A nom de plume adopted 
 by Eliza Meteyard (b. 1824), an Eng- 
 lish authoress. It was originally be- 
 stowed upon her by Douglas Jerrold. 
 
 Silver-tongued, The. 1. An epithet 
 applied to Joshua Sylvester (15G3- 
 1618), the translator of Du Bartas's 
 " Divine Weeks and Works." 
 
 2. The same epithet has been ap- 
 plied to William Bates (1625-1G99), 
 an eminent Puritan divine, reckoned 
 the most polished writer, if not the 
 best scholar, of the whole body of 
 ministers who retired from the church 
 in 1G62, on the passage of the Act of 
 Uniformity, and formed Avhat is some- 
 times called the " Dissenting Inter- 
 est." 
 
 Sn'vi-a. The name of a lady beloved 
 by Valentine, in Shakespeare's " Two 
 Gentlemen of Verona." 
 
 Simple. A servant to Slender, in 
 Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of 
 Windsor," 
 
 Simple Simon, The subject of a 
 well-known popular tale of early and 
 unknown authorship. 
 
 4®=" '' Simple Simon's misfortunes are 
 such a.s are incident to all the human rice, 
 since they arosie ' from his wife Margery's 
 cruelty, which he<rau the very morning 
 after their marriage ; ' and we therefore 
 do not know whether it is necessary to 
 peek for a Teutonic or Northern original 
 for this once popular book " Qu. Rec. 
 
 Sind'bad the SaUor. A noted char- 
 acter in the " Arai)ian Nights' Enter- 
 tainments," in which is related the 
 story of his seven strange voyages and 
 his wonderful adventures. [Written 
 also, less correctly, S i n ba d,] 
 
 ierg=- On his first voyage, he disembarked 
 on what was supposed to be a small green 
 island, but was in reality only a huge 
 sea-monster, which, when a fire was kin- 
 dled on his back, in order to dress some 
 food, dived under water, and left Sindbad 
 and his companions struggling for life in 
 the midst of the ocean. Sindbad him- 
 self escaped, but most of the others were 
 drowned. On the second voyage, he 
 landed on an island to procure water, 
 strayed from his companions, fell asleep, 
 was given up as lost, and left to perish. 
 Discovering a monstrous bird, called a 
 roc, or rukh. sitting on its egg, he tied 
 himself to one of its legs, and was carried 
 the next day to the main land, and de- 
 posited in a valley strewn with diamonds, 
 but unluckily shut in on every side by 
 lofty and precipitous mountains. From 
 this awkward situation he extricated 
 himself by a stratagem similar to that 
 by which he had escaped from the island. 
 On the third voyage, he fell among gigan- 
 tic hairy savages, with whom he had an 
 adventure precisely like that of Ulysses in 
 the land of the Cyclops. (See Polyphe- 
 mus.) On his fourth voyage, lie suffered 
 shipwreck on the coast of a country of 
 which the king took him into favor, but 
 compelled him, though he had a wife 
 living in Bagdad, to marry a lady of the 
 court. Upon the death of this lady, he 
 was buried alive with her in a deep pit, 
 according to an irreversible custom of the 
 country, but was fortunate enough to 
 discover a long passage which led to an 
 opening on the sea-shore, whence he es- 
 caped to his own land. On his fifth voy- 
 age, he fell into the po^ver of the Old Man 
 of the Sea. (See Old Man of the Sea.) 
 On the sixth voyage, his ship got into a 
 rapid current, which, aided by a strong 
 wind blowing ever directly toward the 
 shore, carried her to the foot of an in- 
 accessible mountain, where she went to 
 pieces. Sindbad, having survived his 
 comrades, made a raft, committed him- 
 self to a river of fresh water running out 
 of the sea into a great cavern at the base 
 of the mountain, floated for some days 
 in perfect darkness, and when he at last 
 came out into the light, found him.sclf 
 in the island of Ceylon. Undi.^mayed by 
 so many misfortunes, he made a seventh 
 voyage, was attacked by corsairs, sold 
 into slavery, and employed in shooting 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to whicli the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
SIN 
 
 344 
 
 SIS 
 
 elef-hants from a tree. After a time, he 
 was ;ittHckeil by a troop ot tuese auiiiials, 
 ■was cHUgiit, and farrit'ii to a hill -side 
 comijletely covered with tusks and hones 
 of elepiiunts, and then sutfered to depart 
 unharmed, tor communicatiug this dis- 
 covery to his master be received his free- 
 dom, and was sent home to Bagdad, 
 loaded with riches. 
 
 This is the first George, — first triumph of 
 the Constitutional Principle, which has since 
 gone to sucli sublinie heights among us, — 
 nt'ight.s which we at last begin to suspect 
 iiiizht be (lei)tlis, leading down, all men now 
 aslT, Wlutherwardsi' A much admired in- 
 vention in its time, that of letting go the rud- 
 der, or setting a wooden figure expensively 
 dressed to take charge of it, and discerning 
 that the ship would sail of itself so much more 
 easily, which it will, if a peculiarly good sea- 
 boat," in certain kinds of sea — for a time, till 
 the Siwllxi'l ' Magnetic Mountains" begin to 
 be felt pulling, or the circles of Charybdis get 
 you in their sweep, and then what an inven- 
 tion it was! Carlyle. 
 
 Singing Tree. See P.vkizade. 
 
 Single-speech Ham'il-ton, A by- 
 iiaino given to William Gerard Ham- 
 ilton (17-29-1706), an English states- 
 man. 
 
 i^^ "It was on this niglit [November 
 13, 1775] that Gerard Hamilton delivered 
 that sitigle speeck from which liis nick- 
 name wa.s derived. His eloquence threw 
 into the shade everj' orator except fitt, 
 who declaimed against the subsidies for 
 an hour and a half with extraordinary 
 energy and effect." Macaulay. 
 
 J^^ '• The preceding generation had 
 greatly esteemed the man called "Single- 
 speech Hamilton ; ' not at all for the 
 speech (which, though good, very few 
 people had read), but entirelj- for the 
 supposed fact that he had exhausted 
 himself in that one speech, and had be- 
 come physically incapable of making a 
 second : so that alterward. when he real- 
 ly did make a second, every body was in- 
 credulous : until, the thing being past 
 denial, naturally the world was disgusted, 
 and most people dropped his acquaint- 
 ance." De Qaincey. 
 
 Singular Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Sin- 
 (fithiris.] A title given to William 
 Occam (or Ockham), an English noni- 
 inalistic philosopher of the latter part 
 of the thirteenth and beginning of the 
 fourteenth centuries, distinguished for 
 his trenchant logic. He was the great- 
 est of the later schoolmen. His phi- 
 losophy rested to a considerable de- 
 gree upon a famous principle called 
 from him " Occani's razor; " namely, 
 
 " Entin nnn sunt TnultipUcanda," Enti- 
 ties — that is, real existences repre- 
 senting general ifleas, or the tenns 
 used to denote the genera and species 
 of things — are not to be unnecessa- 
 rily multiplied. 
 
 Si'n6n. [Gr. 'S.i.vwv.] ( Or. (f- Ram. 
 Mijth.) A crafty Greek, who induced 
 the Trojans to take into their city the 
 fatal W(»oden Horse, which was tilled 
 with armed enemies. See Wooden 
 H<>i;.s);. 
 
 Sin'tram. The hero of a Gennan ro- 
 mance written by Baron La Motte 
 l'ou(|U«'', entitled '' Sintram and his 
 Companions," — a tale of the old life 
 of media'val Europe, suggested to the 
 author by Albert l>iirer's engraving 
 of the Knight, Death, and ^atan. 
 
 Si'rens (9). [Lat. Sirenes, Gr. 2ei- 
 pfyve?.] (Gr. if Rom. Jfi/i/i.) Three 
 sister sea-nymphs, who usually re- 
 sided on a small island near Cape 
 Pelorus, in Sicily, and, by their me- 
 lodious singing, enticed ashore those 
 who were sailing by, and then killed 
 them. Later writers represent them 
 as presiding over the music of the 
 spheres. Their names are usually 
 given as Parthenope, Ligeia, and 
 Leucothea. 
 
 Sir Oracle. See Oracle, Sir. 
 
 Sister Anne. A sister of Fatima, 
 the seventh and last of the wives of 
 P)lue-beard. This unfortunate lady 
 having been condemned to death by 
 her husband, obtained the favor of a 
 brief delay; and her sister Anne as- 
 cended the highest tower of the castle 
 to watch tor her brothers, who were 
 expected about that time to make 
 them a visit, and Avho, happily arriv- 
 ing at the last moment, rescued their 
 sister, and put Blue-beard to death. 
 
 See BLUE-IiEAKD. 
 
 If Painting be Poetry's sister, she can only 
 be a Sister Anne, who will see nothing but a 
 flock of sheep, while the other bodies forth n 
 troop of horsemen with drawn sabers and 
 white-plumed helmets. Hare. 
 
 Ah ! why was there no clairvovant Sister 
 Anne to cry that she saw "somebody com- 
 ing,"— to tell the desolate girl, staring from 
 lier window into the unfriendly ni-jht. that 
 succor was afoot! Th'eo. Winthrop. 
 
 Sis'y-phus. [Gr. 1i<Tv<i>o<;.'\ {Gr. (f 
 Rjm. Myth.) A son of ^olus, and 
 
 CS- Fs the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation*, 
 
SIV 
 
 345 
 
 SLA 
 
 husband of Merope, famous for his 
 fraud and avarice. He was pun- 
 ished in the lower worhl tor his 
 •wickedness by having to roll up-hill 
 a large stone, which, as soon as he 
 I'ad reached the top, always rolled 
 di wn again. 
 
 With many a weary step, and many a proan, 
 I'p the hi;j;li hill he heaves a huge lormd stone; 
 Tlie huLie round btone, returning with ii 
 
 hound, 
 ThuTiders impetuous down, and smokes 
 
 along the ground. I'ojtc's Homer. 
 
 Siva (se'va). [Sansk. Cavf, hap])iness, 
 fuial bliss.] {Hindu Myth.) The 
 supreme being, in the character of 
 the avenger or destroyer; the third 
 person in the Triinurti, or trinity, of 
 the Vedas. 
 
 Siward (se'ward). Earl of Northum- 
 berland, and general of the English 
 forces, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 "Macbeth." 
 
 Sixteen-string Jack. A nickname 
 popularly given to .John Rann, a 
 noted English highwayman, who, 
 after having been several times tried 
 and acquitted, was at last hanged 
 at Tyburn on the 30th of November, 
 1774. He was remarkable for foppery 
 in his dress, and particularly for 
 wearing breeches with eight strings 
 at each knee. 
 
 BosweU. " Does not Grav's poetry, sir, 
 tower above the eoiiiinon mark?" 
 
 Johtison. "Yes, sir; but we must attend to 
 the difference between what men in general 
 cannot do if they would, and what every man 
 may do if he would. Sirteen- string Jack 
 towered above the common mark." 
 
 BosivdVs Life of Johnson. 
 
 Skeggs, Miss Carolina "Wilhel- 
 mina Amelia. A character in Gold- 
 smith's " Vicar of Waketield; " a false 
 f)retender to gentility, who boasts of 
 ler aristocratic connections and ac- 
 quaintance, and prides herself upon 
 lier taste for Shakespeare and love of 
 musical glasses, but who turns out to 
 be no better than she should be. 
 
 fakidbladnir (skid'blad'ner). [Old 
 Norse .s^<V/, a thin plank, and Mad., a 
 leaf.] {Scmid. Mylh.) The name of 
 a ship, made by the dwarfs and given 
 to Frey. It was so capacious that it 
 would hold all the gods, with their 
 weapons and armor, and, when the 
 sails were set, it always had a fair 
 wind. When not required for naviga- 
 
 tion, it could be folded up like a piece 
 
 of cloth. 
 
 Skim.'ming-t6n. A word of unknown 
 origin, but supposed to be the name 
 of some notorious scold of the olden 
 lime. [Written also Skimmer ton 
 and S k imi t ry.] 
 
 I^£ff= The word is used only in the 
 phrase, " To ride Skiuiniington,"' or " To 
 ride the Skinmiington," employed to de- 
 scribe a species of mock triiuiiplial pro- 
 cession in honor of a man who had been 
 beaten by his wife. It consisted of a cav- 
 alcade in which the man (oi", iiccording 
 to old autliorities cited by Nares, the 
 mail's next neighbor) rode beliind a 
 woman, with his face to the house's tail, 
 liolding a distaff in his liand. at which he 
 seemed to worli, the woman all the while 
 beating him with a ladle, and those who 
 accompanied them making hideous )ioise8 
 with frying-p;ins, buirs-horus, marrow- 
 bones, cleavers, and the like. " As the 
 procession passed on," says Sir ^Valter 
 Scott, "those who attended it in an 
 official cai)acity were wont to sweep the 
 threshold of the houses in which fame 
 affirmed the mistresses to exercise para- 
 mount authority, which was given and 
 received as a hint that their inmates 
 might, in their turn, be made the sub- 
 ject of a similar ovation." 
 
 Sklm'pole, Har'fild. A character in 
 Dickens's " Bleak House; " a ]ilausi- 
 ble, mild-mannered sponger U])on his 
 friends; said to have been suggested 
 by some of the more prominent traits 
 in the character of Leigh Hunt, 
 though not intended as a portrait of 
 him. 
 
 From Paris, he wrote to his " dear Lydia " 
 one of those warm, affectionate letters which 
 are delightful to read, and which, it is ap- 
 parent, no one with a particle of the TIarolil 
 Skimpolc leaven in his frame could hrve 
 written. Pei-cy Fitzgerald. 
 
 Slaw'ken-ber'gi-us, Ha'fen. The 
 name of an imaginary author, — dis- 
 tinguished by the length of his nose, 
 — who is quoted and referred to in 
 Sterne's '' Life and Opinions of Tris- 
 tram Shandy, Gent.," as a great au- 
 thority on all learning connected with 
 the subject of noses. A quaint and 
 singular tale — professedly extracted 
 from his writings — about a man 
 Avith an enormously long nose is in- 
 troduced into the work by way of 
 episode. 
 No nose can be justly amputated by the 
 
 nd for the Remarks and RuIeJ to whicli the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
SLA 
 
 346 
 
 SLO 
 
 nublic, not even the nose of Slawkenhe.rmiis 
 himself. Curlyle. 
 
 dlay-good, Giant. See Giant Slay- 
 good. 
 
 Sleek, Aminadab. A character in 
 llie comedy of " The Serious Family," 
 by Morris Bariiett. 
 
 eueeping Beauty in the "Wood. 
 [Fr. Li Belle ait Buis (hiniuuit^ (ier. 
 Dornr6M-hen.'\ Tiie heroine of a 
 celebrated nursery tale, written in 
 French l)y Charles Perrault, which 
 relates how a princess was shut up 
 by fairy enchantment, to sleep a 
 hundred years in a castle, around 
 which spranjx up a dense, impenetra- 
 ble wood, and how, at the expiration 
 of the appointed time, she was deliv- 
 ered from her imprisonment and her 
 trance by a gallant younf]^ prince, be- 
 fore whom the forest opened itself to 
 attbrd him passage. 
 
 4®°" Grimm derives this popular and 
 widely diffused tale from the old North- 
 ern mythology, and finds its prototype ia 
 the sleeping Brynhild, and her awaken- 
 ing and deliverance by Sigurd. Dunlop 
 thinks it was suggested by the story of 
 Epimenides. the Cretan poet, who. when 
 a boy, is said to have been sent out by 
 his father to fetch a sheep, and, seeking 
 shelter from the mid-day sun, went into 
 a cave. He there fell into a sleep in 
 which he remained for fifty-seven years. 
 On waking, he sought for the sheep, not 
 knowing how long he had been sleeping, 
 and was astonished to find every thing 
 around him altered. When he returned 
 home, he found to his great amazement, 
 that his younger brother had in the 
 mean time grown an old man. Uhland 
 and Tennyson have given metrical versKms 
 of the story of the Sleeping Beauty. See 
 Epimenides and Sigurd. 
 
 Like the prince in tlie nursery tale, he 
 [Alfieri] sought and found the Sleeinn'j Bennti/ 
 within the recesses which had so Ion*; con- 
 cealed her from mankind. Macaulaij. 
 These precincts of Klein-Schncllendorf . . . 
 are silent, vacant, yet comfortably furnished, 
 like Sleeping Beauty's castle. Curli/!e. 
 
 Bleipnir (szllp'nef). {Scand. Mijlh.) 
 The name of Odin's horse, the noblest 
 of his race, who carries his master over 
 land and sea. He is of a ^ray color, 
 has eij^ht lejjs, and typifies the wind, 
 which blows from eifjht principal 
 points. [Written also S 1 e i p n e r.] 
 
 Slender. A character in Shakespeare's 
 '' Merry Wives of Windsor." 
 
 " In this play the English Renfl*- 
 man, in age and youth, is brought upon 
 the stage, slightly caricatured in .Shallow, 
 and far more so in I^lendt-r. The latter, 
 indeed, is a perfect satire, and, I think, 
 was so intended, on the brillinnt youth 
 of the provinces, such a,s we may believe 
 it to have been before the introduction of 
 newspapers and turnpike roads ; awkward 
 and boobyish among civil people, but at 
 home in rude sports, and proud of ex- 
 ploits at which the town would laugh, 
 yet, perhaps, with more courage and 
 good-nature than the laughers." Hal- 
 lam. "Slender and Sir Andrew Ague- 
 cheek are fools, troubled with an uneasy 
 consciousness of their folly, which, in the 
 latter, produces a most edifying meek- 
 ness and docility, and, in the former, 
 awkwardness, obstinacy, and confusion." 
 Macaulay. 
 
 By my faith, Dick, thou hast fallen into 
 poor Slender's blunder: missed Anne Paj^e, 
 and brought us a great lubberly postmaster's 
 boy. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Slick, Sam. The title and hero of va- 
 rious humorous narratives, illustrat- 
 ing^ and exaggerating the peculiarities 
 of the New-England character and 
 dialect, written by Judge Thomas 
 Chandler Haliburton (d. 18G5), a na- 
 tive of Nova Scotia. Sam Slick is 
 represented as a Yankee clock-maker 
 and peddler, full of quaint drollery, 
 unsophisticated wit, knowledge of hu- 
 man nature, and aptitude in the use 
 of what he calls " soft sawder." 
 
 Slipslop, Mrs. One of the leading 
 female characters in Fielding's novel 
 of "Joseph Andrews;" a woman of 
 frail morals. 
 
 Slop, Doctor. See Doctor Slop. 
 
 Slough of Despond. In Bunyan's 
 
 " Pilgrim's Progress," a deep bog 
 into which Christian falls, and from 
 which Help extricates him. 
 
 >e®=" " The name of the slough wa.<! De- 
 spond. Here, therefore, they wallowed 
 for a time ; and Christian, because of the 
 burden that was on his back, began to 
 sink into the mire. This miry slough is 
 such a place as cannot be mended ; it is 
 the descent whither the scum and filth 
 that attends conviction for sin doth con- 
 tinually run, and therefore it is called 
 the Slough of Despond ; for still. a.s the 
 pinner is awakened about his lo<t condi- 
 tion, there arise in his soul many fears, 
 and doubts and discouraging apprehen- 
 sions, which all of them get together, and 
 
 IRf For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
SLY 
 
 347 
 
 SNO 
 
 settle in this place, and this is the reason 
 of tlie badness of this fjround.'' Bitnyan. 
 
 Ever.v thing retroKradt-d witli him towards 
 the Verge of tlie miry S/omj/t of Despond, 
 which yawns for insolveut debtors. 
 
 Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Sly, Christopher. A tinker, in the 
 '* Induetiuii " to Shakespeare's " Tam- 
 ing of the Shrew." 
 
 It was a good commonty, as ChriMopher 
 Sly to.y& ; uor were we sorry when it was 
 done. Tliuckeray. 
 
 Enough, his poor Eminence [Cardinal 
 Louis de Roiian] sits in the fittest place, in 
 the fittest mood: a newly awakened Christo- 
 pher Sly ; and with his "small ale" too he- 
 side them. Curlyle. 
 
 Small-back. A cant name in Scot- 
 land tor Death, usually delineated as 
 a skeleton. 
 
 Men have queer fancies when old Small- 
 hack is gripping them; but Stnall-txick must 
 lead down the dance with us all in our time. 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Small-beer Poet. A nickname given 
 by Cobbett to William Thomas Fitz- 
 gerald ( 1750-1829 ), a poetaster, satir- 
 ized by Lord Byron in his " English 
 Bards and Scotch Reviewers," and 
 parodied by Horace Smith in the 
 " Rejected Addresses." 
 
 Small-endians. See Big-endians, 
 The. 
 
 Smec-tym'nu-us. The title of a 
 celebrated pamphlet containing an 
 attack upon episcopacy, published in 
 1641. This work was written by five 
 Presbyterian divines, and the title 
 was formed from the initial letters of 
 their names. — (Stephen J/arshall, 
 /.'dmund Talamy. Thomas Foung, 
 3farthew A'^ewcomen, and WTlliam 
 (Spurstow. [Written also, but im- 
 properly, S m e c t y m n u s.] 
 
 Sm^el-fun'ffus. A name given by 
 Sterne to Smollett, who. in 170G, pub- 
 lished a volume of "Travels through 
 France and Italy," filled with illib- 
 eral and splenetic observations upon 
 the institutions and customs of the 
 countries he visited. " The chroni- 
 cle of his journey," says Fitzgerald, 
 " from the first day to the last, is 
 literally one prolonged snarl." The 
 nickname — the composition of which 
 is obvious — became exceedingly pop- 
 ular in England, much to the annoy- 
 ance of Smollett. It is sometimes, 
 though rarely, used in a general way 
 
 to designate an ill-tempered antiqua- 
 ry, or a mousing and inappreciative 
 historian. 
 
 The lamented Siueirrinqns traveled from 
 Boulogne to I'aris, from I'uris to Home, and 
 80 on; but he set out with the sph'en and 
 jaundice, and every object he pM.-necl l)y was 
 discolored or distorted. He wiote an account 
 of them, but 't was nothing but the account 
 of his miserable feelings. 
 
 Sterne, SentiiJie7it(il Journey. 
 
 Smelfiinffits, denouncing the torpid vacuity 
 of Voltaire's biojjfraphers, says he never met 
 with one Frenclunan, even of the litexary 
 classes, who could tell him whence this name 
 Voltaire oiigiiiated. Carlyle. 
 
 Sm,ike. A broken-spirited protege of 
 Nicholas Nickleby, in Dickens's novel 
 of that name. 
 
 Smith, ^Wayland. See Wayland 
 Smith. 
 
 Sm.oky City. A name sometimes 
 given to Pittsburg, an important 
 manufacturing city of Pennsylvania. 
 The use of bituminous coal occasions 
 dense volumes of smoke to fill the air 
 in and around the place, soiling the 
 garments of passengers, and giving 
 the buildings a dark and sooty ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Smol'kin, or Smul'kin. The name 
 ot a fiend or evil spirit mentioned in 
 Shakespeare's " King Lear," a. iii., 
 sc. 4. See Flibbertigibbet, 1. 
 
 Snare. A sheriff's officer, in the 
 Second Part of Shakespeare's " King 
 Henry IV." 
 
 Sneak, Jerry. The name of a hen- 
 pecked pin-maker, a noted character 
 in Foote's farce, '• The Mavor of 
 Garratt." 
 
 From Lucifer to Jerry Sneak there is not an 
 aspect of evil, imperfection, and littlenrss 
 which can elude the light of humor or the 
 lightning of wit. E. P. Whipple. 
 
 If, in the logic of character, Ijigo or Jerry 
 Sneak be the premises, it is impossible to find 
 Bacon in the conclusion. Atlantic Monthly. 
 
 Sneer. A carping character in Sheri- 
 dan's " Critic." with just wit enough 
 to make him mischievous. 
 
 Sneerwell, Lady. A character in 
 
 Sheridan's " School for Scandal," 
 given to gossip and slander. 
 
 Snod'grass, Augustus (2). One of 
 the Pickwick Club, in Dickens's nov- 
 el, " The Pickwick Papers;" a sort 
 of poetic nonentity. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xir-xxxii. 
 
SNO 
 
 348 
 
 SOL 
 
 Snout. A tinker, in Shakespeare's 
 '' Midsuniiner-Night's Dream." 
 
 Snug. A joiner, in Shakespeare's 
 " Alidsunnner- Night's l)rfain," who 
 takes part in the " Interlude." 
 
 The jest is as flat and fliiU as that of Syntg 
 the joiner, when he acta the lion barefaced. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Sofronia (so-fro'ne-a). A youn<^ 
 Christian of Jerusalem, who is the 
 heroine of one of the most touching 
 episodes in Tasso's "Jerusalem De- 
 
 ' livered." 
 
 j8^ '' The Mahommedan king of Jeru- 
 salem [Aladin], at the instigation of Is- 
 meu.-J, a magician, deprives a Christian 
 church of its image of the Virgin, and 
 sets it up in a mosque, under a spell of 
 enchantment, as a palladium against the 
 Crusaders. The image is stolen in the 
 night ; and the king, unable to discover 
 who has taken it. orders a massacre of 
 the Christian portion of his subjects, 
 ■which is prevented by Sofrfinia"s ac- 
 cusing herself of the offense. Her lover. 
 Olindo, finding her sentenced to the 
 stake in consequence, disputes with her 
 the right of martyrdom. He is con- 
 demneil to suffer with her. The Amazon 
 Clorinda, who has come to fight on the 
 side of Aladin, obtains their pardon in 
 acknowledgment of her services ; and 
 Sofronia, who had not loved Olindo be- 
 fore, now returns his passion, and goes 
 with him from the stake to the marriage- 
 altar." Leigh Hunt. 
 
 Sol. [Lat., the sun.] (R<mi. Myth.) 
 A surname of Apollo. See Apollo. 
 
 Solar City. See City of the Sun. 
 
 Soldiers' Friend. A surname popu- 
 larly given in England to Frederick, 
 Dukeof York (1763-1827), the second 
 son of George III., and commander 
 of the British troops in the Low 
 Countries at the period of the French 
 Revolution. It was through his exer- 
 tions that the system of favoritism 
 was abolished, and political opinions 
 were no longer made a ground of 
 preferment. In 1814, he was publicly 
 thanked by parliament for his excel- 
 lent administration of the army. 
 
 Solemn Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Solem- 
 nis.] An honorary appellation given 
 by the Sorbonne to Henry Goethals 
 (1227-1293), a eminent schoolman 
 who was a member of that famous 
 theological faculty. 
 
 Solemn League and Covenant. 
 
 {J-M(j. (f »Sc-<./. Hist.) A bond of 
 union adopted by the Scottish parlia- 
 ment in 1038. and by the English 
 parliament in 1643. Its main object 
 and sjiecitic obligation was support 
 of the Church of Scotland, and extir- 
 pation ot'p()i)ery and prelacy. Charles 
 II. subscribed to the covenant on his 
 coronation, in 1651 ; but, at the Kesto- 
 ration, it was declared null by act of 
 parliament, and was burned by the 
 common hangman. 
 
 Solid Doctor. A title conferred iipon 
 Kichard Middleton (d. 1304), an Eng- 
 lish theologian of the order of tlie 
 Cordeliers; — so called from his ex- 
 tensive learning. See Profound 
 Doctor, 2. 
 
 So-li'nus. Duke of Ephesus, in 
 Shakespeare's " Comedy of Errors." 
 
 Solomon of England. 1. An ap- 
 pellation bestowed upon Henry YIL 
 (1457-150'J), tirst of the Tudor kings 
 of England, whose reign, conducted 
 upon pacitic principles, was, upon the 
 whole, beneticial to his country, and 
 gave an opportunity ibr the nation to 
 tlourish by the development of its in- 
 ternal resources. 
 
 2. The same title has been satir- 
 ically awarded to James I. (1566- 
 1025), on account of his pedantry and 
 puerility. Buchanan, his instructor, 
 said that he " made him a y)edant 
 because he could make nothing else 
 of him." Sully aptly termed him 
 " the wisest fool hi Christendom." 
 " He was, indeed," says Macaulay, 
 "made up of two men, a witty, welL 
 read scholar, who wrote, disputed, and 
 harangued, and a nervous, driveling 
 idiot, who acted." 
 
 Solomon of France. 1. An ap- 
 pellation conferred upon Charles V. 
 (1330-1380), king of France. He 
 was also called " The Wi.se." 
 
 2. A title bestowed upon Louis 
 IX., or St. Louis (1215-1270), who 
 summoned to his council the most 
 able and virtuous men of his king- 
 dom, put an end to many ecclesias- 
 tical abuses, and was always intent 
 upon promoting the happiness of his 
 subjects. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationi, 
 
SOM 
 
 349 
 
 SOU 
 
 Som'nus. [Lat.] {Gr. 4^ Rom. Myth.) 
 A deified personilicatiou of sleep; de- 
 scribed as the sun ot" Nox and Ere- 
 bus. 
 
 Son of God. A title in common nse 
 amonij; the Jews in the time of our 
 Saviour as a designation of the ex- 
 pected Messiah. It was assumed by 
 Jesus, as expressing the peculiar and 
 intimate relationship between himself 
 and the Father. See Matt. iii. 17. 
 
 Son of Man. A designation of him- 
 self made use of by our Lord, who 
 was, "according to the flesh," the 
 son of the Virgin ]Mary, and the re- 
 puted son of Josejjh, her husband, 
 and through them both " of the seed 
 of David." But commentators are 
 far from being agreed as to the pre- 
 cise import of the term. 
 
 Son of the Last Man. A name 
 commonly given, in the time of the 
 English Commonwealth, to Charles 
 II., whose father, Charles I., was 
 popularly called the " Last Man." 
 The designation is applied to Charles 
 IL in a parliamentary otier of reward 
 for his apprehension. See Last 
 Man. 
 
 Sons of Thunder. See Boanerges. 
 
 Sordello (sof-deMo, 102). A celebrat- 
 ed I'rovencal poet whom Dante and 
 Virgil meet in Purgatory, sitting 
 alone, with a noble hauglitiness of 
 as[)ect, and eying them like a lion on 
 the watch. On finding that Virgil 
 is his countryman, he springs forward 
 to embrace him with the utmost joy, 
 and accompanies him part -way on 
 his Journey. Browning has used the 
 name as the title of a poem contain- 
 ing an account of Sordello's progress 
 in experience and education till he 
 reaches the stature, name, and fame 
 of poet. He chooses him as in some 
 sort an ideal man, who is identified 
 with the cause of liberty and hu- 
 man progress, and exemplifies the 
 highest and best results of human 
 culture. See Farinata. 
 
 So'si-a (so'shi-a, 23). A servant of 
 Amphitr\'on, or Amphitruo, in Plau- 
 tus's play of this name. Mercury, 
 availing himself of his power to as- 
 
 sume disguises at pleasure, figures, 
 in the play as the doulde of Sosia, 
 who i>, in con^e(luence. led t() doubt 
 his own identity. Hence, by an ex- 
 tension of the term, the name is given 
 to any person who closely resembles 
 another. Moliere and Drydeu have 
 both adapted the " Amphitruo " of 
 Plautus to the modern stage. 
 
 My right honorable father, sciuling for this 
 other Sosia . . . from France, insisted, in the 
 face of propriety, that he should reside in Ills 
 house, and share, in all respeets, in the op- 
 portunities of education by which the real 
 Sosia . . . hath profited in such uneonimon 
 decree. Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Again the book is brought, and in the line 
 just above that in which Tie is about to print 
 "his second, name (his rescript), his first name 
 (scarce dry) looks out upon him like another 
 Sosia, or as if a man should suddenly en- 
 counter his own duplicate. Charles Latnb. 
 
 So'si-1 (so'shi-1, 23). The name of two 
 brothers, famous booksellers at Rome 
 in the time of Horace. 
 
 Sotenville, M. de (mos'e-o' du so'- 
 t6»'vel', 43, 02). [That is. Fool m the 
 city.] A pompous, stolid, provincial 
 French noble of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, who figures in Moliere's comedy 
 of " George Dandin," and who ag- 
 gravates his intrinsic insignificance 
 and vacuity by aping the manners 
 of the court nubltsse. See Danuin, 
 George. 
 
 South, Esquire. A name given to 
 the Archduke Charles of Austria, in 
 Arbuthnot's humorous " History of 
 John Bull." 
 
 South Britain. A popular designa- 
 tion of England and Wales, or all that 
 part of the island of Great liritain 
 lying south of Scotland, which is 
 often called North Britain. 
 
 South Sea. The name originally given, 
 and still sometimes applied, to the 
 Pacific Ocean, which was discovered 
 in 1513 by V'asco NuHez de Balboa, 
 the Spanish governor of Darien. 
 Crossing the isthmus on an exploring 
 expedition, he arrived, on the 29th of 
 September, at a mountain, from the 
 suninn't of which, hinkuui south, he 
 beheld the boundless exjjanse of the 
 ocean stretched out before him, while 
 the northern portion was shut out 
 from his view. He named it, there- 
 fore, Mar del Sur, or the South Sea. 
 
 Hnd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
sou 
 
 350 
 
 SPE 
 
 South-Sea Bubble. A name popu- 
 lar! v applit'd to a stupendous stock- 
 jobfiing selieuxL', in Kii<;Iand, in 1720, 
 characterized as " the most enormous 
 fabric of national delusion ever raised 
 amon,irst an industrious and prudent 
 people." The 8outh-8ea Company, 
 a trading corporation, having ex- 
 clusive privileges, otiered to buy uj) 
 the government annuities, with a 
 view to the reduction of the public 
 debt. The proposal was accepted; 
 great numbers of people hastened to 
 invest in the stock of the comyja- 
 ny, which rose to an extraordinary 
 premium, when, on tiie 29th of Sep- 
 tember, this greatest of bubbles burst. 
 Merchants, lawyers, clergymen, phy- 
 sicians, passed from their dreams of 
 fabulous wealth, and from their wont- 
 ed comforts, into penury. " Some 
 died of broken hearts; others re- 
 moved to remote parts of the world, 
 and never i-eturned." 
 
 Spanish Bru'tus. A surname con- 
 ferred upon Alphonso Perez de Guz- 
 man (1258- l."i2()), a distinguished 
 general of Spain. It is related, that, 
 on one occasion, while besieged wit ii- 
 in the walls of a town, he was threat- 
 ened by the enemy with the death 
 of his son, who had been taken pris- 
 oner, unless he would surrender the 
 place; to which he replied by throw- 
 ing a dagger over the walls, and re- 
 fusing to surrender. This incident has 
 been dramatized by Lope de Vega. 
 
 Spanish En'ni-us. A title given to 
 Juan de Mena (1412-14.56), who owes 
 his chief liame to his having been the 
 first who introduced into Castilian 
 verse some of the retinements of 
 Italian taste. 
 
 Spanish Fury- {Ifi<t-) A name given 
 to the attack upon Antwerp by the 
 Spaniards, Nov. 4, 1570, which re- 
 sulted in the pillage and burning of 
 the ])lace, and a great massacre of 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 Spanish Jack. A noted felon exe- 
 cuted at Maidstone (Eng.), April 18, 
 1756, for stealing. He was born at 
 Alicant in Spain, and his real name 
 was Bli Gonzales. He afterwards 
 •went to England, where he had con- 
 
 nections, who induced him to change 
 his name to John Synnnonds. 
 
 Spanish Main. A name popularly 
 given, by the early English voyagers 
 and the English colonists of the West 
 India Islands, to the coast along the 
 north part of South America, from 
 the Mosquito territory to the Leeward 
 Islands. The term is otten errone- 
 ously thought to apply to the Carib- 
 bean Sea, — a double mistake, tor tlie 
 word main is not used, in this phrase, 
 as .seems to have been supposed, in 
 the sense of UKun ocean, but of main 
 land; and besides, the Caribbean Sea, 
 though commonly regarded as a por- 
 tion of the Atlantic, is not, properly 
 speaking, a part of the main ocean, 
 having almost the character of an 
 inland sea. 
 
 A piirrot, from the SpanisJi Main, 
 Full young and early ca^eil came o'er, 
 
 With hVijrht winps, to "the bleak domain 
 Of MuUa's shore. Cainjjbell. 
 
 4Q= In the following citations, the 
 name is incorrectly used : — 
 
 Then up and spake an old sailor, 
 
 Had sailed the .S/ianixh Mciiii, 
 *' I prav thee put into yonder port, 
 
 For I fear the hurricane." LongfeUov). 
 
 Under which diabolical ensign he was car- 
 
 rj'ing me and little Em'ly to the Spanish Main 
 
 to be drowned. 1/irken.i. 
 
 Spanish Moliere (mo'le ef'). A name 
 given to Leandro Fernandez ^Nloratin 
 (1760-1828 ), a Spanish dramatic poet, 
 w4io took Moliere for his model. 
 
 Spasmodic School. A name which 
 has been given in ridicule to certain 
 ])opular authors of the present day, 
 whose productions are, in a greater 
 or less degree, distinguished by an 
 overstrained and unnatural style, and 
 abound, more or less, in extravagant 
 and forced conceits. In this school 
 are commonly included Carlyle, Gil- 
 fillan, Bailey (the author of " Fes- 
 tus"), and Alexander Smith; and 
 these writers have l)een cleverly sat- 
 irized in "Firmilian, a Spasmodic 
 Tjagedy," by Professor "William Ed- 
 monstoune Aytoun. 
 
 Specter of the Brock'en. [Ger. 
 Bi'i>fl-tn(j(!ii)enst.'\ A singular colos- 
 sal apparition seen in the clouds, at 
 certain times of the day, by those 
 who ascend the Brockeii, or Blocks- 
 berj;, the highest mountain of the 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of rrou-.taciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
SPE 
 
 351 
 
 STA 
 
 Hartz range, in Prussian Saxony. 
 This remarkable optical })henonienon 
 — which was tbrnierly regarded with 
 superstitious adniiratiun tmd awe — 
 is merely a gigantic ))rojecti()u of the 
 observer's shadow upon misty clouds 
 opposite to tlie rising or the setting 
 sun. 
 
 Speed. A clownish servant of Valen- 
 tine, and an inveterate punster, in 
 Shakespeare's *' Two Gentlemen of 
 Verona." 
 
 Spans, Sir Patrick (spenss). The 
 hero of a famous old Scottish ballad, 
 represented as having been sent in 
 the winter time, by the king of Scot- 
 land, on a mission to Norway, and 
 as having been lost, Avith his whole 
 crew, in mid-ocean, on the homeward 
 voyage. 
 
 4tg=" " The name of Sir Patrick Spens 
 is not mentioned in liistory ; but I am 
 able to state th;i t tradition litis preserved 
 it. In the little island of Papa Stronsay, 
 one of the Orcadian group, lying over 
 against Norway, there is a larjj;e grave, or 
 tiimidi(.<!, which has been known to the 
 inhabitants, from time immemorial, as 
 ' the grave of Sir Patrick Spens.' . . . The 
 people know nothing beyond the tradi- 
 tional appellation of the spot, and they 
 have no legend to tell. Spens is a Scot- 
 tish, not a Scandinavian, name. Is it, 
 then, a forced conjecture, tliat the ship- 
 wreck took place off the iron-bound coast 
 of the northern islands, which did not 
 then belong to the crown of Scotland? " 
 
 Aytoun. 
 
 Sphinx. [Gr. ^jt^y^.] (Gr. if Earn. 
 Myth.) A monster described as hav- 
 ing a human head and the body of a 
 lion, and sometimes as having wings 
 al.so. It used to propose the follow- 
 ing riddle to travelers, and tear in 
 pieces those who could not solve it : 
 " What is that which has one voice, 
 and at first four feet, then two feet, 
 and at la.st three feet, and when it 
 has most is weakest?" Oedipus ex- 
 plained the enigma by saying that it 
 was man, w^ho, when an infant, creeps 
 on all fours, when a man, goes on 
 two feet, and, when old, uses a staff, 
 a third foot; and the Sphinx there- 
 upon destroyed herself. 
 
 Bpid'i-reen'. An imaginary ship 
 sometimes mentioned bv sailors. 
 
 Spo'rus (9). A name under which 
 i'ope satirizes John, Lord Hervey, in 
 the " Prologue to the Satires." See 
 LoHD Fanny. 
 
 Let .'ijionts tremble. — "What ! that thing of 
 
 silk;' 
 S/ioruK, tliat mere white curd of asses' milk? 
 Satire or sense, ahis! can Sjiorus feel ? 
 Wlio hreiiks a butterfly upon awheel? J'ope. 
 
 Squab, Poet. See Poet Squab. 
 
 Square, Mr. The name of a " phi- 
 losojjher" in Fielding's novel "The 
 liistory of Tom Jones, a Foundling." 
 
 Squeers. An ignorant, brutal, avari- 
 cious Yorkshire pedagogue, in Dick- 
 ens's novel of " Nicholas Nickleby." 
 See DoTiiEBOYS Hall. 
 
 Squintum, Doctor. See Doctor 
 Sqi'intum. 
 
 Squire of Dames. A personage in- 
 troduced by Spenser in the " Faery 
 Queen " (Bk. ill., canto vii., stanza 
 51, etseq.), and whose curious adven- 
 tures are there recorded. The term 
 is often used to express a person de- 
 voted to the fair sex. 
 
 My honest Squire of Dames, I see 
 Thou art of her privy council. 31assinger. 
 
 And he, the wandering Squire of Dames, 
 Forgot his Columbella's claims. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Squire "Western. See Western, 
 Squike. 
 
 Squob, Poet. See Poet Squab. 
 
 Stag'i-rite. [Gr. *o ^TayetptTTj^, Lat. 
 St(i(jirites.^ A surname given to 
 Ari.'^totlp (B. c. 38-1-332), from Sta- 
 gira in Macedonia, the place of his 
 biith. [Often improperly written 
 S tagy r i te.] 
 
 See physic be;a: the Stagirite's defense; 
 
 See nietaphysic call for aid on sense. Popt, 
 
 Plato's lore sublime. 
 And all the wisdom of the Stagitite 
 Enriched and beautified his studious mind. 
 
 ]f'or<lsu-<>rtfu 
 
 Staph'y-la. One of the flmvitilis ptr- 
 sorue in Plautus's " Aulularia." 
 
 Starvation Dun-das'. Henry Dun- 
 das, the first Lord Melville; — so 
 called from having first introduced 
 the word stdrratian into the English 
 language, in a speech in parliament, 
 in 1775, on an American debate. 
 
 Starveling. A tailor in Shakespeare's 
 *' JMidsummer-Xijiht's Dream." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Bules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
ST A 
 
 352 
 
 STO 
 
 St|-ti'ra (0). The heroine of La Cal- 
 preiiedc's romance of " Cassandra." 
 She was the (huighter of Darius, and 
 the most pcrti'ct workmanship of the 
 gods. Oroondates became enamored 
 of her, and, after many adventures, 
 succeeded in obtaining her hand. 
 
 S. T. C. The initials of Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge (1772-18.34), the celebrated 
 English ])oet and philosopher. He 
 is sometimes designated by them in- 
 stead of his name. 
 
 Stee'nie. A nickname for Stephen, 
 given by James I. to George Villiers, 
 Duke of Buckingham, in allusion to 
 his rine face. " And it was," says 
 Hearne, " a very singular compli- 
 ment to the splendor of his beauty, 
 having reference to Acts vi. 15, where 
 it is said of St. Stephen, ' All that 
 sat in the council, looking steadfastly 
 on him, saw his face as it had been 
 the face of an angel.' " 
 
 «teiaa. [Lat., the star.] 1. A name 
 given by Sir Philip Sidney, in a 
 series of exquisitely beautiful ama- 
 tory poems entitled " Astrophel and 
 Stella," to Penelope Devereux, — 
 afterward Lady Rich, — at one time 
 the loadstar of his affections, and 
 generally admitted to have been the 
 finest woman of her age. She was 
 a sister of Lord Essex. See Astko- 
 
 PHEL. 
 
 2. A poetical name given by Swi'^t 
 to Miss Esther Johnson, Avhose tutor 
 he was, and whom, in 1716, he pri- 
 vately married. The name Esther 
 \related to the Greek iarryp, Lat. 
 aster) signifies a star. 
 
 Sten'tor. [Gr. Srevrajp.] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 Mijth.) A Grecian herald in the 
 Trojan war, whom Homer describes 
 as "great-hearted, brazen- voiced 
 Stentor, accustomed to shout as loud 
 as fifty other men." 
 
 With this desiicn, he raised up his ciulirel 
 fiir tlie defense of his head, and, betakinjj him- 
 self to his heels, began toroarforhelp with tlie 
 lungs of a Stentor. Smollett. 
 
 Steph'a-no. 1. A drunken butler, in 
 Shakespeare's " Tempest." 
 
 2. A servant to Portia, in Shake- 
 speare's " Merchant of Venice." 
 
 Stern, Daniel (4). A nuin de plume 
 
 of Marie de Flavign}-, Countess of 
 Agoult, a i)opular Li'ench authoress 
 of the present century. 
 
 St6r'o-pes. [Gr. SrepoTTT)?.] {Gr. <^ 
 Rum. Myth.) One of the Cyclops. 
 See Cyclops. 
 
 Stewart, "Walking. See Walking 
 Stewart. 
 
 Sthe'no. [Gr. 20e./ai.] ( Gr. rf Rom. 
 Mljtlt.) One of the three Gorgons. 
 See GoKGONS. 
 
 Stich, Tom. The subject of an old 
 tract, or '' merry history," composed 
 in the seventeenth century. It con- 
 sists of a collection of anecdotes re- 
 specting a 3^oung tailor who was a 
 favorite with the ladies. 
 
 Stiles, John. See Styles, Tom. 
 
 Stink^o-ma-lee'. A cant name for 
 London University ; originated by 
 Theoilore Hook. He gave it this 
 appellation for the double reason that 
 some ([uestion about Trhicomdlee (in 
 Ceylon) was agitated at the time, and 
 that the institution was in ill odor 
 Avith the members of other Univer- 
 sities because it admitted students 
 from all denominations. 
 
 Only look at Stinkomnlee and King's Col- 
 lege! 'Activity, union, craft, indomitable per- 
 severance on the one side: indolence, inde- 
 cision, internal distrust and jealousies, calf- 
 like simplicity, and cowardice intolerable on 
 the other. Noctes Anibrosianue. 
 
 Stock'well Ghost. A name given to 
 a su])])osed supernatural agent who 
 produced a train of extraordinary 
 distmbances in the village of Stock- 
 well, near London, in the year 1772, 
 by which the inhabitants were thrown 
 into the utmost consternation. The 
 author of the imp^isture, a servant- 
 girl l)y the name of Anne Robinson, 
 Avas at length detected, and the magic 
 she employed found to be only an 
 unusual dexterity aided by the sim- 
 plicity and credulity of the specta- 
 tors. ' 
 
 Stonewall Jackson. A sobriquet 
 given, during the great American 
 Rebellion, to Thomas Jonathan Jack- 
 son (1824-1803), a general in the 
 service of the insm-gents. The ap^ 
 pellation had its origin in an expres- 
 sion used by the rebel General Bee, 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
STO 
 
 353 
 
 STY 
 
 on trvinp^ to rallv his men at the 
 battle'of Bull Kuii, July 21, ISiil,— 
 "There is Jackson, standing like a 
 stone Willi."' From that day he was 
 known as " Stone wall Jackson," and 
 his conunand as the '" Stonewall Bri- 
 gade." 
 
 Storm-and-Stress Period. [Ger. 
 Stiir)H-i{ii(l-l)rmt<j Ztit.\ In the lit- 
 erary history of (ieiinany, the name 
 given t(t a period of great intellectual 
 convulsion, during the last quarter 
 of the last century, when the nation 
 began to assert its freedom from the 
 fetters of an artificial literary spirit. 
 Goethe's "Goetz von Berlichingen " 
 gave a powerful impulse to this move- 
 ment, Avhich was increased by the 
 appearance of Schiller's "• Robbers." 
 The period derives its name from a 
 drama of Klinger (1753-18-il ), whose 
 high-wrought tragedies and novels 
 reflect the excitement of the time. 
 
 J8fg=" " The wisdom and extravagance 
 of the age imited in one stre.im. The 
 masterly criticisms of Lessing, the enthu- 
 siasm for Shakespeare, the mania for Os- 
 siau and the Northern mythology, the re- 
 vival of ballad literature and parodies of 
 Kousseau, all worked in one rebellious 
 current against established authority. 
 There was one universal shout for ' na- 
 ture.' With the young, nature seemed 
 a compound of volcanoes and moonlight. 
 To be insurgent and sentimental, explo- 
 sive and hichrymose, were the true signs 
 of genius." Lewes. 
 
 S£^ " Great indeed was the woe and 
 fury of these Power-men [Kraftmantier]. 
 Beauty to their mind seemed synonymous 
 ■with strength. All passion were poetical, 
 80 it were but fiei'ce enough. Their head 
 moral virtue was Pride ; th^ivbeau ideal of 
 Manhood was some transcript of Milton's 
 Devil. Often they inverted Boliiighroke"s 
 plan, and, instead of ' patronizing Provi- 
 dence," did directly the opposite, raging 
 mth extreme animation against Fate in 
 general, because it enthralled free vir- 
 tue, and, with clenched hands or sound- 
 ing shields, hurling defiance towards th« 
 vault of heaven." Cnrlyle. 
 
 Btormy Cape, or Cape of Storms. 
 [Port. C'ibo Tormentitso.'] The name 
 originally given to the Cape of Good 
 Hope, in 1486, by Bartholomew Diaz, 
 the celebrated Portuguese navigator. 
 Its present name, for better augury, 
 was substituted by King John II. 
 
 Jew TTirsch, run into for low Rmngsrlinf 
 piupose.s, had l)Li'n a ( >(/« <>/ .Sloniis, ditiicuH 
 to wuatlier; but the continual lee-sliore wer« 
 tl\ose French,— with a heavy jjale on, and 
 one of the ratihest pilots! L'urlyle. 
 
 Strap, Hugh. A simple, generous, 
 and faithtul friend and adherent of 
 Roderick iiandoin, in Smollett's ac- 
 couiit of the adventures of that 
 notorious personage. See Random, 
 
 RoDKKlCK. 
 
 j^^ '• We believe there are few readers 
 ■who are not disgusted with the miserable 
 reward assigned to t^trap in the closing 
 ciiapter of the novel. Five huudred 
 pounds (scarce the value of the goods he 
 had presented to his master) and the 
 hand of a reclaimed street-walker, evea 
 when addeil to a Highland farm, seem 
 but a poor recompense for his faithful 
 and disinterested attachment." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Streph'on. The name of a shepherd 
 in Sir Philip Sidney's "Arcadia," in 
 love with the beautiful shepherdess 
 Urania; used by the poets of a later 
 day as the naiiie of any lover. 
 
 Strep/ion and Chloe lanirnisli apart; join in 
 a rapture; and prescntty Von Iiear that Chloe 
 is crying, and Strepkou has broken his crook 
 across her back. Thackeray. 
 
 Strvild'brugs. The name of certain 
 wretched inhabitants of Luggnagg, 
 described in SwitVs imaginary "Trav- 
 els " of Lemuel Gulliver as persons 
 who never die. 
 
 Now it came to pass, that, alwut this time, 
 the renowned Wouter Van Twillcr, full of 
 years and honors, and council-dinner.';, had 
 reached th'it jieriod of life and faculty whicli, 
 according to the great Gulliver, entitles a man 
 to admission into the ancient order of Striild- 
 biiigs. W. Irving. 
 
 Sturm - und - Drang Zeit (stoofm- 
 obnt-dring tsit). See Stoum-and- 
 Stress Period. 
 
 Styles, Tom, alias John a-St;yles. 
 A tictitious character formerly made 
 use of in actions of ejectment, and 
 cc)mmonly connected with John o' 
 Noakes. See Noakks, Jottn o', also 
 Doe, John. [Written al.so Tom a 
 S 1 3^ 1 e s, Tom o' Styles, John 
 Styles, and John Stiles.] 
 
 4®=" Tn the IMiddle Ages, the phrase 
 John at .Style was in common use to de- 
 note a plebeian : and it still survives in a 
 slightly altered form in the saying, ' Jack 
 Noakes and Tom Sryles.' 
 
 Peter Stiiyvesant read over this friendly 
 epistle with some such harmony of aspect as 
 
 ■nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 23 
 
STY 
 
 354 
 
 SWA 
 
 we may suppose a crusty farmer reads the 
 loving letter nxJohn Stilts, warniug hiin of an 
 action of ujectincnt. W. Irving. 
 
 I liiive no connection with tlie company 
 furthiT tlmii giving them, for a certain fee and 
 rewurii, my ijoor opinion us a medical man, 
 nreciseiy iis I may give it any day to Jack 
 Noakesor Tom Stifles. Lticfceiut. 
 
 lie [Doetcr Hurton, the "Doctor Slop" of 
 Sterne's " Tristram Shandy "] • • • ^'as often 
 seen along the Yorkshire bndle-roads, thus 
 strangely uioniited, hurrying away to assist 
 the ladies of Tom o' Styles or John Noakes, 
 in their illness. Ferci) Fitzgerald. 
 
 Stym-pha'li-an Birds. See Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Styx. [Gr. 2t.^. from arvytlv, to hate.] 
 (Gr. (} Rom. Myth.) The ()rincipal 
 river of the lower world The gods 
 hel<l it in such veneration that they 
 were accustomed to swear by it, and 
 such an oath was inviolable. 
 
 Subtle Doctor. [Lat. Doclar Sublills.] 
 A name £i;iven to Duns Scotus, a fa- 
 mous schoolman of the thirteenth 
 and fourteenth centuries, celebrated 
 for his '• keenness and versatility in 
 detecting invisible distinctions, in 
 miiltiplyino- hypotheses which dif- 
 fered from each other only in some 
 verbal incidents, in untwisting every 
 thought and proposition as by an in- 
 tellectual prism, in speculating upon 
 themes above the reach of human 
 knowledge, and in the multiplication 
 of ingenious theories without proof 
 to sustain them or utility to recom- 
 mend them." 
 
 Sucker State. A cant name given, 
 in America, to the State of Illinois, 
 the inhabitants of which are very 
 generally called Suckei^s, throughout 
 the West. The origin of this term 
 is said to be as follows : — 
 
 ^C^ ''The AVestern prairies are, in 
 many places, full of the holes made by 
 the 'civtw-fish' (a fresh-water shell-fish, 
 pimilar in form to the lobster), which de- 
 8cends to the water beneath. In early 
 times, when travelers wended their way 
 over these iuiniense plains, they very 
 prudently provided themselves with a 
 lona. hollow reed, and. when thirstj', 
 thrust it into these natural artesians, 
 and thus easily supplied their longings. 
 Thecraw-flsh well generally contains pure 
 water : and the manner in which the 
 traveler drew forth the refreshing cle- 
 ment gave him the name of ' Sucker." "' 
 Providence Journal 
 
 Sullen, Squire. A brutal hu.sband in 
 Fanjuhar's '* Country lilockhead." 
 
 Parson Barnahas, Parson Trnlliber, Sir 
 "Willful Witwould, Sir Francis Wronghead, 
 Squire Western, Sf/iiirc Sullen, — such were 
 the people who composed the main strength 
 of the Tory party for sixty years after the 
 Kevdlution. Jldcuulaij. 
 
 Super Grammaticam. A name 
 
 sometinu's given to Sigismund (1367- 
 1437), emperor of Germany. 
 
 jB®" •• At the opening of the Council 
 [of Constance. 1414], he ' officiated aa 
 deacon,' at tually doing some litanying 
 ' with a surplice over him,' though Kaiser 
 and King of the Romans, lint this pas- 
 sage of his opening speech is what I rec- 
 ollect best of him there : ' Right reverend 
 Fathers, date operam, ut illn nejnnda 
 srhisma eradiretiir,'' exclaims Sigisniund, 
 intent on having the Hohemian Schism 
 well dealt with, which he reckons to be 
 of the feminine gender. To which a 
 Cardinal mildly remarking. ' Domine, 
 schis7?ia est generis nmtrius ' ( Sriilsmn is 
 neuter, your Majesty). Sigismund loftily 
 replies, 'Ego sum Rex Roi/mnus, et super 
 grannnalirani ! ' (lam King of the Ro- 
 mans, and above grammar I ) — for which 
 reason I call him in my Note-books Sigis- 
 niund Super Grnviviaticam. to distin- 
 guish him in the imbroglio of the Kai- 
 sers.*' Carlyle. 
 
 Surface, Charles. A character in 
 Sheridan's comedy, " The School for 
 Scandal ; " represented as an extrava- 
 gant rake, but generous, warm-heart- 
 ed, and fascinating. 
 
 Surface, Joseph. A mean hypocrite, 
 in Sheridan's comedy, " The School 
 for Scandal," who affects great se- 
 riousness, gravitv, and sentimental- 
 
 Surtur (soof'toof). {Scand. ^fyth.) A 
 formidable giant, who, with flames 
 collected from Muspelheim, is to set 
 tire to the universe at Kagnaruk. 
 See Ragnauok. 
 
 Surya (soo^re-S). {Hindu Mijth.) The 
 god of the sun. 
 
 Swan, The Mantuan. See Mantu- 
 AN Swan. 
 
 Swan of Avon, Sweet. A name 
 conferred upon Shakespeare by lien 
 .lonson, in some well-known com- 
 nu-ndatory verses originally ])retixed 
 to the second folio edition of Shake- 
 speare's works, printed in 1032. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
SWA 
 
 355 
 
 SYM 
 
 Swan of cam-brai' (or kon'bi-a', G2). 
 A name bestowed, on account of 
 the graces of his style, upon Kenehm 
 (1651-1715), Archbishoi) of Cainbrai, 
 and a writer of fervid I'lociuence. 
 
 Swan of Lichfield. A tith' i,nveii to 
 Miss Anna Seward (1747-18 J J), an 
 English poetess of some distinction. 
 
 Swan of Pad'u-|. A name given to 
 Count Francesco Algarotti (1712- 
 17(i4), a native of Venice, a man of 
 much information and taste, and, in 
 his day, an esteemed writer. 
 
 jgES^ '• His respectable books on the op- 
 era and other topics are now all forgotten, 
 and crave not to be mentioned." Canyle. 
 
 Swan of the Me-an'der. A name 
 applied to Homer, on account of the 
 harmony of his verse, and on the 
 supposition that he was a native of 
 Asia Minor, of which the Meander is 
 one of the chief rivers. 
 
 Swedish Nightingale. A name pop- 
 ularly given to Jenny Lind (Madame 
 Goldschmidt, b. 1821), a native of 
 Stockholm, and one of the most cele- 
 brated of female vocalists. 
 
 Sweet Singer of Israel. A title ap- 
 plied to King David. See Royal 
 Psalmist. 
 
 Sweet Singer of the Temple. A 
 name often api)lied to George Her- 
 bert (1593-1633), author of "The 
 Temple: Sacred Poems and Private 
 Ejaculations," and one of the most 
 charming and gifted, though quaint, 
 poets of England. 
 
 Swer'ga. (Hindu My fh.) A terrestrial 
 paradise situated on the summit of 
 Mount Meru {q. v.)\ the delightful 
 abode of Indra, and a place of fre- 
 cjuent resort for the other gods. 
 
 Swing. A fictitious and much-dread- 
 ed name signed to incendiary threats 
 in the rural districts of England, 
 about fifty years ago. 
 
 8wiv'el-ler, Dick. A careless, light- 
 headed fellow in Dickens's novel of 
 the "Old Curiosity Shop," whose 
 flowery orations and absurdities of 
 quotation provoke laughter, but 
 whose real kindness of heart enlists 
 sympathy. 
 
 Sword of God. A surname of Kha- 
 led, the coufjueror of Syria between 
 the years 632 and 638. He was so 
 called by Moliammed. 
 
 Swordaman, The Handsome. See 
 Handsome Swuuus.man. 
 
 Syc'o-rax. A foul witch mentioned, 
 in Shakespeare's " Tempest," as the 
 dam of Prcispero's slave, Caliban. 
 
 Juining, li()WL'\er, the various iiieiits of these 
 autliors ^Wycherley, Vaiibrugli, Farquhar, 
 CoiigreveJ, as belonging to this peiiod, they 
 form a galaxy of eoniie talent scarcely to be 
 matched in any otiier age or country, and 
 wliich is only obscured by tiiose foul and im- 
 pure mists which their pens, like the raven 
 wings of Sycorux, had brushed from forn and 
 bog. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 If you had told St/corax that her son Cali- 
 ban "was as handsome as Ai)ollo, she would 
 have been pleased, witch as she was. 
 
 T/tackeray. 
 
 Sylvanus. See Silvanus. 
 
 Symmes's Hole. An enormous open- 
 ing imagined by Captain John Cleve 
 Symmes (d. 1829), a visionary Amer- 
 ican theorizer, to exist in the crust 
 of the earth at 82° north latitude. 
 Through this opening, he thought a 
 descent might be made into the inte- 
 rior of the globe, which he supposed 
 to be peopled with plants and ani- 
 mals, and to be lighted by two small 
 subterranean planets, — named Pluto 
 and Proserpine, — which diffused a 
 mild radiance. According to Hum- 
 boldt, Captain Symmes publicly and 
 repeatedly invited Sir Humphry Davy 
 and himself to explore this under- 
 world. 
 
 4®=" It is stated by the same authority, 
 that similar fantastic notions were enter- 
 tained by the celebrated astronomer Hal- 
 ley, in tile hitter pirt of the seventeenth 
 centnry. and bv the learned Norwefjian 
 satirist and dramatist Holberg, in tlie 
 eighteenth century. 
 
 Sym-pleg'a-des. [Gr. IvunXrjydBe?, 
 
 the justling rocks.] (6'/'. cf- Rom. 
 Mytli.) Two huge floating rocks in 
 the Euxine Sea, which at times were 
 driven together by the winds, and 
 crushed all that came between them. 
 The " Argo," however, succeeded in 
 passing through in safety, losing only 
 a portion of her stern : and the isl- 
 ands thenceforth became flxed. See 
 Arcjo. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
SYN 
 
 356 
 
 SYR 
 
 Syntax, Doctor. See Doctor Syn- 
 tax. 
 
 Sy'pliax. One of the dramatis per- 
 sunoi in Addison's tragedy of "Cato." 
 
 Waverley . . . could not help burstin}; out 
 a-laughins, as he checked the propensity to 
 exclaim, with Sijphax,— 
 
 " Cato 'a a proper person to intrust 
 A love-tale with !" Sir JF. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Sy'rinx (9). [Gr. S.vpiy^.] {Or. (f 
 Jto/ii. Myth.) A nymph beloved by 
 Pan, and changed at her own re- 
 quest into a reed, of which Pan then 
 made his Hute. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
TAF 
 
 357 
 
 TAN 
 
 T. 
 
 Tarff. A pohriqnet. for a Welshman, 
 or lor the Welsh coHectively. The 
 word is a NWlsli niisproiiiiiKiatioii of 
 J^ It'!/, a diminutive of Dnrii/, one of 
 the most co\mnun of Welsli names. 
 
 Tailors of Tooley Street, The 
 Three. See Tiikke Tailous of 
 Tooley Street. 
 
 Tal'bSt, Lying Dick, A nickname 
 given to the celebrated Irish Jaco- 
 bite, Tyrconnel, who hlled the high- 
 est ortices in Ireland during the last 
 period of the rule o:' James II. and 
 the early period of William III. 
 
 Talking Bird, Singing Tree, and 
 Yellow "Water. See Pakizade. 
 
 Friedrich is loyally glad over his Toltaire; 
 eager iu all ways to content him, make him 
 happy, and keep him here, as the Talking 
 Jiinl, the Suif/inf; Tree, and the Gohlen Water 
 of intelligent mankind: the glory of one's own 
 court, and the euvy of the world. Carli/le. 
 
 TaTus. [Gr. TaAa>?.] A brazen man 
 made by Vulcan for Minos, to guard 
 the island of Crete. Spenser, in the 
 " Faery Queen," represents him as an 
 attendant upon Artegal, and as run- 
 ning continually round th ■ island of 
 Crete, administering warning and cor- 
 rection to olfenders by hooring them 
 with an iron flail. His invulnerable 
 frame, resistless strength, and passion- 
 less nature, typify the power which 
 executes the decrees of Justice and the 
 mandates of magistrates. 
 
 They [the Puritans] went through the 
 world like Sir Artegal's iron man, Tulfi.i, with 
 his flail, crushing and tramping down op- 
 pressors, mingling with human heings, but 
 having neither part nor lot in human inrtrm- 
 ities ; insensible to fatigue, to pleasure, and 
 to pain; not to be pierced by any we-ipon,not 
 to be withstood by any barrier. Mucuulay, 
 
 Talvi (taPve»). A vom rle phime as- 
 sumed by ]Mrs. Robinson, — wife of 
 Dr. Edward Robinson, — a well- 
 known authoress of the present day, 
 born in Germany: formed from the 
 initials of her maiden name, /"herese 
 libertine Zouise fon ./akob. 
 
 Tammany, St. See St. Tammany. 
 
 Tarn of the Cowgate. A sobriquet 
 given to Sir Thomas Hamilton (d. 
 
 1563), one of the ablest and most 
 learned of Scotch lawyers. 
 
 Tam'o-ra. Queen of the (ioths, in 
 Shakespeare's "Titus Andronicus." 
 
 Tannhauser, Sir (tan'hoi-zcr, 38). 
 [Ger. Rltlti' Tdiniluiuser.^ A famous 
 legendary hero of Germany, and the 
 subject of an ancient ballad of the 
 same name. The noble Tannhauser 
 is a knight devoted to valorous ad- 
 ventures and to beautiful women. 
 In Mantua, he wins the ati'ection of 
 a lovely lady, Lisaura, and of a 
 learned philosopher, Hilario, with 
 whom he converses frequently upon 
 supernatural subjects. Enchanted 
 by the marvelous tales related to him 
 by his preceptor, he wishes for noth- 
 ing less than to participate in the 
 love of some beauteous elementary 
 spirit, who shall, for his sake, assume 
 the form of mortal woman. Hilario 
 promises him that he shall kiss even 
 Venus herself, the queen of love and 
 of lovers, if he will have courage to 
 venture upon the Venusberg. The 
 infatuated Tannhauser sets forth and 
 ascends the mountain, upon hearing 
 of which Lisaura plunges a dagger 
 into her heart. Long does Tannhiiu- 
 ser tarry among tiie delicious en- 
 chantments of the Venusberg; but, 
 at last, moved to repentance, he asks 
 and obtains permission to depart. 
 He hastens to Mantua, weeps over 
 the grave of his gentle Lisaura, and 
 thence proceeds to Rome, where he 
 makes public confession of his sins to 
 Pope Urban. The pope refuses him 
 absolution, saying he can no more be 
 pardoned than the dry wand which 
 he holds can bud forth and bear 
 green leaves. Tannhiiuser, driven to 
 despair, flees from Rome, and vainly 
 seeks his former preceptor, Hilario. 
 At this juncture, Venus appears be- 
 fore him, and, with seductive smiles, 
 lures him back to the mountain, there 
 to remain until the day of judgment. 
 Meanwhile, at Rome the dry wand 
 has sprouted and borne green leaves. 
 
 and for the Remarks and KuleR to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
TAN 
 
 358 
 
 TEA 
 
 TTrban, alarmed at this miracfe, sends 
 niessfiigers in slurIi of tlie aiiliai)])V 
 knight ; but lie is nuwhciv to be I'uund. 
 
 M:S" This TaunhiusiT legend is very 
 popular in Germany, and is often allud- 
 ed to by fiertnari writers. Tieek, in his 
 '' Phantasus,'" has made it the subject 
 of a narrative, and Wagner ot a very 
 celebrated opera. The name of the 
 trusty Eikhardt is frequently joined 
 with that of Tannhduser, as a com pan- 
 ion, and by some they are considered to 
 be identical. See EcKu.iRDX, Tub; Faith- 
 ful. 
 
 Tan'ta-lus. [Gr. Ta^raAos.] ( Gr. if 
 litim. MijlJi.) A son of Jupiter, and 
 king of Lydia, Phrvgia, or Pajjhla- 
 gonia; piuiished in the infernal re- 
 gions with in.<atiable hunger and 
 thirst, and placed up to his chin in 
 ■water, under an overhanging fruit- 
 tree; but whenever he attempted to 
 drink or eat, the water or iruit re- 
 treated from his lips. His crime is 
 differently stated : the common ac- 
 count is, that, to test the omniscience 
 of the gods, he .served up the limbs 
 of his son Pelops (see Pelops) at a 
 banquet to which he had invited 
 them ; some, however, say that he 
 divulged secrets which Jove had 
 confidentially communicated to him; 
 others allege that he stole nectar and 
 ambrosia from the table of the gods, 
 and gave them to his friends; while 
 others again attribute to him inordi- 
 nate pride, and the possession of too 
 great wealth. The punishment of 
 Tantalus has passed into a proverb, 
 and from it we have derived the 
 word tantdUzt, that is, to hold out 
 prospects or hopes which cannot be 
 realized. 
 
 Tapley, Mark. The body-servant 
 of Martin Chuzzlewit, in Dickens's 
 novel of this name: noted for his irre- 
 pressible jollity, which always showed 
 Itself most when his affairs were at 
 the worst. 
 
 Charles fVri. of Francel. who was the Mark 
 Taple'i of kines. bore himself with his usual 
 jollity under this afflicting news. 
 
 Rev. John White. 
 
 Tap'per-tit, Simon. An ambitious I 
 and conceited apprentice in Dickens's 
 novel of " Barnaby Kudge." 
 
 Tar't$-rus. [Gr. Taprapo?.] {Gr. 4' 
 
 Rom. Mj/fh.) The infernal regions, 
 or, acc(jrding to some, that part of 
 them where the impious and guilty 
 were punished for their crimes. 
 
 Tar-tufife' [Fr. Tartufe (taFtuf, 
 34 )J A common nickname for a hyp- 
 ocritical impostor, or knave, who uses 
 the garb of religion to cover his de- 
 ceit. It is derived from a celebrated 
 comedy of the same name by Mo- 
 liere, in which the hero, a hypocrit- 
 ical priest, is so called. Some say 
 that the character of Tartutte depicts 
 the cont'essor of Louis XIV., Pere 
 La Chaise, whom Moliere once saw 
 eating truflles (Fr. tnrtvfes. It. tnr- 
 iuji) with great relish. Great oppo- 
 sition was made to the appearance 
 of the play; but at length, in lfi67, 
 Moliere succeeded in bringing it on 
 the stage ; and for three months 
 "Tartutte" was performed uninter- 
 ruptedly, and with great applause. 
 A comedy under the title of " Lady 
 Tartutte" has been brought out in 
 Paris with success by Mme. Delphine 
 de Girardin. 
 
 All types of all characters march through 
 all fables: tremblers and boasters; victims and 
 bullies ; dupes and knaves ; . . . 7'artujfes 
 wearing virtuous clothing ; lovers and their 
 trials, their bUndness, their folly and con- 
 stancy. 'Thackeray. 
 
 Swiss Paehe, on the other hand, sits sleek- 
 headed, frugal; the wonder of his own alley, 
 and even of neighboring ones, for humility 
 of mind, and a thouglit deeper than most 
 men's; sit there, Tartuffe, till wanted! 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Tattle. A character in Congreve's 
 comedy, "Love for Love;" repre- 
 sented as a half-witted beau, vain of 
 his amours, yet valuing himself for 
 his secrecy. 
 
 Teacher of Germany. A name 
 often applied to Philip ^Melanchthon 
 ( 14-97-1 5G0), the celebrated reformer, 
 who was so greatly admired as an 
 instructor that students flocked to 
 him from all parts of Germany, and, 
 indeed, from almost every portion of 
 Europe. 
 
 Tearless Battle. See B.\ttle, The 
 Tearless. 
 
 Tear-sheet, Doll. A .^trumpet, in the 
 Second Part of Shakespeare's '' King 
 Henrv lY." 
 
 0^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
TEA 
 
 359 
 
 TER 
 
 Seigneur and shoe-black, duchess and Doll 
 Tear-sheet, flung pell-inell into a heap, ranked 
 thumst'lves according to method. Carli/tc. 
 
 Tea'zle Lady (ce'zl). The heroine 
 of Sheridan's comedy, "The School 
 for .Scandal," and the wife of Sir 
 Peter Ti-azle, an old gentleman who 
 marries late in life. She is repre- 
 sented as beint; " a lively and inno- 
 cent, though imprudent, country girl, 
 transplantetl into tlie midst of all that 
 can bewilder and endanger her, but 
 with still enough of the purity of 
 rural life about her heart to keep the 
 blight of the world from settling upon 
 it permanently." 
 
 Tea'zle, Sir Peter. A character in 
 Sheridan's play, " The School for 
 Scandal; " husband of Lady Teazle. 
 
 Spite and enmity tliinly, disguised by senti- 
 ments as benevolent and noble as those which 
 Sir Peter Teazle admired in Mr. Joseph Sur- 
 face. Macaulaij. 
 
 Tel'a-mSn. [Gr. TeAajuoii/.] {Gr. if 
 Jidiii. Afifth.) An Argonaut, son of 
 VEacus, brother of Peleus, father of 
 Ajax and Teucer, and king of Sal- 
 amis, lie was the lirst to scale the 
 walls of Troy when Hercules took 
 that city in the reign of Laomedon. 
 He also took part in the famous (Jaly- 
 donian hunt, for a notice of which see 
 ]Mele.\gek. 
 
 Te-lem'a-chus. [Gr. TrjAeVaxo?.] ( Gr. 
 (/• Rtuii. Mi/(/i.) The only son of 
 Ulysses and Penelope. After the fall 
 of Troy, he went in quest of his father, 
 accompanied by ^Minerva in the form 
 of Mentor. 
 
 Tel'fer, Jamie. The hero of a Scot- 
 tish ballad which contains a spirited 
 account of one of the forays so com- 
 mon on the border during the reigns 
 of Mary and James VT. 
 
 Tel'lus. {Rom. Mijfh.) A personifica- 
 tion of the earth, viewed in relation 
 to its productiveness. [Called also 
 Term . ] 
 
 Tem'pe. [Gr. TewTrrj.] A romantic 
 valley between Mount Olympus and 
 Mount Ossa, in Greece, through which 
 the Peneus escapes into the sea. 
 
 They would have thought, who heard the 
 strain, 
 They saw, in Tempe's vale, her native 
 maids. 
 
 Amidst the festal-sounding shades, 
 To sonic unwearied minstrel dancing. 
 
 Collins. 
 
 Tempest, The. [Fr. La Ttinpete.] 
 A sobri(iuet conferred, on account of 
 his bravery and martial impetuosity, 
 upon Andoche Junot (1771-1813), 
 one of Napoleon's generals, who was 
 educated lor the law, but in 1792 
 eidisted in the army as a volunteer. 
 
 Temple, Laun'ce-lot. A pseudonym 
 of .lohn Armstrong (170U-i77li), the 
 English poet. 
 
 Templeton, Laurence. A pseudo- 
 nym under which Sir Walter Scott 
 published his " Ivanhoe," the work 
 being dedicated by Laurence Tem- 
 pleton to the Kev. Dr. Dryasdust. 
 
 J8rg=- " There whs no desire or wish to 
 pass off tlie supposed Mr. Teuipleton us 
 a real persou. But a kind of contiuua- 
 tioi) of ' The Tales of my Landlord ' had 
 been recently attempted by a stranger ; 
 and it was supposed this Dedicatory 
 Epistle might pass tor some imitation of 
 the same kind, and tlius putting inquir- 
 ers upon a false scent, induce theui to 
 believe they had before them the work 
 of some new candidate for their favor." 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Te'reus. [Gr. Trjpeu?.] ( Gr. (/• E0171. 
 Mi/th.) A king of Thrace, husband 
 of Progne, whose sister Philomela he 
 violated, for which he was changed 
 into a hoopoe. 
 
 Termagant. [It. Tervaf/nnfe, Trivi- 
 g(tvte ; Old Fr. Tervai/ant. Ritson 
 suggests its derivation from the Lat. 
 ter.^ thrice, and vifinre (p. pr. iinr/ans}, 
 meaning, in the lower age of Latinity, 
 to go or turn round, — a very ancient 
 ceremony in magical incantations; 
 and he supposes Termcifjnni to be a 
 corruption of Tervnqnni., just as cor- 
 morant is a corruption o^ cnrvorant ( ?), 
 and malmsey of m>ilvesie. Ugo Foscolo 
 says: '■'■ Triuar/ante, whom the prede- 
 cessors of Ariosto always couple Avith 
 Apollino, is really Diana Trivia^ the 
 sister of the classical Apollo, whose 
 worship, and the lunar sacrifices 
 which it demanded, had been always 
 preserved amongst the Scythians." 
 According to Panizzi. Trivat/anfe, or 
 Tervaff'infe, is the Moon, or Diana, 
 or Hecate, " wandering under three 
 names."] An imaginary being, sup- 
 posed by the crusaders, who coHv 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, Bee pp. xiv- 
 
TER 
 
 3G0 
 
 THA 
 
 founded Mahometans with pagans, to 
 be a -MahdUK'taii dt-ity. 'I'liis imagi- 
 nary jjersonai^e was introdiieed into 
 early llnglisli plays and moralities, 
 and was represented as ut a most 
 violent cliaraeter, so that a ranting 
 actor mij;lit always appear to ad- 
 vantage in it. Hence, tlamlet says 
 of one too extravapmt, '" 1 would 
 have such a tellow whipped for o'er- 
 doing Termagant." 
 
 Ter'ini-nus(4). (Rom. }rijth.) A deity 
 
 who presided over boundaries. His 
 
 worship is said to have been instituted 
 
 by Nunui. 
 Terp-sich'o-re. [Gr. Tcpi/^ixoprj.] ( Gr. 
 
 <j- Rom. Mijth.) One of the Muses; 
 
 the one wlio presided over dancing. 
 
 TSr'ra. {Rom. Myth.) A personifica- 
 tion of the earth; the same as TtUus. 
 
 Terror of the "World, [Lat. Mrtus 
 Orhls.] A name given to Attila, 
 the famous king of the Huns, by his 
 contemporaries. See Scourge of 
 Gou. 
 
 TSr'ry Alts. A lawless body in Clare, 
 Ireland, who sprang up after the Un- 
 ion, and committed various outrages. 
 Similar societies Avere '' The Thrash- 
 ers," in Connaught, " The Carders " 
 (so called from tiaying their victims 
 with a wool -card), Sec. See Cap- 
 tain Right and Captain Kock. 
 
 Te'thys. [Gr. Tr,Ov<;.'] (Gr. <f- Rom. 
 Mijtli.) A daughter of Coelus and 
 Terra, and the wife of Oceanus, to 
 whom she bore the Oceanids and 
 the river-gods. 
 
 Teu'cer. [Gr. TeC/cpo?.] ( Gr. (f Rom. 
 Jfi/tfi.) 1. A son of the river-god 
 Scamander, and the lirst king of 
 Trov. 
 
 2. A son of Telamon of Salamis, 
 and brother of Ajax. He was the 
 best archer among the Greeks at the 
 siege of Troy. 
 
 But, thought hp, I mny, like a second Tfi- 
 cpr, flisrhar'^re inv shafts from hohind the 
 shield of niy ally. ' Sir \V. Srott. 
 
 Teufelsdrockh, Herr {her toi^fels- 
 dri.k. 4.3, 4fi). [Ger., DoviTs dimg.] 
 An eccentric German professor and 
 philosopher, whose imaginary '* li e 
 and opinions " are given in Carlyle's 
 
 OS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying £zplanation^ 
 
 " Sartor Re.sartus." " The Philosophy 
 of Clothes" is represented as tbrming 
 the subject of his speculations. " To 
 look through the Siiows of things into 
 Things themselves he is led and com- 
 pelled." The design of the work is 
 the exposure of the illusions and 
 shams which hold sway so exten- 
 sively over the human intellect and 
 the social life of man. 
 
 Thaisa. A daughter of Simonides, in 
 Shakespeare's " Pericles." 
 
 Thal'a-ba. The hero of Southej^'s 
 poem entitled " Thalaba, the De- 
 stroyer." 
 
 Tha-les'tris. [Gr. ©aATjo-rpis.] {Gr. 
 if Rom. Myth.) A queen of tha 
 Amazons. 
 
 "A perfect Tttale^trisi !" said the emperor' 
 " I shall take care what offense I give her." 
 
 6'iV IV. Scott. 
 
 Tha-li'a. [Gr. 0<iAeia.] ( (y'r. (f Rom. 
 
 Myth.) 1. One of the Muses ; the 
 Muse of comedy. 
 
 2. One of the Graces. See Gkaces. 
 
 Thal'i-ard, A lord of Antioch, in 
 Shakespeare's " Pericles." 
 
 Thain'rauz. {Myth.) The name under 
 which the Phrenicians and Syrians 
 worshiped Adonis. He Avas killed 
 by a Avild boar on ]Mount Libanus, 
 and Avas said to revive and be slain 
 again eA'eiy year. His death hap- 
 pened on the banks of a river named 
 after him Adonis, Avhich at a certain 
 season of the year acquired a reddish 
 tinge. By this circumstance his feast 
 was regulated. 
 
 J7inrnrnii~ r^me next behind. 
 Whose finnnal wound in T,obTnon alhired 
 The Svrinn dimsels to l.Tment his fnte 
 Jn ninorous ditties all n summer's day; 
 Wliilo smooth Adonis from his nntive rook 
 R in imrplc to the sea, suptiosed with blood 
 Of 'nKiiinni'z yearly wounded. Milton. 
 
 Tham'y-Hs. [Gr. <=>auvoic.] ( Gr. cf 
 Rom. Myth.) A Thracian poet of 
 such overweening conceit that be 
 boasted he could surpass the ^Nlusea 
 themselves in song: in consequence 
 of Avhich he Avas deprived of Ill's sight 
 and of the power of singing. He Avas 
 therefore represented Avith a broken 
 lyre in his hand. See M.k<)NI1>K8. 
 
 Thaumaste (to'masf, 30, 40, 04). 
 The name of a great English scholar 
 
THA 
 
 361 
 
 THE 
 
 in Rabelais' celebrated satirical ro- 
 mance. He went to France to ar^ue 
 by signs with I'antagrnel, and was 
 overcome by I'anurge. 
 
 Thau^ma-tur'gus. A surname given 
 to tiregory, a native, and afterward 
 bishop, ot Neo-Ciesarea, in Cappado- 
 cia, in tlie third century, on account 
 of the numerous miracles ascribed to 
 him by his early and his mediaival 
 biographers. 
 
 Thau'ma-tur'gus of the "West. An 
 appellation given to St. Bernard 
 (lUi)l-1153) by his admiring disci- 
 ples. His ascetic life, solitary studies, 
 and stirring elo(iuence, made him, 
 during his lifetime, the oracle of 
 Christendom. He became widely 
 known in connection with the disas- 
 trous crusade of 1140, which was 
 urged on by his fervid zeal. In- 
 numerable legions, tired by his burn- 
 ing words, hurried to the East, almost 
 depopulating, in many places, castles, 
 towns, and cities. 
 
 Thek'la {Get: pron. tek'la). The 
 daughter of Wallenstein, in Schiller's 
 drama of this name. She is an in- 
 vention of the poet. 
 
 Th^leme (ta-'lam', 31). A name un- 
 der which Voltaire has personitied 
 the will, in his composition entitled 
 '' Theleme and Macare." 
 
 Th^leme, Abbey of. The name of an 
 imaginary establishment in Kabelais' 
 " Gargantua," stored with every thing 
 which could contribute to earthly 
 happiness, and given by Grangi»usier 
 to Friar John, as a recompense for 
 his senices in helping to subject the 
 people of Lerne. 
 
 4S= " The Abbey of Theleme is the 
 Tery reverse of a Catholic rfligious house, 
 being an edifice consecrateil to the high- 
 est state of worldly civilization. As the 
 discipline of Gnrgantna represents Ra- 
 belais' notion of a perfect education, so 
 may we suppose the manners of the ab- 
 bey show what he considered to he the 
 perfection of polished society. Religious 
 hypocrites, pettifogging attorneys, and 
 usurers are excluded ; gallant ladies and 
 gentlemen, and faithful expounders of 
 the Scriptures, are invited bv the in- 
 scription over the gate. The motto of the 
 establishment is, * Facfy que vaul/fras,^ 
 
 [Do what thou wilt] ; and the whole rega- 
 
 lations of the convent are such ;\s to se- 
 cure a succession of elegant recreations, 
 according to the pleasure of the inhab- 
 itants." For. Qu. Rev. 
 
 Now in tliis Abf>et/ of The'liiiie, 
 "Which realized tlie'fairest dream 
 That ever dozing bull-frog had. LoioelU 
 He appeared less to he supplicating expect- 
 ed mercies, than thankful tor those already 
 found, as if . . . saying the " gvatUt" in the 
 refectory of the Abbey of T/teleiin'. 
 
 Putnam's Mag. 
 
 The'mis. [Gr. ©e>i?.] ( Gr. ^ Rom. 
 Myth.) The goddess of justice, a 
 daughter of Coelus and Terra. She 
 was also a prophetic divinity. 
 
 Against these Bailliages, against this Ple- 
 nary Court, exasperated Themis every where 
 shows face of battle. Carlyle. 
 
 Theodorus (the'o-do'rus, 9 ; Fr. 
 pron. ta^o'do'riiss' 102). The name 
 of a physician, in Rabelais' romance 
 of " Gargantua." At the request of 
 Ponocrates, Gargantua's tutor, he un- 
 dertook to cure the latter of his vi- 
 cious manner of living, and accord- 
 ingly purged him canonically with 
 Anticyrian hellebore, by whicli medi- 
 cine he cleared out all the foulness 
 and perverse habit of his brain, so 
 that he became a man of great honor, 
 sense, courage, and piet}'. 
 
 Ther-si'tSs. [Gr. ©epaiVrj?.] ( Gr. cf 
 Rom. MyiJi.) The ugliest and most 
 scurrilous of the Greeks before Troy. 
 He spared, in his revilings, neither 
 prince nor chief, but directed his 
 abuse principally against Acliilles and 
 Ulysses. He was slain by Achilles 
 for deriding his grief lor Penthesilea. 
 The name is often used to denote a 
 calumniator. Shakespeare introduces 
 him in his play of " Troilus and 
 Cressida," exhibiting him as a sar- 
 castic humorist who lays open the 
 foibles of those about him with con- 
 summate address. 
 
 In the midst of this chuckle of self-gratula- 
 tion, some figure goes by, which Thersites too 
 can love and admire. Emerson. 
 
 The'seus (28). [Gr. (s^rjd-ei;?.] 1. {Gr. 
 if Rom. Myth.) A son of ^geus, and 
 king of Athens, who, next to Hercu- 
 les, was the most celebrated of the 
 heroes of antiquity. He vanquished 
 the Centaurs, slew the IMinotaur, and 
 escaped from the labyrinth of Crete by 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numberb after certain words refer, Bee pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
THE 
 
 3G2 
 
 THI 
 
 means of a clew of thread given him 
 by Ariadne. He was further distin- 
 guished for his friendship tor Piritli- 
 
 OUS. See AltlADNK, illl'POLYTUS, 
 
 and PiHiTiious. 
 
 2. Duke of Athens; a character in 
 Sliakuspeare's " Midsuninier-Night's 
 Dream." 
 Thes'ty-lis. [Gr. ©ecrrvAi?.] A female 
 slave mentioned in one of the idyls 
 of Theocritus ; hence, any rustic 
 maiden. 
 
 And then in haste her bower she leaves 
 With TheM'jlis to bind the sheaves. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 The'tis. [Gr. 0€ti?.] {Gr. (f Rom. 
 Myth.) A sea-nymph, daughter of 
 Nereus and Doris, wife of Peleus, and 
 mother of Achilles. 
 
 Theuerdank (toi^ef-dahk). [Ger., 
 dear thanks.] A sobriquet of 5laxi- 
 milian I., emperor of Germany (145U- 
 1519)-, also the title of a German 
 poem tirst printed at Niirnberg in 
 1517. 
 
 Third Founder of Rome. A title 
 given to the Roman general Caius 
 Marius, on account of iiis repeated 
 triumphs over the public enemies of 
 his country, particularly for his suc- 
 cessful conduct of the Jugurthine war, 
 and for his decisive victories over the 
 combined forces of the Ambrones and 
 Teutoues, near Aqu* Sextine (Aix), 
 iii 102 B. c, and over the Cimbri, on 
 the plain of Vercelhe (V'ercelli), in 
 101. 
 
 Thirty Tyrants, The. [Rom. Ilisf.) 
 A fanciful designation given to a 
 number of adventurers, who. after the 
 defeat and captivity of Valerian, and 
 during the reign of his weak succes- 
 sor, Gallienus (a. d. •2J0-267), aspi'-ed 
 to the throne, and by their contests 
 threatened to produce a complete 
 dissolution of the empire. The name 
 was tirst applied to them by Trebel- 
 lius Pollio, one of the writers of the 
 Augustan Chronicle, who has given 
 the biographies of the ditferent usurp- 
 ers. The analogy between these ad- 
 venturers, who sprang up suddenly, 
 without concert or sympathy, in di- 
 verse quarters of the world, each 
 struggling to obtain supreme domin- 
 ion for himself, and the Thirty Tv- 
 
 iieioues, Ills boh. 
 llerennianus, >„n,„_ 
 Timolaus, <«'^er 
 Vabalathus, yo°»- 
 
 rants of Athens, who, on the termi- 
 nation of the I'eloponnesian war, re- 
 ceived the sway over that city from 
 the Spartan Lysander, is purely im- 
 aginary. Even the numbers do not 
 c«jrrespond; and the Latin historian is 
 forced to include the names of wom- 
 en and children, and many doubtful 
 names, to complete the parallel. 
 
 j^^ The following list comprises all 
 who have beea meutioned by different 
 autliors : — 
 
 Cecrops. Macrianus, father and 
 Antoninus. son; and 
 
 Cyriudes. Quietus, anothereon. 
 
 Postumus, father and Ualista. 
 
 son. Odenathus. 
 
 Lselianus, or Lollia- Herodes, his son. 
 
 nus. 
 Marius. 
 Victor! nus, father 
 
 and son. Maonius. 
 
 Victoria, or Victori- Zenobia. 
 
 na. risi). 
 
 Tetricus, father and Valens. 
 
 son. ^milianus. 
 
 Ingenuus. Saturninus. 
 
 Regalianus. Celsus. 
 
 Aureolus. Firmus. 
 Trebellianus. 
 
 Thirty Years' "War. (Ger. Hist.) A 
 collective name given to a series of 
 wars between the Protestants and 
 the Catholics in the tirst half of the 
 seventeenth century. It began with 
 an insurrection of the Bohemians, in 
 1018, and ended with the peace of 
 Westphalia, in 1G18, spreading from 
 one end of Germany to the other, and 
 leaving the country one wide scene 
 of desolation and disorder. The house 
 of Austria was at the head of the 
 Catholic party, while the chief sup>- 
 port of the Protestants was Gustavus 
 Adolphus. 
 
 This'be. [Gr. ©tVSr,.] (Gr. cf Rom. 
 Mi/fh.) A beautiful maiden of Bab- 
 ylon, beloved by Pyramus. They 
 lived in adjoining houses, and, as 
 their parents would not let them mar- 
 ry, they contrived to communicate 
 through an opening in a wall. Once 
 they agreed to meet at the tomb of 
 Ninus. Thisbe was first on the spot, 
 but, seeing a lioness, she became 
 frightened, and ran off, dropping in 
 her haste a garment, which the lioness 
 found and soiled with l)lood. When 
 Pyramus arrived and saw it. he imag- 
 ined that Thisbe was killed, and so 
 made away with himself; while she, 
 
 B^" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
TIIO 
 
 363 
 
 THR 
 
 gaining courage, after a time returned, 
 and, tiiiding his dead bcKly, likewise 
 killed herself. iShakespeare has bur- 
 lesijued the story of l-*yrainus and 
 Thisbe in the lnt*?rlude in his "Mid- 
 summer-Night's Dream." 
 
 Tliu wall he sets 'twixt Flame and Air 
 (Like tliat which barred young Thisbe's 
 blist)). 
 Through whose small holes this dangerous 
 pair 
 May see each other, but not kiss. 
 
 1'. JIuore {on Uaci/'s Safety- Lamp). 
 
 Thomas the Rhymer. The name 
 under which Tliomas Learmont, of 
 Ercildoune,a Scotcliman, — burn dur- 
 ing the reign of Alexander III., and 
 living in tlie days of Wallace, — i8 
 generally and best known. 
 
 4®= '' This personage, the Merlin of 
 Scotland, and to whom some of tlie ad- 
 ventures whicli the British bards as- 
 signed to Merlin Caledonius, or The Wild, 
 have been transferred by tradition, was, 
 as is well known, a magician, as well as a 
 poet and prophet. He is alleged still to 
 live in the land of Fairy, and is expected 
 to return at some great convulsion of 
 society, in which he is to act a distin- 
 guished part, — a tradition common to all 
 nations, as the belief of the Mahommedans 
 respecting their twelfth Iniaum demon- 
 strates." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Tho'pas, Sir. The hero of the " Rime 
 
 of Sir Thopas," one of Chaucer's 
 
 ''Canterbury Tales," containing an 
 
 account of the adventures of a knight- 
 
 eiTant, and his wanderings in search 
 
 of the queen of Faery. [Written 
 
 also, erroneously, T o p a z.] 
 
 T\a-\ ns ^ir Tnnnz, or Squire Quarles, — 
 
 IMatthew did for the nonce reply,— 
 
 At embletn or device am I. Prior. 
 
 Thor. [Old Norse TJwrr, contracted 
 from Tlmnnr, Old Saxon Thnnnr, 
 A.-S. T/nmnr, Old High Ger. Do- 
 nnr ; all from the same root as thnn- 
 (7f>7\] (Sc'inil. ^fy^h.) A son of Odin 
 and Frige^a; the god of war, and 
 in that capacity the defender of the 
 gods airainst the frequent attacks of 
 the Giants. He drives a golden char- 
 iot drawn by two white he -goats, 
 and, when it rolls along the heavens, 
 it causes thunder and lightning. 
 His principal weapon, and that on 
 which much of his power depends, is 
 a macp or hammer called jMjiilnir. 
 He has also a famous belt, which, 
 
 when on him, doubles his strength, 
 and a pair of steel gauntlets, which 
 are of great use to him, as M jblnir i8 
 almost always red - hot. The lifth 
 day was sacred to this god, and hence 
 it was called Thor's day, our Thurs- 
 day. 8ee Mjolmk. 
 
 Thorn'hill, Sir "William, or Squire. 
 See liuKCHELU, Mk. 
 
 This worthy citizen abused the aristocracy 
 much on the same principle as the fair Oliv- 
 ia depreciated Squire Tliornhill ; — lie had a 
 sneaking att'ectioii for what he abused. 
 
 Sir E. Jiulwcr Lytton, 
 
 Thorough. An expressive name given 
 by the F^arl of Stratibrd (T/iomas 
 Wentworth), one of the privy coun- 
 cilors of King Charles 1., to a vast 
 and celebrated scheme projected by 
 himself, and designed to make the 
 government of England an absolute 
 or despotic monarchy. 
 
 Thorough Doctor. [Lat., JDocfor 
 Fundatus.'] An honorary appellation 
 conferred upon William Varro, an 
 English JNIinorite and scholastic phi- 
 losopher of the last half of the thir- 
 teenth century. 
 
 Thoth. (Ef/jfpL Myth.) The god of 
 eloquence, and the supposed invent- 
 or of writing and philosophy: rep- 
 resented as having the body of a 
 man, and the head of a lamb or ibis. 
 He corresponds to the J\Jtrcury of the 
 Greeks and Romans. 
 
 Thoughtless, Miss Betsey. The 
 heroine of a novel of the ^alne name 
 by Mrs. Hey wood (lfinf?-1768), sup- 
 posed to have suggested the plan of 
 Miss Bumey's " Evelina." She is 
 represented as a virtuous, sensible, 
 and amiable young lady, but heed- 
 less of ceremony, ignorant of eti- 
 quette, and without experience of the 
 manners of the world. She is con- 
 sequently led into many awkward 
 situations, most mortifying to her 
 vanity, by which the delicacy of an 
 amiable and devoted lover is at length 
 alarmed, and his aftections almost for 
 ever alienated. 
 
 Thra'so. [Lat. ; Gr. flnaa-uiv. a brag> 
 gart, from Ooaavt;, bold, over-bold.] 
 The name of a swaggerinc: captain 
 in Terence's "Eunuch." From this 
 
 nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. ziv-xzziL 
 
THR 
 
 3G4 
 
 THU 
 
 name is derived the .djective three- 
 son icdl. 
 
 Three Calendars. 'I'hree sons of 
 kings, (iis<;iiisf(l as bogging dervises, 
 •who are tiic subject of tales in the 
 "Arabian iS'ights' Entertaiinnent8." 
 
 Jeanie went on oi)cning doorx, like the 
 second Cd/nmlur wnutmg an eye, in the castle 
 of the hundred obliging; daniKcLs, until, like 
 the said prince-errant, she came to a stable. 
 
 ^ir U'. :Scott. 
 
 Three-fingered Jack. The nick- 
 name pojiiilarh' given to a famous 
 negro robber, who was the terror of 
 Jamaica in 1780. He was hunted 
 down and killed in 1781. 
 
 Three Kings of Cologne. See Co- 
 logne, Thk Thkee Kings of. 
 
 Three Tailors of Tooley Street. 
 Three characters said bv Canning 
 to have held a meeting for redress 
 of popidar grievances, and to have 
 addressed a petition to the house of 
 commons, beginning, " We, the peo- 
 ple of England." Tooley Street is 
 in London, in the parliamentary bor- 
 ough of Southwark. 
 
 What n queer fish Mr. Taylor imist have 
 been! Where is he now? "Why, he (vour 
 servant) is Tavlor — .Jereniv TaVlor — 'Tom 
 Taylor— Taylortlio Water-Poet— Billy Tay- 
 lor—the Thr''/' Tailors of Tooley Street — . .'. ; 
 and — he is asleep ! Sala. 
 
 Thresher, Captain. The feigned 
 leader of a body of lawless persons 
 meeting as confederates, who attack- 
 ed the collectors of tithes and their 
 imderlings in Ireland about the year 
 180G, in consequence of the exactions 
 of the latter in the counties of Mayo, 
 Sligo, Leitrim, and part of Koscom- 
 mon. Tlieir threats and warnings 
 were signed Captain Thresher. 
 
 Thrym. {f>cnnfh Myth.) A giant 
 who fell in love with Frevja.and stole 
 Thor's hammer, hoping to receive her 
 hand as a reward for returning it. 
 See MjiiLMR. 
 
 Tnumb, Tom. [Fr. Le Petit Poncet, 
 vTer. D'nimlinrjj] The name of a di- 
 minutive personage celebrated in the 
 legendary literature of England. He 
 is said to have been buried at Lin- 
 coln, where a little blue flag-stone was 
 long shown as his ni(uiument. which, 
 however, has been displaced and lost. 
 
 fl^ In the Bodleian Library there is a 
 work beariu;; the lollowiug title: "Tom 
 Tiiuinb ills life and death : wherin is de- 
 clared many inaruailous acts of uian- 
 hood, full of wonder and strange nierri- 
 uieuts. \Vliicl) little kiii>riit lived in 
 King Arthur's time, and famous in the 
 Court of Great Brittaiiie. London : 
 printed for .John Wright, 1G30." It be- 
 gins thus : — 
 
 " In Arthur's court Tom T/iumbe did liu«, 
 A man of mickle mif;ht. 
 The be.st of all the Table Round, 
 And eke a doughty kniglit. 
 
 "His stature but an inch in height, 
 Or quarter of a span ; 
 Then tliinke you not this little knight 
 Was prou'd'a valiant many" 
 
 JS£^ " As to Tom Thumb, he owes his 
 Christian name, most piobably, to the 
 spirit of reduplication, t^onie Teuton, or, 
 it may be, some still remoter fancy, had 
 imagined the manikin, called, from his 
 proportions. Daumling, the diminutive 
 of Davm, the same word as our thumb ; 
 while the Scots got him as Tamlane.and, 
 though forgetting his fairy proportions, 
 sent him to ElUand, and rescued him 
 thence just iti time to avoid being made 
 the * Teind to hell.' As Daumling, he 
 rode in the horse's ear, and, reduplicated 
 into Tom Thumb, came to England, and 
 was placed at Arthur's court, as the true 
 land of Romance ; then in France, where 
 little Gauls sucked their Latin polUx na 
 their jiouce, he got called ' Le Petit I'ou- 
 cet,' and was sent to the cave of an ogre, 
 or orco, — a monster (nio.st likely a cuttle- 
 fish), — straight from the Mediterranean, 
 and there peiformed his treacherous, but 
 justifiable, substitution of his brother's 
 night caps for the infant ogresses" crowns, 
 and so came to England as Hop-o'-my- 
 Thumb, too often confounded with the 
 true Tom Thumb.'' Yuvge. 
 
 SSr" '■ On ballad authority we learn 
 that ' Tom a lyu was a ^cocttsman born.' 
 Now . . . 'J'om-a lin. otli< iwise Tamlane. 
 is no other than Tom Tiiumb liimstlf, who 
 was origin:illy a dwarf, or dwergar, of 
 Scandinavian descent, being the Thaum- 
 jin, /. e. Little Thumb, of the Nortiimen. 
 Drayton, who introdmes Vioth these he- 
 roes in his ' N_\ mphidia,' seems to have 
 suspected their identity. . . . The prose 
 histnrv of Tom Thumb is manutactured 
 from the ballad ; and by the introduction 
 of the fairy queen at his birth, and cei-» 
 tain poetical touches which it yet exhib- 
 its, we are led to suppose that it is .a rifac- 
 cinmento of au earlier and better origi- 
 nal." Q«- Hei\ 
 
 Thunderbolt of Italy. A sobriquet 
 or surname given to (iaston de Eoix 
 
 l»- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
THU 
 
 365 
 
 TIM 
 
 (1489-1512), nephew of Louis XII. 
 of France, and conuwander of the 
 
 « French armies in Italy, wliere he 
 gained a series of brilliant victories, 
 and distinji,uished himst'lf by the ce- 
 lerity of his movements. 
 
 Thunderer, The. A popular appel- 
 lation of the London "Times;'* — 
 oriiiinally ii:ivcn to it on account of 
 the powerful articles contributed to 
 its columns by the editor, Edward 
 Sterling. 
 
 Thundering Legion. [Lat. Lerjio 
 FaliuiiuUrir.] A name given to a 
 Kcnnan legion, A. d. 179, from the 
 prayers of some Christians in it hav- 
 ing been followed, it is said, by a 
 storm of thunder, lightning, and rain, 
 which not only enabled them to re- 
 lieve their thirst, wliich had been ex- 
 cessive, but tended greatly to dis- 
 eomtit the Marcomanni, the invading 
 ^nemy. 
 
 4gg=- This legend has been the subject 
 of considerable controversy ; and, though 
 there would appear to have been some 
 foundation for the storv, it is certain 
 that tne name " Tliunderiug Legion'' 
 existed long before the date when it is 
 said to h.ive originated. 
 
 Thu'ri''^ (9). A foolish rival to Val- 
 entine, in Shakespeare's " Two Gen- 
 tlemen of Verona." 
 
 Thwp'^kum.. A famous character in 
 Fielding's novel, "'The History of 
 Tom .Jones, a Foundling." 
 
 While the world was resounding with the 
 noise of a disputatious philosophy, the Baco- 
 nian school, like AUworthy, seited between 
 Square and TTiwdrkmn, pp'served a cahn 
 neutrality, half scornful, jnlf benevolent, and, 
 content with addinsi to the sum of practicd 
 good, left the war of words to those who Hked 
 it. Macauhvj. 
 
 Thy-es'tes. [Gr. ©ueo-rrj?.] (Gr. if 
 Rnni. yfiffh.) A son of Pelops and 
 Hippodamia, and brother of Atreus, 
 with whose wife he committed adul- 
 tery. In requital of this act, Atreus 
 invited his brother to a feast, at Avhich 
 he made him ignorantly eat the flesh 
 of his own son. Thyestes consulted 
 an oracle, to learn how he might 
 avenge himself; and having been told 
 that his offspring by his own daugh- 
 ter should avenge him, he begot by 
 her "^gisthus, who afterw^ard slew 
 Atreus. 
 
 A natural r'^past ; in ordinary times, t 
 harmless one now, fatal as that of Th>ieitt«s, 
 
 Curlyle. 
 
 Thyr'sis (4). [Gr. Miipo-i^.] The name 
 of a herdsmau in Theocritus; also, a 
 she|)herd mentioned in N'irgii's sev- 
 enth Eclogue, who has a poetical con- 
 test with Corydon; hence, in modem 
 poetry, any shepherd or rustic. 
 
 Hard by, a cottage cliimne'y' smokes 
 From betwixt two aged oaks, 
 Where Uorydon and 77///r.s/>, met, 
 Are at tlieir savory dinner set. Jliltotu 
 
 Tibbs, Beau. See Beau Tibbs. 
 
 Tib'ert, Sir. A name given to the 
 cat, in the old romance of " Ilenard 
 the Fox.'' See Kknahd. 
 
 Tickler, Timothy. One of the inter- 
 locutors in Wilson's " Nodes Am- 
 brosiana?;'' an idealized portrait of 
 an Edinburgh lawyer named Robert 
 Sym (1750-1844). 
 
 Tiddler, Tom. A personage well 
 known among children from the 
 game of " Tom Tiddler's ground." 
 One of Dickens's minor tales is enti- 
 tled "Tom Tiddler's GrouncL" 
 
 Tiddy-doll. A nickname given to 
 Richard Grcnville, Lord Temple 
 (1711-1770), in the pasquinades of 
 his time. 
 
 Til'bu-ri'na. [Latinized from the 
 Eug. T'dhiiry.'] A character in Sher- 
 idan's play, " The Critic," whose 
 love-lorn ravings constitute the acme 
 of burlesque tragedy. She is the 
 daughter of the governor of Tilbury 
 Fort. 
 
 An oyster may be crossed in love, says the 
 gentle TUhnrinn, — and a drover m'ny be 
 touched on a point of honor, says the Ch'-on- 
 icler of the Canongate. Sir H'. Scott. 
 
 T>ike Tilhun'nn in the play, they fAIrs. Rad- 
 cliffij's heroines] are "inconsolable to the 
 minuet in Ariadne." Dunlop. 
 
 TH'bu-ry Fort, Governor of. A 
 character in ^Ir. PutPs tragedy of 
 " The Spanish Armada," in Sheri- 
 dan's dramatic piece entitled " The 
 Critic;" "a plain matter-of-fact 
 man; that 's his character." 
 
 Thousrh the parlinmentart' major stood 
 firm, the father, as in ttie c'\i^p of tho Governor 
 of Tilbun/, was softened, and bo agreed that 
 his friends should accept a compromise. 
 
 Sir »'. Scott. 
 
 Tim't-Ss. The name of a character in 
 Spenser's " Faiiry Queen," intended 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii- 
 
TIM 
 
 366 
 
 TIR 
 
 to represent the spirit of chivalrous 
 honor and generosity. 
 
 j^tT " Tb« iitrettiou of Tiinias for Bel- 
 phoelte is allowed, on all hamls, to alluiie 
 to Sir Walter Raleigh's pretended adiiii- 
 ratiou of Queen Klizabetli ; and his dis- 
 grace, on account of a less platonic in- 
 trigue with the daugliter of t^i^ Nicholas 
 Throirniorton. together with his restora- 
 tion to favor, are plainly pointed out in 
 the subsequent events. But no commen- 
 tator h;u-5 noticed the V)eautiful insinua- 
 tion by which the poet points out the er- 
 ror of his friend, and of liis frieiid'.s wife. 
 Tiniias finds Aiiioret in the arms of Cor- 
 flambo, or sensual passion : he combats 
 the nion.'^ter unsuccessfully, and wounds 
 the lady iu his arms."' Sir IV. Hcott. 
 
 Ti'mon. [Gr. Tiixon:] An Athenian 
 who lived in the time of the Pelopon- 
 nesian Avar, noted as an " enemy to 
 mankind." lie is mentioned by Plu- 
 tarch, Lucian, Aristophanes, and other 
 Greek writers, but is best known to 
 English readers as the misanthropical 
 hero of Shakespeare's '• Tinion of 
 Athens." 
 
 jBfg= '"The story [in Shakespeare] is 
 treated in a very simple manner . . . : — 
 in the first act. tiie jmous life of Timon. 
 his nolile and hospitable extravagance, and 
 the throng of every description of suitors 
 to liim ; in the second and third acts, his 
 embarrassment, and the trial which he is 
 thereby reduced to make of his supposed 
 friends, who nil desert him in the hour 
 of need ; in the fourth and fifth acts, 
 Timon's flight to the woods, his misan- 
 thropical melancholy, and his death."' 
 
 Schlegrl, Drans. 
 
 When he [Horace 'Walnnlo] talked misfin- 
 vhrnpy, lie oiit-Timoncd Timon. Macaulay. 
 
 Tin-cla'ri-an Doctor, The Great 
 (9). A title assumed by William 
 iVIitchell, a Avhite-irnn smith, or tin- 
 plate worker, of Edinbiircch, who pub- 
 lished many indescribable books and 
 broadsides there and in Glasccow at 
 the be^innina: of the last centurv'. 
 '* The reason why I call myself Tin- 
 clnri'in Doctor," quoth he, " is be- 
 cause I am a Tinklar, and cures old 
 Pans and l.antruns." His ^Teat work, 
 the " Tinkler's Testament," was dedi- 
 cated to Queen Anne. 
 
 Tin-tag'el. A stronc: and macmifi- 
 cent castle situated on the coast of 
 Cornwall ; said to have been in part 
 the work of giants. It is renowned 
 
 in romance as the birthplace of King 
 Arthur, and tiie residence of King 
 Mark and (^ueen Isolde. Its walls 
 were washed by the sea, and innne-* 
 diately bel(»w it were extensive and 
 beautiful meadows, forests abounding 
 with game, and rivers tilled with tish. 
 According to Dunlop, some vestiges 
 of this castle still remain. [Written 
 also T i n t a g g e 1 and I' i n t a d i e 1.] 
 
 Tin'to, Dick. 1. The name of a poor 
 artist in Scott's novels, " The Bride 
 of Lanunenuoor" and "St. lionan's 
 Well." 
 
 2. A pseudonym adopted by Frank 
 Bnott Goodrich (b. 182(J;, a popular 
 American author. 
 
 Tip^pe-ca-noe'. A sobriquet con- 
 ferred upon General William Henry 
 Harrison, afterward jjresident of the 
 I'nited States, daring the political 
 canvass which preceded his election, 
 on account of the victory gained by 
 him over the Indians in the battle 
 which took place on the 6th of No- 
 vember, 1811, at the junction of the 
 Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers. 
 
 Ti-rante' the White. The hero of a 
 tine old romance of chivalry, com- 
 posed and published in the tifteenfh 
 century. His name is derived partly 
 from his father, and partly from his 
 mother, the former being '• lord of 
 the seigniory of Tirania, on the bor- 
 ders of England," the latter, Blanca, 
 daughter of the Duke of Brittany. 
 
 Ti-re'si-as (2T). [Gr. Tftoeo-tac] ( Gr. 
 ff- Rom. Myfh.) A celebrated blind 
 soothsayer of Thebes who lived to a 
 great age. He plays a prominent 
 part in the mythical history of Greece. 
 His blindness is said to have been 
 sent upon him for some offense which 
 he imintentionally gave to Minerva 
 or to Juno, or because he imprudent- 
 ly revealed to men things which the 
 gods did not wish them to know. 
 
 Thee, Sion, and the flowery brook* be- 
 neath . . . 
 Xiffhtly T visit; nor pomotimps forjrrt 
 Those other two oqivled with mc in fnte, 
 So were I eqnnled with them in renown, — 
 Plind Thamyris nnd hlind Msconides; 
 And Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Tirso de Molina (tef'so da mo-le'na). 
 A pseudonym of Gabriel Tellez 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Frouiiuciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
TIS 
 
 367 
 
 TIT 
 
 (1570-1048), a Spanish monk anil 
 dramatist. His ifujUfuiuvrt, a com- 
 eily tounded on the legend of the 
 world-tamo us Don Juan de Tenon'o, 
 is one of the most renuirkable i)lays 
 in tile dranuilic literature of Spain. 
 
 Tisbina (tez-be'na). See Phasildo. 
 
 Ti-siph'o-ne. [Gr. Tiauliouri.] ( (Jr. 
 l)- Ro/ii. Myth.) One of the three Fu 
 ries; a minister of the venf^eanee of 
 the gods, who punished the wieked 
 in Tartarus. See Fuiiits. 
 
 Ti'tan. [Gr. Tirav.] (6'r. (f Rmn. 
 Myth.) A son of Cadus and Terra, 
 elder brother of Saturn, and father 
 of the Titans, giant deities who at- 
 tempted to deprive Saturn of the 
 sovereignty of lieaven, and were, by 
 the thunderbolts of Jupiter, the son 
 of Saturn, hurled into Tartarus. By 
 some jioets. Titan is identilied with 
 Hyperion, Helios, or Sol ; but this 
 point is involved in obscurity. 
 
 Ti-ta'ni-a. {Fairy Myth.) Wife of 
 Oberon, and queen of the fairies. 
 
 4®= " The Shakespearian commenta- 
 tors have not thought fit to inform us 
 why the poet designates the fairy queen 
 ' Titania.' It. liowever. presents no dif- 
 ficulty. It was the belief of those days 
 that the fairies were the same as the clas- 
 sic nvmphs, the attendants of Diana. . . . 
 The fairy queen was, therefore, the same 
 as Diana, whom Ovid (' Met.'iii. 173)styles 
 Titania."' Keigh'ley. 
 
 Her fig-ure, hands, and feet, were formed 
 upon a model of exquisite symmetry witli the 
 size and lifrhtness of her person, so that Ti- 
 ^rt/nVi licrself could scarce have found a move 
 fitting representative. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 tit'comb, Timothy ^tit'kum). A 
 iwm (Ic plume adopted by Josiah Gil- 
 bert Holland (b. 1819), a popular 
 American author and journalist. 
 
 Tt-tho'nus. [Gr. TtfJojvo?.] {Gr. cf 
 Horn. Myth.) A son of Laomedon, 
 king of Troy. He was so beautiful 
 that Aurora became enamored of 
 him, and persuaded the gods to make 
 him immortal ; but, as she forgot to 
 ask for eternal youth, he became de- 
 crepit and ugly, and was therefore 
 changed by her into a cicada. 
 
 Tit'marsli, Mi'chi-el An'g-e-lo. A 
 pseudonym under which Thackeray, 
 for a series of years, contributed 
 
 tales, essays, and sketches to " Fra- 
 ser's Magazine," all " distinguished 
 by shrewd observation, exquisite 
 .style, and the jjlay of keen wit and 
 delicate irony over a hard and jihil- 
 osophic meaning." He afterward 
 ]iublislied .several volumes under the 
 same name. He is said to have been 
 called '• Michael Angelo " l)y a friend 
 who admired his broad shoulders and 
 massive head, and to have added 
 "Titmarsh " by way of contrast and 
 depreciation. 
 
 Let whosoever is qualified tell forth the 
 peculiar experiences of those classes [the 
 fashioiiuble classes] in any serious form that 
 may he possible; and let what is ridiculous or 
 despicable aiiiont; them live under the terror 
 of Michael Angtiu Titinursh. Masson. 
 
 Titmouse, Mr. Tittlebat. The hero 
 of Warren's " Ten Thousand a 
 Year;" a vulgar, ignorant coxcomb 
 of the lowest order, a linen-draper's 
 shopman suddenly exalted, through 
 the instrumentality of certain rascal- 
 ly attorneys, who discover a defect in 
 a' pedigree, to the third heaven of 
 English aristocracy. 
 
 We who have not had the advantage of 
 personal observation, supposed "gent." to be 
 fitly given up to the use of those execrable 
 aninials who are the trium|ilisof John Leech's 
 pencil, and the butts of his gentlemen, — in 
 short, the Tittlebat Titmice of the Englisli jiart 
 of the British nation. R.G. White. 
 
 Tit'y-re Tiis. Under this name, and 
 under those of jNIuns, Hectors, Scour- 
 ers, and afterwards Nickers, Hawka- 
 bites, and Mohawks, dissolute young 
 men, often of the better classes, 
 SAvaggered by night about London, 
 towards the latter end of the seven- 
 teenth century, breaking windows, 
 upsetting sedans, beating quiet cit- 
 izens, and rudely caressing pretty 
 women. Several dynasties of these 
 tyrants, after the IJestoration, accord- 
 ing to Macaulay, domineered over the 
 streets. The Tityre Tus took their 
 name from the first line of the tirst 
 Eclogue of Yirgil, — 
 
 " Tityre, tu patulae recubans sub tegniine 
 fagi." 
 
 Tit'^-rus. [Gr, T.Tvpos, a Doric fonn 
 of craTvpo?, a satvr.] A character in 
 Virgil's first Eclogue, borrowed from 
 the Greeks, among whom this wa-< a 
 common shepherd's name. He is 
 thought to represent Yirgil himself. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
TIT 
 
 368 
 
 TOR 
 
 Chancer is afft'ctionately comniemo- 
 ratt'd iiiidur tliis iiit.ue in 8peiiser's 
 " SlK'plienl's Calendar." 
 
 Heroes iind tlieir feats 
 Fatigued ine, never weary of the pipe 
 Of 'iiti/rus, assembling;, as lie sang, 
 The rustic throng beneath his favorite beech. 
 
 C'owpcr. 
 
 Tit'j-ns. [(rr. Tituo?.] ( (^j\ (f Rom. 
 Mi/t/i.) A lanious giant, son ot" Jupi- 
 ter and Terra. His body was so vast, 
 tliat it covered nine acres of ground. 
 For attempting tlie chastity of Lato- 
 na, or, as some say, of Diana, lie was 
 punished in the intiernal regions by 
 having two vultures or serpents kept 
 feeding upon his liver, which was 
 made to grow again continually. 
 
 Tizona (te-tlHyna. 70). The name of 
 a sword of the Cid. See Cid, The, 
 and Cola DA. 
 
 To'b^. The name of a dog in the 
 common English puppet-show of 
 " Punch and Judy." 8ee Punch. 
 
 JS^ ■ ' In some versions of the great 
 drama of ' Punch,' there is a small dog. — 
 a modern innovation, — supposed to be 
 the private property of that gentleman, 
 whose name is always Toby. This Toby 
 has been stolen in youth from another 
 gentleman, and fraudulently sold to the 
 confiding hero, who, having no guile him- 
 self, has no suspicion that it lurks in 
 others; but Toby, entertaining a grate- 
 ful recollection of his old master, and 
 scorning to attach himself to any new 
 patrons, not only refuses to smoke a pipe 
 at the bidding of Punch, but, to mark 
 his old fidelity more strongly, seizes him 
 by the nose and wrings the same with 
 violence; at which instance of canine at- 
 tachment the spectators are deeply affect- 
 ed." Dickens. 
 
 Toby, Uncle. See Uncle Toby. 
 
 Todd, Lau'rie. A poor Scottish nail- 
 malver, — the hero of Gait's novel of 
 the :;ame name, fV)unded on the auto- 
 biography of Grant Thorburn, — Avho 
 emigrates to America, and, after some 
 reverses of fortune, begins the world 
 again as a backwoodsman, and once 
 more becomes prosperous. 
 
 Tod'gers, Mrs. M. A character in 
 Dickens's novel of " Martin Chuzzle- 
 wit; " the proprietor of a " Commer- 
 cial Boarding-House " in London. 
 
 Tora-a-lin. The same as Tom TTiumb. 
 See Thumb, To.m. 
 
 fl®=" The name is sometimes written, in 
 ignorance of its etymology, Ttrin-a-Lm- 
 coln. An old liook, formerly very popu- 
 lar, relates '• The most ple;isant History 
 of Toin-a- Lincoln, that ever renowned 
 soldier, tlie Red Rose Knight, surnamed 
 the Uoast of England, showing his hon- 
 orable victories in foreign countries, 
 with liis strange fortunes in Faery I^and, 
 and liow he married the fair .\iigliterra, 
 daughter to Prester John, that renowned 
 monarch of the world." It was written 
 by Richard .Johnson, and was entered on 
 the books of the Stationers' Company, 
 December 24, 1599. 
 
 Tom, Dick, and Harry. An appel- 
 lation very commonly employed to 
 designate a crowd or rabble. 
 
 Tomes, M. (mos'e-o' to'ma'). A char- 
 acter in Moliere's " L'Amour Mede- 
 cin." 
 
 3r. Tomis liked correctness in medical prac- 
 tice. JUucaulay. 
 
 Tom Long. See Lo.ng, Tom. 
 
 Tom Noddy. A name given to a 
 fool, in various parts of England. 
 
 Tom o' Bedlam. A name given to 
 wandering medicants discharged from 
 Bethlem Hospital on account of in- 
 curable lunacy, or because their cure 
 was doubtful. 
 
 Tooley Street, The Three Tailors 
 of. See Three Tailors of Tduley 
 Street. 
 
 Toots, Mr. An innocent, honest, and 
 warm-hearted creature in Dickens's 
 '• Dombey and Son," " than whom 
 there were few better fellows in the 
 w'orld." His favorite saj-ing is, " It's 
 of no consequence." 
 
 Topaz, Sir. See Thopas, Sir. 
 
 Top'sy. A young slave-girl in ^Irs. 
 Stowe's novel, " Uncle Tom's Cabin," 
 who is made to illustrate the igno- 
 rance, low moral development, and 
 wild humor of the African character, 
 as well as its capacity for education. 
 
 The book was not deliberately ninde: but, 
 like Tojigij, it "growed." R. G. White. 
 
 Tormes, Lazarillo de (la-th3-reei'yo 
 da tof'mes, 70, 82). The hero of a 
 Spanish novel of the same name, by 
 Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (d. 1575), 
 a novel of low life, the first of a class 
 well known in Spanish literature un- 
 der the name of the gusto picaresco, 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
TOT 
 
 369 
 
 TRI 
 
 or the style of the rogues, and made 
 famous 'all over the world in the 
 brilliant imitation of it, Le Sage's 
 "Gil Bias." 
 
 Faithfully executed, [it] woukl exhibit . . . 
 the type ot' the iDW-iuimled, luerry-iiiiikiiig, 
 vulj;ar, and shallow " Yankee," tlic ideal 
 Yankee in whciiii European prejudices tind, 
 praeef'ullv e()n\liined, the attractive traits of a 
 CJines (U-"l':iss;iiiionte and a Joseph Surface, a 
 Liiznril/o <U- I'oniics and a Scapin, a Thersites 
 and an Antolyeus. \V. H. Hwltjat. 
 
 fot'ten-ham in Boots (tot^tn-am). 
 A popular toast in Ireland in the year 
 ny 1, during the administration of the 
 Duke of Dorset. The government, 
 being anxious to free themselves 
 from the control of the Irish jjarlia- 
 ment, attempted to obtain a grant of 
 the supjjlies for twenty -one years; 
 but they were out-voted by a majority 
 of one. The casting vote was given 
 by jNIr. C. Tottenham, of New Koss, 
 who had come up from the country 
 without having had time to change 
 his dress, which was considered a 
 remarkable breach of etiquette. 
 
 Touchstone. A clown, in Shake- 
 speare's " As You Like It." 
 
 Arlecchino is, . . . in his original concep- 
 tion, ... a buffoon or clown, whose mouth, 
 far from being eternally closed, as amongst 
 us, is filled, like thatof ToucJisto/iP, with quips, 
 and cranks, and witty devices, very often de- 
 livered extempore. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Touchwood, Lady. A character in 
 " The Belle's Stratagem," a comedy 
 by i\Irs. Crowley. 
 
 The Dorimants and the Larli/ Touchwoods, 
 in their own sphere, do not offend my moral 
 sense; in fact, they do not appeal to it at all. 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 Touchwood, Per'e-grlne. A touchy 
 old East Indian, who figures in Scott's 
 novel of " St. Ronan's Well." 
 
 That Roswell was a hunter after spiritual 
 notabilities, that he loved such and longed to 
 be near them, that he first (in old Tniichirond 
 Auchinleck's phraseology) "took on with 
 Paoli," and then took on with a schoolmaster, 
 that he did all this, and could not help doing 
 it, we count a very singular merit. Carlyle. 
 
 Tox, Miss. A grotesque character in 
 Dickens's " Dombey and Son;" a 
 little, lean old maid, of limited inde- 
 pendence, and " the very pink of gen- 
 eral propitiation and politeness." 
 
 Tram, Tom. The hero of an old work 
 entitled " The Mad Pranks of Tom 
 Tram, Son-in-law to INIother Winter; 
 whereunto is added his Merry Jests, 
 
 Odd Conceits, and Pleasant Tales; 
 
 very deiighttul to read." This work 
 was prol)al>Iy written in the seven- 
 teenth century. It was for a long 
 time very jjopular, and continued to 
 be republished until within thirty or 
 forty years. 
 
 All your wits, that fleer and sham, 
 Down from Don (Quixote to Tom Tium. 
 
 Frionr. 
 
 Tranchera (tran-kri'ra). [It., from 
 the Fr. (raiuhtr, to cut.] The name 
 of a sword of Agricane, which after- 
 ward came into the possession of 
 Brandimart. 
 
 Tra'ni-o. A servant to Lucentio, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew.'' 
 
 Translator General. A title borne 
 by Philemon Holland (d. 1G36), the 
 translator of Livy, Pliny, Plutarch, 
 Suetonius, Xenophon, and other 
 Greek and Latin authors. It was 
 given to him by Dr. Thomas Fuller, 
 in his " History of the Worthies of 
 England." 
 
 Trap'bois. A superannuated usurer 
 in Sir Walter Scott's novel of " The 
 Fortunes of Nigel," " who was be- 
 lieved, even at his extreme age, to 
 miderstand the plucking of a pigeon 
 as well [as], or better than, any man 
 of Alsatia." 
 
 It was as dangerous to have any political 
 connection with Newcastle as to buy and sell 
 with old Trapbois. Macaulay. 
 
 Trap'bois, Martha. A cold, decisive, 
 masculine woman in Scott's " For- 
 tunes of Nigel." 
 
 Trav'ers. A retainer of the Earl of 
 Northumberland, in the Second Part 
 of Shakespeare's " King Henry IV." 
 
 Tre-mont'. The original name of 
 Boston, ^lassachusetts; — given to it 
 on account of the three hills on which 
 the city Avas built. [Called also Tri- 
 mountl or Triiiunintdin.] 
 
 e£g=- By many persons eirojieously pro- 
 nounced trem'ont, or tre-mont. 
 
 Trim, Corporal. Uncle Toby's at- 
 tendant, in Sterne's novel, " The Lifo 
 and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, 
 Gent.; " distinguislied for his fidelity 
 and aflnection, his respectfulness, and 
 his volubility. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers alter certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxu. 
 
 24 
 
TRI 
 
 370 
 
 TRI 
 
 '' Trim, instead of hoing the oppo- 
 site, is, in liis notions, tlie dupliciite of 
 Uncle Toby. Every fresh accession of tlie 
 captain s niiliUiry fever infecreJ tlie cor- 
 poral in a liki! d^f^n*; ; and, ind<fd, they 
 keep np a nuitnal excitement, wliicli ren- 
 ders them lx>tn more en^^erin thepiirsnit 
 than eitlu-r would have heen without tlie 
 otlier. Yet, with an identity of dispo- 
 sition, the (•haracti.T of tue common .sol- 
 dier is nit-ely disci-iuiiiiat.ed from tiiat of 
 th>' offlc^^r. Uis whole carriaj^e bears 
 traces of the drill-yard, which are want 
 ing in tlie superior. Under the name of i 
 a servant, he is in reality a companion ; 
 and he is a delightful mixtui-e of famil- 
 iarity in the essence and the most deter- 
 ential respect in forms. Of his simplicity 
 and humanity, it is euougli to say that 
 he was worthy to walk beiiind his mas- 
 ter." ELwin. 
 
 Selkirkshire, though it calls the author 
 Sheriff", has not, like the kingdom of Bohemia, 
 in Covijorul Trim's story, a seaport in its cir- 
 cuit. Sir IV. JScott. 
 
 Trimmers. A memorable set of jx)li- 
 ticians contemptuously so called by 
 the two great parties in the time of 
 "William III. The chief of this junto 
 was Halifax, wlio assumed the nick- 
 name as a title of honor, and warmly 
 rindicated its dignity, because, as he 
 remarked, every thing good ' trims ' 
 between extremes. 
 
 Triiic'u-lo. A jester, in Shakespeare's 
 " Tempest.'' 
 
 Conscious that a miscarriage in the matter 
 would, like the los« of Trineido'^ bottle in the 
 horse -pool, be attended not only with dis- 
 honor, but with infinite loss, slie determined 
 to proceed on her hitrh emi)rise with as much 
 caution as was consistent with the attempt. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Trinity Jones. A sobriquet ofAVil- 
 liam .Tones, of ^'ayland (1726-1800), 
 distinguished for his treatises in de- 
 fense of tiie doctrine of the Trinity, 
 and also for having originated " The 
 British Critic." 
 
 Trin'o-vSLnt, or Trin'o-van'tun?. 
 An old name of London, corrupted 
 from Trojd Xiiva (New Troy), the 
 name given to it by Brutus, a legend- 
 ary or mythical king of England, who 
 is said to have been the founder of 
 the city, and the great-grandson of 
 ./Eneas [Written also Tri noban t 
 and T r y n o V a n t.] 
 
 For noble Britons sprone; from Trojans bold. 
 And Trniinovant was built of old Troy's ashes 
 cold. Spenser. 
 
 Triple Alliance. (Tli^t.) 1. A treaty 
 entered into in 1G88, by Great Britain, 
 Sweden, and the United i'rovinces, 
 for the i)urpose of checking the am- 
 bition ot Louis XIV. of 1- ranee. 
 
 2. A ticaty between (ieorge I. of 
 ICngland, the United Provinces, and 
 Philip, Duke of Orleans, regent of 
 France, designed to counteract the 
 plans of Alberoni, the Spanish minis- 
 ter. It was signed in 1717. 
 
 Trip-tol'e-mus. [Gr. TpiTrToAe/uo?.] 
 ( (y/-. cj- Rniii. Jfijt/i.) A favorite of 
 Ceres, who taught him husbandry. 
 He was a gre-at hero in the Eleusinian 
 mysteries. I'lato makes him one of 
 the j udges in the lower world. 
 
 Trissotin (tres^so'ta"', G2). [That 
 is. Thrice tixjl, or Fool cid)ed, Irom 
 tri, thrice (used in comixisition), and 
 sot, fool, blockhead.] The name of 
 a poet and coxcomb in Moliere's 
 comedy, " Les Femnies Savantes." 
 
 J^^ Under this character, Moliere sat- 
 irized the Abbe Cotin, a personage who 
 affected to unite in him.'Jelf the rather in- 
 consistent characters of a writer of poems 
 of gallantry and of a powerful and excel- 
 lent preacher. His dramatic name was 
 originally Tricotin. which, as too plainly 
 pointing out the individual, was softened 
 into Trissotin. 
 
 We hardly know any instance rtf the streng:th 
 and weakness of human nature .--o strikinjr 
 and so grotesfiue as the character of tlii^ 
 haiighty, vigilant, resolute, sagacious blue 
 stocking [Frodciick the Great], half Mithri- 
 dates and half 7Ws.«o//«, bearing up ajrainst i 
 world in arms, with an ounce of poison in on^ 
 pocket, and a quire of bad verses in the oth- 
 er. Jfacuulay. 
 
 Tris'traLm, Sir. One of the most 
 celebrated heroes of mediaeval ro- 
 mance. His adventures form an 
 episode in the history of Arthur's 
 court, and are related by Thomas the 
 Rhymer, as well as by many mman- 
 cists. He is noted for having been the 
 seducer of his uncle's wife. Tradi- 
 tion long ascribed to him the laws reg- 
 ulating the practice of venery, or the 
 chase, which were deemed of much 
 consequence dinnng the Middle Ages. 
 See IsoLDK. [Written also Tris- 
 tan, T r i s t r e m.] 
 
 j^^ '' The original meaning of the name 
 is said to have been imisf. tunnilt ; but, 
 from the influence of I>atin upon Welsh, 
 it came to mean sad. In Europe, it reg- 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompauyiiij; Explanation^ 
 
TRI 
 
 371 
 
 TRU 
 
 ul.irly entered the ranks of the names of 
 sorrow, and it was, no doubt, in allusion 
 to it, that Don Quixote accepted the so- 
 briquet of 'The Knight of the Rueful 
 Countenance.""' Yungr. In '• Morte 
 d'Arthur."' the iiauie is explained as sij^ 
 nifviii"^ sorroiv/'ul birt/i, and is said to 
 have been s^iven to Tristram by his moth- 
 er, who ilied almost as soon as she had 
 brought him into the world. 
 
 "Thou canst well of wood-craft," said the 
 kiiiK after a paiis>e ; "and hast started tliy 
 panic and brouj^ht him to bay as ably as if 
 Tristram himself had taught thee." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Tri'ton. [Gr. TptTtoi'.] ( Gr. (j- lioin. 
 Mjjtli.) A powerful .sea-deity, son of 
 Neptune antl Amphitrite; a green- 
 haired being, with the upper part of 
 the body human, and the hiwer jiart 
 that of a fish. At the bidding of his 
 father, he blows througii a shell to 
 rouse or calm the sea. Later writers 
 speak of a plurality of Tritons. 
 
 Great God! I'd rather be 
 A pagan suckled in a creed outworn; 
 
 So niijibt I, st mdin^; on this pleasant lea. 
 Have glimpses that would make me less for- 
 lorn ; 
 Have sight of Proteus coming from the sea. 
 Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn. 
 
 Wor(/sworth. 
 
 Triv'5-ga.nt. The same as Terin't(/aiit, 
 a supi>v.sed deity of the iMohainine- 
 dans, whom our early writers seem to 
 have confounded with pagans. See 
 Tekmagant. 
 
 Triv'i-a. [Lat., from ter (in composi- 
 tion </7), three, and rm, way.] (Jiom. 
 Mijth.) A name given to l)iana, be- 
 cause her temples were often erected 
 where .hree roads met. 
 
 Troil, Brenda. See Btenda. 
 
 Troil, Magnus. A character in Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel of " The Pi- 
 rate;" a Zetlander of wealth and 
 rank, but of neglected education, 
 brought up among inferiors and de- 
 pendents, and having, in consequence, 
 both the vices and the virtues natu- 
 rally produced by such limited social 
 intercouree. 
 
 Troil, Minna. See Minna. 
 
 Tro'i-liis. [Gr. TowiAo?.] ( Gr. (f- Rnm. 
 Jfi^th.) A son of Priam and Hecuba, 
 slain by Achilles. He is the hero 
 of Chaucer's poem of " Troilus and 
 Cresseide," and Shakespeare's i)lay 
 of " Troilus and Cressida." There 
 
 is no trace of the stcry of Cressida 
 among the ancients. 
 
 tks" " This [the vehement passion of 
 Cressida] Shakespeare has contrasted 
 with the profound alfection represented 
 in Troilus, and alone worthy the name 
 of love: affection, passionate indeed, — 
 swollen with the continence of youthful 
 instincts and youthful fancy, and grow- 
 ing in the radiance of hope newly risen, 
 in short, enlarged by the collective sym- 
 pathies of nature, — but still having a 
 depth of calmer element in a will stronger 
 than desire, more entire than choice, 
 and which gives permanence to its own 
 act by converting it into faith and duty. 
 Hence, with excellent judgment, and with 
 an excellence higher than mere judgment 
 c-in give, at the close of the play, when 
 Cressida has sunk into infamy below re- 
 trieval and beneath hope, the same will 
 which had been the substance and the 
 basis of his love, while tiie restless pleas- 
 ures and passionate longings, like sea 
 waves, had tossed but on its surface, — 
 this same moral energy is represented as 
 snatching bim aloof from all neighbor- 
 hood with her dishonor, from all lin- 
 gering fondness and languishing regrets, 
 while it rushes with him into other and 
 nobler duties, and deepens the channel 
 which his heroic brother's death had left 
 empty for its collected tiood.' Coleridge. 
 
 Tro-pho'ni-us. [Gr. Tpo-fiwi'ios.] ( Gr. 
 if Rom. Mijth.) A celebrated archi- 
 tect who, with his brother Agamedes, 
 is said to have built the temple of 
 Apollo at Delphi. After death, he 
 was worshiped as a hero, and had a 
 famous oracle in a cave near Lebadia, 
 in Boeotia, which was entered only 
 in the night. 
 
 Trotwood, Mrs, Betsy. A kind- 
 hearted but ogreish-mannered aunt, 
 in Dickens's novel of '' David Cop- 
 perfield." 
 
 Triil'li-ber, Parson. A fat clergy- 
 man in Fielding's "Adventures of 
 Joseph Andrews;" noted for his ig- 
 norance, seltishness, and sloth. 
 
 Trun'nion, Commodore Hawser 
 (trun'yun). The name of an eccentric 
 naval veteran in Smollett's novel, 
 " The Adventures of Peregrine Pick- 
 le." He is represented as having 
 retired from service in consefjuence 
 of injuries received in engagements; 
 yet he retains his nautical and mil- 
 itary habits, keeps garrison in hi* 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which tlie numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xzxii. 
 
TRY 
 
 37: 
 
 TWE 
 
 house, which is defcndcil by a ditch 
 and cntcn'(i tliroii^^di a draw-bridge, 
 obliges liis servants to sleep in ham- 
 mocks and to take turns on watch 
 all the year round, and indulges his 
 luinior in \ari(»us other odd ways. 
 
 Try'a-mour', Sir. Tlie hero of an old 
 metrical romance, and a model of all 
 kniglitly virtues and good qualities. 
 
 Tu'bai. A Jew, friend to Sh^vlock, in 
 Shakespeare's " Merchant of Venice." 
 
 Tuck, Friar. See Fhiak Tuck. 
 
 Txilk'ing-horn, Mr. A lawyer in 
 Dickens's novel of " Bleak House," 
 in possession of family secrets which 
 are of no importance to any body, 
 and which he never divulges. 
 
 Finiilly, it is said to the phonotype, in the 
 words of Tii!/iiii;//iom, " 1 tell J'ou, I do not 
 Iik.3 tiie company yuu keep." Thomas Hill. 
 
 Tupman, Tracy. A character in 
 Dickens's " Pickwick Papers;" rep- 
 resented as a member of the Pick- 
 wick Club, and as a person of so 
 susceptible a disposition that he fell 
 in love with every pretty girl he met. 
 
 Turcaret (tiif'ka./ra', 34). A charac- 
 ter in a comedy of the same name by 
 Le Sage; a coarse and illiterate man 
 who has grown rich by stock opera- 
 tions. The name is proverbially ap- 
 plied to anyone who grows suddenly 
 rich by means more or less dishonest, 
 and who, having nothing else to show, 
 makes a display of his wealth. 
 
 Turk Gregory- The name given by 
 Falstatf, in Shakespeare's historical 
 play, " 1 Henry IV^." a. v., sc. 8, to 
 Pope Gregory VII. (the belligerent 
 Hildebrand), who became a by- word 
 with the early reformers for vice and 
 enormity of every description. 
 
 Turnip-hoer. A nickname given to 
 George I., because, it is said, Avhen 
 he tirst went to England, he talked 
 of turning St. James's Park into a 
 turnip ground. 
 
 Tur'nus. A king of the Rutidi in 
 Italy, slain in single combat by 
 ^neas, who was his rival for the 
 hand of Lavinia, daughter of King 
 Latinus. See Lavinia, 1. 
 
 Turpentine State. A popular name 
 for the State of North Carolina, which 
 
 produces and exports immense quan- 
 tities of turpentine. 
 Tur'pin, Dick. A noted English felon, 
 executed at York, for horse-stealing, 
 April 10, \l-y.). His celebrated ride 
 to York, on his steed lilack Hess, is 
 graphically described in Ainsworth's 
 '• liookvvood," but a great portion of 
 the description is said to tiave been 
 written by Maginn. 
 
 Tur'vey-drop, Mr. A character in 
 
 Dickens's novel of '' Bleak House;" 
 represented as living upon the earn- 
 ings ot his son, who lias a most slav- 
 ish reverence lor him as a perfect 
 '' master of deportment. ' 
 
 Tu'ti-vilTus. An old name for a 
 celebrated (h-mon, who is said to have 
 collected all the fragments of words 
 Avliich the })riests had skipped over 
 or mutilated in the pertormaiice of 
 the service, and to have carried them 
 to hell. 
 
 Twelve Apostles of Ireland. A 
 name given to twelve Irish prelates 
 of the sixth century, who appear to 
 have formed a sort of corporation, 
 and to have exercised a kind of juris- 
 diction or su))eriiitendeiice over the 
 other ecclesiastics or "• saints" of the 
 time. They were disciples of St. 
 Finnian of Clonard. 
 
 ;g£g= Their names were as follows : 1. 
 Ciaran, or Kierau, Bishop and Abbot of 
 Saitrhir (now Seir-Keirau, King's Coun- 
 ty ) ; 2. Ciaran, or Keiran. Abbot of Cloni- 
 naenois ; 3. Coluni-cille (or St. Colum- 
 ba) of Hy (now lona) : 4. Hrendan, Bish- 
 op and Abbot of Clonfert ; 5. Brendan, 
 Bishop and Abbot of Birr (now Parsons- 
 town, King's County): H. Coluniba, Ab- 
 bot of Tirdaglas; 7. Molaise. or Laisre, 
 Abbot of Damhiris ( now Devenish Island, 
 in Lough Erne); 8. Caiuuech, Abbot of 
 Aichadhbo, Queen's County ; 9. Kuadan, 
 or Hodau, Abbot of Lorrha, Tipperary 
 County ; 10. IMobi Clairenech, or the 
 Flat-f iced. Abbot of Glasnooidhan (now 
 Glasiievin, near Dublin) : 11. Senell, Ab- 
 bot of Cluaia-inis, in Lough Erne: 12. 
 Nannath, or Nennith. Abbot and Bishop 
 of Inisuiuige-Samh (now Inisuiac-Saint), 
 in Lough Erne. 
 
 Twelve Peers. Famous warriors 
 of Charlemagne's court; — so called 
 from the e(juality which reigned 
 among them. They were also termed 
 '• paladins," a term originally signi- 
 
 fBST For the " Key to the Scheme of Fronuuciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
TWI 
 
 373 
 
 TYR 
 
 fying officers of the palace. Their 
 names are not always j^ivcn alike by 
 the romancers. The most famous of 
 them were Orlando, IJinaldo, Astol- 
 fo. Oliver, O.^ier le l)anois, lianelon, 
 Florismart, >samo, Otuel, l"erumbras, 
 Mala^"iyi. 8ee these names. 
 Twickenham, .Bard of. See Baku 
 
 OK I'WU KKN'HAM. 
 
 Twist, Oliver. The hero of Dickens's 
 novel of the same name; a yjoor boy 
 born and brought up in the work- 
 house of an Eniilish village, starved, 
 beaten, and abused by every body, 
 but always preserving a saint -like 
 purity and lovableness, even under 
 circmnstances of the deepest misery, 
 and when surrounded by the very 
 worst of evil influences. 
 
 Twitcher, Harry. A sobriquet 
 popularly given to Lord (Henry) 
 Brougham (b. 1778), on account of 
 a partial chorea, or tic, in the muscles 
 of liis face. 
 
 Don't you recollect, North, some years ago, 
 that Murray's name was on our title-t)a<;c; 
 and tliat, being: alarmed for Subscription 
 Jamie [Sir James Mackintosh] and llariii 
 Twitcher, lie took up his pen, and scratched 
 his name out, as if he had been emperor of 
 the West signing an order for our execution ? 
 Noclex Anihrosiaiue. 
 
 Twitcher, Jemmy. 1. The name of a 
 
 character in Gay's " Beggar's Opera." 
 
 2. A nickname triven to John, 
 
 Lord Sandwich (17]'8-1792), by his 
 
 contemporaries. 
 
 When sly Jemmy Twitcher had smugged up 
 
 his face 
 With a lick of court whitewash and pious 
 
 grimace, 
 A-wooing he went where three sisters of old. 
 In harmless society, guttle and scold. Gray. 
 
 Two Eyes of Greece, The. A name 
 piven by the ancients to Athens and 
 Sparta, the most celebrated of all the 
 Grecian cities. 
 
 Behold, 
 Where on the ^gean shore a city stands. 
 Built nobly; pure the air, and light the soil; 
 Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts 
 And eloquence, native to famous wits 
 Or hospitable. Milton. 
 
 Two Kings of Brentford, The. See 
 
 Bkentf<>i;l), The Two Kings or. 
 Two-shoes, Goody. See Goody 
 
 Two-shoes. 
 Tyb'ait. A nepliew to Lady Capulet, 
 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of " Romeo 
 
 and Juliet." 
 
 Were we to judge of their Btrcugth in other 
 resjiects from tlic efforts of their writers, we 
 should esteem tliem very unwortliy of Ury- 
 den's satire, and exclaini, as Tybalt does to 
 Benvolio, — 
 
 "What! art thou drawn among these heart- 
 less hinds 'i " Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ty-bur'ni-a. [A Latinized form of 
 Ti/jtirn.] A cant or popular name 
 given to the Portnuui and Grosvenor 
 Square districts in London. 
 
 Ty'deus. [Gr, TuSer?.] ( Gr. cf Bom. 
 .Vijih.) A son of QMieus, king of 
 Calydon, and father of Diomedes. 
 lie was one of the seven chiels who 
 besieged Thebes, where he greatly 
 distinguished himself. See Seven 
 
 AGAIMST ThEHES. 
 
 Ty--di'des. [Gr. TuSecSrj?.] (Gr. <f 
 Rniti. Mi/fh.) xV patronymic of Dio- 
 medes, the son of Tydeus. See Di- 
 
 OMEI). 
 
 Tyn-da're-us (9). [Gr. TwSdpeoq.] 
 {Gr. (|' Jldin. Myth.) A king of 
 Sparta, husband of Leda, and the 
 reputed father of Castor and Tollux. 
 See Castor 
 
 Tyn-dar'i-dae. [Gr. Oi Tw^apiBai.'] 
 {Gr. if Rom. Myth.) A patronymic 
 of Castor and l^ollux, the sons of 
 Tyndareus. See Castor. 
 
 Tyne'man. [That is, losing man.] 
 A surname given to Archibald IV., 
 Earl of Douglas, from his many mis- 
 fortunes in battle. 
 
 Ty'phon. [Gr. Tv(f)J,.'.] 1. (Gr. <f 
 Jioiii. Myth.) A famous fire-breath- 
 ing giant, struck by Jupiter with a 
 thunderbolt, and buried under Mount 
 ^tna. [Written also T y p h o e u s 
 (ti-tb'us).] 
 2. See Osiris. 
 
 Tyr (ter, or ter). (Scand. Myth.) A. 
 son of Odin, and younger brother of 
 Thor. He was a warrior deity, and 
 the protector of champions and brave 
 men; he was also noted for his sagac- 
 ity. When the gods wished to bind 
 the Avolf Fenrir, Tyr put liLs hand 
 into the demon's mouth as a pledge 
 that the bonds should be remo\ ed 
 again. But Fenrir found that the 
 gods had no intention of keeping 
 their word, and revenged himself in 
 some degree by biting the hand off. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certaiu words rcter, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
UGG 
 
 374 
 
 UNO 
 
 U. 
 
 tJggero (ood-ja'ro). See Ogier le 
 Danois. 
 
 Ugolino (oo-go-le'no). [It Uj/olino 
 (it Glierdrdesclii.] A l^isaii noble of 
 the thirteenth century, and leader of 
 the Guelphs. Haviiij^ been defeated 
 in an encounter with Archbishop 
 Kuggieri, a leader of the Ghibelline 
 faction, he is said to have been im- 
 prisoned, togir'tiier with his sons, in 
 the tower of the Gualandi (since 
 called the Tower of Iluni^er), where 
 they were left to starve, the keys 
 having been thrown into the Arno. 
 Dante has immortalized the name 
 and sutierings of Ugolino. He is 
 represented as voraciously devouring 
 the head of Kuggieri, in hell, where 
 they are l)oth frozen up together in a 
 hole in a lake of ice. 
 
 Nothing in history or fiction — not even the 
 story whicli Ugolino told in the se-i of ever- 
 lasting ice — aijproaches the horrors which 
 were recounted by the few survivors of that 
 night [spent in the Black Hole of Calcutta]. 
 
 Macaula>/. 
 
 Woe to him who has found 
 The meal enoujrh: if UqoUiio's. full, 
 His teeth have crunched some foul, unnatural 
 
 thins. 
 For here satiety proves penury 
 More utterly irremediable. 
 
 Mrs. E. B. Browning. 
 
 Ulen-Spiegel (oo'len-spe'gel). See 
 
 OWLE-GLASS, TyLL. 
 
 Ulivieri (oo-le-ve-a'ree). See Oli- 
 ver, 1. 
 
 tQ'lur {or twl'loor). (Scnml Mijth.) 
 A warlike deity who presided over 
 single combats, archery, and the 
 chase. He was accustomed to run 
 so rapidly on snow-shoes, that no one 
 was a match for him. [Written also 
 Ullur and Ullr.] 
 
 Ul-ri'ca. A hideous old sibyl in Sir 
 Walter Scott's " Ivanhoe.'" 
 
 tJ-lys'ses. [Gr. 'oSuo-treu?.] ( Gr. cf 
 Rnni. .Miith.) A son of Laertes, king 
 of Ithaca; husband of Penelope, and 
 father of Telemachus; distinguished 
 above all the (ireeks at the siege of 
 Troy tor his cralt and eloquence. On 
 liis way back to Ithaca, atter the fall 
 
 of Troy, he was exposed to incredible 
 dangers and misfortunes, and at last 
 reached home without a single com- 
 panion, after an absence of twenty 
 years. His adventures form the sub- 
 ject of Homer's "Odyssey." Seo 
 CiKCE, TENKLorE, and Tolyphe- 
 
 MLS. 
 
 tJ'nS. A lovely lady in Spenser's 
 " Faery Queen," intended as a per- 
 sonification of Truth. The name 
 Una signifies o«c, and refers either to 
 the singleness of purpose characteris- 
 tic of truth, or to the singular and 
 unique excellence of the lady's char- 
 acter. See iiED-CHoss Knight. 
 
 Tlie gentle lady married to the Moor, 
 And heavenly Wuay.'ith her milk-white lamb. 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Mindful oft 
 Of tliee, whose genius walketh mild and soft 
 As UmCx lion, chainless ti>ow};li subdued. 
 Beside thy puritj" of womanhood. 
 
 J/r.s-. /•.'. B. Browning. 
 
 Uncle Sam. A Jocular or vulgar name 
 of the United States government. 
 
 /J®= '• Immediately after the lastdecla- 
 ratiou of war with England, Elbert An- 
 derson, of New York, then a contractor, 
 visited Troy, on the Hudson, where was 
 concentrated, and where he purchased, 
 a large quantity of provisions, — beef, 
 pork, &c. The inspectors of these arti- 
 cles, at that place, were Messrs. Ebenezer 
 and Samuel Wilson. The latter gentle- 
 man (invariably known as ' Uncle 8am') 
 generally superintended in person a large 
 number of workmen, who. on this occa- 
 sion, were employed in overliauling the 
 provisions purchased by the contractor 
 for the arinv. The casks were marked 
 ' K. A. — U. S.' This work fell to the lot 
 of a fax^etious fellow in the employ of the 
 Jlessrs. Wilson, who. on being asked by 
 some of his fellow-workmen the meaning 
 of the mark (for the letters U. S., for 
 United States, were tlien almost entirely 
 new to them), said ' he did not know, un- 
 less it meant Klbert Anderson and Uncle 
 Sam,' — alluding exclusively, then, to the 
 said ' Uncle Sam ' Wilson. The joke took 
 among the workmen, and passed cur- 
 rently ; ami ' Uncle Sam ' himself, being 
 present, was nccasio'ially rallied by them 
 on the increasing extent of bis posses- 
 sions. . . . Many of these workmen, be- 
 
 ll^* For the " Key to the Scheme of Fronuaciation," with the accuuipauyin^ Explanation^ 
 
UNC 
 
 375 
 
 UNI 
 
 ing of a oharacter denominato(i ' food for 
 powder,' wore found, sliortly after, fol- 
 lowing the rocniiting drum, ami jiushing 
 toward the frontier liuos, for the double 
 purpose of meeting the enemy and of eat- 
 ing the provisions they had lately labored 
 to put in good order. Their old jokes ac- 
 conipauied tlieni, and before tlie first cam- 
 paign ended, this identical one first ap- 
 peared in print; it gained favor rapidly, 
 till it penetrated, and was recognized, in 
 every part of the country, and will, no 
 doubt, continue so while the United 
 States remain a uatiou." Frost. 
 
 Uncle To'b^. The hero of Sterne's 
 novel, " The Lite and Opinions of 
 Tristram Shandy, Gent. ;" represented 
 as a captain who had been wounded 
 at the siege of Naniur, and forced to 
 retire from the service. He is cele- 
 brated for his kindess and benevo- 
 lence, his courage, gallantry, and sim- 
 plicity, no less than for his extreme 
 modesty, his love-passages with the 
 Widow Wadman, and his military- 
 tastes, habits, and discussions. It is 
 thought that he was intended as a 
 
 f)ortrait of Sterne's father, who was a 
 ieutenant in the army, and whose 
 character, as sketched by his son, is 
 the counterpart of Uncle Toby's. 
 
 iK^ *' But what shall I say to thee, 
 thou quintessence of the milk of human 
 kindness, thou reconciler of war (as far 
 as it was once necessary to reconcile it), 
 thou returner to childhood during peace, 
 thou lover of widows, thou master of 
 the best of corporals, thou whistler at 
 excommunications, thou high and only 
 final Christian gentleman, thou pitier of 
 the Devil himself, divine Uncle Toby I 
 Why, this I will say. made bold by thy 
 example, a-nd caring nothing for what 
 any body may think of it who does not, in 
 Bome measure, partake of thy nature, 
 that he who created thee was the wisest 
 man since the days of Shakespeare ; and 
 that Shakespeare himself, mighty reflect- 
 or of things as they were, but no antici- 
 pator, never arrived at a character like 
 thine." Leigh Hunt. 
 
 JS^=- " My Uncle Toby is one of the 
 finest compliments ever paid to human 
 nature. He is the most unoffending of 
 God's creatures ; or. as the French ex- 
 press it, iin tel petit bonhnmnif .' Of his 
 bowling-green, his sieges, and his amours, 
 who would say or think any thing amiss? " 
 
 Hazlitt. 
 
 Uncle Tom. The hero of Mrs. Har- 
 riet Beecher Stowe's novel entitled 
 
 " T'f'ncle Tom's Cabin ; " a negi o slave, 
 distinguished for unatf'ected piety and 
 the faithful discharge of all his duties. 
 His master, a humane man, Ijrcomes 
 embarrassed in his atfairs, and sell.s 
 him to a slave-dealer. After passing 
 through various hands, and sutier- 
 ing great cruelties, he tinds relief in 
 death. 
 Underground Railroad. A popular 
 embodiment of the various wavs in 
 which fugitive slaves from the South- 
 ern States of the American Union 
 were assisted in escaping to the 
 North, or to Canada, before the abo- 
 lition of slavery took place; often 
 humorously abbreviated U. G. li. R. 
 
 Undertaker, The General. See 
 Genekal Undertaker, The. 
 
 Undertakers. Parties in the Irish 
 parliament, in the last century, who 
 bargained with the government to 
 carry its measures, and who received 
 in return places, pensions, and profit- 
 able jobs. 
 
 Un-dine' or Un'dine ( Ger.pron. oon- 
 de'na). The name of a water-nymph 
 who is the heroine of La Motte Fou- 
 que's romance of the same name, one 
 of the most delightful creations of 
 German tiction. Like the other wa- 
 ter-nymphs, she was created without 
 a soul, which she could gain only by 
 marriage with a mortal By such 
 marriage, however, she became sub- 
 ject to all the pains and miseries of 
 mortal men. 
 
 Unfortunate Peace. (Hist.) The 
 peace of Cateau - Cambresis (April 
 2, 1559), negotiated by England, 
 France, and Spain. By this treaty, 
 Henry II. of France renounced all 
 claim to Genoa, Corsica, and Naples, 
 agreed to restore Calais to the Eng- 
 lish within eight years, and to give 
 security for hve hundretl thousand 
 crowns in case of failure. 
 
 U^nl-gen'i-tus. ( Ecclesiastical Hist. ) 
 The name given to a famous bull 
 issued by Pope Clement XL. in 1713, 
 against the French translation o+' the 
 New Testament, with notes by Pas- 
 quier Quesnel, priest of the Oratory, 
 and a celebrated Jansenist. The 
 bull began with the words, " Uniyeni- 
 
 and for the Reniarkd and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
UNI 
 
 376 
 
 UTF 
 
 tus Dei Filius,'^ and hence the name 
 given to it. 
 
 Unique, The. Ste Only, The. 
 
 Universal Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Uiuri'isdlis.] 1. An honorary title 
 given bv his admirers to Alain de 
 Lille (1114-120.3), one of the greatest 
 divines of his age. 
 
 2. A designation applied, in allu- 
 sion to his extensive and profound 
 learning, to Thomas Aquinas (1227- 
 1274). See Angelic Doctor and 
 Dumb Ox. 
 
 Unlearned Parliament. See Pau- 
 
 LIAMENT OK DUNCES. 
 
 U-ra'ni-a. [Gr. Ovpavia.] ( Gi\ cf- 
 Jiom. Myth.) One of the Muses; the 
 one who presided over astronomy. 
 
 U'ra-nids (0). [Gr. Oupai-iSai.] {Gr. 
 (^''Eum.^Myih.) The descendants of 
 Uranus; by some identitied with the 
 Titans. See Titan. 
 
 U'ra-nus (9). [Gr. Ovpavo?.] {Gr. 
 Myth.) One of the most ancient of 
 the gods, husband of Tellus or Terra, 
 and father of Saturn; the same as 
 the Ccelus of the Kumans. 
 
 tiTrban, Sylvanus, Gent. The ficti- 
 tious name under which the " Gen- 
 tleman's Magazine " is edited, and by 
 which is expressed its universality 
 of town and country intelligence. 
 
 True histories of last year's ghost, 
 
 Lines to a ringlet or a turban. 
 And trifles for tlie " Morning Post," 
 And nothing for Si/lvauus Urban. 
 
 Praed. 
 
 Here, through Suh'anus Urban himself, are 
 
 two direct glimpses, a twelvemonth nearer 
 
 hand, which show us how the matter has been 
 
 proceeding since. Carlyle. 
 
 Urganda (oof-gan'da). The name of 
 a potent fairy in the romance of 
 '* Aniadis de Gaul," and in the ro- 
 mances of the Carlovingian cycle and 
 the poems founded upon them. In 
 the Spanish romances relating to the 
 deecendants of Amadis. she is in- 
 vested with all the more serious ter- 
 rors of a Medea. 
 
 This Urgiinrla seemed to be aware of her 
 own importance, and perfectly acquainted 
 with the iiuman appetite. " SmoUett. 
 
 This ancient Urganda perceived m^v dis- 
 order, and, apjjroaching with a languishing 
 air, sei7,ed my hand, asking in a squealcing 
 tone if I was indisposed. Smolleti. 
 
 We will beat about together, in search of 
 
 this Urganda, . . . who can read this, th« 
 riddle of thy fate, better tlian . . . Cassandra 
 herself. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Urian, Sir (yoo'rt-an, 9: Ger. pron. 
 ()()'ri--tin). [Ger. /Jtrr Uiifin.'\ 
 Among the (jcrnmns, a sportive des- 
 ignation of a man who is very little 
 thought of, or who is sure to turn up 
 miexpectedly and inoiiportunely. In 
 Low German, the najue is applied to 
 the Devil. 
 
 U'ri-el (9). [FIcb., fire of God.] An 
 angel mentioned in the second book 
 of /is'lrag. Milton makes him "re- 
 gent of the sun," and calls him " the 
 sharpest-sighted spiiit of all in heav- 
 en." 
 
 Ur'sa Ma'jor. A nickname given by 
 Boswell, the father (Lord Auchiu- 
 lech), to Dr. .Johnson. 
 
 i^" " My father's opinion of Dr. .7ohn- 
 son," says his bioi^rapher. '• niav be con- 
 jectured from the name he afterwards 
 gave hiui. which was ' Ursa Major.' But 
 it is not true, as has been reported, that 
 it was in consequence of my saying that 
 he was a constellation of genius and lit- 
 erature." Goldsmith remarks : " John- 
 >on. to be sure, has a roughness in his 
 manner ; but no man alive has a more 
 tender heart. He has nothing of the 
 bear but his skiu." 
 
 Ur'su-la. A gentlewoman attending 
 on Hero, in Shakespeare's " Much 
 Ado about Nothing." 
 
 Useless Parliament. [Lat. Pnrlin- 
 mentuiii Viinuin.'] {Ejk/. fJ'ist.) A 
 name given to the first parliament 
 held in the reign of Charles I. It 
 met June, 18, 162.5, adjourned to Ox- 
 ford, August 1, on account of the 
 plague, and, having oft'ended the 
 king, was dissolved on the 12th of the 
 same month. 
 
 Utgard (mjf'gard). [Old Xorse, outer 
 ward or inclosure.] {Scaml. }fyt1i.) 
 A circle of rocks surrounding the 
 vast ocean supposed to encompass 
 the earth, whicli was regarded as a 
 flat circular plane or disk; the abode 
 of the Giants ; the same as Jotun- 
 heim. 
 
 Utgard - Loki (dot'gafd-lo'kee). 
 
 {Sca7ui. Myth.) The king of Utgard, 
 and chief of the Giants. See Loki. 
 
 U'ther. Son of Constans, one of the 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
UTO 
 
 377 
 
 UTO 
 
 fabulous or legendary kings of Brit- 
 ain, and the father of Arthur. See 
 Igekna. 
 
 And what resounds 
 In fable or romance of Uther's son. 
 Begirt with British and Annoric knights. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Mythic Uther's deeply wounded son. 
 In some fair space of sloping greens, 
 
 Lay, dozing in the vale of Avalon, 
 And watched by weeping queens. 
 
 7'ennyson. 
 
 TJ-to'pi-a. [From Gr. ov, not, and 
 TOTTo?, a' place.] A term invented bv 
 Sir Thomas More (1480-1535), and 
 applied by him to an imaginary 
 island which he rey)resents to have 
 been discovered by a companion of 
 Amerigo Vespucci, and as enjoying 
 the utmost perfection in laws, poli- 
 tics, &c., in contradistinction to the 
 defects of those which then existed 
 elsewhere. The name has now passed 
 into all the languages of Europe to 
 signify a state of ideal perfection. 
 
 S^ " Tho second bonk . . . p:ives a 
 geographical description of the island; 
 the relations of tlu^ iiiliabitaiits in social 
 life, their magistrates, their arts, their 
 systems of war and relij^ion. On the lat- 
 ter subject, — which could iiardly be ex- 
 pected from the practice of the author, 
 — the most unbounded toleration is 
 granted. The greater part of tiie inhab- 
 itants believed in one Spirit, all powerful 
 and all-pervading ; but others practiced 
 the worship of heroes and tlie adoration 
 of st:irs. A community of wealth is a 
 fundamental principle of this republic, 
 and the structure [isj wh:it might be ex- 
 pected from such a basis." Dunlup. 
 
 4@= " That he [Sir T. More] meant this 
 imaginary repuljlic seriously to embody 
 his notions of a sound system of govern- 
 ment, can scarcely be believed by any 
 one who reads it and remembers t\\;\t tho 
 entirely fanciful and abstract existtnce 
 there depicted was the dream of one who 
 thoroughly knew man in all his compli- 
 cated relations, and was deeply conversant 
 in practical government." 
 
 J. H. Burton. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Bales to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxlL 
 
VAD 
 
 378 
 
 VAN 
 
 V. 
 
 Vadius (vn'de-iis', 102). The name 
 of a grave and heavy pedant in 
 Moliere's comedy, " Les Femnies Sa- 
 vantes." 
 
 jge^ The character of Vadius is sup- 
 posed to be a satire on Menaf^e. an eccelesi- 
 astic celebrated for his learning and wit. 
 It is said, however, that Menage bore the 
 attack upon his pedantry with sue)i per- 
 fect good humor and good sense that Mo- 
 liere always refused to acknOAlcdge that 
 he had tuken him for his model in con- 
 structing the character of Vadius. 
 
 Varen-ttne. 1. One of the heroes in 
 the old romance of " Valentine and 
 Orson," which is of uncertain age 
 and authorship, though it probably 
 belongs to the tifteenth century. See 
 Okson. 
 
 Do not thuik vou will meet a gallant J'^alen- 
 tine in every E!ngUsh rider, or an Orson in 
 every Highland drover. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 2. One of the " Two Gentlemen 
 of Verona," in Shakespeare's play of 
 that name. 
 
 3. A gentleman attending on the 
 Duke in Shakespeare's " Twelfth 
 Night." 
 
 4. One of the characters in 
 Goethe's " Faust." He is a brother 
 of Margaret, whom Faust has seduced. 
 Maddened by his sister's shame, he 
 interrupts a serenade of Faust's, at- 
 tacks him, is stabbed by Mephistoph- 
 eles, falls, and expires uttering vehe- 
 ment reproaches against Margaret. 
 
 Val-halll. [Icel. valhoIJ, hall of the 
 slain, from mfr, slaughter, and holl. a 
 roval hall. Old Saxon and Old High 
 Ger. hnlln.] {Scnul. Myth.) The 
 palace of immortality, inhabited by 
 the souls of heroes slain in battle. 
 [Written also V a 1 h a 1 1 and W a 1- 
 halla.] 
 
 Val-kjh:''i-or, or ValTcyrs. [Old 
 Nor.se valkyrjfi, from vnle. crowds of 
 slain, and klnra, kern, to select: A.- 
 S. vdlcyrie, (ier. Wnrlkiiren, Walky- 
 ren, or W(ilkyrien.'\ {ScnwL Mytli.) 
 Beautiful and awful maidens, messen- 
 gers of Odin, who visit fields of bat- 
 
 tle to carry off to Valhalla the souls 
 of hero-es who fall. At the banquets 
 of Valhalla, they hand round to the 
 guests mead and ale. [Written also 
 V a 1 k y r i a s.] 
 
 Valley of Humiliation. In Bun- 
 van's '' Pilgrim's Progress," a valley 
 m which Christian was attacked by 
 Apollyon, who nearly overpowered 
 him, but was at length wounded and 
 put to tiight. 
 
 Valley of the Shadow of Death. In 
 
 the ''Pilgrim's Progress" of John 
 Bunyan, the valley through which 
 Christian, after his encounter with 
 Apollyon, was obliged to pass on his 
 way to the Celestial City. "Now 
 this valley is a very solitary place ; 
 the prophet Jeremiah thus describes 
 it: 'A wilderness, a land of deserts 
 and pits, a land of drought, and of 
 the Shadow of Death, a land that 
 no man' (^but a christian) 'passeth 
 through, and where no man dwelt.' " 
 See Psalm xxiii. 4. 
 
 One wonld have thought Inverary had 
 been the Vallei/ of' the Shadoir of Death, the 
 inferior chiefs showed such reluctance to op- 
 proach it. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Van-dyck' of Sculpture. A desig- 
 nation conferred upon Antoine Coy- 
 sevox (1640-1720). a French sculptor, 
 on account of the beauty and anima- 
 tion of his figures. 
 
 V&-nes'sa. [Compounded of Vim^ 
 the first syllable of Vanhomrigh, and 
 Essn^ diminutive of Esther.'\ A po- 
 etical name given by Swift to i\Iiss 
 Esther Vnnhomrigh, a young lady 
 who had fallen in love with him and 
 proposed marriage. How her decla- 
 ration of affection was received is re- 
 lated in Swift's poem of " Cadenus 
 and Vanessa." See Cadenus. 
 
 Vanity. 1. An established character 
 in the old moralities and puppet- 
 shows. 
 
 2. A town in Bunyan's " Pilgrim's 
 Progress," on the road to the Celes- 
 tial Citv. 
 
 IS" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
VAN 
 
 379 
 
 VEN 
 
 ^''anity Fair. In Bunvan's spiritual 
 allegory, " The Pilgrim's Frogrt'ss," 
 the name of a fair which was held 
 all the year round in the town of 
 Vanity. " It beareth the name be- 
 cause the town wliere it is kept is 
 lighter than vanity {Ps. Ixii. D), and 
 also because all tiiat is there sold, 
 or that Cometh thither, is vanity." 
 Thackeray has made use of this name 
 as the title of a satirical novel. 
 
 ^^ The orij^in and history of this fair 
 are thus described : *' Almost live thou- 
 sand years ago tliere were pilgrims walk- 
 ing to the Celestial City, and Heijlzebuh, 
 Apollyou, and Legion, with tlieir com- 
 panious, perceiving by the path that the 
 pilgrims made that tlieir way to the city 
 lay through this town ot Vanity, they 
 contrived here to set up a fair, — a fair 
 wherein should be sold all sorts of van- 
 ity, and that it should last all the jear 
 long. Therefore, at this fair are all such 
 merchandise sold as houses, lands, trades, 
 places, honors, preferments, titles, coun- 
 tries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures ; and 
 delights of all sorts, as harlots, wives, hus- 
 bands, children, lives, blood, bodies, souls, 
 silver, gold, pearls, precious stones, and 
 what not. And, i.oreover, at this fair 
 there is, at all times, to be seen jugglings, 
 cheats, games, fools, knaves, rogues, and 
 that of every kind. And, as in other 
 fairs of less moment, there are several 
 rows and streets, under their proper 
 names, where such and such wares are 
 Vended, so here, likewise, you have the 
 proper places, rows, streets, (namely, 
 countries and kingdom?,) where the 
 ■wares of this fair are soonest to be found. 
 . . . Now, as I said, the way to the Celes- 
 tial City lies just through this town 
 where this lusty fair is kept ; and he 
 that would go to the city and yet not go 
 through tliia town, must needs go out of 
 the world." 
 
 I char<re you to withdraw your feet from 
 the dolusioii fpf Miat Vmiiti/ Fair in whilk ye 
 arc n snionnu'r. nnd nfittogoto tlu'ir worship, 
 whilk is an 'll-nnimhled mass, as was wed 
 termed by James the Sext. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Va'pi-a,ns. A name — probably a 
 feigned one — occurring in Shake- 
 speare's " Twelfth Night," a. ii., so. 
 
 3. See PlOROGROMITUS. 
 
 Va-ri'n&^. A poetical name given by 
 Swift to ]Mi«s Jane Warv^ng, for 
 whom, in earlv life, he professed an 
 attachment. It is a Latinized form 
 of War\'ng. 
 
 Va-rO'na, (Hindu Myth.) The ruler 
 
 of the ocean; represented as a white 
 man riding on a sea-monsler, with a 
 clul) in ouL! hand and a rope in the 
 other. 
 Vath'ek. The hero of William Beck- 
 tbrd's celebrated novel ol llie same 
 name ; a haughty and etleminate mon- 
 arch, led on by the temptations of a 
 malignant genie, and the sojjhistries 
 of a cruel and ambitious mother, to 
 commit all sorts of crimes, to abjure 
 his faith, and to oiler allegiance to 
 Eblis, the ]\Iohanimedan Satan, in 
 the hope of seating himself on the 
 throne of the pre-Adamite sultans. 
 
 _ We saw men, who, not jet in the vigor of 
 life, were hliDn^ with its plcnstnes ; men 
 with the poisoned youth, ra///eA-like, to tind 
 themselves someday with fires, unquenchable 
 and agonizing, in "the place of those liearta 
 they had silenced, perverted, and destroyed. 
 Fidnum's Mug. 
 
 Ve (vee, or va). (Scand. Myth.) One 
 of the three deities who took part in 
 the creation of the world ; a brother 
 of Odin and Vili. 
 
 Veal, Mrs. An imaginary person 
 whom De Foe feigned to have ap- 
 peared, " the next day after her 
 death, to one Mrs. Bargrave, at Can- 
 terbury, on the 8th of Sept., 1705," 
 — one of the boldest and most adroit 
 experiments upon human credulity 
 that ever was made. 
 
 VegKantino (vSl-ySn-te'no, 77). The 
 name of Orlando's horse. 
 
 Venerable Bede. See Bede, The 
 Venerable. 
 
 Venerable Doctor. [Lat. Docfnr 
 Venerabi.lis.] A title given to Wil- 
 liam de Champeanx, a celebrakd 
 philosopher and theologian of the 
 twelfth century, regarded as the first 
 public professor of scholastic divinity, 
 and the founder of scientific realism. 
 
 Venerable Initiator. [Lat. Venernb- 
 i/is Inceptor.] An honorary appel- 
 lation conferred upon William of 
 Occam (d. 1-347), a famous English 
 scholastic philosopher. 
 
 Venice of the "West. A name some- 
 times given, rather inappropriately, 
 to Glasgow, the chief cit}' of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 A bird proper, on the shield ardent of the 
 city of Glasgow, has been identified with tlie 
 resuscitated pet of the patron saint. The 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
YEN 
 
 380 
 
 VET 
 
 ♦ree on which it is there perched is a com- 
 memoration of another of tlie saint's niiia- 
 cles. . . . Anotiier clement in the blazon of 
 the Venice o/'the IVest is a fisli, laid across tlie 
 stem of the tree, " in base," as the heralds say. 
 J. li. Burton. 
 
 Ve'nus. {Gr. (f Rom. MyfJi.) The 
 goddess of" love and beauty, said to 
 have sprung I'roni the loam of tlie 
 sea. She was the wife of tlie de- 
 formed biaclvsmith Vulcan, but was 
 not remarkable for her lidelity to 
 him. Her amour with Adonis is par- 
 ticularly celebrated. By the Trojan 
 Anchises, she became the mother of 
 ^neas, and hence was regarded by 
 the Iiomans as the progenitor of their 
 nation. See JiixEAS. 
 
 Ve'nus-berg. See Eckiiardt, The 
 Faithful. 
 
 Ver'ges (4). A watchman and night- 
 constable, in Shakespeare's " Much 
 Ado about Nothing," noted for his 
 blundering simplicity. 
 
 Vermilion Sea. A name formerly 
 given to the Gulf of California, on 
 account of the red color of the infu- 
 soria it contains. 
 
 Ver'non, Die {nr Di-an'a). The he- 
 roine of Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 ''Rob Roy;" a young girl of great 
 beauty, talents, and excellence of 
 disposition, to which are superadded 
 pride of high birth, and the enthusi- 
 asm of an adherent to a persecuted 
 religion and an exiled king. She is 
 excluded from the ordinary wishes 
 and schemes of other young ladies 
 by being predestined to a hateful 
 husband or a cloister, and by receiv- 
 ing a masculine education, imder the 
 superintendence of two men of talent 
 and learning. 
 
 ?'"er-turQ'nus. [Lat., from veriere, to 
 turn, to change, to transform.] {Rom. 
 Myth.) The god of the seasons, and 
 of their manifold productions in the 
 vegetable world. He fell in love 
 ■with Pomona, and, after vainly en- 
 deavoring to get access to her under 
 a thousand different forms, at last 
 succeeded by assuming the appear- 
 ance of an old woman. In this 
 guise, he recounted to her lament- 
 able stories of wrtmen who had de- 
 spised the power of love ; and, when 
 
 he found that her heart was touched, 
 he suddenly metamorjjhosed himself 
 into a Iji-autiful youtli, and jjersuaded 
 her to marry him. 
 
 Very Christian Doctor. See Most 
 
 Christian Doctor. 
 Very Methodical Doctor. See 
 
 M(jst Metikjdical Doctor. 
 
 Very Resolute Doctor. See Most 
 ResolutJ': Dcjctor. 
 
 Ves'ta. [Gr. 'EcrTia.] {Gr. tf Rom. 
 Jli/th.) A daughter of Rhea and 
 Saturn, and sister of Ceres and Juno. 
 She was the goddess of fire, and she 
 also presided over tiocks and herds. 
 Her mysteries were celeljrated by 
 maidens, called vestal virgins, Avho 
 kept a fire constantly burning on her 
 hearth or altar, and who were re- 
 quired to lead lives of perfect purity. 
 
 V6to, M. et Mme. (mos'e'^' S ma'- 
 dam' va'to'). Injurious names often 
 given by the anarchists of the French 
 Revolution to Louis XV^I. and his 
 queen, Marie Antoinette. The ex- 
 pression originated in the indignation 
 of the people at the veto allowed the 
 king on the resolves of the National 
 Assembly. The name occurs in the 
 celebrated song, " La Carmagnole," 
 which, with the accompanying dance, 
 was performed at popular festivals, 
 executions, and outbreaks of popular 
 discontent during the Reign of Terror. 
 
 That is the piss ve have brought us to. And 
 now ye will breafc the prisons and set Capet 
 Velo on horseback to ride over us. Carli/lc. 
 
 Ve'tus. A nom de plume of Edward 
 Sterling (1773 - 1817), an English 
 writer. 
 
 flfg^ " He [Sterling] now furthermore 
 opened a correspondence with the" Times' 
 Newspaper ; wrote to it, in 1812. a ."series 
 of Letters under the signature of Vetus 
 voluntary I^etters I .suppose, without pay- 
 ment or pre-ensragement, one successful 
 Letter calling out another; till YetiiSitnd 
 his doctrines came to be a distin!;ui<h- 
 able entity, and the business amounted 
 to something. Out of my o\vn earliest 
 Newspiper reading, I can remember th« 
 name Vetus as a kind of editorial backlog 
 on which able editors were wont to chop 
 straw nf)W and then. Nay, the Letters 
 were collected and reprinted ; both this 
 first series, of 1812, and then a second of 
 next year." Carlyle 
 
 tik^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
VIA 
 
 881 
 
 VIC 
 
 Vi'a Dol'o-ro'sa. [Lat., way of pain. ] 
 A name popularly given, since the 
 Christian era, to the road at .lenisa- 
 lem leading from the Mount of Ol- 
 ives to (iolgotha, which Jesus passed 
 over on his way to the place of cruci- 
 fixion. Upon this road are situated 
 the house where the Virgin Mary was 
 born; the church erected upon the 
 spot where she fell when she beheld 
 Jesus sink under the weight of the 
 cross; the house of St. Veronica, upon 
 whose veil, employed to wipe away 
 his blood and sweat, the image of his 
 face was miraculously impressed; and 
 many other objects consecrated by 
 Christian traditions. The road, which 
 is about a mile in length, terminates 
 at the Gate of Judgment. 
 
 Vicar of Bray. A name originally 
 given to an English clergyman who 
 was twice a Papist and twice a Prot- 
 estant in four successive reigns. It is 
 now commonly applied to one who 
 deserts his party when it is no longer 
 for his safety or his interest to remain 
 in it. 
 
 4®=- Bray is a villaoje in Berkshire. 
 " The vivacious vicar liereof." says Ful- 
 ler, " living under Henry VIII., Edward 
 VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, 
 was first a Papist, then a Protestant, 
 then a Papist, then a Protestant again. 
 He had seen .some martyrs burned (two 
 miles off ) at Windsor, and found this fire 
 too hot for his tender temper. This vic- 
 ar, being taxed by one for being a turn- 
 coat and inconstant changeling. ' Not so 
 neither,' said he ; ' for, if I changed my 
 religion, I am sure T kept true to my prin- 
 ciple, which is to live and die the Vicar 
 of Bray.' "' According to Ilaydn, the 
 name of this consistent personage was Sy- 
 mon Symonds ; according to a Mr. Brome 
 (" Letters from the Bodleian,"' vol. ii., 
 part i., p. 100), it was Simon AUeyn, or 
 Allen. The former is said to have held 
 the vicarage from 1-533 to 1558 ; the latter 
 from 1540 to 1588. Another statement 
 gives the name as Pendleton : and it is re- 
 lated, tliat, in the reign of Edward VI., 
 Lawrence Sanders, the martyr, an honest 
 but mild and timorous man, having ex- 
 pressed a feir that his own strength of 
 mind was not sufficient to endure the 
 persecution of the times. Pendleton an 
 swered. that, for himself, he would see 
 every drop of his fat and the last morsel 
 of his flesh consumed to ashes ere he 
 would swerve from the faith then estab- 
 
 lished. He, however, changed with the 
 times, saved his lat and his flesh, and be- 
 came rector ot St. Stephen's, whilst tho 
 mild and diffident Sanders was burnt 
 at Smithfield. Townsend {•' Manual of 
 Dates ■') says that the story in regard 
 to the Vicar of Bray is not borne out 
 by the church records, the living not 
 having been held by tlie same person for 
 so long a period as that required to prove 
 the truth o*" the anecdote. The celebrat- 
 ed song of the " Vicar of Bray," though 
 founded on the historical fact, makes the 
 vicar a subject successively of Chailes 
 II., James II., William III., Anne, and 
 George I., and a political as well as re- 
 ligious renegade. It is .said (Nichols' 
 " Select Poems," 1782, vol. viii., p. 234) to 
 have been written by an officer in Colonel 
 Fuller's regiment, in the reign of George I. 
 
 He [Soult] obeyed, he says, not as in any 
 respect an enemy of the kin^ [Louis XVIII.J, 
 but us a citizen and a soldier, whose duty it 
 was to obey whomsoever was at the head' of 
 the government, us that of the Ficar of Bray 
 subjected him in ghostly submission to each 
 head of the church ^jro tempore. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Vicar of Clirist. A title assumed by 
 the pope of Rome, who claims to ex- 
 ercise a delegated authority as the 
 representative or vicegerent of Christ. 
 
 Vicar of "Wakefield. The hero of 
 Goldsmith's novel of the same name. 
 See PiUMRosE, The Rev. Doctor. 
 
 Thus an era took place in my life, almost 
 equal to the important one mentioned by the 
 I icar of WakeJithI, when he removed from 
 the Blue room to the Brown. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Vice, The. A grotesque allegorical 
 character who invariably figures in 
 the old English mysteries and moral- 
 ities which preceded the rise of the 
 regular modern drama. He was fan- 
 tastically accoutered in a long jerkin, 
 a cap with ass's ears, and a dagger 
 of lath. His chief employment was 
 to make sport for the multitude by 
 leaping on the back of the Devil, — 
 another personage always introduced 
 into these plays, — and belaboring 
 him with his dagger till he roared. 
 The Devil, however, always carried 
 him off in the end. He bore the 
 name sometimes of one particular 
 vice, and sometimes of another; but 
 was generally called " The Vice," 
 simply. He was succeeded in his 
 ofhce by the fool and the clown, and 
 is now best remembered by the allu- 
 sions which occur in the' plays of 
 
 ^d for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certam words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
VTD 
 
 382 
 
 ViR 
 
 Shakespeare to his character and of- 
 lici'. 
 Vidar(vo'(laf). {Scnnd Mylh.) The 
 god of wisdom and of silence. His 
 look is so penetrating that he reads 
 the most secret thoughts of men. 
 He wears very thick shoes, and 
 hence is sometimes called " the god 
 ■with the thick shoes." 
 
 VU. (Scnnd. Myth.) The brother of 
 Odin and Ve, who, with him, were 
 the progenitors of the Asir race. 
 
 Vin-cen'ti-o (vin-sen'sln-o). 1. The 
 Duke of Vieima in Shakespeare's 
 " Measure for Measure." He com- 
 mits his scepter to Angelo (with 
 whom Escalus is associated in a sub- 
 ordinate capacity), under the pre- 
 text of being called to take an ur- 
 gent and distant journey; and, by 
 exchanging the royal purple for a 
 monk's hood, observes incoynlto the 
 condition of his people, and especial- 
 ly the manner and ett'ect of his vice- 
 gerent's administration. 
 
 2. An old gentleman of Pisa, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 Vinegar Bible. A name given to 
 an edi'iioii of the Bible published in 
 1717 at the Clarendon Press, Oxtbrd. 
 By a ludicrous misprint, the title of 
 'the twentieth chapter of Luke was 
 made to read, " Parable of the Viae- 
 g'lr^'' instead of, "Parable of the 
 Vineyard ; " hence the name. 
 
 Viniand. A name given, according 
 to Snorro Sturleson, by Scandina- 
 vian voyagers, to a portion of the 
 coast of North America discovered 
 by them toward the close of the 
 tenth century, well wooded, and pro- 
 ducing agreeable fruits, particularly 
 grapes. It is thought to have been 
 some part of the coast of Massachu- 
 setts or Rhode Island. 
 
 "Vi'o-la. A lady in love with Duke 
 Orsino, in Shakespeare's "Twelfth 
 Night." 
 
 iKg=" " As for her situation in the drama 
 (of which she is properly the heroine), it 
 is. shortly, this: She is shipwref^ked on 
 the coast of lUyria: she is alone, and 
 withoiit protection, in a .straii<re countrv. 
 She wishes to enter into the service of the 
 
 Countess Olivia ; but she is assured that 
 this is iuipossilile, 'for the lady, having 
 recently lost an only and hek)ved brother, 
 has abjured the sight of men. has shut 
 herself up in her palace, and will admit 
 no kind of suit." In this perplexity. Viola 
 remembers to have beard her father speak 
 with praise and admiration of Orsino. the 
 duke of the country ; and. liaving ascer- 
 tained that he is not married, and that, 
 therefore, his court is not a proper asy- 
 lum for her in her feminine character, 
 she attires herself in the disguise of a 
 page, as the best protection against un- 
 civil comments, till she can gain some 
 ticJings of her brother. . . . To pursue 
 the thread of Viola's destiny : she is en- 
 gaged in the service of the duke, whom 
 she finds ' fancy-sick " for the love of 
 Olivia. We are left to infer (for so it is 
 hinted in the fii-st scene) that this duke 
 . . . had already made some impression 
 on Viola's imagination : and when she 
 comes to play the confidante, and to be 
 loaded with favors and kindness in her 
 assumed charaoter. that she should be 
 touched by a passion made up of pity, 
 admiration, gratitude, and tendernes.«, 
 does not. I tbiuk. in any way detract 
 from the genuine sweetness and delicacy 
 of her character ; for ' she never told her 
 love.'' . . . Viola, then, is the chosen fa- 
 vorite of the enamored dnke, and be- 
 comes his messenger to Olivia, and the 
 interpreter of his sufferings to that inac- 
 cessible beauty. In her character of a 
 ^outhful page, she attracts the favor of 
 Olivia, and excites the jealousy of her 
 lord. The situation is critical and deli- 
 cate ; but bow exquisitely is the charac- 
 ter of Viola fitted to her part, carrying 
 her through the ordeal with all the in- 
 ward and spiritual grace of modesty." 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Vi'o-len'ta. A character in Shake- 
 speare's *' All 's Well that Ends 
 Well." 
 
 Violet, Corporal, or Daddy. [Fr. 
 
 C'lpurnl la VioUtte. or Pupa la Vio- 
 lette.] A name given to the em- 
 peror Napoleon Bonaparte, by his 
 partisans in France, after his banish- 
 ment to Ellta. and designed to be ex- 
 pressive of their hope that he vronld 
 return in the spring (of 1815). The 
 flower and the color were publicly 
 worn by them as a party distinction. 
 
 Virginie (vef'zhe'ne', 64). The 
 heroine of Bernardin de St. Pierre's 
 romance entitled " Paul et Virginie," 
 — "a tropical Arcadian romance 
 
 03- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
VIR 
 
 383 
 
 VUL 
 
 which [for a time] reigned supreme 
 over French, English, and German 
 ima,i,Mnations of a certain caliber, and 
 rendered the name Vlrginie trium- 
 phant in France." 
 
 Virgin Modesty. A surname given 
 by Charles 11. to the Earl of Rochester 
 (John Wilmot), because he blushed 
 so easily. 
 
 Virgin Queen. An appellation pop- 
 ularly given to t^ueen Elizabeth 
 (15:};J-1(J03). She may, in fact, be 
 said to have assumed it; for, on the 
 10th of February, 1559, less than 
 three months after her accession to 
 the throne, in a speech which she 
 made to the privy council and a 
 deputation from the house of com- 
 mons, who had requested her, in the 
 name of the nation, to be pleased to 
 take to herself a husband, she said 
 that for herself it would be enough 
 " that a marble stone should declare 
 that a (|ueen, having reigned such a 
 time, lived and died a virgin." His- 
 torians, however, agree that her right 
 to the title is at least questionable, 
 even if it be not demonstrably ill- 
 founded. See Maiden Queen. 
 
 Virgins, The Eleven Thousand. 
 See Eleven Thousand Virgins, 
 The. 
 
 Vish'nu (6). [Sansk., from vish, to 
 pervade, to extend through nature.] 
 (lliitda Mijfh.) One of the chief 
 deities of the later religion, and the 
 second person of the holy Trimurtl, 
 or triad; regarded as the preserver, 
 while Brahma is the creator, and 
 Siva the destroyer. He accomplishes 
 the objects of his providence by suc- 
 cessive avatars or incarnations, in 
 which he appears and acts on earth. 
 Nine of these have already taken 
 place; in the tenth, which is yet to 
 occur, he will appear on a white 
 horse, with a flaming sword, for the 
 everla>;ting punishment of the wicked. 
 Buddha and .Juggernaut are both 
 regarded as avatars of Vishnu. 
 
 Vitalis (ve-ta'lis). A name assumed 
 by Erik Sjuberg (1794-1828), a dis- 
 tinguished Swedish lyric poet. By 
 
 this pseudonym he intended to con- 
 vey the notion of " ViUi /ts," Life is a 
 struggle. 
 
 Viv'i-an. Mistress of the enchanter 
 Merlin. She forms the subject of 
 one of the poems in Tennyson's 
 " Idylls of the King." See Lady of 
 THE Lake, 1, Meki.in. and Lance- 
 lot DU Lac. [Written also Viv- 
 ien, V i V i a n a, and V i v i a n e.] 
 
 Voland, Squire (Aylant, 56, 67). 
 [Ger. Junker l^oldiuL] Among the 
 Germans, a familiar name for the 
 Devil. 
 
 Vol-po'ne. [It., an old fox] The 
 title of a play by Ben Jonson, and 
 the name of its chief character. 
 
 Volscius, Prince. See Pbinck 
 
 VOLSCIUS. 
 
 Voltaire, The German. See Ger- 
 
 INIAN VOLTAIHE. 
 
 Voltaire, The Polish. See Polish 
 
 VoLTAIKE. 
 
 Vol'ti-mand. The name of a courtier, 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of " Ham- 
 let." 
 
 Volund (vo'loont). {Scand. Afyth.) 
 A renowned smith, corresponding to 
 the Vulcan or Diedalus of classical 
 mythology. Like Vulcan, he was 
 lame, was always busy at the forge, 
 and executed all kinds of smith-work, 
 from the tinest ornaments in gold 
 to the heaviest armor. See Way- 
 land Smith. 
 
 Vor'tl-ger. Seneschal of Constans (a 
 fabulous king of Britain), and usurper 
 of the throne after Constans had been 
 killed by his subjects. 
 
 Vul'can. \\^ni.Vidcanus.'] (Gr.if Rom. 
 }fyth.) A son of .Tupiter and Juno, — 
 according to some accounts, of Juno 
 alone, — and the husband of Venus. 
 He was the god of tire, and the 
 patron of blacksmiths and all workers 
 in metal. His workshop was sup- 
 posed to be under Mount /Etna; and 
 there, assisted by the Cyclops, he 
 forged the thunderbolts of Jupiter, 
 and arms for the gods and for cele- 
 brated heroes. See Mulciber. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Ruleb to which the numbera after certain words refer, bee pp. xiv-zzziL 
 
WAD 
 
 384 
 
 WAR 
 
 w. 
 
 W^d'niSn, "Widow. The name of a 
 lady, in Sterne's novel of '' Tristram 
 kShandy," who tries to secure Uncle 
 Tobv tor a husband. 
 
 WaRner (vak'nef, 58, 08). The name 
 of a character in (ioethe's '' Faust." 
 This name is not original Avith Goethe, 
 but was borrowed by him from old 
 legends, in which it occurs under 
 the form of Cristoph Wagner, who 
 is represented to have been the at- 
 tendant, or J'ainulus, of Faust. 
 
 i8®^ " Wagtier is a type of the philis- 
 ter and pedant ; he .s;icrifices himself to 
 books, as Faust does to knowledge. He 
 adores the letter. The dust of folios is 
 his element, parchment the soui-ee of his 
 inspiration. . . . lleisoneof those who, in 
 the presence of Niagara, would vex you 
 with questions about arrow-headed in- 
 scriptions ; who. in the presence of a vil- 
 lage festival, would discuss the origin of 
 the i'elasgi." Lewes. 
 
 Wagon Boy. A popular sol^riquet 
 of riiomas Corwiu (1794- 1&65), an 
 American statesman. While yet a 
 lad. General Harrison and his army 
 were on the noi'thern frontier, almost 
 destitute of provisions, and a demand 
 was made on the patriotism of the 
 people to furnish the necessary sub- 
 sistence. The elder Corwin loaded a 
 wagon with supplies, which were de- 
 livered by his son, who remained with 
 the army during the rest of the cam- 
 paign, and who is said to have proved 
 himself '" a good whip and an excel- 
 lent reins-man." 
 
 Wakefield, Pindar of. See George 
 a-Gkkkn. 
 
 "Walking Stewart. The sobriquet 
 of ,lohn Stewart, an English traveler, 
 born in the tirst half of the eighteenth 
 century, died in 1822. This cele- 
 brated peripatetic traveled on foot 
 through Hindostan, Persia, Nubia, 
 Abyssinia, the Arabian Desert, Eu- 
 rope, and the United States. 
 
 Sfn" " -^ most interesting man, whom 
 personally T knew ; eloquent in conversa- 
 tion ; conteniplative, if tlial is possible, 
 
 in excess ; crazy beyond all reach of belle* 
 bore (three Anticyrae would not have 
 cured him), yet sublime and divinely 
 benignant in his visiouariness ; the man 
 who, as a [ledestrian traveler, had seen 
 more of the earth's surface, and commu- 
 nicated more extensively with the chil- 
 dren of the earth, than any man before 
 or since ; the writer, also, who published 
 -flore books (all intelligible Vjy fits and 
 starts) than any Englishman, except, 
 perhaps. Hicliard Baxter, w^ho is said to 
 have published three hundred and sixty- 
 five, jdiis one. the extra one being, proba- 
 bly, meant lor leap-year. "' De Quincey. 
 
 "Walpurgis (val-poof'gis, 58, G8). The 
 name of the female saint who con- 
 verted the Saxons to Christianity. 
 May -day night is dedicated to her, 
 and is popularly thought to be the 
 occasion of a great witch festival on 
 the summit of the Brocken, in the 
 Hartz mountains, — a superstition 
 supposed to have originated in the 
 secret celebration of heathen rites, in 
 remote places, by those who adhered 
 to the ancient faith when their nation 
 was forcibly converted to Christianity. 
 
 "W^m'ba. The " son of Witless," and 
 the clown or jester of Cedric ofKoth- 
 erwood, in Sir Walter Scott's " Ivan- 
 hoe." 
 
 "Wandering Jew. See Jew, The 
 Wandeking. 
 
 Wantley, Dragon of. See Dkagon 
 OF Wantlev. 
 
 "Ward, Artemus. A pseudonym 
 adopted by 3Ir. Charles F. Browne, 
 an American humorist of the present 
 day, author of a series of popular 
 comic productions purporting to be 
 written by an itinerant showman, 
 and remarkable for their perverse 
 orthography. 
 
 "War of 1812. (Amer. Hist.) A name 
 commonly given to the war between 
 the United States and Great Britain, 
 which began on the 18th of June, 
 1812, and ended, Feb. 17, 1815, on 
 the ratification by congress of the 
 treaty of peace concluded at Ghent 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
WAR 
 
 385 
 
 WAT 
 
 on the 24th of the preceding Decem- 
 ber. 
 
 War of Liberation. (Ger. Hist.) 
 The name coimiionly given to the 
 war undertaken by the Germans, in 
 1813, to throw ofi'the French yoke, 
 in consequence of" the destruction of 
 Bonaparte's grand army in the Rus- 
 sian cam})aign of ]81"2. 
 
 War of the Barons. {Enrj. Hist.) An 
 insurrection against the autliority of 
 Henry III., wliicli broke out in 1262, 
 and was excited by liis faithlessness 
 and the oppressions of his favorites. 
 The barons were headed by Simon de 
 Montfort,wluxse death, in 12G5, at the 
 battle of Evesham, occasioned their 
 submission. 
 
 War of the Seven Captains. See 
 Seven against Thebes. 
 
 War of the Succession. (Tlist.) A 
 celebrated struggle between Eng- 
 land, France, Austria, and the Unit- 
 ed I'roviuces, to determine whether 
 Philip, Duke of Anjou (grandson of 
 Louis XIV. of F>ance), or the Arch- 
 duke Charles (son of the lunperor 
 Leopold L), should succeed to the 
 throne of Spain, left vacant by the 
 death of Charles IL It commenced 
 ^lay 4, 1702, and ended with the 
 peace of Utrecht, March 13, 1713, by 
 ■which Philip was acknowledged and 
 confirmed as king. The contest was 
 signalized by the splendid achieve- 
 ments of the Duke of ^Marlborough. 
 
 War of the Three Henries. ( Fr. 
 Hist.) A war between Henry III. 
 king of France, Henry de Pourbon, 
 king of Navarre, and Henry, did\e 
 of Guise, growing out of a project 
 of the last to exclude the king of 
 Navarre from his right of succession 
 to the French throne. 
 
 Wars of the Roses. {Enff. ffist.) A 
 name given to the intestine wars 
 which raeed in FLngland from the 
 reign of Henry VI. to that of Henrv 
 VII. (1452-1486). It refers to the 
 badges or emblems of the parties to 
 the strife, — that of the house of York 
 being a white rose, and that of the 
 house of Lancaster a red rose. 
 
 W'ashington of Colombia. A name 
 given to Simon Bolivar (1785-1831), 
 
 Avho established the independence of 
 the Spanish provinces of A^cnezuela 
 and New (iranada, which were there- 
 upon united into a republic, called 
 Colombia, of which he was chosen 
 the hrst president. 
 
 Was'tle, Williani (wos'l). A pseu- 
 donym of John (iibson Lockhart 
 (17'J4-1854), mider which he contrib- 
 uted to " Blackwood's Magazine." 
 
 Water -poet. A title assumed by 
 John Taylor, an F'nglish jjoet (1580- 
 1654), who for a long time followed 
 the occupation of a waterman on the 
 Thames. 
 
 Wat'ling Street. A name ver}- gen- 
 erally given in England, during the 
 Middle Ages, to the Vi(( Lacita^ or 
 "Milky Way." It occurs in Chau- 
 cer's "• House of Fame," Book II.: — 
 
 " Se yondir, lo, the galaxie, 
 The wiche men clepe the milkv way, 
 For it i>i wliite; nnd some, parfoy, 
 Y-eallin it han WutUn(je-strete." 
 
 In " The Compleynt of Scotland," 
 the comet, it is said, " aperis otl in 
 the quhyt circle, the quhilk the mari- 
 nalis cailis Vatlanstreit."'' The name 
 occurs again, in the translation ot the 
 "^Eneid " by GaAvain Douglas: — 
 
 " Of ever}' steme the twinkling notis he. 
 That in the stUl hevin move couis we se, 
 Arthuris house, and Hyades, betaikning 
 
 rane, 
 tVatlhigeKtrcte, the Ilorne, and the Charle- 
 
 wane. 
 The feirs Orion with his golden glave." 
 
 This, however, was only an applica- 
 tion f>f the word, not its proper and 
 original meaning. The real Watling 
 Street was a road extending across 
 South Britain in a general direction 
 from east to west. Beginning at 
 Richborough or Dover, it ran through 
 Canterbury to London, and thence 
 across the island to Chester. It is 
 yet, in some parts, an important 
 highway, and the portion which ran 
 through London still preserves the 
 old name. Under the Britons, Wat- 
 ling Street existed as a simple forest- 
 lane or track-way ; the Romans made 
 a great military road of it; and the 
 Anglo-Saxons adopted it, as they did 
 all the Rom.in roads and bridges in 
 every part of the island. 
 
 JSl^ The orijiin of the name id uncer- 
 tain. By some the street is supposed to 
 
 4ud for the Remarks and Rules to which the uumbers after certain words refer, s«e pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
 25 
 
WAY 
 
 386 
 
 WEL 
 
 h^TC been called, in honor of Vitfllius, the 
 Via (or Strata) Viiellina, of which the 
 modero name is an Anglo-Saxon cor- 
 ruption. Aiconiing to Camden, it was 
 named after VitcUianus^ wlio directed the 
 work, and whom ttie iJritous, in their 
 laiij^uagi'. called Guetalin. Florence of 
 Worcester (Oliron. sub. an. 1013) derives 
 t le nam'! from the Wep.tlings, or sous of 
 Kin;? W'aetla. who, \Vri;?ht says, •' w;is, no 
 doubt, a personage of the Anglo-Saxon 
 mythology.'- Grimm otTers no expla- 
 nation, but merely remarks, " Who the 
 W«etlings were, and liow they came to give 
 their name both to an earthly and a heav- 
 enly street, we do not kuow." This glit- 
 tering pathway in the sky has, in otuer 
 countries, been called after roids on 
 eart 1. By the Italians, it was deuomi- 
 nated the '• Santa Stra'Ja di L'iretto."' 
 Aventin. a German writer in the sixteenth 
 centurv, calls it " Eirhigxtrassf,"' and 
 m ikes it belong to a mythical King Eu- 
 riug on the Danube. 
 
 "Way'land Smith, or "Wayiand the 
 Smith. A invthical ami invisible 
 farrier — the Vo'unl or Withnl of 
 Northern fable — whose name has 
 been handed down to tlie present 
 time by Eni^lish traditions. He 
 hanntel the Vale of White-Horse, in 
 Berksliire, where three squarish Hat 
 stones supporting a fourth ar3 still 
 p )inted out as his stithy. His fee 
 was sixpence, and, unlike other work- 
 men, he was otfended if more was 
 otfer^id him. Sir Walter Scott, by a 
 .'^tranije anachronism, introduces him 
 into the romajice of "• Kenilworth " 
 as a living person of the reign of 
 Elizabeth. See Volund and WiE- 
 
 LANI). 
 
 "Weeping Philosopher. A sobriquet 
 given to Heraclitus, a native of 
 Ephesus, who flourished about 500 
 years \\. c. He Avas of a gloomy and 
 melaimholy disposition, and is said 
 to ha\ • been perpetually shedding 
 tear-; on account of the vices of man- 
 kin I. 
 
 tj^^ The name of Bemoc/ritus, the 
 laughing philosopher, being often coupled 
 with that of lleracli'tus, the weeping 
 philosopher, manv speakers are apt to 
 accent tie latter, incorrectly, on the sec- 
 ond syllable. 
 
 Weird Sisters. Three witches, in 
 Sliakospeare's tragedv of " Mac- 
 beth." 
 
 J8f3^ " The Weird Sisters are an true • 
 creation of .Shakespeare's as his .^rieland 
 Caliban, — tttes. furies, anil materializing 
 witches being the elements. Th»'y are 
 wholly different from any represeutiition 
 of witches in the contemporary writers, 
 and yet pre.sent a sufficient external re- 
 semblance to the creatures of vulgar prej- 
 udice to act iumiediatfly ou the audience. 
 Their character consists in the imagina- 
 tive, disconnected from the good. They 
 are the shadowy ub.scure and fearfully 
 anomalous of physical nature, the law- 
 less of human nature, — elemental aveng- 
 ers without .<ex or kin."' ColeritJge. 
 
 "Weissnichtwo (vis'nikt-vo', 08,71). 
 [Ger., I-know-not-where. Compare 
 Scot. Ki'}mt(yuhi(ir.] A name given, 
 in Carlyle's "• Sartor Ke.^artus," to a 
 place (probably meant for l^ondon) 
 spoken of as containing a university 
 in which Herr Teutelsdri'ickh is pro- 
 fe*:sor. See Teijfelsdkockh, Hkhr. 
 
 "Wel'ler, Samuel. i\Ir. PickAvick's 
 man, in Dickens's celebrated " Pick- 
 wick Papers ; " designed as an epit- 
 ome of London low life in its most 
 agreeable and entertaining form. He 
 is an inimitable compound of wit, sim- 
 plicity, quaint immor, and tidelity. 
 
 >e®=" " The far-famed Sam Weller corre- 
 sponds to no realitw The [jondoner born 
 and bred is apt to be the driest and most 
 uninteresting of beings. All things lost 
 for him the gloss of novelty when he was 
 fifteen years old. He would suit the mu- 
 seum of a nil a'tmirari philosopher, as a 
 specimen, shriveled and adust, of the ul- 
 timate result of his principle. But Dick- 
 ens collected more jokes than all the cab- 
 men in London would utter in a year, 
 and bestowed the whole treasure upon 
 Sam."' Batfiif. 
 
 Weller, Tony. The father of Sam 
 Weller, in Dickens's "• Pickwick Pa- 
 pers;" a representative of the old 
 broad-brimmed, great-coated, many- 
 waistcoated, red-faced race of Eng- 
 lish stage-coachmen. 
 
 "Well-founded Doctor. [Lnt. Doc- 
 ior Fumifttissimiis.l An honorary 
 appellation conferred, on accoimt of 
 his profound learning, upon ^gidius 
 Pomanus (d. l-31f>). of the family of 
 Colonna, .Archbishop of Bourges, and 
 general of the Augustinians. 
 
 "Well-laneruaKed Daniel. See Dan- 
 iel, The Wele-languageu. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying ExplanatioDi^ 
 
WER 
 
 387 
 
 WHI 
 
 Werther (wer'ter, 4; Ger.pron. wl'v'- 
 tef, 04, 68). Tlie hero of (ioethe's 
 sentimeiitiil romance, '' The Sorrows 
 of Werther," in wliich he portrays 
 the character of a yomi^- and hi^lily 
 endowed .-pirit who lias become dis- 
 gusted with life. 
 
 ;8@="" ' Werther,' infusiiif? itself into the 
 core and wliole spirit of literaturi", j^ave 
 birth to a race ofseiitiuicutalists who have 
 raided and w.iiled iu every part of the 
 world till better liglit dawned on them, or, 
 at least, exhausted nature laid itself to 
 sleep, and it was discovered that lament- 
 ing was an unproductive labor.'' CarLyLe. 
 
 The practical, not the sfiitiinental, is Fried- 
 rich's interest, not to say that Werther and the 
 Bentiniental were not yet born into our afflict- 
 ed earth. Carb/le. 
 
 Western, Miss Sophia. The sweet- 
 heart of Tom .lones, in Fielding's 
 "History of Tom Jones, a Found- 
 ling." 
 
 "Western, Squire. A jolly country 
 gentleman in Fielding's " History of 
 Tom Jones, a Foundling." 
 
 je®= "Amongst these [the characters of 
 the story], Squire Western stands alone ; 
 imitated from no prototype, and in him- 
 self an inimitable picture of i.!rnorance, 
 prejudice, irascibility, and rusticity, unit- 
 ed with natural shrewdness, constitution- 
 al good-humor, and an instinctive aftcc- 
 tion for his daughter, — all which qual- 
 ities, good and bad, are grounded upon 
 that basis of thorough selfishness natural 
 to one bred up from infancy wliere no one 
 dared to contradict his arguments, or to 
 control his conduct." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 There now are no Squire Westerns, as of old, 
 
 And our Sophias are not so emphatic, 
 But fair as them or fairer to behold. Ihiron. 
 Rants which in everj' thing: but diction re- 
 sembled those of Squire IVestern. Macaulaij. 
 Conceive a rugpred, thick - sided Squire 
 Western, of supreme dep:ree, — for this Squire 
 Western [Frederick William I., of Prussia] is 
 a hot Ilohenzollern. and wears a crown roy- 
 al, — conceive such a bnr\y tie plus ultra of a 
 Squire, with his broad-based rectitudes and 
 surly irrefragabilities. Carhjle. 
 
 Western Reserve. A name popu- 
 larly given to a tract of country 
 reserved by the State of Connecticut, 
 at the time of the cession of the 
 North-west Territory to the United 
 States. Disputes arose, after the war 
 of the Revolution, between several 
 of the States, respecting the right of 
 soil in this territory, which were onlv 
 allayed by the cession of the whole 
 
 to the United States, Connecticut 
 reserving a tract of .'{.()0(),!»21 acres 
 near l^ake Krie. in 1800, jurisdietion 
 over this tract was relin(|uislied to 
 tlie federal govermnent, the State re- 
 serving the right to the soil, and dis- 
 posing of it in small lots to settlers 
 (from which sales she o!)tained her 
 magnilicent school-fund), wiiile the 
 Indian titles to the rest of the soil 
 v/ere bought up b}' the general gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Westminster, Long Meg of. See 
 Long Mku of Westmixstek. 
 
 Westminster's Glory. See Eng- 
 land's PkiDE AND WeSTMINSTEK'S 
 
 Gloky. 
 
 Wetlt'er-ell, Elizabeth. A pseudo- 
 nym adopted by Miss Susan War- 
 ner, an American writer of the pres- 
 ent day, author of " The Wide Wide 
 W^)rld " and other works. 
 
 Whar'ton, Eliza (-tn). The heroine 
 of a novel of the same name, founded 
 on tact, by Mrs. Hannah Foster, an 
 American authoress. 
 
 Whar'ton, Grace (-tn). A pseudo- 
 nym adopted by ^Irs. Anthony Todd 
 Thomson («re Katharine Byerky), a 
 popular and voluminous author of 
 the present century (d. 1862). 
 
 Whar'ton, Philip (-tn). A pseu- 
 donym adopted by John Cooklinrn 
 Thomson, a popular English author. 
 
 Whirling Rocks. See Svmpleg- 
 
 ADES. 
 
 Whis'ker-an'dos, Don Fe-r61o. 
 The lover of Tilburina, in Sheridan's 
 farce of " The Critic." 
 
 I dare say I blushed: for T . . . had chris- 
 tened him Don Ferolo Wkiakerandos. 
 
 TJtackeray, 
 
 Whiskey Insurrection. {Anur. 
 Hist.) A name given to an outbreak 
 in Western Pennsylvania, in 171)4, 
 resulting from an attempt to enforce 
 an excise law passed in 1791, which 
 imposed duties on domestic distilled 
 liquors. The insurrection spread into 
 the border counties of Virginia, and 
 called forth two proclamations from 
 President Wiishington, which had no 
 effect. It was finally suppressed hy 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to vhich the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
WHI 
 
 388 
 
 Win 
 
 General ITcnry Lee, governor of Vir- 
 ginia, with an armed force. 
 
 Whistlecraft, "William and Robert. 
 
 A iinia (le p/uint of Jolin llookluun 
 Frere (i7G9-18-4U), an English author 
 and statesman. 
 
 White Devil of "Wallachia. A so- 
 bri(jut*t given by the Turks, to wliom 
 he was a great terror, to (jeorge Cas- 
 triota (1404-1407), a celebrated Al- 
 banian cliit'f, comuKjnly called Scan- 
 derbeg, that is, liey, or Prince, Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 "White House. In the United States, 
 a name popularly given to the ex- 
 ecutive, or presidential, mansion, at 
 Washington, which is a large build- 
 ing of freestone, painted white. 
 
 Wkite Lady of Av'e-nel. A kind 
 of tutelary spirit protecting the for- 
 tunes of a noble family in ^>ir Walter 
 Scott's novel, " The Monastery." 
 
 Noon gleams on the lake, 
 
 Noon glows on the fell; 
 "Wake thee, oh, wake, 
 
 White Maid o{ Avenel. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 "White Rose. A common designation 
 of the house of York, from its emblem, 
 which was a white rose. See Waks 
 OF THE Roses. 
 
 "White Rose of Ra'by. Cecily, wife 
 of Richard, Duke of York, and mother 
 of Edward IV. and Richard III. ; — so 
 called in allusion to her private char- 
 acter, as well as to the distinguishing 
 color of the Yorkists in the Wars of 
 the Roses. She was the youngest 
 of twenty-one children. A novel of 
 some popularity entitled " The White 
 Rose of Rabv " was published in 
 17'J4. 
 
 "Whit'ting-ton, Dick. The hero of 
 a famous old legend, in which he is 
 represented as a poor orphan boy 
 from the country, who went to Lon- 
 don, where, after luulergoing many 
 hardships, he attracted the notice and 
 comjiassion of a rich merchant, who 
 gave him a situation in his family us 
 an assistant to the cook. Here he led 
 a miserable life, abused by the cook, 
 and sleeping in the garret, which 
 was overrun with rats and mice. At 
 length, having obtained a penny, he 
 
 purchased a cat. His master, shortly 
 after, being aljout to send a ship to 
 sea, gave all the servaiUs pennission 
 to send a venture in her. Dick had 
 notiiing to risk but his cat. and sent 
 her. The ship was driven to the 
 coast of IJarliarv, where the master 
 and chief mate were invited to court. 
 At an entertainment given to them 
 by the king, rats and mice swarmed 
 over the taljles, and disputed with 
 the guests possession of the banquet. 
 The captain thereupon sent for Dick's 
 cat, which, being produced, made a 
 terrible havoc among the vermin, 
 and was gladly purchased by the 
 king at a very high price. With the 
 money thus ac(inired, Dick com- 
 menced business, and succeeded so 
 well that he linally married his former 
 master's daughter, was knighted, and 
 became lord mayor of London. This 
 tradition has jjrobably no foundation 
 in fact, though there was a real Sir 
 Richard Whittington, who was thrice 
 mayor of London in the reign of 
 Henry V. 
 
 J^^ According to Mr. H. T. Riley (" Re- 
 rum Britanuicaruni Medii .Evi Scrip- 
 tores, Munimenta Gildhalloe Londinen- 
 sis,"' vol. i.. '■ Liber Albiis," Preface, p. 
 xviii.), in the fourteenth centur}- and 
 the beginning of the fifteenth, trading, 
 or buying and selling at a profit, was 
 known to the more educated classes in 
 England under the French name achat, 
 which they wrote, and probably pro- 
 nounced, neat. To acat of this nature, 
 Whittington was indebted for his wealth ; 
 and as, iu time, the French became dis- 
 placed by the modern English, the mean- 
 ing of the word probably was lost, and 
 thereby opportunity was given to some 
 inventive genius, at a much later period, 
 of building a new story upon the double 
 meaning of an obsolete word. By Sir 
 AVilliam Ouseley, the story is said to be 
 founded on an Oriental narrative ; and it 
 is related in a Persian MS., according to 
 Ilalliwell, that, in the t«nth century, one 
 Keis, the son of a poor widow of Siraf, 
 embarked for India with his sole property, 
 a cat ; there lie fortunately arrived at a 
 time when the palace was so infested by 
 mice or rats that they invaded the king s 
 food, and persons were employed to drive 
 them from tlie royal banquet. This cat 
 was useful in the same mann -r as Whit- 
 tington's, and its owner was similarly re- 
 warded. In a •' Description of Guinea," 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
WIC 
 
 389 
 
 WIL 
 
 1665. it is recorded " how Alphonso, a 
 Portii;jcnese. being wrecked on tlie coast 
 of Guiiiuey, ami beirij; presented by the 
 king rliereof with his weiglit in gold for 
 a cat to kill their mice and an o.vntnicnt 
 to kill their Hies, which he improved, 
 witliin fivt; >(!ars, to .£tj()00 on the place, 
 and returning to Portugal, iifter fifteen 
 years traffick, became tiie third man in 
 the kingdom."' See further in Keight- 
 lev's '• Tales and Popular Fictions,' pp. 
 241-2(56. 
 
 "Wicked Bible. A name j^iven to an 
 edition of tiie Bible published in 1032 
 by Barker and Lucas, because the 
 word not was omitted in the seventh 
 coniinandnient. The printers were 
 called before the Hi<;h Commission, 
 fined heavily, and the whole impres- 
 sion destroyed. 
 
 ■Wick'field, Agnes. The heroine of 
 Dickens's " David Coppertield," one 
 of the most charming female charac- 
 ters in the whole range of tiction. 
 
 Wieland (vee^lant, 56, 68). A famous 
 Northern smith ; the same as Volund. 
 See VuLUND and Waylaxu Smith. 
 fl6g== In a contest with a smitli named 
 Amilias, as to who would manufacture 
 the be.st sword, he clove Amilias down to 
 the waist with a blade of such sharpness 
 that it cut through steel helmet and ar- 
 mor and body, and vet .\milias did not 
 feel it ; but. on attempting to rise from 
 his seat, he discovei'ed its effects by fall- 
 ing asunder. This sword was called Bai- 
 rn ung. 
 
 Wife of Bath (2). Oneof the pilgrims 
 who are represented by Chaucer in 
 his '' Canterbury Tales " as travehng 
 from Southwark to Canterbury, and 
 each relating a story on the road for 
 the common amusement. The " Wife 
 of Batli's Tale" seems to have been 
 taken from that of Florent, or Floren- 
 tius {(/.v.), in Gower's " Confe.'isio 
 Amantis;" or perhaps from an older 
 narrative in the " Gesta Homanorum," 
 or some such collection, from which 
 the story of Klorent was borrowed. 
 
 Oh, she is well attended, madam, replied the 
 dame, who, from her jolly and laughter-loving 
 demeanor, mi<>ht have been the verv emblem 
 of the Wire ot' Bath. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 "Wife of Keith, Wise. See Wise 
 WiFK OF Keith. 
 
 Wild, Jonathan. A notorious Eng- 
 lish robber, who was executed in 
 
 1725. He is chiefly known to readers 
 of the present day as the hero of 
 Fielding's novel, "The History of 
 Jonathan Wild." 
 
 i&M" " 111 that strange apologue, the 
 autlior takes for a hero the greatest ras- 
 cal, coward, traitor, tyrant, hypocrite, 
 that his wit and experience, both large in 
 this matter, could enable him to devise 
 or depict ; he accompanies this villain 
 through all the actions of his life, with a 
 grinning deference and a wonderful mock 
 respect, and does not leave him till he is 
 dangling at the gallows, when the satirist 
 makes him a low bow, and wishes the 
 scoundrel good-day." Thnrki-ray. '" It 
 is not easy to see what Fielding proposed 
 to himself by a picture of complete vice, 
 unreheved by any thing of human feel- 
 ing, and never, by any accident even, de- 
 viating into virtue; and the ascribing a 
 train of fietitious adventures to a real 
 character has in it something clumsy and 
 inartificial on the one hand, and. on the 
 other, subjects the author to a suspicion 
 that he only used the title of ' Jonathan 
 Wild ' in order to connect his book with 
 the popular renown of that infamous 
 depredator." Sir W. Scott. " It has 
 been justly remarked by Mr. Murphy, 
 that Fielding wrote ' The History of Jon- 
 athan Wild ' for a noble purpose, and 
 one of the highest importance to society. 
 A satire like this strips off the spurious 
 ornaments of hypocrisy , shows the beau- 
 ty of the moral character, and will always 
 be worthy the attention of the reader who 
 desires to rise wiser or better from the 
 book he peruses." Roscoe. 
 
 Wildair, Sir Harry. The hero of 
 Farquhar's comedy of the same name, 
 and also of his " Constant Couple." 
 He is represented as an airy gentle- 
 man, affecting humorous gayety and 
 great freedom in his behavior, but 
 not altogether profligate or unfeeling. 
 
 Wild Boar of Ardennes (at-'den', 
 or ar^den). \Yr. Le Sfiw/lier des Ar^ 
 ffennes.] A sobriquet given to Wil- 
 liain, Count of La Marck (d 1485), on 
 account of his ferocity and the de- 
 liglit he took in haimting the forest 
 of Ardennes. According to Sir Wal' 
 ter Scott, who introduces him into 
 " Quentin Durward," he was remark- 
 able for an unusual thickness and 
 projection of the mouth and upper 
 jaw, and for huge protruding side- 
 teeth, which gave him a hideous and 
 brutal expression of countenance. 
 
 ■nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
WIL 
 
 390 
 
 WIL 
 
 Wild Boy, The. A savage creature 
 fouiul, ill Novcinhcr, 17i25, in the 
 foivst of Ilcrtswold, Hanover, and 
 sii])pose(l to be at that time about 
 tiiirteeii years ohl. He was aceiis- 
 tonied to walk on all fours, and would 
 climb trees like a s(|uirrel. His food 
 consisted of wild plants, leaves, f^rass, 
 moss, and the bark of trees. Many 
 ettbrts wt're made to reform his sav- 
 aiie haliits, but with little success, nor 
 could he be taught to utter one dis- 
 tinct syllable. He commonly went 
 by the name of Peter. His death 
 took place in February, 1785. 
 
 Wildfire, Madge. The sobriquet of 
 a prominent character in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel, " The Heart of Mid- 
 Lothian," whose real name is given 
 as Margaret Murdockson. She is 
 described as having been a beautiful, 
 but verv vain and giddy girl, crazed 
 by seduction and the murder of her 
 infant, and exhibiting in an exag- 
 gerated degree those weaknesses of 
 character to which she owed her 
 misery. 
 
 Wild Huntsman. [Fr. Le Grand 
 Venett)-, Ger. De/- Wilde Jd(/er.] The 
 subject of a popular and widely dif- 
 fused tradition concerning a strange 
 and spectral hunter who appears by 
 night, surrounded by dogs, and some- 
 times with a train of attendants, driv- 
 ing on the chase. The well-known 
 cheer of the hunter, the cry of his 
 hounds, and the tramp of his horse's 
 feet, are distinctly audible. The su- 
 perstition probably has its origin in 
 the many and various strange sounds 
 which are heard in the depths of a 
 forest during the silence of the night. 
 In Gemiany, this tradition has been 
 made the subject of a ballad by 
 Biirger, entitled " Der AVilde .liiger," 
 which has been translated into Eng- 
 lish by Sir Walter Scott, under the 
 name of" The Wild Huntsman." In 
 this poem, the hunter is represented 
 not as driving, but as himself driven 
 by the Devil, from whom he seeks to 
 escape. The French have a similar 
 tradition concerning an aerial hunter 
 who infests the forest of Fontaine- 
 bleau. Some account of him may be 
 found in Sullv's " Memoirs," in which 
 
 he is styled Le drand Vene^ir. Father 
 Mattliieu relates, that the shepherds 
 of the neighborhood hold it to be the 
 hunt of St. Huliert, wliich is also 
 heard in other ])laces. '{"he super- 
 stition woidd seem to l)e (piite general. 
 In a Scottish poem entitled " Alba- 
 nia," there is a poetical description 
 of this phantom chase. In Kngland, 
 the tradition seems to have estab- 
 lished itself under the tigure of //e/ne 
 tilt Hunter^ as in Shakespeare's 
 " Merry Wives of Windsor." 
 
 Wil'kins, Peter. The hero of a 
 work entitled " The Voyage of Peter 
 Wilkins," written by iJobert Pul- 
 tock, about the year i75(J. He is a 
 mariner, who, like Kobinson Crusoe, 
 is thrown on a distant uninhabited 
 shore, after undergoing various ca- 
 lamities at sea, and who is furnished 
 with stores, utensils, and provisions, 
 from the wreck of tlie ship in which 
 he sailed. His solitary abode is in a 
 beautiful twilight country frequented 
 by a race of Hying people, or beings 
 provided with a sort of elastic natural 
 investment which will open and shut 
 at pleasure, thus furnishing the pos- 
 sessor with wings or a dress, accord- 
 ing to the requirement of the moment. 
 
 j8®=" " The hero's name was most likely- 
 suggested by that of a celebrated advo- 
 cate of the possibility of tiying, — Wil- 
 kins, Bishop of Chester." Le/ff/i Hunt. 
 
 I cannfit imaije to myself whereabout you 
 are. When I try to fix it, Peter IVilkin.^'s isl- 
 and conies across me. Charles Laiiib. 
 
 Wil'let, John. A burly and obstinate 
 English country' innkeeper of the last 
 century, who figures in Dickens's 
 novel of " Barnaby Rudge." 
 
 William of CloudesTie. A famous 
 North-country archer celebrated in an 
 old '" popular history," and in a poem 
 which has been reprinted by Ritson 
 and by Percy. 
 
 Williams, Caleb. The title of a novel 
 
 by William (iodwin (1756-1836), and 
 
 the name of its hero. 
 Will-with-the-Wisp. Another name 
 
 for Jnck-tcitli-thc-Lnntern, q. v. 
 Wil'mot, 1. A character in Lillo's 
 
 " Fatal Curiosity." 
 
 2. (.^-rabella.) A lady beloved 
 
 n^ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
WIL 
 
 391 
 
 WIN 
 
 by George Primrose, in Goldsmith's 
 " Vicar of Wakelieid." 
 
 Wil'mot Proviso. { Amer. ffist.) 
 A name poiuilarly given in America 
 to an anuMidincnt to a bill placing 
 $2,0()(),()00 at the disposition of Pres- 
 ident Polk to negotiate a peace with 
 Mexico. It was introduced in the 
 national house of rejiresentatives, on 
 the 8th of August, 1846, by the Hon. 
 David Wilmot, a Democratic repre- 
 sentative from Pennsylvania, and 
 ■was in these words: "Provided, 
 that, as an express and fundamen- 
 tal condition to the accpiisition of 
 any territory from the republic of 
 JMexico by the United States, by 
 virtue of any treaty which may be 
 negotiated between them, and to the 
 use by the executive of the moneys 
 herein appropriated, neither slavery 
 nor involuntary servitude shall ever 
 exist in any part of said territory, 
 except for crime, Avhereof the party 
 shall tirst be duly convicted." The 
 bill with this amendment attached 
 was passed in the house by a vote of 
 87 yeas to G-t nays, but failed in the 
 senate in consequence of the arrival 
 of the hour for the tinal adjournment 
 of the session before a vote could be 
 reached. At the next session of con- 
 gress (1840-47), a bill appropriating 
 $•3,000,000 for tlie same purpose as be- 
 fore had a similar provision athxedto 
 it by the senate, but was rejected in 
 the house by a vote of 1U2 to 97. 
 On the tennination of the war, the 
 practical question involved in the 
 Wilmot Proviso, whether the intro- 
 duction of slaver\' should be allowed 
 or prohibited in the territories newly 
 acquired from Mexico, became the 
 source of great agitation throughout 
 the country. 
 
 Wimble, Will, The name of a cel- 
 ebrated character in the " Spectator," 
 distinguished for his delightful sim- 
 plicity and good-humored officious- 
 ness. He is said to have been in- 
 tended for a Mr. Thomas Morecroft, 
 Avho died at Dublin, July 2, 1741. 
 
 Wimbledon, Philosopher of. See 
 PiTiLosopiiEn OF Wimbledon. 
 
 Win'kle, Mr. Nathaniel (wingkd). 
 One of the cKd), in Dickens's "Pick- 
 
 Avick Papers; " lepresented as a cock- 
 ney pretender to sporting skill. 
 
 Win'kle, Kip Van (wingk'l). The 
 name of one of the Dutch colonists 
 of New York, whose adventures 
 are related in Washington Irving's 
 "Sketch-book." He is represented 
 as having met a strange man with 
 a^ keg of liquor in a ravine of the 
 Kaatskill Mountains, aiul as having 
 obligingly assisted him to carry the 
 load to a wild retreat among the 
 rocks, where he found a company of 
 odd-looking personages playing at 
 ninepins, with the gravest of faces 
 and in the most mysterious silence. 
 His awe and apprehension having by 
 degrees subsided, he ventured, when 
 no eye Avas tixed on him, to steal a 
 taste of the beverage Avhich he had 
 helped the strange man bring along. 
 He repeated the draught so otten that 
 at length his senses Avere overpow- 
 ered, and he fell into a deep sleep, 
 Avhich, strange to say, lasted for 
 tAventy years, though they seemed to 
 him but as one night. Meanwhile, 
 remarkable events had taken place: 
 his Avit'e had died, his daughter Avas 
 mari-ied, his former cronies were dead, 
 or scattered, or much the Avorse for 
 the Avear and tear of time ; and, more 
 than all, there had been a Avar of 
 revolution, the colonies had thrown 
 otf the yoke of the mother country, 
 and Avere now knoAvn as the United 
 States of America. See Epimeni- 
 ])Es; Klaus, Peter; and Sleep- 
 ing Beauty in the Wood. 
 
 Winter King. A title derisively 
 given to Frederick V., elector palatine 
 0596-1632), Avho Avas elected king 
 of Bohemia by the Protestants, in 
 1619, and was defeated, and his reign 
 brought to an end, in 1620. 
 
 >e@= " What kind of a ' King of Bohe- 
 mia ' this Friedrich made, . . . and what 
 sea of troubles he and his entered into, 
 we know: the ' Winter Konig^^ {Wintev- 
 Kin;;, fallen in times of frosi, or built of 
 mere frost, a S7iniv-k\ng altogether soluble 
 again) is the name he gets in German 
 Histories." Carlyle. 
 
 Winter Queen. A mocking af)pel- 
 lation given to Elizabeth, daughter 
 of James I. of England, and wife of 
 
 end for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xzxiL 
 
WIS 
 
 392 
 
 WIZ 
 
 Frederick, elector palatine. See su- 
 pra. 
 
 "Wise Men of Gotham. See Go- 
 tham. 
 
 Wise Men of Greece, The Seven. 
 See Seven Wise .Men oe Gkeece. 
 
 Wise Men of the East. See Magi, 
 The Tiikee; also, Cologne, The 
 Three Kings of. 
 
 Wise Wife of Keith, A popular 
 di'sij,niati()ii j^^ivoii to one Agnes Simp- 
 son, or Sampson, a Scottish woman 
 executed abinit tlio latter part of the 
 sixteentli century for witchcraft, and 
 especially for taking part in an al- 
 leged conspiracy against the life of 
 the king, James \T. See Scott's 
 " Letters on Demonology and Witch- 
 craft," Letter IX. 
 
 Wishfort, Lady. A character in Con- 
 grove's comedy, " The Way of the 
 World;" distinguished for her mix- 
 ture of Avit and ridiculous vanity. 
 
 Witchfinder General. A title as- 
 sumed l)y one Matthew Hopkins, an 
 im])udent and cruel wretch, who, for 
 three or four years previous to 1(5-47, 
 traveled through the counties of 
 Essex, Sussex, Norfolk, and Hunting- 
 don (in England), pretending to dis- 
 cover witches, superintending their 
 examination by the most imheard- 
 of tortures, and compelling them to 
 admit and confess matters equally 
 absurd and inipossil)le, the issue of 
 which was the forfeiture of their lives. 
 
 JSfS" At first the current of popular 
 feeli ig was strongly with Hopkins ; but at 
 lengtli it set agiinst. him with such vio- 
 lence. tli;it he was seized antl subjected fo 
 his own favorite test of swimming, and. 
 happening to tloat, was convicted of 
 witchcraft, and put to death. He has 
 been pilloried bv Butler in '-Hudibras" 
 (Part II., canto 3). 
 
 Witch of Atlas. The heroine of 
 Shelley's poem of the same title. 
 
 Witch of Balwery, The Great. 
 See GitEAT Witch ok Balwehv. 
 
 Witch of Ed'm6n-t6n. The heroine 
 of a trau'i-comcdv of the .came name 
 by William Ikowley, assisted by Ford 
 and Dekker. It was published in 
 l:).-)S. 
 
 Witch of Endor. A divining woman 
 consulted by King Saul, when, hav- 
 ing become disheartened and dis- 
 couraged by the general defection of 
 his sui)jects, and being conscious of 
 his own unworthy and ungrateful dis- 
 obedience, he desjKiired of obtain- 
 ing counsel and assistance from the 
 offended Deity, who had previously 
 comminiicated with him through hi-s 
 prophets. At the direction of Saul, 
 she called up the spirit of Samuel, 
 who foretold the defeat and death of 
 the king. 
 
 Wi£h'ring-t6n, Roger. A gallant 
 S(|uire celebrated in the ballad of 
 "Chevy Chase." His legs having 
 been smitten off, he continued to fight 
 " upon his stumps." [Written also 
 W i d d r i n g t n.] 
 
 Some stone saints were brought on their 
 marrow-bones, like old Widdringion nt Chevv 
 Cha.se. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Witling of Terror. A nickname 
 given to Bertrand Barere (or Bar- 
 rere), in the time of the first Irencli 
 Kevolution. See Anackeon of thk 
 Guillotine. 
 
 But thougli Barere succeeded in earning 
 the honorable nicknames of the H'it/ini/ u/ 
 Terror and the Anacreon of the Guillotine, 
 there was one place where it was long re- 
 membered to his disadvantage that he had, 
 for 11 time, talked the language of humanity 
 and moderation. Macduhi!/. 
 
 Wit'would, Sir Willful (wit'wcrod). 
 A character in Congreve's comedy, 
 " The Way of the World." 
 
 Parson Barnabas, Parson Tnilliber, Sir 
 WiVfiil Witwoidil, Sir Fmicis \Vn)nghead, 
 Squire Western, Squire Sullen. — such were 
 tlio people who composed the main stiength 
 of the Tory party for sixty years after the 
 Revolution. Macnulay. 
 
 Wizard of the North. A name oft- 
 en given to Sir Walter Scott (1771- 
 1832), in allusion to the extraordinary 
 charm and descriptive power of his 
 writings, which excited imbounded 
 enthusiasm on their tirst appearance, 
 and which still retain a large meas- 
 ure of their original popularity. 
 
 eCS' " Sir ^V;llter Scott earned the title 
 of ' Wizanl of the North ' bv the magic 
 power which reproduced o'd Scotland, 
 refonght its battles, remonnted its steel- 
 harnessed w irrinrs. re-enact<vl it< Border 
 fend-:, rcpeopled its Highlands, restored 
 the dark days of its Covenanters, revived 
 
 as- ior the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
WOD 
 
 393 
 
 wuo 
 
 it« by - gone superstitions, raised Claver- 
 house and his troopers from the dead." 
 Christ. Examiner. 
 
 "Wo'den. {Myth.) The German and 
 Anji;lo - Saxou form of Odin. See 
 OoiN. 
 
 "Woliland. A nickname sometimes 
 given to Ire hind, in the time of Wil- 
 liam III., in eonse(inence of a preva- 
 lent belief that wolves abounded there 
 to an extraordinary extent. 
 
 "Wolverine State. The State of 
 IMichiican ; — popularly so called from 
 its al)oun(ling Avith woh'erines. 
 
 "Wonderful Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Mirabilis.] Koger Bacon, a cele- 
 brated philosopher and mathemati- 
 cian of the thirteenth century ; — so 
 named on account of his extensive 
 knowledge. [Called also Admirable 
 Bocioi'.] See Admirable Doctor. 
 
 Wonderful Parliament. ( fJnr/. 
 Hist.) The name given to a parlia- 
 ment which met on the 3d of Febru- 
 ary, 1388, and which, by playing into 
 the hands of the Duke of Gloucester, 
 thwarted an attempt made by the 
 king (Richard II.) to assume the 
 reins of government in fact as well as 
 in seeming. 
 
 Wood, Babes, or Children, in the. 
 See Children in the Wood. 
 
 Wood, Babes of the. See Babes 
 OF THE Wood. 
 
 Wooden Horse. (Gr. cf Rom. ^fyth.) 
 A monstrous image of a horse, made 
 of wood and tilled with Greeks, 
 which the Trojans were induced to 
 take into their city by the artful rep- 
 resentations of Sinon, a pretended 
 deserter from the Grecian army, who 
 asserted that it had l)een constructed 
 as an atonement for tiie stealing of 
 the Palladium by Ulysses and Dio- 
 nied, and that, if the Trojans should 
 venture to destroy it, Troy would tall, 
 but if. on the contrary, they were to 
 draw it with their own hands into the 
 city, they would gain the supremacy 
 over the Greeks. Though wamed, 
 by Laocoon, Calchas. and Cassandra, 
 that he was an impostor, the Trojans 
 took the advice of Sinon. and drew 
 the horse within the walls. In the 
 
 Three Gentiles. 
 
 Three Jews. 
 
 Three Christians. 
 
 night, Sinon stole forth and unlocked 
 a concealed door in the horse, and the 
 Greeks, rushing out, opened the city- 
 gates to their friends waiting without, 
 who poured in, and thus gained pos- 
 session of Troy. 
 
 Worldly- Wiseman, Mr. One of 
 the cliaracters in Bunyan's " Pil- 
 grim's Progress, " who converses 
 with Christian by the w-ay, and en- 
 deavors to deter him from proceed- 
 ing on his journey. See Christian. 
 
 Worthies, The Nine. Famous per- 
 sonages often alluded to, and classed 
 together, rather in an arbitrarv man- 
 ner, like the Seven Wonders of the 
 World, the Seven Wise Men of 
 Greece, &c. They have been counted 
 up in the following manner: — 
 
 1. Hector, son of 
 Priam. 
 
 2. Alexander the 
 Great. 
 
 3. Julius Caesar. 
 
 4. Joshua, con- 
 queror of Ca- 
 naan. 
 
 - 5- David, king of 
 Israel. 
 
 6. Judas Macca- 
 bfeus. 
 
 7. Arthur, king of 
 Britain. 
 
 8. Charlemagne. 
 
 9. Godfrey of 
 Bouillon. 
 
 In Shakespeare's '' Love's Labor 's 
 Lost," a. v., sc. 2, Hercules and Pom- 
 pev appear as two of the Nine Wor- 
 thies. 
 
 Ay, there were some present that •vrere the 
 Nine Worthies to him, i' faith. lien Jonson. 
 
 Wray, Enoch (ra). The "Village 
 Patriarch," in Crabbe's poem of that 
 name. He is represented as having 
 numbered a hundred years, and as 
 being poor and blind ; but he has be- 
 come the chronicle of his neighbor- 
 hood, and is reverenced by all for his 
 meek resignation, his Avisdom, and his 
 elevated piety. 
 
 Wronghead, Sir Francis. A char- 
 acter in Colley Gibber's comedy of 
 " The Provoked Husband." 
 
 Wu-o'ta,n. (Afi/tli.) The same as 
 0./i», or Woden. See Odin. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to whicu tke numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
XAN 
 
 394 
 
 YGG 
 
 X. 
 
 Xan'S-du (zun'Jl-doo). The name of 
 a city inentioiietl in Coleridge's poem 
 of" ■' Kubla Khan." It is an ahered 
 form of Xdindu, the residence of the 
 Khan Kublai, as given in Piirchas's 
 '' Pilgrimage," from which book the 
 idea of tiie poem was derived. 
 
 Xan-tip'pe. [Gr. Eai-fltTTTrT).] The 
 Avife of Socrates, the famous Grecian 
 philosopher; so notorious a termagant 
 that her name has passed into a prov- 
 
 erb. [Written also, leps tisually, but 
 more correctly, X a n t h i p p'e.] 
 
 Xavier (zav'i-er; Fr. pron. zi've^'). 
 A nom de plume of Joseph Xavier 
 Boniface (b. 1797), a popular French 
 writer. See Saintijse. 
 
 Xu'ry (zu'ry, 9). A Moresco boy, in 
 De Foe's romance of" Kobinson Cru- 
 soe ; " servant to Crusoe. 
 
 Xtiry and Friday . . . can never be to him 
 the realities they once were. ilacaulay 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yi'hoo. A name given by Swift, in 
 his satirical romance entitled " Trav- 
 els into several Remote Nations of 
 the World, by Lemuel Gulliver," to 
 one of a race of brutes having the 
 form arid all the vices of man. The 
 Yahoos are represented as being sub- 
 ject to the Houyhnhnms, or horses 
 endowed with reason. See Hou- 
 yhnhnms. 
 
 Art thou the first who did the coast explore? 
 Did never Yahoo tread that ground before ? 
 
 Pope. 
 
 The filthiest and most spiteful Yahoo of the 
 
 fiction was a noble creature when compared 
 
 with the Barrere of history. Macaulay. 
 
 Yama (ya'mS). [Sansk., a twin.] 
 (Ifindu .\fyf/i.) A fierce and terrible 
 deity, the lord of hell and the tor- 
 mentor of the wicked ; originally 
 conceived of as one of the first pair 
 from whom the human race is de- 
 scended, and the beneficent sovereign 
 of his descendants in the abodes of 
 the blest. He is represented as of a 
 green color, with inflamed eyes, sit- 
 ting on a buffalo, clothed in red gar- 
 ments, a crown on his head, and a 
 club in his hand. 
 
 Tar'i-co. See Inkle, 1\Ir. Thomas. 
 
 Yellow Dwarf. [Fr. Le Nnin Jnune.l 
 A hideous py^'inv who figures in a 
 fairy tale originally written in French 
 
 by the Countess d'Aunoy (1650- 
 1705). He was so called on account 
 of his complexion, and his living in 
 an orange-tree. He abducts a beau- 
 tiful princess, and stabs her lover, 
 whom chance has thrown into his 
 power, before her eyes, Avhereupon 
 she expires from excess of grief. 
 
 Yellow Jack. Among sailors, a com- 
 mon personification of the yellow fe- 
 ver. Although used as a proper name, 
 it is probable that the original mean- 
 ing of the appellation was nothing 
 more than yellnio flag, a flag being 
 termed ajnck by seamen, and ye/lmo 
 being the color of that customarily 
 displayed from lazarettos, or naval 
 hospitals, and from vessels in quaran- 
 tine. 
 
 Yellow-ley, Trip-tore-mus. An 
 agricultural enthusiast, of mixed 
 Scottish and Yorkshire blood, who 
 figures in Sir Walter Scott's novel, 
 "The Pirate." 
 
 Yellow "Water. See Parizade. 
 
 Yen'dys, Syd'ney. A literary name 
 adopted by Sydney Dobell (b. 1824), 
 an English poet of the present day. 
 Yendys is merely Sydney reversed. 
 
 Ygg'dra-sil. (Scand. Mylh.) An a.sh- 
 tree, called " the tree of the uni- 
 verse," under which the gods assem- 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
YGU 
 
 395 
 
 YOU 
 
 ble eren^ day in council. Its branches 
 spread over the whole world, and 
 tower up above the heavens, it has 
 three roots, one of which reaches to 
 the Asir, another to the tVost-j^iants 
 where was formerly (iinnunga-gap, 
 and the third stands over Nitiheim. 
 See NiDHiioG and Nokns. 
 
 "S'-guerne' (4). Another spelling of 
 Jyenia. See Igerna. 
 
 Ymir (ee'nief). (Scnml. Mylh.) The 
 iirst of all being's, a giant and the 
 progenitor of the giant race. He Avas 
 slain by Odin,ViIi, and Ve, and from 
 his body the world was constructed. 
 He is a type of chaos. [Written also 
 Y mer.] 
 
 S'or'ick. 1. The king of Denmark's 
 jester, mentioned in Shakespeare's 
 " Hamlet," a. v., sc. 1. Hamlet, pick- 
 ing up his skull in a cliurch-yard, 
 apostrophizes it, moralizing upon 
 death and the base uses to which we 
 may return. 
 
 2. A humorous and careless par- 
 son, in Sterne's famous novel of 
 "Tristram Shandy;" represented as 
 of Danish origin, and a descendant 
 of the Yorick celebrated by Shake- 
 speare. 
 
 4E;g= " Yorick, the lively, witty, sensi- 
 tive, and heedless parson, is the well- 
 known personificatiou of Sterne himself, 
 and, undoubtedly, — like every portrait 
 of himself drawn by a master of the art, — 
 bore a strons resemblance to the orisjinal. 
 Still, however, there are shades of sim- 
 plicity thrown into the character of Yor- 
 ick which did not exist in that of Sterne. 
 We cannot believe that the jests of the 
 latter were so void of malice prepense, or 
 that his satire Howed entirely out of hon- 
 esty of mind and mere jocundity of hu- 
 mor." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 yorke, Oliver. The name assumed 
 by the editor of "■ Fraser's Maga- 
 zine," when it w'as first started. 
 
 Thou too, miraculous Entity, that namest 
 thyself Vorke and Olirf, and, with thy vi- 
 vacities and genialities, with thy ail-too Irish 
 mirth and madness, and odor of palled punch, 
 makest such strange work, farewell; lonsrns 
 thou canst, fare- weZL' Carlyle. 
 
 IToung America. A popular collec- 
 tive name for American youth, or a 
 personification of their supposed char- 
 acteristics. 
 
 eSS" " What we call ' Young America* 
 is nuide up of about equal parts of irrev- 
 erence, conceit, and that popular moral 
 quality familiarly kuowuas • brass.' '' 
 
 J. G. Holland, 
 
 Young Chevalier. A title popidar- 
 ly given to Charles Edward Stuart, 
 grandson of James II., and a claim- 
 ant for the crown of England. He 
 is otherwise known as the Younger 
 Pretender. See Pketknders, The. 
 
 Young England. A collective des- 
 ignation given some thirty years ago 
 to a number of persons of rank and 
 character in England, who attempted 
 to give a new form and application 
 to Tory principles. One of their 
 chief aims was the revival of the man- 
 ners of mediteval times, which they 
 held to have been destroyed or great- 
 ly changed and injured by the growth 
 of a commercial si)irit among the 
 higher classes. Their cry was, — 
 
 •'Let wealth and commerce, laws and learn- 
 ing;, die. 
 But give us back our old nobilitv." 
 
 Ld. John Manners. 
 
 JSfS^ " Young England was gentlemanly 
 and cleanly, its leaders being of the patri- 
 cian order; and it looked to the Jliddle 
 Ages for patterns of conduct. Its chiefs 
 wore white waistcoats, gave red cloaks and 
 broken meat to old women, and would 
 have lopped off three hundred years 
 from Old England's life, by pushing her 
 back to the early days of Henry VIII. 
 . . . Someof the cleverest of the younger 
 memliers of the aristocracy belonged to 
 the new organization, and a great genius 
 [B. Disraeli] wrote some delightful novels 
 to show their purpose, and to illustrate 
 their manner of how-not-to-do-it in grap- 
 pling with the grand social questions of 
 the age. . . . Young England went out 
 as soberly and steadily as it had lived. 
 The select few who had composed it died 
 like gentlemen, and were as polite as 
 Lord Chesterfield in the act of death. 
 Some of them turued \Vhigs, and have 
 held office under Ijord Palmerston ; and 
 others are Tories, and expect to hold office 
 under Lord Derby, when he shall form 
 his third ministry." C. C. Hazewell. 
 
 Young Europe. An association or- 
 ganized April 15, 1834, by delegates 
 from the various national leagues, 
 " Young Italy," " Young Switzer- 
 land," tS:c., on the basis of the polit- 
 ical, social, and religious vicAvs ad- 
 vanced by Mazzini, and with the 
 
 and for the Bemarke and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-zxxiL 
 
YOU 
 
 396 
 
 YVE 
 
 avowed desifcn of exciting (he na- 
 tions of Europe to rise against their 
 despotic rulers. 
 
 Young France, Spain, Switzer- 
 land, Poland, &c. Social ami lit- 
 erary i)arties which sprang into In-ing, 
 in nearly all the countries of conti- 
 nental Europe, in consecjuence of the 
 political agitations resulting from 
 the French Revolution of 18;J0, and 
 whose aim was to reconstitute socie- 
 ty, literature, the arts, in short, every 
 tiling, upon a ncAv basis. See Young 
 Italv, also. Young Eunoi'i:. 
 
 Voung Germany. A name assumed 
 by a revolutionary and literary 
 school in Germany which claimed to 
 represent the tendencies of modern 
 thought, and to embody the political 
 sympathies and aspirations conse- 
 quent upon the late revolutionary 
 struggles in Europe. Heinrich Heine 
 (1800-1856) may be regarded as the 
 best exponent of this school. The 
 other principal representatives of 
 Young Germany were Karl Gutz- 
 kow, Heinrich Laube, Gustav Ki'ihne, 
 and Theodor ]Mundt. The organiza- 
 tion was broken up after the failure I 
 of the revolutionists of 1848-40. 
 
 Young Ireland. A name adopted by 
 a party of Irish malcontents, about 
 the year 1840, who were in sj'mpathy 
 ■with the progressive movements in- 
 stigated by O'Connell, — himself a 
 member of the organization, — but 
 who ridiculed his renunciation of 
 physical force in seeking political re- 
 forms, and who were impatient to in- 
 itiate insurrection and war. 
 
 Young Italy. [It. Ln (Juwine Itnlin.'] 
 The nauK'. assumed by an association 
 of Italian refugees in France, who 
 seceded from the "Charbonnerie Y)6- 
 
 mocratiqne," — a secret political un- 
 ion founded shortly after the Revolu- 
 tion of July, and which endeavored 
 to make Paris the center of all jjoliti- 
 cal movements. The league was or- 
 ganized mainly at the instigation of 
 iMazzini, who was dissatisfied with 
 the centralizing tendency of the 
 Charbonnerie. It was instituted at- 
 Marseilles, — at that time the head- 
 quarters of the Italian refugees, — 
 in 1830, and its main object was to 
 republicanize the Italian peninsula. 
 The motto of Young Italy was " Xow 
 and Ever," and its emblem a branch 
 of cypress. 
 
 Young Roscius, The (rosh'i-us). An 
 appellation contierredon William Hen- 
 ry West Bettv, an English actor, who 
 made his debut at the Belfast Thea- 
 ter, August 1, 1803, when not twelve 
 years old. In fifty -six nights he 
 drew .£34,000. After winning im> 
 mense popularity, and accumulating 
 an ample fortune, he retired from the 
 stage in 1824. 
 
 Ysaie le Triste (e'zu' lu trest). A 
 valiant knight of the Round Table, 
 son of Tristan, or Tristram, of Lcon- 
 noys, and Yseult, or Isolde, the wife 
 of King Mark of Cornwall. His ad- 
 ventures are the subject of an old 
 French romance published at I'aris 
 in 1522. 
 
 I difl not think it necessary to contemplate 
 the exploits of chivalry with the gravity of 
 y^aie le TriMe, or the iiroduetions in winch 
 tliey are detailed witli the sad and sorr )wfiil 
 Rolemnity of the Knight of the Woful I'onn- 
 tenance. D'ndnp. 
 
 Yseult (iz'oolt), Ysolt (iz'olt), Ysolde 
 (iz'old), or Ysoude (iz'ood). See 
 Isolde. 
 
 Yvetot, King of. 
 
 YVETOT. 
 
 See King of 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
2AD 
 
 397 
 
 zoi 
 
 z. 
 
 Zadig (za'deff'). The title of a fa- 
 mous novel of Voltaire, and the 
 name of its hero, a wealthy yomif; 
 Babylonian. The work is intended 
 to i<ho\v that the events of life are 
 placed beyond our control. 
 
 Zad'ki-el. 1. According to the Jew- 
 ish Kal)l)ins, the name of one of the 
 angels ot' the seven planets; the an- 
 gel of the planet Jnpiter. 
 
 2. A pseudonym of Lieutenant 
 Morrison, of the British navy, a 
 writer of the present day. 
 
 Zang'bar. The name of a fabled isl- 
 and in India. The Persian zurKjl sig- 
 nifies an Egyptian, Ethiopian, or sav- 
 age. The root is probably the same 
 as that of the country Zanguebar, on 
 the east coast of Africa. 
 
 Z5-no'ni. The hero of Sir EdAvard 
 Bulwer Lytton's novel of the same 
 name; one of a secret brotherhood 
 who possess a knowledge of the 
 means of communicating with spirit- 
 ual beings, of prolonging life to an 
 indetinite term, and of copying many 
 of the processes of nature, such as 
 the production of gold and precious 
 stones. 
 
 Ze-lu'co. The hero of a novel of the 
 same name by Dr. John Moore ( 1730- 
 1802), the object of which is to prove, 
 that, in spite of the gayest and most 
 prosperous appearances, inward mis- 
 ery always accompanies vice. Ze- 
 luco is the only son of a noble family 
 in Sicily, accomplished and fascinat- 
 ing, but spoiled by maternal indul- 
 gence, and at length rioting in every 
 prodigality and vice. 
 
 Ze'phSn. [Heb., the searcher of se- 
 crets.] The name of a cherub in 
 Milton's "Paradise Lost," a " strong 
 and subtle spirit," " severe in youth- 
 ful beauty," whom Gabriel dis- 
 patched, together with Ithuriel, to hnd 
 Satan, after his escape from " the bars 
 of hell." See Ithukiel. 
 
 Zeph'y-rus. [Gr. Ze'^vpo?.] ( Gr. 4" 
 
 Rom. Myth.) A personification of 
 the west wind, described as a son of 
 ^olus and Aurora, and the lover of 
 tlora; the same as Fnvonius. See 
 Fa voNius. [ U ritlen also, in an An- 
 glicized lorm, Z e p h y r. j 
 
 Zerbino (dzef-be'no, 64, 70). A fa- 
 mous warrior in Ariosto's poem of 
 ''Orlando Eurioso." He is repre- 
 sented as the son of a king of Scot- 
 land, and as the last fiiend of Or- 
 lando. 
 
 Ze'tes. [Gr. Ztjti,?.] {Gr. (f Rom. 
 Mijth.) A son of Boreas and Orithy- 
 ia; generally described as a winged 
 being, \s\lh. his brother Calais, he 
 acc(mipanied the Argonautic expe- 
 dition, and drove the Harpies trom 
 Thrace. Hercules is said to have 
 killed them with his arrows near the 
 island of "Tenos. 
 
 Ze'thus, [Gr. Zf,9o?.] {Gr. (f Rom. 
 Myth.) A son of Jupiter and Anti- 
 ope, and twin brother of Amphion. 
 
 Zeus (6). [Gr. Zei9.] {Gr. Jfyfh.) The 
 Greek name of Jvpiter, the king of 
 gods and men. See Jupitek. 
 
 Zeyn Alasnam, Prince. See Alas- 
 ka m. 
 
 Zira'ri. A nickname under which 
 Dryden satirized the Duke of Buck- 
 ingham, in his "Absalom and Achit- 
 ophel," in return lor Buckingham's 
 attack on him in " The Kehearsal." 
 See Bates. 
 
 Zi-pan'gi, or Zi-pan'gri. See Ci- 
 
 TANGO. 
 
 Zobeide (zo-badO- A lady of Bag- 
 dad whose history is related in the 
 story of the "Three Calendars" in 
 the "Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments." The caliph Haroun-Al- 
 Raschid became enamored of her, 
 and married her. 
 
 Zo'i-lus. \Cir. ZoiiAo?.] A gramma- 
 rian of antiquity whose place of 
 birth and the age in which he lived 
 are not known with any degree of 
 
 and foi the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
ZOP 
 
 398 
 
 ZUL 
 
 certainty. Tie is celebrated for the 
 extraonliiiary asperity with which he 
 coiuineiited on the poems ol' II<jnier. 
 He appears also to have assailed Pla- 
 to and Isocrates. His name has be- 
 come proverbial for a cajjtious and 
 malignant critic, and has given rise 
 to the words Zoilean and Zuilism. 
 
 Zo'phi-el. [Heb., spy of God.] In 
 Milton's "Paradise Lost," an angelic 
 scout, "of cherubim the swiftest 
 win;:." 
 
 Zorph^e (zor-fA')- A fairy, in the ro» 
 mance of " Amadis de (jaul." 
 
 Zu-lei'ka. 1. A pattern lover whose 
 courtship and fortunes are a staple 
 sutjject of description or allusion 
 with the Persian bards. 
 
 2. The name of the heroine of By- 
 ron's poem, " The Bride of Abydos." 
 See Selim. 
 
 j8®= " Never was a faultless character 
 more delicately or justly delineated." 
 
 Geo. Ellis. 
 
 For the •' Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 A. 
 
 A'bou-ben-Ad'hem. The subject of 
 a well-known sliurt poem bv James 
 Henry Leigh Hunt (1784-1859). 
 
 A-ghil'les of Eagland. This title 
 has been given to Arthur Welieslev, 
 the first Uuke of Wellington (1709- 
 3852), and also to John Talbot (1373- 
 1453). 
 
 Adeler, Max. The pseudonym of 
 Charles H. Clark. 
 
 ^'s6p of Arabia. A title sometimes 
 applied to Lokman, the Eastern 
 fabulist and ])liilosopher. The iden- 
 tity of L<)kman and .(Esop is sug- 
 gested by coincident traditions, and 
 the similarity between the fables 
 attributed to each induces the belief 
 that tliey had a similar Indo-Persian 
 or Chinese origin. 
 
 .^'sop of England. .\ name given 
 to John Gay (1G88-1732), the Eng- 
 lish poet, in allusion to his well- 
 known " Fables.'' 
 
 .<E's6p of France. A title applied to 
 .lean de La Fontaine, the famous 
 French fabulist (1G21-1695). 
 
 -ffi'sop of Germany. A name given 
 to Lessing (1729-1781) whose " Fa- 
 bles " are rich in wit and original 
 thought. 
 
 .^'tiSn. The name of one of the 
 characters in Edmund Spenser's 
 (1.553 '{'-1599 ) pastoral enfitlpd " Colin 
 Clouts come home againe," thought 
 by many to be a poetical name for 
 Shakespeare. According to Todd, 
 yEtion is Michael I Jrayton, the author 
 of the " Polvolbion." 
 
 And there, though last not least, is 
 
 yEtion ; 
 A gentler shepheard may no where be 
 
 louiid : 
 Whobe Muse, full of high thoughts in- 
 
 veiition. 
 Doth like hiruselfe heroically sound. 
 
 t:ipenser. 
 
 Agath'ocles's Pot. Agathocles 
 learned in early life tlie trade of a 
 potter, becoming afterwards the cele- 
 brated tyrant of Syracuse. "He 
 affected much humility in his great- 
 ness, always having an earthen ves- 
 sel at his table to remind him of his 
 origin." 
 
 A poor relation is the most irrelevant 
 thing in nature, a piece of impertinent 
 correspondency, ... a death's head at 
 your banquet, Agathocles'' s pot, a Mor- 
 decai in your gate, a Lazarus at your 
 door, a lion in your path, . . . the ounce 
 of sour in a pound of sweet. C. Lamb. 
 
 Al Araf (al ar'af). The boundary 
 place between heaven and hell in 
 ]Mohammedar> theology, somewhat 
 similar to the purgatory of the Ro- 
 man Catholic Church. "Sitting 
 astride of this wall are those whose 
 good and evil deeds so exactly bal- 
 ance each other that they deserve 
 neither heaven nor hell." 
 
 Al-cae'us. An appellation given to 
 James Montgomery (1771-1854), the 
 Scottish poet. 
 
 With broken lyre and cheek serenely 
 
 pale, 
 Lo ! sad Alcceus wanders down the vale. 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Alexander, Mrs. The pseudonym 
 of Mrs. Annie F". Hector, the popu- 
 lar Irish novelist (h. 1825). 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after aertain words refer, sse pp. ziv-xxxii. 
 
ALE 
 
 400 
 
 APO 
 
 Alexander's Rinf?. Alexander dy- 
 iiijf It'tt liis riiij4" to Perdiccus, one of 
 Ills •4eiit'i-als. On the strength of this 
 becjuesi, I'erdiccas claimed to be liis 
 successor. 
 
 Allen, Barbara. The subject of an 
 old l)allad of unku<nvn authorship. 
 It can be found in Percy's " Kel- 
 iques of Ancient Enj^li^h Poetry." 
 
 These harmless people had several ways 
 of being good conipauy ; while one played 
 tlie other would sing some soothing bal- 
 lad, Joimny Armstrong's last good night, 
 or tiie cruelty of Barbara Allen. 
 
 Goldsmith. 
 
 Allen's "Wife, Josiah. The num de 
 plaint of Marietta HoUey, a writer of 
 the jiresenl day. 
 
 Al'ma. A character in Spenser's 
 (155-{V-15'jy) " Faerie Queene," typi- 
 fying the mind of man and inhab- 
 iting a castle emblematic of the hu- 
 man body. 
 
 But thousand enemies about us rave. 
 And with long siege us in this Castle 
 
 hould : 
 Seven yeares this wize they us besieged 
 
 have. 
 And many good Knights slaine that have 
 
 us sought to save. 
 
 Spenser, 
 
 The House of Temperaunce, in which 
 
 Doth sober Alrnn dwell, 
 Besif»gftd of many foes, whom straunger 
 Knights to fliglit compell. Spenser. 
 
 Alma is also the subject of a poem of 
 the same name bv Matthew Prior 
 (1664-1721) said by Pope to he the 
 only one of Prior's works of which 
 he (Pope) should wish to be the au- 
 thor. 
 A. Ii. O. E. ("A Lady of Enec- 
 land.") A pseudonvm of Miss Char- 
 lotte Tucker (b. 1830), author of fic- 
 tion for the young. 
 
 Alonzo the Brave. The subject of a 
 ballad entitled "Alonzo the Brave 
 and the Fair Imo£rine " bv Matthew 
 Cy. Lewis {Monk Leivis) (1773-1818). 
 
 Alth'ea. The subject of the familiar 
 lines by Richard Lovelace (1618- 
 16.58) beginiiinir, 
 
 "Wlien love with unconfin^d wings," 
 «nd supposed to be the same Lucy 
 Sacheverell whom he is considered 
 bv manv to have celebrated under 
 
 the name of Lucasta. See Lucasta, 
 in l)ody of book. 
 Amasis's or Polycrates's ring. See 
 
 POLYCKATIOS'S KrNG. 
 
 Ami du Peuple. See Fkiend of 
 
 TIIK PeoI-I-K. 
 
 Andy, Handy. See Handy Andy. 
 
 Angoisse, Lac de 1'. See Lake of 
 
 Pain. 
 Antisthenes, Mantle of. See Man- 
 
 TLK *)l' AnTISTIIENES. 
 
 Apollo'n;us of Tyre. The hero of 
 the romance (" ApoUonius Tyrius") 
 of remote antiquity, and unknown 
 origin, verv popular in the middle 
 ages, and tfie foundation of tlie play 
 of " Pericles," attributed to Shake- 
 speare. 
 
 Apostle of Andalusia. A title given 
 to Juan de Avila (1500-1569), from 
 his success as a home-missionary in 
 the province of that name. 
 
 Apostle of Ethiopia. A name com- 
 monly given to St. Frumentius ( 
 
 -360 Vj. 
 
 Apostle of Free Trade. A title 
 often bestoAved upon Richard Cobden 
 (1804-1865), the prominent cham- 
 pion of Free Trade and of the '' Anti- 
 Corn-Law League " in England. 
 
 (I^^ " The name which ought to be, 
 and which will be, associated with the 
 puccess of these mea.eures [in favor of 
 Free Trade] is the name of the man 
 who, acting, I believe, from pure and 
 disinterested motives, has advocated 
 their cause with untiring energy, and by 
 appeals to reason enforced by an elo- 
 quence the more to be desired because it 
 is unaffected and unadorned — the name, 
 I say, which ought to be, and will be, 
 associated with the success of these 
 measures, is that of Richard Cobden." 
 
 <Si> Robert Peel. 
 
 Apostle of Hunerary. A name ap- 
 plied to St. Anastasius (954-1044). 
 
 Apostle of New Zealand. A name 
 somotinips given to Samuel Marsden 
 (1764-1838). 
 
 Apostle of the Alps. A name ap- 
 plied to Felix Xeff, the Swiss mis- 
 sionary (1798-1829). 
 
 Apostle of the Indians. A title 
 conferred upon Las Casas, the be- 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the aocompanying Explanations, 
 
APO 
 
 401 
 
 ATK 
 
 nevolont Spanish missionary (1474- 
 15()()), on account of his zeal in he- 
 half of the oppressed Indians. See 
 
 also Al'USTLK OF THE IjNUlAJiS ill 
 
 hody of book. 
 
 Apostle of the Netherjands. An 
 appelhition j;iven to St. Auiand, Bp. 
 of Alaestncht (58y-G7yj. 
 
 A-postle of the Sword. This title is 
 sometimes applied to Mahomet be- 
 cause of his practical application of 
 the doctrine that "tlie sword is the 
 kev of heaven and of hell: a drop of 
 blood shed in the cause of God, or a 
 ni<^hl spent in arms, is of more avail 
 than two months of fasting and 
 prayer; whoever falls in battle, his 
 sins are forgiven him." 
 
 Apostle of Virginia. A name given 
 to Samuel Harris, Baptist minister 
 (b. 1724) of that state. 
 
 Aqua Tofifania. A celebrated poison, 
 supposed to have been some prepara- 
 tion of arsenic, prepared by an Ital- 
 ian woman named Tophana, who at 
 her execution confessed that she had 
 murdered over six hundred persons 
 with it. 
 
 Araf, Al. See Al Araf. 
 
 Archimedes, Lever of. See Lever 
 OF Archimedes. 
 
 Arg'us. The name of Ulysses's dog. 
 See also Ahgus in body of book. 
 
 Arios'to of the North. An appella- 
 tion ir'wen to Sir Walter Scott (1771- 
 1832). 
 
 — the minstrel who call'd forth 
 A new creation with his magrin line, 
 And, like the Ariosfn of' (he North, 
 Sang 1-1 dye-love and war, romance and 
 
 knig'htly worth. Byron. 
 
 Arm of St. Oswald. Oswald was 
 kinir of Northumberland, and ex- 
 ceedingly beneficent. One day as 
 he was dining a large number of 
 beagars assembled at his gate; he 
 gave them all the meat upon his 
 table, and this not being sufficient 
 for all, he ordered one of his silver 
 dishes to be cut in pieces and dis- 
 tributed. Aidanu«;, a bishop, be- 
 holding this, took hold of the king's 
 rii^ht hand, sayinc, "Nunqnam in- 
 veterascat haec nianus." This hand 
 
 shall never grow old. Oswald being 
 
 slain by a nelghlM»ring king, and 
 the Bishop's blessing remembered, 
 his arm was carefully preserved, and 
 treasured at l^eierborough, where it 
 was much visited and held in great 
 esteem as a sacred relic. 
 
 Ar'nold. The hero of Byron's drama 
 "The Deformed Transformed." 
 Stung by the cruel reproaches of liis 
 mother, who upbraids him with being 
 hunchbacked, and "weary of his 
 being's heavy load," he is about to 
 lay it down, when an evil spirit 
 stops his hand, and promises a re- 
 mission of his present sufterings, on 
 condition of some future service to 
 be performed. The noblest forms of 
 the heroes of antiquity rise in suc- 
 cession, and he is permitted by the 
 demon to lay down his misshapen 
 body, and to possess the strength 
 and beauty of Achilles. 
 Ash'burton, Mary. The heroine of 
 Longfellow's romance of "Hype- 
 rion." 
 As-pa'si-a (as-pa'zhi-a). The hero- 
 ine of a'novel of the same name bv 
 Eev. Charles Kingsley (1819-1875). 
 See also Aspasia in body of book. 
 Astaroth. See Ashtakoth in body 
 
 of book. 
 Astronomer-Poet. A name some- 
 times given to Omar Khayyam of 
 Persia, who lived in the eleventh 
 and twelfth centuries and was the 
 author of the singular poem en- 
 titled "Rubaiyat." 
 Atala {t'ik'lk'). The hero of Cha- 
 teaubriand's novel of the same name; 
 an affecting example of fanaticism 
 amidst the deserts of the New 
 World. 
 Athenian Stuart. A name com- 
 monly given to .Tames Stuart (1713- 
 1788) the English antiquary and 
 architect, and author of "Antiquities 
 of Athens." 
 Atkins, Tommy (or the British 
 Soldier). The term aro.se from a 
 little pocket-bnok, or ledger, at one 
 time served out to B'itish soldiers, in 
 which were to he entered the name, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
AUT 
 
 402 
 
 BAT 
 
 *ffe, date of etilistment, length of 
 service, wouixis, medals, etc., of 
 each individual. The war ofiiie sent 
 with eacli little ledji:er a form for 
 fillint; it in, and the "M or N " se- 
 lected, instead of the lej^al "John 
 Doe " and " Kicliard lioe," was 
 "Tommy .-Vtkins " The books were 
 instantly so called, and it did not 
 take many days to transfer the psen- 
 donynt from the i)ook to the soldier 
 himself. Notes and (iueries. 
 Autocrat, The (of the Breakfast 
 Table). A name sometimes ap- 
 plied to Oliver VVeudell Holmes 
 
 (b. 1809), who in 1857-8 contribii- 
 ted lo the "Atlantic; Monthly" a 
 series of |)apers entitled " The Anto- 
 crat of the Breakfast Table," show- 
 in<r a shrewd insii^ht into human 
 character and aboundin;^ in wit aud 
 humor. 
 
 The Autocrat is as genial and gentle, 
 and, withal, as philosopliical, an essayist 
 as any of modern times. R. -b'. Mackenzie. 
 
 Ayrsiire Bard, or Ploughman. 
 This name was given to Burns, from 
 the place and the occupation in which 
 he gave indicatious of his remark- 
 able genius. 
 
 B. 
 
 Balaam's Aas (ha-lam, or ba'la-am). 
 Balaam, a soothsayer or propiiet, is 
 said in the Hebrew Scriptures to 
 have been sent by Balak, king of 
 Moah, to warn the Israelites against 
 entering his territories, as they were 
 approaching the banks of the .Jordan. 
 The prophet mounted upon his ass, 
 and set forth upon his j<jurney- As 
 he entered a narrow gorge, an an-^el 
 holding in his hand a drawn sword 
 stood before the beast, who recoiled 
 in fright. Balaam, to whom the 
 angel was invisible, in vain at- 
 tempted to urire the animal forward. 
 At the same instant the ass opened 
 his mouth and said, '• What have I 
 done unto thee that thou hast thus 
 smitten me V " The allusions to Ba- 
 laam's ass are almost always pleas- 
 antries. 
 
 The clown who mounts'! the hoTse beat 
 him with a whip saymg, " Here is another 
 of your antics. This confounded animnl 
 must needs see everything. One woulil 
 Bay he is taking l-^ssons, A little more 
 and he will, like Balaam^ as.i, be spf^ak- 
 ing German." Alphonse Esqniros. 
 
 Baldassare. See Calvo, Baldas- 
 
 SAKE. 
 
 Banker Poet. .\ title sometimes 
 given to Samuel Rogers (1763- 
 185.^^ the English poet, ni allusion to 
 the business to which he was bred. 
 
 Bardo di Bardi. A character in 
 
 George Eliot's (1820?-1880) novel 
 of " Romola." 
 Bard of the Im.agination. A name 
 sometimes applied to Mark Akenside 
 (1721-1770), author of a poem in 
 blank verse, entitled " The Pleas- 
 ures of the Imagination." 
 
 Barnacles, The. Several characters 
 in Dickens's (1812-1870) novel of 
 '' Little Dorrit," connected with the 
 famous Circumlocution Office. 
 
 Barrier Act. A name given to an 
 important act of the Church of Scot- 
 land made by its General Assembly 
 in 1697, and designed as a hindrance 
 to hasty changes in the laws of the 
 Church. 
 
 Barton, Rev. Amos. The subject 
 of "The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. 
 Amos Barton," included in George 
 Eliot's (1820?-1880j "Scenes of 
 Clerical Life." 
 
 Bat Parliament. The parliament of 
 1426 gained this title from the blud- 
 geons or "bats" which were carried 
 by the opposing partisans of the 
 Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal 
 Beaufort. 
 
 Jig^^ ' Either in affection or derision, 
 the English have been fond of conferring 
 significant names on men, things, and in- 
 ptirutions. We have had a dozen names 
 for our Parliaments, including the Bat 
 
 ts^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explaaations, 
 
BAT 
 
 403 
 
 BLO 
 
 Parliament, the Dunc&s, the Addled, the 
 Barebones, and the Kump."' 
 
 London Athenteurn. 
 
 Battle, Mrs. A character, famous 
 for her Uiiowled^e of whist, in 
 Charles Lamb's ''Essays of Elia.'' 
 
 '* A clear lire, a cleau hearth, and the 
 rigor <if the game.'' This was the cele- 
 linreij irhu ot old Sarah Battle (now 
 wirh (iod), who, next to her devotions, 
 loved a }cood game of whist. Cinrles 
 Ln»ib. Mrs. But tit ''i Opinions on Whist 
 
 Battle of the Three Emperors. 
 
 Tlie battle of Austerljtz (1805) is so 
 called because Napoleon I. com- 
 manded the Krencli, and the Emper- 
 ors Francis II. and Alexander I. com- 
 manded the Austrians and Russians. 
 
 Bay'ard {Fr. pnm. bi'af') of India. 
 A name applied to Sir Janies Out- 
 ram, the Englisb general (1802- 
 18tj;3). 
 
 Bade, Adam. The hero of the |M)p- 
 ular novel of the same name by 
 Getjri^e Eliot, 1858. The strong and 
 manly character of Adam IJede is 
 said to be a family portrait. 
 
 Bede, Seth. A character in George 
 Eliot's novel of "Adam liede," 
 1858, said to be drawn for Mr. Sam- 
 iifl Evans, the uncle of the author- 
 ess. 
 
 Bedott'. "Widow. Frances M. 
 \Vhitchpr was the author of the well- 
 known "■ Widow IJedott Papers," 
 1867. 
 
 B^lise (beligo). A character in 
 Moiiere's (1R22-1673) comedy of 
 " Les Femmes Savantes." 
 
 Ben-Hur. A younir Jew. the hero of 
 a widely circulated novel of the pres- 
 et t d^v bv Lew. Wallace, e?)titled 
 " Ben-Hur : a Tale of the Christ." 
 
 Billings, Josh. The pseudonym of 
 Henrv W. Shaw, an American 
 writer {1818 188.5), famous f..r his hu- 
 morous productions. He first wrote 
 luider the name of "Josh Billings'* 
 ill 18fi.3. and since then has main- 
 tained in his comic sketches a high 
 repntafion ff»r insiifht into human 
 nature and iriginality of expression 
 and spelling, and for the shrewd 
 sense and humor of his homelv max- 
 
 ims. "Josh Billings Allminax" 
 has enjo^'ed a very wide ciiculation. 
 
 Bishops' Bible. An edition of the 
 Bible, pid^iished under the supervis- 
 ion of Archbishop Parker in 1568. 
 
 Black Dwarf. The name applied to 
 the hero of Scott's (1771-1832) novel 
 of this title. 
 
 Black-eyed Susan. The subject of 
 a ballad of the same name bv John 
 Gay (1688-1732). Douglas Jerrold 
 (1803-1857) wrote a very popular 
 drama "Black-eyed Susan." 
 
 Black George. A character in Field- 
 ing's (1707 - 1754) "Tom Jones." 
 
 Blacksmith of Antwerp. A name 
 .sometimes given, from his original 
 occupation, to Quentin Matsys, the 
 Flemish painter (146U-152'J). ' 
 
 Blair, Adam. The hero of a Scottish 
 tale of the same title by John G. 
 Lockhart (1794-1854). 
 
 Blind. Bard. Homer is referred to by 
 this expression. 
 
 Or list'ning to the tide, with closed 
 sight. 
 Be that blind bard, who on the Chian 
 strand 
 By those deep sounds possessed with 
 inward light. 
 Beheld the Iliad and the Odyssee 
 Rise to the sweUing of the voicef nl sea. 
 Coleridge. 
 
 Homer i.s also referred to as the 
 " Blind old man of Scio's rocky 
 isle" by Byron in his "Bride of 
 Abydos." Milton is also alluded to 
 as the Blind poet 
 Blind old man of Scio's rocky isle. 
 See Blind Bard. 
 
 Blood-Council. This extraordinary 
 tribunal, called the Council of 
 Troubles, hut known in history by 
 the more expressive name which it 
 soon acquired of the Comicil of 
 Blood, was established in the Neth- 
 erlands by the Duke of Alva in or- 
 der to crush out the liberties of the 
 people, and held its first »^ession on 
 the 20th of September, 1567. The 
 nominal purpose of this arbitrarily 
 created court was the punishment of 
 treason, according to its own defi- 
 Jiitions of that crime, by instant 
 death. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to wtiidi the numl)ers otter certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxik 
 
BLO 
 
 404 
 
 BRO 
 
 jj;^p°* " ^« well diflthi'' new and terri- 
 ble I'ligine perform its work, tlmt in less 
 tliiin tliree iiionttis from the time of its 
 erection, eighteen hundred huma i 
 beings had suffered death by its sum- 
 mary proceedings ; some of the hiidiest, 
 the noblest, and the most virtuous in 
 the land among the number. . . . Thus 
 the whole country became a charnel- 
 house : the death-bell tolled hourly in 
 every village; not a family but was 
 called to mourn for its dearest relatives, 
 while the survivors stalked listlessly 
 about, the ghosts of their former selves, 
 among the wrecks of their former 
 homes. The spirit of the nation, within 
 a few months after the arrival of Alva, 
 Seemed hoijelessly broken.'' Motley. 
 
 Under this universal decree the indus- 
 try of the Blood- Council might now 
 seem supertluous. Motley. 
 
 Bloody Shirt. The pliiase to "wave 
 tlie bloody shirt" has been often 
 made use of since the Civil War in 
 the United States in appealiiif;^ to the 
 feelings stirred up during- that con- 
 flict. 
 
 BofiQn, Nicodemus (Also called the 
 Golden Dustman and Koddv). A 
 character in Dickens's (181'2 1870) 
 novel of "Our Mutual Friend," 
 notable for oddity of manner, good- 
 ness of heart, and strict integrity. 
 Miss Jennie Collins established in 
 Boston in 1870 a very useful charity 
 called Boffin's Bower (the name be- 
 ing taken from Dickens) for the as- 
 sistance of working-girls, and the suc- 
 cess of this Bower has since led to the 
 establishment of other institutions of 
 the same name in other places. 
 
 Book of Books. A name often given 
 
 to the Bilile. See also Book of 
 
 Life, infra. 
 Book cf Life. A name sometimes 
 
 applit^d to the Bible. See also Book 
 
 OF Books, supra. 
 Borandan, or Borondon. See 
 
 Island of St. Bhanu.vn, in body 
 
 of book. 
 " Town and steeples vanished in the 
 
 haze, like the domes and minarets of the 
 
 enchanted isle of Borondon.'''' 
 
 Atlantic Monthly. 
 
 Bow'linK, Tom. The hero of a famous 
 sea-song bv C'harles Dibdin (1745- 
 1814). 
 
 " ' Tom Bowling," in its popular 
 
 sense, does not refer to Smollett's sailor 
 
 in ' Roderick Random," but to the hero 
 
 of one of the best of Dibdin'ssea l\ric8."' 
 
 AthenoEnm. 
 
 See Bowi.iNG, Tom, in body of book. 
 Boy thorn, Lawrence. A character 
 in Dickens's (1812-1870) novel of 
 "Bleak House" drawn as a repre- 
 sentation of Walter Savage Landor. 
 ^^^ " We all conceived a preposses- 
 sion in his favor: for there was a sterling 
 quality in his laugh, and in his vigorous 
 healthy voice, and in the roundness and 
 fullness with which he uttered every 
 word he spoke, and in the very fur^ of 
 his superlatives, which seemed to go off 
 like blank cannons, and hurt nothing.'' 
 
 Dickens. 
 
 BrafTRadocchio (brag-ga-diyshi-o). 
 A boastful character introduced by 
 Spenser (1553V-1599) in his "Fa- 
 erie Queene," from which personifi- 
 cation the popular use of the word is 
 doubtless derived. 
 
 A Knight that way there chaunced to 
 
 repaire ; 
 Yet Knight he was not, but a boastfull 
 
 swaine 
 That deedes of armes had ever in de- 
 
 spaire, 
 Proud Braggadocchio, that in vaunting 
 
 vaine 
 His glory did repose and credit did 
 
 maiiitaine. Sijcnser. 
 
 Brave Fleming, The. A name given 
 to Jean Andre van der Mersch, the 
 Belgian patriot (1734-1792). 
 
 Breitm.ann, Hans (hanss lirelt-man). 
 The name under which Charles God- 
 fre}' Leland issued a series of humor- 
 ous poems entitled " Hans Breitmann 
 Ballads," 1868-9. 
 
 Brooke, Dorothea. The heroine of 
 " Middlemarch." a novel bv George 
 Eliot (1820 V-1880). 
 
 Brooks of Sheffield. The name by 
 which Mr. Murdstone called David 
 Copperfield [in Dickens's (1812-1870) 
 novel of that namej when making 
 arrangements for him, in order tiiat 
 he might not understand what was 
 talked about. It is sometimes quoted 
 in describing any mystification of 
 one person by others or the like. 
 
 Brow^die, John. A kind-hearted 
 Yorksliireman of great strength and 
 
 aa~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
BRO 
 
 405 
 
 CAR 
 
 gentleness in Dickens's (1812-1870) 
 "Nicholas Nickleby." 
 
 Brown, Tom. The hero of a famous 
 work of riction by Thomas Hutches 
 entitled "Tom Brown's School 
 Days," and of its sequel '* Tom Brown 
 at Oxford," — stories whicli have 
 enjoyed i^reat ])opuiarity from their 
 admirable delineation of school and 
 colleije life in Kngland. 
 
 BrummaKem Johnson. An uncom- 
 plimentarv nickname bestowed upon 
 Dr. Samuel I'arr (1747-1825) in con- 
 sequence of his close imitation of Dr. 
 Johnson. 
 
 Bucket, Mr. Inspector. A detec- 
 tive in Dickens's (1812-1870) novel 
 of "Bleak House." 
 
 Bungay. A character in Thackeray's 
 
 (1811-1863) novel entitled "The His. 
 tory of Pendennis." 
 
 Bur'idan's Ass. This allusion to in- 
 decision of character is derived from 
 John Buridan the schoolman (abt. 
 1315-l'3o8) who was the originator of 
 the sophism that, " If a luiuf^ry ass 
 were placed between two measures 
 of oats so that each should make 
 exactly the same impression on his 
 senses, being incapable of making a 
 choice, he must inevitably die of 
 starvation." 
 
 Butcher of CuUo'den. A designa- 
 tion applied to William Augustus, 
 Duke of Cumberland, in allusion to 
 his cruelty and the unnecessary 
 slaughter committed by him after 
 his victory at Culloden in 1746. 
 
 C, 
 
 Cadwallader, Mrs. A character in 
 
 " Middlemarch," a novel by George 
 
 Eliot (1820?-1880). 
 Calvo, Baldasaa're. A character in 
 
 George Eliot's (1820V-1880) novel of 
 
 "Romola." 
 Ca-mil'la. The heroine of a novel of 
 
 the same name by Madame d' Arblav 
 
 (1752-1840). 
 
 Camille (kamel). The heroine and 
 title of the well-known English ver- 
 sion of the novel entitled " La Dame 
 aux Camelias " and the coinedy of 
 the same name bv Alexander Dumas, 
 Jils (b. 1824). The name of Camille 
 in the original French works is Mar- 
 guerite Gautier, and that of her lover, 
 Armand Duval. 
 
 Captain Costia:an. A prominent 
 character in Thackeray's (1811-1863) 
 novel of " Pendennis." 
 
 Captain Shandon. A character in 
 Thackeray's (1811-1863) novel of 
 " I^endennis." 
 
 Captain "Whiffle. A character in 
 Smollett's (1721-1771) novel of " Rod- 
 erick Random," said to be Lord 
 
 Harry Poulett, Duke of Bolton, who 
 married Wolfe's sweetheart. 
 
 Carleton. A nom de plume of Charles 
 Carleton Coffin, a well-known writer 
 of the present day. 
 
 Carroll, Lewis The pseudonym of 
 Charles L. Dodgson, author' of a 
 widely circulated juvenile story en- 
 titled "Alice's Adventures in Won- 
 derland," and of other works, among 
 which are " Through the Looking- 
 glass," " Hunting of the Snark," 
 etc. 
 
 Carthae:inian Lion. An appellation 
 given to Hannibal, on account of his 
 great bravery and military energy. 
 
 Carton, Sydney. An idle, dissipated, 
 incapable character in Dickens's 
 novel "A Tale of Two Cities," who 
 becomes an ideal of sublime self- 
 sacrifice and devotion by freely giv- 
 ing his life at the guillotine to secure 
 a happy life with another to the 
 woman he loved. 
 
 j6Sg=" " The conception of this story 
 and of this character is sublime, and 
 shows in its author an ideal of m.TSua- 
 niinity and of charity unsurpassed in 
 
 and for the RemarkB and Rules to which the numbers liter certain words refer, gee pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
CAS 
 
 406 
 
 CIR 
 
 the history of all literature. . . . In all 
 litfrature, in all liistory, there is not a 
 grmder, lovt-lier figure, than the self- 
 \*reckeil, self-devoted Sydnev Carton." 
 R. G. While. 
 
 CasKubon, Mr. A prnniinent char- 
 atttM', absorbed in his studies, in 
 " Middlemarcli," a novel bv George 
 Ehot (1820V-1880j. 
 
 Cass. Godfrey. A character in " Silas 
 Alariier," a novel bv George Eliot 
 (I8-2UV-1880). 
 
 Castlemon, Harry. The pseudonym 
 of Cliarles A. Fosdick, author of nu- 
 merous works of fiction. 
 
 Cavendish. The pseudonym of Henry 
 Jones, a well-known authority on 
 whist and other games. 
 
 Caxto 8, The. Tlie subjects of a 
 novel of the same name bv Bulwer 
 (1805-1873;. 
 
 Cecil. The hero of Mrs. Gore's (1799- 
 J8t)l) novel entitled "Cecil, or the 
 Adventures of a Coxcomb." 
 
 Cecilia. The heroine of Madame 
 d'.Arblay's novel of the same name 
 which appeared in 1782, and was 
 placed, accordintr to Macaulay, "by 
 general acclamation, among the clas- 
 sical novels of England." 
 
 Censor of the Aee. A name some- 
 times given to Thomas Carlyle (1795- 
 1881) from the well-known character 
 of his works. 
 
 Chpmplin, Virginia. A pseudonym 
 of Grace V. Lord. 
 
 Chnrles's "Wnin. [From the Anglo- 
 Saxon meaning the Churl's, country- 
 man's, or farmer's wain.] The groiin 
 of stars known as the "Dipper" 
 in the constellation of the "Great 
 Bear." 
 
 No littlp Gradgrind had ever learnt the 
 silly 'inerlf. Twinkle, twinkle, little star ; 
 how I wonder what you are ! No little 
 Gradgrind had ever known wonder on 
 the suhiect, each little Gradgrind hav- 
 ing nt five years old dissected the Great 
 Bear like a Professor Owen and driven 
 Chnrlps^s Wain like a locomotive engine- 
 driver. Dickens. 
 Last May we made a crown of flowers : 
 
 we had a merry day ; 
 Beneath the hawtliorn on the green they 
 
 made me Queen of May ; 
 
 And we danced about the majrpole an^ 
 
 in tlie hazel copse. 
 Till C'/i(nie-s\s- Wain came out above the 
 
 tall white cliimuey-tops. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Charlotte Elizabeth. The nom dt 
 plume of Mrs. Tonna (Charlotte E. 
 Brown), an English authoress (1792- 
 184Gj. 
 
 Chartist ClerKyman. A name piven 
 to Charles Kingsley (1819-1875), the 
 author of " Alton Locke," in conse- 
 quence of his interest in the welfare 
 and education of the W(.rking classes 
 and his efforts to ameliorate thei,'" 
 condition. See Locke, Alton. 
 
 Cheap John. A cant name for an 
 itinerant auctioneer. 
 
 It would be if they were vulgar peo- 
 ple ; but these are not grocers nor Cheap 
 Johns; these are the high noblesse of 
 France. Charles Reade. 
 
 Cheeryble Brothers. A firm of twin 
 brotiiers, in Dickens's (1812-187U) 
 novel of " Nicholas Nickleby," of 
 most warm-hearted natures and dis- 
 tinguished for their many acts of 
 charit}' and benevolence. Dickens 
 is said to have drawn the characters 
 of the Cheeryble brothers from the 
 firm of William Grant and Brothers 
 of Manchei-ter, Eng. 
 
 51^^ " Those who take an interect in 
 this tale will be glad to learn that the 
 Brothers Cheeryble live ; that their lib- 
 eral charity, their singleness of heart, 
 their noble nature, and their unbounded 
 benevolence are no creations of the 
 author's brain. ... I believe the ap- 
 plications for loans, gifts, and offices of 
 profit which I have been requested to 
 forward to the orisrinals of the Brothers 
 (Cheeryble (with whom 1 never inter- 
 changed any communication in my 
 life), would have exhausted the com- 
 bined patronage of all the Lord Chan- 
 cellors since the :iccession of the House 
 of Brunswick, and wnuM have broken 
 the Rest of the Bank of England." 
 
 Dickens. 
 
 Chinese Gordon. A name often 
 popularly applied to Charles George 
 Gordon, in allusion to his career in 
 China. 
 
 Cincinnatus, Plough of. See 
 
 PLctUGH OF ClXCINNATUS. 
 
 Circle of Popil'ius. Rome jealous of 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Ezplanationi 
 
CIT 
 
 407 
 
 CRO 
 
 the encroachments which Antiochus 
 
 Epipliaiif.-, kiiii;- uf Syria, \v,is iiiak- 
 iiii;' upon the territory of Ki;vpt, sent 
 her consul Popilius l.aenas to induce 
 him to abandon his eoiuiuests. The 
 king aslied time to deliberate. Po- 
 pilius, with an imperious gesture, 
 traced around Antiochus a circle 
 upon the sand, saying, "Before go- 
 ing out from this circle, give me the 
 answer which I shall carry back to 
 the Senate." The king, terrified, 
 yielded and abandoned his con- 
 quests. 
 
 Napoleon was peremptory with regard 
 to the continuance of the armistice, say- 
 ing that to stipulate for a month to treat i 
 of so difficult questions was to draw I 
 around liim the Circle of Pomlius. \ 
 
 Thiers. Trans. 
 
 City of the Sea. A designation, of 
 obvious derivation, often applied to 
 ^he city of Venice. 
 
 The Rialto at Venice and the Ponte 
 Vecchio at Florence are identified with 
 the financial enterprise of the one city 
 and the goldsmiths' skill of the other : 
 one was long the Exchange of the " City 
 of (he Sen, and still revives the image 
 of Shylock and the rendezvous of Anto- 
 nio ; while the other continues to repre- 
 sent mediaeval trade in the (luaint little 
 shops of jewelers and lapidaries. 
 
 Tuckerman. 
 
 Cockpen, Laird of. A designation 
 given to a certain Mark Caross, the 
 owner of the lands of Cockpen, near 
 Edinburgh, and who is said to liave 
 enlivened Charles the Second during 
 his wanderings. 
 
 Columbus, Egg of. See Egg of 
 
 ( 'oLUMliUS. 
 
 Coningsby. The hero of the political 
 novel of the same name, bv Benjamin 
 Disraeli (1805-1887). 
 
 Contradictiora, Master of. See 
 
 MasTKU of CONTIIAIJICTIONS. 
 
 Conway, Hugh. The nom f/e phivie 
 of Krederick J. Fargus (1847-1885) 
 the well-known Knjrlisli writer, au- 
 thor of the novel ''Called Back," 
 which has enjoyed a phenomenal 
 popularity, and various other stories 
 and poems. 
 
 Corinthian Tom. See Tom and 
 .Ikkky. 
 
 Cornelia, Jewels of. See Jewels 
 
 OF CoKNKLIA. 
 
 Correggio of Sculptors. A name 
 sometnnes given to Jean (ioujon 
 (1515':'-1572), the celebrated French 
 sculptor, from the softness and del- 
 icate roundness of his execution. 
 Also sometimes called the father of 
 French sculpture. 
 
 Cosette (kfiget). The name of a char- 
 acter who figures in Victor Hugo's 
 (1802-1885) romance of "les Mis^- 
 rables." 
 
 Costigan, Captain. See oAptain 
 
 CoSTIGAN. 
 
 Cottonopolis. A designation some- 
 times given to Manchester, England. 
 
 Council of Blood. See Blood- 
 Council. 
 
 Council of Troubles. See Blood- 
 Council. 
 
 Count of Monte Cristo. See Monte 
 Ckisto. 
 
 Craddock, Charles Egbert. The 
 
 no7n de plume of Miss Mary N. 
 Murfree, a popular novelist of the 
 present day. 
 
 Cranes of Ibycus. See Ibycus, 
 
 Cranes of. 
 
 Crawley, Kawdon. A character in 
 Thackeray's (1811-1863) novel of 
 "Vanity Fair." He marries Becky 
 Sharpe. 
 
 Cringle, Tom. The hero of a nautical 
 tale by Michael Scott (1789 1835), 
 entitled "Tom Cringle's Log." 
 
 Croppies. A name given to the in- 
 surgents and disloyal in Ireland 
 during the last century who wore 
 their hair short after the fashion of 
 the French revolutionists. 
 
 Crow, Jim. The original Jim Crow 
 is said to have been a negro (named 
 Jim CufF) of Pittsburgh, Pa. Ac- 
 cording to E. S. Connor he was an 
 old negro •)wned by one Crow in 
 Louisville, Ky., and derived his name 
 from that of his master. Thomas 1). 
 Rice, the noted delineator of negro 
 character, was known as "Jim Crow 
 Rice," from his personation of this 
 character. 
 
 ana tor the Keinarks and Kules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xixil. 
 
CUM 
 
 408 
 
 DIG 
 
 JI^^ " He [.lim Crow] used tn croon a 
 queer tune with words of his own, and 
 at the end of each stanza would give a 
 little jump, and when he cani(! down 
 he set his ' heel a-rockin". ' He called it 
 'jumping Jim Crow." The words of 
 the refrain were : — 
 
 ' Wheel about, turn about. 
 
 Do ies so, 
 An' ebery time I wheel about, 
 
 I jump Jim Crow ! ' 
 Rice watched him closely, and saw that 
 here was a character unknown to the 
 stage, lie wrote several stanzas, changed 
 the air somewhut, quickened it, made up 
 exactly like the old negro, and sang to a 
 Louisville audience. They were wild 
 with delight, and on the first night he 
 was recalled twenty times." Connor. 
 " Rice went to England and was im- 
 mediately a chief feature in the London 
 theatrical world."' W^n. Winter. 
 
 Cumberland Poet. A desij^nation 
 sometimes givea to William Words- 
 
 worth (1770-1850), born at Cocker, 
 mouth in Cumberland. 
 
 Cumbrian Poet. A name given to 
 Robert Anderson, a British poet 
 (1770 i8.'j:j). 
 
 Curse of Scotland. A common name 
 in Great Britain for the "nine of 
 diamonds," said to have been so 
 called owiiif^ ti> Duke William of 
 Cumlierland writin;^^ his orders for 
 military fxecutions after the battle 
 of Culloden on the back of that card. 
 
 Curt-Hose (or Shmt-.Shanks). A sur- 
 name applied to Robert II., Duke of 
 Normandy. 
 
 For minor princes " Cnrthose " was 
 pleasanter tlian "Bloody Butcher," ap- 
 plied to the Duke of Cumberland. 
 
 London Athenceum. 
 
 Curtius, Gulf of. See Gulf op 
 
 CUKTIUS. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dalton, Reginald. The hero of a 
 novel of the same name, a story of 
 English universitv life bv John G. 
 Lookhart (1794-1854). 
 
 Damocles, Sword of. See Sworu 
 
 OF DAMoCt.KS. 
 
 Danbury News M!an. James M. 
 Bailey, an American humorist of the 
 present day. 
 
 Dancing: Chancellor, kn epithet be- 
 stowed upon Sir Christopher Hatton 
 (1540-1591), from his having been 
 made chancellor and knight of the 
 garter by Queen Elizabetli in conse- 
 quence of his iri'aceful dancing in 
 her presence. He is spoken of by 
 Lord Campt)ell as a gay young cava- 
 lier, never called to the bar, and 
 famed chieriy for his handsome per- 
 son, his taste in dress, and his "skill 
 ill dancing." 
 
 Darnay, Charles. A character in 
 " .\ Tale of Two Cities " bv Charles 
 Dickens (1812-1870). to save whom 
 Svdnev Carton (q. v.) sacrifices his 
 life. ' 
 
 Dedlock, Lady Honoria. A promi- 
 
 nent character in Dickens's (1812- 
 1870) novel of " Bleak House." 
 
 Defargei'dafarge) Madame Theresd. 
 The wife of Monsieur Defarge (see 
 inf'rn), and ringleader of revolution- 
 ary women in Dickens's (1812-1870) 
 " Tale of Two Cities." 
 
 Defarge (dnfarge) Monsieur Ernest. 
 One of the prime movers in many 
 of the riotous proceedings in the St. 
 Antoine quarter in Paris during the 
 French Revolution, in Dickens's 
 " Tale of Two Cities." See supi-a. 
 
 Deronda, Daniel. The hero of 
 George Eliot's (1820?-1880) novel 
 of the same name. 
 
 (II^^"One of the noblest and most 
 original characters anions the heroes im- 
 agined by poets, dramatists, and novel- 
 ists." E P. ^yhipplf. 
 
 Dick, Mr. A partially insane man. 
 living with Miss Betsev Trotwood. 
 in Dickens's (1812-1870) novel of 
 "David Coppertield," engaged in 
 writing a memorial which he vainly 
 endeavors to keep free from allu- 
 sions to Charles the First. 
 
 OjS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation* 
 
DIO 
 
 409 
 
 EGG 
 
 Dloeenes. Lantern of. See Lan- 
 
 TKKN OF DlOGKNKS. 
 
 Diogenes, Tub of. See Tub of Dio- 
 
 GKNKS. 
 
 Dircsean Swan. A designation sonie- 
 tiines given to Pindar (abt. 522-442 
 B. c), the lyric poet of Greece, wlio 
 lived at Thebes near the river Dirce. 
 
 This passage is . . . connected with that 
 noble tone of pensive morahty, so akin 
 to the Oriental spirit, and by which the 
 " Dir<(P<m iS«(//i'' is distinguished from 
 his fellows. Keightleij. 
 
 Doctor Jekyll. The chief character 
 of a popuhtr roniatice of the present 
 dav bv Robert Louis Stevenson (b. 
 1850),'eniitled '"The Strange Storv 
 of Ur. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde:" 
 
 Dombey, Paul. Son of Mr. Dombey 
 ill Dickens's (1812-1870) novel en- 
 titled ''DombeA' and Son." 
 
 Domestic Poet. A name by which 
 William Cowper (1731-1800) is some- 
 times known. 
 
 Donnithorne, Arthur. A character 
 ill " Adam Bede," a novel bv George 
 Eliot (1820 V-1 880). 
 
 Dorrit, Little. The name applied to 
 
 Amy Dorrit in Dickens's (1812-1870) 
 novel of " Little Dorrit." 
 
 Dot. A pet name given from her dimin- 
 utive size to Mrs. Mary Peervbingle, 
 the carrier's wife in '"The (.'ricket 
 on the Hearth," a short storv bv 
 Dickens (1812-1870). The story has 
 been dramatized by Boucicault. 
 
 Driver of Europe. [Fr. Le Cor her 
 (le V Europe. '\ The Duke de Choisciil- 
 Aml)oise (1719-1785) ; — so called by 
 the Ein])ress of Russia on account of 
 his great influence in all diplomatic 
 and political cabals. 
 
 Drood, Edwin. The hero of an un- 
 tinished novel entitled " The Mvsterv 
 of Edwin Drood," bv Dickens (1812- 
 1870). 
 
 Duchess, The. The pseudcmym of 
 Margaret Argles, the author of nu- 
 merous popular works of fiction. 
 
 Dutch Sappho. A name applied to 
 Catherine Lescaille, the Dutch poet- 
 ess (1649-1711). 
 
 Dutch Vauban. A name applied to 
 Menno, Baron van Coehorn, the 
 Dutch engineer and general (1641 ?- 
 1704?). 
 
 E. 
 
 Easy, Mr. Midshipman. See Mid- 
 shipman Easy. 
 
 Eden of the Pyrenees. The desig- 
 nation given to the Val d'Azun, a 
 beautiful valle}'' in the southern part 
 of France. 
 
 Egg of Columbus. It is related, that 
 Christopher Columbus, after his re- 
 turn from his first voyage of discov- 
 ery, dining at the house of a Spanish 
 grandee, was exposed to the dispar- 
 aging and calumniating remarks of 
 pome who sat at the tal)le with him. 
 His detractors thinking to lessen 
 the merit of his discovery said that 
 "after the first step had been taken, 
 all that followed was easy enough. It 
 was only necessary to have thought 
 of the tiling in the first place." The 
 great man remained silent during the 
 
 discussion, but reflecting a moment, 
 he called for an &i:\j:, and presenting 
 it to the noble guests he said, " Who 
 of you can make this e.g^ stand upon 
 its end?" The e^^ passed from 
 hand to hand and returned to Co- 
 lumbus without the problem having 
 been solved. Then, taking the egg, 
 Columi)us broke it gently on his 
 plate and it remained standing up- 
 right. All exclaimed, "That was not 
 difficult." "No," replied Columbus 
 •with an ironical smile, " but the dif- 
 ficulty was to have thought of it." 
 
 The Egg of Columbus has passed 
 into a proverl) to siirnify anything 
 which one cannot do, and yet which 
 one finds very easy after being 
 shown. The authenticity of this 
 story has been denied on account of 
 a similar anecdote which is related 
 
 And for the Heniarks and Rules to which the numbers alter eertuin words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
ELS 
 
 410 
 
 FTG 
 
 of Bninellesclii. the Florentine archi- 
 tect, who lived nearly a century pre- 
 vidus. It is said that for tiie |tur|iose 
 of provin<i that his plan of buikl- 
 iny; tlie dome of the Cathedral at 
 Floretue was feasible, he tixed an 
 ejjii ill an uprij;ht position by break- 
 iiiic one <if its ends, and thus demon- 
 strated that a vault could be raised 
 without interior support. 
 
 I was speaking of a very important im- 
 proveiueiit by which the preparation of 
 leather will be in future much expedited. 
 It is tlie /iV/(/ of ( oiumbns, and will rev- 
 olutionize the whole business. 
 
 Louis Jourdnn. 
 
 (J^^ " Many of the historical proverbs 
 have a doubtful paternity. Columbus's 
 egg is claimed for Brunelleschi."" 
 
 Emfr.ion. 
 
 Els'mere, Robert. The hero of a 
 recent and very popular religious 
 novel of the same name by Mrs. 
 Humphry Ward. 
 
 Era'ly, Little. Mr. Peggotty's niece, 
 a beautiful girl in Dirkeiis's (1812- 
 1870j novel of "David tloppertield," 
 who is persuaded to elope with 
 Steerforth, by whom she is after- 
 wards deserted. 
 
 English Achilles. See Achillks 
 ov England. 
 
 English R. scius. A name given by 
 his contemporaries to Richard Hur- 
 bage (d. 1029;. See also English 
 Koscius in body of book. 
 
 English Senec^. Lawrence Sterne 
 
 (1713-17G8) was so called by Up. 
 
 Warburton. See also English 
 
 Skneca in body of book. 
 Eppie. A character in George Eliot's 
 
 (1820?-1880) novel of "Silas Mar- 
 
 ner." 
 
 Eva. The daughter of St. Clare in 
 Mrs. Stowe's '' Uncle Tom's Cabin." 
 
 F. 
 
 Falsehood, Field of. See Field of 
 
 FaI SKIIOOD. 
 
 Pang, Mr, A police-justice in Dick- 
 ens's (1812-1870) novel " Oliver 
 Twist," said to be meant for the 
 likeness of a brutal and overbearing 
 officer by the name of Laing. 
 
 Fantine (fontin). The name of an in- 
 teresting character in Victor Hnero's 
 (1802-1885) romance of " Les Mis*5- 
 rables." 
 
 Father of Modem Painting. A 
 title commoidv given to Cimabue, 
 the Italian paii'iter (1240-1300). 
 
 Fedalma. Daughter of the gypsy 
 chief Zarca, and heroine of George 
 Eliot's (1820V-1880) poem of "The 
 Spanish Gypsy." 
 
 Festus. A character in the poem of 
 the same name bv P. J. Bailey (b. 
 1816). 
 
 Field of Falsehood. The designa- 
 tion given to a spot in Germany, 
 near Colmar, so called from being 
 the place of the desertion from Louis 
 
 le Debonnaire to his sons of the nobles 
 who pretended to be on the side of 
 the former. 
 
 Field of Forty Footsteps. A place 
 
 in the rear of Montague House, Lon- 
 don, so called from the tradition that 
 two brothers, in mortal combat on 
 account of a lady in the time of the 
 Duke of Monmouth's rebellion, hav- 
 ing been killed, forty footprints re- 
 mained impressed for years upon the 
 soil. 
 
 (il^p^ "The combatants fought fo fe- 
 rociously as to destroy' each other ; after 
 which their footsteps, imprinted on the 
 ground in the vengeful struggle, were 
 said to remain, with the indentntions 
 produced by their advancing and reced- 
 ing ; nor would any grass or vegetation 
 ever grow over these /orti/ footsteps. 
 Miss Porter and her sisier upon this fic- 
 tion founded their ingenious romince, 
 ' Coming Out, or the Field of Forty 
 Footsteps,' but they entirely depart 
 from the local tradition." Thvhs. 
 
 Fighting Joe. A, name applied to 
 Joseph Hooker, the American general. 
 
 ikff' For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciatioa," with the accompanying Ezplanationa, 
 
FLE 
 
 411 
 
 GOL 
 
 Fleds:eby, Mr. (called Fascination 
 Fledj^eby). A dandy, foolisli exee])t 
 in nioiiev matters, in Dickens's 
 (1812-1870) novel of "Our Mutual 
 Friend." 
 
 Fleshly School. A name sarcastic- 
 ally given in reference to the char- 
 acter of their productions to certain 
 authors of the present day, among 
 whom may be mentioned Morris, 
 Swinburne, and Rossetti. See Spas- 
 modic School in body of book. 
 
 Flite, Miss. A partially deranged 
 suitor in the Courts of Chancery in 
 Dickens's (1812-1870) novel of 
 "Bleak House." 
 
 Flutter, Sir Fopling. The subject 
 of a comedy of the same name by 
 Sir George Etheredge (abt. 1636- 
 1690). 
 
 Foker, Harry. A character in Thack- 
 eray's (1811-1863) novel of " Pen- 
 dennis." 
 
 Formosa. See Psalmanazar, 
 Gkorge. 
 
 Forty Footsteps, Field of. See 
 FiEi.D OF Forty Footsteps. 
 
 Foul-weather Jack. An appellation 
 given to Sir John Norris, the Eng- 
 lish admiral (died 1749). See also 
 FouL-WEATHEK Jack in body of 
 book. 
 
 Franklin of Theology- An appella- 
 tion given to Andrew Fuller, the 
 eminent English Baptist minister 
 (1754-1815). 
 
 Free Trade, Apostle of. See Apos- 
 tle OF Free Trade. 
 
 French Horace. Jean Salmon, sur- 
 named Maigret or Macrinus (1490- 
 1557), author of Latin odes. 
 
 French Tibullus. A surname given 
 to Philippe Desportes (1545 or 6- 
 1606). See also French Tibullus 
 in body of book. 
 
 French Titian. A name given to 
 Jacques Blanchard, painter (1600- 
 1638). 
 
 Friend of Man. A designation given 
 to William Wilberforce. See Friend 
 OF Man in body of book. 
 
 5^^ " The title Friend of Man was 
 assigned at a public meeting by Sir 
 James Mackintosh to William Wilber- 
 force." London Spectator. 
 
 Friend of the People. [Fr. DAmi 
 du Peuple.] A name applied to Je; n 
 Paul Marat (1744-1793), the notorious 
 Jacobin demagogue, from a journal 
 with this title which he published 
 during the French revolution. 
 
 Fritz, Unser. See Unser Fritz. 
 
 G. 
 
 Garth, Caleb. See Garth, Mary. 
 
 Garth, Mary. A character (the 
 daughter of Caleb Garth) in " Mid- 
 dleraarch," a novel by George Eliot 
 (1820V-1880). 
 
 Gautier, Marguerite. See Camille. 
 
 Gessler, Hat of. See Hat of Gess- 
 ler. 
 
 Glegg, Mrs. A character in Georjre 
 Eliot's (1820V-1880) novel of "The 
 Mill on the Floss." 
 
 One of the preeminent crea- 
 tions of humor." The Nation. 
 
 Glorious John. A complimentary 
 designation bestowed upon tiie Eng- 
 lish poet Dryden (1631-1701). 
 
 Glorious Revolution. A name given 
 to the change in the government 
 which took place in England in 
 1688-9 by the abdication of James 
 the Second and the accession of 
 William the Third. 
 
 Golden Horn. A famous inlet of the 
 Bosphorus at the city of Constantino- 
 ple in Turkey, the city lying be- 
 tween the Golden Horn on the north 
 and the Sea of Marmora and the 
 Bosphorus on the south and east. 
 "The curve which it describes might 
 be compared to the horn of a stag, 
 or, as it should seem with more pro- 
 priety, to that of an ox." 
 
 d^p^ " The harbor of Constantinople, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Hules to which the aumbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
GOL 
 
 412 
 
 GUL 
 
 which may be considered as an arm of 
 th« Boephorus, obtained, in a very re- 
 mote period, the deuouiiuation of the 
 Uo'den Horn.'''' (jibhon. 
 
 Gloidea-mouthed Doctor. An ap- 
 pellation given to Chrysostom [fr. Gr. 
 Xpv<ro<7To/iAos, " goUleii-niouthi'il "], 
 the (Jreek Father of the Church (abt. 
 350-407). 
 
 Oood Parliament. This parliament 
 (1376) acquired this name from the 
 reformatory and beneficent character 
 of its work and the measures it 
 passed. 
 
 The tendency of things was shown by 
 such facts as the remonstrance of the 
 Commons with the crown on the appoint- 
 ment of ecclesiastics to all the great 
 offices ; the allegations made by the irood 
 Parliament as to the amount of money 
 drawn by Rome from the kingdom. 
 
 Draper. 
 
 Oordian Knot. Gordius, a Phry- 
 gian peasant, is said to have ascend- 
 ed the throne in consequence of 
 having been the first to enter the 
 capital in compliance with an oracu- 
 lar prediction. Midas his son conse- 
 crated in the temjile of Jupiter the 
 cart upon which he had been mount- 
 ed. The knot which was attached 
 to the beam of the cart was so ingen- 
 iously made that it was impossible 
 to lind either of the two ends. The 
 oracles promised the dominion of the 
 world to him who should untie it. 
 Great numbers attempted it in vain. 
 At last Alexander having acquired 
 possession of the city resolved to 
 fulfill the oracle, and at the same 
 time impress the imagination of his 
 soldiers. Drawing his sword, he cut 
 the knot. Hence to "cut the Gor- 
 dian knot" is to overcome obstacles 
 hy taking summary' action. 
 
 The principal condition of the treaty 
 of May 30, 1814, was the abdication of 
 Nipoleon and the fall of his dynasty. 
 His resumption of power was the great- 
 est infraction of this treaty. Nothing 
 could be more contradictory than the 
 adhesion of Napoleon, under the title of 
 emperor, to this treaty of which the 
 principal condition was his exclusion 
 from the throne. All the artifices of 
 r'^asoning could not untie this Gordian 
 Knot which the sword only could cut. 
 
 Villemnin. 
 Iracchi, Mother of the. See 
 Mother of the Gkacchi. 
 
 Grace, Pilgrimage o£ See Piir 
 
 GKIMAGE OF GrACE. 
 
 Grande Mademoiselle. A name 
 commonly given to Anne Marie 
 Louise d' Orleans, Duchesse de 
 Montpensier (1027-1693). 
 
 ^^^ " One so famous in history that 
 her proper name never appears in it." 
 " Our heroine lived in the most gossiping 
 of all ages, herself its greatest gossip ; 
 yet her own name, patronymic or bap- 
 tismal, never was talked about. It was 
 not that she sank that name beneath 
 high-sounding titles ; she only elevated 
 the most commonplace of all titles till 
 she monopolized it, and it monopolized 
 her. Anne Marie Louise d'Orleana, 
 Souveraine de Dombes, Princesse Dau- 
 phiue d'Auvergne, Duchesse de Mont- 
 pensier, is forgotten, or rather was 
 never remembered ; but the great name 
 of Mademoiselle, La Grande Mademoi- 
 selle, gleams like a golden thread shot 
 through and through that gorgeous tap- 
 estry of crimson and purple which re- 
 cords for us the age of Louis Quatorze."' 
 T. W. Higginson. 
 
 Grand Old Man. A name popularly 
 applied to the English statesman 
 Gladstone. 
 
 Great American Traveler. The 
 
 self-bestowed title by which the late 
 Daniel Pratt, noted for his eccentric- 
 ities of s[)eech, and his aspirations 
 toward " the presidential chair," 
 was popularly known. 
 
 Great Cardinal. An appellation giv- 
 en to Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, 
 the Spanish statesman and prelate 
 (1428-1495). 
 
 Green, Verdant. The hero of the 
 "Adventures of Mr. Verdant Green," 
 bv Edward Bradley, Cuthhert Bede 
 (b. 1827). 
 
 Qriin, Hans (hSnss griin). Hans 
 Baldung, the German painter and 
 engraver (1470-1545?), is sometimes 
 so called. 
 
 Gulf of Curtius. About the year b. 
 c. 362 an earthquake opened a gulf 
 in the place of the Forum, at Rome. 
 The oracles declared it would only 
 close when the strength of the city 
 had been thrown into it. Curtius, 
 a young Roman, judging that the 
 strength of the city lay in its arms 
 
 •mST' For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
GUM 
 
 413 
 
 HAT 
 
 and its valor, devoted himself to the 
 Gods and threw himself on horse- 
 back and splendidly armed into the 
 depths of the fjulf, and the people 
 covered him with expiatory offerings 
 which soon filled the gulf. 
 
 Since you quote the Romans, I de- 
 clare to you that I will never be Curtius, 
 and that I will not throw myself into 
 the gulf. Lamartine. 
 
 Gummidge, Mrs. A " lone, lorn 
 creetur" in "David Coppertield," a 
 novel by Dickens (1812-1870). 
 
 Gwendolen. See Hakleth Gwen- 
 dolen. 
 
 Gy'ges's Bing. Gyges was a young 
 shepherd of Lydia. One day having 
 seen the earth open, he descended 
 into the fissure, and saw, among 
 
 other wonders, a brazen horse, which 
 had doors in its sides. Having 
 opened these he saw a corpse of su- 
 perhuman size, which had on one 
 linger a ring of gold. This ring, 
 when one had turned the bezel on 
 the inside, had the power of making 
 the wearer invisible. Gyges pos- 
 sessed himself of this precious talis- 
 man and returned to the court of 
 King Candaules where his ring be- 
 came the source of a brilliant for- 
 tune. 
 
 The robbers took from me my hun- 
 dred crowns. I hoped to save the soli- 
 taire which I wore on my finger, and I 
 had turned it on the inside. Unfortu- 
 nately it had not the virtue of the ring 
 (if Oyges. One of them saw my poor sol- 
 itaire and took it from me. 
 
 Alex. Dumas. Trans. 
 
 H. 
 
 Halifax, John. The hero of a novel 
 of the same name by Dinah Maria 
 Craik, formerly Miss Muloch (b. 
 1826). 
 
 Eammer of the Scottish Nation. 
 One of the titles given to Edward I. 
 (1272-1307), the "first real English 
 king," called also " Longshanks " 
 and the "English Justinian." His 
 motto, which, as well as the title, 
 "Hammer of the Scottish Nation," 
 may be seen on his tomb, was 
 "Pactum serva." Edwardus lon- 
 ffus Scotoi'uin Malleus hie est. See 
 English Justinian in body of book. 
 
 Handy Andy. The hero of an Irish 
 tale of the same name bv Samuel 
 Lover (1797-1868). 
 
 Hannibal, Oath of. See Oath of 
 Hannibal. 
 
 Har°pha of Oath. A character, 
 original with Milton, in his dramatic 
 porni of " Sanisfin Agonisfes." Ha- 
 rapha scoffs at Samson in his chains, 
 but is afraid of his strength and 
 keeps at a safe distance. 
 
 Look now for no enchanting voice, nor 
 
 fear 
 The bait of honied words ; a rougher 
 
 tongue 
 Draws hitherward, I know him by his 
 
 stride. 
 The giant Harapha of Gath, his look 
 Haughty as is his pile high-built and 
 
 proud. Milton. 
 
 Harland, Marion. The pseudonym 
 adopted by Mary V. Terhune, nee 
 Hawes, a popular wTiter of fiction. 
 
 Harleth, Gwendolen. The heroine 
 of George Eliot's (1820?-1880) novel 
 of "Daniel Deronda." 
 
 Harmon, John. A character in Dick- 
 ens's (1812-1870) novel of " Our 
 Mutual Friend," who also passes 
 under the names of Julius Hand- 
 ford and John Kokesmith. 
 
 Hat of Gessler. Herman Gessler, a 
 tyrannical magistrate of the Swiss 
 Cantons in the reign of Albert I., 
 ordered a hat to be set up in the 
 public place of Altorf, and required 
 all the Swiss to salute it in passing. 
 A countryman, AVilliam Tell, re- 
 fused to submit to this humiliation. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after •ertain words refer, see pp. xiy-jcxxiL 
 
HAT 
 
 414 
 
 HYD 
 
 The governor arrested him, and con- 
 demned him to pierce witli an arrow 
 an apple placed upon the head of 
 his son. Tin's he did, and some 
 days after he pierced the tyrant 
 himself, and the episode of the Hat 
 of Gessler terminated in the enfran- 
 chisement of four cantons. 
 
 Trulj', General Cavaiguac is very gen- 
 erous not to make us adore his sword or 
 his caftan at the end of a rod, as the fe- 
 rocious Gessler caused his hat to be wor- 
 shiped. Einile de Girardin. 
 
 Hatto, Bishop. According to the 
 legend, the cruel Archbishop Hatto 
 of Mayetice, after burning a barnful 
 of famished poor in order to be free 
 from their entreaties for food from 
 
 . his well-stored granaries, was him- 
 self devoured by an army of rats in 
 . his tower at Bingen on the Rhine to 
 which he had fled. There are vari- 
 ous versions of the story. It is the 
 subject of a familiar ballad by 
 Southey. 
 
 They almost devour me with kisses ; 
 
 Their arms about me intwine, 
 Till I think of tiie Bishop of Bingen 
 
 In his Mouse- Tower on the Rhin^. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Hawthorn, Jerry. See Tom and 
 Jekky. 
 
 H. B. The signature adopted by Mr. 
 Doyle, father of Richard Doyle, the 
 artist, tor a celebrated series of Eng- 
 lish political caricatures. 
 
 " There, where the gas-light streams on 
 Crockford's door. 
 Bluff Henry chuckled at the jests of 
 
 More. 
 There, where you gaze upon the last 
 
 //. B., 
 Swift paused, and muttered, ' Shall I 
 have that See ?' " 
 
 Bulu-er-Lytton. 
 
 Head of the "World. An appella- 
 tion of Rome in her days of domin- 
 ion and power, when she was "mis- 
 tress of the world." The name is 
 still used bv Roman Catholics in a 
 
 feligious sense, in reference to th« 
 modern city of Rome. 
 
 513/^ '* Thus Rome was not, properly 
 speaking, either a republic or u uKjnar- 
 chy, but the head of a body which was 
 made up of all the peoples of the 
 world." Montesquieu. Trans. 
 
 Heathen Chinee. See Truthful 
 James. 
 
 Heaven-born Minister. A name 
 applied to the great statesman Will- 
 iam Pitt (17U8-1778) in allusion to 
 the early age of his entering upon 
 public service. 
 
 H. H. The initials by which Helen 
 M. Jackson, formerlv Mrs. Hunt 
 (1831-1885), the well-known writer, 
 is popularly known. 
 
 History, Master of. See Master 
 OF History. 
 
 Holt, Felix. The hero of George 
 
 Eliot's (1820?-1880) novel of the 
 
 same name. 
 Holy Office. Another name for the 
 
 ecclesiastical tribunal commonly 
 
 called the Inquisition. 
 
 Upon the 16th February, 1563, a sen- 
 tence of the Holy Office condemned all 
 the inhabitants of the Netherlands to 
 death as heretics. From tiiis universal 
 doom only a few persons, especially 
 named, were excepted. Motley. 
 
 House of Socrates. According to 
 tradition Socrates built a house, and 
 when told that it was too small he 
 replied, "May it please the Gods, 
 that it shall be full of true friends." 
 
 This delightful abode of Mile. Rachel 
 was reconstruf'ted by M. Duval, and re 
 suited in a little marvel of richness and 
 grace. Without being absolutely the 
 house of Socrates it was of very small 
 size. Four windows in front and no 
 more. F. Momand. 
 
 His country house resembled some- 
 what the honse of Socrates, but it was a 
 house, and for a poet a luxury quite Asi- 
 atic and worthy of Sardanapalus. 
 
 T. Gautier. 
 
 Hyde, Mr. See Dr. Jekyll. 
 
 0^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^ 
 
IBY 
 
 415 
 
 JUL 
 
 I. 
 
 Ib'j^'-cus, Cranes of. Ibycus, a lyric 
 poet of Greece, was assassinated by 
 robbers, and before dyinj; he called 
 upon a flock of cranes which passed 
 over his head to testify against his 
 murderers. Some days after, the 
 brigands assisting at Corinth in some 
 public games, one of them cried out 
 seeing a Hock of cranes pass by, 
 " See ! there are the Cranes of Iby- 
 cus." This exclamation gave rise 
 to suspicions, and led to the discov- 
 ery and conviction of the assassins. 
 Schiller has made this incident the 
 subject of a poem. 
 
 The criminal is never sure of impunity, 
 and can never enjoy in peace the fruits 
 of a bad action. Even if he can stifle the 
 cry of remorse there will always remain 
 the fear of unforeseen and fortuitous 
 revelations, the Cranes of Ibycus. 
 
 Reinie des Deuz Mondes. 
 
 ImoKine, The Fair. See Alonzo 
 THE Brave. 
 
 Infant of Liibeck. Christian Hein- 
 rich Heinecken (1721-1725), note- 
 worthy as a most remarkable case 
 of mental precocity. 
 
 Ingham, Col. Frederic. A nom de 
 
 plume adopted by Edward Everett 
 Hale, author of the " Ingham Pa- 
 pers." 
 
 Inspired Tinker. A name some- 
 times given to John Bunyan (1628- 
 1688) from the occupation to which 
 he was bred. 
 
 Iskan'der's Mirror. By looking on 
 Iskander's (*. e., Alexander's) mirror 
 the future was revealed, unknown 
 climes brought to view, andAvhatever 
 its owner wished made visible. 
 
 Isle of Venus. An island described 
 as a paradise in the heroic poem of 
 "The Lusiad" by Camoens (1524?- 
 1579). 
 
 J. 
 
 Jaokwood, Neighbor. A character 
 in a well-known story of the same 
 name by J. T. Trowbridge. The 
 story has been dramatized. 
 
 Jean Valjean. See Valjean, Jean. 
 
 Jekyll, Doctor. See Doctor 
 Jekyll. 
 
 Jerry. See Tom and Jerry. 
 
 Jewels of Cornelia. Cornelia, 
 Mather of the Gracchi, was the 
 daughter of Scipio Africanus, and 
 wife of Sempronius Gracchus, Avho 
 distinguished himself in the wars of 
 Spain. Left a widow with twelve 
 children, she devoted herself entirely 
 to their education, and refused, it is 
 said, the hand of Ptolemy, king of 
 Egypt. A lady of Campania one 
 day displaying her jewels and pre- 
 cious ornaments before Cornelia, and 
 asking to see hers, Cornelia brought 
 
 forward her children saying, '* These 
 are my jewels and ornaments." 
 
 Better than Cornelia this august mother 
 [the Church of Rome] can say, pointing 
 to her children, " Behold my jewels and 
 my treasures." Louis VeuilloU 
 
 See Mother of the Gracchi. 
 
 Jim Crow. See Crow, Jim. 
 
 Jockeymo. Servant of Riccabocca 
 in Bulwer's "My Novel." 
 
 Julie. The heroine of the celebrated 
 novel of the same name ("Julie, ou 
 la Nonvelle H^loise") by Jean 
 Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), writ- 
 ten while under the influence of a 
 violent attachment for Madame 
 d'Houdetot. 
 
 But his was not the love of living dame, 
 Nor of the dead who rise upon our 
 
 dreams. 
 But of ideal beauty, which became 
 In him existence, and o'ertlowing teems 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
LAD 
 
 416 
 
 LGC 
 
 Along his burning page, distempered 
 
 though it seems. 
 Tills breathed itself to life in Julie, this 
 Invested her with all that 's wild and 
 
 Bweet. Byron. 
 
 Jupiter of the Press. A name some- 
 tiines f^iveii lo tlie " London Times." 
 See also THU^DEKEK in body of 
 book. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lady of England. See A. L. O. E. 
 Laird of Cockpen. See Cockpen, 
 
 Laiku of. 
 Lake of Pain. [Fr. Lac de V An- 
 
 goisse.'\ A lake reputed to have, in 
 
 ancient times, separated France from 
 
 Bretagne. 
 
 By the Lake of Pain she passed ; 
 There she saw a ghastly baud ; 
 
 White their garments, and the blast 
 Drove their shadowy barks to laud. 
 
 Anon. Tr. L. S. CosteUo. 
 
 Lammeter, Nancy. A character in 
 George Eliot's (1820V-188J) n..\-. 1 
 of " Silas Marner." 
 
 Lantern o*" Diogenes, The. Dio- 
 genes, surnamed the Cynic, hav- 
 ing vainly exerted his eloquence to 
 arouse the Athenians from the idle- 
 ness and corruption into which they 
 had fallen, adopted this method of 
 rebuking them. One day he was 
 met at noon in the streets of Athens, 
 holding in his hand a lighted lan- 
 tern, and being asked the reason of 
 this strange proceeding, he replied, 
 " I am looking for a man." 
 
 An estate ! an estate ! who has re^iUy an 
 estate at this moment in France ? Yr»u 
 might put a gas-burner into the Lantern 
 of Diogenes, and you could not find this 
 white blackbird. Le Figaro. 
 
 Laurie, Annie. The heroine of an 
 
 old song of uncertain authorship. 
 Lee, Annabel. The subject of the 
 poem of the same name bv Edgar A. 
 Poe (1811-1849). 
 
 I^p^ " The parf-nt of Annab( 1 Lee was 
 Mother Goose, who in this instance did 
 not drop a golden egg.'" 
 
 H. H. Stoddnrrl. 
 
 Leigh, Sir Amyas. The hero of 
 "Westward Ho! or the Voyages 
 and Adventures of Sir Amyas Leigh 
 in the reign of Queen Elizabeth," a 
 
 novel bv the Rev. Charles Kingsley 
 (1819-1875). 
 Level cf Archimedes. The most 
 celebrated mathematician of antiq- 
 uity, Archimedes, a native of Syra- 
 cuse in Sicih', having studied pro- 
 foundly the theory of the power of 
 the lever, exclaimed, "Onh'give me 
 a point of support, and I will move 
 the earth." 
 
 Peter the Hermit, Calvin, and Robes- 
 pierre, three hundred years apart, were, 
 politically speaking, levers of Archim- 
 edes. At each epoch it was a thought 
 which found its point of support in the 
 interests and desires of men. Balzac. 
 
 Liberator of Italy. A designation 
 bestowed upon Garibaldi (1807- 
 1882), the celebrated Italian patriot 
 and general, in allusion to his career 
 in that country. 
 
 Little Dorrit. See Dorrit, Little. 
 
 Little Em'ly. See Em'ly, Little. 
 
 i ittle Preacher. A name given to 
 Samuel Desmarets, a French Protes- 
 tant divine (1599-1663). 
 
 Little Venice. A name given to 
 Amiens (the lower town) by Louis 
 XI , because this place of narrow 
 streets is so intersected throughout 
 by the ramifications of the Somme 
 and the many bridges over them. 
 
 Livingstone, Guy. The hero of a 
 novel of the same name bv G. A. 
 Lawrence (1827-1876). 
 
 Locke, Alton. The hero of a novel 
 of the same name entitled "An Au- 
 tohiography," and treating social and 
 political questions, bv Charles Kings- 
 ley (1819 1875), published in 1850, 
 and in which the author showed his 
 interest in the trials and sufYerings 
 of the working classes in large towns. 
 See Chartist ('lkrgyman. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
LOG 
 
 417 
 
 MAR 
 
 liOgic, Bob. A character in Pierce 
 Egaa's '• Life in Loudon." 
 
 XiOngshanks. See English Justin- 
 ian (in body of l)ook) and Hammkk 
 OF THE Scottish Nation. 
 
 Lothair. The hero of a novel of the 
 same name by Benjamin Disraeli 
 (1805-1881). 
 
 Lothrop, Amy. A pseudonym used 
 by Anna B. Warner (sister to 
 Susan Warner) novelist and religious 
 writer. 
 
 Liibeck, Infant of. See Infant of 
 
 LUBECK. 
 
 Ijucile. The heroine of a novel in 
 verse of the same name by Robert, 
 
 Lord Lyttoa Owtn Meredith (b. 
 1831). 
 
 Luria. One of the noblest of the 
 characters of Robert Browning 
 (b. 1812), the hero of his poem of the 
 same name. 
 
 Lydgate. A character in George 
 Eliot's (1820V-1880) novel of "Mid- 
 dlemarch." 
 
 Lyon, Ssther. The daughter of the 
 Dissenting clergyman Rufus Lyon 
 in "Felix Holt,"' a novel bv George 
 Eliot (1820 V-1880). She finally be- 
 comes the wife of Felix Holt, the 
 hero of the story. 
 
 JLyon, Bufus. See Lyon, Estheb. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mademoiselle. See Grand Ma- 
 
 DEMOISELLK. 
 
 Mad Socrates. An epithet bestowed 
 by Plato upon Diogenes the Cynic 
 (b. 414: B. c.) on account of the 
 roughness of his manners and his ex- 
 tensive knowledge of human nature 
 and zealous interest in virtue. 
 
 Mseonian Swan. A name sometimes 
 applied to Homer, on the supposition 
 that he was born in Maionia, a dis- 
 trict of eastern Lydia, in Asia Minor, 
 and on account of the harmony of 
 his verse. 
 
 The bold Mceoninn made me dare to steep 
 
 Jove's dreadful temples m the dew of 
 
 sleep. Waller. 
 
 Mahmut. See Turkish Spy. 
 
 Malleus Arianorum. THammer of 
 
 the Arians.] A name applied to St. 
 
 Hilary, bishop of Poictiers (350-367 
 
 A. v)' 
 
 Maltravers, Ernest. The hero of a 
 novel of the same name by Bulwer 
 (1805-1873). 
 
 Mantle of Antisthenes. Antisthe- 
 nes, a Grecian philosopher, f(»under 
 of the school of Cynics, who lived at 
 Athens about B. c. 424, was a disci- 
 ple of Socrates, whose moral philoso- 
 phy he developed to the extreme of 
 
 despising wealth, greatness, and 
 pleasure. This contempt of exter- 
 nal things was not wholly free from 
 affectation, and gave rise to the apos- 
 trophe of Socrates, " O Antisthenes, 
 I perceive thy pride through the 
 holes in thy cloak." The most 
 famous of the disciples of Antis- 
 thenes was Diogene.^, to whom these 
 words of Socrates are sometimes er- 
 roneoush'' applied. 
 
 We recall those letters and prefaces in 
 which an immeasurable pride struts un- 
 der the mask of a feigned humility. A 
 sad comedy which amuses no one, and 
 which is yet played to-day through all 
 the roimdsof literature and arts. O An- 
 tisthenes ! it is always the pride which 
 pierces through the holes of thy mantle. 
 Edmond Tezier. 
 
 Man without a Country. The sub- 
 ject of a stor}'^ of the same title by 
 Edward Everett Hale. 
 
 Mark Twain. The pseudonym of 
 Samuel Langhorne Clemens (b. 1835) 
 famous for his humorous works. 
 The nom de plume of Mark Twain, 
 derived from an expression used in 
 sounding the lead on the Mississippi, 
 is said by Mr. Clemens to have been 
 at first used by a certain Captain Sel- 
 lars, as a signature to paragraphs 
 contributed bv him to the " New Gr- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xir-xxxiL 
 
MAR 
 
 418 
 
 MOR 
 
 leans Picaj'une." After his death it 
 was adopted by Mr Clemens, "with- 
 out asking permission of the proprie- 
 tor's remains." 
 
 i!g|r'"At the time that the telegraph 
 brought the news of his death, I was on 
 the Pacific coast. I wa.-* a fresh, new 
 journali.>^t, and needed a nom iJe gwrre ; 
 BO I coiitiscatod the ancient mariner's 
 discarded one, and have done my best to 
 make it remain what it wa.s in his hands 
 — a sign and symbol and warrant that 
 whatever is found in its company may 
 be g.imbled on as benig the petrified 
 truth ; how I have succeeded it would 
 not be modest in me to say." 
 
 S. L. Clemens. 
 
 Marner, Silas. The subject of the 
 well-known novel of the same name 
 by George Eliot (18-20y-188U). 
 
 Master of Contradiction. [Lat- 
 MiKjister Co/'tradictionum.] A sur- 
 nan)e given, from his skill in dialec- 
 tics to the Dutch theologian and Re- 
 former John Wessel (abt. 1420- 
 USU). 
 
 Master of History. [M agister in 
 Jlisturiis.] An appellation given to 
 Petrus Comestor, who flourished in 
 the latter part of the twelfth century, 
 and wrote a history of the Bible un- 
 der the title of Historia Scholastica. 
 
 This Peter is said to have oeen ^ur- 
 named Comestor or Manducatnr, " Pierre 
 le Mnngeur,'''' on account of his appetite 
 for books ; others say, his gluttony. 
 
 Ezra Abbot. 
 
 May, Sophie. The pseudonym of 
 Rebecca Sophie Clarke, the well- 
 known author 
 
 ^^^W^ This name has been adopted by 
 several other writers 
 
 Melema, Tito. A handsome, wily 
 Greek, a unique character and one 
 of the author's m'>st original crea- 
 tions, in George Eliot's novel of 
 '*Roni la." 
 
 m^^" There is not a more masterly 
 piece of painting in English romance 
 than this figure of Tito." 
 
 R. H Hutton. 
 
 Melnotte, Claude. The hero of Bul- 
 wer's popular play of "The Lady 
 of Lyons." 
 
 Miishipman Easy, Mr. The hero 
 of H nautical talft of the same name 
 l)\- Kreilerick Marryat (1792-1848). 
 
 Mildmay, Frank. The hero of a 
 sea-storv of the same name by Fred- 
 erick Marrj-at (1792-1848). 
 
 Miller, Daisy. The heroine and title 
 of a novel of the present day by 
 Henry James, Jr. (b. 184Ji). 
 
 Mirror of Iskander. See Iskan- 
 dek's Mikkor. 
 
 Mistress of the Adriatic. A name 
 
 sometimes given, from its character 
 and situation, to the city of Venice. 
 
 The nations of the Baltic and of far- 
 thest lud now exchanged their products 
 on a more extensive scale ana with a 
 wider sweep across the earth than wlien 
 the Mistress of the Adriatic alone held 
 the keys of Asiatic commerce. Motley. 
 
 Mithridates, Poisons of. See Poi- 
 sons OF MiTHKlDATES. 
 
 Mokanna, or Mocanna. The hero of 
 Moore's (1779-1852) poem "The 
 Veiled Prophet of Khorassan," a 
 Moslem impostor who always wore 
 a veil, and "pretended to be the em- 
 bodiment of the living spirit of 
 God." 
 
 Mr. Norton's strictures on the character 
 of Lord Byron . . . were reasonable and 
 true, and will commend themselves to 
 every mind of pure tast^^ and high prin- 
 ciple that is not dazzled aiid blinded by 
 the intellectual splendor vvhicli^ like the 
 silver veil of Mokanna, may hide from 
 his votaries the deformity beneath. 
 
 Christian Examiner. 
 
 Monaldi. The hero of an Italian ro- 
 mance of the same name bv Wash- 
 ington Allston (1779-1843). ' 
 
 Monsieur Tonson. See Tonson, 
 Monsieur. 
 
 Monte Cristo, Count of. The name 
 under which the hero ( Edmond 
 Dantes) passes in Alexandre Du- 
 mas's (1841-1845) romance of "The 
 Count of Monte Cristo." 
 
 Mor'decai. A patriotic Jewish char- 
 acter in George Eliot's (1820 V-1880) 
 novel of " Daniel Deronda." Also 
 the name of a character in Macklin's 
 comedy "Love a-la-Mode." 
 
 Morris, Dinah. The heroine of 
 George Eliot's (1820V-1880) novel of 
 " Adam Bede," the original of which 
 is said by some to have been draMMi, at 
 It^ast in some sliglit particulars, from 
 Elizabeth Evans, George Eliot's aunt. 
 
 09° For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
MOT 
 
 419 
 
 NOG 
 
 Mother of the Qrac'chi. Cornelia, 
 the noble Konian matron, the daugh- 
 ter of i*. Scipio Atricaiiiis, and tlie 
 wife of T. Senipruiiius Gracchus, is 
 often so called in allu>iou to lier two 
 
 . celebrated sous 'I'iberius and Caius. 
 
 See JkWKLS ok Ct>KNKLlA. 
 
 Muehlbach (niiilbak) J_.ouise. The 
 name by which Clara M. Mundt, 
 the author of a number of histori- 
 cal novels, is popularly known. 
 
 MuKWump. A term supposed to be 
 of Indian ori^iu, and familiar at the 
 present time from its recent applica- 
 tion in the United States to a body 
 of so-called Independents in politics. 
 
 ([J^*^ " In Massachusetts and New 
 Hampshire the word Mugwump was for- 
 
 merly used to denote the leader of a 
 frai-as or i-crape. ' He was the Mugwuuip 
 of tlie whole." It is probablj. the Mu.— 
 sachusetts ludiau word l\lu;^(j 110711/1, as 
 iu 'i Kings ix. 5. ' Kupijuudaunche- 
 uiookaush, woi uiugquonijj. Kuh lehn 
 Doo\sau, howan neuauie wame .' Kali 
 iiuowan, lieu woi tnui^cjuonrp.^ ' I have 
 a message to thee, captain,' ■' etc. 
 
 BaUnnt. 
 
 Tlie Indian word as understood by the 
 
 people was used to denote the leader of 
 
 a predatory baud. Hid. 
 
 Murdstone, Mr. Edward. David 
 Coj)perfield's step-father in Dickens's 
 (1812-1870) novel of the latter name. 
 Ji^^ "Firmness, I may observe, was 
 the grand quality on which both Mr. and 
 Miss Murdstone took their stand ... it 
 was another name for tyranny, and for 
 a certain gloomy, arrogant, devil's hu- 
 mor, that was in them both." Dickens, 
 
 N. 
 
 Nasby, Bev. Petroleum V. The 
 
 nom de plume of David Koss Locke 
 (1833-1888), fann)us for his " Nasby " 
 letters and other publications, writ- 
 ten in an illiterate dialect, among 
 which may be mentioned, " Swinfjfiu' 
 Round the Cirkle," " Ekkoes from 
 Kentucky," " Hannah Jane." His 
 success as a political satirist was very 
 great, and there is no doubt that his 
 letters diiriii<? the late war exerted 
 an immense influence in moulding? 
 opinion at the North. According^ to 
 Secretary Boutwell the success of 
 the Union side was owing to "the 
 army, the navy, and the Nasby let- 
 ters." 
 
 '" Unquestionably they [the Nasby 
 letters] were among the influences and 
 agencies by which disloyalty in all its 
 forms was exposed and public opinion 
 assured upon the right side. It is im- 
 possible to measure their importance. 
 Against the devices of slavery and its 
 supporters, each letter was like a speech. 
 
 or one of those songs which stir the peo- 
 ple. '■ Charles Sumner. 
 
 " Of publications during the war, none 
 
 had such charm for Abraham Lincoln."' 
 
 Charles Sumner. 
 
 Neighbor Jackwood. See Jack- 
 wood, Nkighbok. 
 
 Nergal. Chief of the privy police in 
 the infernal court of Beelzebub, ac- 
 cording to the demonographers of 
 the middle ages. See [Vierus, Pseu- 
 domonarchia Dcemunum. 
 
 Nestor of America. A name applied 
 to Benjamin Franklin (17(16-1790) 
 by the National Assembly of France. 
 
 Ni'o-be of Nations. An allusion to 
 
 Rome. 
 
 The Niobe of Nations! there she stands, 
 
 Childless and crownless iu her voiceless 
 
 woe. Byron, 
 
 Noerecs, Newman. Ralph Nicklehv's 
 clerk in Dickens's (1812-1870) novel 
 of "Nicholas Nickleby." 
 
 and. for the Remarks and Rules to which th2 numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii 
 
OAT 
 
 420 
 
 PEG 
 
 o. 
 
 Oath of Hannibal. Hannil^al the 
 Carthaijiiiian, the most iiniilacable 
 enemv of tlie Komans, wlnii a ciiild 
 of nine years knelt in the temple l)\" 
 the side of his fatiier Hamilcar, and 
 vowed eternal hatred to Home. 
 
 M. de Mont.ilembert, from the first 
 day, entered the lists with a fixed idea. 
 In fact lie liad t iken xg linst the Univer- 
 sity the Oitth of Ilmjiibal. Sdinle-Beuve. 
 
 Oldbuck. Obadiah. Tlie title (" Ad- 
 ventures of Mr. Ouadiah Oidl)uck") 
 under wliich was published an En<:f- 
 lish reproduction of comic sketches 
 (oriijinaliv entitled " M. Vieiix- 
 Bois ") by Rudolph Ti)i)ffer. 
 
 Old Soutb. The signature to a series 
 of political articles from the pen of 
 Benjamin Austin (1752-1820) printed 
 in the "Independent Chronicle'' of 
 Boston. He also wrote under the 
 signature of Honestus. 
 
 Old Tecumseh. An appellation be- 
 stowed upon William Tecumseh 
 Sherman, the .American general. 
 
 Old Zach. A nickname given to 
 Zachary Taylor, the distinguished 
 American general and the twelfth 
 president of the United States. See 
 
 Rough and Rkady in body of 
 
 book. 
 
 O'Malley, Charles. The hero of a 
 novel of the same name bv Charles 
 James Lever (180J-1S72). 
 
 O'More, Rory. Tiie hero of a novel 
 of the same name by Samuel Lover 
 (1797-18«)8). Lover also wrote a 
 song or short ballad with the same 
 title. 
 
 One Hoss Shay. Th ■ subject of a 
 humorous ])oem of the same name 
 by Oliver Wendell Holmes. 
 
 Ortis, Jacopo. The imaginary sub- 
 ject of a political romance by Ugo 
 Foscolo (1777-1827) entitled '• Lettere 
 de .lacopo Ortis" (Letters of .lacopo 
 Orti<), which had great poj)ularity 
 and is interesting from its allusions 
 to political affairs and its pictures of 
 Italian society. 
 
 Ouida (obi-da). The pseudonym of 
 Mile. Louis'e de la Rame, a well- 
 known writer of fiction of the pres- 
 ent day. This nom de plume is 
 said to be a pet name derived from 
 Louise. Others however look upon 
 it as taken from the French Oui-da. 
 
 P. 
 
 Parliament, The Bat. See Bat 
 Paklia.ment. 
 
 Parliament, The Good. See Good 
 
 P.AKI.IAMENT. 
 
 Pauline. The heroine of Bulwer's 
 popular play of " Tiie Lady of 
 Lyons." Slie becomes the wife of 
 Claude Meliiotte. 
 
 Peep o' Day Boys. A lawless Prot- 
 estant ))arty in Irelnnd, whose out- 
 raires were generally perpetrated 
 early in the mornimr. The faction 
 was al.so known uniler the name of 
 
 "Protestant boys" and "Wreck- 
 ers." It ultimately formed the Or- 
 ange Society. Wilkie has made use 
 of this subject in his picture, " The 
 Peep o' Day Boy's Cal)in." 
 Peg^otty, Clara. A sister of Daniel 
 Peggotty who joins Mr. Barkis in 
 becoming " willin " to marrv, in 
 Dickens's (1812-1870) novel of "" Da- 
 vid Coppertield " 
 
 Peggotty, Daniel. A noble-hearted, 
 sea-faring man, devoted to his niece 
 "little Emily," in Dickens's (1812- 
 1870) novel of "David Coppertield." 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of ProuuQciatiou," with the accompau^'lDg Explauatiuns:. 
 
PEL 
 
 421 
 
 POP 
 
 Pelham. The hero of a novel of the 
 same name l)y Bulvver (1805-187:}). 
 
 People's B'riend. William Gordon 
 (18111-1849) the En^-lish physioiaii 
 and pliilanthropist. See also Kkiem) 
 
 OF THE I'KOPLK. 
 
 Per ey 'i'lie noni de plume of Ben: 
 Peilev I'oore, the American journal- 
 ist (1820-1887). 
 
 Pilgriinage of Grace. An insurrec- 
 tion which broke out in York, Eng- 
 land, ill 153G, caused hy the suppres- 
 sion of smaller monasteries. 
 
 Pippa. Tlie heroine of Robert Brown- 
 
 iiifXs poem of '' Pippa Passes." 
 Plough I f Cincinnatus. It is re- 
 lated of ("incinnatus. a lloman patri- 
 cian, that havinjjc tijiven away the 
 greater part of his possessions to pay 
 a hue for his son, he withdrew to a 
 little tield beyond the Tiber, which 
 still remained to him, and there de- 
 voted himself to the cultivation of his 
 farm. lieiug repeatedly called by 
 the Komaiis, in the troubles of the 
 republic, to the head of the army, 
 he met the deputies who bore him the 
 message of the Senate while at work 
 ■with his plough, and having each 
 time carried through the war he un- 
 dertook to a successful termination, 
 he as regularly at its close returned 
 to his rural avocations. His name 
 has thus become the type of disinter- 
 ested devotion to country. 
 
 Thrice the saviour of his country, at the 
 East, aud at tlie North, and so pro- 
 nounced by two decrees, Pichegru saves 
 Paris, saves the Convention which he 
 might easily have overthrown, and re- 
 turns to his poor village, where he hangs 
 the sword of Scipio upon the Plough of 
 Cincinnntus. Charles Nodier. 
 
 Plummer, Bertha. A blind girl, 
 daughter of Caleb Plnmmer, in Dick- 
 ens's (1812 1870) tale of "The 
 Cricket on the Hearth." 
 
 Podsnap, Mr. John. A character in 
 Dickens's (1812-1870) novel of "Our 
 Mutual Friend," tilled with his own 
 importance and satisfied "above all 
 other things with himself." 
 
 Poet of the Poor. This appellation 
 has been given to George Crabbe 
 (1754-1832), the English poet. 
 
 Poen^am, Hon. Elijah. An amusing 
 cliaiacter in Dickens's (1812 1870) 
 novel of "Martin (,'hiizzlewit." 
 
 Poisons of viittiridates. History 
 relates that Miihndatcs, king of I'on- 
 tus, feeling himself to be constantly 
 the oljji'ct of intrigues and conspir- 
 acies in his court, devoted himself 
 early in lite to the study of poi- 
 sons, and became so accustomecl to 
 taking them that he had nothing 
 to fear from their effect. Once, upon 
 the point of falling into the power of 
 his enemies, he took a very subtle 
 poison which he always carried with 
 him, but it was powerless upon a 
 body so long accustomed to antidotes. 
 Tlii^ stor}" is related in the tragedy 
 of Mithridates by Racine. Emerson 
 has allusively applied the name 
 Mithridates to a philosophical poem. 
 
 Calumny has exhausted all its venom 
 upon my person, it could not hurt me, it 
 was for me no more than the poisons of 
 Mithridates. Dumas- 
 
 Poly'crates's Ring. Polycrates, ty- 
 rant of Samos, enjoyed for more than 
 forty years unexampled prosperity. 
 Fearing such constant success would 
 be followed by some signal misfor- 
 tune, he resolved to forestall fate t)y 
 a voluntary sacrifice. From the 
 height of a tower he threw into the 
 sea an emerald ring of exceeding 
 beauty and value. But Fortune re- 
 fused to accept the sacrifice. A fish 
 swallowed the ring, and a cook who 
 found it restored it to the tyrant. 
 Misfortune soon overtook him. Da- 
 rius, king of Persia, took Samos, 
 conquered Polycrates, and put him 
 to death. Schiller has made this in- 
 cident the subject of a l)allad. 
 
 The excess of my pro??perity should 
 have caused me alarm. But even had I 
 possessed the ring nf Polycrates, I should 
 have refrained from throwing it into the 
 sea, on account of a horrible sturgeon. 
 
 Chateaubriand. Trans. 
 
 The terror of cloudless noon, the emer- 
 ald of Polycrates, the awe of prosperity, 
 the instinct which I'^ads every generous 
 soul to impose on itself tasks of a noble 
 asceticism arc the tremblings at the bal- 
 ance of justice through the hf>art and 
 mind of man. Emerson, 
 
 Popilius, Circle of. See Circle op 
 
 POPILIUS. 
 
 and for the Bemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii 
 
POY 
 
 422 
 
 RUP 
 
 Poyser, Mrs. An interesting char- 
 acter in Georfre Eliot's (1820V-3880) 
 novel of "A(lani Becle." 
 
 Prig, Betsey. A nurse, a sort of 
 partner of Mrs. Gamp in Dickens's 
 (1812-1870) novel of "Martin Chuz- 
 zlewit." 
 
 Prince of Ancient Comedy. An 
 
 appellation sometimes given to the 
 Greek author Aristopiianes (444?- 
 38UV B. c). 
 
 Prince of Fools. An appellation 
 given to one Augoulevant, a jester 
 
 of Henry the Fourth's court in 
 France. 
 
 Prince of Painters. An appellation 
 sometimes given to Apelles, the 
 Greek artist (fl. abt. 330 b. c). 
 
 Prince of Showmen. A name often 
 applied to P. T. Bariium. 
 
 Psalmana'zar, George. The pseu- 
 donym of an unknown imf)ostor, 
 author of the fictitious narrative en- 
 titled "An Historical and Geograph- 
 ical Description of Formosa, an 
 island subject to the Emperor of 
 Japan." 
 
 Q. 
 
 Queen of the Adriatic. A name 
 sometimes given, from its character 
 and situation, to the city of Venice. 
 
 At len^h we arrived at Fusina, and 
 
 saw the Queen of the Adriatic with her 
 attendant isles, rising like an exhalation 
 from the unruffled bosom of the deep. 
 
 Ticknor. 
 
 R. 
 
 Hab. The canine hero of a story en- 
 titled " Rab and his Friends," bv 
 John Brown (b. abt. 18:J0). 
 
 Bed Land. A term applied in the 
 language of the Vehmic or free 
 courts to Westphalia, the district in 
 which was seated their central au- 
 thority. 
 
 Remus, Uncle. See Uncle Remus. 
 Hhodian Bully. The Colossus of 
 Rhodes. 
 
 " Yet fain would'st thou the crouching 
 world bestride 
 Just like the Rhodian Indly o'er the 
 tide." Peter Pindar. 
 
 Bing of Alexander. See Alexan- 
 der's Ring. 
 
 Bine: of Amasis. See Polycra- 
 tes's Ring. 
 
 Bing of Gyges. See Gvges's Ring. 
 
 Bing of Polycrates. See Poly- 
 CRATKs's Ring. 
 
 Bing. Solomon's Signet. See Sol- 
 omon's Signet Ring. 
 
 Bomola. A noble character and the 
 heroine of George Eliot's historical 
 novel of the same name. 
 
 Run'nymede A nam deplume adopt- 
 ed by Benjamin Disraeli (1805- 
 1881) in a series of letters on politi- 
 cal subjects contributed by him to 
 the "London 'limes," and contain- 
 ing " fierce and unscrupulous at- 
 tacks upon Lord Melbourne's gov- 
 ernment." 
 
 Eupert of Debate. The epithet of 
 "Rupert of debate," as applied to 
 Lord Derby (1799-1869), first occurs 
 in the following lines by Bulwer: 
 
 The brilliant chief, irregularly great, 
 Frank, haughty, rash, — the Rupert of 
 
 debate ! 
 Nor gout nor toil his freshuess can de- 
 stroy. 
 And time still leaves all Eton in the boy , 
 First in the class and keenest in the ring. 
 He saps like Gladstone, and he fights 
 
 like spring. 
 Even at the feast his pluck pervades 
 
 the board. 
 And dauntless gamecocks symbolize 
 their lord. 
 
 Ot^ for the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation* 
 
SAG 
 
 423 
 
 SOR 
 
 s. 
 
 Bage of Concord. An appellation 
 often given, from his place of resi- 
 dence, to Ralph Waldo Emerson 
 (1803-1882). 
 
 A leaf which I gave to the Sage of 
 Concord. Leland's Egypt. 
 
 Others, whose proclivities lie in that 
 direction, will, on the contrary, turn to 
 the Sage of Concord, and wiU diligently 
 study and feed upon the pabulum which 
 Emerson's contributions to both prose 
 and poetry afford. Annual Cycloicedia. 
 
 St. Oswald, Arm of. See Aum of 
 
 St. Oswald. 
 Sappho of Holland. See Dutch 
 
 SaI'PHO. 
 
 Sawyer, Bob. A medical student, 
 and afterwards a practitioner, in 
 Dickens's (181-2-1870) novel of " The 
 Pickvvicl<: Papers." 
 
 Scrooge, Ebenezer. The hero of 
 Dickens's (1812-1870) " Christmas 
 Carol," "a tight-tisted hand at the 
 grindstone, Scrooge! — a squeezing, 
 -wrenching, grasping, scraping, 
 clutching, covetous old sinner ! 
 Hard and sharp as flint, from which 
 no steel had ever struck out gener- 
 ous fire." He becomes finally a 
 good and generous man. 
 
 Shandon, Captain. See Captain 
 Shan DON. 
 
 Shintcle, S Ion. A character in a 
 farce entitled "The People's Law- 
 yer" by Dr. J. S. Jones. 
 
 Shirley. The heroine of a novel of 
 tlie same name bv Charlotte Bront^, 
 Cun-er Btll (1816-1855). 
 
 Short-Shanks. See Cukt-Hose. 
 
 Sicilian Anac'reon. An appellation 
 given to Giovanni Meii, the eminent 
 Sicilian poet (1740-1815). 
 
 Silent City. An epithet applied to 
 Venice, and which so far as the 
 noise of carriages and the din of 
 .streets are concerned is well de- 
 served, the silence in these respects 
 being quite oppressive to one who 
 lias just come from a noisy commer- 
 cial citv. 
 
 m^^ " A ghost upon the sands of the 
 8eu, .-^o weak, so quiet, so bereft of all 
 but her loveliness, that one might well 
 dnubt a< he watched her faint reiiection 
 in the mirage of the Lagune which was 
 the city and which the shadow." 
 
 Riiskin. 
 
 Silver-tongued. A natne applied to 
 Anthotiy Hammond (1G68-1738). 
 
 1^^ " The epithet ' silver-tongued ' 
 was given, not only to Joshua Sylvester, 
 in the sixteenth, and to polished Bates, 
 the founder of the ' dissenting interest,' 
 in the seventeenth, but to Brtrton Booth 
 and Spraiiger Barry, the eminent actors, 
 in two parts of the eighteenth century." 
 London Athenrfum. 
 
 Simple, David. The hero of a novel 
 of the snme name by Sarah Fielding 
 
 (1714-1768). 
 
 Simple, Feter. The hero of a tale of 
 
 the same name by Frederick Marryat 
 
 (1792-1848). 
 Smith, Bobus. A nickname given to 
 
 Robert Smith. Bobus is macaronic 
 
 Latin for Bub. 
 
 Then there is the second Beef-steak 
 Club (founded by Rich the Harlequin) ; 
 the famous Literary Club (orieinating 
 with Dr. Johnson): . . . the King of 
 Clubs (Bobus Smithes, "himself a club," 
 brother of Sydney), and the high duality 
 club entitled NuUo Secundus, or Second 
 to None (which a metaphysical wag might 
 translate Worse than Nothing). 
 
 Leigh Hunt. 
 
 Snow King. A name given by his 
 enemies to Gustavus Adolphus of 
 Sweden (1594-1632). 
 
 Socrates, House of. See House of 
 
 .*- OCRATES. 
 
 Solomon's Signet Ring. A touch of 
 this talisman of incredible virtues 
 exorcised all evil spirits, commanded 
 the instant presence and service of 
 the Genii, laid every secret bare, and 
 gave its possessor almost unlimited 
 powers of knowledge, dominion, and 
 performance. 
 
 Solon Shingle. See Shi-ngi.e, 
 Solon. 
 
 Sorrel, Hetty. A pretty dairymaid. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers aiter certain words refer, lee pp. xiv-xxxii 
 
SPA 
 
 424 
 
 TRA 
 
 shallow, vain, and fond of pleasure 
 in " Adam liede," a novel bv George 
 Eliot (18-20 V 18»0). 
 bpauish Aadison. A name some- 
 times given to Feyjoo or Feijoo y 
 Montenegro (1701-1764), a learned 
 critic and moralist of Spain. 
 
 Spanish Bay'ard (Fr. pron, bi'af'). 
 A name applied, on account of liis 
 loyalty and honor, to the Spanish 
 ofticer, Don Diego tJarcia de Paredes 
 (U(JG-1530). 
 
 Steerforth, James. A friend of 
 David (,'opperlield's in Dickens's 
 (1812-1870) novel of the latter name, 
 of most attractive manners and ap- 
 pearance, who elopes with "little 
 Emily." 
 
 Stiggins, The Reverend Mr. A 
 hvpocritical minister (known as The 
 S/iepherd) in Dickens's (1812-1870) 
 " Pickwick Papers." 
 
 Tartuffe and Joseph Surface, Stiggins 
 aud Chadband, who are always preach- 
 ing fine seiitiineuts, and are no more 
 virtuous than hundreds of those whom 
 they deuouiice aud cheat, are fair objects 
 of mistrust and satire. Thackeray. 
 
 Suramerson, Esther. A prominent 
 character in Dickens's (1812-1870) 
 novel of "Bleak House." 
 
 Sun. J<'hn Rich, manager of Covent 
 Garden, and celebrated for his ex- 
 cellent performance of Harlequin. 
 
 On one side Folly sits, by seme called 
 
 Fun, 
 And on the other his arch-patron Sun. 
 
 Churchill. 
 
 Switzerland of America. A name 
 sometimes applied to the mountain 
 region of New Hauip>hire. 
 
 Sword of Dam'ocle§. Damocles, a 
 courtier of Dionysius the Elder, made 
 himself conspicuous by his constant 
 adulation of his master. The tyrant 
 resolved to acquaint him with the 
 pleasures of royally in a way which 
 would have done honor to an oriental 
 caliph. He invited him to take his 
 place for one day. He then gave or- 
 ders that Damocles should be treated 
 in all respects like a king. The cour- 
 tier took liis place u])on a throne, his 
 forehead crowned wiih a diadem, the 
 most exquisite viands covered the 
 table, delicious perfumes surrounded 
 liim, sweet music charmed his ears, 
 the courtiers flattered him, poets 
 sang his praises. Suddenly lifting 
 his eyes, he perceived over his head 
 a sword supported by a single hair. 
 Pale with terror he entreated Dio- 
 nysius to put an end to his term 
 of royalty. H' had discovered the 
 pleasure of being a king. 
 
 In the exceptional circumstances in 
 which we are placed, a sincere appeal to 
 the country is perhaps the only means 
 of escaping the diflficulties which weigh 
 upon us, and of resolving that Romiin 
 question which overhangs, like the Sicord 
 of Damocles, the repose of Europe. 
 
 Bedolliere. 
 
 Sword of Rome. An epithet be- 
 stowed upon Marcellus, the Koraan 
 general. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tenth Muse. An appellation given 
 to Marie le Jars de Gournay, the 
 French writer (1566-1645). 
 
 Tiny Tim. The familiar name of lit- 
 tle Tim Cratchit, a cripple, in Dick- 
 ens's (1812-1870) "Christmas Carol." 
 
 Tippins, Lady. A character in Dick- 
 ens's (1812-1870) novel of " Our Mu- 
 tual Friend." 
 
 Tito. See Mei.ema. Tito. 
 
 Tom and Jerry. Famous characters 
 
 in Pierce Egan's "Life in London." 
 Also, a kind of spirituous drink. 
 
 Tommy Atkins. See Atkins, 
 
 Ti)MMY. 
 
 Tonson, Monsieur. The character 
 which give-; the title to a fane of this 
 name by W. T. Moncrieff. /^^f ?^'/. by 
 W. Thomas. There is also a play 
 of the same name by John Taylor. 
 
 Traddlfis, Tommy. A friend and 
 schoolmate of David (-oppertield's, 
 
 •\S~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationsi 
 
TRA 
 
 425 
 
 UNS 
 
 afterwards eni;aij:pd in the law, in 
 Dickens's (1812 1870) novel of " Da- 
 vid Co[)|)er(iekl." Dr. K. S. Mac- 
 kenzie says tliat tlie character of 
 Traddles is thought to liave been 
 me;int for Thomas Noon Talfourd. 
 
 Transome, Harold. A prominent 
 character in George Eliot's (1820? 
 -1880) novel of "Felix Holt." 
 
 Transome, Mrs. Harold Iransome's 
 mother in George Eliot's (1820V-1880) 
 novel of "Felix Holt." 
 
 Truthfiil James. The supposed im- 
 aginary narrator of F. Bret Harte's 
 (b. 1839) humorous poem entitled 
 " Plain Language from Truthful 
 James," — a poem popularly known, 
 from its subject, as *' The Heathen 
 Chinee." 
 
 Tub of Diogenes. Diogenes, the 
 Cynic, carried his contempt of the 
 comforts of life to such an extent that 
 he at last adopted as his habitual 
 dwelling a tub which became famous 
 throughout Greece. He went 
 through the streets of Athens rolling 
 this strange cell, which was at the 
 same time his tribune, from the 
 height of which he hurled his inex- 
 haustible railleries and sarcasms at 
 every form of falsehood and corrup- 
 tion. 
 
 I might have been a great financier, 
 continued Beranger, but for what good? 
 I have preferred to be nothing. I have 
 had the ambition of Diogenes, but my 
 tub is larger and more commodious than 
 his. It has contained many friends and a 
 faithful iove. Lamartine. 
 
 TuUiver, Mageie. A briirht, impul- 
 sive girl, the heroine of George Eliot's 
 (1820V-1880) '^Mill on th.-. Floss," 
 "musically attuned to ail that is 
 beautiful and heroic, craving affec- 
 tion, mingling in her nature the inex- 
 
 plicable forces which make existence 
 a per|»etual struggle, and, externally, 
 an ultimate failure." 
 
 |:^^ " Maggie TuUiver is George Kliot 
 hiTtelf, but only one side, one portion, 
 one phase of George Eliot's man^ -sided, 
 vastly complex uatui-e. 
 
 Mat/iilfJe Blind. 
 
 TuUiver, Tom. Brother of INIaggie 
 TuUiver in George Eliot's (1820?- 
 1880) "Mill on the Floss." 
 
 TuUy. A name often given by Eng- 
 lish writers to Marcus Tullius Ci- 
 cero, the Roman statesman, philoso- 
 pher, and orator. 
 
 In truth he [Waller] does 8.s much owe 
 the keeping his liead to tliat oration as 
 Catiline did the loss of his to those of 
 Tully. Clarendon. 
 
 Turkish Spy. [Fr. L'Espion Turc] 
 Mahmut, the "Turkish Spy" in 
 Giovanni Paolo Marana's work of fic- 
 tion of the same name, is a secret 
 emissary of the Porte, who is sup- 
 posed to remain at Paris in disguise 
 for above forty years, from 1635 to 
 1682, and to be in correspondence 
 with various persons. 
 
 Twain, Mark. See Mark Twain. 
 
 Twelve Wise Masters. A name 
 applied to the early association of 
 the Mastersingers or Minnesingers 
 about the fourteenth century. 
 
 And then the Corporation of the Twelve 
 Wise Masters, with their stumi)fe-reime 
 and klingende-reime, and their Hans 
 Tindeisen's rosemary-weise, and Joseph 
 Schmierer's flowery-paradise-weise, and 
 Fraueulob's yellow-weise, and blue- 
 weise, and frog-weise, and looling- 
 glass-weise. Lonc/Jellow. 
 
 Tytler, Sarah. The pseudonym of 
 Henrietta Keddie (b. 1827), the Eng- 
 lish novelist, and author of several 
 literarv and artistic manuals. 
 
 U. 
 
 Dncle Hemus. The nnm de plume 
 adopted liy Joel Chandler Harris, a 
 well-know?i writer of the present day, 
 author of " Uncle Remus; his .-ongs 
 and his sayings," and other works. 
 
 Unser Fritz (iinszer frits). [Our 
 Fritz.] A designation popularly giv- 
 en bv the German people to Freder- 
 ick William (1831-1888). 
 
 and for the Kemarks and Rules to which the aumbcrs after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
VAL 
 
 426 
 
 WRE 
 
 V, 
 
 Valjean, Jean (zh6° valzh6°). The 
 name of an interesting and power- 
 fully drawn character in Victor 
 Hujijo's (1802-1885) famous romance 
 of '*Le3 Mis^rables." 
 
 Varden, Dolly. A gay little coquette, 
 the daughter of Gabriel Varden, in 
 " Barnabv Rudge," a novel bv 
 Charles Dickens (1812-1870). The 
 name has been applied to a certain 
 manner of dress. 
 
 Veneering, Mr. and Mrs. Charac- 
 ters in iJickens's (1812-1870) novel 
 of "Our Mutual Friend," whose 
 characteristics can be inferred from 
 their name. 
 
 Venice of the North. A name 
 sometimes applied to Stockholm and 
 also to Amsterdam. 
 
 Venner, Elsie. Tlie heroine of a 
 psychological romance of the same 
 name by Oliver Wendell Holmes. 
 
 Venus, Isle of. See Isle of Ve- 
 nus. 
 
 Vincy, Rosamond. A character in 
 George Eliot's (1820?-188U) novel of 
 "Middlemarch." 
 
 Voltaire of Science. A title some- 
 times given to Boehaave, the cele- 
 brated Dutch phvsician and philoso- 
 pher (1668-1738)*. 
 
 Vox, Valentine. The hern of Henry 
 Cockton's novel entitled "The Ven- 
 triloquist; being the life and ad- 
 ventures of Valentine Vox," pub- 
 lished in 1840. 
 
 W. 
 
 Ward, John, Preacher. The hero 
 and title of a popular novel of the 
 present day by Margaret Deland. 
 
 "Wardle, Mr. An old gentleman in 
 Dickens's (1812-1870) "Pickwick 
 Papers," with whom and his several 
 feminine relatives Mr. Pickwick and 
 fiiends become well acquainted. 
 
 "Wegg, Silas. An avaricious ballad- 
 monger and fruit-seller, "a ligneous 
 sharper," who under the guise of 
 beiiig "a literary man, irlth a wooden 
 letj " is emploved as a reader bv Mr. 
 Boffin in Dickens's (1812-1870) novel 
 of "Our Mutual Friend." 
 
 "Whifae, Captain. See Captain 
 Whiffle. 
 
 "White Hoods. From the peculiar 
 
 covering for the head worn by the 
 men of Ghent when in military ser- 
 vice, in the time of Artevelde, they 
 were called White Hoods. 
 
 I beheld the Flemish weavers, with Na- 
 
 mur and Juliers bold. 
 Marching homeward from the bloody 
 
 battle of the Spurs of Gold ; 
 Saw the fight at Minnewater, saw the 
 
 White hoods moving west, 
 Saw great Artevelde victorious scale the 
 
 Golden Dragon's nest. Longfellow. 
 
 "White Tsar. An appellation given 
 
 to the emperor of Kussia. 
 "Widow Bedott. See Bedott, 
 
 W'iDOW. 
 
 "Wren, Jenny. A doll's dressmaker 
 (reallv named F'annv Cleaver) in 
 Dickens's (1812-1870)'novel of "Our 
 Mutual Friend." 
 
 laS" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 Vid for the Kemaikg and Rules to which the numbcrB after certaiu words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxiL 
 
INDEX 
 
 OF THE REAL NAMES OF PERSONS, PLACES, ETC., WHOSE 
 NICKNAMES, PSEUDONYMS, OR POPULAR APPELLATIONS, 
 ARE GIVEN IN THE PRECEDING DICTIONARY. 
 
 ' Qui leia en cherche de ecience, ei la pesche oil elle Be loge." — Montaioitb. 
 
 Aartsen, Peter. Long Peter 
 Abernethy, John. Doctor My-book. 
 Abraham. Father of the Faithful. 
 Abyla and Calpe. See Gibraltar, Rock 
 
 OF, AND JKBEL ZaTOUT. 
 
 Accolti, Bernardo. The Only Aretino. 
 
 Adair, Serjeant. Junius (?) 
 
 Adams, John Quincy. Old Man Eloquent. 
 
 Adams, William T. Oliver Optic. 
 
 Addison, Joseph. Atticus, Clio. 
 
 .^gidius Romanus. See Komanos, .Jk3IDlU9. 
 
 ^schylus. Father of Tragedy. 
 
 Aiitiua. Last of the Romans. 
 
 Africa. Afric. 
 
 Agamemnon. King of Men. 
 
 Agoult, Countess of. (Marie de Flavigny .) 
 Daniel Stern. 
 
 Aiken, Margtret. Great Witch of Balwery. 
 
 Ailly, Pierre d'. Eagle of French Doctors, 
 Hammer of Heretics. 
 
 Albani, Francesco. Anacreon of Painters. 
 
 Albert [Margrave of Brnndenburg and 
 Cuhnbach). Achilles of Germany, or 
 German Achilles. 
 
 Alboquerque, Alfonso de. Portuguese 
 Mars. 
 
 Alcaforada, Mariana. Portuguese Nun. 
 
 Alexander the Great. Madman of Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Alfonso I. (of Spain). Catholic Majesty. 
 
 Algarotti, Count Francesco. Swan of Pad- 
 ua. 
 
 Algiers. Argier. 
 
 Ali ( uncle of Mnhammed). Lion of God. 
 
 Allahabad. Holy City. 
 
 Allan, David. Scottish Hogarth. 
 
 Allen, lialph. Allworthy, Man of Bath. 
 
 Allen, or .\llevn, Simon. Vicar of Bray (?). 
 
 ij mazon. King of Watfrs. 
 
 America. Columbia, New World. 
 
 American Indian ( The). Red Man. 
 
 Amory, Thomas. English Rabelais. 
 
 Anastasius. New Mo.ses. 
 
 Andouins, Diane d". (Countess of GuieJu 
 and Grammont.) Beautiful Corisande. 
 
 Andreas, Antony. Dulcitluous Doctor. 
 
 Angus, Archibald, Earl ot. Good Earl. 
 
 Anjou, Duke of. (PkiLip Bourbon.) Philip 
 Baboon. 
 
 Anjou, llene d'. See Renb d'Anjou. 
 
 Anne (queen of James I.). Oriana. 
 
 Anne, Queen. Brandy Nan, Mrs. Morley. 
 
 Anscharius Apostle of the North. 
 
 Anselm of Laon. Scholastic Divine. 
 
 Antioch. Queen of the East. 
 
 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelias. The Philos- 
 opher. 
 
 ApoUonius of Alexandria. Prince of Gram- 
 marians. 
 
 Apperley. Charles J. Nimrod. 
 
 Appiani, Andrea. Painter of the Graces. 
 
 Aquinas. St. Thomas. Angelic Doctor, 
 Angel of the Schools, Dumb Ox. EjigU 
 of Divines, Father of Moral Philosophy, 
 Fifth Doctor of the Church, Second 
 Augustine, Universal Doctor. 
 
 Arabia. Araby. 
 
 Arcadia. Arcady. 
 
 Aretino, Pietro. Scourge of Princes. 
 
 Argyleshire. Morven (?). 
 
 Aristarchus of Samothrace. Coryphaeus (\ 
 Grammarians. 
 
 Aristophanes. Father of Comedv. 
 
 Ari-itntle. Pope of Philosophy, Stagirit,,. 
 
 Arkan«as (State). Bear Stafe. 
 
 ArTiistro'ig, John. Lanncelot Temple. 
 
 Armstrong, William. Kinmont Willi*.. 
 
 Arrom, Cecilia. Fernan (-ahallero 
 
 -A rt.axerxes King of Kings. 
 
 Arteveld, Jacob, firewer of Ghenv 
 
ART 
 
 428 
 
 BRI 
 
 Arthur ( Kins;). Flower of Kings. 
 Asciiaiii, liogur. ]?'atJier of English Prose. 
 Assi.xi, St. t'raiicis d'. Seraphic Saint. 
 Athaniisius, St. l<'atlier of Orthodoxy. 
 AUiutis. City of tlie \ iolet tJrowu. 
 Atheii.s and Sparta. The Two Eyes of 
 
 Greece. 
 Atlanta. Gate City. 
 Attila. Scourge of God, Terror of the 
 
 World. 
 Auersperg. Antoa Alexander von. Anas- 
 
 titsius Grun. 
 Augustine, St. Bishop of Hippo 
 Augustine, or Austin, St. Apostle of the 
 
 English. 
 Aureolus, Peter. Eloquent Doctor. 
 /Austria, Charles, Archduke of. Esquire 
 
 South. 
 Avicenna. Prince of Physicians. 
 Awbeg. Mulla. 
 Aytoun, WiUiam E. Augustus Dunshun- 
 
 ner. 
 Aytoun (William E. )and Martin (Theodore). 
 
 Bon Gaultier. 
 
 Baalbec. City of the Sun, or Solar City. 
 
 Babelmandeb. Gate of Tears. 
 
 Bacon, Roger. Admirable, or Wonderful, 
 Doctor. 
 
 Baconthorp, or Bacondorp, or Bacon, John. 
 Resolute Doctor. 
 
 Bagouly. Pactolus. 
 
 Bagshaw, WilUam. Apostle of the Peak. 
 
 Balkh. Mother of Cities. 
 
 Ballantyne, James. Aldiborontephosco- 
 ptiornio. 
 
 Ballautyne, John. Rigdum Funnidos. 
 
 Balsamo, Joseph. Count de Cagliostro. 
 
 Baltimore. Monumental City. 
 
 Bandarra, Gon^alo Annes. Portuguese 
 Nostradamus. 
 
 Bank of England. Old Lady of Thread- 
 needle Street. 
 
 Bank-of- England Note. Abraham Newland. 
 
 Barbadoes. Little England. 
 
 Barere, Bertrand. Anacreon of the Guillo- 
 tine, Witling of Terror. 
 
 ^'arhani, Kichard. Thomas Ingoldsby. 
 
 Baron, Michael. French Roscius. 
 
 Barre, Isaac. Junius (?). 
 
 Barros, .lono de. Portuguese Livv. 
 
 Barth. or liart, Jean. French Devil. 
 
 Barton, Bernard. Quaker Poet. 
 
 Barton, Elizabeth. Holy Maid of Kent. 
 
 Basselin, Oliver. Father of the Vaudeville. 
 
 Bassol, John. Most Methodical Doctor. 
 
 Ba^avia. Queen of the East. 
 
 Bates, William. The Silver-tongued. 
 
 ' 'ath ( En^. ). Mount Badon (?). 
 
 Bayard, Chevalier. {Pierrp de Tfrrnil.) 
 Good Knight without Fear and without 
 Heproach. 
 
 Becket, Gilbert. Lord Beichan, or Bate- 
 nian (?). 
 
 Bede. The Venerable. 
 
 Bo'iam, Hans Sebnld. Little Master. 
 
 Behn, Aphra, or Aphara. Astrsea. 
 
 Bell, Adam. Abraham-Cupid (?). 
 
 Bel lay, Joachim du. Prince of the Soiinei, 
 
 Benares. Holy City. 
 
 Beuto.i, Thomas H. Old Bullion. 
 
 Berkshire {Eni:.). Mount Badon (?). 
 
 Berlicliingeu. G<ietz von. Iron Hand. 
 
 Bermuda Islands. BermootUes. 
 
 Bernard, St. Honeyed Teacher, Last of the 
 Fathers, Meliitiuous Doctor, Thauma- 
 turgus of the West. 
 
 Betty, W illium H. W. Young Roscius. 
 
 Bible. (Gent van) Breeches Bible; {Lon- 
 don, 1578) Dotted Bible; (Oxford^ 
 17l7) Vinegar Bible; (Barker and Lu- 
 cas's 11532) Wicked Bible. 
 
 Billaut, Adam. Master Adam. 
 
 Bitzius, Albert. Jeremi;is Gotthelf. 
 
 Blackwood, William. Ebony. 
 
 Blackwood's Magazine. Ebony, Maga. 
 
 Blake, Jo.-eph. Blueskin. 
 
 Bldchur, Lebrecht von. Marshal Forwards. 
 
 Bolesias 1. (of Poland). Coeur de Liou. 
 
 Bolivar, Simon. The Liberator, Washing* 
 ton of Colombia. 
 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon. Armed Soldier di 
 Democracy, Boney, Corporal Violet, 
 Father Violet, General Undertaker, 
 Heir of the Republic, Jean d' Epee, 
 Jupiter Scapin, Little Corporal, 5lan 
 of Destiny, Nightmare of Europe, The 
 Other One. 
 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon Francis Charles Jo- 
 seph. King of Rome. 
 
 Bonaparte. See Napoleon, Prince. 
 
 Bonaventura, St. Seraphic Doctor. 
 
 Boniface, .Joseph Xavier. Saintine, Xaviei. 
 
 Boniface, St. Apostle of Germany. 
 
 Bonnivard, Kran^oi-; de. Prisoner of Chillon. 
 
 Borde, Andrew. Merry- .Vndrew. 
 
 Bordeaux, Duke of. ( Hfnri diaries Fer- 
 dinand Marie Dieudonne d'Artois\ 
 Miraculous Child. 
 
 Bossuet, Jacques Benigne. Eagle of Meaux. 
 
 Boston ( U. S.). Athens of America, City of 
 Notions, Hub of the Universe, Modern 
 Athens, Puritan City, Tremont or Tri- 
 niountjiin. 
 
 Boston State-House. Hub of the Universe. 
 
 Boswell, .lames. Bozzy. 
 
 Bourbonnais, Charles, Duke of. Constable 
 de Bourbon. 
 
 Bounlaloue, Louis. King of Preaches. 
 
 Bonrcttc, Charlotte. F/i Muse Linionadierc 
 
 Bourgogne, Antoine de. Grent Bastard. 
 
 Bonrgogne, Louis, Duke of. Great Dauphia 
 
 Bourgogne, Louis. Dnke of (so7i of the pre- 
 ceding). Little Dauphin. 
 
 Boyd, A. K. H. (^ountrv Parson. 
 
 Bovd. Hugh. Junius (?). 
 
 Boyle. Richard. Great Earl of Cork. 
 
 Bozzaris. Marco. Leonidas of Modera 
 Greece. 
 
 Bradley, Edward. Cuthbcrt Bede. 
 
 Bradwarilinc. Thomas. Profound Doctor. 
 
 Brentano. Elizabeth. Bettina. 
 
 Bridgewafer. Duke of. ( Fmnri'i Et- rtnnJf 
 Father of British Inland Navigation. 
 
BRI 
 
 429 
 
 CHU 
 
 Britain. Albion, Mistress of the Seas. 
 
 BritKsii Islts. Old Country. 
 
 Britisu lifvitnv. My Irraiidiuotlier's Review. 
 
 British Soldiers, lled-coats. 
 
 Bronte, Aiuie. Actun Btll. 
 
 Bronte, Charlotte. (Mrs. Nic/iolls.) Cur- 
 
 rer Bed. 
 Bronte, Emily. Ellis Bell. 
 Brooklyn. City ofrhurtdies. 
 Brooks, Maria. Maria tleli" Occidente. 
 Brougham, Henry, Lord. Harry 'I'witcher. 
 Brown, Launcelot. Capability Brown. 
 Browne, Charles V. Artemus Ward. 
 Browne, Halbot K. Phiz. 
 Brydges, Grey. (Lord C/iandos.) King of 
 
 Cotswould. 
 Buchanan, James. Old Public Functionary. 
 Buckingham, Duke of. (George ViUiers.) 
 
 Steenie. 
 Bu<kiugham,2dDukeof. (George ViUiers.) 
 
 Zimri. 
 Buda. Key of Christendom. 
 Buffalo. Queen City of the Lakes. 
 Bultadoeus, John. Wandering Jew. 
 Bulwer Lytton, Edward Piobert. Owen Mer- 
 edith. 
 Bunbury, Mrs. See Horneck, Catharine. 
 Bunyan, John. Bishop Bunyan. 
 Burdett, Sir Francis. England's Pride and 
 
 AV'estminster's Glory. 
 Burgoyne. John. Chrononhotonthologos, 
 
 Sir Jack Brag. 
 Burke, Edmund. Junius (?). 
 Burleigh, Walter. Plain and Perspicuous 
 
 Doctor. 
 Burns, Robert. Bard of Ayrshire, Peasant 
 
 Bard. 
 Burritt, Elihu. Learned Blacksmith. 
 Burton, Robert. Democritus Junior. 
 Byron, Commodore John. Foul-weather 
 Jack. 
 
 Cairo. City of Victory. 
 
 Calcutta. City of Palaces. 
 
 Californii ( Gulf). Vermilion Sea. 
 
 California ( State ). Golden State. 
 
 Calpe and Abyla. See Gibraltar, Rock 
 
 OF. AND JeBKL ZaTOUT. 
 
 Cambrai, Peace of. Ladies' Peace. 
 
 Camden, William. British Pausanias. 
 
 Cameron. Donald. Gentle Lochiel. 
 
 Cameron, Sir Evan. Lochiel. 
 
 Camoens, Luis. Portuizuese Apollo. 
 
 Campbell, John. Shepherd of Banbury (?). 
 
 Campbell, Mary. Highland ALary. 
 
 Campbell, Robert. See Macgregor, Rob- 
 ert. 
 
 Campbell, Thomas. Bard of Hope. 
 
 (^anaan. Promised Land. 
 
 C inada. New France. 
 
 Canadians. Cannucks. 
 
 Canadians ( Tiie French). Jean Baptiste. 
 
 Cannre (Bnttlp-field of). Field of Blood. 
 
 Canning, George. Cicero of the Senate 
 
 Cape of Good Hnpc. Head of Africa Lion 
 of the Spa, Stormy Cape. 
 
 Carew, Bam pfylde Moore. King of Beggars. 
 
 26 
 
 Carlisle. Carduel. 
 
 Carlyle, Alexander. Jupiter Carlyle. 
 
 CarvaUu), Sel)astiHO Jo.se de. (Marquis de 
 
 PdtnbdI.) Gre.it Marquis. 
 Cassius, Cains, i^astoftue Ixomans. 
 Castlereagh, Lord. (Robert Stewart.) Der- 
 
 rydown Triangle. 
 Castriota, George. White Devil of Walla- 
 
 chia. 
 Cateau-Cambresis, Peace of. Unfortunate 
 
 Peace. 
 Catharine II. (of Russia). Modern Messa- 
 
 litia, Semiramis of tlie North. 
 Catiiiat, Nicholas. Father Thoughtful, 
 (.'enci, Heatrice. Beautiful I'arricide. 
 Cervantes Sa;ivedra, Miguel de. Cid Hamet 
 
 Benengeli. 
 Chanibor 1, Comte de. Miraculous Child. 
 Chanipeaux, William de. Pillar of Doctors, 
 
 Venerable Doctor. 
 Chandos, Lord. See Brydges, Gret. 
 Charles, Archduke of Austria. See Austria, 
 
 Ch\rles, Archdukk of. 
 Charles I. (of England). Last Man, Man 
 
 of Blood, Royal Martyr. 
 Charles II. (of England). Merry Mon- 
 arch, Old Rowley, Son of the Last 
 
 Man. 
 Charles II. (of France). Most Christian 
 
 King, or Majesty. 
 Charles IT. (nf Spain). Lord Strutt. 
 Charles 1\ . (of Moravia) Parsons' Em- 
 peror. 
 Charles V. (of France). French Solomon, 
 
 or Solomon of France. 
 Charles V. (of Spain). Picrochole (?). 
 Charles XI L (of Sweden). Alexander of 
 
 the North, Madman of the North, 
 
 Quixote of the North. 
 Chatham, Earl of. See Pitt, William. 
 Chatterton, Thomas. Marvelous Boy, 
 
 Thomas Rowley . 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey. Father of English Poe- 
 try, Flower of Poets, Tityrus. 
 Chiabi-era, Gabriello. Italian Pindar. 
 Chicago. Garden City. 
 China. Cathay, Celestial Empire, Flowery 
 
 Kingdom, Middle Kingdom. 
 Chine>e ( Tlie). John Chinaman. 
 Christ. Good Physician. Good Shepherd, 
 
 King of Kings, Kriss Kringlc, Prince 
 
 of Peace, Son of God, Son of Man. 
 Christian II. (of Denmark and Sweden). 
 
 Nero of the North. 
 Christian III. (of Denmark). Father of his 
 
 People. 
 Christopher III. (of Denmark, Sweden, and 
 
 Nnncay). King of Bark. 
 Christ's Hospital (London). Blue -coat 
 
 School. 
 Chrysostom, St. .John. Glorious Preacher. 
 Chubbuck, Emily. See Judson, Mrs. 
 
 Emily. 
 Chulkhurst, Mary and Elizabeth. Bidden- 
 
 (lon Maids. 
 Churchill, John. See Ji'AELBORODGn, DuKB 
 
 of. 
 
CIC 
 
 430 
 
 DUN 
 
 Ckero, Marcus TuUiua. Father of hia 
 
 Country. 
 Cincinnati. Losantiville, Porkopolis, Queen 
 
 City, Queen of the VV^est. 
 Clare, .John. Peasant Poet of Northamp- 
 tonshire. 
 Clark. McDonald. Mad Poet. 
 Clay, Henry. Mill-boy of the Slashes. 
 Clement XIV. ( Giaii Vincenzo Ganganelli.) 
 
 Protestant Pope. 
 Cleop;itra. Queen of Queens. 
 CI -vebind. Korcst <!ity. 
 Cliff >rd, Henry, Lord. Shepherd Lord. 
 Clilftrd, Rosuiiond. Fair Rosamond. 
 Clodia. Lesbia. 
 Clootz, Baron Jean Baptiste. Anacharsis 
 
 Clootz. 
 Cobbett, William. Peter Porcupine. 
 Coello, Alonzo Sanches. Portuguese Titian. 
 CofRii, Robert Barry. Barry Gray. 
 Cotfli), Robert S. Boston Bard. 
 Cold- Bath Fii'lds, Jail of. English Bastille. 
 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. S. T. C. 
 Collin-^, Jo m. English Mersenne. 
 Columba, St. Apostle of the Highlanders. 
 Confederate Soldiers. Johnny Rebs. 
 Confederate States. Secessia. 
 Connecticut (S'n'e). Freestone State, 
 
 Land of Steady Hibits, Nutmeg State. 
 Constitution ( Tie. Frigate). Old Ironsides. 
 Cordova, Uonsalvo de. See Gonsalvo de 
 
 Cordova. 
 Corineiisis, l{icardus. See RicaARi) op 
 
 CrRENCESTER. 
 
 Corinna. Lyric Muse. 
 
 Cork. Athens of Ireland, Drisheen City. 
 
 Corwin, Thomas. Wagoner Boy. 
 
 Cosmo de" Medici. See Medici, CoSiMo de'. 
 
 Cotin, Abbe. Trissotin. 
 
 Courtray ( Battle of). Battle of Spurs. 
 
 Cowper, Willi im. Bard of Olnev. 
 
 Coysevox, Autnine. Vandyck of Sculpture. 
 
 Crichton, James. Admirable Crichton. 
 
 Crolv, Mrs. J. <j. Jennie .June. 
 
 Croiiiwell, Oliver. Old Noll. Man nf Sin. 
 
 Cromwell. I'homas. Maul of Monks. 
 
 Cromwell's SdI liers. Ironsile-i. 
 
 Cruden, Alexander. Alexander the Cor- 
 rector. 
 
 Cuba. Key of the Gulf, Queen of the An- 
 tilles. 
 
 Cumberland, Duke of. Bl^o Iv Butcher. 
 
 Cumberland, Richard. English Terence, 
 Sir Fretful Plagiary. 
 
 Cunningham, Allan. Mark Macrabiu (?). 
 
 Cus I, Nicolas de Most Christian Doctor. 
 
 Cuzco. Holy City. 
 
 Cyril, St. (njf Alexanrlria). Champion of the 
 Virgin, Doctor of the Incarnation. 
 
 Cyril, St. Apostle of the Slaves. 
 
 Czacki, Thaddeus. Polish Franklin. 
 
 Damiens, Robert Francois. Robert the Devil. 
 Daniel, Rose. Ro.salind. 
 Daniel, Samuel. Well-languasred Daniel. 
 Davanx. Jean Baptiste. Father of the 
 Rondo. 
 
 David. Man of Blood, Royal Psalmist, 
 Sweet Singer cf Israel. 
 
 Davidolf, Dennis. Black Captain. 
 
 Death. Davy Jones, King of Terrors, Small- 
 back. 
 
 Delaware (State). Blue Hen, Diamond 
 State. 
 
 Democritus of Abdera. Laughing Philoso- 
 pher. 
 
 Denis, St. Apostle of the French. 
 
 De Quiucey, Thomas. English Opium-eater. 
 
 Derby, Earl of. (Edward Geoffrey &mith,- 
 Stanley. ) Hotspur of Debate. 
 
 Derby, George H. John Phoenix, Gentle- 
 man. 
 
 Desbillons, Francois Joseph Terasse. Lskst 
 of the Romans. 
 
 Desforges, Evariste Desire. French Tibullus. 
 
 Desmoulins. Camille. Attorney-General to 
 the Lantern. 
 
 D' Kspremenil. Crispin-Catiline. 
 
 Detroit. City of the Straits. 
 
 Devereux, Penelope. Stella. 
 
 Devil ( Tue). Auld Ane, Auld Clootie, Auld 
 Hangie, Auld Hornie, Black Man, EbUs, 
 Evil One, Father of Lies, Lord Harry, 
 Lucifer, Nickie-Ben. Old Beudv, Old 
 Gentleman, Old Harry, Old Nick, Old 
 One, Old Scratch, Satan, Sir Uriao, 
 Squire Voland. See Satan. 
 
 Dickens, Charles. Boz. 
 
 Dickinson, John. Pennsylvania Farmer. 
 
 Disrieli, Benjamin. Dizzy. 
 
 Do hell. Sydney. Sydney Yendys. 
 
 Dobson, William. English Tintoret, Eng- 
 lish Vandvck. 
 
 Dodge, Mary A. Gail Hamilton. 
 
 Dogs. (Of Fingal) Bran ; (of Llewellyn) 
 Gelert ; (of the Seven Sleepers) " Al 
 Rikim. 
 
 Donald of Islay. Lord of the Isles. 
 
 Dorat, .lean French Pindar. 
 
 Doria, Andrea. Father of Peace. 
 
 Douglas, Archibald. Bell-the-Cat, Great 
 Eirl. 
 
 Douglas, Archibald TV., Earl of. Tyneman. 
 
 Douglas, Ellen. Lady of the Lake. 
 
 Douglas, M irgaret. Countess of. Fair Maid 
 of Galloway. 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A. Little Giant. 
 
 Douiilas, Willinm of. Flower of Chivalry. 
 
 Dowling. Vincent. Long Scribe. 
 
 Draper, Elizabeth. The Bramine. 
 
 Drvden, John. Bayes, Poet Squab. 
 
 Dublin Univer.sity Magazine (Editor of). 
 .\nthony Poplar. 
 
 Duchesne, Andre. Father of French His- 
 tory. 
 
 Dudevant. Mme. George Sand. 
 
 Du Gue.sclin. Bertrand. Kagle of Brittany. 
 
 Dundas. Henrv. (Lord Melville.) Starva- 
 tion Dundis. 
 
 Dundee. Viscount. See Graham, John. 
 
 Dunning. John. (Lord Askburton.) 3\if 
 nins (?). 
 
 Dunois. .Jean. B^istard of Orleans. 
 
 Duns Scotus. Subtle Doctor. 
 
DUR 
 
 431 
 
 GHI 
 
 Durand de St. Pour^ain. Most Resolute 
 
 Doctor, or Resolute Doctor. 
 DdrHF, Albert. I'riiioe oi Artists. 
 Dutch ( 2'ne). Nic Frog. 
 D>er, Samuel. Junius (?). 
 
 Enstern Hemisphere. Old World. 
 
 Ea.xt India Oompan}'. John Company, or 
 Mother Company. 
 
 Eden. Aidenn. 
 
 Edinburgh. Auld Reekie, City of Palaces, 
 Dun Edin. Edin or Edina, Embro, 
 Maiden Town, Modern Atlieu.s, North- 
 ern Athens, Queen of the North. 
 
 Edinburgli. Jail of Heart of Mid-Lothian. 
 
 Edmund II. Ironside. 
 
 Edward I. (of England). English Justinian. 
 
 Edward, Prince of Wales {■■sua of Edward 
 in.). Black Prince. 
 
 Edwards, George. Father of Ornithologists. 
 
 Egertoii, Francis. See Bridgewater, Duke 
 
 OF. 
 
 Egypt. Land of Bondage. 
 
 Eleanora of Brittany. Damsel of Brittany. 
 
 Eldon, Lord. {John Scott.) Old Bags. 
 
 Eliot, John. Apostle of the Indians. 
 
 Elis. Holy Land. 
 
 Elizabeth (of England). Belphcebe, Glori- 
 ana. Good Queen Bess, Maiden Queen, 
 Oriana, Virgin Queen. 
 
 Elizabeth (of Bohemia). Goody Palsgrave, 
 Queen of Hearts, Winter Queen 
 
 Elizabeth Petrowria (of Russia). Infamous 
 
 Northern Harlot 
 Elliott, Ebenezer. Corn-law Rhymer. 
 
 Emma, {of Norynandy). Gem of Normandy. 
 
 England. I.K3egria or Logres, Merry Eng- 
 land, Ringins Island, South Britain. 
 
 England, Brink of. See Bank of England. 
 
 England, King of Defender of the Faith. 
 
 English (The). Bono Johnny. Godon or 
 Godam, John Bull, Nation of Shop- 
 keepers. 
 
 Este, Prince of. Azo. 
 
 Efhelwold of Winchester. Father of Monks. 
 
 Eusebius of Caesarea. Father of Ecclesias- 
 tical History. 
 
 Evans, Mary A. See Lewes, Mary A. 
 
 Faber, John. Hammer of Heretics. 
 
 Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Quintus. 
 Cunctator. 
 
 Faneuil Hall. Cradle of Liberty. 
 
 Faulkner. George. Atticus. 
 
 Fenelon.(Fm;?fo/s de Salignac de la Mothe..) 
 Swan of Cambrai. 
 
 Fenner. W. Martin Mar-Prelate (?). 
 
 Ferdinand IT. (of the Two Sicilies). Bomba. 
 
 Ferdinand V. (of Spain). Catholic Majesty. 
 
 Ferguson, Richard. Galloping Dick. 
 
 Fermor, Arabella. Belinda. 
 
 Fessenden, Thomas G. Christopher Caustic. 
 
 Field, John. Martin Mar-Prelate (?). 
 
 Finch. Heneage. (Lord Nottingham.) Fa- 
 ther of Equity. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Elizabeth. Fair Geraldine. 
 
 i'itzgerald, William T. Small-beer Poet. 
 
 Flavigny, Marie de. See Agoclt, Countmi 
 
 OF. 
 
 B'leet Prison (Lo«^/on). Fleta. 
 
 Florida. l*euiiisular State. 
 
 Fiorio, Jon 11. Don Adiiano de Armado, 
 llolofernes. The Resolute. 
 
 Fludd, Robert. The .'^earrher. 
 
 Foix, Gastoii de. See Gaston de Foix. 
 
 Foote, Samuel. English Aristophanes, Mod- 
 ern Aristophanes. 
 
 Forrester, Alfred II. A. Crowquiil. 
 
 Fouquet, Nicolas. Man with the Iron 
 Mask (?). 
 
 Fox, Charles .lames. Carlo Khan, Man of 
 the People. 
 
 France. Gallia, La Belle France. 
 
 France, King of. Most Christian King, or 
 Majesty . 
 
 Francis I. (of France). Father of Letters. 
 
 Francis, Sir Philip. Junius {.'). 
 
 Francis d'Assisi, St. See Assisi, St. Fran- 
 cis d'. 
 
 Franklin. Benjamin. Richard Saunders. 
 
 Eraser's Magazine (-B^/ior of). Oliver Yorke. 
 
 Frederick V. (Elector Palatini). Goodman 
 Palsgrave, Winter King. 
 
 Frederick the Great. Alaric Cottin, Der Alte 
 Fritz, Philosopher of Sans-Souci. 
 
 Frederick William (of Brandenburg). Great, 
 or Grand, Elector. 
 
 Fremont, John C. The Path-finder. 
 
 French { The). Jean, or Johnny, Crapaud, 
 Robert Macaii-e. 
 
 French Canadians. See Canadians (The 
 French). 
 
 French Peasantry. Jacques Bonhomme. 
 
 Frere, John Ilookham. William and Rob- 
 ert Whistlecraft. 
 
 Frith. Mary. Moll, or Mall, Cutpurse. 
 
 Fry, Elizabeth. Female Howard. 
 
 Galway. City of the Tribes. 
 
 Ganganelli, Gian Vincenzo. See Clement 
 
 XTV. 
 Garcilaso de Vega. Prince of Spanish Poetry. 
 Garrick, D.avid. English Roscius. 
 Gaston de Foix. Thunderbolt of Italy. 
 Gautama. Buddha. 
 Gav. John. Orpheus of Highwaymen. 
 Geneva Bible. See Biblr. 
 Gentleman's Mairazine ( Editor of). Sylvanus 
 
 Urban. Gent. 
 George T. (of England). Turnip-hoer. 
 George TTI. Farmer George. 
 George IV. First Gentleman of Europe. 
 George, Lake. Horicon. 
 George, Prince (of Denmark). Est-il-possi- 
 
 ble. 
 Germain, Lord. See Sackville, Lord 
 
 George. 
 Germans ( The). Cousin Michael. 
 Germany. Almain. 
 Germany. Heir of the Emperor of King 
 
 of the Romans. [Doctor. 
 
 Gerson, Jean Charli<^r d*^. Most Christian 
 Ghika, Helena. (Prince.<ts Koltzoff-Massal- 
 
 iky.) Doria D'Isiria. 
 
GIB 
 
 432 
 
 HOO 
 
 Gibraltar, Rock of. Key of the Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 Gibraltar, Rock of, and Jebel Zatout. Pil- 
 lar.s of Hercules. 
 
 Gildas. Uritish .leiemiah. 
 
 Giles de Laval. IJlue-beard. 
 
 Gillies, Kohert l*earee. Ivempferhausen. 
 
 Giluiore, James 11. Kdmuud Kirke. 
 
 Gilpin, Rernard. Apostle of the North, Fa- 
 ther ot the Poor. 
 
 Girardiu, Delphiue de. Le Vicomte Delau- 
 iiay . 
 
 Glafigow. City of the West, Venice of the 
 West. 
 
 G\a.sgo\v (Inhabitants of). MordecaiMullion. 
 
 Glastonbury. Avalon. 
 
 Glover, Catherine. Fair Maid of Perth. 
 
 Goderich, Viscount. (Fred trick Robinson.) 
 Goosey Goderich, Prosperity Robin.<on. 
 
 Godoy, Manuel de. Prince of the Peace. 
 
 Goethals, Henry. Solemn Doctor. 
 
 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. German 
 Voltaire, The Master. 
 
 Goetz von Berlichingen. See Berlichesgen, 
 GoETZ vox 
 
 Goldoni, Carlo. Italian Moliere. 
 
 Goldschuiidt, Mme. See Lixd. .Jexnt. 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver. Goldy, Inspired Idiot. 
 
 Gomorrah and Sodom. Cities of the Plain. 
 
 Gonsalvo de Cordova. Great Captain. 
 
 Gonzales. BH. See Stmmoxds, Johx. 
 
 Good Hope, Cape of. See Cape op Good 
 Hope. 
 
 Goodrich, Frank B. Dick TTnte. 
 
 Goodrich. Samuel G. Peter Parley. 
 
 Gordon, Duke of. Cock of the North. 
 
 Goujon, Jean. French Phidias. 
 
 Gower, John. The Moral Gower. 
 
 Graham, James. (Marquis of Montrose.) 
 Great Marquis. 
 
 Graham, John. ( Viscount Dundee.) Claver- 
 house. 
 
 Great Britain. See Britaix. 
 
 Gregory I. ( Pope). Servant of the Servants 
 of "God. 
 
 Gregory VII. (Pope). Turk Gregory. 
 
 Gregory, St. (of Armenia). The Illumi- 
 nator. 
 
 Gregory of Neo-Caesarea. Thaumaturgua. 
 
 Gregory of Rimini. Authentic Doctor. 
 
 Grenviile, George. Gentle Shepherd. 
 
 Grenville, Hicliard. See Temple, Lord. 
 
 Grey, Lord. Artegal. 
 
 Guernsey. Holy Island. 
 
 Guesclin, Bertrand du. Eagle of Brittany. 
 
 Guilford. Astolat. 
 
 Guinarda, Pedro Rocha. Roque Gninart. 
 
 Guinegate (Battle of). Battle of Spurs. 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus. Lion of the North. 
 
 Guzman, Alphonso Perez de. Spanish Bru- 
 tus. 
 
 Guzman, Fernan Nunez de. Greek Com- 
 mentjitor. 
 
 Gwyn, Mary . See IIorneok, Mart. 
 
 Bafiz. Anacreon of Persia, or Persian 
 Anacreou. 
 
 Hale.s, Alexander. Fountain of Life, Irre- 
 fragable Doctor. 
 
 Hales, .John. The Ever-memorable. 
 
 Haliburton, Thouitis C. Sam Slick. 
 
 llall, Joseph. Christian Seneca, English 
 Seneca. 
 
 Ilalpine, Charles G. Private Miles OMUilly. 
 
 llamann, Johann Georg. Magician of the 
 North. 
 
 IlaniiltoM, Alexander. Publius. 
 
 Hamilton, Patrick. First Scotch Reformer. 
 
 Hamilton, Sir Thomas. Tarn of the Cow- 
 gate. 
 
 Ilamilton, William Gerard. Junius {?), 
 Single-speech Hamilton. 
 
 Hannibal. Bluff City. 
 
 Hardeiiberg, Friedrich von. Novalis. 
 
 Harley, Robert. (Earl of Oxford and Mat' 
 timtr.) Harlequin. 
 
 Ilarri.son, William U. Tippecanoe. 
 
 Harrow, William. Flying Ilighwayman. 
 
 Harvey, Gabriel. Hobinol. 
 
 Hassan Ben-Sabbah-el-Homairi. Old Man 
 of the Mountain. 
 
 Haynau, Julius Jakob von. Austrian Hy- 
 ena. 
 
 Heaven. Celestial City, New Jerusalem. 
 
 Heber, Richard. Atticus. 
 
 Ilebert. Jacques Rene. Le Pere Duchesne. 
 
 Heenan, John C. Benicia Boy. 
 
 Henley, John. Orator Henley. 
 
 Henry I. (of England). Beauclerc. 
 
 Henry II. (of Germany). King of the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 Henry IV. (of France). King of Brave 
 Men, Le Bearnais. 
 
 Henry VII. (of England). Defender of 
 the Faith. Solomon of England. 
 
 Henry VIII. (of England). Blue-beard, 
 Bluff Ilal, or Burly King Harry, De- 
 fender of tiie Faith. 
 
 Henry de Loudres. Burnbill. 
 
 Henry the Minstrel. Blind Harry. 
 
 Heraclitus. Weeping Philosopher. 
 
 Herbert, George. Sweet Singer of the Tem- 
 ple. 
 
 Herbert. Henry W. Frank Forester. 
 
 Herodotus. Father of History, Father of 
 Lies. 
 
 Hervey, Lord. Lord Fanny, Sporus. 
 
 Hesiod. Ascraean Sage. 
 
 Hilaire, ifemile Marc. Marco de St. Hilaire. 
 
 Hildebrand. See Gregory VII. 
 
 Hill, Sir John. Mrs. Glasse (?). 
 
 Hippocrates. Father of Medicine. 
 
 Hobbes, Thomas. Philosopher of Malmes- 
 bury. 
 
 Hogg, James. Ettrick Shepherd. 
 
 Holland. Batavia. 
 
 Holland, Josiah G. Timothy Titcomb. 
 
 Holland, Philemon. Translator General. 
 
 Holman, James. Blind Traveler. 
 
 Homer. Father of Epic Poetry, Father of 
 Poetry, Father of Song, Ma>onidea, 
 Melesigenes, Swan of the Meander. 
 
 Hood, Robin. Locksley. 
 
 Hooker, Richard. The Judicioua. 
 
HOP 
 
 433 
 
 LEA 
 
 Hopkins, Matthew. Witchfljider General. 
 Horueck, Catliarine. Little Comedy. 
 Horueck, Mary. Jessamv Bride. 
 IlDrne Tooke. See Tookb. John Uorne. 
 Uoris. (Of lleiuidall) Gjallar ; (of Orlando) 
 
 OUvaut. 
 Hor-ies. See Steed.s. 
 
 llorteisiii-i, Quiatus. King of the Courts. 
 Ho^vird. IjH-A »Villiain. Belted Will. 
 H )Wird, Sir Joliu. Jockey of Norfolk. 
 It ).ve, Joliu. Platonic I'uritaii. 
 ll).ve, Riciirl, Kirl. Black Dick. 
 Hubert, St. Apostle of .\rdeiines. 
 Hii Ison, Oeorge. Raihviv King. 
 Hug le.s. Jolin. Buller of Brizenose. 
 Hume, Jo.sepii. Adversity Hume. 
 
 Illinois. Garden of the West, Prairie State, 
 Sucker State. 
 
 IWinn^i {SuUhern). Egypt. 
 
 Tndi I. In I. 
 
 In li ma. Hoosier State. 
 
 In Uinapoll-". liiilroil City. 
 
 Imire-et- Loire. Garden of France. 
 
 lo.va. Hivvkeve Stite. 
 
 Ireland. Knerild Isle, Erin. Green Isle, 
 Hiberuia, Holy Island, Innisfail, Isle 
 of Siiuts, Old Country, Sacred Island, 
 Scotii, Wolduid. 
 
 Irenaeu-<. St Apostle of the Gauls. 
 
 Irving, El.vard. Doctor Squintum. 
 
 Irving. \7a.sbington. Diedrich Knicker- 
 bocker, Fr ly Antonio .\gipida, Geotfrey 
 Crayon, K^q., Jonitdan Oldstyle. 
 
 Irving ( Wastiington), Irv^ing (William), and 
 Paulding (James K.). I^auncelot Lang- 
 staff. 
 
 Isabella {of Valois). Little Queen. 
 
 Isaure, Clemence. Sappho of Toulouse. 
 
 Ishmonie. Petrified City. 
 
 Isocrates. Old M in Eloquent. 
 
 Italy. Garden of Europe. 
 
 Iturbide, Augusto. Napoleon of Mexico. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew. Old Hickory. 
 Jackson, Thomas J. Stonewall .Tackson. 
 Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich. German Plato. 
 James I. {ofEaglanl). English Solomon, 
 
 or Solomon of England, Iloyal 'Prentice 
 
 in the Art of Poetry, Scottish Solomon. 
 James V. {nf Scotland). Goodman of Bal- 
 
 lengeigh. 
 James VI. {of Scotland). See James I (op 
 
 E.ngland). 
 James and John (the sons of Zebedee). Bo- 
 
 anersres, or Sons of Thunder. 
 Janin. Jules Gabriel. King of Feuilletons. 
 Japan. Cipingo, Zipangi, or Zipangri (?). 
 Jasmin, Jacques. Barber Poet, Livst of the 
 
 Troubadours. 
 Java. Queen of the E.astem Archipelago. 
 Jebel Zitoiit and Rock of Gibraltar. Pillars 
 
 of Hercules. 
 Jefferson, Thomas. Saire of Monticello. 
 Jenings, Mrs. E. Wycliffe Lane. 
 Jerusalem. Citv of Divid, City of Peace, 
 
 City of the Great King, Holy City. 
 
 Jews ( Portm^uese, of the fifteenth eentury^ 
 New Christians. 
 
 Joachim II. {o/ iirundenburg). Hector ot 
 Germany. 
 
 Joan ( Countess of Salisbury, and afterward 
 wife, of Edward Ike Black Prince). Fair 
 Maid of Kent. 
 
 Joan of Arc. La Pucelle. Maid of Orleans. 
 
 John III. (o/' Briiiidi nhiinf). Cicero of 
 Germany, or German Cicero. 
 
 John V. {of Portugal). Most Faithful Maj- 
 esty. 
 
 John, St. Beloved Disciple. 
 
 Johnson, Anna C. Minnie Myrtle. 
 
 Johnson, Esther. Stella. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel. Great Cham of Litera- 
 ture, Great Moralist, Leviathan of Liter- 
 ature, Ursa Major. 
 
 Johnstone, Mrs. Meg Dods. 
 
 Jones, Inigo. English Palladio, English 
 Vitruvius. 
 
 Jones, O. Devonshire Poet. 
 
 Jones, William. Trinity Jones. 
 
 Jonson, Ben. Rare Ben Jonson. 
 
 Judson, Mrs. Emily. Fanny Forester. 
 
 Junot, Andoche. The Tempest. 
 
 Kansas. Garden of the West. 
 
 Keats, John. Adonais. 
 
 Kendal, Duchess of. The Maypole. 
 
 Kentucky. Dirk and Bloody Ground, 
 
 Corn-cracker. 
 Keokuk. Gate City. 
 Khaled. Sword of God. 
 King, Edward. Lycidas. 
 Klopstock, Frietlrich Gottlieb. German 
 
 Milton. 
 Know-nothings. See N.'Vtive Americans. 
 Knox, John. Apostle of the Scottish lle^ 
 
 ormation. 
 Koltzolf-Missalsky, Princess. See Ghika, 
 
 Helena. 
 Kra-sicki, Ignatius. Polish Voltaire. 
 Kyle. Coila. 
 Kyrle, John. Man of Ross. 
 
 Labe, Louise. Beautiful Ropemaker, Cap' 
 tain liOys. 
 
 Labrador. Estotiland. 
 
 Lacepede, Count. (Bernard G'rmain "Eti- 
 enne de la Ville.) King of Reptiles. 
 
 La Chaise, Pere. Tartuffe (?). 
 
 Lactixntius, Lucius Ccelius. Christian 
 Cicero. 
 
 Lafayette, Marquis de. Grandison Crom- 
 well. 
 
 La Marck, William, Count of. Wild Boar 
 of Ardennes. 
 
 Lamb. Charles. Elia. 
 
 Lancaster, House of. Red Rose. 
 
 Lances. SeeSpK\RS. 
 
 Landon, F/etitia Eliaibeth. L. E. L. 
 
 Lanoue, Francois de. Iron Arm. 
 
 Ijaval, Giles de. See Giles de Laval. 
 
 Law, John. Paper King. 
 
 Laynez. Kodrigo. The Cid. 
 
 Leanuont, Thomas. Thomas the Rhymer. 
 
LEE 
 
 434 
 
 MIR 
 
 Le«, Ann. Mother Ann. 
 
 Lee, Charles. Junius (.'). 
 
 Lee, Henry. Light-hor.se Harry. 
 
 Lee. Nathaniel. Mad I'oet. 
 
 Legendre, Louis. Peasant of the Danube. 
 
 Leipsic {Battle of). Battle of the Natious. 
 
 Leo VJ. The Philosopher. 
 
 Ijeopold (of Aiihalt- Di-»,\aii). Old Dessauer. 
 
 Lessinp, Gotthold Ephraim. Father of Ger- 
 man Literature. 
 
 Le Sueur, Eustace. French Raphael. 
 
 Leucate. Lover's Leap. 
 
 Lever, Charles J . Cornelius "Dowd, Harry 
 Lorrequer. 
 
 Lewes, Mary A. George Eliot. 
 
 Lewis, Matthew G. Monk Lewis. 
 
 Ligue, Prince de. Prince of Coxcombs. 
 
 Lilburne, Jolin. Free-born John. 
 
 Lille, Alain de. Universal Doctor. 
 
 Lilly, William. Erra Pater. Sidrophel. 
 
 Limerick. City of the Violated Treaty. 
 
 Lincoln, .Abraham. Kail-Splitter. 
 
 Ijnd, Jenny. [Mme. Goldschmidt.) Swed- 
 ish N'ightingale. 
 
 Lindisfarne. Holy Island. 
 
 Linley, Miss. [Mrs. R. B. Sheridan.) Maid 
 of Bath. 
 
 Lippincott, Sara J. Grace Greenwood. 
 
 liverpool [Inhabitants of). Dicky Sam. 
 
 Lloyd, Charles. Junius (.'). 
 
 Lockhart, John G. Peter Morris, William 
 W'astle. 
 
 Lockhart, John Hugh. Hugh Little- John. 
 
 Lombard, Peter. Master of Sentences. 
 
 London. City of Masts. Cockagne. Lubber- 
 land, Modern Babylon, Trinovant or 
 Trinovantum, Weissnichtwo (?). 
 
 London University. Stinkomalee. 
 
 Londres. Henry de. See Hexey de Londees. 
 
 Longinus, Caius Cassius. See Cassids, 
 C.vnjs. 
 
 Lorenzo de' Medici. See Medici, Lorenzo 
 de'. 
 
 TiOuis V. [nf France). TiC Faineant. 
 
 Louis YTII. Coeur de Lion. 
 
 Louis IX. ( Si. Louis). Solomon of France, 
 or French Solomon. 
 
 Louis XI. Most Christian King, or Majesty. 
 
 Louis XIT. Father of his People. 
 
 Louis XIV. Le Grand Monarque, Lewis 
 Baboon. 
 
 Louis XVT. M. Veto. 
 
 Louis XVIII. King of England's Viceroy. 
 
 Louisiana. Creole State. 
 
 Louis Napoleon. See N.ipoleon III. 
 
 Louis Philippe. Citizen King, Napoleon of 
 Peace. 
 
 liOuisvllle. Fall City. 
 
 Lowell. City of Spindles. 
 
 Lowell, James R. Ho«ea Biglow. 
 
 Luke, St. Beloved Physician. 
 
 Lulle. or Lully, Raymond. Illuminated 
 Doctor. 
 
 Lytton, Edward Robert. See Bclwer IjrT- 
 TON, Edward Robert. 
 
 Uacdonald, or Mac lau. Glencoe. 
 
 Macdonald (o/"G/fng-arri/). Glengarry. 
 Macgregor, Robert. R/)b Roy. 
 Mackenzie, Henry. Addison of the North, 
 
 Man of Feeling. 
 Maerlant, Jakob. Father of Dutch Poetry. 
 Maginn, Willitm. Modern Rabelais, Sil 
 
 Morgan Odohertv. 
 Mahomet. Macon, Mahoun, or Mahound. 
 Mahouy, Francis. Father Prout. 
 Maine. Lumber State, Pine-tree State. 
 Mairone, Francois de. Illuminated Doctor- 
 Manuel I. [of Trebizond). Great Captain. 
 Margaret [daughter of Eric II. of Norway). 
 
 Maid, or Fair Maid, of Norway. 
 Margaret [of Denmark). Semiramis of the 
 
 North. 
 Maria [daughter of Robert., king of Naples). 
 
 Fiammetta(?). 
 Marie Antoinette. Mme. Veto. 
 Marignauo ( Buttle of ). Battle of the Giants. 
 Marius, Caius. Third Founder of Rome. 
 Marlborough, Duchess of. ( Sarah Churchill.) 
 
 Atossa, Mrs. Freeman. 
 Marlborough, Duke of. [John Churchill.) 
 
 Handsome Englishman, Humphrey Ho- 
 cus. 
 Martin (Theodore) and Aytoun( William E.). 
 
 Bon Gaultier. 
 Marvell, Andrew. British Aristides. 
 Mary I. (of England). Bloody Mary. 
 Mary [of Modena). Queen of Tears. 
 Massachusetts. Bay State. 
 Mathew, Theobald. Apostle of Temperance. 
 Matilda ( Plantagenet). Lady of England. 
 Matthioli. Count. Man with the Iron 
 
 Mask (?). 
 Maura, Sta. See Sta. Maura. 
 Maximilian I. (of Germnny). Last of the 
 
 Knights. Pochi Danari, Theuerdauk. 
 Mecca. Holy City. 
 
 Medici, Cosmo de". Father of his Country. 
 Medici, Lorenzo de'. Father of I^etters. 
 Medina. City of the Prophet. Holy City. 
 Melanchthon, Philip. Teacher of Germam . 
 Melendez Valdes, Juan. Restorer of Par- 
 
 nassus. 
 Mena, Juan de. Spanish Ennius. 
 Menedemus. Eretrian Bull. 
 Meteyard, Elizji. Silverpen. 
 Michigan (State). Lake State, Wolyerine 
 
 State. 
 Mlckiewicz, Adam. Polish Bvron. 
 Middleton, John. Child of Hale. 
 Middleton, Richard. Profound, or Solid, 
 
 Doctor. 
 Midwav Oak (Battle of). Battle of tha 
 
 Thirty. 
 Milan. Little Pari.s. 
 Milburn, William H. Blind Preacher. 
 Milky Way. Watling Street. 
 Miller. .Joseph. Father of .Tests. 
 Miloradowitch, Michael. Russian Murat. 
 Mind, Godefmi. Raphael of Cats. 
 Miraheau, M.arquis de. ( Victor Riquetti\ 
 
 Friend of Man. 
 Mirabeau. Viscount de. [Boniface RiqueU 
 
 ti.) Barrel-Mirabeau. 
 
MIS 
 
 435 
 
 PHI 
 
 Mississippi ( River). Father of Waters. 
 Mississippi (t^tate). Bayou State. 
 Mi.s.-issippi ( VaLUy). Garden of tiie World. 
 Mitchel, Oriiisby M. Old Stars. 
 Mitchell, Donald (J. Ik Marvel. 
 Mitchell, \Silliaui. Great Tinclarian Doctor. 
 Wot;ridge, George. Old Hampbrey. 
 i»Ioir, David M. Delta. 
 MouDiouth, James, Duke of. Absalom, 
 
 Protestant Duke. 
 Montbars. The Exterminator. 
 Montluc, Blaise de. Koyalist Butcher. 
 Montmorency, Anne, Duke of. French 
 
 Fabius. 
 Montreal. Island City. 
 Montrose, Marquis of. See Graham, James. 
 Moore, Thomas. Anacreon Moore, Thomas 
 
 Brown the Younger, Thomas Little. 
 Mora tin, Leandro Fernandez. Spanish 
 
 Moliere. 
 Mornay, Philippe de. Huguenot Pope. 
 Morning Post (Lo?j«/on). Jeames. 
 Morris, James M. K. N. Pepper. 
 Morrison, Lieut. Zadkiel. 
 Mucius, Caius. Scaevola. 
 Murat, Joachim. Handsome Swordsman, 
 
 King Franconi. 
 Murray, or Moray, Earl of. {James Stewart.) 
 
 Good Regent. 
 Murray, John. Emperor of the West. 
 
 Naples. Regno. 
 
 Napoleon III. {Louis Napoleon.) Badin- 
 guet, Boustrapa. 
 
 Napoleon, Prince. {Napoleon Joseph Charles 
 Bonaparte .) Prince Plon-plon. 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte. See Bonaparte, Na- 
 poleon. 
 
 jVash, Richard. King of Bath. 
 
 Nashville. City of Rocks. 
 
 Nasmyth, Patrick, or Peter. English Hob- 
 bema. 
 
 >l«».tive Americans. Hindoos, Know-noth- 
 ings. Sam. 
 
 Neal, John. Jehu O'Cataract. 
 
 Neal, Sir Paul. Sidrophel (?). 
 
 Negroes. CufFee, Quashee, Sambo. 
 
 Nelson, Horatio. Hero of the Nile. 
 
 Neo-Csesarea, Gregory of. See Gregory op 
 
 Neo CiESAREA. 
 
 Nevil, Richard. See Warwick, Earl of. 
 
 Newell, Robert H. Orpheus C. Kerr. 
 
 New Brunswick {Inhabitants of). Blue- 
 Noses. 
 
 New England and Nnva Scotia. Drogio. 
 
 New Hampshire. Granite State. 
 
 New Haven. City of Elms, or Elm City. 
 
 New Orleans. Crescent City. 
 
 New York ( Citi^). Empire City, Gotham. 
 New Amsterdam. 
 
 New York ( State). Empire State, Excelsior 
 State, New Netherlands. 
 
 Nev. Marshal. Bravest of the Brave. 
 
 Nicholas. St. Boy-bishop, Kriss Kringle. 
 
 Nifhnlls, Mrs. See Bront6. Charlotte. 
 
 Nightingale, Florence. St. Filomena. 
 
 Ninian, St. Apostle of the Picts, 
 
 Norbury, Earl of. Hanging Judge. 
 
 Normandy. Land of Wisdom. 
 
 Normandy, Robert, Duke of. Robert, or 
 Robin, the Devil. 
 
 Northallerton {Battle of). Battle of the 
 Standard. 
 
 North Carolina. Old North State, Turpen- 
 tine State. 
 
 Norway and Sweden. Scandinavia. 
 
 Norwich, Bishop of. See Spenser, Henrt. 
 
 Nottingham, Lord. See Finch, Heneaoe. 
 
 Nova Scotia. Acadia. 
 
 Nova Scotia and New England. Drogio. 
 
 Nova Scotians ( r/(e). Blue-Noses. 
 
 Occam, William of. Invincible Doctor, Sin- 
 gular Doctor, Venerable Initiator. 
 
 O'Connell, Daniel. Irish Agitator, The Lib- 
 erator. 
 
 Ohio ( State). Buckeye State. 
 
 Oldham, John. English Juvenal. 
 
 Omar I. Emperor of Believers. 
 
 Orleans { Battle of). Battle of the Herrings. 
 
 Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of. 
 Egalite. 
 
 Orpheus. Father of Poetry. 
 
 Otterburn {Battle of). Chevy Chase (?). 
 
 Oxford, Earl of. See Harley, Robert. 
 
 Pacific Ocean. South Sea. 
 
 Paige, Eldridge F. Dow, Jr. 
 
 Pala;ologus, Andronicus. Father of his 
 
 Country. 
 Palestine. Holy Land. 
 Palestine {Western). Land of Promise, or 
 
 Promised Land. 
 Palestrina, Giambattista Pietro Aloisio da. 
 
 Father of Music. 
 Palmerston, Lord. {Henry John Temple.) 
 
 Pam. 
 Paoli, Pasquale de. Corsica Paoli. 
 Paris. Lutetia. 
 Parrhasius. King of Painters. 
 Par ton, Sarah P. Fanny Fern. 
 Pafeerson, Robert. Old Mortality 
 Patrick, St. Apostle of Ireland. 
 Paul, St. Apostle of the Gentiles, Prince 
 
 of the Apostles. 
 Paulding, James K. See Irving. 
 Peel, Sir Robert. Orange-Peel. 
 Pekin. Cambalu. 
 
 Pendleton, Rev. Mr. Vicar of Bray (?)- 
 Pennsylvania. Key-stone State. 
 Penrose, Elizabeth. Mrs. Markham. 
 Penry, or Ap Henry, John. Martin Mar- 
 Prelate (?). 
 Pepin the Short {of France). Most Christian 
 
 King, or Majesty. 
 Percy, Harry. Hotspur. 
 Perrers, or Pierce, Alice. Lady of the Sun- 
 Perth. Fair City. 
 Peter. St. Prince of the Apostlei. 
 Pefersburg. Cockade City. 
 Ve7.?ji,. Michele. Fra Diavolo. 
 Philadelphia. City of Brotherly LoTe, 
 
 Quaker City. 
 Philip of Anjou. See Anjod, Dcki o». 
 
PHI 
 
 436 
 
 SCO 
 
 Phillips, George S. January Searle. 
 
 Phillips, Kathariue. The Matchless, or In- 
 comparable, Orinda. 
 
 Philo JuJjuus. Jewisli Plato. 
 
 Philopoeiuen. Last of the Greeks. 
 
 Pierce, Alice. See Peiirers, Alice. 
 
 Pii^alle. Jean Baptiste. French Phidiaa. 
 
 Pinkerton, John. Robert Heron. 
 
 Pinto, Ferdinand Meudez. Prince of Liars. 
 
 Pitt, William. (Lonl Chatham.) Great 
 Coium >ner, Junius (?). 
 
 Pitt-sburg. Iron City, Smoky City. 
 
 Plantagenet, Edith. Fair M.iid of Anjou. 
 
 Plantagenet, Humphrey. Good Duke Hum- 
 phrey. 
 
 Plant igenet, Matilda. Lady of England. 
 
 Plato. Athenian Bee. 
 
 Plymoutn Colony. Old Colony. 
 
 Poland. Sarmatia. 
 
 Pole, Michael de la. Belove i Merchant. 
 
 Poniatowski, Joseph. Polish Bayard. 
 
 Pope( The). Lord Peter, Man of Sin, Servant 
 of the Servants of God, Vicar of Christ. 
 
 Pope, Alexander. Bard of Twickenham. 
 
 Porphyry. The Philosopher. 
 
 Portland {Maine). Forest City. 
 
 Portinan and Grosvenor Square Districts 
 {Lon'lon). Tyburaia. 
 
 Portu.^al. Lusitania. 
 
 Pot, Philippe. Cicero's Mouth. 
 
 Powis, Lucia. Castara. 
 
 Pratt, Samuel J. Courtney Melmoth. 
 
 Presbyterians { The). Blue-Skins. 
 
 Procter, Bryan \V. Barry Cornwall. 
 
 Puget, Pierre. Michael Anirelo of France. 
 
 Pushkin. Alexander Sergeivitch. Russian 
 Byron. 
 
 Putnam, Israel. Old Put. 
 
 Pym, John. King Pym. 
 
 Pythagoras. Samian Sage, or Sage of Samos. 
 
 Quakers, or Friends. Seekers. 
 Quebec. Gibraltar of America. 
 Queen's Camel. Camelot. 
 
 Rabelais, Francois. Alcofribaa Nasier, Cu- 
 rate of Meudon, Father of Ridicule. 
 
 Rileigh, Sir Walter. Shepherd of the Ocean. 
 
 Ramsay, Allan. Scottish Theocritus. 
 
 Rann, John. Sixteen-striiig Jack. 
 
 Rathbone, Mrs. Richard. Mary Powell. 
 
 Redden, Laura C. Howard Glyndon. 
 
 Rene d'.\.njou. Good King Rene. 
 
 Rhode Island. Little Khody. 
 
 Ricardus Corinensis. See Rickard op Ciren- 
 cester. 
 
 Rich, John. Lun. 
 
 Rich, Lady. See Deverectx. Penelope. 
 
 Richard I. (of England). Coeur de Leon, 
 IjC Noir Faineant. 
 
 Richard II. {of England). Defender of the 
 Faith. 
 
 Richard of Cirencester. Monk of Westmin- 
 ster. 
 
 Richter, Jean Paul Friedrich. Jean Paul, 
 The Only. 
 
 Rimioi, Gregory of. See GaEaoRY op Rimini. 
 
 Roberts, John. Junius (?). 
 Robin liood See Hood. Uobin. 
 Robinson, Frederick. See Goderich, Vi* 
 
 COU.NT. 
 
 Robiu.son, Mary. Beauty of Buttermere. 
 
 Robinson, .Mary Darby. English Sappho, 
 Perdita. 
 
 Robinson, Mrs. Edward. Talvi. 
 
 Kochesber ( Sew York). Flour City. 
 
 Rochester, Earl of. {John WUmot.) Virgin 
 Modesty. 
 
 Roderick. La.st of the Goths. 
 
 Rogers, Samuel. Bard of Memory. 
 
 Roman Catholic Church. Mystical Baby- 
 lon, Scarlet Woman. 
 
 Romanus, jEgidius. Well-founded Doctor, 
 
 Rome. Eternal City, Imperial City, Mis- 
 tress of the World, Namele.>s City, 
 Queen of Cities, Seven-hilled City. 
 
 Ronsard, Pierre de. Prince of the Ode. 
 
 Rosenhagen, Rev. J. Junius (?). 
 
 Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Jean Jacques 
 J. J. 
 
 Royal Marines. Mistress Roper. 
 
 Rigen. Holy Island. 
 
 Rupert, Prince. Mad Cavalier. 
 
 Russell, Lord John. {Earl Russell.) Finalit] 
 John. 
 
 Russia. Northern Bear, Northern Giant. 
 
 Russians ( The). Ivan Ivanovitch. 
 
 Ruysbroek, Jean. Divine Doctor, Ecstatic 
 Doctor. 
 
 Sacheverell, Lucv. Lucasta (?). 
 
 Sackville, Lord George. Junius (?). 
 
 St. Hilaire, Comte de. {Louis Vincent Joseph 
 Le Blond.) Roland of the Army. 
 
 St. iMais {Missouri). Mound City. 
 
 St. Martin, Louis Claude de. Philosopher 
 of the Unknown. 
 
 St. Pour^ain. Durand de. See Ddrand D1 
 St. Pourcain. 
 
 Sampson, Agnes. See Simpson, Aqnes. 
 
 Sandwich. John, Ix)rd. Jemmy Twitcher. 
 
 Sta. Maura. Lover's I^eap. 
 
 Sarpi, Peter. Father Paul. 
 
 Satan. Belial, Prince of Darkness, Prince 
 of the Power of the Air. See Devil. 
 
 Saunders, David. Shepherd of Salisbury 
 Plain. 
 
 Savannah. Forest City. 
 
 Saxony { Snuth-^astfrn). Saxon Switzerland. 
 
 Scanderbeg. White Devil of Wallarhia. 
 
 Schwerin. Count von. Little Marlborough. 
 
 Scotch ( The). Nation of Gentlemen, Sawney. 
 
 Scotland. Albania or Albany, .\lbvn. Cale- 
 don or Caledonia, Coila, Land of Cakes, 
 North Britain, Scotia. 
 
 Scott, .\dam. King of the Border. 
 
 Scott, .John. See Eudon. Lord. 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter. Border Minstrel, or Min- 
 strel of the Border, Captain Cuthbert 
 Clutlerhuck, Chrvstal Croftangry, 
 6re.at Magicitn. Great Unknown, .lede- 
 diah Cleishhotham, Laurence Temple- 
 ton. Malachi Mala^rowftier, Peter Pat» 
 tiesou, Wizard of the North. 
 
SCO 
 
 437 
 
 THO 
 
 Scotus, Duns. See Duns Scotus. 
 
 Scoville, Joseph A. Walter Barrett, Clerk. 
 
 Settle, Elkanah. Doeg. 
 
 Seward, Anna. Swan of Lichfield. 
 
 Seymour, Charles. (Duke of Somerset.) 
 Froud Duke. 
 
 Shadwell, Thomas. Mac Flecknoe. 
 
 Shaftesbury, Earl of. Achitophel. 
 
 Shakespeare, NV^illiain. Bard of Avon, 
 Sweet Swan of Avon. 
 
 Sharp, Samuel. Mundungus. 
 
 Sharpe, Richard. Conversation Sharpe. 
 
 Shelburne, Lord. Malagrida. 
 
 Shelley, Percy B. Poet of Poets. 
 
 Sheppard, Elizabeth S. Mnie. Kinker. 
 
 Shield of Arthur. Pridwin. 
 
 Sicily. Garden of Italy. Granary of Europe. 
 
 Sicinius Dentatus. Roman Achilles. 
 
 Sidmouth, Viscount. (Henry Addington.) 
 The Doctor. 
 
 Sidney, Lady Dorothea. Sacharlssa. 
 
 Sidney, Sir Philip. Astrophel, English 
 Petrarch, Philisides. 
 
 Sigismund (emperor of Germany). Super 
 Graramaticam. 
 
 Simmons, Thomas. Man of Blood. 
 
 Simpson, Agnes. Wise Wife of Keith. 
 
 Sjoberg, Erik. Vitalis. 
 
 Smith, Seba. Jack Downing. 
 
 Smith, Sydney. Peter Plymley. 
 
 Smith, William. Father of English Geology. 
 
 Smolensk. Key of Russia. 
 
 Smollett. Tobias. Smelfungus. 
 
 Society of Medical Observation (in Paris). 
 Mutual Admiration Society. 
 
 Sodom and Gomorrah. Cities of the Plain. 
 
 Solomon. The Preacher. 
 
 Somerset, Duke of. See Seymour, Charles. 
 
 Sophie Charlotte (of Prussia). Republican 
 Queen. 
 
 Sophocles. Attic Bee, Attic Homer. 
 
 Soult. Marshal. Old Fox. 
 
 South Carolina. Palmetto State. 
 
 Southern States ( U. S.). Dixie. 
 
 Southey, Robert. Abel Shufflebottom, Es- 
 priella. 
 
 Spain. Hispania, Iberia. 
 
 Sparta and Athens. The Two Eyes of 
 Greece. 
 
 Spears. (Of Arthur) Ron ; (of Odin) Gung- 
 nir. 
 
 Spenser, Edmund. Colin Clout, Prince of 
 Poets. 
 
 Spenser, Henry. (Bishop of Norwich.) 
 Fiorhting Prelate. 
 
 Springfield (Illinois). Flower Citv. 
 
 Spurzheim. John Gaspar. Donst«rswivel. 
 
 Steeds. (Of Alexander the Great) Buceph- 
 alus ; (of Apollo and the Muses) Peg- 
 asus; (of Argalia) Rahicano ; (of the 
 four sons of Aymon) Bayard ; (of Bevis 
 of Southampton) ArTimlpl ; (of the Cid) 
 Bavieca ; (of Don Quixote) Aligero Cla- 
 vileno and Rozinante ; (of .Sir Launce- 
 lot Greaves) Bronzomarte : (of Moham- 
 med) Al Borak ; (of Odin) Sleipnir; (oi 
 Orlando) BrigUadoro and Vegliantiuo ; 
 
 (of Rinaldo) Bayard ; (of Rugglero, t/> 
 Rogero) Frontiuo ; (of Sieglrie(i)Graut , 
 (of Tristram) Pas.xetreul. 
 
 Steele, Sir Richard Nestor Ironside. 
 
 Sterling, Edsvard. Vetus. 
 
 Sterne, Lawrence. The Bramin, English 
 Rabelais. 
 
 Stevenson, John II. Lord of Crazy Castle. 
 
 Stewart, James. See Murray, or Moray, 
 Earl of. 
 
 Stewart, John. Walking Stewart. 
 
 Stoddart, John. Doctor Slop. 
 
 Stowe, Harriet B. Cliristopher Crowfield. 
 
 Strother, David H. Porte-Crayon. 
 
 Stuart, Charles Edward. Young Chevalier, 
 Younger Pretender. 
 
 Stuart, James Francis Edward. Chevalier 
 de St. George, Elder Pretender. 
 
 Sturle.><on, Snorro. Northern Herodotus. 
 
 Sunderland, Anne, Countess of. Little 
 Whig. 
 
 Swain, Charles. Manchester Poet. 
 
 Sweden and Norway. Scandinavia. 
 
 Swift, Jonathan. Cadenus, Dean of St. 
 Patrick's, English Rabelais, Presto ; 
 M. B., Drapier. 
 
 Swiss ( The). Colin Tampon. 
 
 Switzerland. Helvetia. 
 
 Swords. (Of Agricane) Tranchera ; (of Ar- 
 thur) Caliburn, or Excalibar ; (of Bevis 
 of Southampton) Morglay ; (of Bragga- 
 dochio) Sanglamore ; (of Charlemagne) 
 La Joyeuse ; (of the Cid) Colada and 
 Tizona ; (of Doolin of Mayence) Merveil- 
 leuse ; (of Edward the Confe.ssor) Cur- 
 tana ; (of Frithiof) Angurvardel ; (of 
 Ilako I.) Quern-biter; (of Lancelot of 
 the Lake) Aroundight ; (of Ogier le 
 Danois) Curtana ; (of Orlando, or Ro- 
 land) Durandal, or Durlindana ; (of Sir 
 Otuel) Corrouge ; (of Rinaldo) Fusberta ; 
 (of Ruggiero, or Rogero) Balisardo : (of 
 Siegfried) Balmung, Gram, Mimung ; 
 (of Thoralf Skolinson) Foot-breadth; 
 (of Wittich) Mimung. 
 
 Sylvester, Joshua. The Silver-tongued. 
 
 Sym, Robert. Timothy Tickler. 
 
 Symmonds, John. Spanish Jack. 
 
 Symonds, Symon. A'icar of Bray (?). 
 
 Syrus, Ephraem. Prophet of the Syrians. 
 
 Tamerlane. Prince of Destruction. 
 
 Tanunenund. St. Tammanv. 
 
 TuiXer (Editor of the). Isaac Bickerstaff. 
 
 Tauler, John. Illnniinated Doctor. 
 
 Taylor, Jeremy. Shakespeare of Divines. 
 
 Taylor. John. Water-poet. 
 
 Taylor, Zachary. Rough and Ready. 
 
 Teilez, Gabriel. Tirso de Molina. 
 
 Temple, Lord. (Rir/iard Grenville .) Lord 
 
 Gawky, Tidrty-doll. 
 Terpander. Father of Greek Music. 
 Texas. Lnne-Strir State. 
 Thackeray, William M. George Fitz-Boodle, 
 
 Michael Angelo Tit.marsh. 
 Tbom'ison, MortiiD«r. Q, K« Philander 
 
THO 
 
 438 
 
 ZOR 
 
 Thomson, J. C. Philip Wharton. 
 
 Thomson, Mrs. Anthony T. Grace Wharton. 
 
 Throckmorton, or Throgmorton, Job. Mar- 
 tin Mar-Prelate (.')• 
 
 Times, ( The London). The Thunderer. 
 
 Tiuiour. See Tamerlane. 
 
 Titus (emptror of Home). Delight of Man- 
 kind. 
 
 Tooke. .lohn Home. Philosopher of Wim- 
 bledon. 
 
 Trinity College ( Dublin). Silent Sister. 
 
 Trowbridge, J. T. Paul Creyton. 
 
 Troy. Ilium, or Ilion. 
 
 Tucker, Abraham. Edward Search. 
 
 Turkey. Sick Man of the East. 
 
 Tyrconnel. Lying Dick Talbot. 
 
 Udall, John. Martin Mar-Prelate (?). 
 Uncas. Last of the Mohicans. 
 United States. Columbia, Uncle Sam. 
 United States (Frigate). Old Wagon. 
 United States {People uf). Brother Jona- 
 than. 
 United States Flag. Old Glory. 
 Utlier. Pendragou. 
 
 Van Buren, Martin. Little Magician. 
 
 Vanhomrigh, Esther. Vauessa. 
 
 Varro, Marcus Terentius. Most Learned of 
 
 the Romans. 
 Varro, William. Thorough Doctor. 
 Vaughan, Henry. The Silurist. 
 Vaiighan, Thomas. Dangle. 
 Vendome Beaufort, Francois de. King of 
 
 the Markets. 
 Venice. Bride of the Sea. 
 Vermont. Green-Mountain State. 
 Vernon, Admiral p]dward. Old Grog. 
 Victoria, or Vlctorina. Mother of the 
 
 Camps. 
 Vida, Marco Girolamo. Christian VirgiL 
 Villiers, George. See Buckingham, Duke of. 
 Virgil. Mantuan Swan. 
 Virginia. Mother of Presidents, Mother of 
 
 States, Old Dominion. 
 Vivian. Lady of the Lake. 
 Voltaire, Francois. Apostle of Infidelity, 
 
 Philosopher of Ferney. 
 
 Wales. Cambria. 
 
 Wales, Edward, Prince of. See Edward, 
 Prince of Wales. 
 
 Walker, John. Elocution Walker. 
 
 Walker, John. Hookey Walker. 
 
 Walpole, Sir Robert. Robin Blueatring, 
 Grand Corrupter. 
 
 Walton, Izaak. Father of Angling. 
 
 Warner, Snsan. Elizabeth Wetherell. 
 
 Warwick. Earl of. {Richard Nevil.) King- 
 maker. 
 
 Warwick and Eccleston Sauare Districts 
 ( London). CubitopoUri, Mesopotamia. 
 
 Waryng, Jane. Varina. 
 
 Washington. City of Magnificent Dis- 
 tances. 
 
 Washington, George. American Fabius, 
 Father of his Country. 
 
 Wayne, Anthony. Mad Anthony. 
 
 Weijster, Daniel. Expounder of the Con- 
 stitution. 
 
 Wedell, C. H. Leonidas Wedell. 
 
 Wellington, Duke of. {Arthur Wellesley.) 
 Great Duke, Iron Duke, Old Douro. 
 
 Welsh {The). Taffy. 
 
 Western Hemisphere. New World. 
 
 Western Reserve. New Connecticut. 
 
 Westminster Review. Breeches Review. 
 
 West Virginia { Northern ). The Pan-handl«. 
 
 AVhite, Jolin. Century White. 
 
 White, Rev. John. Patriarch of Dorchei- 
 ter. 
 
 Whitefriars. Alsatia. 
 
 White Mountains. Crystal Hills. 
 
 Whitfield, Geoi-ge. Doctor Squintum. 
 
 Whittier, John Greenleaf. Quaker Poet. 
 
 Wieland, Christoph Martin. German Vol- 
 taire. 
 
 Wilbrord, or Willibrod, St. Apostle of the 
 Frisians. 
 
 Wild, Henry. Arabian Tailor, Learned 
 Tailor. 
 
 Wilkes, John. Junius (?). 
 
 Wilkie, Sir David. Scottish Teniers. 
 
 Wilkie, William. Scottish Homer. 
 
 William I. {of England). The Conqueror. 
 
 William IV. Sailor King. 
 
 Williams, John. Tony Pasquin. 
 
 Williams, Rev. John. Redeemed Captive. 
 
 Williams, Renwick. The Monster. 
 
 Wilniot, John. See Rochester. Earl of. 
 
 Wil-son. John. Christopher, or Kit, North, 
 Mordecai Mullion. 
 
 Winchcomb. John. Jack of Newbury- 
 
 AVinchester. Camelot (?). 
 
 Wisconsin. Badger State. 
 
 Wi.«e. Henry A. Harry Gringo. 
 
 Wolcott, John. Peter Pindar. 
 
 Worcestershire. Garden of England. 
 
 Wordsworth, William. Bard of Rydal 
 Mount. 
 
 Wycliffe, John de. Evangelical, or Gospel, 
 Doctor, Morning Star of the Reforma- 
 tion. 
 
 Xavier, St. Francis. Apostle to the Indies. 
 Xenophon. Attic Muse, Muse of Greece. 
 
 Yellow Fever. Yellow Jack. 
 
 York, Cecily, Duchess of. White Rose of 
 
 Raby. 
 York, Frederick, Duke of. Soldiers' Friend. 
 York, House of. AMiite Rose. 
 
 Zaragoza, Agustina. Maid of Saragossa. 
 Zenobia. Queen of the East. 
 Zoroaster. Bactrian Sage. 
 
INDEX 
 
 OF THE REAL NAMES OF PERSONS, PLACES, ETC., WHOSE 
 NICKNAMES, PSEUDONYMS, OR POPULAR APPELLATIONS, 
 ARE GIVEN IN THE PRECEl^ING APPENDIX. 
 
 Akenside, Mark. Bard of the Imagina 
 
 tion. 
 Amand, St. Apostle of the Netherlands. 
 Amien.s. Little Venice. 
 Amsterdam. Venice of the North. 
 Anastasius, St. Apostle of Hungary. 
 Anderson, Robert. Cumbrian Poet. 
 Ape lies. Prince of Painters. 
 Argles, Margaret. The Duchess. 
 Aristophanes Prince of Ancient Comedy. 
 Austin, Benjamin. Old South. Honestas. 
 
 Bailey, James M. Danbury News Man. 
 Baldung, Hans. Hans Grlin. 
 Barnum, P. T. Prince of Showmen. 
 Bible, book of Books. Book of Life. 
 Blanchard, Jacques. French Titian. 
 Boehaave. Voltaire of Science. 
 Bunyan, John. Inspired Tinker. 
 Burhage, Richard. English Roscius. 
 Burns, Kobert. Ayrshire Bard or Plough- 
 man. 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas. Censor of the Age. 
 Caross, Mark. Laird of Cockpen. 
 Casas, Las. Apostle of the Indians. 
 Choiseul-Amboise, Duke de. Driver of 
 
 Europe 
 Chrvsostom. Golden-mouthed Doctor. 
 Cicero. TuUy. 
 
 <;iniabue. Father of Modern Painting. 
 Clark Charles H. Max Adeler. 
 Clarke, Rebecca Sophie. Sophie May. 
 Clemens, Samuel L. Mark Twain. 
 Cohdeu, Richard. Apostle of Free Trade. 
 CofTin, C. C. Carleton. 
 Coinestor, Petrus. Master of History. 
 Cornelia. Mother of the Gracchi. 
 Cowper, William. Domestic Poet. 
 Crabbe, George. Poet of the Poor. 
 
 Derbs', Lord. Rupert of Debate. 
 De-marets, Samuel. Litt.e Preacher. 
 Desportes, Philippe. French Tibullus. 
 Dioi^enes the Cynic. Mad Socrates. 
 DodiTson, V,. L. Lewis ('arroll. 
 Dniglas, Sir James. Good Sir James. 
 Dovie, Mr. H. B. 
 Dryden.Johu. Glorious John. 
 
 Edward I. Hammer of the Scottish Na* 
 
 tion. Long-Shanks. 
 Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Sage of Concord. 
 
 Fargus, Frederick J. Hugh Conway. 
 Feyjoo or Feijoo y Montenegro. Spanish 
 
 Addison. 
 Fosdick, Charles A. Harry Castlemon. 
 Franklin, Benjamin. Nestor of America, 
 Frederick William. Unser Fritz. 
 Frumentius, St. Apostle of Ethiopia. 
 Fuller, Andrew. Franklin of Theology. 
 
 Garibaldi. Liberator of Italy. 
 
 Gay, John, .^sop of England. 
 
 Gordon, Charles George. Chinese Gordon. 
 
 Gordon, William. People's Friend, 
 
 Goujon, Jean. Correggio of Sculptors. 
 
 Grand Old Man. Gladstone. 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus. Snow King. 
 
 Hale, Edward Everett. Col. Frederic Ing- 
 ham. 
 
 Hannibal. Carthaginian Lion. 
 
 Hammond, Anthony. Silver-tongued. 
 
 Harris, Joel Chandler. Uncle Remus. 
 
 Harris, Samuel. Apostle of Virginia. 
 
 Hatton, Sir Christopher. Dancing Chan- 
 cellor. 
 
 Hector, Mrs. Annie F. Mrs. Alexander 
 
 Heinecken, Christian H. Infant of Lii- 
 beck. 
 
 Hilary, St. Malleus Arianorum. 
 
 HoUey, Marietta. Josiah Allen's wife. 
 
 Holmes, 0. W. Autocrat of the Breakfast 
 Table. 
 
 Homer. Blind Bard. Blind old man of 
 Scio's rocky isle. Maeonian Swan. 
 
 Hooker, Joseph. Fighting Joe. 
 
 Jackson, Helen M. (formerly Mrs. Hunt). 
 
 H. H. 
 Jones, Henry. Cavendish. 
 Juan de Avila. Apostle of Andalusia. 
 
 Keddie, Henrietta. Sarah Tytler. 
 Kingsley, Charles. Chartist Clergyman. 
 
 La Fontaine, Jean de. .£sop of France 
 
440 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Leland, Oharles O. Hans Breitmann. 
 LeM-aille, (^iitherine. DutcLi t^appho. 
 Lessiug. .-Esop of Gerniauy. 
 Locke, David Koss. llev. Petroleum V. 
 
 Nasby. 
 Tjokmun. iEsop of Arabia. 
 Lord, Grace V. Virgiuia Champlin. 
 
 Mahomet. Apostle of the Sword. 
 
 Manchester. Cottonopolis. 
 
 Marat, Jean Paul. Friend of the People. 
 
 Marcellus. Sword of Rome. 
 
 Mar.-;den, Samuel. Apostle of New Zea- 
 land. 
 
 Matsys, Quentin. Blacksmith of Antwerp. 
 
 Meli, Giovanni. Sicilian Anacreon. 
 
 Mendoza, Pedro Gonzalez de. Great Cardi- 
 nal. 
 
 Menno Baron van Coehorn. Dutch Vau- 
 ban. 
 
 Montgomery, James. Alcaeus. 
 
 Montpensier, Duchesse de (Anne Marie 
 Louise d'Orleans). Grande Mademoi- 
 selle. 
 
 Mundt, Clara. Louise Muehlbach. 
 
 Murfree, Mary N. Charles Egbert Crad- 
 dock. 
 
 NefiF, Felix. Apostle of the Alps. 
 Norris, Sir John. Foul-weather Jack. 
 
 Omar Khayyam. Astronomer-poet. 
 •utram, Sir James. Bayard of India. 
 
 Parr, Dr. Samuel. Brummagem Johnson. 
 
 Pindar. Dircaean Swan. 
 
 Pitt, William. Ileaven-bom Minister. 
 
 Poore, Ben : Perley. Perley. 
 
 Pratt, Daniel. Great American Traveler. 
 
 Ram^, liouise de la. Ouida. 
 
 UevolutioQ of 1688. Glorious Revolution. 
 
 Rich, John. Sun. 
 
 Robert II. (Duke of Normandy). Curt- 
 Hose (Short-Shanks). 
 
 Rogers, Samuel. Banker Poet. 
 
 Kouie. Head of the World. Niobe of 
 Nations. 
 
 Sacheverell, Lucy. Althea. 
 Salmon, Jean. French Horace. 
 Scott, Sir Walter. Ariosto of the North. 
 Shaw, Henry AV. Josh Billings. 
 Sherman, William T. Old Tecumseh. 
 Smith, Robert. Bobus Smith. 
 Sterne, Lawrence. English Seneca. 
 Stockholm. Venice of the North. 
 Stuart, James. Athenian Stuart. 
 
 Taylor, Zachary. Old Zach. 
 
 Terhune, Mary V., nee Hawes. Marion 
 Harland. 
 
 Times, London. Jupiter of the Press. 
 
 Tonna, Mrs. (Charlotte A. Brown.) Char- 
 lotte Elizabeth. 
 
 Tucker, Charlotte. A. L. 0. E. (A Lady 
 of England.) 
 
 Val d'Azun. Eden of the Pyrenees. 
 Venice. City of the Sea. Mistress of the 
 
 Adriatic. Queen of the Adriatic. Silent 
 
 City. 
 
 Warner, Anna B. Amy Lothrop. 
 Wellesley, Arthur (Duke of Wellington). 
 
 Achilles of England. 
 Wellington, Duke of. Achilles of Eng. 
 
 land. 
 Wessel, John. Master of Contradiction. 
 Whitcher, Frances M. Widow Bedott. 
 AVilberforce, William. Friend of Man. 
 Williani Augustus (Duke of Cumberland). 
 
 Butcher of Culloden. 
 Wordsworth, William. Cumberland P©«t 
 
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