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Cooke, Matthew

Insects, injurious and
beneficial, their natural
history and classification,

for the use of fruit...

| Sacramento
1883

 
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FORMAT: BK LEVEL: r ISBN: GLADIS#: 67412947D
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ME: Cooke, Matthew.

Tl: Insects, injurious and beneficial, their natural history and
classification, for the use of fruit growers, vine growers, farmers,
gardeners and schools. By Matthew Cooke

IM: Sacramento, H. S. Crocker & Co., 1883

CO: vp., 11, 156 p. illus. 22 cm

CALL: SB931.C78
BIOS

 

Microfilmed by University of California Library Photographic Service,
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INSECTS.

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL,

NATURAL HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION

FOR THE USE OF

FRUIT GROWERS, VINE GROWERS, FARMERS,
GARDENERS AND SCHOOLS.

BY MATTHEW COOKE,

Late Chief Executive Horticultural Officer of California.

SACRAMENTO:
H. S. CROCKER & CO., PRINTERS AND STATIONERS.
1883.

|
1
|
|
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TEE

 

 
 

PRESERVATION
COPY ADDED
ORIGINAL TO BE
RETAINED

Ma /,
“\/oq
/

 

- Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883,

BY MATTHEW COOKE,

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

 

PREFACE.

This book is intended as an introduction to the study of
Entomology. Up to the present time but little attention has
been given to the study of the natural history of insects, es-
pecially by those who cultivate the soil; and the chief aim
of this book is to introduce the subject in as plain language
and as concise a form as possible, acquainting the student with
the four states or stages of insect life, the transformations of
insects, and the division or classification of insects into Orders
and Families.

The plan of fully illustrating the work is adopted, thus
introducing object-teaching to some extent, in order to aid the
student in classifying the more common insects into Orders
and Families.

As a rule which has but few exceptions, all the insects which
belong to the same Family have similar habits ; so that, by
knowing to what Family any insect belongs, we know whether
to regard it as an injurious or a beneficial insect, according to
the habits of the other insects which belong to the same Family.

The information given as to their transformations is equally
applicable to injurious, innoxious, and beneficial insects }
but the illustrations chiefly represent those insects which are
either injurious or beneficial, so as to give the student an idea
of the appearance of members of the more prominent Fami-

lies of insects which most interest the cultivators of the soil.

374250

 

 
 

IV PREFACE.

 

In the preparation of this book, I have kept in view the

utility of such knowledge to the future husbandmen; and
with the expectation that the study of Economic Entomology,
will, from necessity, be taught in the near future in the Public
Schools, this book has been prepared with especial reference
to being used as an introductory text-book, to prepare the
student for the study of more advanced works.

To enable the teacher to teach this branch of natural history
without previous preparations, a key to this book has been
prepared and published in a separate volume.

The scientific, or technical names of the various insects
referred to in this work are not usually given in the text, but
will be found in the index, attached to the common names of
these insects.

In the preparation of this book, I have freely consulted the
works of Professors C.V. Riley, Cyrus Thomas, G. H. French
and J. H. Comstock ; also those of Doctors W. Le Baron, A.
S. Packard, J. L. Leconte and H. A. Hagen ; and I take great
pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness for the informa-
tion I have received from their writings.

In the arrangements of the Orders I have followed that
given by Dr. A. S. Packard, in his “Guide to the Study of
Insects.”

The Families of the Orders Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and
Nueroptera are given in full,* while only the most prominent
Families of the other Orders are given.

Many of the illustrations are taken from my work, “ Injuri-

ous Insects of the Orchard, Vineyard,” etc. ; others have been

 

* This refers only to those insects which are found in the United States of America.

 

PREFACE. Vv

added chiefly from Professor C. V. Riley; twelve were copied
from Packard’s © Guide to the Study of Insects ;” several from
the Smithsonian Institution publications, and also from Dr.
Emmons’ New York Reports; and Nos. 89 and 103 were
copied from the Illinois Reports. The Pacific Rural Press
kindly furnished the illustrations of scale insects and their
parasites.

In preparing this book I have been ably assisted by D. W.
Coquillett, Esq., late Assistant State Entomologist, of Illinois,
in preparing manuscript, reading proofs, etc., which has placed

me under great obligations to him.

M. C.
SACRAMENTO, CAL., November 1, 1883.

      

  

  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
   
   
 

a Bs a ma i

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Intreduaetion.. ....... .............. co i a 1
The Hoe State... ... ..... 00. oun iii iii 5
ThelaryaState.......... 0.0... 0 ais iain 9
The Pupa State... ......... ci... 000. viii oir 15
The Transformations of Insects. ..... ........0 cui, 17
The Imago State. . fe bed ail on
The Internal Anatomy of Tnseots. el ai Maal Wate eles 34
The Seven Orders of Insects. .......................... '3@
Classification of Insects into Orders. .................. 36
Olassification of Larvae. .... ... .......... 00 00000000. 48
Classification of Insects. . rnin rae ae ee Ls ERD
Classification of Insects into Families. . an a
OrpEr I. HYMENOPTERA, (Bees, Wiig, tc) clr h4
OrpER II. LEPIDOPTERA, (Butterflies and Moths)..... 60
Orper ITI. DIPTERA, (Two-winged Flies)............ 76
ORDER IV, COLEOPTERA, (Boetles). ...c. ous. ..... 80
OrpeEr V. HEMIPTERA, (True Bugs). ............ 100, 105
SuB-orRDER I. HoMoPTERA, ( Similar-winged Bugs)...... 100

SuB-ORDER II. HETEROPTERA, (Dissimilar-winged Bugs). 105
Orper VI. ORTHOPTERA, ( Grasshoppers, Crickets etc.). 108
Orper VII. NEUROPTERA, (Dragon Flies, May Flies, etc.) 111

Seale Inseote 0... .... 0 GEL 114
Beneficial Thsetts. oo o.oo anit Ldn, 125
Collecting and Preserving Insects. ................ "hss 130
Glossary... .... . 0. RL ed 137
Dl  Rtafatires vot oo re ter a a a 147

 

TI . >

Eo bt eft oer oc
EA eee

ES SEE ——

 

 

 
 

NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS,

 

CHAPTER I.
Introduction.

Entomology is that part of Natural History which treats of
insects. The term insect is derived from the latin word in-
sectum, which signifies cut into, or notched, and it was applied
to these animals on account of their notched or indented ap-
pearance (Fig. 1); they belong to the second division of the
Animal Kingdom, called Articulata.

The vast Realm of Nature is divided into three Kingdoms,
the Animal, the Vegetable, and the Mineral ; to the first belong
all animated beings, such as Beasts, Birds, Insects, etc. ; to the

second belong the various kinds of Plants, Mosses, Fungi, ete. ;

while the different Minerals, Rocks, the Air, Water, etc., belong
to the third.

Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

 

  

The Animal Kingdom is divided into four Sub-kingdoms,
which are as follows :

I. BACKBONED ANIMALS ( Vertebrata), such as Beasts, Birds,
Reptiles and Fishes; these all have an internal skeleton, cov-
ered with flesh.

II. JoINTED ANIMALS (Articulata ), such as Insects, Spiders,
Crabs, etc. ; in these the skeleton is external, and is divided
into several rings, or segments, by transverse depressed circles.

EE ET _ ;

 

ee ert =
ena meer —

Ee

 

 
2 2 NATURAT, HISTORY OF INSECTS.

These animals are readily distinguished by their jointed
appearance, which is easily seen in the Caterpillar (Fig. 2) as
it moves along.

ITI. Sort-BODIED ANIMALS (Mollusca ), such as Snails, Clams,
Slugs (Fig. 3), etc. ; these do not have the body divided into
joints, nor are they furnished with either an internal or external
skeleton, although they are sometimes inclosed in a hard cov-
ering or shell.

IV. Srar-risHEs (Radiata). These have the parts of the
body radiating from the center, resembling somewhat an
asterisk (¥*); they are found only in water.

Fig. 4. Fig. 5.

 

Insects belong to the second division of the Animal King-
dom, called Articulata. This division, or Sub-kingdom, com-
prises five Classes, which differ from each other chiefly by the
number of legs which they possess in the adult or perfect state.
These five Classes are as follows:

I. True Insects (Insecta), which are furnished with siz
legs, as the Goldsmith Beetle (Fig. 4).

II. Spipers, Mites, Ticks, ete. (Arachnida), are provided
with eight legs, as the Red Spider (Fig. 5).

Fig. 6. Fig. 7.
EEE SOE

OTT 3

       

ITI. Crass, LOBSTERS, etc. (Crustacea), have from ten to
fourteen legs.

IV. CexripepeEs, MILLIPEDES, ete. (Myriapoda), have more

than fourteen legs, as the Julus (Fig. 6).

INTRODUCTION. 3

V. EARTHWORMS, ete. (Annelida), are entirely destitute of
legs, as the Earthworm (Fig. 7).

The greater number of Fig. 8.
insects have the body di- eT ~~
vided into three distinct
regions (Fig. 8), which
have received the same
names as the correspond-
ing parts in the higher
animals ;: thus, the first
region, or part, is called
the head (A); the sec-
ond part, the thoras
or chest (B); and the
hindermost division is
termed the abdomen or

hind body (C). Tt is among the true insects alone that winged

individuals occur, although all insects are not provided with
these organs.

   

   

=e

The Spiders ( Arachnida) usually have the body divided into
two distinct regions ( Fig. 9), the head and thorax being merged

Fig. 9. Fig. 10.

  

Into one part; the thorax and abdomen are usually connected
by a slender stem, or petiole. They do not pass through any
changes or metamorphoses before reaching the adult state. So
far as at present known, all spiders are predaceous, feeding

hh

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aus rn
———— ER UE HR SES

sr A A

 

 
 

 

4 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

upon insects, etc.; and one South American species, of very

large size, is said to catch small birds by creeping up and
springing upon them, like a cat.

The Mites and Ticks differ from the Spiders in having the
three parts of the body closely united, as the Yellow Mite
(Fig. 10), there being no distinct line of separation between
the thorax and the abdomen. The young mites are usually
provided with six legs (Fig. 11). Some kinds feed upon the
leaves, etc., of various plants; others feed upon the eggs of
insects or upon young plant-lice, such as the, Phylloxera Mite
(Fig. 12); and still others. live parasitically upon different
kinds of animals, such as the Sheep-scab Mite (Fig. 13.)

Fig. 13.

  

The Scorpions belong to the same class as the Spiders, being
provided with eight legs; their maxillary palpi (or feelers at-
tached to the lower jaws), are frequently as long as their legs,
and terminate in forceps-like claws. They are mostly preda-
ceous in their habits.

The Centipedes,
Millipedes, etc. (My-
riapoda), are some- FE
times called “Thou-
sand-legged Worms,”
from the great number
of legs with which
their bodies are pro-
vided (Fig. 14). They
are readily divisible
into two groups, according to the number of legs attached to
each segment of their bodies. Some kinds have only a single

 

 

THE EGG STATE. 5

pair of legs attached to each segment, while others have two
pairs. By this character alone we are enabled to separate, at
a glance, the injurious from the beneficial, since those which
have only one pair of legs to each segment are predaceous
feeding upon Snails and other soft-bodied animals, wheres
those having two pairs of legs to each segment, feed upon veg-
etable matter.

It will thus be seen that true insects belong to the first Class
which is known by the name of INSECTA. Having learned the
position which these animals occupy in the vast Realm of
Nature, a short account will be given in Chapters II, III, IV
and VI of the four states or stages through which sees
pass, namely : First, the egg; second, the larva or caterpil-
lar; third, the pupa, chrysalis or nymph; fourth, the perfect
insect or imago.

Chapter V treats of their transformations (metamorphoses.)

CHAPTER 11.
The Egg State.

The greater number of insects, such as Saw-flies (Fig. 15)
Butterflies (Fig. 16), Moths (Fig. 17), Hessian Flies (Fig. 18)

9

’

Fig. 16.

 

Beetles (Fig. 19), True Bugs (Fig. 20), Tree Crickets (Fig. 21),
and Lace-winged Flies (Fig. 22), reproduce their kind bv de-

2

= ng le GE ;
3 A A A ART

 

Al i —— ~
= EE | SIE CC BE SEE

“ A

 

 

 

 
 

6 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.
Fig. 18.

( Lube)

SS ON
QA Wy
NC Rie (i

“an

   

 

positing eggs, and are therefore termed “oviparous,” (from
the Latin ovum, an egg, and parere, to produce).
Fig. 19.

 

A few kinds of inseets bring forth their young alive, such
as the Flesh-fly (Fig. 23) and Plant-lice (Fig. 24), and are
therefore called “ viviparous,” (from the Latin virus, alive, and

parere, to produce.)
Fig. 24.

 

cana

 

 

THE EGG STATE.

~3

Fig. 26. Fig. 27. Fig. 28.

a)

      
 

 

The eggs of insects are usually
of a globular form, such as the
eggs of some species of Butter-
, flies (Figs. 25 and 26), but some
are flattened, such as those of -
the Katydids (Fig. 27); while [/
others are elongated, as those of i
the Tree Crickets (Fig. 28);
still others, as those of the Tor- |
toise Beetles (Fig. 29), are fur-
nished with spines.

The surface of some insects’
eggs are perfectly smooth (Fig. 27); others are on
ribbed (Fig. 25), and still others are covered with % | 5
a net-work of raised lines (Fig. 26).

Insects deposit their eggs in a great variety of gp
situations, but always where the caterpillar or larva
as soon as hatched, will find an abundance of food within easy
reach.

  
   

 

Fig. 30.

‘Ie “Sig

 

The greater number are fastened by a viscid liquid to the

foliage of trees, plants, grasses, etc, as those of the Imported

RF

 
    
  
   
   
 
 
  
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
   
   
    
 
   
    
 

8 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. THE LARVA STATE. 9

Saw-fly (Fig. 30) and the Three-lined Potato Beetle (Fig. 31,d) ;
while others are laid in rings around the branches or twigs of
trees, such as those of DeLong’s Moth (Fig. 32) and of the
Orchard Tent Caterpillar (Fig. 33); other insects deposit

Beetles of various kinds deposit their eggs in the ground ; 1
the Hessian flies, on the stalks of wheat; the Joint-worm flies, HR
in the stalks of wheat, barley, etc.; the Army Worm moth, on
the lower parts of grasses; the Butterflies, on the leaves of
plants, etc., on which their larve are to feed; the Codlin

Moth, on fruits; and the Borers, on the bark of trees and
plants. | |

Fig. 88. Fig. 39.

Fig. 32.

  

their eggs in punctures in branches, as the Gray Tree Cricket
(Fig. 28), the Snowy Tree Cricket (Fig. 34), and the

Fig. 35

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  

   

Buffalo Tree-hopper (Fig. 35) ;
some kinds of True Bugs de-
posit their eggs on the branches outer shell. |
of trees (Fig. 36). The eggs
of the Lace-winged Flies are
placed at the tip of a short
pedicel or stem attached to the

The egg of an insect consists essentially of three parts,
namely : the central germ cell, surrounded by the yolk and the

The idea entertained by some persons, that many insects are
produced spontaneously, is erroneous; all insects are brought
forth by a parent, either as eggs or as living young.

 

 

leaves or branches (Fig. 22).
Fis. oF Some kinds of Wee- CHAPTER III.
2.37. _: . ie
vils deposit their eggs The Larve State.
in fruits, such as the :
Plum Curculio (Fig. Some insects, such as Grasshoppers, Earwigs (Fig. 41, a),
37) and the Grape Thrips (Fig. 42), and Soldier Bugs (Fig. 43,5), when they first
Curculio (Fig. 38, a).

Fig. 41.
The Grasshoppers de-

Ne posit their eggs in
masses in the earth (Fig. 39). Many kinds of Ichnuemon-
flies deposit their eggs in the bodies of caterpillars and pupe,
by piercing them with their ovipositors ; and sometimes in
grubs or borers which live under the bark of trees (Fig. 40).
The greater number of Gall-flies and Saw-flies make an in-

cision in the leaves or twigs of trees, ete., in which they deposit
their eggs.

  
 
 
 
 

 

  

 

 
10 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

issue from the egg, very closely resemble the adult or parent
insect, with the exception of being destitute of wings.

By far the greater number of insects, when first hatched
from the egg, are worm-like, having the body elongated, and

more or less cylindrical, and furnished with a distinct head
(Fig. 48, A), armed with strong jaws, such as the Native Currant
Worm (Fig. 44), the Army Worm (Fig. 45), the Wire Worm (Fig.
46), and the larva of the Lace-winged Fly (Fig. 47).

The bodies of those larva which are worm-like are divided
by transverse, impressed circles, into about twelve parts, called
“rings” or “ segments.” The first three segments nearest the
head (Fig. 48, B), represent the thorax of the perfect insect, and
are therefore termed “thoracic ” segments ; the remaining nine
segments (Fig. 48, C), represent the abdomen of the perfect in-
sect, and are therefore designated the “abdominal” segments.
On the top of the segment next to the head (or the first seg-
ment) is sometimes a horny plate (Fig. 48, G); this plate is
named the “cervical shield ;”’ a plate of similar texture on the
last or anal segment (Fig. 48, F), when present, is termed the

THE LARVA STATE. 11

“anal plate.” Sometimes there is a horn or spine on the top of
the eleventh segment (Fig. 48, E) ; this is known as the “anal

The greater number of larvae have nine spiracles, or breath-
ing pores (Fig. 48, H,) on each side of the body, one on each side
of the first segment, and one on each side of the segments from
four to eleven, inclusive.

When there is a line of any color extending along the spir-
acles, it is termed the stigmatal line. The back of a larva is
termed the dorsum, and when there is a line in the middle,
extending lengthwise with the body, it is termed the dorsal line.

A line midway between the dorsal and stigmatal lines is
termed the sub-dorsal line. The under part of the body is
termed the venter.

Some larvae are perfectly smooth-skinned, as the caterpillar
of the Turnus Butterfly (Fig. 49); others are more or less
covered with tubercles,
such as the caterpillar
of the Cecropia Moth
(Fig. 50) ; some are cov-

which grow clusters of

hair, as the caterpillar

of the Tussock Moth (Fig. 51); still others are covered with
small polished spots, termed piliferous spots, such as the
Glassy Cut-worm (Fig. 52; see the enlarged segment), from
each of which usually proceeds a fine hair.

Many kinds of larvae are entirely destitute of legs ; these
are called grubs, maggots, etc. ; for instance, the grub of the
Plum Curculio (Fig. 53); of the Flat-headed Apple Tree Borer
(Fig. 54); the grub of the Round-headed Apple Tree Borer
(Fig. 55) ; and the larva of the Hessian Fly (Fig. 56.)

 

 

 
 

 

  

12 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

Others are provided with six legs, as the grubs or larvee of

the Ground Beetles (Fig. 57).

Fig. 50.

B® LL TE SS

  
    

   

          

Larvae having from ten to sixteen legs are called true cater-
pillars, such as the Span Worms (Fig. 58), which have only
ten legs; the Glassy Cut-worm (Fig. 52), which is provided
with sixteen legs. Caterpillars have a pair of horny legs

Fig. 55.

GLB

Fig. 56.

 

 

 

THE LARVA STATE. 13

beneath each of the first three segments; these are the true
legs; the additional legs are fleshy, and are usually encircled
at the tips with a circle of minute hooks (Fig. 59); these
fleshy legs are commonly called pro-legs, prop-legs, or false-legs-

 

The greater number of larve which have more than the six
thoracic legs, are furnished with ten pro-legs (Fig. 52); these
are arranged in pairs
beneath the sixth,
seventh, eighth, ninth
and twelfth segments ;
those under the twelfth
segment are sometimes
called the anal pro-legs.
Larva having more than
sixteen legs are called _°
false caterpillars, such THe
as the larva of the Im-
ported Currant Saw-fly
(Fig. 60), which is pro- ¥ 7
vided with twenty legs. ;

The pro-legs of these false caterpillars are not furnished with
hooks at the tips. ;

The false caterpillars (Fig. 60), and also the true caterpillars,
which are provided with sixteen legs (Fig. 52), in crawling
about, move with a gentle undulating motion, while those
which are provided with from ten to fourteen legs arch the
body more or less upward. This is the most marked in the
ten-legged caterpillars (Fig. 58), which are commonly called

 

 

  

 

 

 
 

 

14 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

“Span Worms,” “Measuring Worms,” or “Geometers.” In
crawling about they arch the body upwards (Fig. 61), by bring-
ing their hind legs close to the front legs, then fastening itself
by the intermediate and hind legs, it stretches out the body to

Fig. 63.

  

its full length (Fig. 62); the same movements are repeated in
making the second and following steps.

The caterpillars that are provided with twelve or fourteen
legs, in moving arch the body upward, in the same manner as
those having ten legs, but to a less extent.

Some larve have the head soft and of no definite shape,
such as the larva of the Syrphus Fly (Fig. 63); it is provided
with a pair of hook-like jaws, which are usually curved down-
ward. These organs appear to be unfit for masticating food,
and are chiefly used to retain the larva in its place, or in hold-
ing its prey, and also to assist in moving around.

The soft, shapeless head occurs only in the
larvee of some kinds of Two-winged Flies, such
as those of the House-fly (Fig. 64, A, represents
the young larva, while at B is shown the same
larva at a more advanced age).

These larvae are always destitute of legs,
and are commonly called “ maggots.”

It is usually in the larva state alone that the
insect increases in size; the Butterfly or Bee,
or any other winged insect, does not increase
in size after its wings and other parts have
acquired their proper shape and degree of
firmness.

No larva, caterpillar, grub or maggot, is
capable of producing eggs or bringing forth young* these
offices being performed by the adult insect only.

 

 

*Some writers claim that there are exceptions to this rule, but these exceptions are of very
rare occurrence.

THE PUPA STATE. 15

CHAPTER 1IV.
The Pupa State.

Those insects which, when they first issue from the eggs, closely

Fig. 65. resemble the parent
insect, such as the
larva of the Chinch
Bug (Fig. 65, ¢,) and
the Harlequin Cab-
bage Bug (Fig. 66, a),
do not differ very
materially in form
after they enter the
pupa state (Figs. 65 g,
and 66,0), except that they are provided with wing-pads, or
cushion-like swellings in which the undeveloped wings are
enveloped ; they move about and take food as in the larva state.

 

 

 

 

 

 

The pupa of those insects which were worm-like when they

Fig. 68. issued from the egg, are incapable of moving
about and taking food, their legs and other
appendages being folded up and encased in
a sheath—such as the pupa of the Canker
Worm (Fig. 67).

   

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

16 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

In some pupae—such as those of the Beetles, Bees, Wasps,
and many Two-winged Flies—the antennge, wings and legs are
enclosed in separate sheaths and folded on the breast, as the
pupa of the Prionus Beetle (Fig. 68), the Flat-headed Apple-
tree Borer (Fig. 69), and the Plum Curculio (Fig. 70).

Fig. 71.

 

FEARAE. -
fH

PT Ts

 

EF

 

The pupa of Butterflies and Moths have the antenne, wings
and legs closely folded against the. breast, and the whole is
enclosed in a common covering or sheath, such as the pupa
of the Tomato Worm (Fig. 71) and of many Butterflies
(Fig. 72).

Fig. 74.

              
      
   

   

A
rT

o gr
Rn i eepe {
u Ld embed Ag
- —

Ae
==

i

 

c

 

THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF INSECTS. 17

Pup® vary in form; some have a smooth surface and are
conical in form (Fig. 73); others are sometimes angulated, as
the pupe of many Butterflies, such as those represented in
Figs. 74 and 75. The pupa of many kinds of Two-winged Flies
are enclosed in the old larva-skin, which becomes contracted
and hardened (Fig. 76). Pupa of this kind are said to be
coarctate or covered, while the others mentioned above are said
to be obtected or naked.

No insect can produce eggs or bring forth living young while
in the pupa state; it is only in the perfect or adult state that
insects can reproduce their kind.

CHAPTER V.

The Transformations of Insects.

Insects, with but few exceptions, pass through the four
stages corresponding to the egg, the larva, the pupa, and the
tmago.

These different stages are easily observed in the life of the
Archippus Butterfly. From the egg (Fig. 77, ¢, natural size ;

“a, magnified), is hatched a small worm-like creature, which at

  

=

once begins to feed upon the leaves of the plant upon which the
egg had been deposited by the parent butterfly ; after increas-

ing somewhat in size it casts off its old skin, and appears in
a new and more commodious one. This process is termed
“ moulting.”

2

 

 

i
i
1
8
Life
“i
Ll
J
i
|
i

 
 

18 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

When the time for casting its skin arrives, the caterpillar
first spins a layer of silk upon some object, and then crawls
upon it and fastens the hooks at the tips of its legs into the
silk : it now remains quiet for a short time, when the skin on
its back soon splits open, and the included caterpillar then
crawls out. This operation is repeated at intervals three or
four times, until the caterpillar reaches its full size (Fig. 78);

    
   

 
 
 
 

ed NN
5 AL

ry
\
go

A

it then spins a bunch of silk to the under side of some object,
and in this it entangles the hooks at the tips of its hind legs ;
then letting go its hold it hangs suspended, with the head and
fore part of the body drawn slightly upward, giving to the

body somewhat the form of the letter J (Fig. 79, a). In a short

Fig. 79.

 

time the skin on its back splits open, and the included object,
by elongating its body, pushes the fore part of the latter
through the rent in the skin; the body is then contracted, or

shortened, thus drawing the old skin backward; and this

operation is repeated until the skin is worked back to and
covers only the last two or three segments (Fig. 79,5). The
pupa is attached, near the hind end of its body, to the old

/

 

 

THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF INSECTS. 19

skin by a strong ligament. It soon withdraws the hind part
of its body out of the old skin, and remains suspended by
this ligament (Fig. 79, ¢) ; it then elongates its body and fastens
the hooks at the hind end of the latter into the bunch of silk
above the point where the old skin is attached, and by whirl-
ing around it breaks the ligament and dislodges the old skin,
after which it remains perfectly quiet and gradually becomes
contracted to its proper size and form (Fig. 80).
Fig. 80. In the course of a week or so its colors
f=. darken, and the spots on the inclosed butter-
fly’s wings can be quite plainly seen through
the thin and nearly transparent pupa-skin;
/| ac MB] soon the latter is burst near the anterior or
Se lower end, and the included butterfly comes
forth. At first its wings are short and limp,
but they gradually expand and harden, and
soon attain their proper form and size (Fig. 81).
All insects which are worm-like when they issue from the
egg, pass through the same stages as the Butterfly, although
not always in the same manner. Some spin a shroud or
cocoon (Fig. 82) around their bodies before entering the pupa
state ; others enter the earth and form smooth cells (Fig. 83);

 
 
 

 
 
   

Egy
ed
i —

Fig. 81.

 

while still others assume this form in the plants or other sub-
stances in which they dwell (Fig. 84, b). Some suspend them-
selves by the hind feet alone (Fig. 79); others pass a loop of

 

 
20 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

silken threads around the fore part of the body (Fig. 87,0). A
few of the former merely work the old skin back upon the
hind part of the body, where they allow it to remain, while in

 

a very few the old skin is merely rent on the back, and nearly
incloses the pupa. In the larvae of a great many kinds of
Two-winged Flies the larval-skin merely contracts and hard-
ens (Fig. 76), completely inclosing the pupa.

Those insects which pass through the various stages detailed
above, are said to have a complete transformation (metamor-
phosis).

But there are many insects (such as Grasshoppers, Plant-
bugs, etc.), which, when hatched from the egg, very closely

Fig. 85.

   

Fig. 86.

  

  

resemble the adult or parent insect, except that they are always
destitute of wings (Fig. 65, ¢); after increasing somewhat in
size they cast their skins and appear in the same form as

 

THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF INSECTS. 21

before, except that there is usually a pair of small wing-pads
where the wings are to be in the perfect insect. At each suc-
ceeding moult, or casting of the skin, the form still remains
as before, except that the wing-pads are larger (Fig. 65, ¢), and
finally the insect moults for the last time, and appears with
fully developed wings (as the Chinch Bug, Fig. 85). All this
time it has been able to move about and to take food.

~ When about to cast its skin, the insect firmly fastens the
hooks at the ends of its feet into some object; in a short time
the skin on its back splits open and the included insect makes
its escape.

Insects which pass through their different stages in this
manner, are said to have an incomplete transformation (meta-
morphosis). Some insects which are worm-like when they
issue from the egg, are active to a certain degree while in the
pupa state; thus the pupa of the Lace-winged Fly, a short
time before its final change, issues from its cocoon and fastens
itself by the feet to some neighboring object; in a short time
the skin on its back is rent, and the perfect insect makes its
escape.

 

Some insects after issuing from the pupa are still enveloped
in a thin film-like skin; this stage is usually called the sub-
imago, and occurs among May Flies, and allied insects. They
usually fly to the nearest plant, or other object, and soon cast
off the film-like skin.

. A few insects, like the Blister-beetles (Fig. 86), appear to
pass through more than four stages. At the approach of win-
ter the larva casts its skin and appears in a different form,

 

 

 

 
vi)

 

29 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

commonly called the semi-pupa ; it resembles the true pupa in
being unable to move about and to take food, but differs from
it in not having wing-cases, leg-cases, etc. In the following
Spring it casts off its old skin, and again appears as a larva;
the latter passes through the same changes as any other larva
before reaching the perfect state.

The changes which insects pass through before reaching
maturity have excited alike the interest and astonishment of
mankind from the earliest ages. “To see the same animal
appearing first as a worm-like creature (Fig. 87, a), slowly
crawling along and devouring everything in its way, and then,
after an intermediate period of death-like repose (Fig. 87,b),
emerging from its quiescent state, furnished with wings adorned
with brilliant colors (Fig. 88), and confined in its choice of
food to the most delicate
fluids of the vegetable king-
dom, is a spectacle that
must ever be regarded with
the greatest interest ; especi-
ally when we remember
that these dissimilar crea-
tures are all composed of
the same elements,. and
that the organs of the adult
were in a manner shadowed out in all its previous stages.”

Let those who look with scorn upon the pursuit of Ento-
mology as a study, learn that but few studies are better adap-
ted to improving the mind and inculcating habits of observa-
tion and of accurate perception, while, as a whole, it has no
small tendency to lift our thoughts to the great CREATIVE
BrrxG—to Him who has designed the minutest part of the
minutest object with reference to some particular use connected
with the whole.

 

THE IMAGO STATE. 29

CHAPTER VI.

The Imago State.

By far the greater number of insects are provided with
wings in the imago, or perfect state. Some, however, are des-
titute of these organs, and frequently very closely resemble
the larve, or pup®. This is especially true of some insects
which are active during the pupa state, such as the Plant-lice,
and some kinds of wingless Grasshoppers. The pup of the
latter usually differ from the adults by having the wings
twisted, so that the thin upper edge is nearest the under side
of the body.

The body of the perfect insect (Fig. 86) is composed of
three parts, the head, the thorax, and the abdomen.

THE HEAD AND ITS APPENDAGES.

The head is usually of a flattened, globular form. On each
side is a large compound eye (Fig. 90), composed of a great
many simple eyes placed close together. Besides the com-
pound eyes, many insects have two or three simple eyes (ocells),
which are usually situated on the top of the head.* The an-
tenn *t or horns are two in number, and are usually placed
below the eyes, but sometimes above them. The functions
which these organs perform are not distinctly understood, but
they are supposed to be connected with the sense of hearing;
this supposition is strengthened by the fact that in some Lob-
sters and Crabs, a distinct organ of hearing has been found
located at the base of the antenna.

The antenng® of insects are composed of a certain number
of joints which are numbered from the head outward; thus,
the joint next the head is the first or basal joint, the last joint
being the one at the tip or apex.

Some of the different forms of the antenne are illustrated
in the accompanying figures; the following are the principal
kinds : :

Filiform, or thread-like; of nearly equal width throughout
its entire length (Figs. 91 and 94, a).

 

* See Fig. 89. +t See Fig. 103.

 

 

 

 
 

y — ee  ; eee.
. Be oii rio EE —
i # . eS ee OT : pe a a E————
SRR sn ert rn = . Ll st a i ————— cin er
Ee - ee i it ER Re i - en 191 a hin

 

 

 

LO
aN

(Fig. 93).

slender and tapering

b

rie) 5 :

y _/
ee
* a

Ba
NIP

 

Fig. 103.

 

-shaped ; largest in the middle
NS EOE VRS

 

THE IMAGO STATE.

Setaceous, Setiform, or bristle-like :

Fusiform, or spindle
toward the tip (Fig. 94, b).

 

tip

 

   

      

   

s
5 & :
ce TTHTITRR
S HHH ft i ere Bim a0
= = A
.

 

Fig. 92.
Fig. 95

OS Nn 8
SS
en
=

 

i
=}
eo
oo
B=

TE once

Poy

 

Udwo Pet”

sapovardy
rid +

7
A

  
  

NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

club-shaped ; gradually enlarging toward the
Fig. 89.

Clavate, or
(Figs. 92 and 98).

24

 
 

a aiciaation

 

26 NATURAL HTSTORY OF INSECTS.

Moniliform, or bead-like; when the joints are more or less
globular, resembling a string of beads.

Capitate, or knobbed ; terminating in a knob at the tip
(Figs. 95 and 96).

Serrate, or saw-toothed; when each joint is prolonged in
the form of a small tooth, on the inner side at the apex or tip
of each joint (Figs. 97 and 99). . .

Lamellate ; when the terminal joints are prolonged inter-
nally in the form of flattened plates (Figs. 100 and 101).

Pectinate, or comb-toothed; when the inner angle of each
Joint is considerably prolonged at the apex (Fig. 102).

Bi-pectinate—Pectinate on both sides (Fig. 115, a., some-

times called pectinate).
[ For other forms of antenns, see Glossary. ]

Fig.
102.

Fig. 100. Fig. 101.

1948

  

Fig. 104. Fig. 105.

[EO a

 

The mouth of such insects as masticate their food, consists
essentially of four parts or sets of organs, namely : the upper
lip (labrum, Figs. 104 and 105) ;*¢ the lower lip (labium, Fig,
106) ;*t the upper jaws (mandibles) ;*t and the lower jaws
(mawille).*t These different organs are arranged as follows :

.
- .
- -

The upper and lower dots represent the upper and the lower
lip, respectively ; the two dots below the upper one represent
the upper jaws, while the two dots below these represent the

 

 

 

* See Fig. 89. 1 See Fig. 103.

THE IMAGO STATE. 2%

lower jaws. The upper lip is attached to the lower edge of the
face, and aids in retaining the food in the mouth during the

process of mastication.
Next to the upper lip is the upper Jaws, which consist of

two hard and more or less curved pieces (Figs. 107, 108, 109
and 110),*t which open and shut sidewise, instead of up and
down, as the jaws of animals do; these are the true biting and
masticating organs.

Fig. Fig. 108, Fig .109. Fig.
Fig. 106. 107. E g 116,

L208)

Next to these are the lower jaws, which are much softer than
the upper ones; like them they open and shut sidewise, and
their chief office seems to be to aid in retaining and masti-
cating the food. Near the base of each lower jaw, on the outer
side, is a jointed appendage, called the maxillary palpus
(Figs. 111, 112 and 113).*¢ Below the lower Jaws is placed the

Fig. 111.

22

 

Fig. 112. Fig. 118.

   

lower lip; this is used in retaining the food in the mouth ;
near the base are two jointed appendages, called the labial
palpi (Fig. 106).*4 When the lower lip is very narrow, the ter-
minal portion is frequently called the tongue (lingula). Tt is
attached to the upper and inner edge of the chin (mentum).

 

 

 

* See Fig. 89. +t See Fig. 108.

 

 

 

 

 
 

Ba ie arr

 

28 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

There is sometimes a second pair of appendages attached
to the lower lip, nearer its tip than the labial palpi; these are
termed the paraglossa.

In those insects which obtain their nourishment by suction,
such as Bugs, Butterflies, Moths, and the Two-winged Flies,
some or all of the mouth parts are drawn out, or elongated,
and several of them are sometimes united to Fig. 114.
form a single organ, or beak; in many in-§]
sects—such as True Bugs (Fig. 114, b), Horse-
flies, etc.—the beak (Fig. 114, a,) is quite hard
and fitted for piercing, while in others—such
as the House-fly—it is quite soft and fitted & b
for lapping. In the Butterflies and Moths it is usually quite
long, frequently as long or longer than the entire body of the
insect, and when not in use is coiled up like the hair-spring of
a watch (Fig. 115, ¢), and concealed beneath the head.

The posterior part of the head (or the part which is next to
the thorax) is called the occiput. The top of the head (Fig.
116, c), is called the vertex or crown. Just above the upper

 

Fig. 115.

 

lip (h)* is usually a more or less square piece (¢), divided from
the neighboring parts by a suture or groove; this piece is
termed the clypeus,* but in the Two-winged Flies it is called
the hyperstoma. That part of the face which is between the
clypeus and a line drawn from one antenna to the other, is
called the front, while the part of the face which is between
this and the vertex, is called the forehead. The cheeks are that

 

* See Fig. 89,

THE IMAGO STATE. 29

portion of the side of the head which is between the eves and
the mouth (Fig. 116, 1).

THE THORAX AND ITS APPENDAGES.

Next to the head is the thorax, which is composed of
three segments (Fig. 89). The first segment is called the pro-
thorax ; to this part is attached the first or anterior pair of
legs ;* the second segment of the thorax is called the meso-
thoraz,* and to it are attached the middle pair of legs and the
first or upper pair of wings when they are present; the third
or last segment of the thorax is termed the meta-thorax;* the
last pair of legs are attached to this, and also the second or
posterior pair of wings, when these members are present.

The upper part of the thorax is sometimes called the notum,
while the under part has received the name of sternum. Each
of these is divided into three parts, the same as the
thorax; thus there is a pro-notum and a pro-ster-
num,t a meta-notum and a meta-sternum,t etc. The
different parts of the legs are well illustrated in
the accompanying figure (Fig. 117), where ¢ rep-
resents the thigh, (femur); f the shank, (tibia) ; and
h the foot, (tarsus) ; the latter is five-j ointed, and the
last joint is terminated by two claws (7). The part
to which the thigh is attached at its upper end is
called the cova,*t and between them is sometimes
a small piece called the trochanter.*+

The greater number of insects when in the perfect state,
are provided with two pairs of wings.

In the Beetles the first pair are of a hard, bony texture, and
meet in a straight line or suture on the back (Fig. 118); they
are sometimes smooth, but are frequently covered with small
humps (rugose), or with longitudinal ridges (striz) (Fig. 119);
they are nearly always covered with small impressed dots
(punctures) (Fig. 120), as if pricked with the point of a pin;
sometimes the outer edge of each wing is turned upward ; this
is called the epipleura. These wings are termed © wing-cases”’
(elytra) and are never used in flying.

 

 

* See Fig. 89. t See Fig. 103.

 

 

 

 
 

me

30 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

In Grasshoppers, Crickets and in some kinds of Bugs the
anterior wings are more or less of a firm, leathery texture; in
the Grasshoppers and kindred insects the front wings are some-
times called the tegmina, while in the True Bugs these organs
have received the name of hemelytra.

Fig. 118. Fig. 119.

        

The Butterflies and the greater number of Moths have the
wings (Figs. 121 and 122),* and also the body and its members,

Fig. 121.

 

thickly covered with flattened scales of various designs; it is
these which give the diversified colors to these insects. When
these scales .are rubbed off, the wings are found to be of a more
or less membraneous texture (Fig. 123).

In the Bees, Wasps (Fig. 1), Two-winged Flies (Fig. 124),
Dragon-flies, Plant-lice and similar insects, all the wings are
thin and membraneous; as are also the posterior wings in

 

“EXPLANATION oF Fi. 121.—ab, inner third of wing; am, middle third; al, outer third; 4,
costal edge; B, inner or posterior edge; C, outer edge; D, apex; sd, basal line; sa, transverse
anterior line; mo, orbicular; mr, reniform; wm, transverse shade; sp, transverse posterior
line; ms, marginal line; 1b, dentiform spot.

“EXPLANATION OF Fie. 122.—(Capitals same as in Fig. 121); fr, frenulum; em, lunule.

tEXPLANATION OF Fie. 123,—(Capitals same as in Fig. 121); a, antenna; 1, prothorax; m,
patagia; k, mesoscutum; ab, discal cell; am, discal cross-vein; above al, independent vein; n,
abdomen,

 

THE IMAGO STATE. 31

those insects which have the anterior pair thickened (Fig.
114, b). The wings of the former kind are usually furnished
with several veins (Fig. 125)* which are more or less con-

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 123.
a.
D
A
1 { aT
mess ab i x C
k-.--¥- 5 5
a) t D
Yi ie {
Blt
Cc
Rn

nected with each other by cross-veins or nervures. These
veins and cross-veins form several enclosed spots, which may
be likened to the panes of glass in a window ; these are called
cells. When one of
these cells is entirely
_ surrounded by veins
) and cross-veins, it is
said to be closed (Fig.
125,2,2,2); but if the
outer or the posterior
margin of the wing forms one of its sides, it is then said to
be open (Fig. 125, 4, 4).

Naturalists ‘determine the different genera and species of
Plant-lice chiefly by the difference in the veining of the wings,
these being the most reliable characters which these insects
possess.

Fig. 126 t represents the venation of the wings of the Rose
Aphis and Grain Aphis; Figure 127 represents: those of the
Apple-tree Aphis; and Figure 128, those of the Woolly Aphis.

Fig. 125.

  
  

 

 

* EXPLANATION or Fia, 125.-- ¢, costal vein; sc, sub-costal vein; m, median vein; sm, sub-
median vein; i, internal vein; 1, costal cell; 2, (dark) stigma; 3, marginal or radial cell: 1. 2
3, k, (back of stigma and marginal cell) sub-marginal or cubital cells; 2, 8, 4, (back of sub-mar.
ginal cells) discoidal cells; 2, 3, inner and outer apical cells; 1, 1, 1, (nearest the base) median
sub-median and iuternal cells; ¢, the apex. J
. .  ExpLANaTiON OF Fie. 126.—1, basal cell; 2, first discoidal cell; 3, second discoidal cell; 4,
infra-marginal cell; 5, first cubital cell; between 4 and 5, second cubital cell; 7, stigma; toward
base of wing from stigma, costal cell; between 4 and 7, marginal cell. (The latter and No 4
are sometimes called “apical cells.”)

 

 

 
32 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.
THE ABDOMEN AND ITS APPENDAGES.

The posterior division of the body of an insect is termed
the abdomen, and contains the organs of nutrition and of

Fig. 126.

 

reproduction. It is sometimes united to the thorax by its
i entire width, but in some insects—such as Wasps, etc.—these
two parts are connected by a slender stem, or petiole.

Fig. 127. 'Fig. 198.

4

 

Along each side of the abdomen are the spiracles (Fig. 89),
through which the insect breathes.

THE IMAGO STATE. 33

The tip of the abdomen is sometimes furnished with a
Sting—as in the Bees and Wasps—with which the insect de-
fends itself. In other insects—such as the Saw-flies (Fig. 130)—
1t is furnished with a piercer or ovipositor (Fig. 129), which is

Fig. 131.

       

ml

  
  

 
 
  
     
  
     
 
 

 
  

 

Se - gl 1 . >
S = Gf 75)
NN Cogn SOIREE i be
= EN

 

77
il

UL

7

   
 

4/7

 
     
 
 

     

Z

  

used for the purpose of making punctures in the leaves or
twigs of plants, in which to deposit the eggs. The females of
several species of Ichneumon Flies are furnished with an ovi-
positor, which is frequently as long as the entire body of the
Insect (Fig. 131), and composed of several thread-like pieces.

3

 

 

 
 

4

 

34 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

CHAPTER VII

The Internal Anatomy of Insects.

The nervous system of insects consists essentially of two
cords, extending the entire length of the body, and placed
nearest to the lower side; these cords are situated one above
the other, and the lower cord is enlarged at intervals into
knots, called ganglia; from each of these knots a number of

cords or filaments extend to the various organs. The fibers

which compose these cords, separate at the anterior extremity
of the body, so as to pass around the gullet (@sophagus), above
which they again unite to form the brain, which is somewhat
larger than the other ganglia.

The organs of nutrition consist of an alimentary canal, ex-
tending the entire length of the insect; it is enlarged in sev-
eral places, and somewhat resembles the same organ in birds.
The gullet (wsophagus) is terminated by a cavity resembling
the crop in birds; next to this is a smaller muscular organ,

analogous to the gizzard; this is followed by a larger and

longer cavity, which is the true digestive stomach ; this iscon-
tracted at the posterior end into the intestinal canal, which is
enlarged at the posterior end into what is known as the colon.
The liver and kidneys are not in a solid mass, as in the higher
animals, but consist of masses of twisted, ribbon-like tubes.

The blood is a colorless fluid, which does not circulate in
closed vessels or veins, but permeates all parts of the body
The heart is represented by an elongated, pulsating vessel, sit-
uated in the upper part of the body, along the back ; it is fur-
nished with small valves, which allow the blood to pass only
in one direction, which is toward the head. The blood enters
the heart through openings at the sides, and is forced forward
and expelled out of an opening in the anterior end ; from this
it passes backward, through all parts of the body, and again
enters the heart, as before. In many naked caterpillars the
pulsation of the heart beneath the skin on the back can readily
be observed.

Insects do not breath through the mouth or nostrils, as
the higher animals do, but through small openings, called

THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF INSECTS, 35

spiracles, placed on each side of the body (Fig. 89); these
open into minute, pearly tubes (trachex), which carry the air
to all parts of the body, where it comes in contact with the
blood. In the perfect or winged insect these tubes are dilated
into a great many air-sacs, facilitating their flight.

In many aquatic larvee—such as those of the Mosquito
(Fig. 132)—these tubes project from the body in the form of
small tufts, analogous to the gills of fishes. Those insects
which, in the perfect state, spend much of their time in
the water, are not furnished with these gills, and hence are
compelled to rise to the surface of the water occasionally to
get air. :

Insects (unlike the higher animals) have the skeleton ex-
ternal, or upon the outside, and the muscles are attached to
the internal surface of the various parts. The muscles are
composed of numerous fibers, which are not united in the
rounded, compact form which they have in the higher animals.

 

No insect is possessed of a voice, and Fig. 132.
those which appear to sing—such as the x.
Katydids and Crickets—produce their notes NI
by the rubbing together of certain parts of Ds =
the body. The Cicada, or Harvest-fly, is = Lh
furnished with a thin, transparent instru- 1.
ment, which is alternately indented and re-
laxed, producing a sound somewhat similar : I
to that produced by indenting a tin pan. I :

=:

Some insects produce a shrilling noise by
elevating the wing-cases, and rubbing their
edges together; others rasp the inside of i
their hind legs against the outer edges of 4
their wing-cases ; some, while on the wing, \
make a somewhat similar noise by rubbing the front edge of
the hind wings against the under side of the wing-cases.
Some kinds of Beetles sometimes make a squeaking noise by
rubbing the base of the thorax against the adjacent part of
the wing-cases.

  

 

 

 
 

 

  

36 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

CHAPTER VIII.
The Seven Orders of Inseets.

~ Naturalist separate insects into seven Orders, characterized
by the difference in the mouth parts, and the number and struc-
ture of the wings.

These Orders are as follows :

1.—HyMENOPTERA (from two Greek words, meaning mem-
brane-winged). Such as Bees, Wasps, Saw Flies, etc.

2.—LepripoPTERA (from two Greek words, meaning scaly-
winged). Such as Butterflies and Moths.

3.—Dr1pPTERA (from two Greek words, signifying two-winged).
Such as Two-winged Flies, Mosquitoes, ete.

4.—CoLEOPTERA (from two Greek words, signifying sheath-
winged). Such as Beetles and Weevils.

5.—HEMIPTERA (from two Greek words, meaning half-winged).
Such as Plant Bugs, etc. This Order is divided into two Sub-
orders, which are as follows :

Homoptera (from two Greek words, meaning similar-winged).
Such as Plant-lice, Vine-hoppers, ete.

Heteroptera (from two Greek words, meaning different-winged).
Such as Plant Bugs, Soldier Bugs, ete.

6.—ORTHOPTERA (from two Greek words, meaning straight-
winged). Such as Grasshoppers, Crickets, ete.

7.—NEUROPTERA (from two Greek words, meaning nerve-
winged). Such as Dragon Flies, Lace-winged Flies, etc.

CHAPTER IX.
Classification of Insects into Orders.

By some authors the True Insects are divided into two Sec-
tions, as follows :

I. Grawine Insects (Mandibulata ).—These insects are fur-
nished with a pair of jaws. This Section includes the Orders
Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Neuroptera.

II. Sucking Insects ( Haustellata).—These insects have the

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 37

mouth parts formed into a beak or proboscis. This Section
includes the Orders Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera.

SECTION 1.—GNAWING IINSECTS (Mandibulata).

HYMENOPTERA (Bees, Wasps, etc.) —These insects usually
have four membranous wings, with few veins, such as the
Imported Currant Saw Flies

(Fig. 133). The posterior pair
are the smallest. The wings
are wanting in a few species.
The upper jaws are fitted for
biting, while the lower jaws
form a sheath around the
lower lip. The three last
named organs are greatly elon-
gated, and fitted for sucking
or lapping. The body is usu-
ally hard and firm, and in
many species the abdomen is
furnished with a sting, where-
with the insects defend them-
selves ; some females have an :

exserted ovipositor (Fig. 129), with which they puncture the

 

Fig. 134.

 

leaves or twigs of plants wherein they deposit their eggs;
others, such as the Ichneumon Flies (Figs. 40, 131 and 134)

 
  
 

 

   

  

 
 

  

38 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

puncture the bodies or eggs of other insects, and deposit
their eggs therein. The larva are usually destitute oy legs,
(like the larva of the Grape Seed Maggot, Fig. 135),
and many of them feed upon food provided by the parents;
othere are provided with twenty or twenty-two legs (such as
the larva of the Rose Saw-Fly, Fig. 136), and feed upon the
leaves of plants, or
live in the stems of
plants, or in galls
on plants. The
transformations
are complete, and
the legs, etc., of the
pupa are enclosed
in separate sheaths,
(such asthe pupa of
the Strawberry Saw
Fly, Fig. 137, 1 and
2). The larvee usu-
ally pupate in their
nests, or in whatever substance they live ; others spin cocoons

Fig. 139.

 

 

around their bodies, usually first concealing themselves be-
neath the fallen leaves, or entering the earth.

 

furnished with six legs, which are placed beneath the fore part

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 39

CoLEOPTERA (Beetles).—These insects are usually provided
with four wings, but in a few species the hind wings are want-
ing. The fore wings (elytra) are of a hard, horny texture, and
meet in a straight line (suture) along the back, (except in the
genus Meloe, where they overlap each other); in a few species
they are united at the suture (as in some kinds of Darkling
Beetles, Fig. 119). The posterior wings, when present, are
membraneous, and when not in use are usually folded both
lengthwise and crosswise, and concealed beneath the elytra.
(The Beetles which belong to the same family as the Flat-
headed Appple-tree Borer (Fig. 138) have the hind wings

folded lengthwise only.) The mouth parts are fitted for biting.
Transformations complete.

Fig. 141.

Fig. 140.

   

\{

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NY
1
=

2

        

The larvae are commonly called grubs, and are sometimes

  
  

 

 

  

 
 

All

      
    
  
   
   
   
 
   
  
 
   
  
 
   
   
    
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
  
  

40 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

of the body (such as the larva of the June Beetle, Fig. 139, 2) ;
besides these some kinds have a fleshy prop-leg beneath the
last segment (as the larva of the Striped Cucumber Beetle, Fig.
140). Others are entirely destitute of legs. In all of them
the head is distinct. Some undergo their transformations in
the substance in which they live; others enter the earth and
spin a slight cocoon (Fig. 139, 1). The pupe have the legs,
etc., enclosed in separate sheaths (Fig. 139, 1).

ORTHOPTERA, (Grasshoppers, Crickets, etc.) — The insects
which belong to this Fig. 142.
order usually have
four wings; the an-
terior pair are thick-
ened or parchment-
lke, and overlap
each other on the
back (as those of the
Katydid, Fig. 141),
except in the Ear-
wigs (Fig. 41).
The posterior wings
are thinner, and
when at rest are
foided up length-
wise, like a fan, and
more or less con-
cealed beneath the
anterior pair. "In a
few species one or
both pairs of wings
are wanting. The
mouth parts are
fitted for biting.
The transformations
are incomplete, the
pupa being active.

 

With the exception of the insects which belong fo the same
family as the Mantis (Fig. 142), all the insects belonging to

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 41

this Order are more or less injurious. In the Earwig family

(Fig. 41) the anterior wings meet in a straight line on the back,
as in the Rove Beetles (Fig. 249), from which they are at once
distinguished by the prominent anal forceps.

Fig. 143.

LSS

 

NEUuROPTERA (Dragon Flies, May Flies, etc.)—These insects
are usually provided with four membraneous wings (such
as the Dragon Fly, Fig. 143), but in a few species the pos-
terior wings are wanting, while several species are entirely
wingless. The wings, when present, are usually provided with
numerous cross-veins, forming a network of veins, but in sev-
eral species (such as in the Genus Psocus, Fig
144), the cross-veins are not more numerous
than they are in the wings of Butterflies and
Moths. The body and its appendages are
usually soft and weak, and the tip of the abdomen is some-
times furnished with two or three long bristles (setz). The
mouth parts are fitted for biting. The larvee are mostly
aquatic and are provided with six legs; in some the trans-
formations are incomplete, the pupa being active (as the pupa
of the Dragon Fly, Fig.
145); in others they are
complete, and the pupa has
the legs, etc., enclosed in _
separate sheaths; several
pup of the latter kind are
active, to a certain extent,

Fig. 144.

 

Fig. 145.

  

- =
Cua TT im

Mi {Him TT

   
    
 

 
 
 

     

 

 

 

 
42 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

the White Ants, the insects belonging to this Order cannot be
regarded as being injurious, while several species are eminently
beneficial (such as the Lace-winged Flies, Fig. 22). Some
authors have separated those insects belonging to this Order
which pass through an incomplete transformation, into a dis-
tinct Sub-order, which they call Pseudo-newroptera; but their
course has not been very generally followed.

SEctioN 2.—SUCKING INSECTS (Haustellata).

LEPIDOPTERA (Butterflies and Moths).— These insects are
provided with four thin wings, which are usually covered with
minute, flattened scales (such as the Semicolon Butterfly, Fig.

Fig. 146.

 

146, and the Orchard Tent-caterpillar Moth, Fig. 147) ;* the
females of a few species are either wingless (as the female of the
Yellow Canker-worm Moth, Fig. 148), or the wings are small

Fig. 147. Fig. 148.

   

and rudimentary. The body and its appendages are also cov-
ered with scales or short hairs. The mouth parts are fitted for

 

“The antennz of Butterflies always terminate in a knob (see Figs. 95 and 146); but the
antennz of Moths never terminate in a knob (see Figs. 97, 115, a, and 147).

 

just before the perfect insect emerges. With the exception of

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 43

sucking, the upper lip and jaws being very small or rudimen-
tary, while the lower jaws are formed into a long tube or
proboscis, which, when not in use, is coiled up like the hair
spring of a watch (Fig. 115, g9,) and concealed beneath the
head; in a few species which take no food while in the perfect
state, the lower jaws are also rudimentary. The transfor-
mations are complete, and
the various members of the
pupa are enclosed in a
common sheath or cover-

” = ing (as the pupa of the
Achemon Sphinx, Fig. 149). A few of the larvae of the
smaller species of Moths are destitute of legs; others are pro-
vided with ten legs (as the Spring Canker Worm, Fig. 150, a) ;

  

 

some with twelve legs (as the Fall Canker Worm, Fig. 151, Ff);
the greater number have sixteen legs (as the larva of the
Achemon Sphinx, Fig. 152); while a few of small size, which

 

mine the leaves of plants, have more than sixteen legs; in all
of them the head is distinct. They are all more or less
injurious, with the single exception of one species (the Dak-
ruma coccidivorella of Comstock) which feeds upon young
Scale-insects.

  

     
  
   
  

   
  
 
   

  

 

 

 
 

{
i

Hi

 

 

44 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

HemipTERA (True Bugs).—These insects are usually pro-
vided with four wings, but a few kinds have only two, while
others are entirely destitute of wings. The mouth is fitted for
suction, and is commonly called the “beak,” or “proboscis.”
(See the Dotted-legged Plant-bug, Fig. 20, ¢; the Spined Soldier
Bug, Fig. 114, a ; the Ring Banded Soldier Bug, Fig. 153, ¢ ;

Fig. 154.

  

and the Many Banded Robber, Fig. 154, b.) It usually con-
sists of four bristle-like organs (the upper and the lower jaws),
which are inclosed in the sheath-like lower lip; the upper lip
is short and pointed. The transformations are incomplete.
This Order is divided into two Sub-orders, as follows :

Fig. 156.

 

Homoptera (Plant-lice, Vine-hoppers, etc).—These insects
have the wings of the same texture throughout, either wholly
leathery (as those of the Buffalo Tree-hopper, Fig. 155), or
wholly membraneous (as those of the Grain Aphis, Fig. 156),
and when at rest they are held slanting over the back like a

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 45

steep roof (as in the Hop Aphis, Fig. 157, 2); the beak arises
from the posterior part of the under side of the head, and
sometimes apparently from the breast.

They are all terrestrial, and are injurious to vegetation.
Many of them are wingless (as in Fig. 157, 4, and the Apple
Tree Aphis, Fig. 158). In one family—the Scale-insects—

Fig. 157.

 

the females (such as those of the Red Scale, Fig. 159, 1b,) are
wingless, and the males are provided with only two wings

(Fig. 159, 1a).
Fig. 159.

 

 

 

 

 
 

Hi
i

bi

i

 

 

46 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

Heteroptera (Plant Bugs, Soldier Bugs, etc ).—These insects
have the anterior wings thickened at the base, while the outer
part is thin and more membraneous (such as those of the Har-
lequin Cabbage Bug, Fig. 160). When at rest they lie flatly

Fig. 160,

 

Fig. 163.

   

upon the back, and overlap each other at the tips. The beak
issues from the fore part of the under side of the head, while

Fig. 164.

4

 

in the Homoptera it issues from the posterior part of the under
side of the head. In a few small species, such as the Thrips

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO ORDERS. 47

(Fig. 161) and the wingless Lice, the mouth is furnished with
jaws. Some of the insects which belong to this sub-order are
terrestrial, others are aquatic (as the Large Belostoma, Fig.
162). A very few species are predaceous ; others are parasitic,
while still others feed upon the juices of various plants (such
as the Squash Bug, Fig. 163).

DiprERA (Two-winged Flies).—These insects are provided
with only two wings, the posterior pair being represented by a
pair of thread-like organs, knobbed at the outer end (such as
those of the Wheat Midge, Fig. 164, and the Onion Fly, Fig.
165). These are called balancers, or halteres, and are never
wanting, even in those species which are wingless. The mouth
parts are fitted for piercing or lapping. Transformations com-
plete. The larvae are destitute of legs (such as the Apple Mag-
got, Fig. 166, and the larvae of the Helophilus Fly, Fig. 167),

Fig. 168.

      
 

Qe (ed

 

and are commonly called “maggots;” some are furnished
with a distinct head (as the larva of the Crane Fly, Fig. 168,
1), while in others this part is soft, and of no definite shape.
The legs, etc., of the pupa (Fig. 168, 2,) are confined in sepa-
rate sheaths, but the entire pupa is sometimes inclosed in the
hardened skin of the larva (as the pupa of the Apple Maggot,
Fig. 76).

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

48 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

CHAPTER X.

Classification of Larve.

Those insects which, when they first issue from the egg,
closely resemble the parents, are always provided with six
legs. Those which are furnished with a beak belong to the
Order Hemiptera, such as the larva of the Cabbage Bug (Fig.
66, a), and the larva of the Soldier Bug (Fig. 43, b). Those
which are provided with jaws belong either to the Orthoptera
or the Neuroptera ; if aquatic, they belong to the latter order;
but if terrestrial, they belong to Orthoptera, such as the larva
of the Earwig (Fig. 41, a). Those which are worm-like when
they issue from the egg, and are destitute of legs—such as
those which are commonly called “maggots” or “ grubs,”’—

 

belong either to the Order Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, or Dip-
tera. If the body is flattened, like the larva of the Broad-
necked Prionus (Fig. 169), the larva belongs to the Coleoptera,
and is probably the larva of a Long-horned Borer, or of a Saw-
horned Borer; if they live in nests stored with dead insects
or with pollen, they belong to the Order Hymenoptera ; if they
have a soft, retractile head, of no definite shape, they belong
to the Order Diptera, as the larva of the Ox Bot-fly (Fig. 170.)
In the Lepidopterous families Lycznidez and Bombycide, a
few larve have the legs so small as to be scarcely distinguish-
able ; these larvae, or caterpillars, live exposed upon the leaves
of plants and trees.

Those larvee which are worm-like and provided with six
legs, such as those which are commonly called “grubs,” as
the larva of the Asparagus Beetle (Fig. 171) and the larva of

CLASSIFICATION OF LARVA. 49

the Rove Beetle (Fig. 172)—belong either to the Order Cole-
optera or Neuroptera. If they are terrestrial they probably
belong to the Order Coleoptera, the only Neuropterous larvee
which are terrestrial being those of the Lace-winged Flies
(Fig. 47), and of the Ant Lions.. These larve differ from the
Coleopterous larvee by their long and prominent jaws, which
project horizontally in front of the head.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Those larvee which are provided with from ten to sixteen legs,
such as are commonly called “Caterpillars,” (as the Parsley
Worm, Fig. 173), “ Span Worms,” “ Measuring Worms,” etc.,
belong to the Order Lepidoptera.

Those larvee which are provided with more than sixteen
legs are called “False Caterpillars,” such as the Pear Slug
(Fig. 174) ; they belong to the Order Hymenoptera, and to the
family of Saw Flies.

4

 

 

 

 
 

A

 

 

50 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

CHAPTER XI

Classification of Insects.

Insects are divided into orders, orders into families, families

into genera, genera into species.
Or to reverse this and illustrate: The Southern Cabbage

Butterfly (Fig. 175) is a species, and the Imported Cabbage

Butterfly (Fig. 176) is another species. These, with other
species of a similar form, though not of the same color, form
a genus.

The common Yellow Butterflies form another genus. These
and several other genera, agreeing in certain respects, form a
family. This and several other families of Butterflies, Sphinx
Moths, Night Flying Moths, etc., all agreeing in certain re-
spects (for instance, in having scaly wings and bodies) form
the Order Lepidoptera.

As a general rule, all the
species of a family have suf- _ comm
ficient resemblance to each —y -

   

Mr

other to enable even unsci-
entific persons, by a little
study and observation, to
associate them with reason-
sonable correctness, and
among insects they usually have somewhat similar habits, so
that knowing the habits of a given family, when we find a
species belonging to it, we have a pretty correct idea of its
habits.

As illustrating the method of ascertaining the Order to which
any perfect insect belongs, supposing an insect is presented
with the inquiry : To what Order does it belong? On exam-
ination, if it is found to have biting jaws, it belongs to the
gnawing insects (Mandibulata), and therefore must either be-
long to the Order Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, or
Neuroptera, as these are the only insects having biting jaws.
If the fore or upper wings are of a hard and horny texture,
and the under wings are thin and membraneous, and folded
both lengthwise and crosswise, the insect is a Beetle, (as the

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 51

Prickly Bark Beetle Fig. 177), and therefore belongs to the
Order Coleoptera, as this is the only order of insects having
biting jaws, and wings of the kind described above. If the fore
OT upper wings are parchment-like, or leathery, and the under
wings membraneous and folded lengthwise like a fan, (as those
of the Katydid Fig. 141), the insect belongs to the Order
Orthoptera, as this is the only order of insects having biting
jaws and wings of the kind described above.

Fig. 177.

  

If the insect is provided with four wings, all of which are

thin and membraneous, and is furnished with biting jaws, it
belongs either to the Hymenoptera or N europtera. If the ab-
domen is provided with a sting or piercer (as that of the
Wasp or Hornet, Fig. 1), it belongs to the Order Hymenop-
tera, as this is the only order of insects having biting jaws and
four membraneous wings, that has the abdomen armed with a
sting or piercer. But if the four wings are of equal size, and
crossed by numerous veins, forming a net-like structure, and
the abdomen is soft and not armed with a sting (such as the
Dragon Fly, Fig. 143), the insect belongs to the Order N europ-
tera, as this is the only order of insects having biting jaws and
four wings of equal size, and the abdomen not armed with a
sting.

Supposing the insect presented has a mouth formed for
sucking (as the Tomato Worm Moth, Fig. 178), then it belongs
either to the Order Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, or Diptera—the
Haustellate Orders. If it is provided with four wings covered
with scales, and the mouth parts formed for sucking (as in Fig.
178), it belongs to the Order Lepidoptera, as this is the only
order of insects having four wings covered with scales, and a
a mouth formed for sucking.

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

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i

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ih
i
3
il
il
Ho
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H2 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

If the mouth parts are formed for sucking, and in the form
of a beak (as in the Dotted Legged Plant-bug, Fig. 20), and
the insect is provided with four wings, it belongs to the Order

Fig. 178.

 

Hemiptera, which is divided into two Sub-orders—Homoptera

and Heteroptera.

If the beak issues from the anterior part of the under side

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 53

of the head, and the fore or upper wings are thicker at the base
than at the tip or apex, and lie flatly on the back, overlapping
each other (as those of the Spined Soldier Bug, Fig. 114), the
insect belongs to the Sub-order Heteroptera.

But if the beak issues from the posterior part of the under
side of the head, and the anterior wings are of the same texture
throughout, and when at rest are held over the back like a
steep roof (as those of the Hop Aphis, Fig. 157, 2), the insect
belongs to the Sub-order Homoptera.

If the insect is provided with only two wings, and the mouth
parts are formed for sucking (as the Horse Bot Fly, Fig. 179),
it belongs to the Order Diptera, as this is Fig. 179
the only order of insects which has only two Tin
wings, and the mouth parts formed for
sucking or lapping.

The Fleas were formerly regarded as
comprising a distinct Order, called Apha-
nmiptera, but most modern authors class
them with the Diptera.

Bedbugs are placed in the Order Hemiptera, as their mouth
parts are beak-like.

The Head and Body-lice are also placed in the Order Hemip-
tera, since their mouth parts form a beak-like sucker. Chicken-
lice, and those infesting fowls and animals, although they
have biting jaws, are placed in the Order Hemiptera, and seem
to connect this order with the Orthoptera.

There are wingless insects belonging to nearly every Order
of insects, but these can generally be easily classified by the
structure of their mouth parts.

The names of the different Orders end in ptera (meaning
wing), as Coleoptera, Diptera, etc.; while the names of the
Families terminate in ¢d# (meaning like or similar) as Carab-
vde, Buprestide, ete.

In writing the scientific or technical name of an insect, the
generic name, or name of the genus, is written first, followed
by its specific name, or name of the species; attached to this
is usually the name of the person who first named and
described the species; and if any person named and described
the same species afterward, the name the latter gave it is

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

|
i
4
¥

HE

  

H4 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

called a synonym of the name given it by its first describer.
In some cases the first describer of a species placed the latter
in the wrong genus; but when the species is restored to its
proper genus, the name of its first describer (and not the name
of the person who first referred it to its proper genus), must
still be attached to the specific name. In cases of this kind
most writers of the present day enclose the name of the first
describer in a parenthesis (). The following example will
serve to illustrate this:

(Generic name.) (Specific name.) (First describer.)
PHILAMPELIS -ACHEMON (Drury).

Sphinx achemon, Drury.

Synonyms. Sphinx crantor, Cramer.

This insect was first described by Mr. Drury, who named it
Sphinx achemon ; but as it belongs to the genus Philampelis
instead of to Sphinz, it is now known as Philampelis achemon
(Drury). A few years after Mr. Drury described it, Mr. Cramer,
supposing it to be an undescribed species, described it under
the name of Sphinz crantor, which thus becomes a synonym
of the name given this insect by Mr. Drury.

CHAPTER X11.
Classification of Inseets into Families.

It is a pretty well established fact that all the members of
any given Family of insects, almost without exception, have
similar habits ; so that by being able to refer any insect to its
proper Family, we can usually tell whether it is an injurious or
a beneficial insect, according to the habits of the other insects
which belong to the same Family.

OrpeEr I. HYMENOPTERA. (Bees, Wasps, etc.)

The following are the principal Families of this extensive
Order :
Begs (Apidae). —These insects have the antenna from

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. D0

twelve to thirteen jointed ; the tongue and other mouth parts are
usually very long, and the posterior tibize, and sometimes the
basal joint of the posterior feet, are broad, and in some species
there is a bristly cavity on each posterior tibia in which these
insects, such as the Honey Bees, carry pollen, etc., to their
nests. Some kinds
construct nests of
mud ; others burrow
into the stems of
plants, into soft or
decayed wood, or in-
to the ground, such as
the Bumble Bees (Fig.
180). A few kinds
line their nests with
pieces of green leaves,
such as the Leaf-cut-

ting Bee. The larve
of a few species live parasitically in the nests of pollen-gather-
ing Bees, and subsist upon the food which had been stored up

 

Fig. 181.

 

for the young of the latter; on this account they are com-
monly called “ Cuckoo Bees.” The larvae belonging to this

 
  
  
  
 
 
  
   
  
  
    
  
  

  
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
 

 

  

 

 

 
 

 

 

56 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

Family are wholly destitute of feet, like the larva of the Grape
Seed Maggot (Fig. 135).

Wasps (Vespide). These insects have the body hard and
smooth ; the antenng are elbowed (geniculate); the wings are
folded lengthwise once when at rest, and the hind legs are
smooth. These insects build nests either of mud (Fig. 181),

Fig. 183.

 

or of a papery substance (Figs. 182 and 183, b), and store
them with small caterpillars or other larve, or with a pulpy
mass composed of the bodies of other insects chewed up into
a pulp. Many of these wasps are predaceous, such as the
Rust Red Wasp (Fig. 183, a), feeding upon flies, ete., but
some species attack ripe fruit. The larve are destitute of
feet, and feed upon the food stored up by the parents.

SAND Wasps or Woop Wasps (Crabronide, Nyssonide,
Bembecide, etc.).—These insects usually have large heads,
and the antennee are sometimes elbowed. They build their
nests in holes in wood, in the stems of plants, or in the earth,
and store them with spiders, flies, plant-lice, etc. The larvae
are destitute of legs, and feed upon the food stored up by the
parent insects.

Digger Wasps (Pompilidee, etc.). These Wasps have long

and usually spiny legs and

large jaws ; the antenna are
not elbowed, and the abdo-
men is petiolate. They
| build their nests in holes

Fig. 184.

which they dig in the earth,
storing them with insects
and spiders. A few kinds

are known to feed upon over-ripe fruit, such as the Red-winged

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. D7

Wasp (Fig. 184). The larvee are destitute of feet. A large
species of this Family is commonly called the “Tarantula
Hawk.” |

Ants (Formicide).—The males and females, when they first
issue from the pupa, are usually provided with four wings, but
the workers are wingless; the antenna are always elbowed.
The larvee are footless, and are fed upon food which has been
elaborated in the stomachs of the workers.

GoLpEN Wasps (Chrysidide).—These insects are either
green or black; the antenne are elbowed and composed of
thirteen joints; the eyes are oval, and the ocelli are distinct.
The larvae are destitute of feet, and live in the nests of Bees
or Wasps, first destroying the original inhabitant, and then
feeding upon the food that had been stored up for it.

IcaneumoN Fries (Ichneumonidae ).—These insects have the
antenng long and composed of from fifteen to fifty joints, as
the Ring Legged Pimpla (Fig. 134) and the Delicate Long
Sting (Fig. 131), and are not usually elbowed; the abdomen
is usually long and slender (Fig. 131), the ovipositor is
sometimes exserted, and is frequently as long and occasionally
much longer than the body (Fig. 131). These insects are
among the most beneficial insects
known, as their larvae live within
the bodies of caterpillars and other
injurious larvae (as the Bracon Fly
parasite, Fig. 185, which preys
upon De Long’s Moth), as well as in
= the bodies of many perfect insects,
spiders, etc., ultimately causing
their death. The larva are footless,
and usually spin cocoons wherein
to undergo their transformations.

Ecc Parasites (Proctotrupide).—These are minute insects
with only a few veins in the wings (Fig. 186), frequently only
one, and the antenna are sometimes elbowed ; the ovipositor
of the female issues from the tip of the abdomen. They live
in the larval state within the eggs, larvee or pupa of other
insects. The perfect insects seldom exceed one twenty-eighth
of an inch in length.

~ Fig. 185.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H8 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

BrassLeTs or CHALcIs Fries (Chalcidida).—These are very
small insects with elbowed antenne (as shown in Fig. 187), and
frequently of a metallic color; the wings are usually furnished

Fig. 186.
co .
7 RN > \
& = J FF A
Ny 7
Ny, \) /
a \
NN \ -\)
Saal IK
SIRT LD SS —
SIT - ht
NR a KN = x 0 =
7 v7
»
Jz
EA V7 NN

 

 

with but few veins (Fig. 188), sometimes only one, while a few
species are destitute of wings; the ovipositor of the female
issues from the underside of the abdomen forward of the tip.
The larvee are footless, and live in the eggs, larvae or pupz of
other insects, while a few kinds live in.galls or in fruits; they
do not usually spin cocoons before assuming the pupa form.

 

GALL Fries (Cynipidae).—These insects have the antenna
composed of from thirteen to sixteen joints, and not elbowed ;
the abdomen of the female is usually armed with a piercer.
The larvae live in galls on plants, or in the larvae or pups of
other insects.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES, 59

Saw Fries (Tenthredinide).—In these insects the veins of
the fore wings extend to the outer margin; the antenne are
not elbowed, as in the Native Currant Saw-fly (Fig. 189), the
anterior tibiee have two
spurs at the tip of each;
the abdomen is united to
the thorax by nearly its
whole width, the seg-
ments of the abdomen
are nearly of the same
width, and the abdomen
irene of the female is furnished

with two saw-like instru-
ments (Fig. 129), with which she punctures the leaves or
tender stems of plants, where the eggs are deposited. The
larvee are usually naked, and are provided with twenty or
twenty-two legs (Figs. 44, 60, 136, 137 and 174). They usually
live exposed upon the leaves of plants, but a few kinds live in
galls. (For other examples of the perfect insects see Figs.
15,130 and 133.)

Horn Tavs (Uroceride).—These insects are usually of a
large size; the veins of the front wings extend to the outer
edge; the abdomen is more or less cylindrical, and in the
males there is a long horn at the tip; the ovipositor of the
female is attached to the middle of the underside of the abdo-
men, and extends far beyond its tip, and the anterior tibie
have a single spur at the tip. The larve live in the trunks,
etc., of trees, and are provided with only six legs, the pro-legs
being obsolete, or nearly so.

Fig. 189.

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

60 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

CHAPTER XIIL
OrpEr II. LEPIDOPTERA. (Butterflies and Moths.)

The insects belonging to this Order are divided into two
Sections, as follows:

Section I.—BurterrLiEs ( Rhopalocera).—In these insects
the antenns are filiform and terminate in a knob (Fig. 95),
which is sometimes produced into a hook at the tip.

These insects fly only in the day time, and are usually
arrayed in bright colors; the hind wings are generally colored
as brightly as the fore ones; when at rest the wings are
usually brought together over the back, but some of the Skip-
pers hold the hind wing stretched out or expanded when at
rest. The larvae or caterpillars mostly live exposed upon the
leaves of plants, but a few kinds live under a web, in a rolled
leaf, or in a nest formed by fastening several leaves together
with silken threads. They are provided with sixteen legs,
but in a few kinds these are so small that in creeping the
whole under surface of the body touches the object upon
which the caterpillar is crawling.

When about to assume the pupa form, the greater number
suspend themselves in various ways; others construct a sort
of cocoon by fastening several leaves together with silken
threads, and lining the interior with a thin layer of silk.

The chrysalids of this latter class are usually smooth and
cylindrical, but taper posteriorly; the others are angular and
more or less tuberculate. ;

Section IL.—MorHs (Heterocera).—In these insects the
antenna never terminate in a knob, although it is frequently
thickened toward the tip.

These insects usually fly about only at night or in the eve-
ning; their colors are usually dull, mostly some shade of gray,
and the hind wings are seldom colored as brightly as the fore

ones, being usually of a dirty white or smoky color. When

at rest the wings usually cover the back like a steep roof, the

fore wings concealing the hind ones.
A very few of the caterpillars (such as those of the Plume

Moths) suspend themselves when about to pupate; but the

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 61

greater number either spin cocoons, or enter the earth and
form smooth cells in which to undergo their transformations.

SECTION I.—BurTERFLIES. (Rhopalocera.)

These insects are divided into five Families, as follows :

SWALLOW-TAILS (Papilionide).—These Butterflies have the
hind wings produced into a broad tail, and are hollowed out
next the body (as the Turnus Butterfly, Fig. 190); the ante-
rior pair of tibiee have a stout spur near the middle of each.

 

These Butterflies are usually of a large size, and the colors
are mostly yellow and black.

Their caterpillars live exposed upon the leaves (such as the
caterpillar of the Turnus Butterfly, Fig. 49), sometimes spin-
ning a web upon the upper surface of a leaf, upon which
they rest when not feeding. When about to pupate they sus-
pend themselves by the hind part of the body, and a transverse
loop of silken threads passed around the fore part of the body.

WHITE AND YELLOW BurrErrLiks (Pieridaz).—These But-
terflies have the hind wings rounded behind, or not tailed, and
the inner margin is concave ; the anterior tibiz are destitute of
a spur at the middle; the colors are white and black (as those
of the Imported Cabbage Butterfly, Fig. 191), or yellow and

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

62 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

black, sometimes tinged with green. Their caterpillers live
exposed on the leaves (as those of the Imported Cabbage But-
terfly, Fig. 192, a), and when about to pupate they suspend
themselves by the hind part of the body and a transverse loop
of silken threads (Fig. 192, b). They are generally naked or
nearly so, and the color is usually green.

 

Four-FooTED BurTERFLIES ( Nymphalidaz)—These Butter-
flies usually have the hind wings rounded (as the Tawny
Emperor Butterfly, Fig. 193, d), and the first pair of feet are

Fig. 193.

 

imperfect, being destitute of claws, and are never used in walk-
ing ; the first pair of legs are folded up against the breast, like
a tippet. The colors are usually brown and black, sometimes
almost wholly black, or marked with whitish bands or borders.

Their caterpillars are sometimes naked (as the caterpillar

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 63

of the Archippus Butterfly, Fig. 78), but are more often cov-
ered with spines or bristles; they usually live exposed upon
the leaves, but several kinds live beneath a web. When about
to pupate they suspend themselves by the hind part of the
body (Figs. 79 and 80). The Archippus Butterfly (Fig. 81)
belongs to this Family.

THEcLA AND CoPPER BUTTERFLIES (Lycaenidae ).—These are
small butterflies of a blue, brown or black color, and in a few
species the hind wings are furnished with one or two very
slender tails ; the hind wings are hollowed out next the body,
and the hind tibie are furnished with only one pair of spurs.

Their caterpillars live exposed upon the leaves of plants, and
are usually naked, of a green color, and nearly destitute of
feet. When about to pupate they suspend themselves by the
hind part of the body, and a transverse loop of silken threads
passed around the fore part of the body.

Fig. 194.

 

SKIPPERS (Hesperide).—These Butterflies have large heads
and thick bodies; when at rest the hind wings are usually
spread out, while the fore ones are brought together over] the
back ; the middle tibize are furnished with a pair of spurs near
the middle of each, and the hind tibie usually have a pair of
spurs at the middle and another pair at the tips; the claws at
the end of the feet have a deep notch in the middle.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
   

wa 64

 

0 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. Ahi

He CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 65 3H

i } rm . y . . . . . . : / 3 s ik it]

al [ere ingen fly a a rapid, jerking motion; the colors Their caterpillars are naked and provided with sixteen le gs AH

| are mostly black and brown. and sometimes have a spine or horn on the eleventh Soman’ HH
J)

 

Their caterpillars are usually naked and spindle shaped,
with the head much wider than the fore part of the first segment
of the body; they usually live between two or more leaves
fastened together with silken threads. They pupate in their
cases, and the chrysalids are smooth and taper at one end,
and are usually covered with a bluish powder.

Fig. 196. i

SEERA

 

 

dem

=

od
HEEEERE

 

 

 

 

 

Section IT.—Morns. (Heterocera.)

 

These insects are divided into nine Families, as follows :

Hawk-MorHs (Sphingide)—These moths have the body
stout and spindle shaped ; the wings are strong, long and nar-
row, and sometimes partly transparent; the hind wings are
usually not more than one half as long as the fore wings ; the

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 195.

 

they live exposed upon the leaves of plants. When about to
pupate they either creep beneath the fallen leaves, etc., or else
enter the earth and form smooth cells in which to undergo

 

 

ie ae ae | Fig. 197.

 

 

 

 

TRE EEE aR

head is not sunken into the thorax; the palpi are very stout
and hairy, and are placed close together; the antenna are
usually prismatic and spindle-shaped, and are sometimes

 

 

 

 

Locked the Hip. their transformations. The Satellitia Sphinx and Caterpillar il

These moths fly mostly in the evening twilight; their flight on Tomy 189) fhe Acheon Sphinx and Caterpillar (Figs-
is strong and rapid, and they may frequently be seen hovering 197 d 1 9 2 and i W ine Sphinx and Caterpillar (Figs. i
over flowers, like a humming-bird. : 5 are examples of this Family. |

Eo ao re

 
66 ~ NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

body quite slender, and there is frequently a fan-shaped tuft
at the tip; the wings are narrow and usually partially trans-
parent, ‘and the hind wings are nearly as long as the front
ones.

Fig. 198

 

 

These insects are diurnal in their habits, and quite closely
resemble certain wasps, but the body is clothed with scales,
and is not pointed behind. :

Their caterpillars are provided with sixteen legs, and usually
live within the stems or roots of plants; they pupate within
their burrows. The Peach-tree Borer and Moth (Figs. 199
and 200), and the Raspberry Borer (Fig. 201) are examples
of this Family.

Fig. 199. Fig. 201.

Fea ro

Sebi ED

 

Woop Nympas (Zyganide).—In these insects the head is
not sunken into the thorax, the palpi are slender, the wings
are quite long and narrow, and the thorax is not tufted. The
ground color is usually black or white.

The larve are provided with sixteen legs, and are usually

 

CLEAR-WINGED Moras (Fgeride).—These insects have the

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 67

naked, but are sometimes

more or less covered with hai
: : airs.
Some kinds spin cocoons

when about to pupate, but the
greater number enter the earth, or burrow into soft wood and
J

form cells in which to undergo their transformations. The

 

  

 

   
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
    
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
  
   
      
     
  
 
    
  
  
 

68 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 69

Beautiful Wood Nymph (Fig. 17); the Eight Spotted Forester
(Fig. 202), and the American Procris (Fig. 203), are excellent
examples of this Family.

Fig. 202. Fig. 203, Fig. 208.

pectinated, the palpi are very short, and the wings are usually
quite large, but the females of a few species are wingless.

 

 

 

SPINNERS (Bombycide).—These moths are nocturnal in
their habits; the body is quite stout, the head is small and

Their caterpillars are provided with sixteen legs, but in
frequentl pillar b 88)
apparently sunken into the thorax, the antennz are freq y some these are very small, so that they appear to glide over
Fig. 205.

the surface, like a slug; in others the last pair are imperfect.
Fig. 209.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Some are naked, while others are clothed with hairs or spines.’
Some live exposed upon the leaves; others live beneath a web,
or in. a nest of leaves; a few construct cases in which to

   
 

 
 

 

RE OR ee re re ee -

 

 

a

  

70 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

dwell, while a-still smaller number live within the trunks of
trees. The greater number spin cocoons in which to undergo
their transformations. The Cecropia Moth and Caterpillar
(Figs. 204 and 50); the Silk Worm and Moth (Figs. 205 and
206) ; the Isabella Moth (Fig. 207), and the White Miller
(Fig. 208), are examples of this Family.

Fig. 210.

 

2

OwLET MoTHS (Noctuide).—These moths usually have the
thorax or abdomen tufted; the head is not sunken into the
thorax, the palpi are stout and well developed, the antennse
are usually simple, and the wings are quite large.

Fig. 211.

 

Their caterpillars have from twelve to sixteen legs, and are
usually naked, but a few kinds are covered with hairs. The
greater number live exposed upon the leaves, but a few kinds
live within the stems of plants, in the ground, or in decayed
wood. A few kinds spin cocoons, but the greater number en-
ter the earth to pupate.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 71

The Corn Worm and Moth (Fig. 209) ; the Stalk Borer and
Moth (Fig. 210); the Cabbage Plusia (Fig. 211); the Figure 8
Minor Moth and its caterpillar, the Bristly Cut Worm (Fig.
212), are examples of this Family.

  

GEOMETRID MorHs (Phalznide)—These moths usually
have long, slender bodies ; the thorax is never tufted, the legs
are long and slender, the anterior tibie are usually unarmed,
and the hind tibie are usually armed with one or two pairs of
spurs. The head is small and free, or not sunken into the

 

thorax, the antenne are usually simple, but sometimes pectin-
ate; the palpi are rather small and slender, the wings are
usually triangular, broad and thin, and spread out in repose,

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

CEE

      
  
   
  
    
   
 
    
 
 
   
  
  
   
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
 

72 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

and the stigmate* are wanting. In a few species the females
are wingless.

The caterpillars live exposed upon the leaves; they are
naked, and are provided with from ten to fourteen legs; in
walking, they arch up the middle of the body and bring the
hind feet close up to the front ones, thus seeming to span or
measure the surface over which they pass, on which account
they are commonly called “Span-worms,” or “ Measuring-
worms.” When disturbed, they usually drop from their perch
and hang suspended by a silken thread, and when they think
the danger is past, they climb up the thread to their former
position. They frequently hold the body stretched out and
attached only by the hind feet, and while in this position may
easily be mistaken for small twigs.

 

The greater number enter the earth to pupate, but some
kinds spin their thin cocoons among the leaves, while others
are said to suspend themselves. The specific names of those
species the males of which have pectinate antenns, usually
terminates in aria, while the names of those having the an-
tenn simple commonly terminate in ata.

: Fig. 216.

   

  

me oo

The Currant Span Worm and Moth (Figs. 218 and 214); the
Spring Canker Worm and Moth (Figs. 150 and 215); and the
Fall Canker Worm and Moth (Figs. 151 and 216), are examples
of this Family.

 

* A term applied to the  orbicular” and * reniform” spots. (See Fig. 121.)

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES, 73

S~xour Moras (Pyralidee).—These moths have the body
quite long and slender; the antenns are not pectinate, the
palpi are usually very long, and the legs are mostly unarmed.

Fig. 217.

ME

  
        

 

The caterpillars are naked, and are usually provided with

sixteen legs. They generally live in silken tubes or cases, in
a nest of leaves, or in fruit.

Fig. 218.

    

  

  

ALLAN a |7

h TNA

     

1

The Grape Leaf Folder (Fig. 217); the Clover Hay Worm
(Fig. 218), and the Gooseberry Fruit Moth (Fig. 219) are ex-
amples of this Family.

LEAF-ROLLERS ( Tortricidae ).—These moths are usually quite
small ; the antenn@ are simple and short, the palpi are very
short, and the fore-wings are nearly of the same width through-
out, and are usually considerably rounded on the front edge.

The caterpillars are naked, and provided with sixteen legs ;
they live in a rolled leaf, or in a nest of leaves, and a few kinds

rer pn rong

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
 

A

Ee

 

a ies _

Er
EE

 

 

 

74 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

live in fruit. The specific names of these insects usually ter-
minate in ana.

 
   
 

   

Nh
WN

 
   

  
   
 

wt
EAN

7 BAN

7. 7, YAN
J)

The Strawberry Leaf Roller (Fig. 220) ; the Cherry Leaf
Roller (Fig. 221); the Bud Worm and Moth (Fig. 222), and
the Codlin Moth (Fig. 223), are examples of this Family.

      

  

[-T]
HE

 

ee
B80

  

Lear-MINERS ( Tineide).—These moths are of small size;
the body is slender, the wings are commonly pointed and
heavily fringed, the palpi are usually long and curved in front
of the head, and the antenne are usually long and simple.

   

Fig. 224.

    
 

vz
=

a i \
w) 7 7 Q 13 a

 

The caterpillars are naked, and usually provided with six-
teen legs, but in very small species there is sometimes a greater
number of legs than sixteen, while some are wholly destitute

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 75

of legs. Some kinds live in a rolled leaf, others live in mines
in the leaves, while still others live in carpets, woolens, furs,
seeds, etc. The specific names of these moths usually termi-
nate in ella. :

The Potato Moth (Fig. 224); the Clothes Moth (Fig. 225),
and the Grain Moth (Fig. 226), are examples of this Family.

Prume Morus (Pterophorida).—These moths are mostly of
a small size, and may easily be recognized by having the fore-
wings once or twice notched or cleft, to or near the base, and
the hind wings are twice cleft.

Fig. 227.

 

The caterpillars usually live exposed upon the leaves of
plants; they are thinly covered with short, stiff hairs, and are
provided with sixteen legs. When about to pupate they fasten
themselves to some object by the under side of the hind part
of the body. The chrysalids are usually angular and sparsely
hairy.

The specific names of these insects usually end in dactylus.

The Grape Plume Moth (Fig. 227) is an example of this
Family.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

76 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

CHAPTER X1V.

OrpER III. DIPTERA. (Two-winged Flies).

The insects belonging to this Order are divided into two Sec-
tions, as follows : |

SeEcTION I.—LoONG-HORNED FLIES (Nemocera).—In these in-
sects the antennse are usually long and composed of four or
more joints. None of these flies are beneficial, while several
species are sometimes very injurious. The pupa has the
members inclosed in separate sheaths.

SECTION IL.—SHORT-HORNED FLIES (Brachycera).—In these
insects the antenns are short and from two to three jointed,
although in a few kinds the last joint appears to be divided
into two or more joints by impressed circles, but the difference
between these circles and the true divisions is easily observed.
These organs are sometimes bent down upon the face, and the
last joint is frequently furnished with a short bristle (arista),
which is sometimes pectinate or plumose. Some of these
insects are beneficial, but the greater number are injurious.
The pupa sometimes has the different members inclosed in
separate sheaths, but in the greater number the pupa is in-
closed in the hardened skin of the larva.

SEcTION I. LoNG-HORNED FLiEs. (Nemocera.)

Mosquitoes (Culicide).—In these insects the mouth parts
consist of six slender pieces or lancets. The larva are aquatic
and feed upon decaying vegetable matter. It is only the
female mosquitoes that manifest the blood-thirsty propensity,
the males being perfectly harmless (Fig. 228).

GALL-6NATS (Cecidomyidae).—These insects are usually of
small size; the wings are furnished with three or four longi-
tudinal veins, and when at rest are usually laid flatly upon the
back. The greater number of these insects live in galls, but
a few kinds live in decayed vegetable matter, and one species,
which is closely related to the Wheat Midge, feeds upon the
gall-inhabiting form of the Grape Phylloxera. This Family
contains the Hessian Fly (Fig. 18), Wheat Midge (Fig. 229), etc.

   
 
 
 
  
 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 77

CrANE Fries (Tipulide).—These insects are usually of a
large size, and have very long, slender legs; the wings usually
have a discal cell, the ocelli are generally wanting, the tibie

are not beset with spines, although they are often spurred at

the tip. In the genus Chionea the wings are wanting. The
larvae usually live in the ground and feed upon the roots of

plants, but in a few species they are aquatic. (See Figs. 8
and 168.)

 

  

Freas (Pulicide).—These insects are destitute of wings,
and the eyes are simple. This family contains the Fleas, etc.

One species, the Chigoe, or Jigger, burrows beneath the skin of

man and many animals.

Section II. SHORT-HORNED FLIES. (Brachycera.)

Horse Fries (Tabanidz).—These insects have a perfect
discal cell in their wings, the third longitudinal vein is forked,
and the third joint of the antenne is destitute of a style, or
bristle. The larvae are aquatic, or live in damp situations, and
commonly feed upon snails, etc.; the pupa are naked (obtec-
ted). The female flies subsist upon the blood of animals,
while the males feed upon the nectar of flowers. The Black
Horse Fly (Fig. 230) belongs to this Family.

SyrpHUS FLIES (Syrphida).—These flies have a perfect discal
cell in each wing, the first posterior cell is closed, and there is
usually a spurious or false vein extending part way through
the first basal and first posterior cells. These insects fly very
rapidly, and sometimes balance themselves on the wing, like a
hawk ; they are usually banded with yellow, somewhat like

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
  
   
     
   

  
 

 

 

 

 

  

78 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

a wasp. They feed upon the nectar of flowers. The larve
of a few species are aquatic, but the greater number are terres-
trial and feed upon plant-lice; one species, however, the Nar-

Fig. 230.

 

cissus Fly, is said to live in the soil, around decayed bulbs.
The pupee are coarctate, and the slender anterior end of the
larva becomes the thickened end in the pupa. (See Figs. 231

and 232.)
Fig. 231.

 

Bor Fries (@Estridae).—These  fliestusually have very small
antenna, which are situated in rounded pits or depressions ;
the mouth parts are small, and often rudimentary ; the body
is stout and hairy, and the middle of the face is usually very
narrow. The larve live in the bodies of various animals, and
enter the earth to pupate ; the pups are coarctate. The female
flies are usually oviparous, but one species, the Sheep Bot Fly
(Fig. 233), is stated by Prof. Riley to be viviparous. The Ox
Bot Fly (Fig. 234) and the Horse Bot Fly (Fig. 235) belong to
this Family.

  

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 79

House Fries (Muscidz).—These flies have the third joint
of the antenna furnished with a style which is sometimes
pectinate, or plumose, but is sometimes simple ; the longitu-
dinal veins of the wings are not forked, and the proboscis
usually ends in a fleshy lobe. The pups are coarctate.

 

\\
&

In the Tachina Flies, the antennal style is simple, or not
usually pectinate. These Flies (Fig. 236) are among the most
beneficial of insects, since the larve live within the bodies of
caterpillars, etc., ultimately causing their death.

Fig. 236.

  

Many kinds of flies have the antennal style either pectinate
or plumose, such as the Blow Flies, Flesh Flies, House Flies,
Stable Flies, etc. The larvae live in various situations, such
as in excrements, in decayed animal or vegetable matter, in
galls on plants, or in the roots, stems or leaves of plants, in
fruit, etc., and are hence to be regarded as mostly injurious.

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

  

80 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

One species, however, the Anthomyia calopteni, is eminently
beneficial, as it feeds upon the eggs of those grasshoppers or
locusts which deposit their eggs in the ground. The Flesh
Flies (Fig. 23) bring forth their young alive. One of these
flies has been bred from a wasp’s nest which was filled with
dead spiders.

CHAPTER XV.
OrpER IV. COLEOPTERA (Beetles).

The insects belonging to this Order are divided into four
Sections, according to the number of joints* in their feet ; these
Sections are as follows :

Section I.—Beetles with five-jointed feet (Pentamera.) (See
Fig. 103.)

Fig. 237.
Fig. 238.

  

SEcTiON II.—Beetles with five joints in the anterior and

middle feet, and only four joints in the posterior feet (Hetero- -

mera). (See Fig. 119.)
SectioN ITI.—Beetles with four joints in all the feet (Tetra-

mera) ; such as the Broad-necked Prionus Beetle (Fig. 237),

and the Twelve-spotted Diabrotica (Fig. 238).

 

*By the term ‘ joint” is meant the node or part between two joints ; in this sense the part of
the arm between the joints of the elbow and wrist, would be called a joint. The joints of the
foot (tarsus) are numbered from the shin (tibia) outwards : thus the joint next the shin is the
first joint ; the one next to this the second ete. :

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 81

SECTION IV.—Beetles with only three-jointed feet (Trimera) 3
such as the Trim Lady Bird (Fig. 239).

SecTtLON I. PENTAMERA.

A few small insects are placed in this Section, which appar-

ently have a less number of joints in their feet than five :

. . » ’ in
these the first joint is aborted, or rudimentary ; these species

are included in the Sub-sections IT and ITI, defined below.

The insects belonging to this Section may be divided into
six Sub-sections, as follows :

Sus-sEcTION I. (Filicornes.)—Antenna thread-like ( filiform),
sometimes tapering to the tip (Fig. 94); habits predaceous.

Sue-sectroN IT. ( Clavicornes.)—Antennse becoming thicker
toward the tip (clavate, Fig. 92). These insects mostly feed
upon decaying vegetable or animal matter.

SuB-sEcrioN ITT, (Monilicornes.)—Antenng bead-like (monil-
form) ; wing-cases very short. These insects usually feed
upon decayed animal matter.

Sus-sEcTION IV, (Pecticornes.)—Antennge pectinate or comb-
toothed (Fig. 102); they feed on decayed wood.

SuUB-sEcTION V, (Lamellicornes.)—Antenng lamellate (Figs.
100 and 101). These insects feed upon excrements or on
plants.

SuB-sEcTiON VI. ( Serricornes.)— Antenne usually saw-
toothed (serrate, Fig. 99). Some of these insects are preda-

ceous, but the greater number live within the stems or branches
of shrubs or trees.

SuB-sEcTION I. (Filicornes. )

The insects belonging to this Sub
into two Tribes, as follows : ;
TRIBE I. Predaceous Ground Beetles.—These insects
are mostly terrestrial in their habits, and usually prey upon

other insects ; the hind pair of trochanters are very large,
much larger than in any other insects.

These Beetles are divided into two Families,
TiGErR BEETLES (Cicindelidae).—These insect

-section may be divided

as follows :
8 have the head

nearly Iortion) and wider than the thorax ; the antennz are

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
 

 

 

 

   

   

82 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

inserted on the front, and the wing-cases are usually marked
with white and yellow.

The larvae are provided with six legs; they live in holes in
the ground, and feed upon caterpillars and other insects.

Fig. 241.

   

The Common Tiger Beetle (Fig. 240); the Generous Tiger

Beetle (Fig. 241), and the Virginian Tiger Beetle (Fig. 242) are

examples of this Family.

Ground BEETLES (Carabidae). —These in-
sects have the head horizontal, or but little
inclined, and usually narrower than the tho.
rax ; the antennee are inserted under the
sides of the front, and the color is mostly
black.

The larvae are provided with six legs;
they live in the ground, beneath logs, etc.,
and feed upon other insects. The adults
are usually predaceous, but one or two spe-
cies have been known to feed upon the green seeds of various
plants. The Gold-spotted Ground Beetle (Fig. 243) is an
example of this Family.

TRIBE II. Predaceous Water Beetles.—These insects are
aquatic in their habits, and prey upon other insects. They
comprise two Families, as follows:

Divers (Dytiscide).—In these insects the antenne are slen-
der and filiform, and the hind pair of legs are widely separated
from the middle pair.

The larvee are provided with six legs. The Margined Water
Beetle (Fig. 244)* belongs to this Family.

Fig. 243.

   
 

3 )
A )

rn) ) )

* Fig. 244,—The larva (a) and the pupa (b) are not those of the beetie figured at ¢: d is the
anterior foot of a male ; ¢, that of a female.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES 83

A BEETLES (Gyrinide).—These Beetles have the
Ird joint of the antenns very large, and dilated

the eyes are divided in the middle py

are not further

pair are.

; side ;
iddle; the hind pair of legs
separated from the middle pair than the first

Fig. 244.

 

an insects are frequently seen swimming in circles upon
the Sete of the water. The larvae are six-legged, and
usually have a 7 Re

ee ) e a row of long appendages on each side of the

SuB-secTION II. (Clavicornes.)

These insects may be divided into two Tribes, as follows :
TRIBE I Water Scavenger Beetles.—These Beetles are
aquatic in their habits, and usually feed upon decayed vege-
fabis matter; they generally have the antennse strongly
clavate, and the palpi are sometimes longer than the antennse
They belong to two Families, as follows :
y Loxe-rorn WarER BEETLES (Parnide).—These insects have
Sian joint of each foot very long, the feet sometimes are
only four jointed, the palpi are moderate in length, and the
legs are not fitted for swimming.
The larve are furnished with six legs, and the adults

: : ) are
usually found in moist or wet places.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

84 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

SHORT-TOED WATER BEETLES (Hydrophilide)—In these
Beetles the last joint of each foot is not much longer than the
other joints ; the palpi are very long, and the legs are usually

fitted for swimming.

 

The larve of a few species are predaceous, but the greater
number of them feed upon decomposing matter ; they are pro-
vided with six legs. The Triangular Water Beetle (Fig. 245 )*
belongs to this Family.

 

TRIBE II. Land Scavenger Beetles.—These insects are
terrestrial in their habits, and feed upon decaying or dead
animals, upon fungus, ete., and a few kinds are found hericath
the bark of dead trees. They may be divided into two Sub-

tribes, as follows:

The larva (a) and pu b; eis an egg case ; d, the

; pupa (¢) are not those of the beetle figured at 0; jg cas b

same ie) re. 34 an po ; g, anterior foot of a female; hi, same of a male ; i, side view of
’ ’ ’

the spine on the breast.

  

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 85

Sub-tribe I.—In these insects the body is rather broad, and
the antenna are clavate or capitate, with three or more pieces
in the club. The principal Families are as follows :

BurvinG BeETLES (Silphideze).—These insects are mostly of
a large size, usually over half an inch in length ; the hind tro-
chanters are large, and the thorax has a thin margin,

These Beetles feed upon dead animals, which, if not too
large, they usually bury in the earth, to serve as food for their
young. The latter are flattened, and provided with six legs.
The Black Burying Beetle (Fig. 246)* belongs to this Family.

Museum BeeTLES (Dermestidaz).—These insects are less than
half an inch long; the abdomen is
covered by the wing-cases, and the
breast is prolonged beneath the head.

They feed upon dead animal matter
including insects), and several kinds
are sometimes very destructive to
carpets.

The larve are usually hairy and
provided with six legs. The Raw-hide
Beetle (Fig. 247) belongs to this
Family. (It is sometimes called the
Bacon Beetle, from its habit of feeding
on bacon, ham, etc.)

Sub-tribe 1I.—In this division the body is more or less elon-
gated ; the antenne are filiform or loosely clavate, sometimes
with less than three pieces in the club.

The insects belonging to this Sub-tribe are mostly preda-
ceous. The principal Families are as follows :

TroGosITA BEETLES (Trogositide).—These insects have all
the feet five-jointed, but the first joint is sometimes very
small, so that it cannot be seen from above; the colors are
black or dull red; the club of the antenna consists of three

joints, which are not conspicuously larger than the others;
the last joint of each foot is very long.

These insects are usually found beneath the bark of trees, or

in granaries, where they prey upon other insects. The larvae
are six-legged.

Fig. 247,

 

 

* F16. 246.—a, the larva ; f, its upper jaw ; g, its lower lip; k, its lower jaw ; J, its antenna ;
k, anterior foot of the beetle. :

 

    

 

 

 

i
|
|
i

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

     
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
   
   
   
   
    
  
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
   
  
  
  
 

86 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

Cucusus BEETLES (Cucujide).—These insects have the feet
apparently four-jointed ; the body is flattened ; the antenne
are usually moniliform, and the jaws usually
project in a conspicuous manner in front of
the head ; the color is brown or red.

They are usually found under the bark of
trees, but some kinds inhabit the granary,
where they feed upon the grain, bran, etc.
The larvae are provided with six legs. The
Bran Beetle (Fig. 248) belongs to this Family.

 

Sus-sectioNn III. (Monzlicornes.)

These insects mostly belong to the Rove Beetle Family
(Staphylinida) ; the wing-cases never cover more than one
half of the abdomen (Fig. 249); the body is long
and slightly flattened, and composed of eight
segments; the jaws usually cross each other
when at rest.

These Beetles usually turn up their long
flexible abdomens when running, and they use
this in folding up their wings beneath the wing-
cases.

The greater number feed upon decaying
animal and vegetable matter, but some are predaceous; others
live in the nests of ants; while one species has been bred from
the pupa of a Cabbage Maggot.

The larvee (Fig. 172) are provided with six legs.

Fig. 249.

 

SuB-sEcTION IV. (Pecticornes.)

This Sub-section includes the single Family of Stag Beetles
(Lucanide), in which the antenna are usually elbowed (genic-
ulate) ; the joints of the club are immovable, and the jaws
of the males are greatly developed.

These insects are usually of a large size, seldom measuring
less than half an inch in length; they feed upon the sap
exuding from trees.

The larve live in decaying wood ; their bodies are usually
curved when at rest, and they are provided with from four to
six legs.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 87
. ;
SUB-SECTION V. (Lamellicornes.)*

In these insects the joints in the club of the antenna are
immovable. This Sub-section includes two Tribes of widely
separate habits ; these are as follows :

TRIBE I.—These insects usually have the abdomen entirely
covered by the wing-cases, and the hind legs are attached
behind the middle of the abdomen.

These Beetles live in excrementitious matter, or in decom-
posing animal matter. They are commonly called “ Tumble
Bugs,” and comprise the Families Copridae, Aphodide, Geotru-
pide and Trogide.

TRIBE Il.—In this Tribe the tip of the abdomen is never
covered by the wing-cases, and the hind pair of legs are placed
at or before the middle of the abdomen.

These Beetles feed upon fruits or the leaves of plants, and
their larvee live in the ground and usually feed upon the roots
of plants. The three principal Families are as follows :

June BeerLEs (Melolonthidz.)—In these insects the thorax
is unarmed ; the upper lip is usually visible in front of the
clypeus; the latter is separated from the front by a transverse
suture ; the two claws at the end of each foot are forked ; and
the color is usually brown, sometimes striped with white.

Fig. 251.

 

 

This Family includes the destructive White Grub (Lachnos-
terna quercina, Fig. 139, 2), and many other insects which, in
the larva state, feed upon the roots of plants, while the adults
feed upon the leaves.

 

 

S, l . l = v & ) » are sometimes 2, ily

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     
88 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

The larvee have the body curved, and furnished with six
legs. The Rose Chafer (Fig. 250), the Ten-lined Leaf Eater
(Fig. 251, female; Fig. 252, male), belong to this Family.

GRAPE-VINE BEETLES (Rutelidee).—These insects closely
resemble those of the preceding Family, but the claws at the
end of each foot are of an unequal length; all of the claws
are not forked, and the colors are brown or blackish.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 89

the same length, and are not forked, and the clypeus is not
separated from the front by a transverse suture.

Many of these insects are diurnal in their habits, and do
not raise the wing-cases when flying ; they feed upon the fruit
or leaves of plants, and, in the larval stage (Fig. 255, a), a few
species live in decayed wood. The Indian Cetonia (Fig. 254)
and the Green Fruit Beetle (Fig. 255) belong to this Family.

 

 

SUB-SECTION VI. (Serricornes.)

 

The insects which belong to this Sub-section are divided
into three Tribes, as follows :

TRIBE I. Saw-horned Borers.—In these Beetles the head
is inserted into the thorax up to the eyes; the wing-cases are

 

 

 

 

 

 

These insects are sometimes very destructive to the leaves
of various trees, and especially to those of the grape-vine.
The larvae are similar to those of the preceding Family, and
usually live in decayed wood. The Spotted Pelidnota (Fig.
253) belongs to this Family.

 

 

 

of a hard, firm texture; the antenn® are sometimes filiform,
and the breast is prolonged behind into a point, which is
received in a cavity in the next segment. These insects com-
prise two Families, as follows :

CETONIANS (Cetonida).—These insects usually have the
wing-cases flattened above, and slightly narrower at the tip
than at the base; the two claws at the end of each foot are of

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

90 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

BupresTis BEETLES (Buprestida).—In these insects the
point at the hind part of the breast is immovable ; the antennae
are finely serrate, and the colors are usually metallic.

The larvee usually have the fore part of the body greatly
dilated and flattened (Fig. 54), and the body is nearly or
wholly destitute of legs; they live in the stems, roots or
trunks of plants, shrubs or trees, and are sometimes very
destructive. One of these, the Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer
(Fig. 138), is very destructive to various kinds of fruit trees.
The Cherry-tree Borer (Fig. 256) and the Raspberry Borer
(Fig. 257) belong to this Family. -

Fig. 259.

ey
AS
Sa

on aH

 

SPRING BEETLES (Elaterida).—In these insects the point at
the hind end of the breast is movable; the antenna are some-
times filiform, and the colors are usually brown or black.

They are at once distinguished from all other insects by

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 91

the power they possess of suddenly springing into the air
when placed on their backs upon any hard, smooth surface.

The larve live in decayed wood or in the ground, and are
provided with six or seven legs, and are commonly known as
“ Wire-worms ” (Fig. 258, 7, 8 and 9); some kinds feed upon
the roots of various plants, but a few species are partially pre-
daceous. The Skip-jack Beetles (Fig. 258, 2, 3 and 6,) and
the Black Melanactus (Fig. 259 )* belong to this Family.

TRIBE II. Aberrant Wood Beetles.—These insects usually
have the head bent down and partially or wholly concealed
beneath the thorax, which is frequently prolonged in front ;
in some the body is elongated, the head is free and exposed,
and the first segment is very long.

These insects live in wood, both in decayed wood and in
that which is solid, and a few species feed upon dead animals
and are injurious to cabinets of Natural History. The follow-
ing is the principal Family :

BraANcH BoORERs (Ptinidz).—These insects have the fore
part of the thorax produced like a hood, partially or wholly
concealing the head when viewed from above ; the first seg-
ment of the abdomen is very long; there is sometimes. only
four joints in the feet, and the color is usually black or brown.

Fig. 260.

  

The larvae have the body curved, and furnished with six
legs. The Branch and Twig Burrower (Fig. 260), the Branch
Borer (Fig. 261), and the Red-shouldered Grape-vine Borer
(Fig. 262) belong to this Family.

TRIBE III. Soft-winged Beetles.—These insects usually
have soft bodies and thin flexible wing-cases ; the antenne are

* The larva figured at @ and b are supposed to belong to this species, and appears after night
as a Glow-worm, showing a beautiful green light,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

92 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

generally serrate; the terminal joint of the palpi is widened
and somewhat triangular; the thorax is usually surrounded
by a thin margin; and the fourth joint of each foot is bilobed.

These insects are predaceous, both in the larva and in the
perfect state; the larvee usually have the body nearly straight

‘and provided with six legs. The following is the principal

Family :

LicHTNING BEETLES (Lampyride, also called “ Fire-flies”).—
In these Beetles the body is rather soft, and the thorax has a
thin margin which
sometimes projects
over the head; the
abdomen has seven
or eight segments ; the
color is usually black
or brown, and some
kinds have the thorax
margined with red or yellow. Many of these Beetles possess
a luminous power, both as larva and as perfect insects. The
Common Fire-fly (Fig. 263) belongs to this Family.

Section II. HETEROMERA:

The insects belonging to this Section are very uniform in
having only four joints in the posterior feet; as a whole
they are not eminently injurious. They may be divided into
three Tribes, as follows :

TRIBE I. Parasitic Beetles.—In these insects the head is
as wide ag the thorax, and attached to it by a visible neck;
the body is rather soft, the wing-cases flexible and the ante-
rior coxe meet each other (are contiguous). The two princi-
pal Families are as follows:

Brister BeeTLES (Meloida).—These insects have the tho-
rax rounded at the sides; the abdomen is not distinctly
pointed behind; and the claws at the end of each foot is
forked.

The larve are usually provided with six legs, and live in the
nests of Bees, or in the egg-masses of such Grasshoppers or
Locusts as deposit their eggs in the ground ; the perfect insects
feed upon the leaves or flowers of plants.

Fig. 263.

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 93

The insects belonging to the genus, Mele, are destitute of
hind wings.

Several species belonging to the genera Lytta, Cantharis,
Epicauta, etc., possesses a blistering (vesicating) property, and
to this group belongs the common Spanish Fly. The Striped
Blister Beetle (Fig. 19) and the Ash-colored Blister Beetle
(Fig. 86) belong to this Family.

Noroxus BEETLES (Anthicide).—These are small insects, a
little over two lines long, with filiform antenns ; the claws are

Fig. 264. not forked ; the thorax is sometimes prolonged
in the form of a horn (Fig. 264), which projects
over the head; the neck is usually slender, and
the head can be moved to either side from under
the extension of the thorax. These beetles have
: been known to feed on flowers, and have been
found eating into peaches, apricots, ete.

TRIBE II. Bark Beetles.—In these insects the fore coxe
nearly or quite touch each other; the head is narrower than
the thorax, and the antenna are usually quite long and
slender. The larve live in decayed wood. The two principal
Families are the Cistelidee and the Melandryide.

TRIBE III. Ground Beetles.—In these insects the ante-
rior cox@ do not touch each other, there are five joints in the
abdomen, the antenng are usually moniliform, and the color
is generally black or brown.

 

Fig. 266.

 

The larvae are more or less cylindrical, and provided with
six legs; they closely resemble the larve of the Spring-beetles,
commonly called “ Wire-worms ;” the greater number live in

 

 

 

7

 
 

 

 

 

 

94 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

decayed wood, but some kinds, such as the Meal Worm (Fig.
265, a,) are found in granaries, flour mills, ete.

They are all included in the Family of Darkling Beetles
( Tenebrionide). The Large Darkling Grape Beetles (Fig. 119),
the Meal Worm Beetle (Fig. 265, ¢), and the Small Darkling
Grape Beetle (Fig. 266), belong to this Family.

SecrioN 111. TETREMERA.

In this Section the joints of the feet are usually dilated and
brush-like, and the next to the last joint is usually bilobed ;
there is occasionally in some small species a rudimentary joint
between the third and fourth joints.

This Section contains a greater number of injurious insects
than all the other Sections combined. They are divided into
four Tribes, as follows :

TRIBE I.—These insects have the head more or less pro-
longed into a snout; the antennse are usually capitate, some-
times clavate or serrate, and frequently elbowed.

The two principal Families are as follows :

Fig. 267.

 

Brucnus WEEvILs (Bruchidae).—In these insects the snout
is short and thick, the antenne are
serrate and not elbowed, and the
eyes are notched.

These insects are of small size,
and the wing-cases do not cover the
tip of the abdomen.

The larvee are footless, and usu-
ally live in seeds. To this Family

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 95

belong the well known Pea-weevil (Fig. 267), and the Bean
Weevil (Fig. 268).

SNouT BEETLES (Curculionidae). —These Beetles are destitute
of an upper lip and palpi; the antenne are clavate and usually
elbowed ; the snout generally projects downward, and is some-
times very long and slender.

Fig. 270.

      

7

The larvae are footless, and are provided with a distinct
head ; they live in fruits, nuts, seeds, etc.; in fact, there is
scarcely a single part of a plant that is not sometimes infested
by them.

 

In depositing her eggs, the female first gnaws a hole with
her jaws, which are placed at the tip of her snout, then
deposits her egg at the entrance of this hole, after which she
turns around and, with her snout, pushes the egg to the bot-
tom of the hole. The Plum Curculio (Fig. 269), the Apple
Curculio (Figs. 270 and 271), the Quince Curculio (Fig. 272),
the Plum Gouger (Fig. 273), the Potato-stalk Weevil (Fig.

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

96 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

274), and the Strawberry Crown Borer (Fig. 275), belong to
this Family.

Fig. 273. Fig. 274.

TRIBE II. Short-horned Borers.—In these the head is
not prolonged into a snout; the body is usually short and
cylindrical ; the antenng are clavate or capitate, and but little
longer than the head ; and the joints of the feet are not dilated.

These insects are of small size, and usually of a black or
brown color. The larvee bore winding galleries in the solid
wood and are frequently very destructive, especially to forest
trees. These insects belong to the Family of Short-horned

Fig. 276.

Borers (Scolytidz). The Pear-tree Scolytus (Fig. 276) and the
Chestnut Bud Beetle (Fig. 277) belong to this Family.

TRIBE III. Long-horned Borers.—In these insects the
body is elongated and the antenne are long and tapering,
usually longer than the thorax, and frequently as long as the
entire body ; the males usually have longer antenns than the
females. The sides of the thorax are generally furnished with
spines or teeth.

A few of these Beetles have very short wing-cases, like the
Rove Beetles, but the wings are not folded up and concealed
beneath the wing-cases, as they are in the latter insects.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 97

The larvee (Fig. 278, a,) are footless, or nearly so, and live
in the stems or branches of various plants, shrubs or trees,
while a few live in decayed wood.

These insects belong to the Family of Long-horned Borers
( Cerambycide), and are among the most destructive of insects.
Hidden as they are from the eyes of man, they carry on their
silent work of destruction unnoticed, until the withering plant
apprises us of the presence of these destructive depredators.

The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Fig. 278, ¢), the Hickory
Borer (Fig. 281), the American Currant Borer (Fig. 280), and
the Locust-tree Borer (Fig. 279) are examples of this Family.

TRIBE IV. Plant Beetles.—These are mostly small
Beetles, seldom exceeding half an inch in length ; the antennee
are either filiform or slightly clavate.

4

{

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

98 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

Fig. 282.

 

They are usually diurnal in their habits. The larve live
upon or within the leaves or roots of plants ; they are provided
with six legs, and the body is usually short and convex.

Fig. 283.

  
   

    
  

: : By &

PWN Ya

/ AN:
\

\

RE

Sl

  

 
    
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  

 

J
ny
J

2
i

J

7

  

i, ID

These insects are all destructive to vegetation; they belong
to the Family of Plant Beetles (Chrysomelide). The Colorado
Potato Beetle (Fig. 282), the Steel-blue Flea-beetle (Fig. 283),

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES, 99

the Imported Grape Flea-beetle (Fig. 284), the Cucumber and
Potato Flea-beetles (Fig. 285), the Striped Cucumber Beetle
Fig. 287.

  

(Fig. 286), the Twelve-spotted Diabrotica (Fig. 238), and the
Tortoise Beetles (Figs. 287 and 288), belong to this Family.

SeEctioN IV. TRIMERA.

These insects are usually of a small size and more or less
hemispherical in form; the last joint of the palpi is broadly
hatchet-shaped ; the joints of the feet are dilated and cushion-
like beneath, and the second joint is deeply bilobed.

These insects belong to the Lady-
bird Family (Coccinellide), and
their colors are usually red or black,
never, or very seldom, marked with
stripes. They all prey upon Plant-
lice, Scale Insects, small caterpil-
lars, etc., although in a very few ING 1
instances, they have been knownto A
attack fruit (as the California Lady-bird, Fig. 289), but this
habit is very exceptional.

The larvee are furnished with six legs, and when about to
pupate they attach themselves to some object by the hind part

Fig. 289.

  

 

of the body. The Fifteen-spotted Lady-bird (Fig. 290) is a
good representative of this Family.

 

 

 

 

 

 
ss?

NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS, CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INEO JFAMMUIER. - 101

| | From their honey-tubes they occasionally eject a sweet
CHAPTER XVL fluid, of which the ants and flies are very fond. The Cabbage

Aphis (Fig. 24), the Grain Aphis (Fig. 291), and the Wooll

Orper V. HEMIPTERA. (True Bugs.) Aphis (Fig. 292) belong to this Family. y
MEALY-WINGED Bues (Aleurodide).—These insects have

four opaque wings, which are covered with a mealy powder ;

 

 

SuB-orDER I. HomoprTERA. (Similar-winged Bugs.)

 

PrLANT-LICE (Aphidide).—These insects are usually pro-
vided with four transparent wings, but many of them are
wingless ; the feet are two-jointed; the antennse are from
three to seven jointed, and are never terminated by two

 

 

 

 

 

 

E

bristles ; the abdomen is usually provided with two tubercles,
or long tubes, near the posterior end, and the beak appears to

 

 

 

f 19 “ £¢ fil: 4 Na RY y
5 ) 48) £5) \ ) ES ¢ ,
. . ] A :
arise from the breast. These insect are usually of a small ed QI
WR 3
8 5 Sa Yok
LN \ hr = ) \
fine 3 { ko / 7 | N
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size ; they subsist upon the juices of plants, and are found

upon the roots, stems and leaves, and a few species form galls.
They are usually gregarious in their habits, and the early
broods of many species are viviparous, while the last broods
of the season are oviparous.

the feet are two-jointed, and the beak apparently arises from
the breast; the antenna are six-jointed. These insects are of
small size, and feed upon the juices of plants.

Scare Insects (Coccide).—In these insects, which are

 
 

 

’ 1%. | NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

Fig. 294.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 103

sometimes called “ Bark-lice,” the females (Fig. 293, Ic,) are
wingless, while the males (Fig. 293, Za,) are each provided
with two more or less transparent wings; the feet are one-
jointed and terminate in a single claw. Some species are ovi-
parous, while others are viviparous. The Lemon-peel Scale
(Fig. 293), the Black Scale (Fig. 294), and the Cottony Cushion
Scale (Fig. 295) belong to this Family. [For additional
examples see Chapter on Scale Insects. ]

JUMPING PLANT-LICE (Psyllide).—The insects belonging to
this Family are of small size, and have four transparent wings ;

the feet are two jointed ; the antenns are nine or ten jointed,

the last joint terminating in two short bristles; the beak
Fig. 297.

apparently arises from the breast. These insects possess the
power of jumping ; they subsist upon the juices of plants, and
a few species live in galls. The Pear-tree Psylla (Fig. 296,
adult ; 297, pupe,) belongs to this Family.
LeAr-HOPPERS (Cercopida).—These insects are provided
with four wings, the first pair of which are thick and leathery ;
the feet are three-jointed; the ocelli
are only two in number, or are entirely
wanting ; and the antenna are two-joint-
ed. In a few species the thorax arises in
the form of a hump or a hern, or like a
high crest; in others it is produced each
side in the form of a small horn (as in
the Buffalo Tree-hopper, Fig. 155).
These insects subsist upon the juices of
plants, and a few kinds envelope them-
selves in a mass of froth called “frog-spittle.” The California
Grape-vine Hopper (Fig. 298) belongs to this Family.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

104 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

LANTERN Fries (Fulgoridz).—These insects are Fig. 299.
provided with four wings, the first pair of which
are usually opaque; the feet and antennz are
three-jointed, and the head is sometimes furnished
with a high, thin ridge; the two ocelli are placed
beneath the eyes. The Frosted Leaf-hopper (Fig.
299) belongs to this Family.

Harvest Fries (Cicadida).—These insects, improperly
termed * Locusts,” are provided with four large transparent
wings ; the feet are three-jointed ; the antenna small, and six
or seven jointed, and on the top of the head are three ocelll.
These insects are of a large size; they deposit their eggs in
slits made in the twigs of trees (Fig. 300, d), and the young,

       

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when hatched, drop to the ground, which they enter and are
supposed to feed upon the roots of plants. One species, the
Seventeen-year Locust (Fig. 300), requires seventeen years to

complete its growth.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 105

CHAPTER XVII.

OrpEr V. HEMIPTERA. (True Bugs.)
SuB-orRDER II. HETEROPTERA (Dissimilar-winged Bugs.)

WATER BoATMEN (Notonectide).—These insects have con-
vex bodies and are provided with four wings; the hind legs
are very long and fringed ; the antenns are minute and con-
cealed in cavities; the feet are two or three jointed ; the ocelli
are wanting, and the head is nearly as wide as the body.

These insects reside in the water and are predaceous in their
habits ; they seldom exceed six lines in length.

WATER Scorpions (Nepide).—These insects have very flat
bodies and are furnished with four wings; the anterior legs
are fitted for grasping, and are placed well forward; the
antenneée are minute and are concealed in cavities; the feet
are one or two jointed, and the ocelli are wanting.

These insects are aquatic, and feed upon other insects ; they
are usually of quite a large size.

GaLcuLA Buas (Galgulide).—In this Family the body is
broad and flat and provided with four wings; the antennee
are minute and concealed in cavities; the eyes are placed at
the outer end of a stem or pedicel ; the ocelli are present; the
feet are one or two jointed, and the anterior thighs are enlarged.

These insects live in damp situations, and are supposed to
feed upon other insects ; they are usually smaller, although of
nearly the same form, as the enlarged figure in Fig. 304.

WATER MEASURERS (Hydrometride).—These insects have
a long slender body, and are usually provided with four wings,
but in a few species these organs are wanting; the antennee
are quite long and slender; the ocelli are sometimes wanting ;
the feet are two or three jointed, and the four posterior legs
are usually very long and slender.

These insects are aquatic, and the adults may frequently be
seen running over the surface of the water; they feed upon
other insects and are usually less than six lines long.

PiraATE Bucs (Reduvide).—In this Family the body is
usually elongated and provided with four wings, but in a few

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

106 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

species these are either rudimentary or entirely wanting; the
antenna are conspicuous; the ocelli are present; the feet are
three jointed ; and the beak when folded back is not received
in a channel. : :

A few species are aquatic, but the greater number are terres-
trial and feed upon other insects. The Banded Robber (Fig.
154) belongs to this Family.

CHiNcH Buas (Lygaidaz).—These insects are provided with
four wings; the antenna are conspicuous and four-jointed,
the terminal joint being as thick as the preceding one; the
ocelli are sometimes absent.

These insects are terrestrial and usually subsist upon the
juices of plants, but a few species are said to be predaceous.
The Chinch Bug (Fig. 85) is sometimes very destructive to
wheat and corn; it is of a black color with white wings which

Fig. 301.

 

are marked with a black spot on the outer edge of each. The

False Chinch Bug (Fig. 301) also belongs to this Family.

SquasH Bugs (Coretdz).—These insects are furnished with
four wings; the antenns are conspicuous and four jointed,
the terminal joint being as thick or thicker than the pre-
ceding one; the ocelli are present.

These insects are terrestrial and usually subsist upon the
juices of plants, but a few species are said to
be partially predaceous. The Squash Bug
(Fig. 163) is sometimes very destructive to
squash and pumpkin vines; it is blackish-
brown above and dirty yellowish beneath, and
measures about seven lines in length. The
Three-striped Plant-bug (Fig. 302) also be-
longs to this Family.

Fig. 302.

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES, 107

PLANT Bues (Capsidz).—These insects are terrestrial and
; are provided with four wings; the ocelli
Fig. 303.

are absent; the antennz are four jointed

with the terminal joint thinner than the
& preceding one.

These insects mostly subsist upon the
~ juices of plants, but a few species are pre-

daceous. The Bordered Plant-bug (Fig
303) belongs to this Family.

SoLDIER Buas (Scutelleride ).—These insects usually have
a broad and flattened body, and are furnished with four wings ;
the scutellum extends to or beyond the
middle of the abdomen; the antennz are
conspicuous and are from three to five
jointed.

The greater number of these insects feed
upon the juices of plants, but a few species
feed upon other insects. The Spined Sol-
dier Bug (Fig. 114) and the Negro Bug (Fig. 304) belong to
this Family.

THriPs (Thripide).—These insects are of
a small size, and are provided with four nar-
row wings, which are fringed; the mouth is
furnished with jaws; the ocelli are present ;
and the antenne are from five to nine
jointed.

Some of these insects are vegetable feeders,
while others are said to prey upon other in-
sects. The Common Thrips (Fig. 161, adult ;
Fig. 305, pupa,) belongs to this Family.

Bep Buas (Membranaceida).—In this Family the body is
quite broad, and is sometimes provided with four wings, but
these organs are frequently wanting ; the beak is received in
a channel when not in use ; the ocelli are usually wanting, the
antenna are usually four jointed, with the terminal joint
thicker than the preceding one ; the feet are three jointed.

Some of these insects subsist upon the juices of plants;
others are predaceous; while a few, like the Bed Bug, are par-

b-

 

Fig. 304.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

108 , NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

asitic. The Tingis (Figs. 306 and 307, enlarged ) belongs to this
Family ; it subsists upon the juices of plants.

Fig. 306.

 

Lice (Pediculide).—These insects are of a small size and
are destitute of wings; the antennae are filiform and five
jointed ; the feet are two jointed, with a large terminal hook ;
and the mouth parts are retractile.

These insects, so far as at present known, all live parasiti-
cally upon man.

Birp Lice ( Mallophagide).—These insects are of a small size
and are destitute of wings; the mouth is furnished with jaws;

the antennee are from three to five jointed ; the feet are two

jointed, and usually terminate in one or two claws.
These insects live parasitically upon birds and animals.

CHAPTER XVIII.
OrpeEr VI. ORTHOPTERA. (Grasshoppers, Crickets, etc.)

This Order is usually divided into four Sections, as follows :

I. Runners (Cursoria).—In this Section the body is not
greatly elongated, and the legs are fitted for running.

II. GrasPeErs (Raptoria).—The insects which belong to
this Section have the anterior legs very robust and fitted for
seizing and retaining their prey, which consists of other
insects.

ITI. WaLkers (Ambulatoria ).—These insects have long

CLASSTFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 109

cylindrical bodies, which are destitute of wings ;* the legs are
very long and slender, and the insects are very sluggish in
their habits.

IV. Jumpers (Saltatoria).—These insects have the poste-
rior thighs very robust; they usually move by short jumps or
leaps; the greater number are provided with four wings, but
a few species are destitute of these organs.

I. RunNNERs (Cursoria).

This Section contains two Families, as follows :
Earwigs (Forficularide).—These insects have a more or
less cylindrical body, which is furnished at the tip with a

forceps-like appendage; the wing-cases are very short, and
meet each other in a straight line on the back ; the hind wings

when not in use are folded both lengthwise and crosswise, and
concealed beneath the wing-cases.

These insects (Fig. 41) feed upon various kinds of fruits and
flowers ; they deposit their eggs beneath stones, etc., and in a
few species the female broods over them, like a hen, until they
are hatched.

CockroacHEs (Blattidee).— The insects which belong to this
Family have a flattened body, which is destitute of the anal
forceps that characterizes the insects belonging to the preced-
ing Family. In some species both sexes are wingless in the
adult state; in others the males are provided with wings, while
the females have these organs greatly aborted; and in still
others, both sexes are furnished with wings.

These insects are nocturnal in their habits, and are some-
times very troublesome about the kitchen, etc. The female
deposits her eggs in a large elongated brown capsule or pod,
each capsule containing about thirty eggs, arranged in two
rows.

II. Graspers (Raptoria).

This Section is composed of the Mantis Family (Mantide,
Fig. 142); they are the only insects belonging to this Order
which are beneficial. They deposit their eggs in masses of a

 

* Winged species occur in some tropical countries.

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

  

 

 

 

110 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

hundred or more (Fig. 308), fastening them to the twigs of
trees or to other objects.

Fig. 308.

 

ITI. WALKERS (Ambulatoria).

This Section includes the single Family of Walking-sticks
(Phasmida). These insects feed upon the leaves of plants, and
sometimes occur in destructive numbers. The females scatter
their eggs indiscriminately upon the ground beneath them.

IV. Jumpers (Saltatoria).

This Section comprises three Families, as follows :

Crickets (Gryllide).—These insects have a more or less
cylindrical body, and the anterior or upper wings are bent
downward suddenly at the sides, although in a few species the
wings are entirely wanting.

The Mole Crickets have the anterior pair of legs very robust
and flattened at the outer end; they are provided with wings,
and live in burrows in moist ground. The eggs are laid in
large cavities excavated in their burrows.

The Tree Crickets (Fig. 309) are of a pale greenish color;
they are very slightly built, and
are found upon various kinds of
plants. The females deposit
their eggs in slits made in some
tender plant by means of their
awl-like ovipositors. The males produce a shrilling noise by
elevating their anterior wings and rubbing the edges together.

The Field Crickets are mostly of a brownish color, and
many of them are entirely destitute of wings; they deposit
their eggs in crevices in the earth.

KArypips, oR GREEN GRAssHOPPERs (Locustidsz).—These
insects (Fig. 141) are usually of a green color; their legs and

. Fig. 309.

 

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES. 111

antenna are very long and slender, and the females are fur-
nished with a sword-shaped ovipositor. The eggs are depos-
ited in one or more rows upon 3

the leaves or twigs of trees or : Fig 310.

plants (Fig. 310). The males en
make a shriiling noise by
means of a glassy instrument, situated at the base of the ante-
rior wings.

Locusts, or BROWN (GRASSHOPPERS (Aeridide ). —These
insects have shorter and stouter legs and antenng than those
belonging to the two preceding Families. They are mostly of
a brownish color, and deposit their eggs in masses in holes
excavated in the earth (Fig. 39), or in logs; these holes are
excavated by the aid of the horny plates which are situated at
the tip of the abdomen.

The males of a few species make a stridulating noise by rub-
bing their hind legs against the edges of the wing-covers ; others
produce a rattling sound, when on the wing, by rubbing the
upper surface of the wings against the wing-cases.

These insects may be further divided into two Sub-families,
as follows :

Grouse Locusts (Tettigine).—This group contains insects
of a small size, in which the upper part of the thorax is pro-
longed backward nearly to the tip of the abdomen, and some-
times beyond it.

True Locusts (Acriding).—In this group the upper part of
the thorax extends but little, or not at all, upon the base of
the abdomen (Fig. 89). This group contains the more promi-

nent injurious species, such as those which migrate in vast
flocks or swarms.

 

CHAPTER XIX.
OrpEr VII. NEUROPTERA. (Dragon Flies, May Flies, etc.)

WHITE ANTS (Termitidz).—These insects are provided with
four wings of equal size; the antenng are conspicuous, and
the feet are four jointed; transformations incomplete. The

  

    
  
   
   
  
  
  
   
 

 

 

 

 

 

  
  
 
   
    
 
    
  
 
 
    
 
  
 
   
  
   
  
 

 
 

 

  

112 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

common White Ant is of a yellowish-white color, and is some-
times injurious to growing trees by gnawing the bark near the
roots, but is more often met with in decayed wood.

Funeus Fries (Psocide).—These insects are usually pro-
vided with four wings (Fig. 144), of which the hind pair is
the smallest; in some, however, all the wings are rudimentary,
while in others these organs are entirely wanting; the feet are
frgm two to three jointed ; and the antennse are conspicuous;
transformations incomplete. These insects usually feed upon
dry vegetable substance, especially upon lichens, and a few
kinds are injurious to collections of Natural History.

PerrA Fries (Perlide).—These insects have four wings of
equal size, or the hind wings are the broadest; all the wings
are sometimes rudimentary ; the antenns are very long, and
the feet are three jointed ; in many species there are two long
bristles at the posterior end of the abdomen ; transformations
incomplete. The larvae of the greater number of these insects
are aquatic. |

May Fries (Ephemeride).—The insects belonging to this
Family usually have four wings, but the posterior pair are some-
times wanting; the mouth parts are obsolete; the antenne
are short and three jointed, and the abdomen is usually fur-
nished at the tip with two or three slender bristles; the feet
have from four to five joints; transformations incomplete.
After issuing from the pupa the insect is usually enveloped in
a thin film; it is now known as the sub-imago ; it soon casts
off this filmy covering and appears in the perfect (imago) state.
The larvae are aquatic, and feed upon other insects, etc. ; they
are supposed to remain from two to three years in the larva
state, although the adults live but a few hours. These flies
quite closely resemble the Ichneumon Flies (Fig. 131), but
their antenng are much shorter, and their bodies weaker.

DraGoN Fries (Libellulide ; also called Odonata). —These
insects are provided with four wings of nearly equal size (Fig.
143); the antenna are inconspicuous, and from four to seven
jointed ; the feet are three jointed, and the abdomen is destitute
of anal bristles; transformations incomplete. The larve are
aquatic, and feed upon other insects; they have a peculiar

 

 

  

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS INTO FAMILIES, 113

syringe-like apparatus, beneath the posterior part of the body
by which they are enabled to draw in a small quantit of
water and then to forcibly eject it backw 1
them forward at a rapid rate.
These insects are divided into two groups, viz :
| Agrionine, in which the head ig very broad ; the eves wide
apart; and the wings, when at rest, are raised over the back
Kes, in which the head is nearly globular : the ayes
usually touch each other: 3 /
a ; and the wings are expanded when
Sart FLiEs (Sialidz).—These insects are provided with
four wings of nearly equal size; the antenng are conspicuous
and the feet are four or five jointed ; transformations con.
plete. The larvae are predaceous; some are aquatic, while
others live upon trees, etc. In some species the pupa i capa-

x of moving about, although enveloped in a thin covering or
skin.

Lace-wiNGED FLiEs (Hemerobide).—The insects belonging
to this Family have four wings of nearly equal size: the
antenne are long, and the feet are five jointed ; transformations
complete. The larve are usually terrestrial. This Pomily
contains many beneficial insects ; prominent among which are
the Lace-winged (Fig. 22) and the Golden-eyed Flies, the
larvee of which (Fig. 47) feed upon Plant-lice ; whet full
grown each of these larve spins a globular cocoon, inside of
which it assumes the pupa form; when the periods insect is
nearly ready to emerge, the pupa issues from the cocoon. and
fastens itsel{ to a neighboring object by its feet; in a short
time the skin on its back is rent, and the perfect Precs makes
Its escape. Another member of this Family is the Ant-lion
the larvee of which excavate funnel-shaped holes in the earth

in which to entrap their prey, which consists principally of
Ants. :

ard, thus propelling

SCORPION Fries (Panorpida).—These insects are usually
provided with four wings of equal size, but in a few species
the wing; anting ;

gs are rudimentary or w anting ; the antenna are con-
spicuous, and the feet are five Jointed ; transformations com-

plete ; ul mouth parts are produced somewhat in the form of

il
8H

es ee

 

 

 

 

  

 
   
  
     
   
  
 
   
     
    
  
  
  
  
  
    
   
    
  
 
 
 
    
 

 

 
 

 

  

114 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

a beak. The larve are usually terrestrial, and are probably
predaceous.

Cappis Fries (Phryganide).—These insects have four
wings, in which the transverse veins are very few ; the antennee
are quite long, and the feet are five jointed; the mouth parts
are not distinct; transformations complete. The larve are
usually aquatic, living in silken tubes, to which they frequently
attach small shells, pieces of wood, and other small objects:
They feed upon vegetable matter, and sometimes devour
small insects.

CHAPTER XX.
Seale Insects.

The Scale Insects, Scale-bugs, Bark-lice, Mealy Bugs, etc.,
comprise a group of insects belonging to the Sub-order Hom-
optera, and to the Family Coccide.

In many respects this is a very anomalous group of insects,
differing greatly even from closely allied forms, in appearance,
habits and metamorphosis. Not only do the members of this
Family appear very different from other insects belonging to
the same Sub-order, but there is a wonderful variety of forms
within the Family; and even the two sexes of the same spe-
cies, in the adult state, differ as much in appearance as insects
belonging to different Orders.

The most obvious characters in which these insects agree,
and by which they may be distinguished from other insects
belonging to the same Sub-order, are the following: The
females never possess wings; the males are winged in the
adult state, but possess only one pair of wings, the second pair
being represented by a pair of small club-like organs called
‘“ halteres,” each usually furnished with a bristle. The scale
of the female is usually broader than that of the male in the
scale-bearing species. This Family is divided into three Sub-
families, as follows :

SuB-FAMILY I. (Diaspinz.)—These insects are enclosed or

covered by a scale composed in part of the moulted skins

(exuvize) and partly of an excretion of the insect; this scale

 

SCALE INSECTS. 115

does not adhere to any part of the insect’s body, but forms a
covering or protection to the latter.

SuB-Faminy II. ( Lecaninz.)—These insects are not usually
enclosed in a scale, but the skin hardens as the insect
approaches maturity. In the earlier part of their lives these
Insects are capable of crawling about, but when nearly mature
they generally become immovably fixed to the bark, etc. upon
which they rest. I

SuB-FaMILY IIT. ( Coecinz.)—These insects usually retain
the power of locomotion from the time they are hatched until
they die of old age or some other cause ; some species, how-
ever, are destitute of legs, and are enclosed in a felt-like sac.

SuB-FAMILY I. (Diaspinz.)

The following table will serve to aid in ascertaining the
Genus to which any species of this Sub-family belongs :

A.—Scale of female circular, with the exuvie either central
or near the margin.

B.—Scale of male but little elongated, with the exuvise more
or less central ; scale usually resembling that of the
female in color and texture, - - - Aspidiotus.

BB.—Scale of male elongated, with the exuvie at one
extremity.

C.—Scale of male, white and carinated - - Diaspis.
CC.—Scale of male not white, and with no central carina,
Parlatoria.

AA.—Scale of the female elongated, with the exuvie at one
extremity.

D.—Exuviz small.
E.—Scale of male, white and carinated, -  Chionaspis.
EE.—Scale of male similar in form to that of the female,
Mytilaspis.
DD.—Exuvia large. er
F.—Scale of female, with two moulted skins visible,

: Parlatoria.
FF.—Scale of female with second moulted skin covered

by a secretion, - - - - - i. Uhleria.,

 

 

 

 

 

   
 
  
  
 
   
    
 
  
   
  
   
 
   
   
  
   
  
    
  

  
 

 

116

 

OF

 

INSECTS.

 

NATURAL HISTORY

 

(venus Aspipiorus (Bouche).

This genus includes species in which the scale of the female
is circular, or nearly so, with the exuvi® at or near the center;
and the scale of the male is somewhat elongated, with the
larval skin at one side of the center, or near one extremity;
in color and texture it resembles the female scale. The last

 

segment of the female usually presents four groups of spinner-
ets; in a few species there are five or six groups, and in some
they are wanting. Examples—the Red Scale (Fig. 159), the

 

 

SCALE INSECTS 117

Lemon-peel Scale (Fig. 293), and the Red Scale of Florida

(Fig. 311).
Genus Draspis (Costa).

This genus includes species in which the scale of the female

is more or less rounded, with the exuvise at the center or upon
the sides; the scale of the male is long, white, carinated, and
with the exuvie at one extremity. The last segment of the
female presents five groups of spinnerets.

Fig. 312.

This genus closely resembles Aspidiotus in the form of the
scale of the female, but it is easily distinguished from that
genus by the scale of the male being white and carinated.
Example—the Rose Scale (Fig. 312).

Genus CHIoNAsprs (Signore).

This genus includes species in which the scale of the female

aac RR

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
 

 

 

118 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

is long, sometimes much widened, with the exuviee small and
at one extremity; the scale of the male is long, generally
white, more or less carinated (except in C. ortholobis), with
the sides parallel and the larval skin at the anterior end.
The last segment of the female presents five groups of spin-
nerets.

Fig, 313.

 

 

This genus resembles Diaspis in the form of the scale of the
male, and Mytilaspis in the form of the scale of the female ; in
most species, however, the scale of the female is wider than in
Mytilaspis. Example——the Scurfy or Harris’ Scale (Fig. 313).

Genus MyTiLaspis (Targioni—Tozzetti).

This genus includes species in which the scale of the female
is long, narrow, more or less curved, and with the exuvie at

SCALE INSECTS. 119

the anterior extremity. The scale of the male resembles that
of the female in form, but it can be readily distinguished by
its small size, and by bearing but one larval skin. In all the
species of Mytilaspis which I have studied, the posterior part

 

4

(about one fourth) of the scale of the male is joined to
the remainder by a thin portion, which serves as a hinge,
allowing the posterior part to be lifted when the male
emerges. KExample—the Citrus Scale (Fig. 314).

Genus PARLATORIA (Targioni—Tozzetti).

The scale of the female is either circular or elongated, with

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

120 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

the exuvie large and at the anterior end. The scale of the
lis #15 male is elongated, with the sides nearly
iz. 315. parallel and the exuvie at the anterior

end ; there is no carina on the middle of

3 the back, this part being seldom higher
than the sides.

The margin of the last segment of the

female is crenulated and fringed with toothed scale-like plates ;
there are only four groups of spinnerets. Example—Per-
gande’s Orange Scale (Fig. 315).

 

Genus UHLERIA (Comstock).

This genus includes species in which, upon the scale of the
female, only one larval skin is visible at the anterior
extremity ; the second skin is present, but it is
entirely covered by secretion. This skin is large,
covering the insect entirely.

The scale is narrow at its anterior end; it soon
widens, and the sides are parallel throughout the
greater part of its length. The three anterior
groups of spinnerets are united, forming a con-
tinuous line. The scale of the male is similar to
that of the female, but smaller. A small and unimportant
genus, formerly known as Fiorinia. Example—the Camellia
Scale (Fig. 316).

Fig. 316.

 

SuB-rAMILY II. (Lecanine.)
Genus CEROPLASTES.

The species belonging to this genus are furnished with a
thick covering of waxy material, which does not, however,
adhere closely to the insect. This covering is formed of layers
secreted by the spinnerets. Some of the species have tuber-
osities upon the back which are larger or smaller, according
to the age of the insect, and which entirely disappear at full
growth, when, from being more or less flat with tuberosities,
they become smooth and globular. The antenna are six-

Fig. 318.

Fig. 317.

SCALE INSECTS. 121

jointed, the third being the longest. In the larva state the
fourth and fifth appear as one. The legs are long; the claw is

 

furnished with four digitules, of which the two shortest are
very large and horn-shaped. The male of this genus is not
known. Examples—the Florida Scale (Fig. -317) and the
Barnacle Scale (Fig. 318).

Genus Purnvinaria (Targioni).
This genus is not well defined. It was erected for those

species of Lecaning, in which the females, after fecundation,
secrete below, and at the posterior end of the body, a mass of

 

 

 

 

 
      
    
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
  
  

122 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. SCALE INSECTS. 123

 

cottony material which forms a nidus for the eggs. Example SuB-FAMILY III. (Coccins.) Hl
—th t Maple Scale (Fig. 319). i
eto 5: pt Genus KeErMEs (Targioni—Tozzetti). 8
ig. , i

These insects have the body perfectly globular, or with a | |]
slight incision for insertion on the twig or branch. On an il
external examination no trace of antenns, legs, or even mouth

Fig. 322.

 

 

Genus LEcANIUM.

This genus includes those species which are naked and, at
first, boat-shaped, taking on, however, after impregnation
very diverse forms, from nearly flat to globular. Examples—

Fig. 320.

 

 

parts are to be observed, and the insect presents precisely the
appearance of a gall. Chiefly found on Oak trees (Fig. 322).

 

Lt Genus RHI1zococcus (Comstock). |
the Black Scale (Fig. 294), the Filbert Scale (Fig. 320), and Li |
the Soft Orange Scale (Fig. 321). Antenne of larvae and of the adult female seven jointed ;

    
 

 

 

124 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

ano-genital ring with eight hairs; tarsi of both male and
female each with four digitules ; margin of body of young and
of female in all stages, fringed with tubular spinnerets, which
are covered with a waxy excretion. Adult male with a single
ocellus behind each eye, and a pair of bristles on each side of
the penultimate abdominal segment, each pair supporting a
long white filament excreted by numerous pores at its base.
The fully developed female makes a dense sac of waxy matter,
within which the eggs are laid, and the shriveled body of the
insect remains. The full-grown male larva makes a similar
sac within which it undergoes its metamorphosis. Example
—the Norfolk Island Pine Secale.

Genus DAcTyLopIUs.

The antenna of the females are six jointed in the larva, and
eight jointed in the adult; the male larva has seven jointed
antenne ; the tarsi are furnished with four digitules, and the

  

anal ring with six hairs. Examples—the Mealy Bug with
long threads (Fig. 323), and the Destructive Mealy Bug ( Fig.
324).

Genus Pseupococcus (Westwood).

This genus is very near Dactylopius, and nearly all the char-
acters are identical. In the adult female, however, the antennze

BENEFICIAL INSECTS. 125

are nine jointed, those of the female larva being six jointed
and of the male larva seven jointed. The tarsi are not pro-
vided with the long digitules, except in Pseudococeus hederz.

Genus Coccous.

The species of this genus may be distinguished from Dacty-
lopius and Pseudococcus by the following characters :
The antennw are seven jointed in the adult female, six

‘Jointed in the female larva, and five jointed in the male larva.

The legs are very slender; the anal ring is destitute of hairs ;
the eyes are smooth, and there are two ocelli. Example—
the Cochineal Insect.

Genus IceryA (Signoret).

Antenne eleven jointed ; body covered with a cottony mat-
ter of several shades of color, and with a secretion of still
longer filaments ; skin with rounded spinnerets and
with long scattered hairs; antennse of nearly same
size throughout their whole length, and with a long
, pubescence ; the digitules of the claws are elonga-
ted and buttoned, those of the tarsi appear as
simple hairs; genital apparatus terminating in a
tube internally, with a reticulated ring, and with-
out hairs at its extremity. Antennae of the larva
six jointed, with a very long pubescence, and with
four hairs upon the last joint much longer than
the others; lateral lobes of the extremity of the
abdomen with a series of three very long, frequently interlaced
bristles. Example—the Cottony Cushion Scale (Figs. 295
and 325).

 

CHAPTER XXII.
Beneficial Insects.

The greater number of insects feed upon the various parts of
plants, and are therefore termed “ injurious; others feed upon
decaying animal or vegetable matter, and are called ‘“ scaven-

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

      
  
   
  
   
 
 
 
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
  
   
  
   
   
 
 
  
 

126 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

gers;”’ still others feed upon insects, especially on those
which are injurious to plants, and, by thus aiding us in get-
ting rid of these pests, are termed “beneficial insects.” Some
of this latter kind seize their prey with their jaws, somewhat
as a cat catches a mouse, and are hence called * predaceous.”
To this class belong the Tiger Beetles, which may frequently
be seen running over the ground during the hottest part of the
day. The one most often met with is the Common Tiger
Beetle (Fig. 240), which is of a dull purplish color above, and
a bright brassy-green underneath; on each wing-case are three
irregular whitish spots. Another species which quite closely
resembles the above is the Generous Tiger Beetle (Fig. 241), of
a dull purplish color, marked with white as in the figure.
The Virginian Tiger Beetle (Fig. 242) is of a dull brownish
color. All of the Tiger Beetles have filiform antenns, and
their feet are five jointed. The larvee of the Tiger Beetles are
provided with six legs, and live in holes in the earth. They
feed upon Cut-worms and similar insects.

The Ground Beetles also prey upon Cut-worms and other
insects, and, like the Tiger Beetles, have filiform antenne and
five jointed feet; but, unlike them, they have horizontal
instead of vertical heads. The Gold-spotted Ground Beetle
(Fig. 243) is of a brownish color, and on each wing-case are
three rows of sunken gold-colored spots.

Another group of predaceous insects are the Lady-birds,
which have only three joints in their feet. These insects feed
upon Plant-lice, Scale Insects, small caterpillars, etc; the
larvee (Figs. 328, a, and 332, a,) are provided with six legs, and
when fully grown they suspend themselves by the hind part
of the body; the skin on the back soon splits open and the
pupa (Fig. 328, b), by alternately elongating and shortening
its body, works the old skin backward until it covers only the
posterior part of the pupa, where it is permitted to remain ;
in due time the skin on the back of the pupa is rent and the
pefect beetle (Fig. 328, ¢,) comes forth.

One of the largest kind is the Fifteen-spotted Lady-bird
(Fig. 290) ; it varies in color, from dirty brown to cream color,
and the wing-cases are usually marked with fifteen black dots,
but the color and markings vary, as shown in the figure

BENEFICIAL INSECTS. 127

(Fig. 290, d, ¢, f and g). The wing-cases of the Thirteen-spot-
ted Lady-bird (Fig. 326) are of a reddish-brown color, and are
marked with thirteen black dots. The wing-cases of the Ten-
spotted Lady-bird (Fig. 327) are of a pinkish color, and are

Fig. 329.

 

marked with ten black dots. The Convergent Lady-bird (Fig.
328, ¢,) has the wing-cases yellowish-brown, and marked with
twelve black dots. The Nine-spotted Lady-bird (Fig. 329)
has the wing-cases of a yellowish-brown color, marked with
nine black dots. The Icy Lady-bird (Fig. 330) has the wing-
cases of an orange-yellow color, marked with from four to six
black dots. The Trim Lady-bird (Fig. 239) has the wing-
cases of an orange-yellow or orange-red color, and unmarked.
The California Lady-bird (Fig. 289) differs from the Trim
Lady-bird by having a white spot on each of the front corners
of the thorax—the Trim Lady-bird having the thorax mar-
gined in front and at the sides with yellow. The Twice-

Fig. 332.

Je

stabbed Lady-bird (Fig. 331) is entirely black, with the excep-
tion of a deep red spot on each wing-case. The'Painted Lady-
bird (Fig. 332, ¢,) is of a pale yellow color, with a black stripe
on each wing-case; the two stripes being connected by two
black bands.

The Mantis (Fig. 142) also feeds upon other insects; the
female deposits her eggs in large masses (Fig. 308), and the
young closely resemble the parents, with the exception of

Fig. 331.
Fig. 330. ind

      

 

—

 

 

 

    
128 NATURAT, HISTORY OF INSECTS.

being destitute of wings ; they do not pass through ‘a quiet
pupa stage, but continue active during their entire lives.

The Soldier Bugs (Figs. 114 and 154) feed upon caterpillars
and other insects by impaling them upon their beaks and then
leisurely extracting their juices. These bugs do not pass
through a quiet pupa state, but continue active from the time
they issue from the eggs until they die of old age or some
other cause. They do not confine their attacks to insects,
but also occasionally feed upon the juices of plants.

The larvae of the Lace-winged Flies (Fig. 47) feed upon
Plant-lice and similar insects. After reaching their full
growth, each one spins, in some sheltered place, a globular
cocoon, and is soon after changed into a pupa; in due time
the pupa comes out of its cocoon and fastens itself to some
neighboring object, when the skin on its back soon splits open
and the perfect fly (Fig. 22) makes its escape. The female fly
deposits her eggs upon the tips of slender thread-like stems
(Fig. 22).

The larva of the Syphus-fly (Fig. 231, a,) also feeds upon
Plant-lice and similar insects. It is entirely destitute of legs,
and after reaching its full growth it attaches itself to the stem
of a plant, or some other object, and soon contracts to a pupa
(Fig. 231, b), from which the perfect fly (Fig. 231, ¢), in due
time, makes its escape. In pupating, the narrow tapering end
of the larva becomes the thickened end of the pupa.

Many kinds of Wasps, such as the Rust-red Wasp (Fig. 183,
a), provision their nests with caterpillars, flies, or other
insects, to serve as food for their young. Some kinds build
nests of mud (Fig. 181); others of a papery substance (Fig.
183, b); still others build their nests in holes in the ground,
in decayed wood, or in the stems of plants. The larvae or
young of these Wasps are entirely destitute of legs.

There is a group of insects which, in the larva state, live within
the eggs, larvae or pupe of other insects, ultimately destroy-
ing them ; they are commonly called “ parasitic ” insects. The
Ichneumon Flies (Figs. 40, 131 and 134) belong to this class.
The female deposits her eggs in the larve or pupae of other
insects in which her progeny are to live; from these eggs are
hatched small footless grubs, which feed upon the internal

BENEFICIAL INSECTS. 129

parts of the larva and pupa in which the eggs from which
they were produced had been deposited by the provident
mother. After reaching their full growth some kinds assume
the pupa form within the larva or pupa in which they have
lived, and the flies, after issuing from the pupa, gnaw holes
through the skin of the larva or pupa and make their escape.
The larvae of several kinds, however, first gnaw their way out
of the larva or pupa in which they have lived, and then each
one spins a cocoon around its body; sometimes they spin a
mass of flossy silk, and then crawl into this and spin their
cocoons. Occasionally only one parasitic larva lives in a
larva or pupa, but sometimes several dozen inhabit one pupa

or larva. When the egg is deposited in the body of a larva,
the larva sometimes assumes the pupa form before the para-
sitic Ichneumon Fly issues.

The Chalcis Flies form another group of insects which live
parasitically in the eggs, larvae or pupe of other insects; they

are very small, and their wings are provided with but few
9

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

130 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

veins (Figs. 333 and 334). They live principally in the eggs
of other insects, and many kinds infest various kinds of Scale
Insects and Plant-lice.

Another class of parasitic insects is the Tachina Flies (Fig.
236). These flies attach their white eggs to the bodies of
caterpillars, etc., and the larvee which hatch from these eggs
gnaw their way into the body of their victim; here they
remain until reaching their full growth, when they gnaw their
way out and drop to the ground, which they enter and form
smooth cells; they do not cast their skins before pupating,
but these contract and harden, thus supplying the place of a
cocoon. At the proper time the perfect fly (Fig. 236) issues
and makes her way to the surface of the earth. This fly very
closely resembles the common House Fly, but may at once
be distinguished by the slender bristle on the last joint of the
antenne being naked, whereas, in the House Fly this bristle is
pectinate, like a feather.

CHAPTER XXII.
Collecting and Preserving Insects.

A cabinet of some kind is almost indispensable to the
student of Entomology ; in it he should place as many differ-
ent species of insects as he may be able to obtain from time

to time, both by collecting and by exchanging specimens with
| friends. :

One of the chief requisites for successful collecting is a net.
The accompanying figure (Fig. 335) illustrates the frame work
of a very convenient net, such as is used by Professor Riley,
and its construction is thus described by him: “Take two
pieces of stout brass wire, each about twenty inches long;
bend them half circularly and join at one end by a folding
hinge having a check on one side (b). The other ends are bent
and beaten into two square sockets ( f) which fit to a nut sunk
and soldered into one end of a brass tube (d). When so fitted
they are secured by a large-headed screw (¢) threaded to fit
into the nut-socket, and with a groove wide enough to receive

COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS. 131

the back of a common knife blade. The wire hoop is easily
detached and folded, as at ¢, for convenient carriage ; and the
handle may be made of any desired length by cutting a stick
and fitting it into the hollow tube a, which should be about
six inches long.”

 

A bag of fine gauze or mosquito netting (the finer and
stronger the better) should be sewed to a piece of cloth
fastened around the wire frame.

Another simpler but less convenient frame (Fig. 336) is thus
described by Professor Sanborn: * Make a loop of strong iron
or brass wire, of about three sixteenths of an inch in thick-
ness, so that the diameter of the loop or circle

Fig 996, will not exceed twelve inches, leaving an inch or
an inch and a half of wire at each end bent at
nearly right angles. Bind the two extremities
together with smaller wire (a), and tin them by

= applying a drop of muriate of zinc, then holding

it in the fire or over a gas flame until nearly red
hot, when a few grains of block tin or soft solder
placed upon them will flow evenly over the whole
surface and join them firmly together. Take a
Maynard rifle cartridge tube, or any other brass tube of similar

P
CIT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

132 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

dimensions (b); if the former, file off the closed end, or per-
forate it for the admission of the wire, and, having tinned it
in the same manner on the inside, push a tight fitting cork
half way through (¢) and pour into it melted tin or soft
solder and insert the wires; if carefully done you will have a
firmly constructed and very durable foundation for a collect-
ing net. The cork (¢) being extracted, will leave a convenient
socket for inserting a stick or walking cane to serve as a
handle.”

By attaching a gauze bag to this frame a very handy net
will be produced.

For capturing the night-flying moths,
many collectors practice what is commonly
known as “sugaring.” This consists of ap-
plying to the trunks of trees,or to strips of
‘cloth attached to the tree, some sweet, attract-
ive and stupefying preparation, such as dilu-
ted molasses, or brown sugar, and rum.
This is spread upon the trees, etc., in the
evening, and by examining these places with
a lantern at intervals throughout the night,
many moths which could not otherwise be
obtained may be collected.

After capturing an insect intended for the
cabinet, the next step is to kill it in such a
manner as not to injure its form or cloth-
ing. For killing most insects the cyanide
bottle (Fig. 337) will be all that is needed.
This is prepared by putting into a large-
mouthed bottle a quantity of the cyanide
of potassium (pulverized) equal to a small
marble, but the quantity to be issued will
depend upon the size of the bottle ; pour into
the bottle just enough water to dissolve the
cyanide, and when this is dissolved drop plas-
ter of paris into the solution until all of
the latter is absorbed; now place the bottle in the hot sun,
or subject it to artificial heat, until thoroughly dry inside,
after which wipe out the inside with a dry rag or piece of

 

 

 

 

 

 

COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS. 133

paper; now cork the bottle tightly, and in a day or two it
will be ready for use. When an insect is thrown into a bottle
prepared in this way, and the bottle corked up tightly, the
fumes of the cyanide will destroy the insect’s life in a very
short time. Great care should be exercised in using the cya-
nide, as it is deadly poison when taken internally, although
no serious effect has ever been known to follow the inhaling
from the cyanide bottle prepared as directed above, notwith-
standing its well known effects upon insect life.

Those insects which are too large to be placed into the
cyanide bottle may be killed by the use of chloroform. For
this purpose a small and stout bottle, with a
brush inserted in the cork (Fig. 338), will be
found; very serviceable. By moistening the
abdomen of the insect with this liquid its life
will soon be destroyed.

For killing very small and delicate insects,
they may be caught in wooden boxes, when,
by applying the chloroform to the outside of
the box, they will soon become. stupefied.

Butterflies, moths and similar insects
should not be carried in the cyanide bottle
after they are dead, since by rolling around
in the bottle, they become more or less de-
nuded of their scales, or otherwise disfigured :
as soon as dead they should be taken out of
= the bottle and pinned into a cork-lined box
~ constructed for this purpose.

In pinning beetles the pin should be thrust through the
right wing-case (Fig. 339, a,) so as to come out between the
insertion of the middle and the
hind pair of legs; bugs should be
pinned through the scutellum (Fig.
339, b) ; all other insects should be
pinned through the thorax.

In pinning insects for the cabi-
net, entomological pins, made ex-
pressly for this purpose, should be
used ; these are made of different sizes ranging from 1 to 10,

Fig. 338.

 

Fig. 339.

 

 

 

 
 

134 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

the lowest numbers the finest. The No. 2 pins will answer
most ordinary purposes. About one third of the length of the
pin should be allowed to project above the insect’s back.

Small insects, one fourth of an inch in length and under

should be gummed to pieces of

Fig 30. card-board or to thin plates of

AN VV VV VY mica, through which the pin is

; ' afterwards thrust. These are

sometimes cut into square pieces, but the better way is to cut
the edge into small wedge-shaped teeth, as in Fig. 340.

For gumming insects upon card-board, etc., Spaulding’s
liquid glue may be used ; or in its stead the following prepar-
ation may be used, and is to be preferred :

Pulverized gum tragacanth, three drams; pulverized gum
arabic, one dram; corrosive sublimate, one grain; mix, and
add a little water.

For spreading out the wings of butterflies, etc., a setting-
board of some sort should be used; one that is simple in its
construction and answers every purpose is shown at Fig. 341.
It is made of two pieces of soft
pine boards (the softer the bet-
ter) about half an inch thick,
one and a half inches wide, and
of any convenient length ; these
should be fastened to upright
blocks about one and one half
inches high at each end, and
tapering ‘to one and one sixth
inches high at the middle. In
fastening the two upper pieces to these, leave a space between
the upper pieces wide enough to admit the insect’s body; a
strip of cork or pith is then glued over this space on the
under side, and the work is completed.

 

 

 

For stretching out the wings, and for many other purposes,
a needle stuck into a wooden handle (Fig. 342) will be found
useful ; this is made by splitting off a piece of pine wood three

COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS. 135

or four inches long, then forcing into one end of it the eye end
of a common sewing needle ; now whittle down the handle to
a convenient size and shape (Fig. 342) and the instrument is
completed. :

For retaining the wings of the insects on the setting board
in their proper position, strips of card-board should be pinned
over them (Fig. 341), using common short, sharp-pointed pins
for this purpose.

The setting-board may then be suspended upon the wall, or
it may be placed in a box covered with fine wire gauze or
strainer cloth, which will admit plenty of air, while at the same
time preventing small insects from gaining access to the
specimens. The latter should remain upon the setting-board
for at least a month, when they are ready for the cabinet.

Cases for exhibiting insects in, may be made in the form of
a shallow box having a tightly fitting lid, in the back of which
is fastened a pane of clear glass; they may be of any con-
venient size, and about two and a half inches deep, inside
measurement. The bottom should be lined with thin strips of
cork or dry pith, into which to thrust the pins; if pith is used
it should first be boiled, to extract the saccharine matter.

If the collection is to be a very extensive one, the cases to
contain it may be constructed in the form of two shallow
boxes facing each other, and fastened together on one side
with hinges, and on the other with hooks and staples :
they will then open and shut like a book, and when not in use
may be packed away in any convenient place. The boxes may
be made of thoroughly seasoned white wood, walnut or cherry.
Care should be taken to have the cases or boxes perfectly
tight, so as to prevent small insects, mites, etc., from gaining
access to and spoiling the collection. The cork or pith in the
bottom of the boxes should be covered with white paper
which, if lightly cross-ruled, will greatly facilitate the regular
pinning of the specimens.

For relaxing dried insects, place them for twelve or twenty-
four hours in a tin box containing a quantity of moistened
sand over which a single layer of paper is spread ; their wings,
etc., can then be easily spread out. |

Caterpillars, grubs, pups, and similar objects may be pre-

 

 

 
   
 
  
  
  
  
  
  

 

  
 
   
 
   
 
   

 

 
   
 
   
  
   

 

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

136 NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.

served in alcohol. They should first be thrown into alcohol
diluted with water, and afterwards be removed to vessels con-
taining alcohol of full strength.

Nothing is more annoying to the experienced, or more dis-
couraging to the young collector, than to have his specimens
destroyed by mites, or by the larvee of certain beetles; against
the ravages of these pests there is no security. Paste and
paper fail to exclude them; camphor is only a partial pro-
tector; and the only safeguard is constant vigilence, and the
instant destruction of the offenders when observed.

For this purpose many methods have been suggested, such
as saturation with turpentine, immersion in alcohol or ben-
zine, exposure in an oven to a heat of 210°, etc., but most of
these are liable to injure or even destroy the specimens.

A very good method is to place a galipot or small saucer,
containing about twenty-five grains of cyanide of potassium,
roughly bruised, with a very little water, in the bottom of the
cabinet; drop about six drops of sulphuric acid upon the
potassium and close up the cabinet. The gas thus generated
will destroy the life of any larva or other insect or animal that
may be in the cabinet at the time, as no animate being can
inhale this gas and live. Great care should be taken to pre-
vent the inhalation of this gas by the person employing it, as
it is highly poisonous.

 

GLOSSARY.

Abbreviated.—Shortened.

Abdomen.—The posterior division of the body.

Abnormal.—Unnatural ; exceptional.

Aculeate.—Prickly.

Acuminate.—Ending in a prolonged point.

Adephagous.—Ravenous ; predaceous.

Agamic.—Bringing forth living young, or depositing fertile
eggs, without the intervention of the male.

Alula.—A small appendage on the hind edge of the base of
the wing in the Two-winged Flies.

Annulated.—Furnished with colored rings.

Antenna.—The two horn-like appendages to the head (Figs.
89 and 103).

Apex.—The terminal point; the tip.

Apodous.—Destitute of feet.

Approximate.—Near, or near together.

Apterous.—Destitute of wings.

Arista.—A style, or bristle.

Aristate.—Furnished with a bristle.

Articulate.—Divided into joints.

Asexual.—Same as Agamic.

Attenuated.—Tapering.

Aurelia.—Ancient name for pupa.

Base.—The part opposite the apex.

Bi.—Two or twice.
Fig. 343.

Eg

Bifid.—Cleft. .

Bifurcate.—Two-forked.
Bilobate.—Divided into two lobes.
Bristled antenna.—Fig. 343.

ee ee rE a

    

 

 

  
 

 

138 GLOSSARY.

Capitate.—Ending in a head or knob (Figs. 95 and 96).

Carina.—A ridge.

Cauda.—A tail.

Cell—A term applied to the inclosures made by the veins and
cross-veins in the wings (Fig. 125). As these cells differ
in number and form in the different insects, they have
received different names. In many kinds of Two-winged
Flies (such as the Syrphus Fly, Fig. 231, ¢), the cell next
the fore edge of the wing is the costal cell; the three back
of this, nearest the body, are the first, second and third
basal cells, and the cell next to the hind edge of the wing
is the anal cell ; toward the outer edge of the wing, from
the first basal cell, is the first posterior cell, while the
three cells back of this, along the margin of the wing, are
the second, third and fourth posterior cells; the closed
cell between the second basal and the third posterior
cells is the discal cell (this may easily be known by
always being at the lower end of the small cross-vein
between the first basal and the first posterior cells); the
two cells between the costal and first posterior cells are
the marginal and sub-marginal cells.

Chrysalids.—Plural of chrysalis.

Chrysalis.—The third stage of insect life (Fig. 344; same as

pupa ).

  
   

Fig. 345.

   

    

 
 
 

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; i vz 0

R Sw, 2 YZ 2 2 23)

Ciliate.—Fringed. (Ciliate antenne, Fig. 345.)

Cinereous.—Ash-colored.

Clavate.—Enlarged toward the tip (Fig. 92).

Clypeus.—The division of the face immediately above the
upper lip.

Coarctate.—Enclosed in the old larva skin.

Cocoon.—A silken case spun by the caterpillar (Fig. 346).

Coriaceous.—Hard, but flexible.

GLOSSARY. 139

Complete transformation.——When the pupa is Ineapain of
crawling about and of taking food.
Compound eyes.—Placed on each side
of the head, and composed of
numerous facets or simple eyes
placed close together.
Compressed.—Flattened on the sides.
Concolorous.—Of the same color as
another part.
Confluent.—Running into each other.
Connate.— United.
Contiguous.—Touching each other.
Cordate.—Heart-shaped.

Fig. 346.

Corneous.—Horny.

Corrugated.—Wrinkled.

Costa.—Front edge of the wing (Fig.
121, a).

Coxa.—A small piece between the
thigh and body (Figs. 89 and 103).

Crenate.—Scolloped, the teeth rounded.

Cupreous.—Coppery.

Cylindrical.—Round and long and of
the same thickness throughout.

Decumbent.—Bending down.

Deflected.—Bent down.

Dentate.—Toothed.

Depressed.—Flattened from above.

Diffuse.—Spreading.

Digitate.—Divided like the fingers.

Digituli—Stout hairs, sometimes
knobbed at the tip, which occur upon the. feet of many
kinds of Plant-lice and Scale Insects.

Dilated.—Widened.

Discal.—Relating to the disk.

Discal cell.—A cell situated at the base of the wing in the
Butterflies and Moths, but in the Tweo-winged Flies it is
nearest to the outer margin. (See Cell.)

Disk.—The upper central part of any given surface.

    

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140 GLOSSARY.

Divaricate.—Spreading apart.
Dorsal.—Relating to the back.

Elliptical.—Elongate-oval.

Elytra.—The hard wing-cases of Beetles.
Emarginate.—Notched.

Epistoma.—The clypeus.
Exserted.—Protruded.

Exuvia.—The cast-off skin.

Falcate.—Sickle-shaped.

Fascia.—A stripe broader than a line.
Fauna.—The animals of any given locality.
Femur.—The thigh (Figs. 89 and 103).
Ferrugineous.—Rust-colored.
Filiform.—Thread-like (Figs. 91 and 94, a).

First joint.—The joint farthest from the tip; the basal joint.

Flabellate antenna.—Fig. 347. ;
Flavescent.—Yellowish. . Fig. 347.

Flexuous.—Waving ; zigzag.

Fovea.—A pit or rounded depression.

Frenulum.—A bristle onthe front edge of the hind 2
wing which fits into a hook beneath the front

wing, uniting the wings during flight. (See
Fig. 122, fr.)
Fuliginous.—Smoky.
Fulvous.—Tawny, reddish yellow.
Furcate.—Forked.
Fuscous.—Dark brown.

Fusiform.—Spindle-shaped ; tapering toward both
ends (Fig. 93.)

Ganglion.—A swelling in the nervous cord.

Geminate.—In pairs.

Geniculate.—Elbowed (Fig. 348).

Genus.—A class or group, each member of which

possesses certain characters not found in those
individuals which belong to a different class
or group.

Glabrous.—Smooth.

GLOSSARY.

Glaucous.—Bluish-green.

Granulated.—Covered with small rounded elevations.

Gregarious.—Living in flocks or communities.

Halteres.—Small thread-like organs which terminate in a knob,
taking the place of the hind pair of wings in the Two-
winged Flies.

Haustellate.—Furnished with a beak or proboscis.

Hemelytra.—The front wings of the True Bugs.

Hermaphrodite.—An individual in which both the male wid

~ the female organs occur.

Heteromerous.—Having five joints in the front and middle
feet, and only four joints in the hind ones.

Hexapod.—Six footed.

Hirsute.—Clothed with stiff hairs.

Humerus.—Anterior outer angle of the wing-cases of Beetles.

Hyaline.—Transparent, like glass.

Hyperstoma.—The clypeus in the Two-winged Flies.

Imago.—The adult or perfect in-

sect (Fig. 349).
Imbricated.—Over-lapping, like

the shingles on a roof.
Immaculate.—Spotless.
Immarginate.—Without an ele-

vated margin.
Incomplete transformation. —

When the pupa is capable of

crawling about and of taking food.
Incrassated.—Thickened.
Incumbent.—Lying upon.
Infuscated.— Darkened with a blackish tinge.

Joint.—A node or part between two joints; in this sense, that
part of the arm which is between the joints of the elbow
and wrist would be called a joint.

Labial palpi.—Small jointed appendages of the lower lip
(Fig. 103).
Labium.—The lower lip.

 
 

142 GLOSSARY.

Lamelliform.—Leaf-like.

Lamellate.——With flattened plates (Fig. 100).

Lamina.—A plate or sheet-like piece.

Larva.—The second stage of insect
life, or that immediately follow-
ing the egg (Fig. 350; such as
grubs, caterpillars, maggots, etc.).

Lateral. —On one side.

Line.—One twelfth of an inch (Fig. 351); Fig. 85L
a very narrow stripe. TTT TF 0 hh

Linear.—Long and narrow and of equal width.

Lingula.—The tongue.

Lunate.—Half-moon shaped.

Luteous.—Deep yellow.

 

Maculate.—Spotted.

Mandibles.—The upper jaws, placed between the upper lip and
the lower jaws (Fig. 103). :

Mandibulate.—Provided with jaws.

Maxillee.—The lower jaws, placed between the upper jaws and
the lower lip (Fig. 103).

Membraneous.—Thin ; parchment-like.

Mentum.—The chin (Fig. 103).

Mesothorax.—That division of the thorax to which the middle
pair of legs are attached (Fig. 89).

Metamorphoses.—Same as Transformations.

Metathorax.—That division of the thorax to which the hind
pair of legs are attached (Fig. 89).

Moniliform.—Like a string of beads.

Mucronate.—Ending in a sharp point.

Normal. —Natural ; usual.
Nymph.—Ancient name for pupa.

Obsolete.—Indistinct.

Obtected.—Not enclosed in the old larva skin.
Occiput.—Hind part of the head.

Ocelli.—Simple eyes, usually placed on the top of the head.
Ocellus.—A simple eve (Fig. 89).

GLOSSARY. 148

Ochreous.—A more or less deep ochre-yellow color.

Olivaceous.—Olive colored.

Orbicular.—Nearly circular (Fig. 121, mo).

Oval.—Egg-shaped.

Ovate.—More or less egg- Fig. 352.
shaped. Bil

Oviparous.-—Producing eggs.

Oviposition—~Act of de-
positing eggs.

Ovipositor.—The instrument gE
by which the female lays
her eggs.

Ovum.—An egg (Fig. 352, ¢ and f).

 

Palmate.—Hand-shaped.

Palpi.—Feelers attached to the lower lip and the lower jaws
(Figs. 89 and 103).

Parasitic.—Living in or upon another animal.

Parthenogenesis.—Bringing forth living young or depositing
fertile eggs without the previous intervention of the male.

Patagia.—The shoulder tufts (Fig. 123, m).

Pectinate.—Comb-toothed (Fig. 115, a).

Peduncle.—A stem.

Pentamerous.—Having five joints in all the feet.

Penultimate.—The last but one.

Perfoliate.—Flattened joints or plates with the stem appar-
ently passing through their centers (as the terminal part
of Fig. 98).

Petiolate.—Supported on a stem.

Piceous.—Pitchy black.

Pile—Hair; usually hair arranged in rows.

Pilose.—Clothed with long flexible hairs.

Plumose.—Like a feather.

Poisers.—Same as Halteres.

Porrect.—Straight out.

Prismatic.—Three sided, like a prism.

Proboscis.—The beak or sucker.

Process.——A projection.

Pro-legs.—~The fleshy legs of caterpillars.

 

 

 
 

144 GLOSSARY.

Prothorax.—The first division of the thorax to which the first
pair of legs is attached (Fig. 89). (In the Beetles, Bugs,
Grasshoppers, and similar insects, this part is commonly
termed the thorax.)

Pruinose.— Frosted ; covered with a whitish powder.

Pterostigma.—Same as Stigma.
Pubescent.—Clothed with very fine hair or down. ;
Pulvilli.~——~Small cushions beneath the feet of the Two-winged

Flies.
Punctured.—Marked with minute impressed dots, as if pricked

with the point of a pin.

  

Pupa.—Same as Chrysalis. (The latter term is usually applied
to such as are incapable of moving about (Fig. 353);
while those which are active (Fig. 354) are commonly

called Pupe.
Pupate.—To assume the pupa form.

Quadrate.——Square, or nearly so.

Raptorial.—Adapted for seizing prey.
Reniform.—Kidney shaped (Fig. 121, mr).
Reticulated.—Like net-work.
Rostrum.—Beak.

Rufescent.—Somewhat reddish.
Rufous.—Reddish.

Rugose.—Wrinkled.

Saltatory.— Leaping.
Sanguineous.—Blood-red.
Scabrous.—Roughened with projecting points.
Scrobe.—A groove at the base of the antenna.

 

GLOSSARY. 145

Scutel.—A triangular piece between the base of the wing-covers
and the thorax.

Segments.—The parts into which an insect’s body is divided
by the transverse impressed lines or circles (Fig. 352, b).

Sericeous.—Like silk.

Serrate.—Saw-toothed (Fig. 97).

Sessile—Attached by the whole width.

Seta.—A bristle.

Setaceous.—Bristle-like.

Smooth.—Not roughened nor spined.

Spinnerets.—Small openings out of which silk and other
secretions are excreted. (In caterpillars they are situated
in the lower lip, but in the Scale Insects they are situated
on various parts of the abdomen.

Spinous.—Furnished with spines.

Spiracles.—The breathing pores or external openings of the
wind-pipe (trachez.) (Fig. 89.)

Spurs.—Thick spines.

Stemmata.—Same as Ocells.

Stigma.—A thickened spot on the front edge of the fore wings
(Fig. 126, 7).

Stigmata.—A term applied to the orbicular and reniform spots
on the front wings of Moths. (See Fig. 121, mo and mr.)

Strize.—Impressed lines or grooves.

Striate.—Marked with impressed lines; grooved.

Sturnum.—The underside of the thorax.

Sulcate.—Grooved.

Suture.—The place where the two parts meet.

Tarsi.—Feet.

Tawny.—A pale dirty yellow.

Tegmina.—The front wings of Grasshoppers.

Tergum.—The upper side of the abdomen.
Tessellated.—Checkered.

Testaceous.—Pale dull red.

Tetramerous.—Having four joints in all the feet.
Thorax.—That division of the body to which the legs and

wings are attached.
10

 

 

 

 

 
 

146 GLOSSARY.

Tibia.—The shank or shin; that part of the leg between the
thigh and foot (Fig. 103).

Tomentose.—Covered with fine matted hairs.

Trachea.—The wind-pipe.

Transformations.—Changes ; such as changing from a Fig. 355
larva to a pupa, or from a pupa to a perfect insect.

Transverse.——Crosswise.

Trimerous.—Having three joints in all the feet.

Trochanter—An appendage at the base of the thigh
(Fig. 89).

Trophi.—The mouth parts.

Truncate.—Cut squarely off.

Tubercle.—A small swelling or prominence.

Tuberculate.—Furnished with tubercules.

Tufted antenne.—Fig. 355.

.

Uncinate.—Hooked at the tip.

Venter.—The underside of the body.
Verticillate.—In whorles.

Villous.—Clothed with long soft hairs.
Vitta.—A colored stripe running lengthwise.
Viviparous.—Bringing forth living young.

CORRECTIONS.

By an oversight, several typographical errors will be found in pages 81 to 96,
the principal of which are as follows:
Page 81, line 3; for Section, read Section.
Page 85, line 16; insert a parenthesis before including.
Page 86, line 14; for body, read latter.
Page 87, Fig. 250; insert a period after 250.
Page 88, line 2; insert and before the second the.
Page 91, line 15; insert a comma after animals.
Page 91, foot-note; for larva, read larvee.
Page 92, line 33; for is, read are.
Page 93, line 1; for Melee read Meloe.
Page 93, line 4; for possesses, read possess.
Page 93, line 22; for Ground, read Darkling.
Page 94, line*4; for Beetles, read Beetle.
Page 94, line 7; for Tetremera, read Tetramera.

INDEX.

Aberrant Wood Beetle, 91.

Achemon Sphinx, Philampelis
achemon, 43, 54, 65.

Acrididee, 111.

Aegeride, 66.

Agrionide, 113.

Aleurodide, 101.

Ambulatoria, 108, 110.

American Currant Borer,
Psenocerus supernotatus, 97.

American Procris, Procris
Americana, 68.

Annelida, 3.

Anthicidee, 93.

Anthomyia calopteni, 80.

Ant-lion, Myrmeleon, 49, 113.

Ants, 57.

Aphaniptera, 53.

Aphididee, 100.

Aphodide, 87.

Apide, 54.

Apple Curculio, Anthonomus
quadrigibbus, 95.

Apple Maggot, Trypeta pom-
onella, 47.

Apple-tree Aphis, Aphis mali,
31, 45.

Arachnida, 2, 3.

Archippus Butterfly, Danais

Archippus, 17, 63.
Army Worm, Leucania wni-
puncta, 9, 10.

 

Articulata, 1, 2.

Ash-colored Blister Beetle,
Macrobasis unicolor, 93.

Asparagus Beetle, Crioceris
asparagi, 48.

Aspidiotus, 115,116, 117.

Back-boned Animals, 1.

Bacon Beetle, Dermestes lar-
darius, 85.

Banded Robber, Milyas cinc-
tus, 106.

Bark Beetles, 93.

Bark-lice, 103, 114.

Barnacle Scale, Ceroplastes
curripediformas, 121.

Bean Weevil, Bruchus obsole-
tus, 95. .

Beautiful Wood-nymph, Eu-
dryas grata, 68.

Bed Bugs, Cimex lectularius,
53, 107.

Bees, 14, 16, 30, 54.

Beetles, 5, 9, 16, 29, 35, 50, 80.

Belostoma, 47.

Bembecidea, 56.

Bird-lice, 108.

Black Burying Beetle, Silpha
naequalis, 85.

Black Horse-fly, Tabanwus
atratus, 77.

Black Melanactes, Melanactes
piceus, 91.

 

 
 

148 INDEX.

Black Scale, Lecanium ole,
103, 122.

Blattidee, 109.

Blister Beetles, 21, 92.

Blow Flies, 79.

“Body Lice, Pediculus corporis,

Bombycide, 48, 68.

Bordered Plant Bug, Largus
succinctus, 107.

Borers, 9.

Bot-flies, 78.

Brachycera, 76, 77.

Bracon Fly, 57.

Bran Beetle, Silvanus quadri-
colles, 86.

Branch and Twig Burrower,
Polycaon confertus, 91.

Branch Borer, Bostrichus bi-
caudatus, 91.

Branch Borers, 91.

Brasslets, 58.

Bristly Cut Worm, Mamestra
renigera, 71.

Broad-necked Prionus, Pri-
onus laticollis, 48, 80.

Brown Grasshoppers, 111.

Bruchide, 94.

Bruchus Weevils, 94.

Bud Worm, Penthina oculana,
74.

Buffalo Tree-hopper, Ceresa
bubalus, 8, 44, 103.

Bugs, 28, 30.

Bumble Bees, Bombus, 55.

Buprestidae, 90.

Buprestis Beetles, 90.

Burying Beetles, 85.

Butterflies, 5, 7, 9, 14, 16, 28,
30, 60, 61.

 

Cabbage Aphis, Aphis brassi-
cx, 101.

Cabbage Bug, Strachia histri-
onica, 48.

Cabbage Maggot, Anthomyia
brassicae, 86.

Cabbage Plusia, Plusia brassi-
cx, 71.

Caddis Flies, 113.
California Grape-vine Hopper,
Erythroneura comes, 103.
California Lady-bird, Cocci-
nella 5-notata var. Califor-
nica, 99, 127.

Camellia Scale, Uhleria
camellrze, 120.

Canker Worm, 15.

Cantharis, 93.

Capsidee, 107.

Carabidae, 82.

Cecidomyide, 76.

Cecropia Moth, Samia cecro-
pia, 11, 70.

Centipedes, 2, 4.

Cerambycidee, 97.

Cercopidee, 103.

Ceroplastes, 120.

Cetonians, 88.

Cetonidee, 88.

Chalcididee, 58.

Chalcis Flies, 58, 129.

Cherry-leaf Roller, Cacecia
cerasivorana, 74.

Cherry-tree Borer, Dicerca
dwvaricata, 90.

Chestnut-bud Beetle, Pityoph-
thorus pubipennis, 96.

Chicken-lice, Goniocotes bur-
nett, H3.

 

INDEX. 149

Chigoe, Sarcopsylla penetrans,
Te.

Chinch Bug, Micropus leucop-
terus, 15, 21, 106.

Chionaspis, 115, 117.

Chionaspis ortholobis, 117.

Chionea, 77.

Chrysididee, 57.

Chrysomelide, 98.

Cicada, 35.

Cicadidee, 104.

Cicindelidte, 81.

Cistelide, 93.

Citrus Scale, Mytilaspis citri-
cola, 119.

Clams, 2.

Clavicornes, 81, 83.

Clear-winged Moths, 66.

Clothes Moth, Tinea Afavi-
frontella, 75.

Clover-hay Worm, Asopia
costalzs, 73.

Coccidee, 101, 114.

Coccine, 115, 122.

Coccinellidee, 99.

Coccus, 124.

Cochineal Insect, Coccus cacti,

124.

Cockroaches, 109.

Codlin Moth, Carpocapsa
pomonella, 9, 74.

Coleoptera, 26, 38, 48, 49, 50,
80.

Colorado Potato Beetle, Dory-
phora 10-lineata, 98.

Common Firefly, Photinus
pyralis, 92,

Common Tiger Beetle, Cicin-
dela Vulgar, 82, 125.

1

 

 

Convergent Lady-bird, Hip-
podamia convergens, 126.

Copper Butterflies, 63.

Copride, 87.

Coreidee, 106.

Corn Worm, Heliothis armi-

. gera, 71,

Cottony Cushion Scale, Icerya
purchasi, 103, 125.

Cottony Maple Scale, Pulvi-
naria innuwmerabilis, 121.

Crabronide, 56.

Cribs, 1, 2, 23.

Crane Flies, 47, 77.

Crickets, 30, 35, 108, 110.

Crustacea, 2.

Cuckoo Bees, 55.

Cucujide, 86.

Cucujus Beetles, 86.

Cucumber Flea-beetle, Epi-
trix cucumeris, 99.

Culicidee, 76.

Curculionide, 95.

Currant Span Worm, FEu-
fitchia ribearia, 72.

Cursoria, 108, 109.

Cut-worms, 126.

Cynipidee, 58.

Dactylopius, 124.

Dakruma coccidivora, 43.

Darkling Beetles, 39, 94.

DeLong’s Moth, Clisiocampa
constricta, 8, 57.

Dermestidee, 85.

Destructive Mealy Bug, Dac-
tyloprus destructor, 124.

Diaspine, 114. 115.

Diaspis, 115, 116, 118.

Digger Wasps, 56.

 

 

 
i LV 3 ; iH

 

 

150 INDEX.

Diptera, 36, 47, 48, 76.
Dissimilar-winged Bugs, 105.
Divers, 82.

Dotted-legged Plant-bug, Eu-
schistus variolarius, 44, 52.
Dragon Flies, 30, 41, 51, 111,

112.
Dytiscidee, 82.

- Earth-worms, 3.

Earwig, Forficula auricularia,
9, 40, 41, 48, 109.

Egg Parasites, 57.

Eight-spotted Forester, Alypia
octomaculata, 68.

Elateridee, 90.

Ephemeride, 112.

Epicauta, 93.

Fall Canker-worm, Anisop-
teryx autumnata, 43, 72.

False Chinch-bug, Nysius de-
structor, 106.

Field Crickets, 110.

Fifteen-spotted Lady-bird
Mysia 15-punctata, 99, 126.

Figure 8 Minor Moth, Mames-
tra renigera, 71.

Filbert Scale, Lecanium hem-
ispharicum, 122.

Filicornes, 81.

Fiorinia, 120.

. Fire-flieg, 92.

Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer,
Chrysobothris femorata, 11,
16, 39, 90.

Fleas, 53, 77.

Flesh Flies, 6, 79, 80. *

Florida Scale, Ceroplastes
floridensis, 121.

Forficularidee, 109.

 

Formicide, 57.

Four-footed Butterflies, 62.

Frosted Leaf-hopper, Peacil-
optera pruinosa, 104.

Fulgoridee, 104.

Fungus Flies, 112.

Galgula Bugs, 105.

Galgulidee, 105.

Gall Flies, 8, 58.

Gall Gnats, 76.

Generous Tiger Beetle, Cicin-
dela generosa, 82, 125.

Geometers, 14.

Geometrid Moths, 71.

Geotrupidee, 87.

Glassy Out-worm, Hadena
devastatriz, 11, 12.

Gnawing Insects, 36, 50.

Golden-eyed Flies, Hemero-
bus, 113.

Golden Wasps, 57.

Goldsmith Beetle, Cotalpa
lanigera, 2.

Gold-spotted Ground Beetle,
Calosoma calidum, 82, 126.

Gooseberry Fruit Moth, Pem-

pelia grossulariae, 73.

Grain Aphis, Siphonophora
avenea, 31, 44, 101.

Grain Moth, Gelechia cere-
alella, 75.

Grape Curculio, 8.

Grape-leaf Folder, Desmia
maculalis, 73.

Grape Phylloxera, Phylloxera
vastatriz, 76.

srape Plume Moth, Ptero-
phorus periscelidactylus, 75.

INDEX. 151

Grape-seed Maggot, Isosoma
vitis, 38.

Grape-vine Beetles, 88.

Graspers, 108, 109.

Grasshoppers, 8, 9, 20, 23, 30,
108.

Gray Tree-cricket, (Ecanthus
latipennas, 8.

Green Fruit Beetle, Allorhina
niteda, 89.

Green Grasshoppers, 110.

Ground Beetles, 12, 82, 126.

Grouse Locusts, 111.

Gryllidee, 110.

Gyrinidee. 83.

Harlequin Cabbage-bug, Stra-
chia histrionica, 15, 45.

Harris’ Scale, Chionaspis fur-
Sfurus, 118.

Harvest Flies, 35, 104.

Haustellata, 36, 42.

‘Hawk Moths, 64.
Head Lice, Pediculus capitis,

53.
Helophilus, 47.
Hemerobide, 113.
Hemiptera, 36, 44,48, 100, 105.
Hesperide, 63.
Hessian Fly, Cecidomyia de-
structor, 5, 9, 11, 76.
Heterocera, 60, 64.
Heteromera, 80, 92.
Heteroptera, 36, 46, 105.
Hickory Borer, Chion cinctus,
97.
Homoptera, 36, 44, 100.
Honey Bees, Apis mellifica, 55.
Hop Aphis, Phorodon humuli,
45.

Hornet, Vespa maculata, 51.

Horn Tails, 59.

Horse Bot-fly, (Estrus equi,
53, 78.

Horse Flies, 28, 77.

House Flies, 14, 79.

House Fly, Musca domestica,
79, 129.

Hydrometride, 105.

Hydrophilide, 84.

Hymenoptera, 36, 37, 48, 49,
50, 54.

Icerya, 125.

Ichneumon Flies, 8, 33, 37,
57, 112, 128.

Ichneumonide, 57.

Icy Lady-bird, Hippodamia

 glacialis, 127.

Imported Cabbage Butterfly,

| Pieris rape, 50, 61.

 

 

| Imported Currant Saw-flies,

 Nematus ventricosus, 7, 13,

| 1.97.

' Imported Grape Flea-beetle,

 Adozus wvitis, 99.

| Indian Cetonia, Euryomia
nda, 89.

| Insecta, 2.

| Isabella Moth, Pyrrharctia

| isabella, 70.

| Jigger, Sarcopsylla penetrans,

bi ¥7.

| Jointed Animals, 1.

- Joint Worms, Isosoma hordet,9.

i ulus, 2.

Jumpers, 109, 110.

Jumping Plant-lice, 103.

June Beetle, Phyllophaga fus-
ca, 40.

 

 

 

3
5 A —

 
 

152 INDEX.

June Beetles, 87.

Katydid, Platyphyllum con-
cavum, 7, 35, 40, 51, 110.

Kermes, 122.

Lace-winged Flies, 5, 8, 10,
21, 42, 49, 113, 127.

Lady Birds, 99, 126.

Lamellicornes, 81, 87.

Lampyrida, 92.

Land Scavenger Beetles, 84.

Lantern Flies, 104.

Large Darkling -Grape Beetle,
Eleodes quadricollis, 94.

Leaf-cutting Bees, Megachile,
55.

Leaf-hoppers, 103.

Leaf-miners, 74.

Leaf-rollers, 73.

Lecanine, 115, 120.

Lecanium, 121.

Lemon-peel Scale, Aspidiotus
nerit, 103, 116.

Lepidoptera, 36, 42, 49, 50, 60.

Libellulidee, 112.

Lice, 47, 108.

Lightning Beetles, 92.

Lobsters, 2, 23.

Locustide, 110.

Locusts, 111.

Locust-tree Borer, Clytus ro-
biniz, 97.

Long-horned Borers, 48,96, 97.

Long-horned Flies, 76.

Long-toed Water Beetles, 83.

Lucanide, 86.

Lyceenide, 48, 63.

Lygeeide, 106.

Lytta, 93.

Mallophagide, 108.

 

Mandibulata, 26, 50.

Mantidee, 109.

Mantis, Mantis carolina, 40,
109, 127.

Many-banded Robber, Milyas
cinctus, 44.

Margined Water Beetle, Dy-
tiscus marginalis, 82.

May Flies, 21, 111, 112.

Meal Worm, Tenebrio obscurus,
94.

Mealy Bugs, 114.

Mealy Bug with long threads,
Dactylopius longifilis, 124.

Mealy-winged Bugs, 101.

Measuring-worms, 14, 49, 72.

Melandryidee, 93.

Melee, 39, 93.

Meloide, 92.

Melolonthide, 87.

Membranaceidz, 107.

Millipedes, 2, 4.

Mites, 2, 3.

Mole Crickets, 110.

Mollusca, 2.

Monilicornes, 81, 86.

Mosquito, 35, 76.

Moths, 5, 16, 28, 30, 60, 64.

Muscidae, 79.

Museum Beetles, 85.

Myriapoda, 2, 4.

Mytilaspis, 115, 118.

Narcissus Fly, Merodon nar-
cisst, 78.

Native Currant Saw-fly, Pris-
tophora grossulariz, 10, 59.
Negro Bug, Corimelena puli-
carta, 107.
Nemocera, 76.

INDEX. 153

Nepide, 105.

Neuroptera, 36, 41, 49, 50, 111.

Nine-spotted Lady-bird, Coc-
cinella 9-notata, 127.

Noctuidae, 70.

Norfolk Island Pine Secale,
Rhizococcus araucarize, 123.

Notonectide, 105.

Notoxus Beetles, 93.

Nymphalidae, 62.

Nyssonide, 56.

Odonata, 112.

(Estridee, 78.

Onion Fly, Anthomyia cepa-
rum, 47.

Orchard Tent-caterpillar
Moth, Clisiocampa ameri-
cana, 8, 42.

Orthoptera, 36, 40, 48, 50, 108.

Owlet Moths, 70.

Ox Bot-fly, (Estrus bovis, 48,
78.

Painted Lady-bird, Harmonia
picta, 127.

Panorpide, 113.

Papilionide, 61.

Parasitic Beetles, 92.

Parlatoria, 115, 119.

Parnide, 83.

Parsley Worm, Papilio aste-
rias, 49.

Peach-tree Borer, #geria exi-
tiosa, 66.

Pear Slug, Selandria cerasi,
49.

Pear-tree Psylla, Psylla pyri,
103.

Pear-tree Scolytus, Xyleborus
pyr, 96.

 

 

 

 

 

Pea Weevil, Bruchus pisi, 95.

Pecticornes, 81, 86.

Pediculide, 108.

Pentamera, 80, 81.

Pergande’s Orange Scale, Par-
latoria pergandii, 120.

Perla Flies, 112.

Perlideae, 112.

Phalaenide, 71.

Phasmide, 110.

Phryganide, 113.

Phylloxera Mite, Tyroglyphus
Phyllozere, 4.

Pieride, 61.

Pirate Bugs, 105.

Plant Beetles, 97.

Plant bugs, 20, 107.

Plant-lice, 23, 30. 31, 100, 126,
127, 128.

Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus
nenuphar, 8, 11, 16, 95.

Plume Moths, 75.

Plum Gouger, Anthonomus
prunicida, 95.

Pompilide, 56.

Potato Flea - beetle, Epitriz
subcrinita, 99.

Potato Moth, Gelechia sp.? 75.

Potato-stalk Weevil, Pseudo-
“baris trinotatus, 95.

Predaceous Ground Beetles,
81.

Predaceous Water Beetles, 82.

Prickly Bark Beetle, Leptosty-
lus aculiferus, 51.

Prionus Beetle, Prionus lati-
collis, 16.

Proctotrupide, 57.

Pseudococcus, 124.

 

 

 
 

 

154 INDEX.

Pseudococcus hederee, 124.

Pseudo-neuroptera, 42.

Psocide, 112.

Psocus, 41.

Psyllidee, 103.

Pterophoridee, 75.

Ptinidee, 91.

Pulicidee, 77.

Pulvinaria, 121.

Pyralidee, 73.

Quince Curculio, Conotrache-
lus crataegr, 95.

Radiata, 2.

Raptoria, 108, 109.

Raspberry Borer, Agrilus rufi-
collis, 90.

Raspberry-root Borer, Ageria
marginata, 66.

Raw-hide Beetle, Dermestes
lardarius, 85.

Red Scale, Aspidiotus aurantiz,
116.

Red Scale of Florida, Aspidio-
tus ficus, 116.

Red - shouldered Grape - vine
Borer, Sitnoxylon basilare, 91.

Red Spider, Tetranchus tela-
rius, 2.

Reduvidee; 105.

Red-winged Wasp, Priocnemis
sp? H6.

Rhizococcus, 123.

Rhopalocera, 60, 61.

Ring-banded Soldier-bug, Pe-
rillus circumcinctus, 44.

Rose Aphis, Siphonophora
rose, 31.

Rose Chafer, Macrodactylus
subspinosus, 88.

 

Rose Saw-fly, Selandria rose,
38.

Rose Scale, Diaspis rosa, 117.

Round - headed Apple - tree
Borer, Saperda candida, 11,
97.

Rove Beetles, 41, 49, 86, 96.

Runners, 108, 109.

Rust-red Wasp, Polistes rubi-
ginosus, H6, 128.

Rutelidee, 88.

Saltatoria, 109, 110.

Sand Wasps, 56.

Satellitia Sphinx, Philampelis
pandorus, 65.

Saw-flies, 8, 33, 49, 59.

Saw-horned Borers, 48, 89.

Scale Bugs, 114.

Scale Insects, 43, 45, 101,114,
126.

Scarabaeidae, 87.

Scolytidee, 96.

Scorpions, 4.

Scorpion Flies, 113.

Scurfy Scale, Chionaspis fur-
Sfurus, 118.

Scutelleride, 107.

Semicolon Butterfly, Grapta
interrogationis, 42.

Serricornes, 81, 89.

Seventeen-year Locust, Cica-
da septemdecim, 104.

Sheep Bot-fly, (Festrus ovis, 78.

Sheep Scab-mite, Psoroptes
equi, 4.

Short-horned Borers, 96.

Short-horned Flies, 76, 77.

Short-toed Water Beetles, 84.

Sialidee, 113.

INDEX. | 155

Sialis Flies, 113.

Silk Worm, Sericaria mori, 70.

Silphidee, 85.

Similar-winged Bugs, 100.

Skip-jacks, 91.

Skippers, 63.

Slugs, 2.

Small Darkling Grape Beetle,
Blapstinus lecontei, 94.

Snails, 2.

Snout Beetles, 95.

Snout Moths, 73.

Snowy Tree-cricket, (Fcanthus
niveus, 8.

Soft-bodied Animals, 2.

Soft Orange Scale, Lecanium
hesperidum, 122.

Soft-winged Beetles, 91.

Soldier Bugs, 9, 48, 107, 127.

Southern Cabbage Butterfly,
Pieris protodice, 50.

Spanish Fly, Cantharis vesi-
catoria, 93.

Span-worms, 12, 13, 49, 72.

Sphingide, 64.

Spiders, 1, 2, 3.

Spined Soldier-bug, Podisus
spinosus, 44, 53, 107.

~ Spinners, 68.

Spotted Pelidnota, Pelidnota
punctata, 88.

Spring Beetles, 90.

Spring Canker-worm, Anisop-
teryx vernata, 43, 72.

Squash Bug, Coreus tristis, 47,
106.

Stable Flies, Stomoxys calci-
trans, 79.

Stag Beetles, 86.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Stalk Borer, Gortyna “nitela,
71.
Staphylinide, 86.
Star-fishes, 2.
Steel-blue Flea-beetle, Grapto-
dera chalybea, 98.
Strawberry-crown Borer, Anal-
cis fragarie, 96.
Strawberry Leaf-roller, Phoz-
opteris fragariz, 74.
Strawberry Saw-fly, Emphytus
maculatus, 38.
Striped Blister Beetle, Epi-
cauta vittata, 93.
Striped Cucumber Beetle :
Diabrotica vittata, 40, 99.
Sucking Insects, 36, 42.
Swallow-tails, 61.
Syrphide, 77.
Syrphus Flies, 14, 77, 128.
Tabanide, 77.
Tachina Flies, 79, 129.
Tarantula Hawks, Pompilus
Jormosus, 57.
Tawny Emperor Butterfly,
Apatura clyton, 62.
Tenebrionide, 94.
Ten-lined Leaf Eater, Poly-
phylla 10-lineata, 88.
Ten-spotted Lady-bird, Hip-
podamia maculata, 126.
Tenthredinide, 59.
Termitidee, 111.
Tetramera, 80, 94.
Tettiginee, 111.
Thecla Butterflies, 63.
Thirteen-spotted Lady-bird,
Hippodamia 13 -punctata
126.

 

 

 

 
 

156 INDEX.

Thousand-legged Worms, 4.

Three-lined Potato Beetle,
Lema trilineata, 8.

Three-striped Plant-bug, Lep-
tocoris trivittatus, 106.

Thripidee, 107.

Thrips, 9, 46, 107.

Ticks, 2, 3.

Tiger Beetles, 81, 125.

Tineidee, 74.

Tingis, Corythuca arcuata, 108.

Tipulidee, 77.

Tomato Worm, Macrosila 5-
maculata, 16.

Tomato Worm Moth, Macro-
sila 5-maculata, 51.

Tortoise Beetles, 7, 99.

Tortricidee, 73.

Tree Crickets, 5, 7, 110.
Triangular Water Beetle, Hy-
drophilus triangularis, 84.

Trimera, 81, 99.

Trim Lady-bird, Cycloneda
sanguinea, 127.

Trogide, 87.

Trogosita Beetles, 85.

Trogositide, 85.

True Bugs, 5, 8, 28, 30, 100,
105.

Tumble Bugs, 87.

Turnus Butterfly, Papilio tur-
nus, 11, 61.

Tussock Moth, Orygia leucos-
tigma, 11.

Twelve - spotted  Diabrotica,
Diabrotica 12-punctate, 80,
99.

Twice-stabbed Lady-bird,
Chilocorus, bivulnerus, 127.

 

Two-winged Flies, 14, 16, 17,
20, 28, 30.

Uhleria, 115, 120.

Uroceride, 59.

Vertebrata, 1.

Vespide, 56.

Vine-hoppers, 36.

Virginian Tiger Beetle, Tetra-
cha virginica, 82, 126.

Walkers, 108, 110.

Walking-sticks, 110.

Wasps, 16, 30, 32, 56, 128.

Water Boatmen, 105.

Water Measurers, 105.

Water Scavenger Beetles, 83.

Water Scorpion, 105.

Weevils, 8.

Wheat Midge, Diplosis tritict,
47, 76.

Whirligig Beetles, 83.

White Ants, 42, 111.

White Butterflies, 61.

White Grub, Phyllophaga
fusca, 87.

White-lined Sphinx, Deile-
phila lineata, 65.

White Miller, Spilosoma vir-
ginica, 70.

Wire-worms, 10, 91.

Wood-nymphs, 66.

Wood Wasps, 56.

Woolly Aphis, Schizoneura
lanigera, 31, 101.

Yellow Butterflies, 50, 61.

Yellow Canker-worm Moth,
Hibernia tiliaria, 42.

Yellow Mite, 4.

Zygenide 66.

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