THE LIBRARY OF

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA tHoamoiuK*

211

r

l' iy\J	THE

'/BUILDER’S JEWEL:

OR THE

YOUTH’S instructor,

workman’s remembrancer.

EXPLAINING

Short and Easy RULES,

Made familiar to the meanefl Capacity,

For DRAWING and WORKING,

I.	The Five Orders of Columns entire; or any Part of an Order, without Regard to the Module or Diameter.

And to enrich them

With their Rufticks, Flutings, Cablings, Dentules, Modillions, UY.

Alfo to proportion

Their Doors, Windows, Intercolumnations, Portico’s, and Arcades.

TOGETHER WITH

Fourteen Varieties of Raking, Circular, Scrolled, Compound, and Contracted Pediments ; and the true Formation and Accadering of their Raking and Returned Cornices ; and Mouldings for Capping their Dentules and Modillions.

II.	Block and Cantaliver Cornices, Ruftick Quoins, Cornices proportioned to Rooms, Angle Brackets, Mouldings for Tabernacle Frames, Pannelling, and Centering for Groins, Trufled Partitions, Girders, Roofs and Domes. With a Sedtion of the Dome of St. Paul’s, LONDON.

The Whole illuflrated by upwards of 200 Examples, engraved on 100 Copper-plate?.

By B. and T. L A N G L E Y.

The TENTH EDITION.

LONDON,

Printed for C, and R, Waee, at the Bible and Sun, on Ludgatt-Hill, 1763. (Price 4*. 6d.)

$

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INTRODUCTION.

NOTWITHSTANDING there are many Volumes already extant on the Subject of Architecture ; yet, as not one of them is made a fit Size for the Pocket: and it being an Im-poffibility for the general Part of Workmen to retain and carry in their Minds all the ufeful Rules and Proportions, by which Works in general are performed : I have therefore, at the Requeil of many good Workmen, and for the Sake of young Students, compiled this Work ; wherein I have reduced the whole to fuch fhort and eafy Rules, that the Workman may not only at the firft View renew his Memory, as Occafions may require, but Apprentices, who may be abfolutely unacquainted with this noble Art, and are fo unfortunate as many have been, and are, to be bound to Jobbing Mailers, who know but little ; may without the Help of any, by affiduous Application at their leifure Hours, in Evenings when the Bufinefs of Days is over, idc. make themfelves fuch Mailers herein, that few Mailers are able or willing to make them. And indeed I mult own, that ’tis a Pleafure to me, to fee the Spirit of Emulation fo powerful among young Builders at this Time ; when every one of Senfe is endeavouring fo become the moll excellent in his Way, and thereby make himfelf the moll ufeful both to himfelf and his Country.

It is ufeful Knowledge only that makes one Man more valuable than another, and efpecially that Part of Knowledge, which immediately concerns the Bufinefs he is to live by ; and therefore, if this Work Ihould prove a Help to the Improvement of Knowledge iri Youth, (for whofe Sakes ’tis chiefly intended,) and be no Affront to the fage Workman, byre-informing him of thofe Roles which have ilipt his Memory, and informing him of others whi'cli he never knew, it will anfwer the defired End of their hearty Well-wilher,

London, AVxu 2, 1746.

?HO. LANGLEY.

C H-A E,

A a-4	The BUILDER’S JEWEL.

C H A P. I. Of the Orders in general, and of their principal Parts.

TH E Orders in general are the Tufcan, Dorick, Ionick, Corinthian, and Compofte.

Their principal Parts are their Pedeftals, Columns, and Entablatures.

Th e Height of the Pedeflal in every Order is always one fifth of the whole Height of the entire Order.

The Height of the Tufcan Column is 7 Diameters, the Dorick 8, the Ionick 9, and the Corinthian and Compofte each 10 Diameters.

T h e Tufcan Column is diminifhed at its Aflragal or Neck of its Capital, one 4th of its Diameter next above its Bafe; the Dorick one j th ; the Ionick, Corinthian, and Compofte, each one 6th.

The Diminution of every Column begins at one third of the Shaft’s Height above the Bafe.

T h e Heights of the Tufcan and Dorick Entablatures are each equal to one fourth of their Column’s Height; and the Ionick, Corinthian, and Compofte, to one fifth of their Column’s Height.

These general Proportions of their principal Parts being firft underflood, the Proportions of their particular Parts may be eafily underftood alfo as following.

CHAP. II. O/Pedestals, and their Parts.

IP V E R Y perfect Pedeflal confifls of three principal Parts ;

namely, a Bafe, Dado or Die, and Cornice, which are divided as follows.

The Di vifon of the principal Parts of Pcdefals extlained. RULE. Divide the given Height in 4 Parts, as in Plates I, X, XXI, XXXIX, and LVH ; give the lower 1 to the Eleight of the Plinth ; one third of the next 1 to the Height of the Mouldings on the Plinth; half the upper 1 to the Height of the Cornice ; and the Remains between will be the Height of the Dado.

When a Column Is placed on a Pedeflal, the Projeftion of the Pedeflal’s Dado is found by the Proje&ion of the Plinth to the Bafe

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ft the Column; which always Hands perpendicular over the Upright of the Dado. But if a Pedellal is to be made without a Column, the Breadth of the Dado mull be found, before we can proceed to determine the Projections of the feveral Members in the Bale, and in the Cornice ; becaufe ’tis from the Upright of the Dado that their Projections are made; and which are found by the following Rules.

The Breadth of Dado's to Bedejials explained.

R U L E I. To Jind the Breadth of the Dado of the Tufcan Pedefial. Plate I.

Divide the Height of the Plinth and its Mouldings in 5 Parts, and the upper i in 7 ; on z with a Radius of 4 of the great Parts, and 4 fevenths, defcribe the Arch x g; then z g is the Semibreadth required.

RULE II. To find the Breadth of the Dado of the Dorick Pedefial. Plate X.

Divide the Height of the Plinth in 5 Parts, and the upper 1 in 3; turn up r of the 3 Parts to «, and on x with the Radius of 5 Parts, and faid one third, defcribe the Arch by; then xy is the Semi-breadth required.

RULE III. To find the Breadth of the Dado of the Ionick Pedefial. Plate" XXI.

Divide the Height of the Plinth in 3 Parts, the upper 1 in 3, 'and the upper 1 thereof in 3 again ; then abating the 2 upper fmall Parts, with the Remains of the Plinth’s Height on x, de~ fcribe the Arch <vy; then xy is the Semi-breadth required.

RULE IV. To find the Breadth of the Dado of the Corinthian and Compofite Pedeftals. Plates XXXIX. and LVII.

Divide the Height of the Plinth in 3 Parts, and the upper 1 in 3 ; on x, with the Radius of two Parts, and 2 thirds, delcribe' the Arch vy ; then xy is the Semi-breadth required.

Before I (hew how to determine the Projections of the Mouldings on the Plinths, and in the Cornices of the Pedeftals, I muft fliew how to divide their refpeCtive Heights. And, lirit, of the Mouldings on the Plinths of the feveral Pedeftals.	The6

The BUILDERVJEWEL.

The Diviftons of Mouldings on the Plinths of Pedefals explained. RULE I. To divide the Heights of the Mouldings on the Plinth of the Tufcan Pedefial. Plate I.

Divide the Height in 6, as at B ; give the under and upper ones to the Fillets, and the middle 4 to the Cima reSla.

RULE II. To divide the Heights of the Mouldings on the Plinth of the Dorick Pedeftal. Plate X.

Divide the Height in 4 Parts, as at B ; give the upper one to the Cavetto ; half the next to its Fillet; half the lower one to the lower Fillet; and the Remains to the Cima recla.

RU LE III. To divide the Heights of the Mouldings on the Plinth of the Ionick Pedefal. Plate XXI.

Divide the Height in 2, as atB; and each in 4; give the upper 1 and half to the Cavetto ; the next half to its Fillet; the next 1 to the Aftragal; the low&v to the Fillet; and the Remains to the Cima.

RULE IV. To divide the Heights of the Mouldings on the Plinth of the Corinthian Pedefal. PHte'XXXIX.

Divide the Height in 4,''as at B ; the upper 1 and 3d downwards, each in 3 ; give the upper 1 and half to the Cavetto ; the next half to the Fillet; the next 1 to the Aftragal; the lower 4th to the Height of the Torus ; and one third of the next to its Fillet.

RULE V. To divide the Heights of the Mouldings on the Plinth of the Compofite Pedeftal. Plate LVII.

Divide the Height in 4 ; and the upper and third Part downwards, each in 3 ; give the upper 2 of the upper Part to the,Ca-vetto 5 the next 1 to its Fillet; the lower 4th Part to the Torus; and one third of the next Part to its Fillet.

The Divifton of Mouldings in the Cornices of Pedeftals explained.

RULE I. To divide the Heights of the Mouldings contained in the Cornice of the Tufcan Pedeftal. Plate I.

Divide the Height, as at A, in 6 Parts; give the upper 1 to the Regula ; the next 3 to the Plat-band ; and the lower 2 to the Cima revtrfa.

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RULE II. To divide the Heights of the Mouldings contained in the Cornice of the Dorick Pedefal. Plate X.

Divide the Height, as at A, in 4 ; give half the upper 1 to the Regula ; the next 1 and half to the Plat-band; the next 1 to the Ovolo; the upper one third of the lower 1 to the Fillet; and the remaining two thirds of the lower 1 to the Cavetto.

RULE III. To divide the Heights of the Mouldings contained in the Cornice of the Ionick Pedefal. Plate XXI.

Divide the Height in 12 Parts, as at A; give the upper to the Regula ; the next 2 to its Cima reverfa ; the next 3 to the Platband ; the next 3 to the Ovolo ; the next 1 to the Aitragal; half the next 1 to its Fillet; and the Remains, l and a half, to the Cavetto.

RULE IV. To divide the Heights of the Mouldings contained in the Cornice of the Corinthian Pedefal. Plate XXXIX.

Divide the Height in 3, as at A ; alfo the upper 1 in 6, the lower half of the middle 1 in 3, and the lower half of the lower 1 in 3. Of the 6 upper fmall Parts, give the upper 1 and one third to the Regula; the remaining two thirds and two Parts to the Cinm reverfa ; and the next i to the Aitragal. Give the lalt j, and half the middle great Part, to the Plat-band ; alfo one third of the remaining half to the Fillet on the Cima reda; and the remaining two thirds, and the upper half of the lower great Part, to the Cima reda. Laltly, give the upper 1 Part of the half of the lower Part to the Aitragal; half the next to its Fillet, and the Remains to the Cavetto.

R U L E V. To divide the Heights of the Mouldings contained in the Cornice of the Compofite Pedefal. Plate LVII.

Divide the Height in 6 Parts, as at A ; give half the upper 1 to the Regula ; the next i to the Cima reverfa ; the next 1 and half to the Plat-band ; one third of the next 1 to the fillet on the Cima recla; the remaining two thirds, and the next 1, to the Cima reda; one third of the laft 1 to the Fillet on the Cavetto; and fhe remaining two thirds to the Cavetto.

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TheS . The BUILDER’S JEWEL.

The Heights of the feveral Mouldings on the Plinths, and in the Cornices, being thus found ; I lhall proceed to fhew how to give each its proper ProjeClure from the Upright of their Dado’s.

\The Projections of the Plinths, and Members on the Plinths, and in the Cornices of Pedefals, explained.

Make the Projeftion of the Plinth from the Upright of its Dado, in every Order, equal to the Height of the Mouldings on the Plinth ; and make the Projection of every Cornice the fame.

To find the Projections of the feveral Members.

Divide the Projection of the Tufcan Plinth in 6, and of all the other Orders in 4 ; and then fubdividing the Parts, as exhibited in the Scales of Projection, which are placed between the Bafe and Cornice of each Pedeltal ; from thence, flop ; or terminate the Projection of each Member, as by InfpeCtion is Ihewn; and thus are the five Orders of Pedeltals compleated.

CHAP. III. Of Columns and their Parts.

A COLUMN confifts of three principal Parts, viz. A Bafe, Shaft, and Capital.

The Heights of Columns explained.

To find the Heights of Columns, having the Heights of the Columns •and Entablatures given, thefe are the Rules.

RULE I. In the Tufcan and Dorick Orders. Plate I. andX. Divide the given Height of the Column and Entablature in 5 Parts; the upper 1 is the Height of the Entablature, and the lower 4 of the Column. Divide the Height of the Tufcan Column in 7, and of the Dorick in 8 ; and 1 is the Diameter of the Column.

R U L E II. In the Ionick, Corinthian, and Compofite Orders. Plates XXI. XXXIX. and'LVll.

Divide the given Height of the Column and Entablature in 6 Parts; the upper 1 is the Height of the Entablature, and the lower 5 of the Column. Divide the Height of the Ionick Column in 9, £nd the Corinthian and Compofite Columns each in 10 Parts, and i is the Diameter.

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The BUILDE RV JEWEL.

The Heights and Projections of the Bafes of Columns explained.

The Height of the Bafe of every Column is precifely half its Diameter next above the Bafe ; and the Projection of the Plinth, from the Upright of the Shaft, is always equal to one 6th of the Column’s Diameter,

The Height of Plinths to the Bafes of Columns is either equal to half the Height of the whole Bafe, as in the Tufcan Bafe, Plate II. or to one third of the Bafe’s Height, as in the Dcrick Bafe on the Right-hand Side, Plate XI. And in the Icnick, Corinthian, and Compcfte Bafes, Plates XXII. XLI. and LVIII.

To make the ConJiruBton of Bafes to Columns eajy, I will explain how to divide the Heights, and terminate the Projections of the Members contained in the Tufcan and Derick Bafes; by which thole of the Icnick, Corinthian, and Ccmpofte will be undcrllood, as being no more than Repetitions of the like Rules.

RULE I. To divide the Heights, and terminate the Projections of the Members co?itained in the Bafe of the Tufcan Column. Plate II.

I. To determine their Heights.

Divide the Height in two, and give the lower i to the Plinth as aforefaia. Divide the upper i in 4 ; give the lower 3 to the Torus, and the upper 1 to the CinCture.

II. To determine their Projeciures.

Divide the Projection of the Plinth, from the Upright of the Shaft in 4 Parts, and the fecond Part in 4; then 1 Part and 3 fourths of the fecond, Hops the CinCture ; and the Torus is always in every Order the fame Projection as the Plinth.

RULE II. To divide the Heights, and terminate the Projections of the Members contained in the Atticlt Bafe to the Dorick Column, ct: the Right-hand Side of Plate XI.

I. To determine their Heights.

Divide the Height in 3 Parts; the middle Part in 4, and the upper Part in 2 : Give the lower 1 Part to the Plinth, as aforefaid ; three fourths of the next to the lower Torus; and half the upper 1 to the upper Torus. Divide the Remainder between the two

B	Torus’sto

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Torus’s in 6 ; give the upper and lower ones to the two Fillets; and the middle 4 to the Scotia.

II. To determine their ProjeSlures.

D ivtde the Projedtion of the Plinth in 4 Parts, and the 2d and 3d Parts in Halves; From whence perpendicular Lines being drawn up, will terminate the Cindture, and the two Fillets of the Scotia.

RULE I. T0 defcribe the Curve of this Scotia.

Divide the Height in 3 Parts, as at B ; and draw the Lines cb z and a b. On b, defcribe the Quadrant a c ; and on the Point 2, the Arch c d, which together form the Curve of the Scotia to the Attick Bafe.

1 *will alfo ncvj Jhenv ho~JO to defcribe the Scotia in the Ionick, Corinthian, and Compofite Bafes, as expreffedat large by Figure A. Plate XLL

Divide the Height bg in 7 Parts; from the third Part draw fc parallel to the Fillets, and equal to 3 Parts; thro’ the Point_/'draw the Line a e parallel to b g, and make f a equal to 4 Parts of bg. Draw a c, and then, on the Point c, defcribe the Arch b x d, and on a the Arch de.

Having thus explained the Bafes, or fir ft Parts of Columns, I fhall now proceed to the fecond Parts, which is their Shafts.

The Shaft of a Column is that Part which is contained between its Bafe and Capital; and confifts of 3 Parts, vip. its Cir.dlure, Trunk, and Aftragal; excepting in the Tufcan, where the Cindture is made a Part of the Bafe to the Column.

To render the Shafts of Columns agreeable to the taper Growth of the Trunks of Trees, (with which the firft Columns were made) their Shafts, or rather their Trunks are therefore diminifhed from the lower third Part, up unto the Aftragal, as following.

T0c Shafts of Columns, and their Diminution explained.

RULE. To diminifj the Shafts of a Column. Plate I. Fig. A.

Set up the Shaft’s Height ; at ik, its Aftragal, fet off its diminifhed Diameter, viz. three fourths, as being Tufcan. Compleat the lower third undirainilh’d Part of the Shaft, and on ad its upper

PartThe BUILDER’S J E WE L.	i*

Part dercribe the Semicircle abcd^ From ik, draw the Lines ib, kc, parallel to hn the central Line, cutting the Semicircle in b and c. Divide the Arches ab and cd, each into any fame Number of Parts; fuppofe 4. ; and divide hn into the fame Number of Parts alio, as at the Points gfe ; through which draw right Lines at right Angles to hn of Length at Pleafure. From the q. Divifions in the Arch ab, to thofe in the Arch cd, draw Ordinates (as thofe dotted.) Make the Diameter of the Shaft at e, equal to the Length of the firit Ordinate ; at f, to the Length of the fecond Ordinate; and at g, to the Length of the third Ordinate. Then from the Points ik, through the Extremes of the Diameters gfe, to the Points ad, trace the Contours or Out-lines of the Shaft’s Diminution.

The Manner of Rtif icating the Shaft, of Columns explained.

The Shafts of the Tufcan, Derick, and lonick Columns, art fometimes rullicated; but thofe of the Corinthian and Compojitt feldom or ever.

RULE. To ruflicate the Tufcan, Dorick, and lonick Shafts.

Divide the Height of the Tufcan in 7, as in Plate I. the Dorick in 8, as in Plate X. and the lonick in 9, as in Plate XXI; then the Blocks and Intervals in the Tufcan and lonick will each be 1 Diameter, and thofe of the Dorick 2 Diameters.

The Projection of the Blocks are generally made equal to the Projection of the Plinth, as exprelfed in the Tufcan Order, Plate'I. and continued upright without Diminution; but as the upper Parts of the Shafts feem thereby overcharged, I therefore recommend the Diminution to be parallel with the Shaft, as in the Dorick Order, Plate X.

The Manner of Fluting the Shafts of Columns explained.

The Shafts of the Dorick, lonick, Corinthian, and Compcfte Columns, are fometimes fluted and cabled ; but the Shaft of the Tufcan Column feldom or ever was, as being an Embellilhment too gaudy for fo robuft and Ample an Order, whofe Beauty conflfts in its native Plainnefs; and indeed all Columns have a grander AfpeCI

B 2	when12	^ BUILDER’S JEWEL.

when entirely plain, than when rufticated or fluted. The Dorick Shaft, with refpedl to its Herculean Afpefl, fhould not be fluted ; but as the Ancients difpenfed therewith, the Moderns frequently do the fame. But however, as herein Majefty mull be preferved, therefore the Ancients allowed but 20 Flutes, and thole without Fillets, as in the Left-flde of Plate XI. thereby making them of a mafculine Afpett ; whillt thofe of the Ionick and Corinthian Shafts are charged with 24 Flutes, and as many Fillets (each of which are equal to one third of a Flute) which renders them lefs capacious and of an effeminate Afpedl, agreeable to the Characters of thofe Orders.

R ULE. To divide the Flutes of a Dorick Column. Plate XI.

Divide the Circumference into 20 equal Parts, and draw Lines, thereby making a Polygon of 20 Sides; on each Side cbmpleat an Equilateral fpherical Triangle, as abc on the Left of Plate XI. and on the external Angle, as h, defcribe the Curve a c, which is the Depth or Sinking-in of a Flute.

RULE. To divide the Flutes and Fillets of an Ionick, Corinthian, or Compofite Column. Plate XXV.

Divide the Circumference of the Semi-Column in 12 Parts, and each Part in 8, as ah. Give 3 Parts to each Semi-Flute, as ah, and ib ; and two Parts to each Fillet, as hi.

' The Sinkings or Depths of thefe Fillets are either the Arch of a Quadrant, as thofe on the Right-hand defcribed ontheCenters ce, Sec. or of a Semi-circle, as thofe on the Left, defcribed on the Centers xx, Sec.

RULE. To defcribe Cablings, in the Flutes of a Column. Plate XXV.

On the Points zz, with the Radius zx, defcribe the Archesy x0, Jxo, Sec. which are the Bafes of the Cablings, and whofe Height .fir.ifhes at the fuff third Part of the Shaft’s Height.

RULE. To fet out Flutes and Fillets on the Shaft of a Column. Plate XXVI.

On a Pannel, tfc. draw a right Line, as ah, and thereon fet off

24 equal^ BUILDER’S JEWEL 13

24 equal Parts at Pleafure, which together mull always be lels than the Girt at the Aftragal of the Column to be fluted.

Divide any i Part in 4 Parts, and take 1 Part in the Compares, and fet it off in every of the other 23 Parts ; and from the feveral Parts fo divided (which will be to one another as 1 to 3 ; that is, a Fillet to a Flute) draw up right Lines at right Angles from the divided Line. This done, ftrike a perpendicular Chalk-Line down the Front of the Column. And being provided with two ftraight-edged Pieces of Parchment, &c. therewith girt the Column at its Bafe, and at its Aftragal. Apply the Girts fo taken to the parallel Lines, aforefaid, fo that their Extremes fhall juft touch the two outer Parallels, as at ec and df. Then keeping them there, with a Pencil mark their Edges at the Meeting of each Parallel; and thereby the two Girts will be divided into the Flutes and Fillets, agreeable to your Column to be fluted. This done, apply any End of each of the Parchment Girts to the Bottom and the Top of the Front central Line; and then embracing the Column at its Bafe and Aftragal, remove each Girt, until you bring the Middle of a Flute on the central Line; and then prick off the Breadth of every Flute and Fillet in the two Girts, which will ftand exadlly perpendicular over each other.

Ncte, In large Columns it may be neceflary to fet out the Breadths of the Flutes and Fillets, in one or more Places, between the firft third Part of the Shaft’s Height and the Aftragal; which, when required, may be moft exaftly done, by girting at the Parts required, and proceeding afterwards in every other refpedt, as aforefaid.

The Fluting of Filafters explained.

RULE, To flute a Pilafler with Fillets, and a Bead at each Quoin. Plate XXXVII.

Draw a Line at Pleafure, as ah, and thereon fet 3 1 equal Parts, which together fhall be greater than the Pilafter to be fluted. Take the 31 Parts in your Compaffes, iflc. and on the firft and laft Points make the Seftion c, and draw the Lines ca and c b, which will compleat an equilateral Triangle, S.et th.e Breadth of the Pilafter

from14 The BUILDER’S JEWEL.

from c to d, and to e, and draw the Line de, which being parallel to ab, is therefore equal to the Breadth of the Pilafter. Now right Lines drawn, from the % i Parts, to the Point c, they will divide the Line de in fimilar 31 Parts alfo. Of which give the z outer Parts to the two Beads at the Quoins; the next 2 outer ones to the 2 outer Fillets; the next 3 to the Breadth of a Flute ; the next 1 to a Fillet; the next 3 to a Flute ; the next 1 to a Fillet, &c.

Note, By the fame Rule a Pilafter with Flutes and Fillets only, as Fig. A, is divided from 29 Parts, firft fet off at Pleafure ; and then proceeding as before.

Having thus explained the Bafes and Shafts of Columns, &c.

I Ihall now proceed to their Capitals.

Of Capitals, there are two Kinds, •viz. the one confiding of Mouldings only, as thofe of the Tufcan and Dorick ; and the other of Mouldings and fculptured Ornaments, as the lonick, Corinthian, and Compojite.

1The Heights of Capitals explained.

The Height of the Tufcan and Dorick Capitals are each pre-cifely a Semidiameter, as in Plates II. and XI. The Pleight of the ancient lonick Capital, in its Mouldings above the Aftragal of the Shaft, is but one third of a Diameter, or 20 Minutes; but including the Depth of its Volute, *tis 35 Minutes, as in Plate XXIII. which exceeds the Volute to the modern Capital by 5 Minutes. The Height of the Corinthian Capital is one Diameter and one lixth, as alfo is the Height of the Compofte Capital.

The Divifons and Projefiions of the Members in the Tufcan and Dorick Capitals explained. Plates II. and XI.

RULE I. To divide the Heights, and determine the Projections of the Members in the Capital of a Tufcan Column or Pilafter.

I. To divide the Heights of the Members. Plate II.

Divide the Height in 3 Parts (as on the Left-fide.) Divide the middle 1 in 6 ; of which give the lower to the Fillet under the Ovolo, and the other 5 to the Ovolo. Divide the upper 1 into 4 ; give the upper 1 to the Fillet, and the other 3 to the Fafcia of

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the Abacus. Set down ab, half the Height of the Frize or Neck of the Capital, from b to e» and divide it in 3 Parts; give the tipper 2 to the Aftragal, and the lower 1 to its Fillet.

II. To determine the Projections.

Divide the Semi-diameter of the Column at its Aftragal (as is done above on the Capital) in 6 Parts, and give 3 to the Projection of the upper Fillet.

But if the Capital is of an undiminifhed Pilafter, (as on the Right-hand Side of Plate II.) then divide the Semi-diameter of the Pilafter (as above on the Capital) in 8 Parts, and give 3 to the Projection, as before.

Note, By the Scale of Projection, placed againft the Neck of the Capital, you fee that the whole Projection is divided in 3 j the firft 1, in 2 ; and the laft 1, in 4; the half of the firft 1 flops the Projection of the Fillets under the Aftragal and Ovolo ; and the 2 firft of the 4, in the outer 1 third Part, flops the Ovolo and Fafcia of the Abacus.

RULE II. To divide the Heights, and determine the Projections of the Members contained in the Capital of a Dorick Column or Pilafter. Plate XI.

I. To divide the Heights of the Members.

Divide the Height in 3 Parts (as on the Left-fide.) Divide the middle 1 in 3 ; of which the lower 1 divided in 3, give the upper 2 to the Aftragal, and lower 1 to the Fillet. Divide the upper 3d Part in 3 ; give the lower 2 to the Fafcia of the Abacus; and the upper 1 thereof divided in 3, give the upper 1 to the Fillet, and the lower 2 to the Cima reverfa.

Note, The Height of the Aftragal to the Shaft is found, as* before in the Tufcan Column, Page 11.

II. To determine their Projections.

Divide the Semi-diameter of the Column at its Aftragal (as above on the Capital) in 4 ; and give 2 to the ProjeClion of the upper Fillet. But if the Capital is of an undiminifhed Pilafter, (as on the Right-hand Side) then divide the Semi-diameter of the

Pilafter'16	^ BUILDER’S JEWEL

Pilafter (as above on the Capital) in 5 Parts* and give 2 to the Projection, as before.

By the Scales of Projection on each Side of the Capital, you fee, that the whole Projection is there divided in 4 Parts; from which, and their Sub-divifions, the feveral Members in the two Varieties of Capitals have their Projections determined.

The ancient Ionick Capital, and its Volute explained. Plate XXIII.

RULE I. To divide the Height of its Members, and defcribe its Volute.

I. To divide the Height of its Members.

Divide the given Height as kx, in 11 Parts; give the upper 1 to the upper Fillet; the next 2 to the Cima reverfa, which with the aforefaid Fillet makes the Abacus: give the next 1 to the Lift of the Volute; the next 3 to the Band of the Volute ; and the remaining 4 to the Ovolo. This done, fet down 8 of the above 11 Parts from x to I; give the firll 2 to the Allragal; the next 1 to its Fillet; and the lower 5 to the Depth of the Volute. Divide rs on the Right-hand (which is equal to kx, or 20 Minutes, the Height of the Mouldings of the Capital) in 4 Parts, and turn down 1 Part to d\ then r</will be equal to 25 Minutes, which is equal to the Semi-diameter of the Column at its Shaft. Now admitting bv to be the central Line of the Column, make vc equal to rd, and draw the Line ecb, which will be the Upright of the Column. Make hg equal to two thirds of a 1, the Height of the Aftragal; and from the Point g draw the Cathetus or Line fg, parallel to the central Line. Divide £ A in 4 Parts; the iirft 1 ftops the Aftragal at a. Make fn equal to f i, which will terminate the Projection of the Abacus.

RULE II. To defcribe the Ionick Volute. Plate XXIII.

From i Part below x, draw the Linzpmo for the central Line of the Aftragal, interfeCling the Cathetus ig in 0. On the Foint c, with the Radius oz, defcribe the Circle or Eye of the Volute (which is reprefented at large by the Figure R,) wherein inferibe the Geometrical Square, and draw its Diameters 2, 4; and 1, 3; divide

eachTlx BUILDER’S JEWE L.	17

each Semi-diameter in 3 Parts, as at the Points 6.10 5 5.9 ; 12.6 ; and x 1.7; which are the Centers numbered in Order, on which the Out-line of the Volute is defcribed, ‘viz,. The Point i is the Center to the Arch im ; the Point 2, of the Arch mg ; the Point 3, of the Arch gp, &c.

The inward Line of the Lift of the Volute is defcribed on 12 other Centers, which are at one fifth of the Diftance between the other 12 Centers, and which are fignified by the fmall Divifions next within the 12 Centers in the Eye of the Volute at large, in Plate XXII.

To gradually diminilh the Lift of this Volute, we muft divide its Height or Breadth in 12 Parts, as expreffed above, in Plate XXII. and at every Quarter of its Rotation abate its Breadth 1 of thofe Parts, as expreffed by the numerical Figures affixed; which will caufe it to terminate at the Eye in a Point.

Note, Fig. AB, Plate XXIII. is a View of half a Side of the Capital, wherein B fhews the Thicknefs of the Volute, whole Height is equal to ig in the Front. The Heights of the other Parts are fhewn by the Scale of Parts on the Left; and is the fame as the like Scale above.

Note, The Abacus to this Capital being fquare, is therefore called by Workmen a Trencher-Capital; and indeed very properly, becaufe the Word Abacus is derived from the Greek Word Abax, fignifying a fquare Trencher.

The modern Ionick Capital explained. Plate XXIV.

RULE. To divide the Heights of the Members contained in its Abacus, and to determine their Projections.

This Capital, tho’called Modern, was invented by Vincent Scammozzi ; and, including its Volute, is precifely half a Diameter in Height.

I. To find the Heights of the Members.

* Divide its Height in 3 Parts, and the upper half of the upper 1 in 4, as on the Left; of which give the upper ofn the Ovolo, and the other 1 to the Fillet under it. Divide tl&|pwer 2 Parts

C	'.	and18	The BUILDER’S JEWEL.

and half in 8 Parts (as, on the Right;) give the upper i and half to the Fafcia of the Abacus; the next half to the Recefs under the Abacus; the next z to the Ovolo ; the next I to the Aftragal; and the next half to its Fillet.

II. To find the ProjeSlures of the Members.

Dr aw the central Line of the Column bg; and in any Place, as atjj-, draw the Line ab at right Angles to bg, and of Length at Pleafure. Make gc and gd, each equal to the Semi-diameter ik; and divide it into iz Parts, each reprefenting 5 Minutes (or one 12th of a Diameter;) make ca and db, each equal to 15 Minutes, or one fourth of a Diameter, which terminates the Projection of the extreme Parts or returned Horns of the Abacus; as exhibited by the dotted parallel Lines drawn thence up to them.

And from the Subdivifions of the z outer 5 Minutes, the Projections of the other Parts of the Abacus are determined in the lame Manner; as alfo are the Projections of the Ovolo, Aftragal, and Fillet, reprefented by dotted Lines within the Volute.

The Volute of this Capital is reprefented in Plate XXII. and is deferibed the fame as that of the ancient Capital; for though it appears to be elliptical when feen in a direCt View, as being thereby fomething fore-lhortened, yet ’tis circular, as the other. -

Under this Capital I have placed half its Plan ; whofe Con-ftru&ion being plainly exhibited by the dotted perpendicular Lines, proceeding from the Members in the Elevation, needs no further Explanation.

The Corinthian Capital explained. Plate XLI.

This Capital was originally adorned with the Acanthus Leaves Only ; but as fome delight in Variety, I have therefore in Plate XL. given the Acanthus with the Olive, Laurel, and Parfley, to be employed at Difcretion.

The Height of this Capital was originally but 1 Diameter ; but modern Architects thinking it too ihort, they therefore added ic* Minutes, thereby making its Height 70 Minutes, and giving it 2 much more magnificent AfpeCt than it had before.

ByThe BUILDER’S JEWE Li	19

By the Meafures affixed, which is no more than the Height divided in 7 Parts, of which the upper 1 is the Abacus, the Heigh t of every Part is adjufted ; and by the Plan and Elevation in Plate XLIL the Breadths and Diftances of the Leaves, &c. are fully exemplified in the like Manner.

In the Drawing of this Capital, the young Student muft firft accuftom himfelf to exprcfs only the Leaves in grofs, as expreffed. in this and the XLIVth Plate, until he has made himfelf a Mailer of forming their Out-lines; when it will be a Ple^fure to raffle them, as expreffed in Plate XLIII. and XLV.

And as the Capital of a Pilafter has all its Leaves in each Face in a direct View, contrary to thofe of a Capital to a Column, and is one fixth of a Diameter more in Breadth; I have therefore, to explain the Difference and Parts, Ihewn in Plate XLIV. the Plan and Elevation of a Capital to a Pilafter, in the fame Manner as that of a Column in Plate XLIL as indeed I have alfo the Elevation of a half Capital at large, with its Leaves raffled, as thole of Plate XLIII.

'The Compofite Capital explained. Plate LYIII.

This Order is called Compojite, becaufe its Capital is compofed of the lonick and Corinthian Capitals; that is, its Abacus, Volutes, Ovolo, and Aftragal between them, are the very Members which form the Modern lonick Capital. Its two Heights of Leaves are the very fame as thofe in the Corinthian Capital; and its Stalks, which in the Corinthian Capital finiih with Volutes and Helices, are here ftopt by the lonick Volutes, and made to finiih. inwardly with Hulks on Tendrels, called Caulicole’s.

The Height of this Capital is the fame as that of the Corinthian, and is divided in 7 Parts alfo, of which the upper 1 is the Height of the Abacus; and which being divided in 2, and the upper 1 in 4, the upper 4. is the Height of the Ovolo, and the lower 2 of the Fillet. Divide the lower half of the Height of the Abacus with the next two Parts into 1, and then finiih the Volute exa&ly the fame, as in the Modem lonick Capital, Plate XXIV.

C 2

N p \vtao	The BUILDER’S JEWEL.

Now, as the remaining Part of this Capital is entirely Corinthian as before proved, ’tis needlefs to fay more thereof; but that it may be fully exemplified, I have therefore Ihewn its Elevation at large in Plates LIX. and LX. as well for a Pilafter, as for a Column ; as I have done before in the Corinthian Order.

CHAP. IV. Of Entablatures.

AN Entablature is the uppermolt or lalt principal Part of an Order, (which Vitruvius called Ornament) and confilts of 3 Parts, viz. an Architrave, a Freeze or Frize, and a Cornice.

The Heights of Entablatures being declared in Chap. I. we are now to obferve that their Projections are equal to their Heights, in all the Orders, excepting the Dorick, and that only but when its Mutules are introduced; when it then confilts of half the Entablature’s whole Height.

The Heights of the feveral Entablatures are thus divided into their Architraves, Frizes, Cornices, IAc.

RULE I. To divide the Tufcan Entablature into its Architrave, Frize, Cornice, &c. Plate III.

Firjl, Divide the given Height into 7 Parts ; give 2 to the Architrave, 2 to the Frize, and 3 to the Cornice.

Secondly, Divide the Height of the Architrave in 7 Parts ; give 2 to the lower Fafcia, 4 to the upper Fafcia, and 1 to the Tenia, whofe Projection is equal to its Pleight; and which being divided in 3, give 1 to the Projection of the upper Fafcia.

Thirdly, Divide 'the Height of the Cornice in 3; divide the upper 1 in 4, and give the upper 1 Part to the Regula, and the other 3 to the Cima refta. Divide the middle 1 in 6; give the upper 1 to the Fillet, and the other 5 to the Corona. Divide the lower 1 in 2 ; give the upper 1 to the Ovolo ; and the lower half divided in 4, give the upper 1 to the Fillet, and the other 3 to the Cavetto.

By the Scale of Projection is feen, that the Projection of the Corona is two thirds; the Ovolo, one third; and the Fillet of the Cavetto, one fixth of die whole.

Note,21

The BUILDER’S JEWEL.

Note, By well underftanding the Manner of proportioning this Entablature, (which is very ealy) the others following will become as eafy: But that the young Student may not be at any Hand therein, I will, fora further Explanation, explain the Entablatures of the Dorick and lomck Orders in the fame Manner.

RULE II. To divide the Dorick Entablature into its Architrave, Frize, Cornice, &C. Plate XII.

Firjl, Divide the Height in 8 Parts ; give 2 to the Architrave, 3 to the Frize, and 3 to the Cornice.

Secondly, Divide the upper 1 of the Architrave into 3, and give the upper 1 to the Tenia : Divide the lower 2 in 6; give the upper 1 to the Fillet over the Gutta’s, and the next 3 to the Gutta’s.

Divide the lower third Part of the Height of the Cornice in 3, and give the lower 1 to the Cap of the Triglyph. Divide the remaining Part of the Cornice’s Height in 4 Parts, and the upper 1 Part in 4 ; of which give the upper 1 to the Regula, or upper Fillet on the Cima reiia ; and the lower 3 to the Cima red a. The next Part divided in 3, half the upper 1 is the Fillet; and the Remainder the Corona. The next Part being alfo divided in 3, the upper 1 is the Capping of the Mutule, and the lower 2 the Mutule. Laftly, the lower 4th Part divided in 3, the upper 1 is the Depth of the Ground to the Mutules ; and half the lower 1 is the Fillet to the Ovolo of the Bed-mould.

The Projection of this Cornice (as before oblerved) is half the Height of the whole Entablature ; and which being divided in 4, as on the Cima reiia, has the Projections of its Members determined, as by InfpeCtion is (hewn.

Now ’tis to be noted, That the Breadth of a Triglyph is always equal to half the Column’s Diameter at its Bafe ; that its Channelings and Gutta’s are found by dividing the Breadth of the Triglyph into 12 Parts, as exhibited at large in Plate XIII. That the Dif-tances between the Triglyphs mull always be equal to the Height of the Frize, and therefore will become exaCUy fquare. That thefe Intervals or Squares are called Metopes; and are fometimes enriched

with22 The B U I L D E R’s JEWEL.

with Rofes, as here exprefled, or othervvife at the Pleafure of the Architect; and that the Manner of forming the Planceer of this Cornice is (hewn in Plate XIV.

RULE III. To divide the Ionick Entablatures into the Architrave, Frize, Cornice, &c.

As this Order has two Varieties of Entablatures, viz. the one with Dentules, and the other with Modillions; I have therefore fhewn them both, and by explaining of one, the other will be undcrflood.

To divide the Ionick Entablature nvith Dentules. Plate XXVIII.

Fir(l, Divide the Height in io Parts, give 3 to the Architrave,

3 to the Frize, and 4 to the Cornice.

Secondly, Divide the upper 1 Part of the Architrave in 4; give the upper l to the Fillet; the next 2, and 1 fourth of the lower 1, to the Ci/na reverfa ; and the remaining 3 fourths of the lower 1 to the Read. Thefe Members together are called the Tenia of the Architrave, whofe Fillet’s Projection is equal to their whole Heights.

Thirdly, As the Frize of this Order is made fwelling, therefore divide the Height in 4, and on the middle 2 make the Seftion on which deferibe the Curve of the Frize.

Fourthly, The Height of the Cornice being in 4 Parts, divide the upper 1 in 4 ; give the upper 1 to the Regula or Fillet on the Cima reda, and the remaining 2, with 2 thirds of the lower 1, to the Cima reda; and the 1 third give to the Fillet on the Cima reverfa.

Divide the next Part in 4; give the upper I to the Cima reda, and the other 3 to the Corona.

Divide the next or 3d Part in 6; give the upper 3 to the Ovolo, the next 1 to its Fillet, and the next 1 to the Fillet between the Dentules.

Divide the lower 1 in 3 ; the upper 1 will terminate the Depth of the Dentules. Divide the middle 1 in 3, and the upper 1 will the Depth of the Denticule or Fafcia, on which the DentulesThe BUILDER’S JEWEL. 23

are fixed, and the Remains will be the Citna reverfa, and lower Member of the Entablature.

The Proje&ion is divided into 4 principal Parts, as by the Scale againil the Frize is fhewn, by which its Members are terminated, as by Inlpedtion is plain.

To divide the Ionick Dentules.

Ik an Entablature over a Column, divide theDitlance between the central Line, and the Upright of the Shaft at its Neck, into 10 Parts; give 2 Parts to the Breadth of a Dentule, and 1 to an Interval. But in an Entablature over an undiminilhed Pilaher, divide the aforefaid Diflance into 12 Parts, and proceed as before.

Note, The Breadth of a Dentule is 5 Minutes, and of an Interval

2	Minutes and a half, which are deferibed at large in Plate XXX. Now, as the Ionick Entablature with Modillions, as exprelfed in

Plate XXIX. has its Members proportioned in like Manner, I therefore need only to note, That the Breadth of each Modillion is 10 Minutes; that the Diftance or Interval between them is 2q Minutes in an Entablature to a Column, and 30 Minutes in an Entablature to an undiminilhed Pilafter. And that the Curve of the Sophete of the Ionick Modillion is deferibed at large iu Plate XXX. as following.

b	o

The Height and Projeflure being before found,

Divide the Length in 6 Parts; and on the Point 5 eredt the Perpendicular 5 a equal to 2 Parts and a half; alfo from the Point 2, let fall the Perpendicular 2 b, equal to 1 Part and a half, and draw the Line ab. On the Point 2, deferibe the Arch 1 d; on the Point b, the Arch dc; and on the Point a, the Arch c q.

Note, The Manner of forming the Return of the Planceer of this Cornice, is Jhewn in Plate XXXI.

RULE III. To divide the Corinthian Entablature into its Architrave, Frize, and Cornice. Plate XLVI.

1.	Divide the Height into 10 Parts ; give 3 to the Architrave,

3	to the Frize, and 4 to the Cornice.

2.	Divide the Height of the Architrave, and of the Cornice,

each in 5 Parts, and fubdivide them as exhibited ; and then proceed Lu every Refpcdt as in the preceding Orders.	Note,24 The BUILDER’S JEWEL.

Note, That tho’ the Dentules are expreffed in this Cornice, yet they are not always ufed.

That the Breadth of theModillions are io Minutes, as before in the Ionick, but their Diftances are greater.

The Interval between Modillions in a Cornice over Columns is 25 Minutes; and in a Cornice over undiminilhed Pilarters, 30 Minutes.

To render the Parts of this Modillion plain and intelligible, I have fhewn it at large in Front and Profile,'with its Meafures, in PI. XLVII. wherein Fig. A reprefents the Eye of its Volute at large, with the Centers numbered ; on which its Curves are defcribed in the very fame Manner, as the Volute of the Ionick Capital.

Between the Modillions the Planceer of the Sophete of the Corona is enriched with Rofes in hollow Pannels, called Coffers, as expreffed in Plate XLVIII. which alfo fhews the Manner of returning the Sophete at an external Angle.

RULE IV. To divide the Compofite Entablature into its Architrave, Prize, and Cornice. Plate XLI.

Firfl, Divide the Height into 10 Parts ; give 3 to the Architrave, 3 to the Frize, and 4 to the Cornice.

Secondly, Divide the Heights of the Architrave, and of the Cornice, each into 4; fubdivide their Parts, draw in and terminate their Members by the Scale of Proje&ion, as before done in the preceding Orders. The Manner of enriching the Planceer of the Corona of this Cornice, and returning it at an external Angle, is exhibited in Plate LXII.

CHAP. V. Of Doors, Windows, Portico's, Arcades, and the Intercohtmnation of Columns in general.

THAT the Young Student may have Pleafure in the Procefs of his Study, I have given him an Example of a Door fquare and cjrcular-headed, with circular and pitched Pediments, a Window, a Portico, and an Arcade, with their Imports and Architraves, in each of the firft 4 Orders; which immediately follow their re-

fpediveThe BUILDER’S JEWEL.	25

Ipeftive Entablatures; and which having their principal Parts determined by their Meafures aflixed, needs no other Explanation. And. in order to further enable him in the Art of Defigning, I have {hewn the proper Intercolumnations, or juft Diftances, that the Columns of every Order mult be placed in from each other, when employed in Color.ades, Ifc. by which he may form new Defigns at his Pleafure. See Plates VI, XVII, XXXIV, XXXV, and LIU.

CHAP. VI. Of Pediments, and the Manner of finding their Raking *f» Returned Mouldings for their Cornices, and for Capping of their Raking Mulules and Modillions.

E DIM E N T S, which the French call Frontons, from the Latin JL Frons, the Forehead, are commonly placed over Windows, Doors, Portico’s, &e. to carry off the Rains, and to enrich the Order on which they are .placed.

Pediments are either entire or open ; and thofe are ftraigl.t, circular, compound, Ifc.

As entire ftraight Pediment is generally called a pitched Pediment, as the lower Pediment in Plate LXIX. And an entire circular Pediment is generally called a Compafs Pediment, as the upper Pediment in Plate LXIX.

When a Pediment conufts of more than one Arch, as thofe in Plates LXXI, and LXXII, they are called entire compound Pediments.

Open Pediments are thole, v/hofe raking Members are ftopt in feme certain Place between the Points of their Spring, and their FafHgium or vertical Point; as thole in Plate LXIII, the lower Pediment in Plate LXXI, and the upper in Plate LXXIV.

Entire Pediments are the firft Kind that were made, and were originally placed to Portico’s at the Entrances into Temples; but now we place them to Frontilpieces of Doors, Windows, &c. for Ornament and LTfe.

As the entire Pediment by' its reclining Surfaces carries oft' and di (charges the Rains at itsExtremes, therefore none but entire Pedi-

D	•	menre26	77;f BUILDER’S JEWE L.

merits Ihould be employed abroad ; whilft the broken or open are employed for Ornament only within-lide, where no Rains can come.

’Tis true we may daily fee open Pediments placed without-fide, as is done by Inigo 'Jones at Shaftfury Houfe in Alder,fgate-frut, London. But, furely, nothing can be fo abftud, (unlcls it is the placing of an entire Pediment within-fide a Building, where no Rains can fall j as done by Mr. Gibbs within the Church of St. Mary le Strand) becaufe, by their being open, they receive the Rains, and difeharge them in Front, as a itraight and level Cornice doth ; and therefore of no more Ufe.

As Pediments, when well applied, are very great Enrichments to Buildings, and in many Cafes are very ufeful, I have therefore given 14. Varieties for the young Student’s Praclice, with their Meafures affixed ; by which they may be drawn and worked of any Magnitude required. Vide Plates LXIX, £Sc.

In the Working of Pediments, the chief Difficulty is, to form the Curves of the Raking and Returned Cornices, that lhall exactly accadeer, or meet at their Mitres ; which may be truly worked, as following.

RULE. To deferibe the Curve of the Raking C.i»:a recta of a Pediment, having the Curve of the fraight or level Cornice given. Plate LXV.

Let abg be the given Cima recta ; divide its Curve in 4 equal Parts at the Points def and draw the Ordinates if ke, and alfo gd; from the Points def draw the raking Lines fq, e r, dx ; and the perpendicular Lines dk, el, fm. In any Place, as at we, draw a right Line at right Angles to the raking Lines ; and making the Ordinates in Fig. B, as vu’q, nr, ts, equal to the Ordinates if, ke, gd, in Fig. A, through the Points qrs, trace the Curve pqrin ; which is the Curve of the Raking Cima recta required. And tho’, ilridily fpeaking, each half is aPart of an Ellipfis ; yet, if Centers be found that lhall defaibe the Arch of a Circle to pafs through the three Points pqr, and rsn, it will not be in the Power of the moll inquisitive Eye to diicover the Difference.27

m BUILDER’S J E XV E L.

To defcribe the Curve of the Returned Cornice.

From p, Fig. C, let backpo, the Projection bg in Fig. A, and draw the Perpendicular on, on the Top of the Fillet po; make the Durancespt, tv, vw, equal to the Didances Ik, kl, Ini, in Fig. A j and drawing the Lines -iv.v, vr, tg, parallel to the Perpendicular 0:7, they will cut the Raking Lines in the Points qrsx. From the Point p, thro’ the laid Points to n, trace the Curve pqrsx, which is the Curve of the Returned Cima rcdia, as required ; for its Or* dinrr.es at thofe Points are equal to the Ordinates in Fig. A.

B v the fame Rule, the Curves of the Raking and Returned Ovo-lo’s, Plate LXVI, the Raking and Returned Cavetto’s, PlateLXVII, and the Raking and Returned Cima revrrfa, for the Capping of Raking Mutulcs and Modillions, Plate LXVIII, are found, as is evident to the firll View.

CHAP. VII. Of Block and Cantalivcr Cornices, Rujiick Quoins, Cornices and Coves, proportioned to Rooms of any Height, Angle-Brackets, Mouldings for ? aherr.acle-F'routes, Pannels and Centering for Groins.

I.	F Block Cornices I have given three Varieties in Plats LXXV ; where I have firil fhewn them in fmall, to exprefs the Breadth of their Block-Truffes, and Dillances at which they are to Band ; as likewife the Manner of applying them over Ruflick .Quoins ; and fecondly, at large, the better to exprefs the Divinon of their Members.

II.	Ix Plate LXXIX, I have given an Example of a Cantaliver Cornice at large, which in lofty Rooms under a Cove has. a very grand and noble EfFeCl. The Breadth of a Cantaliver is one 4th of its Height, which is equal to the Height of the Frize ; and the Diilance they are placed at is the fame as their Height; thereby making their Metopes exaflly a geometrical Square, as in the Dorick Order.

III.	Coves to Ciclings are of various Heights; as one third,

one fourth, one fifth, one fixth, two fevenths, two ninths, &.c, of the whole Height.	D 2	A Coyp28	The BUILDER’S JEWEL.

A Cove of one third, as Fig. A, Plate LXXXI, is heft for a lofty Room ; and when Windows are made therein, the Groins make a very agreeable Figure, and take off the feeming Heavinefs which an entire Cove of a large Height impofes on the Eye.

The Curve of this Cove xh is a Quadrant of a Circle deferibed on the Center e; as alfo is the Curve ac of the fame Radius deferibed on the Center b. To find the Center b, after having fet out the Diitances of the Columns at 9 Diameters and a half, and deferibed the Cove xh, as aforefaid, make db equal to ad.

A Cove of one fourth, as Fig. A, Plate LXXIX, is alfo fit for a lofty Room, as a Hall, Salon, Cfr. which is thus proportioned ; Divide the Height in 20 Parts; give 5 to the Cove, and 2 to the Entablature.

To deferibe an Angle-Bracket for any Cove, fuppofe for Fig. B.

Let abc be a Front-Bracket, and af the Bafe over which the Angle-Bracket is to ftand. In C draw Ordinates from its Curve to its Bafe an, at any Diftances, and continue them till they meet af the Bafe of the Angle-Bracket, from whence raife Ordinates at right Angles to the faid Bafe ; and making them refpe£lively equal to thofe in Figure C, through their Extremes trace the Curve ane, which is one Quarter of an Ellipfis, and the Curve of the Angle-Bracket required.

A Cove of one 5th,- as Fig. I, Plate LXXIX, is fit for a Room of State, and thus proportioned, m Divide the Height in 5 : give 1 to the Cove, and one third of the next to the Cornice, which is Dorick without Ivlutules, and reprefented at large by Fig.H.

A Cove of one 6th, as the two Coves in Plate LXXX, is fit for Dining-Rooms, &c. and is thus proportioned : Divide the Height in 30 Parts ; give 5 to the Cove, and 1 to the Cornice.

A Cove of two 7ths, as Fig. B, Plate LXXXI, is lit for a Study or Bed-chamber, and even fora Hall; as herein exprefled, and is thus proportioned : Divide the Height in 7 ; give 2 to the Cove, and 1 to the Entablature, which is Dorick.

IV. I*The BUILDER’S JEWEL.	29

IV.	In Plate LXXVI, I have fhewn how to proportion the 7ufcan, Dorick, lonick, Cornices to the Height of any Room; •a Work known, or at lead pradlifed but by few.

I.	To proportion the Tuican Cornice to a Room of any Height,

Divide the Height from the Floor or Dado in 5, and the

upper 1 in 5 ; of which give 3 to the Height of the Cornice, and 2 to the Breadth of its Stile and Height of its Rail, Fig. A.

II.	2 0 proportion the Dorick Cornice to a Room of any Height.,

Fig. P>.

Divide the Height in 4, and the upper 1 in 10 ; of which give 3 to the Height of the Cornice, and 2 to the Breadth of its Stile and Height of its Rail.

III.	To proportion the lonick, Corinthian, or Compofite Cornices to the Height of any Room, Fig. C.

Divide the Height in 3, and the upper 1 in 3 ; of which give the upper 1 to the Height of the Cornice, and 3 fifths of the next 1 to the Height of the Rail, and to the Breadth of the Stile.

V.	In Plate LXXVII, I have given eight different Mouldings for Pannels; and in Plate LXXYIIJ, four different Mouldings for Tabernacle-Frames, with proper Enrichments, and their Mcafures affixed ; by which they may. be drawn and worked, of any'Mag-nitode required.

VI.	In Plate LXXXII, I have fhewn the Manner of finding the Curves of the neceffary Ribs for Groins, by one general Rule, as follows.

In Fig. A, let ahed be the Plan, and the Semi-circle acB an End Rib, and cf its Height. Draw the Diagonal ad, as alio the Ordinates 1234, on the Semi-circle Rib, which continue till they meet the Diagonal, in the Points 5678; from whence raife right Lines perpendicular to ad, refpedlively equal to the Ordinates 1234.; and then tracing the Curve thro’ their Extremes, it will be the Curve for the Diagonal Rib, as required.

By the fame Rule, the Ribs for all other Kinds of regular or irregular Groins are found, be their Plans what they will, and

their36	The BUILDER’S JEWEL.

their Arches femi-circular, fenri-elliptical, or Scheme ; as is evident by Figures B C D E and F; which a little Infpebtion will make evident to the meaneft Capacity.

CHAP. VIII. Of 7~ruffl'd Partitions, ‘Tnffed Girders, Naked Flooring, &C.

I.	TN Plate LXXXlll, are three Varieties of Traded Partitions, JL of 40, 50, and 60 Feet Bearing, for Graineries, Ware-honfes, l$c. wherein great Weights are laid ; of which the middle one is for two Stories Height.

II. In Plate LXXXIV, the Figures ABC reprefent three Varieties of truded Girders; which ought not to exceed 25 or 30 Feet in Length; and Figure D is a Girder cut Camber, which, for Lengths from 15 to 20 Feet, will do without being truded, as the preceding.

The Scantlings of Girders fsould be

Feet. Feet.

Inches.

8

9

10

11

12

13

Note, That Girders fhould have at lead 9 Inches Bearing in the Walls, and be bedded on Lintels, laid in Loam, with Arches turned over their Ends, that they may be renewed at any Time without Damage to the Pier.

III.	In the uppetr Part of this Plate, I have diewn three Bays of Joids, or naked Flooring ; wherein the two outer ones have only their binding Joids exprefl'ed ; and that in the Middle with their Bridging Joids, (or Furring Joids) as called by fome. In this Kind of Flooring ’tis to be noted, that binding Joids are lo framed as that

theirT& BUILDER’S JEWEL. 3r

their under Surface be level with the under Surface of the Girder, ;uid the upper Surface oi their Bridgings with the upper Surface of the Girder.

The Diilance of binding Joiils lhould not exceed 3 Feet and a half, or 4 Feet, in the Clear; and their Scantlings lliould be as follows, .viz.

Feet.

If their ^	“ P their Scan'tling

Length be ^	^ ILould be

Inches.

Inches.

Bridging Joiils lhould be laid at 1 Foot in the Clear, and their Scantlings lhould be 3 by 4, 3 and a half by 4, or 4 by 4, &c.

In common Flooring, where neither Binding nor Bridging Joiils are ufed, the Scantlings of Joiils ought to be as follows, viz.

Feet.		
S 10 ? , . . <	: 7 ■) <	\3
If the Length be < 11 > their Scantling to be <  LA <	00	l3
	-9 J <	9 3

Note, No Joiils to exceed 12 Feet in Length ; to have at lead fix Inches Bearing, and that on a Lintel or Bond Timber ; and their Diilance in tire Clear not to exceed one Foot. ’Tis alfo to be oblerved, that all joifts on the Breads and Backs of Chimneys be famed into Trimming Joiils (whofe Scantlings are to be the fame ■h tlmfe of Binding joiils) at 6 or 8 Indies Diilance behind, and 12, 16, ffc. Inches before, as aa.

CII A P. IX. Of Roofs.

H F, Requifites to Roofing, is the Scarfing and Completing jL of Raifings, or Wall-Plates, cS'c. to determine the necelfary Height of tire Pitch, agreeable to the Covering; to find the Lengths oi Piincipai and Hip-Rafters, and to back them when necelfary ;

to32	The BUILDER’S JEWEL.

to contrive the proper Truffes for to flrengthen the principal Rafters ; and to lay out in Lodgement the feveral Skirts; thereby to determine the Quantity of Materials neceffary; and to find the feveral Angles and Lengths of all Parts ; fo as to fet out Work, and fix, at once, the Whole in a Workman-like Manner, and .in the lead Time.

N o w, in order to make the young Student a Mailer herein,

I have lhewn,

I. In Plate LXXXV, by Figures ODEFGHIKLM ten different Manners of Scarfing together the Raifings of Roofs ; which is the firft Work to be done; and then the Beams being cogged down thereon at their proper Dillances, which Ihould never exceed io Feet in the Clear, we may begin toconfider, and work the Superftru&ure to be railed thereon.

The firft Thing to be confidercd is the Height of the Pitch ; which mull be determined according to the Covering ; which, if with plain Tile or Slate, the true Pitch, as Fig. A, will be proper : But if with Pan-tiles or Lead, it may be much lower. But here, for Example’s Sake, we will fuppofca Roof to be true Pitch, whofe Plan is rajth, Fig. B, and whole Breadth we will fuppofe is equal to £4, Fig. A.

To find the Length of a principal Rafter.

Divider, in 4 Parts; on^andq, with the Radius of 3 Parts, toiake the Section b; then draw the Lines gk, and h\; and each is the Length of a principal Rafter required.

To find the Length of the Hip-Rafters.

Draw the Central Line ca, and the Diagonals or Bafes, over which the Hip-Rafters are to Hand; as ra, ta, av, and alt, make at, ah, and a r, in Fig. A, equal to at, ah, and ar, in Fig. B, and draw the Lines ht, hh, and hr; then hr is the Length of the Hip-Rafter rp ; hh is the Length of the Hip ; and qv and ht is the Length of the Hip ts.

Or otherwife, on the End of the Diagonal ra, raife the Perpendicular aq equal in Height to ha in Fig. A, and drasv the Line rp,

whichThe BUILDER’S JEWEL.	33

which is the Length of that Hip, and equal to hr, in Fig. A, as before. By the fame Rule you may find the Lengths of all the other three Hips.

To find the Angle cfi^ the Back of any Hip-Rafter.

Through any Point of its Bafe, as c in Fig. B, draw a right Line at right Angles, as f b, cutting the Out-lines of the Plan in f and b. From the Point c, let fall a Perpendicular, as cd, on the IVtp gh ; and make ce equal to cd. Draw the Lines fie, and be, and the Angle befiis the Angle of the Back required.

To lay out a Roof in Ledgement. Plate LXXXVI.

Let bide be a given Plan ; ah, Fig. B, the given Pitch ; and hg, he, a Pair of principal Rafters agreeable thereto.

By the preceding, draw the Ridge-Line aa, and the Diagonals ad, ac, andfl^, ai. In Fig. B, make ac, ad, and ab, equal to the Diagonals ad, ac, and ab, ai, in Fig. A. Thro’ the Points aa, in Fig. A, draw the two Beams qk, and e\. Make rq, fie, and kl, \in, each equal to the Length of a principal Rafter, as hg, Fig. B; and draw the Lines ds, sr, rb, and il, Im, me. On the Points B and i, in Fig. A, with the Radius hh (the Length of the Hip) make the Section t, and draw the Lines bt and ti.

On the Point d, in Fig. B, with the Length hd in Fig. B, and on c with the Length he, make the Seftion 0 ; then drawing the Lines do and co, the Skirts of the whole Roof are laid ; which fill up with fmall and Jack Rafters at Pleafure.

Now, w'hen the Skirts of a Roof are thus drawn on Paper, and are cut out round at their Extremes, and be truly bended or turned up on the Out-lines of the Railing, as bi, bd, dc, and ci; they will all come truly together, and become a Model of the Roof required, wherein every Rafter may be exprefled in its Place, and the jult Lengths and Quantity known to a very great Exaftnefs.

By the fame Rule, the irregular Roof, Plate LXXXVTI, is laid out in Ledgement, and its Requifites found, as is evident at the firft View.

Kite,

E34	The BUILDER’S JEWEL.

Note, As this Plan hath not parallel Sides, every Pair of Rafters will therefore be of different Lengths, although the Height of their Pitch is the fame ; and fo confequently every Rafter mull be backed by taking away a Triangle, as aeh, Fig. D, and then the Sole of the Foot of a Rafter will be as cadb.

The following Plates confining wholly of Truffes for Roofs and Domes, need no Explanation more than their own Figures exprefs, to which I refer.

FINIS.

BOOKS printed for C. and R. Wa r e.

I, A New General English Dictionary ; peculiarly calculated for the Ufe and Improvement of fuch as are unacquainted with the Learned Languages : Wherein the difficult Words, and Technical Terms made ufe of in Anatomy, Architecture, Arithmetick, Algebra, Aflronomy, Botany, Chemiffry, Divinity, Gardening, Grammar, Hawking, Heraldry, Hifforv, Horfe-manfliip, blunting, Hulbandry, Law, Logick, Mathematicks, Ivlechanicks, Military Affairs, Mufick, Navigation, Painting, Poetry, Rhetorick, Sculpture, Surgery, Scc. are not only fully explained, but accented on their proper Syllables, to prevent a vicious Pronunciation ; and mark’d with initial Letters, to denote the Part of Speech to which each W'ord peculiarly belongs. To which is prefixed, A Compendious Englifh Grammar, with general Rules for the ready Formation of one Part of Speech from another ; bv the due Application whereof, fuch as underftand Englifh only, may be able to w'rite as correctly and elegantly, as thofe who have been fome Years converfant in the Latin, Greek, &c. Languages. To-BOOKS printed for C. and R. Ware.

gether with a Supplement of the proper Names of the moll noted 'Kingdoms, Provinces, Cities, Towns, Rivers, &c. throughout the known World. As alfo, of the moll celebrated Emperors, Kings, Queens, Priells, Poets, Philofophers, Generals, &c. whether Jewilh, Pagan, Mahometan, or Chrillian ; but more elpecially fuch as are mentioned either in the Old or New Tellament. The whole Alphabetically digelled, and accented in the fame Manner, and for the tame Purpofe, as the preceding Part; being collected for the Ufe of fuch as have but an imperfeCt Idea of the Englilh Orthography. Originally begun by the late Reverend Mil-Thomas Dyche, School-Mailer at Stratford-le-Bovs, Author of the Guide to the Englijb Tongue, the Spelling Dielionary, See. And now finilhed by Willi am Pardon, Gent. The Eleventh Edition, with the Addition of the feveral Market Towns in England and Wales ; giving a general Defcription of the Places, their Situations, Market Days, Government, Manufactures, Number of Reprefentativesfent to Parliament, Diltance from London, both of computed and meafured Miles, &c. Price 6s.

II. The Builder’s Cpmpleat Assistant ; or, a Library of Arts and Sciences, abfolutely necelfary to be underllood by Builders and Workmen in general, •vise. Arithmetick, Vulgar and Decimal, in whole Numbers and Fractions. 2. Geometry, Lineal, Superficial, and Solid. 3. Architecture, Univerfal. 4. Menfuration. 5. Plain Trigonometry. 6. Surveying of Land, &c.	7. Mecha-

nick Powers. 8. Hydrollaticks. Illullrated by above thirteen hundred Examples of Lines, Superficies, Solids, Mouldings, Pe-deltals, Columns, Pilallers, Entablatures, Pediments, Impolls, Block Cornices, Rultick Quoins, Frontifpieces, Arcades, Portico’s, &c. Proportioned by Modules and Minutes, according to Andrea Palladio, and by equal Parts. Likewife great Varieties of Tru/Ted Roofs, Timber Bridges, Centerings, Arches, Groins, Twilled Rails, Compartments, Obelifques, Vafes, Pedeflals for Buftos, Sun-Dials, Fonts, &c. and Methods for railing heavy Bodies by the Force of Levers, Pullies, Axis in Peritrochio, Screws,BOOKS printed for C. and R. Ware.

and Wedges ; as alio Water by the common Pump, Crane, &c. Wherein the Properties and Prelfure of the Air, on Water, &c. are explained. The Whole exemplified by feventy-feven large Quarto Copper-Plates. By B. Langley. In Two Volumes, OCtavo. Printed on Royal Paper. Price 10s. 6d. The Third Edition.

III.	A Treatife of Architecture, with Remarks and Obfer-vations, by that excellent Mailer thereof, Sebastian'le Clerc, Member of the Academy of Sciences. Necelfary for all Mafons, Joyners, &c. or any who defire to attain to a Knowledge of that noble Art. In two Volumes in OCtavo, the third Edition. Tran-Bated by Mr. Chambers. Price ios.6d. To which are added, 200 curious Copper-Plates by the late ingenious Mr. Sturt. ,,

IV.	The four Books of Architecture, in one Volume, Folio. By Andrea Palladio. Literally tranflated from the Original Italian, by Isaac Ware, Efq. Price i/. ior. The Second Edition.

Particular Care has been taken to preferve the Proportions and Meafures from the Original, all the Plates being engraved by the Author’s own Hand.

V.	The Workman’s Golden Rule for Drawing and Working the Five Orders in Architecture. Wherein their Pedeftals, Columns, Entablatures, Imports, and Arches, are taken from the belt Examples of the Ancients, and proportioned by equal Parts, in a more concife, accurate, and eafy Manner, than has been done in any Language. For the InftruCtion of Apprentices and Journeymen Mafons, Bricklayers, Carpenters, Joyners, Carvers, Turners, Painters, Plaifterers, Cabinet-Makers, &c. (and fuch Mailers) who are acquainted with fo much Architecture, as, is abfolutely necelfary for them to underftand, in their refpeCtive Pi ofeflions ; and. others, who defire a juft Knowledge of the fundamental Rules of that noble Art. By B. Langley, Architect. Price ij. bound.%

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