A $ or mp START LIBRARY PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICE MISCELLANEOUS TRACTS RELATING To NATURAL HISTORY, HUSBANDRY, A N D PHYSTICEKk To which is added the CALENDAR of F LL OR A. By BEN J. STILLINGFLE ET, THE S ECOND EDITI ON, Corrected and augmented with addition: al Notes hout, particul: arly on fome of the E nglith » whic] hare 1lluftrated by Copper Plates, throu { JP rallies NDO N, Printed : And {old | oy R. and J. Dopsrry S. Baker >» in Pall-Mall : in York -Street, Covent-Garden : And T. Pax NE, at the Mufe Gate. ———— — MDA \ ~— 1 ’ J LXI1L. BIOLOGY LIBRARY Homo naturz minifter et interpres tantum facit et intelligit, quantum de natura ordine, Ic vel mente of biervaverit : nec amplius fcit vel poteit. Bacon. Primus gradus {apientiz eft res ipfas nofle ; Gua notitia confiftit a idea objeftorum ; objecta diftinguuntur et nofcuntur in ver ex methodica illorum diwifione et conveniente dcuciinGiione ; adeoque divifio et denominatio fundamentum noftra {cientiz Linn, ert eI CD po > A A SE 2 >) 2 x Rade ; “ER Ae OB x a) | » a a (o =F Re X DID 41.8 6 de CIES oA) Seas - =o = O QA RIGHT HONOR AB ILE George, Lord Lyttelton, Baron of Fra nr Mv I.o R Bb I ref . another of wih}; , ! i eA na i1ys ALL makes me def ® le a ~ following theets I mean the Cn In rarliament fo Country that DEDICATION. mn rime to produce many 700d ct fects, and prove the truth of what Your Lordthip obferved, that the reputation and ntereft of the nation were highly concerned m that pur. chafe. 1 am, with the orcateft re- gard, My Lorbp, Y our Lordfhip’s moft Obliged and Humble Servant, NT oH fo PRD —— To & AN) \S /) y lay WEL = A Oerl 1 @ Y )) oF § = EY HO “WY SCT Zi ar Le X 0 | HA iC 2 tr” = TRANSLATOR. HE following pieces were felected = from many others publifhed by fe- veral ingenious members of that great, and hitherto unrivalled fchool of natural hif- tory, the univerfity of Upfal in Sweden, under the prefidence of Linneus They A 3 were ‘Linnzus Phil. Bot, p. 9. has thefe words, vid. diflert. noftra de ficu, Now there is a piece in Amen. Acad. vol. 1. on this {ubject, in which the matter referred to is contained, ‘This piece goes unier the name of Cornelius Hegardt, tho’ Lintuzos plainly quotes it vi | EF ACE were feleced not as the only, or even the moft valuable, but as anfwering beft the intention of the tranflator ; which was J to n own more generally how far all mankind is concerned in the ftudy of natural hiftory, and thereby to incite {uch as are prop fl: analified to profecute, and branch of knowledge, and the nature of the thing it all orders of men In ments made in it Flis name, it n for fome time of people, but his ks. 1 imagine, are little known except ICW vertuofl who have a more than inary curiofity, and ardor to look into iy the minute parts of nature. Tt cannot in- deed be otherwife. For to unde ritand him ke ufe of hi -tho quires and to make ufe of his method, requires i i hat may he the cafe of all the it as his own. How far that may be the cals : 3 Yen A “nN other pieces inthe Aman. But it is moft like verfities 11 Nes “. elident. muft in great part be attributed to him, as prefident more \cad. 1 cannot pretend to fay. kely from the practice in foreign uni- in relation to thefes held for degrees, that they PREFACE. vil more patience and time than are likely to fall to the fhare of the generality of the world. My defign therefore is not to ex- hort people indifcriminately to ftudy his works ; but, as i obferved before, to give them fome idea how ufefull his purfuits are likely to become in many refpects. There will appear, i imagine, fuch great and ex- tenfive views in relation to hufbandry, phy- fic, and the general ceconomy of human life in the few {pecimens i have given, that in this age and nation, where every art and fcience, that can be of any ufe to the public, : are fure to meet with cenerons encouracers there will be found many who will readily v promote any rational endeavour to puth thefe difcoveries farther, or put in praltice fuch hints, as may fecem to bear a probable appearance of {uccefs. I can fcarcely condemn mankind for treating with contempt a vertuofo whom they {ee employed in poring over a mofs or an infect day after day, and (pending his life mn {uch feemingly unimportant and har- re ~ A I Ne firfd 1nd moit natu- A 4 ial (en (peculations vii PRET ACE ral refle@ions that will arife on this occa- jion muft be to the difadvantage of fuch purfuits. Yet were the whole {cene of na- ture laid open to our views, were we ad- mitted to behold the connections and de- pendencies of every thing on every other, and to trace the economy of nature thro the fmaller as well as greater parts of this olobe, we might pe haps be obliged to own we were miftaken ; that the Supreme Are chite@ had contrived his works in {uch a manner, that we cannot properly be faid to be unconcerned in any one of thems and therefore that ftudies which feem upon a flight view to be quite ufelefs, may in the end appear to be of no {mall importance to mankind. Nay, were we only to look back into the hiftory of arts and {ciences, we muft be convinced, that we are apt to judge over haftily of things of this nature. We thould there find many proofs, that he who gave this inflinctive curiofity to fome of his creatures, gave it for good and great {5 with ufefull Se hy PREFACE 1% [t is true this does not always happen to the fearcher, or his contemporaries, nor even, fometimes to the immediate {ucceed- ing generation ; but 1 am apt to think that advantages of one kind or other always ac- crue to mankind from fuch purfuits. Some men are born to obferve and record what perhaps by itfelf is perfectly ufelefs, but yet of great importance, to another who follows and goes a ftep farther {till as ufe- iefs, To him another fucceeds, and thus by degrees; till at laft one of a fuperior genius comes, who laying all that has been done before his time together brings on a new face of things, improves, adorns, ex- alts human fociety, All thofe fpeculations concerning lines and numbers io ardently purfued, and fo exquifitely conducted by the Grecians ; what did they aim at? or what did they produce for ages? A little arithmetic, and the firft elements of geometry were all they had need of. This Plato aflerts, and tho” as being himfelf an able mathematician and remarkably fond of thefe {ciences, he [C= EE aa Be aa a EE 3 i iO much as x PREF ACE recommends the ftudv of them vet he w 4) makes ufe of motives that have no relati n to the common purpofes of life. When Kepler, from a blind and ftrone impulfe merely to find analogies in nature, 3 +f rey 2 1 : difcovered that famous one between the {3a wa nf the fous | diftances of the feveral planets from the fun, and the periods in which they com- 1 “ . : pleat their revolutions ; of what importance was it to him or to the world ? Again ; when Galileo, pufhed on by the fame irrefiftible curiofity, found out the law WE, TA nr] irs foo : by which bodies fall to the earth, did he or could he forefee that any good would ome from his ineenions > ‘ com m his ingenious theorems, or was ANY immediat ade of them ? nufhed the 1 ah i conld hav, ever came very will mean Sir 1 ( 1 OY ~ fs pe . Se of , whofe name 1s 1 {aif 3 1 . . ivertfine hima { we sail PREFACE, %1 as a ftander-by would have thought, with frying experiments on a feemingly con- temptible piece of {tone, found outa guide for mariners on the ocean, and {uch a guide as no {cience, however fubtile and {fublime its fpeculations may be, however wonderful its conclufions, would ever have arrived at. It was bare curiofity that put Sir Thomas Millington upon examining the minute parts of flowers; but his difcoveries have produced the moft per ec, and moft ufefull {fyftem of botany that the world has yet {een. Other nftanc prove, tha 'ofity in one age is the {ource of the greateft utility in another. And what hs ntly been faid of chy- mifts, may be applyed to every other kind of vertuofi. They hunt perhaps after chimeras and impoflibilities, they find fomething really valuable by the bye. We are hut inftruments under the Supreme Di- rector, and do not fo much as know in many cafes what is of moft mmportince for us to fearch after. But we may be {ure of xi PREFACE. of one thing, viz. that if we fludy and oon ) follow nature, whatever paths we are led into, we fhall at laft arrive at fomethine valuable to ourfelves and others, but of what kind we muft be content to remain ignorant, [am fenfible that after all i have faid. or can fay, many people will not be perfuaded to allow that the ftudy of fome parts of na- tural hiftoy v can be worthy of a rational creature. They will never vouchfafe to took on mofles and infects in this light. Yet why may not the ftudy of thefe like. wife have its ufe in future times » It ought to be confidered that the number of the fatter 1s immente, that it 1s but lately that any great attention has been paid to them, that one of them 1s and has been long the means of cloathing thoufands and feedino more, that another affords us honey, in ther a fine dye, not to mention forme few befides, of ac knowledsed benefit to man- Kind. Laftly, that they are capable of doing us the greateft mifchief, and that it is pofiible that a mae . is pofiible that a more thorough knowledge of PREFACE X14] of them may inftruct us how to {ecure our- {elves againft their attacks, Whether this be poflible we can never know, till proper encouragement has been given to this branch of natural hiftory. Something to the fame purpofe might be faid concern- ing mofles, but as the intent of one of the following pieces is principally to take off fuch obje@ions as i have been confidering, i fhall dwell no longer on this fubject; but proceed to give a fhort account of what Linnzus has done towards the improvement of natural hiftory, that the reader, who is unacquainted with his works, may form fome idea, tho’ very imperfect, of this great man. Firft then, he has invent- ed a new fyftem of botany, founded on the male and female organs of generation in plants, a fyftem which has thrown a new light over botany. He has defined about 10,000 plants, ranged them into clafles, genera and fpecies, given new and regular generical names to many inftead of thofe barbarous and uncouth ones which prevailed till his time, and added fpecifical names X1V PREFACE, names to all, fhort, ealy, and oftentimes fignificant, a thing never fo much as at- tempted before. He has brought into botany, a precifion, concifenefs and cle- gance, that were very much wanted, He has obferved and given names to fome parts of plants not taken notice of by any other botanift, parts which in fome cafes are fuf- ficient as well as neceflary to diftinguifh the genus and the fpecies. The Philofophia botanica ® of this author affords throughout inftances of this re- formation, Had he wrote no other book but this, he would have deferved the higheft praife from all lovers of botany. : 1° “3 NC 1 > + yr o) ) + For befidesthe i nprovements jut mention- ed it comprehends in a {hort compafs fome- > In the year 1750. when he was writing this book, as he tells us in the preface to it, he was hindered from going on by a terrible fit of the cout. that broke tha ftrength of his mind as well as body. In the yea: 1755, he fays, Flor. Suec. article 450. that he had been freed from the gout for {ome years by eating great quantities of frefh flrawberries. He adds that this fruit diflolves the tartar of the teeth, that it is remarkably cood for people afflicted with the fone or gout, and that it may be fafely eaten in abundance, thing I PREFACE, XV thing of confequence in every branch of that part of natural hiftory, and affords hints for various difcoveries, hints that muft, if purfued, produce many confiderable im- provements n phyfic, hufbandry, and economy. He has publifhed a Materia medica {o far as relates to plants, in which he has under- taken to determine many fpecies common- ly ufed but not fufhciently afcertained, adding throughout in the fhorteft manner poffible what he has found to be ufclefs or efficacious, and as he affures us never highly recommends any without being thoroughly convinced of their vertues by his own expe- rience in the hofpitals where he prefided. Some of thefe medicines have not yet, i be- lieve, been received into our thops, butthey may poflibly deferve confideration. In the laft edition of his Syftema nature he has mentioned above 1500 fpecies of in- fects, has claffed them all, divided them into genera and fpecies, defcribed them as to the minuteft parts fo far as was neceflary to diftinguifh them, marked the places 4 where Xvi PREFACE where they are to be found, the plants they feed upon, their transformations, cited theauthors who have treated on them, given them claffical, generical, and trivial or fpe- cifical names; has done the fame by birds, fithes, and all other known animals ; has ranged all the foffils, minerals and ftones, to ule his language, In a manner partly bor- rowed, and partly founded on his own ob- fervations. But what improvements and additions he has lately made to this part of natural hiftory, as well as that of plants, we cannot fay till the other part of his new edji- tion of the Syftem of nature comes out, which is expected daily. However what we {ee he has done in relation to animals, leaves us no room to doubt but that it will all together be the moft extraordinary book that was ever publifhed in this or almoft any other way. Befides his writings, of which i have mentioned but a {mall part, this inde- fatigable man, born to be nature’s hiftorian, has travelled over Lapland, all Sweden, part of Norway, Denmark, Germany, f Holland, u Be GE ET SRT a . = XV Holland, England, and France, in fearch of knowledge. That part of his travels which is publithed in Latin has many curious and ufeful obfervations relating to Of thofe which are written in his own tongue i the purpofes of common life. cannot give any other account, but that by fome quotations from them to be found in the writings of his difciples it appears, that they very well deferve to be communic: to the world in a language more generally underftood. Jefides thefe labours of his own, .the world will be one day cblized to him for oO what others have done. Incited by his example and perfuafion, C. Ternfirom went into Afia; P. Kalmius to Penfiivania and Canada; L. Montin into one part of Lapland ; D. Selander into another; F. Haflelquift into Zloypt and Paleftine; O, ‘Toren to Malabar and Surat; P. Ofbech 5s to China and Java; P. Loefling to Spain and D A Yar , ‘bine i 1 I. Bero fo Gothland ; M. OO -/ Koehler to Italy and A pulia; and D. Ro- v A America ; \ . \ i 11 lander to Surinam and St. Euftacia; all 1 SF Ado a t 1 a xvii PREFACE thefe with a view to the promotion of na- tural hiftory. When we confider him in this light of a mafter of fuch difciples ag thefe, and many others, fome of whofe works make up the following book, he muft appear like Homer at the head of the poets, Socrates at the head of Greek mo- ralifts, and our Newton at the head of the mathematical philofophers. Among all thefe extraordinary qualifications there ap- pear throughout his writings {pirit, candor, a due regard for others, and proper mo- defty and diffidence of himfelf. I will give a fhort {pecimen of his way of thinking in relation to the degree of hu- man knowledge hitherto attained by man on the {ubje& of natural hiftory. A {ub- ject on which it was very natural for alefs extenfive genius to be vain, as he has had fb great a fhare himfelf in the advancement of it. The paffage is taken out of the in- troduction to the new edition of his Syftem of nature, and is to this effet. ¢ How ¢ fmall a part of the great works of nature ¢ is laid open to our eyes, and how many ¢ things PREFACE, ix Jit i i things are going on in fecret which we < - ' 9 know nothing of I How many things are ¢ . ti . . ’ there which this age firlt was acquainted < 3 1 with! How many things that we are 1g- “ norant of will come to light when al] “ memory of us fhall be no more! For ¢ nature does not at once reveal 2] her fe- “crets. We are apt to look on ourfelves as ¢ already admitted into the fantuary of her “ temple, we are {till only in the perch, J * have entered, adds he, into the thick and ¢ thady woods of nature, which are every “ where befet with thorns and briars, I “ have endeavored as much as poflible to “ keep clear of them, but experience has ¢ taught me that there is no man {o circum- “ {pect as never to forget himfelf, and there- ¢ fore 1 have born with patience the {neers of “ the malevolent, andthe buffoneriesof thofe “ whofe vivacity is exerted only to mo- ¢ left and give offence to others. have in * fpite of thefe infults, kept on fteadily in “ my old path, and have finithed the courfe “I was deftined for.’ The latter part of this paflage, (hews that a 2 he we mer cul 3 I Sp AR, a PRR so rn wou A 0 SS FA AOA I IA AA bia iT REF ACE. XX P he has not been without his enemies, and that he hath fuffered in the fame way that all the moft curious enquirers into nature have done in all ages. The tartnefs of his expreflions, which is fill ftronger in the original, plainly proves that they have not ufed fair arguments againft him, but like interefted rivals, or men of a fuperficial underflanding, have endeavored to fub- ject him and his labours to ridicule. But whatever has been his fate in his own countrey, as far as I know, his name 1s almoft univerfally mentioned with refpect in all other parts of Europe. It is true, obic@ions have been made to his innova- tions in other places befides Sweden®, which aving fince the firit edition of thefe tralts met wit! anfwer to Siecefbec, M. D. and botanical cffor at Peterfburg ; who wrote againft the fexual Linnazus, 1 cannot omit quoting one of his which i imagine will divert the reader atthe hat it may ferve as an inftance how far zeal notions will fometimes carry men. The ob- i ¢ the laws of nature are overturned by lygamy and adultery would be ac- m allowed in the vegetable world ; for PREFACE. x XI which muft unavoidably happen on many A 7 accounts, but particularly becaufe thofe natural hiftorians who had been brought up and inured to other {yftems, who for in fome plants there are many filaments to one pifti] his is polygamy. In others there are femal flower which are impregnated by the duft of mal le which have other female flowers belonsine to them } i tilly I. e. which are already married. This is plainly adul- or Siegefbec, it is not }potnfiahle 1 and and dele tery. Now according to profefR: o - redila . We credible that fuch confufion pollution , 0] . ! h ) thould be tolerated in nature 7 Browellius (bec had totally overlonl i iad totally overiooked many inf! ormitics in the animal kinzdom, and even the imme rds, jockies, nly s * Foo . : ‘ raiity of farmers and their wives, fhepher portimen, nay even ladies of re putation, who in their and inde ways promote thefe immoral However it mult be obf fcrupulous profefior tir Cail, on fats have, been ~ ¢ 1s allatiieme and favorers of them cond. mnec nifiments, for reafons as little 2 Lr Qn . im 1 foregoing of SieaclD iote inftances would be endlefs, as every one of learning will eafi 1s the world now Ir nein {vite Linnean fyftem court of Rome. fhrewd aroumonts ee ie Sa "a o RIT A Rain Ea EF, I ge xx PREF ACE. had learned things by other names, and could not eafily attain the new ones, muft have {trong prejudices arife on this occafion. This objection being perfonal 1 fhall not confider it any farther, but readily allow that great indulgence is due to fuch people, and that their fate is to be pitied for coming into the world too foon to be enlightened farther on fubjeéts, that per- haps had employed the greateft part of their life. But there are prejudices of another fort which 1 cannot omit to con- fider more fully on this occafion. In order to this it muft be premifed, that the ufe and intent of a claffical {yftem in any part of natural hiftory, is not to range things according to their natural con- nections in regard to their outward afpects, or eflential qualities, or their medicinal or ceconomical properties, but to range them in fuch a manner that upon a plant, mi- neral or animal being fhewn to a natu- ralift he may certainly, upon a due infpec- tion of the objet, give its true name according to fome fyftem. He who goes farther PRETYACE. XX iil farther than this is not barely a natura- lift, but fomething more, viz. a phyfician, a chymift, a farmer, a gardener, &c. And he who cannot go thus far to a cer- tain degree, does not deferve the name of a naturalift, however {killfull he may be in the vertues and properties of bodies ani- mate and inanimate, The ufe then and intent of a claffical fy{- tem is nothing more than that of a dic- tionary, where no one complains that words totally unconnected in fenfe are put near onc another. The queftion therefore as to the fexual fyftem?, v g. in plants, is not whether they be ranged naturally, but whether in the beft manner poflible in order to be known. Nay farther, it matters not whether the fexual fyftem be founded on nature or not, 1, e. whether there be any ® At the end of the preface i have endeavored to ex- plain the meaning of thefe terms in fuch a manner, that i think any curious perfon that will be at the pains to compare my explication with nat ure, cannat fail to un- derftand perfectly what they mean in general, [ thought this method would be more a: ereeable to the reader than to be referred to other books, a 4 propagation --. = . ——y im sr OA ” A a Sr TI CTD x ANS ICRR GEIROR CRY Pk. ais Rls 5 18 p PREFACE agation by feeds without male and female organs of generation. The whole to be confidered 1s whether thofe parts which are called, and, 1 believe truly {o, do really exift, and whether they hey for the moft part exit fo uniformly, to furnith marks fuflicient to diftinguith the claffes, &c. by. Nor does it matter whether it be hard to diftinguifh thofe marks, but whether they can with proper care and patience be diftinguifthed, and whether we can furely diftinguith plants, without obferving thofe nice and minute parts, and whether a fyftem has been found equally fure with the Linnzan without having regard to thole parts. TT f 1 tv tends of % 11 A RE 3 Thofe who think fo would do well to in- frre ve sxrree im Af *ho te dif nrvrsse » d 10rm thc world or their ancovery, and not alin tala rie: divi leas mel ol 1 makxKkc QOICClIONS tNdtl ali CT ONiv tn oD- Try £ “fire » 1 y hoe o r {curity of nature, when they mean to ¢ demn a fyflem whichis obfcure ly from its cenfonancy to Providence has thought fit to write in cyphers, fhall he be blamed who endea- ’ : eA Year tc Le hy {a vers to give a key to its works, becaufe PREFACE XXV {ome men cannot diftinguifh one ftroke from another in the cypher ? Thofe who have not learned to read the charaéters of nature for want of leifure, pa- tience, or any other caufe, ought not to complain that Linn®us cannot make them {killfull in a part of knowledge they are not qualified for. If a man unacquainted with the learned languages wants to know the meaning of a Greek word, will he com- plain of thelexicon, becaufe he cannet find it? certainly not. Neither ought we to complain of Linnzus in a fimilar cafe. This 1 think is a full anfwer to all the objections that have or can be made to his {yftem in general. What errors he has committed according to his own principles in relation to particulars is quite another queftion. Iam one of thofe who think him not free from errors. Nor is it won- derfull that he fhould fall into fome, but it is truly wonderfull that one man fhould be able to invent and carry {o far fo nice and extenfive a fyftem, efpecially when we con- fider not only what he has done in betany, but what he has done in all the branches of natural XXVi PREFACE. natural hiftory befides, and fome of them almoft entirely neglected before his time. | thould therefore with that thofe who are fond of this part of knowledge would, in- ftcad of making frivolous objections, try by an accurate and diligent examination to rec- tify his miftakes, and thereby help to per- fet a {yftem which deferves the utmoft at- tention, and commendation. Tho’ i faid above that it matters not whether the fexual fyftem be founded on nature or not; yet it was natural for the inventor of it to endeavor by all proper means to vindicate it as likely to be fo, and this he has done to the fatisfation of the moft curious obfervers; and i will venture to add, that it is natural for others likewife to embrace with zeal a {yftem, that puts the works of Providence in fo new and beautiful a light by continuing the analogy from the animate to the inanimate creation. It feems as if Providence intended to lead men to this difcovery by ftriking our fenfes {fo intenfely and fo agreeably with thofe very parts which contain the clue of this fyftem. Yet fuch is the inattention and In- PREFACE, XXVil inaccuracy of man on certain points, that even a tolerable conjecture concerning the ufe of thofe parts was not made till the year 1676. Having finifhed all that I think neceflary to fay concerning Lipnzus and his works, i fhall now come to what relates imme- diately to'myfelf only. Firft then as to the tranflation, I have endeavored to avoid making it too literal, and fervile, but yet i hope without taking any undue liberties, or deviating from the fenfe of the originals. The part which is likely to prove leaft agreeable to the reader, is that which was moft troublefome to the tranflator. I mean the names of things not generally known. Some of thefe i have been obliged to leave in Latin, not being able to find any Englith names for them. I will not pretend to have avoided all miftakes on this head, but it is certain i thould have committed more, as well as have had much more trouble, had it not been for the affiftance of the ingenious Mr. Hudfon, whofe {kill in all the branches of natural hiftory, and parti- cularly XXVill PREFACE: cularly thofe relating to his profeflion as an apothecary, cannot fail to recommend him to the favor of the public. To him i like. wife owe the afcertaining of fome of the grafles, one of which, viz. the fmall bent grafs which i had in my collection, but Fai not where i found it, he dif overed to be the gramen minimum anglo-bri- tanum, mentioned in the indiculus plan- tarum dubiarum at the end of R ay's Synoplfis. I muft not omit alfo on this cccafion to acknowledge my obligation to that excel- lent botanift Dr. Watfon, for fav oring me with the perufal of his colle@ion of graf which was of no {mall {ervice to me, But to return to the tranflation ; I faid that i did not pretend to have avoided all miftakes in relation to the names of things, 1 will now extend this farther, and own my fufpicions that i may y have made foime In re- af atl are of {uch a kind only as may bel looked on with indul gence by the learned, efpecially » : s £ ¢, 1 arity of fub- + ~ PREFACE. XXIX jects treated on in thefe pages, of none of which fubjects i profefs to be a mafter, and therefore do not undertaké to teach fuch readers ; but on the contrary fhall always be ready and even defirous to receive inftruc- ticks from them. Ibeg they will alfo con- fider that i do not aim at letting the un- learned into the myfteries “of this part of knowledge, or even teaching them the ele- ments of it. My bufinefs is only to excite curiofity, and therefore {mall errors can be of no confequence. What I have farther to fay will be found in notes. > Res fummas initio deberi parvo ac debili experientia omnium temporum teftatur, Amenit, Acad. vol. 2. p. 266. §. 2. Endofthe PREF AC E. (xxx ) | order to explain the fexual fyftem, i fhall make ufe of the lilly, as that plant is almoft every where to be found, and as the parts of generation are in that more obvious, than perhaps in any other flower. Upon opening the flower leaves there will appear in the very center, at the bottom, an oblong thickifh fubftance with fix fur- rows along its fides. This contains the feeds, and is called the The germen or germ. On thisftands a {mall kind of pillar called The ftyle. Which is terminated by a thickifh trian- gular head, called The ftigma. Thefe all together from the female part of the flower, and are called by one name, The piftil. Round this piftil grow fix long thready fubftances, called The filaments, Each terminated by an oblong body, that plays as on a pivot, upon the leaft mo- tion ( xxxi ) tion being given to the flower, and is called The anthera. This anthera contains the male duft, which when ripe is fcattered about by every breath of air, and what happens to fall on the ftigma, or upper part of the piftil, is fuppofed to enter thro’ the ftyle into the germ, and there impregnate the feed. This plant is called an hermaphrodite, becaufe the male and female organs of ge< neration are contained within one flower. Moft plants are hermaphrodites, like this, and have fomething analogous to what i have defcribed above. Some plants have the male and female parts feparate on the fame individual ; others have male parts on one plant and female on another. The part of the flower that contains ho- ney is called The neltary. Only a few plants have this part, the lilly ; has it but as the knowledge of it is not neceflary for underftanding the follow- ing pieces, i fhall not treuble the reader with a defcription of it. C ON- C"O"N TENTS N oration concerning travelling in one’s own countrey, by Dr, Linnzus — — page r The economy of nature, by Ifaac He ne re my ANB BENEFIT On the foliation of trees, by Harald i Barck — — 3 5 Of the ufe of curiofity, by Chriftoph. ; OF Cedner = som i To ! Obftacles to the improvement of phy- The calendar of Flora — .. _ The Swedifth Pan, by Nicholas Haf- felgren wm mii rium pi 339 Obfervations on grafles, by the Tran- fic, by J. G. Beyerflein | we ii T R A \% E L IL I N G, &ec. Se be lator — — — 362 CA SR [ig 3 Mifcellaneous Tras, &e, | An ORATION concerning the ne- 2 5 eflity of travelling in one’s own countrey, made by Dr, Linn rus at Upfal,O&.17, anno 1 741, when he was admitted to the royal and ordinary profeflion of phyfic, Amanitat, Academ. vol, ii, OST honorable and moft learned audi- M tors of all orders, i am going to under- take a province, allotted to me by the favor of our moft auguft, and moft potent monarch, whofe will it is that i prefide over, and direét the ftudy of phyfic in this Univerfity ; and that i do my utmoft to advance the glory of this illuftrious body. May his choice be crowned with fuccefs, and may the great and good God favor my undertaking, As by cuftom, delivered down by our fore- fathers, and prefcribed by the laws of our aca. B 2 deny, 4 BENEFIT OF demy, i am obliged upon undertaking this province to fay fomething before fo illuftrious a circle of fathers and citizens ; 1 confefs that all thofe circumftances, each of which is apt to ftrike terror into the mind of man, offer themfelves together in a croud before my eyes on this occafion. For whether i confider the amplenefs of the-place, or the dignity of the audience, or the multitude of chofen people, or laftly my little talents in the arts of {peech; all thefe circumftances, i ingenuoufly confefs, throw me into no fmall confufion. For if the moft eloquent men, when they come to {peak in public, have been known to tremble, and become incapable of uttering a fingle word ; what mutt i feel who have none of the common advantages, either from art or nature, in the readinefs and elegance of fpeech ? However, fince i am under a necefiity of fay- ing fomething, i muft fly for refuge to that fa- vor, and humanity, which you never refufe to thofe who {peak on thefe occafions ; and thus i doubt not but that, however deficient 1 may be from want of talents, or want of exercife, i fhall not wholly=hil of the end iaim at. I fhall therefore, moft honorable auditors, under- take to treat on a fubje& neither unfuitable to the TRAVELLING, &. the prefent occafion, nor to the office iam going to enter into, nor to that employment which i was lately engaged in by the will, and fuffrage of the high, and mighty ftates of this king- dom; and from which i am now once again brought back to this feat of the mufes. Nay fo far is the fubject, i am about to treat on, from being unfuitable to any of thefe circum. ftances, that it feems to me particularly adapt- ed to every one of them. The fubjet is con. cerning the neceflity of travelling in one’s own countrey, and the advantages that may thence accrue, efpecially to phyficians. I fhall treat it in a plain and popular manner ; and endea. vor to manage it fo, that the meannefs of my language may be compenfated by the dignity of the matter, and the brevity of my ex- preflions, Al human knowledge is built on two foun- dations 3 reafon and experience,—~Thefe two Joyned together are neceffary to make 2 good phyfician. We muft confefs indeed, that the bufinefs of Wi hg be carried on with equal fuccefs In our clofets, as in travellino f a have an opportunity of A or truly learned. GAL en B 3 But 6 BENEFIT OF But it was experience, that fovereign miftrefs without which a phyfician ought to be athamed to open his lips 3 it was experience, i fay, that confecrated to immortality fo many of the an- tients, and amongft the reft that divine old man Hippocrates, whofe writings were pub- lihed many ages before chriftianity. The writings of this wonderful man alone, among {fo many ingenioufly contrived fyftems, remain to this day, and will for ever remain firm, un- moved, unfhaken, untouched by any decay, by any change. It is experience that has adorned with laurels the heads of fo many ce- lebrated phyficians in all times, and even now adorns. And hence it is that the chief and moft honorable title of phyfician is to be called a man of experience. Experience ought ta 0 firfll 3 reafoning thould follow, The former furnifhes the materials of knowledge ; the latter holds her confultations on the given phano- mena ; and when the has weighed with judg- ment every circumftance, fhe difcovers truth, and concludes, o¥ders, and determines rightly about the point in queftion, Experience ought to be animated by reafon in all phyfical affairs; without this fhe is void of order, void of ener- ov, veid of life. On the other hand reafon oO. : with TRAVELLING, &ec. 7 without experience can do nothing ; being no- thing, but the mere dreams, phantafms, and meteors of ingenious men who abufe their time. The antients certainly did not, any more than we, bring experience into the world with them. - There is need of much diligence and labor, before man can be thoroughly in- ftruted. Diofcorides confefles, that he under- took many journies in order to increafe expe- rience ; and the other fathers of phyfic in their writings frequently make mention of their travels either exprefsly or tacitly, Academies were inftituted to the end, that men well verfed in all kinds of literature, and enriched befides by much experience, might be invited thither, and that the youth, who were ambitious of becoming learned, might flock together to thofe feats; and have the advantage of improving no lefs by the expe- rience, than by the erudition of the profeflors; and thefe qualifications combined together, which is of all alliances the moft pleafing, very juftly deferve the utmoft veneration and refpect. Vaft and fumptuous libraries are erefted in academies ; in which the obfervations of the learned, like fo many legacies, and donations, B 4 are 8 BENEFIT OF are preferved ; that they who diligently give themfelves up to ftudy, may become endued with learning, polithed, and confirmed by ex- perience. Thefe libraries are the repofitories of wifdom, and their ftores are laid open to every ingenious candidate. Hofpitals are founded that the candidates of phyfic may learn thofe things at the patients bed fide, which cannot be learned from books; for here practice, and experience thew their force by means of the eyes, and hands; as he paints any object moft accurately, who paints from the idea, which his own eyes afford him, and not from that, which he gets by the rela- tion of another. Anatomy {chools are eretted, that we may behold in another’s body, as it were in a glafs, the nature, and conftitution of our own; as thofe conceive more clearly the fituation of countries, diftricts, and cities, and the man- ners, rites, and cuftoms of their inhabitants, who themfelves have been there, and have feen what is remarkable amongft them with their own eyes, than he who relies folely upon the vague and imperfet maps, and relations of travellers, | Phyfic TRAVELLING, &. Phyfic gardens are here cultivated ; where the plants of various kinds are collected from all parts of the globe, that we may by this means behold, as it were, the great in the little world. Hither inftruments for experimental philo- fophy are brought together, that the abftrufe forces of the elements, which otherwife would efcape our fenfes, may be made manifeft, and that fo we may fuccefsfully be let into the very recefles of nature; as far as human pe- netration will admit of, All thefe things are inftituted in academies, that the youth may arrive at knowledge by experience ; all tend to this end, that tho’ we be confined to one fpot, one corner of the earth, we may examine the great and various ftores of knowledge, and therein behold the immenfe domains of nature, and get acquaint- ed with fuch things, as otherwife muft be fought for, and oftentimes in vain, over the whole globe. | In my opinion therefore ftudying at acade- mies ought by no means to be neglected, but rather fhould be looked on as neceffary to thofe, who are ambitious of attaining wifdom, fupported by experience. And thofe who en- : deavor 10 BENEFIT OF deavor to inftill into the minds of young peo- ple a contempt for univerfities, and to with- draw the ftudious from thefe feats of learning, fuggeft very pernicious advice; not confider- ing that in thefe ftorehoufes of knowledge much greater, and more excellent things may be attained by means of experience in a very fhort fpace of time, than by the moft multifa- rious, moft indefatigable, and moft extenfive reading at home all one’s life. If i may be allowed to fpeak what is really fat, this our univerfity may contend with any foreign one whatever for true, and folid Jearn- ing in all thofe parts of knowledge, which 1 have enumerated, owing to our noble, and exemplary inftitutions. For we begin to ex- cell in botanical gardens, in hofpitals, in ap- paratus’s for experimental philofophy, in ana- tomical preparations, and other helps for arts and fciences, and to excell fo much that we are likely in time, by the blefling of the al- mighty, to be inferior to no univerfity. Although fome univerfities excell others on account of certain advantages peculiar to themfelves ; for in proportion as one kind of knowledge in this, or that nation is held in greater, or lefs efteem, and is therefore more _— : lh AR EE HR SEE TE WEE eR Ss hs TRAVELLING, &.. It more or lefs cultivated, fo the profeflors of it will be more or lefs fkillful ; as at this time the hofpitals at London both for number and goodnefs exceed all others, at Paris chirurgical operations, at Leyden, ana- tomical preparations, at Oxford botanical col- lections 3 tho’, i fay, this may be the cafe, yet 1 cannot think, that thofe a& prudently, or enough confult the good of themfelves, and countrey, who feek for that abroad, which may be had at home, and who travel to foreign uni- verfities, before they have laid a fufficient foundation in their own countrey. And there is no doubt but that they who do fo will at laft repent of their error. He, who goes abroad raw, and ignorant, feldom returns more learned. Whereas, he, who has fpent his time well at his own univerfity, will never find rea- fon to repent. Whoever has employed him- felf properly in the ftudy of the arts, and {ci- ences will become an ufefull, and folid man in every branch of bufinefs. Whoever, before he fets out to vifit regions warmed by other funs, has laid the firft foundations of his ftudies in his native countrey, will be moft likely to bring back materials of far oreater price, than we ufually fee amongft the greateft part of our tra- i? BENEFIT OF travellers, who feldom return home laden with any thing, but fine founding, and empty words collected out of the European languages. What do they learn, but to prate about theatres, and plays, and the modes of drefs amongtt the Ita- lians, the Spaniards, the Germans, and above all the French ? If they were well advifed they would not ftir a foot out of their own coun- trey ; that they might not deftroy their for- tunes, their time, their health, nay their very life itfelf by luxury, and voluptuoufnefs. They would not then return, as too frequently hzp- pens, entirely ufelefs to themfelves, and coun- trey, and a burthen upon the face of the earth. But whither am i hurried ? My defign was, in the little time allotted me, to {peak to you, gentlemen, not of the peculiar advantages of univerfities, or of fojourning at this, rather than any foreign one; but chiefly of travelling in one’s own countrey, thro’ its fields, and roads ; a kind of travelling, i con- fefs, hitherto little ufed, and which is looked up- on as fit only for amufement. I once more, moft honorable auditors, beg your patience, and that 1 may not forfeit all right to your favor, and benevolence, i promife to be as fhort as poffible, You know what the poet fays, The sidsiusraininnnihnin dae saa Sle TRAVELLING, &c. 13 The farmer talks of graffes and of grain, The failor tells you ftories of the main. You ought not therefore to wonder, that i choofe to make travelling in one’s own coun- trey the fubject of my difcourfe. Every one thinks well of what belongs to himfelf, and every one has pleafures peculiar to himfelf, I have travelled about, and paffed over on foor the frofty mountains of Lapland, have climb- ed up the craggy ridges of Norland, and wan- dered along its fteep hills, and almoft impe- netrable woods. I have made large excurfions into the forefts of Dalecarlia, the groves of Gothland, the heaths of Smoland, and the unbounded plains of Scania. There is fearce- ly any confiderable province of Sweden, which i have not crawled thro’ and examined ; not without great fatigue of body and mind. My journey to Lapland was indeed an undertaking of immenfe labor ; and i muft confefs, that i was forced to undergo more labor, and danger in travelling thro’ this one tra& of the nor- thern world, than thro’ all thofe forreign coun- treys put ‘together, which I have ever vifited ; tho’ even thefe have coft me no finall pains, and have not a little exhaufted my vigor. But love to truth, and gratitude towards the fu- preme 1 BENEFIT OF preme being oblige me to confefs, that no fooner were my travels finithed, but, as it were, a Lethaan oblivion of all the dangers, and difficulties came upon me ; being rewarded by the ineftimable advantages, which i reaped from thofe devious purfuits. Advantages, the more confpicious for that i became daily more and more fkillful, and gained a degree of ex- perience, which I hope will be of ufe to my- felf, and others; and, what i efteem above all other confiderations ; as it comprehends in one all other duties, and charities ; to my coun- trey, and the public. Good God! how many, ignorant of their own countrey, run eagerly into forreign re- gions, to {earch out and admire whatever cu- riofities are to be found; many of which are much inferior to thofe, which offer themfelves to our eyes at home; I have yet beheld no forreign land, that abounds more with natural curiofities of all kinds, than our own. None which: prefents fo many, fo great, fo wonder- full works of nature; whether we confider the magazines of fnow heaped up for fo many ages ~upon our Alps, and amongft thefe vaft tracks of {now green meadows, and delicious vallies here and there peeping forth, or the lofty heads TRAVELLING, &. 15 heads of mountains, the craggy precipices of rocks, or the fun lying concealed from our eyes for fo many months, and, thence a thick Cimmerian darknefs fpread over our hemi- fphere, or elfe at another feafon darting his rays continually along the horizon. The like to all which in kind, and degree, neither Hol- land, nor France, nor Britain, nor Germany, nor laftly any countrey in Europe can thew 3 yet thither our youth greedy of novelty flock in troops. But it was not my intent to {peak of thefe things at prefent. T come now clofer to my purpofe, being about to thew by in- ftances, that the natural philofopher, the mi- neralogitt, the botanift, the zoologift, the phy- fician, the farmer, and all others, initiated in any part of natural knowledge, may find, in travelling thro’ our own countrey things, which, they will own they never dreamed of before. Nay things which to this day were never dif: covered by any perfon whatever. Laftly fuch things, a5 may not only gratify, and fatiate their curiofity ; byt may be of {ervice to them- me their countrey, and all the world, ; 0 give a few examples. The facac fearcher after nature will oe here, rr all to tharpen, and exercife his attention in be~ 4 holding. 16 BENEFIT OF holding the top of mount Swucku, of fo ims menfe a height, that it reaches above the clouds. The wonderfull ftructure of mount Torfburg, the horrid precipices of the rock Blakulla in an ifland of that natne, fituated near Oeland, and that prefents by its name, ftill ufed among the Suegothic vulgar, no lefs than by its difmal afpet; an idea of the ftupidity, and fuperitition of that antient people. Befides the wonderfull vaults, and caverns of the Skiula mountains; the high plains of the ifland Carolina, the unufual form and ftruture of the Kierkerfian fountains in Oeland; to pafs over numberlefs other ftrange works of nature, the like to which perhaps are no where to be met with. > Where can we have greater opportunities, than in this Suegothic tra&, of confidering the intenfe rigor, and vehemence of winter, the incredible marble-like ftrength of ice ? And yet in this inclement climate grain of all forts is obferved to fpring forth fooner, grow quick- er, and ripen in lefs time than in any other part of the world.* * Vid. a treatife concerning the foliation of trees pub- er this collettion, and the prolegomena to fhe Flom Lapponica of this author, where he fays that at Pur yase in Lapland anno 1732. barley fown May 31. was ipl July 28. i.e. in §8 days; and rye fown May 31. wa ripe, and cut Aug. 5. i.e. in 66 days. TRAVELLING, &. 17 Whoever defires to contemplate the ftupen- dous metamorphofes of fea, and lind, will Icarcely find any where a more convenient op- portunity, than in the fouth, and eaft parts of Gothland ; where the rock-giants, as they are called; feem to threaten heaven, and where the epocha’s of time, the ages, the years, if 1 may {o fay; are as it were carved out in a furprifing feries upon the fea-thore, and the ground above the hore, The philofopher will find room to exercife his ingenuity fufficiently in the Oceland-ftone, by trying to difcover how to overcome its moifk nature, and quality, which whoever could ac- complifh would do no fmall fervice to his countrey, and above all would infinitely oblige the inhabitants of that place. I thall fay no more than what 1s known, and confefled by all the world, when i fay that there is no countrey in the habitable part of the globe, where the mineralogift may make greater progrefs in his art, than in this our countrey. Let any one, that can, tell me, in what regions, more rich, and ample mines of metal are found, than in Sweden, and where they dig deeper into the bowels of the earth than here, C Let i ms ER sop oA B E EF¥17T OF I et the mines of Norburg, the ridge of Ta- of Dannemore, Bitfberg, Gren- 18 burga, the pie ly the v aa “and Jat immenfe treafures of Sal- oid, aii beroen, and I thluna be my witnefs, which ex- ceed all in the known world. Where do the poficfiors {uffer forrcigners more freely to approac h their furnaces, and ciirve their opera tions © where are there men to communicate their knowie lge? ivility, and more ready Strangers arc received by us with ¢ even prefed to ftay. ; : Who would not fhudder on beholding thofe forces, vomiting forth immenfe clouds of hes wid {moak, where our iron ores are mele who would not behold with pleafure the fimple countreyman in the thick pine-groves of De lecarlia, without furnace, without any appa- ratus, extracting an iron fo very fo fit for i that it vields to no other, tho’ plopied with the fiercelt fires, and greateft expence Who ten years ago would have imagined, that the lapis calaminariswas to be had in Dale- carlia ? or mines of the very beft kind of gold in Smolandia ? : You will perhaps fcarce believe me w on : tell you, that there are whole mountains fall of petiole in Dalecarlia. Yet doubt not. This thing TRAVELLIN G, &c. 19 thing hitherto unheard « of, unfeen, i myfelf faw with thefe eyes, and was furprifed. We admire the abundance of coral on the yet the port of Capellus in Gothland alone equals, nay exceeds thof 10ie riches of the eaft. I have feen deep ftrat; tending many furlon gs, man thores. Botanifts, Indian fhores, a of corals ex- misc Pp : y miles alone its ~/ who have travel led over the orcateft part of the elobe in fe ar ch of the trea- fures of the vegetable kingdom, have yet left many plants for us and our pofterit 1 roy mogik Xr i : ' a Cover in thele ou regions. For there 15 {carc any where a greater variety of moffes, lichens, Juciy, and Sungi, than with us; and the e moft curious botanifts are now diligently employed in conten plating thefe minute plants. Whoever behel d, or deferibed our diapen- 2 A fia 2 who the blafie unlefs Miche Thefe two kinds of plants grow the latte ich alone 2 with us, r efpecially is found in grea ple about Fahluna, WwW hat traveller, tha totally ignorant in botany, Pp and does aris to Fontaineble au to {ee ¢ 0rchis’s, fome of w hich reprofir “helmets, others knats, others flies ; all of th ly, fo wonderfully, that there {eems nothing C2 ICM io exalt- want- 20 BENEFIT OF wanting to make them the very animals them- {elves, but noife, and motion? Who imagined p 3 ~ “es . tv 11} thefe flowers grew in our countrey, and in he h plenty in Ocland, than they are to be met with in every field ? Who would ever have thought of looking The ’ in our countrey for the following exotics. ea, the great burnt, the perennial let- the dwarf carline thiftle, the middle flea- kane, the black hellebore, the Hlyric erewfoot, much lefs the riccia, and herb terrible, and efpecially the feorpion fina, that moft beautiful fhrub, which in winter is carefully guarded againfl the frofts in the ftoves of our botaniils ; vet all thefe have lately been obferved to grow in Oeland and Gothland. We ufed to purchafe at a great price from forrcigners the following medicinal plants, ver- vain, moneywort, &c. which all are natives of Sweden, and yet ten years ago nobody knew this. What expences have we been at yearly to get the glafs-wort, of whofe afthes and falt, glafs is made. The dyers weed and woad were purchafed yearly at a very high price ; plants that we have at laft found grow every where about our provinces. Lapland TRAVELLING, &ec. 21 Lapland alone furnithed me fome time a00 with a hundred r S is dred rare plants. I have gathered ately as many in the i i i Iely os y ¢ iflands of the Baltic, and mn Scania as many more, never before ob- ferved in Swede i oweden. Nor car p can it be doubted, ut that our other provinces conceal in their unfrequented corners other new plants, luable for ufe or beauty, looked, va- iz tho’ hitherto over- if a diligent and acute inquirer be not wantine. I will not fay with the poet, ““ Happy the rural inhabitant,” but « happy ““ the Swedifh inhabitant if he knew but what good he is pofleffed of ®,” The zoologift will no where meet with a Place more delightful, and more fuitable to his views, than that where flocks of all kinds of birds in fpri 5 In {pring time, and fummer, gather €C * Our countrey has been fear for plants, that wh But a curiou to plants eve ched by fomany able botanifls at is faid here cannot be applied to us. s > 2 hia : : 3 ey eller might be of great fervice in relation : n here, by obferving, and making generally » Ww . : . ? : nown a plants are peculiarly cultivated in fome coun. ries. 5 for 1 : o 5 aa for inftance they fow /otus, 13. Linn. bird:- vot tr for ge ¥ . , ts - : y 2 1 2 Ray fr. 334 in Herefordthire, which grows al ver tnglar - is fi " 2 5d on dry paftures, and is found very good for e€ep, tho’ ey z i er : e oy where elfe, as for as i know, neglected, Ag ! they nake great ufe of thé common wetch in Glo- ceilerlhire, chief] i y for horfes, feeding them with it upon the pot, aud eating it up tis uzh for tar bing it up time enough for turneps the fame 4 - C 3 toge- TRAVELLIN G, &c. 23 in the others, unknown, undefcribed, unfeen in for- and mountainous paris of Sweden, reign countries. Who ever diffeéted, exa- vo. that i anv other {bot of the carth mined, defcribed thofe minute red ferpents call- : oe the Norland ed afps, or afpingar by the fouthern Swedes, nga called alwar- whofe bite communicates a deadly poifon ? 7, the artic It would be tedious were i to defer d to torde, the Ot- the {pecies of infects, The great Reaumur, {[ 7 1 fad : » 77 the il foecha. the pi- who has thewn a facacity., and accuracy, be- ’ 1 oO ’ J ; are all more fore him unknown, in examining infects, up- fants are with on feeing my colle®ion of Swedith infects it no countrey up- owned ingenuoufly, that my countrey alone 1 bounds more with contained more fpecies of thofe animals, than I aR NS A han Sweden. Wild rein- any other known in the world, Fo ray rat that The curious diztetic, whofe bufinels it is 4 1 ¥ ; 3 7 b 3 i 7 Tr—— % to inquire into the various ways of living among men, will fcarcely find any place, where there are fo many different kinds of food, as here. Here men vary in their food, as they vary in fortune, fituation, and con- Goth- | dition. And what is very remarkable, the in- Con- habitants of this northern world have their with | eculiar cuftoms, and rules of eating in every ce, and territory. In Lapland they without corn, or wine, without falt or ny made liquor. Water, and fe th, and pre- AVN oF Ale nen shia 15 of thefe are thelr C4 24 BENEFIT OF In fome places the countreyman lives in his fmoaky, and footy ftove on the © coregonus when flinking 3 and wy made of the roots of the calla, or of the hufks, and beards of grain pounded. In fome places they live upon flinking ber- ring, and ropy whey called fyra; in other places on a food called ff, and artfan, and ftinking fyb; and yet they undergo much la- bor. In fome places their food is furneps, and their drink made of juniper berries. Some live upon peas, others on buck wheat, others grow fat upon whale’s flefh, to the aftonifh- ment of ftrangers. In travelling thro’ other countries you will hardly ever fee fo many different ways of liv- ing in this refpe@, as in the Swedifh domi- nions, and where confequently the diztetic philofopher may have fo many opportunitie of making his experiments. The pathologift, who inquires into the caufes of diftempers, will not lofe his time 1n travelling into thefe countries ; as in every dif- « A general name of fithes, fome fpecies of which are known in England and Wales, as the / be/iey, the grayling, the gawiniad, &c. Vid. Artedi icht Syol Yr TRAVELLING, &c. 25 5 ferent province men are fubject to peculiar difeafes, which arife in a great meafure from the different kinds of food, that prevail among them. He will no doubt hence be empower- ed to aflign the true caules ; why the Norlan- der is infected with the fcurvy, and why the Laplander on the contrary is free from it : why the fame Laplander is fubject to thofe ter- rible gripes, called by them w/lem ; why the Gothlander is chiefly afflicted with the ¢ hypo- th L who are more prolific than any other people in our part of the world, lofe moft of their children in the cradle; why fo many people are liable to the epilepfy in the territory of Verns, for the caufe is flight in appearance, chondriacal colic; why the Weft Forth, but very fingular in its nature. Why almoft all the males in Orfobza dye of confumptions before the age of 30. To enumerate all the things, which we have particular opportunities of obferving in rela- tion to thefe affairs in our countrey, would re- uire no fhort treatife. Iam fully perfuaded that it is abfolutely ne- ceflary for the young phyfician to travel thro’ his own countrey, were it only for this rea- lon, that relying upon his own ftrength might A I a a A Br I T uty become more diligent, gain expe- rience, without which there can be no {kill in ri shi i wah > ring the art which he profefies ¢ of perfection. For it happens 1 PN". r wi ~ Sr 2a > amongft ws, anc im no where fo fees quently, that our common pe dence in their yids fo run in crouds 4 nese 1 ne, that is known to have taken ss HY TRE Prrinkr as. teas will gice 3 1n other countries they will riapaalc sid ot ro . Cis icarcely truft a young phyfician with a favo rite doo. By follo ving this courfe, : > Into practice 1€ vOlino vhf {31 141 71 0 * ve » the young phyfician wi pen celve, 1 I 3 . ™ . wihcther medicines, oftentimes celebrated be- moderation, have that ef- > patient, wl many in ufe d IT the TRAVELLING, &c. {pecies of fmilax, ipecacuanba, afpecies of ko- I I ney-fuckle, acmella, a fpecies of boiny agrimony, contrayerva of dorftenia, and fimoruba of pi- Stacia, which in fome difeafes are reckoned fpecifics ? what are all thefe, 1 fay, but reme- dies approved by long ufe 2 pene the vulgar? and are not innumerable reme our own countrey people of the fame nature were not all thofe I have enumerated found out by © barbarians, and when experience had fhewn, that they were ufeful, and Feions in many difeafes, were they not thought wor- thy to be communicated to the reft of man- kind ? Let our young phyfician then learn, p. 403. WwW where Reincecs is quoeds for te that barbari- ans have done more towards the advancement of phyfic, than the learned of all ages. In the fame pafiage the fol- lowing words of Tournefort are quoted, gue tout le travail des hommes n'a encore rien produit de fi affure que deux ou trois drogues que les fauvages tromvent dons les bois. The author fubjoins to thefe quotations a lift of twenty medi- cines with an &c, taken from barbarous nations, now ufed in our fhops. The curious reader may find in Dampier’s voyaces a very extraordinary inflance of the fkill of the favages of \merica in the chiru rgical way, Yishs r there gives an felf by thefe peo- oh and his te aii ony is the flronger, as he was a fur- 0 x } {nlf 501 HIME, not Ra Rowse Ad 28 BENEFIT OF not to contemn, but accurately to remark thofe remedies, which are cried up amongit the common people. For he who boafts of knowing more of the virtues of fimples, than what © tafte, fmell, * frutification, and experi- ments will {uggeft, vehemently deceives, or is deceived. Ye who intend one of thefe days to culti- ate your native foil with advantage, and pro- fit, may be aflured that you will find nothing in all the books of hufbandry, that will be of fuch affiftance to you in that art, as travelling thro’ the different provinces of this kingdom. In fome parts, and thofe the moft barren, you * Vid. Amenit. academ. vol. 2. p. 371. in an exprefs treatife on this fubjet the author quotes feveral eminent phyficians both ancient and modern, who maintained the fame opinion as to taftes. And vol. 3. p. 183. where the affifiance t0 be had from fmell is confidered, and the ef- fets of odors amply treated on. f Fru&ification. The reader perhaps may be at a lofs to underitand this. The meaning of it is, that plants which agree in the genus and even in the clafs agree alfo in their vertues. Thus the leaves of all the graffes are good for cattle, the lefler feeds for fmall birds, the greater for man, and this without exception. The ficllated plants of Ray are diuretic, the rough-leaved plants of the fame author are affringent and vulnerary. Plants with a pea-flower are all wholefome for cattle and man, &c. Vid. a curious trea- tile on this {ubje®, in the Aeadem. vol. 1. P3880. will TRAVELLING, &c. 29 will fee very confiderable crops produced by the force of fkill, and induftry. In others, tho’ by nature extremely fertile, you will fcarcely fee any appearance of crops; and the inhabi- tants live poorly, and in a miferable condi- tion, merely from careleflnefs, and indolence. You may obferve how far the Cuprimontani ex- ceed all others in the management of hay, and grafs, and the Gothlanders in relation to cattle, and particularly fheep. You will have an opportunity of noting the different ways in different places of ploughing, manuring, harrowing, fowing, reaping, ga- thering, drying, and threfhing, from whence a prudent traveller may judge which way is beft. It would be abfurd indeed to apply to our lands forreign methods of hufbandry in every particular, v. g. forreign grafs feed would not fucceed fo wellas our own. Yet i will venture to fay one could fcarcely travel a day in any of our countries without learning fomething of ufe in ceconomy. Many things that will occur, may appear trifling at firft fight, which yet upon a more mature confideration, you will own may be turned to very great advantage ; fuch as the various ways of cloathing, preparing vice tuals, 30 tuals, feeding cattle, not to mention the man- ners, commerce and numberlefs other parti- culars. Laftly, however neceffary and incumbent upen us it may be to take a view of our coun- trey, it will be in vain to undergo this trouble, if we do not lay the foundation of our ftudies at the univerfity, as to natural philofophy, natural, and medical hiftory; without which preparation for travelling to advantage every thing that occurs, will appear trite, common, and not worth our attention. The traveller however, above all men, ought to keep in mind that famous principle of Defcartes, viz. to doubt about every thing. He muft allo be very cautious not to {uffer his mind, from too eager a defire of knowledge, to be over- whelmed at the beginning by the number of things to be obferveds. * * * * x = Aw ¥ oR * ® * % ¥ x =% We ought to travel in the flower of our ace, while the mind, and body are in vigor, while our f{trength is unimpaired, and alac rity at its height; before a family, houthold affairs, ® Here follow fome few lines in the original, which not underilanding i have emitted, and tions. When by this method you have laid the fir? foundation of travelling in your own countre Vs you will then be qualified to go farther r, and become ferviceable to yourfelves, and the pub- lic, by learning thofe things abroad, which could not be learned at home ; and thus, hav- ing made a fair examination, you may be ena- bled to judge, sihether our own cuftoms may be improved by the help of forreign ones, and how far ; and thus you will not be apt 1 hl imagine, that every fathion which prevails at Paris, 1s fit to be introduced into our cot- tages ; laftly, thus you will not be better ac- quainted with the manners and cu 1S France, England, Germany, and ther coun- trics, than with thofe of your own; 1. e. you will not, as the proverb fays, for want of com- mon fenfe, Invert all order, and become Lynxes abroad, mere moles at home. But not to abufe your patience any longer, 1 here break the thread of my difcourfe, that what time remains may be employed by me in exprefling my withes and thanks. Firft, sii to thee, OQ om 1n1pot ent God, 1 humbly offer up { sid ER 32 BENEFIT OF up my thank{giving, for the immenie benefits; that have been heaped upon me thro’ thy gra- cious protection, and providence. Thou from my youth upwards hatt fo led me by the hand; hatt fo directed my footfteps, that 1 have grown up in the f{implicity, and innocence of life, and in the moft ardent purfuit after know- ledge. I give thee thanks for that thou Ni ever preferved me in all my Journes thro my native and forreign countries, amidit fo many dangers, that furrounded me on every fide, That in the reft of my life, amidft the heavieft burthens of poverty, and other inconveniences, thou waft always prefent to fupport me with thy almighty aflitance. Laftly that amidft fo many viciflitudes of fortune, to which I have been expofed, amongit all the goods, 1 fay, and or the joyfull and gloomy, the pleafing, and dif- agreeable circumftances of life, thou endow- edt me with an equal, conftant, manly, and fuperior {pirit on every occafion. : : To our moft auguil, and potent prince Fre- derick the firfl, as becomes a dutifull, and obe- dient fubjed, i give moft humble thanks for his favorable kindnels in beftowing upon me this honorable poft. May the almighty grant, is majetty, and his moft ferene confort, thole amd ial | TRAVELLING, &: thofe fhining ftars of the north, may long, very long illuminate, and adorn this region with the brightnefs of their rays. To thee, moft mighty count Gyllenbourg, illuftrious chancellor of this univerfity, to thee, though abfent, ireturn the moft fincere, and humble thanks for the great, and even end. lefs benefits beftowed upon me; amongft which, exceeding all number, this muit not be reckoned the leaft, that, when I was called hither by this academy, you recommended me in the moft indulgent manner to our great monarch. Tt fhall be my conftarit care that yo may never repent of this favor, and by reverence, refpec, and duty; to teftify my gratitude to my lateft breath, To the moft reverend the archbithop, to the vice-chancellor, to the magnificent rector, and to you illuftrious and celebrated profeflors; i return alfo moft grateful ack nowledgments,who honored me by your unanimous votes, and af- fifted in bringing me to this chair. As this your benevolence laid me under the greateft obligation to you, to employ every office of regard and friendthip towards you, fo by the grace of God i fhall omit no opportunity of thewing i am not unworthy of your favor, “ D Whilft # if - a RGR TRA FLT RE CRG EMER FX eM SCL RET TE NEHRING GS Eos LCIOURRR RBM 2 BENEFIT OF Whilft i am thus employed in teftifying the feelings of a grateful mind, i ought not to for get your name, moft illuftrious Roberg, my predecefior highly worthy of the utmoft vene- ration. As i am one of thofe who have had the happinefs of being educated in your {chool, i fhould be the moft ungratefull of men, if i were ever to fuffer the remembrance of fuch a benefit to flip out of my mind. It has been your lot, venerable fir, to fur- vive all your brethren; and you may juftly boaft, what every phyfician now in Sweden will gratefully confefs, that to you, as to their faithful inftruor, they owe the beginning, the increafe, and the finithing of their art. Nay not only the faculty at Upfal, but the whole circle here prefent ought to falute, and reverence you as {uperior to them all in age. Suffer then at laft your difciple to eafe you of that burthen, which fot forty years, and more, you have fuftained, with ho- nor; that now, time having laid his heavy hand upon you, you may enjoy that reft, which his facred majefty has kindly granted to your withes. My fincere prayers are not wanting to the almighty, that he may grant you 2 chearfull, and vicorous old age, and that every TRAVELLING, &e! every thing may fucceed to the utmoft defires. 35 of your Nor is it fit, ye florifhing and chofen youth, that on this folemn occafion i fhould pafs : : ou over in filence. : I have been long fenfibje your regard for me, by many, i hbi T proofs ; i have been long fenfible, i fay, andi gratefullyacknowledge it. Many of you defired ardently defired to have me in this addon, though perhaps never feen by you before, Por this alone, i know, iam called hither, that i may be ufeful to you, On you therefore my fortune turns, My induftry, my ftudies, m labors, my watchings, i willingly hy fully confecrate to your frvice : affiftance of God, and chear- your and by the 1 will exert the utmoft of au y y power to fatisfy your expe@ations, that you may not be difappointed in the hopes you have conceived of me. — NATUR Se = oO x 4" &D OO ® oO * i 1 3 [39] THE OECONOMY A NAT URTE BY ISAAC 7. BIBERG. Ursavr, 1749. March 4. Amenitat, Academ. vol. ii. Aiterne funt vices rerum. Sea. mat 3.1. $..%, Y the (Economy of Nature we underftand the all-wife difpofition of the Creator in relation to natural things, by which they are fitted to produce general ends, and reciprocal ufes. All things contained in the com univerfe declare, as i were, with the infinite wifdom of the Creator. ever flrikes our fenfes, whatever is the FY 4 t- a SYS A" 2a ECONOMY of our thoughts, are fo contrived, that they concur to make manifeft the divine glory, 1. €, the ultimate end which God propofed in all his works. Whoever duly turns his attention to the things on this our terraqueous globe, muft neceffarily confefs, that they are fo connected, fo chained together, that they all aim at the fame end, and to this end a vaft number of intermediate ends are fubfervient. But as the intent of this treatife will not fuffer me to con- fider them all, i fhall at prefent only take no- tice of fuch as relate to the prefervation of na- tural things. In order therefore to perpetuate the eftablifhed courfe of nature in a continued feries, the divine wifdom has thought fit, that all living creatures fhould conftantly be em- ployed in producing individuals; that all na- tural things fhould contribute and lend a help- ing hand to preferve every fpecies ; and laftly, that the death and deftruction of one thing fhould always be fubfervient to the reftitution of another. It feems to me that a greater fubjeét than this cannot be found, nor one on which laborious men may more worthily em- ploy their induftry, or men of genius their pe- netration. I am OF NATURE. 41 I am very fenfible, being confcious of my own weaknefs, how vaft and difficult a fubjeét it is, and how unable 1 am to treat it as it de- ferves ; a fubjeét which would be too great a tafk for the ability of the moft experienced and fagacious men, and which properly per- formed would furnifh materials for larce vo- oO lumes, My defign therefore is only to give a fummary view of it, and to fet forth to the learned world, as far as 1 am able, whatever curious, worthy to be known, and not ob- vious to every obferver occurs in the triple kingdom of nature. Thus if’ what the in- duftry of others fhall in future times difcover in this way be added to thefe obfervations, it 1s to be hoped, that a common ftock may thence grow, and come to be of fome im- portance. But before 1 examine thefe three kingdoms of nature, it will not, 1 think, be amifs to fay fomething concerning the earth in general, and its changes, 8 2. The world, or the terraqueous globe, which we inhabit, is every where {urrounded with ele- ments, and contains in its fuperficies the three kingdoms of nature, as they are called; the fo/~ J ire a reali ER ra TSR . (ECONOMY Jil, which conftitutes the cruft of the earth, the vegetable, which adorns the face of it, and draws the greateft part of its nourifhment from the foffil kingdom, and the animal, which is fuftained by the vegetable kingdom. Thus thefe three kingdoms cover, adorn and vary the fuperficies of our earth. It is not my defign to make any inquiry concerning the center of the terraque- ous globe. He, who likes hypothefes, may con- {ult Defcartes, Helmont, Kircher, and others. My bufinefs is to confider the external parts of it only, and whatever is obvious to the eye. As to the firata of the earth and moun- tains, as far as we have hitherto been able to difcover, the upper parts confit of rag-fione, the next of flate, the third of marble filled with petrifations, the fourth again with fare, and laftly the loweft of free-ffone. The habitable part of the earth, though it is fcooped into various inequalities, yet is every where high in compa- rifon with the water, and the farther it is from the fea, it is generally higher. Thus the wa- ters in the lower places are not at reft, unlefs fome obftacle confines them, and by that means form lakes, and marfhes. The fea furrounds the continent, and takes up the greateft part of the earth’s fuperficies, as OF NATURE. 43 as geography informs us. Nay, that it once fprecad over much the greateft part, we may be convinced by its yearly decreafe, by the rubbifh left by the tides, by fbells, fircia, and other circumftances. The fea-thores are ufually full of dead tefta- ceous animals, wrack, and fuch like bodies, which are yearly thrown out of the fea. They are alfo covered with fand of various kinds, ftones, and heaps of other things not very common. It happens moreover, that while the more rapid rivers rufh through narrow val- lics, they wear away the fides, and thus the friable, and foft earth falls in, and its ruins are carried to diftant, and winding fthores ; whence it is certain, that the continent gains no {mall increafe, as the fea fubfides. The clouds collected from exhalations, chiefly from the fea, but likewife from other waters, and moift grounds, and condenfed in the lower regions of the atmofphere, fupply the earth with rain; but fince they are at- tracted by the mountainous parts of the earth, it neceflarily follows, that thofe parts muft have, as is fit, a larger fhare of water than 1m the reft. Springs, which generally ruth out et the foot of mountains, take their rife from o this ASAE a aa ae WE yor CNA Frm mh ose go at Cater i EV Sheth £5. a RA ois y he Se VE i 44 ECONOMY this very rain water, and vapours condenfed, that trickle through the holes, and interftices of loofe bodies, and are received into caverns. Thefe afford a pure water purged by ftrain- ing, which rarely dry up in fummer, or freeze in winter, fo that animals never want a whole- fome and refrefhing liquor. The chief fources of rivers are fountains, and rills growing by gradual fupplies into {till larger and larger ftreams, till at laft, after the conflux of a vaft number of them, they find no ftop, but falling into the fea with leffened ra- pidity, they there depofit the united ftores they have gathered, along with foreign mat- ter, and fuch earthy fubitances, as they tore off in their way. Thus the water returns in a circle, whence it firft drew its origin, that it may a over the fame fcene again. Marfhes arifing from water retained in low orounds are filled with moffy tumps, which are brought down by the water from the higher parts, or are produced by putrifyed plants. We often fee new meadows arife from marthes dryed up. This happens fooner when the © fphagnum F.S. 864. haslaida founda- e A kind of mofs. * This refers to the firlt Edition of the Flora Succica. it is 958 in the fecond Edition. tion; OF NATURE 45 tion ; for this in procefs of time changes into a very porous mould, till almoft the whole marth is filled with it. After that the rub ftrikes root, and along with the cotton graffes conftitutes a turf, raifed in fuch a manner, that the roots get continually higher, and thus lay a more firm foundation for other plants, till the whole marth is changed into a fine and de- lightfull meadow ; efpecially if the water hap- pens to work itfelf a new paffage. Hillocks, that abound in low grounds, oc- cafion the earth to increafe yearly, more than the countreyman would wifh, and feem to do hurt: but in this the great induftry of nature deferves to be taken notice of. For by this means the barren fpots become fooner rich meadow, and pafture land. Thefe hillocks are formed by the ant, by ftones, and roots, and the trampling of cattle; but the principal caufe is the force of the winter cold, which in the {pring raifes the roots of plants fo high above the ground, that being expofed to the air they grow, and perith; after which the golden maidenkairs fill the vacant places. Mountains, hills, vallies, and all the ine- qualities of the earth, though fome think they take away much from its beauty, are fo far 4 from 46 (ECONOMY from producing fuch an effet, that on the contrary they give a more plealing afpect, as well as great advantages. For thus the terre- {trial fuperficies is larger ; different kinds of plants thrive better, and are more eafily wa- tered, and the rain-waters run in continual ftreams into the fea, not to mention many other ufes 1n relation to winds, heat and cold. Alps are the higheft mountains, that reach to the fecond region of the air, where irees cannot grow erect. The higher thefe Alps are, the colder they are ceteris paribus. Hence the Alps in Sweden, Siberia, Swiflerland, Peru, Brafil, Armenia, Afia, Africa, are perpetually covered with {how ; which becomes almoft as hard as ice. But, if by chance the fummer heats be greater than ordinary, fome part of thefe ftores melts, and runs through rivers into the lower regions, which by this means are much refrethed. It is fcarcely to be doubted, but that the rocks and ftones difperfed over the globe were formed originally in, and from the earth; but when torrents of rain have foftened, as they eafily do, the foluble earth, and carried it down into the lower parts, we imagine it hap» pens that thefe folid, and heavy bodies, being laid OF NATURE. 47 laid bare, ftick out above the furface. We might alfo take notice of the wonderfull ef. fects of the tide, fuch as we fee happen from time to time on the fea-thore, which being daily and nightly affaulted with repeated blows, at length gives way, and breaks off, Hence we fee in moft places the rubbifh of the fea, and fhores, The winter by its froft prepares the earth, and mould, which thence are broken into very minute particles, and thus, being put into a mouldering ftate, become more fit for the nourifhment of plants; nay by its fnow it covers the feeds, and roots of plants, and thus by cold defends them from the force of cold. I muft add alfo that the piercing froft of the winter ibn the atm Soe ere, and pu- for Wr, 5. The perpetual fucceflion of heat and cold with us renders the fumn ners more pleafing; and though the winter deprives us of m any plants, and animals, yet the perpetual fummer within the tropics is not much more agreeable, as it often deftroys men, and other animals by iN its immoderate heat ; th ough it muft be con- Fait Avail ud 43 (ECONOMY fefled that thofe regions abound with moft ex- quifite fruits. Our winters, though very troublefome to a great part of the globe, on account of their vehement, and intenfe cold, are lefs hurtfull to the inhabitants of the yo . . r H 5, AS - ifies. Hence thern parts, as experience teft or : 4 happens, that we may hve very Wo on every part of the earth, as every di er countrey has different advantages from wy ' The feafons, like every thing elfc, ave their viciffitudes, their beginnings, their pro- (5, and their end. Er age of man begins from the i pleafing childhood fucceeds, then active yout afterwards manhood firm, levere and en upon {elf-prefervation, laftly old age creeps o debilitates, and at length totally deftroys ou yttering bodies. : To {cafons of the year proceed in the fame way. Spring, the jovial, playfull Alyy of all living creatures, reprefents childhooc an vouth ; for then plants fpread forth their luxu- riant flowers, fithes exult, birds fing, every rart of nature is intent upon generation. The } oh J 1 :ddle ace, exhibits plants, and {ummer, like middle age, exhibits plants, i i ; : trees every where cloathed with green; 1 god gives OF NATURE 4 gives vigor to animals, and plumps them up, fruits then ripen, meadows look cheerfull, every thing is full of life. On the contrary autumn is gloomy, for then the leaves of trees begin to fall, plants to wither, infects to grow torpid, and many animals to retire to their winter quarters. The day proceeds with juft fuch fteps, as the year. The morning makes every thing alert, and fit for bufinefs ; the fun pours forth his ruddy rays, the flowers which had, as it were, flept all night, awake and ex- pand themfelves again; the birds with their fonorous voices, and various notes make the woods ring, meet together in flocks, and fa- crifice to Venus. Noon tempts animals into the fields, and paftures; the heat puts them upon indulging their eafe, and even neceflicy obliges them to it. Evening follows, and makes every thing more fluggith ; flowers fhut up, " and animals retire to their lurking b Of fuch flowers as fleep by night fome account is given by Linnzus in Philof. Botan. p- 88. where the cu- rious may alfo find P- 274. a lift of plant: one or other of which fhut their flowers at every hour of the day without regard to the weather. One plant is fo remarkable for this property, that it is generally known in our countrey by the name of go-to-bed-at-noon. tragopogon or goat’s-beard. See Amen, Its botanical name is a Dilfertation in (ie acad. vol. 4. where this fubjedt is treated at lao, E places. ECONOMY. Thus the fpring, the morning, and the fummer, 50 places. youth are proper for generation 3 noon, and manhood are proper for preferva- ing, and old age are ’ and autumn, evel tly likened to deftruction, fon 3 not unfi The foffil kingdom. Propagation. all hands, that ftones are It is agreed on ts, and animals; not organical bodies, like plan and therefore it 1s as clear that they are not produced from an egg, like the tribes of the Hence the variety of foffils other kingdoms. is proportionate to the different combinations of coalefcent particles, and hence the fpecies in the foffil kingdom are not fo diftinét, as in the other two. Hence alfo the laws of ge- neration in relation to foflils have been in all ages extremely difficult to explain ; and laftly hence have arifen fo many different opinions about them, that it would be endlefs to enu- merate them all. We therefore for the prefent will content ourfelves with giving a very few obfervations on this fubject. That OF NATURE 21 J r . ~ 1 That clay is the fediment of the fea is fuffi ciently » [ 1 : ; tly proved by obfervation, for which rea or >nerally fc I ! 11t 1s generally found in great plenty al the coafts. og The he journals of feamen clearly evince, tl a very minute fand cov a : and covers the bottom of the ea an it be ’ not can it be doubted, but that it is dail cryftallifed out of the water ¥ It is now ac Tt 1 ac ledee hos knowledged by all, that tefta- : odies and petrifactions refemblihg an 1 Pp ts were once real animals or vegetables : i anc I wp po it feems likely that fhells being of a ¢ careous nature | din he a re have changed the adjacent clay fan A 1 . d, or mould into the fame kind of fubftan re! ce. € we may be certain that marble may be generated fr ifacti ig gen ted from petrifactions, and therefore it © - ~ Ly : 18 frequently {een full of them Rag-fone t] ox 2 g-ffone the moft common matter of our ock ars { ; | s appears to be formed from a fandy kind a {andy kinc 1 wher > earth 1s 1 : e the earth is impregnated with iron veeflore is the product of fand. “ oo ¢ 1s the produ®t of fand, and the leepe here it 1s fi ie per the bed, where it is found, the more 1 11101 { ompact it b @ n He ccom D3 ] “A ve tak : text in thi ken the liberty not to follow the origin ext in this place. ne original ~ The lear . 1 ~ is arne 111 {ee fight, d will fee the reafon at firft I. 2 fend, 2 (ECONOMY fand, the more eafily it concretes. But if an alcaline clay chances to be mixed with the fand, the freeftone is generated more readily, as in the freeftone called cos friatilis, particulis argillo-glarenfis, S.N. uv. The flint, S. N. 3. 1.18 almoft the only kind of fone, certainly the moft common in chalky mountains. It feems therefore to be produced from chalk. Whether it can be reduced again to chalk, 1 leave to others to inquire. Stalaétitesy S. N. 33. 1. OF drop-fone is com- pofed of calcareous particles, adhering to a dry and generally a vegetable body. The incruftations S. N. 32. 5, 6, 7, 8. are often generated, where a vitriolic water con nes claiey and earthy particles together. | Slate by the vegetables, that are often n- clofed in it, feems to take its origin from 2 marfhy mould. Metals vary according to the nature of the matrix, to which they adhere, €. g. the py- rites cupri Fablunenfis contains frequently se phur, arfenic, iron, COPPEr; 2 little gold, witrid, alum, fometimes lead ore, Silver and zinck. Thu gold, copper, iron, zinck, arfenicy pyrites, itr come out of the fame vein. That very ric iron ore at Normark in Vermelandia, where it 4 OF NATURE. 53 it was cut tranfverfly by a vein of clay, was changed into a pure filver. The number there- fore of fpecies, and varieties of foffils, each ferving for different purpofes, according to their different natures, will be in proportion, as the different kinds of earths and ffomes are vari- oufly combined. §. 4- Prefervation. As foffils are deftitute of life, and organifa- tion, are hard, and not obnoxious to putre- fation ; fo they laft longer, than any other kind of bodies. How far the air contributes to this duration it is ealy to perceive, fince air hardens many flores upon the fuperficies of the earth, and makes them more folid, compact, and able to refift the injuries of time. Thus it is known from vulgar obfervation that /ime, that has been long expofed to the air, becomes hardened. The chalky marl, which they ufe in Flanders for building houles, as long as it continues in the quarry, is friable ; but when dug up and expofed to the air, it grows gra- dually harder. In the fame way our old walls, and towers gain a firmnefs in procefs of time, E 3 and £4 ECONOMY and therefore it is a vulgar miftake, that our anceftors excelled the modern architeéts in the art of building as to this point *. However ignorant we may be of the caufe, why large rocks are every where to be {een fplit, whence vaft fragments are frequently torn off ; yet this we may oblerve, that fiffures are clofed up by water, that gets between them, and is detained there; and are confolidated by ver find ryftal, but in thofe flores, which have for fome ¢eryftal and fpar. Hence we {fcarcely time in its chinks water loaded with ftony par- ticles. In the fame manner ¢ryffals fill the ca- vities in mines, and concrete Into gzarfz or a debafed eryftal. It is manifeft that ffomes are not only gene- rated, augmented, and changed perpetually ¥ Too great firefs ought not, I think, to be laid on this obfervation of our author, though it may be in part true; for without fuppofing that cur anceilors had more {kill in building, we may fuppofe, what was likely to be the cafe, that they ufed more care in the choice of their materials, and had them wrought up with more labor; which muft add confiderably to the firmnefs of the cement. Where thefe circumitances have happened to be wanting, time alone has not been able to produce the fame effect. I have feen a houfe about fourfcore years old, where one might rub out the mortar from between the bricks without {carcely ufing any force. from OF NATURE. 55 from incruftations brought upon mofs, but are alfo increafed by eryfal and fpar. Not to men- tion that the adjacent earth, efpecially if it be impregnated with iron particles, is commonly changed into a folid fore, It is faid, that the marble quarries in Italy, from whence fragments are cut, grow up again, Ores grow by little and little, whenever the mineral particles, conveyed by the means of water through the clefts of mountains, are retained there 3 fo that adhering to the homo- geneous matter a long while, at laft they take its nature, and are changed into a fimilar fub- ftance. §- 5. Deftruétion. Foffils, although they are the hardeft of bo- dies, yet are found fubje&t to the laws of de- ftruction, as well as all other created fubftances. For they are diffolved in various ways by the elements exerting their force upon them, as by water, air and the folar rays, as alfo by the rapidity of rivers, violence of catara@s, and eddies which continually beat upon and at reduce to powder the hardeft rocks. E 4 TNA i ’ 8 a i BTL sd A NPR TTI Bes vo 3 ” FRA didi 1 . Te hm keine Hw £6 ECONOMY tations of the fea, and lakes, and the vehe- mence of the waves, excited by turbulent winds pulverife flores, as evidently appears by their roundnefs along the fhore. Nay as the poet fays, The hardeft ftone infenfibly gives way To the foft drops, that frequent on it play. So that we ought not to wonder, that thefe very hard bodies moulder away into powder, and are obnoxious like others to the confum- ing tooth of time. Sand is formed of freeflone, which is de- ftroyed partly by froft, making it friable, partly by the agitation of water, and waves; which eafily wear away, diffolve, and reduce into minute particles, what the froft had made friable. Chalk is formed of rough marble, which the air, the fun, and the winds have diffolved, as appears by Iter. Goth. 170. The flate earth or humus [chifti Syf. Nat. 511. owes its origin to fate, diffolved by the air, rain and {now. Ochre is formed of metals diffolved, whofe feces prefent the very fame colours, which we always find the ore tinged with, whem expofed to the air. Fitriol in the fame man- OF NATURE. 57 manner mixes with water from ores de- ftroyed. The muria [oxatilis Syf. Nat. 14. 6. a kind of talky ftone yielding falt in the parts that are turned to the fun, is diffolved into fand, which falls by little and little upon the earth, till the whole is confumed ; not to mention other kinds of fofiils. Laftly from thefe there arife new foffils, as we mentioned before, fo that the deftruction of one thing ferves for the generation of another. Teftaceons warms ought not to be paffed over on this occafion, for they eat away the hardeft rocks. ‘That {pecies of fell fifp called the rozor Shell bores thro’ ftones in Italy, and hides itfeif within them; {o that the people who eat them are obliged to break the ftones, before they can come at them. The cochlea F. S. 1299. a kind of frail that lives on craggy rocks, eats, and bores through the chalky hills, as worms do through wood. This is made evident by the obfervations of the ce- lebrated de Geer. ECONOMY §. 0. The Vegetable Kingdom. Propagation. Anatomy abundantly proves, that all plants are organic, and living bodies and that all or- genic bodies are propagated from an egg has been fufficiently demonftrated by the induftry of the moderns. We therefore the rather, ac cording to the opinion of the fkilfull, reject the equivocal generation of plants; and the more fo, as it is certain that every living thing is produced from an egg. Now the {feeds of vegetables are called eggs; thele are diffe- rent in every different plant, that the means being the fame, each may multiply its fpecies, and produce an offspring like its parent. We do not deny, that very many plants pufh forth from their roots frefh offsets for two or more years, Nay not a few plants may be propa- gated by branches, buds, fuckers and leaves fixed in the ground, as likewile many trees. Hence their ftems being divided into branches, may be looked on as roots above ground ; for in the fame way the roots creep under ground ; and OF NATURE 59 and divide into branches. And there is the more reafon for thinking fo, becaule we know that a tree will grow in an inverted fituation, viz. the rocts being placed upwards, and the head downwards, and buried in the ground; for then the branches will become roots, and the roots will produce leaves, and flowers. The Jime-tree will ferve for an example, on which gardeners have chicfly made the experiment. Yet this by no means overturns the doltrine, that all vegesables are propagated by feeds; it is clear that in each of the foregoing inftan- ces nothing vegetates but what was part of a plant, formerly produced from feed, fo that, accurately fpeaking, without feed no new plant 1s produced. Thus again plants produce feeds, but they are entirely unfit for propagation, unlefs fee- cundation precedes, which is performed by an intercourfe between different fexes, as experi- ence teftifies. Plants therefore muft be pro- vided with organs of generation ; in which re- {pect they hold an analogy with animals, Since in every plant the flower always precedes the fruit, and the feecundated feeds vifibly arife from the fruit; it is evident that the or gans of generation are contained in the flower, which LA i . y 5 v v Siig g" ” ¥ » ahi uit - A A AAA I BRIN rR NU GRR nym 60 GECONOMY which organs are called anthere, and fligmata, and that the impregnation is accomplifhed within the flower. This impregnation is per- formed by means of the duft of the anthere falling upon the moift figmata, where the duft adheres, is burft, and fends forth a very fub- tle matter, which is abforbed by the file, and is conveyed down to the rudiment of the feed, and thus renders it fertile. When this opera- tion is over, the organs of generation wither and fall, nay a change in the whole flower en- fues. We muft however obferve, that in the vegetable kingdom one, and the fame flower does not always contain the organs of generation of both fexes, but oftentimes the male organs are on one plant, and the female on another. But that the bufincfs of impregnation may go on fuccefsfully, and that no plant may be de- prived of the neceffary duft, the whole moft clegant apparc/us of the anthere and fligmata in every flower is contrived with wonderful wifdom. For in moft flowers the famina furround the pifiills, and are about the fame height; but there are many plants, in which the pi- Jill is longer than the flamina, and in thefe it 1s wonderfull to obferve, that the Creator has OF. NATURE 61 has made the flowers recline, in order that the duft may more eafily fall into the ftigma, e. g. in the campanula, cowflip’, 8c. But when the feecundation is compleated the flow- ers rife again, that the feedsimay not fall out before they are ripe, at which time they are difperfed by the winds. In other flowers on the contrary the piffill is fhorter, and there the flowers preferve an erelt fituation, nay when the flowering comes on they become ere; tho’ before they were drooping, or immerfed under water. Laftly, whenever the male flowers are placed below the female ones, the leaves are exceedingly fmall, and narrow, that they may not hinder the duft from flying upwards, like {moak ; as we fee in the pine, fir, yew, fea-grape, juniper, cy- prefs, &c. and when in one and the fame {pe- cies one plant is male, and the other female, and confequently may be far from one another, there the duft, without which there 1s nc im- pregnation, is carried in abundance by the help ! This curious phenomenon did not efcape the poetical eye of Milton, who was fo yery much ruck with the beau- ty of it, that he thought it worth defciibing in the follow- ing enlivened imagery, With cowllips qwan that bane th ponfive bead. > y a A rR TT TR ML UE 4 Ws AN SA ni TERR 3p 62 GQ CONOMY. of the wind from the male to the female; as in the whole dioicous * clafs. Again a more diffi- cult impregnation is compenfated by the lon- gavity of the individuals, and the continuation of life by buds, fuckers and roots, fo that we may oblerve every thing moft wilely difpofed in this affair. Moreover we cannot without admiration obferve that moft flowers expand themielves when the fun fhines forth, whereas when clouds, rain, or the evening comes on, they clofe up, leit the genital duft thould be coagulated, or rendered ufelefs, fo that it can- not be conveyed to the fligmata. But what is ftill more remarkable and wonderfull! when the feecundation 1s over, the flowers neither upon fhowers, nor evening coming on clofe themfelves up. Hence when rain falls in the flowering time, the hufbandman and gardener foretell a {carcity of fruits. I could and would iluftrate all this by many remarkable inftances, if the fame fubjet had not lately been explain- ed, in this very place” in a manner equal to its m i.e. where one plant bears male flowers, and the other female ones. a I fuppofe the author here alludes to a treatife publifhed in Aman. academ. vol, 1. entitled, Sponjalia plantarum, in which are contained fo many proofs of the reality of the different fexes of plants, that to me there feems to remain ne recom for doubt. im- OF NATURE 6 importance. I cannot help remarking one par- ticular more, viz. that the organs of genera- tion, which in the animal kingdom are by na- ture generally removed from fight, in the ve- getable are expofed to the eyes of all, and that when their nuptials are celebrated, it is won- derfull what delight they afford to the fpeéta- tor by their moft beautiful colours and delici- ous odors. At this time bees, flies, and other infects fuck honey out of their neétaries, not to mention the humming bird ; and that from their effete duft the bees gather wax, 5. 7. As to the diffemination of feeds, after they come to maturity, it being abfolutely necef- fary 5 fince without it no crop could follow; the Author of nature has wifely provided for this affair in numberlefs ways. The ftalks and ftems favor this purpofe, for thefe raife the fruit above the ground, that the winds, fhak- ing them to and fro, may difperfe far off the ripe feeds. Mott of the " pericarps are fhut at » Whatever furrounds the feeds is called by botanical wri- ters a pericarpium, and as we want an Englith word to ex- prefs this, i have taken the liberty to call it a pericarpy. top, a ARE RR TTT u % rT AE A 64 ECONOMY. top, that the feeds may not fall, before they are fhook out by ftormy winds. Wings are given to many feeds, by the help of which they fly far from the mother plant, and often- times {pread over a whole countrey. Thefe wings confit either of a down, as in moft of the compofite flowered plants, or of a mem- brane, as in the birch, alder, afb, &c. Hence twoods, which happen to be confumed by fire, or any other accident, will foon be reftored again by new plants, diffeminated by this means. Many kinds of fruits are endued with a remarkable elafticity, by the force of which, the ripe pericarps throw the feeds to a great diftance, as the wood-forrel, the [purge, the phyllanthus, the dittany. Other feeds or peri- carps are rough, or provided with hooks ; fo that they are apt to ftick to animals, that pafs by them, and by this means are carried to their holes where they are both fown, and manured by nature’s wonderfull care ; and therefore the plants of thefe feeds grow, where others will not, as bounds-tongue, agrimony, &c. Berries and other pericarps, are by nature allotted for aliment to animals, but with this condition, that while they eat the pulp they fhall fow their feeds ; for when they feed upon it OF NATURE, 65 it they either difperfe them at the fame time, or, if they fwallow them, they are returned with intereft; for they always come out un- hurt. It is not therefore furprifing, that if a field be manured with recent mud or dung not quite rotten, various other plants, injurious to the farmer, fhould come up along with the grain, that is fowed. Many have believed that barley, or rye has been changed into oats, al- tho’ all fuch kinds of metamorphofes are re- pugnant to the laws of generation, not confi- dering that there is another caufe of this phz- nomenon, viz. that the ground perhaps has been manured with horfe-dung, in which the feeds of oats, coming entire from the horfe, lye hid and produce that grain. The mifletoe always grows upon other trees, becaufe the thruth that eats the feeds of it, cafts them forth with its dung, and as bird-catchers make their bird-lime of this fame plant, and daub the branches of trees with it, in order to catch the thrufh, the proverb hence took its rife The thrufh, when he befouls the bough, Sows for himfelf the feeds of woe. It is not to be doubted, but that the greateft part of the junipers alfo, that fill our woods, F are 66 ECONOMY are fown by thrufhes, and other birds in the fame manner; as the berries, being heavy, cannot be difperfed far by the winds. The crofs-bill that lives on the fir-cones, and the hawfinch that feeds on the pine-cones, at the fame time fow many of their feeds, efpecially when they carry the cone to a fone, or trunk of a tree, that they more eafily ftrip it of its fcales. Swine likewife, by turning up the earth, and moles by throwing up hillocks, prepare the ground for feeds in the fame man- ner, as the ploughman does. I pafs over many other things, which might be mentioned concerning the fea, lakes, and rivers, by the help of which oftentimes Seeds are conveyed unhurt to diffant countries 5 nor need. I mention in what a variety of other ways nature provides for the diffemination of plants, as this fubje& has been treated on at large in our illuftrious prefident’s oration con- cerning the augmentation of the habitable earth. ? §. 8. » As there is fomething very ingenious, and quite new in the treatife here referred to, i will for the fake of thofe, who cannot read the original, give a fhort abftract of it. His defign is to thew that there was only one pair of all living things, created at the beginning. According to the account OF NATURE 6 5. 8, Prefervation. The great Author and Parent of all things, decreed, that the whole earth fhould be co- vered with plants, and that no place fhould be Fz void, account of Mofes, fays the author, we are fure, that this was the cafe in the human fpecies ; and by the Tame ac- count we are informed that this firft pair was placed in E- den, and that Adam gave names to all the animals. In order therefore that Adam might be enabled to do this, it was neceffary that all the fpecies of animals fhould be in paradife ; which could not happen unlefs alfo the {pecies of vegetables had been there likewife. This he proves from the nature of their food, particularly in relation to infeéts, maft of which live upon one plant only. Now had the world been formed in its prefent fate, it could not have happened that all the fpecies of animals fhould have been there. They muft have been difperfed over all the globe, as we find they are at prefent, which he thinks Improbable for other reafons which I fhall pafs over for the fake of brevity. To folve all the phznomena then he lays down a principle, that at the beginning all the earth was covered with fea, unlefs one ifland large enough to contain all animals and vegetables. This principle he en- deavors to eftablith by feveral phenomena which make it probable, that the earth has been and is fil! gaining upon the fea, and does not’ forget to mention fil /bells, and plants every where found, which he fays cannot be ac- counted for by the deluge. He then undertakes to fhew how TE a A RE ” a 63 ECONOMY void, none barren. But fince all countries have not the fame changes of feafons, and every foil 1s not equally fit for every plant, He therefore, that no place {hould be without how all vegetables and animals might in this ifland have a foil and climate proper for each, only by fuppofing it to be placed under the ®quator, and crowned with a very high mountain. For it is well known that the fame plants are found on the Swifs, the Pyrenean, the Scotch alps, on Olympus, Lebanon, Ida, as on the Lapland and Green- land alps. And Tournefort found at the bottom of mount Ararat the common plants of Armenia, a little way up thofe of Italy, higher thofe which grow about Paris, af- terwards the Swedifh plants, and laftly ou the top the Lapland alpine plans 5 and i myfelf, adds the author, from the plants growing on the Dalecarlian alps could collet how much lower they were than the alps of Lapland. He then proceeds to fhew how from one plant of each fpecies the immenfe number of individuals now exifting might arife. He gives fome inftances of the furprifing fertility of certain plants, Vv. g. the elecampane, one plant of which produced 3c00 feeds, of fpelt, zoco, of the {unflower 4000, of the poppy 320% of tobacco 40320. But fup- pofing any annual plant producing yearly only two feeds, even of this after zo years there would be 1,048,576 indi- viduals. For they would increafe yearly in a duple pro- portion, viz. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, &c. He then gives fome in- ftances of plants brought from America, that are now become common Over many parts of Lurope. Laftly he enters upon the fubject for which he is quoted in the text, where the detail he gives of the feveral methods which nature has taken to propagate vegetables is ex- tremely curious, but too long to infert. in this place. fome, OF NATURE. 6y fome, gave to every one of them fuch a nature, as might be chiefly adapted to the climate ; fo that fome of them can bear an intenfe cold others an equal degree of heat; fome delight in dry ground, others in moift, &c. Hence the fame plants grow only where there are the fame feafons of the year, and the fam foil. The alpine plants live only in high, and cold fituations, and therefore often oh ie alps of Armenia, Switzerland, the Pyreneans, whofe tops are equally qovered with eternal fnows, as thofe of the Lapland alps, plants of the fame kind are found, and it would be in vain to {eek for them any where elfe. It is re- markable in relation to the alpine plants, that they blow, and ripen their Jeeds very er] otherwife the winter would fteal upon tn on a fudden, and deftroy them. Our northern plants, altho’ they are ex- tremely rare every where elfe, yet are found in Sibiria, and about Hudfon’s bay, as the arbutus, Flor. 339. eh green, &c. : Plants impatient of cold live within the tor- rid zones; hence both the Indies tho’ at fuch a sliftance from one another have plants in coe F » J non. bramble 412. winter- 70 (ECONOMY mon. The Cape of Good Hope, 1 know nat from what caufe, produces plants peculiar to itfelf, as all the mefembryantbema, and al- mot all the fpecies of afoes. Graffes, the moft common of all plants, can bear almoft any temperature of air, in which the good provi- dence of the Creator particularly appears; for all over the globe they above all plants are ne- ceffary for the nourifiment of cattle, and the fame thing is feen in relation to our moft com- mon grains. Thus neither the fcorching fun, nor the pinching cold hinders any countrey from hav- ing its vegetables. Nor is there any foil, which does not bring forth many kinds of plants; the pond-weeds, the water-lily, lobelia inhabit the waters. The fluviales, fuci, conferve cover the bottoms of rivers, and fea. The [phagna s 611 the marfhes. The érya * cloath the plains. The dryeft woods and places {carce ever lu- minated by the rays of the fun are adorned with the bypna, Nay ftones and the trunks of trees are not excepted, for thefe are covered with various kinds of /Zverwort. The defart, and moft fandy places have their peculiar trees, and plants; and as rivers or ? Kind of mofs. * Kind of mofs. brooks OF NATURE 7% brooks are very feldom found there, we cannot without wonder obferve that many of them di- ftill water, and by that means afford the great- eft comfort both to man, and beafts that tra- vel there. Thus the * tillandfia, which is a parafitical plant, and grows on the tops of trees in the defarts of America, has its leaves turned at the bafe. into the thape of a pitcher, with the extremity expanded ; in thefe the rain is collected, and preferved for thirfty men, birds and beafts. : The water-tree in Ceylon produces cylindri- cal bladders, covered with a lid; into thefe is fecreted a moft pure, and refrefhine water that taftes like nectar to men, and ones ey mals. There is a kind of cuckow-pint in New- France, that if you break a branch of it, will afford you a pint of excellent water. How wife, how beautiful is the agreement between the plants of every countrey, and its inhabi- tants, and other circumftances. * A kind of mi/letse, ia KI MST at diem a Nt ] (ECONOMY Plants oftentimes by their very ftructure contribute remarkably both to their own pre- fervation, and that of others. But the wildom of the Creator appears no where more, than in the manner of growth of #7ees. Foras their roots defcend deeper, than thofe of other plants, pro- vifion is thereby made, that they fhall not rob them too much of nourifhment ; and what 1s ftill more, a ftem not above a fpan in diame- ter often fhoots up its branches very high ; thefe bear perhaps many thoufand buds, each of which is a plant with its leaves, flowers and fipule. Now if all thefe grew upon the plain, they would take up a thoufand times as much fpace, as the tree does, and in this cafe there would fcarcely be room in all the earth for fo many plants, as at prefent the trees alone af- ford. Befides plants that fhoot up in this way are more cafily preferved from cattle by a na- tural defence, and farther their leaves falling in autumn cover the planis growing about and in the againft the rigor of the winter, fummer they afford 2 plealing {hade, not on- ly to animals, but to plan’s, againit the in- tenfe heat of the fun. We may add that ) trees OF NATURE 93 trees like all other vegetables imbibe the wa- ter from the earth, which water does not cir- culate again to the root, as the ancients ima- gined '; but being difperfed, like {mall rain, by the tranfpiration of the leaves, moiftens the plants that grow about. Again, many frees bear flefhy fruits of the Zlerry or apple ki which, being fecure from the FL "iy orow ripe for the ufe of man, and other atl mals, while their feeds are difperfed up and down after digeftion. Laftly the particular ftructure of trees contribute very much to the propagation of infects; for thefe chiefly lay their egos upon their leaves, where they are fecure from the reach of cattle. FEver-green trees, and fbrubs with us are chief- ly found in the moft barren woods, that they may be a fhelter to animals in the winter. They lofe their leaves every third year, as their feeds are fufficiently guarded by the moffes, and do not want any other covering. The palms in the hot countries perpetually keep their leaves, for there the feeds ftand in no need of any fhelter whatever. * See Vegetable Statics by that great philofopher Dr, Hales, where this fubje is treated in a matterly way. Many 74 (ECONOMY Many plants, and fbrubs are armed with thorns, e.g. the buck-thorn, floe, carduus, cot ton-thiftle, &c. that they may keep off the ant- mals, which otherwife would deftroy their fruit. Thefe at the fame time cover many other plants, efpecially of the annual kind, under their branches®, So that while the adjacent orounds are robbed of all plants by the voraci- ov of animals, fome may be preferved, to ripen flowers and fruit, and frock the parts about with feeds, which otherwife would be quite ex- tirpated. A herbs cover the ground with their leaves, and by their fhade hinder it from being totally deprived of that moifture, which is neceflary to their nourithment. They are moreover an ornament to the earth, efpecially as leaves have a more agreable verdure on the upper, than the under fide. The maoffes, which adorn the moft barren places, at the fame time preferve the lefler plants, when they begin to hoot, from cold and drought. As we find by experience in our v This obfervation may be extended farther; for 5% conftantly feen upon commons, where furze grows, ny wherever there was a bufh left untouched for years 7 he commoners, fome #7 has fprang up, being fecured by t prickles of that /orub from the bite of the cattle. gars <4 OF NATURE. 75 gardens, that plants are preferved in the fame way. They alfo hinder the fermenting earth from forcing the roots of plants upwards in the fpring 5 as we fee happen annually to trunks of trees, and other things put into the ground. Hence very few moffes grow in the warmer cli- mates, as not being fo neceffary to that end in thofe places. The Englith fea mat-weed or marran will bear no foil but pure fand, which nature has allotted to it. Sand the produce of the fea, is blown by winds oftentimes to very remote parts, and deluges, as it were, woods and fields. But where this grals grows, it frequently fixes the fand, gathers it into hillocks, and thrives fo much, that by means of this alone, at laft an entire hill of fand is raifed. Thus the fand is kept in bounds, other Plants are pre- ferved free from it, the ground is increafed Y ¥ This obfervation is found in Linn. Flor. Lapp. p. 62. where he fays the Dutch fow this grafs on their fand banks, that the fand may not overwhelm the neighboring parts, I'do not fee why this experiment fhould not be tryed on the barren fands in Norfolk, where I am affured by credible witnefles, that the {mall Cottages are fometimes totally by. ried under fand during high winds. This gras grows plentifully aleng the fea fhores in England. Vid, Ray, 393+ § and ~ sa —— An o— . i TE ao SAR an RA SH AA a 6 (ECONOMY and the fea repelled by this wonderful difpofi. tion of nature. How folicitous nature is about the prefer- vation of graffes is abundantly evident from hence, that the more the leaves of the peren- nial grafles are eaten, the more they creep by the roots, and fend forth off-fets. For the Author of nature intended, that vegetables of this kind, which have very flender, and ercct leaves, fhould be copious, and very thick-fer, covering the ground like a carpet; and thus afford food fufficient for {o vaft a quantity of grazing animals. But what chiefly increafes our wonder is, that although the grafies are the principal food of fuch animals, yet they are forbid, as it were, to touch the flower, and feed-bearing ftems; that fo the feeds may ripen and be fown. The caterpillar or grub of the moth, Faun. Sue. 826. called graefmafken, although it feeds upon crafles, to the great deftrution of them, in meadows; yet it feems to be formed, in or- der to keep a due proportion between thefc and other plants; for graffes, when left to grow freely, increafe to that degree, that they exclude all other plants; which would confe- quently be extirpated, unlefs this infect fome- times OF NATURE 57 times prepared a place for them, Hence always more fpecies of plants appear in thofe places where this caterpillar has laid wafte the paftures the preceding year, than at any other time. §. 10. Deftruction. Daily experience teaches us, that all plants as well as all other living things, muft fubmit to death. They fpring up, they grow, they florifh, they ripen their fruit, they wither, and at laft, having finithed their courfe, they die, and re- turn to the duft again, from whence they firft took their rife. Thus all black mould, which cvery where covers the earth, for the greateft part isowing to dead wegetables. For all roots defcend into the fand by their branches, and after a plant has loft its ftem the root remains ; but this too rots at laft, -and changes into mould. By this means this kind of earth is mixed with fand, by the contrivance of na- ture, nearly in the fame way as dung thrown upon fields is wrought into the earth by the induftry of the hufbandman. The earth thus pre- ,8 ECONOMY prepared offers again to plants from its bo- fom, what it has received from them. For when feeds are committed to the earth, they draw to themfelves, accommodate to their nature, and turn into plants, the more fub- tile parts of this mould by the co-operation of the fun, air, clouds, rains, and winds; fo that the talleft tree is, properly fpeaking, no- thing but mould wonderfully compounded with air, and water, and modified by a ver- tue communicated to a {mall feed by the Creator. From thefe plants, when they die, juft the fame kind of mould is formed, as gave birth to them originally ; but in fuch a manner, that it is in greater quantity than before. Vegetables therefore increafe the black mould, whence fertility remains continual- ly uninterrupted. Whereas the earth could not make good its annual confumption, un- lefs it were conftantly recruited by new fup- plies. The cruftaceous Zverworts are the firft foun- dation of wvegetation, and therefore are plants of the utmoft confequence in the ceconomy of nature, though fo defpifed by us. When rocks firft emerge out of the fea, they are fo polithed by the force of the waves, that fcarce OF NATURE 79 fcarce any herb can find a fixed habitation upon them; as we may obferve every where near the fea. But the very minute cruftace- ous liverworts begin foon to cover thefe dry rocks, although they have no other nourifh- ment, but that fmall quantity of mould, and particles, which the rain and air ring thither. Thefe Jverworts dvine turn into a very fine earth; on chi i i” * imbricated Ziverworts find a bed to firike their roots in. Thefe alfo dye after a time, and turn to mould; and then the various kinds of mofles, e. g. the hypna, the brya, politricha find 2 proper place, and nourithment. Laftly thefe dying in their turn, and rotting afford fuch a plenty of new formed mould, that herbs and thrubs eafily root, and live upon it. That trees when they are dry or are cut oe may not remain ufelefs to the world, and ye, as it were, melancho haftens on their aT pean or firft the Ziverw I i Ts orts begin to ftrike root in them: afterwards the moifture is drawn out of thorn, "I have ufed this word becaufe we have no Englifh one of the fame meaning unlefs it be the word fcaly, that i know of. However imbricated means parts lying oveg parts like tiles, as in the cup of the thifile flower. E whence bs (ECONOMY whence putrefaction follows. Then the maf room kinds find a fit place for nourifhment on them, and corrupt them ftill more. The OF NATURE 8% All fucculent plants make ground fine, of a good quality, and in great plenty, as fedum craffula, aloe, alps *. But dry plants make it beetle called the dermeftes, next makes himfelf a way between the bark, and the wood. The mufk-beetle, the copper talc beetle, and the cater- pillar or coffus 812. bores an infinite number of holes through the trunk. Laftly the wood- peckers come, and while they are feeking for infects, wear away the tree, already corrupt- ed; till the whole paffes into earth. Such in- duftry does nature ufe to deftroy the trunk of a tree! Nay trees immerfed in water would fcarcely ever be deftroyed, were it not for the worm that eats fhips, which performs this work ; as the failor knows by fad experience. Thiftles, as the moft ufefull of plants, are armed, and guarded by nature herfelf. Sup- pofe there were a heap of clay, on which for many years no plant has fprung up ; let the feeds of the 7hiftle blow there, and grow, the thiftles by their leaves attract the moifture out of the air, fend it into the clay by means of their roots, will thrive themfelves, and afford a fhade. Let now other plants come hither, and they will foon cover the ground. St. Bielke. All i barren, as Jing or beard, pines, mofs 3 and therefore nature has placed the fucculent lant: on rocks, and the dryeft hills. i §. II. The animal kingdom, Propagation. Th 1 i ¢ generation of animals holds the firft place 3 1 i place among all things, that raife our admira- 110 1 : n, when we confider the works of the reator : ; ] i 5 and that appointment particularly, by which he has re ? 1 - 1s regulated the conception of the fetus, Its exc i and its exclufion, that it fhould be ac 1 I lapted to the difpofition, and way of living of each animal. ; o Mimal, 1s moft worthy of of our Nn tion, : fi We re ; Ve find no {pecies of animals exempt from the fH re ich i ftings of love, which is put into them to b] 7/ vl, 7 )L I and tl : # A A kind of £rals avrack, (G 82 ECONOMY the egg, in which is contained the rudiment of the fwtus may be foecundated ; for with- out feecundation all eggs are unfit to produce an offspring. Foxes and wolves, ftruck with thefe flings, every where howl in the woods 3; crowds of dogs follow the female; bulls thew a terrible countenance, and very different from that of ‘oxen. Stags every year have new horns, which they lofe after rutting time. Birds look more beautifull than ordinary, and warble all day long through lafcivioufnefs. Thus fmall birds labour to outfing one another, and cocks to outcrow. Peacocks fpread forth again their gay, and glorious trains. Fifbes gather to- gether, and exult in the water ; and grafbop- pers chirp, and pipe as it were, amongft the herbs. The ants gather again into colonies, and repair to their citadels ”. 1 pafs over many other particulars, which this fubject affords, to avoid prolixity. » See this fubjed treated with great fpirit in Thom- fon’s Spring and in Virgil's Georgics. ~ only birds, ~ commit their e | tenfe he OF NATURE, 83 §s 12, The f ; i b feecundated €gg requires a Certain, and p Pn degree of heat for the expanfion : Be Stamina of the embryo. ‘That this m € obtai ' . tained, nature operates in different fot ners, 2 ; and therefore we find in different claffes animals a different way of excludi od ing the The females of gu Hs a of ghadrupeds have an uterus, Contriv i pri e for eafy geftation, temperate ad ne ng warmth, and proper nourifhment the fetus, as moft of them live upon th earthy; and are there fed. , Birds, i 5 1n order to | a get fubfiftence, and for on 5, are under a neceflity of fhifting place 5 and that not upon their fe y : et but wi Geftation therefore would be bu a ay rthenfome to or this reafon they lay eggs, covered oO ho a a Gu Thefe they fit upon by a na mitinct, and cherifh ti , a erith till the Th I € oftrich and caffowary are almoft the that do not obferve this law ; thefe ggs to the fand, where the ; : e in- at of the fun excludes the Jatus, : G 2 Fifhes young one ECONOMY Fifhes inhabit cold waters, and moft pm have cold blood ; whence it happens : He Yaroi not heat fufficient to produce t bo a The all-wife Creator therefore has orc i a that moft of them fhould lay their eggs up the {hot > ’ 24 1 Oo ’ U about to 1 :< freth and i am, where the water 18 frefh anc ¢ 2 go up the {tre more pure. | ie oe The Jutterfly fifb is an exception, fo ines forth its fetus alive. ji Ap ’ ‘hich cannot reach The fifbes of the ocean, Whic : i ; : > : ” » CE a 0 fhores by reafon of the diftance, are . ‘I'he Author of nature hat the exempt from this law. pe his kind has given eggs that {wim as rar] fwimming fucus, hev are hatched amidit the {win o they 2 called fargazo. Flor. Zcilon. 389 ng me The cetaceous fifth have warm : fo herefore they bring forth their young alive, therefore : 1 S. and fuckle them with their teat Many OF NATURE 85 Many amphibious animals bring forth live fetufes. As the viper, and the toad, &c. But the fpecies that lay eggs, | where the heat of the of the parent, Thus the reft of the Srog kind and the lizard kind, lay their €ggs In warm waters mon fnake in dunghills, places, ay them in places, fun fupplies the warmth the com- and fuch-like warm and give them up to nature >» 4S a pro- vident nurfe, to take care of the m. The cro. codile, and fea tortoifes go athore to lay their ¢ggs under the fand, wl fun hatches them. Mott of the ix nor hatch €oos ; cre the heat of the ef? kind neither bear young yet their tribes are the moft numerous of all living Creatures ; infomuch that if the bulk of their bodie S were propor- tionate to the ir quantity, they would fearce room for any other kinds of animals. Let us fee therefore with what wifdom the Creator has managed about the propagation of thefe minute creatures. The females by natural in- ftin€t meet and copulate w afterwards lay their €ggos, nately in every place; for t to choofe leave ith the males; and but not indifcrimi- hey all know how fuch places as may {upply their off. fpring In its tender age with G3 nourithment, and other 86’ (ECONOMY other things neceffary to fatisfy go id wants; for them other, {oon after fhe has iW wi eogs, dyes, and were fhe to live i i have it in her power to take care of her yong Butterflies, moths, fome ii w bugs, cuckow-[pit infeéls, gall-infells, * &c. lay their eggs, on the leaves bugs ie and every different tribe choofes its plants, own fpecies of plant*. Nay there is {carce any lant, which does not afford nourifhment to nhl: and {till more, there 1s fu any part of a plant, which is not preferred by fome of them. Thus one infect feeds upon the flower ; another upon the trunk ; another 2 on the root; and another upon the leaves. Pe we cannot help wondering particularly, when we fee how the leaves of fome trees, and plants, after eggs have been let into them, OTOW ine galls; and form dwellings, as it were, ba the young ones, where they may conveniently live. Thus when the gall-infet called or Fn. 947. has fixed her eggs in the lsaiee 0 an oak, the wound of the leaf fwells, and a knob like an apple arifes, which includes and nourifhes the embryo. * Vid. Svit. Nat. Edit. 10. Fauna Suecica ; and Hofpita Infe@orum Flora Aman. Academ. vol. 3. When OF NATURE 8 When the #ree-bug, Faun. Suec. 700. has depofited its egos in the boughs of the fir tree, excrefences arife fhaped like peas. ‘When an- other fpecies of the tree-bug, Fn. 695. has depofited its egps in the monfe-ear chickweed or the fpeedwell, Fl. 12, the leaves contract in a wonderfull manner into the fhape of a head. The water-fpider, Fn. 11 50. excludes its eggs cither on the extremities of the Juniper, which from thence forms a lodging, that looks like the arrow-beaded grafs, or on the leaves of the poplar, from whence a red globe is produced. The tree-loufe, Fn. 1 355. lays its eggs on the leaves of black poplar, Fl. 821, which from thence turn into a kind of inflated bag, and fo in other inftances. Nor is jt upon plants only that infects live, and lay their egos. The knats, Fn. 1116. commit theirs to ftagna- ting waters. The water infec called mon- oculus, Fn. 1182. often increafes fo immenfely on pools, that the red legions of them have the appearance of blood. Others lay their eggs in other places, e. g. the Zeetle in dunghills. The dermeftes in fins. The fleh fly in pu- trifyed fleth. The chetfe-maggot in the cracks of cheefe, from whence the caterpillars iffuing forth oftentimes confume the whole cheefe, G 4 and 88 (ECONOMY and deceive many people, who fancy the worms are produced from the particles of the cheefe itfelf, by a generation called @quivocal, which is extremely abfurd. Others exclude their egos upon certain animals. The mill-beetle Fn. 618. lays its egos betwen the fcales of fifhes. The fpecies of glad-fiy Fn. 1024. on the back of cattle. The /pecies 1025 on the back of the rhen deer. The fpecies 1026 in the nofes of fheep. The fpecies 1028 lodges during the winter in the inteftinal tube, or the throat of horfes, nor can it be driven out till the fummer comes on. Nay infefls themfelves are often furrounded os of other infects, infomuch that with the egg there is fcarcely an animal to be found, which does not feed its proper infect, not to fay any more of all the other places, where they de- pofit their eggs. Almoit all the eggs of ix- Jets, when laid, are ordained to undergo, by a wonderfull law of nature, various metamor- phofes, e. g. the egg of the lutterfly being laid in the cabbage firft of all becomes a carer pillar, that feeds upon the plant, crawls, and has fixteen feet. This afterwards changes inte a nymph, that has no feet, is fmooth, and eats nothing ; and laftly this burfts into a busterfy, that flies, has variety of colours, is rough, ard ana OF NATURE 89 and lives upon honey. What can be more worthy of admiration, than that one, and the fame animal {Lould appear on the ftage of life under fo many characters, as if it were three diftin&t animals 2, The laws of generation of worms are fill very obfcure, as we find they are fometimes produced by eggs, fometimes by offsets, juft in the fame manner as happens to trees. It has been obferved with the greateft admiration, that the polypus or hydra S. N. 221. lets down fhoots and live branches, by which it is multiplied. Nay more, if it be cut into many parts, each fegment, put into the water, grows mto a perfect animal ; fo that the parts which were torn off are reftored from one ferap. §. 13. The multiplication of animals is not tyed down to the fame rules in all; for fome have a remarkable power of propagating, others are * Linnzus Aman. academ. vol. 2. in a treatife on the wonders relating to infels, fays, “¢ as furprifing as thefe * transformations may feem, yet much the fame happens when a chicken is hatched, the only difference is, that ““ the chicken breaks all three coats at once, the butterfly ““ ome after another. €« con- confined within narrower limits in this re- fpect. Yet in general, we find, that nature obferves this order, that the leaft animals, and thofe which are ufefull, and ferve for nourifh- ment to the greateft number of other animals, are endued with a greater power of propagat- ing than others ®, Mites, and many other infects will multiply to a thoufand within the compafs of a very few days. While the elephant {carcely produces one young in two years, The hawk kind generally lay not above two eggs, at moft four, while the pox/iry kind rife to 50. The diver or loon, which is eaten by few animals, lays alfo two eggs, but the duck kind, the moor game, partridges, &c. and fmall birds lay a very large number, If you fuppofe two pigeons to hatch nine times a year, they may produce in four years 14672 young‘. They are endued with this » Herodotus {peaking of the flying ferpents in Arabia makes the fame refle@ion, and attributes this courfe of na- ture to the divine providence. Thal. ¢< 1 have given this paflage as it ftands in the original, The numbers ought to have been 14760, or the expreflion fhould have been altered ; for he includes the firft pair, He fuppofes it generally known that pigeons hatch but two eggs at a time, and that they pair, remark- OF NATURE. 91 remarkable fertility, that they may ferve for food, not only to man, but to hawks and other birds of prey *. Nature has made harmlefs and cfculent animals fruitfull. Plin. Nature has forbid the 4ird kind to fall fhort of the num- ber of eggs allotted to each fpecies, and there- fore if the eggs which they intend to fit upon, be taken away a certain number of times, they prefently lay others in their room, as may be feen in the fwallow, duck, and fmall birds. §. 14. Prefervation. Prefervation follows generation ; this ap- pears chiefly in the tender age, while the young are unable to provide for their own fup- port. For then the parents, though otherwife ever fo fierce in their difpofition, are affected with a wonderfull tendernefs or fenfe of love towards their progeny, and fpare no pains to provide for, guard, and preferve them, and that not by an imaginary law, but one given by the Lord of nature himflf, Ruadrupeds give fuck to their tender young and fupport them by a liquor, perfe&ly eafy of digeftion, till their ftomachs are able to digeft * Vid. Mufchenbr. Orat. de Sap. Divin, > and 02 ECONOMY and their teeth are fit to chew more folid food. Nay their love toward them is fo oreat, that they endeavour to repell with the utmoft force every thing, which threatens danger, or de. ftruction to them. The ewe which brings forth two lambs at a time, will not admit one to her teats, unlefs the other be prefent, and fuck alio; left one thould famifh, while the other arows fat. Birds build their nefts in the moft artificial manner, and line them as foft as poflible, for tear the eggs fhould get any damage. Nor do they build promifcuoufly in any place ; but there only, where they may quietly lye con- cealed and be fafe from the attacks of their enemies. The banging bird, A&. Bonon. vol. 2. makes its neft of the fibres of withered plants, id the down of the poplar feeds, and fixes it upon the bough of fome tree hanging over the water; that it may be out of reach. The diver, Fn. 123. places its fwimming neft upon the water itfelf amongft the ruthes. I de- iignedly pafs over many other inftances of the Like Kind. Again birds fit on their eggs with fo much patience, that many of them choofe tg perifh s } witli OF NATURE. 93 with hunger, rather than expofe the egos to danger by going to feek for food. The male rooks and crows at the time of incubation bring food to the females. Pigeons, fall birds, and other lirds, which pair, fit by turns; but where polygamy pre- vails, the males fcarcely take any care of the young. Mott of the duck kind pluck off their fea- thers in great quantity, and cover their eggs vith them, left they fhould be damaged by the cold, when they quit their nefts for the fake of food ; and when the young are hatched, who knows not how folicitous they are in providing for them, till they are able to fly, and fhift for themfelves ? Young pigeons would not be able to make ule of hard feeds for nourithment, unlefs the parents were to prepare them in their Crops, and thence feed them. The eagle owl makes its neft on the higheft precipices of mountains, and in the warmeft fpot, facing the fun; that the dead bodies brought there may by the heat melt into a foft pulp, and become fit nourithment for the young. 94 ECONOMY The cuckow lays its eggs in the neft of other fmall birds, generally the wagtail, ¢ or* bedge-/parrow, and leaves the incubation, and prefervation of the young to them. But that thefe young, when grown up, degenerate in. to hawks, and become fo ungratefull, that they deftroy their nurfes, is a mere vulgar er- ror, for it is contraty to their nature to eat flefh. Amphibious animals, fifbes and infefts, which cannot come under the care of their pa- rents, yet owe this to them, that they are put in places, where they eafily find nourifhment, as we have obferved. * This cuftom of the cuckow is fo extraordinary, and ont of the common courfe of nature, that it would not be cre dible, were it not for the teftimony of the moft knowing and curious natural hiftorians, fuch as Ray, Willughby, Gefner, Aldrovandus, Ariftotle, &c. Mauch has been faid by the writers on birds about the fate of the young birds, in whofe neft the cuckow is hatched, but asi find nothing but mere conjecture, it would not be worth while tranfcribing. ¢ Hedge fparrow. Linnzus feems to have taken the white-throat for the hedge-fparrow, OF NATURE, §. 15. As foon as animals come to maturity, and want no longer the care of their parents, they attend with the utmoft labor, and induftry, ac- cording to the law and ceconomy appointed for every fpecies, to the prefervation of their lives. But that fo great a number of them, which occur every where, may be fupported, and a certain and fixed order may be kept up amongft them, behold the wonderfull difpofi- tion of the Creator, in afligning to each fpe- cies certain kinds of food, and in putting li- mits to their appetites. So that fome live on particular fpecies of plants, which particular regions, and {oils only produce. Some on par- ticular animalcula, others on carcafes, and fome even on mud and dung. For this reafon Pro- vidence has ordained, that fome fhould fwim in certain regions of the watery element, others thould fly ; fome fhould inhabit the torrid, the frigid, or the temperate zones, and others thould frequent defarts, mountains, woods, pools or meadows, according as the food pro- per to their nature is found in fufficient quan- tty. By this means there is no terreftrial tract, 06 (ECONOMY tract, no fea, no river, no countrey, but what contains, and nourifhes various kinds of ani- mals. Hence alfo an animal of one kind can- not rob thofe of another kind of its aliment ; which, if it happened, would endanger their lives or health; and thus the world at all times affords nourifhment to fo many, and fo large inhabitants, at the fame time that ne- thing, which it produces, is ufelefs or fuper- fluous. I think it will not be amifs to produce fome inftances, by which it will appear, how provi- dentially the Creator has furnifhed every ani- mal with fuch cloathing, as is proper for the countrey where they live, and alfo how excel- lently the ftructure of their bodies is adapted to their particular way of life; fo that they {eem to be deftined folely to the places, where they are found. Monkies, elephants, and rhinocerofes feed upon vegetables, that grow in hot countries, and therefore therein they have their allotted places. When the fun darts forth its moft fervid rays, thefe animals are of fuch a nature, and difpofition, that it does them no manner of hurt; nay with the reft of the inhabitants of thofe parts they go naked, whereas were f they OF NATURE. 97 they covered with hairy {kins they muft perifh with heat. On the contrary the place of ren deer is fixed in the coldeft part of Lapland, becaufe their chief food is the liverwort, Fl, 980. which grows no where fo abundantly as there ; and where, as the cold is moft intenfe, the ben deer are cloathed, like the other northern animals, with fkins filled with the denfeft hair; by the help of which they eafily defy the keennefs of the winter. In like manner the rough-legged partridge pafles its life in the very Lapland alps, feeding upon the feeds of the dwarf birch, and that they may run up and down fafely amidft the fnow, their feet are feathered. The camel frequents the fandy, and burning defarts, in order to get the barren camels hay. Mat. Med. 31. How wifely has the Creator contrived for him! he is obliged to go thro’ the defarts, where oftentimes no water 1s found for many miles about. Allotheranimalswould perith with thirft in fuch a Journey; but the camel can undergo it without fuffering 5 for his belly is full of cells, where he referves water for many days. It is reported by travellers, that the Arabians, when in travelling they want Water, are forced to kill their camels ; and take H water 08 (ECONOMY water out of their bellies, that is perfectly good to drink, and not at all corrupted. The pelican likewife lives in defart, and dry places ; and is obliged to build her neft far from the fea, in order to procure a greater fhare of heat to her eggs. She is therefore forced to bring water from afar for herfelf and her young ; for which reafon Providence has furnithed her with an inftrument moft adapted to this purpofe; v. g. the has a very large bag under her throat, which fhe fills with a quan- tity of water fufficient for many days ; and this fhe pours into the neft to refrefh her young, and teach them to fwim. The wild beafls, lions, and tigers, come to this neft to quench their thirft, but do no hurt to the young. Oxen delight in low grounds, becaufe there the food moft palatable to them grows. Sheep prefer naked hills, where they find a particular kind of grafs called the feffuca, Fl 95. which they love above all things. Goats climb up the precipices of mountains, that they may browfe on the tender fhrubs, and in order to fit them for it, they have feet made for jumping *. * Vid. Derham’s Phifyco-Theol. p. 319. not 7. 4 Hor [es OF NATURE, 99 Horfes chiefly refort to woods, and feed up- on leafy plants, Nay, fo various is the appetite of animals, that there is fcarcely any plant, which is not chofen by fome, and left untouched by others. The horfe gives up the water hemlock to the goat. The cow gives up the long-lzaved wa- ter hemlock to the fheep. The goat gives up the monks-hood to the horfe, &c. for that which certain animals grow fat upon, others abhor as poifon. Hence no plant is abfolutely poifonous, but only refpe€tively. Thus the Jpurge, that is noxious to man, isa moft whole- fome nourifhment to the caterpillar, Fn. 825, That animals may not deftroy themfelves for want of knowing this law, each of them is guarded by fuch a delicacy of tafte and firell, that they can eafily diftinguifh what is pernici- ous from what is wholefome ; and when it hap- pens that different animals live upon the fame plants, ftill one kind always leaves fomething for the other, as the mouths of all are not ¢qually adapted to lay hold of the grafs; by which means there is fufficient food for all, To this may be referred an ceconomical expe- ment well known to the Dutch, that when eight cows have been in a palture, and can no H 2 longer 08 (ECONOMY water out of their bellies, that is perfectly good to drink, and not at all corrupted. The pelican hkewife lives in defart, and dry places ; and is obliged to build her neft far from the fea, in order to procure a greater fhare of heat to her eggs. She is therefore forced to bring water from afar for herfelf and her young ; for which reafon Providence has furnithed her with an inftrument moft adapted to this purpofe; v. g. fhe has a very large bag under her throat, which fhe fills with a quan. tity of water fufficient for many days ; and this fhe pours into the neft to refrefh her young, and teach them to fwim. The wild beafts, lions, and tigers, come to this neft to quench their thirft, but do no hurt to the young. Oxen delight in low grounds, becaufe there the food moft palatable to them grows. Sheep prefer naked hills, where they find 2 particular kind of grafs called the feffuca, Fl, 95. which they love above all things. | Goats climb up the precipices of mountains, that they may browfe on the tender fhrubs, and in order to fit them for it, they have feet made for jumping *. * Vid. Derham’s Phifyco-Theol. p. 319. not 7. 4 Hor es OF NATURE 99 Horfes chiefly refort to woods, and feed up- on leafy plants, Nay, fo various is the appetite of animals, that there is fcarcely any plant, which is not chofen by fome, and left untouched by others, The borfe gives up the water hemlock to the goat. The cow gives up the long-lzaved wa- ter hemlock to the fheep. The goat gives up the monks-hood to the horfe, &c. for that which certain animals grow fat upon, others abhor as poifon. Hence no plant is ablolutely poifonous, but only refpe€iively. Thus the Jpurge, that is noxious to man, is a moft whole- fome nourifhment to the caterpillar, Fn. 825, That animals may not deftroy themfelves for want of knowing this law, each of them is guarded by fuch a delicacy of tafte and firell, that they can eafily diftinguifh what is pernici- ous from what is wholefome 3 and when it hap- pens that different animals live upon the fame plants, fill one kind always leaves fomething for the other, as the mouths of all are not ¢qually adapted to lay hold of the grafs; by which means there is fufficient food for all. To this may be referred an ceconomical expe- iment well known to the Dutch, that when eight cows have been in a pafture, and can no H 2 longer van (ECONOMY longer get nourithment, two horfes will do very well there for fome days, and when no- thing is left for the horfes, four fheep will live upon it. Swine get provifion by turning up the earth; for there they find the fucculent roots, which to them are very delicious. The leaves and fruits of trees are intended as food for fome animals, as the floth’, the ¢ There is fo curious an account of this animal in Kir cher’s Mufurgia, that i think the reader will excufe my tranfcribing it. That author fays thus : ¢ The defcription of ¢ this animal i had from father Torus, provincial of the Jefuites ¢ in America, who had animals of this kind in his pofieffion, ¢ and made many experiments in relation to their nature ¢ and qualities. Its figure is extraordinary ; it is about the ¢ bignefs of a cat, of very ugly countenance, and has claws ¢ extended like fingers. The hinder part of the head and ¢ neck are covered with hair. It fweeps the ground with ¢ jts fat belly, never rifes upon its feet, and moves ¢ flowly, that it would fcarce go the length of a bow-fhot ¢ in 15 days, tho’ conftantly moving, and it is therefore ¢ called the Sloth. It is not known what it feeds upon, ¢ not being ever obferved to take any food. It lives gene- ¢ rally upon tops of trees, and employs two days to craw! ¢ up, and as many to get down again. Nature has doubly ¢ guarded this animal againft its enemies. Firft by giving * it fuch ftrength in its feet that whatever it feizes, it holds ¢ {o faft, that it never can be freed from its claws, but muft ¢ there dye of hunger. Secondly in giving it fuch a moving « afpedty OF NATURE. 101 the fquirrel, and thefe laft have feet given them fit for climbing. Befides myriads of fithes, the caffor, the [fea calf, and others inhabit the water, that they may there be fed, and their hinder feet are fit for pe when it looks at any man who fthould be tempted 0 urt it, that it is impoffible not to be touched with compaflion ; befides that at the fame time it fheds tears and upon the whole perfuades one, that a creature fo de ; fengsien, and of fo unhappy a body ought not to be tor- mented. I'o make an experiment of this, the above. mentioned father procured one of thefe animals to be brought to our college at Carthagena. He put a lon pole under his feet, which it feized upon very firmly i “ would not let itgo again. The animal therefore thus tiuntor! ‘ ly fufpended was placed between two beams along with te ¢ € ¢ pole ans : i i pole, and there it remained without meat, drink. or fleep rink, or fleep, Rov le eyes being always fixed on people that os i wi o were fo touched, that they could not orbear pitying it. At laft being taken down they let loofe a dog on it, which after a little while the Sloth foined lth hit feet, and held him four days, till he dyed of Xan er This was taken from the mouth of the father. They oh ‘ continues Kircher, tl hi > r, that th ire mak i ons | : , t this ereature makes no noife but ght, but that very extraordinary. For by interrup tions, that laft about th ’ t bout the length of a figh or femipaule it goes thro’ the fiv v i : g 110’ the fix vulgar intervals of mufic ut, re, mi, Ed fa, fol, la. 1 i d. 1a {ol fa i Bin iol, fs, mi, re, ut, afcending and defcend- ng, and thefe perfedlly in tune So that the Spaniards, 4 when they fir it {1x n i £ it got Oi y f I Y Bg . } GiCHion of this coaft, and heard thele I - Hj; ‘ notes, yo? ECONOMY. for fwimming, and perfectly adapted to their manner of life. The whole order of the geoofe kind, as ducks, merganfer, &c. pafs their lives in wa- ter as feeding upon water-infects, fithes, and their eggs ®. Who does not fee, that attends ever fo little, how exactly the wonderfull for- notes, they imagined that fome people brought up to our mufic, were finging. This anima! is called by the na- © tives Hant, certainly becaufe going thro’ thefe mufical ¢ intervals, it repeats, Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, &c. This account feems very wonderfull, and i leave it as it fiands without entering into any difceflion about its credibi- lity. Iwill only add, that Linnzus feems in the new edi- tion of the Syft. Nat. to give credit to it. For he {ays in his fhort way of defcription among other things, “It utters ¢ an afcending hexacord. [ts noife is horrib e, its tears pi- ¢ teons.” He quotes Mangrave, Clufius, Gefner, &c. but not having an opportunity of confulting thefe books i can- not tell how far thefe authors confirm the foregoing account; if it be true, it would furnith fome obfervations, but this would not be a place for them. * Many opinions, fays the author in the note, have been flarted in order to account how it happens that filhes are found in pools, and ditches, on high mountains and clfewhere. But Gmelin obferves that the duct kind fwal low the eggs of fifhes, that fome of thefe eggs go down, and come out of their bodies unhurt, and fo are propagated jut in the fame manner, as has been obferved of plants. Biberg. Gmelin adds, that the Sibirians themfelves account for this phznomenon in the manner above mentioned. mation OF NATURE. 103 mation of their beaks, their necks, their feet and their feathers fuit their kind of hfe, which obfervation ought to be extended to all other birds. The way of living of the fea-frvallozy Fn. 1 20. deferves to be particularly taken notice of ; for as he cannot fo commodioufly plunge into the water and catch fifth, as other aquatic birds, the Creator has appointed the fea-pull to be his caterer in the following manner. When this lait is purfued by the former, he is forced to throw up part of his prey, which the other catches ; but in the autumn, when the fithes hide themfelves in deep places, the mergan- 5 es ol Sie the gull with food, as ge deeper nto the fea. Act. Stock. The chief granary of finall birds is the knot-grafs, Fol. Suec. 322. that bears Leavy feeds, like thofe of the &lack lindweed. It is a very common plant, not eafily de- ftroyed, either by the road fide by trampling upon it, or any where elfe, and is extremely plentifull after harvelt in fields, to which it gives a reddifh hue by its numerous feeds. ['hefe fall upon the ground, and are gather ¢d all the year round by the fmall birds. at academie earchin ng nto heavy are 2 =) 7 ~~ o> Pe ‘ E " . they are the more convinced of being right, as nature ceafes now to S00, Nore COLHINON. 1 318 they find natural hiftory no part of public in- :- this queftion ever heard amono 1 £ " Id y ‘ il vil lIcarda among men of joi ftitutions, not reccived into academies amongft learni ng. Ir is Aa “ 2 Oo 8 L 15 Ciiefly, anc 1 fre que ntly ut in the philofophical fciences, and as holding no the more remote proviness by ds . . a” . JVINEES the inferior order rank either in church, or ftate. For this rea- of people; who think of ne alti | dol : f 1g but indu o- fon they look on it as a mere curiofity, which bing their low appetites, and look on | ii. : Sy i n every thing only ferves as an amufement for the idle, and as we eles, which does not ferve that | ’ ) a ’ urpofe. indolent. This objection has been made to : iments firft began to myfelf, and almoft all others who give them- i make a noife in the er Samuel KJ 0; £ He dl » vamuel Klingenfti- oD fely es = / 2 M 2 erna a a 164 OF THE USE erna was fent for by his majefty Frederic the firft to thew him fome of the eletrical pheno mena. When all was over, a man of great rank, who happened to be one of the fpecta- tors on this occafion, {aid with a fneer, “ Mr. « Klingenfticrna of what ufe is all this?” Klin- ‘Sir, ¢ this very objection was made to me by J. C. (this J.C. was a very rich dry falter). Upon which the kine faid fmiling, to the nobleman, s given it you. Such men as thefe refemble more the brute creation, than rational creatures. They do not confider, that the all- wife Creator made every thing for man’s ule, They foreet that every thing, which was cre- ated iat the beginning, was declared ro be good. To thefe men whatever is curious is difguft- full, and inquiries into nature are deemed mere folly. Ternftom (Chrift.) when he went with the Oftend fleet to the Fat Indies, was treated with contempt by fome of the company for his curiofity *. They thought nothing of conie quence, but what belonged to the winds, and Waves. * Rellonius in his Obfervations, p. 3. fays the fame hap- J € ed to him. Bart- OF CURIOSITY. 16s Barticius (John) when he arrived at Suri- nam, where he went in order to make obfer- vations in natural hiftory, was defpifed for look- ing after plants, and infects. The inhabitants there thought nothing worth minding, but what belonged to fuger and coff plantations. Vid. his letters to Linnzus. Profeffor Kalm dared not at the hazard of his life let the favages of Canada, amongft whom he reflided, know that he defcribed any plant or other natural object, but was forced to carry on all his refearches in private. When our prefident was gathering, and de- fcribing the rben-deer-fly on the Lapland moun- tains, the inhabitants wondered, and laughed at him for troubling his head about catching infects. Vid, A&. Stockhol. vol. 1. p. 121. And we find that he, and his companions were flared at as a fpectacle in his journey through Oeland. It. Ocland. p. 85. 109. Dr. Hafielquift was forced to have a guard whenever he went out of Cairo in order to de- leribe any natural object ; and even then he was not quite fafe from the vulgar on account of his curiofity. Thefe examples may fuflice with- out producing any more. Mz OF THE $3 We were created for the glory of the Crea- tor, which cannot be brought about unlefs we know him, either by revelation, or the works of the creation. As to the latter i fufpe&, that many come into the world, and remain here even to old age, who never faw the creation, but from afar; juft like the brute beafts, which cannot fail of f{eeing the verdure, and various colors, that cloath the earth, but go not one ftep farther. This feems to me as if any one, who fhould be carried into a botanic garden to fee the immenie varicty of plants brought together from all parts with incredible trouble, care and expence, fhould only ob- ferve that the leaves were green, and the flow- ers of various colors, juft as they are every where elfe. Could fuch an one be truly, and juftly faid to have feen the garden ? Or if any one fhould go into a mufeum, filled with na- tural objets of the rareft kind preferved in fpirit of wine, and thould only attend to the he liquor, and, though he faw a body hanging in it, fhould not inquire what body it was; would not he, who took the trouble of fhewing thefe fights to fo curious a perfon, OF CURIOSITY. 167 perfon, think his time thrown away? Would fuch a fpectator deferve to be let into fuch a place ? I cannot help on this occafion calling to mind the manner, in which our prefident ufed fometimes to excite attention in his audience by an apt fimilitude, when he was reading up- on 7nfefls to his pupils. The fimilitude or ra- ther fable was as follows. ¢ Once upon a time ¢ the feven wife men of Greece were met toge- ther at Athens, and it was propofed that every one of them thould mention what he thought ‘ the greateft wonder in the creation. One of them, of higher conceptions than the reft, * propofed the opinion of fome of the aftrono- mers about the fixed ftars, which they believed ‘ to be fo many f{uns, that had each their pla- nets rolling about them, and were ftored with plants and animals like this earth. Fired with this thought they agreed to fupplicate Jupiter, that he would at leaft permit them to take a journey to the moon, and {tay there three days in order to fee the wonders of that place, and give an account of them at their return. Ju- piter confented,and ordered them to affemble on a high mountain, where there thould be a ¢ cloud ready to convey them to the place they M 4 ¢ defired 168 OF THE USE defired to fee. They picked out fome chofen companions, who might afiift them in defcrib- ing, and painting the objects they thould meet with. At length they arrived at the moon, and found a palace there well fitted up for their reception. The next day, being very much fatigued with their journey, they kept quiet at home till noon ; and being {till faint they refrefhed themlelves with a moft delici- ous entertainment, which they relithed fo well, that it overcame their curiofity. This day they only faw through the windows that delightfull {pot, adorned with the molt beautiful flowers, to which the beams of the fun gave anuncom- mon luftre, and heard the finging of moft me- lodious birds tll evening came on. The next day theyrofe very early in order to begin their obfervations ; but {ome very beautifull young ladies of the countrey, coming to make them a * vifit,advifed them firft to recruit their ftrength before they expofed themfielves to the labori- ous tafk they were about to undertake. * The delicate meats, the rich wines, the ‘ beauty of the damiels prevailed over the re- ‘ folution of thefe ftrangers. A fine conceit of < t mufic is introduced, the young ones begin to dance, and all is turned to jollity; fo that this 1 ¢ whole OF CURIOSITY. 16g whole day was fpent in gallantry, till fome of the neighbouring inhabitants, growing envi- ous at their mirth, rufthed in with drawn fwords. The elder part of the company tryed to appeale the younger, promifing the very next day they would bring the rioters ta juftice. This they performed, and the third day the caufe was heard, and what with accu- fations, pleadings, exceptions, and the judg- ment itfelf the whole day was taken up, on which the term fet by Jupiter expired. On their return to Greece all the countrey flocked in upon them to hear the wonders of the moon defcribed, but all they could tell was; for that was all they knew; that the ground was covered with green, intermixed with flowers, and that the birds fung amongft the branches of the trees ; but what kinds of flowers they faw, or what kinds of birds they heard, they were totally ignorant. Upon which they were treated every where with contempt.” If we ap- ply this fable to men of the prefent age, we fhall perceive a very jut fimilitude. By thefe three days the fable denotes the three aves of man. Firlt youth, in which we are too feeble in every refpect to look into the works of the Creator, All that feafon is given up to ¥70 OF THE USE idlenefs, luxury and paftime. 2dly. manhood, in which men are employed in fettling, marrying, educating children, providing fortunes for them, and railing a family. 3dly. o/d age, in which, after having made their fortunes, they are overwhelmed with lawfuits, and proceed- ings relating to their eftates. Thus it fre- quently happens that men never confider to what end they were deftined, and why they were brought into the world. As to bodies, the vulgar are ready enough to admire them in the larger kinds of animals, plants, minerals and metals. But when they perceive any onc examining into the minute parts of nature, fuch as infelts and fhells, gra/- fes, and moffes, earthy particles, and petrifalli- ons, they look upen it as idle curiofity. And when they fee us fearching after fuch natural productions of forreign countries, as are not found with us, their wonder increafes, and they think then they attack us with double ad- vantage. Since we not only {pend our time in examining prefent objects, that are wholly ufelefs, but even {uch diftant ones, as we have {carcely any means of coming at. They have OF CURIOSITY. 17% have no notion that thefe can be of any man. ner of ufe but to thofe amongft whom they are found. To the end therefore that we may gain a clearer conception of the harmony, and ufe of thefe things, it will be neceffary to run thro’ fome of the moft obvious particulars, re- lative to this fubject, that every one from hence may better comprehend the advantage of natural hiftory in oeneral, The antients were of opinion, that the bo« dies about us concerned us no farther than as they were good for food or phyfic. Hence their inquiries all tended to find out what were fit to eat, and what would cure fome diftem- per, and whatever plant or animal could not be referred to one of thefe claffes was neglet- ed’. It is true that the immediate ufe of many * T muft take the liberty to contradiét the ingenious au- thor on this occafion. For any one who has ever looked into Ariftotle’s hiftory of animals, and Theophraftus’s of plants, muft at once be convinced of the contrary. This jultice i thought due to thofe two firft ketches of natural hiltory, in which the fagacious, and extenfive genius of the matter, and the difciple fully fhine forth. Itis true this fpi- rit was not long kept up, nor is it to be wondered at, that extravagant fpeculations, and fyftems concerning things out of 172 OF THE USE many bodies is hitherto unknown to us, yet we have great reafon to believe, that all the bo- dies in the univerfe, fome way or other, con- tribute to our advantage. Hay, which men take fuch pains to collect in the fummer, is of no ufe to man immediately, but it is a com- modity of the utmoft confequence to him me- diately, as being the food of cattle of all forts, without which we could not well fubfift. Thofe minute infe@s called zree lice, that live upon the branches of trees, and plants, are looked upon as of no ufe tous. Thefe are devoured by flies, cochincals, golden eyes, &c. in their firlt ftate ; which alfo feem to be of no ule to us, but then many of the [mall birds feed upon of mens reach, which are purfued in the clofet with eafe, and when ingenious are apt to [irike the imaginations of mankind, fhould take place of ¢he fober, and painful re- fearches into nature, little minded by the generality of peo. ple, and therefore lying out of the paths of reputation. Thus what was fo well begun by Ariftotle and Theoplira- flus dropped at once for want of encouragement, and never raifed its head apain, till after the reftoration of learning ; when Gefner, Bauhin, Cafalpinus, &c. in imitation of thofe firt matters, began to revive this part of knowledge; and kindled up a fpark, which has never been totally ex- tinguiilied fince, and has been raifed into a diffufive light by feveral naturalits of the laft age, and particularly by the excellent Linnzus, them, OF CURIOSITY. 173 them, and thefe not only delight us with their fine fongs but afford us moft delicate food. ‘The nettic 1s a plant which is fcarcely eat by any domeftic animal (Iter. Scand. p. 15.) but the Author of nature has allotted to it more feed- ers than to almoit any other plant, v. gr. but- terflics, moths, wevils, chermes, &c. which de- vour it almoft entirely, and thefe infects are a prey to many birds, which could by no means live on the plant immediately. Minute aquatic worms, and thofe in no fmall number are eat by the larger, and thefe are eat by the fifhes, and aquatic birds, and thefe by us ; and befides food thefe birds fupply us with moft delicate foft down to warm and repofe ourfelves upon. It would be tedious to enumerate all the me- diate advantages, which we obtain from the moft contemptible; as they are deemed ; both plants and animals. § 6. Many look upon jbel’s, and corals of various kinds, which are colle€ted and ranged in mu- feums by the diligent inquirers into nature, as an idle curiofity ; fince they neither ferve for food or phyfic; but if thefe are neglected, how many of the wonderfull works of the Creator would 174 OF THE USE would be unknown ? What man of fenfe is not {truck with wonder, when he beholds the innu- merable objets; which the Author of nature has buried, as it were, 1n the great abyfs. Ob- je&ts for color, Riss and mechanifm fo ad- mirable, that they furpafs the imagination of man to conceive without fecing them. If we vifit a royal palace, and there behold the walls covered with tapeftry, pictures, {culpture, and other ornaments, are we not delighted, and even inrapture? We ought therefore to feel the fame pleafure, when we behold the beauties of this our globe. To defcribe every {hell on this occafion would far exceed the bounds of my lefign. At prefent 1 will only mention one, viz. acig the Funotted marginated Cyvprea. Rump. t. 29. S oF b 9 f. C. Areenvnill- t. 21. f. K. Petiv. Faz. 97. t. OO 8. Thisis a fmall fhell, about the bignefls of a hazel nut, and is gathered in the Maldivee iflands by the women along the fea fhore in fuch quantities, that 30 or 40 fhips are load- ed with them yearly for Africa, Bengal and Siam; fo that in thofe parts there are large palaces filled with them, where they are pre- ferved as treafures of the greateft value. Th of fhells ferve there as gold, and filver with us, for all Es of commerce. In other coun- Goedadt. p. OF CURJOSITY 17 J countries other fhelis are made ufe of for vari- ous purpofes; {ome inftead of horns to blow with at their religious ceremonies ; fome for veflels for wathing; fome for cups; fome for boxes ; fome for inlaying ; all of them far ex- ceeding the beft artificial works. Nor are thofe innumerable perrifattions, fo various in {pecies, and ftruture, to be looked upon as vain curiofities. We find in our moun- tains, and even in the middle of flones, as it were embaumed, animals, flells, corals, which are not to be found alive. in any part of Eu- rope. Thefe alone, were there no other rea- fon, might put us upon looking back into an- tiquity, and confidering the primitive form of the earth, its increafe, and metamorphofis. This is a {ubject. that would require a whole volume to treat 1t amply as it deferves. Wild beefs, and ravenous birds, though they feem to difturb our private ceconomy, are not without their ufes 3; which we fhould be fenfible of, if they were extirpated *. When i our Iz F a Ls SE i as the only means to free their grounds fol the grub, ry rom which the tree or blind beetle comes Vid. Lifter’s 63. pl. 1}. Seatebmas Melolontha. S.N. 10 2 Pe 350 which mn its grub ftate deflroys the roots of corn and a PRT AS Be a. + 176 OF THE USE When the Zttle crow was driven out of Vir- ginia, and that at the expence of feveral tuns of gold, the inhabitants would willingly have brouoht them back again at double the price, as we find by profeflor Kalm. The vultures in Cairo are invited yearly, and daily to re- main theres as doctor IHaffelquift relates in A&. Sac. reg. Scient. Stockhol. 1751. p. 196. et fequ. Thefe creatures of prey cleanfe the ground from carcafes, and make it wholefome, and pure, and befides they ferve to keep up a due proportion between animals, fo that one fort may not ftarve the reft. The vulgar think, and thofe who think themielves wifer than the vulgar, make no fcruple to fay 3 lot him who bas nothing to do employ bimfelf in bunting after moffes and flies. By which they would infinuate, that fearch- ino after the minute plants, and animals 1s oO unbecoming, or at leaft unncceffary for a ra- and grafs to fuch a degree, that i mylelf have leen a piece of pafture land, where you might turn up the turf with your foot. Mr. Matthews a very oblerving and excellent farmer, of : fis : sr reriedes ay Wargrove in Berkfhire, told me that the rooks one year, } : ] hi w trywern hotd TTY 3 while his men were houghing a turnep acid, {at down in part of it, where they were not at w ork, and that the crop 1 . ) was very fine in that part; whereas in the other part there were no turneps that year, : tional OF CURIOSITY. 15 tional creature. As for moffes, i grant we have not authority on our fide; for till the end of the laft century, they were almoft wholly ne- glected ; but now within thefe fifty years their hiftory is very near compleat by the diligence of Dillenius. C. Bauhin knew very few moffes ; Dillenius has defcribed near 600. With unwea- ried pains he went through this very difficult, and extenfive branch of natural hiftory. But to what end ? it is afked. I will not take upon me to anfwer this queftion by fhewing the par- ticular ufe of every mofs, that grows; al- though 1 am certain the Lord of nature has made nothing in vain. But i will venture to aflert, that pofterity will, one time or other, find as many advantages arifing from moffes, as from other vegetables. I affert this with the ereater confidence, becaufe {ince our acquaint- ance with mojfes, we have many experiments, which thew their ufefulnefs, a few inftances of which 1 fhall fubjoyn. The og mofs covers deep bogs with its {pongy fubftance, and thus by degrees turns them into fertile meadows ; not to mention its repelling virtue in medicine; at prefent allo its turf is ufed inftead of wood in many provinces, and it is a cuftom eftablifh- ed among the workers in metals to burn it in- N to Si ae 178 OF THE USE to cinders in their forges. The Laplanders, who lay their children upon it in the cradle, find that it abates the acrimony of the urine. A&. Stock. 1740. p. 421. The fontinalis antipyretica, a kind of maofs, contrary to the nature of all other molfes, guards the walls of houfes in cafe of fire. It. Scand. p. 20. The maiden-bair furnifthes a very convenient bed to the Laplander, and the bear with this prepares his winter habitation. Moft of our tumps confift of this kind of mas. The club-mofs is ufed for making mats. The cyprefs-mofs furnifhes a yellow dye. The upright fir-mofs frees cattle from ver- min, and purges ftrongly. It. Oel. p. 28. The fountain-mefs points out cool {prings. The hypnum proliferum, a kind of mofs, Co- vers the ground in fhady places, where no other plant will grow. Iter. Oeland. p. 28. The hypuum parietinum. ferves for ftoppiag crevifes in walls. All the kinds of Aypna and brya * cover the earth with green, and keep it from being quite aked, asin beech groves and in the woods of both the Indies. They preferve the minute feeds of plants during the winter, fhelcer their z Names of mofies. roots OF CURIOSITY. 17g roots and keep them from freezing ; and gars deners gather mogffes in the autumn, in order to preferve their plants from the froft; they are gathered by the birds to build their nefts; they grow in the moft barren foil ; by decrees they rot towards the bottom, and thus ey a foundation for fertility. The bryum bypnoides covers the rocks in the coldeft mountains. The mnium bygrometricum thews the drinefs, and moifture of the atmofphere. Some kinds of 4rye cover the mountains, others the marfhes, fome are ufefull in moift meadow ground, {ome {pread over the naked fields, fome are found upon ftones, and rocks, others on trunks of trees; and all of them bear the moft fevere winter, when the generality of other plants grow fickly. §. 7. As to the lichens or liverworts, they are not of lefs ufe; for many of them afford a beauti- full dye. e. g. the roccella yields a moft valu- able red color, A&. Soc. reg. Scien. 1742. p. 21. to which purpofe the lichen tartareus ferves as a fuccedaneum. ‘Lhe lichenes flygius, onu- Phalodes, &c, afford alfo a red dye, and the N 2 lickr -Aey WE Sad A APA WT SADIE AY 451 FTA pb 180 OF THE USE fichenes croceus, vulpinius a good yellow. There ‘« no doubt, but that many colors in procefs of time may be obtained from this kind of plants. If we confider the vertues of the lichenes or liverworts upon animate bodies taken inter- nally, they are not inconfiderable. The lichen wulpinus is a deadly poifon to wolves. It. Scan. p- 40. The lichen pyxidatus, or cup-mofs, 1s efhi- cacious in the hooping cough. The lichen ju batus, or rock-bair in exulcerations of the fkin. The lichen omphalodes in fopping hemorrhages. The lichen aphtbofus in thrufhes, and againft worms. The lichen caninus or afb-colored ground liverwort, in the hydrophia and madnefs. The lichen pulmonariis, or lungwort, is found to be good in confumptions. The ceconomical ufe of the lichens is of no fmall confequence. e. g. the lichen rangiferinus affords the molt delicious pafture to the rhen-deer. Upon this the whole ceconomy of the Laplander turns, and by the help of this many millions of men are {up- ported. This lichen is alfo given to other cat- tle by the people of Norland. Act. Soc. reg. 1742. p. 153. Some of the kinds of lichens are the delight of gears. The moft barren woods, where no other plants grow, afford us the lichen OF CURIOSITY. 181 lichen iflandicus, which in times of fcarcity ferves inftead of bread. Ac. Soc. reg. Sc. 1742. p. 154. The lichen prunaftri, or plumb-liverwort, is ground to powder for the hair. The lichen puftulatus may be converted into a very black pigment. The very fmall lichens called Zeprofus, cover barren rocks, and makes them look pleafant; it gives birth to black mould, and confequently affords the firft de- aree of vegetative power. After all this can any one juftly fay that the knowledge of thefe plants is ulelefs ? The mufbroom kind alfo make a clafs of ves getables by no means to be defpifed. One fpecies 1s ufed in amputations and hazmor- rhages, and another 1s lately come into repu- tation for {topping the bleeding of arteries; infomuch that the inventor of this ufe of it was amply rewarded for the difcovery. The trufle and phalli contribute to make our foups more delicate, and are commonly ufed at the tables of the great. Many mufbrooms are eat by the Mufcovites and the inhabitants of other countries, but fome of them are a moft deadly poifon; fo that it is of the utmoft confequence not to commit miftakes in this part of knowledge. There 182 OF THE. USE There is a mufbroom called agaricus mufca- rius, on account of its driving away flies, and the fame plant is the fafelt remedy hitherto difcovered to deftroy the szg. Thus the know- ledge of thefe plants is of great ufe to man. §. 8. * The graffes alfo are a kind of plants of great value, as affording food for cattle. The reed canary grafs ferves for thatching houfes. The meadow fox-tail grafs is an excellent grafs, which may be fown to advantage in low meadows. It. Oel. p. 156. The turfy-bair caufes the meadows in the regio cuprimontana to be fo extremely fertile, A&. Soc. R,S. 1742. p. 30. The water meadow 1s a large and very ufe- full grafs, which grows by the fides of moft ditches and rivers. It. W. Goth. p. 41. The narrow-leaved meadow is the moft com- mon pafture in our parts. The feed of the flote or manna grafs, affords a very plealing and wholefome nourifhment to man. Whe is curious to know more of thefe praffes may con- fult the lait picce in the book, intitled, Of/crvations on graffess The OF CURIOSITY. 183 The fheep’s fefcue makes our theep very fat. The perennial darnel is the beft grafs for hay on chalky hills. The fea lyme-grafs and fea mat-grafs keep the fands on barren maritime tracts from being blown away. ; The moft minute feeds of grafs afford nou- rithment to fmall birds. The graffes befides give a molt agreeable color to the earth, and fill up the intervals between plants of other kinds; fo that they ferve both for pleafure, and utility. The Creator has affigned certain fpecies of grafs to every different fpecies of foil, which the hufbandman is obliged to know in order to make the moft advantage of his lands. Befides certain graffes are eat by fome animals, and left untouched by others; {o that without the knowledge of thefe he cannot avoid falling into error. It. Scand. §. OQ. He that would ei the art of hufban- dry with the greateft advantage, ought to en- deavor to get acquainted with all kinds of vegetables, and find out what fort of foil fuits each of them beft. He ought to know, that fome delight in open and expofed fituations, others in fhady; fome in moift ground, others N 4 in in dry; that fome plants thrive moft in fandy foils, others in claiey, others in black mould, others in fpungy ground, others in watry fome ought to be fown in pools, others on the tops of hills. Thofe barren defarts called Alvacu on the mountains of Oeland, It. Oel. p. 206. had long ago been covered with the crocus, from whence the inhabitants might have reaped great be- nefit, if the nature of that plant had been known to them. Our alps, that are more than a hundred miles long, had not remained to this day a mere walte, if our induftrious hafbandmen, who not long fince began to improve the ceconomical arts, had known how to cultivate fuch plants as might have been ufefull in food, or phyfic; and if they had known what ufefull trees, and herbs grow on the forreign alps, viz. the Swifs, the Si- birian, the Pyrenean, the Valefian, &c. from whence they ought to have got feed. The banks of our lakes produce fcarcely any thing but rufbes, borfetail, water lilly, pond- weeds, reeds, &c. where neverthelefs a great number of plants fit for food might be fown, fuch as z7zany of Canada, water caltrops, &c. Every province has its plants, which choak the OF CURIOSITY. 185 the grain, and render the fields foul, and poor. It. Scand. p. 421. Books of hufbandry are full of inventions how to break the earth by inftruments, and fit it to receive the feed; this kind of knowledge is infufficient, as long as the hufbandman is unacquainted with the nature of thofe various herbs, to which agri- culture ought to be adapted. From hence the neceflity of natural hiftory appears. $+. 10, It is alfo neceffary for the hufbandman to know the duration of every piant he fows in his fields, and meadows, viz. whether it be perennial, biennial, or annual. He who wants to know the ufe of our plants in ceco- nomy, and how few there are, whofe ufe is hitherto difcovered, let him look over the Flora economice. Aman. Academ. vol. 1 2. We fee how many 1n a time of dearth {fuffer for want, fall into difeafes, and even perifh, 2 The piece here referred to is full of new obfervations on the ufes of plants hitherto not attended to. I wifh i could have made fuch a tranilation of it, as could have been inftructive or entertaining to the public ; but a long lift of the names of plants, which could have conveyed no ideas to fuch readers, as this work is intended for, mufl have been very tedious, and very ufelefs. for A A re a rs he ut i a i at ? FIR A a A Te Be = 186 OF THE USE for no other reafon but becaule they do not know what plants are eatable, and how great a plenty there is of them in our countrey, of which D. Hiorth in this volume has given an account, which the moft lluftrious fenator Baron Lowenheilm has tranflated inte Swe. dith. Many people wonder, why the curious enquirers into nature will give themfelves {o much trouble about exotic plants; but they do not fufficiently confider, that many kinds of grain, many roots, legumes, fruits, fallads, and 7rees in common ufe with us for nou- rithment, houfehold utenfils, cloathing, and ornament are originally exotics. Here fol- tows a lift of fome, which have lately been brought into our countrey from the farther- moft parts of Sibiria, that contribute to adorn our gardens, and change our ceconomy. Lark[pur, monks-hood, adonis, vetch, cow parf- nep, French boney-fuckle, affragalus, othonna, bafard-faffron, greater centory, colombine, dra- cocephalon, [peedwell, claytonica, flax, hyacinth, lilly, lychnis, poppy, cat-mint, yellow-flowered Jage, hooded willow kerb, byflop, wild navew, St. Fobn's wort, [ow-thifle, [aw-wort, &c. From that diftant countrey we have the robinia’s and a boney-[uckle, that make excellent quick-hedges; from OF CURIOSITY. 187 from thence we have the Sibirian wet?le, that ferves for making facks. If we had a more compleat knowledge of plants, that grow in the fouthern parts of Afia, and America, we fhould be able to make more ample, and ufe- full experiments. To preferve our woods we want to be pro- vided with quick-hedges, for which purpofe many kinds of trees are ferviceable, fuch as the goofeberry bufb, the black-thorn, the white-thorn, the berberry, the fea buck-thorn, the alder, the fallow, &c. provided each be planted in a pro- per foil. $0 4 1 We have fome of our moft efficacious me- dicines, and beft {pices from the fouthern parts of the world; and were it not for the curious in botany they liad been negletted ; as the /ig- num colubrinum was for a long time. What Lowi end would it ferve to know, that the [enega root was good againft the bite of ferpents, unlefs boranifts had alfo known the plant? And who would ever have dreamed, that our milk-wort would anfwer the fame intent? What end would it have ferved, that profeflor Kalm was witnhels 158 OF THE USE witnefs to the efficacy of the Virginia avens and the monacde in intermitting fevers, and of the root of the ceanothus, and diervilla in venereal cafes; if we had not learned how to raife thefe plants? Or to what end would it have ferved to crofs the ocean, and attain the American water gladiole, if we had not found out that it was of the genus of our water gla- diole ? The Europeans at vaft expence went on buying the moxa from China, the fgwors from Brazil, and the jacha/chapuch from North America, till it was known that they grew in our own countrey. $. 32. There 1s, as it were, a certain chain of cre- ated beings, according to which they feem all to have been formed, and one thing differs fo little from fome other, that if we fall into the right method we fhall {carcely find any limits between them. This no one can fo well ob- ferve, as he who 1s acquainted with the greateft number of fpecies. Does not every one per- ceive, that there is a vaft difference between a ftone and a monkey? but if all the inter- mediate beings were fet to view in order, it would OF CURIOSITY. 18g would be difficult to find the limits between them. The polypus and the mofs joyn the ve- getable, and the animal kingdom together, for the plants called conferve and the animals cal- led coralline, are not eafy to diftinguith, and the corals connect the animal, vegetable and foffil world. Hence the botanifts of this age have been bufied about fettling natural clafles, which is an affair of the greateft importance, and diffi- culty ; but fince the vegetables hitherto dif- covered are not fufficient for that purpofe, this part of knowledge is not compleat. It is therefore incumbent on botanifts to cet ac- quainted with exotic plants, that they may arrive at the end defired. If all the slut niferous plants except the mufk-mallow were known, the turnera never could be referred to this order, but that, as foon as it was exa- mined, connected the turnera with the columni- ferous plants, Where the natural clafles are fettled we find the vegetables fo near akin to one another, that we can {carcely diftinguifh them, as in the umbellated, the filiguofe, the leguminole, compofite, &c. moft of thele orders orow 190 OF THE USE Europe, and therefore could be eafily knowii, and ranged. He that knows but a few plants gives cha- racters, which are eafy to find out, but are in- fufficient to fettle any thing; and therefore tend to confound, rather than to advance know- ledge ; fo that the natural method 1s the ultimate end of our f{yftematical inquiries. Without this all 1s a mere chaos, and if the knowledge of vegetables fails, all that ufe of them is gone, which the learned in this way might difcover to the great benefit of man- kind. It is true indeed that vegetables at upon the human body by fmell, and tafte ; but thefe marks are not {ufficient unlefs we know the natural orders of plants. Thefe being known, and the vertues of fome vegetables being difcovered, we may go on fafely in the practice of phyfic, otherwife not. It follows from hence, that he who delires to make any confiderable improvement in this branch of knowledge, muft endeavor to get acquainted with thofe plants, whofe ufe he does not know ; and thus he is obliged not to ne- gle¢t the moft contemptible. e. g. no body was OF CURIOSITY. 191 was able to form a right judgment of the ca/- carilla, who did not know its natural order. No phyfician would have even fufpected, that our milkwort would be ufefull in the bite of ferpents, and inflammatory fevers, unlefs the principles of botany had led him to it. No one has even thought of trying the mitreola Americana againft the bite of ferpents, which yet without ever feeing it, we may certainly con- clude to be efficacious in thofe cafes from the ophiorrbiza Afiatica or true lignum colubrinum ®. When botanifts knew the above-mentioned turnera, but were ignorant to what natural clafs it ought to be referred, no man could guefs b This root is known in the Eaft-Tndies to be a fpecific againft the poifon of that moft dreadful animal called the booded-ferpent. There is a treatife in Aman. Acad. vol. z. npon this fubje&t, wherein the author Joh. And. Darelius undertakes, from the defcription of {uch authors as had feen it upon the fpot, to altertain the plant from which the ge- nuine root is taken. It appears in this account that it had puzzled the European phyficians, and what had been fold in the fhops for it is the root of a very different plant and of a poifonous nature. The true root is called mungos for the following reafon. Phere is a kind of avez/e/ in the Eaft-Indies called mungutia hv 1h + & , ofa ai by the natives, mungo by Portuguefe, and muncas by the Dutch. This animal purlues the Aooded-ferpent, as the cat does 192 OF THE USE guefs its vertues. But now that we know, that it is of the columniferous order, we may without experience be affured that it 1s of the emollient kind. Without this knowledge of the natural or- ders, the materia medica would be ftill as un- certain, as amongft the antients, which is of the utmoft importance to us if life and health be fo. We are ready enough to put a due value » laroer animals, b any look on the on the larger animals, but many k minute tribe of infe&s, rather created to tor- . pt ’. ment, than to be ufefull to mankind. We does the mou/> with us. As foon as this /erpent appears the aveefel attacks him, and if fhe chances to be bit by him, fhe immediately runs to find a certain vegetable; upon eating which fhe returns, and renews the fight. The Indians are of opinion, that this plant is the muzngos. That celebrated traveller Kempfer, who kept one of thefe queefels tame, that eat with him, lived with him, and was his companion, wherever he went, fays he faw one of thefe battles between her and the Jerpent, but could not certainly find out what root the avee/e/ looked out for. But whether the avee/el firft difcovered this antidote, or not, yet itis cei tain, adds Darelius, that there 1s a root, which is an infalli- ble remedy againft the bite of the Acoded ferpent. And this he undertakes to afcertain. grant OF CURIOSITY. ig3 grant that they are very troublefome to wus. But 1s therefore all care about them to be given up? by no means. On the contrary we ought to contrive means to get rid of them, that they may not deftroy both us and our poffeffions. This cannot be brought about unlefs we know their nature; when that 1s known we fhall more eafily find out remedies againft theme. The ufe of infects has been fufficiently explained by the noble Carolus de Geer, lord of the bed-chamber to his majefty, in an oration which he made in the academy of fciences at Stockholm. An- other of my fellow-ftudents has undertaken to explain what damages infeéts of various kinds do us, and another now is actually em- ployed in fhewing what kind of infects live « We have lately had a proof that the knowledge of the nature of inlets may {ometimes be ferviceable to us. The fagacions Dr. Wall of Worcefter, upon feeing the cafe of the Norfolk boy, who was cured of worms, by taking down a large quantity of white lead, and oyl, guefled that the cure was performed by the oyl, knowing that oyl is fatal to worms and other infects. Upon this he has fince tryed oyl in worm- cafes with a great appearance of fuccefs, an account of which ifaw in a letter from him to be communicated to the Royal Society. That oy! is deftru&tive ts worms was knowa to the untients, as appears by Arift, Vid. Hift. Anim. lib. 8. c. 27. ’ O upon sg eA RR A ERA ; "% $a IU ar ES PABA aes ha ¥ 3 RET ay: ; : 104 OF THE USE upon every plant‘. This makes it unnecef- fary for me to enlarge at prefent upon the almoft incredible mifchief infe&s do wus. 1 will only in a very few words mention, that we fhall never be able to guard ourlelves againft them, but by their means. For as we make ufe of dogs, and other beafts, in hunt- ing down flags, boars, hares and other ani- mals, which do us much damage in our fields and meadows ; or as hawks may be bred up to as fo aiuit us in taking herons, larks and other birds, fo allo we might make ule of the fercer kinds of infects, in order to get the better of the refit of thefe troublefome animals. We thail never be able to drive Jugs out of our houfes, before we introduce other in will devour them, v. ¢. the wild We have no eafier method of deftroying ats and flies which caufe us fo much difturb- ¢ The two lat-mentioned perfons hinted at are, 1 imagine 1, and M., Baciner, the firft of whom has written the plants which different infc&s live opon, ile on the mifchiefs done by infedts. Both 1.1: 3 31, A 7va > 1CA iN Amah. OF CURIOSITY, 195 ance, th: 1d lve I | > an by providing ourfelves with the 5 hirk libellula, which devours them, as the 4ite does poultry. We oftentimes find our I. ntime arge : entirely flripped I ghey y Itripped of their leaves by the cater- illars of ie ‘writ Bi pillars of the moth kind, &c. but when we fearch after them we find they are all eat up by the larger kind of rorubi calle o ceraot called fycophant.e + iu irom whence we may learn, that the re is no remedy more efficacious in our gardens, where leaves, flowers, and fruits are almoft every year deftroyed by thofe caterpillars, than ga- thering and prefervi I ering and preferving the above-mentioned carats till they lay their €ggs, and then placing Ym + x ‘ p 3 2 them at the roots of trees in rotten wood 11 or are : tll they are hatched. And thus we f{hould 3 Fe A} ’ "1. N cfiectually guard our trees from thefe inhof pitable guefts, §. 14. Siip li : : But if we do not think it worth our while any other reafon to turn our attention to works of nature, ye {urely for the glory 196 OF THE USE thefe together, we may be convinced, that this does not happen by chance, but was contrived for fome certain end, viz. either the propagation, or prefervation of the plant or animal with refpect to thofe other bodies. We find how many plants are fenced againft the inclemencies of the elements, and the de- vaftations of animals; and how every animal is furnithed with fome means, by which it may defend itfelf againft the depredations of the reft; fo that no fpecies can ever totally perith, which has been created. Laftly, from the contemplation of nature we may fee, that all created things fome way or other ferve for ufe; if not immediately, yet by fecond or third means. Nay we may fee, that what we imagine, to be moit noxious to us is not feldom highly ufefull. Without fome of thefc things our ceconomy would {fuf- fer extremely. Thus were there no thiftles or briars. the earth would be more barren. We ought not to overlo k the minuteft ob- but examine them with the "glafs; for all then perceive how much art the Cre- tor has beftowed upon them. He who beholds one of the juigermanuia, a kind of wrack with a microfcope, muft be forced OF CURIOSITY. | 19 forced to confefs, that he bcholds a moft ftu- pendous, and wonderful ph@&nomenon. Many thoufands of people are fupported by rye- bread, not on : erhi : : t one of them perhaps ever faw, in ow furprifing a manner its hufks are armed ; which any one, who is defirous, may fee by the help of a glafs. The day would fooner fail me than matter, were 1 to tak ice of every thin i i ike notice of every thing, which this fubject affords. Let this then be looked upon as the e re ’] i e end of created beings ; that fome may {po ve ufefull to man as phyfic, others as aliment ; fome in ceconomy immediately, others medi- atelv vi Trig. Waireas ately ; fome vegetables prepare the ground - -~ . 9 fome protect thofe which are more tender be ACID, others cover the earth with a green, and moft oeautifull tapeftry, and that perennial; fome I hfe - er 1 : form thofe groves to which we fly for ccol- nefs, ot! ador > Wi hei els, others adorn our globe with their moft elecant flowers, and regale our noftrils with their moft delicious odors. Laftly, all thinos ie ; : : demonitrate abundantly the omnifcience of the wile 3 pry 4 ey > + 1 : 1 Creator, who created nothing in vain, but contrived every thing with fo much artifice, that huma wev reat 1 man a, however great it may be, cannot imitate the leaft of his productions It we negle@ therefore to confider thefe ob- O 3 jects, sai sh 198 OF THE USE jects, they would be like pearl thrown before fwine. I befeech you then, who afk me with a {neer to what end this or that {tone, plant or animal ferves, 1 befeech you to awake, and open your eyes while you live in this world. All thefe things are not the work of man, but of wifdom itfelf, which created both thee and me. He has fettled an ceco- nomy in this globe, that is truly admirable by means of an infinite number of bodies, and all necefiary, which bear fome refemblance to one another ; fo that they are linked together like a chain. For as in our ceconomy neither the plough, nor the hedges, nor the dunghill are fit for food, or phyfic, yet are abfolutely neceffary, fo in the ceconomy of nature there are many things, that are as neceflary, but not immediately. Men reckon their cecono- my amongit the chief of human inventions, confider then the fublimity of the divine ceco- nomy. You fee therefore that it muft at laft be granted me according to the opinion of 1 I philofophers, that every thing was he ule of man, and man for the glory of the Creator. Can you then believe, that any thing can be ufelefs that ferves not for food, or phyfic ? The Creator has {o framed the OF CURIOSITY. 199 the world, that man fhould every where be- hold the miraculous work of his hands, and that the earth fhould afford an endlefs variety, {feemingly with intent that the novelty of the objects thould excite his curiofity, and hinder him from being difgufted by too much uni- formity, as it has happened to fome wretches, whofe {tation in life placed them above labor, and who wanted curiofity to look into thefe things. Some objects were made to pleafe the (mell, the tafte, the fight, the hearing, or other {enfes, fo that nothing can be faid to be with- out its ufe. ‘That branch of knowledge which ferves to difcover the charaers of natural things and teaches us to call them by their names, feems perhaps by no means neceflary. But let it be confidered that the firlt degree of wifdom is to know things when we fee them, i. e. to know them by their names; and without this knowledge fcarce any progrefs can be made. To know the letters of the alphabet, to joyn them into fyllables, to un- derftand words is not folid erudition; yet it 1s abfolutely neceffary for him, who would become learned. Thus the characters, and names of things muft be thoroughly learned in order to obtain any ufe from natural hiftory. Os We 200 OF THE USE, &n We find in the journals of travellers, many things mentioned, partly curious, partly ufe- full concerning animals, plants, and ftones ; but thofe obfervations can be of no ufe to us, till we are able to refer each to its genus; that we may make them a part of the fyftem, and know that this curiofity, or ufe belongs to this, or that object, when it happens to come in our way. §. 185. If man was created to give praife to his Cre- ator; if the Creator has made himfelf known to man by creation, and revelation; if all cre- ated things are formed with wonderfull me- chanifm ; laftly, if all things were created for the ufe of man, and nothing but natural things, and the elements can be of ufe to him; then it may be inquired with the fame reafon, to what end any other thing was cre- ated, as well as man; the fupreme Being having created nothing but for a certain end, and for fome valuable purpofe. We are often ignorant what that purpofe is, but it would therefore be impious to fay, that any thing was created in vain, {ince he declared that every thing which be bad created was good. Gen. 1. 31. O B- OBSTACLES TO THE Improvement of PHY SIC. [ e032] RRR EBM Q. 5.8. ACT 5 T.0 ‘THE Improvement of PHY § | C. BY JOH. GEORQC. BEYERSTE IN, Aman. Acad. vol. iil. PRE"? ACE Lthough phyfic in its whole extent hag received great improvements in this age, as molt of its parts have been diligently looked into and reformed; yet its chief ftrength feems to confit in accurate knowledge of difeafes, and medicines, and when We turn our eyes on the prefent times, we find that many fimple 1 h fo little ! medicines have been neglected ; whic deferve it, that they rather ought to be re- VY 1 YC d = 204 OBSTACLES TO THE vived, and brought into practife. Which be- ing the cafe i have frequently endeavored to find out the caufe of this common ignorance. The refult of my inquiries i fubmit to the judgment of the candid reader in this aca- demical exercife, which, though far from compleat, is the beft 1 could produce, and | hope it may prove of fome ufe, and meet with a favorable reception. Various caufes have concurred to bring many medicines into neglect. I. Fafhion which prevails in phyfic, as # does in every other earthly thing. Hence phyficians pre- {cribe according to certain received forms, not fufficiently confidering, whether the fuccefs an- fwers. To this muft be referred the frequent change of remedies. | Brooklime, borrage, buglofs, plantain, [axi- frage, are properly only kitchen plants. Lark[pur is fcarcely of any ufe, but to adulterate fyrup of violets, for which pur- pofe it ought not to be ufed. Bugle, mo- therwort, eye-bright, poley-mountain of Crete, are kept in fhops more from cuftom, than for any good, and fufficient reafons. ‘The knot-grefs is retained ; while on IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 204 on the other hand the bear-berry has been neglected, though an efficacious aftrin- gent. The grafs of Parnaffus, and fun-dew, have crept into the fhop by chance. The carline thiftle, an excellent remedy in hy- fteric complaints, is neglected. Thofe poor wretched plants the vervains increafe the number of officinals without any merit of their own, and only fupported by the teftimony of antiquity. 2. The many theories and bypothefes of phyficians that vary in every age. For men have been vain enough to imagine that they knew the immediate caufes of difeafes, the manner in which medicines operate, and from their prin- ciples have undertaken to deduce the vertues of medicines. Formerly hot and volatile medicines were ufed in acute diftempers. At prefent the acid, cooling, and diluting with bleeding are recommended. Mu, ambergris, civet were looked upon as moft efficacious in eruptive fevers, now juft the contrary. And thus meadow-fuweet, woodruff, muff cranés bill, may in their turn come into credit, which now are fe'dom ufed for driv- s06 ~~ OBSTACLES TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 207 diff. med. dni. Arch. Back. de medicam. driving out thefe eruptions; though we eh . domeft, may be affured of their vertues by un- doubted experiments long fince made. 4. 2. An bafly and imprudent judgment about po;- hs : ons, and their differe bid sii ol ; The neglelt of [pecifying diftempers. Hence iz 5 ( ir difference [rom medicines which in : : ; ke > - *'f, 7 a 7! ) Ii fle y ) - remedies, which are excellent for fome difeafes canly axlffer only in degrees of fis ength. Hence in one man ; nay even thofe very remedies our anceftors Icarcely ever dared to prefcribe 4 3 M v - v that oet the name of fpecifics on account of the teat planes, which they imagined to be 2 potlonous, 1 11 fome very remarkable vertue, when admini- The la is nei Rants audios. aieiiiiee or PILI, of 1¢ laurel is neither ufed in confumptions, ~ > 1 nor venereal complaints, though an excel- lent remedy ; becaufe it is fufpected to be potfonous. The pafgue flower, whofe root 1s very efficacious in hyfteric complaints, even do mifchief; whereas they would perhaps never fail of a good effect, if the fpecies of the ditemper were the fame. Therefore till phyficians regulate the doctrine of difeafes in ; = . cone utc roocje - NE 5 Tales: ndaes the fame manner, that botanifts have done that : gone outof vogue; becaufe Hels igius ar iNew a erfor WC dvec no 1Rne aft of plants, medicines muft be neceflarily pre- ew perion who dyed upon ufing a fy- i * rap made of it ; as if all inebriating drinks carious *. te 2 g p 1 Wer to be dif “(1€¢ becanfe { yma hava Were any one to fet about curing the bamor ¢ c difcarded, becaufe fome have - J = “ 1 . : i : : : ; rboidal colic in a plethoritic confiituiion loft their fenfes, and lives by an inordi- 20144 IC 111 ¥ Prec Puri LULL . ; : ] . . . dinate ule of then ‘The: licunm snl [pirituous and hot carminatives, which are ¢ of them. ‘The lignum coln- of! wun sii v " . . : Id orinum ©, that is famous in Venomous l ant ho proper for the flatulent colic in a cold, bites, and the quartan ague, sel 1S heoed ie 15 HCCC i phlegmatic conflitution, he would foon find 1 a . for the {ame rea firs Q horse ee . - . a NC bia + { LUC dnc réaion. scarce any moft fatal proofs of his error. Of this a 1 i anliann av he {een 1 e rc Amn. acade hire is a ig very remarkable inflance may be feen in In vol. 2. Aman. om there is a treatife / "> nlithy irre 3 cx 1 1 ! ChiHorinum, 1 which the anthor under: * As well as 1 remember this obfervation is taken from fiine from what plant this root is taken. and * 1 3 hoe - author of it. moit certainly rue eifls. for want Sydenham. But whoever 1s author of it, moft certainly uggifls, for want of i €d 1 with two other plants, one of phvfic muft ever be very imperfect, ull this grand defidera- Cf a proper defcription y have nts, \ i, and tral gene wetlarived ¥ally in the fhops, is of a oi{onous nature i tum be performed. ve ip Mean BS (i111, ai - = 4 a ibe A 208 OBSTACLES TO THE recommend the ufe of the mandragora, al- though Schopperus has fhewn its vertues in the gout. The deadly night-fbade is not yet brought into practife, though we have great reafon to expect much from it in difperfing tumours of the breaft ©. 5- The abufes of quacks, and their bold, and dan- ¢ I cannot omit faying a word or two on the fubjet of the deadly night-fbade on this occafion, as the trial of it caufed fo much noife in this town fome time ago. I know the generality of people look on its fate as decided ; and that it is defined never to revive again ; but that is not clear to me. Some of the faculty fill entertain a good opinion of it, and have feen fome benefit done by it. Arsimony was once en- tirely difcarded out of phyfic, yet we have feen it fince be- come one of the moft fafhionable remedies in many difeafes. New medicines, and particularly of fo firong a nature as the night-/bade, do not come at once into vogue. The not be- ing able to afcertain the proper manner of giving it, the uncertainty in what cafes it ought to be ufed, and how to obviate the inconvenience attending its ufe, not to mention many other reafons ; thefe, ifay, joined together. are fully fuflicient to overturn a medicine of the molt promifing ap- pearance for a time. But whatever may be the fate of the night-fbade it(elf, the difinterefted zeal of my worthy friend Mr. Gataker to find ovt fome remedy for the moft dreadfull and defperate of all difeafes ; and the candid manner, in which every circumftance, relating to that affair was com- municated to the public, muft entitle him to the efteem of every humane perfon. rerons IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 209 Zerous experiments. ‘Thefe have made many patients averfe to fome of the moft celebrated medicines, infomuch that a phyfician dares not prefcribe them. For fome timid injudi- cious friend is always at hand to impofe upon their weaknefs, and let them know, that they are going to take a remedy, which had proved fatal to others; not confidering that it was owing to the wrong application, and not to the nature of the remedy. The bellebore formerly cured many deplo- rable diftempers, but by the errors of quacks, and their immoderate dofes, it has fo happened, that it is fallen into difufe ; but the wild cucumber and bitter apple are beginning to revive again. The bark of the berry-bearing alder is a very excellent purge, yet phyficians have been almoft afraid to prefcribe it, perhaps ter- rifyed by the ill fuccefs of thofe daring men above-mentioned, who gave too large dofes of it. Many of the moderns for a long while dared not make ufe of opium even externally, 6. The timidity, and caution of phyficians left they Should hurt their patients by violent remedies. P For 210 OBSTACLES TO THE For which reafon they give rather mild, than efficacious ones, and act the part of fpetators, rather than phyficians. For this reafon perhaps the difciples of Stahl reje@ the dark; though from ignorance of botany they ufe the cafcarilla, which is certainly a very good medicine in fhiver- ings, but not totally void of malignity. Phyficians did not for a long while pre- fume to prefcribe the wild cucumber 3 which is indeed pretty violent, but by no means fo terrible, that it ought not to be ufed even in the dropfy. For the fame rea- fon they did not venture to ufe the fquill, whofe vertue is very great in thining vif- cidities ; viz. becaufe they did not know the proper dofe of either of them. The gambage is neglected, though the Turks have taught us its efficacy in a quartan; and the experiments of our prefident in the hofpital at Stockholm have confirm- ed their practice. Ae 7 Small dofes of phyfic. For while phyficians have been over-cautious in their prefcriptions, thev have fallen into the inconvenience doing the patient no fervice: and te contels the of IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 211 the truth, i fufpe@t they more generally err this way at prefent; while they order drachms of plants for an infufion, where ounces would be more proper. On the other hand mounte- banks, and quacks, men of an intrepid mind and invincible impudence, oftentimes srivke a cure, when the phyfician of probity fails, If any one were to preferibe only two grains of rhubarb for a purge, he might . well do nothing at all. The boney-fuckle is ufed in decottions, but not in the quan- tity neceffary ; for which reafon its ver- tue in purifying the blood is known but to few. The dofe of the china root ought to be large, or no good can be expected from 1t in venereal cafes. Thofe reme- dies which are fought for amongft ve- getables for curing the venerisk dif are perhaps given more {paringly, than they ought, 8. The i Loe ignorance of apothecaries in botany, who ofte ften fell one plant for another by which means ~y when the defired effe@ is not obtained, the phyfician 1s deterred from the ufe of them for the future. F - » . or rad. bermodal?, which is recommended Pa OBSTACLES TO THE in the rheumatifm, the apothecary fome- times gives the root of the meadow [af- fron fometimes of one of the i7ifes, which differ from it in vertue. Hence the effect of the phyfician’s prefcription being uncertain, he is at laft obliged to give it up entirely. For the feabious they give the centaury, FL. Suec. 708. For the bran- kurfine, the cow-parfnep, 2313 the root of the toothwort, which is excellent in the tooth-ach, is neglected, becaufe the apothecary does not know, whether 1t ought to be taken from the toothwort 565, or 518, or fome other plant. In- ftead of the root of the burnet [axifrage, which is a good aftringent in the hamor- rhage, the root of the Jurnet is wrongly fubftituted. To this may be referred the miftake of felling the Sz. John's wort 624 for the St. Fobn's-wort 625, which is vul: nerary and good in worm cafes. 9. The ignorance of phyficians in botany, or thei want of care to rejed ufelefs, [purious and in proper fuccedaneums. We fufpe that this formerly was the cafes but now, that the knowledge of botany 1s carried IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 213 carried fo far, we have reafon to hope, that things will go better. The ammella which is very ferviceable in the ftone, {ince it is extremely rare, and dear, is to be fupplyed out of thofe plants which are really akin to it. This choice be- longs to the botanift: for which reafon our prefident has obliged the world by informing it, that the Jfreges beckia, as neareft allyed to the acmella, may be rightly fub- ftituted in its room ¢; which Dr. Haflel- quilt has confirmed by an experiment made here at Upfal upon a young man afflicted with the ftone. The fkilfull in botany will eafily judge that the German leopard’s bane, as well as the common, car- ries fufpicion of poifon; yet the former has been looked on as harmlefs by thofe, who were ignorant of botany, and the latter dangerous. The daify is cried up in vain on account of the excellent ver- tue it 1s fuppofed to poflefs. Praétit- oners, unlefs they be fkilfull in botany, will fcarcely allow the wild rofemary 8 Vid. Amznit. Academ. val. 2. p. 1:1. where fome fuc- cedancums to the Senega root are mentioned, founded on the fame principles, 3 P to 214 OBSTACLES TO THE to be a moft efficacious remedy againft the hooping cough; which yet is com- monly ufed in this difeafe by the Wef- trogoths. The Turkey baum is kept in our fhops, altho’ much weaker than the Canarian, which is excluded. The white faxifrage and dropwort, tho’ neither of them has any extraordinary quality, yet hold a place amongft our officinals. The meckoacana is feldom ufed, as being of no great ftrength, yet it is a very pro- per purge for infants. The oak of Fe- rufalem is gathered from the European plant, whereas both tafte and {mell in- ftruct us, that we ought to get it from the American, as a moft powerful remedy in confumptions. The plant, and ftalk of black currants, no contemptible medi- cine in the Zydrophobia, in feverifb dy- fenteries, and other contagious diftempers, are now neglected, as the antients have faid nothing about their vertues which yet are difcoverable by the fmell, tho’ not by the tafte. 10. The ufe of compound medicines. Simples are J fo IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 215 fo very rarely ufed, that the vertues of plants are not known for want of experience. It is fcarcely neceffaty to produce inftances of this affertion. Whoever turns over the writings of the antients will be afto- nithed at the prefcriptions, or rather in- dexes, in which numberlefs things are mingled together. This affair ought to be looked into, and regulated ; that we might not fall under the lath of fome future Serenus Sammonicus, who might addrefs himfelf thus to fome phyficians : Ye jumble in one mafs fuch coftly juices, So various in their natures, in their ufes ; That the poor patient, who relies upon you, At once is cheated of his health, and money. 11. The mixing things together of a different na- ture. For oftentimes many things are con- founded together, which feparately adminif- tered might affift the patient, and ove cre- dit to the phyfician ; whereas mixed they become ufelefs ftroyi {fe e » one deftroying the effect of Chus watery mixed with dry, vifeous with Jaline, glutinous with fiptical, fweet with Pp, acrid, 216 OBSTACLES TO THE acrid, acid with bitter, [apid with naufeous, mutually weaken each other ". 12. The ignorance of the natural claffes. From hence it happens that we cannot form any judgment, conformable to botanic principles, of one plant from the knowledge of another, And thus we are afraid of propofing any un- common plant, being doubtful what we ought to expect from it. Dogs mercury has been given internally, for want of knowing the natural claffes ; whereas he, who is qualifyed to reafon about the vertues of plants, will allow only the external ufe of this plant, and in glyfters, The cow parfnep has been h T cannot help applying to this and the foregoing fection two verfes of that fenfible old poet, ceconomift, and hufband. man Hefiod, tho’ in a different fenfe from what he ufes them. Nnwiol ¥X 104ATIY 00W TALOY NITY TLYTOS, Oud’ ogov ev parayn 7¢ x) acpodeAw uey oveldp. Which i fhall tranflate for the fake of the unlearned reader. The meaning is as follows. “¢ Foolifh man does not know ¢ how much the half is more than the whole, and what « great benefit may be found from the plants, that grow *f every where about us. ranked IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. »1y ranked among the emollients, although not one among all the umbilliferous kind that i know of, is famous for this quality. The people of America ought to give the mitreola, Hort. Cliff. for the bite of ferpents inftead of the ophiorrhiza, which if they were to do, they would hardly ever fail of fuccefs, if botanifts be not greatly miftaken. 13. The neglect of vulgar medicines eafily to be pro- cured. For we owe the very beft of our me- dicines to the vulgar, who have been taught the ufe of them by neceflity, and conceal them as fecrets. We learned the ufe of the mezereon in the cancer from the countrey people. The noble liverwort is reckoned a fpecific in hypochondriac affections by the Goth- landers. The linnea is commonly ufed by the Oftrobothnians in gouty pains. The common people ufe pepper often- times very injudicioufly in acute diftem- pers; in eruptive fevers under certain circumftances very rightly. ‘The coun- trey people taught us the vertues of the thrufb-mofs for fore throats; of the bop in Bt er ER Te 218 OBSTACLES TO THE in diflocations ; and of the tremella, Flor. Suec. 1017. for fixed pains in the joynts. They alio chew, and blow the fumes of garlic nto infants to affwage their gripes; or bruife, and apply it to the navel by way of poultice i. 14. The neglect of travelling out of Eurepe. Which would afford us an opportunity of knowing plants, familiar to forreign nations. And I fee not why we fhould be afhamed of learning any thing ufeful from Barbarians. It 1s not long ago that fome botanifts, who went to America, difcovered to us thofe excellent medicines, the great water-dock in the worft fcorbutic cafes; the monarda In intermittents 3 the collinfonia in the colics of lying-in women ; the lobelia, the ceanothus, the diervilla in venereal cafes; the fencga root and ophiorrbiza againtt the bite of ferpents and burning fevers. The celebrated Kalm very lately let us know, ! Ullwoa obferves that fome difeafes at Carthagena are become fatal, which formerly were not fo. Which he attri- butes to the neglect of the Indian remedies. For he fays the old women even now fometimes cure the chapetenade, which is one of the diftempers he mentions, and formerly never fail- ed to cure it. that IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 219 that the water avens is looked on as a fuccedaneum to the bark by the people of Canada. The water figwort that cor- reCts fenna; the bark, &c. were commu- nicated by the Barbarians. i5. The negleét of reading botanical writers, ef- pecially thofe, who in thefe latter times have faithfully fet forth what they knew, by cer- tain experiments concerning the vertues of plants. Of this kind are Rheede, Sloane, Feuilleé, &c. The ufe of the coris is unknown to moft people, who have not feen what Shaw fays on that fubjeét. The vertues of the ftalks of the ditter-fweet purifying the blood were a fecret, till our prefi- dent brought them to light. Before him the apothecaries gave only the garden night-fbade, or the leaves of the Zitter- Jweet, yet few here have found any good effect from them; as we have rarely given this remedy hitherto in fufficient dofes. The reft-barrow is feldom prefcribed, be- caufe phyficians have not learned its ver- tues in the Hungarian fever from Scyl- ler. The antients recommended the coz- ton- 220 OBSTACLES TO THE ton-thiftle in cancerous cafes; but from negle&t of reading the antients, this {pe- cific is almoft forgot. 16. Negleé? of a method in exhibiting medicines. For inftance, phyficians expect thofe vertues from a dryed plant, or in a decoction, which 1s not to be found but in the freth plant, or from its exprefled juice. Hence it may juftly be ex- pected from apothecaries, that they fet about cultivating plants ; that fuch, as ough to be ufed frefh, may be had daily from their gar- dens. The hedge by[lop, when frefh, purges very fmartly and vomits; when old it produces no effe& at all. The diuretic vertue of IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 22: and Indian crefs, and the a/l-fawce, ought to be fold in the fhops frefh, and not dry- ed; in order to be of any fervice in the fcurvy. The recent root of the rofe-wort is vaftly fuperior to the dry in head-achs. Befides it ought carefully to be confider- ed in what part of a plant its vertue re- fides. Thus itis the juice of the poppy, that {preads over the brain, as it were, a Lethean drowfinefs; and not the feeds, for theie are eatable. The fagacity of the moderns has reduced the immenfe num- ber of diftilled waters to a very fmall lift. 17. Negleét in cultivating plants. Hence apothe- caries are neceffitated to fell plants which they have had by them many years, and which have loft all their vertues. The /pikenard is more durable, perhaps than our water flag, which is very confiderable, when the plant is frefh, intirely goes off, when it is kept long. Therefore we ought to expect this vertue from the exprefled juice, and not from a decoction of it. The flone crop, when dry, has none of that efficacy in the {curvy, which is found in it, when freth. The fame may be faid of the boufe-leek, the juice of which is celebrated by the Hottentots. The radifh, the fcurvy- grafs, the borfe radifb, the garden, water, and any other plant; for it will keep its fra- grance above an age, as appears by Burfe- rus’s Herbary. But other plants are very different in this refpect. e. g. the root of ginfeng, tho’ a great reftorative, being fo very coltly, is feldom prefcribed ; and when it is, it generally has loft its properties thro’ age. For which reafon we ought to con- 222 OBSTACLES TO THE contrive methods of cultivating it our- felves. Inftead of the leaves of the true marum, which has not its equal in art, or nature, the mouldy ftalks of it are gene- rally found in apothecaries thops. But we would not be underftood as if in all cafes we prefer the cultivated plants to the wild ones. On the contrary the vipers grafs, the goats beard, the fuccory from the fields are fuperior to thofe which the induftry of the gardener has rendered more delicate ; on account of the medicinal bitter, which is wanting in their cultivated ftate. See a catalogue of fuch plants as may be raifed with us in Linn. Mat. Med. p. 212. 18. The ignorance of phyficians and apothecaries in relation to our own plants. From whence it hap- pens that they are obliged to procure plants from abroad, which may be had at home. ‘Thus our people buy the root of the rofewort and root and feeds of the garden angelica collected by the Norwegians on our alps, and fold by them to forreigners. For the reft {fee a catalogue of {uch plants, as are natives of our countrey, in Mat. Med. above cited, p. 210. If a purge or any other IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC. 223 other flight medicine is prefcribed to a poor countrey fellow, it muft be the pro- duce of the Indies, fo that they cannot afford to purchafe it. Hence people ab- hor the thoughts of employing a phyfici- an or an apothecary. 19. The ignorance of many forreign plants. Hence we are uncertain whether thofe which are brought to us be genuine or fpurious; and hence alfo their genera being unknown, we are uncertain about their vertues. To this head may be referred the fea laven- der, the myrobalan, the farry annifeed, the ballam of Copaiva, the balfamn of Peru, the gum anime, caraune, elem, the gum rofins of myrrk, bdellium, [agapenum, the aloes wood, calambac*. 20. The ufual cuftom in apothecaries fhops of pro- viding only drugs of quick fale. Thus they will not procure fome whofe vertues are now-a- days well known, for fear they thould lye up- x Hence appears one of the advantages amongft many others that may arife from the voyages of the difciples of Lin- nzus into the remoteft parts of America, and Afia, from whence many of our drugs come. on 224 OBSTACLES TO THE on their hands. It is the bufinefs therefore of the phyfician who has any regard for his own reputation, and the patient’s welfare, to re- quire the apothecary to procure fuch plants, as he thinks may be ufefull. Simorouba an excellent remedy in the dyfen- tery, the fenega root in venomous bites, the profluvii cortex in the diarrhaa, the camphorata in the green ficknefs, the au- ricularia in deafnefs, the Peragua in the diabetes, the fouth-fea tea in the fmall-pox, the ferpentum radix againft venomous bites, the wild flax, a very ufefull purge, are neglected. The juice of the bypocifiis, and fungus melitenfis, altho’ powerful me- dicines in hemorrhages, and the hberba dy- fenterica’, which is named fo from its peculiar vertues, have not yet got a place amongft our officinals. 21. Want of care in gathering fimples at a proper time, and keeping them, when gathered, in a pro- per manner. 1 I fuppofe the Inula diffenterica L. Conyza Media. R. 174. is here meant; as i find this note upon it in Fl. Suec. edit. 2. ¢ General Keith told me that the Ruflians, when ¢ extremely reduced by the bloody flux, in their expedition ¢ into Perfia, were reftored to health by this plant? The IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC, 2254 I'he root of the 42 ens, unlefs oathered in the beginning of the ipring, before the fap by nourithing, and pufhing out the leaves has wafted its aromatic vertue, will by no means anfwer what may be juftly ex- pected from it. Rbubarh ought not to be brought into an apothecary’s thop under ten years from the time of its gathering. The flowers of the St. Fobn’s wort : onde to be gathered before e they are full blown, that their balfamic vertue may be pre- ferved: The root of the angelica is good for nothing unlefs it be gathered in the winter. Sloes oucht to be gathered be- tore they are ripe, and the ; Juice preffed ut of them in this ft: ate, 1. e. before the harfhnefs is foftened by the froft, if it be defigned for an altringent. Marum ought to be kept in vefiels well clofec I, left the volatile part, in which its vertue refides, fhould evaporate. br : : — Still an ample field remains, But not for me, to others j give way, Who choofe a lon: ger courie. 226 OBSTACLES TO THE S i do not pretend to underftand the {ub- ject of this piece, and therefore cannot fay how far the obftacles to the advancement of phyfic charged upon the Swedes fubfift in this countrey, or whether all thofe obftacles, which the author has mentioned, be real or not, my {ole motive for tranflating it was to draw it out of that obfcurity in which it was buried amongf{t many other pieces, relating to curiofi- ties of natural hiftory. I think i may be al- lowed to fay a piece is buried in obfcurity, which is only known to a few, who happen to be in the way where fuch curiofities are talked of ; and an attempt to {pread it over the na- tion cannot but be right, if the doctrine be fo- lid, and affects our practitioners. Tho’ as 1 faid 1 do not pretend to underftand the fubject of this piece; yet i hope the learn ed reader will excufe me, if 1add one obftacle more to the foregoing hit : it is 7be notion which has and i believe fill does prevail a mong i fome phyficians, that the doilrine of fpecifics is groundlefs, and took its rife merely from ignorance in natural philofophy. 1 will not undertake to treat this fubject, asthe 1m- portance of it deferves; and therefore {hail refer IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIC, 22% refer thofe who choofe to look farther into this affair, to a very curious and ingenious book publithed not many years ago by door Mar- tyn, entitled, Effaies Philofophical and Medical, The reader may perhaps find there fufficient reafons to incline him to lay fome ftrefs on the old-fathioned doctrine concerning the pecu- liar vertues of fome medicines preferably to others, feemingly of the fame intention. I will add that the phznomena of chemiftry give continual proofs of the reality of this doctrine, and afford fo many inftances of it, that were ; fo inclined, i could eafily fill fome pages with them out of Mr. Boyle and other authors of credit. Ray in his hiftory of plants, p- 49. cites fome very curious obfervations of this tendency trom Grew, which are well worth the confider- ation of phyficians. Upon the whole i cannot help thinking that the want of true and ge- nuine philofophy ought rather to be imputed to thofe who deny, than to thofe who main- tain the do@rine of fpecifics; and that we might as well undertake to open all locks with y ov. s one key, as purge all humors with one me- dicine, Q > THE CALENDAR OF F LL OR A, SWEDISH and ENGLISH, Made in the Year 1753. Stal eS5t 3% eure ony Sy EAA , sy XC Poa edt 8 sur’ ay Qa VEPAYB ETANLG NS, XC. Hpos xoxnvs worwule, &c. Hpyos 8 oxorovmos Hus \ n& aves % myeTe TET, XC. 3 9) dn To wpwtovy 0aort swifage xopwyy. Hefiod, ArsoLveEnNT Postert, TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE Lord Vifcount BARRINGTON, SECRETARY AT WAR, My Lornp, Embrace with great pleafure the liberty you allow me of dedicating the follow- ing pieces to your Lordfhip. For tho’ i muft not prefume to {peak all i feel on this occafion ; yet i hope i may without offence, take notice of that moft amiable and bene- volent difpofition, which makes you de- light in affifting thofe, who are incapable of making any return. This is the leaft that can be faid by one, who is himfelf of that number, and who is defirous to ex- prefs in a public manner his fincere grati- tude and refpect. I am, MY 1.ORD, YOUR LORDSHIP’s MUCH OBLIGED AND VERY HUMBLE SERVANT, BEN]. STILLINGFLEET. PREFACE N my notes on thofe treatifes feleCted out of the Amanitates Academica, which i publifh- ed not long ago, 1 marked the day of the month on which certain trees leafed in the year 17553 and likewife mentioned fome co-incidences of the coming of birds, and the flowering of 1tries. The inftances 1 there gave were but few, asi could then find no more parallel obfervations made in other countries to compare mine with. Since that time another volume of the Aman. Academ. is come out, in which is a fmall treatife entitled, the Calendar of Flora. This treatife contains an account of the leafing, flowering, &c. of a great number of plants, as alfo of the departure and return of birds. As thefe obfervations happen made the very fame year in which mine and as they are the firft of the kind per- haps that ever were made, 1 was induced to look over my papers again, which 1 had thrown by as no confequence 3; thinking that in thefe cir- cumftances fome ufe oucht to be made of them, as they might prove ente rtaining at leaft, if not inftructive to thofe whole genius leads them to curiofities of this kine of fmall the numbe: contented to write for 2 hay 111 po 234 PREFACE Arborum, why endeavor to increafe their num- ber ? Are there not idle people enough already ? What fignifies whether fuch a plant be in blow or in leaf at the fame time with fome others : or when fuch a bird comes or goes; fings or is filent ? 1f we hear the bird fing, and know for what purpofes the plant is ufetul, we know all that is neceflary ; every thing beyond that is but the with, or rather dream of enthufialm, which wants to give an air of importance to its favo- rite fubject. This perhaps may be faid by fome but the fame way of reafoning applied to other things will thew, that it may poflibly be wrong. For inftance, the fea fwells twice in 24 hours, and the moon paffes thro’ the mendian circle as often in the fame time. Now fhould it be faid, that if we know each of thefe truths feparately it 1s enough ; and that to know farther what re- lation in point of time one of thefe phanomena has to the other, is nothing to the purpofe ; i believe fuch an affertion would at this time ap- pear abfurd, however it might have pafled in ig- norant ages. I think we may affert univerfally, that whenever two things, however difparate in their nature, conftantly accompany one another, they are both actuated and influenced by the fame caufe. Now that caufe may probably ope- rate on other things that lye within the reach of our powers, and depend on our determination. Thus that conftitution of the air, which caufes the cuckow to appear about the time, when the fig-tree puts forth its fruit, may indicate the pro- pereft feafon to fow fome of our moft ufeful feeds, or do fome other work which it imports us to do at a right time; and that time may not be ac- cording PREF ACE 235 cording to certain calendar days, but according to a hitherto unobferved calendar, which varies feveral weeks in different years. I do not abfo- lutely affert, that we can come to make ufe of fuch a calendar, but i defire that others will not affert the contrary at prefent, but leave this af- fair to be decided by the only proper way, which certainly muft be experience. We know from Hefiod, that hufbandry was in part regulated by the blowing of plants, and the coming or going of birds ; and moft probably it had been in ufe long before his time, as aftrono- my was then in its infancy * ; but when artificial calendars came into vogue the natural calendar feems to have been totally neglected, for i find no traces of it after his ume, whether for good and fufficient reafons 1 pretend not to determine. That 1t was laid afide before the time of Arifto- phanes we have a pofitive proof in his Aves, where he makes Pifthetairus fay, ¢ Formerly the kite ¢ governed the Gracians, which according to the ¢ explication of the fcholialt means, that formerly the appearance of the kite was looked on asa fign of fpring. He fays afterwards, that the cuckow formerly governed all ZEgyt and Phcenicia, be- caufe when that bird appeared they judged it was time for wheat and barley harveft.” I fhall make no farther mention at prefent of the ufe of plants in directing the hufbandman, but take this opportunity of making a digreffion < < 4 € ¢ * Hefiod himfelf was one of the earlieft of the Greek aftro- nomers. He lived, according to Sir Ifaac Newton, about 70 years after Chiron, who formed the conftellations for the ufe of the Argonauts; and from Hefiod the grofs and coarfe me- thod of aftronomy was called the Hefiodean method. about 220 PREFACE about birds in relation to their prognoftic na- ture. Hencofrward then, 1. e. from the time of Hefiod, they feem to have been looked upon as no longer « capable of directing the hufband- man in his rural affairs, but they did not how- ever lofe their influence and dignity ; nay, on the contrary, they feem to have ‘cained daily a more than ordinary, and even wonderful autho- rity, till at laft no affair of confequence, either of private or public concern, was undertaken without confulting them. They were looked upon as the interpreters of the gods, and thofe who were qualified to underftand their oracles were held among the chief men in the Greek and Ro- man tates, "and became the aflefiors of kings, and even of Jupiter | cit ¥*. However abfurd fuch an inftitution as a colle of augurs may appear in our eyes, yet like all other ex ctravagant 1nfti- tutions, It had in part its origin from nature. When men confidered the wonderful migration of birds, how they difa ppeare d at once, and ap- peared again at ftated times, od wry give no ouels where they went, 1t was almoft natural to fuppofe, that they retired fomewhere out of the {phere of this earth, and perhaps approached the wtherial reoions, where they might converfe with the gods, and thence be enabled to predi@ Venss. Fh s 1 fay was almoft natural for a fu- erftitious people to imagine, at lealt to beheve, * Jovi optimo maximo {e confiliarum atque adminitrum da- tum meminerit angur. Cicero. Lacedzmonn reges angiarem adcfforem habuerunt. Aves mtlcinuncix Jovs. Id. iam vel nomine folenne. Plin, Nat, Hilt. PREFACE 237 as foon as fome impoftor was impudent enough to affert it. Add to this, that the difpolition in fome birds to imitate the human voice muit con- tribute much to the confirmation of fuch a doc- trine. This inftitution of augury feems to have been much more antient than that of arufpicy 5 for we find many inftances of the former in Homer, but not a fingle one of the latter that i know of 3 though frequent mention 1s made of facrifices in that author. From the whole of what 1 have ob- ferved, i fhould be apt to think that natural au- gury gave rife to re ligious augury, and this to arufpicy, as the mind of man makes a ve ry eafy tranfition from a little truth to a great deal of error. A paffage i in Ariftophanes gave me the hint for what 1 have been faying. In the cc armady of the Birds he makes one of them fay thus: ¢ greateft bleflings which can happen to mortals are de rived from us; firft we oh Ww the {eafons, viz. pang winter, autumn. crane points out the time for win Ww flies with her warning notes into /Egypts the * yey 7 A . bids the failer hang 2 his rudder and take his reft, and every prudent man provide himf{elf vith winter garments. Next the kite appear- Ing, proclaims another f{eafon, viz. when it time to fhear your fheep. After that the Jwal- low informs you when it is time to put on fum- 1 £ < 13 15 } ds +h ec mer cloaths. We are to you, adds the cl Ammon, Dodona, | Ing us you undertake every hing ; merchandize, purchafes 5 marriages, &c. Are we not en to you on the footing of Apollo, &c.’ Now it {eems not improbable, the § {1 238 PREFACE was made in the fpeculations of men, which ap- pears in the poet’s words, and that they were ea- fily induced to think, that the furprifing fore- fight of birds, as to the time of migration, in- dicated fomething of a divine nature in them ; which opinion Virgil, as an Epicurean, thinks fit to enter his proteft againft ; when he fays, Haud equidem credo quia fit divinitus illis Ingeniuin. But to return to Ariftophanes. The firft part of the chorus from whence the afore-cited pai- {age 1s taken, feems with all its wildnefs to con- tain the fabulous cant, which the augurs made ufe of in order to account for their impudent ¥npofitions on mankind. It fets out with a cof- mogony, and fays, that in the begining were Chaos, and Night, and Erebus, and Tartarus. That there was neither water, nor air, nor fky 5 that Night laid an egg, from whence, after a time, Love arofe. That Love, in conjunction with Erebus, produced the bird kind, and that they were the firft of the immortal race, &c. With this paffage in Ariftophanes, the account of the oracle of Dodona feems to agree. This oracle was the oldeft in Greece, and there a dove prophefied, according to the concurrent tefti- mony of hiftory ; but according to the explica- tion of Herodotus, this ftrange opinion arofe from hence, that the Theban prieftefs, who was ftolen by the Pheenicians, and carried into Greece, was called a dove, becaufe being a barbarian, fhe feemed to the Dodoneans to chatter like a bird, till fhe had learned the Greek language, and then fhe was faid to fpeak with a human voice. This expli- PREFACE 239 explication feems to me extremely forced, and every thing is much better accounted for by fup- pofing, that at Dodona natural augury was firft changed into religious augury ; for there the oaks alio prophefied ; which plainly fhews the firft {tate of religious augury, when it had not wholly put off’ its antient form, but like the monfters in Ovid’s Metamorphofes, ftill retained enough of it to convince us what it had once been. That Dodona was one of the firft places where augury was practifed, is highly probable ; for it 1 mentioned by Homer as an oracle of eftablifhed reputation at the time of the Trojan war: now Pliny tells us, that Tirefias invented augury and arufpicy ; and that he was reputed an augur ap- pears by Sophocles in the (Edipus Tyrannus, where he is introduced faying thus to Tirefias, ¢ If you have received any information concern- “ing the death of Laius from the birds, or by * other means, do not envy it us.” Tirefias there- fore, according to Sophocles, lived in the time of Lats; and Laius, according to Sir Ifaac New- ton, lived not 8o years before the taking of Troy. I will here fubjoin an account of what has been obierved about the difappearance of birds, which will ferve to confirm what i faid above con- cerning the effect, which that phanomenon might not improbably have on the minds of men; and give room for the fuperftitious impoftures that arofe from thence. Ariftotle has a chapter on that fubject ; wherein he fays, ¢ that many birds, “and not a few, as fome imagine, hide themfelves ‘In holes ;> he then enumerates the Swallow, the kite, the thru, the fa ling, the owl, the crane, 2 the 240 PREFACE the turtle, the blackbird, and the lark, as cers tainly hiding themfelves ; which fhews how little was known of their real ftate in his days; nay, fo much was he puzzled about this fubjeét, that in another place he fuppofes fome of the birds to be changed in their form and voice at different feafons. Thus he fays, that the redjtart changes into the robin redbreaft 3 and Gefner gives this reafon for Ariftotle’s falling into this opinion, that during the fummer the robin redbreaft lives in defert places, and comes towards towns and houfes in the autumn, when the redftart difap- pears. Again Ariftotle fays, that the black cap changes into a beccafigo, which laft appears, as Gefner obferves, about autumn, when the figs are ripe, and the former aftér the autumn. Its true Ariftotle mentions {ome kinds of birds which go to warmer climates when they difappear, which 1s a proof that their migrations were not wholly unknown in thofe days; and indeed the poems of Homer prove that they were in part known much earlier. Nor could it happen other- wife, when the inquifitive genius of Greece be- gan to work, and carry men into Pheenicia and Agypt, with a view of improving themiclves in all parts of learning ; where they could not avoid obferving, that fome birds which left Greece in the winter were found at that time in thofe warmer climates. But the fuperftition was al- ready confirmed before this happened. Dodona. was eftablithed on a foundaticn not to be thaken by the weak attempt of reafon and experience. The birds had given good advice time out of mind, and brought many a general and a magi- ftrate, as well as private men without number, out PREFACE 241 out of difficulties ; and therefore, whether they wintered in AEgypt or not, fignified little; and indeed it was only fuppofing them to go a little further, viz. into Aithiopia, and there they might meet Jupiter at his annual vifit, 4 Snuiaras Adorn, and have the gift of prophecy con- ferred upon them, or confirmed. Agreeably to thefe notions we find feveral birds were looked upon as facred to particular gods; thus the owl to Minerva, the peacock to Juno, the eacle to Jupiter, the crow to Apollo whofe meflenoer he was called as appears by Hefiod. 2 Some will be apt to think that i have dwelt much longer upon this fubjeét that it delerved ; but i cannot help thinking, that even the infir- mities of the human mind, clpecially fuch as have like this prevailed amongft the moft ingeni- ous and fagacious people we read of, and for a ag courfe of time influenced their moft ferious concerns, ought to be looked upon as not below our notice. ke may feem wonderful to fome, that natura- lifts have been fo leng without being able fo determine any thing certain about the fate of fe- veral birds when they difappear. The beft wri- oy have given it as their opnion, that Swallow lye under water all winter; one of the late or- nithologifts, a writer of great charalter, falls into this opinion, and the author of the following Ca- lendar adopts it; and indeed till Monf. Adanfon Cleared up this point, it muft appear a problema- tical point to any man. But though the niora- tion of this bird is at lat determined, vet what becomes of the nightingale, the cuckow, the Koat-fucker, and feveral others, is fill undecided. R Nor $ om oo > PREF ACE ” 2 4; “4 Nor is this wonderful, though it may feem fo; for the generality of mankind, and efpecially thofe who travel merely for. the fake of a liveli- hood, or a fortune, are fo little folicitous about things of this kind, that the air might be filled with /wallows in winter without their obferving it, as was plainly the cafe ar Senegal. The number of birds that difappear in this kingdom 1s much greater than is generally ima- oined 3 efpecially it we reckon amongft them the birds which thift quarters at different feafons, but do not crofs the feas. I fhall not attempt to give a iit of them, but recommend it to the curious, who live in the countrey the year round to watch them more narrowly, than they have hitherto been. Linnzus fays, that moft of that genus of birds, which he calls motacille, 1. ec. thofe [mall birds, which bave a beak f[ubulated aud ftrait, with chaps nearly equal, noftrils of a pointed oval form, and tongue jaggedly indented, live upon infects and not grain; and therefore mi. grate from the northern to the fouthern parts to- wards winter; but it appears, that many birds migrate not only in Sweden, but in Greece and other climates, that live with us all the year round. ifter all 1 have faid, tending to revive natural augury, and after all the ne- cefiary obfervations fhail have been regiftred, that no ufe can be made of it; but 1am certain, that as long as men have ears and eyes, they muft think that one of the greateft delights of the countrey, efpecially during the {pring months, 1s owing to the lively motions, beautiful thapes and colours, and melodious notes of birds, i wil PREF ACHE 247 4 will afford more pleafure, as they are more ob ferved; and therefore, i am not furprifed that Peter the Great of Mufcovy did not think jt be. neath his attention to endeavor to enliven hi new feat of empire, by fending for colonies of them from other parts, as they were carce whe " he refided. ey I will finith this digrefiion with a occurs to me on the different fates o religious augury, The firft was [imple ed with any of thofe circumftances that are apt ily gay ef [ : holy 0 proce Wulf polit orc Ho ikely prove » II puriued with prover di- ligence, fcll ino negle&t. The latter was com- pheated, applying idelf to fome of the ftronceft paflions In man, and therefore, thouch unlikely to a ferious mind, to have the leaf foundation in truth, or ever to be ufcful, was encouraced and Moried with all the pomp that a fuperftitious peopic could invent in honor of a Battering, and therefore favorite art. pid I hall now come to fome points that more immediately relate to the followine Calendars. 1.1 have retained the Linnean names of every plant, and animal in the Swedifh Calendar; and have added the Enelith names © fic plants taken fa Ray's Synopfis, and his hiftory, with no mall trouble, as any one will ly bel has done the like *, the Englith names refer to the Ly AL UY | > - 3 - - - ’ i vooks with an H. to diftincuith t} t i sini} vo }3 1 Ca:ily Dclicve who r AUN "ye ' ’ $s iy The numbers whic low ne d * . ' . . This trouble we {hall for the future be relieved when that accurate and {kilful bots lifthed his Flora Anglica, which i glica, which i iva R 2 . 244 PR EFA C:E numbers after the Englith names of animals re- fer either to his Hiftoria Avium, or Pifcium, ac- cording to the fubject+. I chofe to refer to Ray, as well as barely give the Englith names, for the eafc and fatisfaction of fuch as put a due value on that ineftimable writer, whofe works do honor to our nation, as a late dilciple of the great Swe- dith naturalift juftly obferves. I cannot help fay- ing farther upon this occafion, that no writer till his time ever advanced all the branches of natu- ral hiftory fo much as that fagacious, accurate, and diligent Englith obferver, whofe fyftematical ipirit threw a light on every thing he undertook, and contributed not a little to thofe great and wonderful improvements, which have been fince introduced. 2. I have omitted moft of the plants which are not natives of England; both becaufe it is not caly to find Englith names for them which have any authority, and becaufe 1 had {carcely any ob- fervations in my own Calendar, but on {uch plants as are native. Some foreign ones however 1 have retained, particularly fuch as are common in al- moft every garden; and {uch as are marked in the Calendar, as more than ordinary prognoftic. Thefe laft are printed in large characters. 3. 1 have retained the divifion of months ac- cording to budding, leafing, flowering, &c. tho’ 1 could not imitate this method in my own Ca- lendar for want of more experience; but i am + Some perhaps may think that i need not have referred to Pay for birds fo well known as feveral mentioned in the Ca- lendars; but the want of this caution in many authors, has produced great confufion and doubt about the things meant in every branch of natural hiftory. convinced PREF A CTE convinced that this method marks more precifely ha rx n > K : when we may expect the flowering of any plant - the return of any bir 3 hn or the return or any bird, &c. than the bare men- tion of the day of a common calendar month, and at the fame time marks it more univerfally TT o the {3}, s. {avre 3 TT 3 Te I'bus, when Ariftotle fays*, That the nightin- gale fings continually day and night for fifteen . 2 : days about the time when the young leaves begin pT ‘1. oO : af a to expand and thicken the woods, he not only marks a time, when they might exped vhen the ght expelt to hear the TERlEnene bo vila pect to hea © hightingale in Greece, but in every other countrey ; for thus it happens in Sweden and Enc- land, as may be feen in the £ ing 5 nd, as may be feen in the tollowing Calendars; whereas if he had faid 243 ee # ha : it appeared 1n fuch a day OF the month, 1t would bear true perhaps for that year only; and in fa we find in the old almanacks the fame a ¢ marki lays v | s the fame autho marking days very the fame birds, and thus aki et he S, and thus 1t muft be likewife in relation to plants, Thus far for the Swedith Calendar. As to my own, 1ft. 1 have marked every circumitance down as i found it in my Journal, and hope the learned reader will pardon }; {3 7 diftant from one another, : ‘ i any mijilakes which 3 oy py sithar £3 y EF 1 might happen, either from want of iudement or attention. It is poflibie, that i might pi poflibi | it down ome plants as firlt beine i ~~ A JL J i 1 3 Myeyed J a bud, Or ower, or * I z 2, ereatis certain the word mountain is ufed for the trees which generally grow upon it. Thus omer applies the word gxs0e5] to gpa for that reafon, Tiiad. A. 157. and Euflathius upon the place fays, ices fs S72 orioeila per, Sm Ty Targrorsd:es, Aeye. Ta aziz x TRI%S amoTerssine Jia THs Ang Angioy. ny Pliny tranflates this pallage, denfante fe [rondiur: germine. R 3 eafy 246 PREFACE leaf, becaufe 1 happened then firft to obferve them, or they might be in thofe flates fome time before in {ome place where i happened not to 2. I wanted fuch a ouide as the ingenious author he Swedith Calendar. My obtervations then ps might have been lefs unworthy of the hey would have been better dire@ed purpofe; but now the reader muft 131 CLifid i in it all the imperfections that ge- attempts of any kind. 3- 1 have cauted all the prognoftic plants, which are mentioned my Calendar, to be printed in large letters as in the Swedith. The other marks i fhall cxplain in a page by itfelf, for the more ealy recuriing to it. 4. Thefe two Calendars would perhaps upon comparifon have furnifhed me with {ome obler- vations, had 1 been able to find time fuficient for that purpoie ; but a {trong defire to commu- nicate them to the public early in the year, that others might be induced to keep journals of the fame kind, determined me to fend them out in this naked condition; and the more fo, as 1 am aflured on very good authority, that fuch journals will be kept in Sweden, Germany, Italy, and France, the next year; and 1 think 1t would be pity, that a making fo curious a comparifon between thefc afferent climates, and which perhaps may not occur again, or at leaft not for many years, 5. The obfervations on heat and cold were made with a thermometer, marked in a way pe- culiar to myfelf. The degrees are thofe of Fa- renheit, which i chofe as being in common ufe, but expect to fins - ] l n opportunity fhould be loft of ACR 247 but inftead of 32 i have made o the freezing point. This method is more fimple, natural, and uniform, and conveys a more diftin@ idea to the mind. To this fcale i have reduced the Swedith author’s obfervations, as well as thofe of Dr. Hales, taken from his Vegetable Statics; who j am pleafed to find has made ufe of the method above-mentioned, in his late works, and i won- der it 1s not univerfally adopted. The degrees below o i have marked this, etree, i 6. My botanical obfervations were made on plants growing in the fields chiefly ; the Swedifh plants growing in the Upfal garden; which me- thod is beft, where cither is in our power, 1 can- not determine. There are conveniences and in- conveniences attending each; but there is one great convenience vifibly on the fide of the arden ; which is, that the plants lye within a fmall com- pais, and therefore may be looked over more fure- ly and regularly every day. 7- Lonce defigned to place the two Calendars over-againft one another, in oppolite pages, part by part, according to the days of the month, but upon confideration i found, the climates beino fo different, that there would be great vacancies in many of the pages; at the fame time fame plants would be in different pages, : bulk of the book would be increafed without any advantage to the reader; i therefore thoucht it would be better to make an index, which will furnifh an eafy method to the curious of com- paring the two climates. 8. If ever any ufe be made of Calendars of this kind, it muit be by finding out, after a Jono leries of obfervations, and publifbing by icfelf a R 4 if and the 248 PR E FACE, lift of a few regularly prognoftic plants, either common in every field, if native; or, if not na- tive, common in every garden. For it muft be noted, that many plants will blow even in the depth of winter, if the weather be mild. This is the cafe of dandelion, chickweed, fhepherd’s pur fe daily, &c. As for other precautions, I will refer he reader to the pieee concerning the leafing of trees in the Aman. Academ. This Calendar was made at the hofpitable feat of my very worthy and ingenious friend Mr. Marfham, who has likewife made obfervations of this kind, and lately communicated to the world his curious obfervations on the growth of trees. All the countrey about is a dead flat; on one fide is a barren black heath, on the oer a light fandy loam; partly tilled, partly pafture land fh reltered with very fine groves, THE CALENDAR of FLORA, By ALEXAND. MAL. BERGER, Upfal 1755. Latitude 59. Poma dat autumnus, formofa ef meflibus ®ftas, Ver prabet flores. Ovip, INTRODUCTION, I EFORE i fet forth the Calendar of Flora, or the delights of the year, arifing from “ mere fublunary things according to its progrefs, and that from obfervations made in the climate of Upfal, ann. 1755. i think it neceflary to fay fomething by way of introduction. Time moves on flowly ; every t ng 1s in progreflion and mo- tion, and has irs allotted time, as the wifeft of men Solomon obferves; to which purpofe Virgil ai lays, Stat fue cuique dies. “Af, : io’: aes vib a a ii Aftrenomers have exerted all their power to mea- { p 3 ~T Nure the “C1irat div ifs “a lure time. "I'o them we owe the accurate divifions of it; for they by obferving the courfe an tion of the celeftial bodies, have been at lait ena- bled to reduce it to ftated periods, and to divide tin fuch a manner into vears, months, weeks and days, that we have calendars conftructed for com- mon ule, as a rule by which to obferve and num- ber its equal parts. As the ftars radiate, thine, and adorn the celeftia recrions of the fummer months, fo Howers beautify and illuminate the earth with a wonderful va icty of and delightful colors. Thus, ac- he file of the chymifts, that which is above is as that which is below. How much time foever and labor botanifts have beftowed for many ages back, in order to know the names, nature and vertues of plants, they have not hitherto arrived at that degree of perfection, as to be able to equal the fuccefs of altronomers, in noting the properties and phe- nomena of each of them. Every 252 INTRODUCTION Every flower has its appointed feafon. It would therefore be in vain for us to feek the {pring plants in autumn, and the autumn plants in the {pring. ‘We fee them at ftated times emerging, ftalking, flowering, fruiting, decaying. Acain in another feafon we fee others rifing in their room, and that in fo fhort a time, by fo regular and conftant a law, according to the direction of their natures, that it feems impoflible for any one to behold this feries and variety, without the higheft ad- miration. The fun at the fame time that it raifes, as it were, to life thefe being animal functions, brings them forth allo fooner, or later, according to the nature and difpofition of each, i. e. as this or that plant requires a lefler or a greater degree of heat, before it can obtain its juft maturity. For as eggs, differing in {pe- cies, when fit on by a hen, will not all be hatched the fame day, but fome fooner, fome later, fo neither do flowers come forth together, but at ftated times, as they fhall have received the degree of heat proper to their natures, Altho’ the vear was formed by the Creator in fuch a manner, as to be divided into diftind parts, by the fun fending forth its rays equally on the furface of the earth, yet we are not there- fore from thence to define and meafure the fum- mer, the quantity of ice and fnow and Northern colds hindering the air from being equally foon warmed in different vears; and according to the heat of the air, the feafons are advanced or re- tarded, and this is beft known and meafured by the various kinds of Bowers. * Since therefore the fummer {eafon depends vs, that are deftitute of INTRODUCTION 25; upon the greater or lefler degree of heat, fo that flowers come forth proportionably to thofe dif- ferent degrees, but yet in fuch a manner, that one {pecies follows another in a regular order; fince this is the cafe, i fay, the feafons of the year, and particularly the fummer, may eafily from thence be meafured; which hitherto hag been a defideratum, on account of ceconomical ules, in fpite of all the affiftance from aitrono- mers. Hence plants in different years often flower a month fooner or later, although, as i obferved before, they fhll follow one another in their na- tural order, as far as the fummer {olftice ; at which time they hardly ever differ in any year; and 1n the fame manner they proceed, haiten on, or are retarded, the nearer they approach towards autumn, and the wintc- is farther off or hearer at hand. Now in order 0 determine accurately the acceleration or retardation of the winter, we muft obferve all the different kinds of flowers in every place, at what time they firft appear, and this daily, that the order which they obferve may be better afcertained. By way of fpecimen i have exhibited the flow- ers in the fame order in which they appeared the laft year, 1755, in the Uplal garden. I muft obferve, that almoft all the plants mentioned in the following calendar grew in the open air, and in the fame kind of foil, which is rather low and loamy, excepting about half a fcore, which were gathered in the woods not far diftant, and which are with difficulty raifed in the garden. I have marked the month and day all along on 254 NTRODUCTION on the fide of the page, not meaning that any one thould thence imagine that the Howers wil return every year on the fame day and month, but with intent to fet forth the calendar of thas individual year, and that it might appear with what diligence and circumfpection it was made, In order to diftinguifh the cultivated plants from the wild, i have ufed italics for the firft. and have marked the plants which appear to be moft prognoftic by an afterifk *. I have befides thought fit to difpofe them all into months, according to a divifion the apteit i could contrive ; but 1 did not think it neceffary to form equal months, as my defien was not to determine days, but chiefly and indeed only the greater or lefier acceleration of fummer. Having fo accurately obferved the flowers, i thought fit to add the times at which the animal kingdom undergoes certain alterations, fuch as when birds of paffage come and oo, when birds of every kind lay, or hatch, or moult, when fe- veral kinds of fithes celebrate their nuptials near the fea thore, when it is fowing time, when grain flowers, ripens, &ec. : By the help of fuch obfervations we may at laft come to know what is to be done, or ob- ferved, every day, by the flowering of plants. But much time 15 required to bring this to per- fe&tion ; and he who obferves, mult, if he means to do any thing to the purpofe, live in the coun- trey, where it is much eafier to fee every thing that prefents itfelf. ® Ynfond nfiead of an afterifk i have ufed great letters, If INTRODUCTION 25 If the gentlemen of our own, or other countries, took delight in fuch obfervations, they might amufe themfelves very agreeably, by giving up fom of their time to things of this kind: and i am moft certainly perfuaded, that this fo flicht a fketch, gaining continually new additions, would at laft produce a work of great ufe ; as it might furnifh materials for directing private economy, and the more {o as the times for fowing of feeds, tor reaping, and mowing, and for gathering fruits of various kinds, might from thence be beft lettled, Gardeners might thence learn at what time of the {pring, they ought to lay the roots of plants bare, when to fow their feeds, when to expole ta the open air, and when to put under fhelter their tender plants, and how to furnith the garden with flowering plants; fo that there might be a per- petual blow all poffible months of the year; thus the Ziiac follows the cherry, the mock orange fol- lows the Zlac, and the late rofes tollow the mock orange. THE ORD BULBOUS 1} ER OF BLOWING OF THE "LANTS IN BORDERS, AND THEIR DURATION. N.B. The plants are numbered from the firt day of budding, by the figures bered on the left hand, the other figures on the right hand fhew the duration of their blow *. ) f: * The meaning is this, as explained to me by Mr. Solan- der; fuppofe the fue w-drop buds on any given day, then the €rocus ill bud the fecond day after it, the byacinth the 1zth day after it, &c, I. Snow- 256 INTRODUCTION. 1. Snow-drops, 1144. H. Galanthus nivalis, 26. Violet, bulbous 1144. H. Leucoium vernale, 26. 2. Crocus, pring, 1174. H. Crocus vernus, 17. 12. Hyacinth, erientaly 1159. H. Hyacinthus ori- entalis, 18. : ay t 7 aria bulbo- 20. Fumitory, bulbous, 9775. H. 4. Fumarna [a [olida, 20. a Vv »! J _ < PEL A 20 CAT 23. Hollow-root, 975. H..5. Fumaria dulbof. ’ 20. gs = 28. Hyacinth, grape, 1161.28.11. Hyacinthus 4o fryoides,y 19. alin ) rs 71. 2. Narciflus pfeudo- 34. Daffodil, Englifh, 3 = wavrrifire Te naitjitsy 19. 9 y : re vesiRiaindoras. SI Daffodil. /weet, Narciffus oderus, S. N. 14. 2%. Crown, mmperial, 1105. HL Friallana 7mper:- xf : i ai15, 10. ig ° na 0, P ‘nallaria Pyrena- Fritillary, Pyrenean, 1107. H. Fruallaria Pyrene 7d, 1100. H. Fritillaria wmeleagris, 7 ¥ Jeet lig Ue . Bo . (7 38 3050 734% 21 1 2 40. HL. Tuhpa Gefneriana, 13. , . H. Narciflus pociicus. refs, 1133. H. Narcilfus . H. Hyacinthus aiue- . 21. HH. Hyacinthus TY ~ 1 Ox v Star of Bethlehem il. Ornithogalum J oh 5. 3] a UINDELLAL EIR. ol ys. rind .y - y ; pe - . uum i 68. Lilly, fiery, 1110. 3, 4, 5, 7. HL. Lalium wrt parum. 1h /. auallioy. Win I. Alum moly. 69. Moly, yeiiow, 1123. 4. £1 ~».H.] liom Poin »6. Martagon of Pompey, 1114.7. H. Lilun DONIUM. ot fof] I piked 3 1.0rnitho- ~q. Star of Bethlehem, fpiked, 1151.1.H.O a 4 galum Pyrencicuin. 09. bg = INTRODUCTION 22% fo. Corn flag. 1168. H. Gladiolus communis, 81. Martagon, common, 1112. H. Martagon vu/- gare, 15. 86. Martagon, white, 1112, Miartagon album, 13 roo. Lilly, white, 1109. H. Lilium album. 111. Hyacinth, dun-coloured, 1160, 25, H. Hya- cinthus ferotinus. 113. Saffron, meadow, 373. Colchicum autumnale, When many calendars of this kind fhall be made in different places and nations in the fame year, it will be eafy to colle@ from the blowing of thefe forts of flowers, and from the leafing of trees, how one climate differs from another, and why plants brought from the Southern parts leldom produce fruit with us, whereas the Nor- thern plants fucceed very well. Thus at Mont- pelier the fpring is forwarder than at Upfal by 31 days, at London by 28, at Falconia by 6; and the winter comes on as much later in thofe places. Botanifts and apothecaries, whofe bufinefs j is to gather plants juft when they are in blow, may by this means learn at what time that may be done, and need not feek in vain at an im- proper feafon, and may farther know by their garden plants, what wild ones are to be found in the fields precifely at the fame time; and on the contrary. The night frofts which fo often deftroy our plants, and which i imagine come to us from Lapland, may be known in the fame way, Thus the LEAD cold arifing from the thaws in Lapmarck, happens at the end of the leafing leafon, S The 353 INTROD UC TION The BRASS cold from the fnow melting n Lapland in the beginning of the fruiting feafon. The IRON cold from the freezing on the Lapland alps in the middle of the fowing feafon. Thefe colds do not happen with us the fame night as in Lapland, but arrive in about 8 days. On thefe and fuch like calendars vulgar prac- tical hufbandry ought to be eftablithed ; but the foundation hitherto not having been fuficiently well laid, this method 1s become {o much out of ufe, that it is even looked upon as abfurd and chimerical ; neverthelefs 1t may and ought to be carried fo far, that no prudent ceconomiit will choofe to be without fuch a guide, and the hufbandman {hail find it the fureit way to re- culate his affairs by, not to mention other par- ticudars. SWEDISH and ENGLISH MM a 'y }- 7 Made in the Ya R 17cr / 55s I. II. ITI. IV. V. VIL VIL. VIIL IX. X. XI. XII. THE MONTHS. Reviving winter month from Dec. 23, to March 19. Thawing month from Mar.19.to Apr. 12, 5 SPRING. Budding month from April 12 to May 9. Leafing month from May 9 to May 235. Flowering month from May 2 5 to June 20. 2, SUMM E R. Fruiting month from June 20 to July 12. Ripening month from July 12 to Aug. 4. S211 { ; ) Reaping month from Aug. 4 to Aug. 28. 2 AUTUMN. 3. Sowing month from Aug. 28 to Sept. 22. Shedding month from Sept. 22 to O&. 28. Freezing month from O¢t. 28 to Nov. 5. 4. WINTER. Dead winter month from Nov. 5 toDec. 22. T HE CALENDAR of FI.LORA. — L REVIVING WINTER MONTH. From the winter folftice to the vernal equinox. Dec. X11. XX. Butter [brinks and Separates from the fides . of the tub, xxnt. Afp flower buds begin to open. Jan. Li. Ice on lakes begins to crack. W. Wooden walls fuap in the night. Cold frequently extreme ar this time, the greateft obferved was 5.7. wv. *Horfe dung [pirts, vil. Epiphany rains. XxXvl. St. Paul’s rains. Feb. II. XXU. Very cold nights often between Feb. 20 and 28, called Steel Nigurs, * Not : . Q . : Note. This was explained to me by Mr. Solander, an ingeni- ths and learned difziple of Linnzus, now in England, who fays, that horfe dung, in very fevere frofts, throws out particles near a foot high, and that no other dung does the like. S 3 II. THAW- 2162 THE CALENDAR OF F1.ORA. —————————————————————— II. THAWING MONT H. From the Jirft mel ting of the Jn 0 to the floating of ice zon the vyioers. Vere novo eelidus canis cum montibus humor Liquitur, et zephyro putris fe oleba refolvit. Vira. Mar. IIT. owards the noontide fun. round leaved, flower-buds, 449. Salix ca prea, open. mells againfl K Jegins to Jing Vater fos ws by the walls. xxv. Roads very dirty od Jull of walter. April IV, 1. Horfe dung melts the ice. Mofs, upright fir. 1 .ycopodium Jfelago, 106. fheds its duft. . St "ONES a7¢ loofened from the ice. egin Lo appear, the fuow being The FLY nga vanellus, returns. vil. BU ITE ol LY, wettle, Papilio urtice, ap- pears in abundance. Some pecple, [ays Pliny, think the appearance of the butter fly the [ur off fg 1 of [pring, on account of the delicacy of the ammal. DUCK, THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. April IV, in. DUCK, tame, 145. Wild DUCK returns, X. dn inundation of [now water, SWAN, 37. Anas venus, and DAKER- HEN, 58. 8, Rallis crex, by their ap- pearance proc! laim the [pri ng. IVERS aie unbound, and icc | Joats down, N. B. The river at UJ Pla /, Jor 70 years, has un ver been frozen beyond phe 1G/h of Ir 1/, ’ according gL lo the ovfe Tat 0 0. Cel fines, cn. J PIKE, 112. E fox lis, [pawns. Thi Sb gives over Spawning when the ne begins. Xi. Snow water Jocks into the earth. Sublerrancous places are inundated, ¥ROG comes forth. Winier | foclters onght to be removed [from garden plants, that they may not be 144 ge drawn 4p, £90! -beds for m meloiis # foonld I be fown, 263 Anas bofchas, fits. Solvitur acris h yems ora ta vice Yer is et F avonii. II. BUD DIN G From the return of the WHITE. W Motacille alba, »5. 1. to the Coming low 3 or fom. the firft flower to the cr Jirft tree, di the bulbous o ¢ Ih vos and & iRC QL time of 1h -— A Favonio veris initium notant. Cictro. Api 11 Iv. xi. Hafel-nut tree, 439. Corylus avellzna. C S 4 CoLts- 264 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. April IV. xii. Covrtsroor, 173. Tuflilago farfara. xiii, Saffron, 374. Crocus fativus. VioLeT, bulbous, 1144. H. Leucolum vernale, 20. Snow drops, 1144. H. Galanthus nva- lis, 26. WAGTAIL, white, 75. 1. Motacilla alba, returns. KESTREL, 16. 16. Falco tinunculus, re- turns. FROG, 247. Rana temporaria, croaks. Saffron, 374. Crocus fativis, 17. xv. Pilewort, 246. Ranunculus ficaria. Star of Bethlehem, yellow, 372. Orni thogalum luteum. Grafs, whitlow, 292. Draba verna. Mezereon, 158%. H. Daphne mezereon. TURKEY ben, 51.3. Meleagris galla- pavo, fits. Honeyfuckle, double, 1490. H. Lonicera perfoliata. xvi. Liverwort, noble, 580. H. Anemone he- patica, 34. The time for [owing barley at Upfal. xvit. Lilly, yellow water, 368.1. Nymphaea lutea, leaves emerge. xix. Afp, or trembling poplar, 446.3. Po- pulus tremula, 13. Abele, 446.2. Populus alba, 13. Hot-beds to be [own from the budding of the poplar to the leafing month. xxi. SMELT, 66.14. Salmo eperlanus, [pawns, at which time generally tempefts and [nowy weather at Uplal, and intermit- ting fevers very common. THE CALENDAR OF FLORA, April IV, xx1. Hellebore, black, 271.1, ridis. Willow, v sali go round leaved, 449. 15. Salix xxx. Crake berries, 444. F 265 i ———— Helleborus 7;- Mpetram nigrum, Poplar, black, 446. Populus #ivra, 179. Tuffilago petafiiis, 25, Bur butter, May V, I. Mercury dogs, 138. 1, rennis. Polyanthus, 1083. Primula veris Aor. tenfis. ll. ANEMONE, wood, 259.1. morofa, 21. Saxifrage, golden, 158. 2. num alternifolium. Violet with throat-wort Je Viola birta. Affarabacca, 158.1. Afarum Europeum Violet, faweet, 364.8. Viola odorata, 2g, Sa ipeswar, 304. Lepidium petreum. as telds are covered with verdure. 4) e return of the WHEAT EAR*, »- Motacilla Oenantbe, there is Seldom any Jevere 2, and therefore the peafunts in Usland have 27) i verbs When you fee the WHITE WAGTAIL re nay turn your fhecp into the + fields ; and when a” fee the W ow 5 2 J . HE A x a [pos ” . I' SAR, you may fow your Sram, Mercurialis pe- Anemone e- Chryfofple- aves, 365. 8. I —— * If this bir i i i Forde a oss voy quis England, 1t certainly thifts places. ike > nat asout harveit time they were not to be found ere there were before great plenty of them. a 3 The fheep are houfed ali winter in Sweden, as Mr ‘forms me, who gave me the tranflation e Swedifh the very words here printed, . ‘ er In - of the Swedith proverb jn Ofer, 266 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. May V. Soe vi. Ofer, 450.21. Salix viminalis. . Bramble, 467.1. Rubus fruticofus, leafs. STARLING, 67.1. Sturnus vulgaris, returns. Molcatel, tulerous, 267. Adoxa mofca- lin Seeds of kitchen plants to be Jown. Ten- / bil [2 J La 7 £4 > nD der plants to be taken out of the green fs boule. 3 J c Fim TREE, 460. hy wis] { ee Arvo 4% +1 (hede Snow wciis even in the foade. Ulmus campefiris. Diffugere nives, redeunt jam gramtna campis. Arboribuicue come. Hor. ————————— MONT H. Vi 2 1 / / Coo C trees from the hivd he Vv 10 mbleat Lealing Ces Jrom we ord cheri / TI be compieat seafing of Lrees Ji 07 iL ) tp ray the aftyy from the coming of the Jwaliow to the 774) nip. a } 11 . a . Nunc herba: rupta tellure cacumina tollunt ; Nunc tumido gemmas cortice palmes agit. Ovip. fn V. My 1x. SWALLOW and STORK return. | 'HERRY, BIRD, 463. 'runus padus®. L. td, 439. Corylus avellana. L. x1. Aflp, 446.3. Populus tremula, out of blew. xii. CUCKOW, 23. Cuculus canorus, fings. Nl ay ids mlonts * The letter L. at the end of the lines fignifies that thofe pian All the plants befides threugh ¥ ort » re arked out this Calendar are fuppofed to have flowered on the days marked, iL LLILD Leual Sh he | io exp relied uniels the contrary is expreticd, I came into leat on the days marked. Sorel THE CALENDAR OF FILORA. 267 May V., xut. Sorrel wood, *38;. Oxalis acetofella. Birca rrep, 443. Betula alba. 1. Barberry buth, 465. Berberis vulgaris... The beft time for Sowing barley, and the Jeeds of of garden plans. Ofier, 450.21. Salix viminalis. 1,. Spindle tree, 468. Fuonymus Europes... ’ ) Dat, Bear’s ear, 108 3. H.Primula aricla, 12, Goule, or Durch myrtle, 443.M yrica gale. Orange, mock, ¥763. H. Philadelphus coronarius, 1, Elder, water, 460. Viburnum opulus. | Lilac, 1763. H. Syringa vulgaris. 1. Privet, 463. Liguftrum vulgare, L.. 2 of" " po - =a Buckthorn, fig, 445. Hippophae rham.- noid. 1.. Alder tree, 442. Betula aluus, 1, Daffodil, wild Englifh, 371.1. Narciffus pleudonarciffus, 19. Roles garden. Elm tree, 469. Ulmus campeftris. 1, NIGHT! GALE, 78. Motacill, lufci- nia, returns, rr ‘ - Thorn, white, 453.3. Crategus oxya- cantha. L.. Apple tree, 431. Pyrus malus. 1.. Primrofe, 284. Primula veris, 16, Cherry tree, 463. Prunus cerafus, 1. Thorn luck, 466. Rhamnus cathart;. cus. 1. Cinquefoil, Small rough, 323. Potentilla Verna, 16. Sallow, round leaved, 449-15.8alix caprea. Ar Le 3eam +68 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. May V. ry H XV Beam tree, white, 453. is Ct [ Aculv - Chefnut tree, borfe, 1683. Afc aftanum. L. pecayranun . be Jeech tree, 4309. Fagus pivasica. Lu sy. Cary etulus. L.. Hornbeam, 451. i end Poplar, black, 446. Pops re « L, Afy ) remula. 1. fo 48 Rapist Caltha paluftris. Maryeold, wells 272. Le : [ime tree, 473. Tia i po . Alder, berry bearing amnt Alder, berry bearing, 465. Rha frangula. 1.. : : Fly, dragon, Monfet, p.67. Libellula. Salmon, 63.2. Salmo, falar. ap Qak tree, 440. Quercus, 70 nw, - : AsH TREE, 409. F'raxinus excelfior. L. 7 bil > the afl is leafing there is fcarcely any Vv BLE " {fie . / % . ; more frofi : therefore green boufe plants ¥” od’ J C . ought to be brought into the open air. THE LEAD] * NIGHTS happen before the leafing of HE LEADEN 1 googie v4 Ll the afb 5 from that time the [ummer is feltle ; 7 ns ery few flowers in this month 5 for Grit £ 6818 are T ry, [6.9 z “Lu . . os iy a ng intent on the young offspring of the bird kind, being py wid 2%; . of flowers, againfl the hatching Ves AOUNAANCE ) V. FLOWERING MONT H. ~ vie Blnan 7 £72 Yi 2 ll Je Irom the jirfi ecr of rye to tts blow Pam J / 5. Tulipa Gefneriana, to the wall From the tuiip, 11406. Tiuiipa Gefneriana, peppery 270. 5. Sedum acre. , et Venus, et Veneris pranuncius ante It ver, 6 Vy C i! A TY | Wi voll.oie proper. innatus graditur zephyrus veltigia pr Pinnatus graditur zephy I, Prope rn, * CHERRY, THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 269 & ec ————— May V, XXv. * CHERRY, BIR Dy 463. Prunus padus. Currants, black, 456. Ribes nigrum, Jack bythe hedge,293. Erylimum alliaria, Cicely, wild, 207.Chaerophyllum filvefre, Turie, 1546. H. Tulipa Gefneriana, 13. Milkwort, *287. Polygala valgaris. Lady’s mantle, 158. Alchemiila vitlgaris, ROCHE, 12,, Cyprinus rutilys, JPawns. Firft ear of rye. Saxifrage, white, 364. 6. nulata. Ivy, ground, 243. Glechoma bederares. Goldilocks, 248, Ranunculus anricomus, Pear tree, 452. Pyrus communis, 14. xxvit. Celandine, greater, 309, majus., Cloud berries, 260. Rut Cat’s foot, 187. Gnapl CRANE’ BILL, 361, Taticum, Globe flower, 272. Trollius Europes. xxvii. Cuckow flower, 299. Cardaminepratenis., While the cuckomw Slower blows, the Salmon goes up the rivers, and dragon fly comes forth, Thorn, black, 462. Prunus Jpinofa, 10. Cherry tree 463. Prunus ce "ajus, 10. Plumb tree, 462.2,3. Prunus domeflica. eafe, wood, 124.2. Orobus tuberofus. Plantain, hoary, 314.3. Plantago ned; reer —— * While the biyd cherry flowers, happens what iscalled the grey weather, between the old ind new moon. I am indebted to lander for the interpretation o ed the Saxifraga gra- Chelidonium WS chamemoruym, alium divicum, 18. Geranium H! a. Te ———————— Mr.So- f this paffage: it is in the original call. Plenilunium cornjcu n, but sught to ha rv - Ive y A 1199 read interlunium. Butter. 270 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. May V. xxx. Butterwort, *281. Pinguicola vulgaris. Lilly in the valley, 264. Convallaria Mai- alis, 21. Bugle, m ountain, 245.2. Ajuga pyramidalis, Ruth, 7 bare’s tail, 436. Eriphorum « vagi- natum. Grafs, cotton, 435. Eriophorum polyfia- chyon. Honey (uckle, dwarf, 261. Cornus Swecica. Whorts, red, 457. Vaccinium vizis idea. Crowroor, CRANE’S BILL, 361.18. Ge- ranium fybvaticum, 120. Catchily, red German, 340.14. Lychnis vijcar ia. Germ ander, wild 2. 11. Veronica cha- B RY A i 116.5. Cy prinus brama, [pawns ) ve bird cherry fades, and low, and when this fade. Nunc fronden t {fylva, nunc formofiffimus annus. June VI. 1. Fir, [pruce, 441. Pinus abies, drops male flower. 108v, 694. H. Ponia fl. fimplici, 10 AVENS, PURPLE MOUN TAIN, 253. Geum rivale. Tormentil fepsfoil, 257.1. Tormentilla / a erelia. APPLE TREE, 451. Pyrus malus. Rye 1 ear. li. Juniper tree, 444. Juniperus communis. Quicken tree, 452. Sorbus cucuparia. Buck THE CALENDAR OF FLLORA. : 271 June VI. tii. Buckbean, iv. Grafs, foxtail, tenfis. + Plantain, ribwort, ceolata. Crane s bill, Ph EU Vil. Dice his, Goolcberry bufh, 1. laria, Paris, herd Tr cfoil, ¢ bird's Joo: ciiat, zZ. berry bufh, 264. 1 ’ aC( Inium lumbines, V iy de ine tronalis. [D3 mvnho ! 4 1nro! Cl. dy ly as it ty celebrates ber » ctflus and peiony fre / J : J ’ ’ : v £ Jip / 22.7 ; 4 J the and the juniper v-1{] oye ym El A LYox oo C hei ophier, herd, 6601. Ala fPicata. Grafs, mele, 03.6. ielica nutars. 2 | > > 11} / ; Bramble, fone, 261. Rubus faxatilis, _rowfoor, bulbous, 247.3. Ranuncitie ila 375 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. June VL vii. Hawkweed, dandelion, 245. Leontodon bi[pidum. viii. Barberry, 465. Berberis vulgaris. 1.iLac, 176. H. Syringa vulgaris. The meadows glow with crowfoots. x. Crane’s bill, dovefoot, 359.11. Geranium molle. x. Flower de luce, yellow water, 374: Iris eud-acorus. i. Crane’s bill, erowfoot, 360.17. Geranium pratenfe. Bell flower, leffer round-leaved, 277. 5. Campanula rotundifolia. Camomile, Roman, 189. Matricaria cha- momilla. Cinquefoil, fbrubly, 256. 4. Potentilla [ruticofa. xii. Beam tree, white, 453. Crataegus aria. Vetch, kidney, 325.1. Anthylis valine varia. Henbane, 274. Hyofcyamus niger. xiii. Catchfly, white, 340.11. Silene nutans. Avens, 253.1,2. Geum wurbanum. Adonis, flower, 251. Adonis annua rubra. The fingle peiony fades before the double blows, as is the cafe of rhubarb and rhapontic. xiv. Lilly, yellow water,368.1.Nymphza lutea. Orchis, female banded, 381. 20. Orchis maculata. Robert, herb, 358.6. Geranium rober- tianum. Cinquefoil, upright bafiard, 255. Foten- tilla rupefiris. Campion, white, 339. 8. Ivchnis dioice. Elder. THE CALENDAR OF FLORA ,. June VI. eee X1v. 4 > r » . ig water, 460. Viburnum opilus Briar h mpernely 454.3. Rofa [pinofiffima Thon els 454.2. Rofa eglanteria, Orchis, oe 46a Rhamnus catbarticys is, leffer butterfly, 280.18. o bifolia, fs 380.18. Orchis xvi. Grafs of Parnaffiss . 3 Inftris, Grafs, » . Ss arfh Soofe. 2rr . . | Linfu 3 fe, 55-3. Galium #li- oy white water, 368.3. N ymphaa a/, : > < L004. na 256.5. Potentilla anfering A > earing Ea prong. £> 465.1. Rhamnus EIONY, DOUBLE, 6 : : ‘ #4, 12. » 693. H. Pzonia p/;. Rampions, 24 ) Rha hwy 274.4. Campanula patula, ~~ hod tc 170. H.Rheum rbaphonticum Var ow, 338. Lychnis Sos ittnli | eran, great wild, 200.1. Valerians , JSicinalis. ana of Vetch, chichl; s chichling, Iufhris. gs 320.5. Lathyrus pa- Daify . - y great, or ox eve, 184. Chrv 9p mum Zeucant hem. 154 Whoyhande. Xvil. Fvebri * rty lefler, aro ; : > fannly, » 250.7. Ranunculus Sroundhl, 178.1. Senecio vulparis Ir WF . viii, Lilly, upon 153: Tn ’ rk ’ I I 10. ‘ 1h oy sr rum to VII, 4 Lim biti. Saxifrag re age, burnet, 213.1,1. Pimpinella Jexifraga, 355.1. Parnaffia pa- T Tor- 2 A. 274 THE CALENDAR OF FLOR 2 —- : Hy il ea il, 255.2. Potentilla : xviii. Tormentil cinquefoil, 255 argentea. ; 4 sxafs, quaking 412. Briza media pe ly, 265. Atropa bello Nichtthade, deadly, 265. 0 onna. Bl R or vinter, 3188.1. Secale hyber i } a cn rom the firft blow of Ginter rye flowers generally from the pr A abo 27 vosner 270.5. Sedum acre, to 0 J f il v herb, q10.1. Epilobium an. e rofe bay willow bert, 3. pili os y 5 ln with the bulbous lilly, beginning often uirtfoltumy, WILL v , 7 ce. os four days before the [olftic VL: | 3 TH. VI. FRUITING MONT! Viv 10 2349 0 3 / pam F ANY urt 78 VC 0 / (67) of be wall P D La 7 v tt OLE DLO € C } ) {71 f 59 . ~ 1A Jilly. the yellow to the red day ill Revoluta ruebat, Vire. Matura jam luce dies. zx. Pee 2047.5. Sedum acre. WALL, 07:5. i his. free, 281.22. Satyrium % ] Jrchis, j768, 301.22. Val, 1 ani bem. Eg a1. Cultus beliantbem Critus, gwar}, 34 ; aT l.iLLy, YELLOW DAY, IIQ LILLY, YELL XA AL xx. PEPPER, nyo ~allig fava. ts wh, 26.2. Comarum pa Cinquefoil, marfo, 2.5 | f [ullve. op sy ornar and ire Wlftice trees [carcely grow, " 7 Le foifi 7 lp lip ed The big hedges fhould then be clipped. bove 54.8 gi “hong aoith us is hardly id 54 a 2 eat is not much above tropics the beat is ne Lr GUE . 1 hs; 10 hen elo 10.8. the heal of a batching OL 40.0. . ] 2rovs O 4 7 ] eat above 72 aejl A Que th ile: Brass THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 275 June VI. xxl. Brass Nights Jrom the thaw of the bigh. ¢ft mountains. ¥xii. Orchis, fy, 379-13. Ophrys infeliifera myodes. Blue bottle, 198. Centaurea cyanus Vetch, great tufted wood, 322.4. Vicia Dlvatica, Dropwort, » 59. Spir®a filipendul,. Thittle, gent, 193.2. Carduus beleniodes. Loofe ftrife, yellow, 283. 3. Lyfimachia thyrfiflora. Self heal, 283. Prunella vulgaris. Gentian, werng) dwarf, 275.4. Gentiana campeflris. Mayweed, fiinking, 185.4. Anthemis ¢o- tula. Yarrow, 183.1. Achillea millefolinum. WiLLow nerap, 70f¢ bay, 310. Epilobium anguftifolium. Toonwort, 128.5. Ofmunda lunaria, Liquorice, wid, 326.1. Aftragalus 4/. Pinus, Knapweed, greatly 198.1. Centaurea fea biofa. Vetch, tufted, 322.3. Vicia cracea, Nightfhade, woody, 265.1,2. Solanum dulcamara, Golden rod, 146.1. Solidago virgaurea, Orance, mock, 1763. H, Philadelphus coronarius, 14. Sweet-william, 991.2. H. Dianthus 447. batus. Porpy, Turkey, Papaver orientale, i 3, Flax, perennial by te, 362.3. Linum pe- renn.. T 2 Dewber; y »~»6 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. ying - THE CAL E ND AR OF Fi OR A297 June VI. en ———— MR xxiil. Dewberry buth, 467.3. Rubus cefius. Tune VL. xxv. Nettle, hedge, 237. Son hys fylvatica. xxix. Ox- -eye, 183.1. Anthemis tinftoria. XXV1i1. Spiked willow of Theopl wraftus, 1699 H. Spiraea falicifolia. Lilac out of blow. Willow herb, beaded, 44.1. Scutellaria galericulata. Willow herb, great finooth leaved, 311.4. Epilobium mont anum. Twayblade, 385.1. Ophrys ovata. Strawberries ripening. Hawkweed, Hungarian, 167.17. Hypo cheeris maculata. Medic, yellow, 333.1. Medicago falcata Parlley, great baftard, 219.2. Tordylium lati fols Um. | T oy flax, yellow, ¥281 linaria. Grafs, fea dog, 390.1. Elymus arenaria. Bryony, white, 261.1,2. Bryonia alba. Campion, wild purple, 341.17. Silene Antirrhinum armeria. Maryg old, corn, 182.1 fi eget. Heath, Dutch or befom, 471.4. Erica tetralix. Bilberry buth, 457.2. Berries ripe Peafe, everlofting, 319.1. Lathyrus /afi- folius. Uhroatwort, little, 2%%.3. Campanula Zlomerata. Feverfew, 187.1. Matricaria parthenium PEACOCK mioults. Chryfanthemum Vaccinium myrtill Ox-eve, Sneezewort, 183. Achillea ptarmi ca. Rupturewort, 160. 1. Herniaria glabra. Hawkweed, fuccory-leaved, 166.12 .Crepis biennis. PINK, MAIDEN, 335.1. Dianthus deltoides. ScaBious,FIELD, rot, 1. Scabiofaarvenfis. St. John’s wort, large flowered, 1017.1. H. Hypericum afayren. Elder tree, 461.1. Sambucus nigra. Woad, 367.1. Hatis tin&oria, out of blow. July VIL Willow herb, purple Spiked, 367.1. Ly- thrum falicari ia. J ~ Parinep, cow, 205.1,2. Heracleum /phon- dylium. Bindweed, fall, 275.1. Convolvulus ar- venfis. Knapweed, 198.2. Centaurea nigra. Mullein, whitefis vered, 28%.2. Verbafcum yc} nit. alba Rampions, 277-4 4 Ro \nula renunculus. Throatwort, giant, 276. Campanula lati- folia. Alphodel, Lancafbire, 375.1. A offifrag tm. Mullein, black, 288.4. Rue, meadow, 203.1. trum flavum. Hellehor re, baflard, 383.1. Scrapias hel- lebor. palufir ; The hotteft days. Bingwea, great, 275 ;. Convolvulus fepium, Lyf machia Willow herb, » THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. THE. CALENDAR OF FLORA. 2» 279 VII. : : July VIL iv. Moneywort, 283.1. Lyflimachia n#ummu- vii. The late rofes now begin to blow. lavia. FoxcLove, purprLg, 283.1. Digitalis rubra. Meadow fweet, 259.1. Spirxa #lmaria. Cockle, 338. 5. Agroftema githago. Speedwell, /piked male, 279.2. Veronica [picate. Grafs, [oft tufted meadow, 404.14. Hol- cus lanatus. Primrofe, evening or tree, 862. Oeno- thera brennis. Yarrow, 183.1. Achillea millefolium. BEDSTRAW, YELLOW LADY'S, 224.1. Ga- lium verum. Agrimony, 202.1. Agrimona eupatoria. Throatwort, great, 276. Campanula #ra- chelium, 25. St. John’s wort, 34 foratum. St. John's wort, tutfan, 343.4,5. Hy- pericum birfutum. | Spearwort, great, 250.8. Ranunculus /in- o13 S bre 2.1. Hypericum per- Carrot, 218. Daucus carota. Stone crop, yellow 269.1. Sedumrz eflre. Gladdon, finking, 375.3. Iris fetidiffima, Knapweed, 198.2. Centaurea jacea. Hops, 137.1. Humulus /upulus. Refit harrow, 332.1. Ononis [pinofa. Parfley, Scotch fea, 214. Ligufticum Sco- Licum. Briar, or DOG ROSE, 454.1. Rola canina. Role, white, 1373.23. H. Rofa alba. Rofe, French, Rola Galiica. Hay barveft begins with the lime tree, clover being out of blow, and yellow rattle or coxcomb, *284. fhedding its feeds. Burnet, 203.2. Sanguiforba officinalis. Poppy, wild, 308.1. Papaver fomniferum. Sneezewort, 183.1. Achillea ptarmica. Lilly, yellow day, out of blow. Chervil, wild, 207.1. Charophyllum // veftre, out of blow. : e Barley every where in ear. Peafe ripe. Cherries ripe. Beginning of bay barveft. Motherwort, 239.1. Leonurus cardiaca. Pink, Deptford, 337.1. Dianthus armerius, Orange, mock, out of blow. Bilberries ripe, Thiftle, mut, 193.1. Carduus nutans. Burdock, 196. Arctium lappa. Horehound, Zafe, 339.1. Stachys Ger- manica. Hemp, 138. Cannabis fativa. 351.13. Frankenia pulverulenta. Red currants ripe. Mugwort, 190.1. Artemifia vulgaris. Thittle, /vy leaved fw, 162.5. Prenanthes muralis. Marjoram, wild, 236.1. Origanum vul- gare. Horehound, finking, 244.1. Ballota nigra. Bali, great wild, 239. Clinopodium vu/- gare. Pine, ground, 244. Teucrium chamapitys. T 4 Betony, 280 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. July VIL x. Betony, water, ¥283.1. Scrophularia qualica. Nightthade, enchanters, 28q. Circaa ca- nadenfis. Clover, 328.4. Trifolium pratenfe, out of blow. x1. Thittle, tree fow, 163.7, Sonchus arvenfis. « LIME TREE, 473.1,2,3. Tilia Europea, out of blow. Marjoram, wild, 236. Origanum vulgare. Feftinat decurrere velox flofculus aftatis. VI. RIPENING MONT IL. From the white flonecrop, 271.7. Sedum album, or the red day lilly, to the devil's bit, 1 91.3. Sca- vy ~ s~ .,~ v bigja fuccifa. xii. Succory, wiLp, 172. Cichorium intybus. Willow herb, great hairy, 311.2. Epi- lobium Airfutum. Langue de bocuf. 166.13. Picris echi- vides. Woodbind, 456. Lonicera periclymenun. Mallow, vervain, 252. Malva alcza. St. John’s wort, large flowered, yoy. H. Hypericum o/tyron, out of blow. Fleabane, finall, 174.2. Inula pulicaria. Pepperwort, 304.1. Lepidium latifolium. STONECROP, WHITE, 2 71.7. Sedum album, out of blow. xv. Agrimony, beiip, 179. Eupatorium can- 1 tds bry ¥ia NAVinRuUm, b evan | THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 281 July VII. xv. Tanfey, 188. Tanacetum vnlgare. Golden rod, white, 175.1 Erigeron ca- nadenfe. Saw-wort, 196.1. Secratula inf. prealt. Mint, red, 232.5. Mentha gentilis. Mint, long leaved borfe, 234.5. Mentha fpicata. Pepper, wall, 270.5. Sedum acre, ont of blow. CUCKOW is filent. Hawkweed, bufby, 168.5. umbell. LiLLy, RED Dav, 1191.2. H. Heme- rocallis fulva. All the marvels of Peru, 398. H. Mira- biles. The height of bay barveft. Thittle, fpear, 194.8. Carduus lanceslatus. ELper, pwarr, 461.4. Sambucus ebulus. Touch me not, 316.1. Impatiens o/s tangere. Saftron, meadow, 373.1. Colchicum qz- tumnale. Leaves fall. Teafel, wild and manured, 192.3. Dipfa- cus fullonum. Liiry, white, 1109. H. Lilium can- diduin. Teafel, finall wild, 192.3. Dipfacus pilofus. Thiftle, marfb tree fow, 163.8. Sonchus palufiris. Soapwort, 339.6,%. Saponaria officinalis. Grafs, Effex cocks foot, 393-4. Daétylis cynofuroides. Knapweed, great, 198.1. Centaurea /fra- biofa. Spikenard, Hieracium 282 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. July VIL xxiil. Spikenard, plowman’s, 179.1. Conyza Jquarrofa. xxiv. Elecampane, 176.1. Inula belenium. xxv. Fleabane, middle, 1774.1. Inula dyfenter. xxvi. Violet, Calathian, 274.1. Gentiana puneu- monantbe. Baum, 570. H. Melifla officinalis. xxvii. Thiftle, great [oft cr gentle, 193.3. Ser- ratula alpin. lat. Aug. VIIL 1. Chickweed, erry bearing, 267.1. Cucu- balus baccifer. Orpine, 269.1. Sedum telepbium. Mirabar celerem fugitiva ®ftate rapinam, Et dum nafcuntur confenuifie rofas. VIII. REAPING MONTH. From the devil's bit to the blow of the meadow Saffron. iv. DeviL’s BIT, 191.3. Scabiofa fucci/a. Rye barveft. Winter rye bas for maiy years ripened with the firff blow of the devil’s bit, in the garden at Upfal. BIRDS OF PASSAGE, after having ce- lebrated their nuptials in the vernal months, and feafted on the fummer fruits, now prepare for departing. vit. Rofe, French, Rola Gallica, out of blow. xiv. Wormwood, 188.1. Artemilia campefiris. xvi. Barley barveft. xxvi. Lilly, ved, out of blow, > THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 283 *IX. SOWING MONTH. From the firft blow of the meadow faffron to the de- parture of the fwallow. Pomifer autumnus fruges effudit et mox Bruma, recurrit iners. Aug. VIIL XXVill. SAFFRON, MEADOW, 373.1. Colchicum autumn. This plant ought to admonifb gardeners to put Indian plants under fbelter, as the iron nights are near. The IRON NIGHTS, as they are called with us, ge- nerally happen between Auguft 17 and 29, and de- Sfray tender plants. After the blow of the meadow [affron, we have Joris that [bake off ripe feeds. Fern, female, 124.1. Pteris aquilina, grow yellow in the woods after the firft cold nights. xxxi. A gentle froft that fearcely did any damage. Sept. IX. 1. Adonis flower, 251.1. Adonis annua Jer. Mulberry tree, 1429. H. Morus nigra, grows pale. iv. Figtree,1431. H. Ficus carica, grows pale. vi. Wormwood, fez, 188.2. Artemifia ma- rvilima. Travellers joy, 258.1. Clematis vitalba. Xi. The froft kas deftroyed fouthern plasts. Xil. The froft milder. Xiv. Seeds to be gathered. * 7 Crnenne - shila Lon on - - - By lowing, in this place, is meant net man’s but nature's. I Sampire THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 285 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. eT Er —rm— O¢. X. vi. Green leaves of the afb fall. When they Jall fouthern plants ought to be put under (riipmoid. Shelter. *SWALLOW goes under water. ii. Elm 7s flripped. “ . A Ss a a Sampire, golden flowered, 174.1. Inula J ? WAGTAIL, white, departs. A fori. ——— Froft. | xii. The leaves of the lime Iree fall. sie ep ——————— cig : Green houfes ought to be fhut. xill. The afp tree flill in leaf. .DDING MONTH. xiv. Ice. fall of the leaves of trees to the aft. xvii. Hafel nut iree tripped. | xxv. Abele, 446.2. Populus alla, Siripped, B «rm Ct Tears eve xxvi. Saffron, meadow, jut out of blow. XXI11. Orach, fea, 152.8. Artiplex maritima. if Poplar, black, iripped. 55 of trees are changed, of the oak, maple, robi- | Revi, Sunime cnded nia caragana, elm, lime, to a yellow , of the [pin- i. Salloves ant 2) od Csaneiotela Beng awe XXVIIL. datlows only in leaf. {ree to a vrown 5 of the quicken tree and fumach, _ to a red colour, Leaves of the oak dry and yellow. | Leaves of themaple begin to fall in the night, sree — Fan Frnfl FJ Vernantefque comas triftis ademit hyems. Perron. a — : 2. ful XI. FREEZING MON TLL Leaves of the robinia caragana fail, ” Part RT trom the laft fhedding Iv toe laft gree amore fripped of its leaves. rom the laft fhedding of leaves to the laft green vi A plant. Cherry, dird, firipped of its leaves. Wa cine, 7 iy Ape Nov. XI. - 1. Alternate fnow and froft. * Adamion in the account of his voyage to Scmegal, p. 121. fays, v. Milleria quinqueflora. that Oétober 1749, European fwallows lodged on the vec I in which Thaw with rain he went from Goree to Senegal, and that they are never feen there but oot Ze pp at this time of the year, along with quails, wagtails, kites, and fome The earth ccvered with Jew. other birds of paflage, and do not build nefts there. ‘I his teftimony Rivers are frozen. icems to take away all doubts about ths long contefted point, Surry with thaw ww ve v | Geminus, either from himfelf or Democritus, which is much the Firm Snow. faine, as Rome and Abdera were nearly in the fame latitude, ive Thaw; aoam that the ieaves of trees becan to drop tie Iourth of Scorpio, whic 8 aniwers to Oc¢teober 28. Green RE LS 286 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. Ditches filled with water. Winter thoroughly fettled. Heu quam cun&ta abeunt celer1 mortalia curfu, XII. DECLINING WINTER MONTH. From the laft green plant to the winter folftice. Nov. XL v. Moffes and lichens only flourifh. T bermometer, gr. 34.2. vi. Thaws. xx. Cold changeable weather. Quzlibet orta cadunt, et finem capta videbunt. CALENDAR of FLLOR A. By BENJAMIN STILLINGFLEET., Made at StratTon in NOR F O L K, 1 0 , nt Anno 1755. Latitude 52° 45” MARKS EXPLAINED. b fignifies buds {fwelled. B - - - - buds beginning to open. f - -- - - - flowers beginning to open FF - - - = = flowers full blown. | - - «= - - leaves beginning to open. [.-- - - leaves quite out. r. p. - - - fruit nearly ripe. R. P. - - fruit quite ripe. E - - - - emerging out of the ground. D - - - - flowers decayed. 289 | THE CALENDAR of FLORA. MONTH, Reviving nature feems again to breath, As loofen’d from the cold embrace of death. Jan. 5. Rofemary, 515. H. Rofmarinus offcinal. f. 11. Honeyfuckle, 458. Lonicera pericly- menum, |. 23. Archangel, red, 240.2. Lamium purpu- reum, F. Hafel nut tree, 439. Corylus avellana, f. Honeyfuckie, 458. Lonicera pericly- menuin, 1. Lauruftinus. 1690. H. Viburnum tinus, F. Holly, 466. llex aquifolium, f. Snow drops, 1144. Fl. Galanthus mvalis, F. Chickweed, 347.6. Alfine media, F. Spurry, 351.7. Spergula arvenfis, EF. Daily, 184. Bellis pei caus, F. er —————————e Hn- MONTH dre — Love’s pleafing ferment gently now begins To warm the flowing blood, U WOOD en ee ——— can o THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. Feb. 4. WO [17 gs. : : Elder tree, 461. Sambucus nigra, f. LUC) ; 5 7 o Br " (oileous beoin in 12. ROOKS, 39.3. Corvus frugilegus, vegin pair. aaa GEESE, 136.1. Anas, anfer, begin to lay. 7 TE, 7 & 7 7 * WAGTAIL WHITE, 75.1. Motacilia 71, APIA: alba, appears. } | 16. THRUSH, 64.2. Terdus mifics, ings. : A - T ~ 3 7 rs . * 3 ; ] bs. + CHAF FINCH, 88. [7 ngilla CELEL 1310S. ors for 7 20. Thermometer, 11. £ Thermometer, -2. I i Os. a3. PARTRIDGES, 57. Tetrao perdix, begin top. tana. F Hafel tree, 439. Corylus avellana, ¥. 2 z. Goofeberry buth, 1484. H. Ribes groffularia, 1. Currant, red, 456.1. Ribes OD LARK, 69.2. Adlauda arborea, Tiocheft this month. oweft this month. both young plants. rubrum, 1. ; 2.2 oy 1 in the 2 =th, be- Thermometer from the 10th fo te 2510, ; dz hs Span tween O aid -1 with mow. 2 A . ; 3 7 7 ir i} » montn Ee 137707 duvine the I pr I ) RE Monin tL Vi ind duving the latter ral] 0 € N tween E. and N. * The waetail is faid by Willughby to remain with us all the Ye 2 EE atl it (eems to me to {hift its quarters at le oh, i : ot oo out of England. However, it 1s certainly a i eqns um foo % tries if we can believe Aldrovandus, the author ith § reas and the author of the treatife De Migtsho- a N. Art. Motacilla, that mo! in the fevereit weather, paflage in of the Swec 1 { 3 3 " nibus Avium. us ¢ £.N via birds which live upon infects, and not grains, mig 80 alone, : +1 innzus favs, that the female cheng gon to Italy Blas, 1 L.ann2us 1ays, va ive' angme 1ts note, i 2 3 ale in the (pring, changing rete) Holland ; and that the male in t GR A os ¢he fummer : and Gefner, ornithol. p. 388. & Linnaeus oblerves, S. thro’ . but not the male. I11. chaflinch difappears in Switzerland in the winter, S———————————— THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 291 I. MONT H. Winter fill ling’ting on the verge of {pring, Retires reluctant, and from time to time Looks back, while at his keen and chilling breath Fair Flora fickens. March 2. ROOKS, 39.3. Corvus frugilegus, begin to build. T bermometer, 10. 4. THRUSH, 64.2. Turdus mu bens, fings. Thermometer, 11. 5. DOVE, RING, 62.9. Columba palumbus, coves. Thermometer, o. Loweft this month. Sallow, Salix, F. Lauruftinus, 1690. H. Viburnum tinus, 1, *BEES, p%s mellifera, out of the hive. Laurel, 1549. H. Prunus laurocerafus, 1. Bay, 1688. H. Laurus nobilis, 1. 20. Vernal equinox. 21. Grafs, fcurvy, 302.1. Cochlearia officinalis F. Afp, 446.3. Populus tremula, F. 26. Speedwell, germander, 279.4. Veronica agreftis, F, Alder, 442. Alnus betula, F., 28. Violet, fweet, 364.2. Viola odorata, F. Parfnep, cow, 20z. Heracleum /phondy- lium, F.. Pilewort, 296. Ranunculus fiearia, F. nN NJ > ee Comme. * Pliny, wat. hift. lib. 11. §. 5. lays, that bees do not come out of their hives before May 11. and fees to blame Ariftotle for that they come out in the beginning of ipring, i. e. March 12. U 2 T bermometer, {faying Ww, pn — Care 29 March 28. 29. » THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. Thermometer, 2 5.50. Higheft this month. Cherry tree, 463. Prunus cerafus, B. Currant buh, 456.1.Ribes rubrum, B. Primrofe, 284.1. Primula vers, E. Yew tree, 445. Taxus baccata, F. Elder, water, 460. Viburnum opulus, B. Thorn, haw, 453.3. Crataegus oxyacantha, B. Larch tree, 1405. H. Pinus /arix, B. Hornbeam, 451. Carpinus offryz, B. Tanfy, 188. Tanacetum vulgare, E. ee ——————— IW. MONT H. adie ue - Airs, vernal airs, Breathing the fmell of grove and field, attune The trembling leaves. MiLToON. April 1. Chefnut, hborfe, 1683. Zfculus bippoca/- tanum, B. Bircu, 443. Betula alba, L.. Willow, weeping, Salix Babyls- nica, 1. : Eim TREE, 468. Ulmus campefiris, F. Quicken tree, 452.2. Sorbus aucuparia, t. Apricot, 1533. H. Prunus Armeniaca, ¥. Narcifius, pale, 371.2. Narciflus pfeudo- nar. 3. Holly, 466.1. lex aquifolium, f. © Bramble, 467.1. Rubus [fruticofus, L. Rafberry bufh, 467.4. Rubus ides, LL. Currants, red, 456. Ribes rubrum, F . Dandelion, 10,1, Leontodon zaraxicur, E. Cleavers, 0 1 , THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 293 April 3. Cleavers, 225. Galium aparine, E. 4. Lauruftinus, 1690. H. Viburnum tinus, F. APPLE TREE, 451.1,2. Pyrus malus, B. Orpine, 269.1. Sedum telephium, B. Briar, 454.1. Rofa canina, 1. 6. Goofeberry, 148g. H. Ribes groffularia, £. Maple, 470.2. Acer campeftre, B. Peach, 1515. H. Amygdalus Perfica, L. et F. Apricot, 1533. H. Malus Zrmeniaca, L. Plumb tree, 462. Prunus precox, L. Pear tree, 452. Pyrus communis, B. *SWALLOW, 71.2. Hirundo urbica, returns. 7. ¥ilberd, 439. Corylus avellana, 1. Sallow, Salix, L. Alder, 442.1. Betula alnus, 1. Lilac, 1763. Syringa vulgaris, 1. Oak, 440.1. Quercus, robur, f. Willow, weeping, Salix Babylonica, b. - Juniper, 444. Juniperus communis, b. 9. Lilac, 1763. Syringa valgeris, b. Sycamore, 470. Acer pfeudoplatanus, L.. Wormwood, 188.1. Artemifia abfinthium, E. 1+ NIGHTINGALE, 78. Motacilla Ilu- Jeinia, fings. 0 U 3 Auricula, * According to Ptolemy, Swallows return to Egypt about the latter end of January, t From morn “till eve, “tis mufic all around ; Nor doft thou, Philomel, difdain to join, Even in the mid-day glare, and aid the quire. But thy fweet fong he for an hour apart, When folemn Night beneath his canopy, Enrich’d with flars, by Silence and by Sleep Attended, 204 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 2g; Gh ms April | April " 9. Raney 1082. H. Primula auricula, b. 13- 10. Bay, 1688. H. Laurus nobilis, L. Hornbe am, 451. Carpinus betulus, b. Willow, white, Ah . Salix alba, b. BEES about the male [allows. Feverfew, 187.1. Matricaria Parthenium, E. Dandelion, 170.1.]1.eontodon taraxicum,E. Hound’s tongue, 226.1. Cynogloffum officinale, E. Elm, 468. Ulmus np eftris, ANEMONE, wood, 259. Anemone nemo rofa, F. Jack in the hedge, 291. Eryfimum alliaria, E. (fines tree, 1452. H. Pyrus ¢ydonie, 1. Elder, water, jo. Viburnum opulus, 1.. Alder, berry bearing, 465. Rhamnus fran- gula, i Acacia, 1719. H. Robinia acacia, 1. Mulberry tree, 1429. FH. Morus nigra, 1. Lime tree, 473.1,2,3. Tilia Europea, \. Mercury, dogs, 138.1 Mercurialis pe- S *Elm, yeh, 469.4. L. Ragweed, 177. Senecio jacobea, Attended, fits and nods, in awful ftate ; Or when the Moon in her refulgent car, Triumphant rides amidft the filver clouds, Tinging them as fhe pafles, and with rays Of mile deft | uftre gilds the fcene below; While zephyrs bland breath thro’ the thickening fhade, With breath fo gentle, and fo {oft, that e’en The poplar’s trembling leaf forgets to move, And mimic with its found the vernal thower ; Then let me fit, and liften to thy ftrains, &c. Linnzus does not feem to know this fpecies of elm. Laburnum, 1721. Cyrifus laburnum, f. Strawberry, 2 54. Fragaria vefea, F. Quicken tree, 452.2. Sorbus aucuparia, L.. Sycomore, 470. Acer pfendoplat. L Laurel, 1549. H. Prunus learocerafus, L. Goofeberry buth, 1484. H. Ribes - fularia, F. Currant buth, 456.1. Ribes rudrum, F. Mallow, sth Malva Sri, ik Hornbeam, ; Flixweed, 298.3. Sify mbriun ig E. Apple tree, 451, Pyrus malus, 1.. Hops, 137.1. 1 Humulus lupinus, I. Plarctres, 1: 1706. H. Platanus or; Sentelts, b. Walnut tree, 438. Juglans regia, f. BITTERN, 160. 11. Ardea fellari 15, makes a noife. Vine, 1613. Vitis vinifera, B. Turneps, 204.1. Braffica ropa, F. Abele, $452 . Populus alba, B. Chefirt, 138.2. H. Fagus caftanea, B. Ivy, Lro IE 243. Glec “he yma beder aceaqa, F. Fig tree, 1431. Ficus carica : b. Apr icots and peaches ont of b RED STA \RT, 8.5. Motaci la Pheni- Curis, veiur 2 Tulip sh) 16go. H. Liriodendron ##/i- pifera, B Plumb tree, 19. m unus domeftica, F. Sorrel, wid. * a 81.1,2.0xalis ccetofella, F, Marygold, mar 2 72. Caltha paluftris, F. Laurel, [purge 465. "Day hne Za wreola, F Jack in the hedge, 291.2. Eryfimum alliaria, F. : U 4 Willow, 206 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. April 17. Willow, white, 447.1. Salix alba, L.. et I, Cedar, 1404. H. Pinus cedrus, 1. Elder, water, 460.1. Viburnum opulus, f, Abele, 446.2. Populus alba, L. *CUCKOW, 23. Cuculus canorus, fings, Oak, 440.1. Quercus, robur, 1. F. Thorn, lack, 462.1. Prunus /pinofus, B. Pear tree, 452. Pyrus communis, f. Mulberry tree, 1429. H. Morus nigra. B. Violet, dog, 364.3. Viola canina, F. ime tree, 413.7,2,3. Tilia Europea, 1, Nightfhade, 265. Atropa belladonna, E. Cherry tree, 463.1. Prunus cerafus, I. Afh tree, 469. Fraxinus excelfior, f. Maple, 470. Acer campefire, Li, Broom, 474. Spartium [coparium, b. Chefnut, 138.2. Fagus caftanca, 1. Fir, Scotch, 442. Pinus fylveftris, b. Cuckow flower, 299. Cardamine pratenfis, Thermometer, 42. the bigheft this month. . Walnut-tree, 438. Juglans regia, L. Plane tree, 1706. H. Platanus orientalis, L., Fir, Weymouth, 8. dend. Pinus teda, B. Anas, 1719. H. Robinia pfendo-acacia, Fig tree, 1431. H. Ficus cari¢a, L. Wall flower, 291. Cheiranthus cheiri, F. Poplar, black, 446.1. Populus nigra, L. Beech tree, 439.1. Fagus fylvatica, L. Fir, balm of Gilead, Pinus balfamea, , etf A * Ariftophanes fays, that when the cuckow fung the Pheenicians eaped wheat and barley, Vid, Aves, Young April THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. » 97 22. Young Apricots. Fir, Scotch, 442. Pinus Plveftris, f. Ash, 469. Fraxinus excelfior, F. et I. Broom, 474. Spartium Jeoparium, 1. Poplar, Carolina. I Meadow fweet, 259. Spirea ulmaria, EF, Fig tree, 1431. H. Ficus carica, fruit formed. Tormentil, 254.1. Tormentilla erefla, E se Phyllerea, 1585. H. Phyllerea latifolia, F Thorn, evergreen, 1459. H. Mefpilus py- racantha, F. Rofemarss 515. H. Rofmarinus officinalis, 4 Campion, white, 339.8. Lychnisdioica, F, Buckbean, 283.1. Menyanthes trifol. F Furze, needle, 476.1. Genifta Anglica, F. Stitchwort, 346.1. Stellaria boloftea, F. . Crab tree, 451.2. Pyrus malus fylv. F. Apple tree, 451.1. Pyrus malus, f, Robert, berb, 358. Geranium Robertion. F. Fieldfares, 64:3. Turdus pilarisy fill here - Broom, 474. Spartium Jeoparium, ¥, ours 156.15. Chenopodium Zonus Yew tree, 445. Taxus baccifera, 1 Holly, 466.1. lex aquifolium, B. E Furze, 475. Ulex Europeus, 1. Agrimony, 202. Agrimonia eupator. EF, Sycomore, 470. Acer pfendoplar. F. Hornbeam, 451. Carpinus betulus, F, Alp, 446. Populus tremula, |. : pharge, fur, 31 3.8. Euphorbia peplus, F. » 401.1, Sambucus migra, f, Nettle, 139. Urtica dicica, F. 298 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. April 25. Bindweed, fall, 275.2. Convolvulus ar- venf. E. Fir, balm of Gilead, Pinus balfamea, 1.. Cicely, wild, 207.1. Charophyllum fy/- veftre, I. Young currants and goofeberries. Plantain ribwort, 314.5. Plantago lan- ceol. F. Germander, wild, 281.11. Veronica cha- med. ¥. Cuckow pint, 266. Arum maculatuimn, [patha out. Holly, 466. Ilex aquifolium, F. Harebells, 373.3. Hyacinthus nonfcript. F. Livac, 1763. H. Syringa vulgaris, F. Crane’s bill, field, 357.2. Geranium ¢ cutar. F. St. John’s wort, 342.1. Hypericum per- forat. E. Betony water, 283.1. Scrophularia qual. E. Bryony, white, 261. Bryonia alba, E. Birch tree, 443.1. Betula alba, F. Jeffamine, 1599.1. HL. Jafminum offici- nale, 1. Thorn, white, 453.3. Crategus oxyacan- tha, f. * BILACK CAP, 79.12. Motacilla atrao- capilla, Jings. : sch ; i... Nfs * The black cap is a very fine finging bird, and is by fome in Nor folk called the mock nightingale. Whether it be a bird of paffage | cannot fay. WHITE THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 299 April 28. *WHITE T AT, 4 I IT] E THROAT, 77. Motacilla blvia. foo! Pers 444.1. Juniperus communis, f, Aarderny bufh, 467.4. Rubus ideus, f. Quince tree, 1452. H. Malus Cydon. f. Crowfoot, faweet wood, 24.8.1. Ranunculus anric. F. Bugle, 245. Ajuga, reptans, F. SN 2 Bay, 1688. H. Laurus nobilis, f, Peas and beans, f. Snow. Sh arcl usidl 5p A Chervil, wild, 207.1. Chaerophyllum fe- mulent, f. Parfnep, cow, 205.1. Heracleum [phon- dyl. t. Pine, manured, 1398.1. H. Pinus pine, f. : Snow. + Thermom. 5. The loweft this month. * : eas ; I have fome doubt whether this bird be the Sylvia of Lins though the defcription feems to anfwer to Ray's, and to on: own whi % » Reo : 3 : .id) y all TO ( ’ ch I find a nong my papers. Ne of mv J4.C OI II} + Vern: o Hin , 1 : : { nal heat, according to Dr. Hales, at a medium, is 18.2 -, V. MONT H. All that is fweet to fmell, all that can charm Or eye or ear, burfls forth on every f{ide, And crouds upon the fenfes. May 1. Crofswort, 2273.1. Valantia cruciota, F. Avens, 253.1. Geum wrbanum, F. Mugwort, 191.1. Artemifia campeftris, E. Bay, 1688. H. Laurus nobilis, 1., s00 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. May 3. Lilly of the valley, 264. Convallaria Mai- May alis, f. Violet water, 285. Hottonia paluftris, F. 4. Lettuce lambs, 201. Valeriana locufta, F. Tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera, L. Hound’s tongue, 226.1. Cynogloffum officinale. Cowflips, 284.3. Primula veris, F. Valerian, great wild, 200.1. Valerian THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 301 11. Maple, 470.2. Acer campefire, F, Rofes, garden, f. 12. Barberry buth, 465. Berberis vulgaris, F, Chefnut, borfe, 1683. H. Zfculus bip- pocas. F. Buglofs, mall wild, 227.1. Lycopfis ar- Pom 2 7 ycopfis ar 13. Grafs, water frorpion, 229.4. Myofotis officinalis, F. Rattle, yellow, 284.1. Rhinanthus ¢rifla galli, F. Ice. Thermom. 8. The loweft this month. ¥ir, filver, buds burt by the frofl. 5. Twayblade, 385. Ophrys ovata, f. Tormentil, 257. Tormentilla erefta, F. Celandine, 309. Chelidonium majus, E. Betony, 238.1. Betonica officinalis, E. 6. Oak, 440. Quercus, robur, F. et L. Time for [owing barley. Saxifrage, white, 354.6. Saxifraga granu- lata, F. Afh, 469. Fraxinus exelfior, f. Ramfons, 370.5. Alam wr/inum, F. Nettle, white, 240.1. Lamium album, F. Quickentree, 452.2. Sorbus aucuparia, F. 14. Mulberry tree, 1429. H. Morus nigra, 1, 15. Young turkies. Jeorploid. F. Quince tree, 1452. H. Pyrus Cydonia, F. Cleavers, 225. Galium aparine, F. Alp, 446.3. Populus tremula, 1. Crowfoot, bulbous, 247.2. Ranunculus bulbos., F. Butter cups, 247. Ranunculus repens, F, 1% tree, 47 3. Tilia Europea, f. Tilk wart, 267.152. Polygala vulgaris, F, C rane’s bill, 359-16. Geranium molle, F, Walnut, 1376. H. Juglans regia, F, 5 bare ; : rd 16. Muftard, bedge, 298.4. Eryfimum offici- 20. nale, F. > Iai yy Bryony, black, 262.1. Tamus communis, I, Many oaks, and more afbes and beeches, Jill without leaf, v, Fir, Scotch, 442. Pinus fylvefris, F, 8. Woodruffe, 224. Afperula odgrata, I. 9. Chefnut tree, 1382. H. Fagus caftanea, f. 10. Celandine, 309. Chelidonium majus, F. V iolet, fweet, 364.1. Viola odora, D. Stitchwort, 346. Stellaria holoftea, D. Anemone, wood, 259.1. Anemone ne- Solomon’s feal, 664. Convallaria poly- gonat. F. Thorn,white,453.3. Crateegusoxyacantha, . 3 Maple, morofa, D. Cuckow flower, 299.20. Cardamine pra- tenfis, D. Earth nut, 209. Bunium, bulbocaft. F. Mulberry tree, 1429. H, Morus #icra, f Nig ht- SEN RT TREE Re eee RR 2 302 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. May "21. Nightthade, 265. Atropa belladonna, f. Rye, 288. Secale bybernum, in ear. 23. Pellitory of the wall, 158.1. Parietaria officin. ¥. 24. Bramble, 467. Rubus fruticofus, f. 25. Moneywort, 283.1. Lyfimachia nummul. F. Columbines, 173.1. Aquilegia vulgar. I. in the woods. 26. Tanfy, wild, 256.5. Potentilla anferina, I. Henbane, 274. Hyofcyamus niger, F. 27. Campion, white, 339.8. Lychnis divica, I. Clover, 328.6 Trifolium pratenfe, I. 28. Avens, 262.1. Geum wrbanum, F. Chervil, wild, 20%. Chzrophyllum 7e- mulent. F. 30. Bryony, black, 262.1. Tamus communis, F. Brooklime, 280.8. Veronica beccabunga, I. Cuckow flower, 338. Lychnisflos cuculi, I. Crefles, water, 300.1. Sifymbrium nafturt. F. Thermom. 32. Higheft this month. 31. Spurrey, 351.7. Spergula arvenfis, F. Alder, berry bearing, 465. Rhamnus fran- gula, F. VI. MONT HH. Now the mower whets his {cythe, And every thepherd tells his tale Under the hawthorn in the dale. MiLTON. June 2. Elder, water, 460.1. Viburnum opulus, F. Lilly, yellow «wcter, 368.1. Nymphza lutea, F. Flower — THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 303 June 2. Flower de luce, yellow water, 374. Iris pfendo-acor. F. Mayweed, flinking, 185.3. Anthemis cotula, F, Pimpernel, 282.1. Anagallis arvenfis, F. Arfinait, 145.4. Polygonum perficaria, F. Thyme, 430.1. Thymus ferpylium, F. Parfnep, cow, 205. Heracleum /[phon- dylium, F. Quicken tree, 452. Sorbus aucuparia, D. Radith, horfe, 301.1. Cochlearia armo- rac. F. Thorn, evergreen, 1459.3. H. Mefpilus pyracantha, F. Bramble, 467. Rubus fraticofus, F. T GOAT SUCKER, or FERN OWI, 27. Caprimulgus Europeus, is heard in the evening. yi oR Vine, 1613. H. Vitis vinifera, b. Flix weed, 298.3. Sifymbrium fsphia, F. Rafberry buth, 467.4. Rubus deus, F. Mallow, dwarf, 251.2. Malva rotundi- folia, F. Elder, 461.1. Sambucus #igra, F. ib ae leffer, 346. Stellaria graminea, Tare, everlafting, 320.3. Lathyrus praten- Jis, I. Pliny, lib. 11. §. 14.{ays, the chief time for bees to make honev is about the folftice, when the vine and thyme are in blow. According - 1 » 2 Po to his account then thefa plants are as forward in England as in Italy. os Ne bi is faid by Catefby, as quoted by the author of the reatife De Migrationibus Avium, to be a bird of paflage. Gout 04 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 305 oR a a et —— June 6. Gout weed, 208.3. Agopodium podagrar. June F s Bryony, white, 261.1,2. Bryonia alba, F. ROSE, DOG; 454.1. Rofa canina, ¥. ; Buglofs vipers, 227.1. Echium vulgare, F. 7. Grafs, vernal, 398.1. Anthoxanthum odorat. F. Darnel, red, 395. Lolium perenne, F. Poppy, wild, 308.1. Papaver Jomnifer, F. Buckwheat, 181. H. Polygonum fago- pyrum, EF. ; 8. Pondweed, wry Pevehs 145.9. Poly+ onum amphib. F. Sete, ii Sanicula Europea. F. g. Eyebright, *284.1. Euphrafa officinalis, Heath, fine leaved, 471.3. Erica anerea, F. Saxifrage, bugle, hyacinth, D. Broom, 47 4. I. Spartium fcepariuit, podded. Nettle, hedge, 237. Stachys fylvatica, F. 12. Wheat, 386.1. Triticum hybernum, in ear. Meadow fweet, 259.1. Spir®a ulmaria, f. SCABIOUS, FIELD, I9I.1. Scabiofa arven- fis, F. Valerian, great water, 200.1. Valeriana officinal. £. Cinquefoil, mark, 256.1. Comarum pa- luftre, F. : Orchis, leffer butterfly, 380.18. Orchis bifolia, F. : 13, Willow heh, gree hairy, 311.2. Epilo- tum birfutum, So Sp 205. Heracleum Jphondyl F. Betony, water, 283.1. Scrophularia agua’. k. Cockle, 13. Soaks, 338.3. Agroftemma githago, F. vage, 510.7. H. Salvia officinalis, F 15: a 251.1. Malva fylveftris, F. irotswar, 173.1. Lapfana communis, F. oodbind, 458.1,2. Lonicera pericly- men. f. NIGHTINGALE, Jings rf hg : 0. Kir, Weymouth, 8. dend. Pinus teda, F - » » Bh : : 2 3 Hacplock, 215.1. Conium maculatun, F. ighitthade, woody, 265. Solanum dulca- mara, F, J Srehangs, white, 240. Lamium album, F. 7. Vervain, 236. Verbena officinalis, F. rman, 202. Agrimonia expator, F, emlock, Watery, 215. Phellandrium aquatic. I, Aeacls, 1719. H. Robinia pfendo-acacia, 18. Yarrow, 183, Achillea millefolium, F. 19. Thermom. 44.25. Highet this month. 21. Orache, wild, bum, F. Solftice. About this time ROOKS to their neft trees at night, ean, 386.1. Triticum bybernum, I, : v3 388.1. Secale bybernum, F. a . * oO . . ~ & hed) 238. Prunella vulgaris, f, arfley, bedge, 219.4. Tordylium anthri/. cus, f. : & affes of many kinds, as fefluca, aira, agrof- us, phleum cynofirys, iu ear : 22. Horel oft, 239. Stac 22. Horehound nica, F, 154-1. Chenopodium a/- come not » bajo, 239. Stachys Gersig- Xx S hy {: 306 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. hy St. John's wort, 342. Hypericum perfo- ratum, F ; ; 2 6.1. Paftinaca fativa, F. Ea tin, 287. Verbafcum thap/us, wild, 308. Papaver Jomnifer, . 23 bg 208.3. H. Delphinium Ajacis, EF Marygold, corn, 182.1. Chryfanthemum eget. I. : ans iy 515. H. Rofmarinus officinalis, D. . 0. . . Vine, 1613. H. Vitis vinifera, F. i ’ . : Bindweed, great, 275.2. Convolvulus 4 venfis, I. on er 187. Matricaria pani F. Woad, wild, 366.2. Refeda onda, : 3 Rocket, dafe, 366.1. Refeda ton i Archangel, yellow, 240.5. Galeopfis g obdolon, F. A Wheat, 38 6.1. Triticum hy F. T bermom. 20. The loweft this month. . Clover mowed. ae Pennywort, mar/b, 222. Hydrocotule vx : EF. . . ry Nore [weet 259. Spirea nis F. 28. Oats manured, 38. Avene fare, ‘ i Barley, 388. Hordeum vx/gare, SR Midfummer fhoots of apricct, oak, , elm. vl Svccory, wilp, 172.1. Cichortum snty bus, F. E : cyanss, F. Blue bottles, 18. Centaurea ¢y a. n of THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 307 June 28. Knapweed, gress, | 98. Centaurea [iq- biofa, F. 30. Currants ripe. According to Dy, Hales, May and June beat is, at q medium, 28. 5. * The groves, the fields, the meadows, now no more With melody refound, "Tis filence all, As if the lovely fongfters, overwhelm’d By bounteous nature’s Plenty, lay intranc’d In drowfy lethargy. * I heard no birds after the end of this month, except the STONE CURLEW, 108.4. Charadrius Oedicnemus, whiftling late at night; the YELLOW HAMMER, 93.2. Emberiza flava ; the GOLD. FINCH, 89.1. and GOLDEN CRESTED WREN, 79.9. Mota- cilla regulus, now and then chirping, I omitted to note down when the cuckow left off finging, but, as well as 1 remembe. this time, Ariftotle ry it was about fays, that this bird difappears about the rifing of the dog far, i. e. to wards the latter end of July. EE Er ere perme VI. MONTH Berries and pulpous fruits of various kinds, The promife of the blooming fpring, now yield Their rich and wholefome Juices, meant ¢ allay The ferment of the bilious blood. July 2. Beech, 439. Fagus flvatica, F. Pearlwort, 345.5. Yagina procumbens, F. Carrot, wild, 218. Daucus carrota, F, Grafs, dog, 390.1. Triticum repens, in ear. Violet, Calathian, » 74 Gentiana prey. monan. F, ilver weed, 2 56. 5. Potentilla anferina, F, Betony, 238.1. Betonica officinalis, F. Nightthade, enckanters, 289. Cir caxa lute liana, f. X 2 Lavender, Se RE CEES Se RC gi a yr sip SEER SE sem EE 108 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA: July 6. Lavender, 512. Lavendula fpica, F. I V Vib i V1 CUS i . g ? y Furze, 475. Ulex genifia, Pye it rt 7 3 4 aii Cow wheat, eyebright, 284.2. Euphrafia Lint. F oaont. x. ] ] 5 I s deltoides 2. Pinks, maiden, 335.1. Dianthu y F lo Tanfey, 188.1. Tanacetum a : ft ellow alium Bed-ftraw, lady's yellow, 224. ‘sali verum, I. ; at Save. wood, 245. Teucrium fceroaonia, F. Et at i1. Spinacia oleracia, ¥. Spinach, 162. H. Sp ack, ¢ qT bermom. 22. Loweft this mont. oi 4 - : . . > y " ca vl- 9. Angelica, wild, 208.2. Angch [ veflris, I. Strawberries ripe. nr ; Fennel, 217. Anethum fenicului, fF ; Yeans. didnev, $84. H. Phaleolus vulgaris, podded. : id rio Parfley, 88.4. H. Apum ne te 256 Jrofera 356.3. 1 10. 1 LatspAd Sun dew, round leaTed, fol. F. silly 7 Ip rors o APO 1era Lon- Sun dew, long leaved, 356.4 Dro - ,~ 7 \ ifol. EF. mn i I 5 colife. 1100. H. Lilium candid, f Ein bh : Verbafcum pwic- ] arnt 21/11 i olunal) 11. Mullein, hoary, moid. KF. Plantain, great, r. ~ Yt WILLOW, SPIKED, of I heophr, 500. H. Spirea falicifel. F. 10G0. I. Spirea Jaueifor ; pis JeMamine, 1599. H. Jatminum officinaits Chile iiil gy 314.1,2. Plantago mar, {t harrow, 2132 Onenis ping, 4, Xs Reit harrow, 33 Hy Top, THE CALENDAR OF FLORA: 309 July 11. Hyffop, 516. H. Hyflopus officinalis, F. Potatoes, 615.14. H, Solanum tuberofum, F. Second fhoots of the maple. Bell flower, round leaved, 274.5. Campa- nula, F. LiLLy, waite, 1109. H. Lilium can- didum, F. Ralberries ripe. Figs yellow, Lime TREE, 473. Tilia Europea, F. Knapweed, 198.2. Centaurea jacea, F. Stonecrop, 269. Sedum rupeftre, I. Grafs, knot, 146. Polygonum eviculare, F. Grafs, bearded dog, 39¢.2. Triticum ca- ninum, I. Thermom. 39. Higheft this month. Afparagus, 267.1. Afparagus gfficinals, berries. Mugwort, 190,1. Artemifia vulgaris, F. Willow herb, purple [piked, 367.1. Ly- thrum /falicaria, F, YOUNG PARTRIDGES. Agrimony, water bemp, 187.¥. Bidens tripart. ¥ Flax, purging, 362.6. Linum catharticum, ee ey Hy “ a So pina A Ra Fa A Arimart, fpotted, 145.4. Polygonum per- Sicaria, FF. Lilly, martagon, 1112, Fl. Lilium mar- tagon. HENS moult. Orpine, 269. Sedum telephinm, f, Hart’s tongue, 116. Afplenium /ro/s- pendra, EF, Pep LJ RE - ots 310 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 314 t July | Augu i a - x a rr RaiER —— 2. Pennyroyal, 235. Mentha pulegium, ¥. : Boils 461.1. Rubus fraticofus. Fruit red. : Lauruftinus, 16go. H. Viburnum nus, f 24. Elecampane, 176. Inula belenium, F. Amaranth, 202. H. Amaranthus can- datus, F. 27. Bindweed, great, 275.1. Convolvulus fe- ium, ¥. ; 28. i great water, 257.1. Alifma plan tago, F. i Mint, water, 233.6. Mentha aquatica, ¥. Willow herb, 311.6. Epilobium palufire, FP, Thiitle tree fow, 163.7. Sonchus arvenjis, F, : Burdock, 197.2. Arétium lappa, f. Saxifrage, burnet, 213.1,2, Pimpinella exifraga, ¥. ; ; pT, 191.3. Scabiofa fuccifa, F. 30. Nightthade, common, 288.4. Solanum nigrum, F. DOVE, RING, 62.9. Columba palumbus, Coo0eEs. vil. MONT H. Pour’d from the villages, a numerous train Now fpreads o'er all the fields, In form’d array The reapers move, nor fhrink for heat or toil, By emulation urg’d, Others diipers d, J . gi . - - . . 4 - . n Ci bind in fheaves, or load or gods Be wal Thar tinkles as it pafies. Far behind, Old ace and infancy with careful hand , = 3 * 13 y > 7 Pick up each ftragglng ear, &¢. 1. Melilot, 331.1. Trifolium officinale, F. Rue, 874.1. Ruta graveolens, F. Soapwort, 339.6. Saponaria officinalis, F. Bedtraw, white, lady's, 224.2. Galium paluftre, F. Parfnep, water, 300. Sifymbrium naofturs. F. Oats almoft fit to cut. 3. Barley cut. 5. Tanfy, 188.1. Tanacetum vulgare, F. Onion, 1115. H. Allium cepa, F. 7- Horehound, 239. Marrubium vu/gare, F. Mint, water, 233 6. Mentha aquat. F. Nettle, 139. Urtica divica, F. Orpine, 269.1. Sedum telephium, F. NUTHATCH, 47. Sitta Europea, chatters. 8. Thermom. 20. Lowe to the 27th of this month. 9. Mint, red, 232 5. Mentha gentilis, F. Wormwood, 188.1. Artemifia abfinthium, F. 12. Horehound, water, 236.1. Lycopus Eu- ropeus, F. Thittle, lady’s, 195.12, Carduus marianus, Burdock, 196. Arctium lappa, F. ROOKS come to the neft trees in the evening, but do not roof? there. 14. Clary, wild, 237.1. Salvia verdenaca, F. STONE CURLEW, 108. Charadrius oedicnemus, whiftles at night. 15. Mallow, vervain, 2 52. Malva elcea, F. X 4 GOAT 312 THE CALENDAR or FLORA. Auguft 15. GOAT SUCKER, 26.1. Caprimulgus Europeus, makes a noife in the evening, and young owls. *Thermom. 35. The bigheft to the 27th of this month. Orach, wild, 154.1. Chenopodium album. ROOKS roof on their neff trees. GOAT SUCKER, no longer beard. Peas and wheat cut. Devil's bit, yellow, 164.1. Leontodon autumnal. F, ROBIN RED BREAST, 78.3. Mota- cilla rubecula, fings Goule, 443, Myrica gale, F.R. Golden rod , marfb, 176.2. Senecio pa ludofus, F Smallage, 214. Apium graveolens, F. Teafcl, 192.2. Dipfacus fullonum, F. Vipers come aut of their holes fill. IX MONT H. How {weetly nature ftrikes the ravifh’d eye Thro’ the fine veil with which fhe oft conceals Her charms in part, as confcious of decay! September 2. WiLLow HERB, yellow, 282.1. Lyf machia vulgaris, ¥. Traveller’s joy, 258. Clematis vitalba, I. * From the 27th of this month to the roth of September i was from home, and therefore cannot be fuye that i faw the firft blow of the plants during that interval G ra {5 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. 313 — September 5. Grafs of Parnaffus, 355. Parnaflia pa- luftris, F. | 10. Catkins of the hafel formed. Thermom. 17. The loweft from the yoth ts the end of this month. Catkins of the birch formed Leaves of the Scotch fir fall. Bramble fill in blow, though [ome of the fruit bas iil ripe Joe time 5 fo that there are grees 4 red, ard black berries 2 the fame individual plant at the e fame 0” Ivy, 459. Hedera helix, f. Leaves of the [ycomore, birch, lime, moun- tain afb, elm, begin to change, Furze, 475. Ulex Europeus, F. Catkins of the alder formed. Thermom. 36.75. The bigheft from the 10th to the end of this month. CHAFIFINCH, 88. Fringilla calebs, chirps. Herrings. FERN, FEMALE, 124.1. Pteris aquilina, turned brown. Ath, mountain, 452.2. Sorbus aucuparia, F.R, Laurel, 1549. H, Prunus laurocerafus, f. x. Hors, ion ulus lupulus, 137.1. f. 1. SWALLOWS gone. Full moon. Autumnal wquinox. WOOD LARK, 69.2. Alauda arbors: Sings. FIELD FARE, 64.3. Turdus piles, appears, Leaves 314 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. September 25. Leaves of the plane tree, tawny---of the bafel, yellow---of the oak, yellowifh green -—-of the [ycomore, dirty brown---of the maple, pale yellow---of the afb, fine lemon ---of the elm, orange---of the hawthorn, tawny yellow---of the cherry, red---of the hornbeam, bright yellow---of the willow, Jill hoary. 27. BLACK BIRD figs. 29. THRUSH, 64.2. Turdus muficus, Sings, 30. *Bramble, 467.1. Rubus fruzicojus, F. * Autumnal heat, according to Dr, Hales, at 2 medium, is 18.23. X MONTH Arife, ye winds, ’tis now your time to blow, And aid the work of nature. On your wings The pregnant feeds convey’d fhall plant a race Far from their native foil. October 1. Bryony, black,262. Tamus communis, F. R. Elder, marfh,460.1.Viburnum opuius,F.R. Elder, 461.1. Sambucus nigra, F. R. Briar, 454.1. Rofa canina, ¥. R. Alder, black, 46 5. Rhamnus frangula, FR. Holly, 466. llex aquifolium, F. R. Barberry, 465. Berberis vulgaris, F. R. Nightfhade, woody, 265. Solanum du/- camara. F. R. . Thorn, black, 462.1. Prunus /pinofa, FR. het CROW, THE CALENDAR OF FIORA. 315 O&qber 2. *CROW, ROYSTON, 39. 4. Corvus Cornix, returns. 5. Catkins of [allows formed. 6. Leaves of afp almeft all o ---of chefnut, yellow---of birch, gold-coloured. Thermom. 26.50. Higheft this month. . BLACK BIRD, 65,1. Turdus merula, Sings. Wind high 5 rooks [port and dafh about as in play, and repair their nefts. Spindle tree, 468.1. Euvonymus Eu- ropeus, F. R. Some afb trees quite fripped of their leaves. Leaves of matfh elder of a beautiful red, or rather pink colour. WOOD LARK fings. + RING DOVE ¢ooes. . WOOD LARK /ings. Several plants fill in flower, as panfy, white bebn, black nonefuch, bawkweed, buglofs, gentian, fmall ftitchwort, Ec. in grounds not broken up. A great mift and perfelt calm not [5 much as a leaf falls. Spiders webs innu- merable appear every where. Woodlark Sings. Rooks do not ftir but fit quietly on their nefl trees. 16. GEESE, WILD, 136 4. Anas, anfer, leave the fens and go to the rye lands. ~~ * Linnzus obferves in the Syftema Natura, and the Fauna Suecic 3, that this bird is ufeful to the hufbandman, tho’ ill treated by him. t Ariftotle fays, this bird does not coos in the winter, unlefs the weather happens to be mild, 316 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. O&ober 22. WOODCOCK, 104. Scolopax rufticols, returns. Some afb trees fill green. 24. LARK, SKY, 69.1. Alaudaarvenfs, fing: Privet, 465.1. Liguftrum vulgare, F. R, 26. Thermom, 7. Loweft this month. | Honeyfuckle, 458.1,2. Lomicera per iclymen, Jf 2. Snow melts. Jill in flower in the hedges, and mallow . 1 BRow gone. and feverfew. 3. Fields quite green. or WILD GEESE continue going to the rye 5. Plants at full ry lands. ] 25. Plants in full blow. Now from the north Of Norumbega, and the Samoeid fhore, Burfting their brazen dungeons, arm’d with ice, Fruits ripe. Plants {hed their feeds. Snow. From this time to June 23, fnow and ice 3 {0 tho by this account, plants, from the coming out of the ground to the ripening of their feeds, take but a i month. And the pring, fummer and Here ends the Calendar, being interrupt autumn. are crouded into the {pace of ed by my going to London. During § ~6 days. This account is tak en from the whole time it was kept, the ba: 2 treat publithed in the Aman. rometer fluctuated between 29.1. and Academ. vol. iv. and agrees with one 29.9. except a few days, when it funk i have feen quoted out of Gmelin, who to 28.6. and rofe to 30. was in Sibiria many years. And fnow and hail, and flormy guft, and flaw, Boreas, and Caecias, and Argeftes loud, And Thrafcias rend the woods, and {eas up-turn. MivrTon. THEOPHRASTUS, By « re oO tr od Co Qo eZ a Zz = _ < . r ry. 3 is Sims tree, 473. Tha Europea, PiAvpee, LL. , aple, 470.2. Acer campeftris, vrua, L a Ag» [ > : : pple tree, 451. Pyrus malus, pirea, L. VYs 459. Hedera, helix, (los, L. ; cam tree, white, 453. Crataeous aria Liz, L. = H 26. Tree of life “hui Tree of life, 1408. H. Thuia sicident. Cuciay i. April 4. ———— S CC( ry 7 1C ] 7 iH HAV u . ) y I 2. Cichorium; 1Lyl Sui ‘ore Vy I . 1" / Y May 12, Beginning of SUMMER. 15 — Wheat barvejt. P'urpentine tree, 1557. H. Piftacia se- ’ rebin, respi v FR. Flower of Conftantinople, 992.1. H. Lychnis Chalced. 21.1, F. Rofe campion, gg3.2. H. Lychnis co- roRar. 4 io. alin, F, Afphodel, yellow, 1192.4. H. Afphodelus A luteus, pL pos De, F. fh tree, 468. Fraxi : > “iy raxinus excelfior, pilic, Maple, 470.2. Acer pfeudo-platanus, o@adeaus@., F. R, Poe, 1398. H. Pinus flveftris, #iu-, F. Ear tree, common, 1396.2. Pinus abics weunry F. : ¥ 3 Fir 326 THE CALENDAR OF FLORA. ergy June 20 — * Fir tree, yew leaved, 1394. Pinus picea, eaa, ¥. Yew tree, 445. Taxus baccata, pA, F, R. Cornel tree, 1536. H. Cornus mas, wpavec, F. R. Midfummer fboots of the oak. The fig, the vine, and the pomegranate, Shoot later. July 23 Cuckow difappears. 30. Etefian winds blow. f thefe two firs is the sreuxn and which : ich o « Botanifts doubt whic y flowers the exa]n. Theophraftus fays exprefsly that the TEU ; fome days before the ga «Jn, and therefore this queftion might be pro- bably decided. Auguft ogi Beginning of AUTU M N. Lilly, Lilium, Aspiov, F. Crocus, 1173.3. Crocus autumnal, por Gy F. Dogberry, 460. Cornus [anguinea, Enaunpaved, F. R. Alder, 442. Betula anus, x Andoots F.R. Quarv, 58.6, Tetrao, corurnixs, opivs, de- parts. Sept. 20 — CRANE, 95. Ardea, grus, yepavos, departs. Autumn fboots of trees. October oo ; 1s, robury 3 pus, E.R. 12 — Oak, 440. Querct di Chefnut, THE CALENDAR OF FI.LORA. October 12 — Chef; 28 1. F: Chefaut, 1382. H. Fagus, caftanca, 5. [ors CLVOG, E. R. Yisrr {3a oo Chrift’s thorn, 1708. H. Rhamnus paliur. wariso., FF. R. Hawthorn, 453.3. Cratzgus oxyacantha, ozvaxaxviy , F. R. ti onl Holm 02K, 1391. H. Quercus coccifer, wrwvogy, FF. R. Alaternus, 1608.1. H. Rhamnus alatern. ¢t2 un, F. R. h — f Ww > 9 Venice fumach, 1696. H. Rhus cotinus, woolen, F. i ppletree, 451. Pyrus malus, ur2 ex. F. R. eam tree, white, 453. Crategus aria . o > epics EF. R. Lime tree Tili ! N 1 ) re 473 1iha Europea, Qs usin, Box tree, 445. Buxus fempervivens, wuts, 327 Beginning of WINTER. Novem. 15 — Ivy, 459. Hedera belix, 3170, F. R. uniper, 444. H. Juniperus communis, eprivhor, F, R. Tree of life, 1408. H. Thuia occidens. Huei, F. R. Jew tree, 445. Taxus baccata, wins, FR. €ar tree, 1450. Pyrus communis ; HY. A y! ommunnis, ALAS F. R. ie Arbutus, 1547.2. H. afpayviy F. R. Y 4 INDEX. i N DE X g> The large Roman Numerals refer to the Months of both Cale dars ; the fmall Numerals to the Days of the Monty of the Swe. difh ; the common Figures to the Englifh. A. ACER, IV. 6. 13.18.25. V. 2. Achellea, VI. xxii. xxix. VII. vi. vii. VL 18. Ala, VI. vil. Adonis, VI. xiii. ix. 1. Adoxa, V. viii. Aegopodimn, VI. 6. Aefculus, V. xvi. IV. 1. V. 12. Agrimonia, VIL vi. IV. 24. V.17. Agroftema, VIL. v. VI. 13. Ajuga, V, xxx. IV. 29. Alauda, IIL xx. II. 4. 1X. X. 10.14. 24. Alchemilia, V. xxv. Alifma, VII. 28. Allium, Vi 6, VIII. Alopeurus, VI. iv. Alnus, I11. 26, Alfne, I. 26. Amaranthus, VII. 24. Amygdalus, IV. 6. Anagallis, VI. 2. Anas, 1V. vii. IL 12. X. 16. 26. Anemone, IV. xvi. V. ii. 1V. 10. V. 20. Anethum, VII. 9. Angelica, VIL o. Anthemis, VI. xxiii. xxix. VI. 2. Anthericum, VL ii, Anthyllis, VI. xii. Anthoxanthum, VI. 7. Antirrhinum, VI. xxviii. Apis, IIL 2. IV, 10. Apium, VIL 10. VIII. 29. Aquifolium, IV. 13. Aquilegia, VI. vii. V. 23. ArQium, VII. ix, VII. 28. Ardea, 1V. 14. Artemifia, VIL x, VIII xiv. IX. vi. IV.g. V.1. VIL. 16. VIlLg. um, IV. 26. estes Vil. 15, Afperula V. 8. Atriplex, IX. xxii. Atropa, VIL. xviii. IV. 18.V, 21, Afarum, V. ii. Aftragalus, VI. XXIV, Avena, VI. 28. VIII 2. Ballota, VII. x. Bellis, 1. 26. Berberis, V. xiii, VI. viii. V. X.1. Betonica, V.v. Betula, V. xii. xiv.IV. 1. Bidens, V1I. 18. Braffica, IV. 15. Briza, VI. xvii. Bryonia, VI. xxviii. IV. 27. Bunium, V. 2c. Caitha, V. xxi. IV. 16. Campanula, VI. Xl. Xvi. XXX. VII. i. ii. vi. VIL 110 Cannabis, VIL ix. Caprimulgus, V. s. V1. 13 Cardamine, V. xxviii. IV. 18, Y. 20. Carduus, VI. xxii. VII. ix. xvii. VIII. 12. Carpinus, V. xvi. III. 29. IV. 10. 13. 25. Caftanea, IV. 16. Centaurea, VIL xxii. xxiv. VII, i. vi. xxii. VI. 28. VIL 13. Cherophillum, V. xxv. VII. vii, IV. 25.29. V. 28. VL. 5. Charadrius, VIII. 14. YCheiranthus, IV. 21. Chelidonium, V. xxvii. V. 5. 10. Chenopodium, 1V. 24. VI. 21. VII. 17. Chryfanthemum, VI. xvii. xxix, VI. 21. Chryfoplenium, V, iii. Cicorium, FS aU m— Wei 29> } ND E X Cichorium. VII. xii. VI. 23, Ciconia, V. ix. Circza, VIL. x. VIL, iv, Ciltus, VI. xx. Clematis, IX, vi. IX. 2. Clinopodium, VII. x. Cochlearia, 111. 21. VI. ¢. Colchicum, VIL. xvii. VIII. xxviii. Columba, III. 5. VII. 30. X. 10. Comarum, VI. xx. VI. 12. Conium, VI. 16. Convallaria, V. xxx. V. 3. 10. Convolvalus, VIL. i.iv. IV. 235. VII. 27. Conyza, VII. xxiii. Cornus, V. xxx. Corvus, II, 12. IIL. 2. VIIL 17. Xx. %. Corylus, IV. xii. V. ix. I. 23. IL 22.1V. 7. Cratzgus, V. xv. VL xii. xvii, 111. 29. IV, 28. V. 10. Crepis, VI. xxix. Crocus, IV. xiii. Cucubalus, VIII. 1. Cuculus, V. xii. IV. 17. Cygnus, IV. x. Cynogloffum, IV. vo. V. 4. Cyprinus, V, xxv. XXX. Cyuilus, IV. xiii. Da&tylis, VII. xxii. Daphne, IV. xiii. IV. 16. Daucus, VIL vi. VIL. 2. Delphinium, VI. 23. Dianthus, VI. xxiv. xxix. VIL viii. VII, 7. Dies Chalybeati, TI. xxii. Digitalis, VIL iv. Dipfacus, VII. xviii, xx. VIIL 29. Draba, IV. xv. Diofera, VII. x. E. Echium, VI. 6. Elymus, VI. xxviii. Empetrum, IV. xxx. Epilobium, VI. xxiv. xxvi. VIL xii. xv. VI. 13. VIL. 284 Erica, VI. xxix. VL. q. Erigeion, VI, xv, Eriophorum, V. xxx. Eryfimum, V. xxv. IV, 10, 16, V. 16. Efox, IV. x. Euonymus, V. xiv. X. q. Eupatorium, VIL. xv, Euphorbia, IV. 25. Euphrafia, VI. xvi. VI. 9. VIL. 6, F. Fagus, V. xvi. IV. 18. 21. V, g, VH. 2. Ficus, IX.iv. IV. 16. 21.22, VII, 11. Filipendula, VI. xxii. Fragaria, VI. xxvi. IV. 13. VII, g. Frankenia, VII. ix. Fraxinus,V. xxi. IV. 18. 22.V.6. Fringilla, IL 16. IX. 16. G Galanthus, IV. xiii. I 26. Galeopfis, VI. 23s. Galium, VL xvi. VIL vi. IV, 3, V.3q. VIL 8. Vili. 1, Genifta, IV. 22. Gentiana, VI. xxii. VII. 26.VIL.2, Geranium, V. xxvi. xxx. VI, v. ix. xi. xiv. IV. 23. 27. V, 13. Geum, VIL. 1. xiii. V. 1. 28, Glechoma, V. xxvi. IV, 16. Gnaphalium, V, xxvi, Hedera, VIII. g. IX. 11, Helenium, VII. 24. Helleborus, IV. xxi. Hemerocaliis, VI. xx. VII, vii. xvi. Heracleun, VII. i. III. 28. IV. 29. VL. 3. 13. Herniaria, VI. xxix. Hefperis, VI. vii, Hieracium, VII. xvi, Hippophae, V. xiv. Hirundo, V.1x. IV. 6. IX. 21. Holcus, VII. v. Hordeum, V. xiii. V. 6. VIIL 13. Hottonia, V. 1. Humulus, VIL vi. IV. 14. IX. 20. Hyacinthus, IV. 26. Hybernacula, V. viii. Hydrocotule, VI. xxvii. Hyoflcyamus, VI. xii. V. 26. Hypericum, Sry smd TA Ra = a Te at a i Md i eX : a § i a ii aly Sagi § iP ki 1 Lik gam #08 gu EE i A gieF nu! § : SEE iE 43 ere 4 } i PENIDIEX Hypericum, VI. xxix, VII. vi, xii. IV. 27. VI. 21. Hypocharis, VI. xxvii, Hyflopus, VII, 11. I Jalminus, IV, 28. VII. 1v. Ilex, I. 23. IV. 24.26. X. 1. Tmpatiens, VII. xviii, Inula, VII. xiii. xxiv. IX. xvii. Ixis, VI. x. VII. vi, VI 2. Ifatis, VI. xxix. Jogi, IV. xiv. xvii. V. 15. uniperus, VI. iii, IV. 28, Lamium, I. 213. V. 6. VIL 16. Lapfana, VI. 15. + Lathyrus. VI. xvii. xxix. Lavandula, VII. vi. Laurus, III. 11. IV. 10. 29. V. 1. Leontodon, VI. vii. IV. 3. ro. VIII. 21. Y.eonurus, VII. vii. Lepidium, V. iii. VII. xiii. Leucoium, IV. xiii. Libellula, V. xxi. Ligufticum, VII. vii. Yigukam, V. xiv, X. 24. Lilium, VI, xviii, VII, xx. VII. YO. ¥y, Linum, VI. vii. xxiv. VII. 18. Liriodendron, IV. 16. V. 4. Lithofpermum, VII. 6. Lonicera, IV. xv. VII. xii. I. 11. 23. VI. 15..X. 26. Lotus, VI. vii. Lychnis, V. xxx. VIL xiv. xvii, IV. 22. V. 26. 30. Lycopodium, IV. i. Lycopfis, VIII. xii. Lycopus, VIII xii. Lyfimachia, VI, xxii. VII. iv. V. zs. IX. 2. Lythrum, VIL. ii. VIL 18. M. Malva, VIL xi. IV. 13. VI. 6. 1s. VIII. x5. X. 26. Marrubium, VIII. 7. Matricaria, VI. xi. IV. 10. VL 23. X. 26. Medicago, VI. xxvii, Meleagris, IV. xv, Melica, VI. vii. Meliffa, VII. xxvi. Mentha, VII. xv. VII, 22, 28 VIII. 7: 9. Menyanthes, VI. xiii. IV. 212, Mercurialis, V. 1 IV, 12. Mefpilus, IV. 22. VI. 5. Mirabilis, VII. xvi, Morus, IX. i. IV. 12. 18. V. 14. 20. Motacilla, IV. xiii. V. iii xv. II, 12. IV. g. 16. 28. VIII. 26. Myofotis, V. 13. Myrica, V. xiv. VIII. 26, N. Narciffus, V. xv. IV. 1. Noctes, V. xxiv. VI. 20. Nymphaea, IV. xvii. VI. xiv, xvi. Vl]. 2. 0. Oenothera, VII. v. Ononis, VII. vi. VIL, 11, Ophrys, VI. xxii. V. s. Origanum, VII. x. Orchis, VI. vii. xiv. xv. VI, 12. Ornithogalum, IV, xv. Orabus, V. xni. Ofmunda, VI. xxiv. Oxalis, V, xiii. IV. 16, P. Pzonia, VI. ii. xvi. Papaver, VI. xxiv, VIL vii. VL. . 22. Papilio, IV. vii. Parietaria, V. xxiii. Paris, VI. vii. Parnafhia, VI. xvi. IX. sg. Paftinaca, VI. 22. Pavo, VI. xxix. Perdix, VII. 18. Phafeolus, VII. ro. Phellandrium, VI. 17. Philadelphus, V. xiv. VL. xxiv. Phyllerea, IV. 22. Picris, VII. xii. Pimpinella, VI. xviii. VIL 28. Pinguicula, V. xxx. Pinus, VI. i. III. 29. IV. 17. 28. 21. 22. 25.29. V, 7. VL 16. 3 3 y Pifum, I ND EX, Pifum, IV, 24. VIII. 21, Plantago, V. xxviii. VI, v. IV. 26. VII. 2. Platanus, 1V, 14. 18. Polygala, V. xxv. V. 15, Polygonum, VI. 3. 7. VL. 8. VIL 13.20. Populus, XTI. xxiii. IV, xix. xxx. V. ix. xvi. xx. 111. 21. IV, 16. 17. 28. 25. V. 144 Potentilla, V. xvi. VI. xl. xiv. Xvi. xviil. V. 26. VII. 4. Prenanthes, VII. x. Primula, V. i. xiv. xv. IIL 29. IV. 9. V. 4. Prunella, VI. xxii. VL. 21. Prunus, V. ix. xv. xxv. xxviii. IIT, 11.29. IV. 1. 6. 13. 16. 18. IX. 20. X. 11. Pteris, VIII. xxviii, IX. 20, Pyrus, V. xv. xxvi, VI. i. IV. 4. 6. 10, 14. 18, 23. V. 13. Quercus, V. xxi. IV. 7. 18. V. 6. R. Rallus, IV. x. Rana, IV. xiii. Ranunculus, IV. xv. V. xxvi. VL. vil. xvii. VH, vi. IIL. 28, IV.) 28. V. 14. Refeda, VI. 25. Rhamnus, V. xv. xxi. VLxv. xvi. IV.11. V. 31. X. 1. Rheum, VI. xvi. Rhinanthus, V. 4. Ribes, V. xxv. VI. vii. IT. 25. III, 2. IV. 3.6. 13. Robinia, V. xv. IV. 12. 23. VL. 17. | Rofa, V. xv. VI. xv. VII. vi. | xxiv. IV. 4. V. 11. VI, 6. X.1. Rofmarinus, I. 5. IV. 22. VI. 24. Rubus, V. vil. xxvii. VL. vii. xxiv. IV. 3.28. V.24. VL 5.6. VII, 11. 22. VIiL. 30. Ruta, VIII. 1. S. Sagina, VII. 2, Salix, I11. xix. IV. xxi. V. vii.xiil. xvi, 111, 11, IV. 3. 7. 10. 17. Salmo, V. xxi. Salvia, VI. 13. VIII. 14. Sambucus, VI. xxix, VII. xvii, H.4. 1.25. V1.6. X. 1. Sanguiforba, VIL. vii, Sanicula, VI. 8. Saponaria, VII. xxii. VIIL 1. Satyrium, VI. xx. Saxifraga, V. xxvi. V. 6. Scabiofa, VI. xxix. VIII. iv. VI, 12. VII, 28. Scolepax, X. 22. Scrophularia, VII. x. IV. 27, VL 13. Scutellaria, VI, xxvi. Secale, V. xxv. VI. xviii. VIII, iv. V, 21. VL. 21. Sedum, VI. xx. VII. vi. xiv. xv, VHL 1. IV. 4. VIL 13. 22. VIIL 7. Semina, V. viii. xiii. Senecio, VI. vii, IV. 12. VIII, 26, Serapias, VIL. ii. Serpentes, IV. vi. Serratula, VII. xv. xxvii. Silene, VI. 13. 28. Sifymbrium, IV. 14. V. 30. VI, 8. VII. 1. Sitta, VIIL. 8. Solanum, VI. xxiv. VI. 16. VII, 11.30. % 1. Solidago, V. xxiv. Sonchus, VII. xi. xxi. VII. 28. Sorbus, VI. m1. IV. 1. 13. V. 6, I. VI, 3. ¥X, 20, | Spartium, IV. 18. 22. 23. VL. g. | Spergula, I. 26. V. 31. Spinacia, VII. 8. | Spirza, VIL v. IV, 22. VL 12, 27. Vil. 11. | Stachys, VI. xxv. VIL x. VI. t 9.22. | Stellaria, IV. 22. V, 20. VL. 6. | Sturnus, V. vii. Syringa, V. xiv. VL xviii. xxv. Iv. 9. 27. Tamus, V. 20. 30. X. 1. ; Tanacetum, VII, xv. ITI. 29. VIL 1 8. VIL s. Tegmenta, TAI Neer ta am snr Mee + Sage ae Se 1 NDE X Tegmenta, IV. xi. Tetrao, 11, 22. Teucrium, VII. x. VII. 8. Thymus, VI. 3. Tila, V. xxi. VIL xi. IV, 32. 13. V. 25. VII. 13. Tinunculus, IV. xiii, Thali&rum, VII. 2. Tipula, IV, vi. Tordylium, VI. xxvii. VI. 21. Vii. 4. Termentilla, VL. ii. IV. 22. V. 5. “Trifolium, VII. x. V. 27. VIIL1. Tringa, IV. vi. Triticum, IV. 3. VI, 12. 21. 25. VHe2. 13. Vil. 231, Trollius, V. xxvi. Tulipa, V. xxv. Turdus, II. 16. III. 4, IV, 23. IX. 25. X. 7. Tuflilago, IV, xii, xxx, V. Vaccinium, V, xxx. VL. vii. xxix. Valantia, V, 1. Valeriana, VI. xvii. V. 4. VIL, 12, Vaporania, JV. xix. Verbafcum, VII. i. ii. VI. 22.VII, 1. Verbena, VI. 17. Veronica, V. xxx. VII, v. III. 26. 1v. 26. V. 30. Viburnum, V. xiv. VL xiv. I. 23, IIT. x1. 29. IV. 4. 11. 16. VI. 2.VIl. 22. X. 1. Vicia, VI. xxii. xxiv. Viola, V. iii. III. 28. IV, 18. V. 20, Vipera, VIII. 5. Vitis, IV. 15. VL. 6. 23. Ulex, IV. 24. VII. 6. IX. 16. Ulmus, V. viii. xv. IV. 1, 10. 12. sUrtica, IV, 25, VIII 7. I NDB: X A. AB IV. xix. IV. 16. 17. Acacia, V. xv. IV. 12. 21. VI 17. Adonis, VI, xiii. IX. 1. Agrimony, VIL vi. xv. VI. 24. VI. 17. VII, 18. Alder, V. xiv. xxi. VI. xvi, III. 26. IV. 7. 13. V. 31. 1X. 16. X. 1, Ameranth, VII. 24. Anemone, V. 1. IV, 10. V. 20. Apple tree, V. xv. VL. ii. IV. 4. 14. 23. Apricot, IV. 1.6. 16. 22, Archangei, 1. 2. 3. VI. 16. Arfmart, V1. 3. Vil. 20. 25. Af, V. xxi. IV. 18. 22, V. 6. 20. IX. 20. 22. Alp, XII. xxii. IV. xix, Ni. 21.1¥.25 V1. Afparagus, VII. 16. Afphodel, VII. ii. Aflarabacca, VI. ii. xiii. Avens, Vi, 11. xi, V, 28. B. Baiberry, V. xiii, VL viii, IV, 12. X. 1 Barley, IV. xvi. V. xui. VII. vii. Vii. xv. V. 6. VI. 22.Viil.3. Bafil, VII. x. Bay, IHL, 11. V. 1. IX. 10. 29. Beam tree, VI. xv. Bean, 1V., 29. VIL. 20, Bees, 111. 11. IV. 10. Bedftraw, VIL. vi. VII. 3. VIII. 1. Beech, V. xvi. 1V. 21. VII. 2. Bellflower, VI. xi. VIL 11. Betony, VIL. x. IV, 27. V. 5. VI. 13 V1. 4. Bilberry, VI. vii. xxix. VII. viil. Bindweed, VII. i. iv. IV. 2s. Vi. 25. VII, a7. Bich, V. xin. IV, 1. 27, IX. 11. Birdsy VIIL iv. Bittern, LV. 4. Black cap, IV. 28. Blackbird, 1X. 27. X. 7. Bluebottle, VI. xxii. VI. 28, Bramble, V. vii. VL. vii. IV. 5. V. 24. VL. 5. VIL 22. IX. 11. 30. Brafs nights, VI. xxi. Bream, V, xxx. Briar, VI. xv. V1L vii, IV. 4.X.1, Brooklime, V. 30. Broom, 1V. 18.22.24. VL 9. Bryony, VI. xxvii. IV. 27. V, 20. 30. X.1. Buckbean, IV, 22. Buckwheat, VI. 7. Bugle, V. xxx. IV. 29. Buglof, V. 12. VI, 6. Bur, IV. xxx. Burdock, VII. 1x. VIL 28, VIII, 12. ., Burnet, VII. vii. Buttercups, VI. 14. Butterfly, IV. vii, Butterwort, V. xxx. C. Camomile, VI, xi. Campion, VI. xiv. xxviii. IV, 22, V, 27. Carrot, VII. vi, VII. ii. Catchfly, V. xxx. VL. xiii. Cats foot, V. ix. xxvii. Cedar, 1V. 174. Celandine, V, xxvii. V. 3. 10. Chaflinch, II. 16. IX. 16. Cherry tree, V. Xv. Xxv. XXviii. 1k 20, 1V. 8, Chervil, VIL. vii. V. 28. VI. &. Chefnut, V. xvi.IV. 1. 16. 18. V, g. 12. X. 6. Chickweed, VIII. 1. 1. 26. Chriftopher herb, VI. vii. Cicely, V. xxv. IV. Cinquetoil, V. xvi. VIL, xviii. x3. VL. 13. Ciflus, VI. xx. Clary, ¥1Il 14. Cleavers, IV. 5. VY, 3 Ce cabrio Nc Ks Supple Sy a hy I ND Clover, VII. x. V. 27. VL. 27. Cockle, VII. v. VL 13. Cold, XII. v. xv. Coltsfoor, IV. 12. Columbine, VI. vii. V, xxv. Comfrey, V. vii. Cowflips, V. 4. Crab, IV. 23. Crakeberry, IV. xxx. Cranes bill, V. xxvii. xxx. VL v. ix. xi. IV. 27. V. 13. Crefles, V. 30. Crow, X. 2. Crowfoot, VI. vii. IV. 28. V, Cuckow, V. xii. VIL xv. IV, Cuckow flower, V. xxviii. IV. V. 20. 30. Curlew, VIII. 14. Currants, V. xxv. VIL 1x. 25. IIL. 29. IV. 3.13. 25. 30. D. Daffodil, V. xv. IV. 1. Daify, VI. xvii. I. 26. Dakerhen, IV. x. Dandelion, IV. x. IV. 3. 10. Darnel, VI. vil. Devils bit, VIII. iv. Vil VIII. 21. Dewberry, VI. xxiv. Dove, 111. 5. VII. 50. X. 10. Dropwort, VI. Xi. Duck, IV. vit E. Earth nut, V. 20. Elder, V. iv. VI. xiv. xxix. VIL xvii, IT. 4. HL 29. IV. 11. 12. 17. 25. V1.2. 6. X. 1. 9. Elecampane, VIL. xxiv. VII. 24. Elm, V. viii. xv. IV. 1. 10. 12, F. Fennel, Vil. o. Fern, VIII. xxvii. IX. 20. ¥Feverfew, VI. xxix. IV. 10.V. 25. Fieldfare, IV. 23. IX. 25. Fig tree, 1X. iv.IV.6. 21. 22. VIL II. Fiberd, V. 1X. IY. Vil. Fir, V1. i. IV. 18. 31. 22.25. V. 4.7. VI.16. IX. 11. E X. Fleabane, VII. iv. xiii: Flixweed, IV. 14. VI. 6, Flower de luce, VI. 2, Foxglove, VIL. iv. Frog, IV. xi. x11. Furze, 1V.z22. 24: VIL 6. IX, 16. G. Game black, IV. vi, Gentian, V. xxii. Germander, V. xxx. IV. 26. Gladdon, VII. vi. Goat fucker, VI, 5. VIIL 15: 17: Golden rod, VI. xxiv. vil. XVe VIII. 26. Goldilocks, V. xxvi. Goofeberry, IL. vii. xx. 25. IV. 6. 13. 235. 3. 25 1 Goule, V. xiv. VIII. 26. 'I.1Grafs, IV. xv. V. xx. VL iv. vii, xvi. xviii, xxvii. VIL v. xxii 11.21. V.13. VL 7.21. VIL. 2.13. 1X. 3. Greenhoufe, V. viii. xxiv, VIIL xxvii, X. vi. Gromil, VII. 2. Groundfel, ¥. xvii, H. Harebells, IV. 26. Harts tongue, VII. xxii. Hafel, IV. xii. 1. 23. IL, 22. IX, 10. Hawkweed, VI, xxvii. xxix. VIL Xvi. Hav harveft, VIL, vii, xvi, Heat, VI. xxix. Heath, VI. ix. Hedges, Vi. xxi. Hellebore, VII, ii. Hemlock, VI. 16. 17. Hemp, VIL xi. Hen, VII. xx. Henbane, VI. xii. V. 26, Herring, IX. 17. Holly, 1. 23. 1V. 3. 24. 26. X. 5 Honeyfuckle, IV. xv. V. xxx. 11. 21. X. 26. Hops, VII. vi. IV 14. TX. 20. Horehound, VII, ix. x. VI. 22. VIII. 7+ 12, Flax, VI. vii. xxiv. VII, 20. Hornbeam, ENDE X Hornbeamy V. vi. III. 29; IV. 10.| Marvel, VII. xvi. 13. 25. Hot beds, IV. xi. xix. Hounds tongue, IV, 10, Hyflop, VIL. xi. I. Jack by the hedge, V. xxv. IV. 10. 17. Ice, V. 4. Jeflamine, IV. 28. VII, 11, Iron nights, VIII. xxviii, Juniper, IV. 8. 28. Iva, X. xxviii. Ivy, V.26. VIL. 9. IX, 11, Ivy, ground, IV. 16, K. Keftrell, IV. xii. Knapweed, VI. xxii. VII, i. vi. xxii, VL. 28. VII. 13. Laburnum, IV. 13. Lady’s mantle, V, xxv. Langue de boeuf. VII, xvi, Lapwing, IV. vi. Larch, III. 29. Lark, IIL xxix. II. 4. IX. 23. X. 10. 14. 24. Larkfpur, VI. 23. Lavender, VII. 6. Laurel, 111. 1:.1V. 13.16. IX. Lauruftinus, I. 23. IIL, 1. IV, 4. VII. 22. Lead nights, V. xxiv. Lilac, V. xiv. VI, viii, xxv. IV. 7.9.37. V], 2, Lilly, IV. xvii. V. xxx. VI. xiv. xvi, xviii. VIL vii. V. 3. VII, 10. 11, Lilly day, VI. xx. Lime, V. xxi. VIL ii. IV, 12. 18. VII. 13. Liquorice, VI. xxiv, Loofeftrife, VI. xxii. Liverwort, VI. xvi. M. Mallow, VII. xii. IV, 14, VL. 6. 14.. Vill. 135: Maple, IV. 6. 18. V. 11. Marjoram, VIL x. xi. Marygold, V. xx. VI. 29. IV, 16, VI. 23. Mayweed, VI. xxiii. VI. 6. Meadow fweet, VII, v. IV, 22, VI, 12. 27. M@ic, VI. xxvii. Melilot, VIII. i. Mercury, V. i. IV. 12. 24. Mezereon, IV. xv. Milkwort, V. xxv. V. 13. Milleria, XT. ii. Mint, VIL xv. VII. xxviii. VIII, vii. ix. Moneywort, VI. iv. V. 25. Moonwort, VI. xxiv. Mofcatel, V. viii. Mofles, IV. i. XI. ;. Motherwort, VII. vii. Mugwort, V. 1. VII. 16. Mulberry, IX. i. IV, 18. V. rg. 20. Mullein, VII. i. ii. VL.!22, VIL 11. Muftard, V. 16. N. Narciffus, IV. 1. Nettle, VI. xxv. IV.2:,V. 6. VI. 9. VIIL 7. : Nightingale, V. xv. IV.g. VL 13. Nightfhade, VI. xviii. xxiv. VE, x. V.128, 2:1. Vi. 4. 30. X. x, Nuthatch, VIII. 7. 0. Ozk, V. xxi. IV. 7. 18. V. 6. 20. Oats, VI. 28. Onion, VIII. v, Orach, 1X. xxi. VIII, 14, Orange, V. xiv. VL xxiv. VII, viii, Orchis, VI. vii. xv. xx. xxii. Orpine, VIII. 1. VIii. 7. Ofier, V. vil. xiii. Oxeye, VI. xxix. | P Paris herb, V1, vii. Parfley, VI. 21. VII. 6. yo. Parfnep, VIL i. III. 28. VL 3. 13. 22. YH 1. Partridge, 11, 22. VII. 18. Peach, iI NDE X: Peach, TV. 5. 16. Peacock, VI. xxix. Pear, V. xxvi. 1V. 6. 18. Pearlwort, VII. 2. = Peafe, V. xxviii. VI, xxix. IV, 29. VIII. 21, Peiony, VI. i. xvi. Pellitory, V. 23. Pennyroyal, VII. 22. Pennywort, VI. 27. Pepper, wall, VI. xx. VII. xv. Phyllerea, IV. 22. Pike, IV. x. Pilewort, IV. xv. Il. 28. Pimperttel, VI. 2. Pine, VII. x. Pink, VI. xvii. xxix. VIL. vii. VII. 7. Plantain, V. xxviii. VI. v. IV. 26. VII. 1. 24. Plane tree, IV. 12. 21. Plumb tree, V. Polyanthus, V. i. Pondweed, VI. viii. Poplar, IV. xxx. V. xvi. IV, 21. 22. Poppy, VI. xxiv. VIL vii. VL 7. 22. Potatoe, VIL. xi Primrofe, V. xv. VIL v. TIL 29. Privet, V. xiv. X. 24. O Quicken tree, VI. iii. IV. 1. xiii. VY. vi. VL. 1. Quince, IV. 10.28. V. 13. R. Radith, VI. 3. Ragweed, 1V. 12. Rampions, VI. xvi. VIL i. Ramfons, V. 6. Rafberry, IV. 12. 28. VL. 6. 24. Vii. 11. Rattle, VII. vii. V. 4. Redftart, IV. 16. Ref harrow, VII. vi, VII. 11. Rhapontic, VI. xvi. Robert herb, VI. xiv. IV. 23. Rohin, VIII. 26. Roche, V. xxv. Rocket, VI. 25, vxviit, IV. 6. 16. Rook, II. 12. II. =, VI; 44, Vil. 12.17. X. 7. Rofe, V. xv. VL. xv. VII. vii VIII. vii. V. 11. VL. 6. Rofemary, I. 5.1V. 22. VI. 24, Rue, VII. iii. VIII. 1. Rupture wort, V. xxix. Rufh, V. xxx. Rye, V. xxv. VI. xviii. VIIL iv. V.21. VL 21. S. Saffron, IV. xii. VII. xvii. VIIL XXViil. Sage, VIL. viii. Saint John's wort, VI. xxix. VIL vi. xit. IV. 27. VIL. 22. Sallow, ITI. xix. V. xvi. X. xxviii, IH, =. WV.6, 7. %. 5. Salmon, V. xxi. xxviii. Sampire, IX. xvii. Sanicle, VI. 8. Saw-wort, VII. xv. Saxifrage, V. iii. xxvi. VI. xviii. V. 6. Vl. gq. VIL 28. Scabius, VI, xxix. VI. 12. Seeds, IX. xiv. Self heal, VI. xxii. VI. 21. Serpents, IV. vi. Sheep, V. iii. Shoots, VI. 28. VIL. 11. Silverweed, VII. 4. Smallage, VIIL 24. Smelt, IV. xxi. Sneezewort, VI. xxix. VII. vii. Snow, V. xvii. IV. 29. Snowdrops, IV. xii. I. 26. Soapwort, VIL. xxii. VIII. 1. Solomon's feal, V. 10. Sorrel, V. xiii. IV. 16. Sowing, V. viii. xiii. Spearwort, VI. xvii. VIL. 6. Speedwell, VIL. v. III. 26. Spidery IV. vi. Spikenard, VIL. xxiii. Spindle tree, V. xiv. X. Spurge, IV. xxv. Spurrey, I. 26. V. 31. Star of Bethlehem, IV. xv. Starling, V. vii. Steel nights, 11, xxii. Stitchwort, 1 ND E X Stitchwort, IV. 22.V. 20. VII. 6. Stonecrop, VII. vi. xiv. VII. 13. Strawberry, VI.xxv1.IV.13.VII. 9 Succory, VIL. xii. VI. 28, ” Sundew, VII. X. Swallow, V, 1x, IX, xvii, 1V. 6. 1X.21. Swan, V. 1x. IX. xvii, Sycomore, IV. 13. 235. T. Tanfey, VI. xvi. VII. xv. III. 29. V. 26. VII. 8. VIII s. Tare, V1. 6. } Peafel, VII. xvin . 20. Thermometer, Il. 20.22.26 2. 28. IV. 20. 29 VI. 19. 25. VIL. 8. 15. 8. 16. IX. 10. 16. X. : Thiftle, VI. xxi. VII. ix. x. Xvil. Xx. xxvii. VII, 12. Thorn, V. iv. xv. xxviii xvii. IIT. 20. v. 3. V.10. VL 5. X. 3. Throatwort, VI. xxix. VIL ii. vi. Chyme, VL. 3. Thruth, 11. 16. 111.4. IX. 29. Toad flax, VI. xxviii. } Tormentil, VI. ii. IV, 22. V. ¢. I'ouch me not, VII. xviii, ) Travellers joy, 1X. 3. Trefoil, VI. vii. Tulip, V. xxv. Tulip tree, IV. 16. V.4, 337 Turneps, IV. rz. I'way blade, V1. xxvi. V. 3. v Sr ayoms ; 5 Valerian, VI, xvii. V, a. V1, 12, x7 ; 7 Vervamn, VI. 17. VI. xii. xvii. XXil. XXiv, ’ \ «18: y , IV et, IV, an sy IV. 14.V. 14. Wheat, IV. 3. VI. 12. 2 VIL. 1. VIII. 21. Wheat ear, V. iii. Whorts, V. iii. Willia n, (weet, V. xxiv. Willow, IV. xxi. IV. t. 7.10. 37. VIL v1, Willow herb, VI. xxii. xxiv. xxviz V1I. i. i. Xi. VI, 13. VII. 18, 28. VIII. 21. IX. 2. Woad, VI. xxix. VI. 25. Woodbind, VII. xit. VL. 13. Woodcock, X. 22. Wormwood, VIII, xiv. IX. vi.IV. 9. VIII. 9. Y. Yarrow, VI. xxiii. VII. vi. VI. 18. Turkey, IV. xv. V. 15. Yew tree, IIL. xxix. IV. 23. P AN. L ND raves - [xd = 7p [ 341 ] ASB EBON AT HA 2 A 2005 20s hs na ens THE SWEDISH P A N. BY NICOLAS HASSELGREN. Upfal, 1749. Decem. gq. Ameanit. Academ. vol. 2: §. I. H E antients attributed the paftoral life to Pan, the care of flowers to Flora, hunting to Diana, and the cultivation of grain to Ceres. We, tho’ acknowledging only one Deity, who governs all things, yet often ufe thefe names to denote the fubjet we undertake to treat upon. What word is now more known among botanifts than the word Flora; by which they mean all thofe plants, which grow within a cer- tain compafs of ground ; as our Fauna Suecica Z 2 takes eae Ee I Bk 342 THE SWEDISH PAN. takes in all thofe animals, which are natives of Sweden ? For a like reafon we have entitled this {mall tra& the Swedi/h Pan; intending thereby to denote the five domeftic quadrupeds, which live upon plants growing in Sweden ; or the de- vouring army of Paz, which lays wafte the pro- vinces of the Swedi/h Flora. "We choofe by this means to avoid a proiix definition, which is al- ways difagreeable for the title of a book. 8. The paftoral life, by the teftimony of both {facred, and prophane hiftory, is nearly as old as man himfelf; fo that i would willingly derive the knowledge, which i am going to deliver, from the moft ancient times. But altho’ plants have been conftantly obvious tothe eyes of every man; yet 1 am obliged to declare, that we have no- thing delivered down to us in any book con- cerning the kinds of plants proper for the dif- ferent kinds of cattle 3 {o that i may be fure of not difgufting my reader with {tale matter new drefied up. For the whole of what 1 prefent to him is new.—Qur illuflrious prefident in his journey thro’ Dalecarlia ann. 1734, made the firt agrempt this way, as may be feen Flor. Lapp. THE SWEDISH PAN. 243 Lapp. p. 158. where he fays thus. © In my ¢ journey thro’ Dalecarlia, when we had climbed ¢ up the mountains, and were got into Norway, ¢ my fellow travellers being tired, and afleep, i ¢ wandered about in a difmal wood, and per- ceived that the horfes ealfily diftinguifhed wholefome from noxious food ; for being very hungry, they devoured all forts of plants, ex- cept the following ; meadow [weet, valerian, lilly of the valley, angelica, loofe-frife, marfh- cinquefoil, cranes bill, bellebore, monks-hood, and many fhrubs. This gave me a hint to re- commend to the curious, that they would fet ¢ about examining what plants fuch animals, as live on vegetables, viz. tbe cow, the fbeep, the ¢ goat, the deer, the borfe, the bog, the monkey ¢ and their fpecies will not touch. An examina- ‘ tion which would not be without its ufe, were * it properly made.” Notwithftanding this re- commendation no enquiry was made, till our prefident returned home from his travels thro’ forreign countries, and made a progrefs thro’ our own provinces. Afterwards profeffor Kalm, that worthy difciple of fo great a mafter, follow- ed his example ; fo that in his journey to Bahus we find mention made of fome plants, which cattle either eat, or refufe. Ann. 1747 and Z 4 1748 344 THE SWEDISH PAN. 1748 our prefident undertook with great dili- gence not only to make experiments himfelf, but to excite his difciples, and auditors to do the fame ; of which number 1 was one. Thus at lait many experiments were made, and re- peated, efpecially by D. D. Hagftrom, Mag. E. G. Ludbeck, E. Ekelund, J. G. Wahlbom, I.. Montin, F. Oldbers, J. C. Forfkahl, A] Fornander 3 not to mention others, who ftrove, as 1t were, to out-do one another in finding the plants, which were fuitable to different animals, 5. 3- The difficulty however of examining all the Swedifh plants, and getting animals proper for experiments, which ought all to be repeated, has hindered us from being able to give a compleat work on this fubje¢t. But the great- eft part, and the moft common vegetables of Sweden being now determined by us ; what is wanting may be fupplied from time to time. We hinted that animals proper for experiments, which ought to be taken from among cows, goats, fbeep, korfes, and fwine, are difficult to be found, for thefe reafons; firft, becaufe fome plants are eaten by them in the fpring, which 2 they THE SWEDISH PAN they will not touch all the fummer ; are apt to grow rank in tafte, become ftalky and hard. Thus eat the nettle in the {pring ; bear it afterwards ? Again, becaufe {om of animals eat the flower, and will ftalks ; others eat the leaves the ftalks. N. B. When they eat the leav 1 fay in general they eat the plant, othe there would be few grafles they could be to eat. (Econ. Nat. Next, the animals ou not to be over hungry, when we make our ex periments, if we intend to make them properly. For they will greedily devour moft kinds of plants at fuch a time, which they will abfolutely refufe at another. Thus when they come im- mediately out of the houfe, they are not fit to make experiments upon; for then they are ravenous after every green thing that comes in their way. The beft method is to make the experiments when their bellies are almoft full for they are hardly ever fo intirely. Moreover the plants ought not to be handled by fweaty hands ; fome animals will refufe the moft plea- fing, and tafteful in that cafe. We ought to throw them on the ground, and if we find the “nM animal refufes to eat them, we muft mix them with Fadi od Lev a a we % i» Cras 346 THE SWEDISH PAN. with others that we know they like ; and if they ftill refufe them, we have a fure proof; ef- pecially if the fame be tryed with many indi- viduals: §. 4. Our views do not extend beyond the Swedifth plants, and that for the fake of our own cecono- my. Let foreigners look to that part whick concerns themfelves, and thus our work will be confined within moderate bounds. We can pro- duce above 2000 certain experiments, fome of which were repeated ten times over, fome twice as often. If we take the Flora Suecia Holm. 1745. and put to any herb the generical name, adding the number, and fome epithet by way of difference, our work will be very much abridged. §. 5 ‘ It is manifeft that the vegetable world was in- tended for the fupport of the animal world; ins fomuch that altho’ not a few animals are carni- vorous, yet thefe animals which they devour cannot fubfift without vegetables. In this fpe- 3 culation uv Ben 5 THE SWEDISH PAN, 347 culation we behold with admiration the wifdom of the Creator, which has made fome vegetables abfolutely difagreable to fome animals that live upon plants, while thefe plants are agreeable to others. And there are plants, which are poi- fonous to fome animals, which are very whole- fome to others, and on the contrary. This did not happen by chance, but was contrived for wile purpofes. For if the Author of nature had made all plants equally grateful to all kinds of quadrupeds, it muft neceffarily have hap- pened, that one fpecies of them being remark - ably increafed, another fpecies muft have pe- rithed with hunger, before it could have got into better pafture ; the vegetables being con- umed over a large tract of ground. But as it 1s ordained every fpecies muft by force leave certain plants to certain animals, {fo that they always find fomething to live upon, till they meet with better pafture; in the like manner we find it contrived in relation to the plants them- {clves, which do not all grow in the fame coun- trey, and climate ; burt every plant has its place appointed by the Creator, in which it grows more abundantly, than any where elfe. From hence we may obferve, that thofe animals, which chiefly live upon particular plants, chiefly abound 348 THE SWEDISH PAN. abound in certain places. Thus the lichen or liverwort, Fl. 980. is found in greateft plenty on the cold alps, and therefore the rben deer, which all winter live moftly upon this plant, arc obliged to live there. The feftuca, F1. 94. which florithes and {fpreads moft on dry paftures, draws the {heep thither, which above all things delight in that kind of grafs. The feeds of {ort of food to the rough-legg’dpartridge, and the Norway rat, Fn. 26. tempt them to dwell in thefe northern parts of the world. Camels bay, Mat. Med. 312. which above all plants, thrives an loofe fand, draws the camel to choofe thofe barren places, as they there find food moft agreeable to them ; not to mention many other {imilar inftances. Trees, whofe heads (hoot up {fo high, that quadrupeds cannot eafily reach ( 1 them, afford nourithment for that reafon to more numerous tribes of infets. as the fallow, the oak, the pear, &c. The Creator, who mot wifely eftablithed this law, has as it were 1m- printed it on the organs of animals, that they 3 might not offend againit it thro’ ignorance s and as every tranfgreffion has its punifhment allotted, fo alfo no offence againft the law of nature THE SWEDISH PAN. 344 nature can efcape. Animals, which violate this law are punifhed by difeafes or death ; and hence we behold with admiration that brutes, which were defigned to be guided by inftiné, can by no means whatever be prevailed upon to act againft it. If by chance it happens that any animal offends this way, and fuffers for it, we vulgarly fay it has taken poifon; fo that ig- norant people wonder, not to fay murmur at the wife difpofition of the Creator, who has pro- duced fo many noxious plants; but without fufficient reafon, for no one plant in the world 1s univerfally poifonous, but all things are cood, as they came from the hands of the Creator. Phyficians often mention that this or that plant is deadly, becaufe its particles are of a nature apt to wound the fibres of the body or corrupt the juices. But this is only refpectively to the fpecies of animals, e. g. the fun-fpurge, Fl. 536. has a milky juice, which caufes blotches in our {kin and hurts our fibres, and therefore it is {aid 25 entirely lives upon this plant, and prefe both for tafte and nourithment to all others, as to be poifonons ; yet the moth, Fn. 825. almoft it thrives beft upon it. Thus one animal - Liv id (SBN v ~ Aves that "wlich sn afte Zhe leaves that, which to itfelf is potlonous, to ano- 1acr animal, waici iezds upon it dacucrouily. 550 ~~ THE SWEDISH PAN. Long-leaved water hemlock will kill a cow, whereas the goat browfes upon it greedily. Monks-hoed kills a goat, but will not hurt a horfe 3 and the bitter almond Kills a dog, but is wholefome food for man. Parfley is deadly “to [mall birds 3 while [wine eat it fafely ; and pepper is mortal to fwine, and wholefome to poultry. Thus every creature bas its allotted portion. Animals diftinguith the noxious from the falu- tary by fmell and tafte. Younger animals have thefe fenfes more acute, and therefore are more nice in diftinguifhing plants. An empty fto- mach will often drive animals to feed upon plants, that were not intended for them by nature. But whenever this has happened they become more cautious for the future, and acquire a certain kind of experience; e. g. be monks-bood, which grows near Fahluna, is gene- rally left untouched by all the animals, that are accuftomed to thefe places ; but if forreign cattle are brought thither and meet with this ve- getable, they venture to take too large a quantity of it, and are killed ®. The cattle that have b The fame thing has been told me by the countrey people in Herefordthire in relation to mcadoww-/affron, which grows in plenty in fome parts of that county. Gmelin, Flor. Sibirica, p. 76. fays that cattle eat the leaves of the bellebore, 40. when they firlt {pring out of the ground, and are thereby killed. been THE SWEDISH PAN. 351 been reared in the plains of Schonen, and Weftrogothia, commonly fall into a dyfentery when they come into the woodland parts, be- caufe they feed upon fome plants, which cattle ufed to thofe places have learned to avoid. In the fpring, when the water hemlock is under water, fo that the cows cannot fmell it, they dye in heaps“. But when the fummer comes on and © This affair is of fo much confequence to the farmer, that i think it right to tranfcribe a paflage out of Linnzus upon this fubjeét. ““ When I arrived, fays he, at T'ornea, the inhabitants com- plained of a terrible difeafe, that raged among the horned cattle, which upon being let into the paftures in the {pring dyed by hundreds. They defired that i would confider this affair, and give my advice what was to be done in order to put a ftop to this evil. After a proper examinationi thought the following circumflances worth obferving. 1. That the cattle dyed as {oon as they left off their win- ter fodder, and returned to grazing. 2. That the difeafe diminifhed as the fummer came on, at which time, as well as in the autumn, few dyed. 3. That this diftemper was progagated irregularly, and not by contagion. 4. That in the {pring the cows were driven into a meadow near the city, and that they chiefly dyed there. 5. That the fymptoms varied much, yet agreed in this, that the cattle, upon grazing indifcriminately on all forts of herbs, had their bellies fwelled, were feized with convuliions, and in a few days expired with horrible bellowings. 6. That ppt mise THE SWEDISH PAN. and has dryed the ground, they are very care- full not to touch it. It is alfo true, that all vegetables prohibited by nature to particular animals are not equally pernicious ; and therefore 352 though through neceflity and hunger they eat them, 6. That no man dared to flea the recent carcafes, as they ‘ «“ LAC . i h we hands of fuch as found by experience, that not only tl a : s i 3 alr n attempted it, but their faces too had been inflamed, a mortified, and that death had enfued. | =. The people enquired of me, whether there were any . if i in th adow, or whether the kinds of poifonous fpiders in that me: , water which had a yellowifh tint was not noxious. Q. That it was not a murrain was clear, becaufe the dif- ei i 1 be : li er 1s temper was not contagious, and becaufe that lune x 1 pri : {piders but what are not peculiar to the fpring. I faw no fy common al Soo at the bottom, that caufed the yellownefs, was nothing bu 1 over Sweden ; and as to the water, the fediment what came from iron. | 9. Iwas fecarcely got out of the boat, which carried i over the river into the meadow, before i guefled the rea caufe of the difeafe. For i there beheld the long-leaved avater hemlock. My reafons for guefling this were as fons, 16. Becaufe in that meadow, where the cattle firft fell i this poifonous plant grows in great plenty, chiefly near the banks of the river. In other places it was {carce. 11. The leaft attention will convince us that brates fhun whatever is hurtfull to them, and diftinguith polionony plants from falutary by natural inftin& ; fo that this plant is not eat by them in the fummer, and autumn, which is the reafon that in thofe feafons few cattle dye, viz, only fuch as either accidentally, or preflfed by extreme hunger, eat of 1t, | 12. But THE SWEDISH PAN, 363 them, yet they do not immediately dye; but it is certain that they cannot have from thence rood and proper nourithment: §. 6. The end of this kind of knowledge is not 12. But when they are let into the paftures in {pring; partly from their greedinefs after frefh herbs, and partly from the emptinefs and hanger which they have undergone during a long winter, they devour every green thing which comes in their way. It happens moreover that herbs at this time are fmall, and fcarcely fupply food in fufficient quantity. They are hefides more juicy, are covered with water, and {mell les ftrong, fo that what is noxicus is not eafily difcerned from what is wholefome. I obferved likewife, that the radical leaves were always bitten; the others not ; which confirms what I heve jaft faid. 13. I faw this plant in an adjoining meadow mowed along with grafs for winter fodder ; and therefore it is not wonderfull, that fome cattle; tho’ but a few, fhould dye of it in winter, 14. After ileft Tornea ifaw no more of this plant till i came to the vaft meadows near Limmingen, where it ap- peared along the road, and when i got into the town i heard the fame complaints, as at Tornea, of the annual lofs of cattle with the fame circumftances. 15. It would therefore be worth while to eradicate care- fully thefe plants, which might eafily be done, as they grow in marfhy grounds ; and are not hard to find, as they grow by the fides of pools or rivers. Or if this could not be done, the cattle thould not be fuffered to go into fuch places, at lealt during the fpring. For i am perfuaded, that later in the year they can ditinguith this plant by the fmell alone. A a bare 254 THE SWEDISH PAN. iofi ere thi ver bare curiofity, although were this the cafe every part of knowledge, which fets forth the ftupen- dous works of the Creator, ic never to be looked upon as of no confequence. On the other hand we do not pretend to gain any medicinal advan- taces from thefe {peculations, namely, to be ise from hence to conclude, that this or that plant 13 noxious to man, becaufe it is {o to this or that brute animal. Nor do we for that reafon approve of Wepfer's experiments upon dogs, and other animals, as if any knowledge can be thence gained in regard to man. No, the end we aim at is merely ceconomical. «. From thefe experiments we may know whether certain paftures afford good nourifh- ment for this or that fpecies of animals. We fee e. o. heifers watte away In enclofures, where the meadow-[weet grows in abundance, and covers the ground fo that they can {carce make their way through it ; the countrey people are amazed, and imagine that the pafture is too rich for them; not dreaming that the meadow- Jaweet affords them no nourifhment. Whereas the goat, which is bleating on the other fide of the hedge, 1s not {uffered to go 1n, though he longs to be browfing upon this plant, which to Lim is a moi delicate and nourifhing food. 2. From THE SWEDISH PAN. 355 2. From thefe experiments we may almoft be fure by affinity and analogy, whether mea- dows or paftures are falutary or noxious to par- ticular animals; e. g. long experience has taught us that our fbecp take up poifon in marfhy grounds, though no one till lately knew what was the particular poifon. Yet the /piderwort 267. the moufe-car feorpion grafs 149. the mer- cury 823. the fun-dew 257,8. the hairy wood grafs 287. the leffer [pearwort 458. the butter- wort 21. have evidently fufpicious markse. 1 will therefore propofe a new experiment. The andromeda Fl. Virgin, 3160. is known to be a moft rank poifon to fheep in Virginia. The andromeda, called by the people of New York dwarf laurel; Cold. Aét. Upfal. 1743. p. 123. is very fatal to the fheep in New York. Theie two plants are of a different fpecies, but of the fame natural genus; and therefore have the fame vertues. Amongft us, efpecially in the northern parts, the wild rofemary, andromeda ¢ There is great reafon to think that what makes low grounds fo noxious to fheep is not the moifture, but the plants that grow there. For itis obferved by fhepherds that the great danger to fheep is immediately after a frefh {pring of grafs, which i imagine is owing to their licking up the young and tender fhoots of poifonous plants, along with their proper food, not being able to diftinguith them. Aaz 335 2:6 THE SWEDISH PAN. vo » 1%. orows every where in marfhy grounds, which being of the fame natural genus with the foregoing, we may reafonably conclude that it deftroys our fheep. To this we may add, that it is on account of three other fpecies of andro- meda 336,7,8. which grow on the Lapland mountains, that the fheep there never are healthy 5 and laftly although the ¢7ffus ledon 341. is not a fpecies of androin da, yet being of the fame natural clafs, it is not unlikely but that this plant is far from affording good nourifh- ment to theep. This conjecture gives our fhep- herds an unexpected opportunity of making ex- periments with their theep ; and indeed they cannot omit to do it without being juftly blame- able. fince on this the health of their whole ry flock depends. It is particularly to be noted upon this occafion, that the botany of America, a countrey {o far disjoyned from us, gives a hint for confidering things of the areateft ule, of which the antients did not fo much as dream. From hence the ceconomift may truly udee of his meadows, and know that fome arc vattly preferable to others for certain animals. For althouch cattle, prefled by neceflity and hunger, will feed upon vegetables lefs oratefull {0 hem . vet it is not to be doubted but that they THE SWEDISH PAN. they are not equally well nourifhed by thee as by others. Thus the Dalecarlians are obliged in a fcarcity of wheat to fupport themfelves by bread made of the bark of the pine ; yet it does by no means follow from hence that this affords proper nourifhment. We fee that bor/es in time of war, when prefled by extreme hunger, will eat dead hedges, but we cannot hence conclude, that wood is good food for them. 4. The induftrious farmer may judge from hence, when he fows his meadows with hay {feeds for pafture, that it is not indifferent what kinds of feeds he choofes, as the vulgar think. For fome are fit for hor/es, others for cows, &c. Hor [es are nicer in choofing than any of our cat- tle; filiguofe and filiculofe plants particularly are not relithed by them. Goats feed upon a greater variety of plants than any other cattle, but then they chiefly hunt after the extremities and flowers. Sheep on the contrary pafs by the flowers and eat the leaves. Not to mention the different difpofition in different animals as to grazing near the ground or not. The coun- treyman who underftands thefe things, and knows how in confequence to difpofe of his grounds, and affign each kind of cattle to its propereft food, muft neceffarily have them more healthy Aa 3 and o_o . 5 _., ae wie eens £ - 4 Se a - TS BANE om 1A LB ata ea apl beni 2 258 THE SWEDISH PAN. and fat, than he who is deftitute of thefe prin- ciples. The good ceconomift will obferve the {ame of his hay, For although many herbs, when dry, are eat, which when green would be refuled, it does not follow from hence that they yield good nourifhment. Much might be added concerning the propenfion of cattle to this or that plant, which the campafs of this {mall tra& will not admit of ; e. g. that beep above all things delight in the feffuca 95- and grow fatter upon it than any other kind of grafs ; that goats prefer certain plants, but being led by an inftinct peculiar to themfelves, they fearch more after variety, and do not long willingly flick to any one kind of food whatever : that geefe are particularly fond of the feeds of the feftuca, Fl. 90; that wine greedily hunt after the roots of the zull-rufb 40. while they are frefh, but will not touch them when dry. Hence it appears that it is in vain to contrive engines to extract the roots of the bull-rufb out of the water, and dry them for the ufe of thefe animals in winter. Becaufe thefe animals foil the meadows, where the fcorzonera grows in order to come at its root, which they delight in; and alfo the fields, to get at the roots of . bd ef cJowns-all-beal, the hufbandman 1magines BY do THE SWEDISH PAN. 339 do good to his fields by ploughing the ground and eating the roots of conch-grafs, whereas they never touch them, but when prefied by the utmoft neceflity °. §. 7. To give a view of my defign in a few words. I have difpofed the plants mentioned in the Flora Suecica according to their numbers ; and to be as fhort as poffible, it was neceffary to add the generical name with a fhort and incompleat ¥ In the fame way with us it is 2 notion that prevails com- monly that coavs eat the crow-foot that abounds in many meadows, and that this occafions the butter to be yellow, from whence i fuppofe it is generally known by the name of the burrer-flowver. But this i believe is all a miftake, for i never could obferve that any part of that plant was toached by cows or any other cattle. Thus Linnzus obferves, FL Lapp. p. 193. that it was believed by fome people that the mar/b marygold made the butter yellow, but he denies that cows ever touch that plant. Yet he thinks that all kinds of pafture will not give that yellownefs, and then oblerves that the beft and yelloweft butter he knows, and which is prefer- red by the dealers in thofe parts to all other butter, was made where the cow-avheat grew in greater plenty than he ever faw any where elfe. This fhews how very incurious the countrey people are in relation to things they are every day converfant with, and which it concerns them fo much to know, = Aa 4 epithet, 260 THE SWEDISH PAN, epithet, which however may be illuftrated out of the Flora itfelf, 1 have diftinguifhed the cattle againft every plant into five columns, The firft of which contains oxen. The fecond goats. ‘The third beep. The fourth borfes. The fifth fwine. By the mark (1) 1 have de noted thofe plants which are eaten; by the mark (o) thofe which are not eaten; by both together thofe which are fometimes eaten, {ome- times refufed ; or are eaten when cattle are more ufed to them, and are more hungry, ptherwife not. §. 8. Upon the firflt view of this fubjec the reader will perceive, that it is not treated compleatly, fo that every Swedifh plant is pointed out, and by what animals it is eaten. What generally happens upon breaking up old pafture lands, viz. that for the firft years it cannot be cleanfed from all ufelefs weeds, and be laid down fine like a garden, but will here and there have rough tumps and hard clods, unlefs we will let it lye fallow for a very long time ; the fame of fomething like it has happened upon this oc cafion. Ia fn 1 HU <2 HO esas S8 THE SWEDISH PAN. 961 I am apt to believe however that the reader willbe better pleafed that I have opened this new fcene, than if I had waited longer in order to gain farther light. For fince there are many people here curious in botany and ceconomy, i hope they will all lend a helping hand, that i may one day be enabled to give a more compleat edition of this piece“. ® After this in the original follows a long table of expe- riments, of which i fhall only give a {mall fpecimen ; as the whole would increafe the bulk but not the value of this piece to fuch readers as this tranflation is intended for, fince they would neither know the plants by the names the author has given them, nor by any 1 could putin their room. However i fhall for curiofity give a fpecimen, and add the general re- fult of his experiments, juft as he has marked it at the end of his table ; which is as follows. ¢ Thus far,” fays he, ¢ we have given 2314 experiments. From thefe it appears © that Oxen eat 2 refufe 218 plants (Soats $4 126 Sheep , 41 Horfes 26 212 Swine 171 ¢ And thus thefe animals leave untouched 880 plants. ¢ Thefe animals will not eat any kind of m/s. ¢ The goats are very fond of the alg. « Some of them greedily devour the fungi, others ll ¢ not tafte them. DButwe recommend farther trials in rela- ¢ tion to thefe matters.’ Then follows an account of fome trials made by Dr. 0. Hagftrom to the fame purpofe in relation to rhen deer, but 362 THE SWEDISH PAN. but as they no ways concern us, i have omitted to mention them. N. B. For the table i have chofen not to take fuch plants as occurred firft in my author, but to fele&t the grafles of our own countrey, and have given Englifh names to them of my own invention, the reafon of which will appear in the fol- lowing obfervations. 0. G. S. H. Sw. Spring grafs rf +1 @ - Mat grafs 10 1 Canary grafs, reed 1 Cat’s-tail, meadow 1 . For, mi Obfervations on GRASSES. —— 1 Millet grafs Bent grafs, /i/ky — eee fiE Hair grafs, Small leaved tm avater Meadow, creeping Ss annual ——— pet eee £1 AL i es we nAYTOW. leQVED Smt ncn: € OI O 72 I — Cock’s-foot grafs, rough es Dogs-tail grafs, refed rt mtn 0 Fefcue grafs, fore ee pur ple Brome grafs, field ee [piked Oat grafs, meadow San ee be 7 eA apermm—t——— mn—— TR ———— ss wee [069 5 ———-—— Tp— ———— reser rm © wt mm vt bm = 2 ad Re Arm [ 3651] EL LORRAIN, BD FRAY Obfervations on GRASSES. S the foregoing treatife contains fome ob- fervations on graffes f, that are quite new, and as this affair is of the utmoft importance to the hufbandman, i fhall fubjoyn fome obierva- tions of my own relating to the fame fubject. It is wonderfull to fee how long mankind has neglected to make a proper advantage of plants of fuch importanee, and which in almoft every countrey are the chief food of cattle. © The far- mer for want of diftinguithing, and felecting graffes for feed, fills his paftures either with weeds, or bad, or improper grafles ; when by making a right choice, after fome trials he might be fure of the beft grafs, and in the greatelt abundance that his land admits of. At prefent if a farmer wants to lay down his land to grafs, f By graffes are meant all thofe plants, awhich have a round, jointed and hollow flem, furrounded at each joint auith a fingle leaf, long, narrow and pointed, and avhofe feeds are contained in chaffy bufks. It appears by this definition, avhich is Ray's, that all the kinds of grain, as avheat, oats, barley, Sc. are properiy graffes, and that the broad, the white, the hop, Ec. clovers are uot graffis, though Jo frequently called by that name w iat 366 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. what does he do ? he either takes his feeds indif- criminately from his own foul hayrick, or fends to his next neighbour for a fupply. By this means, befides a certain mixture of all forts of rubbifth, which muft neceflarily happen ; if he chances to have a large proportion of good feeds, it 1s not unlikely, but that what he intends for dry land may come from moift, where it grew naturally, and the contrary 5, This is fuch a flovenly € Since the firft edition of thefe tras i have had feveral op - portunities of obferving inflances of this flovenly kind of bufbandry, and its effects. Inflead of covering the ground in one year avith a good turf, i have Jeen it filled with aveeds not natural to it, and which never would have [prang up, if they had not been brought there. Arguments are never avanting in fupport of ancient cuffoms, and i am no lranger to the arguments, fuch as they are, which prejudice and indolence have made ufe of on this occafion. 1. Some Jay then, that if you manure your ground properly, good graffes avill come of themfelves, Ioan they avill, But the queflion is bow long it ail! be before that happens, and aby be at the expence of Jowing avhat you muft afteravards try to kill by manuring ? avhich muft be the cafe, as long as people fow all kinds of rubbifb under 1he name of hay feeds. Again, if the beff away is to let the ground take its chance, avhy is the farmer at the expence of procuring the feeds of the white, and broad clo- wer, which come up in almoft all parts of Engiana fpontanconfly ? but if this is allowed not to be the beft aay in relation to clover of any kind, what reajon can be in nature, avky grafs feeds only ought uot to be fown pure ? 2. Qthers OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 367 flovenly method of proceeding, as one would think could not poffibly prevail univerfally ; yet this is the cafe as to all graffes except the dar- nel grafs, and what is known in fome few counties by the name of the Suffolk grafs; and this latter inftance is owing, 1 believe, more to the foil than any care of the hufbandman. Now would the farmer be at the pains of fe- parating once in his life half a pint, or a pint of the different kinds of grafs feeds", and take care 2. Others fay, that it is better to have a mixture of different Seeds. I avill Juppofe this to be true. But cannot a mixture be bad though the feeds be gathered, and Jeparated ? and is not a mixture by choice more likely to be proper, than one by chance ? efpa- cially after a fufficient experience has been had of the particular wirtues of each fort, the different kinds of cattle each grafs is moft adapted to, the different grounds avhere they avill thrive bef, Ge. all which cicumflances are now in general wholly un- known, though of the utmoft confequence. 3. It is faid by fome, that weeds will come up along with the grafi. No doubt of it. Can any one imagine that grafs feeds fhould be exempted above from what happens to every other kind of Jeed. But i will venture to Jay, that not near the quantity of aweeds will [pring up which they imagine, if it be fon very thick. Men muft be very much put to it, avhen they make fuck objections as this laft, or indeed any of the others. 1am almoft inclined to Jay with a great writer, © It is a fimple thing te ¢ take much pains to anjaver fimple objections.’ h J have had frequent experience how eafy it is to gather the Seeds of graffes, having employed children of ten or eleven years 0.4 408 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. care to fow them feparatelys in a very little’ time he would have wherewithal to ftock his farm properly, according to the nature of each fil, and might at the fame time {pread thefe feeds feparately over the nation by fupplying old feveral times, who have gathered many forts for me avithout making any miflakes, after i had once fheavn them the forts i auanted. I hawe procured thus the creeping bent, the fine bent, the fheep’s fifcue, the crifted dog-tail, ETc. in Jufficient quantities to begin a oh 7 » oper ] P ivating them Jock, but for aant of a proper opportunity of cultivating t myfelf, or meeting with any one who had zeal enough to befloaw myfelfy or meeting ? a proper care on them, my collections of this kind hitherto have r » . ~ rr E Ll, only proved that the [cheme is in itfelf feafible. : | ’ ye p- * + i This wery year 1701, a little boy by my direftion gatnered as : : «] > = ~ 1 . auch of the crefled dog-tail in 3 hours by the fide of a road, as avhen [bed, yielded upon aveighing above a quarter of a pound vir yee fi 1. this eed is mall the averdupoisy perfectly free from bufks. As this feed is mall the Jeillfull «will eafily judge how far fich a quantity w ould go if properly employed. y ~ . 7 A y 2 . My wery eftimable and ingenious friend Mr. Aldworth, abo avas avitnefs of the fact avhich i laft mentioned, at my defire or- : 7 , » dered a Jmall part of a meadow, near bis Jeat at Stanlake, ; tp J [ IT] ” / /\ [\ » “pn , > Y auhich bad better grafjes and le)s mixed than the refly to be i unmcaved 11] the fecds avere fit for gathering. 1 bis piece yielded 7 - So 7.71 Lula] Fu spn im . 7 upon threfoing and fifting a full buflel by mieafure y ny pure feed of the crefied dog-tail. In cafe any one fhonld be in- ? 7 / ) rub 27 Bios oo lary - clined to follows this example, i think it highly neceflary to ob A Jere that care miufl be taken to moa the grafs before it fheds 3 that it be mowed wery early in the morning before the dew is off the ground, and that it ought not be Jpread as in maring hay, ~~ . yr x . 4] but left as it falls from the feythe a fufficient time, and then gently i v * turned over. the OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 369 the feed-fhops. The number of graffes fit for the farmer is, 1 believe, fmall ; perhaps half a dozen, or half a fcore are all he need to culti- vate ; and how fmall the trouble would be of fuch a tafk, and how great the benefit, muft be obvious to every one at firft fight. Would not any one be looked on as wild who fhould low wheat, barley, oats, rye, peas, beans, vetches, buck-wheat, turneps and weeds of all forts to- gether? yet how 1s it much lefs abfurd to do what is equivalent in relation to grafles ? does it not import the farmer to have good hay and grafs in plenty ? and will cattle thrive equally on all forts of food ? we know the contrary. Horfes will fcarcely eat hay, that will do well enough for oxen and cews. Sheep are parti cularly fond of one fort of grafs, and fatten upon it fafter, than on any other in Sweden, if we may give credit to Linnzus. And may they not do the fame in England ? How fhall we know till we have tryed ? Nor can we fay that what 1s valuable in Sweden may be inferior to many other grafles in England ; fince it ap- pears by the Flora Suecica that they have 2ll the good ones that we have. But however this may be i thould rather choofe to make experi- ments, than conjectures. Bb I now 470 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. I now propofe to add a few obfervations on {ome of our grafles, as far as 1 have been able to make any with fome appearance of probability ; but as there has reigned hitherto the greateft confufion in the Englifh names of thefe moft valuable plants, and as they have never been properly ranged but by Linnaeus, i {hall firft, ‘1 imitation of that great author in his Flora Suecica, give new generical names with trivial ones to diftinguifh the {pecies of all our Englifh graffes . 1 mean all thofe which are found in that author; as for the reft, fince fome are omitted by him, their names may be eafily fup- plyed when their genera are fettled by the learned ©. It happens very luckily, that our common people know fcarce any of the grafies by names, as far as i could ever find by con- verfing with farmers, hufbandmen, &c. {fo that fomething may be done to remove this con- fufion, if a lift of names be fettled and agreed i Mr. Hudfon having thought proper to adopt my names with fome alterations ; and having cleared up many of the fpecies of grafles in a better manner than has been done be- fore ; i have referred throughout to his Flora Britannica, which is likely to be in the hands of all who are curious in botany. ¥ his has fince been done in {ome meafure in the afore- sentioned Flora Britannica. on A OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 374 on by fuch as are likely to have influence {fuf- ficient in thefe matters. As to my own lift, it is only meant as a hint for others to work upon. In giving names i have had two things in view. Firft to retain as much as poffible fuch as have hitherto been ufed for fome {pecies of the genus. Secondly, where that could not be done to give {uch as are of eafy and familiar ONE, ciation to our common people, and at the fame time approach as near as poffible to the Latin names in found where they could not be in. terpreted. This was done for the {ake of the learned for the more eafy recoliecting the bo- tanical name. Thus 1 have called the aire har - grafs, the dromus brome-grafs, &c. in others i have merely tranflated the Latin name, as alopecurus fow-tail grals, cynofurus dog-zail grafs, &c. hi After thefe preliminary obfervations i hope it will not be neceffary to make any apology for the liberty 1 have taken. Tam certain that till names properly adapted to the purpofe be in- vented, we have little chance of feeing any ge- neral reformation made in this part ob Fliand. ry; and even after this without fome perfon properly qualified to diret the countrey peo- ple, and fhew them the grafies with their names, B 2 HOUNIOS o 272 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. nothing will come of that moft ufeful doctrine de- livered in the foregoing treatife of Haffelgren'. But it is to be hoped that gentlemen at leaft will not be fo incurious as to remain ignorant of what imports them fo much to know. Nor is the mere botanift lefs concerned in the fuccefs of this fcheme, for there is great reafon to think that many of the graffes are not thoroughly fettled, varieties perhaps being put for diffe- rent {pecies ™; NOW this uncertainty can never be better cleared up than by fowing the fame kind of feeds on different foils. ! Many people having exprefed a defire thati fhould have plates of fome of the profitable grafles added to this piece, that moft excellent man, the late Mr. Price of Foxley, whofe extraordinary character i fhall always revere, and do intend to give a ketch of on fome future occafion, kindly con- defcended 0 employ his pencil, which in the opinion of the beit judges was equal to things of a much fuperior nature, in making me {everal drawings from the plants themfelves, and 1 very able hand has fupplied the reft and engraved them all. » Thus Gmelin Flor. Lapp. mentions four of the meadow graffes which he fayshave fora long time perplexed botanilfts of great reputation. And the editor of Ray’s Synopfis, p, +02. doubts whether five grafies which are put down as dif- {erent by Petiver be not only varieties of a grafs mentioned before. I have many fpecimens of this grafs in my collection differing in color, ature and outward afpe&, which yet moft likely are of the fame fpecies. A Table OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 373 A Table of Englith GR ASSES. GENUS... VERNAL grafs, 746. 1. Anthox- anthum Odoratum *H. 10. R. 398.1. GENUS 2 MAT grafs H. 20. R. 393.2. GENUS 3 CANARY grafs Phalaris Canarienfis H. 20. R. 394. Sea CANARY H. 21. R. 398.4. Reed CANARY H. 21. R. 400.1. Ribband ~~ CANARY Phalaris ibid. b. ibid. i GENUS 4 Green PANIC grafs H. 21. R. 302.1, Looje PANIC H. 22. R. 394.2. Cock’s-foat PANIC H.z22.R. Creeping PANIC H. 22. R. 300.1. *N. B. H refers to the Flora Britannica of Mr. Hudfon. Bb 3 GE 4 ™ Nardus Striéia Manured Phala:is Arenaria Phalaris Arundinacea a yes Panicum Viride dais y ; Panicum Crufgall: >t : AY Panicum Sanguinale Panicum Daéylon 44 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES, Meadow Branched Bulbous Meadow Rulbous Flote Swooth Rough GENUS 5. CAT’s-TAIL grafs ‘Phleum Pra- tenfe H. 22. R. 398.1. CAT’s-TAIL Phleum Paniculatun: H. 23. CAT’s-TAIL H. 23. R. 398.3 GENUS 6. FOX-TAIL grafs, Tab. 2. Alopecurus Pratenfis H. 23. R. 396.1. FOX-TAIL Alopecurus Myofuroides H. 23. R. 397. FOX-TAIL Alopecurus Bulbofus H. 24. R. 397.3. | FOX-TAIL Alopecurus Geniculatus H. 24. R. 396.2. GENUS 7. FEATHER grafs H. 24. R. 393.3: GENUS 8. COCK’s-FOOT grafs Dactylis Cy- nofuroides H. 25. R. 393.4. COCK’s-FOOT Dactylis Glomeratis H. 25. R. 400.2. GENUS jo MILLET grafs ~~ Milium Effufum H. 25. R. 402. 1. Phleum Nodofum Stipa Pennata G E- OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. Silky Brown Red Creeping Mar fh Fine Wood Small Crefled Purple Water Turfy HU QH9 Xd NOCALL » SK 75 GENUS 10 BENT grafs H. 26. R. 405.17. BENT H. 26. BENT H. 26. R. 394.4. BENT H. 24. R. 402. 2. BENT H. 27. R. 404.11. BENT Tab. 3. Agroftis Capillaris H. 27. R. 402.4. BENT H. 28. R. 404.13. BENT H. 28. R. appendix. GENUS HAIR grafs H, 28. R. 306.3, HAIR H. 29. R. 404.8. HAIR H. 29. R. 402.3. HAIR H. 29. R. 403.5. Bb 4 Agroftis Spica venti Agroftis Canina Agroftis Rubra Agroftis Stolonifera Agroftis Paluftris Agroftis Sylvatica Agroftis Minima Aira Criflata Aira Cerulea Aira Aquatica Aira Cefpitsfa Mountain 370 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. HAIR Tab. 4. H. 30. R. 407.8,9. Small-leaved HAIR | H. 30. HAIR H. 30. R. 4035.16. HAIR H. 31. R. 407.10. HAIR Tab. 5. H. 31. R. 407.7. GENUS 12. MELIC grals H. 31. R. 403.6. Mountain Gr ey Early i] Silver GENUS 13. QUAKING arafs H. 32. R. 412.1. ‘niall QU AKING H. 52. R. 412.2. Middle GENUS 14 MEADOW grafs H. 32. R. 411.13. MEADOW tH. 33. R. 409.2. MEADOW Tab. 6. H. 33. R. 409. 3. MEADOW H. 33. R. 409.5. Common Great Ci eepi iz Melica Aira Flexuofa Aira Setacea Aira Canefcens Aira Precox Aira Caryophillea Nutans Briza Media Briza Minor Poa Aquatica Poa Trivialis Poa Pratenfis Poa Comprelfa Narrow- HU ; OH9 to WOGARY 38 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 377 Narrow-leaved MEADOW Poa Anguftifolia H. 34. R. 409. 4. MEADOW H. 324. R. 411.12. Hair-leaved MEADOW H. 34. MEADOW Tab. 4. H. 34. R. 408 1. - MEADOW H. 34. Sea MEADOW H. 35. R. 410.7%. MEADOW H. 35. R. 410.8. MEADOW H. 35. R. 395.4. GENUS 1s. FESCUE grafs, Tab. 8. Feftuca Ovine H. 36. R. 410.0. FESCUE ibid. 4. FESCUE H. 36. R. 413.4. FESCUE Tab. q. H. 36. Barren FESCUE H. 37. R. 415.13 3 Bulbous Poa Bulbofa Poa Setacea Annual Poa Annua Wood Poa Nemoralis Poa Maritima Hard Poa Rigida Spiked Poa Loliacea S beep’s Feftuca Vivipara Hard Feftuca Duriufeula Purple Feftuca Rubra Feftuca Bromoides Wall 178 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. Wall Tall Small Flore Cpibed vpired Wood Cori Upright Hy 7 ll Barren FESCUE H. 37. R. 411.16. FESCUL H. 37. R. 411.15. FESCUE H. 38. R. 408. 11. FESCUE 74b. 10. Feftuca Fluitans H. 38. R. 412,17. FESCUE H. 38. FESCUE H. 38. R. 394. GENUS 16. BROMLE grafs H. 39. R. 413.5. 414.7,8. BROME Bromus Arvenfis H. 39. R. 414.9. BROME H. 39. BROME H. 40. R. 413.2. BROME H. 40. R. 412.1. BROME H. 40. R. 415.11. BROME H. 40. R. 415.10. Feftuca Myurus Feftuca Elatior Feftuca Decumbens Feftuca Loliacea Feftuca Sylvatica Bromus Secalinus Bromus Ereflus Bromus Ciliatus Bromus Sterilis Bromus Giganteus Bromus Ramofus Spi k ed OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. Spiked Naked Bearded Meadow Rough Tall Yellow Common Branched Small Perennial 379 BROME Bromus Pinnatus H. 41. R. 392. GENUS 14 OAT grafs H. 41. R. 389. 4. OAT H. 41. R. 389.7. OAT H. 42. R. 405.1. OAT H. 42. R. 406.2. OAT H. 42. R. 406.4. OAT H. 42. R. 407.5. GENUS 8. REED grafs Arundo Phragmites H. 43. R. 401.1. REED H. 43. R. 401.2. REED H. 43. R. 401.3. REED H. 43.R. 393.1. GENUS ig. DARNEL grafs H. 44. R. 395.2. Avena Nuda Avena Fatua Avena Pratenfis Avena Pubefcens Avena Elatior Avena Flavefcens Arundo Calamagroftis Arundo Epigeios Arundo Arenaria Lolium Perenne Annual Eg eure = ant 788 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. vy Aunnal Common Bearded DARNELL Lolwam Temulentum PL 44. R. 395.1. GENUS 20. LYME grafs Elymus Arenarius H. 44. R. 390.3. GENUS 21. WHEAT grafs Triticum Repens H. 45. R. 390.1. WHEAT Triticum Caninum H. 45. R. 390.2. WHEAT Triticum Funceumn H. 45. R. 391.5. GENUS 22. BARLEY grafs Hordeum Murinum H. 46. R. 392.3. GENUS 23. RYE grafs Secale Villofum H. 46. R. 392.4: GENUS 24. DOG’s-T AlL,grafs7ab.11.Cynofurus Criftatus H. 47. R. 398.2. 399.3. DOG’s-TAIL Cynofurus Echinatus H. 47. R. 397.5. DOG’s- TAIL, Cynofurus Cerulens H. 47. R. 399.4. DOG’s-TAIL ~~ Cynofurus Paniceits H. 47. R. 396.4. | GE x SE ee Sr ERE Loder y > 223 « Meador For-tacl (rufa. ’ i y OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 381 GENUS 25. SOFT grafs Holcus Lanatus H. R. 404.14. Genus the firft. VERNAL. 725. 1. This grafs grows very commonly on dry hills, and likewife on found rich meadow land. It is one of the earlieft graffes we have, and from its being found on fuch kinds of paftures as fheep are fond of, and from whence excellent mutton comes, it is moft likely to be a good grafs for fheep paftures. It gives a grateful odor to hay. ADDITION. This grafs i bave found on all kinds of grounds, from the moft fandy and dry to the moft Riff and moift, and even in bogs. It is very plentiful in the bet meadows about London, viz. fo- wards Hempflead and Hendon. 1t is very eafy to gather, as i have found by experience; as it fheds its feeds upon the leaft rubbing. Genus the fixth. Meadow FOX-TAIL Tab. 2. This grafs as well as the foregoing is found in great plenty in our belt meadows about London, and i believe makes very good hay. Linnzus fays that it 1s a proper grafs to low on grounds that have been drained. ADDITION. [I am informed that the bef bay 382 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. bay which comes to Londsn is from the meadows, where this grafs abounds. I [aw this [pring a meadrw not far from Hampflead, which confiffed of this grafs chiefly with fome of the vernal grafs and the corn brome grafs. This grafs is [carce in many parts of England, particularly Hevefordfbire, Berkfbive and Norfolk. It might be gathered at almoft any time of the year from bay ricks, as it does not fhed its feeds without rubbing, which is the cafe of but few graffes. Water FOX-T AIL. This isalfo found in the meadows about town, that are found but lye under water in the winter, and perhaps might be proper to fow on fuch grounds. Genus the tenth. Mar/h BENT. ADDITION. This gra/sgrows very common- ly in moift grounds and ditches in many parts of England, where i have been. 1 fhall [ay more of it under article Flote FESCUE graf. Fine BENT. Tab. 3. This grafs 1 have always found in great plenty on the beft fheep paftures, as on Malvern hills and on all the high grounds in Herefordfhire, that are remarkable for good mutton. ADDITION. I may add on Bagfhot heath and ihe beft [beep pafiures in Berkjhive, Oxfordfbire and Norfolk. CF ) : Sorte 0c! lyrofi. - v =~ ~ y y ( « Mowridaern Hr by? { RR a A OR ara 44 aN X ~ No ) ( 2? e Heador 4 J) (jr: 7 e 2s nual e Hewdorw ‘ % 7 of OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 383 Genus the eleventh. Mountain HAIR. Tab. 4. The fame may be faid of this grafs as of the foregoing. It grows in great plenty on Bag- thot heath. Silver HAIR. Tab. 5. This alfo is found on the fame kind of paf- fture as the two foregoing. Genus the fourteenth. Great and narrow-leaved MEADOW. Tab. 6. Thefe graffes are common in our beft mea- dow grounds, and i believe make good pafture and hay. ADDITION. { have found them frequently on banks by the road fide, and near ditches, even where they were not to ve found in the adjoyning meadows, and paffures. Annual NNEADOW. Tab. 7. This grafs makes the fineft of turfs. It grows every where by way fides, and on rich found commons. It is called in forme parts the Suffolk grafs. Ihave feen whole fields of it in High Suf- folk without any mixture of other graffes, and as fome of the beft {alt butter we have inl comes from that county, it is molt likely to be the beft grafs for the dairy. Ihave feen a whole park in Suffolk covered with this grafs, but whether it affords good veniion 1 cannot tell, having never tafted of any from ir. 1 fhould rathe think AE I A TS = tes 384 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. think not, and that the beft pafture for fheep is alfo the beft for deer. However this wants trial. I remarked on Malvern hill fomething particular in relation to this orafs. A walk that was made there for the convenience of the water drinkers, in lefs than a year was covered in many places with it, tho’ 1 could not find one fingle plant of it befides in any part of the hill. This was no doubt, owing to the frequent treading, which above all things makes this grafs florith, and therefore it is evident that rolling mutt be very ferviceable to it. ADDITION. 1 bas been objected that this grafs is not free from bents, by which word is meant the flowering flems. I anfwer that this is moft certainly true, and that there is no grafs without thein. But the flowers and [tems do not grow fo Joon brown as thofe of other grafles, and being much fhorter they do not cover the radical leaves [s much, and therefore this grafs affords a more agree- able turf without mowing than any other whatever that i know of. Sheeps FESCUE. Tab. 8. This is the grafs fo much efteemed in Swe- den for theep. Gmelin, Flor. Sibir. fays that the Tartars choofe to fix during the fummer in thofe places where there is the greateft plenty of this grafs ; becaufe ) Vo Prec detun -. Sheep Fate l 7 y or l —— Fal J. a AS Ear he " eT £5 AES IRE eh RSG sae g Fala : 5 TT RS pes eR a SE EA TR 3 i ! i OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 78s becaufe it affordsa moft wholefome nourithment to all kinds of cattle, but chiefly theep ; and he obferves that the fepulchral monuments of the antient Tartars are moftly found in places that abound with this grafs, which fhews, adds he, that it has long been valued amongft ther. I have among my grafles a {pecimen of it, but do not remember where i found it. Iam cér- tain it 1s not common in any of the places where i have been. Perhaps upon examination it may be found on places famous for our beft mutton, as Banftead Downs, Church-Stretton in Shrop- thire, fome parts of Wales &c. ADDITION. [have fince found this grafs in great plenty in many parts of England and Wales 5 indeed on all the fineft fbeep paftures in Hereford- Jbire, Berkfbire, Oxfordfbire, Norfolk &ec. The reafon why i thought it not covmon wasy that if is an carly grafs, and bad fbed its [ecds, before i ufually made my [earches in thofe places where it only grows. I muft alfo obferve that, contrary to what Linnaeus [ays, either the fheep or [ome other animals do eat the flowering flems of this grafs, for upon Banflead Downs there was nothing to be feen but the radical leaves of it, unlefs among} the bufbes near the hedges; where it was guarded from the | foecp, Cc Genus a 386 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. Tihs Genus the fifteenth. Purple FESCUE. Tab. 9. ADDITION. This grafs i have always found along with the fine BENT and filver HAIR- GRASS, particularly on Banflead Downs in great plenty in a place inclofed in order to keep the fheep out. From bence i ain inclined to think that this is the chief grafs all over the Downs, but as the flowering flems in the other parts were intirely gone, unlefs along the hedges, i could not be certain. Flote FESCUE. Tab. vo. I have no knowledge of the qualities of thi FS SRSA TO RATE LI YR MY ¢ NA TS ET PR ETS LE ane: A a3 orafs from my own experience, but fhall quote fomething concerning it out of a piece publifh- ed in'the Am#n. Academ. vol. 3. entitled Plantz Ffculentz. The author fays there, artic. 90 that the feeds of this grafs are gathered yearly in Poland, and from thence carried into Ger many and fometimes into Sweden, and fold un- der the name of manna feeds. Thefe are much ufed at the tables of the great on account of — ——————————" their nourithing quality and agreeable tafte It is wonderfull, adds the author, that amongft us thefe feeds have hitherto been neglected, fince they are fo eafily collected and cleanfed. ADDITION. Mr. Dean, a very fenfibk farmer at Rufcomb, Berkfbire, affured me that 0 14 slus pare bes po under apis P hay APOE ; . d always lying under water of about four acre, . Sel » 7y byiity Kh w ¢ of f ~Luprte Sad Cte {17 vifes : hal 1 TY, : J : / Sa a 0 eer Ie AE BE A a = © pe ono oo che os OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 387 that was occupied by bis father when he was ¢ boy, was covered with a kind of grafs, that main- tained five farm-borfes in good heart from April to the end of barveft without giving them any other kind of food, and that it yielded more than they could eat. He at my defirve brought me [ome of the grafs, which proved to be the flote FESCUE with a mixture of the marfb BENT 5 whether this loft contributes much towards furnifbing fo good pofture for horfes i cannot fay. They both throw out roots grow to a great lenoth. In the index of dubious plants at ihe end of Ray's Synopfis, there is mention of Gramen ca- ving not far from Salifbury 24 fee long. This muft by its length be a grafs with a creeping falk 5 end that there is e grafs in Wiltfhire growing in watery meadows [0 valuable, that an acre of it lets from 10 #0 12 pounds, i have been informed by [everal perfons. Thefe circumftances incline me to think it muft be the flote fefcuey but whatever grafs it bey it cer- tainly muft deferve to be inquired after. There is a clamminefs on the ear of the flote fefcue when the feeds arc ripe that taftes like honey, gs 1 have often found, and for this reafon perhaps {hey are called manna feeds, Cc 2 Linneus 388 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. Linneus Flor. Succ. art. 95. [ays, that the Lran of this grafs will cure borfes troubled with bots, if kept from drinking for [ome hours. Genus the feventeenth. Yellow OAT. This grafs is found in great pleaty in [ome grounds where the fheep’s FESCUE, the fine BENT, and the crefed DOG-TAIL grow, and therefore likely to be good for fheep. It is alfo wot uncommon in good meadows. Genus the nineteenth, Perennial DARNELL. This grafs is well known, and cultivated all over Encland; and it 1s to be hoped the fuccefs we have had with 1t will in time encourage out farmers to take the fame pains about fome others that are no lefs valuable, and are full as eafy to be feparated. It makes a moft excellent rurf on found rich land where it will remain. If i may judge by the venifon 1 have eat out of a paddock, that was ¢ \ grafs, 1 would by no means recommend it for parks. I know it will be faid that venifon 18 never good out of a paddock, that the deer muft have room to range, trees to browie on, &c. 1 orant there 1s fome reafon for faying this, but - i believe in general it is more owing to want of proper food, viz. good grafs, than merely to confinement ; for paddocks are generally made by OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 389 by converting fome rich fpot near the houfe, that has conftantly been manured, and of courfe is full of graffes fitter for the dairy or the {table than for deer, which hardly ever is the cafe of large parks. No man will, 1 fuppofe, pretend to make good pork from a hog fed with grains inftead of peas, tho’ he has the liberty of choofing as much ground as he pleafes, and where he pleafes. This grafs is called in many counties rye grafs. It were to be withed that the old name might prevail, becaufe there is agenus of grafs, viz. the 22d. known by the name of rye all over the kingdom, of which genus there is a fpecies that ought to bear the fame generical name. ADDITION. I have fince eaten venifon out of a large park, where there was much of this grafs, and it was no better than that out of the paddock. 1 fhonld be apt to think from hence that this grefs would not be proper for [beep as i have always obferved that the fame kind of ground which yeilds good wenifon yields alfo good mutton. For what particular ufes it is good, wants 1o be tryed, whether for the dairy, for fatting cattle, or for borfes. Many are tempted by the facility of pro- curing the feed of this grafs to lay down grounds wear their boufes, where they want to have a fine turf 390 OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. turf with it 3 for which purpofe unlefs the [oil be very rich a worfe grafs cannot be fown, as it will certainly die off in a very few years intirely. Genus the twenty fourth. Creffled DOG TAIL. Zab. 11. This grafs i imagine is proper for parks. 1 know one where this abounds, that is famous for excellent venifon, It may perhaps be as good for theep. ADDITION. That it is good for fheep i have Since found by experience. The beft mution 1 have tafted, wext to that which comes from bills where the purple and fbeep’s fefcue, the fine bent, and the Silver hair grafes abound, baving been from fbeep fed e071 It makes a very fine turf upon dry [andy or chalky foils, as i have [een in many parts of Berkfhire, but unlefls fwept over with the [cythe, sts flowering flems will look brown 5 which is the eafe of all graffes, which are nei fed by variety of animals. For that [ome animals will eat the flower- tug [lems is evident by commons, where [carcely any parts of groffes appear but the radical leaves. Orderof coming into ear of the above mentioned graffes. Annval MEADOW Meadow FOX-TAIL VERNAL 77} x { rested Dogs n + 7 - lol 0 /? of OBSERVATIONS ON GRASSES. 391 VERNAL Great MEADOW Narrow-leaved MEADOW Crefted DOG-TAIL Shecp’s FESCUL Purple FESCUE Fine BENT Marfb BENT Silver HAIR Yellow OAT Flote FESCUE The whole time from the beginmng of May till about the middle of June. i Fmt 64 5006 G IXPOY ETH T LAIKQ HOLILTHO Kas Bapeae 78 50) KiB 184 pd cicy Tory x wer pEyd xo TO rv k {¢ jou