mun 1m 5 FERLTT LIBRARY STATE HEALTH i ~ ~Decennial Census D Data a a for Sele Health Occupations: United States, 1970 Library of Congress Catalogjng in Publication Data Handler, Aaron. Decennial census data for selected health occupations, United States, 1970. (DHEW publication: no. (HRA) 76-1231) “Vital and health statistics.” Bibliography: P. Supt. of Docs. no.: HE 20.6202:0cl 1. Medical personnel—United States—Statistics. I. United States. Division of Health Man- power and Facilities Statistics. II. Title. IIL. Series: United States. Dept. of Health, Educa- tion, and Welfare. DHEW publication; no. (HRA) 76-1231. [DNLM: 1. Health occupations— United States—Statistics. W76 H236d] RA410.7.H35 312°.94 75-619038 ISBN 0-8406-0038-0 . For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.70 Stock Number 017-022-00400-3 AL CE & N » Ing Q -_Decennial Census Data for Selected Health Occupations: United States, 1970 7 This report considers the following demographic characteristics of 28 categories of health practitioners: sex; ethnic composition (whether Negro or of Spanish heritage); patterns of residence (urban-rural, farm-nonfarm); and ratio per 100,000 resident population. Data are presented for the Nation, for States, and for 83 standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA's) having a population of 250,000 or more as of April 1, 1970. DHEW Publication No. (HRA) 76-1231 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Health Resources Administration National Center for Health Statistics Rockville, Md. September 1975 HS ¢ ~ s1ae\® NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS EDWARD B. PERRIN, Ph.D., Director PHILIP S. LAWRENCE, Sc.D., Deputy Director GAIL F. FISHER, Associate Director for the Cooperative Health Statistics System ELIJAH L. WHITE, Associate Director for Data Systems IWAO M. MORIYAMA, Ph.D., Associate Director for International Statistics EDWARD E. MINTY, Associate Director for Management ROBERT A. ISRAEL, Associate Director for Operations QUENTIN R. REMEIN, Associate Director for Program Development ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer DIVISION OF HEALTH MANPOWER AND FACILITIES STATISTICS GLORIA HOLLIS KAPANTAIS, Director NWN VN SHELDON STARR, Acting Deputy Director \ \Y EVELYN S. MATHIS, ‘Chief, Health Facilities Statistics Branch 2 % \ NN. JOSEPH BARBANO, Chief, Health Manpower Statistics Branch NY ON SHELDON STARR, Acting Chief, Technical Services Branch ~ QO 75 - ¢/ 38 DHEW Publication No. (HRA) 76-1231 RA H10 27 H25/ PUBLIC HEALTH LIBRARY PREFACE In the preparation of this publication I have attempted not only to gather, present, and briefly analyze selected information on persons employed in 28 health occupations at the time of the 1970 Decennial Census, but also to provide the reader with several data collection and processing techniques used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Comparable data for opticians, optometrists, and podiatrists, collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) are reviewed as well. I have endeavored to prepare this publication in a manner that would be meaningful to persons of various backgrounds such as educators, health planners, adminis- trators, legislators, and students, as well as to statisticians. 6756 CONTENTS Page PrEfice cui cnn tit ri sr rir ir st est ests erse rs es iii INtrOAUCHION « «vv vette eet e ee ee eee eee iie eaten een eanneennens 1 Related Reports Previously Published. ............... oii. 1 OVEIVIEW , + «coco sittrtt srs rsnnnsnnrssnresnssinsvervonsovhnsnnnebsbine 1 Sex of Persons Employed in Health Occupations, 1970 .......................... 3 Negro Population Employed in Health Occupations, 1970 ........................ 3 Spanish Heritage Population Employed in Health Occupations, 1970. ............... 6 Urban-Rural and Farm-Nonfarm Residence, 1970... ...... iii iinnnnnnn 9 Practitioners per 100,000 Resident Population, 1970. ............. cov, 9 Methodological Considerations . .........vuiuiti niin inne ineenennnn 9 Practitioners per 100,000 Resident Population for States, 1970................ 16 Additional Demographic Characteristics for Persons Employed in the 28 Health Occu- pational Categories . .. ov. v iti titi iii ii i i ie eas 17 References. «uv ies tai d tessa i eda s tress asst 17 List of Detailed Tables ....... cout iii iii ii innennns 20 Appendix I. Methodological Considerations and Definitions ...................... 70 Outline of Enumeration and Data Processing Procedures ..................... 70 Definitions and Explanations of Selected Terms Used in This Report. ........... 71 Appendix II. 1970 Census of Population Editing, Nonresponse Allocation, Ratio Esti- mation, and Sampling Variability ............. co ii ii iii 77 BAMIAS voi inns nurnninss bitin ns sains sat ganas ss gesnossssssessidntiosns 77 Allocation of Missing Data .......ouiitiiinin niin iii intineenennennns 77 Ratio Estimation. . .... oii iii iii iii iii einen 77 vi CONTENTS — Con. Appendix III. Comparison of Census Counts and Data from Other Sources. .......... Possible Causes for Difference. . . coc covvscvsnnsertcrsnsessessnsnssnsensnn Comparison With Comparable Data Derived From Sources Other Than the National Center for Health Statistics, «x « «civ venvssnscsrssvacnresnsnas Related Publications of the National Center for Health Statistics ............... Additional Readings for Selected Health Occupations. ....................... Appendix IV. Facsimile of the Population Questions on the 1970 Census OCS HIONIAIIEE, «os y ls tet ssc esi et ns tes sr atasessnsnssnsassiserenssinese SYMBOLS Data not available----------------- Berdesemanranshnryrany fei Category not applicable---------esroeeeeeeemeceeee Quantity zero Quantity more than 0 but less than 0.05---- 0.0 Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision-------------ecceeeemeve- * DECENNIAL CENSUS DATA FOR SELECTED HEALTH OCCUPATIONS Aaron Handler, Division of Health Manpower and Facilities Statistics INTRODUCTION This report, based on information collected during the 1970 Decennial Census, presents data for personnel employed in 28 health occupa- tional categories. All data derived from the 1970 Decennial Census are as of the reference date of the 1970 census, April 1, 1970. Various demo- graphic characteristics of persons employed in health occupations are presented. These charac- teristics include sex, whether of Negro or of Spanish heritage, urban-rural and farm-nonfarm residence, and ratio per 100,000 resident popu- lation. Data are presented for the Nation, for each State, and for 83 standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA’s) with populations of 250,000 persons? or more at the time of the 1970 census. There is a U.S. Bureau of the Census report! that summarizes data for the United States for each of the 28 health occupational categories, but it does not present such data by State or by SMSA’s. Data contained here were obtained from 51 individual publications of the Bureau of the Census.2 The purpose of this report is to assemble health manpower data found in the 51 sources into one reference volume, to facilitate reference to health manpower information for all 51 State jurisdictions and the 83 largest metropolitan areas as of 1970. In addition to summarizing findings of the 1970 Decennial Census for the Nation (table 1), for individual States (tables 2 thru 29) and for “Including Armed Forces living on military installations and patients and inmates of institutions. the largest standard metropolitan statistical areas ‘at the time of the 1970 census (tables 28 and 29), definitional, methodological, and analytical techniques are discussed. The present publica- tion highlights demographic characteristics of the population employed in 28 selected health occupational categories (pages 3 to 17); defines Bureau of the Census terms used in this report (appendix I); discusses data collection and proc- essing methodologies of both the Bureau of the Census and the National Center for Health Statistics (appendixes I and II); discusses 1970 census editing and nonresponse allocation pro- cedures as well as measures of sampling variabil- ity (appendix II); and compares 1970 Bureau of the Census data with comparable data obtained by the National Center for Health Statistics and, other sources (appendix III). Related Reports Previously Published Previous compilations of similar data obtained during the 1950 and 1960 Decennial Censuses and published by the Public Health Service? 1:52 contain data on persons employed in 18 health occupations for the United States as a whole and for each State of residence and provide a brief comparison of data from other sources. U.S. Bureau of the Census publications that con- tain these data for 1960 are references 24 through 27. OVERVIEW The U.S. Bureau of the Census used 441 specific categories of occupations to describe the work force of the United States in 1970. Of the 441 categories, 28 are generally considered “health occupations.” The total number of persons employed in the health occupations was 3.1 million, or 4 percent of the 76.6 million persons identified as employed during the 1970 Census of Population. The number of persons in each of these health occupations by major occupation group is shown in table A. Of the 28 health occupations, 18 are classified - by the Bureau of the Census as Professional, technical, and kindred workers. This major group comprised 56 percent of the total health occupational work force in 1970. : Four occupational categories comprise two- thirds of the health occupational work force: registered nurses (27 percent); nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants (23 percent); physi- Table A. Number and percent distribution of persons employed in health occupations by major occupation group: United States, 1970 Health occupations TOTAL EMPLOYED IN HEALTH OCCUPATIONS ............ Professional, technical, and kindred workers (in health occupations) Chiropractors Optometrists Pharmacists Physicians, medical and osteopathic Podiatrists Health practitioners, n.e.c. Therapists Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Health record technologists and technicians Therapy assistants Embalmers Craftsmen and kindred workers (in health occupations) Opticians, lens grinders and polishers Dental laboratory technicians Service workers (in health occupations) Dental assistants Health trainees Lay midwives Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants Practical nurses DONLISIS vince 3 ave orn mopnioiace ov nin son iomiinie EINE NRE NM VOEIINGIIANS: +. + x + vive nisin ridin s sind botlie » 210 siace Hinwin uit 4 0% DOI tIANS = os iar nisd shave a ahs Tr de a naar ee ROGIStErOC NIUISES oo dass s sanine ann s atin ssienshas esos Dental NYGIBNISLS wivuiivrsie + vats vs ais vammiges vs ims sreesss Radiologic technologists and technicians ................. Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c. ............... Health aides eXCeptNUIBING «co wots tives conivarine rns vas NOTE: n.e.c.—not elsewhere classified. Percent Number distribution sinh aie RE WER HAD AE eh 3,102,757 100.0 pee —— : IIIS CY RELI. SH PINTS EE 1,748,317 56.3 TEC SE SOIR Si a 13,729 0.4 BEE RTT SCT PR 90,801 29 OME a Sr EAI 17,219 ~- 06 an A nee es ae Ree ain a wie wae 109,642 35 shine ie ER As ri Lee ae Ee 280,929 9.1 SEMIN vv. REE NIN PRs SE FUT So 6,026 0.2 ode anal RES ee Fe ded 19,435 0.6 SF erie EEN SAEs aly AAAS ele eR eee 965 0.0 weep eis Saga a ae ieee CR 40,131 13 Er Al aire Sn aes Be ditn a Eee 829,691 26.7 PRL I NE Ss NER 1p 0 75,161 24 rin wn ih a 6 ne nie ee ee 117,606 3.8 SAE he SA a re lh ne ein 15,805 |: 0.5 ieee ae eaten ok bee ke 11,164 0.4 ORIEL EI Ln TR, 52,230 17 rin aide aT he as a Se 321 0.1 Fas dn ES Sh esa Ta ees 59,823 1.9 a Vl Vleet a se 4,749 0.2 bake a LO Te sa eran Pe ee 119,939 3.9 PPI en TORI I AREER Oi 35,800 1.2 or RE Br ah ele ie eee ee 84,139 27 % WG na mehr sein elie tied 53,988 1.7 snnns nan Bites Genie 2 naisiiy eile 27,380 0.9 oh na 4B Sil dS aie ities ince E06 26,608 0.9 Wh ne date SH Ce A ne Wieelh x wh 1,180,513 d 38.0 fuokis ve do SR es Ries singe b 88,175 28 PE ait in ih 00 SERS SAR 6a Tee 118,907 3.8 nnn die a ae a TIA nn are Tee eh 8 17,655 0.6 vid rath be nae Ie he ve ae 675 0.0 ir in Ee ein un TE es gas wie ure: sta vie 717,968 231 Sans von agaist sol vie ae a RVICER, 5 237,133 7.6 cians (9 percent); and practical nurses (8 percent). An analysis of the 1970 census data for persons employed in 28 health occupational categories by sex, ethnic composition, patterns of residence, and numerical relationship to resident population is contained in the pages that follow. SEX OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN HEALTH OCCUPATIONS, 1970 In 1970, 2.2 million females were employed in the 28 health occupational categories; this represented 71 percent of all persons employed in these occupations (figure 1 and table 1). The majority of these females were concentrated in three occupations: 37 percent were registered nurses; 28 percent were nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants; and 10 percent were practical nurses. Practitioners in the seven health occupations listed below who are involved in patient care have traditionally been predominantly male. Except for pharmacists, less than 10 percent of "the persons employed in each of these occupa- tions were female. Percent female, 1970! Occupation Chiropractor Dentist ...... Edens tn rr As AUT Es rea race ra OPtOMELIISt vo vuln aii rs nnssrsinresnsrsrsns Pharmnatist: . « «cues Foie innrrvisninnnnanis Physician owt A NG A LER CREEPS IN ~~ Ei Vet1ErinaRiaN «vrs ss vs ivinreini vieW nainmn sis na nbiv ee os CIO ONDWO® ! These percentages are based on numbers presented in table 1. In 1970, four occupational categories com- bined contained a majority (62 percent) of all males employed in the 28 health occupational categories: physicians (29 percent), nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants (12 percent); pharmacists (11 percent); and dentists (10 per- cent) (table 1). NEGRO POPULATION EMPLOYED IN HEALTH OCCUPATIONS, 1970 Negro females comprised 11.4 percent of all employed females 16 years old and over. Of females employed in the 28 health occupational categories, Negro females exceeded this pro- portion in 10 categories (figure 2, table B, and table 1). Negro females employed in one of the 28 health occupational categories were more heav- ily concentrated in those occupations which usually required less education and training as compared with occupations held by females of other races. Of 315,000 Negro females employed in one of the 28 health occupational categories, 19 percent were employed as registered nurses. The comparable percentage for females of other races was 39 percent (figure 3). Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants accounted for 48 per- cent of Negro females employed in one of the 28 health occupational categories. The compara- ble proportion for females of other races was 24 percent. In 1970, Negro males comprised 8.5 percent of all employed males 16 years old and over. Of males employed in the 28 health occupational categories, Negro males exceeded this propor- tion in 12 categories (figure 2, table C, and table 1). Negro males employed in the 28 health . occupational categories were more heavily con- centrated in those occupations which usually require less education and training as compared with the occupations held by males of other races (figure 4 and table 1). Of 67,000 Negro males employed in the 28 health occupational categories, a total of only 15 percent were employed in the group composed of the fol- lowing health professions: chiropractor, dentist, optometrist, pharmacist, physician, podiatrist, or veterinarian. In contrast, a total of 59 percent of males of other races employed in the 28 health occupational categories were employed in these professions. Of Negro males employed in the 28 health occupational categories, 45 per- cent were identified as nursing aides, orderlies, or attendants. The comparable proportion for males of other races was 10 percent. OCCUPATION Totalemployed........... 0 cans Employed in health occupations’. ... RANK ORDER . Dental assistants N . Registered nurses w PractiCol AUISES «ve savin su suinss vs SD . Dental hvaienists o . Health trainees o . Health record technologists and technicians ......coovvvansisrss ~ . Dieticians © . Nursing aids, orderlies, and attendants ......oeeeininnn © . Health aides, except nursing. ....... 10. ‘Lay MIDWIVES. ou .c i nie civ das sia one 11. Clinical laboratory technologists « and technicians. 12. Radiologic technologists and technicians +. uv vyvsuusvniins es 13. Therapy assistants 14. Therapists 15. Health administrators 16. Dental laboratory technicians. ...... ’ 17. Opticians, lens grinders and polishers 18. Pharmacists 19. Physicians, medical and osteopathic. . 20. Chiropractors 21. Podiatrists 22. Funeral directors ................. 23. Veterinarians 24. Embalmers 25, OplOmMeLHSIS «+. cre vvnvevsnns ving 26. Denlists oo iF coves ios Fir aimts nae Tp 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 PERCENT FEMALE "Includes health practitioners, n.e.c., and health technologists and technicians, n.e.c., not shown separately. SOURCE: Reference 1, table 221, pp. 718-724. NOTE: n.e.c. — not elsewhere classified. Figure 1. Percent of all employed females aged 16 years and over, percent employed in selected health occupations, and percent employed in each selected health occupation: United States, 1970. POPULATION AND OCCUPATION n a Negro Spanish heritage U.S. resident population Total employed Employed in health occupations’ 14 Chiropractors Dentists Optometrists Pharmacists Physicians, medical and osteopathic Podiatrists Veterinarians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Dental assistants Dental hygienists Dental laboratory technicians 20 29 Dieticians Embalmers 2 Funeral directors Health administrators 20 Health aides, except nursing Health record technologists and technicians Health trainees Lay midwives 42 25 28 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Opticians, lens grinders and polishers 22 23 Practical nurses Radiologic technologists and technicians Registered nurses Therapists 15 16 Therapy assistants 10 20 30 40 50 PERCENT FEMALE POPULATION SOURCES: Reference 1, table 190, p. 595 and table 223, pp. 739-745; reference 4, table 48, p. 262. 50 40 30 20 10 PERCENT MALE POPULATION "Includes health practitioners, n.e.c., and health technologists NOTE: ne.c. — not elsewhere classified. and technicians, n.e.c., not shown separately. Figure 2. Percent of the total population, the employed population, and the population employed in selected health occupations who are Negro or of Spanish heritage, by sex: United States, 1970. Table B. Ten health occupational categories that led in employment of Negro females: United States, 1970 Percent of female Occupation practitioners who were Negro Lay midwives ...............0iuu.. 42.1 Embalmers .............ciiiininn. 29.0 Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants .. 24.7 Practical nurses .................... 21.9 Dietitians «cove sstrinersnensevnsns 20.4 Health aides, except nursing .......... 18.6 Funeral directors ................... 18.2 Health technologists and technicians, PBC: sv esas estate vanasbvils 15.9 Therapy assistants .................. 14.6 Podiatrists ods essa rnsnraannsann 12.0 NOTE: n.e.c.—not elsewhere classified. Table C. Twelve health occupational categories that led in employment of Negro males: United States, 1970 Percent of male Occupation practitioners who were Negro Lay midwives ...... tat ies 8 saat 34.1 DIetUaNs iis svi ss sss aie na nse 28.5 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants . . 27.5 Practical nurses .................... 22.8 Health aides, except nursing .......... 20.4 Therapy assistants .................. 15.7 Registered nurses ................... 14.9 Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ...............000..n 11.6 CTherapists ......iiiiieniii a 9.3 Health technologists and technicians, NNO, ii Henan ss ivr iWumaiiones 9.2 Health trainees .................... 9.0 Radiologic technologists and technicians . 9.0 NOTE: n.e.c.—not elsewhere classified. SPANISH HERITAGE POPULATION EMPLOYED IN HEALTH OCCUPATIONS, 1970 The U.S. Bureau of the Census identified the “Spanish heritage” population as such for the first time during the 1970 Census of Population. In 42 States and the District of Columbia, this population is identified as “persons of Spanish language”; in five Southwestern States (Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas), as “persons of Spanish language or Spanish surname’; and in the three Middle Atlantic States (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsyl- vania), as “persons of Puerto Rican birth or parentage.” For a more complete discussion of these terms, the reader may refer to appendix I. Females of Spanish heritage comprised 3.4 percent of all employed females 16 years old and over. Of females employed in the 28 health occupational categories, females of Spanish heri- tage exceeded this proportion in seven occupa- tions (figure 2, table D, and table 1). Of 64,000 Spanish heritage females employed in one of the 28 health occupational categories, about one-fourth were employed as registered nurses and about one-third were employed as nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants. For females of other heritage employed in one of the 28 health occupational categories, these propor- tions were reversed—about one-third were em- ployed as registered nurses and about one-fourth were employed as nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants (figure 3 and table 1). In 1970, males of Spanish heritage accounted for 4.0 percent of all employed males 16 years old and over. Of males employed in the 28 health occupational categories, males of Spanish heritage exceeded this proportion in 13 catego- ries (figure 2, table E, and table 1). As shown in figure 4, of 30,000 males of Spanish heritage employed in the 28 health occupational categories, 31 percent were physi- cians. This was higher than the comparable proportion for males of other heritage (29 percent), as well as that for Negro males (8 percent). Even though employed Negro males out- numbered employed males of Spanish heritage by more than 2 to 1 in 1970, there were in the United States more males of Spanish heritage (than there were Negro males) employed as chiropractors, optometrists, physicians, dental laboratory technicians, opticians, lens grinders and polishers. In fact, except for dental labora- tory technicians, Spanish heritage males out- numbered Negro males employed in each of these occupations by almost 2 to 1 (table 1). OCCUPATION Chiropractor « Dentist « Optometrist Pharmacist « Physician « Podiatrist Veterinarian Practical nurse Registered nurse Clinical lab technologist and technician .. Dental assistant Health aide, except nursing Nursing aide, orderly, and attendant Other health occupation Negro Other than Negro Spanish heritage Other than Spanish heritage (314,849) (1,897,588) (63,685) (2,148,752) FEMALE POPULATION SOURCE: Reference 1, table 223, pp. 739-745. Data for persons “Other than Negro’ and ‘Other than Spanish heritage’ were derived by subtraction of the occupational distributions for the Negro and Spanish heritage populations, respectively, from the total population. Figure 3. Percent distribution of females aged 16 years and over employed in selected health occupations, for the Negro, Spanish heritage, and other populations: United States, 1970. OCCUPATION Physician Chiropractor « Optometrist Podiatrist « Veterinarian ............ Clinical lab technologist and technician .................... Nursing aide, orderly, and attendant ....... cvs uvunassnn Optician, lens grinder, and lens polisher ................. Practical nurse and Registered nurse THErapist “c.ocovivstenrncerinssnvrae Other health occupation .............. Negro Other than Negro Spanish heritage Other than Spanish heritage (66,729) (823,591) (30,244) (860,076) MALE POPULATION SOURCE: Reference 1, table 223, pp. 739-745. Data for persons “‘Other than Negro” and “Other than Spanish heritage’ were derived by subtraction of the occupational distributions for the Negro and Spanish heritage populations, respectively, from the total population. Figure 4. Percent distribution of males aged 16 years and over employed in selected health occupations, for the Negro, Spanish heritage, and other populations: United States, 1970. “Table D. Seven health occupational categories that led in employment of females of Spanish heritage: United States, 1970 Percent of female * Occupation practitioners who were of Spanish heritage Opticians, lens grinders and polishers 6.9 Therapy assistants .............. 5.9 Dental laboratory technicians ..... 5.2 Health aides, except nursing ...... 3.7 Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ................. 3.7 Physicians... \ usd eeis dessa snssnen 3.7 Dental assistants ............... 3.5 Table E. Thirteen health occupational categories that led in employment of males of Spanish heritage: United States, 1970 Percent of male Occupation practitioners who were - of Spanish heritage DISHES 30s tied wave dann vols 71 Health aides, except nursing ...... 71 Dental laboratory technicians ..... 6.6 Radiologic technologists and techni- CHANG vil catenins nine Wire 5.9 Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians iu ie umss ses vee ene 5.7 Practical nurses . . osc cssnienin 5.5 ~ Health record technologists and technicians «...c covers ersss 5.3 Opticians, lens grinders, and PONShBIS. "vc sss ecnevrivanuns 5.2 - Registered nurses. .............. 4.9 Nursing aides, orderlies and artendantd ovina 4.7 Therapy assistants .............. 4.4 Dental assistants ............... 4.3 Health technologists and technicians, PBL. idan ties» tin sia en 4.1 NOTE: n.e.c.—not elsewhere classified. URBAN-RURAL AND FARM-NONFARM RESIDENCE, 1970 Of all persons residing in the United States on April 1, 1970, 73 percent resided in urban areas, 22 percent in rural nonfarm areas, and 4 percent in rural farm areas. Of the 28 health occupa- tional categories under study, only 3—funeral directors; lay midwives; and nursing aides, order- lies, and attendants—were distributed in a similar manner (i.e., about three-fourths in urban areas and about one-fourth in rural nonfarm areas) (figure 5 and table 1). Of the remaining 25 occupational categories, all were overrepresented in urban areas by 6 percentage points or more, compared with the residence pattern of the total population,b except for veterinarians who were underrepresented in urban areas (only two-thirds resided in urban areas). Several approaches to alleviate the uneven distribution of health personnel between urban and rural areas are in the early stages of development or are being attempted on a limited basis at the present time. Each to varying degrees could reduce the scarcity of medical services to residents of rural areas. Among these approaches are: 1. Federal support provided by the National Health Service Corps and the Scholarship Loan Forgiveness Program of HEW (which places health professionals in areas desig- nated as health manpower scarcity areas). 2. Improvement of emergency medical trans- portation and service programs. 3. Implementation of a national health in- surance program. 4. Increased usage of auxiliary personrfel to assist practitioners (e.g., assistant physi- cians, nurse practitioners, and nurse mid- wives) under the supervision of a physician. 5. Referral of patients from rural hospitals (having a deficiency of medical specialists or equipment) to larger urban hospitals (which generally contain putpatient clinics, staffed emergency rooms, arid various social, rehabilitation, and homecare ser- vices). : PRACTITIONERS PER 100,000 RESIDENT POPULATION, 1970 Methodological Considerations Table 29 and figures 6 through 14 present national, State, and selected SMSA ratios of bThe reader should exercise caution when interpreting these ‘data on occupation by area of residence, since place of employment and place of residence of an employed person may cross these three areas of residence category lines. A discussion of this problem of geographic interpretation appears in appendix IL POPULATION AND OCCUPATION U.S. resident population". ............. Total employed Employed in health occupations’, Chiropractors Dentiste'ry,... oo Vine i Optometrist Pharmacists Physicians, medical and osteopathic ..... POCIBLEISES vue says Soe Sol i Veterinarians Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians Dental assistants Dentisthyglenists.. cov iv varannnrive Dental laboratory technicians Dieticians Embalmers Funeral directors Health aides, except nursing Health trainees Health record technologists and technicians. +. «. vo dovviirins Lay midwives Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants . . Opticians, lens grinders, and Jens PONSNBIS. . sv sid cnuravinin Practical nurses Radiologic Technologists. ............. Rogistored nurses .....o. iii rer. nics THErapIBIS +. vvvvvrivvrov sores sinning Therapy assistamis +... .. «coo cvdsi runes 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION ! Includes health practitioners, n.e.c., and health technologists and technicians, n.e.c., not shown separately. BE Urban # Rural w Rural farm SOURCE: Reference 1, table 189, pp. 591-592 and table 222, pp. 725-738. NOTE: n.e.c. — not elsewhere classified. nonfarm Figure 5. Percent distribution of persons in the total population, in the employed population aged 16 years and over, and in the population employed in selected health occupations, by place of residence: United States, 1970. 10 =. -— [ 9 to 4 .0 [X br 1 5 ok LAS [ 2 % J \l J 4 - . C o —k Lt _ 2 y N % B ny 2277 LA ) A G : . h : . | > 2) ~ = \ J TOFS : on. \ ~~ \ ck ed al \ Lr —_ . OR; < ALASKA ) y /) = 1 Tr y/ 4 J fe ~ | i a= 2 Aly / 5 922%. 77 Be ( z 2 \ oc Bao \ / low A IN \ [KAN No X WEA DEL. | Do 7 w" i A ) 1 > / TT. TON 2 CRS > 178 to 211 43t05.7 76 to 109 po 0.0 to 1. k MM 4 7 2 TT 1 \ 3 of “3 BQ \ » =\% IK @ N % > 24) >>relfod El &R = 2 IR = w \i \ 173 to 208 575 to 674 1970. 275 to 374 8 > = I i | / I i Y per 100,000 resident populatio . PE | (> A 1970. by State: United States, per 100,000 resident population, Figure 13. Registered nurses 14 HAWAII 7) vy, IR 9 16.0 to 23.9 24.0 t0 31.9 2 _ Za C Q\ Figure 14. Veterinarians per 100,000 resident population, by State: United States, 1970. practitioners per 100,000 resident population for nine occupations for 1970. Before delving into an analysis of these ratios for 1970, the reader should consider the follow- ing points regarding the nature of these data: 1. The geographic location of employed per- sons represents their usual place of resi- dence rather than their primary place of work. 2. Numerous health, social, and economic characteristics of the resident population, which do affect consumer need and de- mand for health care services, are not considered when preparing such practitioner-per-population ratios. The fol- lowing social and economic characteristics for States and SMSA’s of 250,000 or more resident population for 1970 are presented in table 28: a. Resident population b. Percent change in population 1960 to 1970 c. Population per square mile of land area d. Percent of all persons 65 years old and over e. Median family income in 1969 f. Percent of all persons in families below the poverty level in 1969 This is by no means an exhaustive list of such social and economic characteristics which affect consumer need or demand for health care services. . Geographic areas containing health care schools and facilities tend to attract health care practitioners. The presence of such institutions is not a factor when computing the practitioners-per-population ratio. . Numerous characteristics relating to the mode of health care delivery employed by the practitioner have no bearing on the creation of the practitioners-per-population ratio. . The practitioners-per-population ratio for a State is an abstract number since, generally, few practitioners draw upon a population residing more than 50 to 100 miles from their places of practice. 15 Keeping the above considerations in mind, the practitioners-per-population ratio is a useful measure when observing gross variations be- tween geographic areas and time periods. For 1970 Decennial Census data, this utility is heightened by the fact that comparable data collection methodologies were employed in the various geographic areas under consideration. Practitioners per 100,000 Resident Population for States, 1970 Figures 6 through 14 present maps depicting practitioners-per-100,000-population ratios for States for nine selected health occupations. The numbers on which these ratios are based are found in table 29. States having the largest ratios of practitioners (except for practical nurses and registered nurses) to 100,000 population tended to cluster together in contiguous groupings. The reasons for such clustering are not readily apparent. They may be partially explained by the fact that States having populations with low population densities require more practitioners per population simply because the geographic patient area served by the practitioner is quite large. This is especially true for chiropractors, optometrists, pharmacists, and veterinarians who generally are solo practitioners not providing services through a large health care institution. For the Midwestern States, high concentra- tions of veterinarians indicate a high concentra- tion of farm or ranch animals to be treated, rather than modes of health care delivery within the States or various characteristics of the States’ human population. Four of the 10 States having the largest podiatrists-per-population ratios are the States that contain four of the five schools of podiatric medicine (Illinois, New York, Ohio, and Penn- sylvania). Familiarity of the general population with the podiatric profession as well as a tendency for health care practitioners to reside within the State in which their medical training was received, may explain in part this geographic * dispersion of podiatrists. Table F. The highest and lowest statewide practitioners-per-population ratios for nine selected health occupations: United States, 1970 Ratio practitioners per 100,000 population Occupation Highest Lowest ; United States State Ratio State Ratio Feiio CIrODIaCLONS cvs vss ssvsvinssnssstnsrssssnssanances Kansas 19 | District of 2 7 Columbia DENISE so vs vs in sinnsnsnsennnennee naan oninmsn nes New York 67 | South Carolina 23 45 ODOMIBEEIBS = Joven nnn vs vesonnnovenivn sin ennsnesenn Montana 17 | District of 3 9 Columbia Pharmacists ....cocvanaanscnarssanststnsnnansnnnris Nebraska 73 | Alaska 22 54 PRYSICIBNS. .. cui nsimpnnsnnonsssnss cess imes vines mes New York 210 | Idaho 76 138 POLIALIISIS. ii) atv o noms vranonssaninine ene ninssnesen Massachusetts 6 | Alaska - 3 Hawaii North Dakota Practical nUISes .........cviiiinnninnnrnnnnnenennns District of 207 | Wyoming 65 117 Columbia Registered NUISES ......coiineinninnnennnennnnnnns Massachusetts 650 | Kentucky 275 408 Veterinarians ........ccoviieinnennnnrnnsnnnsnnnenns South Dakota 31 District of 3 10 Columbia 16 The highest and lowest statewide practi- tioners-per-population ratios for nine selected health occupations for 1970 are shown in table F (based on unrounded numbers computed to the nearest tenth). ADDITIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR PERSONS EMPLOYED IN THE 28 . HEALTH OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES A report published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census entitled Occupational Characteristics,16 contains data for the United States concerning various demographic and employment charac- teristics of persons employed during the 1970 Census of Population. Among these variables are: Years of school completed Weeks worked in 1969 Earnings in 1969 Marital status Family relationship Number of children in family Region of residence in 1965 Race (white, Negro, American Indian, Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino) Age Class of worker Hours worked Occupation of spouse Experienced unemployed If last worked between 1960 and 1970 Most of these variables are shown separately for the total, Negro and Spanish heritage popula- tions by sex in reference 16. O0O0O REFERENCES U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS PUBLICATIONS 1 Census of Population: 1970, Detailed Character- istics. Final Report PC(1)-D. United States Summary. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Feb. 1973. 2Census of Population: 1970, Detailed Character- istics. Final Report PC(1)-D2—PC(1)-D52. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, June-Dec. 1972. 3 Census of Population: 1970, Number of Inhabitants. Final Report PC(1)-Al. United States Summary. Wash- ington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Dec. 1971. 4 Census of Population: 1970, General Population Characteristics. PC(1)-Bl. United States Summary. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1972. 5U.S. Census of Population and Housing: 1970, Procedural History. PHC(R)-1C. Advance Issuance of Chapters 3 and 4. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. 1973. 6U.S. Census of Population and Housing: 1970, Procedural History. PHC(R)-1A. Advance Issuance of Chapters 5 and 6. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Mar. 1973. 70.8. Census of Population and Housing: 1970, Procedural History. PHC(R)-1B. Advance Issuance of Chapters 13 and 14. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1973. 17 8 Estimates of Coverage of the Population by Sex, Race, and Age in the 1970 Census. Paper prepared by J. S. Siegel for presentation at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, New Orleans, Apr. 26-28, 1973. 9The Effect of Special Procedures to Improve Cover- age in the 1970 Census. Paper prepared by J. Waksberg and M. A. Giglitto for presentation at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, New Orleans, Apr. 26-28, 1973. 10 Estimates of Housing Unit Coverage in the 1970 Census, Including Data by Types of Geographic Areas. Paper prepared by L. Love, C. Dippo, G. Kusch, and R. Blass for presentation at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, New Orleans, Apr. 26-28, 1973. 1 coverage of Population in the 1970 Census: Preliminary Findings and Research Plans. Paper prepared by J. S. Siegel for presentation at the annual meeting of the Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association, Detroit, Dec. 27-30, 1970. 12 An Evaluation of Coverage in the 1960 Census of Population by Techniques of Demographic Analysis and by Composite Methods. Paper prepared by J. S. Siegel and M. Zelnick for presentation at the annual meeting of the Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association, Los Angeles, Aug. 15-19, 1966. 13 Completeness of Coverage of the Nonwhite Popula- tion in the 1960 Census and Current Estimates, and Some Implications. Paper prepared by J. S. Siegel for presentation at the Conference on Social Statistics and the City, convened by the Joint Center for Urban Studies of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, ‘Washington, D.C., June 22-23, 1967. 14 Census of Population: 1970, Alphabetical Index of Industries and Occupations. Washington. U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, June 1971. 5 Census of Population: 1970, Classified Index of ae and Occupations. Washington. U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Sept. 1971. 16 Census of Population: 1970, Occupational Charac- teristics. Subject Reports. Final Report PC(2)-7A. Wash- ington. U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1973. 17 Census of Population: 1970, Occupation by In- dustry. Subject Reports. Final Report PC(2)-7C. Wash- ingien, U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. 1972. 81970 Occupation and Industry Classification Sys- tems in Terms of Their 1960 Occupation and Industry Elements, by J. A. Priebe, J. Heinkel, and S. Greene. (Technical Paper No. 26.) Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, July 1972. 19 Changes in the Occupation and Industry Classifica- tion Systems Between the 1960 and 1970 Censuses of Population. Paper prepared by S. Greene and J. Priebe for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Statistical Association, Montreal, Aug. 14-17, 1972. Summary Tape Processing Centers: Location, Activities, and Tapes. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Sept. 1972. 18 21 Summary Tape Processing Centers: Location, Activities, and Tapes—1973 Revisions. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug. 1973. 22 Census of Population: 1970, Mobility for States and the Nation. Subject Reports. PC(2)-2B. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1973. 8 Revision in Poverty Statistics, 1959 to 1968. Current Population Reports. Series P-23, No. 28. Wash- ington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug. 1969. 4 Census of Population: 1960, Characteristics of the Population, Vol. I, Pt. 1. United States Summary. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964. 5 Census of Population: 1960, Characteristics of the Population, Vol. I, Pts. 2-57. State Volumes. Wash- inglon. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963. 26 Census of Population: 1960, Characteristics of the Population, Vol. I, Pt. A. Number of Inhabitants. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961. 27 Census of Population: 1960, Occupational Charac- teristics. Subject Reports. Final Report PC(2)-7A. Wash- ington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963. NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS PUBLICATIGNS 28 Health Resources Statistics. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office. Health Manpower, 1965. PHS Pub. No. 1509. 1966. Health Manpower and Health Facilities, 1968. PHS Pub. No. 1509. Dec. 1968. Health Manpower and Health Facilities, 1969. PHS Pub. No. 1509. May 1970. Health Manpower and Health Facilities, 1970. PHS Pub. No. 1509. Feb. 1971. Health Manpower and Health Facilities, 1971. DHEW Pub. No. (HSM) 72-1509. Feb. 1972. Health Manpower and Health Facilities, 1972-1973. DHEW Pub. No. (HSM) 73-1509. 1973. 29 Health Manpower: A County and Metropolitan Area Data Book. PHS Pub. No. 2044. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1971. 30Health manpower, United States, 1965-1967. Vital and Health Statistics. PHS Pub. No. 1000-Series 14-No. 1. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Nov. 1968. 3 1 Pharmacy manpower, United States, 1966. Vital and Health Statistics. PHS Pub. No. 1000-Series 14-No. 2. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug. 1969. 20pticians employed in health services, United States, 1969. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 14-No. 3. DHEW Pub. No. (HSM)72-1052. Health Services and Mental Health Administration. Washington. U.S. Govern- i Printing Office, June 1972. 3 Ophthalmology manpower: A general profile, United States, 1968. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 14-No. 5. DHEW Pub. No. (HSM)73-1800. Health Services and Mental Health Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Dec. 1972. 340phthalmology manpower: Characteristics of clinical practice, United States, 1968. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 14-No. 7. DHEW Pub. No. (HSM)73-1802. Health Services and Mental Health Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Mar. 1973. 35National Center for Health Statistics: Optometrists employed in health services, United States, 1968. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 14-No. 8. DHEW Pub. No. (HSM)73-1803. Health Services and Mental Health Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Mar. 1973. 36 6 Ophthalmology manpower: Utilization of supple- mentary personnel, United States, 1968. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 14-No. 9. DHEW Pub. No. (HSM)73-1804. Health Services and Mental Health Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1973. Podiatry manpower: A general profile, United States, 1970. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 14-No. 10. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA)74-1805. Health Resources Administration. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office; Aug. 1973. . 8Podiatry manpower: Characteristics of clinical practice, United States, 1970. Vital and Health Statis- tics. Series 14-No. 11. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA)74-1806. Health Resources Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Mar. 1974. Characteristics of optometric practice, United States, 1968. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 14-No. 13. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA)74-1808. Health Resources Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1974. Characteristics of patients treated by podiatrists, United States, 1970. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 14-No. 14. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA)75-1809. Health Resources Administration. Washington. U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Aug. 1974. 1 Characteristics of patients of selected types of medical specialists and practitioners, United States, July 1963-June 1964. Vital and Health Statistics. PHS Pub. No. 1000-Series 10-No. 28. Public Health Service. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1966. 42 Hospital and surgical insurance coverage, United States, 1968. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 10-No.66. DHEW Pub. No. (HSM)72-1033. Health Serv- ices and Mental Health Administration. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1972. 3 Health characteristics by geographic region, large metropolitan areas and other places of residence, United States, 1969-1970. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 10-No. 86. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA)74-1513. Health Resources Administration. Washington. U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office. Jan. 1974. PUBLICATIONS OF OTHER FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 44y.s. Department of Commerce: Census Bureau on 1970 census coverage. U.S. Department of Commerce News. Washington. Apr. 25, 1973. 45Bureau of Health Manpower Education: Foreign . Trained Physicians and American Medicine. DHEW Pub. No. (NIH)73-325. National Institutes of Health. Wash- ington. U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1972. 46Bureau of Employment Security: Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Vol. I, Definitions of Titles. U.S. Department of Labor. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965. Bureau of Employment Security: Dictionary ‘of Occupational Titles, Vol. II, Occupational Classification. U.S. Department of Labor. Washington. U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, 1965. 480ffice of Statistical Standards: Standard Metro- politan Statistical Areas, 1967. Bureau of the Budget. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1967. 49 National Bureau of Standards: Federal Information Processing Standards Publication. FIPS Pub. 8-3. U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington. U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Nov. 1972. 50y.s. Department of Health, Education, and Wel- fare, National Institutes of Health, Bureau of Health Manpower Education, Division of Nursing: L.P.N.s, 1967, An Inventory of Licensed Practical Nurses. Wash- inglon. U.S. Government Printing Office, January 1971. 51y.s. Department of Health, Education, and Wel- fare, Public Health Service, Division of Public Health Methods: Health Manpower Source Book, Industry and Occupation Data. PHS Pub. No. 263, Sec. 5. Washing- ton, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1954. 52u.s. Department of Health, Education, and Wel- fare, Public Health Service, Division of Public Health Methods: Health Manpower Source Book, Industry and Occupation Data from the 1960 Census, by State. PHS Pub. No. 263, Sec. 17. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963. OTHER PUBLICATIONS 53The Blue Book of Optometrists. Chicago. The Professional Press. Published annually, 1965-1969 edi- tions. 54 Haug, J. N. and Martin, B. D.: Foreign Medical Graduates in the United States. Center for Health Services Research and Development, American Medical Association. Chicago. 1971. 55Haug, J. N. and Martin, B. D.: Distribution of Physicians, Hospitals, and Hospital Beds in the U.S., 1969. Center for Health Services Research and Develop- ment, American Medical Association. Chicago. 1970. National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, Inc.: Licensure Statistics and the Census of Pharmacy. 1970 Procsedings, 66th Annual Convention. Chicago. 1970. 7 American Registry of Radiologic Technologists: Directory of X-ray. Technologists-Nuclear Medical Technologists-Radiation Therapy Technologists. Min- Reapolis, June 1970. 8 American Nurses’ Association, Research and Statis- tics Department: RNs, 1966: An Inventory of Regis- tered Nurses. New York. 1969. 19 Table 20 1. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. LIST OF DETAILED TABLES All persons and all employed persons aged 16 years and over and all those 16 years and over employed in selected health occupations, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage; United Stale I oh es nN RR A Ee i Se i a em sad All employed chiropractors aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and per- sons of Spanish heritage: United Statesand each State, 1970 . . . ...... .. ct ii titties All employed dentists aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United Statesandeach State, 1970 . .. .. ...... + tit titres ssn an sans All employed optometrists aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970. . . . .............. Ey VR ea le All employed pharmacists aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and per- sons of Spanish heritage: United Statesand each State, 1970 . . . ...... . «iii t titties All employed physicians, medical and osteopathic, aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 . ...... SRT RE Sa, All employed podiatrists aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and per- sons of Spanish heritage: United Statesand each State, 1970 . . . .. .. .. .. cit titi tt ten nnnenn All employed veterinarians aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and per- sons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 . . . . . . . . . ct ti ii it ttt n nn ennn All employed dietitians aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United Statesandeach State, 1970 . . . ... . i. si svi i rr sr co snssnesrsnnee All employed registered nurses aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970. . . . . . . . . . . ci ii iii titi nnn onn All employed therapists aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish-heritdge: United Siatesandeach State, 1970 . ci. . co ov divin sa stv ins sian a sinms ions All employed clinical laboratory technologists and technicians aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of resi- dence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 ......... All employed dental hygienists aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970. . . . . . . . . . «ct i iii i ti iti enn onus All employed health record technologists and technicians aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 ............. All employed radiologic technologists and technicians aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 . . . . ............ All employed therapy assistants aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United Statesand each State, 1970. . . . . . . . .. . . tit titi tintin nnn All employed embalmers aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and per- sons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 . . . . . .. .. . iii i iit ennns piace Page 22 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 35 37 Table | 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 2. 28. LIST OF DETAILED TABLES—Con. All employed funeral directors aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United Statesand each State, 1970. . . . . . .. ... iii in. All employed health administrators aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United Statesand each State, 1970 . . . .. ......... iv. All employed dental laboratory technicians aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 . ............ cova. All employed opticians, lens grinders and polishers aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 . . . . .............. All employed dental assistants aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United Statesand each State, 1970. . . . . . cv vt ttt tt er ee eee e eee es All employed health aides, except nursing, aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 . . . ............ cco... All employed health trainees aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970. . . . . . . . «cot i i iit titi stun e an All employed lay midwives aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and per- sons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 . . . . . . . . . tt it titi ttn t nnn All employed nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 . . . . . ............. All employed practical nurses aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United Statesand each State, 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . ti iii iii i inven ons Selected social and economic characteristics of persons residing in each State and in each SMSA of 250,000 or more: United States, 1970 . . . . . . . . i ii iit tt eee eee eee eee All persons aged 16 years and over employed in nine selected health occupations, by sex and rate per 100,000 resident population: United States, each State, and each SMSA of 250,000 or more residents, 1970 . ........ Page a 42 43 45 47 49 50 21 Table 1. All persons and all employed persons aged 16 years and over and all those 16 years and over employed in selected health occupations, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States, 1970 rms — Total U.S. population Subject Both sexes Male Female A BISONS eis sies inane sn dons sas ain duneinn tine ans sverssneess 203,210,158 || 98,881,710 104,328,448 Je All employed persons 16 years and OVEr . ...........vevireenneennnnennnnn 76,553,599 || 47,623,754 28,929,845 All employed persons 16 years and over employed in selected health occupations . ... 3,102,757 890,320 2,212,437 Physicians, dentists, and related practitioners ................c.tiiureennnennnnnn 538,746 493,081 45,665 by neo NS SN IR Anko Ee PR SR J Se SRNR: 13,729 12,602 1,127 DBATISIS. is ois shina ss sda sns samedi sannnt sss as aseseantssanssesdhnsensnrsaian 90,801 87,691 3,110 OPIOMBIFIBES sic a aha transis sr arsonnsnrevsossaosatsessssscrsesnsnsssnurssveensn 17,219 16,527 692 PAE PARIS voi ain wy iin o vin nian dina wane pian be ne aA Kw hy nae Ee sae a 109,642 96,610 13,032 Physicians, medical and osteopathic ...........ouiit iin int iii een eens 280,929 255,105 25,824 POTIGINISIS soi ee cts tnsivina rs os tana asm sss gots essays sousainegsseossness 6,026 5,566 460 VELEPINGIIANG io i" sss qr sles nn Fosnnas ons ihosnasasoesacasnsnssansfaiesssosisais 19,435 18,450 985 Health practitioners, NB.C. ....ov viii in inn insist inernasnsenssnsnnsneensnnsnens 965 530 435 Registered nurses, dietitians, and therapists .................coiiienniernnnenn.. 944,983 53,152 891,831 DISHHANS ove iss sas nvnrsiinnsssnssssvssisdnssnasansssrswibasessinesasnes sss? 40,131 3,222 36,909 ROGISIEIOT NUFSEE ys avs va ve arsssisssastesssavnmestnanstsnrsatnssrsarasenssenns 829,691 22,332 807,359 gil NAVINI SECC I A CPD QU NIAID Rt Rt 75,161 27,598 47,563 Health technologists and technicians ............c.outerinnneeeeeeeeeenennnnns 259,839 78,946 180,893 Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians . ...............c.c0iuiueennnernnnnnn. 117,606 32,965 84,641 Dental NYGIBNISIS uv snervsrns sven rsavnsssnsisssensstanrsannssasnsessnndnss 15,805 942 14,863 Health record technologists and technicians . . ..........utit iii iiiinniiiinnnnnenn 11,164 881 10,283 Radiologic technologists and technicians ..............0 iii reeeenennnn 52,230 16,767 35,463 THOIGPY G8SISIONES ,..cvuuuneivrsarrnsairssanrsnsssrnansrssssssasernvarsnnsnns 3,211 1,093 2,118 Health technologists and teChNICIans, N.E.C. .. citi iii itt ieecteieinnnnnnens 59,823 26,298 33,525 EMLBINIBIS vos svn drcinssetsnsnnssssinssnesssssonssanssssinsnssnsvaree 4,749 4,528 221 FUNBIal CITBOTONS .uvvuuvvsosnrusnvnnenessnnssnsssnsnsensssnnnsnsarennnnnss 35,800 33,298 2,502 Health administrators . ..........uuunuenn teenie ie ieeennnenenenenenenennn 84,139 46,604 37,535 Dental laboratory technicians ..............tiiittinnie ine inneennneeennnn 26,608 20,586 6,022 Opticians, and lens grinders and polishers ................iuiiiirennnnennnnenns 27,380 21,279 6,101 Health service WOrKers . ...... cuit iii iain iene ennennanen 1,180,513 138,846 1,041,667 DIA) ASIANS Ls cvs ire ner snr rare ra rarer ara ener entrada rye 88,175 1,866 86,309 Health aides, @XCePt NUISING . . . oo titi ii i tt ite iit ieee sane nnn 118,907 18,305 100,602 HOAM AP BIBS. . vives ove dhninie sain vninn a van nss nse rseesesmntsunnnenunsninees 17,655 1,106 16,549 Loy MIOWIVES . .. oc uuun crv ersntnnssonrmssevsserssssrorssnsesstsnssaasvassssns 675 138 537 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ...............cuueeemneernnennnneennnnenns 717,968 108,946 609,022 Practical NUISDS . ooo vs sno st aninsinnmatsratnsnssussbstnsssasrsansstsnnssasionss 237,133 8,485 228,648 NOTE: n.e.c.—not elsewhere classified. !In 42 States and the District of Columbia, this population is identified as ‘‘persons of Spanish language’’; in five Southwestern States, as ‘persons of Spanish language or Spanish surname’; and in the three Middle Atlantic States, as ‘‘persons of Puerto Rican birth or parentage.” See appendix | for definitions of these terms. 22 Table 1. All persons and all employed persons aged 16 years and over and all those 16 years and over employed in selected health occupations, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States, 1970—Con. Place of residence Negro Spanish heritage’ Urban Rural Farm Nonfarm Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 71,939,471 | 77,392,648 | 4,258,293 | 4,028,592 | 22,683,946 | 22,907,208 | 10,721,885 | 11,817,477 | 4,599,765 4,694,744 35,167,824 | 22,706,027 | 2,220,171 802,560 | 10,235,759 5,421,258 4,052,063 3,309,080 | 1,897,058 989,810 751,157 1,764,320 10,289 56,513 128,874 391,604 66,729 314,849 30,244 63,685 426,128 40,185 4,300 592 62,653 4,888 9,581 1,855 13,024 1,432 10,153 931 119 21 2,330 175 103 11 199 12 75,665 2,720 672 66 11,354 324 1,983 115 1,164 60 14,409 603 86 10 2,032 79 87 12 293 7 81,582 10,939 570 188 14,458 1,905 1,913 588 1,714 369 226,888 23,487 1,824 263 26,393 2,074 5,055 1,051 9,347 946 5,103 412 20 — 443 48 195 55 65 15 11,848 676 994 39 5,608 270 234 18 230 16 480 417 15 5 35 13 1 5 12 7 44,131 724,051 797 20,867 8,224 146,913 6,808 69,620 2,218 18,235 2,652 30,182 90 982 480 5,745 919 7,514 227 972 18,169 653,210 409 19,274 3,754 134,875 3,318 59,007 1,093 16,275 23,310 40,659 298 611 3,990 6,293 2,571 3,099 898 988 67,582 155,593 828 2,449 10,536 22,851 8,007 16,151 4,067 5,567 28,259 73,132 340 1,148 4,366 10,361 3,812 7.288 1,886 2,720 817 12,735 1 138 114 1,990 46 234 25 214 742 8,651 11 153 128 1,479 69 490 47 244 14,276 30,128 141 511 2,350 4,824 1,501 2,489 981 1,182 907 1,847 30 38 156 233 172 310 48 125 22,581 29,100 295 461 3,422 3,964 2,407 5,340 1,080 1,082 3,776 191 57 - 695 30 313 64 115 — 26,487 1,928 213 24 6,598 550 2,747 455 362 28 37,972 29,596 592 806 8,040 7.133 1,713 2,201 987 693 18,690 5,183 103 92 1,793 747 1,001 440 1,354 314 18,760 5,051 110 68 2,409 982 647 507 1,098 422 107,631 802,542 3,289 31,615 27,926 207,510 35,912 223,556 7,019 36,994 1,520 72,389 62 1,574 284 12,346 141 2,834 81 3,004 15,585 85,290 237 1,821 2,483 13,491 3,731 18,689 1,295 3,729 860 15,190 69 166 177 1,193 100 1,186 41 356 108 407 5 20 25 110 47 226 - 8 83,022 448,615 2,726 22,311 23,198 138,096 29,962 150,666 5,133 22,494 6,536 180,651 190 5,723 1,759 42,274 1,931 49,955 469 7,403 23 Table 2. All employed chiropractors aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 All Spays ipopragtorss Place of residence Negro Spanish heritage’ Area Urban Rural Both Soros Male Female Farm Nonfarm Male | Female | Male | Female Male Female Male | Female | Male Female United States ....... 13,729 (| 12,602 1,127 ||10,153 931 119 21.1 2,330 175 103 1 199 12 Alabama ................ 288 266 22 214 11 7 - 45 1 — - - - Alaska .................. 15 15 - 15 oe — - - — — - - - Arizona ..........o.ununn 162 138 24 116 18 6 - 16 6 - - - — Arkansas ................ 69 69 - 47 - - - 22 — — — —- — California ............... 1,911 1,691 220 1,521 209 13 - 157 1 36 1 94 - Colorado. . sco ce ensrnnes 187 155 32 129 32 - - 26 - - - -— 6 Connecticut ............. 69 64 5 59 5 - - 5 - - - —- - Delaware ................ 25 25 - 25 - - - - — — — — — District of Columbia ....... 12 12 - 12 - - - - — — —- — — Florida Je yee sven annvaosnh 488 478 10 362 10 5 -_ 111 - 5 - - - Georgia «ues eeshieacsaedn 228 219 9 164 5 - —- 55 4 — - - - Hawaii ........c.ovnnninn 19 15 4 10 4 - - 5 - - - - - JARO outs wags vs ie svete 44 38 6 38 6 — —- - - - - - - {15:70 SAMENESS, 705 676 29 588 24 6 - 82 5 - - 7 - Indiana, .. enh eaienns 321 295 26 . 202 22 - — 93 4 17 - - - JOWB «oovunnnviimacnnneny 407 378 29 266 17 4 - 108 12 4 - - - Kansas. ........oovunnnnn 430 368 62 260 44 - 6 108 12 - - 7 - Kentucky ............... 263 233 30 155 9 12 5 66 16 4 - - — Louisiana ............... 123 119 4 101 4 — — 18 - - - 6 - Maine ...........c00nunnn 25 25 - 20 - - - 5 - - - - - Maryland ................ 116 104 12 89 7 - - 15 5 5 - 5 - Massachusetts ............ 132 132 - 106 - - - 26 - - -— — - Michigan ................ 536 518 18 408 14 - - 110 4 - - 6 - Minnesota ............... 452 430 22 345 17 9 - 76 5 - - - - Mississippi «+ «cv vvvennnannn 124 114 10 99 5 - -— 15 5 — — 7 -_ Missouri .........oiiunnn 659 558 101 428 86 - - 130 15 10 - 8 —- Montana ................ 86 69 17 55 13 5 4 9 - — - - -_ Nebraska ................ 40 36 4 22 4 - 14 - - - - - Nevada ies vss sin dvssins 40 35 5 25 5 -_— — 10 — — — - - New Hampshire ........... 119 113 6 77 6 —- - 36 - — — - - New Jersey ..........uu.. 350 344 6 315 6 - - 29 - - - - - New Mexico ............. 7 7M - 65 —_ - — 6 oe — — 6 — New York ,.............. 1,087 1,020 67 896 57 - - 124 10 10 - - - North Carolina ........... 268 256 12 181 5 - - 75 7 -— -— 7 - North Dakota ............ 20 80 10 52 — 5 - 23 10 - - - -— ONO «oss bniile sis ioss sires 438 394 44 295 38 7 - 92 6 — - - - Oklahoma ............... 261 230 31 191 31 - - 39 - - - - - Oregon ..coevsensennnses 172 157 15 105 15 21 - 31 - — —- — —- Pennsylvania ............. 764 706 58 554 47 4 6 148 5 6 —- — — Rhode Island ............. 55 55 - 40 - - 15 - - - - - South Carolina ........... 113 113 - 82 - - - 31 - - - - - South Dakota ............ 17 112 5 53 5 - - 59 - - - - - Tennessee ............... 97 87 10 62 10 6 - 19 - — - - - WeX08 4 vvesssrpnsiessnns 745 633 112 588 99 4 - a1 13 6 - 24 6 HAN ose rarireniiv vin 49 49 -— 45 — — -_ 4 — _— - 7 -_ Vermont .........oovunns 34 34 - 20 - - - 14 - - - - - Virginia «oo .viiii in 121 17 4 91 4 5 — 21 — — — -_— -— Washington .............. : 308 294 14 187 14 — — 107 — — — — — West Virginia. ............ 45 45 - 31 - - -— 14 - — -— — - Wisconsin ............... 415 383 32 312 23 - - 71 9 - - 15 - Wyoming........ooouunnn 34 34 - 30 - - - 4 - - - - - ! In 42 States and the District of Columbia, this population is identified as “persons of Spanish language’; in five Southwestern States, as ‘‘persons of Spanish language or Spanish surname’’; and in the three Middle Atlantic States, as “persons of Puerto Rican birth or parentage.” See appendix | for definitions of these terms. 24 Table 3. All employed dentists aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 All employed dentists, 16 years and over Place of residence Negro Spanish heritage’ Ares Urban Rural Both oss Male Female Farm Nonfarm Male Female | Male Female Male Female Male | Female Male Female United States .... | 90,801 || 87,691 3,110 || 75,665 2,720 | 672 66 | 11,354 324 |1,983 115 | 1,164 60 Alabama ............. 919 864 85 745 44 1 - 108 1 47 - - - Alaska), i.e vvriin 95 20 5 56 - - - 34 5 - - 7 - ATIZONY:. sive os v0 vain 100 631 599 32 541 32 - - 58 - 4 - 29 5 Arkansas ............. 583 562 21 485 21 10 - 67 - - - - - California............. 10,419 (| 10,070 349 9,270 323 56 10 744 16 197 - 411 29 Colorado «co rssevssny 1,104 1,035 69 795 64 13 - 227 5 - - 9 - Connecticut ........... 1,730 1,694 36 1,316 36 4 - 374 - 30 - 13 - Delaware ............. 213 206 7 158 7 3 - 45 - - - - — District of Columbia .... 386 365 21 365 21 - - — — 156 9 22 - RIOR J. 5 ein seen 2,740 2,646 94 2,399 88 9 - 238 6 83 - 119 Georgia, ove srerrenns 1,465 1,362 103 1,164 88 5 6 193 9 35 - 20 - HaWBH Jess sas shines ned 401 381 20 366 20 - - 15 - - -1 7 - 1 NEN 290 284 6 225 6 4 - 55 - - - - - HENOTE ve vies sendin vues 5,036 4,907 129 4,444 116 7 4 456 9 152 1 23 - Indiana. iiien ens oii 1,876 1,825 51 1,467 42 55 - 303 9 48 - 6 7 Jowa: . i. cilia. 975 958 17 756 17 - - 202 - - - - - ICONSDS ou ioaiaiiin vy inser #4 1,126 1,086 40 901 34 - - 185 6 10 - 6 - KONUCKY ++ rics eesses 917 875 42 667 42 39 - 169 - 5 - 3 8 Louisiana ............. 1,177 1,137 40 989 40 10 - 138 - 66 - 34 - Maine............0une 330 313 17 227 6 6 - 80 1 - - - - Maryland 55, . len 0 vei 1,633 1,592 41 1,295 41 4 - 293 - 89 - 40 - Massachusetts ......... 3,320 3,180 140 2,627 105 8 5 545 30 6 - 16 - Michigan ............. 4,004 3,865 139 3.326 119 39 8 500 12 118 13 13 5 Minnesota ............ 1,991 1,924 67 1,535 67 18 - 371 - - - 6 - Mississippi .....vuvunn. 611 584 27 417 1 14 -— 163 16 40 10 -_ - Missouri. ...... 0000s 1,632 1,568 64 1,315 64 45 - 208 - 22 - 19 - MOBEANG, vies ests 000 o's 299 290 9 203 5 8 - 79 4 - — — — Nebraska i. ooo ounle eens 759 742 17 589 14 4 - 149 3 - - 14 - Nevada... ovnvapensnes 213 208 5 172 5 - - 36 - - - 12 - New Hampshire ........ 246 246 - 154 - 6 - 86 - - - 6 - New'Jersey ........... 3,980 3,827 153 3,609 141 7 —- 21 12 108 5 - —- New Mexico ........... 353 339 14 323 14 4 —- 12 - _ - 44 - NeW YOrk ....c:vcessss 12,287 || 11,866 421 [110,912 376 1 5 943 40 249 21 14 - North Carolina......... 1,401 1,379 22 960 9 9 4 410 9 58 - 11 or North Dakota ......... 197 193 4 143 - 5 - 45 4 - - - - ONO J Businesses oo 4,243 4,100 143 3,640 129 13 - 547 14 89 18 13 — Oklahoma ............ 936 916 20 778 15 10 - 128 5 14 - 6 - OFBOON + «ive silt anien ss 1,151 1,118 33 884 29 45 - 189 4 - - 6 - Pennsylvania .......... 5,654 5,433 121 4,623 107 12 - 798 14 118 - -_ - Rhode Island .......... 424 408 16 363 16 - - 45 - 5 - 6 6 South Carolina. ........ 605 577 28 464 23 4 — 109 5 32 - - - South Dakota ......... 251 251 - 161 - 4 — 86 - 4 - - - Tennessee ............ 1,423 1,373 50 1,091 40 23 - 259 10 22 4 19 - TOXDS . . cae csi’ssiscdin' 3,705 3,660 145 3,299 136 | . 48 - 213 9 80 - 193 - Kah, Fee evans iinninn e 582 582 — 565 -_ - — 17 a — — — -— Vermont ............. 125 110 15 59 - - - 51 15 - - 6 — Virginia. 5 Sede 1,741 1,673 68 1,276 50 36 - 361 18 89 14 - - Washington ........... 1,866 1,783 83 1,492 67 29 7 262 9 7 10 5 - West Virginia .......... 670 653 17 462 5 - 12 191 - - - - WISCONSIN... v « vvies eens nn 1,995 1,907 88 1,552 79 32 5 332 4 - - 6 - Wyoming .«..eevvnsase 191 185 6 140 6 1 — 34 — - - - - In 42 States and the District of Columbia, this population is identified as “persons of Spanish language’’; in five Southwestern States, as “persons of Spanish language or Spanish surname”; and in the three Middle Atlantic States, as “persons of Puerto Rican birth or parentage.” See appendix | for definitions of these terms. 25 Table 4. All employed optometrists aged 16 years and over, by sex and place of residence; and by sex for Negroes and persons of Spanish heritage: United States and each State, 1970 a Sag layed HL Place of residence Negro Spanish heritage’ Asa Urban Rural Both seis Male Female Farm Nonfarm Male | Female | Male | Female Male Female Male | Female | Male Female United States ....... 17,219 || 16,527 692 || 14,409 603 86 10 | 2,032 79 87 12 | 293 7 AIBBAME os vns nein iy 121 110 1 929 6 - - 1 5 - — 9 - Fo RENE DE EE, 17 17 - 12 - - - 5 - - - - or ArZONa hes ciniienias 145 130 15 120 15 - - 10 - - - 7 - Arkansas ..vi..iiiiiriie 165 165 - 161 - 4 - - - 4 - - - CAHOINIE «vrei sions’ 2,033 1,940 93 1,843 87 - - 97 6 5 4 124 —- COlOFEO ates cipcanisres 179 169 10 143 10 4 _- 22 —- _- - - - Connecticut, . «svvsis vase 241 224 17 169 1 - - 55 6 - —- 7 - Oolaware “..i..c.ivivivis 18 18 - 13 - - - 5 — — — - - District of Columbia ...... 21 15 6 15 6 — — - - - - - — Florida . , ooieis vis 40 5uinin nds 513 495 18 460 16 5 - 30 2 4 - 36 — GROMIB i vvs sunrises 261 241 20 209 15 - 5 32 - - - — - Hawa let SR aay 28 28 - 28 - - - - - - - - - EI A SR 88 88 —- 7 - - - 17 - - - K - MHNOIS v5 i ivaivines 1,306 1,245 61 1,191 56 1 - 43 5 22 - 13 - IACHBAE 206 15 191 77.9 1,330 28 1,302 503.2 69 56 13 26.1 Stockton .......... 363 17 346 125.1 1,271 94 1,177 438.0 28 28 - 9.6 Colorado ..............c.ooiiiin.. 2,652 101 2,551 120.1 10,642 172 10,471 482.2 354 332 22 16.0 Denver ........ooiiiiiiiiiiiiii 1,472 46 1,426 119.9 6,836 83 6,753 556.9 146 133 13 11.9 Connecticut ................on... 3,370 93 3,277 111.2 17,222 291 16,931 568.1 201 157 44 6.6 Bridgeport .............c.ioiiiuenea 5569 5 554 143.3 1,998 37 1,961 512.3 17 17 - 4.4 Hartford ............................ 640 12 628 96.4 3,835 57 3,778 577.7 63 53 10 9.5 New Haven ......................... 341 22 319 95.9 2,064 50 2,014 580.4 10 - 10 2.8 Delaware ................ co... 637 15 622 116.2 2,690 48 2,642 490.8 19 19 - 3.5 Wilmington, Del.-N.J.-Md. .............. 622 14 608 1245 2,288 46 2,242 458.1 21 21 — 4.2 District of Columbia ............... 1,567 92 1,475 207.1 3,246 186 3,060 429.1 21 14 7 28 Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va. .............. 2613 132 2,481 91.3 12,949 321 12,628 452.6 321 303 18 11.2 Florida ......................... 7,489 251 7,238 110.3 25,501 769 24,732 375.6 676 646 30 10.0 Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood 567 27 540 91.4 2,474 103 2,37 399.0 63 63 - 10.2 Jacksonville . 633 24 609 119.7 1,667 34 1,633 315.2 78 66 12 14.7 Miami . ... 1,163 a1 1,122 91.7 5,286 210 5,076 416.9 136 118 18 10.7 Orlando 625 22 603 146.0 1,593 15 1,678 372.2 66 66 - 15.4 Tampa-St. Petersburg. ................. 1,544 48 1,496 152.5 4,332 110 4,222 427.8 64 64 — 6.3 West Palm Beach ..................... 335 1 324 96.1 1,657 66 1,491 446.4 50 50 - 14.3 65 Table 29. All persons aged 16 years and over employed in nine selected health occupations, by sex and rate per 100,000 resident population: United States, each State, and each SMSA of 250,000 or more residents, 1970—Con. State and SMSA's of Practical nurses Registered nurses Veterinarians 250,000 or more Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 : Total Male Female resident Total Male Female resident Total Male Female resident population population . population GRONGIB ...vininnin iia nine 4,452 201 4,251 97.0 14,673 365 14,308 319.7 539 521 18 11.7 Atlanta . . 1121 14 1,107 80.6 5,050 98 4,952 363.3 178 167 1" 12.8 Augusta, Ga.-S.C. ..................... © 263 32 231 10338 1,129 27 1,102 445.4 20 20 - 79 Hawaii ...............0iivniinn. 747 98 649 97.2 2915 100 2,815 379.3 54 54 - 7.0 Honolulu ........................... 514 47 467 81.7 2,536 80 2,456 403.1 48 48 - 76 IGBNO. veo a ale nine ei 919 36 883 129.0 2,481 65 2,416 348.2 137 130 7 19.2 JIDOMS + ou iciiane stings si tmmrnns 11,178 242 10,936 100.6 43,799 926 42,873 394.3 902 858 44 8.1 Chicago ..............covuiinnnnnnn. 5,838 122 5,716 83.7 27,455 555 26,900 393.7 470 432 38 6.7 Peoria . .. 388 — 388 113.5 1,622 24 1,598 474.3 25 ‘25 - 73 Rockford 249 - 249 915 1,231 — 1,231 452.5 17 1 6 6.2 Indiana ......................... 4,137 108 4,029 79.7 18,387 285 18,102 354.0 529 524 5 10.2 FortWayne ..................covunnn 209 - 209 745 1,603 12 1,591 571.6 24 24 — 8.6 Gary-Hammond-East Chicago . 554 - 554 875 2,077 13 2,064 327.9 26 26 - 4.1 Indianapolis . . .. 1,161 53 1,108 104.6 4,183 110 4,073 376.9 85 80 5 7.7 South Bend 160 - 160 57.1 1,039 5 1,034 371.0 28 28 -— 10.0 JOWR. ovis ee ses aan ean 2,651 55 2,596 939 12,009 279 11,730 425.2 769 755 14 27.2 Davenport-Rock Island-Moline . ae 327 —- 327 90.2 1,621 19 1,502 419.4 46 42 4 12.7 DBS MOINS . «cuits winin < sinn va lain vaind ys 340 - 340 11838 1,503 83 1,450 526.3 9 9 - 3.1 Kansas. oon vh sibilities 2,007 27 1,980 89.3 9,205 237 8,968 409.7 393 367 26 17.5 Wichita........iovvvieirrvinnernnnns 522 - 522 134.1 1,958 43 1.915 502.9 37 37 -— 9.5 RENUBRY i... ivurnniiininnsdnvdony 3,137 929 3,038 97.5 8,843 193 8,650 274.7 359 345 14 1.2 Louisville, Ky.-Ind. ................... 839 19 820 101.5 3,046 43 3,003 368.5 43 43 - 8.2 LOUISIANE soins ces anna atin as vig sans 3,650 93 3,667 100.3 10,947 281 10,666 300.7 344 327 17 9.4 BatonRouge .........c.iiaiinrernnan 256 — 256 89.8 1.121 14 1,107 393.1 27 22, 5 9.5 NewOrleans.................ceuununn 1,124 27 1,097 107.5 3,620 78 3,642 346.1 93 93 - 8.9 Shreveport .....ccoccuriiriinicinniins 523 21 502 178.0 1,211 26 1,185 412.1 25 25 - 8.5 MBING «ita a cn ven sn es 1,044 30 1,014 105.1 5,082 98 4,984 511.4 55 51 4 5.5 Maryland ......covvvnndnnnrcsnas 3,622 148 3474 92.3 16,840 439 16,401 429.3 417 403 14 10.6 Baltimore .... cc... idan ivmendia rene 24M 96 2375 1193 8,788 324 8,464 424.4 142 135 7 6.9 Massachusetts .................... 10,904 894 10,010 191.7 37,000 1,118 35,882 650.4 397 371 26 7.0 BOBIOI yori veers esis nxn ens nin iie nie 4,078 189 3,889 148.1 18,404 527 17.877 668.3 178 166 12 6.5 Springfield-Chicopee-Holyoke, Mass.-Conn. . 1,005 99 906 190.0 3,350 96 3,254 632.2 38 23 15 7.2 Worcester ........coovvunnnnnnnnnnnns 1,004 144 860 291.3 2,849 84 2,765 826.7 47 a1 6 13.6 Michigan ........................ 13,651 1,047 12,504 152.7 32,116 1,180 30,936 361.9 783 722 61 8.8 DEBI. oc. s« ciics sa vsn emis neta ntnons 5,304 278 5,026 126.3 13,955 403 13,5652 332.3 264 243 21 6.3 BROLS is viva dies iy vain oF aire oR 1,108 135 973 223.1 1,682 34 1,648 338.7 39 34 5 7.9 Grand Rapids . . . 1,052 24 1,028 195.1 2,128 44 2,084 394.6 70 66 4 13.0 Lansing ....... 531 5 526 140.3 1,373 16 1,357 362.8 76 59 17 20.1 « ' Table 29. All persons aged 16 years and over employed in nine selected health occupations, by sex and rate per 100,000 resident population: United States, each State, and each SMSA of 250,000 or more residents, 1970 - Con. Practical nurses Registered nurses Veterinarians Sena ssa sof Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 : 9 more Total Male Female resident Total Male Female resident Total Male Female resident population population population Minnesota. .............. 0a. 5,264 139 5,125 138.3 19,349 415 18,934 508.5 471 460 1 12.4 Duluth-Superior, Minn.-Wis. ............. 571 15 556 215.2 1,274 28 1,246 480.1 8 8 — 3.0 Minneapolis-St. Paul . .................. 2,380 62 2,318 131.2 10,548 161 10,387 581.6 154 148 6 8.5 Mississippi... ooo 2,064 61 2,003 93.1 6,660 137 6,523 300.4 230 220 10 10.4 Jackson LL... 304 21 283 117.4 1,259 19 1,240 486.3 a1 41 - 15.8 Missouri .............. iia. 5,032 84 4,948 107.6 17,439 511 16,928 3729 a1 401 20 9.0 Kansas City, Mo.-Kans. ................ 1,274 25 1,249 101.6 5,304 142 5,162 423.0 90 80 10 7.2 St. Louis, Mo.-lIl. ..................... 2,577 53 2,524 109.1 9,117 178 8,939 385.8 125 115 10 5.3 Montana ........................ 761 8 753 109.6 2877 52 2,825 414.3 114 11 3 16.4 Nebraska ........................ 1,405 6 1,399 94.8 6,454 179 6,275 435.4 353 344 9 23.8 Omaha, Nebr.-lowa ................... 792 6 786 146.6 3,017 69 2,948 558.6 61 61 - 11.3 Nevada .......................... 476 10 466 97.4 1,748 28 1,720 357.7 54 49 5 11.0 Las Vegas ..........ouuuueunnneennn.s 178 5 173 65.1 707 9 698 258.7 39 34 5 14.3 New Hampshire ................... 860 42 818 116.6 4,500 84 4,416 610.0 64 59 5 8.7 New Jersey ...................... 6,415 201 6,214 89.5 30,997 704 30,293 432.4 442 411 31 6.2 Jersey City o.oo 330 31 299 54.2 2,164 38 2,126 355.2 15 6 9 25 Newark ........ Se then sa ERs aa 1,773 77 1,696 95.5 8,878 285 8,593 478.2 103 95 8 5.5 Paterson-Clifton-Passaic ................ 1,073 24 1,049 79.0 6,380 99 6,281 469.5 50 50 - : 3.7 Trenton ...covvivsvinivavrvasnranans 294 - 294 96.7 1,315 32 1,283 432.6 17 17 — 5.6 New Mexico ................o.o.u. 750 58 692 73.8 3,320 68 3,252 326.8 95 86 9 9.4 Albuquerque .................. oo... 309 24 285 97.9 1,331 S22 1,309 421.5 46 37 9 14.6 New York ..........oveuiiinnnn.. 18,901 833 18,068 103.6 85,024 3,163 81,861 466.2 1,233 1,139 94 6.8 Albany-Schenectady-Troy .............. 1,005 49 956 139.2 3,996 1m 3,885 553.5 49 49 - 6.8 Binghamton, N.Y .-Pa. 298 27 271 98.5 1,620 43 1,577 535.2 21 21 - 6.9 Buffalo . . . 1,691 42 1,649 125.3 6,097 197 5,900 451.9 58 54 4 4.3 New York ............oovniiiiinnnnn. 10,515 518 9,997 90.9 50,852 2,122 48,730 439.4 602 543 59 5.2 Rochester ........................... 1,046 17 1,029 118.5 4,575 80 4,495 518.3 73 68 5 8.3 SYFraCUSe . . oo ovii ieee 799 19 780 125.5 3,110 52 3,058 488.6 39 39 - 6.1 Utica-Rome ......................... 556 32 524 163.2 1,997 64 1,933 586.2 36 28 8 10.6 North Carolina .................... 4,218 112 4,106 83.0 17,565 509 17,056 345.6 315 286 29 6.2 Charlotte ................cccovunnnnn. 397 10 387 97.0 1,813 29 1,784 442.9 31 31 - 7.6 Greensboro-Winston-Salem-Highpoint ..... 531 1 520 87.9 2,586 41 2,545 428.2 40 40 - 6.6 North Dakota .................... 677 14 663 109.6 2,624 50 2,574 4248 76 70 6 12.3 Ohio... 15,076 292 14,784 1415 40,987 629 40,358 384.8 1,007 956 51 9.5 Akron 806 9 797 118.7 2510 36 2,474 369.5 40 40 - 5.9 Canton . .. ce . 687 - 687 184.6 1,654 10 1,644 444.4 10 10 - 2.7 Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind. . .............. 2,038 33 2,005 147.2 5,273 80 5,193 380.8 141 141 - 10.2 Cleveland ..................0oiununnn 3,025 46 2979 146.5 8,125 110 8,015 393.6 121 104 17 5.9 Columbus . 851 20 831 92.9 4,035 69 3,966 440.4 141 132 9 15.4 Dayton . .. 979 32 947 115.1 3,207 51 3,156 377.2 82 82 - 9.6 Lorain-Elyria 702 10 692 273.3 923 - 923 359.4 21 21 — 8.2 67 Table 29. All persons aged 16 years and over employed in nine selected health occupations, by sex and rate per 100,000 resident population: United States, each State, and each SMSA of 250,000 or more residents, 1970—Con. State and SMSA's of Practical nurses Registered nurses Veterinarians 250.000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 ’ or.more Total Male Female resident Total Male Female resident Total Male Female resident population population population Oklahoma ....................... 2,973 65 2,908 116.2 8,458 203 8,255 330.5 329 316 13 12.9 Oklahoma City 761 25 736 118.7 2,636 73 2,563 411.1 55 50 8 8.6 Tulsa 475 10 465 99.6 1,650 19 1,631 346.0 40 40 - 8.4 Oregon + .vcvs rrr esisrnntissssenes 217 56 2,115 103.8 8,317 195 8,122 397.7 234 230 4 11.2 Portland, Oreg.- Wash. .................. 1,297 23 1,274 128.5 5,051 119 4,932 500.5 85 85 - 8.4 Pennsylvania ................0..... 17,375 492 16,883 147.3 55,973 1,228 54,745 474.6 673 639 34 5.7 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, Pa.-N.J. . . ... 785 23 762 144.4 2,667 22 2,645 490.7 27 27 - 5.0 Erie 304 8 296 115.3 1,190 9 1,181 451.3 20 20 —- 76 Harrisburg . 479 21 458 116.7 2,124 44 2,080 517.3 26 18 8 6.3 Johnstown . 473 4 469 180.0 1,248 21 1,227 474.8 9 9 - 3.4 Lancaster 636 15 621 198.9 1,559 15 1,544 487.7 26 26 - 8.1 Philadelphia, Pa.N.J. .................. 7.092 225 6,867 147.2 21,723 635 21,088 450.9 347 325 22 7.2 Pittsburgh... erates 3,366 55 3,311 140.2 11,965 178 11,787 498.3 99 90 9 4.1 Reading .........ccvviiiiniinnannnns 527 31 496 177.8 1,494 23 1.471 504.1 5 5 — 1.7 Wilkes-Barre-Hazelton . .. . 417 17 400 121.8 1,979 55 1,924 578.1 1" 11 - 3.2 YOPK iscsi r ang ren sis sree 486 15 471 1475 1,129 3 1,126 342.6 16 16 - 4.9 Rhode Island ..................... 1,296 45 1,251 136.6 4,485 104 4,381 472.7 35 31 4 3.7 Providence-Pawtucket-Warwick, R.l.-Mass. . 1,551 95 1,456 169.9 4,523 126 4,397 495.5 40 36 4 4.4 South Carolina .................... 1,893 44 1,849 73.1 8,314 123 8,191 320.9 118 13 5 4.6 Charleston ..............c.covuninnnnnn 401 10 391 132.0 1,385 38 1,347 455.8 19 14 5 6.3 Columbia ..............oiiiiiiiin.n. 212 7 205 65.7 1,511 42 1,469 468.0 38 38 — 11.8 Greenville . .......................... 173 5 168 57.8 810 5 805 270.4 9 9 - 3.0 South Dakota .................... 590 14 576 88.7 2,525 40 2,485 379.4 207 199 8 31.1 Tennessee ....................... 4,921 123 4,798 125.4 13,647 443 13,204 347.8 269 263 6 6.9 Chattanooga, Tenn.-Ga. ................ 322 22 300 105.3 1,266 56 1,210 414.1 6 6 —- 2.0 Knoxville aa 6 435 110.2 1,735 30 1,705 433.4 24 24 — 6.0 Memphis, Tenn.-Ark 1,187 29 1,158 154.1 2,835 59 2,776 368.1 45 45 — 5.8 Nashville-Davidson .................... 992 25 967 183.3 2,895 147 2,748 535.0 38 38 — 7.0 TONES ov on vrdisnivin tera sna tan Fine i's 17,661 462 17,199 157.8 39,183 1,308 37.875 350.0 1,332 1,294 38 11.9 AUBLIN: . «+ dae ne prmda ing vas awn seedy 364 1" 353 123.2 1,058 38 1,020 358.0 33 33 -— 11.2 Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange ........... 585 10 575 185.0 1.117 53 1,064 353.3 28 28 - 8.9 Corpus Christi 510 17 493 179.1 886 35 851 311.1 19 19 - 6.7 Dallas ....... 2,065 56 2,009 132.7 5,595 224 5,371 359.5 156 150 6 10.0 ElPaso .... 258 13 245 71.8 936 26 910 260.5 19 19 - 5.3 Fort Worth . . ’ . 1,426 37 1,389 187.1 2,651 61 2,590 347.9 67 67 - 8.8 HOUSTON cc de ies wpa edaidiegin os ean 3,448 76 3,372 173.7 7.329 161 7,168 369.2 232 217 15 11.7 San Antonio... ove 1,549 95 1,454 179.3 2,412 1m 2,301 279.2 97 86 1" 11.2 LIB. Cec vivies pain talsinin da vm 905 30 875 85.4 3,608 86 3,522 340.6 86 86 —- 8.1 Salt Lake CY «ov iviiivine iron nunisicn 545 19 526 97.7 2,081 51 2,030 373.1 39 39 aus 7.0 VBIMONL oeivrennninenrneranesys 671 13 658 151.0 2,711 29 2,682 610.1 70 70 — 15.8 © Table 29. All persons aged 16 years and over employed in nine selected health occupations, by sex and rate per 100,000 resident population: United States, each State,and each SMSA of 250,000 or more residents, 1970—Con. State and SMSA's of Practical nurses Registered nurses Veterinarians 250.000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 ’ or more Total Male Female resident Total Male Female resident Total Male Female resident population population population Virginia Lo... 4,651 129 4,522 100.1 17,948 372 17,576 386.1 399 384 15 8.6 Newport News-Hampton ............... 447 6 441 153.0 1,123 8 1,115 384.4 21 21 — 7.2 Norfolk-Portsmouth ................... 755 22 733 110.9 2,383 39 2,344 350.1 18 18 - 26 Richmond .......................... 941 35 906 181.5 2,519 66 2,453 486.0 53 53 — 10.2 Washington ...................... 4,495 149 4,346 131.9 15,057 333 14,724 441.7 501 487 14 14.7 Seattle-Everett ....................... 1,570 23 1,547 110.4 7,169 122 7.047 504.2 205 201 a4 14.4 Spokane .............. iii 491 36 455 170.8 1,590 49 1,541 553.1 46 46 -— 16.0 Tacoma... 688 44 644 167.4 1,460 73 1,387 355.2 35 35 — 8.5 West Virginia ..................... 1,606 55 1,551 92.1 5814 132 5,682 333.3 92 87 5 5.3 Huntington-Ashland, W. Va.-Ky.-Ohio ..... 266 7 259 104.8 948 23 925 373.6 —- - - - Wisconsin .................nin.nn 4,786 135 4,651 108.3 17,567 457 17,110 397.6 532 526 6 12.0 Appleton-Oshkosh 394 7 387 142.3 936 18 918 338.0 36 36 - 13.0 Madison 356 18 338 122.6 1975 51 1,924 680.4 101 101 — 34.8 Milwaukee 1,602 38 1,664 114.1 5920 113 5,807 421.7 68 68 - 4.8 Wyoming ......... cc... 215 22 193 64.7 1,377 a 1,336 414.2 53 38 15 15.9 Sources: Reference 2, table 171. Reference 3, tables 32 and 41. 69 APPENDIX | METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DEFINITIONS Outline of Enumeration and Data Processing Procedures During the 1970 Census of Population, a sample of one out of every five households enumerated was provided a “long form” ques- tionnaire to complete. Questions 33-35 on the long form questionnaire were used to classify the occupation reported by employed persons (see appendix IV). The creation and verification of the mailing list used during the 1970 census is described in reference 5. Methods for the utiliza- tion of 1970 census data and a description of the Census Bureau’s completeness of coverage evaluation program are contained in reference 7. A discussion of the extent of sampling error, that is, the margin of error for collecting this information on a sample rather than on a complete count basis during the 1970 census, is found in appendix II. In large metropolitan areas and some adjacent counties (altogether including about 60 percent of the total United States population), house- holders received by mail shortly before the day of the census (April 1, 1970), questionnaires addressed to their particular housing units. The householder was asked to complete the ques- tionnaire and mail it back on April 1 to the census district office for his area. Enumerators then contacted only those households that did not return questionnaires or that had given incomplete answers to the questions. For the remaining 40 percent of the popula- tion, most of which was located in predom- inantly rural areas, mail carriers delivered un- addressed questionnaires to all households on their routes. All households received a question- naire containing only the 100-percent (non- 70 sample) questions. These questions were to be reported for each household and for each person in the United States (a facsimile of the popula- tion questions on the 1970 Census of Population and Housing questionnaire appears as appendix IV). The householder was asked to complete the questionnaire and hold it for the enumerator, who visited every housing unit. At each unit designated for the sample, the enumerator asked the same additional questions that appeared on the questionnaires delivered to the sample hous- ing units in the mail-out/mail-back areas. After all census forms were completed, they were sent to a clerical staff at the U.S. Bureau of the Census facility in Jeffersonville, Ind. There, the classification of employed persons into one of the 441 detailed occupational categories was accomplished through a clerical hand operation performed by Industry and Occupation coding clerks. “General” coding clerks classified re- sponses to the following questions which appear as subject categories in this publication: “race” (write-in entries only), “place of birth,” “Span- ish surname,” “mother tongue,” and ‘“‘income in 1969.” Place of residence was coded through the use of a computerized system for coding mailing address. “Sex,” “date of birth,” and “Spanish origin or descent” were self-coding items, that is, the response given was edited, then tabulated entirely by machine. A facsimile of the population questions con- tained on the 1970 census questionnaires is presented in appendix IV. A brief discussion of each of these items is found later in this appendix, ‘Definitions and Explanations of Selected Terms Used in This Report.” In addi- tion, the reader is urged to refer to “Definitions and Explanations of Subject Characteristics,” found in appendix B of each of the 51 census State volumes for 19702 for a more compre- hensive description of these terms. The 1970 census questionnaires were specially designed to be processed by FOSDIC (Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer). For most items on the questionnaire, the infor- mation supplied by the respondent or obtained by the enumerator was indicated by marking the answers in predesignated positions that would be “read” by FOSDIC from a microfilm copy of the questionnaire onto computer magnetic tape with no intervening manual processing. A num- ber of items required review of written entries to determine the proper code. Consequently, the processing involved a’ manual coding and editing operation in which clerks determined the appropriate codes and marked the specified positions on the question- naire; for example, the clerks applied a two-digit numerical code for the State-of-birth entry. These marks as well as those made by the respondent and enumerator were read by FOSDIC onto magnetic tape. The Bureau of the Census went to great lengths to improve the levels of public aware- ness, mailing-list completeness, and response rate during the 1970 Census of Population. Special efforts in this regard were concentrated in areas of low income and high minority group residence.b It is generally believed by demographers of the Bureau of the Census that coverage, as well as coverage in the ‘hard to enumerate” areas mentioned above, was improved over the 1960 census experience.83-13 An estimated 5.3 million persons were not counted in the 1970 Decennial Census. The 1970 rate of underenumeration was estimated at approximately 2.5 percent, about 0.2 percentage points lower than the 1960 rate of 2.7 percent and approximately 0.8 percentage points lower than 1950 rate of 3.3 percent.*4 The Bureau of the Census has not made plans to tabulate data for the 28 detailed health occupations by place of work. The reader may request that a special tabulation for any of the 28 detailed health occupation categories by place of work, usual place of residence, or any other questionnaire variable be prepared by writing to the Director, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. 20233, or by contact- ing any one of over 225 Census Summary Tape Processing Centers throughout the United States. These Summary Tape Processing Centers are separate entities from the Bureau of the Census. They provide a service for fee capability to prepare special tabulations of data found on 1970 U.S. Census Summary Tapes. A Census publication,20 with revisions as of August 1973,21 that describes the Summary Tape Processing Centers is available from the Bureau of the Census upon request. For information regarding these Summary Tape Processing Cen- ters, write to: Data Access and Use Laboratory, Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. 20233. A preliminary and final cost estimate for such tabulations will be provided by U.S. Bureau of the Census or by any of these Summary Tape Processing Centers upon request. Definitions and Explanations of Selected Terms Used in This Report The definitions and explanations given below for each subject are largely drawn from various technical and procedural materials used during the collection and processing of 1970 census data. The author has taken the liberty of abstracting verbatim or paraphrasing passages presenting definitions and explanations directly from the Bureau of the Census publication which serves as the primary source for the data contained in this report.? Employed Persons.—The designation of em- ployed persons was made by computer based on replies to questions 29 through 35. Employed persons comprise all civilians 16 years old and over who were either (a) “at work” —those who did any work at all as paid employees or in their own business or professions, or on their own farms, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers on a family farm or in a family business; or (b) were “with a job but not at work”’—those who did not work during the reference week but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, industrial dispute, vacation, or other personal reasons. Excluded from the employed are persons whose only activity con- sisted of work around the house or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and similar organizations. 71 Occupation of Employed Persons.—The U.S. Bureau of the Census has conducted a census of U.S. residents every 10 years since 1790. Ques- tions on the occupation of employed persons have been asked during each census since 1840. The 1970 data on occupation of employed persons were based on the 1970 census question- naire (a facsimile of the 1970 census question- naire appears in appendix IV). Industry and occupation coding clerks classified replies to questions 33 (Industry), 34 (Occupation), and 35 (Form of employment), when assigning a code for occupation. After this hand coding operation was completed, a computerized cod- ing operation was performed. This consisted of a review of the marks placed by the coding clerks in the FOSDIC coding area for questions 33 and 34 and by the respondent in the FOSDIC circles on the questionnaire for items 29 through 35. (See appendix IV.) For an employed person, the information refers to the job held during the reference week; and, for a person employed at two or more jobs, the information refers to the job at which he worked the greatest number of hours during the reference week. For 1970 the various write-in responses to the industry and occupation questions were con- verted to identifying codes by relating the responses to entries listed alphabetically in Census of Population: 1970, Alphabetical Index of Industries and Occupations.'* (The reader may wish to refer to Census of Population: 1970, Classified Index of Industries and Occupa- tions,15 which lists possible write-in responses for occupations within each industry category.) For additional information regarding the Bureau of the Census occupation and industry coding system, the reader may refer to references 17 through 19. The following methodological considerations should be made when comparing 1970 census health manpower data with health manpower data obtained from other sources. 1. Data on employment refer to the job the person held last week. Some persons may have reported a job they held at the time of questionnaire completion, which may not have been April 1, 1970. 2. For persons with more than one job, the job at which the person worked the most 72 number of hours during last week was to have been reported. 3. For persons who did not work last week, the last job or business the person had since 1960 was reported. Among such persons, those who reported that they were tempo- rarily absent from a job for health, vaca- tion, or other personal reasons last week were counted as employed. 4. The 1970 census data on occupation are based on a 20-percent sample of the popu- lation, and therefore are subject to sam- pling error (see “Sampling Variability” in appendix IIL.) 5. The respondent may have upgraded the position when reporting (for example, from practical to professional nurse) or may have reported “nurse” which was coded as a registered nurse. 6. Some health professionals primarily en- gaged in teaching, research, administration, or other fields would have been classified as employed in the occupation in which they were working and not necessarily in the occupation for which they possess a license to practice. 7. Students may have reported being em- ployed in a specified health occupation. 8. Counts of physicians (medical and osteo- pathic) include persons reporting intern, resident, and resident intern. Physician data collected elsewhere may exclude interns and residents from their counts. Usual Place of Residence.—The definition for “usual place of residence” is taken from the Bureau of the Census publication used as a source for these data.? In accordance with census practice dating back to 1790, each person enumerated in the 1970 census was counted as an inhabitant of his usual place of residence, which is generally construed to mean the place where he lives and sleeps most of the time. This place is not necessarily the same as his legal residence, voting residence, or domicile. In the vast majority of cases, however, the use of these different bases of classification would produce substantially the same statistics, although there may be appreciable differences for a few areas. For a more complete discussion of the Census Bureau’s usual-place-of-residence classification scheme, the reader is urged to see reference 2, appendix A. For a discussion of the geographic mobility of U.S. residents from 1965 to 1970, the reader may refer to reference 22. Place of Work, 1970.—Persons employed in each of the health occupational categories are identified geographically by their usual place of residence rather than by their place of work, mailing address, or other geographic identifier. A question on “place of work” appeared on the 15-percent sample 1970 census questionnaire (item 29). Of 76,852,389 persons 14 years old or over at work during census week, 1970, 92.6 percent responded to the question on place of work. Of those 71,152,778 respondents, 96.7 percent worked and resided in the same State, 3.0 percent worked in a State contiguous to their State of residence, and 0.4 percent worked in a State not contiguous to their State of residence or worked abroad (see reference 1, table 243). For the reader’s information, table I presents selected characteristics of persons resid- ing in SMSA’s of 100,000 or more population by place of work (whether inside or outside central city and SMSA of residence) in 1970. Urban and Rural Residence.—The urban population comprises all persons living in urban- ized areas’ and in places of 2,500 inhabitants or €An urbanized area generally consists of a central city (or cities) of 50,000 inhabitants or more and the surrounding closely settled area that meets certain criteria of population density or land use. Table I. Number and percent distribution of employed persons aged 16 years and over residing in SMSA’s of 100,000 or more by place of work reported, according to place of residence, selected major occu- pation group, years of school completed, and sex: United States, 1970 Place of work reported as— Place of work reported as— Toul, Place of Total, Place of Selected characteristics Total Ispovping In usa il SMSA work not Total reporting In Sua in SVSA work not : place of inside outside Not reported place of inside outside Not eootied work central central In SMSA P work central central insmsa | "Porte city city city city RESIDING INSIDE CENTRAL CITY Selected major occupation group Number Percent distribution Male ......coovniiiiiiiiiiiiiaaaann 14,536,175 || 13,341,136 || 10,367,219 | 2,321,309 | 662,608 | 1,195,039 | 100.0 91.8 71.3 16.0 4.6 8.2 Professional, technical and kindred workers .... 2,093,069 1,981,904 1,528,268 331,513 | 122,123 111,165 | 100.0 94.7 73.0 15.8 5.8 5.3 Service workers, including private household . . .. .. 1,514,372 1,360,478 1,142,295 179,814 38,369 163,894 | 100.0 89.8 75.4 11.9 25 10.2 Female ..............ceiiivuninnnnnn 9,684,250 8,839,982 7,485,897 | 1,134,901 | 219,184 844,268 | 100.0 91.3 77.3 11.7 23 8.7 Professional, technical and kindred workers . ... 1,487,995 1,384,086 1,141,654 195,563 | 46,879 103,909 | 100.0 93.0 76.7 13.1 3.2 7.0 Service workers, including private household... . .. 1,952,164 1,701,785 1,430,234 239,793 31,758 250,379 | 100.0 87.2 73.3 12.3 1.6 12.8 Years of school completed Male Elementary: 8 years or less . .. 2,717,857 2,364,221 1,861,998 403,577 98,646 353,636 | 100.0 87.0 68.5 14.8 3.6 13.0 High school: 1 to 4 years . .. 7,641,214 7,000,752 5,398,626 | 1,270,940 | 331,287 640,462 | 100.0 91.6 70.7 16.6 4.3 8.4 College: 1to3 years .......... 2,069,518 1,955,556 1,499,412 340,972 | 115,172 113,962 | 100.0 94.5 72.5 16.5 5.6 5.5 A yearsOr more ............oeevunnnns 2,107,586 2,020,607 1,597,284 305,820 | 117,503 86,979 | 100.0 95.9 75.8 14.5 5.6 4.1 Female Elementary: 8yearsorless ................... 1,403,207 1,200,363 1,021,014 163,561 25,788 202,844 | 100.0 85.5 72.8 +109 1.8 145 High school: 1 to 4 years 5,784,308 5,295,349 4,496,087 675,946 | 123,316 488,959 | 100.0 91.5 77.7 11.7 2.1 8.5 College: 1to3 years .......... 1,436,780 1,346,851 1,151,981 159,852 35,018 89,929 | 100.0 93.7 80.2 1.1 24 6.3 4yearsor MOTE .........covueneennnnn 1,069,956 997,419 816,815 145,542 35,062 62,536 | 100.0 94.1 771 13.7 3.3 5.9 RESIDING OUTSIDE CENTRAL CITY Selected major occupation group MBIB vow iis vo eins mem sis sn vans aie 18,686,972 || 17,656,340 5,832,052 [10,230,358 ,593,930 | 1,030,632 | 100.0 94.5 31.2 54.7 8.5 5.5 Professional, technical and kindred workers .... 3,014,076 2,902,624 1,062,334 | 1,631,319 | 308,971 111,452 | 100.0 96.3 35.2 50.8 10.3 3.7 Service workers, including private household . . .. .. 1,258,251 1,172,697 316,203 786,495 69,999 85,554 | 100.0 93.2 25.1 62.5 5.6 6.8 Female ....cooviiniiiniininninnes 9,957,989 9,308,978 2,794,367 | 6,007,752 | 506,859 649,011 | 100.0 93.5 28.1 60.3 5.1 6.5 Professional, technical and kindred workers ...... 1,629,380 1,540,089 439,448 | 1,003,402 97,239 89,291 | 100.0 94.5 27.0 61.6 6.0 55 Service workers, including private household . . . . .. 1,714,997 1,556,688 326,516 | 1,161,443 | 68,729 158,309 | 100.0 90.8 19.0 67.7 4.0 9.2 Years of school completed Male Elementary: 8yearsorless ................... 2,750,943 2,502,178 719,806 | 1,577,213 | 205,159 248,765 | 100.0 91.0 26.2 57.3 75 9.0 High school: 1 to 4 years . .. 10,075,461 9,506,972 3,020,937 | 5,679,702 | 806,333 568,489 | 100.0 94.4 30.0 56.4 8.0 5.6 College: 1to 3 years .... 2,704,053 2,587,108 920,386 | 1,410,666 | 256,056 116,945 | 100.0 95.7 34.0 52.2 9.5 43 4 Years Or MOTE ........ovveeeenennnns 3,156,515 3,060,082 1,170,923 | 1,562,777 | 326,382 96,433 | 100.0 96.9 37.1 49.5 10.3 3.1 Female Elementary: 8 yearsof less ................... 1,072,757 944,489 233,740 659,580 51,169 128,268 | 100.0 88.0 21.8 61.5 48 12.0 High school: 1 to 4 years 6,307,843 5,919,564 1,804,884 | 3,807,042 | 307,638 388,279 | 100.0 93.8 28.6 60.4 4.9 6.2 College: 1to3 years ........ 1,463,894 1,384,854 468,129 837,102 79,623 79,040 | 100.0 94.6 32.0 57.2 5.4 5.4 4yearsOr more ............oeeeennnes 1,113,495 1,060,071 287,614 704,028 | 68,429 53,424 | 100.0 95.2 25.8 63.2 6.1 48 Source: Reference 1, table 242, pp. 830-831. 73 more outside urbanized areas. More specifically, the urban population consists of all persons living in (a) places of 2,500 inhabitants or more incorporated as cities, villages, boroughs (except Alaska), and towns (except the New England States, New York, and Wisconsin), but excluding those persons living in the rural portions of extended cities;? (b) unincorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants or more; and (c) other terri- tory included in urbanized areas. The population not classified as urban constitutes the rural population. Farm and Nonfarm Residence.—The rural population is subdivided into the rural-farm population, which comprises all rural residents living on farms, and the rural-nonfarm popula- tion, which comprises the remaining rural popu- lation. The farm population consists of persons living on places of 10 or more acres from which sales of farm products amounted to $50 or more in the preceding calendar year or on places of less than 10 acres from which sales of farm products amounted to $250 or more in the preceding year. Questions on acreage and on value of farm products sold were asked of households in the 1-in-5 household sample. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas.—The Bureau of the Census recognized 243 standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA’s) in the United States in the 1970 census. These include 231 SMSA'’s as defined and named in the Bureau of the Budget publication, Standard Metropoli- tan Statistical Areas, 1967.48 Except in the New England States, a standard metropolitan statistical area is a county or group of contiguous counties which contains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more, or “twin cities” with a combined population of at least 50,000. In addition to the county, or counties, containing such a city or cities, contiguous counties are included in an SMSA if, according to certain criteria, they are socially and eco- nomically integrated with the central city. In the New England States, SMSA’s consist of towns and cities instead of counties. Each SMSA must include at least one central city, and the title of dSome urbanized areas contain one or more incorporated places which are designated as “extended cities,” because they have one or more large portions (normally at the city boundary) with relatively low population density. The area and population of these portions are classified as rural. 74 an SMSA identifies the central city or cities. The criteria followed in establishing SMSA’s were revised in November 1971 by the Office of Management and Budget. Central City.—The term “central city” as used in this report refers to the entire population within the legal city boundaries. In a few instances these boundaries include small rural and nonmetropolitan areas. Age.—Data on age were derived from answers to questions 5, 6, and 7. Age classification is based on the age of the person in completed years as of April 1, 1970. Data on age were obtained electronically on the computer by finding the differerrce between the birthdate marked in columns 6 and 7, and April 1, 1970. The information collected in column 5 was used during the clerical review to fill blanks in columns 6 and 7. Race.—The data on race were derived from answers to question 4. The concept of race as used by the Bureau of the Census does not denote any scientific definition of biological stock. Rather, it reflects self-identification by respondents. For a more comprehensive discus- sion of the Bureau of the Census racial classifica- tion system, the reader is urged to refer to reference 1. Spanish Heritage.—In this report, social and economic characteristics are presented for the population of Spanish heritage, which is identi- fied in various ways. In 42 States and the District of Columbia, this population is identi- fied as “persons of Spanish language’; in five Southwestern States (Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas) as “persons of Spanish language or Spanish surname’; and in the three Middle Atlantic States (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania) as “persons of Puerto Rican birth or parentage.” In two SMSA’s that cross State lines, Wil- mington, Del.-N.J.-Md., and Texarkana, Tex.- Ark., the population of Spanish heritage in each State portion is identified, for tabulation pur- poses, in the manner specified above for that State, and the segments for the different States are combined to form a total for the area. The term used to describe this population, however, is the term applicable in the State containing the major portion of the SMSA. Thus, for the Wilmington SMSA the term applicable in Del- aware, “persons of Spanish language,” is used; and in the Texarkana SMSA the term applicable in Texas, “persons of Spanish language or Spanish surname,” is used. Spanish Language.—The data on Spanish lan- guage were derived from answers to question 17. Persons of Spanish language comprise persons of Spanish mother tongue (persons reporting “Spanish” to question 17) and all other persons in families in which the respondent or spouse reported Spanish as his or her mother tongue. The data on mother tongue may not reflect a person’s current language skills since the vast majority of persons reporting a mother tongue other than English had learned to speak English during their childhood or in later years. Spanish Surname.—In five Southwestern States (Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas) persons with Spanish sur- names were identified by means of a list of over 8,000 Spanish surnames originally compiled by the Immigration and Naturalization Service and later updated by the Bureau of the Census. In the five Southwestern States, social and eco- nomic characteristics are presented for persons of Spanish language combined with all other persons of Spanish surname. Puerto Rican Birth or Parentage.—The popula- tion of Puerto Rican birth or parentage includes persons born in Puerto Rico and persons born in the United States, or one of its territories or possessions, who reported that one or both parents were born in Puerto Rico. Social and economic characteristics for this group are shown for New York, New Jersey, and Penn- -sylvania. Income in 1969.—The data on income were derived from answers to questions 40 and 41. Information on money income received in the - calendar year 1969 was requested from all persons 14 years old and over in the 20-percent sample. “Total income” is the algebraic sum of the amounts reported in item 40a (wage or salary income), item 40b (nonfarm net self- employment income), item 40c (farm net self- employment income), item 41a (Social Security or railroad retirement income), item 41b (public , = assistance or welfare income), and item 41c(all other income). The figures represent the amount of income received before deductions for per- sonal income taxes, Social Security, bond pur- chases, union dues, medicare deductions, etc. Receipts from the following sources were not included as income: money received from the sale of property (unless the recipient was en- gaged in the business of selling such property, in which case the net proceeds would be counted as income from self-employment); the value of income “in kind” such as free living quarters or food produced and consumed in the home; withdrawal of bank deposits; money borrowed; tax refunds; exchange of money between rela- tives living in the same household; gifts and lump-sum inheritances, insurance payments, and other types of lump-sum receipts. (See reference 1, Section 1, Chapter B, for more detailed definitions of income.) Median Family Income.—The median income is the amount which divides the distribution into two equal groups, one with incomes above the median and the other with incomes below the median. For families the median income is based on the distribution of the total number of families. Poverty Status.—The data on poverty status were derived from answers to questions 40 and 41. The poverty statistics presented in this report (table 28) are based on a definition originated by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and subsequently modified by a Federal Interagency Committee. (For a detailed explana- tion of the poverty definition, see reference 23.) The poverty index is based on the Department of Agriculture’s 1961 Economy Food Plan and reflects the different consumption requirements of families based on their size and composition, sex, age of the family head, and farm-nonfarm residence. The poverty income cutoffs are re- vised annually to allow for changes in the cost of living as reflected in the Consumer Price Index. Poverty thresholds are computed on a national basis only. No attempt has been made to adjust these thresholds for regional, State, or other local variations in the cost of living (except for the farm-nonfarm differential). In 1969, the poverty thresholds ranged from $1,487 for a female unrelated individual 65 years old and over living on a farm to $6,116 for a nonfarm family with a male head and with seven or more persons (table II). Rounding.—Numbers that appear in the pres- ent report were independently rounded and may 75 Table Il. Weighted average thresholds at the poverty level in 1969, by size of family and sex of head, by farm and nonfarm residence: , United States Nonfarm Farm Size of family You Total Male Female Total Male Female head head head head All unrelated individuals ................... oon. $1,834 || $1,840 | $1,923 | $1,792 | $1,569 || $1,607 $1,512 UnderB5vyears ............ciiiiiiiinennnnnnns 1,888 1,893 1,974 1,826 1,641 1,678 1,652 BE years and over ........s0cserseraranrivanran 1,749 1,757 1,773 1,751 1,498 1,508 1,487 Allfamilies ............c.tiviririrtrestnnsnneass 3,388 3410 3,451 3,082 2,954 2,965 2,757 2POIBONS +c vvvvnrmnnsnsrniorsenesnsvnsnennense 2,364 2,383 2,394 2,320 2,012 2,017 1,931 Headunder65years ...................0.0.n 2,441 2,458 2,473 2,373 2,093 2,100 1,984 Head 65 yearsandover ...................... 2,194 2,215 2,217 2,202 1,882 1,883 1,861 BPBISONS i vis ss eae sree se sa a sh tee 2,905 2,924 2,937 2,830 2,480 2,485 2,395 APEISONS + ..uvvvirererensnsnasnasasannnsnsasnns 3,721 3,743 3,745 3,725 3,195 3,197 3,159 BPBISONS ovvveveviverennrrsnenerarerrrnsvsnns 4,386 4,415 4,418 4,377 3,769 3,770 3,761 BPOISONS & voesv voi wuibie vs ans s waiovswnssunsivarys 4,921 4,958 4962 | 4917 4,244 4,245 4,205 JOP MOTE POISONS: +o veveresrsssssssvacninssssas 6.0344 6,101 6,116 5,952 5,182 5,185 5,129 not add to totals. Percents were also independ- that might be calculated from rounded data. ently rounded and may not always add to 100 Percents derived for groupings of occupations percent. Percents and rates were calculated on ~~ may not agree with a cumulation of percents the basis of original, unrounded figures and will ~~ derived for each occupation separately due to not necessarily agree with rates and percents discrepancies caused by the rounding process. OOO 76 APPENDIX II 1970 CENSUS OF POPULATION EDITING, NONRESPONSE ALLOCATION, RATIO ESTIMATION, AND SAMPLING VARIABILITY Editing In the field, questionnaires were reviewed for completeness by a census clerk or enumerator, and a followup was made for missing informa- tion. The major review occurred in the central processing office, where the editing and coding operation provided an opportunity to correct obvious errors in the respondents’ entries for those items which required manual processing. In coding relationship to household head, for example, the clerk made use of written entries, which the computer is not able to read, in determining the correct entry where the machine-readable item was blank or contained conflicting information. For a few of the items, the respondents’ entries were reviewed for rea- sonableness or consistency on the basis of other information on the questionnaire. As a rule, however, editing was performed by hand only when it could not be done effectively by machine. Because of limitations of computer capacity and other resources, a number of complicated editing steps were not introduced when their effect upon the final data was considered to be small. Thus, there may be a small number of cases having unlikely combina- tions of characteristics. As one of the first steps in mechanical editing, the configuration of marks on the questionnaire was scanned electronically to determine whether it contained information for a person or merely spurious marks. If the questionnaire contained entries for at least two of the basic character- istics (relationship, sex, race, age, marital status), or for at least two relevant sample character- istics, the inference was made that the marks represented a person. Names were not used as a criterion of the presence of a person because the | electronic scanning was unable to distinguish / between a name and any other entry in the name space. Allocation of Missing Data If any characteristics for a person were missing, they were, in most cases, supplied by allocation. Allocations, or assignments of accept- able codes in place of unacceptable entries, were needed most often where an entry for a given item was lacking or where the information reported for a person on that item was incon- sistent with other information for a person. As in earlier censuses, the general procedure for changing unacceptable entries was to assign an entry that was consistent with entries for other persons with similar characteristics. Thus, a person who was reported as a 20-year-old son of the household head, but for whom marital status was not reported, was assigned the same marital status as that of the last son processed in the same age group. Ratio Estimation The statistics based on 1970 census sample data are estimated made through the use of ratio estimation procedures. This was done so that sample data would agree with data obtained from questions asked of all persons in the United States. A weighting area (containing a minimum population size of 2,500) was estab- "77 lished by a mechanical operation. Each weight- ing area was cross-classified by 19 household- type groups (sex of head and size of household), a head of household groups (head and not head), and 24 age-sex-race groups. At each stage, for - each of the groups, the ratio of the complete count to the weighted sample count of the population in the group was computed and applied to the weight of each sample person in the group. Sampling Variability All data presented in this report are based on 20-percent sample data with the exceptions noted below: 1. Data for the Spanish heritage population are tabulated from the 15-percent sample. 2. Data presented in table 28, “Selected social and economic characteristics of persons residing in States and SMSA’s of 250,000 or more,” are based on 100-percent data and, therefore, are not subject to sampling variability (with the exception of median family income and poverty status, which are 20-percent items). The estimates from the 20- and 15-percent sample tabulations are subject to sampling var- iability. The standard errors of these estimates, for data shown for the United States, can be approximated by using the data in tables III through V. Comparable tables of standard errors for each State may be found in appendix C (tables C, D, and E) of reference 2 for each State. The chances are about two out of three that the difference (due to sampling variability) between the sample estimate and the figure that would have been obtained from a complete count of the population is less than the standard error. The chances are about 99 out of 100 that it is less than 2% times the standard error. The sampling errors may be obtained by using the factors shown in table V in conjunction with table III for absolute numbers and in conjunc- tion with table IV for percentages. These tables reflect the effect of simple response variance, but not of the correlated errors enumerators introduce; estimates of the magnitude of some of these factors in the total error are being evaluated and will be published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Table III shows approximate standard errors of estimated numbers for most statistics based Table Il. Approximate standard error of estimated number based on 20-percent sample for data shown for the United States (Range of 2 chances out of 3; for factors to be applied, see table V and text) Estimated Number of persons in area? number! 100,000 | 250,000 | 1,000,000 | 3,000,000 | 5,000,000 | 20,000,000 0 Tee re san sinned ear ee as aha 15 15 15 15 15 15 B00 is ein eee danas aie ane vd esi Ney wi 20 20 20 20 20 20 BO: tiers nde rn rs mat ain nie aia a wR a 30 30 30 30 30 30 B00. Cees vine en naa tare sis eile ay 45 45 45 45 45 45 F000... rsn nies crinnnsai sss rss ora ra sens 65 65 65 65 65 65 2B00 eas sree ae sn hee tins ke wo 100 100 100 100 100 100 O00. sie ise i Cease. an ah ee 140 140 140 140 140 140 0000: . is ven sie native inn rn rae 190 200 200 200 200 200 IB0000 sas voices vias divioesinnevasenissennaomne 230 240 240 240 240 240 BOO ss ateis tien urns rtevnmavinrs smears 270 300 310 310 320 320 BO000 os vsvneer i rrnrnnrsin errs dst ines 320 400 440 440 440 450 ZBOOD oovieinivnavvtncens mansoni vnis igen vnien 270 450 520 540 540 540 FO000D i. vant vrs vanes vinnninss smnieie nots sss 490 600 620 630 630 ! For estimated numbers larger than 100,000, the relative errors are somewhat smaller than for 100,000. 2An area is the smallest complete geographic area to which the estimate under consideration pertains. Thus, the area may be the State, city, county, standard metropolitan statistical area, urbanized area, or the urban or rural portion of the State or county. The rural farm or rural nonfarm persons in the State or county, the Negro persons, etc., do not represent complete areas. 78 Table IV. Approximate standard error of estimated percentage based on 20-percent sample for data shown for the United States (Range of 2 chances out of 3; for factors to be applied see table V and text) Estimated Base of percentage Percenisgs 500 | 1,000 | 2,500 | 10,000 | 25,000 | 100,000 | 250,000 Or 08 is tenn tame t as is sa eae mrs a aera 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 BOOB, virsnicrresstorsrsnnseernssnssesehssmpetiss 2.0 1.4 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 (11 Rr 1 EE a IRL RN MPR PY 2.7 1.9 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 2BOrTB. ities i nine avian vrs saa tae a Se ek 3.9 2.7 1.7 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 + SETI WEAR IRN S EARNER ET RERUN PEE NRE MERE Te 45 3.2 2.0 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.2 on the 20-percent sample. In determining the figures for this table, some aspects of the sample design, the estimation process, and the popula- tion of the area over which the data have been compiled are ignored. Table IV shows standard errors of most percentages based on the 20- percent sample. Linear interpolation in tables III and IV will provide approximate results that are satisfactory for most purposes. Table V provides a factor by which the standard errors shown in tables III and IV should be multiplied to adjust for the combined effect of the sample size (i.e., whether a 20-percent or 15-percent sample), the sample design, and the estimation procedure. To estimate the standard error for a given characteristic based on the 15-percent sample, or for a more precise estimate for the 20-percent TABLE V. Factor to be applied to standard error for data shown for the United States Factor if sample rate is: Sample 20 15 percent | percent BER vcvrrnnnvsitenivnsssevenines 1.1 1.4 2 0.8 1.1 Mothertongue ............c0voun.. sa 1.8 Placeofwork ..................... Ce 1.3 Occupation ............cc0n.. FEN 1.1 1.3 Poverty-status persons .............. 1.8 2.2 Rural farm-nonfarm residence ........ 1.7 2.0 Allothers .........coiiiieennnnnn. 1.0 1.2 sample, locate in table V the factor applying to the characteristic and sample size used to tabu- late the data and multiply this factor by the standard error found in table III or IV. If the estimate is not identified in table V, use the factor shown for “all others.” The standard errors estimated from these tables are not directly applicable to differences between two sample estimates. In order to estimate the standard error of a difference, the tables are to be used somewhat differently in the two following situations: 1. For a difference between two 1970 census sample figures the standard error is approx- imately the square root of the sum of the squares of the standard errors of each estimate considered separately. This for- mula will represent the actual standard error quite accurately for the difference between estimates of the same character- istics in two different areas, or for the difference between separate and uncorrela- ted characteristics in the same area. If, however, there is a high positive correlation between the two characteristics, the for- mula will overestimate the true standard error. 2. For difference between two sample esti- mates, one of which represents a subclass of the other, the tables can be used directly with the difference considered as the sample estimate. OOO 79 APPENDIX Ill COMPARISON OF CENSUS COUNTS AND DATA FROM OTHER SOURCES Possible Causes for Difference Table VI presents comparative data for optometrists, opticians, and podiatrists collected during the 1970 Census of Population and three surveys for these occupations conducted during 1968 through 1970 by the National Center for Health Statistics. Differences in manpower supply counts ob- tained by the Bureau of the Census and NCHS are due in part to the following factors: 1. Different field and clerical survey method- ologies are employed by the Bureau of the Census and NCHS in collecting and process- ing survey data. 2. The State reported by the Bureau of the Census reflects the respondent’s usual place of residence. The NCHS survey data by State reflect the respondent’s primary place of work. 3. The census data include persons employed during the week prior to completion of questionnaires. Since some respondents completed their questionnaires as much as 1 or 2 months after April 1, 1970, the reference week is not consistent for all persons. NCHS data were collected over a 3- month period for each survey. Employ- ment status for NCHS surveys represents the activity status of the respondent at the time he completed the survey question- naire. For each of the three surveys, ap- proximately 70 percent of the respondents completed their questionnaires during the first and second survey weeks, and an additional 15 percent of respondents com- 80 pleted their questionnaires during the third and fourth survey weeks. 4. Data from the 1970 census are subject to sampling variability (see appendix II), while NCHS data for these three occupations are not, since a complete count of all persons was attempted by the NCHS surveys. 5. Data from the 1970 census reflect the function that the respondent was perform- ing during the reference week and not his professional training or credential. Thus, if an optometrist, optician, podiatrist, or any other category of health practitioner was for the most part performing research, administrative, or teaching duties during the reference week, he would not have been coded as an optometrist, optician, podiatrist, etc., but rather as a “life and physical scientist, n.e.c.,”® a “health ad- ministrator,” or an “other life and physical scientist teacher.” NCHS data reflect per- sons licensed to practice in the subject occupation regardless of whether they primarily provide patient care or are en- gaged in research, administration, or teaching. Optometrists.—During the 1968 Survey of Optometrists conducted by NCHS,29,35.39 18,427 optometrists were identified as em- ployed full or part time, while during the 1970 census, only 17,223 employed optometrists were identified (table VI). For 23 States, the number of optometrists reported during the 1970 census was greater than the number of €Represents life and physical scientists not elsewhere classi- fied by the Bureau of the Census occupational coding procedure. Table VI. Comparative data for optometrists, opticians, and podiatrists obtained from NCHS surveys of these professions by State of employment for 1968 through 1970 and from the 1970 Census of Population by State of residence: United States, 1970 Opticians Opticians, lens Optometrists providing direct grinders and Podiatrists health care polishers State of employment (NCHS) 2 and 1863 NCHS 1970 census 1969 NCHS 1970 census 1970 NCHS 1970 census State of residence (1970 census) survey survey survey Active, full or | Employed during Active, full or Employed during | Active, full or | Employed during part time reference week part time reference week part time reference week UNITED STATES ..... 18,427 17,223 10,963 27,416 7,113 6,026 Alabama ................... 180 121 163 291 21 25 Alaska ..........oiiiiia.. 17 17 14 24 2 — Arizona ........iiiiiiin.. 127 145 109 330 38 36 Arkansas. ............ocuun.. 151 165 33 126 18 37 California . ..........c..ou.. 2,242 2,033 732 2,665 731 653 Colorado ........c.ovuiunnnn 188 179 256 37 70 23 Connecticut ................ 260 241 199 572 183 148 Delaware .................. 35 18 48 65 21 14 District of Columbia. ......... 71 21 138 50 61 10 Florida .......covvvinnnn... 493 513 434 829 190 172 GEOrGia « +o vveeeeiee eens 263 261 254 334 59 49 Hawaii ......covvinunnnnn.. 64 28 55 81 5 —- Idaho .......cooiiiiinin.n. 86 88 21 50 16 5 HINOIS + vvve eins 1,616 1,306 426 1,204 630 528 Indiana... 510 546 212 613 149 95 Iowa .....ovviiiiii 336 344 170 348 95 74 Kansas .........evvuvunnnnn 229 210 99 252 43 64 Kentucky .................. 229 142 159 352 53 37 Louisiana ........iueuuine.n 223 270 152 286 39 44 Maine ........ovviuinnnnnn. 116 110 10 35 22 16 Maryland .................. 175 205 316 643 93 125 Massachusetts ............... 719 601 473 1,396 414 325 Michigan. .................. 708 649 366 866 264 210 Minnesota. ................. 354 316 283 792 76 81 MisSiSSIPPi + ovo viii 121 92 64 93 9 18 Missouri .......ouieiiina.. 432 376 277 589 85 41 Montana ..........couvuvnnnn 89 119 53 142 14 30 Nebraska .................. 155 183 113 285 41 35 Nevada ..........ccvvuvnnn. 36 46 23 38 18 18 New Hampshire ............. 70 82 30 262 21 13 New Jersey ..........c.uunn. 675 590 337 752 365 372 New Mexico ................ 71 74 48 159 20 30 New York ...........ounn. 1,598 1,285 1,357 3,669 1,241 939 North Carolina .............. 322 363 165 372 54 24 North Dakota ............... 72 83 20 73 6 — [Lo 942 865 566 1,432 530 475 Oklahoma. ................. 247 265 130 219 45 60 Oregon . ..vvenieeiaaan 273 315 106 295 34 41 Pennsylvania. ............... 1,145 1,118 698 1,913 703 553 Rhode Island ............... 132 114 66 C21 54 52 South Carolina .............. 155 215 57 332 14 20 South Dakota . .............. 94 96 37 80 15 17 Tennessee . ...........oouu... 296 331 167 393 32 44 TEXAS © vveiee ies 752 810 667 1,584 185 151 Utah... 74 105 118 176 24 20 Vermont ................... 38 51 8 106 8 5 Virginia ....eii ieee 274 263 254 538 55 80 Washington . ................ 356 308 179 431 63 69 West Virginia ............... 147 109 62 127 44 45 Wisconsin .................. 429 396 235 560 136 97 Wyoming .................. 41 40 8 10 7 6 Sources: Each occupation (census data): Reference 2, table 170 (pages vary with each State volume). Optometrists (NCHS data): Reference 32, table 1, pp. 24-25. Opticians (NCHS data): Reference 35, table 1, p. 18. Podiatrists (NCHS data): Reference 37, table 1, p. 14. 81 “active” optometrists reported during the 1968 NCHS survey. In all 23 instances, this positive difference was less than 45 percent; the average percent difference per State was 20 percent when using 1968 NCHS data for optometrists as the base. Of the remaining 28 States, 27 showed a higher count of optometrists during the 1968 NCHS survey than during the 1970 Census of Population. The largest negative difference re- corded was 77 percent, and the average of all negative differences per State was 18 percent. According to The Blue Book of Optome- trists,53 a directory of licensed optometrists in the United States published annually by The Professional Press, Inc., the number of optome- trists in the United States (active and inactive) has remained relatively constant between 1960 and 1969, as shown in the following table: Optometrists listed in the Blue Book of Optometrists (active and inactive) Year JOB. evi evirh rae 20,611 1988 ......viveverenerarnnnenns 20,301 1967 «oii 20,565 F968 csv Se aia ans 20,610 F065. vers rir envinn dir nrraenns 20,818 F960... nsre sri en rm rn ni a 21,824 The number of optometrists graduating an- nually has remained relatively constant between 1959 and 1969, as reported by the American Optometric Association?8 and as shown below. Academic year Graduates 1968-69 .......ciiiiiiiii ii iia a4 1OB7:08 vu. rrrinssisa its rss sian ns 477 1966-67 .....iiiiiiiiii iii 481 198888 i. uuvirsrinsssssatssiansenraes 413 1964-65 ........ciiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaa 377 FOB3BA > | sinensis sansa en ein 346 1962-63 .........ciiittiiiiiiiiiiaaaas 359 108182 oii i nasrrsis atresia anny 299 1960-61 .........ciiitinnninnnnsnnnnnnns 316 1100 tC ENCE EE ERENEE INE Co FEA SNE 364 Since the output of optometrists has re- mained fairly constant between 1960 and 1970, these data suggest that a decrease in the number of optometrists between 1968 and 1970 ob- 82 served by comparing 1970 Decennial Census data and 1968 NCHS data has not occurred, but rather that these differences should be attrib- uted to differences in survey methodology dis- cussed earlier in this section. Opticians.—During the 1969 Survey of Opti-' cians conducted by the NCHS,32 10,963 opti- cians were identified as actively engaged in providing direct health care to the general public (table VI). Excluded from this survey were the sizeable number of opticians engaged in manu- facturing and wholesale trade who were not providing health care to the public. The 1970 Census of Population enumerated 27,416 opticians, lens grinders and polishers. The following occupational titles were coded by the Bureau of the Census clerical personnel as being in the category “opticians, lens grinders and polishers”:14,15 Bench hand Bevel polisher Beveler Contact-lens technician Cylinder grinder Cylinder man Diamond grinder Dispenser-Optical Co. Dispensing optician Dotter Edge grinder Edger Eyeglass cutter Eyeglass maker Glass-frame fitter Glass silverer Grinder Industrial-diamond grinder Inspector Lens cementer Lens cutter Lens dotter Lens edger Lens finisher Lens generator Lens grinder Lens maker Lens mounter Lens polisher Lens-shaper grinder Lens silverer Marking man Ophthalmic dispenser Optical dispenser Optical-glass silverer Optical technician Optician Precision-lens grinder Prism measurer Spotter Surface grinder Surfacer As can be seen from the above listing, some occupational titles included in the Bureau of the Census category “opticians, lens grinders and polishers” refer to employees who would have little or no opportunity to provide health care directly to the general public. Of the 51 States surveyed, all except the District of Columbia had a smaller number of persons counted in the 1969 NCHS Survey of Opticians than the number of “opticians, lens grinders and polishers” reported during the 1970 Census of Population. The District of Columbia, with 138 opticians reported during the 1969 NCHS survey as compared with 50 persons reported during the 1970 census in the ‘“opti- cians, lens grinders and polishers” category are due in part to the fact that the census geo- graphic identifier reflects the respondent’s usual place of residence while the NCHS geographic identifier reflects the respondent’s primary place of work. Podiatrists.—The 1970 Survey of Podiatrists conducted by NCHS29.37.38,40 identified 7,113 podiatrists active in their profession for 1 or more hours per week at the time of the survey (table VI). The 1970 census identified 6,026 podiatrists employed in podiatry during the 1970 census reference week. The six general causes for differences in data obtained from these sources, listed at the beginning of this section, partially explain these observed differences. The 1970 Survey of Podiatrists identified 121 podiatrists who were active in their profession but were providing patient care for less than 50 percent of the time during their usual work- week. During such time, these podiatrists were engaged in teaching, research, or administrative duties not related to patient care. The 1970 census coding procedures may have caused such podiatrists to be classified as teachers, research- ers or administrators, since the Bureau of the Census occupational coding technique is func- tionally oriented rather than indicative of a degree or licensure credential awarded. For 18 States, the number of podiatrists reported during the 1970 Decennial Census was greater than that reported during the 1970 NCHS survey. In all 18 instances, this positive difference, when using 1970 NCHS data as the base, was 32 podiatrists or less per State, the average difference being 11 podiatrists per State. Thirty-two States reported fewer podiatrists during the 1970 Decennial Census than during the 1970 NCHS survey, representing a difference of 1,292 podiatrists. These differences were large for the five States containing the five currently active schools of podiatry: California (—78), Illinois (—102), Ohio (—55), Pennsyl- vania (—150), and New York (—302). Some of these differences may be attributable to the Bureau of the Census coding practice of reporting school staff who spend most of their working time per week as instructors as “other life or physical scientist teachers,” than as active members of their respective occupations. Differ- ences in data collection and processing method- ology between the two surveys, mentioned elsewhere in this report, and place of work versus residence patterns by State mentioned previously, also account for these observed differences to some extent. Comparison with Comparable Data Derived from Sources Other Than the National Center for Health Statistics Table VII presents 1970 census data for eight health occupations and secondary source data obtained, in most instances, from national pro- fessional associations for the United States and States. Secondary source data shown in table VII are as of the date most close to April 1, 1970, Census Day, as is available. Secondary source data shown are as of December 31, 1969 or for some time during 1970, with the follow- ing exceptions: osteopathic physicians, Decem- ber 31, 1967; practical nurses, 1967; and regis- tered nurses, 1966. Differences between data collected from census and secondary sources 83 Table VII. 1970 Census of Population by State of residence: United States, 1970 Comparative data for persons aged 16 years and over employed in selected health occupations obtained from secondary sources by State of mailing address and from the Chiropractors Dentists Physicians (medical and osteopathic) Pharmacists State of mailing address State er Total, resident in 1970 census, Non-Federal 1970 census, eon Pousn 1970 census, em- | Active, resident in 1970 census, State of licensure | employed dur- active employed dur- ! roved dur Ss fi employed (1970 Census) : . : forence Dec. 31, 1969 ployed during tate of licensure dori for Dec. 31, 1970 ing reference |, 1, 19707 | M9" osteopathic— | reference week Jan. 1,1970 using oes week! week Doc ™ road ence week United States . . . 19,560 13,736 95,422 90,829 283,074 281,007 127,818 109,686 Alabama 267 288 1,040 919 2,829 2,769 2121 1,877 Alaska . .. 19 15 95 95 190 250 101 65 Arizona . . 214 162 745 631 2,325 2,359 1,024 885 Arkansas . ... 134 69 582 583 1,598 1,798 989 982 California... . 34,100 1,91 11,410 10,419 33,875 33,986 12,001 9,528 Colorado ........... 234 187 1,158 1,104 3,696 3,791 1,548 1,377 Connecticut ......... 116 69 1,772 1,730 5,286 5,204 2,505 1,955 Delaware o. 20 25 214 213 694 647 245 242 District of Columbia . . 12 12 633 386 2,745 1,375 618 314 Florida 724 488 3,158 2,749 8,528 8,718 4,313 3,243 Georgia ............ 4322 228 1,417 1,465 4,542 4,608 2,685 2,295 Hawaii ............. 32 19 450 401 1,039 961 214 217 Idaho .............. 63 44 312 290 629 542 497 467 Illinois 5515 705 5,256 5,036 14,406 14,373 7121 6,751 Indiana .. 290 321 1,979 1,876 5,011 4,806 3,188 2,899 lowa .... 546 407 1,250 975 3,068 2,974 1,683 1,705 Kansas . .. .. 493 430 899 1,126 2,537 2,865 1,298 1,478 Kentucky ........... 462 263 1,096 917 3,116 3,184 1,523 1,627 Louisiana ........... — 123 1,246 1,177 4,059 4,114 2,308 1,824 Maine . . .. 48 25 356 330 1,111 1,046 475 433 Maryland ... 185 116 1,624 1,633 6,418 7,751 2,382 2,232 Massachusetts 245 132 3,367 3,320 10,904 10,685 4,840 4,003 Michigan ........... 737 536 4,115 4,004 12,269 11,679 5,545 4,655 Minnesota 475 452 2,172 1,991 5,385 5,383 2,269 2,006 Mississippi 6— 131 565 611 1,693 1,727 1,078 1,109 Missouri . . 1,112 659 1,906 1,632 6,583 5,881 2,556 2,732 Montana . 84 86 314 299 673 703 425 322 Nebraska 72 40 781 759 1,676 1,638 1,020 1,081 Nevada ............. 58 40 230 213 487 493 306 276 New Hampshire . 187 119 313 248 904 877 361 343 New Jersey . 575 350 3,935 3,980 10,005 11,343 4,411 3,749 New Mexico . 125 7 326 3563 1,069 1,113 546 483 New York .......... 1,430 1,087 12,372 12,297 40,515 38,275 13,146 11,146 North Carolina. ...... 262 268 1,476 1,401 5,106 4918 1,979 2,043 North Dakota ....... 68 90 228 197 553 598 336 415 ORIG ose 7900 438 4,436 4,243 14,123 13,711 6,561 5,317 Oklahoma 337 261 888 936 2,783 2,851 2,195 1,715 Oregon... 239 172 1,395 1,151 2,854 2,920 1,316 1,372 Pennsylvania . 841 764 5,632 5,554 18,008 17,528 9,805 6,376 Rhode Island ........ 551 55 418 424 1,362 ~ 1,496 774 542 South Carolina. ...... 7435 113 677 605 2,075 2,424 1,439 1,269 South Dakota 118 117 24 251 533 564 459 422 Tennessee .. 137 97 1,498 1,430 4,366 4,250 2,520 2,041 Texas ....... 1,160 745 4,088 3,705 12,636 12,434 6,569 5,669 Utah .............. 107 49 579 582 1,342 1,497 702 634 Vermont ........... 45 34 181 125 767 695 198 190 Virginia ............ 79 121 1,713 1,741 5,056 5,546 1,923 1,894 Washington ......... 331 308 2,004 1,866 4,665 4,754 2,372 2,148 West Virginia . 728 45 554 670 1,800 1,564 748 779 Wisconsin... . 483 415 2,181 1,995 4,986 4,988 2,362 2,333 Wyoming ........... 43 34 145 191 294 351 218 226 See footnotes at end of this table. 84 Table VII. Comparative data for persons aged 16 years and over employed in selected health occupations obtained from secondary sources by State of mailing address and from the 1970 Census of Population by State of residence: United States, 1970—Con. . Radiologic technologists ; Tr Practical nurses and technicians Registered nurses Veterinarians i Total, regis- State of meilina address tered x-ray, . State of residence Licensed, em- 1970 census, em- nuclear bedi 1970 census, em- Employed 1970 census, em- 1970 census, (1970 Census) ployed in nursing ployed during Sine, and ployed during in nursing ployed during Total, employed 1967! reference week! vediation reference week 1966" reference week Dec. 31, 1969 during refer- therapy tech- ence week nologists, 1970 United States . . . 269,723 237,341 60,567 52,283 613,188 830,269 25,825 19,465 Alabama 4,437 4,710 739 712 5,912 10,593 453 241 Alaska . . 199 198 7” 53 590 940 21 13 Arizona 1,737 1,314 567 474 5,862 7,426 236 169 Arkansas ........... 3,448 2,559 476 433 2,609 5,688 208 17 California. .......... 20,091 22,566 6,369 5,722 58,694 86,962 2,533 2,087 Colorado ........... 3,696 2,652 1,163 687 8,312 10,643 588 354 Connecticut . He 3,677 3,370 1,374 992 15,438 17,244 251 201 Delaware . .... 650 637 17m 73 2,098 2,690 79 19 District of Columbia . . 2,162 1,567 161 118 3,662 3,246 102 21 FIORE otis vc dies 9,747 7.494 1,921 1,668 21,760 25,511 835 676 Georgia ............ 3,912 4,455 1,097 931 6,956 14,709 606 539 Hawaii 1,319 747 180 179 2,334 2919 59 54 Idaho 1,445 919 218 156 1,954 2,481 166 137 1linois . . 12,146 11,178 3,447 2,992 35,552 43,808 1,342 902 Indiana . 3,222 4,137 1,585 1,405 12,829 18,407 812 535 lowa ... 2,440 2,657 1,019 737 9,981 12,020 1,213 769 Kanses ..oueeuvennns 1,897 2,015 837 560 6,895 9,207 618 393 Kentucky ........... 2,924 3,137 772 626 6,297 8,848 348 359 Louisiana 5,067 3,663 893 945 6,758 10,962 304 344 Maine . . . 691 1,044 a1 264 4,051 5,093 92 55 Maryland 3,065 3,629 1179 1,033 10,005 16,851 640 417 Massachusetts ....... 12,469 10918 2121 1,694 28,743 37,027 378 397 Michigan ........... 11,948 13,561 2,483 2,415 23,441 32,154 984 783 Minnesota . 5,063 5,264 1,809 1,185 14,441 19,372 782 47 Mississippi . 3,029 2,064 391 473 3,670 6,668 215 234 Missouri . . . 6,819 5,032 1,423 1,244 11,291 17,454 778 425 Montana 591 761 226 196 2,483 2,877 181 114 Nebraska ........... 1172 1,405 537 310 4,730 6,459 457 353 Nevada. ....vov'rvives 552 476 176 130 1,060 1,748 80 54 New Hampshire ...... 1,011 860 319 152 3,621 4,510 86 64 New Jersey .... = 8,081 6,415 1,770 1,836 24,942 31,020 566 446 New Mexico ......... 1,188 750 258 210 2,511 3,335 138 95 New York .......... 25,293 18,908 3,990 4,667 74,280 85,054 1,561 1,233 North Carolina. ...... 5,407 4,228 1,234 893 12,126 17,576 399 315 North Dakota ....... 606 681 219 145 2,114 2,624 103 76 Ohio 14,998 15,084 3,536 2,972 32,649 41,015 1,236 1,019 Oklahoma . 3,387 2,980 643 635 4,650 8,458 417 329 Oregon. ... 2,179 2171 735 602 6,814 8,317 317 234 Pennsylvania ........ 24,652 17,403 3,818 3,010 45,809 56,007 1,024 673 Rhode Island ........ 1,632 1,302 324 309 3,673 4,485 44 35 South Carolina. ...... 2,239 1,893 606 499 5,625 8,329 202 118 South Dakota ....... 651 590 227 157 2,089 2,525 207 207 Tennessee 5,793 4,921 923 979 6,755 13,657 342 269 Texas . .. 24,440 17,693 3,010 2,832 20,167 39,199 1,596 1,332 Utah . 1,207 905 274 21 2,347 3,623 123 86 Vermont 956 671 230 125 1,836 2,711 91 70 Virginia ............ 4,884 4,651 1,166 972 11,511 17,964 561 399 Washington .... 4,835 4,498 1,004 753 11,361 15,077 605 501 West Virginia . .. 2,402 1,606 490 465 4,707 5,823 90 92 Wisconsin. ..... oe. 3,996 4,797 1,859 1,371 14,084 17,576 669 532 Wyoming ........... 281 215 109 81 1,209 1,377 87 53 ! Adjusted for activity status not reported. 2 Estimated; excludes graduates of the 1970 class. 3 Data as of December 1965. “Data as of December 1964. S Includes chiropractors practicing in other States under another chiropractic license. Not licensed by State. Estimated. Sources: Chiropractors: Unpublished data from the American Chiropractic Association. Published in reference 28 (1971 edition), table 25, p. 59. 1970 census data: Reference 2, table 171 (pages vary with each volume). Dentists: Division of Dental Health, Bureau of Health Manpower Education, National Institutes of Health. Published in reference 28 (1971 edition), table 37, p. 76. Physicians (medical doctors) : AMA Department of Survey Research: Distribution of Physicians, Hospitals and Hospital Beds in the U.S., 1969. Vol. 1. Regional, State, County. J. N. Haug and G. A. Roback. Chicago. American Medical Association, 1970. Physicians (doctors of osteopathy): AOA Membership and Statistics Department: A Statistical Study of the Osteopathic Profession, December 31, 1967. Chicago. American Osteopathic Association, June 1968. Published in reference 28 (1970 edition), table 83, p. 135. Pharmacists: National Association of Boards of Pharmacy: 7970 Proceedings of the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, Inc., Licensure Statistics and Census of Pharmacy. Chicago, 1970. Published in reference 28 (1970 edition), table 121, pp. 181-182. Practical nurses: Marshall, E. and Moses, E.: L. P. N.’s 1967: An Inventory of Licensed Practical Nurses. Division of Nursing, Bureau of Health Manpower Education, Public Health Service. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, January 1971. Published in reference 28 (1971 edition), table 101, pp. 184-185. Radiologic technologists and technicians: The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists: Directory of X-ray Technologi: Medici Technol Radiatic Therapy Technologists. Minneapolis, June 1970. Published in reference 28 (1971 edition), table 141, pp. 235-236. Registered nurses: American Nurses’ Association Research and Statistics Department: R. N.’s, 1966: An Inventory of Registered Nurses. New York, American Nurses’ Association, 1969. Published in reference 28 (1971 edition), table 95, p. 178. Veterinarians: Unpublished data from the American Veterinary Medical Association. Published in reference 28 (1970 edition), table 158, p. 228. 85 may, for the most part, be a result of the factors discussed earlier in this section. For a descrip- tion of these secondary sources of data on health manpower, the reader may refer to references 30 and 31. Related Publications of the National Center for Health Statistics For the reader’s information, listed below are publications of the National Center for Health Statistics which concern health manpower sup- "ply and utilization. ® A general profile of the practice of oph- thalmology (a physician specialty field) as well as utilization of supplementary per- sonnel by the ophthalmologist for the United States in 1968 is presented in references 33, 34, and 36. ® Patient utilization of medical specialists and practitioners is included in reference 41. e Information on hospital and health insur- ance coverage of United States residents for urban and rural areas as of 1968 is reported in reference 42. e Statistics on chronic activity limitation, disability days, persons injured, acute con- ditions, short-stay hospital discharges, and physician and dental visits by geographic region and large metropolitan areas are found in reference 43. The reader may also refer to the list below for additional reference material related to selected health occupations for the years indicated. Additional Readings for Selected Health Occupations ® Licensed Practical Nurses—1967, reference 50. ® Pharmacists—1970, reference 56. ® Physicians (by specialty)—1969, reference 55. ® Physicians (Foreign medical ates)—1970, reference 54. ® Registered Nurses—1966, reference 58. ® Technologists (X-ray, Nuclear Medical, and Radiation), reference 57. gradu- O00 86 APPENDIX IV FACSIMILE OF THE POPULATION QUESTIONS ON THE 1970 CENSUS QUESTIONNAIRES This is your Official Census Form Please fill it out and mail it back on Census Day, Wednesday, April 1, 1970 How To Fill T 1. Use a black pencil to answer the questions. This form is read by an electronic computet. Black pencil is better to use than ballpoint or other pens. SQ Fill circles “O” like this: ® \ The electronic computer reads every le yo fill. If you fill the wrong circle, eras ark completely, then fill the right circle. When you write an answer, Pring rite clearly. 2. See the filled-in exagple e yellow instruction shear CoS This exam ows\Bw to fill circles and write in answer: are not sure of an answer, give thg be! er you can. If you wSprobem look in the instruction sh Sructions are numbered the same as the © ions on the Census form. 1£'ydu need more help, call the Census office. You can get the number of the local office from telephone ‘““Information’’ or “Directory assistance.’’ U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census Form 1 | 1 al. 22.3, jad. A If the address (¢hiown above has the wrong apartment ident\ , please write the correct apartmen ber or location here: iSMForm ? Your answers are CONFIDENTIAL. The law (Title 13, United States Code) requires that you answer the questions to the best of your knowledge. Your answers will be used only for statistical purposes and cannot, by law, be disclosed to any person outside the Census Bureau for any reason whatsoever. The householder should make sure that the information is shown for everyone here. If a boarder or roomer or anyone else prefers not to give the householder all his information to enter on the form, the householder should give at least his name, relationship, and sex in questions 1 to 3, then mail back the form. A Census Taker will call to get the rest of the information directly from the person. . Check your answers. Then, mail back this form on Wednesday, April 1, or as soon afterward as you can. Use the enclosed envelope; no stamp is needed. Your cooperation in carefully filling out the form and mailing it back will help make the census successful. It will save the government the ex- pense of calling on you for the information. PLEASE CONTINUE Page 1 87 5. Answer the questions in this order: Questions on page 2 about the people in your household. Questions on page 3 about your house or apartment. 6. In Question 1 on page 2, please list each person who was living here on Wednesday, April 1, 1970, or who was staying or visiting here and had no other home. EXPLANATORY NOTES This leaflet shows the content of the 1970 census questionnaires. The content was determined after review of the 1960 census experience, extensive consultation with many government and private users of census data, and a series of experimental censuses in which various alternatives were tested. Three questionnaires are being used in the census and each household has an equal chance of answering a particular form. 80 percent of the households answer a form containing only the questions on pages 2 and 3 of this leaflet. 15 percent and 5 percent of the households answer forms which also contain the specified questions on the remaining pages of this leaflet. The 15-percent form does not show the 5-percent questions, and the 5-percent form does not show the 15-percent questions. On both forms, population questions 13 to 41 are repeated | for each person in the household but questions 24 to 41 do not apply to children under 14 years of age. The same sets of questions are used throughout the country, regardless of whether the census in a particular area is conducted by mail or house-to-house canvass. An illus- trative example is enclosed with each questionnaire to help the householder complete the form. Page 2 1. WHAT IS THE NAME OF EACH PERSON 2. HOW IS EACH PERSON RELATED TO THE mp who was living here on Wednesday, April 1, 1970 or HEAD OF THIS HOUSEHOLD? who was staying or visiting here and had no other home? Fill one circle. 00 Head of the household bs ; head.” ave bi i NOT Prim \ Wife of head if Other relative of he. also give exact relationship, for example, ARK : res Unmarried children, oldest first mother-in-law, brother, niece, grandson, etc. THIS 2 nibs ) Marin waitin pnd Lis families If "Other not related to head,” also give exact relationship, for example, COL- @ order Other relatives of the head mer. Medd, ole UMN = Persons not related to the head p ’ pen. - O Head of household O Roomer, boarder, lodger N O Wife of head O Patient or inmate meme Etre nT O Son or daughter of head O Other not related to Haye prini in) : O Other relative Fo————= relationship of head— Print exact | / ssa osm oe ep me eg et ed mt eS relationship ->— | CH First name Middle initial B CEE ohm me mi eee mE o O Head of household O Roomer, boarder, lodger O Wife of head © O Patient or inmate 0 dmme CTT nn S Tr nTrnT O Son or daughter of head O Other not related to head— Print exact o O Other relative [a relationship) of head— Print exact | / y my me hm em ee 5 em re relationship >— I First name Middle initial | ~~ ___________________ y ~ O Head of household O Roomer, boarder, lodger E O Wife of head O Patient or inmate Oo Teeter TIT rTT O Son or daughter of head O Other not related to head— Print exact 5 O Other relative rom relationship of head— Print exact | | 2h om em yo 5 me sm 5 mm gr relationship >— : | | CH _ First name Middleinitial| WH __ ______________________________ ! o O Head of household O Roomer, boarder, lodger O Wife of head O Patient or inmate Oo Bammer mm mm art me O Son or daughter of head O Other not related to head— Print exact a O Other relative F-——--- relationship = of head— Print exact | | tt ee eo me 2 mn nt we i sm eo Sm me om mo, relationship >— | First name Middle ial me eet ce a O Head of household O Roomer, boarder, lodger x O Wife of head O Patient or inmate 0 Todrome "ToS III Tir E inert esse © Son or daughter of head ~~ O Other not related to head— Print exact ~ O Other relative Femme relationship N of head— Print exact | | mm we we ore 3 ee ee relationship »>— | L HB A First name Middleinitiall WW ! O Head of household C Roomer, boarder, lodger © O Wife of head O Patient or inmate 0 Ep O Son or daughter of head O Other not related to head— Print exact ; O Other relative Fem Hho - of head— Print exact i | pam. es re fo eS to rt relationship -»— | First name Middle initial] o_o ______ } A O Head of household O Roomer, boarder, lodger - O Wife of head O Patient or inmate Oo There" TTT rr © Son or daughter of head O Other not related to head—Print exact 0 O Other relative r------ relationship of head— Print exact | | em eo 0 nc 3 i mo em fm em sb om pe relationship —>— ! Ll First name Middleinitial| WM : © Head of household © Roomer, boarder, lodger O Wife of head O Patient or inmate oO ® Bhs Tira O Son or daughter of head O Other not relateg to hesd-Filp js : n C Other relative Frm relationship E of head— Print exact | | Se Ie me 2 re py ee i em hn re ne ep 3 mie relationship »>— ! First name Middle initial | oo _________.__ : 9. If you used all C Yes No 10. Did you leave anyone out of Question 1 because Yes No ) => 8 lines —Are there n you were not sure if he should be listed—for nN any other persons Do not list the others; we will example, a new baby still in the hospital, or On back page, give name(s) in this household? call to get the information. a lodger who also has another home? and reason left out. percent (100 percent) 3. SEX 4. COLOR OR RACE DATE OF BIRTH 8. WHAT IS 5. Month and 6. Month | 7. Year of birth EACH year of birth of PERSON'S . B 1 | . and age last birth MARITAL Fill one circle. bipiey STATUS? i ; Vg . Fill one If "Indian (American ),” also give tribe. i Fill one F Moma ' Po sds Fill one H rint . or firs or as . circle If "Other," also give race. circle three numbers | Sasibior circle | . Male O White Japanese ) Hawaiian > Jan.-Mar. 186- | 192.1 © 0 y 0 5 » Now married oO Chinese Korean Month ________| _ Acrsune 187- | 193 1, 6 Widowed © Negro Filipino Other Prins > pr 188.1 0184, 02 | O 7 Divorced Female Or Black mem Tl yaar ei O JulySept] © 189-! © 195-| O 3 | 8 Separated 0 O Indian (Amer.) | : ) 190-1 © 196- | 4 1009 Never Print tribe -»— i > OutDec. ) 191- 0197. married cena JAge w® ! H | Male O White O Japanese Hawaiian O JonMar 186, O 192 ! 0! 5 Now married 0 Chinese Korean Month ____ = ki 187- 193 | 1 6 Widowed » Negro Filipino Other Print O Apr.June| © 188-' © 194, 02 | O 7 Divorced Female OF BIBCK mim mmm ion race 189-1 © 195.) © 3 © © 8 | O Separated : Year osm © July-Sept,| 1 | ; o © Indian (Amer.) | : 190-1 © 196-, 4 9 O Never Print tribe -— i 3 Oct.-Dec. 191- 197. married Ses een a Age coon ua A T Male White > Japanese Hawaiian O Jan.-Mar. 186- y 0 192. y O00 , 5 Now married| Oo © Chinese Korean Month ________ GO Adrodune 187- | ! 51-6 > Widowed o Neg Filipino Other Print Sn 188. | 221 = 7 | © Divorced Female ORK eng im prema rid TI © July-Sept| 189- | .103'cCs8 ) Separated 0 Indian (Amer.) | ~ 190- | ine 9 0 Never Print tribe =>— O Oct-Dec. 191. 197. married Bc izoicaaicacas Age oa ® : # Male J White © Japanese Hawaiian oO Jan-Mar. © 186- 192. 0 | 5 0 Now married Oo © Chinese Korean Month________. = TO 187 193-1 O01 6 © Widowed , Negro > Filipino ) Other— Print © Apr.-June 188. | 194.1 © 2 > 7 Divorced -Female Of Black: to LiL So race|y : 189-1 © 195.1 © 3 8 | © Separated 2s : i | ear. =| © July-Sept $s f ' = oO O Indian {Amer.) 190- 196- 4 9 > Never Print tribe -»— O Oct.-Dec.| © 191-: 197- | married Sh sp ee 5 ese’ ARR sre aca 2 ec | | 1 Male © White O Japanese © Hawaiian © Jan-Mar] O 186. ©0192. © 0 | O 5 | O Now married Oo O Chinese 0 Korean Month ________ hr Jone C187-! 0193' O01 } oO 6 © Widowed 0 Nezr2, « O Filipino > Other— Print 2 Ap 0188 0194! 02 O07 O Divorced Female or Black racelver JulySept| © 189! © 195.1 © 3 | © 8 | O Separated oO O Indian (Amer.) 190- | O 196-1 4 +09 O Never Print tribe ->— Oct.-Dec. 191-1 O 197-1 married i’ hh JADE le B | BH T Male © White © Japanese _ Hawaiian oO Jan.-M 0186! O'192., 00 | OB © Now married o © Chinese O Korean Month ________ © Jan-Mar 187.0 0193. 01 | © 6 | O Widowed © Negro « O Filipino > Other— Print O Apr.-June| O 188. C Fo.2:107 O Divorced Female OF BIACK ; | mo dein im racelyear o suysent] © 18%! 103108 | O Separated 0 > Indian (Amer.) | } MYSSPY © 190. 104 109 | O Never Print tribe >= | O Oct.-Dec.| © 191-1 =! married = = rl ch rr Sp i Ei sp Ssh Ls LARS . oe eis noe oe | Male © White © Japanese © Hawaiian Jan.-Mar. 186- 192.1 © 0 | © 5 | O Now married o Chinese > Korean Month ________ Aoi 187- 193) 01 | 06 | © Widowed NeErD ak Filipino Other— Print proline 188.1 0194. 02 | O 7 | O Divorced Female of ea July-Sept| © 189-1 © 195.1 © 3 | O 8 | O Separated 0 Indian (Amer.) | Cet. 190- 196-0 © 4 | C9 Never Print tribe | et Dag, 191-1 O 197-1 married iB Se ke at te me Sch HARE eso ’| | 1] Male > White = Japanese Hawaiian S Jan 186- 192- 0 | 5 > Now married G Chinese Korean Month __ an. Var. 187- 193- | 3d 6 © Widowed Negro, . Filipino Other Print Apr.-June| 188. 194. | 2: 7 > Divorced Female OF $10 (mmm mmm mmm ee Year - © suipsep] © PF 195-' 03! 8 Separated o © Indian (Amer.) | | ¥3p 190. 196-1 © 4 | 9 Never Print tribe —— | 2 Oct.-Dec. 191- 197-1 married i me ta i to i LAINE oe 2p go ! 11. Did you list anyone in Question 1 Yes No 12. Did anyone stay here Yes No who is away from home now— EN on Tuesday, March 31, a for example, on a vacation or in a hospital? On back page, give name(s) and reason person is away. who is not already listed? On back page, give name of each visitor for whom there is no one at his home address to report him to a census taker. 90 26:1 Make mark m this margin 5 HB NN § N\A Make no mark n this margin Page 6 AWA NC Last name First name Initial 13a. Where was this person born? If born in hospital, give State or country where mother lived. If born outside U.S., see instruction sheet; distinguish Northern Ireland from Ireland (Eire). O This State (Name of State or foreign country; or Puerto Rico, Guam, etc.) 20. Since February 1, 1970, has this person attended regular school or college at any time? Count nursery school, kindergarten, and schooling which leads 10 an elementary school certificate, high school diploma, or college degree. on WH HB O Yes, public O Yes, parochial O Yes, other private . Is this person's origin or descent— (Fill one circle) O Mexican © Central or South American O Puerto Rican © Other Spanish O Cuban © No, none of these What country was his father born in? O United States OR oo (Name of foreign country; or Puerto Rico, Guam, etc.) What country was his mother born in? 21. What is the highest grade (or year) of regular school he has ever attended? Fill one circle. If now astending, mark grade he is in. © Never attended school— Skip to 23 © Nursery school Bn O Kindergarten Elementary through high school (grade or year) 123456 7 8 9101112 O00 0O0O0 Oo 0 OOOO College (academic year) 1 2 34 5 6ormore OO000O0 J O United States OR (Name of foreign country; or Puerto Rico, Guam, etc.) 16. For persons born in a foreign country— a. Is this person naturalized? O Yes, naturalized O No, alien nu O Born abroad of American parents 22. Did he finish the highest grade (or year) he attended? O Now attending this grade (or year) O Finished this grade (or year) © Did not finish this grade (or year) . b. When did he come to the United States to stay? O 1965t0 70 | O 1950 to 54 © 1960to 64 | O 1945 to 49 O 1955t0 59 | O 1935 to 44 | 1925 to 34 1915 to 24 Before 1915 23. When was this person born? © Born before April 1956— Please go on with questions 24 through 41. O Born April 1956 or later— Please omit questions 24 through 41 and go 10 the next page . ] for the next person. 17. What language, other than English, was spoken in this person's home when he was a child? Fill one circle. O spanish [| © Other— © French Specify O German O None, English only When did this person move into this house (or apartment)? Fill circle for date of last move. 0 19690r70 | © 19650r66 1949 or earlier O 1968 | © 1960to64 | © Always lived in © 1967 BW © 1950t059 | this house or apartment 24. If this person has ever been married— JL a. Has this person been married more than once? © Once O More than once — b. When did he When did he get married get married? for the first time? Month Year Month) Year c. If married more than once— Did the first marriage end because of the death of the husband (or wife)? © Yes © No B 19 a. Did he live in this house on April 1,1965? If in college or Armed Forces in April 1965, report place of residence there. Born April 1965 or later Yes, this house ....... No, different house Skip to 20 b. Where did he live on April 1, 1965? (1) State, foreign country, U.S. possession, etc. (2) County (3) Inside the limits of a city, town, village, etc.? 0 Yes O No (4) If “Yes,” name of city, town, village, etc. _ ______ ______ ________ 25. If this is a girl or a woman— How many babies has she ever 1234 5678 had, not counting stillbirths? 0000 0000 Do not count her stepchildren or children she has adopted. 9101112 or None more 0000 Oo 26. If this is a man— a. Has he ever served in the Army, Navy, or other Fo] Armed Forces of the United States? O Yes fone b. Was it during— (Fill the circle for each period of service.) Vietnam Conflict (Since Aug. 1964) ««-==-v-- oO Bl Korean War (June 195010 Jan. 1955) . .. ... O World War Il (Sept. 194010 July 1947) «oo... . oO World War | (April 1917 to Nov. 1918). ....... oO Any other time --«-« o.oo Oo 91 92 27a. Has this person ever completed a vocational training program? For example, in high school; as apprentice; in school of business, nursing, or trades; technical institute; or Armed Forces schools. F O Yes O No— Skip to 28 o . What was his main field of vocational training? Fill one circle. Business, office work ® Nursing, other health fields Trades and crafts (mechanic. electrician. beautician. etc.) Engineering or science technician; draftsman Agriculture or home economics Other field— Specify 7 OO0OO000O0 28a. Does this person have a health or physical condition which limits the kind or amount of work he can do at a job? If 65 years old or over, skip to question 29. O Yes © No c. Where did he work last week? If he worked in more than one place, print where he worked most last week. If be travels about in his work or if the place does not have a numbered address, see instruction sheet. (1) Address (Number and street name) (2) Name of city, town, village, etc. (3) Inside the limits of this city, town, village, etc.? O Yes O No BY) COUMY a ——— mi (6) ZIP (5) State Code b. Does his health or physical condition keep him from holding any job at all? O Yes HB on d. How did he get to work last week? Fill one circle for chief means used on the last day he worked at the address given in 29c. © Driver, private auto | O Taxicab Passenger, private auto i O Walked only Bus or streetcar | © Worked at home © Subway or elevated | © Other means— Specify 7 O Railroad | oO After completing question 29d, skip to question 33. c. If “Yes” in a or b— How long has he been limited in his ability to work? O Less than 6 months O 3to4years © 6to11 months O 5to9years O 1to2years O 10 years or more 30. Does this person have a job or business from which he was temporarily absent or on layoff last week? QUESTIONS 29 THROUGH 41 ARE FOR ALL PERSONS BORN BEFORE APRIL 1956 INCLUDING HOUSEWIVES, STUDENTS, OR DISABLED PERSONS AS WELL AS PART-TIME OR FULL-TIME WORKERS 29a. Did this person work at any time last week? O Yes~ Fill this circle if this O No- Fill this circle person did full- or if this person part-time work. did not work, (Count part-time work such or did only as a Saturday job, delivering own housework, papers, or helping without pay in a family business or farm; and active duty in the Armed Forces) school work, or volunteer work. Skip to 30 O Yes, on layoff O Yes, on vacation, temporary illness, labor dispute, etc. O No 31a. Has he been looking for work during the past 4 weeks? 's O Yes © No— Skip 10 32 b. Was there any reason why he could not take a job last week? O Yes, already has a job O Yes, because of this person's temporary illness O Yes, for other reasons (in school, etc.) O No, could have taken a job 32. When did he last work at all, even for a few days? O In1970 | © 1964101967 | © 1959 or earlier | skp IN1969 | O 1960t01963 | O Neverworked | to 36 o In 1968 . un " b. How many hours did he work last week (at all jobs)? Subtract any time off and add overtime or extra hours worked. © 1to 14 hours OC 40hours | O 15t029 hours O 41to48 hours O 30to34 hours O 4910 59 hours O 35to39 hours © 60 hours or more — continued — Page 33-35. Current or most recent job activity Describe clearly this person's chief job activity or business last week, if any. If he had more than one job, describe the one at which he worked the most hours. If this person had no job or business last week, give information for last job or business since 1960. 33. Industry a. For whom did he work? If now on active duty in the Armed Forces, print “AF” and skip to question 36. (Name of company, business, organization, or other employer) 37. In April 1965, was this person— (Fill three circles) a. Working at a job or business (full or part-time)? O Yes O No b. In the Armed Forces? O Yes O No c. Attending college? O Yes O No b. What kind of business or industry was this? Describe activity at location where employed. TV and radio service, auto assembly plant, road construction) 38. If “Yes” for “Working at a job or business” in question 37— Describe this person's chief activity or business in April 1965. a. What kind of business or industry was this? c. Was he— An employee of a private company or government agency... O Self-employed or an unpaid family worker. ............... o c. Is this mainly— (Fill one circle) O Manufacturing O Retail trade O Wholesale trade O Other (agriculture, construction, service, government, eic. )) 34. Occupation a. What kind of work was he doing? Last year (1969), did this person work at all, even for a few days? — O Yes O No— Skip to 41 How many weeks did he work in 1969, either full-time or part-time? Count paid vacation, paid sick leave, and military service. O 13 weeks or less HW O 40to47 weeks O 14 to 26 weeks IO 48t049 weeks O 27to39weeks | O 50to52 weeks 40. Earnings in 1969— Fill paris a, b, and c for everyone who . : . worked any time in 1969 even if he had no income. , sewing machine operator, spray painter, (If exact amount is not known, give best estimate.) civil engineer, farm operator, farm hand, junior high English teacher) ! © : a. How much did this person earn in 1969 i b. What were his most important activities or duties? . . in wages, salary, commissions, bonuses, $ 00! or tips from all jobs? mermaid] (Before deductions for taxes, bonds, (Dollars only) i dues, or other items.) ORO None [For vamp: Types Rees secouni books, fle, sllcars, ~~~ 5, Foe va Ot he rT 3500 Tr operates printing press, cleans buildings, finishes concrete) own o hei anata Pr $ 00 c. What was practice, or partnership? roti dm ee j (Dollars only) his job (Net after business expenses. If business title? lost money, write "Loss" above amount.) ] ORO None - ; . How much did he earn in 1969 from 35. Was this person— (Fill I ® x ' (Fill one circle) his own farm? Employee of private company, business, or (Net after operating expenses. Include earnings $ ________.00 N individual, for wages, salary, or commissions... O as a tenant farmer or sharecropper. If farm lost (Dollars only) Federal government employee ................ 0 money, write "Loss" above amount.) OR O None State government employee. ................. Oo . Local government employee (city. county. etc.) ... O 41. Income other than earnings in 1969— Fill parts a, b, and c. (If exact amount is not known, give best estimate.) Self-employed in own business, e : professional practice, or farm— ® a. How much did this person receive in | $ Own business not incorporated ...<7..... 0 1969 from Social Security or “(Do Tas only) Own business incorporated ............. 0 Railroad Retirement? ) ORO oe _ Working without pay in family business or farm © - b. How much did he receive in 1969 from 36. In April 1965, what State did this person live in? public assistance or welfare payments? 2 Include aid for dependent childven, old O This State age assistance, general assistance, aid $ 00 OR 10 the blind or totally disabled. wn (Do lars only) Sr me sm ow td pam a ot dns et Iw wn om mt pe oe Exclude separate payments for (Name of State or foreign country; or Puerto Rico, etc.) hospital or other medical care. OR O None c. How much did he receive in 1969 from all other sources? $ 00 Include interest, dividends, veterans’ payments, "(Dollars only) pensions, and other regular payments. OR O None (See instruction sheet) 7 ¥ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1975 O— 594-616 93 VHSD :ABCDE PUBLIC HEA 42 WARREN UNIVERSITY BERKELEY C DHEW Publication No. NCHS@ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Health Resources Administration National Center for Health Statistics 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Maryland 20852 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Penalty for Private Use $300 For information about publications call (301) 443-NCHS. HIJKLNWY TH LIBRARY ALL CALIFORNIA 94720 (HRA) 76-1231 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEW U.S.MAIL HEW 390 A THIRD CLASS BLK. RT. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES C(0293728kL8