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HAND -Boorx

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NOLAPUR

By CHARLES E. SPRAGUE

         

 

REVISED
AND CORRECTED

Firra EpITION

    

 

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NEW YORK:
CHARLES E. SPRAGUE.
THE OFFICE PUBLISHING COMPANY.

 

LONDON:
TRUBNER & CO.

1888
 

COPYRIGHT, 1887, BY CHARLES E. SPRAGUE

TRUNK BROS., PRINTERS,
NEW YORK.
19%%
PREFACE. MAIN

HIS book demands no previous knowledge of any language, except
English. While linguistic training would, of course, be a great
assistance to the learner, yet in framing my explanations, in select-

ing terms and in foreseeing difficulties, I have had in view the wants of
persons who take up the study of Volapiik next after that of their mother
tongue. These are the persons most to be benefited by an international
language, and this is its natural place in a course of study. I have, there-
fore, rigidly excluded all reference to any language except the two in ques-
tion--English, already known, and Volapiik, to be acquired. A fair
knowledge of English grammar is presupposed ; therefore I have not
wasted space in explaining the ordinary technical terms.

There are excellent works on the subject in French, German and other
languages, but translations of such works are very unsatisfactory to an
American learner. He finds things taken for granted which are quite
unknown, and things explained which to him are self-evident. I have
tried to place myself in the attitude of such a learner, and to give him
just the help he needs, and just at the point where he needs it. I have
tested and modified my methods by experimental teaching.

I have not followed the ancient custom of treating each part of speech
by itself, but have taken up each modification in succession, a plan which
seems to me preferable, at least in a language without irregularities.

In the Exercises, few words are introduced, but many combinations
are made of them, so as to give the greatest amount of drill in the inflec-
tions. As English has almost no inflection, this feature is the strangest
and most difficult, and requires the most practice.

The Vocabulary will place at command over one thousand of the most
frequently occurring words, besides a vast number of their derivativs
which will be readily understood.

I have made no changes in the system itself, but have tried to repre-
sent faithfully what it actually is, following the authority of the Second
General Assembly held in Munich.

Upon the recommendation of the American Philological Association
and of the London Philological Society, I have dropped the final e, mis-
leading and unhistorical, from such words as *“infimitiv,’’ ¢feminin,’’ etc,

CHARLES E. SPRAGUE.
1271 Broadway, New York.
CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION, .. ccvovvnns a a ay Ae ae A ee wa Wiaiats Sats ti eta y
How 70 Use Ti1s BOOK... va on iu i Samana vii
SOUNDS AND LETTERS. |... i od i et sn siae rvs aay I
PARTS OF SPEECH |... vi iriver asin ts inate ste sar ins 4
NUMBERS... a ni El Va psa see 5
CASES ee eR a i ees uae 0
PERSONS. ni vss vse sense tases bois vis ins vie Suni s Cou Re 10
GENDERS... i. is iss dain dana red dy pe 14
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVE. |... iver ini sinmnenss atzasanis 15
FORMATION OF ADVERBS... vei:c.nvinsestunsnsssuoravesmmniis 20
DEGREES OF COMPARISON. . i... i... vceisvinnnsseniasemsnzunss 21
BENGE i a ie a sas d a a rate 21
Bassiv VOICE... ov. h i ii sein oa, 23
INFINITIV,, Sc se aii Rie hse lates 23
PARTICIPEE cd. 0h chavs ssi nas oie ras 25
IMBERARIV. ooh do ia is setenv rails wnes 26
CONDITIONAL, CONJUNCTIV AND POTENTIAL... ............ iii... 27
INTERROGATIV. FORM. Lc. aes iiiat cvs sansa ia ies 28
FREQUENTATIV. OR AORIST. .. o.oo ss enivsnsvvinsnsnnnsn nae 29
BREVLEXIV... co Sen i Ls es ie 30
PREPOSITIONS ANDTHE WIMIPAL ............. oi iiainsne.: 31
SYNOPSIS OF INFIRCTION.. ... iin shane Siti dain ans viwin 33
USE OF PREPOSITIONS... ovicns ons cn vascnntsinsrnnhabanmenss 34
DERIVED PREPOSITIONS. ........ Sener RE 35
FORMATION OF INTERIECTIONS. ©... i. cv ade nvanvrsivassn, 35
lise Or CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS... ............ 0.00 ubae es 35
ORDER on WORDS. 4... o.oo. dns ues Sa set, 37
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS...... RAR aS 39
DERIVATION OF WORDS. .....cvvienunsens Sheela el Rl Ly 41
COMPOUNDS... ersnnsinin FP Sl he RE a he 42
PREFIXES). i veined Fan A ee 42
SUFPIXES. : «2a vnessivnsins Seas nan Eg LE, 44
EXAMPLE OF DERIVATION. ....... Ga essa es eee ee 47
Vorasms FA Lasam VATEMIR TELID. . ............ cei cvvinn ans, 48
ATRATAM ® BATEDAN. «ois bide iis dd savin cries 49
MODEL OF TRANSLATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS ...... 49- 60
SPODAM «cot wviavuiii vi owes TE a ln .. 61-63
LICADAM 0... RR eee 2 NRE . 64- 66
VOCABULARY coi ci dvi addi vei 67-113

Bey wo rrm EXERCISES. |... taste snare sean vos ane H4=T10
INTRODUCTION.

OLAPUK is designed to serve as a means of communication between
persons whose native languages are not the same. Such a medium
has long been regarded as desirable. The hope has often been

expressed that one of the great national languages may, by common
consent, be selected as a ‘‘universal language’; but there is not the
slightest probability that this great advantage will be voluntarily given to
one nation, or that any one of the great powers can ever impose its lan-
guage on others.

Volapitk is one of numerous attempts at solving the problem of a
common language. Without entering into a discussion of their merits, it is
sufficient to say that no other attempt has ever passed beyond the experi-
mental stage or been actually used, to any considerable extent, for the com-
munication of thought. Volapiik has now become so widely diffused that it
can no longer be treated as a mere project, and some acquaintance with its
history and the general principles of its construction will be desired by
educated persons.

This ¢¢ world-language ’’ was invented and first published in 1879 by
JOHANN MARTIN SCHLEYER, a German, and a priest of the Roman
Catholic Church, who had become a very accomplished linguist. The
system is entirely his production, and has not been modified in any
essential point. :

His aim was, first, to produce a language capable of expressing thought
with the greatest clearness and accuracy ; second, to make its acquisition
as easy as possible to the greatest number of human beings. He resolved
to seek these ends by observing the processes of the many languages with
which he was acquainted ; following them as models wherever they are
clear, accurate and simple, but avoiding their faults, obscurities and
difficulties.

The material and the form, or the dictionary and the grammar, call
upon different mental faculties. One’s stock of words is retained by exer-
cise of the memory. Therefore the radicals or root-words were generally
so chosen by him from existing languages, that the greatest number of
persons might have the fewest unfamiliar words to memorize. Since
English is spoken as a mother-tongue by more millions than any other
language he took from it more root-words, with or without modification,
than from any other, or about 40 per cent. of the whole. The selection is
limited by such considerations as brevity, distinctness and ease of utter-
ance—difficult and unusual sounds and combinations being excluded.

Thus, in selecting a word for the idea man, the English word is found
very suitable, especially as it 1s substantially the same in all other Teutonic
tongues; and it has been adopted, but sounded as in German. The word
house, or haus, for the idea of a dwelling, is found objectionable for several
reasons: the / is to be avoided because unpronounceable by some nations,
vi INTRODUCTION.

and the sis already appropriated for the plural termination. The Teutonic
roots being barred out, recourse is had to the Latin, and dom is selected.
We are also familiar with this in English, as in domestic. In kand again
we have the same trouble with / and also with the two consonants coming
together, the plural Zands being unpronounceable by certain peoples. The
Latin root 72azn- will not help us here, because 72a» is already appropriated.
Therefore, the transposed form nam is adopted, slightly assisting the
memory.

As to grammar, the first requisite is regularity, and the second is sim-
plicity. There was before the inventor a choice between the inflectional
and the analytical modes; whether to express the relations between words
by modifications in form, or by separate words as connectivs. He inclined
to the former, and his language is rather inflectional than analytical. It
has four cases: the nominativ, being the unmodified form, and the genitiv,
_ dativ and accusativ, designated by vowel endings. In selecting these
endings the inventor has greatly aided the memory by employing the
first three vowels, a, ¢, 7, in their regular order. In the verb, the distinc-
tions of tense are denoted by the vowel series, a, d, ¢, 7, 0, #, at the
beginning, while the persons are distinguished by affixing the pronouns,
0b, 1, oZ, thou, etc. A prefixed p marks the passiv voice. The remaining
inflectional forms are provided for by simple and regular terminations.

For some time after the appearance of Schleyer’s grammar, his adher-
ents were few, and his project was ignored by the scientific and literary
world. It spread first to Austria, where it awakened considerable interest,
and where the first society for its propagation was formed at Vienna in
1882. Until 1884 its adherents outside of the German-speaking countries
were very few and scattered. In thatyear itinvaded Holland and Belgium,
and a great many societies sprang up in those countries. In 1885, Dr.
Auguste Kerckhoffs, Professor in the School of Higher Commercial Studies,
at Paris, introduced it to the French nation by several articles, lectures and
treatises. This created a great sensation in France and a strong National
Association ¢ pour la propagation du Volapiik’’ was formed, which num-
bers such men as Francisque Sarcey, Emile Gauthier, and Dr. Allaire.

Prof. Kerckhoffs aroused enthusiasm, not only in France, but in other
countries where his works were circulated. Spain was the next, followed
by Italy and Portugal. During 1885 and 1886 the countries of the north
—Sweden, Denmark and Russia—also received the new language. Thus,
the extension of Volapiik has been geographical, and the English-speaking
peoples are the last of the great European races to be affected by it. In
each country, as a rule, its popularization has immediately followed the
publication of a grammar peculiarly suited to its people.

Prof. Kerckhoffs, some months ago, estimated the number of persons who
have studied Volapiik at 210,000. This may be somewhat too high, but
the number is certainly very large. In Vienna alone, the classes during
the winter of 1886-7 were attended by 2,500 students. 138 societies for its
cultivation have been organized in different places.

Eleven periodicals are now published, devoted primarily to Volapiik, at
Constance, Breslau, Madrid, Paris, Vienna, Munich, Milan, Puerto-Rico,
Stockholm Aabybro (Denmark), and Antwerp, the youngest being four
months old, and the oldest, six years. Most of these contain articles in
the language of the country, as well as in Volapiik; but three of them, one
being a humorous paper, are exclusivly in Volapiik.
INTRODUCTION. vii

The bibliography of the subject (as given at length in ¢¢ Le Volaptik,”’
No. 10) comprises g6 books in 13 languages. This does not include
articlesin periodicals, nor Schleyer’s single-sheet compendiums in various
languages, nor works merely announced as forthcoming.

Two General Assemblies, or Congresses, of the advocates of Volapiik
have been held: the first at Friedrichshafen, in August, 1884 ; the second
at Munich, in August, 1887. The third is to take place at Paris, probably
in August, 1889.

The Congress of 1887 established a three-fold organization: a General
Association of the supporters of Volapiik (Volaptikaklub Valemik); an
Academy of Volapiik (Kadem Volapiika); a Central Organ (Volapiikabled
Zenodik). Schleyer’s own Weltspracheblatt, published at Constance, was
designated as the organ, and its name has been changed accordingly.

Each of these organizations has its officers, Schleyer remaining at the
head of the whole movement. The Director of the Academy 1s Prof.
Kerckhoffs ; his colleagues number, at present, 17, from various nations:
Germany, Austro-Hungary, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Holland, England,
the United States, Russia, Syria. The Academy is expected to edit the
standard dictionary and grammar, to authorise new words, to adopt any
necessary changes, and to give their sanction to approved works of
instruction.

The most obvious application of Volapiik is for international correspon-
dence, especially commercial correspondence, which is numerically the
most important. It will require no argument to convince the business
world that a common language, if easily learned, and once established,
will be an immense facilitation of commerce. This modest claim is all that
is necessary to put forth on behalf of Volaptik at present. If firmly estab-
lished for this purpose, the extension of its usefulness into the fields of
science, diplomacy and literature may safely be left to the future to deter-
mine, as well as whether it will ever be used by travelers. It will, in any
event, be watched with great interest, and its rise and progress will form a
novel and curious chapter of history.

In issuing the fifth edition of this work, the author takes occasion
to thank the numerous readers who have aided him with their sugges-
tions and have enabled him to make each successive edition more
perfect. The present one has been conformed to the latest edition
of Schleyer’s Dictionary, the principal changes being in respect to the
endings -an, -el, -iel, -am and -ot.
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK.

The best test of having thoroughly learned any section of
the book is the ability to read and write the corresponding
exercise fluently and correctly. After doing this, the section
should again be read, to see that all its directions are fully
understood, but memorizing is not recommended.

Persons who are not trained in the study of languages had
better not examin the ‘Synopsis of Inflections” until after
they have mastered Exercise 25 with all before it. They
are then recommended to make a copy of the Synopsis, leaving
blanks for the Volapiik letters, which they will afterwards fill
up from memory.

As additional practice, take at any time a few words of the
Vocabulary, and compose some Volapiik sentences introducing
those words, together with the other words and forms already
known. Try to compose in Volapiik from the idea, without
thinking of the English way of expressing it. Take the
Volapiik sentences given in the exercises as frames, and fit in
other nouns, verbs and adjectivs.

For teaching classes, I recommend blackboard lessons,
based on the exercises and preceding the study of the text.
Each lesson should embrace review-practice on foregoing
sections and preparatory exercise on coming subjects. Oral
lessons for schools, entirely inductiv, will be published here-
after.

Linguists or philologists who desire to obtain a general
knowledge of the structure of the language can do so by an
hour’s study of the fable of ‘Abraham and the Old Man,”
with the “Model of Translation and Grammatical Analysis”
referring to the Synopsis of Inflection.
 

HAND-BOOK OF \JOLAPUK.

 

SOUNDS AND LETTERS.

The Alphabet of Volapiik consists of the following letters :

aidbc

defghijklmnodéprstulivxysz

These are the same as in English, omitting q and w and
adding 4 0 u.

The following have their English sounds :

b, in
d, in

book.
dog.

f, in fame.

h, in
k, in
1, in
m,in
n, in
Tr, in
tf, in
Vv, In
x, in

hat.

keep.

low.

me.

no. Pp, in pay.

ray.

fea.

vain.

box, (even at the beginning of a word).

g is sounded as in go, never as in George.

s is usually sounded as in sole; but in such combinations
as bs, ds, gs, Is, it is softened to a z-sound as in rose ; just
as happens in the English words, tus, eggs.

y is always a consonant, as in yet.
J is sounded like sA.

c is sounded like 7 in judge.

z is sounded like Zs.
2 SOUNDS AND LETTERS.

The vowels have one invariable sound each; not as in
English, where each vowel has several sounds and each sound
has many representativs.

a as in papa, psalm, far, father.

a as in care, fair ; prolongation of the sound in cat.

e as in they, obey.

i as in machine, de.

0 as in go.

0 as in word, si.

u as in rude, rood.

1 has nothing like it in English. The lips being protruded
as if to say u (00), try to say 1 (ee).

Some English words spelt, as nearly as possible, in Volapiik
letters :

A public functionary, coc. A fowl, gus. The act of
selling, sel. Parts of the hand, pam, nels. Animals, jip,
got, kaz.

The accent is always on the last syllable, exclusiv, how-
ever, of a syllable joined to it with a hyphen. Ex.: getom;
getom-li? getom-la. -li and -la are the only syllables so
hyphenized.

Two vowels coming together are sounded in separate
syllables ; as laut (la-ut), geil (gay-ee?), sied (see-aid).

In writing and printing Volapiik a system of punctuation
is employed which differs slightly from ours, as follows :

The quotation-marks are ,,

¢ instead of «

 

 

The exclamation-point is used after a simple address, as
well as after an ejaculation. Where we write
Dear Sir,
Volapiikists would write Dear Sir!

The use of capitals is the same as in English, except that
nouns and adjectivs derived from proper nouns do not begin
with capitals, nor do any pronouns. In our language we
print ““ Frenchman, France, French.”
in Volapiik , flentan, Flent, flentik.«

In this book, we print Volapitk words and sentences in
heavier type.
SOUNDS AND LETTERS. 3

In learning to pronounce Volapiik, the first difficulty is to
avoid sounding the vowels a ei 0 u
like their English names A E 10 U.

Always think of them and speak of them by their Volapiik
names. Originally they had the same sounds in English.

The Volapiik syllables Pa pe Pi po pu
are not to be read pay pea pie Po pew
but like the English syllables, pa pay pea Po poo (shampoo)
Read them over carefully several times, then drop the p sound
and repeat a «e i oo. wu

The adding of another consonant at the end does not
change the vowel sound ; therefore, pet is pronounced pate
(not pet) ; pit is pronounced pete (not pit); pot rhymes with
goat, not with got; put rhymes with boot, not with but, nor
with foot.

When you meet with a new Volapiik word do not “jump ”
at its pronunciation by guessing what the letters might spell
in English, but consider each sound. If necessary to analyse
it, do so in the following manner: begin at the last vowel ;
sound it alone ; prefix a consonant; affix another consonant,
if any, until the last syllable is sounded ; then build up another
syllable in the same way ; sound the two together, accenting
the last, then the next syllable, sounding all three, and so on.

Thus, to read the word Volapukatidel :

e, A.
de, day.
del, ddle.
i, E
ti, tea
tidel, tea-ddle.
a, ah.
ka, kah.
katidel, kah-tea-d4le.
ua,
pu, pi.
pukatidel, piikdh-tead4le.
a, ah
la, Iah,
lapiikatidel, lah-piik{h-teaddle.
0, oh, owe.
vO, VO.
volapiikatidel, voldh-piikdh-teadale.

 
4 PARTS OF SPEECH.

PARTS OF SPEECH.

There are in Volapiik the following Parts of Speech : Noun,
Pronoun, Adjectiv, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Preposition,
Conjunction, Interjection. Their uses are the same as in
English. hs

There are no Articles in Volapiik.*

The grammatical distinctions are : Number, Gender, Case,
Person, Degree, Tense, Mood, Voice.

These distinctions are marked by adding a sound or a
syllable at the beginning or end of the simple root-form. In
English we often mark them by separate words. Thus the one
word pulogoms stands for the five words, Zkey will have been
seen. They is indicated Ly the ending oms; will have been by
the syllable pu at the beginning; log is the simple root-form,
and means, as a noun, eye, but as a verb, /o see. Pu and
oms may be analysed thus: u as a verb-prefix (or tense aug-
ment, as it is called) indicates the future-perfect; p is the sign
of the passiv voice. In oms, s denotes the plural; m de-
notes the masculin third person; o is characteristic of all
person-endings and unites them to the verb.

When no such distinctiv syllables are added it is under-
stood that

the number is singular ;
the gender is masculin ;
the case is nominativ ;
the person is the third ;
the degree is positiv ;
the tense is present;
the mood is indicativ ;
the voice is activ.

Nouns have number, gender and case.

Pronouns have number, gender, case and person.

Verbs have number, gender, person, tense, mood and voice.
Adjectivs and adverbs have degree.

Adjectivs may also have the inflections of nouns, but this
is seldom required.

 

* Anyone may convince himself of possibility of dispensing with articles by reading
aloud any extract. Omission of articles will be found not to obscure sense. In
telegrams, articles are seldom used.
NUMBERS. 5

NUMBERS.

The simple form is the singular number.

The plural number always ends in s.

Man, a man; plural, mans, men. (Man may also be
translated, the man, or simply, man. The articles an, a and
the are always omitted.) Vom, the woman; voms, the
women. Ob, I; obs, we. Om, he; oms, they.

Ol, thou or you; ols, ye or you. In English, you is
sometimes singular and sometimes plural. In addressing one
person, ol should be used ; while ols is used for two or more,

The numerals are always placed after the thing numbered.
Man bal, one man. Mans tel, two men. Voms kil, three
women.

The first nine numerals end in 1, preceded by the vowels in
regular order.

y 2 ..3 4.5 8 7. $9
bal tel kil fol lul mal vel jol zul

The tens are formed by adding s.

10 20 30 40 s0 60 vo: 30. 00
bals tels kils fols luls mails vels jols zils

Numbers composed of tens and units unite the two parts
by ,e*, and, balsebal, 11; balsetel, twelve; telsebal, 21 ;
lulsevel, 57; ziilsezil, 9g.

Tum, hundred; mil, thousand ; balion, million ; these
are preceded by one of the digits. Baltum, 100; teltum,
200; kilmil, 3000; folmil foltum, 4400; lulmil lultum
lulselul, 5555.

 

EXERCISE 1.

VocABULARY.
Buk, book. Dom, house. Man, man. Pul, boy.
Del, day. E, and. Mug, mouse. Vig, week.
Doab, dollar. Gan, goose. (pronounce moog) Yel, year.

Dog, dog. Jip, sheep. Mul, month.

1. Put all the above nouns into the plural, giving the Eng-
lish meaning of each.

2. Express in Volapiik : books, days, men, houses, mice,
months, geese, boys, weeks, dollars.
6 NUMBERS.

3. Would you use ol or ols in the following sentences ?:
‘“ Are you an American?” “Will you take seats?”

4. Read these numbers in Volapiik: 2, 5, 33, 42, 3, 41, 6,
25, 50, 75, 100, 7, 77, 777, 7777, 8 18, 6, 99, 15, 13, 64,
51, 84, 77, 333, 1887, 12.

5. Express in Volapiik, aloud : 5 men (remember the
order is ‘men five’); 3 boys; 12 years; $20; 10 years; 3
months ; 6 mice; $50; 16 houses; 3000 books ; 100 sheep ;
55 boys; 32 years and 10 months; 7 days; one week; 30
days, one month ; 365 days; 12 months, 52 weeks, one year ;
$2769.

6. Read aloud, thinking of the meaning, Mans bals;
gan bal; obs; muls kil; doms fol; yels baltum; jips
tel; mugs zul; doabs balsetel; buks teltum; muls
balsetel; yel bal; dels kiltum malselul; yel bal; ols;
obs tel.

7. Give the English of each of the above phrases.

It is not sufficient to go through these exercises once ; they
should be repeated again and again, until they can be spoken
with the greatest rapidity.

Each Volapiik exercise is to be first read aloud, thinking of
the meaning, but not of the English words. Then it should be
translated into English, the translation written down and com-
pared with the key. After a time the key should be translated
back again and compared with the original.

CASES. »

The case endings are tie Az three vowes,

in the plural _AS. ES. Is.

For example, 1. Kim? who?

2. Kima ? whose? of whom ?
3. Kime ? to whom?
4. Kimi? whom?

The names of the cases are: ,, kimfal, kimafal, kimefal,
kimifal, taken from the cases of kim, with the word ,, fal,«
meaning ‘‘ case.”

1. The kimfal, who-case or nominativ, is the simple form
without any added vowel. It answers the question, ¢¢ Who ?”
It is usually translated by the English nominativ.
CASES. 7

2. The kimafal, or whose-case, ending in a, is the answer
to the question, ‘ Whose?” or “Of whom?” It is usually
translated by the possessiv ( ’s) or by “of.” Fat mana;
the man’s father, or the father of the man. The kimafal is
sometimes called the genitiv.

3. The kimefal, or to-whom-case, ends in e€ and answers
the question ‘“To whom?” It is usually translated by /
with the objectiv; but frequently we omit the 7% ; thus we say
“I gave an apple to the boy,” or ‘‘I gave the boy an apple.”
“Boy” would be in the kimefal as expressing the indirect
object of the action. The kimefal is sometimes called the
dativ case.

4. The kimifal, or whom-case, ends in i, answers to the
question ‘“ Whom?” and denotes the direct object. In the
sentence just given ‘‘apple” would be in the kimifal. It
corresponds nearly to the English objectiv, It is sometimes
called the accusativ.

SUMMARY OF THE CASES.

As to endings :
1. — 2. -8 3. -€ 4. i.

 

As to names :

1. Kimfal. 2. Kimafal. 3. Kimefal. 4. Kimifal.
Or, after the classical style :
1. Nominativ. 2. Genitiv. 3. Dativ. 4. Accusativ.

Answering the questions

1. Who? 2. Whose? Of whom? 3. To whom?
4. Whom ?
Denoting usually
1. The Subject. 2. The Possessor. 3. The Indirect
Object. 4. The Direct Object.
Translated by
1. The Nominativ. 2. The Possessiv or of. 3. Zo.
4. The Objectiv.

The kimfal, preceded by the interjection ,,0 “ and followed
by an exclamation point, is used in addressing a person : ,,0
sOl!« “Sir.” This is sometimes considered as a separate
case, called the kimofal or vocativ. It seems, however, better
to consider it a nominativ independent, as in English,

» 0% is sometimes omitted in this case.
8 CASES.

Prepositions regularly govern the kimfal. Thus, we express
“near me ” by ,, nili ob,“ not ,, nil obi “ nor ,, nili obe ;«
“out of the house,” ,,se dom,“ not ,, se doma“ nor ,, se
domi.

Occasionally, the kimifal will be found after a preposition
instead of i at the end of the preposition itself, as will be
explained hereafter.

A word used elliptically, like ‘“ good-morning,” ¢‘ thanks,”
“my compliments,” is usually in the kimifal, a verb being
understood as, [I wish you] good-morning, [I return] thanks,
[I present] my compliments.

Directions for translating into Volapiik :

1. A word in the nominativ is put in the kimfal. If the
nominativ is independent put o before the kimfal.

2. The possessiv is rendered by the kimafal.
3. A word preceded by ‘of ” is generally putin the kimafal.

4. A word (other than a verb in the infinitiv) preceded by
“to” is generally put in the kimefal, but not if “to” signifies
motion. “‘I say to you,” ,,sagob oles“; “I go to you,”
» golob al olis,” or ,,o0ls.*

5. A word preceded by any other preposition is usually in
the kimfal.

6. A word 1n the objectiv governed by a verb is put in the
kimifal.

The adjectiv has ordinarily no case-ending ; but occasion-
ally it takes the case-endings of the noun which it qualifies.
This is only done when the adjectiv, being out of its regular
place, might be supposed to qualify some other word. Thus,
diinan, meaning servant ; blod, brother, and fiedik, faithful.

Diunane fiedik bloda; or,

fiedike diinane bloda; or,

dinane bloda fiedike ; to the faithful servant of the brother.
Diinane bloda fiedik; or,

diinane fiedika bloda ; to the servant of the faithful brother.

But it is better to leave the adjectiv in its usual place, which
is after the noun.
CASES. 9

EXERCISE 2.

DEecLiniNG.—To decline a noun is to give all its cases in
regular order. Thus fat is declined :
fat fata fate fati
fats fatas fates fatis

Decline all the nouns in the vocabulary of Exercise 1.
(Remember to accent the last syllable.)

Express the following in Volapiik : Of the fathers, to the
boys, of a man, to the dog, the geese.

VOCABULARY.
Givom, gives. Logom, sees.
Blinom, brings. Labom, has.
(Why these words end in om will be understood hereafter)

Nam, hand. Fut, foot. Fat, father.
Dip, hour. Mon, money. Log, eye.

Read in Volapiik and translate into English :

Man labom dogi. Man labom dogis tel. Pul
labom dogis tel e jipi bal. Dog logom gani. Pul
logom dogi. Man givom dogi pule. Pul givom gani
mane. Man givom doabis kil pule. Dog labom futis
fol. Gan labom futis tel. Man labom futis tel e
namis tel. Dog mana labom futis fol. Fat mana
givom doabis fol pule. O fat! man givom doab bal
pule. Kim blinom dogis mane? Pul blinom dogis
mane. Kim labom moni? Fat labom moni.

Answer in Volapiik the following questions :

Kim labom dogi ?

Kim logom gani ?

Kim givom dogi pule?

Kimi man givom pule?

Kime man givom dogi ?

The last three questions may be answered by the same
words differently emphasized. ;

CavurioN.—In translating into Volapiik do not overlook
the distinction between the subject and the object of the
sentence. Put the subject in the kimfal and the object in the
kimifal. In the above exercises there is one ERROR in this
respect, purposely left uncorrected. Did you notice it?
10 PERSONS.

Express the following sentences in Volapiik. In each
sentence there is at least one word which ought to be put in the
kimifal.

Who has the dog? The boy has two dogs [dogs 2]. The
man has three dogs. The dog has four feet. The boy has two
feet. = Who has two hands? The man gives money. The
man gives money to the boy (or, the man gives the boy some
money; some would not be translated). The boy's father
[father of boy] gives a dollar to the man. The year has
twelve months. The month has thirty days. The week has
seven days. The day has 24 hours. Who brings the goose ?
Who sees the dog? Who sees the two sheep? To whom does
the man give money? (Literally, to whom man gives money ?
“Does” is untranslatable.) To whom does the boy bring
money? The boy brings five dollars to the father.

PERSONS.

The pronoun of the FIrsT person is ob, I; plural, obs, we.

When the verb is in the first person the pronoun is united
with it as a person ending, forming one word. Binob, I am ;
pukob, I speak ; komobs, we come ; golobs, we go.

The pronoun of the seconp person is ol, thou or you
(singular); ols, you, plural. See remarks on the distinction
between ol and ols, page 5.

These syllables ol and ols are likewise suffixed to the verb,
forming one word. Binol, thou art or you are ; piikol,
thou speakest or you speak ; komols flens, you, friends, are
coming ; golols, ye are going.

We may also translate “I am” by ob binob, and ‘‘thou
art” by ol binol ; but this repetition of the personal syllable is
unusual, and only employed for emphasis or when it is desired
to place the subject at a distance from the verb.

In the THIRD person there are four pronouns: om for
masculins and neuters, he, it; of for feminins, she ; 0s, neuter
impersonal or abstract; on, collectiv, one (as ‘‘one says”),
people, “they.” In the plural, oms and ofs, they.
PERSONS. 1

These pronouns are also suffixed to the verb, binom, he
is, it is (‘‘1T” being some definit thing previously mentioned).
Pikof, she speaks; golofs, they (the women) go; nifos, it
snows ; sagon, they say, people say, one says, it is said.

Even when the subject of the verb is a noun expressed, yet
the om or of must be added : of for a feminin subject, om
for any other. Vom binof jonik, the woman is beautiful.
Man binom famik, the man is famous. Dom binom
gletik (not dom binos gletik), the house is large. Doms
binoms gletik, the houses are large. Jisons binofs yunik,
the daughters are young.

We can now conjugate any verb through the persons of the
present tense. —

1. binob, I am. 1. binobs, we are.

2. binol, thouart, you are. 2. binols, you are.

3. binom, is, he is, itis. 3. binoms, are, they are.
binof, is, she is. binofs, are, they are.
binos, it is.
binon, one is, people are.

The mnemonic word OBOLOMOFOSON contains all
the personal pronouns. If it be written from memory twenty
times the verb endings will not be easily forgotten.

”, reat

EXERCISE 3.

VOCABULARY.
Buk, book. Koémob, I come. Golob, I go.
Lilob, I hear. Binob, I am. Piikob, I speak.

Binob. Givob. Blinob. Pikob. Golob. Kodmob.
Labob buki. Givobs moni. Labobs bukis tel. Givob
moni mane. Blinobs bukis pule. Blinobs bukis pula.

I speak. Igo. I have the goose. We have the books.
I have five books. We give money to the man. I give five
dollars to the boy. We bring a dog to the man. I bring the
books. I bring the boys’ books. I bring books to the boys.
We give books to the boys.
12 PERSONS.

EXERCISE 4.

Labol buki. Piikol. Golol. Labols fati. Blinol
buki obe. Blinob bukis ole. Givols moni pules.
Komols e golobs. Piikobs e lilols.

(In the English exercises we shall print you in small capitals
where it refers to more than one.) You have the book. You
have books. You speak and we hear. You see the man.
We come and you go. You come and I go. You have
books. You give books to the boys. You speak to me. I
give money to you. You give money to me. He comes.
She goes. He gives money to the man. She has the book.
He brings a dog to the boy. She speaks. He sees the man
and the boy. He gives me money.

EXERCISE 5.

VOCABULARY.
Tid, instruction.  Selob, I sell. Bod, bread.
Tidob, I teach. Lemob, I buy. Mit, meat.
Fidob, I eat. Tedel, merchant. Yeb, grass.
Dlinob, I drink. Vin, wine. Vom, woman.
Liladob, I read. Vat, water. Mot, mother.

(formerly liladob.)

Tidom. Kim tidom? Man tidom. Selom bukis.
Kim selom bukis? Ob selob bukis. Givom moni. Kim
givom moni? Fat givom moni. Man tidom puli.
Tedel selom bukis. Man dlinom vati. Vom dlinof
vini. Kat fidom mugi. Pul fidom bodi.

Kis ? what?

Kisi givom pule? Givom moni e bodi pule. (Re-
member that, when the subject is not expressed, givom means
he gives, or does he give?) Kisi blinof mane? Blinof
vati. Kisi vom fidof? Fidof bodi e dlinof vati. Kisi
man fidom? Fidom bodi e dlinom vini. Jip fidom
yebi.
PERSONS. 13

Supply the proper endings in the following sentences :

Man dlin— vin—. Vom dlin— vat —. Fat pul—
giv— mon— vom—. Mot blin— bod— pul—.

He comes. Who comes? The man comes. He eats
bread. I eat bread. He gives a dollar. Who gives a dollar ?
The father gives a dollar. The man has a dog. The boy buys
a book. The father drinks wine. The mother drinks water.
The dog sees the cat. The boy eats bread. What does he
eat? He eats bread. Who eats bread? What does she give
to theboy? She gives the boy money. What does the woman
eat? She eats bread and meat. The dog sees three sheep.

I eat meat, you eat bread; he drinks water, she drinks
wine. We have books, you have eyes, they have ears.

EXERCISE 6.

Penob, I write. Pened, a letter (correspondence).
Tonab, a letter (of the alphabet).

Tidoms. Kims tidoms? Mans tidoms. Seloms
bukis. Tedels seloms bukis pules. Laboms moni.
Kims laboms moni? Tedels laboms moni. Mans
fidloms bodi e miti. Voms dlinofs vini e vati. Man
penom penedi. Tedels penoms penedis. Puls pen-
oms tonabis. Voms penofs penedis manes.

The dogs see the sheep. The sheep see the dog. The
sheep sees the dog. The men write letters. The boys see
the letters (a, b, ¢,). The women drink (not -oms) water.
The men drink wine. The sheep eats grass.

 

EXERCISE 7.

Nim, animal. Dlin, a drink.  Fid, food. Dil, part.
Julan, scholar. Nif, snow. Tot, thunder. Sag, say.
Das, that.

(Caution. —After the verb to be, use the kimfal, not the
kimifal.)
14 GENDERS.

Man binom tedel. Vig binom dels vel (not binos).
Del binom dil viga. Diip binom dil dela. Mul binom
dil yela. Vat e vin binoms dlins. Nifos. To6tos.
Logon nimis. Dlinon vati. Fidon bodi. Lilddon
bukis.

The boy is a scholar. Dogs and sheep are animals. The
day is a part of the year. Bread is food. Wine is a drink.
Water is a drink. I am a merchant. You are a scholar. You
are scholars. It thunders. One eats meat. It snows. One
says (they say) that you are a scholar.

Supply the proper endings: —Dog fid- bod-. Dogs e
jips bin- nim-. Sagon das t6t-. Logon das nif-.

GENDERS.

As explained under the third person (p. 10,) nouns denot-
ing females are represented by the pronoun or person ending
of; all others (whether masculin or neuter) by om. It may
be said that Volapiik has two genders of nouns: the feminin
(of) and the non-feminin (om).

Ji- (English ste) is prefixed to make nouns feminin when
the sex is to be specially pointed out: matel, husband; jimatel,
wife. A few words, easily recognized, are always feminin, as
mot (=jifat), kun (=jixol). Om- is occasionally prefixed
to the name of an animal to point out the male when the sex
is specially pointed out. Jeval, horse, in general ; omjeval,
stallion ; jijeval, mare.

Os means #, impersonally or abstractly, without referring
to any noun. Binos velatik das edunob osi, it is true that
I have done it.

Such phrases as ‘“the true, the beautiful, the sublime, the
ridiculous,” meaning ‘‘that which is true, that which is
beautiful,” etc., are expressed thus : velatikos, jonikos, sub-
imikos, smilikos. This is usually termed a neuter adjectiv,
but would seem rather to be an abstract noun. Neuter pro-
nouns are formed in the same way: atos, this (this thing);
kelos, what.
GENDERS. 15

EXERCISE 8.

Flen, friend. Tidel, teacher. Jeval, horse.
Lautel, author. Lanel, angel. Viudan, widower.
Nelijan, Englishman. Sanel, physician, Blod, brother.
Vomiil, Miss. Matel, husband. Maria, Mary.

Express in Volaptik :
Lady-friend. Doctor's wife. Widow. Authoress. Miss

Mary is an angel. Doctress. Mare. Sister. Englishwoman.
Wife.

FORMATION OF ADJECTIVS.

The “cardinal” numeral adjectivs have been given under
numbers.

The ordinal numerals, first, second, third, etc., end in id.
First, balid; second, telid; tenth, balsid ; eleventh, balse-
balid; 377th, kiltumvelsevelid, written 377id. There is
also an interrogation form, kimid? ‘‘how-many-eth?” for
which we have in English no equivalent. ,, Del kimid mula
binom ?¢ ‘What day of the month is it?”

These, and “all other adjectivs, regularly follow the noun.

 

EXERCISE 9.

Balul, January. Telul, February.

In the same manner form the names of the months to Sep-
tember (Ziilul) inclusive.

Balsul, October. Babul, November. Batul, December.
Balidel, Sunday. Teludel, Monday, etc.

Exercises for translation :

Balul binom mul balid. Velul binom mul velid.
Kiliidel binom del kilid viga. Batul binom mul bals-
etelid yela. Dip kilid. Dip kimid binom? Binom
dip balsid.

Saturday is the seventh day of the week. November is the
eleventh month. It is four o'clock. (It is the fourth hour.)
16 ADJECTIVS.

POSSESSIV PRONOUNS.

The possessivs, my, mine, thy, thine, etc., may be rendered
in two ways :

1. By the kimafal of the pronoun ; fat oba, my father ; fat
obas, our father.

2. By the termination -ik, forming a possessiv adjectiv ;
buk obik, my book ; buks omsik, their books; buk at
binom olik, this book is yours.

The kimafal is used when otherwise there would be too
much repetition of the termination ik.

EXERCISE 10.

Nelijapiik, English language. Flentapiik, French language.
Nelijan, Englishman. Flentan, Frenchman.
Sikod, therefore.

Tidel obik tidom pulis lul. Kim binom tidel ola?
Tidel obsik labom julanis telsefol. Pik obas binom
nelijapiik. Fat obik labom sonis kil e jisonis tel;
sikod labob blodis tel e jiblodis tel. Binobs cils lul.
Fat obsik 16fom cilis omik. Mot obsik 16fof cilis ofa.
Fat e mot obsik 16foms cilis omsik.

My teacher reads a book. Your father has four dogs.
Who is your teacher? Our teacher is a Frenchman. Our
father and mother love their children. Who is our father?
Our father is the husband of our mother. Your father and my
mother are friends. My teacher's language [language of
teacher mine] is French [French language]. Your teacher
reads my books.

DEMONSTRATIVS.

The demonstrativ pronouns, which are used as adjectivs,
and also by themselvs, are the following :
at, et, it, ot, ut; som.
Emphatic forms, at, eit, let, Of, it; sOm.
ADJECTIVS. 17

At, this; man at, this man ; buks at, these books; del
at, this very day.

Et, that; pul et, that boy; jipuls eit, those very girls.

It, -self ; man it, the man himself; vom it, the woman
herself; ob it, I myself; obs iet, we, our own selves.

Ot, same; tidel ot, the same teacher ; tid Ot, just the
same instruction.

Ut, that, before a relativ; man ut, kel vilom binon
libik, that man (or the man) who wishes to be free.

Som, such ; dog som, such a dog ; kats s6m, just such
cats. :

The emphatic forms are rarely used and may be dispenst
with altogether.

EXFRCISE 11.

Laned, country (not the city). Lan, country (a division of land).
Dom, house. Lo6dop, dwelling.
Sevob, I know, am acquainted Ab, but.

with (not, I know a fact). = No, not, no.
Zif, town. Men, human being, person.
Lodob, I live, dwell. In, in (followed by the kimfal).

Dom at binom 16dop obsik. Man et labom cilis
kil; sevob cilis ab no mani it. Zif at labom domis
tum e menis veltum. Mans, voms e cils binoms
mens. Sevol tideli e tedeli; ob sevob manis ot.
Noe ut, kel 16dom in dom et, binom lautel, e penom

ukis.

This country is mine. I live in that house. The men who
live in that town know us. We live in the same town. These
animals are horses.

THE RELATIV,

The relativ pronoun is kel, who, which, what. It has the
force of a conjunction and a pronoun. It is used indepen-
dently or as an adjectiv.
18 ADJECTIVS.

THE INTERROGATIV.

The interrogativ pronoun is kim ? kif ? kis? when used
independently, and kiom ? kiof ? kios ? when used as an
adjectiv.

THE ADJECTIV IN -IK.

All other adjectivs are formed from nouns by adding the
ending -ik. Gud, goodness; gudik, good. Lof, love;
16fik, dear; 10flik, lovely. Yel, year; yelik, pertaining to
the year ; yelsik, yearly. Any word with the end-syllable -ik
is surely an adjectiv.

 

EXERCISE 12.

Sevob, I know. La&d, lady, Madam. Din, thing.
Lautob, I compose [a book].

Sevob mani, kel penom bukis at. Man, keli sevob,
penom bukis at. Kim penom bukis? Lautel. Kis
binom lautel? Lautel binom man ut, kel lautom bukis.
Kif binof 14d et, kel labof dogi? Lad et binof jisanel
B ; matel ofa binom sanel obsik.

 

I see the man who gives money to the boys. Who knows
the author of this book? The doctor's wife knows the man
who is the author of the book. What is a merchant? A
merchant is a man who buys and sells things. Who is that
woman? That woman is a teacher, who teaches boys and
girls.

 

EXERCISE 138.

Gudik, good. Badik, bad. Spelob, I hope.
Gud, goodness. Bad, badness. Das, that.
Lonedik, long. Blefik, short. Lad, heart.
Manik, male, Jilik, female. Ladlik, hearty,
masculin. feminin. cordial.
Gletik, great, large. Smalik, small, Subsat, noun.
Modik, many, much. little. Neudik, neuter.
Saunik, well, Nemddik, a few. Neit, night.
healthy. Valik, all. Te, only.
Lofik, dear, Delidik, dear, Nedelidik, cheap.
[beloved]. [costly].

Ed, used before a vowel, means and.
ADJECTIVS. 19

Man at binom gudik. Mans gudik laboms flenis
modik.—O sol 16fik! penob ole penedi blefik e spelob
das binol saunik. Binob flen volapika e sagon das
volapiik labom flenis modik in 1ldn olsik..—Men ut, kel
labom ladi badik, labom neflenis mddik.—Subsats in
nelijapiik binoms manik, jilik e neudik; in volapiik ed
in flentapik binoms manik e jilik.—In batul labobs
delis blefik e neitis lonedik.

My dear friend : [use Aimafal to avoid repetition of ik]
Your letter is short and cordial. I have a few friends who
write to me long letters.

Caution. —Adjectiv affer noun. But with two adjectivs,
you may put one before and one after, to avoid ik in suc-
cession. Give to the first the same termination as the noun.
Ex.: “ Of many men,” ,,manas modik;*“ ‘of many good
men,” ,,modikas manas gudik.«

All good men have good hearts, and love good things.
God is the father of all men [human beings]. All men who
love God are good. God is the author of all good things. I
am your cordial friend, who hopes that you are well. The
letters which you write to us are short. Who is the lady to
whom you write long letters? That lady is the wife of
Doctor B ; she, herself, is not [no binof] a physician.

 

 

EXERCISE 14.

Hereafter, many of the words used in the exercises will have
to be looked for in the vocabulary at the end of the book.

Si, yes. No, no or not; when it means no it is placed
next before the verb which is denied.

Lesi, yes indeed. Leno, not at all, by no means.

God no l6fom menis badik. Mens badik no l6foms
Godi.—Subsats in volapiik no binoms neudik ; laboms
genis te tel, no kil. Dins nelifik binoms gena manik.
—Tedels, kels sevoms volapiiki, spodoms ko vol 16lik.
Pe sevoms volapiiki ? Valiks mens estudik in vol
olik.
20 FORMATION OF ADVERBS.

I do not see my three books. Which book [book whic)
is good? This book is not bad. I have not many good
books. How many genders are there in Volapiik? [¢“ Genders
how many are in Volapiik?” Omit ¢ there” in “there is,”
‘“‘there are.”] There are two genders [two genders are] in
Volaptik and in French ; there are three genders in English
and in German. One (not bal, 1) studies Volapiik in all
countries of the whole world.

FORMATION OF ADVERBS.

Numeral adverbs, expressing repetition, are formed by add-
ing na. Kilna, three times; kilidna, the third time.

Adverbs are formed from adjectivs, and sometimes from
other parts of speech by adding o, corresponding to the English
-ly.

_ Vifik, quick ; vifiko, quickly.

Neit, night ; neito, at night ; neitiko, nocturnally.

When the adverb ending in iko immediately follows the
verb, oO is sometimes omitted ;

gonom vifik (vifiko), he runs fast (swiftly).

It is much clearer, however, to retain the o.

EXERCISE 15.

Fidobs kilna in del, telsebalna in vig. Buk at tidom
volapiki obe balidna. Man et, kel binom deutan,
pukom nelijapiiki badiko, ab sevom volapiiki gudiko.
Dels goloms vifik, e no labobs timi modik.

The dog eats fast. You write well [goodly]. We speak
Volapiik badly. I write three letters twice in a week. We
buy books cheaply [cheaply ” after ‘‘buy”]. We buy cheap
books. The merchant buys cheap and sells dear.
DEGREES. 21

DEGREES.

To form the comparativ and superlativ degrees, the suf-
fixes um, Un, are used.

Gudik, good ; gudikum, better ; gudikiin, best.

Gudiko, well ; gudikumo, better, in a better manner ;

gudikiino, in the best manner.

These endings um, Un, may be added even to nouns;
fleniin obik, my best friend. Binom solatum ka ob, he is
more of a soldier than I.

Umo, lino, are also used as separate words meaning
greater degree, in the greatest degree. Binom umo solat ka
bolitel, he is more of a soldier than of a politician.

 

EXERCISE 16.
Ka, than. as, as. Suno, soon.

Binob biledikum ka om. Buk at binom gudikum
ka et. Dom obsik no binom so gletik ds olsik; binom
smalikum. Penol gudikumo ka ob. Binob flen ola
divodikiin. Spelob das binol in saun gudik, o flen
divikin! Volapiik binom piik nefikulikiin in vol 16lik.

Iam more healthy than you. I have larger hands than
you. The dog has larger feet than the cat. What book is the
best in the whole world? I have not so many books as you,
but I read more [books]. What is the easiest language in the
whole world? I do not know a language which is easier than
Volapiik.

TENSES.
Each of the tenses has one of the vowels as its peculiar

sign : Ia,] 8, e, 1, 0, un,

for the present, or patip a

for the past, or patip a

(imperfect)
for the perfect, or petiip e
for the past-perfect, or pitiip i

(pluperfect)
for the future, or potiup
for the future perfect, or putip
22 TENSES.

These vowels when prefixed to the verb are called tense-
signs or augments.

The present-sign, a, is omitted in the activ voice.

Binob, I am ; dbinol, you were; ebinom, he has been ;
ibinof, she had been; obinos, it will be; ubinon, one will
have been.

In English, most of the tenses are expressed by using the
auxiliary verbs, have, shall and will ; while in Volapiik there
are no such auxiliaries, the verb-form consisting of a single
word.

The word ‘“do” is used in English as an auxiliary denoting
emphasis, as, ‘I do believe.” In Volapiik this cannot be
translated otherwise than ‘I believe,”

The same tense-vowels,
a, a, c, i, o, u,

are used with some words other than verbs, when time is to be
distinguished.

adelo, to-day.

adelo, yesterday.

odelo, to-morrow.

udelo, day-after-to-morrow.
amulo, this month.

omulo, uyelo, etc.

EXERCISE 17.

Put the following words into all the tenses, giving the
meaning of each :

Komob. Golol. Getom. Nigof. Lomibos. Sagon.
Labobs. Binols. Sumoms.

O flen divikun! egetob penedi ola blefik e pidob das
ebinol maladik. Spelob das uvedol suno saunikum e
das ovisitc! obis omulo.

Dear friend : the long letter, which you wrote to me, has
pleased me (kimefal) very much. I hope that I shall soon
have got better, and that I shall see you again next year.
THE PASSIV VOICE. 23

THE FPASSIV VOICE

All the tenses of the passiv voice commence with the letter
p- Therefore the passiv tense-augments are,

present pa- palofob, I am loved.

imperfect pa- - palogol, you were seen.

perfect pe- peflapom, he has been struck.

pluperfect  pi- piropof, she had been interrupted.

future po- posagos, it will be said.

future perpect pu- pununon, one will have been
informed.

In English, a present passiv is often really perfect in signi-
fication ; as, ‘“the house is finished,” ,,dom pefinom.“ On
the other hand we use what is, apparently, an activ form in a
passiv sense, as, ‘‘the house is building,” meaning ‘the house
is being built,” ,,dom pabumom.* In all such cases we must
consider the sense and not the sound.

 

EXERCISE 18.
Fa, by.

Nelijapik papikom in Nelij, Pebaltats, Kanadan,
Talop e lans votik. Volapuk potidom in juls valik.
Volapiik padatuvom fa sol Schleyer. Fluks poseloms
delido ayelo; paseloms nedelido dyelo. Dom gletik
pabumom in sit telsekilid.

Many children are educated in the schools of America ;
many have been educated and many will be educated. Books
are sold by the merchant, whose store is in 42nd street. These
books are not mine; they are sold. [Is this patiip?] What
language is spoken in America?

THE INFINITIY.

The verbs given so far have been in the form which simply
asserts, called the indicativ mood.

The infinitiv mood, or verb-noun, has the ending -0n. It
is usually, though not always, preceded in English by 0. In
Volapiik it may be in various tenses : patip, petup, potip,
or putup.
24 THE INFINITIV.

Logon, to see. Elogon, to have seen. Ologén, to be
about to see (as we cannot say % skal/). Ulogon, to be about
to have seen.

Lovepolon binos fikulik, to translate is difficult.

Lovepolot at binom velatik, this translation is exact.

Notice that the neuter-impersonal verb, binos, is used with
the infiritiv as subject.

Vilob liladon buki at, I wish to read this book.

Opofidos alime elilidén buki at, It will benefit every
one to have read this book.

Kanob liladon, I can read.

The verbs may, can, must (called by some grammarians,
signs of the potential mood), Ze, dare, etc., have no # after
them in English, yet the verb following them is in the infinitiv.

Mutob pukdn, I must speak (I am obliged 7 speak).

Dalob sagén, I may say (am permitted 7 say).

Letom puli goldn, he lets the boy go ; he allows the boy

to go.

Konsalob olis kémon, I advise you to come.

Olemob buki al studon volapiiki, I shall buy a book, to

study Volapiik.

Here ‘“to” means ‘“in order to.” In this case the infinitiv
must be preceded by al. To test (,, al blufon «) whether al
should be used or not, see if you can change the English
phrase into an equivalent one containing ‘‘for,” or if it answers
the question ‘for what?”

I shall buy a book (for what ?) to study Volapiik.

Osegolob adelo al spatdn, I shall go out to walk (for
walking) to-day.

Eblibob in zif al lemon klotis, I have remained in the
city in order to buy clothes.

No mutobs lifon al fidén, sod fidén al 1ifén, we must
not live to eat, but eat to live.

The English verb-noun in -ing must be translated by the

infinitiv.

Fidon zesiidos al lifon, eating is necessary for living.
THE PARTICIPLE. 25

The infinitiv, being a kind of verb-noun, may be declined,
tho’ this seldom occurs.

Lof studona, the love of studying.

It is permitted to insert the personal pronouns before the
ending -0n in order to indicate the subject.

Binobon u nebinobén! [for me] to be or not to be!

The infinitiv in the passiv voice is formed in the same way,
and is subject to the same rules.
Pamilagon, to be admired.
Pevunon, to have been wounded.
Pomaton, to be about to be married, to be going to be
married.

 

EXERCISE 19.

Lofob fidon fluki. No vilob lilddon bukis modik, sod
gudikis. Eseilon binos ofen gudikum ka epukon. Men
nonik kanom nolon valikosi. Kim okanom numon
stelis sila u tofis mela? Binob in jul al studon, no al
pledon. Olemob bukis al lenadén volapuki. Sotol
studon volapiiki al kanon piikon ko nets valik.

I like to read good books. I wish to see thestars. To
read is better than to play. We ought to buy a house if we
can buy it cheap. This man can read six languages and speak
three ; he likes to study and he has time to study. It is better
to have loved and lost than not to have loved.

THE PARTIEIPLE

The participle is a verb-adjectiv. Its ending is -0l, corres-
ponding to -ing, -ed. It may be in the activ or passiv voice,
and in any tense, tho’ the patiip, petiip and potiip are the most
common.

Logol, seeing.

Elogol, having seen.

Ologol, about to see, being about to see.

Palogodl, seen, being seen.

Pelogol, seen, having been seen.

Pologodl, about to be seen.
26 THE IMPERATIV.

It is often necessary to examin English passiv participles
very carefully, to determine what tense they really signify.

The house seen in the distance, dom palogdl in fag.

The house built on a rock, dom pebumdl su klif.

If we turn the sentence into the activ form it will be clearer.
The house which we see in the distance. The house which
some one has built (not zs building) on a rock.

There is another form of the participle, slightly differing
from the future, and having the augment 0 instead of o. Its
meaning is that which must or ought to do something, or that
which must or ought to be done.

Obino], that which ought to be.

Po6findl, to be finished.

Pooks pomenodol, errors to be corrected.

Poks pcmenoddl, errors which will be corrected.

 

EXERCISE 20.

O sol pelestimdl! Elilddol vobuki ola nitedik, e no
kandl kapalon dilis anik, penob ole penedi at al sdkoén
va vilol sepldndn obe setis sukol.

Honored Sir : Having received your letter and not having
had time to write to you this week, I hope that you will excuse
the unavoidable (not-to-be-avoided) delay.

THE IMPERATIV.

The ending of the simple imperativ is dd, following the
person-ending.

Gololéd! Go! (to one person.)

Gololsod! Go! (to more than one person.)

Pafogivolsod! Be ye forgiven !

Lit binomod! Let there belight! (Be light!)

Senitondd! Pay attention! (indefinitely.)

There are two modifications of the imperativ, the courteous
or softened form in -0s and the harsh form in -6z; called by
some grammarians the optativ and the jussiv. The former
expresses a request and the latter a positiv command.
THE CONDITIONAL AND CONJUNCTIV. 27

EXERCISE 21.

Give four dollars to this poor boy. Please excuse the
liberty which I take. Please visit us in our new house. Please
answer this letter soon. Kill that snake! Remain in the
house. Please mail me three copies of your new book. Accept
my cordial salutations. Let each boy take his book and read.

Givolod bodi mane pofik. Komolsos al visiton obis
in dom obas nulik. Sekusadolos obe no egepukon
penede olik sunumo. Gololéz se dom! Potolds obe
samadis fol vodasbuka nelijik. Pul alik sumomdéd peni
okik e penomdd. Blibolds in gad.

THE CONDITIONAL AND CONJUNCTIV.

The conditional mood expresses something not as actually
occurring, but as what wou/d be, under a certain supposition.
The conjunctiv is the mood which expresses this supposition,
preceded by if, if.

These two moods are formed by adding to the pitiip or
pitiip the endings -6v and -la. The latter is written with a
hyphen and the accent remains on the preceding syllable.

If abinob-la liegik, dbinobov givik, if I were rich I
would be generous.

Ibinomov givik, if ibinom-la liegik, he would have been
generous if he had been rich.

THE POTENTIAL

A form seldom used, but mentioned by Schleyer, has the
ending -0x%, and the meaning might possibly.

Pelomox, he might possibly pay.
28 THE. POTENTIAL.

EXERCISE 22.

Alofobov mani at, if abinom-la gudikum. If agolobs-
la vadelo al spatdon, dbinosdv saunlik. If dagolols-la
adelo al spaton, blinolsés buki nulik, keli abonedob,
de bukatedam. Binosov gélod gletik obe, geton penedi
lonedik de ol. If no dbinos-la so vamik, dlofobov visiton
flenis obsik in zif.

If I should see the teacher to-day I would give him the book
which he wishes to see. This book would be useful to you if
you should wish to study the French language. If you had
seen this man in the garden he would have spoken to you. If
you should travel in Europe you would hear many languages.

THE INTEREOGATIV FORM.

In English we change an assertion into a question by
changing the order of the words,

I have. Have I?
He will go. Will he go?
You have seen. Have you seen ?

But we seldom put a verb, unless an auxiliary, before the sub-
ject. We use, instead, the emphatic form with do.

You go. Do you go? instead of Go you?
He speaks. Does he speak ?

In Volapiik the sign of ‘the question is the syllable li,
generally placed either before or after the verb and united to it
by a hyphen. The accent of the verb is unchanged. Li
should not be placed after the verb when this would bring two
I's or three consonants together, as li-binoms ? not binoms-
1?

Man binom gudik, Man binom-li gudik ?
Labob, Labob-li?

Ogoloms, Li-ogoloms?
Egolols, Li-egolols?
THE INTERROGATIV FORM. 29

If the sentence contains an interrogativ word, such as,
who ? which ? what? how ? when ? where? li is unnecessary.

Kim binom man at? Who is this man?

Man kiom binom at? What man is this?

Kipladi man at golom? Where (whither) is this mar
going ?

EXERCISE 23.

Kikod ? why? Kiplad or kiop? where? Kipladi?
where (/o what place)? Kiip orkitim ? when? Liko ? how?
These are interrogativs which do not require -1i.

L Stade, to be [in a certain state or condition], to do, as
“how do you do?”

Liko stadol, 0 s6l!? Stadob gudiko, danob ole (or
danis). Li-ebinol lonedo in zif? No lonedo, ekomob
bletimo de Madrid. Binom-li Madrid zif jonik?
Binom lejonik; il6fobov blibon us lonedumo. Kidp
lom olik binom ? Lom obik binom in Boston, ab labob
flenis médik in zif at. Li-estudol flentapiiki ? Estudob
flentapiiki ab no kanob piikon omi gudiko. Li-kapélol
valikosi keli lilidol? Si, o sol! ti valikosi.

Have you seen my father to-day? No, sir; is he not in
the house? Have you read the newspapers to-day? I have
not had time to read. How is your father to-day? Thanks ;
he is (stadom) much better. His many friends will have
much pleasure when they [shall] know it.

THE FREQUENTATIV FORM OR AORIST.

When a verb refers to the habitual performance of an
action, this may be indicated by adding the letter i (pronounced
asa separate syllable) to the tense augment. Thus,

ai-, ai-, ei-, ii-, oi-, ui-.
pai-, pdi-, pei-, piix, poi-, puis
30 THE FREQUENTATIV FORM OR AORIST.

In English we have no special form for habitual action ;
but, on the other hand, we use the verb 7 &e with the parti-
ciple in -ing to express action continuing temporarily.

Fidob bodi, I am eating bread.

Aifidob bodi, I eat bread (am in the habit of eating bread).

Apenob penedi, I wrotea letter, or I was writing a letter.

Aipenob penedis mddik, I used to write many letters.

The form ‘to be ing ” is adopted in Volapiik.
Binob pendl, I am writing.

 

Ai- is also used as a prefix denoting universality with
other words.

Aikel, whoever; aikitim, whenever; aikiép, wherever.

 

EXERCISE 24.

Lio-? how-? to what degree? as lio-gletik ? how large?
lio-modik? how many?

Aispatob videlo in gad obik. Li-aigebol spatini?
No; spatins paigeboms te fa mans baledik; li-tikol das
binob biledik? No nolob; binob yunik, ab aispatob
ko spatin. Li-aifidol miti vadelo? No aifidob omi
maludelo. Ven dbinobs in Flent, didlinobs vini, ab nu
ven binobs in Melop aidlinobs vati. Du yels lio-médik
abinols in Flent? Du yels kil.

Do you drink wine? I drink wine, but now I am drinking
water. In France they drink [one drinks] wine and not
water. In Belgium they speak the French and the Dutch
languages. What language do they speak in Australia? They
speak-English [one word]; wherever many Englishmen are,
one speaks English.

THE REFLEXIV.

The reflexiv form is the same as the activ voice with the
addition of -ok.

Vatiikob, I wash. Vatukobok, I wash myself.
THE REFLEXIV. 31

An equivalent expression, sometimes used, is
Vatiikob obi.
Vatiikol, you wash. V atiikolok,
or, Vatiikol oli,

Vatiikomok, or vatiikkom oki, he washes himself.
(Vatiikkom omi would mean 4e washes Aim, two different
persons. )

In the plural the s usually follows the ok, but may be made
to precede it, if that form is thought more euphonious.
Vatiikoboks, or vatiikobsok, we wash ourselvs.
Vatiikomoks, they wash themselvs. If the object is exprest
by a separate pronoun in the plural it is translated ‘‘each
other.” Lofomoks, they love themselvs; Lofoms okis,
they love each other ; I.6fobsok, we love ourselvs ; Lofobs
obis, we love each other.

} you wash yourself.

 

EXERCISE 25.

Dalon, to permit. Muton, must.
Dalon, to have permission (may). Miitén, compel.

Logobok in lok at. Pladolokds in stul et. Aikel
16fomok gudikumo ka nilani okik, no binom krit
velatik; ab krits velatik 16foms okis. Aivatiikobok
viagodelo.

I have struck myself with this walking stick. I permit
myself to address this letter to you. You will kill yourself.

Please seat yourself and make yourself contented.
(Formerly dalon -dilon, muton — miiton, had converse meanings.)

PREPOSITIONS AND THE KIMIFAL.

In English we make a distinction between # and n/o.

Into expresses motion from the outside to the interior;
while 2 relates wholly to the interior.

This distinction is exprest in Volapitk either by putting
the noun into the kimifal or by adding -i to the preposition.

Binob in gad, I am in the garden.
Golob in gadi, or

golob ini gad } I am going into the garden,
32 PREPOSITIONS AND THE KIMIFAL.

In Volapiik there are other prepositions subject to the same
distinction ; when they denote place, where, they govern the
kimfal ; when they denote direction, hither, they govern the
kimifal or take the ending i.

Buk seistom su tab, the book lies on the table.

Seitom buki su tabi, he lays the book on [on to] the
table.

This distinction is not always necessary nor always observed,
and the list, given in Schleyer’s grammar, of prepositions which
may govern the kimifal is incorrect, because based on the
German prepositions.

The ending i is sometimes added to adverbs of place, giving
them the meaning of motion towards.

Binob domo, I am at home.
Kipladi golol? Where are you going [to]?
Golob domoi, I am going home [ward].

Similarly the ending a is used to denote motion from in a
few words.

Is, isa, isi. Here, hence, hither.
Us, usa, usi. There, thence, thither.
Kiop, kiopa, kiopi. Where, whence, whither.

It would seem quite as natural and correct to say de is, de
us, de kiop; al (or ali) is, al us, al kip.

To express duration of time the preposition du is used.
But sometimes the preposition is omitted (as in English) and
then the noun may remain in the kimfal or be put into the
kimifal. Thus there are three forms of expression; we prefer
to retain the du.

I remained in Rome

Ablibob in Rom yels kil, [during] three years.

Ablibob in Rom du yels kil,
Ablibob in Rom yelis kil,
SYNOPSIS OF THE VOLAPUK INFLECTION. 33

SYNOPSIS OF THE VOLAPUK INFLECTION.

The changes of form which words may take are all con-

tained in the following table :

1. Plural Ending -s
2. Case Endings i <2 -e -i
nom. pos. dat. obj.
who ? whose ? to whom ? whom.
8. Gender Prefixes ji- om-
fem. mas.
Gender Ending -0S
neu
4. Adjectiv Endings -1k  -id
-um -un
8B. Adverb Endings -0 -na comp... sup. 8. Deprees.
-umo -uno
6. Person Endings -0ob -01 -om -of -0s -On
m. f. m indef.
1 2 eg
7. Tense Augments
Activ - TH eg Oo UU
Passiv pa- pad- pe- pi- po- pu-
pres. imp. per. plup. fut. fut. per.
does did has had will will have
Freq. Activ ai- #Hi- ei- ‘1H- 0i- ui
Passiv pai- pai- pei- pii- poi- pui-
Gerundiv Augments Oo po-
act. pas.

8. Mood Endings

-01 -On -0d-0s-0z (-6x) -6v -la -li -ok

part inf. imp.
9. Preposition Ending

10. Interjection Ending

pot. cond. conj. interrog. refl.

i

o
34 THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS.

THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS.

In English we often use one of the common prepositions in
several different meanings, which may not coincide with the
meanings of any one Volapiik preposition. In Volaptik it is
intended that each preposition should have only two meanings,
the literal and the figurativ.

The following list is intended for reference in case of doubt :

It must be remembered also that there are many words in
English which are used sometimes as prepositions, sometimes
as adverbs : to run down the hill ; to tear down the house.

By, the doer, fa; by, beside, nebu; by, past, bei; by, by
means of, dub; by, each, a; a del, day by day; a tel,
two by two; by, next to, near, la.

At, close to, len; at, in a town, in; at, o'clock, not trans-
lated.

A In English we use éefween in speaking of

Son f bev two objects, and among of more than two;

Etyoen in Volapiik there is no distinction.

Before, speaking of place, bifii; speaking of time, buf.

After, in time, pos; after, behind. po.

Ago; where we use this adverb of time, for example ‘‘two
years ago,” the Volaptik expression is, ‘‘ before two years.”
Similarly, for ‘‘two years hence,” after two years.

Of, belonging to, translated by the kimafal ; of, concerning
(I speak of this subject), do; of, composed of, containing,
originating from, coming from (a glass of water, Schleyer
of Constance), de.

To, the indirect object of a verb, generally meaning 2 relation
Zo, translated by the kimefal; to, denoting progress to a
place, al.

From, departure from, de; from, on account of, dem or
demu.

For, in favor of, in exchange for, plo; for, instead of, pla;
for, during (for years), du; for, on account of dem or
demii.

Towards, direction of movement, al; towards, disposition
towards, kol; towards, nearly (towards three o'clock), za.
DERIVED PREPOSITIONS — INTERJECTIONS. 35

With, in company with, ko; with, as an instrument, me.
But, except, pla, sesumu ; but, only, te.

Till, until; ju al, ji in, ju su, ju len, etc.

Without, deprived of, nen; without, outside of, plo, mofi.

About, surrounding, zi; about, concerning, do; about,
approximately, za.

DERIVED PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions derived from nouns end in 4. They are gen-
erally translated by three English words: a preposition, a noun,
another preposition.

Stim, in honor of. Stim, honor.
Kodi, by reason of. Kod, cause.
Suki, in consequence of. Suk, following.
Yufi, by aid of. Y uf, aid.
Danu, thanks to. Dan, thank.

Tefl, regarding, concerning. Tef, reference.

Some prepositions are used both with and without the end-
ing 4, as dem or demu.

INTERJECTIONS.
The ending for interjections is 6. Therefore verbs in the
imperativ simply drop d, and omit personal ending.
Spido! Make haste !
Stopo! Halt!
Baf6é! Bravo!

THE USE OF CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS.

Since many English words are used both as conjunctions
and as adverbs, we group together the principal difficulties of
both these parts of speech.

But, as a preposition, has been explained. 24 as a
conjunction, is ab or sod. Sod is only used after a negativ ;
it is no# this, but (on the contrary) that. Even in this case ab
may be used. * Not only but also ,” is expressed
by ,, noe Soi.“

 

 

 
36 THE USE OF CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERES.

And, e; before vowels ed is used, though not by all writ-
ers. For “both and a a € is used,

 

 

 

 

4s, like in the same manner as, &s ; as, in the capacity of,
as. The verb is generally omitted in the latter case. 4s,
since, for the reason that, bi.

Before, as a preposition, has been explained. Before, as a
conjunction, is bufo; look before you leap; defore as an
adverb of time, bufumo ; you said that before.

That, as a pronoun, et, etos. Z%a#, as a conjunction, has
two meanings expressed by dat and das. Dat means, in
order that, for the purpose that. Das merely introduces a
subordinate sentence as a member of a principal one, as, 1 said
that he would come. The subordinate sentence ‘‘ he would
come ” introduced by fia, is the object; hat shows it to be
subordinate.

Though, conjunction, or although, do. Z%ough, adverb,
nevertheless, deno.

Also, 1, or id before vowels.

Nor, ni.  ““ Neither noE——2,,m ni——.%
If, provided, if. Zf, whether, va.

Even if, ifn.

Until, tll, conjunction, jus ; as a preposition, ji al, ju in,
etc.
After, conjunction, na ; preposition, pos; adverb, poso.

 

 

3 »
Or, u, or ud before vowels. *‘Either — or ;
suf ud oF

When, conjunction, ven, ku, kelip; when? kitp?
kitim ? when, whereupon, € tano.

 

 

 

Where, conjunction, ko, kelop; where? kiop ? kiplad ?
Fei, referring to time, nog ; ye/, nevertheless, yed.

There, when unemphatic, is frequently untranslatable, as
in the phrases, there zs, there are. There is, there are, have
quite a different meaning, Zkere being taken in the sense of
yonder.
ORDER OF WORDS. . or

EXERCISE 26.

PENED.
1887 balul 16id.

O sol lestimlik! Egetob penedi olik de batul
kilsebalid dyela e gilobok levemo das binol in saun
gudik e das volapiik mekom mostepi so gletik lomu
ols. Tefti buks, kelis vilol das olemob, ogolob odelo
ini glezif, ed oslikob omis. Stadobs valiks gudiko e
glidobs oli e famiili olik.

Dear Sir: I request that you will mail me your paper
during one year, addressing it as is written below. I send
[mail] you one dollar in payment, and remain

Your friend.

In volapiik pladon ladyeki pos subsat, e kimifali
pos velib.

In English one places the adjectiv before the noun. In
German the accusativ is placed sometimes before the verb.

ORDER OF WORDS.

The exercises have given an idea of the usual order in
which the words in a sentence are placed. Except that the
adjectiv follows, instead of preceding the word which it quali-
fies, this order is about the same as in English.

The general principle is that the word which limits or
describes follows that which is limited or described, or, to use
Prof. Kerckhoffs’ expression, the determinant follows the
determined.

The predicate or verb follows the subject or kimfal.

The object or kimifal follows the verb, and the kimefal,
being a more remote object, is placed still later.

The kimafal or possessiv follows the thing possessed. In
English the possessor comes first if it is expressed by the
possessiv case, but if expressed by o/'it comes after.
38 ORDER OF WORDS.

The adverb follows the verb which it modifies, but if it
modifies an adjectiv then the adverb precedes the adjectiv.
This is an apparent exception to the general rule of position ;
the adverb may, however, be considered as forming a com-
pound word with the adjectiv; the rule being, in compound
words, the opposit to the rule of position, viz., that the
determinant precedes the determined.

The negativ adverb no precedes the word which it denies,
on the same principle.

Although the regular order of words in a sentence is that
just explained, yet it is not rigorously fixed. For the sake of
emphasis or special effect words may be transposed, provided
the sense be not obscured. The terminations often enable
such transposition to take place without confusion.

Thus, ‘the man loves the woman,” may be expressed in
several ways :
Man 16fom vomi.
Vomi 16fom man.
Lofom man vomi.
Vomi man lofom.
Man vomi l6fom.

OE

We give these forms because they may occasionally be met
with in reading; we recommend, however, that the regular
form, No. 1, be habitually used.

Form No. 5, where the kimifal precedes the verb, is one
which German writers of Volapiik are fond of using in subor-
dinate sentences, following the order of their own language.
For example, they will say

,, If man vomi lofom,

although without the ,, if « they would follow the natural order
,», man lofom vomi.“ This is a German idiom and has
nothing to recommend it in Volapiik.

If we examin the English sentence ‘the man loves the
woman’ we see that no transposition can take place without
destroying the sense, because we can only distinguish the
subject from the object by position. If we had a different
ending for the objectiv, like the kimifal, then we might trans-
pose.
ORDER OF WORDS. 39

EXERCISE 27.

In this reading exercise the left-hand column contains a
translation from the German, in which the words are, to a great
extent, arranged in the German order,—too much so, I think.
The verb is placed at the end of the sentence or clause without
any apparent reason for this position, except that in the German
original it is at the end. In the right-hand column the same
words are re-arranged with correction of some other German-
isms and obsolete expressions. :

INVERTED ORDER.
Glut ledik tegom sili

NATURAL ORDER.
Glut ledik tegom sili

kel junu yulibik ebinom.
Yono flamom filakolim,
tegopi mena kosumol,
kel omi ed omikis esdvom.
Noli binoms valuids atoz?*
Si, atoz binoms ,, valuds
fata ko kels nonik fed
tenalik binos al fedon.”
Ga ekusi! Lelit, kel
domi et &vilom noson,
disislifom &l1 tali, nen
damon. Nam jekik,
vali duzukol, menaladi
fuldl ko tlep e jek, golom
bido menas du voli,
tiki poldl da oti ko
vif nesuemik.

 

kel ebinom junu yulibik.
Filakolim flamom yono,
kosumol tegdpi mena
kel esaivom omi ed omikis.
No-li ats binoms valiids ?
Si, ats binoms ,, valids
fata ko kels nonik fed
tenupik binom pofedol.«
Ga, ekusi! Lelit, kel
avilom nosén domi et,
disislifom 4&1 tali nen
damon. Nam jekik,
duflamodl vali, ful6l mena-
ladi ko tlep e jek, golom
bidi mens da vol,
polol tiki da om ko
vif nesuemik.

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS.

In English there are certain peculiarities of expression,
which we dc not notice until our attention is called to them
by the study of other languages. It is therefore dangerous to
translate literally into Volapitk unless we first reflect upon the
English phrase and are sure that it means literally and exactly
what it says. It is safest, in regard to Volapiik, as well as
other languages, to frame sentences on the model of those
which have been composed by authors of known correctness.

 

* In the earlier editions of the grammar oz was given as a permissible plural of os.
40 IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS.

Correspondents of different nationalities may be of mutual
assistance in pointing out phrases which are difficult to under-
stand, and requesting a repetition of the idea in different words.
This alteration will itself be a valuable exercise. The various
Volapiik periodicals give from time to time notices of societies
in various cities and towns of Europe. By writing to the
president of one of these societies a correspondent may be
secured, probably interested in the same pursuits as the appli-
cant.

A few cautions as to idiomatic expressions are given below :

1. The distinction between the verbs ‘“ have, be, do,” etc.,
when used as principal verbs and as auxiliaries, must be
carefully watched.

2. In such phrases as ‘‘ there is, there are,” Zzere, as already
stated, is untranslatable. Yet it has a value ; it shows that the
verb 7% be has its meaning # exis, and that it is not a mere
copula. For example :

There 1s a Volapiik society in Constance ;
The Volapiik Society in Constance 7s famous.

Zs in the latter sentence is a copula, attributing the quality
Jamous to the Society ; in the former sentence the affirmation
is that such a society exists. It is allowed by usage in
Volapiik to mark this distinction by placing the verb before the
subject, as,

1. Binom Volapikaklub in Konstanz, or
Volapiikaklub sibinom in Konstanz.
2. Volapukaklub in Konstanz binom famik.

3. Besides the articles a, an, 7Ze, we use the words some
and any as a kind of par#itiv articles, and thesc are also omitted
in Volapiik, as they add nothing to the sense.

; 2 ; ‘
Have you any money ? ,! Li-labol moni?
or, have you money :

I have some money, Li2bob hont
or I have money. :

In the negativ we use no or no/ any.
No labob moni,
or,
Labob moni nonik.

I have no money,
or, I have not [any] money. I
DERIVATION OF WORDS. 41

DERIVATION OF WORDS.

The simplest ideas are represented by radicals of one
syllable. There are also radicals of two syllables, expressing
somewhat more complex ideas.

The radicals have been taken principally from the following
languages : English, Latin, German and French. More mate-
rial has been taken from the English than from any other
language. The English words are, however, much modified
in adapting them to Volapiik.

1. The spelling is changed, the pronunciation being pre-
served or nearly so.

Jip, sheep. L.of, love.
Kipon, to keep. Giv, give.
Komon, to come. Sin, sin.

Gudik, good.

2. Consonants are dropt or changed when there would be
any difficulty of pronunciation.

Vol, world. Piikon, to speak.
Tat, state. Ted, trade.
Téav, travel. Tif, (thief) stealing.

3. The letter r is specially avoided ; 1 being frequently
substituted.

Glen, grain. Glet, greatness.
Bil, beer. Telegaf, telegraph.
Blod, brother. Flen, friend.

4. As radicals seldom begin or end in a vowel the conso-
nants n or 1 are added, or the letters are transposed.

Pel, pay. Lep, ape.
Love-, over-. "Nidian, Indian.
Nelijik, English. Nulik, new.

From the radicals other words are formed by compounding,
by prefixing and by suffixing.
42 COMPOUND WORDS.

COMPOUND WORDS.

In forming compound words the rule of word placing is
exactly reversed, and the determinant precedes the determined.

A compound noun is formed by inserting the vowel a
between the determining word and the principal word.

Vol-a-pik, world-language.

Potamon, postage (post-money).

Piikatidel, language teacher.

Flentapuk, language of France, French language.
Yagadog, hunting dog, hound.

Nulayel, new-year.

The first part of the compound may be considered as the
kimafal, and usually the meaning of the compound may be
expressed by placing it after the principal word either in the
kimafal or in the adjectiv form; pik vola, mon potik,
tidel piikas, pik flentik, dog yagik, yel nulik. But the
meaning of the compound word is more specialized. Pik
vola may mean a language of the world, any language of the
world, while volapiik means a language understood through
the whole world.

In a few compounds instead of a the syllables as, iand o,
are used as connectivs,

Védasbuk, dictionary.
Domibum, house-building (house the object of the action).

Sometimes three nouns are compounded together, but care
must be taken not to produce too long words.

Volapiikatidel, universal-language-teacher.

PREFIXES.

Words formed by prefixing syllables are in reality a kind of
compounds in which the first part is intimately blended with
the second. For example, in glezif, a capital, composed of

prefix gle- + noun zif,
great town ;
zif is the principal word and gle- the determinant.
PREFIXES. 43

Gle- is a contraction of the adjectiv gletik or of its radical
glet, greatness. Many other prefixes are similarly formed from
nouns and adjectivs.

Sma-, from smalik, small ; smabed, nest (little bed).
Bla-, from bléagik, black ; Bléfot, the Black Forest.
Vie-, from vietik, white ; viebod, white bread.

Ba-, from bal, one ; bafom, uniformity.

Mo-, from modik, many, much; mopukik, polyglot;
moflanik, many-sided.

Si-, from sil, heaven ; prefix of constellations or zodiacal
signs : Sijip, Aries ; Sijutel, Sagittarius ; Sifits, Pisces.

Nolii-, Sulii-, Lefii-, Vesu-, from Nolid, Sulid,
Lefiid, Vesiid, North, South, East, West;
Nolumelop, North America; Vestiniddn, West
Indies.

Ba-, from bapik, low, and va-, from wvalik, all, with a
change of vowel.

Other prefixes are simple prepositions, and most of them
can be so used.

Bevii, between, inter- ; bevunetik, international.

Bif, before (in place), contracted to bi-, pre- ; bisiedon,
to preside.

De, from; de-, ab-, off, away; defal, falling off;
defiledon, to burn off ; deyuldn, to abjure.

Ko-, ke-; with; com-, con-, syn-; kokdm, coming to-
gether; kelied, compassion; kevobel, colaborer ;
kezenodon, to concentrate.

Len-, towards, ad-; lenpik, address; lensumon, to
assume, take to one’s-self.

Love-, over, super-; lovedugén, to lead over;
lovelogon, to overlook ; lovepenad, superscription,
something written over ; lovepolot, translation.
44 PREFIXES.

There are also prefix-syllables which never occur separately
and are not contractions of other words. The following are
the most important of these izseparable prefixes :

Ne-, negativ, or contrary; un-, in-, dis-, non-, -less;
neflen, enemy (unfriend); nelab, want (opposit of lab,
possession); det, right [hand]; nedet, left ; nedanik,
ungrateful ; nebin, non-existence.

Le-; intensiv; very, highly, chief, arch-; legudik, very
good ; legletik, very great; lebijop, archbishop ;
lezif, large city (glezif is a capital). Gle- indicates
the highest or most important of its kind.

Lu-, small, insignificant, bad or contemptible. This prefix
is frequently used where in English we use different
words. Beg, a request, lubegel, a beggar, mendicant;
lufat, a step-father ; lak, a lake, lulak, a pond ; sanel,
a physician, lusanel, a quack ; solel, a ruler, lusélel,
a tyrant; vomik, feminin, luvomik, effeminate.

(See suffix -il for a list of augmentativs and diminutivs.)

Ge-, back, re-; gepik, reply ; gekipon, to keep back.

Be- is said to strengthen the meaning of the radical ; it
frequently means to cause or confer the thing expressed
by the radical.

Da- denotes the completion of an action or the attainment
of an object.

SUFFIXES.

Some suffixe. are formed by cutting off the beginnings of
nouns.

From mul, month, -ul as a termination for the names of
months. There are two sets of names for the months:

one derived from the numerals, the other from the
Roman names, —

January, balul or yanul. | July, velul or yulul
February, telul or febul. | August, jolul or gustul
March, kilul or mizul. | September, ziilul or setul
April, folul or apul October, balsul or otul.
May, lulul or mayul. | November, babul or novul.

June, mailul or yunul. | December, batul or dekul.
SUFFIXES. 45

From lin, country, -4n as a termination for names of
countries or states.

Cinén, China. Bayan, Bavaria. Rusan, Russia.
From dip, hour, -iip as a termination for a portion of time.

Tidiup, a lesson (teaching time).
Kilip ? when? at what time ?
Patiip, the present tense.
Yelip, the course of a year.

From top, place,
(1) -op, for the divisions of the earth.

Yulop, Europe. Silop, Asia.
Fikop, Africa. Melop, America.
Talop, Australia.

(2) -Op, for a place.

Kiop ? where?
Maladop, a hospital.

From man, man, -an as a termination for persons connected

with, or using something, or nativs of a country.
Jul, school. Julan, scholar.
Melopan, an American. Botan, a boatman.

Formerly many such words ended in -el, as julel, Melopel,
botel, but this has now been corrected. Words not
found in the dictionary under the ending -el should be
looked for under -an.

The termination -al also denotes a person, but implies dignity,
superiority or official character ; -el denotes the person
who does or makes something. Added to a verb-root
it corresponds to -er in English; tidon, to teach; tidel,
teacher. Added to a noun it corresponds to maker.
-iel denotes a thing which performs some function :
toviel, a lever, (tovel, a person who lifts).

-ef is a collection of persons; -em, of things.

-en is a trade ; -ot, the product of an action.

-af, names of animals ; -it, of birds; -in, of substances.

-ip, diseases; -Om, apparatus; -av, sciences.

-al, -am, -6f, abstract nouns ; al, character; -am, action;
-of, quality, or state,

-il, diminutiv; -et, -kin, -ling; domil, a little house;
ganil, gosling.
46

SUFFIXES.

The following illustration shows the various gradations of
diminutiv and augmentativ words in Volapiik :

luzifil, wretched little town,
smagzifil, little hamlet,
zifil, little town,
luzif, wretched town,
smazif, village,
zif, town,

- lulezif, big ugly city,
lezif, city,
glezif, important city or capital
luglezif, miserable great city,
leglezif, metropolis.

The endings -ik, -el,

-am, are the most common, and

almost every radical may assume them. In our vocabulary
we frequently give the radical only or one of these derivativs,
leaving the others to be inferred.

From any radical denoting a quality may be formed, by
adding ik, an adjectiv attributing that quality, as gud, good-
ness, gudik, good; jap, sharpness, japik, sharp. Thus
dropping #ess is equivalent to adding ik, or vice versa. In this
case we usually give the adjectiv only, leaving the student to
drop the ik and add the zess, or we give the noun only, leaving
him to drop the ness and add the ik.

Every root has, or may have, an adjectiv form in ik, but
there is not always a corresponding English adjectiv. Many
adjectivs are entirely lacking in English. We have no such
word, for example, as ‘“to-daily,” and we use the possessiv,
“‘to-day’s newspaper;” but in Volaptik, ,, gased adelik.“ We
have ‘‘golden ” derived from ‘‘gold,” but have no adjectiv
derived from ‘‘iron.” But in Volapiik ,, goliudik, lelik,
silefik,* are regularly formed from ,, goliid, lel, silef, and
in translating from English we must be careful to distinguish ;
in phrases like ‘‘silver watch,” treating ‘silver ” as an adjectiv ;
» glok silefik.“ Whole phrases are also rendered by an
adjectiv in ik or an adverb in iko ; the adjectiv being used if
the phrase qualifies a noun, the adverb, if it qualifies a verb.

Many words are used both as nouns and as verbs in
Volapiik and in English. Thus we speak of a name and %
EXAMPLE OF DERIVATION. 47

name, nem and nemon ; a reward and / reward, mesed and
mesedon. In this case we add the syllable -6n as an indica-
tion that the same words are used as nouns and as verbs. But
if -6n or -ik be enclosed in parenthesis we mean that a slight
but obvious change is made in passing from one Engiish part
of speech to another.

Any verb may form a noun in am, which expresses the
action of the verb, like our words in -%on, for example,
plepaldn, to prepare, plepalam, preparation.

Almost any verb may form a noun in el, which expresses
the doer of the action, as plepalel, a preparer; studon, to
study, studel, a student.

EXAMPLE OF DERIVATION.

(From Kerckhoff’s Complete Course.)

Piik, language, speech ; piikik, linguistic, pertaining to lan-
guage ; pukatidel, language teacher ; pukapok, defect of
speech ; pukon, to speak; pilikonabid, piukonamod,
manner of speech ; motapiik, mother tongue ; volapiik,
universal language.

Piikat, oration ; piikatil, little speech ; [piikatel, orator ;]
telapukat, dialogue.

Piikav, philology ; piikavik, philological.

Piiked, saying ; plikedik, sententious ; piikedavéd, proverb;
pukedavodik, proverbial ; valapiiked, motto.

Piikel, orator, speaker ; piikelik, oratorical ; mépiikel, poly-
glot, speaker of many languages.

Pikdf, eloquence; piikéfik, eloquent ; piikdfav, rhetoric;
pukofavik, rhetorical.

Piikot, talk ; piikotik, talkativ; okopiikot, soliloquy.
Bepiik, discussion ; bepiikon, to discuss.

Bipiik, preface.

Gepiik, answer ; gepiikdn, to answer.

Lepiik, assertion, affirmation ; lepiikon, to assert, to affirm,
48 EXAMPLE OF DERIVATION.

Lenpiik, address ; lenpiikon, to address.

Libapiik, acquittal ; libapiikon, to acquit (‘speak free ”).

Lupiik, chatter ; lupiikon, to chatter ; luptiikem, gossip ;
lupiikot, gossip (that which is said); luptiklam, stammer-
ing ; lupuklon, to stammer.

Mipiik, mis-speaking, slip of the tongue ; mipiikon, to mis-
speak.

Nepiik, silence ; nepiikik, silent; nepukon, to keep still.

Sepiik, pronunciation ; sepiikik, pronounceable ; sepikad,
pronouncement (rendering of decision); sepiikam, act of
pronouncing ; sepikon, to pronounce.

Tapiik, contradiction ; tapiikik, contradictory; tapikon,
to contradict.

EXERCISE 28.
VOTAMS FA LASAM VALEMIK TELID.

In jolul yela 1887 lasam valemik volapiikanas dzitom
in Munchen, zif Deuta. Lasam at d@mekom votamis
anik in noms volapiika, e zestidos sevon votamis at,
dat kanon lilddon bukis pepibdl buf tim lasama. Buk
obsik pepenom segun noms nulik pestabdls fa lasam.
Ab in penads vonik onoeton:

1. Das dbinoms foms tel tonaba h, ¢ e h, miedik e
difik ; nu labobs fomi te bal, h.

2. Das dbinom fom pliitik, ,, ons, pla ,, ol, kel fom
(ons) no sibinom nu.

3. Das nems 16nik pidpenoms segun ton, fonetiko;
nu paipenoms segun lotogaf lanas keles 16noms.

4. Das vokidds 4, 0, U alaboms fomis patik, nen
punils.

5. Das ji- as bisilab dlabom fetanamali (-).

6. Das ,ji- @malom sotimo jimateli dunela e no
jiduneli it; e das ,off pla ,ji,* &malom jiduneli. a.s.,
ji-tidel, vono, jimatel tidela; of-tidel, vom kel tidof,
jitidel.
ABRAHAM E BALEDAN. 49

PARABLE ; translated by Schleyer.
ABRAHAM E BALEDAN.

Abraham &siedom vono len yan teneda oma,
valadol (segun kosom omik) foginanis al lotanén omis.
Adalogom baledani blegol oki su staf e komol al omi.
Biled e tobs ifenoms omi.

Abraham dlasumom omi fleno; &dbegom omi
siadonok, avatiikom futis oma, ed dblinom flukis e vati
flifik. AD logdl das bidledan dfidom ed adlinom nes
sagon pleki, dsdkom ome kikod no dleplekom Godi siila.
Biledan &gepiikom das dleplekom te Fili e das no
asevom godi votik.

Abraham &dzunom sovemo demi gesag at das
ajokom baledani mofu tened.

Ven at igolom, God davokom Abrahami ed dsdkom
ome kiop foginan dbinom. Agesagom: ,,ejokob omi
mofi tened, bi no leplekom oli.“ God &dsagom tdno
ome: ,, esufob omi du yels tum do dnestimom obi; ed
ol no-li dkanol sufon omi du neit bal ven no dtupom
oli? «

Na Abraham ililom voédis at, 4gevokom baledani,
alinkipom omi lotiko ed dgivom ome tidamis sapik.

Dunoléd id also e pomesedol fa God Abrahama.

MODEL OF TRANSLATION,
AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS.

I give an analysis of the above parable, taking it sentence
by sentence, and showing how a person, ignorant of the words,
would go to work and ascertain the meaning by the aid of the
vocabulary.

Persons familiar with other languages, and hence accus-
tomed to translation, may obtain a general idea of the structure
of Volapiik by following this analysis even before they have at
all studied the grammar.

Beginning with the first sentence, we look for the verb.
When we come to dsiedom, we know it to be a verb because
it has a tense-vowel 4 as a prefix (of the series a, 4, e, i, 0, u),
and a person-ending om (of the series -ob, -ol, -om, -of, -os,
-on). As om means %e, we know that the verb is in the third
50 MODEL OF TRANSLATION.

person singular ; as & means ‘‘ imperfect tense” we know that
“he” did something. What he did is to be found out by
removing the prefix and the ending which leaves the root sied.
Looking in the vocabulary we find that sied, as a noun, means
a sea/, and the verb siedon, to sit. Therefore d&siedom must
express, of someone, ‘‘ he sat.”—Who sat? As ,, Abraham¢
precedes the verb and is in the kimfal, it answers the question,
,, Kim adsiedom ?% ‘“ Who sat?” Asiedom alone would
have meant ‘‘he sat,” but we omit the ‘“ he” in English when
the subject is expressed; therefore,

Abraham dsiedom — Abraham sat.

When the kimfal and the verb are known, the rest of the
sentence must fall into place to modify these. Vono is,
judging by the ending o, an adverb, and as it follows
dsiedom it probably is used to modify that verb. Looking
in the vocabulary we find it means, ‘‘once, formerly.”
““ Once,” that is, not as distinguished from ¢‘ twice,” but ‘‘ once
upon a time.” We now have, in the English order,

Abraham dsiedom vono = Abraham once sat.

As len does not show by its form what part of speech it is
we must look it up, and we find it to be a preposition meaning
“at.” The word following it, yan, we find to be a noun;
as it is in the kimfal (not ending in a vowel) and follows the
preposition, it is evident that len yan meant either “at a
door” or ‘“at the door ;” which of these it will be cannot yet
be determined.

Immediately after yan isa word teneda. From its ending
in a we know that itis in the kimafal, and answers the question
““whose?” ‘‘whose door?” As tened means tent, ,, yan
teneda ¢“ must mean “tent’s door,” or rather ‘door of tent,”
for we seldom use ’s in English except in speaking of living
things.

Len yan teneda =at door of tent.

In English we should conventionally expand this into one of

the following forms :
at the door of the tent;
at the door of a tent ;
at a door of the tent;
at a door of a tent.
MODEL OF TRANSLATION. 51

But these articles do not add anything whatever to the
meaning. If an artist were to paint four pictures of Abraham,
(1) sitting at ke door of Ze tent,
(2) sitting at #e door of a tent,
(3) sitting at a door of Ze tent,
(4) sitting at a door of a tent,

all four views would be alike, and each would be precisely the
same as if he had received the briefer description, ‘at door
of tent,” or “at tent door.”

,, Oma “ is another kimafal, and as it immediately follows
teneda it must answer the question ‘‘ whose tent ?” Its root,
om, we recognise as meaning he ; therefore oma means “‘his ”
and refers to teneda. So that we now have the full meaning
of the first clause: ¢‘Abraham once sat at the door of his
tent.”

The next word valddoél must be a participle as it ends in
-6l, which is like our ‘‘-ing.” Valad we find in the vocabu-
lary to mean awaiting ; valddon, to wait for, to await, to
attend. Therefore valdadol must mean either ‘‘ waiting for,”
“awaiting,” or ‘‘ attending.”

Now he who awaits or attends must await something or
some one ; that is, valadon is the kind of verb which is called
transitiv ; it may have an object. This object must be in the
kimifal ; that is, must end in i or is. Looking further along
we find such a word, foginanis. The s tells us it is plural.
The i that it is in the objectiv or kimifal. This leaves us
foginan. The ending an refers to a person, and often corre-
sponds to er in English. We find fogin to mean ‘a foreign
country,” for which there is no one word in English. Foginan
means a foreigner, strange?, one from a distant country.

The words ,,valddol foginanis“ mean ‘awaiting
strangers.” The three words segun kosom omik, as they
come just after valddol, must modify or explain its meaning.
Segun is found to be a preposition meaning ‘according
to,” and k6som, a noun in the kimfal, ‘‘ custom ;” ,,segun
kosom “ must be “according to custom.” The ending -ik
tells us that omik is an adjectiv; as adjectivs always follow
the words they qualify, it must describe k6sé6m. We know
that ,,om “ is “he,” and that ,,-ik* is ‘‘ pertaining to ;”

\
52 MODEL OF TRANSLATION.

»omik « is “his.” This 1s another form, equivalent to
oma ; when the possessor is one of the pronouns ob, ol, om,
of, os, on, it may be put in either the adjectiv form or the
kimafal ; may end either in ik or in a.

Segun késom omik —according to his custom.

__ {awaiting strangers, ac-

Validol, segun késom omik,
Tidy to his custom.

foginanis

We cannot in English place the phrase ‘according to his
custom ” where it naturally belongs. The reason for this is
that we have no separate form for the objectiv, and therefore
feel a necessity for placing it as close as possible to the verb so
that it may be felt as the object. ¢“ Awaiting, according to his
custom, strangers,” would sound awkward.

Al lotandn omis. The ending -0n indicates the infinitiv,
and we have seen that al before the infinitiv gives it the mean-
ing ‘“in order to;” altho’ “in order” need not be expressed.
If we look up lotan we find that it means host, entertainer; but
we have in English no verb ‘‘to hospitate.” We are obliged to
use some such phrase as ‘“‘to give hospitality to,” ¢‘ to receive
hospitably.” Omis is the same word ,, om“ which we have
already met several times. This timeit is in the kimifal, plural,
like foginelis, which, in fact, it replaces.

Al lotandn omis = to offer them hospitality.

This completes the first sentence.

We begin the second by searching as before for a verb,
which we may expect to find marked by its tense-vowel at the
beginning and its person-ending. We have not far to seek, as
ddalogom has the marks. We see at once that (asin dsiedom)
the framework is %e did something. Dalogon is to perceive,
hence #dalogom is /%e perceived. The subject not being
expressed the Ze must stand in its stead.

Dalog-6n is not a simple word. Da is a prefix, and log
is the real root. Log, as a noun, means eye ; log-6n, the
verb, is to see. Da, as a prefix, denotes the completion of an
action or the attainment of the object sought.
MODEL OF TRANSLATION. 53

ddalogom, being a transitiv verb, should have an object,
in the kimifal, of course. We readily find this object in the
next word baledani. This we find to mean ‘‘ old-man;” but
even if baledan were omitted from the vocabulary we could
discover its meaning from the root baled, age, and the ending
an (an echo of man), which is applied to persons.

ddalogom béaledani = he perceived an old man.

Blegol is recognised as a participle qualifying baledani,
which it follows. Blegon is found to mean to bend. Oki is
the reflexiv pronoun 0k, -self in the kimifal. Therefore blegol
oki is bending himself. It might be expressed in one word,
blegolok. Su staf is readily found to mean on a staff. Tak-
ing the phrase together we may translate it ‘‘leaning on a
staff.” E, and. KoOmol is another participle, from komon,
to come. Al omi, to him ; omi is in the kimifal because al
denotes motion toward him. This is not indispensable, for al
om would express the same idea. Al, of itself, conveys the
idea of direction ; so that there is not the same useful distinc-
tion as between zz and i/o.

In the next sentence, seeking first the verb, we recognise it
“in ifenoms by the personal ending oms, they, and the tense-
prefix i. I we find in the series a, 8, e, i, 0, u (present,
imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, future, future perfect); its English
equivalent is ‘‘had;” oms is third person, plural, they;
therefore we have only to look for the meaning of fen to know
what “they had ” done. Fen being to weary, ifenoms must
be they had wearied. We now look back for the subject
which must be plural. Tobs has the plural-sign and is in the
kimfal.

Tobs ifenoms =troubles had wearied.

But we cannot positivly decide upon this until we examin
the words which precede tobs, for according to the rules of
position the subject must be at the beginning of the sentence.
Much depends upon the particle e, for if this is a preposition,
tobs, tho’ in the kimfal, cannot be the subject. E proves,
however, to be the conjunction and, and baled, the noun, age.
Biled e tobs, age and troubles, form a compound subject to
ifenoms. The object omi is at once recognised by its ending.

age and troubles had

Biled e tobs ifenoms omi. f = Sn bin
54 MODEL OF TRANSLATION.

The ending oms is masculine, but is used here where in
English we should expect the neuter. 77 as well as Ze, is
represented by om.

The next sentence presents nothing of difficulty ; subject,
verb (in the third person, singular, imperfect), object, adverb.
Fleno, in a friendly manner, requires four words in English
because we do not say friendli-ly. Fleniko would have about
the same meaning ; the adverb may be formed from the adjec-
tiv or directly from the noun.

__ {Abraham received him in

Abraham dlasumom omi
| a friendly manner.

fleno.

abegom omi is familiar. Siad6énok: ok is the reflexiv
ending, meaning myself, yourself, himself, etc., as the case may
be ; -On is the infinitiv-ending already mentioned ; siadon is
toseat. SiedoOn, to sit, is intransitiv ; siadon, to seat, is transi-
tiv. Siadonok is here translated to seat Ammself, on account
of omi.

dbegom omi siadonok — requested him to seat himself,

And the next clause presents nothing new :
avatikom futis oma = washed his feet.

Ed is the same as e, used before a vowel. If e were used
here there would be no misunderstanding ; and some writers
refuse to change e into ed on the ground that there should be
no variation of form where there is no difference in sense.
Flifik is an adjectiv since it ends in ik ; it qualifies vati, for it
immediately follows that word. In English we say ‘fresh
water,” in Volapiik the order is ‘‘ water fresh.”

Ed &@blinom flukis] __ (and brought fruits
e vati flifik — land fresh water.

The first verbal form which we find in the next sentence is
logol, which we already know to mean ‘‘seeing.” Das we
find to be the conjunction that, therefore the following words,
,, bdledan,* etc., must be a subordinate sentence, which we
may take up first and translate as if it were standing alone.
" MODEL OF TRANSLATION. 55

Biledan dfidom ed ddlinom nes sagdn pleki.

Proceeding in the usual manner to look for the verb, we
find afidom ; but we also find the verb ddlinom and the .
conjunction e or ed connecting them. E (or ed) like and in
English, connects two similar words or phrases as two subjects
(baled e tobs for example), two predicates, as in this instance,
two objects (for example flukis e vati flifik), two adverbs, two
subordinate sentences. Looking for the roots, fid and dlin,
we find that 4fidom ed &adlinom means, by itself, he ate and
drank. The subject bédledan is a word with which we are
familiar. On its former occurrence we translated it ‘‘an old
man,” but now, as he has been previously mentioned, we use
the article ‘the "—‘the old man ate and drank.”

The following clause ,, nes sagon pleki,* we may presume
to modify the verbs as it follows them. We confirm this by
finding that nes is a preposition, meaning ‘‘ without.” Nen
also means without, but nes is used before infinitivs. Nen,
however, would be perfectly understood, and may be used
without confusion. After a preposition we use in English the
form in -ing; nes sagon=— without saying. The ending -i
shows that pleki is the object of the verb sagon. Nes sagon
pleki = without saying a prayer.

Ab logol das bidledan afidom But seeing that the old
ed &adlinom nes sagon = <{ man ate and drank with-
pleki— out saying a prayer—
This participial clause is placed at the beginning of the

sentence because it qualifies the subject, which is the -om in

asakom, he asked. Ome is another form of om, the kimefal
or indirect object. In English the person of whom anything
is asked is put in the objectiv, but in Volapiik the thing asked
is considered as the direct object; ‘‘he asked [to] him.”

Thisis indicated in the vocabulary by [bosi eke]; sakon [bosi

eke], to ask any one anything ; that is, the thing asked is in

the kimifal, and the person asked in the kimefal.

The words following this constitute the question which was
asked, in the exact words Abraham would use, except that
Abraham would have changed one letter.
-

56 MODEL OF TRANSLATION.

Kikod no aleplekol Godi siila ?
asdkom ome, kikod no édleplekom Godi siila.

Kikod is found to be an interrogativ adverb, ¢‘ why?”
derived from kod, cause ;—‘‘ what cause?” In the same way
are formed, kiplad? ‘‘ what place?” for where? and kitim ?
‘what time?” for when? This being the connecting word,
we next take up the sentence in the usual order, beginning with
the verb aleplekom, which is the same form as dsiedom and
several other verbs given. Leplekon is to worship, being
derived from plekon, to pray, with the nfensiw prefix le. No
is the negativ particle not ; it is so closely connected with the
verb which it modifies, or rather reverses, that it is placed
before like a prefix rather than af7er as a modifier. No
aleplekom, he did not worship. What is the object in this
sentence? Godi, because it ends ini. No Zleplekom Godi
= he did not worship God. What is sila? A noun in the
kimafal or ‘‘whose” case, answering the question whose?
of whom? or of what? God of what? God of heaven.
Here we insert in English a ““the” before ‘“ God,” though it
would seem more reasonable to say ‘‘God of the heaven ” than
“the God of heaven.”

asdkom ome, kikod no | __ ( He asked him why he did not
dleplekom Godi sila. { = | worship the God of heaven.

In the next sentence it is at once seen that Béledan is the
subject and d4gepukom the verb ; that the old man did some-
thing denoted by gepiik, which is found to mean reply. The
old man replied—what? There are two subordinate sentences,
each beginning with das, that; these two sentences are con-
nected by e, and. We may analyse them separately.

1. dleplekom te Fili.

What is the verb? &leplekom, he worshiped. What is
its subject? He, expressed by om in the termination. What
is its object? Fili, because it ends ini. &leplekom Fili =
he worshiped Fire. Te, like all words of two letters, is a
particle of some kind. It is found to be the adverb ond. It
precedes the word to which it refers.

dleplekom te Fili—=he worshiped only Fire (Fire alone).
MODEL OF TRANSLATION. 57

2. No asevom godi votik.

What is the verb? &sevom, he did—something; he
knew ; no dsevom, he did not know. Votik must be an
adjectiv from its ending ; other, another.

he did not know another god ;

No ésevom godi youl } = { or, he knew no other god.

The two replies of the old man can now be translated.

We have now had all the cases exemplified in the forms of
om.

Om, he ; oma, his (of him); ome, to him; omi, him;
and we can complete the plural :

Oms, they; omas, their (of them); omes, to them;
omis, them.

The next sentence will now be easily understood upon
ascertaining the meanings of the separate words.

The phrase ,, Ven at igolom,* although it comes first,
really modifies avokom. The reason for placing it out of the
usual order is to place it in the order of Zme, as will be seen.
Ven is a conjunction, ‘‘when.” What is the verb? Igolom,
and it is in the pluperfect tense, third person, singular, mascu-
lin: “he had ,” is the English formula. Golon, to go ;
therefore igolom = he had gone. What is the subject? At
means ts, and refers to baledan, understood. In English it
is not customary to use Zs without its noun (when masculin),
hence we say ‘‘the latter.”

 

Ven at igolom = when the latter had gone or was gone.

Observe that ‘“ was gone” is not a passiv, altho’ it looks
like one. The auxilliary ‘“am ” does not always denote the
passiv voice, and the meaning must be followed, not the
sound.

» God dvokom Abrahami¢ will be understood upon
finding the meaning of vokon, to call ; ed dsdkom ome, this
is all familiar. Kiop is the connecting word, an interrogativ
adverb, where?

agesagom, he answered ; this is a synonym of dgeptikom.
Both are formed by prefixing the syllable ge-, which means
58 MODEL OF TRANSLATION.

back, re- ; to re-say, to re-speak. The exact words of Abra-
ham’s reply are given, in quotation marks. What is the verb?
ejokob ; it is in the perfect tense and first person, singular; ¢“ I
have” done something. ‘I have thrust.” Whatis the sub-
ject? Ob, I; in the termination of the verb. What is the
object? Omi, him; ending in i. Mofi is a preposition;
any word ending in U is a preposition. Mofu tened, outside-
of the-tent. BI, because, is a conjunction introducing the
subordinate sentence ,,no leplekom oli, which should now
be analysed. What is its verb? Leplekom, present tense,
third person, singular, masculin ; tells what 4e does or with no
what /e does not. No leplekom, he does not worship. What
is the object? Oli (ob-ol-om-of-os-on), thee.

mofi tened, bi no him outside the tent because

agesagom: ,, ejokob omi He answered: ‘I have thrust
leplekom oli.« {he does not worship thee.”

God dsagom tdno ome, God said then to him; or, God
then said to him.

Esufob omi du yels tum.

What is the verb? Esufob, perfect tense, first person,
singular ; tells what / Zave done. —1I have endured. What is
the object? Omi, him. Du, is a preposition, during. Yels
is the plural of yel, a year. The numeral tum is placed after
its noun.

I have endured him for a

Esufob omi du yels tum | = 4 dred yours

Do is a conjunction, connecting the clause dnestimom
obi with the main sentence, as above.

Do dnestimom obi = Though he contemned me.

In the clause beginning with ,, ed ol ¢« the particle -li, as
well as the interrogation point, shows that a question is asked.
First translate the clause as if an assertion, disregarding -li,
then change it to a question.

What is the verb? &kanol, imperfect, second person,
singular, Thou couldst. What is the subject? Ol, expressed
separately as well as in the termination, making it more
emphatic.
MODEL OF TRANSLATION. 59

Ed ol no-li dkanol suféon omi, and couldst not Zou

endure him,
du neit bal, during one night,

ven no dtupom oli ? when he did not
: trouble thee ?

In the next sentence, Na is the conjunction, and the clause
introduced by it is placed at the first of the sentence for the
same reason as the clause, Ven at igolom.—Vddis at, these
words ; at is here an adjectiv pronoun.—There are, in this
sentence not two, but three, clauses connected by ed; they
begin with the verbs dgevokom, dlinkipom and &dgivom.
The last of these clauses ,, 4givom ome tidamis sapik “ has
two objects : tidamis, the direct object or kimifal, and ome,
the indirect object or kimefal. The order would be more
strictly logical and regular if ome were placed last. This,
however, creates no difficulty in understanding.

Dunoldd id also.

What is the verb? Dunoldd. It is imperativ because it
ends in Od; it is second person, singular, shown by ol; the
absence of prefix shows it to be present tense. The root dun
means to do ; therefore its translation is, do thou! or simply,
do! The other words are merely adverbs.

Dunoldd id also ! = do thou also thus!

Pomesedol fa God Abrahama.

The verb is pomesedol. P shows it to be passiv; n
shows it to be future; po=shall be ed ; ol, shows it to
be second person, singular, thou shalt be ed. Mesed, is
reward ; pomesedol, thou shalt be rewarded.

 

 

These sentences have introduced all the cases, both num-
bers, all the persons, all the tenses, except the future-perfect,
both voices, and the reflexiv, interrogativ, imperativ, infinitiv,
and participial forms. Almost all the rules of inflexion and
construction have been exemplified.
60 MODEL OF TRANSLATION.

The following, then, is an outline of the usual course to be
followed in translating a sentence :

1. What is the VERB, or predicate? It is recognised by
its having a person-ending, which will be one of the syllables
ob, ol, om, of, os, on. Ifthere be more than one verb found
disregard all subordinate clauses, connected by conjunctions,
and seek the principal verb.

2. What is the tense? What is the person, the number,
the gender? These are determined by the syllables at the
beginning and end, and from them may be formed a skeleton
or framework, which is completed by finding and inserting the
meaning of the radical.

3. What is the SUBJECT? Perhaps it is implied in the
person-ending and not otherwise expressed. Ifit be expressed
it must be in the kimfal. Then read these two words together
as the foundation of the sentence : subject, verb.

4. Is there an OBJECT? Ifso it must be in the kimifal ;
and you now have : kimfal, verb, kimifal.

5. Is there a more remote or INDIRECT OBJECT? If
so it is in the kimefal, and completes the four principal parts :
Kimfhl...... VEREB...... kimifal...... kimefal......

Each of these four principal words may be followed by
determinants, words or phrases limiting or modifying its mean-
ing, and these are last taken up and translated.
 

SPODAM.

1.

New York, 1887, batul 18id.
Sole Schleyer in Konstanz:
0 sol 16fik !
Vipol vedén bonedel Volapiikableda Zenodik,

sedob ole in pened at tlati plo maks tel e fenigs mils, sudm
boneda yelsik, e begob das opotol bledi al ladet pepenél diso.

Dinan olik divodikiin,

John Smith,
365 Fifth Avenue,

2.

Curcaco, 1887, milul 2oid.

Soles Miller und Schultze in Berlin :
O sols pelestimél !
Pened at polovegivom oles fa flen obsik
e bonedel sol Adolphus Snodgrass kel ovisitom Yulop kodii
saun e keli kanobs komedén as man pekulivik e digik lotidofa
keli klodobs das olofols ome.

Dandl biseo plo flendf, blibobs,
Diinans olsik divodikiin,

Brown & Jones.
62 SPODAM.

3.
Paris, telul 15id, 1887.
Soles Sofoff e K°., spulals,

in Kostroma :
Sols :

Penunob fa S. Alexandroff, spodel olsik in zif at, das
nedols konodani sevé], pli jifs patik tedadoma olsik, magavi e
volapiiki.

Labedob sevis pevipdl e sikodo didlob obe lofén oles diinis
obik plo cil vagik.

Ss. Gaudin e Langlois in zif obsik 14 kels binob pecildl, sis
yels médumik, okanoms givon oles niinis valik kelis odesidols
tefi ob. Lemino fésefob olis das osteifob melidon konfidi
keli ugivols obe.

Validdol gepiiki gonik olsik, blibob.
D. O.
Guérin.

/

4.

[Blufapened xama al getén dipedi as Spodal Volapiikik de
Volapiikaklub Flentik, 1887. ]

- Paris, lulul 22id, 1887.
Sole Nicolescu in Jassi:

Potob ole atoso cinapenedis tel sukél :
Fr. 5000, milul balid su Stihi e K°.
— 2500, velul balselulid su Vladescu.
Suam : Fr. 7500, su zif olik.
Noelolés geti omas e kadolds omis klédatii kal obik. Falo
pel panevilom, begob oli ploteton te cinapenedi su Vladescu.
Nunob oli ottipo das ecinapenedob adelo su ol:
Fr. 6000 biidit Diamand: mul bal sis dit.
Noetolés cinapenedi obik e lasumolés omi gudiko.

Diinan olik divodikiin,
Fould,
SPODAM. 63

5.
Boston, 1887, babul 15id.

Labobs stimi nunén oles das eleblimobs in zif at fabliidi
sobas, labo! fiami, James Rosinson axp Company. Begobs
olis noetén disopenddis kopanalas e bestimén obis lesuno ko
boneds olik, kelas bometobs befulami kuléddik.

James Robinson,
Peter Wilkins.

6S.

[Blufapened xamas flentik, 1886.]
Obpgssa, kilul 6id, 1886.
Soles Lacour e Burdel, vinatedals,
Bordeaux :

Sedolsés obe dub medam Solas Charlier e K°., sedans in
zif olsik, segun stips kosomik tedadoma olsik, sotis difik de
vins e ligs kels sukoms :

Saint Julien, yel 1878, . . flads 300.
Graves, vietik, yel 1855. . otos 150.
Vwe. Cliguot, . . . flads lafik 200.
Chartreuse, likof balid, . liits so.

Abinob6év vemo kotenik if dkanob-la getén bonedi obik
biifii fin mula at.

Besikolsos Soli Melnikoff in Marseilles, flen e kolidnan obik,
do klodat keli tedadom obik melidom ; sol at egivom obe
voladalisedi olsik e ekomedom levemo vinis olsik.

Spelél das sek jéfa at balid okodom suno bonedamis nulik,

blibob
diinan olsik divodikiin,

Gruzenizeff.
LTL ADA MN.

1.
BISTEDAL GARFIELD.

Dun balid s6la Garfield, bisiedal de Tats pebalél posfinam
cilama oma as bisiedal Piibliga legletik et, ibinom kidém moti
e jimateli omik len stunam e betikilam de cifals gletik e pop
nenumlik lina et, kels dbinoms plisenik pétii zl et.

Kikod edunom atosi? Ibo mote oma edebom sibini,
nuliidi e dadukami, kels eblinoms ome diniti mayedikiin
fatalina omik ; ed in jimatel oma ituvom jikopaneli fiedik,
divodik, figik e stimik in lefulén debis jimatelik e domik !

O net ldbik | Ol labeddl regalis aistiimol ed aistimol tugi
e fetanis famiilik !

Joseph Holden (nelijan).

2.
KON.

Lid nelijik, poldl dogi smalik in lams ofik, liiodof il
valddasil stejopa de Lyon.

Pecilan sembal leloda stopom ofi e sagom :

,» Lid, no kanol bekipén dogi olik ko ol. «¢

,» Desidob bekipén omi ko ob. ¢¢

,» Atos binos nemdgik. Dogs binoms papolél delidii
tivels e paninkikoél in lelodavab patik. ¢

,» No oninkikol obiki !

,» Oninkikob oliki i : sesum nonik sibinom, ¢
LILADAM. 65

,, Osiadob omi in tivasak obik.

,, Atos binos nemdgik.

,» Esiadob egelo omi in sak obik in Nelij. ¢¢

,, In Flent, mutol konfidén dogi olik pecilanes leloda e
pelén poli. ¢

,» No opelob. Liivob dogi ole. “¢

,, Bentino, Lid. «

Lid miirof setis anik zunik e givof dogi pecdlane. At
sumom nimi ab gegivom omi foviko, zenodii smils bdsetik
tivelas. Dog pifulom ko stol !

Guigues (flentan).

3.

NAPOLEONA POKAGLOK.

Napoleon dbinom son lavogala Bonaparte baonik ab no
liegik. Nag ilefulom studis omik su jul militik in Paris,
picidlom as li6tan kdnemik. In tim ot dlemom oke, de fenigs
pespildl. pokagloki silefik, ciniifadi badik e nedelidik, kel
dskanom omi levemo in vigs balid. Ven mon ddefom liGtane
pofik, kelos ofen ézitos, 4panom gloki oma.

In balmil jéltum fol pisevokom as limep flentik. Id as
lelimep, kel rigetom divis valik yulopik, dipolom pokagloki
biledatik. In pug de Marengo, Napoleon isikom dike de
Montebello, kel idstadom li om, diip kimid &binos. ,, Poka-
glok oba takom denu, ¢‘ fovom Napoleon smiilél, ed djonom
su eiti : ,, Luglok vetik et eilkopanom obi su lifaveg oba ; sikod
oiledivob omi. ¢“ *Vo piikonsefom in famiil Napoleonas as meb
kostik len fatasked legletik.

Akopanom Napoleoni balid al Elba ed al St. Helena, e ven
ddeilom in balmil joltum telsebal dgeliitom gloki sone oma
balsebal-yelik kel dblibom in Schénbrunn nilii Wien, ledom
omika fatela Franz I de Lostakin.
66 LILADAM.

Pos kela deil dgekémom al famiili; e ven Napoleon kilid
pavikodom li Sedan, dpolom pokagloki biledatik ; kopanom
omi al Chislehurst; kilna sukom Napoleone votik al lini
foginik. Jilimep Eugenie, jiviudan limepa flentik litik dkonse-
fom pokagloki plo son ofa Louis, as pul penemdl ,, Lulu. ¢
Napoleon folid ddeilom nog yunik, fagik de fatin omik li
foetdbs Fikopa suliidik.

Id om dpolom gloki ; ab joniels djonoms suno diipi litik
oma. Fun omik pituvom peseklotél. Bo polom eiti nu Zulu
sembal as deki su bl6t blonik oma. Ko Napoleon litik
pokaglok pibéliidom.

Vomiil de Keiser (jinedinan).

Z.

JOHANN MARTIN SCHLEYER.

Pimotom in Oberlauda, in Badin, e labom nu lifayelis
lulsemiil. Estudom piikis plu ka luls. Apiibom balidna in
yel 1879 volapiiki omik, kel nu pasevom
e pagebom su vol 16lik.

Maodikna ibliifon datikon piiki vale-
mik u beviinetik, e bliifs et pimekoms
fa mens sapik ed estudik ; ab bliifam
nonik pilasumom in gebi pligik.

Datikel dola at legletik emelidom
lisevami e danofi menada valik, ab
lifom nu in Konstanz de biledamon
smalik pagetol as pidal gliiga romik
katolik. No-li binos blig e gilod volapiikanes yufén omi?

 
VOCABULARY.

Volaptik words are printed in heavy type.

Words which have the same spelling and the same meaning, both in
Volapiik and in English, are printed in /74ALIC CAPITALS.

Words ot the same meaning which happen to be next each other in the
alphabetical arrangement are bracketed {

Many derivativs, formed by adding syllables, are placed under the
radical, and abbreviated by dropping the radical. See remarks on page £6.

When an English word is defined by several Volapiik words the
distinction between these must be found by looking them up in succession.

*An asterisk denotes a word no longer used.

a

agreeable

 

a, by; a tel, by twos;
a del, per day.

ab, but (conjunction).

to be able, kanon.

about, do, za.

abundance, bundan.

academy, kadem.

to accept, lasumon.

to accompany, kopandn.

according to, segun.

to accuse, kusadon.

acid, zid.

act, dun[am].

to act, dunon.

adelo, to-day.

address, ladet,-0n,
lenpiik,-0n.

 

adherent, zlupel.

adieu, ady®o.

adjectiv, ladyek.
admonition, monedam.
to advance, f6don.
advantage, bizug.
advice, konsal.

adyo! adieu !

affair, din.

Africa, Fikop.

African, fikopik, fikopan.
after, na, po, pos.
again, denu.

against, ta.

age, baled.

agreeable, plidik.
 

agreement

agreement, balam.

ai, constantly, habitually.

aim, zeil.
air, lut.
al, to.
alik, every.
alim, every one.
alive, lifik.
all, valik.
almanac, kaled.
almost, ti.
along, ve.
alphabet, lafab.
already, ya.
also, so, thus.
aso, 1.
alteration, vot (-6n),
votam.
although, do.
America, Melop,
(-ik, -an).
among, bev.
amount, sudm.

and, e.

angel, lanel.

angle, gul.

angry, zunik.
animal, nim.

anik, some.

to announce, nunon.
to annul, noson.
another, votik.

ans, some [people].
answer, gesag, gepiik.

68

 

ataflano

to answer, gesagon,

gepikon.
*apod, apple, (now pod).

apod, apple.

to appear, jinon.

appetite, potit.

apple, pod, (formerly apod).

appropriate, potik.

April, folul,

! apul.

arbitrary, viilik.

arch, bob.

archbishop, lebijop.

arithmetic, kalav.

arm, lam.

army, milit.

around, zi.

article, laltug.

artillery, kdnem.

as, as, in the capacity of.

as, as, is.

to ascend, x&non.

ascent, xan.

to be ashamed, jemon.

Asia, Silop.

to ask, sdkon.

ass, cuk.

assembly, lasam.

assistance, yuf.

to assure, fosefon.

to be astonished, stunon.
at, this, this one.

at, len.

ataflano, on this side.
atoso, hereby, herewith.
~~

 

attach

69

beg

 

to attach, yimon.
to attend, seniton.
attention, senit.
August, jolul.
Australia, Talop.
Austria, Lostakin.
author, lautel.
authority, riget.
Autumn, flukatim.
avarice, monal.
avaricious, monalik.
to avoid, viton.

to await, valadon.
ayelo, this year.
adelo, yesterday.
al, towards.

as, as, similarly to.
ba, perhaps.

bachelor, nepematel.

back, bak.

bad,
badik.

bafo ! bravo!
bafom, uniformity.
bag, sak.
to bake,
bakon.
bal, one, 1.
-ad, union,
-am, agreement.
-ik, simple.
-0n, to unite.
balib, beard.
balid, first.
balna, once.

 

bals, ten.
balsid, tenth.
balul, January.
baliidel, Sunday.
bam, bench.

ban, bath.
bank, lebob.
baon, nobility (of birth).

-an, nobleman,
baron.

bap, lowness.

barrel, tub.

bath, ban.

battle, pug.

bak, back.

balat, pasture.

baled, age, old age.
-an, old man.
-ik, old.
-at, antiquity.
-atik, antiquated.

to be, binon.

beard, balib.

beat, happiness.

-ik, happy.
beautiful, jonik.
beauty, jon.
to become, vedon.
BED.
bee, bien.
beer, bil.
before, bifli, bufii, bifi.
beforehand, biseo.
befuldn, to fill (an order).
to beg, lubegon.
 

beg

70

bleinik.

 

beg, request.
begin, beginning.

-0n, to begin.
to begin, beginon.
beginning, begin.
behind, po.
behold! ekod!
bei, by, passing.
beit, bite, -On.
bekip, keeping.

-0n, to keep.
bekon, to beseech.
bel, mountain.
Belgium, Beljan.
belief, klod.
to believe, klodon.
Beljan, Belgium.
bell, glok.
to belong, 1onoén [eke].
ben, grace; beno, well.
bench, bam.
to bend, blegon.
benovip, congratulation.
to beseech, bekon.
beside, nebii.
besides, pla.
betikdlam, enthusiasm.
between, bev.
bev, between, among.

bevinetik, international.

bi, because.
Bib,

Bible.

bid, kind, sort.
biedik, bitter.

 

bien, bee.

bifd, before (in place).
bigik, thick.

bijop, bishop.

bijut, jewel.

bil, beer.

bill of exchange,
canapened.

bim, tree.

bindn, to be.

bird, bod.

biseo, beforehand.

bishop, bijop.

bisiedal, president (of
Republic).

bisiedel, president (of a
Society).

bisilab, prefix (fore-
syllable).

bit, process.

bite, beit.

bitterness, bied.

bizug, advantage.

-am, preference.
-0n, to prefer.

black, blagik.

blam, -0n,

blame.

bla- (prefix), black-.

blagik, black.

ble- (prefix), short-.

bled, leaf (of tree or paper).

blefik, short, brief.

blegon, to bend.

bleinik, blind.
 

blekon.

21

bun

 

blekon, to break.
bletimo, a short time ago.

blibon, to remain.
blig, duty.

-ik, obligatory.
blim, equipment.
blind, bleinik.
blingn, to bring.
blod, brother.

-ef, fraternity.
-ik, fraternal.

blonik, brown.
blood, blud.
blof, proof.
blot, breast.

blud, blood.
blue, yulibik.
bluf, test.
bli, trial.
bliinon, to deliver, supply.
bo, doubtless.
boad, wood.
boat, bot.
bob, bow, arch.
bod, bread.
bodily, kopik.
body, kop.
bofik, both.
bog, box.
bolit, politics.

-el, politician.
bom, bone.
bond, fetan.
bone, bom.

 

boned, order, subscription.
-0n, to order, sub-
scribe for.

book, buk.
boot, but.

bos, something.
bot, boat.

both, bofik.
bottle, flad.
bov, dish.

box, bog.

boy, pul.

bod, bird.
bolad, burden.
boset, noise.
botel, waiter.
bravo! bafo!
bread, bod.

to break, blekon.
breast, blot.
bridge, pon.
brief, blefik.
brilliance, nid (-ik).
brilliancy, klat.
to bring, blinon.

brokel,
broker.

brother, blod.

brown, blonik.

bufii, before (in precedence)
to build, bumon.

buk, book.

bumon, to build.

bun, leap.
-0n, to leap.
 

bundan

72

chemistry

 

bundan, abundance.
burden, bolad.
bureau, bir.

to burn, filedon.
business, jaf.

but, ab, sod.

but, boot.

butter, mileg.
button, gnob.

bid, command, order, -0n.
bufq, before (in time).
bik, impression.

-0n, to print.

-el, printer.
bir, bureau, office.
by, a, bei, fa, dub.
by means of, dub.
cal, office (function).

-an an official, func-

tionary.

-ik, official (adjectiv).
calculation, kalam.
calendar, kaled.
to call, vokon.
to call back, gevokon.
can, merchandise.

I can, kanob.
Canada, Kanadan.
candor, kdnud.
capable, fagik.
capital, katad.
captain, katan.
card, kad.

care, kal, kud.
carriage, vab.

 

to carry, polon.

case, fal.

cash, kad.

castle, kased.

cat, kat.

to catch, fanon.

Catholic, katolik.

cause, kod.

cad, distinction, eminence.

cal, employment, situation.
-am, appointment, inau-

guration into office.

can, exchange (of money).

-apened, bill of

exchange.

cedoOn, to consider, deem.

cek, check (draft).

cellar, kav.

cem, room.

cen, change, variation, 6n.

cent, sentab.

central, zenodik.

centre, zenod.

century, yeltum.

chair, stul.

champagne, jaménavin.

change, cen.

to change, cendn.

chance, fad.

character, kalad.

cheap, nedelidik.

cheese, fomad.

check, cek.

chemist, kieman.

chemistry, kiemav.
 

cherished

73

consideration

 

cherished, divik.
chess, cog.
chestnut, katan.
chief, cif.

child, cil.

China, Cinan.
chivalry, montial.
Christian, krit, kritik.
church, glug.

cif, chief, director.
cigar, zigad.

cil, child.

cin, machine.
Cinén, China.
cintifad, mechanism.
cipher, zif.

circuit, zim.

cit, deception, -0n.
civilization, kuliv,
class, klad.

clerk, konodan.
climate, klum.
clock, glok.

to close, joton.
cloth, klof.

clothes, klots.
club, klub.

coarse, globik.
coat, gun.

coffee, kaf.

cog, joke.

coin, kon.

cold, kalod.

to collect, konleton.

 

collection, konlet.
colony, kolun.
color, kol
column, kolim.
combat, komip.
to come, komaon.
command, bud.
commerce, ted.
common, tugedik.
company, kopanom.
compassion, kelied.
to compose, lauton.
to compel, miiton.
complaint, plon.
complete, lefulnik.
compliment, plim, on.
complimentary, plimik.
to concentrate,
kezenodon.
concerning, do.
condition, stip.
conduct, kodot.
to confess, koefon.
confession, koef.
confidence, konfid.
confusion, kofud.
conflagration, filed.
congratulation, benovip.
Congress, kongef.
connection, fetan.
conscience, konsien.
consequence, klud, sek.
to consider, cedon.
consideration, konsid.
 

 

consolation 74 danger
consolation, tlod. cod, justice.
consul, konsal. -el, judge.
to consume, kdsumon. ohio judge.
cog, chess.

contented, kotenik.
contentment, koten. .
contents, nin.
continuation, fov.

to continue, fovon.

to convalesce, saunon.
conversation, musam.
to convince, suadon.

cook, kukel.

to cook, kitkon.

copper, koped.

copy, samad, depenad.
cordial, ladlik.

corner, gul.

corpse, fun.

to correct, menodon.

correction, menod,
menodam.

to correspond, spodon.

correspondence, snod,
spodam.

costly, delidik.

to count, numon.
counting-room, konod.

cotton, kotin.
country, laned, lan.
courage, lanim.
cousin, kosel.
cover, teg, -On.
cow, kun.

coward, temipel.

 

cotif, responsibility.
cradle, kled.

to create, jafon.
creation, jaf, jafam.
credit, klodat.
crime, klim.

critic, krutel.
criticism, krut.
crown, klon.

cuk, ass.

culture, kuliv.

cun, fast, abstinence from
food.

cup, kop.

a curiosity, makab.
custom, kosom.

to cut, koton.

cin, chin.

da, through (literally).
dabal, singleness.
daduk, education (-6n).
dagik, dark, obscure.
dalogon, to perceive.
daldn, to dare.
DAM.

damage, dam.
damat, drama.

dan, thanks.
-6n [eke], to thank.

dance, danud.
danger, polig.
 

daniid

75

desire

 

danud, dance.
to dare, dalon.
dark, dagik.
das, that (conjunction).
dat, that, in order that.
date, dat, -On.
datuv, invention.
day, del.
dal, permission.
-0n, to permit.
dam, damage.
dat, date, On.
de, from.
deaf, sud.
dear, delidik, 16fik.-
death, deil.
deb, debt.
-0on, to owe.
-ik, due.
debt, deb.
deceit, cit.
to deceive, citon.

December, batul
(balsetelul).

to decline, deklinon.
decoration, dek.

dedil, portion, department.

deep, dibik.

def, lack, deficiency.
defect, dof.
deficiency, def.
definit, fimik.
degol, departure.

deil, death.
-0n, to die.

 

—

dek, decoration.
dekal, deduction.

deklinon, to decline
(grammatically).

dekul = batul.

del, day.

delay, fezog.
delagon, to depend.
delicate, zadik.
delidik, dear, costly.
to deliver, blunon.

demag, portrait.
demal, emblem.

deman, -6n.
demand.

dem [i], on account of,
by reason of.

den, sword.

deno, nevertheless, still.

denu, again.

depad, dispatch.

departure, degol.

depenad, copy, transcript.

depenon, to copy, to
transcribe.

to depend, delagon.

depth, dib.

derivation, licin.

desan, design (intention).

to deserve, melidon.

desid, desire, -0n.

design, desan, desin.

desin, design (premedita-
tion.

desire, desid.
 

despair

76

dokel

 

despair, dev.
destination, diseinam.
det, right (hand).
detail, retail.

detil.

Deut(dn), Germany.
-ik, German.

dev, despair.
devoted, divodik.
devotion, divod.
dib, depth.

-ik, deep.
dictionary, vodasbuk.
to die, deilon.

dif, difference.
-ik, different.

difference, dif.
difficult, fikulik.
difficulty, fikul.
diffusion, pakam.
dig, worthiness, -ik.
dignity, dinit.

dik, dictation.
dikod, quarrel.

dil, part.

dilek, administration.
-el, director.

din, thing, affair.
-amalf, proportion.

dinit, dignity.

diped,

diploma.

to direct one’s self, liodon.

director, cif, dilekel.
dis, beneath. (-o, -ii.)

 

discount, rabat, dekal.
disease, malad.
disein, intention, purpose.
dish, bov.
dishonor, nestim, -on.
disislifon, to slide down.
disopen, signature.
-0n, to subscribe.
dispatch, depad.
distin, distinction (between
things).

-0n, to distinguish.
distinction, cad, distin.
disturbance, tup (-6n).
div, treasure.

-ik, cherished, esteemed.
divod, devotion.

-ik, devoted.
dlan, shove, press, -On.
dled, fear, -On.
dlefon, to hit.
dlemon, to tremble.
dlen, tear.

-on, to weep.
dlim, dream, -0On.
dlin, drink, -0On.
do, though.
to do, dunon.
doab, dollar, $.
dob, duplicity.

-ik, false.
doctor, dokel.
doer, dunel.
DOG.
dokel, doctor.
 

 

dol ne educated
dol, pain. dun, act.
dollar, doab. -6n, to do, act.
-el, doer.

dom, house.
donation, legiv.
door, yan.
dot, doubt, -0n.
dot, ptnil.
doubt, dot, -0n.
down, dis.
do, of, about, concerning.
dobik, wrong, incorrect.
dédel = luludel.
dof, fault, defect.
dok, duck.
dol, idea.
draft, tlat.
drama, damat.
to draw, zugon.
dream, dlim, -0n.
drink, dlin, -6n.
drol,
drollery.
drop, tof.
du, during, while.
dub, through, by means of.
dugon, to guide, direct.
duin, efficiency.
-0n, to effect, perform
duke, dik.
dukiel, guide-book.
dukon, to guide, lead.

dul, duration.
-ik, durable.
-0n, to last.

dumb, muedik.

 

dut, industry, application.
-lik, industrious.

duplicity, dob.

durable, dulik.

duration, dul.

during, du.

dustod, industry.

-ik, industrial.

duty, blig.

,, duzukon,« to flash
through.

diifik, hard.

dik, duke.

dilin, steel.

dinan, servant.

diinon, to serve.

dip, hour.

div, appraisal.

to dwell, 16don.

e, and, (ed.)

ear, lil.

earth, tal.

ease, nefikul.

east, lefud.

easy, nefikulik.

to eat, fidon.

eb, ebo, just, exactly.

edelo, day before yesterday

edition, segivot.

editor, redakel.

to educate, dadukon.

educated, estudik,
 

education

78

fag

 

education, daduk[am].
effeminate, luvomik.
egelo, always.

egg, nog.

eight, jol.

either, uf.

ek, somebody, someone.
eko! behold !

ekusi! see there!

to elect, valon, sevalon.

electricity, lektin.
elephant, nelfan.
emblem, demal.
emperor, limep.

to employ, calon.
employee, pecélan.
empty, vagik.

end, fin.

endeavor, steif, -on.
to endure, sufon.

England, Nelij (-an, -ik).

to engrave, gavon.
to enjoy, juiton.
enough, satik.
enthusiasm, betikdlam.
envelope, kov.
equal, leigik.
equality, leig.
equipment, blim.
equity, git.

to erect, leblimon.
to establish, stabon.
esteem, stim.
esteemed, divik.

 

—A am

estudik, educated.

et, that (demonstrativ).

eternity, tenal.

Europe, Yulop.

European, yulopik,
yulopan.

evelo, ever.

even, Sago.

evening, vendel.

ever, evelo.

every, alik.

every one, alim.

examination, xam (-0n).

example, sam.

except, sesumd.

exception, sesum.

exchange, can, tok, -on.

to excuse, sekusadon.

exercise, plag.

to exist, sibinon.

existence, sibin.

expenditure, segiv.

to explain, seplanon.

explanation, seplan.

eye, log.

fa, by (agent).

fab,

fable.

fabliid, manufactory.

fact, jen.

fad, thread.

fag, remoteness.
-ik, far, distant.
 

fairy

79

fifth

 

fairy, feof.
faithful, fiedik.

fal, fall, case.
-0n, to fall.
*falo, in case, (now uf).

fall, fal.
to fall, falon.
false, dobik.

fam,
fame.

family,

famaul.

fancy, fan.

fanon, to catch.
far, fagik.

to fast, cunon.

to fasten, yumon.
fat, father.

fat, pin, -ik, pien, -ik.
fatasked, ancestry.
fate, fat.

fatel, grandfather.
father, fat.

to fatigue, fenon.
fault, dof, pok.
favor, gon, -0n.

fad, chance, accident.
fagik, capable.
*félo, further, (now fovo).

falon, to overturn, cause to
fall.

fan, fancy.

fat, fate.

fe, indeed.
fear, dled, -on.

 

feb, trade, profession.
February, telul.
febul = telul.

fed,
federation, league.

to feel, senon.

fefik, serious.

fein, fineness, -ik.

feit, fight, -on.

fek, affection.

fel, field.

fellow-worker, kevobel.

feminin, jilik.

fenig, one-hundredth of a
mark, pfennig.

fenon, to weary, fatigue.

feof, fairy.

fertile, fetik.

festival, zal.

festun, wreath.

fet, fertility.

fetan, bond, connexion.

-amal, hyphen.

fever, fif.

few, nemaodik.

fezog, delay.

fiam, firm-name.

fib, weakness, -ik.

fid, food.
-0n, to eat.

fiedik, faithful.

field, fel, feil.

fien, interest (on money).
fif, fever.

fifth, lulid ; {, luldil.
-

 

 

fikul 8o fol
fikul, difficulty, -ik. to flee, fugon.
fil, fire. flekon, to turn.
filed, fire, conflagration, flen, friend. -ik, -ly.

burning (of an house).
fight, feit, -on.
Fikop, Africa, -ik.
filedon, to burn.

to fill (an order), befuldn.

fimik, firm.
fin, end.

-ik, final.
final, finik.

! finan

finance.
finap, toe.
to find, fuvon.
fine, feinik.
fineness, fein.

fined,
finger.

fire, fil, filed.
firm, fimik, fiam.
first, balid.

fish,
{5
five, lul.
flad, bottle.
flam, -6n,
! flame.
flan, side, page.
flapon, to strike.
to flash through,
,, duzukon.«
{ flattery,
flat.

 

-ug, friendship.
Flent(an), France.
-an, Frenchman.
-ik, French.
-apiik, French [lan-
guage].
flesh, mid.
flidel — maludel.
flifik, fresh.
flight, flit.
flit, flight.
-0n, to fly.
-ad, wing.
flock, jep.
flol, flower.
-atim, spring [time].
flon,
florin.
flotdn, to freeze (transitiv).
flour, meil.
flower, flol.

fluk, fruit.
-atim, autumn,

flul, floor.
flum, river.

flun, influence, -6n.

to fly, fliton.

foetabs, savages.

foetik, wild.

fogin, foreign country.
-an, foreigner.

fok, fork.

fol, four.
 

foldil

ga

 

foldil, fourth, If, quarter.
to follow, sukon.
fom, form, -On.

fon, spring (of water).
fonetav, phonetics.
food, fid, zib.

fool, fop.

foot, fut.

fop, fool.

for, plo, pla, demi, du.
force, nam.

foreign, foginik.
foreigner, foginan.
forest, fot.

to forget, fogeton.

to forgive, fogivon.
forgiveness, fogiv.
fork, fok.

form, fom, On.
fortunate, 1dbik.

fot, forest, woods.
four, fol.

fourth, 17/, foldil.

fov, continuation.

-0n, to continue.

-ik, immediate.

-iko, immediately.
fovo, further, any more.
fod, furthering, advancing,

-0on.
foget, oblivion.

-0n, to forget.
fogiv, forgiveness (-0n).
fomad, cheese.
fon, stove.

 

fosefon, to assure.

fran,
franc.

France, Flent(an).
fraternity, blodef.
to freeze, floton.
French, flentik.

the French language,
flentapiik.

Frenchman, flentan.
frequent, ofenik.
fresh, flifik.
friend, flen.
friendly, flenik.
friendship, flentg.
fright, tlep.
to frighten, tlepon.
FROG.
from, de.
frugal, spalik.
fruit, luk.
fugon, flee.

{li
fulik.
fun, corpse.

-0n, to kill.
furniture, mobs,
further, fovo.
fut, foot.
future (adjectiv), fidik.

{ ae (noun), :
fid, fudatim.
fidik, future, coming.
fumik, definit.
ga, indeed.
 

gad

82

glow

 

gad, garden.

-el, gardener, (or -an).

galon, to watch.
gan, goose.
garden, gad.
gardener, gadel, gadan.
garment, klot.
gas, gasin.
gased, newspaper.
gasin, gas.
gav, engraving (the art).
gal, joy.

-od, pleasure.

-onok, to rejoice.
geb, use, -0n.
gedik, gray.
geil, hight.

-ik, high.
gel, organ (musical).
gelut, inheritance.
gen, gender.
genal, general (officer).
gender, gen.
general, valemik, genal.
generous, givik.

genial, a man of
genius.

gentle, molik.
gepiik, reply, -0n.

German, deutik, deutan.

Germany, Deut.
gesag, answer, -0n.
gesture, vineg.

get, reception.
-0n, to receive.

 

getapenad, receipt,
voucher.

gevokon, to call back.

git, right, equity.

gift, giv.

giv, gift.

-ik, generous.

-0n {bosi eke], to give.
to give, givon [bosi eke].
glad, ice.
glamat, grammar.
glass, glat, glatik.
glatik, gratuitous.
glat, glass.

-ik, [made of |] glass.
gle- (prefix). great.
gleinon, to grind.
gleip, grasp, -on.
glen, grain.
glet, greatness.

-ik, great.
glezif, capital city.
glid, greeting.

-0n, to greet, to salute.
glif, grief.
to glitter, nidon.
globe, glop.
globik, coarse.
glof, vegetable substance.

-on, to grow.
glok, clock, or watch, time-

piece.
glol, glory.
gloom, glum.
glory, glol.
glow, glut.
 

glok

glok, bell.

glop, globe.
glum, gloom.
glun, ground.
glup, group.
glut, glow, -6n.
glug, church.
glunik, green.
gnob, button.
to go, golon.

to go out, segolon.

GOD.

gold, golid, golin.

golden, goludik.
golon, to go.
golid, gold.
'gonodn, to run.
good, gudik.
good fortune, 1ab.
goodness, gud.
goose, gan.
GOSPEL.
gov, government.
-0on, to govern.
to govern, govon.
government, gov.
go, even.
godel, morning.
gon, favor, -0n.
grace, ben, venud.
grade, slep.
gradual, pianik.
grain, glen.
grammar, glamat.

 

half

grandfather, fatel.

grasp, gleip, -0n.

grass, yeb.

gratuitous, glatik.

gray, gedik.

great, gletik.

greatness, glet.

green, glinik.

to greet, glidon.

greeting, glid.

grief, glif.

to grind, gleinon.

ground, glun.

group, glup.

to grow, giofomn.

guarantee, spon.

gud, goodness.
-ik, good.

to guess, raton.

guest, lot.

gug, throat.

guide, dukel.

to guide, dugon, dukon.

guitar, zut.

gun, coat.

gun, gun.

gustul — jolul.

gut, taste.

gumnad, gymnasium, col-
lege.

gun, gun.

gymnasium (college),
guimnad.

hair, hel.

half, laf, teldil.
 

hand

84

to hunt

 

hand, nam.
handkerchief, nudod.

to hang, lagon, lagon.

hap, harp.
happiness, beat, 1ab.
happy, beatik.
hard, difik.

harp, hap.

haste, spid.

to hasten, spidon.
hat, hat.

hate, het.

to hate, heton.
haughty, pleidik.
to have, labon.
hat, hat.

he, om.

health, saun.
healthful, saunlik.
healthy, saunik.
head, kap.

heap, kum.

to hear, 1ilon.
heart, lad.

heat, hit.

heaven, sil, sul.
hel, hair.

help, yuf, -6n.
here, is.

hero, jamep.
herself, of it.

to hesitate, zogon.
het, hate, -On.

to hide, savon.

 

high, geilik.
hight, geil.
himself, om it.
hit, heat.

-ik, hot.
to hit, dlefon.
hitherto, jinu.

hog, hole.

hog, svin.

to hold, kipon.
hole, hog.
Holland, Nedan.
home, lom.

hon, horn.

honor, lestim.
honor, stim, -0n.
hook, nug.

hope, spel, -0n.
horn, hon.

horse, jeval.
hospitality, lotadof.
host, lotel, lotan.
hot, hitik.

hotel, loted.

hour, dup.

house, dom.

how ? liko ? lio-?
huit, oyster.

huk, handle.
human, menik.
humanity, menad.
hundred, tum.
hunger, potut.

to hunt, yagon.
 

husband

85

jilik

 

husband, matel.
hyphen, fetanamal.
i, also (id).

I, ob.

ibo, for (because).
ice, glad.

idea, dol.

IF.

ill, maladik.

illness, malad.
image, mag.
immediate, fovik.
immediately, foviko.
immortality, nedeilof.
impression, buk.
IN.

is, here.

inclination, klien.
inclination, slop.

to incline, slopon.
inconceivable, nesuemik.
indeed, vo.

Indian, nidian.
influence, flun.
industrial, dustodik.
industrious, dutlik,
industry, dut, dustod.
to inform, niindn.

to inherit, geliiton.
iniquity, negit.
instead, pla.
institution, stit.
instruction, tid, -am.
instrument, stum.

 

intellect, kapal.
interest, nited, fien.
international, bevinetik.
interruption, rop (-on).
invention, datuv.

iron, lel.

island, nisul.

it, -self.

it, om, os.

Italian, talan, talik.
Italy, Tal.

jad, shadow.

jaf, creation.
-0n, to create.

jal, shell.
jalep, severity.
jamaénavin, champagne.
jamep, hero.
January, balul.
jap, sharpness.
-ik, sharp.
jaf, business.
jedon, to throw.
jek, terror.
jel, shelter, protection, -0n.

jem, shame.
-0n, to be ashamed.

jemad, scheme, plan.
jen, fact.

jep, flock.

jeval. horse.

Jew, yudan.

jewel, bijut.

Jewish, yudik.

jilik, feminin.
 

jim

86

ked

 

jim, scissors, shears.
jin, appearance.
-0n, to appear.
jip, sheep.
jireg, queen.
jitidel [female] teacher.
jok, thrust.
-0n, to thrust.
joke, cog.
jol, shore.

joniels, hands of a
watch.

jonon, to show, point.
journey, tav.

joy, gél, yof.

jol, eight.

jonik, beautiful.

joton, to close, conclude.

judge, codel.
to judge, codon.
jueg, sugar.
juit, enjoyment.
juk, shoe.
jul, school.
-an, scholar.
July, velul.
June, malul.
just, eb.
justice, cod.
juton, to shoot.
ju, till.
juf, cipher, cryptogram.
junu, till now, hitherto.
ka, than.

 

kad, card.

kadem, academy.
-al, academician.

kaf, coffee.

kal, account.
-av, arithmetic.
-0n, to calculate.

kalad, character.
kaled, calendar.
kalod, cold.

kan, art.
Kanadan, Canada.
kanit, song.
-0n, to sing.
kanob, [ can, I am
able.
kanon, to be able.

kap, head.
-al, intellect.
-410n, to understand.

kased, castle.

kat, cat.

katad, capital (investment).
katan, captain.

katolik, catholic.

kauto! look out! be care-
ful.

kav, cellar.
kazet, accent.
kad, cash, -0n.
kal, care.
kanem, artillery.
kanud, candor.
katan, chestnut.

ked, row, rank.
 

keep

87

ko

 

to keep, bekipon.
kel, who, which.
kelied, compassion.

keolon, to address a person
by the pronoun ol (in-
stead of the ceremonial
form ons formerly used).
ket, chain.
kevobel, fellow-worker.
key, kik. :
kezenodon, to concen-
trate.
kid, kiss, -On.
kieman, chemist.
kiemav, chemistry.
kif? who? (feminin).
kik, key.
-0n, to shut.
kiss, kid.
kikod ? why?
kil, three.
kildil, third, 24.
to kill, funon.
kim? who?
-id ? what, in numeri-
cal order ?
-ik ? what kind of?

kimfal, kimafal, kimefal,
kimifal, names of the
cases.

kin, boldness.

kinéan, kingdom or empire,
realm.

kind, bid.

king, reg.

kiom ? which? which one?

 

kiop ? where?

kiplad ? where?
-i? whither?

kipon, to hold.
kis ? what?
kitchen, kuk.
kiip ? when?
klad, class.

klat, brilliancy, distinction,
-ik.

klan, secret.
kled, cradle.
klig, war.

klil, clear.
klim, crime.
klin, cleanness.
klon, crown.
klop, crop.
klot, garment.

k16d, belief.
-0n, to believe.
-at, credit.

klof, cloth.
klub, society, club.

klud, consequence, conclu
sion.

kluf, nail.

kliim, climate.
knife, neif.
knight, montiel.
knot, snob.

to know, nolon.
to know, sevon.
knowledge, nol.
ko, with.
 

kod

88

lad

 

kod, cause.

kodem, condemnation.
kodot, conduct.

koef, confession, -0n.
kof, ridicule.

kofud, confusion.
kolun, colony.
koliim, column.

komed, recommendation.
-0n, to recommend.

komip, combat.
komit, order, commission.
komplig, complication.
kon, story, tale.
konfid, confidence.
konlet, collection, -On.
konod, counting-room.
-an, clerk.
konsal, consul.
konsal, advice.
konsefon, to preserve.
konsid, consideration.
konsien, conscience.
konzed, concert.
kop, body.
-ik, bodily.
kopan, act of accompany-
ing.
-al, companion,
member.
-el, partner.
-0m, company (mer-
cantile).
koped, copper.
kosiad, combination.

koston, to cost.

 

koten, contentment, -ik.
kotin, cotton.
ko, where.
kod, sculpture.
koduton, to hire.
kodiiton, to let for hire.
kol, color.
kOomon, to come.
kon, coin.
kop, cup.
kOosOm, custom.
kosel, cousin.
kosumon, to consume.
koton, to cut.
kov, envelope.
krit, [a] christian.
krit, criticism.

-el, critic.
kud, care (of the sick), -0n,

-ik.
kuin, hundred weight.
kuk, kitchen.
kul, road, track.
kulad, precision.
kuliv, civilization, culture.
kum, heap.
kun, cow.
kusad, accusation.
ku, when.
kiikel, cook.
kukon, to cook.
labedon, to possess.
labon, to have.

lad, heart.
-lik, cordial.
 

ladet

89

lefiid

 

ladet, address (of letter),
-on.
ladyek, adjectiv.
lack, def.
lady, lad.
1af, half,
lafab, alphabet.
lafik, half.
lagon, to hang (intransitiv).
lain, wool.
lak,
lake.
lakif, share of stock, bond.
laltug, article (in period-
ical).
lam, arm.
lamb, liam.
lan, soul.
land, lan.
laned, country (not town).
-ik, rural.
lanel, angel.
language, puk.
lanim, courage.
lapin, robbery.
-0n, to rob.
lasam, Assembly, Conven-
tion, Congress.
last, latik.
to last, dulon.
lasum, reception.
-0n, to receive (a per-
son).
latik, late, tardy.

laugh, smil,

 

late, latik.
laundry, viotop.
laut, authorship.

-el, author.

-0n, to compose.
lavogal, advocate, attorney.
law, lon,
lawyer, lavogal.
to lay, seiton.

lazy, nedutlik.
1a, near.

1ab, happiness, good for-
tune,
-ik, fortunate.

lad, lady.

lagon, to hang [anything].

lan, land (not water), coun-
try (one’s own).

lasev, approval.

latik, last.

leaf, bled.

leak, voad.

leap, bun, -0n.

to learn, lenadon.

leather, skit.

to leave, livon.

lebijop, archbishop.

leblimon, to establish,

erect.

lebob, bank.

ledik, red.

ledom, castle.

left, nedet.

leful, perfection.
-ik, perfect.
-nik, complete.

lefud, east.
 

leg

90

liladon

 

leg, authenticity.
legiv, present, gift.
legudik, very good.
leig, equality.
-ik, equal.
leil, mile.
Joie, Nobinees (not heavy),
-ik.
lektin, electricity.
lel, iron.
-od, railroad.
lelit, lightning.
lem, [a] purchase.
-0n, to buy.
-acem, store, shop.
leman, remainder.
lemuf, shake.

len, at.

lenad, learning.
-0n, to learn.

length, loned.

leno, not at all, no indeed.

lenpuk, address (speech).

leod, order, arrangement.
-ik, orderly.

lep, ape.

leplekon, to worship.

lesevam, recognition.

lesi, yes certainly.

leson, prince.

lesson, tidup.

lestim, honor.

leton, to let.

letter, tonab, pened.

let, oil.

 

levemo, very much indeed.
lezif, city.
li ? indicates a question.
liab, linen.
liam, lamb.
lian, line (of poetry), verse.
iiat, litre.
lib, liberty, freedom.

-ik, free.
liberty, lib.

* licin, derivation.

to lie, seiston.

lieb, vine.

lied, pain.

lieg, riches, wealth.
-ik, rich, wealthy.

lielon, to listen.

lien, line (from one point to
another).

lieutenant, liotan.
liev, hare.
1if, life.

-ik, alive.

-0n, to live.
life, 1if.
to lift, tovon.
lig, liquor.
light (noun), lit. .
light (not heavy), leitik.
lightning, lelit.
liko ? how?
likof, quality.
lil, ear.

-0n, to hear.
1ilddon, to read.
 

limep 91 16mib

 

ji lok, mirror.
limb, member.
limep, emperor.
lin, ring.

lol, rose.
lom, home (native country).

; ; lon, law.

line, lien.
tar loned, length.
ined, interior. -1k, long.

lineg, tongue.
linen, liab.
linkip — lotel.
lio- ? how?

long, lonedik.
look out ! kauto!
loose, livik.

i ) lop, opera.
liotan, lieutenant. lord, sblal.
LIP. : loss, bolud.
liquor, lig. lot, guest.
lisél, reason. -4d6f, hospitality.
fet -an, host, entertaincr.
list. -anodn, to receive as a
to listen, lieldn. host.
lit, light (illumination). fii hove
Fi lotogaf, orthography.
literature. 1ove., (vote
litre, liat. love, 10f, -6n.
to live, lifon. lovegivon, to hand over.
livik, loose. to present.

lovely, 1oflik.

living, lifik. 4
lovepolon, to translate.

lo, in front of. lovik
load, lod. =. Ho foaudible,
lob, praise, -0n. low, bapik.
lobed, obedience (-6n). 16d6n, to live, dwell.
locality, top. 16f, love.
lod, load. -0n, to love.
loeg, observation (-0n). -ik, dear.
lof, offer, -0n. . lik, lovely.
log, eye. 10g, leg.
-0n, to see. 16lik, whole.

 

logic, tikav- 16mib, rain.
 

16nik

16nik, own proper.
16n6n [eke], to belong.
Ionug, idiom.
lontg, property, peculiarity.
16p, top.
Lostakin, Austria.
lubegel, beggar.
lufat, step-father.
lugiv, loan.
luib, wheel.
lul, five.
lulak, swamp.
luldil, fifth, 1.
lusanel, quack-doctor.
*Lusan, Russia.
(now Rusin).
lusolel, tyrant.
lut, air.
luumo, less.
luino, least.
luvelat, probability.
luvomik, effeminate.
ludik, rough.
liedik, raw.
lien, degree.
ldod, direction (towards).
14von, to quit, leave, aban-
don.
lixam, luxury.
ma, in conformity with.
mab, marble.
machine, cin.
mad, ripeness.
Madam, vom, lad.

92

 

~~,

masculin

maeg, illustration.

maf, measure.
-od, moderation,

mag, image, representa-
tion.

magif,

magnificence.

to mail, poton.

majesty, mayed.

mak, mark (German
money).

makab, curiosity, wonder-

ful thing.
-ik, remarkable.

to make, mekon.
malad, sickness, illness.

-ik, sick, ill.
male, manik.
malit, market.
malon, to signify.
man, man (not woman).

-ik, male, masculin.
-lik, manly.
man, man, men.
manif, openness.

-0n, to open.

-of, publicity.
manly, manlik.
manufactory, fablud.
many, modik.
marble, mab.

March, kilul.

mark (money), mak.
market, malit.
marriage, mat.

to marry, maton.
masculin, manik.
mase]

93

min

 

master.

mat, marriage.
-el, husband.
-0n, to marry.
-adit, divorce.

material,
materik.

matter, stof.
May, lulul.
mayed, majesty.
mayul =Ilulul.

- mak, stamp, mark.
maékab, celebrity, -ik.
mal, six.
malidel, Friday.
maézul = kilul.
me, with, by means of.
means, med.
measure, maf.
meat, mit.
meb, remembrance.
med, means.

{ medicin,

: ! masel,

medin.

{ medit,
meditation.
meil, flour.
mekon, to make.
mel, sea.
melak, traffic.
melid, merit.

-0n, to deserve.
jogo
melody.

Melop, America (-an).

 

mem, memory.
-0n, to remember.

memory, mem, meb.
men, man (human being).

-ad, humanity.

-ik, human.
menod, correction, -0n.
merchandise, can.
merchant, tedel.
mercy, misalad.
merit, melid, -0n.
mesed, reward, -0n.
met, metre (39 inches).
METAL.
metre, met.

mid, flesh.
mid-day, zendel.
middle, zenod.
mied, boundary.
miegik, meek.
miel, honey.
mig, mixture.
migration, tev.

mil, thousand.
milag, wonder.
mileg, butter.
milig, milk.
milit, army.

-al, military spirit.

-ik, military.
military, militik.
milk, milig.
mill, mul.
min, mineral.

“-av, mineralogy.
mind

94

miiton

 

—

mind, tikal.
mineral, min.
minut,
minute.
miot, dirt.
mirror, lok.

misalad, mercy.
miser, monalan.
mistake, pok.
Mister, Sol.
mit, meat.
to mix, migon.
mob, proposal.

-On, to propose.
mobin, absence.

mod,
mode.

mofi, outside of.
mol, gentleness.
molad, fashion.
mon, money.

-dl, avarice.

-dlan, miser.
monarchy,
monak.

monedon, to warn,
admonish.

money, mon.

moniton, to ride on horse-
back.

month, mul.

montial, knight, chevalier.
montial, chivalry.

moon, mun.

morning, godel.

 

mostep, progress, -On.
mot, mother.
-apik, mother-tongue.
mother, mot.
mountain, bel.
mouse, mug.
mouth, mud.
movement, muf.

mob, piece of furniture.

mod, quantity, multitude.
-ik, many, much.
-umik, several.

mogik, possible.
molod, murder.
mon, wall.

mud, mouth.
muedik, mute, dumb.

muf, movement.
-0n, to move.

mug, mouse.

mul, month.
multitude, mod.
mun, moon.

mundel —=telidel.
murmur, mur.
musam, conversation.
music,

musig.

mute, muedik.
muton, to be compelled.
mutob, I must.
miedik, soft.

miil, mill.

mir, murmur, -6n.
miton, to compel.
 

 

name, nem, -0n.
narrow, nabik.

nat, nature.
-ik, natural.

nation, net.
national, netik.
natural, natik.
nature, nat.

nagon, to sew.
nam, force, energy.
near, nilik, nila.
nearness, nil.
nebin, non-existence.
nebu, beside.
necessity, zesud.
neck, nokeb.

ned, need, -On.
nedanik, ungrateful.
Nedin, Holland.
nedeildf, immortality.
nedelidik, cheap.
nedet, left [hand].
nedut, laziness.
need, ned, -O0n.
needle, nab.

 

myself 95 nevertheless
myself, ob it. nef, nephew.
na, after (conjunction, not preposi- nefikul, ease, facility.
Sony. -ik, easy.
nab, narrowness. neflen, enemy
. J .
nad, needle, pin. negit, wrong
. 3 :
naf, ship. -ik, wrongful, iniquit-
nag, same as na (before a ous.
vowel). to neglect, zogon.
nail, kluf. neif, knife.
nam, hand. neit, night.

neither, ni.

nek, nobody.

nelab, privation.

nelfan, elephant.

Nelij, England.
-an, Englishman.
-ik, English.
-apiik, English lan-

guage.
nem, name, -0n.
nemdadik, few, not much.

nen, without.

nepematel, bachelor, sin-
gle man.

nephew, nef.
nepuk, silence.
nerve, Nev.
nes, without (before infinitiv).
nestimon, to contemn.
nesuemik, inconceivable,
net, nation.

-ik, national.
neudik,
neuter.
nev, nerve,
nevertheless, deno.
nevilon

96

 

nud
nevilon, to refuse. nog, yet, as yet.
new, nulik. nogot, organ.
news, nun. noise, boset.
newspaper, gased. nol, science, knowledge.
ni, neither, nor. -0n, to know, as a fact.
nid, brilliance. 1k, scientific,
-ik, brilliant. nolud, north.
-0n, to glitter. nom, rule.
Nidi oh :
idian, Indian none, nonik.
nif, snow, -on. non-existence, nesibin,
-atim, winter. nebin.
nig, ink. nonik, none, no (adjectiv).
night, neit. [neighbor.

nil, nearness, -ik, -an,
niludam, opinion, mean-
nily, near (preposition). [ing.
nim, animal.
nin, contents.
nine, zil
ninkikon, to shut in, up.
nisul, island.
nited, interest.
-ik, interesting.

niver, university.
no, not, no.
no, no, nonik.
nob, nobility.

-ik, noble.

-aston, precious stone.
nobility, nob.
noble, nobik, baonik.
nobody, nek.
noel, witness.

-0n, to testify.
noeton, to note.

 

noon, zendel.

nor, ni.

north, nolud.

nos, nothing.
-0n, to annul.

nose, nud.

not, no.

not,

notice.

to notify, noton.

nothing, nos.

noun, subsat.

nourishment, nulid.

novelty, nul.

November, babul
(balsebalul).

novul = babul.

nog, egg.

nok, uncle.

nokeb, neck.

nu, now.

nud, nose.
-od, handkerchief.
97

own

 

nul, novelty.
-ik, new.

nuliid, nourishment (-6n).

num, number (how many).
-0n, to count.

number, num, -6n, nim,
-0n.

nun, news.
-od, report.
-0n, to announce.

nim, number (No.)
nin, information.
O! oh! (sign of address).
oath, yul.
ob, 1.
to obey, lobedon.
obligatory, bligik.
oblivion, foget.
observation, loeg.
occasion, pot.
October, balsul.
odelo, to-morrow.
of, de, do.
of, she.
offer, lof, -0n.
ofen, often.

-ik, frequent.
ok, one’s self,
ol, you (thou).
office, cal.
official moun) calan;

(adjectiv) calik.

often, ofen.
oil, lel.
old, baledik.

 

old age, baled.

old man, baledan.
om, he, it.

on, one, people.

on, su.

on account of, dem[i].
once, balna, vono.
one, bal, on.

oned, under (in rank).
only, te, lebalik.

open, manifik.

opera, lop.

opinion, niludam.
opportunity, pot.

or, 4, ud.

order, boned, bid, leod.

to order, bonedon,
bidon.

organ, gel, nogan.

origin, rig.

original, rigik.

orthography, lotogaf.

os, it (not referring to any
noun).

ot, same, -0S, same thing.
other, votik.

otul = balsul.

otupo, at the same time.
ought, s6t[on].
ourselves, obs it.

out of, se.

outside of, plo, mofi.

to owe, debon.

own, lonik.
 

place

 

oyster 98
oyster, huit. peb, pulse. \
pab, butterfly. Pebaltats,) the United
Pebaltan, States.
paf, peacock. 5
pecidlan, employee.

pag, village.

page, flan.

pain, lied, dol.

painting, pan.

pair, pal.

pakam, diffusion (of
knowledge).

pal, pair.

palet, party (faction).

panon, to pawn.

paper, pop.

part, dil.

particular, patik.

partisan, zupel.

party (sect), palet.

patience, sufad.

pap, pope.

patik, special, particular.

patiip, patip, petiip,

pitiip, potiip, putup,
names of tenses.

paud,
pause.

to pawn, panon.

to pay, pelon.
padal, curate, pastor.
pak, package.

pan, painting.

pat, patent.

peace, pud.
peacock, paf.

 

|

ped, press.
pejin, pigeon, dove.
pelon, to pay.
pelam, payment.
PEN.
-0n, to write.
-ed, letter, epistle.
-ad, writing, written-
matter.
people, pop, on.
to perceive, dalogon.
perfect, lefulnik.
perfection, leful.
perhaps, ba.
permission, dal.
to permit, dalon.
person, posod.
to persuade, suadon.
pesevik, well-known.
phonetics, fonetav.
physician, sanel.
pianik, gradual.
pidon, to regret.
pien, -ik, fat.
pigeon, pejin.
pin, fat, -ik.
pin, nad.
pip,
pipe.
pla, instead.
place, plad, top.
 

plad

99

pos

 

plad, place (in which to put
something).

plag, practice.

plak, experience, -0n.

plan,

plant.

plat, plane.

plaud, plow.

play, pled, -6n.

pla, besides.

plag, exercise.

plan, explanation.

to please, plidon [eke].

pleasure, galod.

pled, play.

-0n, to play.
pleid, haughtiness.
pleit, vanity.
plek, prayer.

-0n, to pray.
plepaldn, tc prepare.
plidon [eke], to please.
plidik, agreeable.
plim, compliment.

-ik, complimentary.

-0n, to compliment.
plin, prince.
plisen, presence.
plisip, principle.
plivad, privacy.
plo, for.
plofed, professor.
plon, complaint.
plotet, protest.
plovin, province.

 

plow, plaud.

ployeg, project.

plo, outside of.

plopon, to succeed (but the
thing ‘‘succeeds’ % the
person, bos plopos
eke).

plu, more.

plum, lead.

plit, politeness.

-ik, polite.
po, after, behind.
pocket, pok.

poed, poetry.
-at, poem.
-el, poet.

poem, poedat.

poet, poedel.
poison, venod.
poetry, poed.

point, pun.

pok, pocket.
pokaglok, watch.
polen, police.
politeness, plit (-ik).
politics, bolit.
politician, bolitel.
polon, to carry, wear.
pon, bridge.

poor, pofik.

pop, people.

pope, pap.

portion, dedil.
portrait, demag.
pos, after (in time).
 

possess

100

protest

 

to possess, labedon.
possible, mogik.
postal, potik.
post office, pot.
pot, post (-office).
-0n, to post, mail
potato, potet.
pound (zo shillings), steab.
pound (weight), paun.
power, valid.
pof, poverty.
-ik, poor.
pofiudik, useful.
pok, fault, mistake.
polig, danger.
polivegam, a going astray.
*poliid, loss.
(now bolud).
*pomet, promise, (now
pon, punishment. [bémet).
ponit, repentance.
pop, paper.
posod, person.
pot, occasion, opportunity.
-ik, appropriate.
-4, on the occasion of.
potet, potato.
potit, appetite.
potit, hunger.
poOzet, lawsuit.
practice, plag.
praise, lob, -6n.
to pray, plekon.
prayer, plek.
pram, prize,

 

to preach, predon.

precise, kuladik.
precision, kulad.
pred, sermon.

-0n, to preach.
to prefer, bizugon.
preference, bizugam.
prefix, bisilab.
to prepare, plepalon.
present (gift), legiv.
president, bisiedal,

bisiedel.
press, ped.
pretense, simul.
to prevent, viaton.
pride, pleid.
prince, leson, regason.
principle, plisip.
to print, biikon.
printer, biikel.
private, plivadik.
privation, nelab.
prize, pram.
probable, luvelatik.
process, bit.
professor, plofed.
progress, mostep, -0n.
project, ployeg.
promise, bomet, -6n.
proof, bléf.
proposal, mob.
to propose, mobon.
to protect, jelon.
protest, plotet, -6n.
 

 

protestan 101 rent
! protestan, raw, liedik.
protestant. rit, riddle.

province, plovin.
prudent, visedik.
to publish, ptibon.
publiig, public.

pubon, to appear, as a
new publication.

pug, battle.

pul, boy.

pun, fist.

to punish, ponon.

purchase, lem, on.

piiblig, republic.

piibon, to publish.

pid, peace.

pik, language.
-0n, to speak.

(For derivativs, see page 47.)

piin, point.

-il, dot.
quack, lusanel.
quality, likof.
quantity, mod.
quarrel, dikod, feit.
queen, jireg.
question, sak.
quick, vifik.
quickness, vif.
rabat, discount.
radical, vulik.
rage, zun.
railroad, lelod.
rain, 10mib, -6n.
rarity, seled.

 

-0n, to guess.
to read, liladon.
reason, lisal.
receipt, getapenad.
to receive, geton.
reception, get, lasum.
reciprocal, rezipik.
recognition, lesevam.
recollection, meb.
to recommend, komedon.
recommendation, komed.
red, ledik. .
redakon, to edit.
to refuse, nevilon.
reg, king.
-al, ruler.
-0n, to reign.
to regret, pidon.
to rejoice, galonok.
rel, religion.
relating to, tefu.
relation, tef.
relativ, tefamik.
religion, rel.
remainder, lemén.
remarkable, makabik.
to remember, memon.
remoteness, fag.
to remain, blibon.
to rent from any one,
kod uton.
to rent to any one,
fokoduton (kodiiton).
 

repent

102

saunon

 

to repent, poniton.
reply, gepik, gesag.
to reply, gepukén,
gesagon.
report, nunod.
republic, publig.
request, beg.
to rescue, savon.
reticence, seil.
reticent, seilik.
revid,
revision.
revolution, volut.
reward,»smesed.
rezipik, reciprocal.
rich, liegik.
riches, lieg.
to ride, moniton.
riddle, rat.
ridicule, kof.
rig, origin.
-ik, original.

riget, authority, control.

right, det, git.
ring, lin.

ripe, madik
river, lum.
road, veg.

to rob, lapinon.
robbery, lapin.
ROMAN.
room, cem.
root, vul.

rop, interruption.
-0n, to interrupt.

 

rope, jain.
rose, lol.
rouble, ruab.
rough, ludik.
ruab, rouble.
rule, nom.
to rule, solon.
ruler, solel.
to run, gonon.
rural, lanedik.
Rusén,
Russia.
sab, sand.
to sacrifice, vitimon.
safe, sefik.
sagit, arrow.
sagon[bosi eke], to say, tell.
sak, bag.
sal, salt.
sale, sel.
salt, sal.
to salute, glidon.
sam, example.
-ad, copy, specimen.
same, ot.
to sanction, zepon.
sand, sab.
sanel, physician.
sap, wisdom.
-ik, wise.
satin, silk.
saun, health.
-ik, healthy, well.
-lik, healthful.
-0n, to convalesce.
 

savage

103

Serve

 

savage, foetdb, foetik.
savings, spal.
savings-bank, spalastit.
savon, to rescue.

to say, sagon.

sago, even.

sak, question.
-0n, to ask, [bosi eke. ]

sal, hall.

sdvon, to hide.

satik, sufficient, enough.

scandal, skan.

scheme, jemad.

scholar, julan.

school, jul.

science, nol.

scientific, nolik.

scissors, jim.

sculpture, kod.

se, out of.

sea, mel.

search (for), sik, -0n.

seat, sied.

to seat, siadon.

secret, klan, klanik.

section, sekion.

sedon, to send, to forward,
to ship. -an, shipper.

to see, logon.

see there | ekusi!

sefik, safe.

segiv, expenditure.

segivot, edition.

segolon, to go out.

 

segun, according to.
seil, reticence.

-ik, reticent.

-0n, to keep silent.
seiston, to lie.
seiton, to lay.
sek, consequence, result.
sekloton, to strip.
sekusadon, to excuse.

sel, sale.
-0n, to sell.

seled, rarity.

to sell, selon.
sem, some.
sembal, a certain.
sen, feeling.

to send, sedon.
sened, exterior.

senit, attention.
-on, to attend, give
attention to.

sense, slam.
sentab, cent.
sentence, set.

, sep, sepulchre, tomb.

sepet, expression.

to separate, teilon.

seplan, explanation.
-0n, to explain.

September, zulul.

sepulchre, sep.

serious, fefik.

sermon, pred.

servant, diinan.

to serve, dunon.
 

sesum

104

similar

 

sesum, exception.
-u, excepting.
set, sentence.

setopam, exposition.

setul — ziilul.

seval, election.

seven, vel.

severe, jalepik.

sevon, to know, be
acquainted with.

to sew, nagon.

shadow, jad.
shake, lemuf, -6n.
shame, jem.

share of stock, lakif.
sharpness, jap, -ik.
she, of.

sheep, jip.

shell, jal.

shelter, jel, tegop.
shepherd, jepan.
ship, naf.

shoe, juk.

to shoot, juton.
shore, jol.

short, blefik.
shove, dlan, -on.
to show, jonon.
to shut, kikon.

si, yes.

siadon, to seat.
sidm, sense.

sibin, existence.
-0n, to exist.

 

sick, maladik.
sickness, malad.
sid, seed.
side, flan.
sied, seat.

-0n, to sit.
sif, citizen.
to sign, disopenon.
sikod, therefore.
sil, sky, heaven.
silab, syllable.
silef, silver.
silence, nepiik.
silk, satin.
Silop, Asia.
silver, silef, silin.
simple, balik.
simul, pretense.
SIN, -0n.
since, sis.
to sing, kaniton.
single, dabalik.
sir, sOl.
sis, since.
sit, system.

"to sit, siedon.

~~

six, mal.

skan, scandal.
skam, vagrancy.
skil,

skill.

SKIN.

skit, leather.
sky, sil.
similar, simik.
 

 

slaf 105 i
Bi society, klub, sog.
slave. Lis sod, but.
sleep, slip, -on. soft, miiedik.
slen, i
! slenderness. jc BT

slep, grade.

slet, slate.

to slide down, disislifon.
slip, sleep, -On.

slop, inclination.
-0n, to incline.

-el, partisan, adherent.

slud, resolution, decision.
sma- (prefix), small.
smal, smallness.
-ik, small.
small, smalik.
smallness, smal.
 smel, -On,
| smell.
smil, laugh, -0n.
smile, smiil, -0n.
Bai -0n,
smoke.
smoothness,
i smuf (-ik, -6n).
smiil, smile.
snek, snake, serpent.
snob, knot.
snow, nif, -on.
so, also, so.
so, so, thus.
soal, solitude.
-ik, solitary, alone.

soap,
sob.

 

sol, sun.

solat,
soldier.

soldel = baludel.
solemn, zelik.
solitary, soalik.
solitude, soal.
solutik, loose.
som, such.

-ik, such (kind of).
some, ans, anik.
somebody, ek.
some one, ek.
something, bos.
sometimes, sotimo.

SON.

song, kanit.

soon, suno.

sort,

sot.

sotimo, sometimes.

soul, lan.

sound, ton.

south, sulid.

sovemo, so much, to such
a degree.

s0l, Sir, Mr.
-al, the Lord.
-0n, to rule.
-el, ruler.
 

sOton

106

strength

 

soton, sotob, I ought.
space,
spad.
spalodn, to spare,
spat, walk, -on.
spatin, walking-stick.
spal, frugality.
-astit, savings-bank.
spalon, to save.
to speak, pukon.
special, patik.
specimen, samad.
spel, hope, -0n.
spid, haste (-6n).
spinner, spulel.
spirit, tikal.
spod, correspondence.
-0n, to correspond.
spon, guarantee.
spring, fon, flolatim.
spulel, spinner.
stabon, to establish.
stad, state, situation.
-0n, to be in a certain
state or condition.
staf,
staff.
stain, sten.
stamp, postage, mak.

to stand,
stanon.

star, stel.

state, stad, tat.

station (railroad) stejop.
staud, restaurant.

to stay, stebon.

 

—~A—

steab, pound sterling, £.
to steal, tifon.
steam, stem.
stebon, to stay.
sted, straightness, -ik.
steel, dilin.
steif, endeavor, -0n.
stejop, station, dépot.
stel, star.
stem, steam.
-abot, steamboat.
-acin, steam-engine.
-anaf, steamship.
sten, stain.
stenud, strength.
-ik, strong.
step, -On, advance.
stepfather, lufat.
stiff,
stifik.
still, takik, stilik.
stim, honor, -0n.
stip, condition, stipulation.
stit, establishment.
stol, straw.
stom, weather.
ston,
stone.

story, kon.

stove, fon.

stool, stulil.
stof, matter.
straight, stedik.
straightness, sted.
street, sit.
strength, steniid.
 

strike

107

te

 

to strike, flapon.
strong, stenudik.
stud, -On,

study, to study.

stul, chair.
-il, stool.

stum, instrument.

stun, astonishment.

stup, stupidity, -ik, -el.

stupidity.

stiil, style.

stim, esteem.

su, on.

suadon, to persuade, con-
vince.

suam, sum, total.

suam, amount, price.

subject, subyet.

subsat, noun.

to subscribe for, bonedon.

subscription, boned.

to succeed, plopon (he
succeeds, plopos ome).

such, som, somik.
sud, deafness.
suf, tolerance.
-ad, patience.
-0n, to endure, tolerate.
sugar, jueg.
sukon, to follow.
sulud, south.
sum, suam, sudm.
sumon, to take.
sun, sol.
Sunday, baltidel.
suno, soon.

 

~~

sik, search, -0n.

sul, heaven (spiritual).
sum, similarity.

slit, street.

svin, hog.

swamp, lulak.

to swear, yulon.

swift, vifik.

sword, den.

ta, against, in opposition
to.

tab,

table.

tabled, branch (depart-
ment).

taen, tannery.
-0n, to tan.

tailor, teladel.

to take, sumon.

take care! kauto!

to take place, ziton.
takon, to be quiet, to stop.
tal, earth.

talav, geology.
talent, talen.

tan, tie, band.
tannery, taen.
Talop, Australia.
taste, gut.
tat, state (government).
Tal, Italy. -an, an Italian.
-ik, Italian (adjectiv).
tdlen, talent.
tano, then.
tav, journey.
-el, traveler.
te, only.
 

teach

108

tid

 

to teach, tidon.
teacher, tidel.
tear (Zeer), dlen.
teat, theatre.

ted, commerce.
-el, merchant.
-0n, to trade.

tef, relation.
-u, relating to.
-amik, relativ.
teg, cover, -0On.
-Op, shelter.
teilon, to separate.
tel, two, 2.
telad, tailor-work.
-el, tailor.
-0p, tailor shop.
teldik, many a.
fision? -on.
telegraph.
ie
telephone.
to tell, sagorn.
temip, cowardice.
tempest, tep.
ten, bals.
ten, stretch, -0On.
! tened,
tent.
tenth, balsid.
tenid, temptation.
tenip, eternity.
-ik, eternal.
tep, tempest.
terror, jek.

tevon, to wander, migrate.

 

test, bluf.
to testify, noelon.
than, ka.
to thank, danon [eke].
thanks, dan.
that, das, dat, et, ut.
theatre, teat.
themselves, oms it, ofs it.
then, tino.
there, us, or untranslatable.
therefore, sikod.
thick, bigik.
thief, tifel.
thing, din.
to think, tikon.
third, 24, kildil.
this, this one, at.
this year, ayelo.
though, do.
thought, tik.
thousand, mil.
thread, fad.
three, kil.
throat, gug.
throne, tlon.
through, da, dub.
thrust, jok.
thus, also.
thunder, tot, -On.
ti, almost.
tiad, title.
tid, instruction.
-el, teacher.
-0n, to teach.
-up, lesson, lesson-time.
-am, instruction.
 

tif

109

tid

 

{

tif, theft.
-0n, to steal.
tik, thought.
-0On, to think. .
-av, logic.
-al, mind, spirit.
till, jus, ju.
till now, jinu.
tim,
time.
timid, tlepik.
TIN.
77P, extremity.

tlat, draft, for drawing
money.

tlap, trap.
tlat, treachery.
tlep, fright.
-0n, to frighten.
-ik, timid.
tlid, step, On.
tlod, consolation.
tlon, throne.
tlup, troop.
to, al.
to-day, adelo.
tof, drop.
tom, torment.
tomb, sep.
ton, sound.

-ab, letter (of alphabet).

tongue, lineg.

too, tu.

tooth, tut.

top, place, locality.
top, 16p.

 

total, suam.

tour, tid.

tourist, tiidel.

tovon, to lift.

towards, al.

town, zif.

tob, trouble.

tok, exchange, barter, -0n.

tolaton, to treat.

toton, to thunder.

trade, feb.

to trade, tedon.

transcript, depenéad.

to translate, lovepolot.

translation, lovepolam.

treasure, div.

to treat, tolaton.

tree, bim.

trial, bluf.

troop, tlup.

trouble, tob.

true, velatik.

truth, velat.

tu, too, excessivly.

tub, barrel.

tudelo —=adelo.

tug, virtue.

tuged, community.
-ik, common.

tum, hundred.

tup, disturbance, -6n.

tusdel =kiluidel.

tut, tooth.

tuvon, to find.

tid, tour.
 

 

 

 

two 110 vidik
two, tel. vam, warmth (-ik).
tyrant, lusolel. vanik, vain, deceptiv.
u, ud, or. vat, water.
uf ud, either or. vatiikon, to wash.
umo, more. vadik, wrong.

uncle, nok.

to understand, kapalon.
ungrateful, nedanik.
union, balad.

to unite, balon.

United States, Pebaltats,
Tats Pebaldl, Pebaltan.

unity, yum.
universe, val.
university, niver.

us, there.

use, geb, -On.

useful, pofudik.

ut, that (before relativ).
iif, in case, supposing.
va, whether.

vab, wagon, carriage.
vaf, weapon.

vagik, empty, vacant.
vagrant, skam.

vain, vanik.

val, universe.

valdadon, to wait for, to
await.
" valemik, universal.

valik, all.
valikodik, general.
valuable, voladik.
value, volad.
valid, power (-ik).

 

vagodelo, every morning.
ve, along.
vedon, to become.
veg, road.
-u, via.
veit, width (-ik).
vekom, welcome.
vel, seven, 7.
velat, truth (-ik).
velat, exactness (-ik).
velib, verb.
veliudel, Saturday.
vemo, very.
ven, when.
vendel, evening.
venod, poison, venom.
venud, grace.
vend, risk, venture, -0n.

verb, velib.

verse, lian.

vesdel = foliidel.
vesid, west.

vet, weight.

velit, importance (ik).
to vex,

vexadon.

vii, vegu.
viaton, to prevent.
victim, vitim.
victory, vikod.
vidik, broad.
 

vie-

TIT

weave

 

vie- (prefix), white-.
vien, wind.
vietik, white.
vif, quickness, swiftness.
-ik, quick, swift.
vig, week.
vikod, victory.
vil, will.
vin, wine.
vindit, vengeance.
vineg, sign, gesture.
viod,
violation.
viotop, laundry.
vip, wish, -6n.
virtue, tug.
visedik, prudent.
VISIT, -6n.
vitim, victim.
-0n, to sacrifice.
viton, to avoid.
viud, widowhood.
-an, widower.
viv, act of weaving,
-on, to weave.
vo, indeed, in fact.
voad, leak.
vob, work, -0n.
vobuk, work (book).
vokon, to call.
vol, world.
-apiik, world-language.
-apiukatidel, teacher of
the world-language.
volut, revolution.

vom, woman, wife, Mrs.
-il, Miss.

 

vot, alteration.
-0n, to alter.
-am, (an) alteration.
-ik, other, another.

vod, word.
-asbuk, dictionary.

vog, voice.
-od, vote.

vokads, the letters 4, 6, ii.
volad, value (-ik).
-alised, price list.

vono, once, formerly.
vul, root.

-ik, radical.
vum, worm.
vun, wound, -On.
vut, rage.
viilik, arbitrary.
wagon, vab.
to wait for, valadon [eki].
waiter, botel.
walk, spat, -on.
walking-stick, spatin.
wall, mon.
war, klig.
warm, vamik.
warmth, vam.
to warn, monedon.
to wash, vatiikon.
watch, glok, pokaglok.
to watch, galon.
water, vat.
weakness, fib.
wealth, lieg (-ik).
to wear, polon.
to weave, vivon,
 

web

112

yeg

 

web, vivot.
week, vig.
weight, vet.
welcome, vekom.
west, vesiid.
weather, stom.
what? kis?

what kind of ? kimik?
wheel, luib.
when, ki, keliip, ven.
when ? kip ?
where, kelOp, ko.
where ? kip ? kiplad ?
whether, va.
which? kiom ?
while, du.

white, vietik.
who, kel.

who? kim ? kif?
whole, 161, 16lik.
why? kikod ?
wide, vidik.
widow, jiviudan.
widower, viudan.
wife, vom.

wild, foetik.

will, vil, -On.
wind, vien.

wine, vin.

wing, flitad.
winter, nifatim.
wisdom, sap.
wise, sapik.
wish, vip.

with, ko, me.

 

without, nen.
witness, noel.
woman, vom.
wonder, milag.
wood, boad.

woods, fot.

wool, lain.

word, vod.

work, vob, -0n, vobuk.
world, vol.

worm, vum.

to worship, leplekon.
worthy, digik.
wound, vun, -0n.

to write, penon.
wrong, negitik, vadik.
Xam, examination.
xan, ascent (-On).
x0l, ox.

xud, oxid.

ya, already.

yad, yard (court).
yagon, to hunt.
yam, lament, -6n.
yan, door.

yanul =balul.

yard, yad.

yan, yarn.

ye, yed, yet, nevertheless.
year, yel.

yearly, yelsik.

yeb, grass.

yed == ye.

yeg, subject.
 

yel

113.

zit

 

yel, year.
-sik, yearly.
-up, space of a year.
yelibik,
| yellow.
yeltum, century.
yes, si.
yesdelo —=adelo.
yet, nog.
to yield,
! yilon.
yof, joy.
-0n, to make joyful.
yok,
! yoke.
yonder,
! yono.
you, ol, ols.
young, yunik.
yourself, ol it.
yourselves, ols it.
youth, yun, yunan.
yud, Judaism.
-an, Jew.
-ik, Jewish.
yuf, help, -6n.
yul, oath.
-0n, to swear.
yulibik, blue.
Yulop, Europe.

-an, -ik, European.

yulul = velul.
yum, unity, concord.
yun, youth.

-ik, young.

-an, young person,

outh.

-lik, youthful.

yunul = malul.

 

yuf, assistance.
yl, bet.
za, about, towards, nearly.

zad, delicacy.

zadel =velidel.

zal, festival.

ze, almost, nearly.
zeal, zil.

zeil, aim.

zel, solemnity.

zelad, certainty.

zen, ashes.

zendel, noon, mid-day.
zenod, centre, middle.

-ik, central.

-i, in the midst of.
zepoOn, to sanction.
zesid, necessity.

-0n, to be necessary.
zi, around.
zib, food, article of diet.
zibasal, dining-room.
zif, town.

. zigad, cigar.

zil, zeal.
-ik, zealous.

ziton, to take place.
zog, hesitation.
z0g, neglect, -0On.
z0t, ticket.
zugon, to draw.
zunon, to be angry.
zud, acid.
zil, nine.
zilul, September.
zum, circuit.
zip, adherence (to a party
Or Sect).
-el, partisan, adherent.

zit, guitar, cither.
KEY TO THE EXERCISES.

EXERCISE 1.

I. Buks. Dels. Doabs. Dogs. Doms. Gans. Jips. Mans. Mugs.
Muls. Puls. Vigs. Yels.

2. Buks, dels, mans, doms, mugs, muls, gans, puls, vigs, doabs.

3. Ol in the first sentence ; ols in the second.

4. Tel, lul, kilsekil, folsetel, kil, folsebal, mil, telselul, luls, velselul,
baltum, vel, velsevel, veltum velsevel, velmil veltum velsevel, jol, balsejsl,
mil, ziilseziil, balselul, balsekil, mélsefol, lulsebal, jolsefol, velsevel, kiltum
kilsekil, balmil jsltum jolsevel, balsetel.

5. Mans lul; puls kil; yels balsetel; doabs tels; yels bals; muls kil; mugs
mil; doabs luls; doms balsemil; buks kilmil; jips baltum; puls lulselul;
yels kilsetel e muls bals; dels vel; vig bal; dels kils, mul bal; dels kiltum
miilselul, muls balsetel, vigs lulsetel, yet bal; doabs telmil veltum maélseziil.

6,7. 10 men; one goose; we; three months; four houses; 100 years; two
sheep; nine mice; twelve dollars; 200 books; twelve months; one year;
365 days; one year; YOU; we two.

EXERCISE 11.

Fatas, pules, mana, doge, gans.

The man has a dog. The man has two dogs. The boy has two dogs
and one sheep. The dog sees the goose. The boy sees the dog. The
man gives the dog to the boy, or the man gives the boy the dog. The
boy gives the goose to the man. The man gives the boy three dollars.
The dog has four feet. The goose has two feet. The man has two feet
and two hands. The man’s dog has four feet. The man’s father gives
four dollars to the boy. (The next sentence is incorrect; doab should be
doabi; it will then read :) Father! the man gives one dollar to the boy.
Who brings the dogs to the man? The boy brings the dogs to the man.
Who has money ? The father has money.

Answers :  Pul labom dogi. Man givom dogi pule.
Dog logom gani. Man givom dogz pule.
Man givom dogi pule.

Kim labom dogi? Pul labom dogis tel. Man labom dogis kil. Dog
labom futis fol. Pul labom futis tel. Kim labom namis tel? Man givom
moni. Man givom moni pule. Fat pula givom doabi mane. Yel labom
mulis balsetel. Mul labom delis kils. Vig labom delis vel. Del labom
diipis telsefol. Kim blinom gani? Kim logom dogi? Kim logom jipis
tel? Kime man givom moni? Kime pul blinom moni? Pul blinom
doabis lul fate.
KEV TO THE EXERCISES. 115

EXERCISE 1171.

Iam, Igive. 1bring. 1speak. Igo. Icome. I havea book.

We give money. We have two books. Igive money totheman. We
bring books to the boy. We bring the boy’s books.

Piikob. Golob. Labob gani. Labobs bukis. Labob bukis lul. Givobs
moni mane. Givob doabis lul pule. Blinobs dogi mane. Blinob bukis.
Blinob bukis pulas. Blinob bukis pules. Givobs bukis pules.

EXERCISE IV.

You have the book. You speak. You go. You have a father. You
bring me a book. I bring you books. You give money to the boys.
You come and we go. We speak and You hear.

Labol buki. Labols bukis. Piikols e lilobs. Logol mani. Kémobs
e golols. Komol e golob. Labol bukis. Givol bukis pules. Piikol obe.
Givob moni ole. Givol moni obe.

Kémom. Golof. Givom moni mane. Labof buki. Blinom dogi
pule. Piikof. Logom mani e puli. Givom moni obe.

EXERCISE V.

He teaches. Who teaches? The man teaches. He sells books, Who
sells books? 7 sell books. He gives money. Who gives money ? The
father gives money. The man teaches the boy. The merchant sells
books. The man drinks water. The woman drinks wine. The cat eats
the mouse. The boy eats bread.

What does he give the boy? Ie gives the boy money and bread.
What does she bring to the man? She brings water. What does the
woman eat? She eats bread and drinks water. What does the man eat 7
He eats bread and drinks wine. The sheep eats grass.

Man dlinom vini. Vom dlinof vati. Fat pula givom monivome. Mot
blinof bodi pule.

Koémom. Kim kémom? Man kémom. Fidom bodi. Fidob bodi.
Givom doabi. Kim givom doabi? Fat givom doabi. Man labom dogi.
Pul lemom buki. Fat dlinom vini. Mot dlinof vati. Dog logom kati.
Pul fidom bodi. Kisifidom? Fidom bodi. Kim fidom bodi? Kisi givof
pule? Givof moni pule. Kisivom fidof? Fidof bodi e miti. Dog logom
jipis kil. :

Fidob miti, fidol bodi ; dlinom vati, dlinof vini. Labobs bukis, labols
logis, laboms lilis.

EXERCISE V1.

They teach. Who teach? The men teach. They sell books. The
merchants sell books to the boys. They have money. Who have money ?
The merchants have money. ~The men eat bread and meat. The women
drink wine and water. The man writes a letter. The merchants write
letters. The boys write letters. The women write letters to the men.

Dogs logoms jipis. Jips logoms dogi. Jip logom dogi. Mans penoms
penedis. Puls logoms tonabis. Voms dlinofs vati. Mans dlinoms vini.
Jip fidom yebi.
116 KEY TO THE EXERCISES.

EXERCISE VII.

The man is a merchant. The week (07 a week) is seven days. The
day is a part of the week. The hour is a part of the day. The monthisa
part of the year. Water and wine are drinks. It snows. It thunders.
One sees animals. One drinks water. One eats bread (Bread is eaten).
One reads books (Books are read).

Pul binom julel (207 juleli). Dogs e jips binoms nims. Del binom
dil yela. Bod bmom fid. Vin binom dlin. Vat binom dlin. Binob
tedel. Binol julel. Binols julels. Totos. Fidon miti. Nifos. Sagon,
das binol julel. Dog fidom bodi. Dogs e jips binoms nims. Sagon das
totos. Logon, das nifos.

EXERCISE VIIT.
Jiflen. Vom sanela. Jiviudel. Jilautel. Vomiil Maria binof jilanel.
Jisanel. Jijeval. Jiblod. Jinelijel. Jimatel.

EXERCISE 1X.
January is the first month. July is the seventh month. Tuesday is
the third day of the week. December is the twelfth month of the year.
Three o’clock. What o’clock (what time) is it? It is ten o’clock.

Veliidel binom del velid viga. Babul binom mul balsebalid. Binom
diip folid.

EXERCISE X.

My teacher teaches five boys. Who is your teacher? Our teacher
has twenty-four scholars. Our language is English. My father has three
sons and two daughters; so I have two brothers and two sisters. We are
five children (or there are five children of us). Our father loves his child-
ren. Our mother loves her children. Our father and mother love their
children. /

Tidel obik lilidom buki. Fat olik labom dogis fol. Kim binom tidel
olsik ? Tidel obsik binom flentel. Fat e mot obsik 18foms cilis omsik.
Kim binom fat obsik? Fat obsik binom matel mota obsik. Fat olik e
mot obik binoms flens. Pik tidela obik binom flentaptik. Tidel olik
lilidom bukis obik.

EXERCISE X71.

This house is our home. That man has three children ; I know the
children, but not the man himself. This town has a hundred houses and
seven hundred persons. Men, women and children are human beings.
You know the teacher and the merchant; I know the same men. The
man who lives in that house is an author and writes books.

Lin at binom obik. Ldob in dom et. Mans ut, kels 16doms in zif et,
sevoms obis. Lo&dobs in zif ot. Nims at binoms jevals.

EXERCISE X11.

I know the man who writes these books. The man, whom I know,
writes these books. Who writes books? The author. What is an
author? An author is the man who writes books. Who is that lady who
has the dog? That lady is Doctress B.; her husband is our physician.

Logob mani ut, kel givom moni pules. Kim sevom lauteli buka at?
Jimatel sanela sevof mani ut kel binom lautel buka. Kis binom tedel ?
Tedel binom man kel lemom e selom dinis. Kif binof vom et? Vom et
binof jitidel kel tidof pulis e jipulis.
KEY TO THE EXERCISES. 17

EXERCISE X11].

This man is good. Good men have many friends. — Dear Sir: I
write you a short letter, and hope that you are well. I am a friend of
Volapiik, and it is said that Volapiik has many friends in YOUR country.—
That person, who has a bad heart, has many enemies. Nouns in English
are masculin, feminin and neuter; in Volapiik and in French they are
masculin and feminin. In December we have short days and long nights.

O flen oba lofik! Pened ola binom blefik e ladlik. Labob flenis
nemddik kels penoms penedis lonedik obe. Valiks mens gudik laboms
ladis gudik e lofoms dinis gudik. God binom fat menas valik. Mens ut
valik, kel l6foms Godi, binoms gudik. God binom lautel valikas dinas
gudik. Binob flen ola ladlik, kel spelob das binol saunik. Peneds, kelis
penols obes, binoms blefik.  Kif binof lid, kele penol penedis lonedik ?
Lid et binof vom sanela Bj; it no binof jisanel. :

EXERCISE XIV.

God does not love bad men (persons). Bad men do not love God.
Nouns in Volapiik are not neuter; they have only two genders, not three.
Lifeless things are of the masculin gender. Merchants, who are acquainted
with Volapiik, correspond with the whole world. Who are acquainted
with Volaptik ? All educated persons in the whole world.

No logob bukis kil obik. Buk kiom binom gudik ? Buk at no binom
badik. No labob mé&dikis bukis gudik. Gens lio-mddik binoms in vola-
pik? Gens tel binoms in volapiik ed in flentapiik; gens kil binoms in
nelijapiik e deutapiik. Studon volapiiki in ldns valik vola lolik.

EXERCISE XV.

We eat three times in the day, twenty-one times in the week. This
book teaches me Volapiik for the first time. That man, who is a German,
speaks English badly, but is well acquainted with Volapiik. The days
go quickly and we have not much time.

Dog fidom vifiko. Penol gudiko. Piikobs volapiiki badiko. Penob
penedis kil, telna in vig. Lemobs nedelidiko bukis. Lemobs bukis
nedelidik. Tedel lemom nedelidiko e selom delidiko.

EXERCISE XVI.

I am older than he. This book is better than that one. Our house is
not so large as yours; it is smaller. You write better than I. Iam your
most devoted friend. I hopeyou arein good health, most cherished friend.
Volapiik is the easiest language in the whole world.

Binob saunikum ka ol. Labob namis gletikum ka ol. Tog labom
futis gletikum ka kat. Buk kiom binom gudikiin in vol l6lik ? No labob
bukis so médik &s ol, ab lilidob médikumis. Kiom binom piik nefikulikiin
in vol 16lik? No sevob piiki kel binom nefikulikum ka volapiik.

EXERCISE XVII,

Most valued friend : I have received your short letter and regret that
you have been ill. I hope that you will soon have got better and that you
will visit us next month.

O flen I6fik ! Pened lonedik keli dpenol obe, eplidom obe levemo.
Spelob das uvedob suno saunikum, e das ologob oli denu oyelo.
118 KEY TO THE EXERCISES.

EXERCISE XVIII.

English is spoken in England, the United States, Canada, Australia
and other countries. Volapiitk will be taught in all schools. Volapitk was
invented by Mr. Schleyer. Fruits are sold dear this year; they were sold
cheap last year. A large house is building (being built) in Twenty-third
street.

Cils modik padadukoms in juls Melopa; médiks pedadukoms, e médiks
podadukoms. Buks paseloms fa tedel, kela lemacem binom in siit Folse-
telid. Buks at no binoms obik; peseloms. Piik kiom papitkom in Melop ?

EXERCISE X1X.

I like to eat fruit. I do not wish to read many books, but good ones.
To have been silent is often better than to have spoken. No man can
know everything. Who shall be able to count the stars of the heaven or
the drops of the sea? I am in school to study, not to play. Iwill buy
books to learn Volapiik. You ought to study Volapiik in order to be able
to speak with all nations.

Lofob lilidon bukis gudik. Vilob logon stelis. Lilidon binos gudikum
ka pleddn. Sotobs lemon domi, if kanobs lemdn omi nedelidiko. Manat
kanom lilddon piikis mil, e pitkon piikis kil; 16fom studon e labom timi al
studén. Binos gudikum el6fon ed epsliidon ka no elofon.

EXERCISE XX.

Honored Sir: Having read your interesting work, and not being
able to understand some parts, I write [to] you this letter to ask whether
you will explain the following sentences.

O stl pelestimsl! Egetsl penedi olik e no elabol timi al penon ole
avigo, spelob das osekusadol fezogi nepovitsl.

EXERCISE XXII,

Givolsd doabis fol pule at pofik. Sekusadolds libi keli sumob. Visit-
olsts obis in dom obas nulik. Gepiikolds suno penede at. Funoloz sneki
et! Bliboldd in dom. Potolds obe samidis kil buka nulik ola. Lasumolds
glidis oba ladlik. Pul alik sumomdad buki omik e lilidomaod.

Give the poor man some bread. Please come to visit us in our new
house. Please excuse me for not having answered your letter sooner. Go
out of the house! Please mail me four copies of the English dictionary.
Let every boy take his pen and write. Please remain in the garden.

EXERCISE XX11.

I would like this man if he were better. If we went walking every
day it would be healthful. If you should go walking to-day, please
bring the new book, which I ordered, from the bookstore. It would be a
great pleasure to me to receive a long letter from you. If it were not so
warm I should like to visit our friends in town.

If ilogob-la tideli adelo, figivobdv ome buki keli vilom logén. Buk at
dbinomdv pofidik ole if dvilol-la studon flentapiiki. If ilogol-lamaniat in
gad, ipiikomov ole. If dtivol-la in Yulop, alilolsv piikis modik.
KEY TO THE EXERCISES, 119

EXERCISE XX111,

How do you do, sir? Iam well, thank you. Have you been long in
town? Notlong; I came from Madrid a short time ago. Is Madrid a
beautiful city ? It is very beautiful; I should have liked to stay there longer.
Where is your home? My home is in Boston, but I have many friends in
this town. Have you studied French? I have studied French, but I
cannot speak it well. Do you understand all which you read? Yes, sir;
nearly all.

Li-elogol fati obik adelo? No, 0 sol! no-li binom indom ? Li-elilidol
gasedis adelo? No elabob timi al lilidén. Liko fat olik stadom adelo ?
Dani; stadom modo gudikumo. Flens oma modik olaboms gilodi modik
ven onoloms esi.

EXERCISE XX1V,

I walk every day in my garden. Do you use a cane? No; canes are only
used by old men; do you think thatIam old? I don’tknow; Iam young,
but I walk with a cane. Do you eat meat every day? I do not eat it on
Fridays. When we were in France we used to drink wine; but now,
when we are in America, we drink water. How many years were you in
France? Three years.

Li-aidlinol vini? Aidlinob vini, ab nu dlinob vati. In Flent aidlinon
vini e no vati. In Beljin ptikon flentapiiki e nedianapiiki. Puki kiom
pitkon in Talop ? Nelijapiikon; aikidp nelijans modik binoms, nelijaptikon.

EXERCISE. X XV.

I see myself in this mirror. Please seat (place) yourself in that chair.
Whoever loves himself better than his neighbor is not a true Christian, but
true Christians love each other. I wash myself every morning.

Eflapobok me spatin at. Dilobok ladetdn penedi at ole. Ofunolok.
Siadolokss e mekolokds kotenik.

EXERCISE XXXVI.

LETTER.
January 16, 1887.

Respected Sir: I have received your letter of December 31st, of last
year, and rejoice very much that you are in good health and that Volapik
is making such (so) great progress with you. Concerning the books,
which you wish me to buy, I shall go into the city to-morrow and look for

them. Weare all well and greet you and your family.
O sol Iofik | Begob das opotol gasedi olik obe du yel bal, ladetsl omi ds

pepenos diso. Potob ole doabi bal in pelam e blibob,
Flen olik.

In Volaptik one places the adjectiv after the noun and the objectiv after
the verb.

In nelijapiik, aipladon ladyeki bifii subsat. In deutapiik kimifal
paipladom (or aipladon kimifali) sotimo bif velib.

FIN.
 

 

DICTIONARY VOLAPUK.

Volapuk-English. English-Volapiik.
By M. W. WOOD,

CAPTAIN AND AsST. SURGEON, UNITED STATES ARMY.
Over 300 pages, 12mo; elegantly printed and bound.

Price, $2.50.

 

i = great work, on which the author has expended

a vast amount of labor and care, is at last com-
pleted. The final revision, made necessary by the recent
appearance of the fourth edition of Schleyer’s Volapiik-
German Dictionary, has added some thousands of useful
definitions, and the work embodies the latest authority
and the fullest information. It gives more words and
definitions than any existing dictionary.

The author has not only availed himself of the
dictionaries of Volapiik published in various languages,
but has added many useful derivativs found in the writ-
ings of the most approved authors. He has had the
advice and co-operation of eminent linguists of various
nationalities. I feel that I can commend Dr. Wood's
Dictionary to the American public as a scholarly and an
admirably executed work. It may be relied upon as a
Standard Dictionary of Volapiik.

Each page contains a section of the Volapiik-English
part and a section, alphabetically corresponding, of the
English-Volapitk part. This ingenious arrangement
(first introduced in Bellows’ celebrated French-Znglish
Dictionary) greatly facilitates search and comparison.

Sent by mail on receipt of price.

CHARLES E. SPRAGUE,
1271 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, N.Y.

 

 
 
 
 
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