gm mmm ssm mm ■Æ»\ , » 'War* IBimmI HjMM» 1»&séì Mi« MM id&Èæti&feaÉGâBM &sâM. mM â@at ■HPign»' MMÉBBli ÄI» iÉi»féiSi ^■fVÿ js^mmÊmm yCjpa^pbÉ^ AM IIÉttff»!Libris BEATRIX JONES REEF POINT GARDENS LIBRARY The Gift of Beatrix Farr and to the General Library University of California, Berkeley tmm   •V" * ♦ V.. ✓ c t » / * Il ’ III "TP 'F ' T ' 1 b; v ï' TP Ti: Jf rii rrr i II ;[ sii II 1 IL Jf'ßarfolnzf/cid et fculp.t7riï~S I L V A: OR, A DISCOURSE O F FORES T-T REES, AND THE Propagation of Timber in his Majefty’s Dominions: As it \Yas delivered in the ROYAL SOCIETY on the 15th Day of O&ober, 1662, Upon Occafion of certain Qu aeries propounded to that illuftrious A {Terribly, by the Honourable the Principal Officers and Commiflioners of the Navy. TOGETHER WITH An Hiftorical Account of the Sacrednefs and Ufe of Standing Groves, By J O H N E V E L Y N, Efq; Fellow of the Royal Society. With Notes by A. FI U N T E R, M. D. F. R. S. Non caret Umbra Deo.----------Statius. YORK: Printed by A. Ward for J. Dodsley, Pall-Mall; T. Cadell, in the Strand; J. Robson, New-Bond-Street; and T. Durham,.Charing-Crofs, London. W. Creech and J. Balfour, Edinburgh. M.DCC.LXXYI.(T O SIR FREDERICK EVELYN BARONET THIS EDITION OF THE SILVA WRITTEN BY HIS ILLUSTRIOUS ANCESTOR IN THE YEAR MDCLXIV IS INSCRIBED BY HIS MOST OBEDIENT SERVANT A. HUNTER,THE EDITOR’S PREFACE. IT may appear a matter of Angularity that a perfon of my Profefilon fhould engage in a work which, it mull be confefied, has but a fmall alliance with Medicine. But I wilh to have it known, that, during the whole time this Edition was under my hands, I confidered it only as affording amufement, and relaxation from ftudies of a feverer kind. To liberal minds this will be a fufficient apology. To perfons of a different turn I have nothing to obferve. Tacitus fays, Ad utilitatem vita omnia faEla conjiliaque noftra funt dirigenda. And I could produce proofs of the higheft authority to confirm this excellent fentiment; [— — but an age greedy in purfuit of natural knowledge needs no incitements. The expence attending this work would have deterred me from the protection of it almoft as foon as begun, had it not been for a moft diftin-guifhed Patronage, under whofe recommendation the Subfcription filled beyond my molt fanguine expectations. Since the firft Edition of the Silva, in 1664, many improvements have been made in planting, and in every branch of natural knowledge. It, therefore, became my indifpenfable duty to bring down the’improvements to the prefent time. Thefe make the fubjeCt of the Notes, which are drawn from the’moft refpeCtable authorities. I afiume no merit beyond the arrangement of the materials, having in all places preferved the authors own words, excepting in cafes where the fenfe was obfcured by an impropriety of expreflion. To join the fentiments of fo many different writers, fo as to appear with the uniformity of one Author, required at firft a confider-able degree of attention, but the compofition grew more eafy in proportion as the fubjeCl**became more familiar. To the following Authors I ftand particularly indebted : Sir Charles Linnaeus, the Rev. Dr. Stephen Hales* the Rev. Mr. Hart, Mr. Bradley, the Rev. Mr. Hanbury, Mr. P. Millar, Monf. Duhamel, and Profeffor Kalm ; and I make this public acknowledgment to avoid the charge of plagiarifm. The Philofophical Tranf-aCtions of London, have, in many inftances, been of fingular fervice to me; and I have had frequent occafion to introduce extracts from my own Georgical Effays. I alfo acknowledge to have received much affiftancs.SUBSCRIBERS A H[ S Grace the Archbishop of Armagh, Lord Primate of Ireland race the Duke of Argyll His Grace the Duke of Athol Right Rev. the Lord Bifhop of St. Afaph Sir Anthony Thomas Abdy, Bart, Rev. Sir William Anderfon, Bart. 2 copies Sir George Artnytage, Bart. Sir Thomas Acland, Bart. Lady Anderfon Mrs. Anderfon Jonathan Acklom, Efq; H. Acland, Efq; John Acland, Efq; Robert Adair, Efq; Simon Adams, Efq; Duke Adams, Efq; Charles Allanfon, Efq; George Aldrich, M. D. James Allgood, Efq; Charles Amcotts, Efq; Luck Anningfon, Efq; Robert Andrew, Efq; Mr. John Anderfon Chaloner Arcedekne, Efq; Francis Armftrong, M. D. James Arden, Efq; John Afpinal, Efq; George Afhby, Efq; Roger Aytoun, Efq; B Right Hon. Earl Bathurft, Lord High Chancellor His Grace the Duke of Buccleugh His Grace the Duke of Beaufort Right Hon. the Earl of Be&ive Right Hon. Lord Vifcount Bulkeley Right Hon. Lord Vifcount Beauchamp Right Hon. Lord Binning Right Hon. Lady Frances Burgoyne Right Hon. John Beresford Hon. Edward Bouverie Hon. John Bentinck Hon. Charles Bentinck Hon. Mrs. Bofcawen Sir Robert Bernard, Bart. Sir Robert Blackwood, Bart. Sir Charles Buck, Bart. Sir Walter Blacket, Bart. Jofeph Banks, Efq; Samuel Barlow, Efq; Frederick Barnard, Efq; Thomas Barftow, Efq; John Bainbridge, Efq; Chriftopher Baldwin, Efq; Chriftopher Barnard, Efq; Francis Bacon, Efq; Thomas Butterworth Bayley, Efq; F. R. S. Charles Barnard, Efq; Stewart Banks, Efq; William Backwell, Efq; Dr. Bates Thomas Baber, Efq; John Baird, Efq; Rev. Edward Bayley John Baverftock, Efq; William Backwell, Efq; Richard Bell, Efq; Thomas Beaumont, Efq; Rev. Francis Beft Robert Bewlay, Efq; Ralph Bell, EH^ John Beverley, Efq; William Graves Beaupre Bell, Efq; ■ ■ ■ Berridge, Efq; Philip Beddingfield, Efq; Rev. Leonard Bevridge, D. D. William Bethell, Efq; Rev. Mr. Bell Richard Henry Beaumont, Efq; T. C. Bigge, Efq; Mrs. Bland Thomas Le Blanc, Efq; John Blencowe, Efq; Charles Blagden, M. D. John Bowman, Efq; Matthew Langley Boynton, Efq; Edward Hugh Bofcawen, Efq; Richard Wilbraham Bootle, Efq; Mr. John Booth Afcough Boucherett, Efq; Oldfield Bowles, Efq; James Bofwell, Efq; Mr. Bofwell Rev, B. BrandonSUBSCRIBER S.. John Berney, Efq; Timothy Brett, Efq; John Broadley, Efq;. Robert C. Broadley, Efq; Rev. William Briftow Ifaac Hawkins Brown, Efq; Philip Brown, M. D. Lancelot Brown, Efq; Rev. Mr. Brown Thomas Brand, Efq; William Burgh, Efq; John Buxton, Efq; 2 copies Mr. Jofeph Butler Rev. John Buxton Thomas Butcher, Efq; Ynyr Burgefs, Efq; Samuel Buckle, Efq; William Burton, Efq; Robert Burrow, Efq; Mr. Lewis Bull, 3 copies-Mr. William Bullock C Right Hon. the Earl of'Charlemont Right Hon. Earl Cholrrondeley Right Hon. Lord John Cavendifh, 2 cop. Right Rev. the Lord Bifhop of Clogher, Right Rev. the Lord Bifhop of Coyne Right Rev. the Lord Biftiop of Clonfert. Right Hon. Lord Carysfort P.ight Hon. Nathaniel Clement Right Hon. Thomas Conolly; Sir Thomas Cave, Bart. Sir George Cooke, Bart. Sir Brownlow Cuft, Bart. Sir David Carnegy, Bart. General Carnac General John Caillaud The Rev. William Cayley John C^rr, Efq; Rev. Newcome Cappe John,Campbell, Efq; LL. D. Reginald Pole Carew, .Efq; Rev. Mr Carver Nathaniel Cholmley, Efq; Edward Chamhnlayne, Efq; Childers Walbanke Childers, Efq; Charles Chaplin, Efq; William Chaloner, Efq; Montague Cholmley, Efq; Edward Chapeau, Efq; John Chadwick, Efq; , Edward Cleaver, Efq; Robert Clements, Efq; John Clark, Efq; Rev. William Cooper, D. D. John Courtney, Efq; Edward Cotterell, Efq; Jofhua Cooper, Efq;. Thomas Cotton, Efq; William Conftable, Efq; Marmaduke Conftable, Efq; Richard Hippifley Coxe, Efq; 2 copies George, Cooke, Efq;. Mr. Cotton James Coutts, Efq; J. Cook, Efq; Richard Cox, Efq;. Mr. Collinfon Jbhn Cockfield, Efqp Stephen Croft, Efq-; Stephen Croft, junior, Efq;' Ralph Creyke, Efq; Chriftopher Crowe, Efq; John Croft, Efq;: Charles Crowle, Elq; Jofeph Cradock, Efq;-Charles Craigie, Efq;:, Roger Crowle, Efq; William Courtney Cruttenden,, Efqj John Currer, Efq;: Rev. Mr. Cummins ; D His Grace the Duke of Devonfhire Right Hon. the Earl of Derby Right Hon. the Earl of Denbigh Right Hon. the Earl of Drogheda-Hon. and Right Rev. the Lord Bifhop of St. David’s Hon. and Right Rev. the Lord Bifhop of Derry Right Hon. Lord Dacre-Right Hon. Lord Defert Hon. John Davifon Hon. John Dawfon Sir William Dolben, Bart. Sir William Draper, K. B. William Danby, Efq;. Henry Dalton, Efq; Merrot Dal way, Efq; Shrnucl Dafhwood, Efq;' Rev. William Dade Charles Dafhwood, Efq; John Davenport, Efq; Denis Daly, Efq; William Dawfon, M. D. Rev. Hugh Davies Samuel Davis, Efq; Thomas Davifon, Efq; John Davifon, Efq; Henry Brewfter Darley, ETq;SUBS C R I B E R S. James Dealtry, Efq; William Del me, Efq; Thomas Dexter, Efq; Jeremiah Dixon, Efq; John Englifh Dolben, Efq; Robert Dolman, M. D. Robert Drummond, Efq; Edward Drummond, Efq; Thomas Drake, Efq; Rev. Mr. Drake William Drake, Eftfi Mr. N. Drake 'Henry Duncombe, Efq; Thomas Dundas, Efq; John Dunning, Efq; Michael Duffield, Efq; E Right Hon. -the Earl of EfTex Right -Hon. the Earl of Egremont Right Hon. the Earl of Ely Right Hon. Lord Eyre Sir Thomas Egerton, Bart. Sir John Eden, Bart. Sir Frederick Evelyn, Bart. Giles Earle, Efq; Rev. Mr. Eafton William Eden, Efq; Rev. Henry Egerton Lieut. General George Auguftus .Eliott William Naflau Eliott, Efq; James Francis Erikine, junior, Efq; Thomas Eftcourt, Efq; Major-General William Evelyn Rev. Robert Evans Sidney Evelyn, Efq; Anthony Eyre, Efq; F Right Hon. Earl Fauconberg, 2 copies Right Hon. the Earl of Farnham Right Hon. Anthony Fofter, Lord Chief Baron of the Kingdom of Ireland Right Hon. James .Fortefcue Sir Thomas Frankland, Bart. Sir Michael Le Fleming, Bart. Henry Hopkins Fane, Efq; Benjamin Farrand Efq; James Farrer, Efq; James Farquarfon, Efq; Mr. Featherftone Thomas Fenton, Efq; Mifs Finch Rev. Dr. Fountayne, Dean of York .Rev. Puller Farrefter, D. D. John Fothergill, M. D. George Fordice, M. D. Barnard Foord, Efq; Matthew Foord, Efq; John Foord, Efq; John Ford, Efq; George Talbot Hatley Foot, Efq; James Fox, Efq; John Fofter, Efq; Rev. Mark Fofter James Fonnereau, Efq; Thomas Frankland, Efq; Bacon Frank, Efq; William Power Keating French, Efq; Peter John Fremeaux, Efq; Robert Raikes Fulthorp, Efq; William Fullerton, Efq; G His Grace the Duke of Grafton Right Hon. the Marquis of Granby Right Hon. the Earl of Glencairn Right Hon. the Earl of Guildford Right Hon. Lord Grofvenor, a copies Right Hon. Lord Guernfey Hon. Mrs. Levefon Gower Hon. Charles Greville Sir Thomas Gafcoigne, Bart. Sir William Guife, Bart. 2 copies Sir Sampfon Gideon, Bart. Sir John Griffin, Bart. Luke Gardiner, Efq; John Gartfide, Efq; Alexander Gibfon, Efq; Rev. Mr Gibfon William Gill, .Efq; Henry Strater Gill, Efq; -------Gibbs, Efq; Edward Gibbons, Efq; Rev. Stephen Glynne William Man Godfchall, Efq; Mr. Chriftopher Gdulton William Gooch, Efq; Rev. Mr Godley John Grimfton, Efq; Robert Grimfton, Efq; Abraham Grimes, Efq; Edward Barnaby Green, Efq; Rev. Langley Grace Rev. William Greenhill George Gray, Efq; 2 copies John Griffith, Efq; Jofhua Grigby, Efq; Dr. Gufthart « b 2SUBSCRIBER?. H Right Hon. the Earl of Home Right Hon. the Earl of Hyndford Right Hon. the Earl of Harcourt Right Hon. the Earl of Hopton Right Hon. John Hope, Schipen and Councellor of the City of Amfterdam Sir Thomas Hatton, Bart. Sir Robert Hildyard, Bart. Sir John Hafler, Bart. John Harrifon, Efq; Martin Bladen Hawke, Efq; 2 copies Rev. Dr. Hamilton George Harley, Efq; Rev. Dr. Haftings, Chancellor of Clogher Edward Haiftwell, Efq; Rev. Archdeacon Haftings Rev. John Hawkfhaw James Hamilton, Efq; Rev. James Haftings Mr. Patrick Haftings John Hamlyn, Efq; William Hanbury, Efq; Walter Hawkfworth, Efq; Stanhope Harvey, Efq; John Hewitt, Efq;. 2 copies' John Heaton, Efq; James Hebden, Efq; Rev. Mr. Henley, Profeflor of Moral Phi-lofophy in Cambridge Robert D’Arcy Hildyard, Efq;. Wefton Hilyar, Efq; John Hinde, Efq; Godfrey Higgins, Efq; Jofeph Hickford, Efq; Mann Horsfield, Efq; 3 copies John Holroyd, Efq; 2 copies Owen Holland, Efq; James Hobfon, Efq; Stayncr Holford, Efq; Thomas Hodgfon, E(q; Philip Howard, Efq; Dr. Hope, Profeflor of Botany in the Univerfity of Edinburgh John Holton, Efq; John Houblon, Efq; John Horsfall, Efq; John Hunter, Efq; Charles Hunter, Efq; Thomas Hutton, Efq; Mr. John Hunter, Thomas Hyde, Efq; Right Hon. the Earl of Jerfey Right Hon. Lord Vifcount Irwin Sir James Ibbetfon, Bart. Sir John Allen Johnfton, Bart.. Cyril Jackfon, Efq; Mr. Jackman Jofeph Jekyll, Efq; Soame Jennings, Efq; Rev. Mr. Jewill John Jenings, Efq; - --- ■ Ingram, Efq; Peter Johnfon, Efq; John Johnfton, M. D.. John Johnftone, Efq;. Ambrofe Ifted, Efq;, Henry Jubb, Efq; John Ivefon, Efq; - K Right Hon. the Earl of Kinnoul Right Rev. the Lord Bifliop of Kildare Right Rev. the Lord Bifliop of Kilialoe, 2 copies Right Rev. the Lord Bifliop of Kilmore Rev. Richard Kaye, D. D. John Hatfield Kaye, Efq; Dr. Kennedy — ■ ■■ Kirby* Efq; Mr. Kitfon L His Grace the Duke of Leeds His Grace the Duke of Leinfter Right Hon. the Earl of Lauderdale Right Hon. the Earl of Lanefbrough Right Hon. the Earl of Lincoln Right Hon. Lord Vifcount Lifburne Right Hon. Lord Longford Right Rev. the Lord Bifliop of Limerick Sir John Legard, Bart. Sir James Long, Bart. Daniel Lafcfelles, Efq; Charles Lambert, Efq; William Lafcelles, Efq; Robert Lawley, Efq; Edward Lafcelles, Efq; Mr. David Lambert Bennet Langton, Efq; Anthony Lax, Efq; •-----Lawfon, Efq; Mr. William Langley Charles De La of the Apoftles ; “ the promontory of Anxur •, a. profpeCt of “ Naples from mount Vefuvius; a profpeCt of Vefuvius, as it appears to-“ wards Naples *, the mouth of mount Vefuvius :” all which were engra-ved.from our author’s (ketches by Hoare, an eminent artift at that time. He returned to Paris in the year 1647 *, where, being recommended to Sir Richard Browne, Bart, the King’s Minifter there, he made his addrefies to his only daughter Mary, whom he foon after married, and by whom he became poflefied of Sayes-Court near Deptford in Kent, where he refided after his return to England, which was about the year 1651.. Some time before this he had commenced author; and the following pieces feem to be the firft productions of his pen : 1. “ Of Liberty and Servitude.” 1649, i2mo. Tranflated from the French. 2. “ A Character of England, as it c< was lately prefented in a letter to a Nobleman of France, with reflections 2 on Gallus Caftratus.” 1651, i6mo. The third edition of this book appeared in 1659 : at prefent it is very fcarce. 3. “The State of France.” 1652,’ 8vo. 4. “ An EfTay on the firft book of Lucretius, interpreted “ and made into Englfh Verfe.” 1656, 8vo. This tranffation was decorated with a frontifpiece, defigned by his ingenious Lady*, and with a panegyrical copy of verfes by Mr. Waller, prefixed to it. 5. “ The French “ Gardener; inftruCting how to cultivate all forts of fruit-trees and herbs “ for the garden.” 1658, and'feveral times after. In moft of the editions is added, “ The Englilh Gardener vindicated, by John Rofe, Gardener to “ King Charles II. with a trad: of the making and ordering of wines in “ France.” The third edition of the “ French Gardener,” which came out in 1676, was illuftrated with copper-plates. 6. “ The Golden Book of “ St. Chryfoftom, concerning the Education of Children.” 1659, tamo. The fituation of publick affairs induced Mr. Evelyn to live very retired at Sayes-Court; and fo fond was he of this rural retreat, that he feemed determined to enjoy retirement for life. This ftudious difpofition, together with his difguft of the world, occafioned by the violence and confufion of the times, was fo ftrong, that he actually propofed to Mr. Boyle the raifing a kind of college for the reception of perfons of the fame turn of mind; where they might enjoy the pleafure of fociety, and at the fame time pafs their days without care or interruption. His letter to Mr. Boyle,.The LIFE of Mr. JOHN EVELYN: rn which the following plan of a college is contained, is dated the third of -September, 1659, and exhibits an agreeable portrait-of his philofophic and contemplative mind. “ I propofe .the purchafing of thirty or forty acres of land, in fomt “ healthy place, not above twenty-five miles from London-, of which a “ good part fhould be tall wood, and the reft up-land paftures, or downs “ l'weetly irrigated. If there were not already a houfe, which might be “ converted, &c. we would; eredt, upon the moft convenient fite of this, “ near the wood, our building,, viz. one handfome pavillion, containing a “ refedtory, library, withdrawing-room, and a clofet; this the firft ftory-: “ For we fuppofe the kitchen, larders, cellars, and offices, to be contrived “ in the half-ftory under ground. In the fecond fhould be a fair lodging*-“ chamber, a_pallet-room,, a gallery, and a clofet; all which fhould be “ well and very nobly furnifned, for any worthy perfon that might defire “ to ftay any time, and for the reputation of the college: The half-ftory “ above for fervants, wardrobes, and iike conveniences. To the entry fore “ front of this court* and at the other back front,, a plot walled in, of a “ competent fquare for the common feraglio,. difpofed into a garden; or it “ might be only carpet, kept- curioufly, and to ferve for bowls, walking, “ or other recreations, &c. if the company pleafe. Oppofite to the houfe*, “ towards the wood, fhould be eredted a pretty chapel; and, at equal difi “ tances, even within the flanking walls of the fquare, fix apartments or “ cells for the members of the fociety, and not contiguous to the pavillion; “ each whereof fhould contain a fmall bed-chamber, an outward room, a “ clofet, and a private garden,, fomewhat after the manner of the Carthu* “ fians. There fhould likewife be an elaboratory,. with a repofitory for “ rarities and things of nature: an aviary, dove-houfe, phyfic-gardeni “ kitchen-garden, and a plantation of orchard-fruit,.&c. all uniform- build-“ ings, but of Angle ftories, or a little elevated. Ajt Convenient diftancej “ towards the olitory garden,, fhould be a liable for two or three horfes, “ and a lodging for a fervant. or two. Laftly,. a garden-houfe and con* “ fervatory for tender plants. The eftimate amounts thus: The pavillioni “ four hundred pounds; the chapel, one hundred and fifty pounds; apart-“ ments, walls, and out-houfing, fix hundred pounds ; the purchafe of the* “ fee for thirty acres, at fifteen pounds per acre, eighteen years purchafe, “ four hundred pounds. The total, fifteen hundred and fifty pounds ?■ “ Sixteen hundred pounds will be the utmoft. Three of the cells or apart*’ “ ments, that is, one moiety, with the appurtenances, fhall be at the difpo*The LIFE; of Mr. J OH N EVELY N. jn the fifth edition of that work printed after his deceafe. About this time the univerfity of Oxford received' a noble and lading teftimony of Mr. Evelyn’s gratitude to the place of his education; for it was he who prevailed with the Lord Henry Howard to bellow the Arun-delian marbles, then remaining in the garden of Arundel-houfe in London, on that univerfity. Lord Howard was alfo ftrongly importuned by Mr. Evelyn to fend to Oxford an exquifite- flattie of Minerva; but the fudden death of that Lord prevented its removal from Arundel-houfe in the Strand. Mr. Evelyn fpent his time at this juncture in a manner as pleafing as he could wilh : He had great credit at court, and great reputation in the world; was one of the commiflioners for rebuilding St. Paul’s,, attended the meetings of the Royal Society with great regularity, and was pundtual in the difeharge of his office as a commiflioner of the fick. and wounded. Yet,, in the midfl of his employments, he found leifure to add frelh labours to thofe he had already publilhed: As, 18. “The “ Hiftory of the three late famous Impoflors, viz. Padre Ottomano, pre-“ tended fon and heir to the late Grand Seignior-, Mahomet Bei, a “ pretended Prince of the Ottoman family, but in truth a Wallachian “ counterfeit and Sabbata Levi, the fuppofed Meffiah of the Jews, “in the year 1666; with a brief account of the ground and occa-“ fion of the prefent war between the Turk and Venetian: Together “ with the caufe and final extirpation, deftrudlion, and exile of the Jews “ out of the Empire of Perfia.” 1668, 8vo. Thefe little hiftories abound with curious fafls many of which, Mr. Evelyn fays, he received from the mouth of a Perfian ftranger of quality, who had lately refided in Lon-The LIFE of Mr. JOHN EVELYN. vdon. This work was highly commended in the Adta Eruditorum Lipfi-cenfium for the year 1690, with this remarkable circumftance, that the pretended Mahomet Bei was at that very time in the city of Leipfic, Sir George Mackenzie, an admired effay-writer of that age, having written “ A Panegyric on Solitude,” our author, by way of antidote, published a piece, intitled, 19. “Public Employment and an adtive Life, “ with all its Appanages, preferred to Solitude.” 1667, 12010. 20. “An IS Idea of the Perfedtion of Painting, demonftrated from the principles of “art, and by examples conformable to the obfervations which Pliny and “ Quintilian have made upon the moft celebrated pieces of the ancient “ painters, paralleled with fome works of the moft famous modern pain-“ ters, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Julio Romano, and N Poufiin: “ Written in French by Rowland Freart, and now tranflated.” 1668, 12 mo. In the year 1669, Mr. Evelyn made a journey to Oxford, where he was honoured with a dodtor of law’s degree, as a mark of gratitude for the credit and fervices he had done them. To fay-the truth, he obtained all his honours without any folicitation of his own. Thus, when King Charles II. in order to promote trade, thought proper to eredt a board Tor.that purpofe, and named feveral perfons of great rank to be members of that cou ncil, he likewife appointed Mr. Evelyn to be amongft them; who, to exprefs his gratitude for the favour, digefted, in a Ihort and plain difcourfe, the chief heads of the hiftory of trade and navigation, and dedica-,ted it to the. King. The title of it runs thus : 21. “ Navigation and Com-"“merce; their original and/progrefs: Containing a fuccindt account of “ traffic in general-, its benefits and improvements; of difcoveries, wars, and “ conftidts at fea, from the original of navigation to this day-, with fpecial “ regard to the Englifh nation ; their feveral voyages and expeditions, to “ the beginning of our late differences with Holland : In which his Ma-“ jefty’s title to the dominion of the fea is afterted againft the novel and “ later Pretenders.” 1674, i2tno. The Royal Society having ordered that every member of the council fhould in his turn pronounce, at their feveral meetings, a difcourfe on fome.fubjedt of experimental philofophy, Mr. Evelyn prefented them with a treatife, .intitled, 22. 9 Terra : A Phi-“ lolophical Difcourfe of Earth, relating to the culture and improvement “ of it for vegetation, and . the propagation of plants,” which was printed in 1675, in folio and Svo. The winter of 1683 being memorably fevere, f d 2The LIFE of Miv JOHN EVELYN. the fine plantations of our author at Sayes-Court fuffered irreparable damage*, of which he gave a philofophical and pathetical account to the Royal Society the fucceeding fpring. But the Czar of Mufcovy, who afterwards refided in this houfe of Mr. Evelyn, for the fake of being near Deptford-yard, is faid to have committed almo.ft as great devaftations on his delicious garden as this lamentable froft; After the acceffion of King James II. we find Mr. Evelyn, in Decern-* ber 1685, appointed, with Lord Vifcount Tiviot and Colonel Robert Philips, one of the Commifiioners for executing the office of. Lord Privy-fealy in the abfence of Henry. Earl of Clarendon, Lord Lieutenant of Irelands which place he held till the iithof March, 1686, when the King was pleafed to make Henry Baron Arundel,, of Wardour*. Lord Privy-feak He wrote nothing during this reign. After the revolution, he was made Treafurer of Greenwich Hofpital *, and, though he was then much in years, yet he continued to publifli treatifes upon feveral fubjedts: As,. 23. “ Mundus Muliebris *, or,, the Lady’s Dreffing-Room unlocked, and her “ Toilet fpread. In burlesque. Together with the Fop-Didtionary, com-“ piled for the ufe of the fair fex.” 1690, 4m. 24. “ Monfieur de la “ Quiirtinye’s Treatife of Orange.-Trees, with the raifing of Melons, “ omitted in the French Editions, tranflated into Englifh,” 1693. 25. “ Numifmata: ADifcourfe of Medals, antient and modern, together with “ fome account of heads and effigies of illuflrious and famous perfons, “ in fculps and taille-douce, of whom we have no medals extant, and of “ the ufes to be derived from them.. To which is added, a digreffion “ concerning Phifiognomy.” 1697, folio. The connoifieurs look on this treatife as one of the perfedteft on the fubjedt in any language j and it is faid to be greatly admired by. foreigners of tafte. We are now arrived at the laft publication with which our author inriched the republick of letters s and it is intitled, 26. “ Acetaria*, or, .a Difco.urfe of Sallets.” 1699, i2mo. It was dedicated to the Lord Chancellor Somers, at that time Prefident of the Royal Society : And, though Mr. Evelyn was then in his eightieth, year, it bears no marks of extreme age or impaired abilities. Nor had Mr. Evelyn been - lefs generous in imparting his knowledge to others out of his own private colledtions, than by what he had publiffied for the ufe of all. He communicated to Mr. Boyle a curious and exadt account of the method by which the magazines of fnow are preferved inThe LIFE of Mr, JOHN EVELYN. Italy for the ufe of the tables of. thd great- The late learned Bifhop of London, Dr. Gibfon, was furnifhed. by him with thofe additional remarks on.the county of Surry, which are pubiifhed in his Englifli edition of Camden’s Britannia. He contributed largely to Mr. Houghtofl’s “ Huf. ** bandry and Trade improved m and Mr. Aubrey has teftified how often he was indebted to him for his friendly, affiftance. in many of his undertakings. In regard. to the Royal Society, he was very affiduous- in tranf-mitting to them whatever fell within the compafs of his inquiries,- and ufed to ftyle himfelf, humbly,. “ A pioneer in the fervice of the Royal “ Society.'” He certainly removed many obftrudtions, and fmoothed the roads., that led directly to die temple of wildom and truth. When we confider.the number of books he p.ublifhed,. and the variety of the fub-je&s on .which he employed his time, , it is imp.offible to. forbear wonder» ing at his . induftry and application ; , and. our. wonder. muft be greatly, heightened, when we-reflect how-careful he was in.reviewing, correcting, and augmenting all his original works. But . this is not-all; for he left behind him unfinifhed» or at leaft unpublifhed, wofks of a more extenfive nature than thofe that are printed, which. had coft him incredible pains* and for which he had made prodigious-collections. His great work of all was intended to be called “ A General Hiftory of all Trades*,” of which we have an account in'one of his own letters to. Mr. Boyle, where he affigns the reafonsTor.laying it afide. But though he defifted from the original plan, yet.it was not till he, had finifhed feveral parts of.it •, particularly his Chalcography, which Mr.. Boyle, prevailed on. him to publifh,, and the fol-; lowing pieces, .which he never pubiifhed.: “ Five Treatifes, containing a “ full view of the feveral arts of . painting in oil,, painting in miniature, “ annealing in glafs, enamelling, and making marble paper j” and “ The “ Plan of a Royal Garden,.deferibing and fhewing the amplitude of that “ part of Georgies which belongs to Horticulture.” To thefe his unpub-lifhed works we muft add another, mentioned only by Mr. Wood, who gives us nothing concerning it but the following title : “ A Treatife of 9 the Dignity of. Man.” Full of age and.honours, .this, amiable. Author died upon the 27th of February, 1705-6, in. the 86th year of his age-, and was interred at-Wot-ton, under a tomb of about three feet high of free-flone, ..fhaped like a coffin, with an infeription upon a white marble, with which it is covered, expreffing, according to his own intention, that, “ Living in an age of ex-%The LIFE of Mr. JO FIN EVELYN. " traordinary events and revolutions, he had learned.from thence this truth, u which he defired might be thus communicated'to pofterity: That all J. EVELYN.T O THE READER. AFTER what the Frontifpiece and Porch of this Wooden Edifice prefents you, I fhall need no farther to repeat the occafion-of this following difcourfe: I am only to acquaint you, That as it was delivered to the Royal Society by an unworthy member thereof, in obedience to their commands *, by the fame it is now re-publifhed without any farther profpeCt : And the reader is to know, that if thefe dry fticks afford him any fap, it is one of the leaft and meaneft of thofe pieces which are every day produced by that illuftrioUs afiembly, and which enrich their collections* as fo many monuments of their accurate experiments, and publick endeavours, in order to' the production of real and ufeful theories, the propagation and improvement of natural feience, and the honour of their inftitutiom If to this there be any thing fubjoined here, which may a while befpeak the patience of the reader,, it is only for the encouragement of an induftry, and worthy labour, much in our days negledted, as haply reputed a confideration of too fordid and vulgar a nature for Noble Perfons and Gentlemen to bufy tbenrjlelves withal, and; who oftner find out occafions to fell down and deftro.y their woods and! plantations, than either to repair or improve them. But we are not without hopes of taking off thefe. prejudices, and of reconciling them to a fubjeCt and an induftry which has-been confecrated, as I may fay, by as good and as great perfons as any- the. world has produced ; and whofe names we find mingled amongft Kings and Philofophers, grave Senators and Patriots of their country: for fuchof old were Solomon, Cyrus, and Numa, Licinius, furnamed Stolo, Cato, andCincinnatusj the Pifos, Fabii, Cicero, the Plinys, and thoufands more whom I might enumerate, that difdained not to cultivate thefe rufticities even with their own hands, and to efteem it no fmall acceflion to dignify their titles, and adorn their purple with thefe rural characters of their affections to plant-TO THE READER. See Petrarch •de retried, utriufque for tuna;, Lib. i. Dial. 57. ingf and love- of this part of Agriculture, which has tranfmitted to us their venerable names through fo many ages and vicifiitudes of the world. That famous anfwer alone 'Which the Perfian Monarch gave to Lyfander, will fufikiently juftify that which I have faid, befides what we might add out of the writings and examples of the reft: But fince thefe may fuffice, after due reproofs of the late impolitick wafte and univerfal (loth amongft us, we fhould now turn our indignation into prayers, and addrefs ourfelves to our better-natured countrymen, that fuch woods, as do yet remain entire, might be carefully preferved, and fuch as are deftroyed, feduloudy repaired : It is what all perfons who are owners of land may contribute to, and with infinite delight, as well as profit, who are touched with that laudable ambition of imitating their illuftrious anceftors, and of worthily ferving their generation. To thefe my earneft and humble advice fhould be, That at their very firft coming to their eftates, and as foon as they get children, they would ferioufly think of this work of propagation alfo : for 1 obferve there is no part of hufbandry which men commonly more fail in, negleft, and have caufe to repent of, than that they did not begin planting betimes, without which they can expedt neither fruit, ornament, or delight from their labours. Men feldom plant trees till they begin to be wife, that is, till they grow old, and find, by experience, the prudence and necefiity of it. When Ulyfies, after a ten years abfence, was returned from Troy, and coming home, found his aged father in the field planting of trees, he afked him, ** Why, being now fo far advanced in years, he t® would put himfelf to the fatigue and labour of planting that, of which Ci he was never likely to enjoy the fruits ?” The good old man, taking him for a ftranger, gently replied : “ I plant, fays he, again it my fon w Ulyfies comes home.” The application is obvious and inftrudtive for both old and young: And we have a more modern inftance, almoft like that of the good oid Laertes.--------Upon the complaint of learned per- fons and great travellers, deploring the lofs of many rare and precious things, trees and plants, efpecially inftancing the Balfam-tree of Gilead, (now almoft, if not altogether, failing, and no more to be found where it grew in great plenty) application is made to young Eperous, to con-fider it ferioufly, and to fall a planting while time is before them, with this encouraging exclamation, tc Agite, 6 Adolefcentes, & antequam cani-° ties vobis obrepat, ftirpes jam alueritis, quae vobis cum infigni utilitate, “ deledliationem etiam adferent: Nam quemadmodum canities temporis u fucceflu, vobis infeiis, fenfim obrepit: Sic natura vobis inferviens edu-TO THE READER. K cabit quod telluri veftræ concredetis, modo prima initia illi dederitis, &c.” Pet. Belloniu? De negletta fiirpum Cultura. Problma ix. My next advice is, that they do not eafily commit themfelves to the dilates of their ignorant hinds and lervants, who are, generally fpeaking,, more fit to learn than to inftruft. “ Male agitur cum Domino quern Villicus docet,” was an obfervation of old Cato’s -, and it was Ifchomachus who told Socrates, difcourfing one day upon a like fubjeft, “That it was “ far eafier to make than to find a good hulbandman Thave often proved it lb in gardeners, and I believe it will hold in mod of our country' employments. Country people univerfally know that all trees confili of' roots, Hems, boughs, leaves, &c. but can give no account of the fpecies, virtues, or farther culture, befides the making of a pit or hole, Calling and treading in the.earth, &c. which require a deeper fearch than they are capable of \ we are then to exa6l labour, not conduct and reafon, from the greatell part of them : and the bufinefs of planting is an Art or Science, (for fo Varrò has folemnly defined it) and very different from what many in his time accounted of it; “ Facillimam elfe nee ullius acuminis Rufti-cationem,” namely, That it was an eafy and infipid lludy. It was the Simple Culture only, with fo much difficulty retrieved from the late con-fufion of an inteftine and bloody war, like that of burs, and now put in reputation again, which made the Noble Poet write t --------■———Verbis ea vincere magnum' ----————How hafd'it was Qoàrn fit, & angullis buse adders rebut honorem ! Low fubjeflt with illultrious words to grace ! Georg, iii. Seeing, as the Orator does himfelf exprefs. It, “ Nihil ell homine libero dignius,” there4s,nothing mòre becoming and worthy of a Gentleman, no, not the Majelly of a Conful In antient and bell times, men were not honoured and edeemed for the only learned who were great linguifts, profound critics, readers and dëvourers of books, but fuch whofe dudaw confided of the difeourfes, documents, and ’observations of tneir forefathers, antient and venerable perfons, who (as the excellent author of the rites of the Ifraelites, chap. xv. &c. acquaints us) were not only obliged to inllruft and inform their children of the wonderful things God had done for their ancedors, together with the precepts of the Moral Law, Feads, and Religious Ceremonies, but taught them likewife all that concerned Agriculture, joined with lelfons of perpetual.praflice, in which they Were, doubtlefs, exceedingly knowing, whild, during fo many ages, they De R. R. In agris erant tunc Senators. Cic. de Senetf, * Silvse fitft Confule dig-næ. See this of the Poet interpreted by Sca-liger, Lib. i. c. i. Poet.TO THE READER. Palifly, le Moyen de devenir Riche. employed themfelves almoft continually in it: And tbo’ now-a-days this noble art be for the moft part left to be exercifed amongft us by people of grofier and unthinking fouls, yet there is no fcience whatever which contains a vafter compafs of knowledge, infinitely more ufeful and beneficial to mankind, than the fruitlefs and empty notions of the greateft part of fpeculatifts, counted to be the only eruditi and learned men. An Ifraelite, who, from tradition of his forefathers, his own experience, and fome modern reading, had informed himfelf of the religion and laws which were to regulate his life, and knew how to procure things neceffary; who perfectly underftood the feveral qualities of the earth, plants, and places agreeable to each fort, and to cultivate, propagate, defend them from accidents, and bring them to maturity; that alfo was fkilled in the nature of cattle, their food, difeafes, remedies, which thofe who amongft us pafs for the moft learned and accomplifhed Gentlemen and Scholars, are, for the moft part, grofsly ignorant of, and look upon as bafe, ruftic, and things below them) is, in this learned author’s opinion, infinitely more to be valued than a man brought up either in wrangling at the Bar, or the noify and ridiculous difputes of our Schools, &c. To this lenfe the learned Modena. And it is remarkable, that after all that wife Solomon had laid, “ that All was vanity and vexation of fpirit,” among fo many particulars lie reckons up, he would be altogether filent, and .fay nothing concerning Hufbandry; as, doubtlefs, confidering it the moft ufeful, innocent, and laudable employment of our life, requiring thofe, who cultivate the ground, •to live in the country, remote from city-luxury, and the temptation to the vices he condemns. It was indeed a plain man, a Potter by trade, but let no body defpife him becaufe a Potter, (Agathocles, a King, was of that craft) who, in my opinion, has given us the true reafon why Hufbandry, and particularly Planting, is no more improved in this age of ours, efpecially where perfons are Lords and owners of much land : The truth is, fays he, when men have acquired any confiderable fortune by their good hufbandry and experience, (forgetting that the greateft Patriarchs, Princes, their foils and daughters, belonged to the plow and the flock) they account it a fhame to breed up their children in the fame calling which they themfelves were educated in, but prefently defign them Gentlemen : They muft, forfooth, have a coat of arms, and live upon their eftates; fo as by the time the foil’s beard is grown, he begins to be afhamed of his father, and would be ready to defy him, that fliould, upon any occafion, mind him of his honeft extra&ion; And if it chance that the good man have other children to provide for, This muft be the darling,TO THE READER. be bred at fchool and the univerfity, whilft the reft muft to cart and plow with the father. This is the caufe, fays my author, that our lands are fo ill cultivated and negledled: Every body will fubfift upon their own revenue, and take their plcafure, whilft they refign their eftates to be managed by the moft ignorant, the children whom they leave at home, or the hinds to whom they commit them, when, as in truth and in reafon, the more learning the better Philofophers: and the greater abilities they pofiefs, the more and the better are they qualified to cultivate and improve their eftates. Methinks this is well and rationally argued. And now you have in part what I had to produce in extenuation of this adventure; that, animated with a command, and aftifted by divers worthy perfons, (whofe names I am prone to celebrate with all juft refpedts) I have prefumed to call in my fymbol; which, with the reft -that are to follow, may, I hope, be in fome degree ferviceable to him (whoever the happy perfon be) that fhall oblige the world with that complete Syftem of Agriculture, which as yet feems a Defideratum, and wanting to its full perfe&ion. This, I allure yoilf it one of the principal defigns of the Royal Society, not in this particular only, but through all the liberal and more ufeful arts; for which, in the eftimation of all equal judges, it will merit the greateft of encouragements ; that fo at laft, what the learned Columella has wittily reproached, and complained of, as a defe<5t in that age of his, concerning Agriculture in general, and is "applicable here, may attain its defired remedy and confummation in this of ours. “ Sola Res Ruftica, quas fine dubitatione proxima, & quafi confab “ guinea Sapientise eft, tarn difcentibus egfcat, quam magiftris: Adhuc u enim Scholas Rhetorum, & Geometrarum, Muficorumque, vel quod “ magis mirandum eft, contemptiflimorum vitiorurrf officinas, gulofius “ condiendi cibos, & luxuriofius fercula ftruendi, capitumque & capillo-u rum concinnatures, non folum efie audivi, fed & ipfe vidi; Agricolationis “ neque Doftores qui fe profiterentur, neque Difcipulos ;Cognovi.** But this I leave for our peruked gallants to interpret, and fhould now apply myfelf to the directive part, which I am all this while befpeaking, if, after what 1 have faid in the fevfral paragraphs of the enfuing difcourfe upon the argument of wood (and which in this edition, coming abroad with innumerable improvements and advantages, fo furnifhed as I hope fhall neither reproach the author or repent the reader) it might not feem fuperfluous b Prasfat. ad P. Silvinum ; which I ear-nettly recommend to the lerious perufal of our Gentry. Voloptates agricolarum mihi ad fapi-entis vitam proximè vi-dentur accedere. Ctc, de Seneftute,TO THE READER. * Ne Ulne quidem hor-ndiorqtt na-lurce ‘acies, Mtdlcinis care ntt facra ilja parente rerum omnium, nui-quam non remedia difpo-nente homini ut MetKäoa iìeret etiam i'olitudo ipi'a. Hinc nata Medicina. Hoec fola natura; placuerat effe remedia parata vulgo, inventu facilia, ac line impendio, & quibus vivimus. P1ÌD. lib. xxiv. cap. i. to have premlfed any thing here for the encouragement of fo becoming an induftry. There are divers learned and judicious men who have preceded me in this argument-, as many, at lead, as have undertaken to write and compile vaft herbals and theatres of plants ; of which we have fome of our own countrymen, (efpecially the meft induftrious and learned Mr. Ray) who have boldly, I dare affirm it, furpafied any, if not all the foreigners that are extant. In thofe it is you meet with the defeription of the Several plants, by difeourfes, figures, names, places of growth, time of flouriffiing, and their medicinal virtues, which may fuppiy any deficiency of mine as to thofe particulars -, if, forbearing the repetition, it ffiould by any be imputed for a defedt, though it were indeed none of my defign. I fay thefe things are long fince performed to our hands -y but there is none of thefe (that I at leait know of, and are come to my perufal) who have taken any considerable pains how to diredl and encourage us in the culture of foreft-trees, the grand defedt of this nation, befides fome fmall fprinklings to be met withal in Gervas Markham, Old Tufier, and, of foreigners, the Country-farm, long fince tranfiated out of French, and by no means Suitable to our clime and country : Neither have any of thefe proceeded after my method, and fo particularly, in raifing, planting, drefiing, governing, See. or fo feduloufiy made it their bufinefs to Specify the mechanical uSes of the Several kinds, as I have done, which was hitherto a great Defidera-tum, and in which the reader will likewife find fome things altogether new and inlfrudtive -, together with directions and encouragements for the propagation of fome foreign curiofities of ornament and ule, which were hitherto negledted. If I have upon occafion prelumed to lay any thing concerning their medicinal properties, it has been modeltly and frugally, and with chief, if not only, refpedt to the poor Woodman, whom none, I prefume, will envy, that, living far from the Phyfician, he Ihould, in cafe of neceffity, confult the Reverend Druid, his Oaks *] and his Elm, Birch, or Elder, for a Short breath, a green wound, or a fore leg, casualties incident to his hard labour. Thele are the chief particulars of this enluing work, and what it pretends hitherto of lingular, in which, let me be permitted to lay, there is Sufficient for inllrudtion, and more than is extant in any collection whatsoever (abfit verbo invidia) in this way, and upon this Subject, abftradting things practicable, of Solid ufe, and material, from the oftentation and impertinences of divers writers, who, receiving all that came to hand on trull, with a view to fwell their monltrous volumes, have hitherto impoied upon the credulous world, without confcience orTO THE READER. honefty. I will not exafperate the adorers of our antient and late naturalifts, by repeating what our Verulam has juftly pronounced concerning their rhaplbdies, becaufe I likewife honour their painful endeavours, and am obliged to them for much of that I know •, nor will I, with fome, rer proach Pliny, Porta, Cardan, Mizaldus, Curfius, and many others of great name, whofe writings I have diligently confulted, becaufe of the knowledge they have imparted to me on this occafion j but I muft deplore the time which is, for the moll: part, fo milerably loft in purfuit of their fpe-culations, where they treat upon this argument. The world is now advifed, and, blefled be God, infinitely redeemed from that bafe and fervile fubmif-fion of our nobleft faculties to their blind traditions. This, you will be apt to fay, is a haughty period ; but whilft I affirm it of the paft, it jufti-fies and does hontroS' to the prefent induftry of our age^y and of which there cannot be a greater and more emulous inftanee than the paffion of his Majefty to encourage his fubjefts, and of the Royal Society, his Ma-jefty’s Foundation, who receive and promote his dictates, in all that is laudable and truly emolumental of this nature.' It is not therefore that I here prefufrie tt> inftrud him in the management of that great and auguft enterprize of refolving to plant and repair his ample forefts, and other magazines of timber, for the benefit of his royal navy, and the glory of liis kingdoms •, but to pfefent to his'Sftcfed Majefty, and to the world, what advices I have received froth Others, ob-ferved myfelf, and moft induftrioufly collected from a ftudious propenfity to ferve as one of the leaft intelligences in the ample orb of our illuftrious fociety, and in a work fo neceflary and important. And now, fince I have mentioned the Society, give me leave, worthy reader, as a member of that body which has been the chief promoter of this enfuing work, to vindicate, (as I ftand obliged) that afiembly, and confequently the honour of his Majefty and the Nation, in a particular which concerns it, though, in appearance, a little foreign to the prefent fubjeft. I will not fay that all which I have written irt: the feveraf paragraphs of this treatife is new; but that there ane very many new and ufeful things and obfervations, (without infilling on the methods only) not hitherto delivered by any author, and fo freely communicated, I hope b 2TO T H E R E A D E R. will fufficiently appear. It is not therefore in behalf of any particular which concerns myfelf that I have been induced to enlarge this preface •, but, by taking this occafion, to encounter the unfufferable boldnefs or ambition of fome perfons, as well ftrangers as others, arrogating to them-felves the being inventors of divers new and ufeful experiments, juftly attributable to feveraL members of the Royal Society *. . So far has that afiembly been from affecting glory.,, that they feem rather to have declined their due; not as afhamed of fo numerous and fair an offspring *, but as abundantly fatisfied that, after all the hard meafure and virulent reproaches they had fuftained for endeavouring,, by united attempts, and at their own charges, to improve real philofophy, they had, from time to time, cultivated that province in fo many ufeful and profitable inftances as are already publifhed to the world, and will be eafily afferted to their authors before all equitable judges. This being the foie inducement of publifhing this apology, it may not perhaps feem unfeafonable to difabufe fome, otherwife, well-meaning people, who, led away and perverted by the noife of a few ignorant and comical buffoons, (whofe malevolence or impertinences entitle them to nothing that is truly great and venerable) are, with an infolence fuitable to their underflanding, ftill crying out, and alking, What have the Society done ? Now, as nothing lefs than miracles (nor thofe, unlefs God fhould every day repeat them at the call of thefe extravagants) will convince fome perfons * Confult the Hiftory of the Royal Society and their regiflers.-----The laws of motion, and the geometrical (heightening of Curve-lines, were firft found out by Sir Chriftopher Wren and Mr. Thomas Neile.------The equated ifocrone motion of the weight of a circular pendulum in a parabo- loeid, for the regulating of clocks, and the improving pocket-watches, by fprings applied to the balance, were firft invented and demonllrated to this Society by Dr, Hooke; together with all thofe new and ufeful inftruments, contrivances, and experiments, mathematical and phyfical, publifhed in his poflhumous works by the mod accomplifhed Mr. VN aller, Secretary to the Royal Society ; and fince, thofe of the incomparably learned Sir Ifaac Newton, now Prefklent of the Royal Society; Mr. Halley, the worthy Profeflbr of Geometry in the Univerfity of Oxford; Dr. Grew, and feveral more, whofe works and ufeful inventions fufficiently celebrate their merits. I do not mention the Barometer, to which might be added the prodigious effeffs of the Speculum Uftorium, furpaffing what the French confidently, or rather audacioufiy, pretend to; nor the other admirable inventions, injurioufly arrogated by ftrangers, though due of right to Englifhmen, and members of this Society; for it is not the bufinefs of this preface to enumerate all, though it was necefiary to touch on fome inftances.TO THE READER. of the moft rational and divine truths, already fo often and extraordinarily; eftablilhed, fo neither will any thing fatisfy thefe unreafonable men, but the production of the Philofopher’s Stone and Great Elixir •, which yet were they poflefifors of, they would confume upon their luxury and vanity. It is not therefore to gratify thefe magnificent fops, whofe talents reach; but to the adjufting of their perukes, courting a Mifs, or, at the fartheft, writing a fmutty or fcurrilous libel, which they would have to pafs for genuine wit, that I concern myfelf in thefe papers; but, as well in honour of our Royal Founder, as the nation, to afifert what by other countries has been furreptitioufly arrogated, and by which they not only value them-* felves abroad, but, prevailing on the modefty of that induftrious aflembly, feek the deference of thofe who, whilft it remains ftill filent, do not fo clearly difcern this glorious plumage to be purely afcititious, and not . a feather of their own.------But ftill, what, have they done ?- Thofe who perfectly comprehend the fcope and'end’ of that noble infti-tution, which is to improve natural knowledge, and enlarge the empire of operative philofophy, not. by. an abolition of. the old, but by the real effeCts of the experimental, collecting, examining, and improving their fcattered phsenomena, with a view to eftablifh even the received methods and principles of the fchools,,as far as were confident with trhth and mat-* ter of faCt, thought it long enough that the world had been impofed upon by that notional and formal way of delivering divers fyftems and bodies of philofophy, falfely fo called, beyond which there was no more country to difcover.; which being brought to the teft and trial, vapours all away in fume and empty found. This ftruCture then being thus ruinous, and crazy, it is obvious what they were to do; even the fame which fkilful architects do every day before us, when pulling down the decayed and finking wall to ereCt a better and more fubftantial in its place ; they not only take down the old, rejeCl the ufelefs and decayed, but fever fuch materials as are folid, and will ferve again; bring new ones in, prepare and frame a model fuitable to fo magnificent a defign : This Solomon did in order to the building of the material temple, and this is here to be purfued in the intellectual: Nay, here was abundance of rubbifh to be cleared, that the area might be free; and then was the foundation to be deeply fearched, the materials accuratelyTO THE READER. examined, fquared, and adjufted before it could be laid: Nor was this the labour of a few •, lefs than a much longer time, more coft and encouragement than any which the Society has yet met withal, could not in reafon be fufficient cffeflually to go through fo chargeable a work, and highly necefiary. A long time it was they had been furveying the decays of what was ready now to drop in pieces. Whatever fhew the outfide made with a noife of elements and qualities, occult and evident, abhorrence of vacuum, iympathies, antipathies, fubftantial forms, and prime matter courting form; epicycles, Ptolemean hypothecs, magifterial definitions, peremptory maxims, fpeculative and pofitive doctrines, and alti-fonant phrafes, with a thoufand other precarious and unintelligible notions (all which they have been turning over, to lee if they could find any thing fincere and ufeful among this pedantic .rubbifh, but in vain) here was nothing material, nothing of moment, mathematical or mechanical, and which had not been miferably fophifticated, on which to lay the ftrefs; nothing in a manner whereby any farther progrefs could be made, for the railing and ennobling the dignity of mankind in the fublimeft operations of the rational faculty, by clearing the obfeurities, and healing the defedls of moll of the phyfiological hypothefis, repugnant, as they hitherto feemed to be, to the principles of real knowledge and experience. Now, although it was neither in their hopes or in their profpecl to consummate a defign requiring fo mighty aids, environed as they have been with thefe prejudices, yet have they not defifted from the enterprize; but rather than fo noble and illuflrious an undertaking fhould not proceed for want of fome generous and induftrious fpirits to promote the work, they have themfelves fubmitted to thofe mean employments of digging in the very quarry; yea, even of making brick where there was no ftraw but what they gleaned, and lay difperfed up and down; nor did they think their pains yet ill bellowed, if, through the afliduous labour and a train of continual experiments, they might at laft furnilh, and leave folid and uncorrupt materials to a fucceeding and more grateful age, for the building up a body of real and fubftantial philofophy, which Ihould never fuccumb to time, but with the ruins of nature, and the world itfelf. In order to this, how many, and almoft innumerable, have been their trials and experiments, through the large and ample field both of art andTO THE READER. nature! we call our journals, regiders,. correfpondence, and tranfaCtions-to witnefs and may, with modedy, provoke all our fydematical metho-dids, natural hidorians, and pretenders, hitherto extant from the beginning of letters to this period, to fhew us fo ample, fo worthy, and fo ufeful a. collection. It is a fatality and an injury to be deplored, that thofe who give us hard words, will not firft vouchafe impartially to examine thefe particulars, fince all ingenuous fpirits could not but be abundantly fatisfied, that this illuftrious affembly has not met fo many years purely fdr fpeculation: only though I take even that to be no ignoble culture of the mind, or time mifpent, for perfons who have fo few friends and (lender obligations to thofe who (hould patronize and encourage them: But they have aimed at greater things, and greater things produced* By emancipating and freeing themfelves from the tyranny of opinion, delufofy and fallacious (hews, they receive nothing upon truft, but bring all things to the Lydian touch, make them pafs the fire, the anvil, and the file, till they come forth perfectly repurged;, and of confidence. They are not hafty in pronoun-? cing from a fingle, or incompetent number of. experiments, the ecdatiC. 'Evpyxx, and offer hecatombs j but, after the mod diligent fcrutiny/and by degrees, and wary inductions honedly and faithfully made; record the truth and event of trials, and tranfmit them to poflfcfrify. They rC-fort not immediately to general propofitkjns '.upon ever^ fpeCtOuS appearance, but day for light and information from particulars, and make report de fafto, and as fenfe informs them. They rejeCt no f<$£t of philo-fophers, no mechanic helps, except no perfons of men; but chearfully embracing all, cull out of all, and alone retain what abides the ted; that, from a plentiful and well-furnifhed magazine of true experiments, they may; in time advance to folemn and edablilhed aJtkftfnV general rules.and maxims •, and a dru^cire may indeed lift up its head, fuch as may dand the (hock of time, and render a folidt account of the phaenomKna and effeCts of nature, the afpeCtable works of God, and their combinations,. fo as, by. caufes and effefts, certain and ufeful ctmfeqbefic&s tniy be deduced: Therefore they do not fill their papers with tranfcripts out of rhapfodifts, mountebanks, and compilers 6f receipts &Ad fefcrets, to the lofs of oil and labour; but, as it were, evifcerating nature, dlfclofing the*reforts and lprings of motion, have collected innumerable experiments, hidories, and difcourfes, and brought in (pecimens for the improvement of Adronomy, Geography, Navigation, Opticks; all the parts of Agriculture, the Garden and the Fored; Anatomy of Plants and Animals; Mines and Ores;TO THE READER. Nehem. ii. Meafures and Equations of Time by accurate Pendulums and other Mo -tions j Hydro and Hygro-Staticks, divers Engines, Powers, and Automata •, with innumerable more luciferous particulars fubfervient to human life, of which Dr. Glanvil has given an ample and ingenious account in his learned effay, and fince in the pofthumous works of Dr. Hooke, lately published by the mold obliging Mr. Waller, already mentioned. This is, Reader, what they have done, and they are but part of the materials which the fociety have hitherto amafled and prepared for this great and illuftrious work •, not to pafs over an infinity of folitary and loofe experiments fubfidiary to it, gathered at no fmall pains and cofl: for fo have they hitherto borne the burden and heat of the day alone; fapping and mining to lay the foundation deep, and raife a fuperftruCture to be one day perfected by the joint endeavours of thofe who fhall, in a kinder age, have little elfe to do, but the putting and cementing of the parts together, which, to colled: and fit, have coft them fo much folicitude and care. Solomon indeed built the glorious Temple, but it was David provided the materials : Did men in thofe days infolently afk, What he had done in all the time of that tedious preparation ? I befeech you, what obligation has the Royal Society to render an account of their proceedings to any who are not of the body, efpecially when they carry on the work at their own expence amidft fo many contradictions ? It is an evil fpirit, and an evil age, which, having fadly debauched the minds of men, feeks with induftry to blaft and undermine all attempts and endeavours that fignify to the illuftration of truth, the difcovery of impofture, and its fandy foundation. “ Thofe who come,” fays the Noble Verulam, “ to enquire after knowledge, with a mind to fcorn, fhall be fure to find matter for their humour, but none for their inftruCtion.” Would men bring light of invention, and not fire-brands of contradiction, knowledge would infinitely increafe. Thefe are the Sanballats and Horonites who difturb our men upon the wall; but let us rile up and build, and be no more difcouraged. It is impofiible to conceive how fo honeft and worthy a defign fhould have found fo few promoters, and fo cold a welcome in a nation whofe eyes are fo wide open. We fee how greedily the French and other ftrangers embrace and cultivate the defign : What fumptuous buildings, well furnifhed ob-fervatories, ample appointments, falaries, and accommodations have they ereCted to carry on the work, whilft we live precarioufly, and fpin the webTO THE READER. ©ut of our own bowels ! Indeed, we have had the honour to be the firft who led the way and given the ferment, which, like a train, has taken fire and warmed the regions all about us. This glory, doubtlefs, lhall none take from us •, but, whilft they flourilh fo abroad, we want the fpirit that Ihould diffufe it here at home, and give progrefs to fo hopeful a beginning: But, as we faid, the enemy of mankind has done us this defpite; it is his mtereft to impeach, in any fort, whatever oppofes his dominion (which is to lead and fettle men in errors, as well in arts and natural knowledge as in religion) and therefore would be glad the world ihould ftill be groping after both. It is he that fets the buffoons and empty fycophants to turn all that is great and virtuous into raillery and derifien : It is therefore to encounter thefe, that, like thofe refolute builders, whilft we employ one hand in the work, we, with the other, are obliged to hold our weapon till feme bold and gallant genius deliver us, and raife the fiege. ■How great a name would fuch a bcnefaCtor eftabliih! What a conftel-lation would he make! How glorioufly would he ihine! For mine own part, religioufly I profefs it, were I not a perfon, who (whilft I flood expecting when others more worthy and able than myfelf ihould havefnatched the opportunity of fignalizing a work worthy of immortality) had long fince given hoftages to fortune, and fo put myfelf out of a capacity of fhewing my affeCtion to a defign fo glorious, I would . nDE onjfll moft chearfully have contributed towards the freeing the Society from the ftraits it has fo long ftruggled under, but facrificed all my fecular interefts in their fervice. That glory, however, is referved for the gallant herO, whoever he be, who, truly weighing the nobie and univerfal confequetlO^Hf fo high an enterprize, fliall at laft free it of theie reproadfm, andH:her fet R above' the reach of envy,- or convert it to emulation. This were indeed to confult an honeft fame, and to embalm of a greater name than any has yet appeared amongft all the benefactors of the deputing feds. Let it fufficeto affirm, that, next pi the propagatSft of our moft Holy Faith and its appendants, (nor can his Majefty or the Nation build their fame on a more falling or a morcgtoriou^ponumenBhe propagation of learning and ufeful arts having alwajHurvived the triumphs of the proudeft conquerors and fpillers of blood) Princes have been more renowned for their civility to Arts and Letters, than to all their fanguinary victories, -fubduing provinces, and making thofebr.utilh defolations in the c Neh. iv. n!TO THE READER. world to feed a falvage and vile ambition. Witnefs thou great Alexander,, and ye the Ptolemys, Cadars, Charlemagne* Francis the Firft, the Cofi-mos, Fredericks, AlpJionfos, and the reft of learned Princes: Since,, when all the pomp and noife is ended, they are thofe little things in black, whom now in fcorn you term Philosophers and Fops, to whom you muft be obliged for making your names outlaft the pyramids, whofe founders are as unknown as the heads of the Nile, either becaufe they deferved no memory for their virtues, or had none to transmit them or their actions to pofterity. Is not our Royal Founder already panegyrized by all the Univerfities,-Aeademifts, Learned Perfons, divers Princes, Ambafladors, and illuftrious Men from abroad ? Witnefs the many accurate treatifes and volumes on the molt curious and ufeful fubjeCts, medicinal, mathematical, and mechanical, dedicated to his Majefty as Founder, to the Prefidenr, and to the Society, by the greateft Wits and moft profoundly knowing of the-European world, celebrating their inftitution and proceedings: Witnefs the daily fubmifiions and folemn appeals of the moft learned ftrangers to their fuffrages, as to the moft able, candid, and impartial judges: Witnefs the letters and correfpondences from moft parts of the habitable earth, Eaft and Weft-Indies, and almoft from pole to pole, befides what they have received from the very mouths of divers ProfelTors, Public Minifters, great Travellers, Noblemen, and Perfons of the higheft Quality, who have not only frequented the alfembly, but defired to be incorporated and afcribed into their number-, fo little has his Majefty or the Kingdom been diminifhed in their reputation by the Royal Society, to the reproach of our fordid adveriaries. Never had the Republick of Letters fo learned and univerfal a corre-fpondence as has been procured and promoted by this Society alone, as not only the cafual tranfaCtions of feveral years, filled with inftances of the moft curious and ufeful obfervations, make appear -, but, as I faid, the many nuncupatory epiftles to be feen in the fronts of fo many learned Volumes. There it is you will find Charles the Second placed among the Heroes and Demi-Gods, for his patrociny and protection. There you will fee the numerous congratulations of the moft learned foreigners, celebrating the happinefs of their inftitution; and that whilft other nations are ftill benighted under the dulky cloud, fuch a refulgent beam fhould giVeTO THE READER. <3ay to this blefied ifle: And, certainly, it is not to. be fuppofed that all thefe learned perfons, of fo many and divers interefts as well as countries, 'ihould fpeak and write thus out of flattery, much lefs out of ignorance, ‘being men of the moft refined universal knowledge as well as ingenuity j but 1 ihould never end were I to purlue this fruitful topic. I have but one word more to add to conciliate the favour and efteem of our own Univerfities to an AfTembly of Gentlemen, who, from them, acknowledge to have derived all their abilities for thefe laudable undertakings : Whatever is Alining in them of moft chriftian, moral, and other-“wife confpicuous, they confefs as derived from that fource and fountain, to which, on all occafions, they are not only ready to pay the tribute and ob-fequioufnefs of humble fervants, but of Sons and dutiful Alumni. There is nothing verily which they more defire than a fair and mutual correfpond-*ence between fo near relations, and that they may be perpetually flourilh-ing and fruitful in bringing forth, as they ftill do, fupplies to Church and State in all its great capacities*. Finally, that they would regard the Royal Society as a Colony of their own planting, and augure its fuccefs : And if, in thefe labours and arduous attempts, feveral inventions of pre-fent ufe and fervice to mankind (either detecting errors, illuftrating and afierting truths, or propagating knowledge in natural things, and the vifible works of God) have been difcovered; as they envy not the communicating them to the world, fo ihould they be wanting to the Society, and to the honour of divers learned and ingenious Perfons, who are the foul and body of it, not to vindicate them from the ambitious plagiary, the infults of fcoffers and injurious men. Certainly, perfons of right noble and fubafted principles, who are lovers of their country, Ihould be otherwife affefted, and rather ftrive to encourage and promote endeavours tending to lb generous a defign, than decry it •, efpecially when it cofts them nothin»- but their civility to fo many obliging perfons, tho’ they Ihould hitherto have * Since this Epiftle was firftwritten and publifhed, the Univerfity of Oxford has and ere&ed a Society for the promoting of Natural and Experimental Knowledge in concert with the Royal Sodfcty, with which they keep a mutual correfpondence. This I mention, for tijUliomc ^malevolents had fo far endeavoured to poffefs divers Members-of the Univerfity, as if the Society defigned nothing lefs than the undermining of that and other illuflrious Academies, and which indeed fo far prevailed, as to breed a real jealoufy for fome confiderable time ; but as this was never in the thoughts of the Society, winch had ever the Univerfities in the.greateft veneration, fo the ipnocency and ufefulnefs of its inditution has at length difabufed them, vindicated their proceedings, diffipated all furmifes, and, in fine, produced an ingenuous, friendly, and candid -union and correfpondence between them. C 2TO T H E. R. E A D E R\ entertained them butwitlr fome innocent diverfions. To conclude, we envy none their dues •, nay, we gratefully acknowledge any lights which we receive either from home or from abroad ; we celebrate and record the names, of thofe who give them amongfl our benefadlorsrecommend them to the public.; and what.we thus freely gi.ve,; we hope as freely to-receive. Thus have I endeavoured to. vindicate the Royal Society from fome aC* perfions and encroachments it hitherto has fuffered, and fhewed under what weights and prefiure this palm does Hill emerge-, and. if, for all this I fall fhort of my attempt,. I fhall yet have this fatisfadlion, that tho’ I derive no glory from my own abilities, fenfible of my great defedts, I fhall yet deferve their pardon for my zeal to its profperity. 4>IA020IAS ; irxpxne of the common reputed Elements, of which I have long fince publilhed an ample account in an exprefs treatife *, which I defire my reader to perufe, fince it might well commute for the total omiflion of this chapter, did not method feem to' require fomething briefly to be faid; which firft, as to that of Earth, we {hall need at prefent to penetrate no deeper into her bofom, «thah, after paring off the turf, lcarrifying the upper mould, and digging convenient pits and trenches, not far from the natural furface, without difturbing the feveral ftrata and remoter layers, whether of clay, chalk, gravel, fand, or other fucceflive layers, and concrets foffil (though all of them ufeful fometimes, and agreeable to our forefters) though few of them what one would chbofe before the under turf, black, brown, gray, and light, and breaking into Ihort clods, and without any difagree-able fcent, and with feme mixture of marl or loam, but not clammy; of which I have particularly ipoken in that treatife. 2. In the mean time, this of the Soil (which I think is a more proper term for compofts) or mould rather, being of greater importance for the raifing, planting, and propagation of trees in general, mull at no hand be negle&ed; and is therefore, bn air occafions, mentioned in almofl: every ehapter of our enfuing difcourfe. I lhall therefore not need to afiign it any part, when I have affirmed in general, that moft timber-trees grow NOTES. * This treatife is intitled Terra, or a Philosophical account of Earth, and was publifhed at the requeft of the Royal Society in the year 1679* It accompanies all the editions of the Silva from that date.O F FORE S[T - T K E E S. and profper well in any tolerable land which will produce corn or rye, and Cha which is not in excefs ftorty, in which neverthelefs there are fome trees < delight, or altogether clay, which few or none do naturally affe£b; and yet the Oak is feen to profper in it, for its toughnefs preferred before any other by many workmen \ tho* of all Soils the cow-pafture doth certainly exceed, be it for what purpofe foever of planting wood. Rather therefore we fhould take notice how many great wits-f and ingenious perfons,. who have leifure and faculty, are in pain, for improvements of their heaths and barren hills, cold and ftarving places, which caufes them to be neglected and defpaired of \ whilft they flatter their hopes and vain expectations with fructifying liquors *> chymicql menftruums, and fuch valb N O T E S. t At the time when Mr. Evelyn wrote, and long before, wit and wifdom were , confidered as fynonimous terms : — - then might I by councell help my trouth, which by mine-own witt I an* not able agaynfte fuch a prepared thynge, Sir Thomas Wyat’j Defence. ip * The fteeping of feeds in prolific liquors is not of modern invention. The Romans, who were good hulbandmen, have left us feveral receipts for fteeping of grain,, in order to increafe the powers of vegetation. In England, France, Italy, and in all-countries where agriculture has been attended to, we fee a variety of liquors recommended for the fame purpofe.-------Good nouriftiment has ever been obferved to add ftrength and vigour to all vegetables. Hence it was natural to fuppofe that, by filling the veflels Of the grain with nourilhing liquors, the germ, with its roots, would be invigorated. How far this reafoning is founded upon juft principles, remains to be examined. For my part, I am not an advocate for fteeps. All my experiments de-monftrate that they have no inherent virtue. I have more than once Town the fame feed, fteeped and unfteeped, and though all other circumftances were minutely alike., yet I never could obferve the leaft difference in the growth of the crop. I confefs that when the light feeds are fkimmed off, as in the operation of brining, the crop will be improved, and difeafes prevented : but thefe advantages proceed from the good-nefs of the grain fown, and not from any prolific virtue of the fteep. I am happy in not being fingular in my obje&ion to fteeps. Many rational farmers have been induced to quit their prejudices, and are now convinced from their own trials, that there is no dependence upon prolific liquors, though ever fo well recommended. Some people have been hardy enough to perfuade themfelves, that the tillering of wheat may be fo much increafed by invigorating the grain, that only one half of the feed will be required.-----Duhamel, one of the molt accurate of the experimental hufbandmen,. and a moft excellent philofopher, fpeaks, in the ftrongeft terms, againft the practice of fteeping, fo far as it fuppofes an impregnation of vegetative particles. I fliall not here repeat his experiments. I fhall only obferve, that they are fuch as any farmerA' DISCOURSE 16 Book I. coacqjtions; in the mean time that one may fliew them as heathy and - hopelefs grounds, and barren hills as any in Engliand, that do now bear, * or lately have borne woods, groves, and copfes, which yield the owners more wealth than the i'icheft and moft opulent wheat-lands: , And if it be objected, that it is fo long a day before thefe Plantations can afford that gain*, the Brabant Nurferies, and divers Home-plantations of induftrious perfons, are fufficient to convince the gain-fayer. And when, by this husbandry, a few Acorns (hall have fupplied the neighbouring regions with young flocks and trees, the refidue will become groves, and copfes of infinite delight and fatisfa6lion to the Planters. JBefides, we daily fee what ooarfe lands will bear thefe flocks (fuppofe them Oaks, Walnuts, Chef-nuts, Pines, Fir, Afh, Wild Pears, Crabs, &c.) and fome of them (as for in fiance, the Pear and the Fir, or Pine) ftrike their roots through the NOTES. may make; they are plain and-conclufive.-—Good feed, when Town upon land in excellent tilth, will always produce a plentiful crop. The beft of grain impregnated to the full with the mod approved fteep, and fown upon land indifferently prepared, will for ever, balk the hopes of the farmer. I do not prefume to condemn the practice in pofitive terms, beqaufe my experiments are againft it. Other experiments may be cppofed to mine. I (hall therefore reft the whole upon a defcription of what happens to grain after it has been committed to the earth, and hope that I (hall be able to explain - my felf with fufficient perfpicuity. The fubjedt is curious, and thedifcuffion of .it not verydifficult. . - : . . ; ;A grain of wheat contains, withi.n two capfules, a confiderable {hare of flour, which, when melted down into a liquor by the watery juices of the earth, conftitutes the nourifhment of the tender plant, until its roots are grown fufficiently large to abforb their own food. Here is evidently, a ftore-houfe of nutriment. And from that idea it is plain that the plumpeft grains are the moft eligible for feed. Some imagine that poor grains may be fo impregnated, as to make them equal in vegetative force to the largeft. I have more than once made the experiment, and am convinced that plump feeds, of the fame heap, are fuperior in goodnefs to the fmall ones, though ever fo carefully macerated. The farina being the food of the embryo plant, it follows that the vegetative powers will be increafed in proportion to its quantity.— I have fprouted all kinds of grain in a variety of fteeps, and can afliire the farmer, that the radicle and germ never appeared fo vigorous and healthy, as when fprouted by elementary water : an argument that the feed requires no afliftance. The fame fteep, when applied in quantities to the foil, will undoubtedly invigorate the roots, and nou-rilh the plant; but in that cafe it operates in common with other manures, and lofes the idea of a fteep. As nitre, fea-falt, and lime, are generally added to the fteeps, I have conftantly obferved that their application rendered the radicle and germ yellow and fickly : a plain proof that they were unnaturally ufed at that feafon. Did the farinaOF FOREST-TREES. *7 Toughed and mod impenetrable rocks and clefts of done itfelf; and others Chap. require not any rich or pinguid, but very moderate Soil; efpecially, if committed to it in feeds, which allies them to their mother and nurfe without renitency or regret: And then confidering what affidances a little care in eafing and dirring of the ground about them, for a few years, does afford them *, what cannot a drong plow, a winter mellowing, and fummer heats, incorporated with the pregnant turf, or a flight aflidance of lime, loam, fand, rotten compod, difcreetly mixed (as the. cafe may require) perform even in the mod unnatural and obdinate foil ? And in fuch places where antiently woods-have grown, but are now unkind to them, the fault is to be reformed by this care •, and chiefly by a fedulous extirpation of the old remainders of roots, and latent flsfibnps, which, by their mudinefs, and other pernicious qualities, four the ground, and poi-lbn the conception: And herewith let me put in this note, that even an over-rich and pinguid compofition is by no means the proper bed either for Seminary or Nurfery, whild even the natural Soil itfelf does frequently difcover and point bed to the particular fpecies, though fome are for all places alike; nor fhould the Earth be yet perpetually cropped with the fame, or other feeds, without due repofe, but lie fome time fallow to N O T E S. need any additional particles, it might be fuppofed that jtfoth made of the flefh of animals Would be the moft agreeable. To be fatislied of that, I fprouted fome grains hi beef broth, and an equal nutriber in fim» water. The refult'll the radicle and germ produced by the broth were weaker, and lei^jbeaLthy, than the others fprouted by the pure element. They were afterwards fown,jbilt I could perceive no apparent ■> difference in the crop. As no invigorating or fructifying liquor, however pomjfjufly introduced, has ever flood the teft of fair and coiMpt experiment, we may venture to lay it down as an eftablifhed truth, that flump feed clear of land well prepared to receive iV, will feldem difappoint the expectation# vf the f#rmnr\ ;and upon thefe he fliollld rely for the goodnefs of Ais crop.—In this fhort dilfertation upon fteeps, or fru&ifying liquors, it fliould be remarked, that I have drawn my£pK^Bon^vom experiments made upon grain, inftead of the feeds of foreft-jllwju in fuft confidence that the general laws of vegetation are the fame in every kind of |bfcd, from the almoft imperceptible feed of the Orchis to the Acorn of the SoWStign Oak. And I had this additional reafon, that, in the courfe of a few months, I could -m#* my ^bfervations upon the different ftages of vegetation, from the firft appearance of the germ to the final perfection of the plant. c I.Book I. * The word Oleaginous is chiefly applied to fmoak, and correfponds with the theory of the food of plants, as defcri-bed in the eflays here quoted. 18 A DISCOURSE receive the influence of heaven*, according to good hufbtandry. But F ihall fay no more of thefe particulars at this time, becaufe the reft are fprinkled over this whole work in their due places-, wherefore we haften to the following title, namely, the choice and ordering of the feeds. 3. Choofe your feed of that which is perfeftly mature, ponderous, and found i commonly that which is ealily fhaken from the boughs, or gathered about November, immediately upon, its fpontaneous fall', or taken from the tops and fummities of the faireft and founded trees, is beft, and does, NOTES. *■ The ingenious Dr. Prieftley,. in a paper prefented to the Royal Society in 1773, on different kinds of air, among many other interefting and important difeoveries, proves to a demonftration that the putrid air arifing from dunghills and the perfpira-tion of animals is not only abforbed by vegetables, but alfo adds to their increafe-. As I prefume that this difeovery was made prior to the Do&or’s publication, I fhall beg leave to produce my claim to it j at the fame time acknowledging myfelf no ways-intitled to {hare with him the honour of his experimental proofs.—In January 1769,. being engaged in an inveftigation of the nature of the Food of vegetables, with a view to cftablilh a theory of Agriculture, I difeovered that there mull be fome fecret property, in the air, which reftored worn-out lands to their former fertility; and as I could not perfuade myfelf that it arofe from the univerfal acid, fo much talked of, I was led, by a chain of reafoning and fome few experiments, to conclude that it mull proceed from putrid exhalations, firft generated upon the furface of the earth, then raifed into the at-mofphere, and afterwards brought down by rain : In this manner I fuppofed that the Influence of Heaven, as Mr. Evelyn well expreffes it, was obtained.-Having. fully fatisfied myfelf that worn-out lands were thus reftored, I went a ftep further, and concluded, as I thought, with certainty, that all plants, by their leaves as well as by their roots, imbibed thefe putrid vapours for their food. And here I beg leave to remark, that I do not mean to fay that plants have no other nutriment, as it may be proved to a demonftration that many things give them food without having undergone the putrid; ferment.-March 8, 1769, 1 read a memoir upon this curious fubjeft before the York Agriculture Society, being the day of their inftitution; and in June following I pub-lifhed it in a fmall Duodecimo Volume of 66 pages, under the title of Georgical. Essays. The favourable reception that this work met with induced me to republilh it in 1770, with confiderable additions. The words I refer to are thefe : “ During the H fummer mouths the atmofphere is full of putrid exhalations arifing from the fteam of “ dunghills, the perfpiration of animals and fmoak. Every fhower brings down thefe “ oleaginous* particles for the nourifhment of plants.” Georg. EJJoys, vol. I. p. 27. In a fubfequent volume the thought is ftill ftronger : “ It is pleafing to obferve how “ the diftolution of one body is neceffary for the life and increale of another. All “ nature is in motion. In confequence of the putrid fermentation that is every where W carried on, a quantity of vegetable nutriment afeends into the atmofphcre. SummerOF FOREST-TREES. 19 for the moft part, direct to the proper feafon of interring, &c. according Chap. I. to inftitution. At fpecimen fationis, & infitionis origo Ipfa fuit rerum primum natura creatrix: Arboribus quoniam baccse, glandefque caducse Tempefliva dabant pullorum examina fubter. LuckET. 1. v* Nature herfelf, who all created firft, Invented lowing, and the wild plants nurft: When maft and berries from the trees did drop, Succeeded under by a numerous crop. Yet this is to be confidered, that if the place you fow in be too cold for an autumnal femination, your Acorns, Maft, and other Seeds may be NOTES. “ fhowers return much of It again j but part falls into the fea and is loft: To this we “ may add the animal and vegetable fubftances confirmed on board of (hips, all of “ which are buried in the ocean. The induftry of man reftores them to the earth ; and we may prefume that the fifh taken from the fea leave a balance in favour of man-“ kind : Thus providence, with the moft confummate wifdom, keeps up the neceflary “ rotation of things.” Georg. Effays, vol. II. p. 135. So far I had confidered this putrid nutriment as abforbed by the roots of plants ; but the ingenious experiments of Dr. Prieftley refer to the abforption of the putrid air by the leaves of plants. That I had alfo remarked in a variety of places.-“ Hitherto I . 170. “ Air is to be found in every portion of earth; and.as it always contains a folution of “ the volatile parts of animal and vegetable fubftances, we fhould be careful to keep our “ flifF foils as open.as poflible to its influence. It pafles, both in its a&ive and fixed “ ftate, into the abforbent veflels of the root, and, mixing wTith the juices of the plant, “ circulates through every part. Dr. Hales, in his ftatical experiments upon the vine, “ difeovered it afeending with the fap in the bleeding feafon.” Ibid, vol. l. p. 180.. Thefe extrads, publilhed in 1769 and 1770, will, I flatter myfelf, fecure to me the priority of the difeovery relative to the putrid and noxious particles of the air being confumcd by the vegetable creation. The whole of Dr. Prieftley’s experiments are fo ingenioufly condu&ed, and his conclufions fo fairly drawn, that I cannot leave this fubjeCI without extra&ing from them fo much as regards the prefent enquiry. “ When air has been frefhly and fltrongly tainted with putrefadtion, fo as to fmellOF FOREST-TREES. zi be much concerned with the increafing heat of the feafon, as fuch as being crude, and unfermented, are newly fown in the beginning of the fpring, efpecially in hot and loofe grounds; being already in fo fair a progrefs by this artificial preparation, and which (if the provifion to be. made be very great) may be thus managed : Chool'e a fit piece of ground, and with boards (if it have not that pofition of itfelf) defign it three feet high; lay NOTES. “ through the water, fprigs of mint have prefently died, upon being put into it, their “ leaves turning black; but if they do not die prefently, they thrive in a rsioft furprizing “ manner. In no other circumftances have I ever feen vegetation fo vigorous as in this “ kind of air, which is immediately fatal to animal life. T hough thefe plants have “ been crouded in jars filled with this air, every leaf has been full of life; frefh fhoots “ have branched out in various directions, and have grown much fafter than other fimi-“ lar plants, growing in the fame expofure in common air.—This obfervation led me to “ conclude, that plants, inftead of affedfing the air in the fame manner with animal re-“ fpiration, reverfe the effedls of breathing, and tend to keep the atmofphere fweet and “ wholefome, when it is become noxious, in confequence of animals either living and “ breathing, or dying and putrefying in it.—In order to afeertain this, I took a quantity “ of air, made thoroughly noxious, by mice breathing and dying'in it, and divided it “ into two parts; one of which I put into a phial immerfed in water; and to the other “ (which wras contained in a glafs jar, Handing in water) I put a fprig of mint. This “ was about the beginning of AugufI 1771,- and after eight or nine days, I found that “ a moufe lived perfectly well in that part of the air,, in which the fprig of mint had “ grown, but died the moment it was put into the other part of the fame original quan-“ tity of air; and which 1 had kept in the very fame expofure, but without any plant “ growing in it.—This experiment I have feveral times repeated ; fometimes ufing air “ in which animals had breathed and died ; fometimes ufing air tainted with vegetable “ or animal putrefadtion, and generally with the fame fuccefs.—.Once I let a moufe live “ and die in a quantity of air which had been noxious, but which had been reftored by “ this procefs, and it lived nearly as long as I conjedlured it might have done in an equal “ quantity of frefh air; but this is fo exceedingly various, that it is not eafy-.to form “ any judgment from it; and in this cafe the fymptom of difficult refpiration feemed to “ begin earlier than it would have done in common air.—Since the plants that I made “ ufe of manifeftly grow and thrive in putrid air; fince putrid matter is well known to “ afford proper nourifhment for the roots of plants ; and fince it is likewife certain that “ they receive nourifhment by their leaves as well as by their roots, it feems to be ex-“ ceedingly probable, that the putrid effluvium is in fome meafure extradted from the air, “ by means of the leaves of plants; and therefore that they render the remainder more “ fit for refpiration..—Towards the end of the year fome experiments of this kind did “ not anfwer fo well as they had done before, and I had inftances of the relapfing of this ** reftored air to its former noxious ftate : I therefore fufpended my judgment concerning Chap. I. 1____J^OOK. I. 22 A DISCOURSE the firft foot in fine earth, another of Seeds, Acorns, Mail, Keys, Nuts* * Haws, Holly-berries, &c. promifcuoufly or feparate, with, now and then, *a little mould fprinkleci amongft them; the third foot wholly earth: Of thefe preparatory magazines make as many and as much larger ones as will ferve your turn, continuing it from time to time as your ftore is brought in. The fame for ruder handlings may you alfo do by burying your NOTES. cC the efficacy of plants to reftore this kind of noxious air, till I fhould have an oppor-A DISCOURSE Book T. fludied accuracy in ranjjinp- of them; unlefs it be where thev conduct and “ v lead us to avenues, and are planted for villas, (as the Italian term is) in which cafe, the proportion of the breadth and length of the walks, &C. Ihould govern, as well as,the nature of the tree-, with this only note, that fuch trees as are ratliei apt to fpread than mount, as the Oak, Beech, Walnut, <&c. be difpofed at ,wider intervals.than fuch as grow bed in confort, as the. Elm, Afh, Lime-tree, Sycamore, Fir, .Pine, &c. Regard is likewife to be had to the quality of the foil for this work.'; V. G. If trees that affefl cold and moift grounds be planted in hot and dry places, then fet them at clofer order-, but trees which love dry andthirfty ..grounds at farther diftance. The like rule may. alfo-guide in fituations NOTES. many of thefe young plants, if they are kept clean from weeds and watered in dry weather, will have lliot three or four inches ; and in fpring they (hould be carefully ..taken out of their feed-beds, fo that the fibres may .by no means be broken off or injured. Being thus cautiaufly taken up, they Ihould be as carefully planted in the .nurfery-ground, at the diftance of one foot afunder each way. Here they may continue, with keeping them, free frorri( weeds, for two or three years, when they Ihould be fet .out in the places, where they are defigned to remain. ------SILVER FIR. ■ --- Thefe trees are raifed by fowing the feeds in a Ihady border, about the beginning of April. They will readily come up if the feeds are good ; but as this is not often the cafe, efpecially when procured from the feedfmen, they Ihould be Town very clofe, otherwife we may depend on having a very thin crop. The fucceeding fummer the plants will require no trouble, except keeping them clean from weeds ; and the fpring after that, they Ihould be pricked out in beds at about four inches diftance from each other. There they may ftand for two years, when they Ihould be planted in the nurfery, in rows a foot afunder every way. The year, or at fartheft two years, after they have been fet in the nurfery, they Ihould be planted cut for good; for if they are continued longer, many of them will die when planted out, and thofe which grow frequently lofe their leading-Ihoot, or meet with fo great a check, as to be hardly able to get into a growing ftate for feveral years. ------ STRAWBERRY TREE. ---------- The Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree, is beft propagated from feeds; therefore when the fruit is ripe it Ihould be gathered, and mixed with dry fand to preferve the feeds till the time of fowing. Thefe feeds Ihould be Town in pots, which Ihould be plunged into an old bed of Tanner’s bark that has loft its heat, covering the bed with glalles, &c. to keep out the froft. This Ihould be done in December, and as the fpring advances, if the pots are rcfrefiied with water, the plants will come up the beginning of April,OF FORES T - TREE S. 57 expofed to impetuous winds and other accidents, which may ferve for ■general rules in this piece of tadlics. ’ In the mean time, ir you plant for regular walks, or any fingle trees, a competent elevation of the earth in circle, and made a little hollow, like a fhallow bafin, for the reception of water and refrdhing the roots, will be required •, flicking thorns about the edges, to protect them from cattle, were not amifs. Fruit-trees, thus planted, may be fet round with beans, which will produce a fmall crop and fhade the furface, perhaps, without detriment; but this more properly belongs to the garden. Mod fhrubs of Ever-grcen, and fome trees, may be planted very near one another: Myrtles, Laurel, Chap. II. NOTES. when they fhould be frequently, but fparingly, watered, and conftantly kept clean from weeds. ■ -As the fummer advances, if the plants are fhaded in the heat of the day, it will greatly promote their growth ; but in warm weather they mull be open all night to receive the dew, fo fhould only be covered in the middle of the day; with this management the plants will rife to the height of five or fix inches the firft fummer. The beginning of Ocftober, thefe plants may be fhaken out of the pots, and their roots carefully feparated, planting them fingly in fmall pots filled with light earth ; then plunge the pots into an old bed of tanners bark, under a common frame, obfer-ving to fhade them from the fun in the middle of the day, and to give them water as they may require : in this bed the pots fhould remain during the winter, obferving to expofe the plants to the open air, at all times when the weather is favourable ; but in frofty weather they mud be covered, otherwife they will be in danger, if the feafon prove fevere. The fpring following, the plants may be removed to a very gentle hotbed, which will require no other covering but mats. This will enable them to make flrong fhoots early in the fummer, whereby they will be in a better condition to bear the cold of the fucceeding winter : in this bed the plants may continue moft part of the fummer; for if the pots are taken out and fet upon the ground, the fmallnefs of their fize will occafion the earth in them to dry fo faft, that watering will fcarcely preferve the plants alive; but if they are kept growing all the fummer, they will be more than a foot high by the next autumn : it will alfo be advifeable to fcreen them from the froft during their continuance in pots, by plunging them into the ground in a warm place, and covering them with mats in bad weather.-When the plants are grown to be two.or three feet high, you may fhake them out of the pots, and plant them in the open ground in ihe places where they are to remain ; but this fhould be done in April, that they, may have taken good root before the winter, which would be apt to damage them, if newly planted ; and as all the earth about their roots may be thus preferved, there will be no fear of fucceeding at this feafon. Thefe obfervations upon fowing are taken from approved Authors that have wrote for the Southern Parts of this Ifland, which may account for the great diftances recom- HBook I. .5.8 < A DISCOURSE Bays, Gyprefs, ■ Yew, Ivy, Pomegranates, and others, alio need“ little i diftance, and indeed whatever is proper to make hedges \ but for the Oak,. Elm, Walnut, Firs, and the taller timber-trees, let the difmal effedts of the late hurricane, never to be forgotten, caution you never to plant them too hear the manfiony or indeed any other houfe, that fo, if fuch accident happen, their fall and ruin may not reach them. 9. To leave nothing omitted which may contribute to the (lability of our tranfplanted trees, fomething is to be premifed concerning their ftaking, and fecuring from external injuries, efpecially from winds and cattle;. NOTES. mended in planting from the Seed-bed into the Nurfery. Nurferymen in the Northern Counties do not allow much more than, half the diftance here recommended, and probably. the greater coldnefs of their climate may make it neceflary to croud the plants clofer together. Some other differences may be remarked which, in like manner, may be accounted for from the variation of climate. Having thus given fome particular directions for forming the Seminary, and afterwards (locking it with plants, it will be required to fay fomething concerning the Nurfery into which the infant feedlings muft be removed at proper feafons, in order to train them for planting out; and in fixing upon a proper piece of ground for this pur-pofe, I do recommend it to be a rich, deep, and ftiffifti mould, notwithftanding that the trees muft afterwards be removed into a poorer foil. Reafon teaches that young trees, growing luxurjbufly and freely in a good foil, will form vigorous and healthy roots, whereby they will be qualified to nouri(h themfelves well; and when they come to be afterwards planted into worfe land they will be enabled, from the ftrength of their conftitution, to feed themfelves freely with coarfer food. On the contrary,, young trees, raifed upon poor, land, by having their veflels contracted, and their outward bark mofty and difeafed, will be a long time, even after being removed to a rich foil, before they attain to a vigorous and growing (late : and as this is fuggefted by reafon, experience confirms it to be true.—Having fixed upon a proper place, therefore, large enough to contain the quantity of trees wanted ; in the firft place let it be well fenced, either with hedges fufficient to keep out cattle, or pales or walls to keep out rabbits or hares ; for without fuch defence a nurfery will be (bon demolilhed. Then trench the land all over, turning the turf down to the bottom of the trench, and covering it with the other mould ; and in doing of this, be fure not to dig deeper than the natural foil; for if you go ever fo little below it, that lying at the top will be ready to furround the roots of the different trees and plants as they are brought from the feminary, and will retard their ftriking root at firft, if not totally kill them.- When the whole is thus trenched, or double dug, which muft be ill September, the furface (hould be fmoofhed, and laid out in quarters for the reception of the different trees taken from the Seminary.OF FOREST-TREES. i 59 againft both which, fuch as are planted in copfes, and in ample woods, are fufficiently defended by the mounds and their clofer order, efpecially if they rife of feed: but where they are expofed in Angle rows, as in walks and avenues, the moft effeftual courfe is to empale them with three good quarter flakes of competent length, fet in triangle, and made fall to one another by fhort pieces above and beneath, in which a few brambles being fluck, they will be abundantly fecured, without that choaking or fretting, to which trees are obnoxious that are only fingle flaked and bufhed, as the vulgar manner is nor is the charge of this fo confiderable as the great advantage, if we confider the frequent reparations which the other will require. Where cattle do not come, I find a good piece of rope tied fafl about the neck of trees upon a wifp of flraw to preferve it from galling, and the other end tightly ftreined to a hook or a peg in the ground (as the fhrouds in a fhip are fattened to the mails) fufficiently flabliflies my trees againft the weftern blafts without more trouble, for the winds of other quarters feldom infeft us : But thefe cords had need be well pitched to preferve them from wet, and fo they will laft many years. I cannot in the mean time conceal what a noble perl'on has allured me, that in his goodly plantations of trees in Scotland, where they, are continually expofed to much greater and more impetuous winds than we are ufually ;|BGMteinted with, he never flakes any of his trees, but upon all difafters of this kind, caufes only his fervants to re-drefs anti fet them up again as often as they happen to be overthrown, which he has affirmed to me, thrive better than thofe which he has flaked; and that at laft they ftrike root fo faft, as nothing but the ax is able to proftrate them: And1 there is good reafon for this, in my opinion j for thefe concuffions open the mould .j3s|j$he more ready infimiations of the roots in queft of nourishment. It is in another place I.fuggeft, that tranfplanted Pines and Firs, for want of Ifeir penetrating tap-roots, are hardly confident againft thefe gufts 'after th*lpare grown high, efpecially where they are fet clofe, and in tufts, which betrays them to the greater difadvantage •, and therefore fuch trees do belt in walks, and at competent diftances, where they efcape tolerably well; Such therefore as we deflgn for woods of them, fliould be flowed and .never removed. In the mean time, many trees are alia propagated by cuttings and layers; the Ever-greens about Bartholomew-tide; other trees within two or three months after, when they will have all tjjr ifap to affift them. Every body knows the way to do it is by flitting the branch a •little way, and then to plunge it half a foot,under good mould, leaving • I HR I..........• ■B6o A DISCOURSE Book I L. . as much of its extremity above it j and if it comply not well, to peg: it down with an hook or two, and fo when you find it competently rooted, to cut it off beneath, and plant it forth*. Other expedients there are, by twilling the part, or baring it of the rind; and if it be out of reach of the ground, to fallen a tub or balket of. earth near the branch, filled with a fucculent mould, and kept as frefh as may be; For cuttings, about the fame feafon, take fuch as are about the big-nefs of your thumb,, fetting them a foot in the earth, and near as much NOTES. * There are various ways of layering trees, by which they may be multiplied. In order to raife great quantities, a fufficient number of trees Ihould be fet, to be headed down for ftools, The ground, previous to planting, Ihould be double dug; and the diltances they ought to be fet from each other Ihould vary according to the fize, height, or manner they are intended to grow before they are layered. The autumn after planting, each tree Ihould be headed to.within.a.few inches of the ground ; and the fummer following it will afford you plenty, of young Ihoots proper for layering in the autumn.—Neverthelefs, in many trees, it will be the bell way to wait two years before you layer them, as each ftool will afford you ten times the number of layers for the purpofe; and the Ihoots being then many of them fide-fhoots, and weaker than the llrong Ihoots from the ftool the autumn before, wilk for the moft part, more readily ftrike root: For it is obfervahle, that, in vigorous ftrong {hoots,, though only of one year’s growth, after they have been layered a twelvemonth, even by flit-layering, the end of the divided part has.only fwelled, and ftruck no root; whereas fmaller branches on the fame tree, in the fame fpace of time, have ftruck good root, and commenced plants fit to be taken off and removed to the nurfery.—If the tree has grown' from the'ftool two years, it mull be fplafhed, to bring the head and branches down to the ground: All branches which crofs, croud, or any ways incommode each other, muft be taken out, the ground Ihould be excavated, and the head of each branch brought into the hollow, pegging'it down firmly with a ftrong peg. The ends of the young {hoots muft be alfo Ihortened ; for one eye only, for the moft part, ought to be out of the ground, if you can tell how they will fall, as it .will be a fafer way to do it before the flit is made than afterwards. Then the flit, or twift, or whatever method you choofe, muft he entered upon; and when all the branches have undergone the operation, the mould muft be carefully brought in among them, filling all the inter-ftices, and levelling the whole fo that an eye of each may juft appear above ground ; and if any {hoot was before improperly Ihortened, it may now be done, holding it fteady with the left thumb and finger, and cutting off an eye above the ground with the right. When the ftool is completely layered in this manner, proceed to the next.; and fo on till the whole is completed.—By waiting two years after the heading of the plant for the ftools, ftools which perhaps would hardly have afforded you fix plants will now yield fixty, or more, which is a fufficient encouragement for patience ; nay, it is what ought to be prattifed by nurfcry-men, or gentlemen who want to raife largeOF FOREST-TREES, 61 out. If it be of foft wood, as Willow, Poplar, Alder, &c. you may take much larger truncheons, and fo tall as cattle may not reach them; if harder, thofe which are young, fmall, and more tender; and if fuch as produce a knur,, or burry fwelling, fet that part into the ground, and be fure to make the hole fo wide, and point the end of your cutting fo fmooth,. as that, in fetting, it violate and ftrip none of the bark; the other extreme may be flanted, and fo treading the earth clofe, and keeping it moift, you will feldom fail of fuccefs. By the roots alfo of a thriving, lufty, and. NOTES.' quantities of trees for fale, or to be planted out on their own eftates.---And when this is the cafe, two quarters of fufficient fize ftiould be planted for ftools, which coming in alternately, one with another, there may be an annual crop of layers for the purpofes wanted.-----As foon as the layers are taken off, all fcraggy parts ftiould be cut off from the ftools; the heads ftiould be refrefhed with the knife; and two years after, each ftool will afford you a fufficient quantity of branches to be layered afrefh; during which time the ground ftiould be dug between the ftools every winter ;, and in fpring. and fummer the weeds ftiould be hoed and cleared off, as often as they make their appearance.------Trees of much larger growth than two or three years may be fplafhed, brought down, and layered in this manner; and when they are grown too large for fplafhing, or the nature of the wood will not bear fuch an operation, they may be thrown on their fides. In order to eftedi this, the mould muft be cleared away from the roots, on the fide you intend the head to be brought down; and on this fide a fufficient number of the roots muft be cut, that the tree may be brought to the ground, leaving proper roots to continue it in a growing ftate; but for this very few will be fufficient. When the tree is brought down, all the young branches are to be layered in the former manner; and the year following, after they are taken off, the tree may be fet upright again, cutting off all fcraggy parts, fide-branches that had been beat down, &c. and if you put frefti mould to the roots, it will put out as frelh as ever, and may, if you pleafe,. afterwards undergo a fecond operation in the like manner. If Magnolias, or large leafy Ever-greens, are layered in this manner, and the place is not well defended, it will be highly proper to make a ftake-hedge of good height, at a fmall diftance ; otherwife the high winds having power on their large leaves, will frequently break them off before they have taken root.» ■■Layers may be procured from trees of any fize, by building fcaffolding of proper height, to fupport tubs or pots filled with good earth, in which to layer the young branches : But this method is never pracftifed unlefs on fome very fcarce tree, which is defired to be continued in its upright ftate, in as much beauty as poffible. Neither, indeed, does it deferve to be adopted, unlefs on fome fuch extraordinary occafions, not only on account of the expence of building the fcaffolding, but of the conftant trouble there will be in keeping the mould in the pots of a due moifture; for being elevated in that manner above the ground, it will dry very faft; and if it is not conftantly watered, there will be little hope of your layers linking root in any reafonable time—Layering U JA D I S COURSE 62' Book. I. fappy tree, more may be propagated ; to effeft which, early in the fpring,1 •••>—■ » I dig about its foot, and finding fuch roots as you may with a little cutting Jbend upwards, ràife them above ground three or four i/rches, and they will in a fhort time make fhoots, and be fit for tranfplantation ; or in this’ work you may quite feparate them from the mother-roots, and cut them off ; by baring likewife the bigger roots difcreetly, and hacking them a little, and then covering them with frefh mould, matres and mother-roots, ne-Jwtes fuccours, traduces and rooted fets, may be raifed in abundance ; NOTES. may be performed different ways* and trees of different texture are with different de-1 grees of difficulty made to ftrike root. It is chiefly the young fhoots of the preceding fummer that the operation fhould be performed on ; though sdl wood of a loofe texture or fpungy nature, if feveral years old, will grow very well.-——The different ways' Of layering are: 1. By only making a fmall cavity and laying the fhoot, whether young or old, in it, covering it over with fine mould. No other trouble than this flight layering is neceffary for the increafe of numbers of trees ; fuch as Vines, Viburnums, Laurels, &c.—2. By twilling the fhoots and flightly breaking the bark, numerous trees, which would not fo readily take by the former method, will emit roots from the bruifed parts ; and, if the work be performed in the autumn, will commence good plants by the autumn following.-3. By thrufting an awl through the joint, the young fhoots of many trees will fooner emit fibres from fuch wounded part, than if they had been otherwife laid in the ground ; and in the courfe of the fummer months will commence good plants, fit to be taken off and planted out.-4. Cutting out fome fmall flips of bark, about a joint, will facilitate the fhoot’s flriking root, and caufe it the fooner to commence a plant.—5. Twifting of wire round the fhoot, and pricking it in each fide with an awl, has been recommended : I ever found the twifting unneceffary trouble, if the places were pricked with the awl, as the fibres always proceeded from the wounded places, and not from the parts furrounded by the wire ; neverthelefs, it may be ferviceable in fome cafes, if the binding is not too hard, and the bark bruifed or broken only with the wire : from fuch bruifed parts fibres will come out, and then the pricking with the awl may be omitted.-6. Slit-layering, or that operation generally known among gardeners by the name of Tongue-laycrmg, is the jnoft univerfal, the beft, and the fafeft way of layering trees and plants, and is the only method to have rccourfe to when the former fail. It is known to every florift, who layers his carnations this way ; and is praftifed by all gardeners for almoft all forts of trees which are not known to take by the fimple method of barely laying thè fhoots in the ground.—--Tongiie-Iaycring is performed by cutting with the knife half way . through the fhoot at right angles with it, and then turning , the edge of it upwards, in a perpendicular dire&ion, along the middle of the fhoot, half an inch, an inch^ or more, according to the nature of the flock that is to be layered. The horizontal cut *n carnation-layering is always at a joint, and is for the moft part ,pra<5tifed by making the cut at a joint or end, where the performance vis on trees. The more elegantly toOF FOREST-TREES. which drawing competent roots, will Toon furnifh ftore of plants, and this is practicable in Elms efpecially, and all fuch trees as are apt of themfelves to put forth fuckers ; but of this more upon occalion hereafter. And now to prevent cenfure on> this tedious and prolix introduction, I cannot but look on it as the bafis and foundation of all the ftruCture rifing from this work and endeavour of mine; fmce from ftation, fowing, and continual culture and care, proceed all we really enjoy in the world. Every thing mult have birth- and beginning ; and afterwards, by diligence and prudent care, formed and brought to fhape and perfection. Nor is it NOTES. perform this, make the horizontal cut half through; take out the knife and infert it below that cut, on the heel of the underwood, taking it off, and drawing the edge of the knife up the middle to the above length. By taking the heel of the underwood off, the tongue or bottom of the layer will fit more at eale ; and by being furrounded with mould, will be the better difpofed to ftrike root, Ihould the parts by any accident be made to clofe again. The Ihoot being cut in this manner, Ihould be next pegged down into the ground, a place being hollowed for the purpofe ; then the point of the layer Ihould be brought forward, pointing towards the ftem of the plant, which will feparate the tongue from the other part of the branch ; and to keep it at a diftance, a fmall chip, or luch like thing, may be inferted near the top of the flit, to keep it open. The mould muft now be applied ; and after heading the layer down to within one eye or more of the ground, the bulinefs is done.—In all layering, watering muft be applied in fummer to keep the ground moift, if dry weather Ihould happen. The ground muft always be kept clean from weeds; and there are few trees, if layered in this manner in the autumn, and with this management, which will not be ready for taking up the autumn following.-Layering on different plants may be performed at all times of the year; though, in general, the beft feafon for it is in the autumn : Neverthelefs, it may be done fuccefsfully for the moft part in the winter or fpring 5 and fuch plants as are found not to take readily by being layered at that feafon, Ihould be layered in June or July, while they are tender, and performing their fummer’s Ihoot; but as the Ihoot- will then be foft and herbaceous, they muft not be too much watered, for that will caufe them to rot; therefore it will be a better method to cover the fur face over the layers with mofs, which will prevent the foil from drying too faft, fo that a little water, now and then, will be fuffxcient.——A large Ihare of the vegetable creation may be alfo multiplied by planting only their flips or cuttings in the earth, and affording them management fuitable to their refpeClive natures. Some trees grow fo readily this way, that it is the only method praftifed to raife any defired number of plants : The Willow, the Alder, the Poplar, &c. in all their varieties, are inftances of the larger kinds; whilft the Sage, the Rofemary, the Rue-plant, and Southernwood, are fome inftances of the lower ligneous plants, that are, with the utmoft facility, multiplied by flips. Thefe will grow if planted at any time of the year; but fuch as will not prove fo obfequious to your difcipline, you muft indulge in the feafon they UJA DISCOURSE 64 Book I. enough to caft feeds into the ground, and leave them there, as the Oft rich * does her eggs in the Lybian fands, without minding them more (becaufe nature has deprived her of underftanding) ; but great diligence is to be ufed in governing them, not only till they fpring up, but till they are arrived to fome ftature fit for tranfplantation, and to be fent abroad, after the fame method that our children fhould be educated, and taken care of from their birth and cradle; and afterwards, whilft they are under pedagogues and dilcipline, for the forming of their manners and perfons, that they con-tra6b no ill habits, and take fuch plyes as are fo difficult to re&ify and fmooth again without the greateft induftry: For prevention of this in our feminary, the like care is requifite: whilft the young imps and feedlings are yet tender and flexible, they require not only different nouriffiment and require to be fet in; the autumn for fome, the fpring for others ; the early part of the fummer for one plant, and the latter end of it for another; all which various circum- * It is commonly reported that the female Oftrich depofits her eggs in the fand, and covering them up, leaves them to .be hatched by the heat of the climate, and then permits the young to fhift for themfelves. Very little, however, of this hiftory is true; no bird has a ftronger affection for her young than the Oftrich, and none watches her eggs with greater affiduity, It happens, indeed, in thofe climates, that there is lefs neceflity for the ^continual incubation of the female; and fhe more frequently leaves her eggs, as they are in no danger of being chilled by the weather; but though (he fometimes forfakes them in the day, fhe always carefully broods over them in the night: and Kolben, who has feen great numbers of them at the Cape of Good Hope, affirms, that they fit upon their eggs like other birds, and that the male and female take this office by turns, as he had frequent opportunities of obferving. Nor is it more true what is faid of their forfaking their young after they are excluded the fhell: On the contrary, the young ones are not able to walk for feveral days after they are hatched. During this time, the old ones are very affiduous in fupplying them with grafs, and very careful to defend them from danger; nay, they encounter every danger in their defence. When purfued, this animal, inftead of running diredtly forwards, and availing himfelf of his natural fpeed, takes his courfe in circles; while the hunters make .a fmall courfe within, relieve each other, meet him at unexpected turns, and keep him thus employed for two or three days together : At laft, fpent with famine and fatigue, and finding all .power of efcape impoffible, he endeavours to hide himfelf from thofe enemies he could not avoid, and covers his head in the fand, or the firft thicket he meets. The means ufed by this bird to efcape from its purfuers, and the manner of its death, may, with great propriety, be called foolijhnefs.—Writers have hitherto been miftaken in the Natural Hiftory of the Oftrich.---See Job, ch. xxxix. with which compare Goldfmith on Animated Nature, vol. v. p. 49. N O T E S. fiances will be particularly described under the article of the refpe&ive trees.OF FOREST-TREES. «5 'protection from too much cold, heat, and other injuries, but due and Chap. II. Ikilful management in drefllng, redrefling, and pruning, as, they grow - * capable of being brought into fhape, and of hopeful expectation, when time has rendered them fit for the ufe and fervice required, according to their kinds. He therefore that undertakes the nurfery, fliould be knowing not only in the choice of the feeds, where, when, and how to fow them, but alfo in the time of geftation they require in the womb of their mother-earth before parturition, that fo he may not be furprized with her delivering fome of them fooner or later than he expe&S; for fome will lie two, nay three years, before they peep; moft others one, and fome a quarter, or a month or two, whilft the tardy and lefs-forward fo tire the hopes of the hufbandman, that he many times digs up the pfits and beds in which they were fown, defpairing of a crop, at the very time they were ready to fpring and come up, as I have found by experience to my lofs. Thofe of hard fhell and integument will lie longer buried than others \ for fo the Li-banus Cedar, and moft of the coniferous trees, fhed their cones late, which fometimes remain two winters and as many fummers, to open their fcales glued fo faft together, without fome external application of fire or warm water, which is yet not fo natural as when they open of themfelves *. The fame may be obferved of fome minuter feeds, even among the Olitories, as that of Parfley, which will hardly fpring in lefs than a year, dfo Beet-feed, part in the fecond and third month, which, upon infpeCting the' fkins and membranes involving them, would be hard to give a reafon for-j-. To accelerate this, they ufe imbibitions of piercing fpirits, falts, emollients, &c. not only to the feeds, but to the foil, which we feldom find fignify much, but rather produce abortion or monfters •, and being forced tip hafty birth, become nothing fo hardy, healthful, and lading as the conception and birth the plants receive from nature. Thefe obfervations premifed, I Ihould now proceed to particulars, and boldly advance into the thickeft NOTES. * The cones of the Fir tribe fliould be laid in the fun early in theijbring, which will open their fcales and permit the fc^s to be (hook out: ThypOl&icc of the cones, by laying them upon the floor of a malt-kiln, is MglUy to be cc*X;mned. This expeditious method is often pra£tifed by feedfmen-which rationally accounts for the badnefs of the Fir-feed fometimes purchafed from wholcfale f In this particular, Mr. Evelyn feems to have been mifinformed. Parfley-feed remains in the earth about four weeks, and the feed of the Beet generally appears in about ten days after fowing. I66 A DISCOURSE Book I. '%} of the foreft,, did not method feem to require fomething briefly to b? i fpoken of trees in general, as they are under the name of Plants and Vegetables,. efpecially fuch as we fliall have occafion to difcourfe of in the following work •, though we alfo take in fome lefs vulgarly known and familiar, of late indenizoned among us, and fome of them, very ufeful. By trees then is meant a lignous plant, whofe property is, for the moll part, to grow up and eredt itfelf with a Angle Item or trunk, of a thick compared fubftance and bulk, branching forth large and fpreading boughs, the whole body and external part covered and inverted with a thick rind or cortex. Thefe Terrs-filii are what we call Timber-trees, the chief fubjeft of our following difcourfe. . Trees are diftinguilhed into fubordinate fpecies. Frutices, or Ihrubs, are lignous trees, though of a lower and humbler growth, lefs fpreading, and riling up in feveral ftems, emerging from the fame root, yielding plenty of fuckers, which being leparated, and often carrying with them fome fmall fibre, are eafily propagated and planted out for a numerous ftore; and this being clad with a more tender bark or fibre, feems to differ the frutex from other arboreous kinds; fince as to the fhaft and ftems of fuch as we account dwarf and pumilo, they rife often to tall and ftately trees, in the more genial and benign climes. * Suffrutices are Ihrubs lower than the former, lignefcent and more approaching to the ftalky herbs, Lavender, Rue, &c. but not apt to decay fo foon, after they have feeded ; whilft both thefe kinds feem alfo little more to differ from one another, than do trees from them ; all of them confiftinor of the fame variety of parts, according to their kinds and ftrudture, covered with fome woody hard membranous or fender rind, fuitable to their conllitution, and to protect them from outward injuries; producing likewife buds, leaves, bloffoms, and flowers, pregnant with fruit, and yielding faps, liquors, and juices, lachrymre, gums, and other exfuC.ations, though diverlifymg in fhape and fubftance, tafte, odour, an<8i other qualities and operations, according to the nature of the ipecies. To compare analogically, and drfcribe minutely the various llrudlure and contexture of their levcrai velfels and organs, whofe office it is to iupply N O T E * For ‘h. op’nion of different authors concerning the foundation of the diftindlion of vegetable* into nerbs, trees» fhaibs, and under-ihrubs, fee the note upon p. 3.OF FOREST-TREES. 6; the whole plant with all that is necefifary to its being and perfe&ion, after Chap. IJ. a ftupendous, though natural procefs, (not altogether different from creatures of animal life) would require an anatomical ledture, which is fo learnedly and accurately done to our hands by Dr. Grew, Malpighius, and other ingenious naturalifts. * Befides this general definition, as to what is meant by trees, frutexes, &c. they are fpecially diftinguifhed by other chara&ers, viz. Leaves, Buds, Blojfoms, &c. but more efpecially by what they produce of more importance ;---by their fruit ye fliall know them. V. G. The Glandiferse, Oaks, and Ilexes, yield acorns and other ufeful ex-crefcences.—The Malt-bearers are the Beech, and fuch as include their feeds NOTES. * Mr. Evelyn very juftly obferves, that there is a great analogy between the animal and vegetable creation ; and this is apparently difcovered in the fimilar manner that plants and animals propagate their refpedtive fpecies. It is allowed on all hands that animal conception is performed by the jundfion of the male and female; but it has remained a doubt with fome, whether the union of the fexes be as eflential in the propagation of vegetables. The great Linnaeus has formed his noble fyftem of botany upon the certainty that all plants have male and female organs, either growing upon the fame tree, or upon different trees of the fame fpecies : His method is diftinguifhed by the name of the Sexual Syftem, and is now univerfally acknowledged. On its firfl appearance, it was received with all that caution that becomes an enlightened age; and nature w’as traced experimentally through all her variations before it was univerfally affented to. Tournefort refufed to give it a place in his Syftem; and Ponte-dera, though he had carefully examined it, treated it as chimerical. The learned Dr. Alfton, Ptofeftor of Botany in the Univerfity of Edinburgh, violently oppofed it; but the proofs which Dr. Linnaeus has given amongft the aphorifms of his Fundamenta Botanica, and farther illuftrated and explained in his Philofophia Botanica, are fo clear, that the mind does not hefitate a moment in pronouncing animal and vegetable conception to be the fame: There is, however, this difference; in animals fruition is voluntary, but in vegetables neceflary and mechanical. Another and more ftriking proof of the analogy between plants and animals may be draw'n from obfervations made upon their infant ftates, at which early period they feem nourifhed and protected in a fimilar manner. For this the curious reader is requefted to confult the note upon page 27, in which he will find fufficient proofs to convince him, that every blade of grafs which we contemptuoufly tread upon, has been nurtured in its infancy by the hand of Providence, with as much care, and in the fame manner, as Man himfelf with all his pre-eminence of ftation. I 268 a Discourse Book 1. L. —— and fruit in rougher hulks, as the Chefnut-tree, &c.—The Walnut, Hafel* Avelans, &c. are the Nuciferae.—To the Coniferae, Refiniferas, and Squam- miferae, belong the whole tribe of Cedars, Firs, Pines, &c.--------Apples* Pears, Quinces* and feveral other Edulae fruits, Peaches,. Apricots* Plums, &c. are reduced to the Pomiferae.—The Bacciferas are fuch as produce Kernels, Sorbs, Cherries-, viz. Holley, Bay, Laurel, Yew, Juniper* Elder, and all the berry-bearers.—The Geniftas in general, and luch as bear their feeds in cods, come under the tribe of Siliquofe.—The La? nuginae are fuch as bed their feeds in., a cottony down. The Afh, Elm, Tilia, Poplar, Hornbeam, Willow, Salices, See. are diftinguiflied by their Keys, Tongues, Samera, Pericarpia, and Theca, fmall, flat, and hufky. (kins including the feeds as in fo many foliols, bags, and purfes, fine membranous cafes, Catkins, Palms, Julufes, &c. needlefs to be farther mentioned here, being fo particularly deferibed in the chapters following, as are alfo the various Ever-greens and Exoticks. ts ( (f/i f / r!■•' 1 >’< .li'tOF FOREST-TRE, ES. 69 G H A P. Ill, The OAK.* r. 13 OBUR, the Oak. I have fljwffctimes confiderei, fc very ferioufty, Chap. IIL JL\ what lhouldlnove Pliny to make fcWhÒle chapter of one onlj^ne, —v——» which is lèfs than the argument alone of moil of the reft in his huge volume; but the wetghtirtefs of the matter does worthily excufe him, who is .not wont to lpare his wordier hisrWader. Glandiferi maxime gèneris cmnes quibus bonos apud Romanos perpetuus. u M aft-bearing trees were- principally “ thofe which the Romans held in chiefeft repute.” Lib. xvi. cap. iii.— And in the following, where he treats of Chaplets, and the dignity of the Civic Coronet, he &ys it might be' compofed of the leaves or branches of any Oak, provided it were a bearing tree, and had acornfcflpon it. It*is. : then for the efteem which thefe wife and glorious people héd Of this free above all others, that I will firft begin with theOaBIÉnd indeed.it carries it from all other timber whatfoever, for building of Ihipsjft general, and in particular being tough, bending well, ftrong and not too heavy, nor eafily admitting water. 2. ’Tis pity that the feveral kinds of Oak are fo rarely known amongft us, that wherever they meet with Quercus, they take it promifcuoufly for our common Oak ; as likewife they do Afùffflwhich comprehends all NOTE S, * The Oak, the pride; andglory of the foreft, demands our firft attention, whether we confider the dignity qf its ftation, or the variety of ufes to which it is applied. Being a native of our ifiand, it adepts itfelf in a wonderful manner to almoft every foil, and, if well defended in its infancy, there are few places in which it will not grow to a national advantage.,. The Oak naturally delights in a rich, deep, and loamy foil ; but lands of that quality are now more profitably employed tiflpafture and tillage. However, there are large portions of land in this kingdom which yield but a finali profit to the owners. f 'Such waftes, if fituated near rivers, or navigable canals, are nobly calculated fqr^raifitìMg Oaks, which, at fome diftant period, may launch them-felves into the Ocean, Guardians of Liberty and Commerce. Of the Oak there are various fpeqies, and Mr. Miller, in the laft edition of ^Us Dictionary, hyiip'defcribed no lefs than feventeen kinds. i. Quercus (Robur) foliis deciduis oblongis fupernè latioribus, finubus acutiori-bus, angulis obtufis, petiolatis, glandibus feffilibus. OakwOiib oblong it&iuoipfteavesy broader toward the top, having acute indentures, with obtufe angles, which have longBook I i——"V—— 70 A DISCOURSE . Maft-bearing trees whatfoever (which I think they have no Latin word for.) And in the Silva Glandifera were reckoned the Chefnut---Ilex, Efculus, Cerris, Suber, &c. being various fpecies rather than different trees. We fhall here, therefore, give an account of four only, two of which are moft frequent with us j for we fhall fay little of the Cerris or NOTES.. foot-falks, and acorns fitting clofc to the branches. Quercus latifolia mas, quae brevi pediculo eft. C. B. P. 419. Broad-leaved male Oak, the fruit of which has Jhort foot-falks, or common Oak. This is the common Englifh Oak which, for fhip-building and other ceconomical ufes, far excels all the kinds in the known world. The leaves of this fort have pretty long foot-ftalks j the acorns have none, but fit clofe to the branches. 2. Quercus (Fcemina) foiiis deciduis oblongis obtufis^ pinnato-finuatis petiolis breviflimis, pedunculis glandorum longifiimis. Oak with oblong, obtufe, dktiduous leaves, which are winged, fmuated, and have very Jhort foot-falks, with a fruit growing upon long foot-falks. Quercus cum longo pediculo. C. B. P. 429. Oak with long foot-falks to the acorn. This fort is not fo common here as the firft, but in the wilds of Kent and Suffex are feen many large trees of this kind. The leaves of this are not fo deeply finu-ated as thofe of the firft, nor are they fo irregular, but the indentures are oppofite, like the lobes of winged leave*$ thefe have fcarce any foot-ftalks, but fit clofe to the branches; the acorns ftand upon very Kifig foot-ftalks, in which they differ from the common fort. The timber of this fytt is accounted, by fome, better than that of the firft, and the trees when growing have a better appearance. Thefe have been generally fuppofed to be fetonal varieties, which have accidentally come from acorns of the fame trees; I was long of this opinion, but having lately feen fome young trees with acorns upon them, which were raifed from acorns of the fecond fort, and finding they retain their difference, I am now inclined to believe they are different, 3. Quercus (Sempervirens) foiiis oblongis finuatis obtufis perennantibu^pedun-culis glandot'um longifiimis. Oak with oblongs obtufe, indented leaves which are evergreen, having very long foot-falks to the acorns. Quercus latifolia -perpetuo virens. C. B. P. 420. Broad-leaved evergreen Oak. This fort grows upon the Appcnnines, and alfo in Swabia , and Portugal. The leaves are broader, and not fo deeply finuated as thofe of the common Oak ; they are of a lighter green on their upper fide, and gale on their under j they have very fhort foot-ftalks, and their points are obtufe} the acorns have very long foot-ftalks, which frequently fuftain three or four growing in a duller. 4. Quercus (Humilis) foiiis oblongis obtuse dentatis, frudibus feftilibus conglo-meratis. Dwarf Oak ivith oblong obtuftly indented leaves, and fruit growing in clufersOF FOREST-TREES". 71 .rEgilops, goodly to look on, but for little elfe : Some have miftaken it for Chap. III. Beech, whereas indeed it is a kind of Oak bearing a fmall round acorn al- J moft covered with the cup, which is very rugged, the branches loaded with a long mol's hanging down like diihevelled hair, which much annoys it. tyayts is indeed doubtlefs a fpecies of Oak; however by the Latins ufual- NOTES. fitting' clofe to the branches. Quercus humilis gallis binis ternis aut plurimis fimul jundlis. C. B. P. 420. Dwarf Oak with galls growing together by pairs', by threes, or in larger clufers. This kind grows in the fouth of France and Italy ; it is a low bulhy Oak, which rifes but fix or feven feet high, fending out many {lender branches the whole length, garnifhcd with oblong leaves which are obtufely indented; they are about three inches long, and one and a half broad, {landing upon {lender foot-ftalks ; the acorns are fmall and grow in clufters, and the galls grow three or four together. 5. Quercus (Cerrisj foliis oblongis lyrato-pinnatifidis, laciniis tranfverfis acutis, fubtus fubtomentofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1415. Oak zvith oblong leaves xvhich are lyre-fjaped, wing-pointed, and have tranfverfe acute jags which are downy on their underfde. Quercus calyce hifpido, glande minore. C. B. P. 420. Oak with prickly cups and jmailer acorns. This grows in Burgundy ; the leaves are oblong and pointed, and frequently indented in the middle like a lyre ; they are jagged and acute-pointed, a little hoary on their under fide, {landing upon {lender foot-ftalks. The acorns are fmall, and have rough prickly cups. 6. Quercus (Efculus) foliis pinnato-finuatis laevibus, fru<5tibus feffilibus. Prod. Leyd. 80. Oak with fmocth wing-indented leaves, and fruit fitting clofe to the branches. Quercus parva five Phagus Graecorum & Efculus Piinii. C. B. P. The fmall Oak or Phagus of the Greeks, and the Efculus of Pliny, commonly called the cut-leaved Italian Oak. This fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy; the leaves are fmooth, and deeply finuated like winged leaves; fome of the finufes are obtufe, and others end in acute points; they have very fiiort foot-ftalks; the branches are covered with a purplilh bark when young; the acorns are long and {lender, the cups rough and a little prickly, fitting clofe to the branches. The acorns are fweet, and are frequently eaten by the poor in the fouth of France, who, in times of fcarcity, grind them and make bread with the flour. 7. Quercus (JEgilops) foliis ovato-oblongis, glabris, ferrato-dentatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1414. Oak voith oblong, oval, fmooth, faived, indented leaves. Quercus calyce echinato, glande majore. C. B. P. 420. Oak with a vrickly cup and a larger acorn. 1 his grows naturally in the Levant, from whence the acorns are annually brought to Europe, where they are ufcd for dyeing ; thefe are called Velani, and the treeA DISCOURSE 72 ly applied to the Beech, whole leaf exceedingly differs from that of the Oak, as alfo the maft and bark rugged, and growing among the hills and mountains ; the other in the valleys, and perhaps but few of them in Italy. Phyficians, Naturalifts, and Botanifts fhould therefore be curious how they defcribe and place fuch trees, mentioned by Theophraflus and others, NOTES. Velanida by the Greeks. It is one of the faired fpecies of Oak in the world : the trunk rifes as high as the common Oak; the branches extend very wide on every fide, and arc covered with a greyifh bark, intermixed with brown fpots; the branches are clofely garnilhed with oblong oval leaves, about three inches long, and almod two broad, which are deeply fawed on their edges ; mod of the faws or teeth turn backward, and terminate in acute points. The leaves are did, of a pale green on their upper fide, and downy on their under; the acorns have very large fcaly cups which almod cover them ; the feales are ligneous ar.d acute-pointed, danding out a quarter of an inch ; fome of the cups are as large as middling apples. 8. Quercus (Rubra) foliis obtuse-finuatis fetaceo-mucronatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1413. Oak with obtufe finuated leaves, terminated by brijlly points Quercus EfcuJi divifura, foliis amplioribus acukatis. Pluk. Aim. 3C9. tab. 54. fig. 4. Oak with bread [piny leaves, which-art divided like the Efculus. This fort grows naturally in Virginia, and in other parts of North-America. It arrives to a large fize in the countries where it naturally grows ; the bark is fmooth, of a greyifh colour, but that of the younger branches is darker ; the leaves are fix inches long, and two and a half broad in the middle, where they are broaded ; they are obtufely finuated, each finus ending with a bridly point, of a bright green, danding upon fliort foot-dalks. The leaves continue their verdure very late in autumn, fo that unlefs hard frod comes on early, they do not fall till near Chridmas, and they do not change their colour long before. The acorns of this fort are a little longer, but not fo thick as thofe of the common Oak. 9. Quercus (Prinus) foliis obovatis utrinque acuminatis finuato-ferratis, denti-culis rotundatis uniformibus. Hort. Cliff. 448. Oak with oblong oval leaves which are pointed on both Jides, and have fazved finufes, with uniform roundijh indentures. Quercus, cadanea? foliis, proccra arbor, Virginiana. Pluk. Aim. 309. The American Chefnut-leavcd Oak. This grows naturally in North-America, of which there feems to be two kinds ; one grows to a much larger fize than the other, tho’ this may be oecafioncd by the foil in which they grow ; the larged fort grows in the rich low lands, where it becomes the larged tree of any of the Oaks in thofe countries. The wood is not of a fine grain, but is very ferviceable j the bark is grey and lcaly ; the leaves areOF FOREST- TREES. 73 tinder the fame denomination as frequently they do, being found fo very different when accurately examined. There is likewife the Efculus, which, though Vitruvius, Pliny, Dalecampius, and others take for a fmaller kind, Virgil celebrates for its fpreading and profound root •, and this Dalecampius will therefore have to be the Platyphyllos of Theophraftus, and, as our NOTES. five or fix inches long, and two inches and a half broad in the middle, indented on the edges, and have many tranfverfe veins running from the midrib to the borders ; they are of a bright green, and fo nearly refemble thofe of the Chefnut-tree, as fcarcely to be diftinguifhed from it. The acorns of this fort are very large, and their cups are fhort. The leaves of the other variety are not fo large, nor fo ftrongly veined, and the acorns are fmaller and a little longer, which may arife from the foil. 10. Quercus (Nigra) foliis cuneiformibus obfolete trilobis. Flor. Virg. 117. Oak with wedge-Jhaped leaves, having three worn-out lobes. Quercus folio non ferrato in fummitate quafi triangulo. ’Catefb. Car. 1. p. 20. The Black Oak. This grows naturally on poor land in moft parts of North-America, where it never comes to a large fize, and the wood is of little value. The bark is of a dark brown colour j the leaves are very broad at the top, where they have two waved indentures, which divide them almoft into three lobes ; they diminifh gradually to their bafe, where they are narrow; they are fmoot'h, of a lucid green, and have fhort foot-ftalks. The acorns are fmaller than thofe of the common Oak, and have fhort cupc. 11. Quercus (Alba') foliis Oblique pinnatifidis, finubus angulifque obtufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1414* with oblique many-pointed leaves, having obtufe Jinufes and an- gles. Quercus alba Virginiana. Catefb. Car. 1. p. 21. tab. 21. The White Oak of Virginia. This fort grows naturally in North-America, where the wood is efteemed preferable to any of their other forts for building, being much more durable than any of * them. The bark of this tree is greyifh, the leaves are of a light green, fix or feven inches long, and four broad in the middle; they are regularly indented almoft to the midrib ; the indentures are obtufe, and have fhort foot-ftalks. The acorns of this greatly refemble thofe of the common Oak. 12. Quercus (Phellos) foliis lanceolatis integerrimis glabris. Flor. Virg. 149. Oak with fpear-Jhaped, entire fmooth leaves. Quercus foliis oblongis non finuatis. Catefb. Car. 1. p. 17. The Willow-leaved Oak. It grows naturally in North-America, where they diftinguifh two forts; one of them is called the Highland Willow Oak, which grows upon poor dry land 3 the K Chap. III. UN—,— ■ J74 A DISCOURSE Book I. Botanifts think, his Phegos,' as producing the moll edible fruit: But let us confine ourfelves to the Quercus Urbana, which grows more upright, and, being clean and lighter, is fitteft for timber; and the Robur, or Quercus Silveftris, (taking Robur for the general name, if at lead contra-diftindl from the reft) which, as the name imports, is of a vaft robuft and inflexible nature, of an hard black grain, bearing a fmaller acorn, and affedling to ipread in branches, and to put forth his roots more above ground j and therefore in the planting to be allowed a greater diftance, viz. from twenty-five to forty feet, nay fometimes as many yards j whereas the other, {hooting up more eredl, will be contented with fifteen. This NOTES. leaves are of a pale green and entire, fhaped like thofe of the Willow-tree. The acorns are very fmall, but have pretty large cups. The other grows in low moift land, and rifes to a much greater height; the leaves are longer and narrower, and the acorns are of the fame fize and fhape, fo that I fufpeil their difference is owing to the foil in which they grow. 13. Quercus (Ilex) foliis oblongo-ovatis fubtus tomentofis integerrimis. Prod. Leyd. 81. Oak with oblong, ovaly entire leaves, which are downy on their under fide. Ilex folio angufto non ferrato. C. B. P. 424. The narrow-leaved ever-grcen Oak. This fpecies is generally known by the title of Ilex, or ever-green Oak; of this there are feveral varieties, which differ greatly in the fize and fhape of their leaves; but thefe will all arife from acorns of the fame tree, as I have feveral times experienced ; nay, the lower and upper branches of the fame tree are frequently gar-nifhed with leaves, very different in fize and fhape from each other; thofe on the lower branches being much broader, rounder, and their edges indented and fet with prickles, but thofe on the upper are long, narrow, and entire^ fo that I verily believe they are all but one fpecies, except the Kermes Oak, which is undoubtedly a diftindl fort. The leaves of the Hex are from three to four inches long, and one broad near the bafe, gradually leffening to a point; they are of a lucid green on their upper fide, but whitifh and downy on their under,* and are entire, flanding upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; thefe remain green all the year, and do not fall till they are thrufl off by young leaves in the fpring. The acorns are fmaller than thofe of the common Oak, but of the fame fhape. 14. Quercus (Gramuntia) foliis oblongo-ovatis finuato-fpinofis fefhlibus fubtus tomentofis, glandibus pedunculatis. Sauv. Monfp. 96. Ever-green Oak zvith oblongs oval, prickly, indented leaves, which are zvoolly on their under fide, and bear acorns with foot-Jlalks. Ilex folio agri-folii. Bot. Monfp. 140. The Holly-leaved ever-green Oak. This fort is fuppofed to be a different fpecies; but of this I much doubt, having raifed fome plants from the acorns of the thirteenth, whofe leaves are fo like thofe of this, as not to be diflinguifhed from them; thefe are fhorter and broader than theOF FOREST-TREES. 75 kind is farther to be diftinguifhed by its fulnefs of leaves, which tarnilh, Chap. III. and becoming yellow at the fall, do commonly clothe it all the winter, —* the roots growing very deep and ftraggling. The author of Britannia Ba-conica fpeaks of an Oak in Lanhadron-Park in Cornwall, which bears conftantly leaves fpeckled with white, and of another, called the Painted NOTES. other, and approach in Ihape to thofe of the Holly-tree, and are alfo fet with prickles on their edges. 15. Quercus (Coccifera) foliis ovatis indivifis, fpinofo-dentatis glabris. Prod. Leyd. 80. Oak with oval, undivided, fmooth leaves, which are prickly and indented Ilex aculeata, cocciglandifera. C. B. P. 425. Prickly Kermes Oak. This is the Oak from which the kermes, or what is called fcarlec grain, is ’colle&ed, which is an infedt that harbours on this tree. It grows naturally in Provence and Languedoc, where it is known by the title d’Avaux. This is of fmall growth, feldom riling above, twelve or fourteen feet high, fending out branches on every fide the whole length, fo as to form a bufhy fhrub; the leaves are oval and undivided ; they are fmooth on their furface, but indented on their edges, which are armed with prickles like thofe of the Holly-tree. The acorns are fmaller than thofe of the common Oak. 16. Quercus (Virginiana) foliis lanceolato-ovatis integerrimis petiolatis femper-virentibus. Oak with fpear-Jhaped, oval, entire leaves, which are ever-green, and have foot-Jlalks. Quercus fempervirens foliis oblongis non finuatis. Banift. Ever-green Oak with oblong leaves which are not Jinuated, commonly called Live Oak in America. This kind grows naturally in Carolina and Virginia, where it rifes to the height of forty feet. The grain of the wood is hard, tough, and coarfe ; the bark is-greyilh; the leaves are ovally fpear-fhaped, about three inches long and one and a half broad, entire, and of a dark green, Handing upon Ihort foot-ftalks; they are of a thick confiftence, and continue green all the year. The acorns are fmall, oblong, and have Ihort cups ; they are very fweet, fo are eaten by the Indians, who lay them up in ftore for the winter; they alfo draw a very fweet oil from them, little inferior to that of fweet Almonds. This is called the Live Oak in America. 17. Quercus (Suber) foliis ovato-oblongis indivifis ferratis fubtus tomentofis, cor-tice rimofo fungofo. Hort. Cliff. 448. Oak with oval, oblong, undivided leaves, which are fan t l and woolly on their under fide, and have a fungous cleft bark. Suber lati-folium fempervirens. C. B. P. 424. The broad-leaved ever-green Cork-tree. This fort is the tree whofe bark is the cork ; of which there are two or three varieties, viz. one with a broad, another with a narrow leaf, which are ever-green; and K 2A DISCOURSE Book I. Oak: others have (ince been found at Fridwood, near Sittingbourn in J Kent j as alfo Sycamores and Elms in other places, mentioned by the learned Dr. Plot in his Natural Hiftory of Oxfordfhire •, which I only mention here, that the variety may be comparecl^y fome ingenious perfon thereabouts, as well as the truth, of the fatal prae-admonition of Oaks. NOTES; there is one or two which caft their leaves in autumn, but the broad-leaved evergreen is the moft common ; the others may probably be only, varieties arifmg by accident. The leaves of this are entire, of an oblong oval, about two inches long, and one and a quarter broad, fawed on their edges,, and have a little down on their under Tides j their foot-(talks are very fhort; thefe leaves continue green through the winter till the middle of May, when, they generally fall off juft before the new leaves come out, fo that the trees are very often almoft bare for a fhort time. The acorns are very like thofe of the common Oak. The exterior bark of this tree is the cork, which is taken off- from the trees every eight or ten years j but there is an interior bark which nourifhes the trees, fo that the (tripping off the outer is fo far from injuring them, that it rather prolongs their lifej for thofe whofe bark are not taken off, feldom laft longer than fifty or fixty years in health j whereas the trees which are barked every eight or ten years, will live a hundred and fifty years and more. The bark of the young tree is porous and good for little; however it is neceffary to take it off when the trees are twelve or fifteen years old, without which the bark will not be good, and after eight or ten years the bark will be fit to take off again; this fecond peeling is of little ufe} but at the third peeling the bark is in perfe&ion, and will continue fo many years, for the beft cork is taken from the old trees. The month of July is the time for ftripping off this bark, when the fecond fap flows plentifully; this operation is performed with an.inftrument fimilar to that for difbarking Oak. Befides thefe feventeen Species of Oaks, enumerated by Mr. Miller, there is another defcribed under the name of the Lucombe, or Devonlhire Oak. Of this new kind there is a particular account given in the 62d volume of the Philofophical Transactions, in a letter from Mr. Holwell to Mr. Campbel. The following extract contains all that we yet know of this moft furprizing fpecies: * ftance, and depth..of our land; whilft by the grafs and corn (whofe roots- are but a few inches deep) we have the benefit of the cruft onlyt NOTES. ‘‘mixed fomet'mes with rare trees, as the Liriondendron Tulipifera, or Virginian-“ Tulip-tree, &c. “ After the ground is laid out into quarters for planting, we aflign certain parts to ■ “ Beech, Larch, Spanifh Chefnuts, &c. Thefe we plant in irregular patches here and' M there, throughout the plantations, which, when the trees are in leaf, has the moft s< pleafing effedl, on account of the diverfity of fhades ; efpecially in fuch parts of the “ Foreft where four, five,... and fometimes more of the large hilf-points meet in the “ fame valley, and tend, as it were, to the fame center. “ After thofe patches are planted, or marked out for that purpofe, we then proceed “ to the planting in general. We always begin with planting the largeft young trees “ of every fort, and end our work with thofe of the fmallefl: fize ; were we to proceed “ otherwife, the making a hole for a larger-fizcd tree, - after the fmall ones are thick “ planted,, would caufe the greateft confufion. “ Birch is generally the fort of tree we make our beginning with, which we find will “ bear to be removed with great fafety, at the height of fix or feven feet, though we K commonly plant rather under than at that fize. This fort of tree we are always “ fupplied with from our plantations of five or fix years growth. But before I proceed “ to the taking theta up, it will be proper to inform you, that in the planting feafon “ we divide our hands into four clafles, which we term Takers-up, Pruners, Carriers* “ and Planters: And here I Ihall defcribe the feveralmethods of doing this work. “ Firft, in taking up we have the fame care to take up with good roots in the plan-“ tations, as was recommended in the nurfery, though we cannot purfue the fame-“ method ; but in both places, fo foon as the plants are taken up we bed them in the w ground in the following manner:. Dig a trench at leaft fifteen inches deep, and fet> “ the young trees therein with-their tops'ailant, covering their roots well as we go “ along, and almoft half way up the ftem of the plants, with the earth that comes “ out of a fecond trench, which we fill in the like manner, and fo proceed on till we “ have a load more or lefs in a heap, as may be convenient to the place from whence “ they were taken. In our light foil this trouble is but little, and we always have our “ plants fecure, both from their roots drying, and their fuffering by froft. We have “ a low-wheeled waggon to carry them from the heaps, where they are bedded, to the “ pruners, and generally take two loads every .other day. When they arrive, the “ planters, pruners, Stc. all affift to bed them there, in the fame manner as before de~ “ fcribed. We have a portable fhed for the pruners to work under, which, is alfoBook. L L____.—I 96 A DISCOURSE 5. But, to difcourage none, 'Oaks profper exceedingly even in gravel, and moift clays, which moft other trees abhor ; yea, even the coldeft clay grounds that will hardly graze: But thefe trees will frequently make Hands, as they encounter variety of footing, and fometimes proceed again •■vigoroufly, as they either penetrate beyond, or out-grow their obftruc-tions, and meet better earth ; which is of that confequence, that I dare boldy affirm, more than an hundred years advance is clearly gained by .foil .and husbandry. .1 have _yet read, that there grow Oaks (fome of NOTES. tc convenient For the reft of the work people to take fhelter under in ftormy weather. ££ and the Birch feems to anfwer that purpofe the bell:, as I have already obferved. ££ The feveral fprts of Fir-trees, from appearance, feem to promife a greater fhelter; -££ but on the Foreft-land they do not grow fo fall as the former, and what is worfe, .££ the Oak will not thrive under them, as they do immediately under the Birch. ££ Where a plantation is op a plain, atfcreen of Firs for its boundary is of Angular v^£ ufe, but the fituation of the Foreft-land denies us this advantage. B We continue to cut down the tall-growing weeds two or three times the firft “ fummer, and perhaps once the next, or fecond feafon after planting; which is all that we-do in refpeCl to cleaning. The next winter after planting, we fill up the ££ places with frefh plants where they have mifcarried; after which there is little “ to be done till about the fourth or fifth year ; by which time the fmall-fized Birch, ,<£ and feedling Oaks, will be grown to a proper fize for tranfplanting : In the thin-,<£ ning of thefe due care mpft be had not to-take too many away in one feafon, but, ,<£ being properly managed, there will be a fupply of plants for at leaft half a dozen .££ years to come. ££ About the fame time that the lefier-fized Birch wants thinning, the large ones t£ will require to have their lower branches taken off, fo as to keep them from injuring ££ the Oaks; and this is the firft profit of our plantations, the Birch-w.ood being rea-<£ dily bought up by the broom-makers. This pruning we continue as often as re-££ quired, till the Birches are grown to a fufficient fizc to make puls for fencing; we •£C then cut them down to make room for their betters. ££ By this time the Oaks will be grown to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, when they draw themfelves up exceedingly faft: Each plant feems as it were in ^ A£ fta.te of ftri,fe with its neighbour, and in a ftridl fenfe they are fo, and on no otherOF FOREST-TREES. 99 die flirrlng of the ground about the roots of Oaks is to the trees, I have Chap. Ilf. already hinted •, and yet in copfes, where they (land warm, and fo thicken- —^ ed with under-wood as this culture cannot be pradtifed, they prove in time to be goodly trees. I have of late tried the grafting of Oaks, but as yet with llender fuccefs. Ruellius indeed affirms it will take the Fear and other fruit ; and if we may credit the Poet* —....• -------------Aurea dune Mala ferant Quercus.------------- Ecl. viii.- The fturdy Oak does golden Apples bear. ——*—Glandemque fues fregere fub ulmis. Georg, ii. And greedy fwine from grafted Elms are fed, With falling Acorns that on Oaks are bred. Which laft I conceive to be the more probable •, for that the fap of the Oak is of an unkind tindture to molt trees: but for this improvement, I NOTES. “ terms than life for life; and he whofe fate it is to be once over-topped, is foon after tl compelled to give up the conteft for ever. “ After the Birches are cut down there is nothing more to be done but thinning the “ Oaks, from time to time, as may be required, and cutting off their dead branches “ as frequently as may be neceffary. We are very cautious in doing the former, know-“ ing well that if we can but once obtain length of timber, time will bring it into “ thicknefs ; therefore we let them grow very clofe together for the firft fifty years. “ And here it may not be improper to obferve the progrefs the Oak makes with us, by deferibing them in two of our plantations, one of twenty-eight, the other of tx fifty years growth. In the former they are in general about twenty-five or twenty-“ fix feet in height, and in girth about eighteen inches: The trees in the latter, w planted in 1725, are fomething more than fixty feet in height, and in girth a little “ above three feet; and thefe trees are in general about fifty feet in the bole, from “ which you will eafily conceive the fmallnefs of their tops, even at this age. “ It would be a difficult matter to deferibe their farther progrefs with any degree of ** certainty, therefore let it fuffice to make this laft obfervation on them in their mature ** ftate. ** I fhould have before obferved to you, that in both the aforefaid, as well as “ in all the young plantations, the Spanifh Chefnut keeps an equal pace, or rather out-grov/s the Oak; but it is doubtful whether ever they will arrive at the fame fize; for the largeft of our Spanifh Chefnuts, which have much the appearance of N 2:tO0 A DISCOU1SE ookI, ■--> N.J * See Gfe. iii. iBookuii. would rather advife inoculation, as the ordinary Elm upon the Wich-Hafel, for thofe large leaves we {hall anon mention, and which are fo fa-miiliar in France. 6. That the tranfplanting of young Oaks gains them ten years advance, ffome happy perfons have affirmed. From this belief, if in a former im-jprefiion I have defired to be excufed and produced my reafons for it, I NOTES. “ old trees, do not girth more than twelve or fourteen feet, which is nothing in com-*et parifon to fome of our large Oaks, which girth from twenty-five to thirty feet; in-“ deed fome of them a great deal more: For inftance, that remarkable tree called the “ Greendale Oak, (from its growing in a valley of that name near Welbeck) which *£ in the year 1724 had a hole cut through its body large enough to admit a coach to ££ go thro’. This great curiofity is yet living, and frequently bears acorns, which we ££ carefully fave, to be diftributed as prefents amongft hisGrace’s acquaintance. ££ I may omit deferibing to you the prefent {late of this piece of antiquity, as I have ££ herewith inclofed a drawing of it taken on the fpot a few days ago *, from which ££ you will fee, notwithftanding the uncommon fize of the lower part of the tree, that ££ it has never contained any great quantity of timber; I mean in comparifon with ££ feveral of our largeft Oaks, fome of which contain, in their tower-like trunks, be-££ tween feven and eight hundred rfolid feet of timber, exclufive of their {lately tops; •<“ and.ibme of their large branches are even like trees themfelves. “ You fee, Sir, what a furprifing mafs of wood may arife from a Tingle acorn'! “ Indeed it is really wonderful to fee, on fome Toils, .to what an amazing fize this “ King of Trees will fometimes arrive.” Welbeck, June 16, 1775. 'Having thus deferibed the moll approved methods of raifing woods and plantations ■from the acorn and the nurfery, I {hall now proceed to confider the neceflity of reducing them to immediate pra&ice. And firft I {hall obferve, that the cutting down of all kinds of wood is become fo general, that unlefs fome effectual remedy be foon applied, it is more than probable that very little full-grown timber will be left in this ifland for the ufe of the {hip-builder. The fimple apprehenfion that this nation will, at fome dillant period, feel this great calamity, cannot but occafion fome uneafinefs in the minds of thofe who with well to their country. But when the moft ferious and pofitive proofs can be produced, that, at this very moment, the royal navy is in want of that fupply, how juftly are our fears increafed !—and with what zeal ought we to join in warding off the •impending danger ? In the year 1763, Mr. Roger Filher, an eminent {hip-builder at Liverpool, actuated j>y a very laudable fpirit for the intereft of his country, laid before the public a nuuv»OF FOREST-TREES. bot Chap. IH. ■ - - > * Which yet fome, upon good experience, will not allow in tranf-planting young Oaks; affirming the taking them up without any abatement, or the lealt wound, does exceedingly advance the growth Of this tree above fiich as are deprived of it. 'N O T E S. > ber of original letters written by perfons converfant in the purchafe of fhip-timber in almoft every county of this'kingdom. In 1771, thé Hon. Auguftus Hervey defired thefe letters to be republifhed, which was accordingly done; and much about the fame time, the*Editor received a fummons to attend a committee of the houfe of commons, before whom he .gave a faithful narrative of what he perfonally knew of the then fcar-city of Oak-timber. In corifequence of his examination, -and other informations-ex-hibited by creditable dealers in wood, an a& was obtained to encourage the growth of timber upon commons and wafte lands: But how far the inclinations of the people have operated with the wifdom of the legiflature, I am unable to determine. As an inducement to raife plantations of ufeful timber, I (hall here obferve, ghat the {hips which gave laws to the whole world in the laft war, were conftru&ed from Oaks planted foon after the publication of Mr. Evelyn’s Silva; and I flatter myfelf that the prefent republication will be the means of raifing the fame virtuous and patriotic fpfrit. We have juft before us a princely example: His prefent Majefty has, with Royal Munificence, ordered a nurfery, confifting of twenty acres of land, to be •formed upon the foreft of Knareïbrough, to which the tenants of the crown are to have unlimited accefs for the purpofe of fupplying themfelves (gratis) with young "Oaks, arid all forts of trees proper for the foreft. It is remarkable that the Oak was held facred by the Greeks, the Romans, the Gauls, and Britons. Among the Romans this tree was dedicated to. Jupiter, as we are informed by Pliny: “Arborum genera numinibus fuis dicata perpetuo fervantur, ut %all not perfift againft any fober man’s experience ; and therefore leave this article to their choice, fince, as the butcher’s phrafe is, change of pa-fture makes fat calves ; and fo tranfplantations of thefe hard-wood trees, when young, may pofiibly, by a happy hand, in fit feafon, and other circum-ftances of foil, fun, and room for growth, be an improvement. But as for thofe who advile us to plant Oaks of too great a ftature, they hardly make any confiderablerprogrefs in an age; and therefore I cannot encourage it, unlefs the ground be extraordinarily qualified, or that the Oak you would tranfplant be not above fix or fieven feet growth in height; yet if any be defirous to make trial of it, let their Items be of the fmootheft and tender-eft bark, for that is ever an indication of youth, as well as the paucity of their circles, which, in dilbranching and cutting the head off at five or fix feet height (a thing, by the way, which the French ufually fpare when they tranfplant this tree). may, before you ftir their roots, ferve for the more'certain guide; and then plant them immediately, with as much earth as will adhere to them, in the place deftined for their ftation, abating only the tap-root *, (which is that downright and ftubby part of the roots ; which all trees raifedof feeds do univerfally produce) and. quickening fome102 A DISCOURSE Book I. of the reft with a fharp knife (but fparing the fibrous, which are the rtiairf3 L ,) fuckers and mouths of all trees) fpread them in the fofs or pit v/hich hath been prepared to- receive them: I fay in the fofs, unlefs you will rather trench, the whole field, which is incomparably the beft, and infinitely to be preferred before narrow pits and holes, as the manner is, in cafe you plant any number confiderable, the earth being hereby made loofe, eafier and penetrable for the roots, about which you are to caft that mould which,, in opening of the trench, you took from the furface, and purpofely laid apart, becaufe it is fweet, mellow, and better impregnated. But, in this' work, be circumfpeft never to enter your Item deeper than you found it Handing, for profound burying very frequently, deftroys a tree, though an error feldom obferved.. If, therefore, the roots be fufficiently covered to keep the body fteady and ere<5t, it is enough; and the not minding of this trifling circumftance does very much deceive our ordinary wood-men, as > well as gardiners, for molt roots covet the air, though thofe of the Quer-cus Urbana leaft of any; for, like the Efculus,, —r-----Quse quantum vertice ad auras iEthereas, tantum radice in Tartara tendit. Georg, ik- High as his topmoft boughs to heaven afcend,, So low his roots to hell’s dominion tend. NOTES. ** Jovi efculus.” By the Britons it was held in great veneration ; and fome of the moff jfolemn ceremonies of the Druids were held under its facred (hade. The ceremony of tutting the mifleto is circumftantially defcribed by Caefar, Tacitus, and Pliny. The Acorns, produced by the different fpecies of Oaks, are fuppofed to have conflicted part of the food of mankind in the early ages of the world. Lucretius, fpeak--ihg of the firft age, fays,. Glandiferas inter curabant corpora quercus Plerumque.-------------- - ■ ■■■ Lib. v. 1. 937; Virgil celebrates Ceres for having firft taught mankind how to grow corn for food. Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere terram Inftituit: cum jam glandes atque arbuta facrae Deficerent fylvae, & vi£lum Dodona negaret. Georg, i. 147.. And in confequence of this great obligation, the Roman hufbandmen, before they began their harveft,.. always crowned their heads with wreaths of Oak m honour of Ceres. ------...----------------Neque ante Falcem maturis quifquam fupponat ariftis, Quam Cereri, torta redimitus tempora quercu, Det motus incompofitos, et carmina dicat. Georg, i. 347.O F F O R E S T - T R E E S. WPS And the perfeétion of that does almoft as much concern the pofterity of a Chap. III. tree, as of.a man himfelf, fince Homo is but Arbor inverfa, which prompts ' J me to this curious but important advertifement, that the pojition be like-wife feduloujly obferved. 7. For the fouthern parts of all trees being more dilated, and the pores expofed (as evidently appears in their horizontal leótions) by the conftant , excentricity of the hyperbolical circles (fave juft under thé êquator, where the circles concentre, as we find in thofe hard woods which grow there) ours, being now on the fudden, and at fuch a feafon, turned to the north, .does ftarve and deftroy more trees, how careful foever men have been in ordering the roots and preparing the ground, than any other accident whatfoever, negledt of ftaking and defending from cattle excepted; the importance whereof caufed the beft of poets, and moft experienced in this .argument, when giving advice concerning this article, to add, . Quin etiam cceli regionem in cortice fignant: Ut, quo quseque modo fteterit, qua parte calores . Auftrinos tulerit, quae terga obverterit axi, .Reftituant: adeo in teneris confuefcere multum eft. Georg, u. :Befide, to plant it as it was, they mark 'The heav’n’s four quarters in the tender bark; And to the north or fouth reftore the fide, Which at their birth did heat or cold abide : So ftrong is cuftom *, fuch effe6ts can ufe In. tender fouls of pliant plants produce. ’Which motion, though Pliny and fome others think good to negleft, er - efteem indifferent; I can confirm from frequent Ioffes of my own, and by particular trials, having fometimes.tranfplanted great trees at Midfummer -with fuccefs (the earth adhering .to the roots) and mifcarried in others, twhere this.circumftance only -was omitted. To obferve therefore the coaft and fide of the ftock, efpecially of fruit-trees, is not fuch a trifle as by fome pretended; for if the air be as much •the mother or nurfe, as water, and earth, as more than probable it is, fuch bloffoming plants as court the motion of the meridian fun, do, as it were, evidently point out the advantage they receive from their pofition, by theA DISCOURSE 104 Book I. clearnefs, politure, and comparative fplendor of the fouth fide ; and thfe■ L “■ ' frequent moffinefs of moft trees on the oppofite fide, does fufficiently note the unkindnefs of that afpedt, moft evident in the bark of Oaks white and fmooth, the trees growing more kindly on the fouth fide of an hill than thofe which are expofed to the north, with an hard, dark, rougher and more mofty integument, as I can now demonftrate in.a prodigious coat of it- inverting fome pyracanths which I. have removed to a northern..drip-» ping fhade. I have feen (writes a worthy friend to me on this occafion) whole hedgerows of apples and pearsi that quite- periffied after that Shelter was removed*, the good hufbands expedted the contrary, and that the fruit ffiould improve, as freed from the predations.of the hedge; but ufe and cuftom made that; fhelter neceffaryv and therefore, faith he, a ftock for a time is the weaker* taken out of a thicket, if it be not well protedled from all fudden. and fierce invafions, either of crude air or winds. Nor let any be deterred, if, being to remove many trees, he fhall efteem it too confumptive of time ; for, with a brufli dipped in any white colour or oaker, a thoufand may be fpeedily marked as they ftand;, and that once doae, the difficulty is over. I have been-the larger upon ? thefe two remarks becayfe I find.. them, fo material, and yet. fo much 1 neglected *. 8. There are other rules.concerning the fituation of trees; the former author commending the north-eaft wind, both for the flouriffiing of the tree,, and advantage of the timber *, but, to my obfervation, they thrive the beft in thofe parts of our climate where thofe ffiarp winds do rather flanker than: blow fully oppofite upon our plantations; and there are.as well other cir-cumftances to be confidered, as they refpedb rivers, .and marffies obnoxious -to unwholefome and poifonous fogs, hills, and feas, which expofe them to the weather, and thofe Jilvi-fragi venti, our cruel and tedious weftern winds; all which I leave to obfervation, becaufe. thefe accidents .do fo univerfally govern, that it is not eafy to determine farther, than that the timber is commonly better qualified which hath endured the colder afpedts without thefe prejudices. And hence it is that Seneca obferves, wood moft expo-fed to the winds to be the moft ftrong and folid ; and that therefore Chiron , made Achilles’s fpear of a mountain tree;, and of thofe. the beft, which: NOTE S. * When it is judged necefiary to tranfplant trees of a large fize, Mr. Evelyn’s advice feems highly to be commended, though Mr, Miller treats it as chimerical# Id finaller trees the caution is unnecefiary,.OF FOREST-TREES. I05 grow thin, not much flickered from the north. Again, Theophraftus Chap. III. ftems to have fpecial regard to places, exemplifying in many of Greece, which exceed others for good timber, as, doubtlefs, do our Oaks in the foreft of Dean all others of England: And much certainly there may reafonably be attributed to thefe advantages for .the growth of timber, and of almoft all other trees, as we daily fee by their general improfperity, where the ground is a hot gravel, and a loofe earth. An Oak or Elm in fuch a place, fnall not, in an hundred years, overtake one of fifty, planted in its proper foil; -though next to this, and, haply, before it, I prefer the good air. Thus have they luch vaft Junipers in Spain; and the Afh in fame parts of the Levant (as of old near Troy) fo excellent, as it was after miftaken for Cedar, fo great was the difference from fituation; now the Cantabrian, or Spanifh, exceeds any we have elfewhere in Europe. And we fhall fometimes, in our own country, fee woods within a little of each other, and, to all appearance, growing on the fame foil, where Oaks of twenty years growth, or forty, will, in the fame bulk, contain their double in heart and timber; and that in one the heart will not be fo big as a man’s arm, when the trunk exceeds a man’s body. This ought therefore to be weighed in the firft plantation of copfes, and a good eye may difcern it in the firft fhoot ; the difference proceeding, doubtlefs, from the variety of the feed, and therefore great care fhould be had of its good- nefs, and that it be gathered from the beft fort of trees, as was formerly hinted in the third fedtion of the firft chapter. 9. Veterem arborem tranfylantare, was faid of a difficult enterprize: Yet before we take leave of this paragraph, concerning the tranfplanting of great trees, let us fhew what is poffible to be effedted in this kind, with coft and induftry. Count Maurice, the late governor of JBrafil for the Hollanders, planted a grove near his delicious paradife of Friburgh, containing fix hundred Cocoa-trees of eighty years growth, and fifty feet high to the neareft bough; thefe he wafted upon floats and engines four long miles, and planted them fo luckily that they bore abundantly the very "firft year, as Gafper Barlseus hath related in his elegant defcription of that prince’s expedition. Nor hath this only fucceeded in the Indies alone; Monfieur de Fiat, one of the Marefchals of France, hath with huge Oaks done the like at Fiat. Shall I yet bring you nearer home ? A great perfon in Devon planted Oaks as big as twelve oxen could- draw, to fupply fome defedt in an avenue to one of his houfes, as the Right Honourable OA DISCOURSE 106 Book I. the Lord Fitz-Harding, late treafurer of his MajeHy’s houfhold, affured — me, who had himfelf likewife pradtifed the removing of great Oaks by a particular addrefs, extremely ingenious, and worthy the communication. io. Choofe a tree as big as your thigh, remove the earth from about it, cut through all the collateral roots, till, with a competent flrength, you can enforce it down upon one fide, fo as to come with your ax at the taproot ; cut that off, re-drefs your tree, and fo let it Hand, covered about with the mould you loofened from it, till the next year, or longer if you think good, then take it up at a fit feafon; it will likely have drawn new tender roots apt to take, and fufficient for the tree, wherefoever you fhall tranfplant it. Some are for laying bare the whole root, and then dividing it into four parts, in form of a crofs, to cut away the interjacent rootlings, leaving only the crofs and mafter-roots that were fpared to fupport the tree; then, covering the pit with frefh mould, as above, after a year or two, when it has put forth and furnifhed the interftices you left between the crofs-roots with plenty of new fibres and tender fhoots, you may fafely remove the tree itfelf fo foon as you have loofened and reduced the four decuffated roots, and fhortened the tap-roots; and this operation is done without Hooping or bending the tree at all: And if, in removing it, you preferve as much of the clod about the new roots as pofiible, it would be much the better. Pliny notes it as a common thing to re-efiablifh huge trees which have been blown down, part of their roots torn up, and the body pro-ftrate; and, in particular, fpeaks of a fir that, when it was to be trranf-planted, had a tap-root which went no lefs than eight cubits perpendicular. And to thefe I could fuper-add, by woeful experience, where fome Oaks and other old trees of mine tore up, with their fall and ruin, portions of earth, in which their former fpreading roots were engaged, little lefs in bulk and height than fome ordinary cottages and houfes built on the common: Such havock was the effedt of the late prodigious hurricane. But to proceed. To facilitate the removal of fuch monfirous trees for the adornment of fome particular place, or the rarity of the plant, there is this farther expedient: A little before the hardeft frofts furprife you, make a fquare trench about your tree, at fuch diHance from the Hem as you judge fufficient for the root; dig this of competent depth, fo as almoH quite to undermine it, by placing blocks and quarters of wood to fuflain the earth; this done, caH in as much water as may fill the trench, or at leafi fufficiently wet it, unlefs the ground was very moiff before; thusOF FOREST-TREES. 107 let it ftand till fome very hard froft do bind it firmly to the roots, and then Chap. III. convey it to the pit prepared for its new ftation, which you may prelerve —1 from freezing by laying ftore of warm litter in it, and fo clofe the mould the better to the ftraggling fibres, placing what you take out about your new gueft to preferve it in temper; but in cafe the mould about it be fo ponderous as not to be removed by an ordinary force, you may then raife it with a crane or pulley, hanging between a triangle made of three ftrong and tall limbs united at the top, where a pulley is faftened, as the cables are to be under the quarters which bear the earth about the roots ; for by this means you may weigh up, and place the whole weighty clod upon a trundle, fledge, or other carriage, to be conveyed and replanted where you pleafe, being let down perpendicularly into the place by the help of the forefaid engine: And by this addrefs you may tranfplant trees of a wonderful ftature without the leaft diforder, and many times without topping, or diminution of the head, which is of great importance where this is pradtifed to fupply a defedt, or remove a curiofity. 11. Some advife that, in planting of Oaks, &c. four or five be fuffered to ftand very near to one another, and then to leave the moft profperous when they find the reft to difturb its growth; but I conceive it were better to plant them at fuch diftances as they may leaft ijncommode one another: For timber-trees, I would have none nearer than forty feet where they ftand clofeft, efpecially of the fpreading kind. 12. Laftly, Trees of ordinary ftature tranfplanted (being firft well watered) muft be fufficiently ftaked and bulbed about with thorns to protedt . them from the concuflion of the winds, and from the cafual rubbing and poifonous brutting of cattle and fheep, the oilinefs of whofe wool is alfo very noxious to them, till being well grown and fixed (which by feven years will be to fome competent degree) they ihall be able to withftand all accidental invafions but the ax; for I am now come to their pruning and cutting, in which work the feafons are of main importance. 13. Therefore, if you would propagate trees for timber, cut not off their heads at all, nor be too bufy with lopping •, but if you defire Ihade and fuel, or bearing of maft alone, lop off their tops, fear, and unthriving branches only. If you intend an outright felling, expe& till November; for this premature cutting down of trees before the fap is perfedtly at reft will be to your exceeding prejudice, by reafon of the worm, which will O 2V Book I. B 308 A DISCOURSE certainly breed in timber which is felled before that period; blit in cafe ; you cut only for the chimney, you need not be fo punctual as to the timey yet, for the benefit of what you let (land, obferve the moon’s increafe, if-you pleafe. The reafon of thefe differences is, becaufe this is the belt feafon for the growth of the tree which you do not fell, the other for the durablenefs of the timber which you do; now, that which‘is to be burnt is not fo material for lading, as the growth of the tree is confiderable for the timber; but of thefe particulars more at large in chap. iii. book iii. 14. The very dump of an Oak, efpecially that part which is dry and above ground, being well grubbed, is many times worth the pains and charge for fundry rare and hard works; and, where timber is dear, I could name fome who, abandoning this to workmen for their pains only, when they perceived the great advantage, repented of their bargain, and undertaking, it themfelves were gainers above half: I wifh only, for the expedition of this knotty work, fome effedtual engine were deviled, fuch as I have been told a worthy perfonage of this nation made ufe of, by which he was able, with one man, to perform more than with twelve oxen; and furely there might be much done by fadening of iron hooks and fangs about one root to extradt another, the hook chained to fome portable fcrew or winch; I fay fuch an invention might effedt wonders, not only for the extirpation of roots, but the prodrating of huge trees*. That fmall engine, which by fome is called the German Devil, reformed after this manner, and duly applied, might be very expedient for this purpofe; but this is to be pradtifed only where you defign a final extirpation ; for fome have drawn fuckers from an old dub root; but they certainly pe-rifh by the mofs which Jnvades them, and are very fubjedt to grow rotten. Pliny l'peaks of one root which took up an entire acre of ground, and Theophradus defcribes the Lycean Platanus to have fpread an hundred feet; if fo, the argument may hold good for their growth after the tree is come to its period. They made cups of the roots of Oaks heretofore; and fuch a curiofity Athenaeus tells us was carved by Thericleus himlelf; and there is a way fo to tinge Oak, after long burying and foaking in water, which gives it a wonderful politure, as that it has frequently been NOTES. * This wifh is truly accompliihed in the Eradicator invented by the Hon. Capt. Bentinck, and conftrudted by Mr. Cole, Engine-maker in London, The death of the ingenious inventor, at the time when the drawings were nearly compleated, has deprived this work of one of its mod ufeful ornaments.OF FOREST-TREES. 109 taken for a coarle Ebony : Hence, even by floating, comes the Bohemian Chap.' III. Oak, Polifh, and other northern timber, to be of fuch excellent ufe for —v—-J fome parts of fliipping: But the blacknefs which we find in Oaks that have long lain under ground (and may be called fubterranean timber) proceeds from fome vitriolic juice of the bed in which they lie, which makes it very weighty; but, as the excellent naturalifl: and learned phy-fician, Dr. Sloane, obferves, it dries, fplits, becomes light, and foon impairs. 15. There is not in nature a thing more obnoxious to deceit than the buying of trees (landing, upon the reputation of thfcit appearance to the eye, unleft the chapman be extraordinarily judicious, fo various,SttS their hidden and concealed infirmities till they be felled and fawn out •, fo, as if to any thing applicable, certainly there is nothing "Which does'tttore per-fedlly confirm it than the moil flourifhing outfide' of trees, frcnti nulla fides. A timber tree is a merchant adventurer,—you fhall never know what he is worth till he be dead- 16. Oaks, in fome places where the foil is efpieciaHy qualified, are ready to be cut for copfe in fourteen years, and fooncf; I compt&e from the firfl: femination. Though it be told as an inftance of high encouragement, (and as indeed it merits) that a Lady in Northamptonlhire lowed acorns, and lived to cut the trees produced from them twice in two-and-twenty years, and both as well grown as moft are in fixteen or eighteen. This yet is certain, that acorfis fet in hedge-rows have, in thirty years, borne a Item of a foot diameter. Generally, copfe-wood Ihould be cut clofe, and at fuch intervals as the growth requires,, which, being jftldom conftant, depends much on the places and the kinds, the mould and the air*, and for which there are extant particular ftatutes to diredt us j of all which more at laqgjfe. hereafter. Oak for tan-bark may be felled from April to the laft of June, by a ftatute in 1 Jacobi; and here are fome for the difbarking of Oaks, and fo to let them.ftand before they fell. 17. To enumerate now the incomparable ufes of Oak-were need left; Uses. but fo precious was the efteem of it, that of old there was an exprefs law amongft the twelve tables concerning the very gathering of the acorns, tho’ they Ihould be found fallen in another man’s ground. The land and the fea do fufficiently fpeak for the improvement of this excellent material; houfes and ihips, cities and navies are built with it, and there is a kindIIO A DISCOURSE Book I. of it fo tough, and extreamlycompaft, that our fharpeft tools will hardly -1 enter it, and fcarcely the very fire itfelf, in which it confumes but flowly, as feeming to partake of a ferruginous and metalline fhining nature, proper for fundry robuft ufes. It is doubtlefs, of all timber hitherto known, the moil univerfally ufeful and ftrong j for though fome trees be harder, as Box, Cornus, Ebony, and divers of the Indian woods, yet we find them more fragil, and not fo well qualified to fupport great incumbencies and weights; nor is there any timber more lading, which way foever ufed. There has, we know, been no little ftir amongft learned men, of what material the crofs was made on which our blefied Saviour differed : Venerable Bede, in Colledtaneis, affirm it to have been framed of feveral woods, namely, Cyprefs, Cedar, Pine, and Box •, and to confirm it, St. Hierom has cited Ifaiah lx. 13. Gloria Libani ad te veniet, & Buxus & Pinus fimul ad ornandum locum fanffificationis me<£^ locum pedum meorum fignificabo ; but, following the verfion of the LXX, he reads, in Cuprejfo, Pinu, & Cedro, &c. Others infert the Palm, and fo compofe the crofs of no lefs than four different timbers, according to the old verfe : Quatuor ex lignis Domini crux dicitur effe. Pes crucis eft Cedrus, corpus tenet alta Cupreffius j Palma manus retinet, Titulo ketatur Oliva. Nail’d were his feet to Cedar, to Palm his hands, Cyprefs his body bore, Title on Olive ftands : And for this of the Palm, they fetch it from that of Cant. vii. 8. where it is faid, Afcendam in Palmam, £5? apprehendam fruttus ejus *, and from other allegorical and myfterious expreffions of the facred text without any manner of probability; whilft by Alphonfus Ciacconius, Lipfius, Angelus Rocca, Falconius, and divers other learned men, writing on this fubjedl, and upon accurate examination of the many fragments pretended to be parcels of it, it is generally concluded to have been the Oak; and I do verily believe it, fince thofe who have defcribed thofe countries affure us there is no tree more frequent, which, with relation to feveral celebrations and myfteries under Oaks in the Old Teftament, has been the fubjeft of many fine dif-courfes. Nor is it likely they ffiould choofe or affemble fo many forts of NOTES. * The Septuagint has it more properly, “ Afcendam in palmam, tenebo caamina ejus.*'OF FOREST - TREE S. in woods, with that curiofity, to execute one upon whom they efteemed a Chap. III. malefaftor j befxdes, we read how heavy it was, which Cyprefs, Cedar, and Palm are not in comparifon with Oak j whilft Gretfer denies all this, lib. i. cap. vi. and concludes, upon his accurate examination of feveral fragments yet extant, that it is not difcernible of what timber it was framed. We might add to thefe the furious zeal of the bloody and malicious Jews, to fee our blefied Lord inhumanly executed, could not poflibly allow leifure to frame a crofs of fo many rare and curious materials: Let this therefore pafs for an errant legend*. That which is twined and a little wreathed (eafily to be difcerned by the texture of the bark) is beft to fupport burthens, for polls, columns, fum- mers, &c. for all which our Englifh Oak is infinitely preferable to the French, which is nothing fo ufeful, nor comparably fo ftrong : infomuch as I have frequently admired at the fudden failing of molt goodly timber to the eye, which, being employed to thefe ufes, does many times moll dangeroufly fly in funder, as wanting that native fpring and toughnefs which our Englilh Oak is endued withal. And here we forget not the ftrefs which Sir H. Wotton, and other architefls, put even in the yery po- fition of their growth, their native ftraitnefs and loftinefs for columns, fupporters, crofs-beams, &c. and ’tis found that the rough-grained body of a llubbed Oak is the fitteft timber for the cafe of a cyder-mill, and fuch like engines, as bell enduring the unquietnefs of a ponderous rolling- ftone.^ It is good for Ihingles, pales, laths, cooper’s ware, clap-board for wainfcot (the ancient inteftina opera -f-—works within doors) and fome pan- . And there_ nels curioufly veined, of much efteem in former times, till the finer-grained-f0!'6 vere„ J 9 .... joiners called Spanilh and Norway timber came amongft us, which is likewife of a InteftinarH. , feS*® Leg. ih whiter colour. There is in New-England a certain red Oak which, beinS Cod.Theodof. felled, they feafon in fome moift and muddy place, which branches into very curious works. It is obferved that Oak will not eafily glue to other wood, nor very well with its own kind ; and fome woods will never cohere tolerably, as the Box and Hornbeam, though both very hard ; fo, nor Service with Cornell, &c. Oak is excellent for wheel fpokes, pins, and. NOTES. * The whole of this feems an unneceflary digreffion. A luperftitious Monk might be allowed to wafte his time in inveftigatipn* of this nature ; but a ferious and wnpe*-tical Chriftian, in the humility of his foul, will defpife fuch ridiculous fooleries, and content himfelf with the bare truth of the hiftorical fadt, as recorded in the books of the New Teftament.Book I. ' 1,1.2 A DISCOURSE pegs for tyling, &c. Mr. Blith makes fpars and fmall building timber of J Oaks of eleven years growth, which is a prodigious advance. The fmalleft and ftraighteft is belt, difcovered by the upright tenor of the bark, as being the moft proper for cleaving the knottieft for waterworks, piles, and the like, becaule it will drive belt and laft longed; j the crooked, yet firm, for knee-timber in {hipping, mill wheels, &c*. In a word, how abfolutely neceflary the Oak is above all the trees of the foreft in naval architecture, &c. confult Whitfon, lib. i. cap. xiii. Were planting of this wood more in ufe, we fhould banifh our hoops of hazel, &c. for thofe of good Copfe-Oak, which, being made of the younger {hoots, are exceeding tough and ftrong; one of them, being of Ground-Oak, will out-laft fix of the beft aflv, but this our coopers love not to hear of, who work by the great for fale, and for others. The fmaller truncheons and fpray make.billet, bavine, and coals-, and the bark is of price with the tanner and .dyer, to whom the very faw-duft is of ufe, as are the allies and lee for bucking linen, and to cure the ro-pillinefs of wine: And as it is probable the cups of our acorns would tan leather as well as the bark, I wonder no body makes the experiment, as done in Turkey with the Valonia, which is a kind of acorn growing on the Oaks. .The Ground-Oak, while young, is ufed for poles, cudgels, ap.d .walking-ftaffs, much come into mode of late, but to the wafte .of many a hopeful plant which might have proved good timber -, and I the rather declaim againft the cuftom, becaufe I lufpeft they are fuch as are for the moft part cut and ftolen by idle perfons, and brought up to London in great bundles, without the knowledge or leave of the owners, who would never have gleaned their copfes for fuch trifling ufes. Here I am again to give a general notice of the peculiar excellency of the roots of moft trees, for fair, beautiful, chamleted, and Jafting timber, applicable to many purpofes; fuch as formerly made hafts for daggers, hangers, knives, handles for ftaves, tobacco-boxes, and elegant joiners’ work, and even for fome mathematical inftruments of the larger fize, to be had either in or neqr the roots of many trees j however, ’tis a kindnefs to NOTES. * Every perfon who can meafure timber thinks himfelf qualified to value {landing trees ; but fuch men are often deceived in their eflimates. It is the perfect knowledge of the application of the different fliaped trees, that enables a man to be correct in his -valuation. A foot of wood may be of little value to one trade, but of great value to another. This is the grand fecret which enriches the purchafers of .{landing timber.OF F O R E S T - T R E E S. Oj premoniih ftewards and furveyors, that they do not negligently wafte thofe Chap. 111. materials: Nor may we here omit to mention tables for painters, which — heretofore were ufed by the moft famous artifts, efpecially the curious pieces of Raphael, Durer, and Holbein, and before that of canyafs, and much more lafting: To thefe add the galls, mifleto, polypod, agaric, «fed in antidotes, uvs, fungufes to make tinder, and many other ufe-ful excrefcences, to the number of above twenty, which doubtlefs difco-ver the variety of tratifudations, percolations, and contextures of this admirable tree; but of the feveral fruits and animals generated of them, and other trees, FrancifCo Redi promifes an exprefs treatife in his Efpe-rienze intorno alia Generatione de gVlnJettu, already publifhed. Pliny affirms, that the galls break out all together in one night, about the beginning of June, and arrive to their full g^Swth in onewly i this I ffiould recommend to the experience of fome extraordinary vigilant wood-man, had we any of our Oaks that produced them, Italy and Spain being the nearefb that do. Galls are of feveral kinds, but grow upon a different fpecies of Robur from any of ours, which are never known to bring thefe excrefcences to maturity ;"the white~and imperforated are the belt j of all which, and their feveral fpecies, fee Jafp. Bauhinus, and the excellent Malpighius, in his Difcourfe de Gallis, and other morbOus tumours raifed by, and producing infefts, infefting the leaves, Italics, and branches of this tree with a venomous liquor or froth, wherein they lay and depofite their £ggs, which bore and perforate thefe excrefcences when the worms are hatched, fo as we fee them in'galls. What benefit the malt does universally Meld, once in two years at leaft, for the fatting of hogs and deefljf I fhall fhew upon another occafion before the conclufion of this difcourfe. A peck of Acorns a day, with a little bran, will make a hog, ’tis faid, increafe a pound weight per diem for two months together. They give them alfo to oxen, mingled wBk bran, chopped or broken ; otherwife they are iaigt to and in their bellies*. Others fay they ihould firff be macerated^! water to extract their malignity, cattle many times periffiing without this prepara- NOTES. * The food taken in by ruminant animals does not remain long enough in the fto-mach and internal canal to occafion the germinat^ of^orn^lygift, or any kind of feed. And if fuch a luxuriancy of vegetation ihould take place, ftill no bad confer quence could poflibly arife from it. PA DISCOURSE Boor I. v» 114 tion. Cato advifes the hulbandman to. referve two hundred' and forty J bufliels of acornjs for his oxen, mingled with a like quantity of beans and lupines, and to drench them well. But, in truth,, they are more proper for fwine, and, being fo made fmall, will fatten pigeons, peacocks, turkeys, pheafants, and poultry •, nay, it is reported that fome fifhes feed on them, efpecially the tunny,, in fuch places of the coaft where trees hang over arms of the fea. Acorns, before the ufe of wheat-corn was found out, were heretofore the food of men, nay, of Jupiter himfelf, as well as other produ&ions of the earth,, till their luxurious palates were debauched: And even in the time of the Romans, the cuftom was, in Spain, to make a fecond lervice of acorns and mail:, as the French now do of mar-rons and chefnuts, which they likewife ufed to roaft under the embers: ........... • ■ — & quernd glande repafta Equafle anhofas vivendo corpora quercus. --------------Fed with the oaken mail, The aged trees themfelves in years furpafs’d. And men had indeed hearts of OakI mean, not fo hard, but health and ftrength, and lived naturally, and with things eafily parable and plain: Faelix ilia 2etas mundi, juftiflima Nymphe, Cum dabat umbra domum vivam tua, cum domus ipfa Decidua dominos pafcebat fruge quietos, Solaque praebebant fylveftria poma fecundas Gramineis epulas menfis ; nondum arte magiftra Arbor adulteriis prasluferat infita noftris. Couleii PI. 1. vi. Bleft age 0’ th* world, juft Nymph, when man did dwell Under thy fhade whence his provifion fell; Sallads the meal, wildings were the defert; No tree yet leam’d, by ill example, art, With infititious fruit, to fymbolize, As in an emblem, our adulteries. Thus the fweet Poet befpeaks the Dryad ; and therefore it was not called Quercus, as fome etymologifts fancied, becaufe the Pagans (quarebantur refponfa) had their oracles under it, but becaufe they fought for acorns:OF FOREST-TREES. JI5 But it is in another place * where I Ihew you what this acorn was. And Chap. I even now I am told, that thofe finall young acorns which we find in the ftock-doves craws are a delicious fare, as well as thofe incomparable fallads, gjjjgljjM young herbs taken out of the maws of partridges at a certain feafon of the year, which gives them a preparation far exceeding all the art of cookery. Oaks bear alfo a knur, full of a cottony matter, of which they anciently made wick for their lamps and candles •, and among the Seleftiora Remedia of Jo. Prtevotius, there is mention of an oil e querna glande chemically extracted, which he affirms to be of the longeft continuance, and leaft confumptive of any other whatfoever for fuch lights, it a ut uncia Jingulis menftbus vix ab-fumatur continue igne. The ingenious author of the Defcription of the Weftern Ifles of Scotland tells us, that, upon his own experience, a rod of Oak, of four, five, fix, or eight inches about, being twifted like- a wyth, boiled in wort, well dried, and kept in a little bundle of barley-ftraw, and then fteeped again in wort, caufes it to ferment, and procures yeaft. The rod ffiould be cut before mid-day, and is frequently ufed in this manner to furnifh yeaft, and, being preferved, will ferve, and produce the fame efieft many yeans together j and, as the hiftorian affirms, that he was ffiewed a piece of thick wyth which had been kept for making ale with for above twenty years In the mean time, the leaves of Oaks abundantly congefted on fnow, preserve it as well for wine as a deep pit, or the moft artificial refrigeratory. Nor muft we pafs by the fweet mel-dews, fo much more copioufly found on this tree than any other, whence the induftrious bees gather fuch abundance of honey, as that, inftead of carrying it to their hives, they glut themfelves to death: But, from this ill report, haftily taken up by Euricius Cordus, our learned Mr. Ray has vindicated this temperate and abftemious ufeful creature. Varro affirms they made fait of Oak allies, with which they fometimes feafoned meat, but more frequently made ufe of it to fprinkle among, and fertilize their feed-corn j which minds me of a certain Oak, found buried fome-where in Tranfylvania near the falt-pits, that was entirely converted into an hard fait when they came to examine it by cutting. This experiment, if true, may poffibly encourage feme other attempts for the multiplying of fait. Nor lefs ftrange is that which fome report of a certain water, NOT E, t Yeaft retains, from a variety of experiments, the power of communicating a ferment for many months. In the above cafe it infinuates itfelf between the fibres of the wood, which clofe upon it, and only give it to the wort when wanned and moiftened. P 2rr6 A.-DIS COURSE. Book. 1. fomewhere in Hungary, which tranfmutes ' the leaves- of this- tree into* ------ J brafs, and iron into copper *. Of the galls is, made trial of fpaw- water, and the ground and bafis of feveral dies, dpecialiy. fadder colours,, and are a great revenue to thofe who have Quantities of them. Nor tnuft I forget ink, compofed of galls ^iiij, copperas 3ij, gum arabic 3i •, beat the galls grofsly, and put them into a quart of claret or French wine, and; let them foak for eight or nine days, fetting the vefiel (an earthen glazed pitcher is beft) in the hot fun,, if in fummer, but in winter near the fire, ftirring it frequently with a wooden fpatula •, then add the copperas and gum j and after it has hood a, day. or two it will be fit to ufe. There are a world of receipts more,.. of .which fee Caneparius de Jtramentis. Of the very mofs of the Oak, that which is white compofes the choiceft cyprefsr powder, which is efteemed good for the head •, but impoflors- familiarly, vend other mofTes under that name, as they do the fungi (excellent in haemorrhages and fluxes) for the true agaric, to the great fcandal.of Fhy-fic. Young red oaken leaves, decoded in wine, make an excellent gargle for a fore mouth *, and almoft every part of this tree is fov.ereign againfl: fluxes in general, and where aftringents are proper. The dew that im-pearls the leaves in May, infolated, meteorizes,. and fends up a liquor which is of admirable effed in ruptures. The liquor iflfuing out between the bark, which looks like treacle, has many fovereign virtues. And fome affirm the water ftagnate in the hollow flump of a newly felled Oak ■is as effectual, as lignum fanBurn in the foul difeafe, and alfo flops a diarrhea. -And a water diftilled from the acorns is good againfl the pthifick, flitch in the fide, and heals inward ulcers, breaks the ftone, and refrigerates inflammations, being applied with linen dipt therein: Nay, the acorns themfelves, eaten faHig, kill the worms, provoke urine, and, fome affirm, break even the ftone itfelf; The coals of Oak, beaten and mingled with honey, cure the carbuncle. We fhall fay nothing of the vifeufes, polypods, and other excrefcences, of which innumerable remedies are NOTES. * Brafs is a factitious metal, and never difeovered in a natural flate ; fo that what Mr. Evelyn here fays muff be regarded as fabulous. With refpeCt to what he mentions of iron being converted into copper, there is the appearance of truth in the experiment. In Ireland there is a fpring, into which, if plates of iron are laid, they will be converted, in a few weeks, into copper : But in this cafe there is a fallacy, and no real tranfmutation. The particles of iron are corroded by the acid in the water, and the particles of the copper, minutely fufpended in the menftruum, are depofited in their place. In this manner confiderable quantities of copper are collected.OF FOREST-TREE5. I-!/ compofed, noble antidotes, fyrups, &c. Nay, it is reported that the Chap. Ilf. very fhade of this tree is fo wholefome, that the deeping, or lying under f it, becomes a prefent remedy to paralyticks,- and recovers thofe whom the. miftaken malign influence of the Walnut-tree has fmittenf. But what is dill more Arrange, I read in one Paulus, a phyfician of Denmark, that a handful or two of fmall Oak buttons, mingled with oats, given to horfes which are black of colour, will, in a few days eating, alter it to a fine dapple grey, which he attributes to. the vitriol abounding in this tree *. To conclude, upon ferious-meditation of the various ufes of this and other, trees, we cannot but take notice of the admirable mechanifm of vegetables in general, as in particular in this fpecies, that, by the diver-fity of percolations,, and drainers, and by mixtures, as it were of divine chemidry, various ^concoftions, &c. the fap fhould be fo green(jj(Oii the indented leaves, fo luflily efculent,. for hardier and ruftic conditutions, in the fruit; fo flat and pallid in the atramental galls; and, haply, fo prog-nodic in the apple; lb fuberous in the bark, (for even the Cork-tree is but a coarfer Oak)i fo ouzie in the tanner’s pit; and,, in that fubdijKk, tion, fo wonderfully fpecific in corroborating the entrails and bladder, reins, loins, back, &c. which are all but the gifts and qualities, with many more, that thefe robud fons of the earth afford us; and that, in other fpecifics, even the mod defpicable and vulgar Elder imparts to us in its rind, leaves, buds, blofifom^berries, ears, pith, bark, &c. which -hint may alfo carry our remarks upon all the varieties of lhape, leaf, feed, fruit, timber, grain, colour, and all thofe other forms that philofophers have enumerated ; but which were here too many for us to repeat. NOTES. t The antients, who were fond of refrefhing themfelves under the fhade of trees, caution us againft the influence of the Walnut. Pliny fays of its fhade, “ gravis et “ noxia, etiam capiti humano, omnibufque juxta fatis.” Lib. xvii. c. xviii. * The wood contains no vitriol; neither can the fa the Wych Elm, the feeds of the others very rarely ripening in this country.. In order, therefore, to obtain a good quantity of thefe Elms,* let the feeds be gathered the beginning of June* it being the time when they are full ripe. When gathered, fpread them three or four dayfl to dry $ for, if they were to be fown immediately after they were gathered, they would rot. Having been fpread about that time, and the ground, which ought to be frefh and good, being in readinefs for their reception, mark out your beds four feet wide, and let the alleys between them be a foot and an half or two feet broad. Rake the mould out of the beds until they are about an inch deep ; riddle that which came out of the beds into them again, until the bottom of each bed be raifed half an inch (/. e. half Ailed) with riddled mould ; then gently prefs the mould down with the back of the fpade, and fow the feeds thinly all.over it with an even hand, covering them down with fine earth about half an inch deep. When the feeds are all fown this way, the beds fhould be hooped and covered with mats, to fhade the plants during the hot feafon ; and they fhould alfo fometimes be refrefhed with water: Part of the young plants will come up in about a month, or fooner; the others not till the fpring following. FromOF FOREST-TREES. 123 flipping them from the roots, which will continually fupply you for many Chap. IV. years, after that the body of the mother-tree has been cut down: And 1 from hence probably is fprung that (I fear) miftake of Salmafius and others, where they write of the growing of their chips (I fuppofe having fome of the bark on) fcattered in hewing of their timber •, the error pro- NOTES. the time the feeds are Town to their appearance above ground, whenever rain falls, be careful to uncover the beds, and be as ready to cover them again when the fcorching beams of the fun break out. About the end of Auguft, the mats fhould be wholly taken away, that the plants may be hardened againft winter: The fpring following, a frefh breed will prefent themfelves among thofe that came up the fummer before : All the fummer following they fhould be conftantly kept free from weeds, and watered as often as dry weather fhall render it neceffary; and in October, or fpring, they may be .planted out in the nurfery, at the diftance before preferibed for the layers, and afterwards fhould be managed like them. Grafting is the next method of propagating Elms, all the forts of which maybe encreafed this way: The flocks for the purpofe fhould be the broad-leaved Wych Elm, which muff: be raifed from the feed, and planted out as before. When they .have growJi two years in the nurfery they will be of proper fize to receive the graft; the beginning of March is the befl time for the work. If a large quantity of Elm flocks are to be grafted, procure fix men in rcadinefs for the purpofe: The bufinefs of the firfl man is to take the mould from the Item of the flocks, with a fpade, down to the root, laying the top of the root bare ; the next man is to follow him with a fharp pru-•ning-knife, cutting off the heads of the flocks, and leaving the flumps to be grafted only about two inches above the root; the third man is the grafter himfelf, who, having his grafts cut about four or five inches in length, all of the young wood, and fuch as have never bore lateral branches, in a difh, takes out one of them, and, holding it in his left hand, the taper end being from him, with the knife that is in his right, he takes oft a flope about an inch and an half, or two inches long ; and, if the grafter be an artift, it will be cut as true as if wrought by a plane: This done, he forms a tongue by making a fmall flit upwards, beginning from the top of the Hope, and then proceeds to prepare the flock to receive it, which is eft’edled by Hoping off a fide of it, of the fame length with the floped graft, that the parts may fit as near as poffible: He then makes a cut, nearly at the top of the flock, downward, to receive the tongue he had made in the graft j and, having properly joined them, he proceeds to the next. After the grafter, follows a perfon with bafs matting, cut into proper lengths ; and, with thefe, he ties the grafts pretty clofe to the flock. The fifth man brings the clay, which fhould have been prepared a week, or longer, before, and well worked and beaten over, mixed with a fourth part of horfe-dung, and fome chopped hay, in order to make.it hang the better together; with this he furrounds the graft and the flock. Laflly., the fixth man comes and clofes the clay, fo that there may be no probability of its being wafhed off. Two or three cu1.24 A DISCOURSE B:ook I. ceeding from this, that, after an Elm-tree has been felled, the numerous fuckers, which ihoot from the remainders of the latent roots, feem to be produced from this difperfion of the chips : Let this yet be more accurately examined; for I pronounce, nothing magifterially,, fince it is fo confidently reported. 4. I have known flakes, fharpened at the ends for other purpofes, take root familiarly in moift grounds, and become trees and divers have efiay- NOTES. rows being grafted, let an additional hand or two be employed, either in drawing the earth up above the clay, fo that it may be wholly covered, or digging the ground between the rows, and levelling it fo, that nothing of the performed work may appear, except the tops of the grafts, above ground. The danger of frofl renddflt. this precaution highly neceffary; for, if it fhould be delayed a night or two, and fharp frofts fhould happen, the clay will, molt of it, fall off.; and thus the work will require to be repeated; whereas, when it‘jhn lapped warm in the manner directed, there will be no danger of fuch. an accident. A good workman, with the above-mentioned neceffary affiflance, will graft about 21 thoufand flocks in a day. In the fpring, the buds will fwell, difclofe, and fhcot forth nearly as foon as thofc of the tree from which they were taken. By the latter end of June they wMbe fhot a foot, or about a foot and a half; when they fhould be freed from the clay ; the matting fhould be alfo taken off, and themfelves left to fport at cafe with all the vegetative powers. At this time, of thofe which have put'forth two fhoots, the weakeft fhould be taken off, to ftrengthen the other, and to lighten the head, which would otherwifc be fubjedl to be broken off by high winds. By autumn the fhoot will have grown about a yard in length; and, in the winter, the ground fhould be dug between the rows. The trees,, thus grafted, may remain in the nurfery till they are of a fize to be planted out for continuance, with no other trouble than what was diredfced for the layers; namely, keeping them clear of weeds, digging between the rows in the winter; at the fame time taking off all1, very ffl^e fide-branch'es jHd, in the fummer, pinching off fuch young fhoots, in the head, as may have a tendency to make the tree become forked. This pradtice of grafting wil^^H)und a valuable improvement of the Englifh Elm, if we confider the nature of the Wych Elm, on which itKgrafted. Firff, the Wych Elm wilFnot only grow to the largeft fisfie of all the forts, but will grow the fafteft. However, this is not to be wondered at, if we examine the root, which we fhall find more fibrous, and the pores larger, and in greater number than in any of the other Elms. Now, as all roots are of a fpongy nature, to receive the juices of the earth for the nourifhmeut and growth of the tree, that tree muff iffleffarily grow the fafteff whofe rootlrmoft fpongy and porous; and therefore the true Englifh Elm, being fet upon the root of the Wych, a greater quantity of nutriment is received from the earth for its increafe, in proportion as the root of the Wych Elm is more fpongy and porousOF FOREST-TREES. YZ$ ed, with extraordinary fuccefs, the truncheons of the boughs and arms of Chap. IV. Elms, cut to the fcantling of a man’s arm, about an ell in length: Thefe K'—f muft be chopped on each fide oppofite, then laid into trenches about half a. foot deep, and covered about two or three lingers deep with good mould.. The feafon for this, work is towards the exit of January, or early in February, if the frolts impede not •, and,, after the firft year, you may cut or faw NOTE. S. than that of its own fort. Thus the Englifh Elm, on this balls, will arrive, at timber many years fooncr than thofe raifeii by layers, and be alfo forced to a greater fize. All kinds of Elms, the Wych excepted, are proper to plant in hedge-rows, upon the borders of Helds, where they will thrive much better than when planted in a wood, or clofe plantation, and their ihade will not be very injurious to whatever grows, under .them ; but when thefe trees are tranfplanted out upon banks after this manner, the banks Ihould be well wrought, and cleared from all other roots,, otherwife the. plants, being taken from a better foil, will not make much progrefs in thefe places. Michaelmas will be a good time for this work; but when they are planted, there, ihould be forne Hakes fixed in by them, , to which they ihould be faflcned to prevent their being difplaced by the winds, and part of their, heads fliould be taken off. before they are planted, which will alfo be of ufe in preventing their being eafily overturned by winds; but by no means fliould their leading fhoot be flopped, nor the branches too clofely cut off; for if there are not fome ihoots left on to draw and attract the fap, they will be in danger of mifcarrying, Thefe trees are alfo proper to plant at adiftance from a.garden, or building, to break the violence of winds,. for which purpofe there is not any tree more ufeful ; for they may be trained up in form of a hedge, keeping them cut every year, which will caufe them to grow very clofe and handfome to the height of forty or fifty feet, and be a. great protection againft the fury of winds ; but they fliould not be planted too near a garden, where fruit-trees or other plants are placed, becaufe the roots of the Elms run fuperficially upon the ground to a great diftance, and will intermix with the roots of other trees, and deprive them of nouriihment; nor fliould they be planted near gravel or grafs walks, which are defigned to be well kept, becaufe the roots will run into them, and fend forth fuckers in great plenty, which will deface the walks, and render them unfightly. It muft however be confidered, that by. grafting the Englifh Elm upon the Wych flock, the inconveniences from the fpreading of the roots will be removed. The Elm may be removed when grown to a confiderable fize; fo that a perfon who is willing to have his plantations for fhade in a fliort time, may procure trees of near one foot circumference in their trunk, which, will be in little danger of mifcarrving, provided they are removed with care : And thefe will take root, and grow very well, though not fo well as young plants, which is what few other forts of trees will do; but then they fhould be fuch trees as have been thus regularly trained up in a nurfery, and have good roots, and not fuch as are taken out of hedge-rows, (as is by fome practifed) which feluom rife with any tolerable roots, and confequently often mifcarry;126 A D I S COU 'R S E Book I ■ — - . the truncheons off in as many places as you find caufe, and as the fhoots J and rooted fprouts will dire6l you for tranfplantation. Another expedient for the propagation of Elms is this : Let trenches be funk at a good dif-ftance, viz. twenty or thirty yards from fuch trees as ftand in hedge-rows, and in fuch order as you defire your Elms fhould grow : Where thefe gutters are, many young Elms will fpring from the fmall roots of the ad- NOTES. and this has been the occafion of fo many plantations of thefe trees failing; for althoi* lome of them may;Iive a few years, yet few of them are of long duration, and they rarely increafe much in their Items ; but frequently grow hollow, their heart decaying firft, fo that they are fupported only by their bark or fhell, for a few years, and the firft: fevere winter, or very dry fummer, they are generally deftroyed. Although I have faid that Elms, which are trained up in a nurfery, may be removed with fafety, at a larger fize than moft other trees, yet I would not have it underftood, that by this I v/ould recommend the planting of them when large; for if people would have a little patience when they plant, and never plant any of thefe trees which are more than four or five irichi&' in the girt of the ftem, they would, in a few years, have better trees than if they had put down fuch as were of a larger fize; befides, fmall trees are much more eafily removed, and do not require to be fo ftrongly fupported, nor is there much daflgerof thfeir mifcarrying ; therefore it is much more eligible to make choice of ytiung thriving trees, and newer to plant any large ones, unlefs where a fmall number may be wanted for an immediate fhade. In planting of Elms, great care mull be taken not to bury their roots too deep, which is vtry injurious to them, efpecially if they are planted on a moift loam or clay ; in which cafe, if the clay be near the furface, it will be the beft way to raife the ground in a hill, where each tree is to be planted, which will advance their roots above the fur-face of the ground, fo that they will not be in danger of rotting in winter with moifture. When thefe trees are propagated by fuckers taken from the foot of old trees, they are commonly laid into the gtfpund in rows pretty clofe tEj^f^r in beds, where, in dry weather, they may be frequently watered to encourage their putting out roots. In thefe beds they are left commonly two years, by which time thofe -that live will be rooted (though a great many of them generally die); they then are tranfplanted into the nurfery, and managed as hath been directed for layers.: But this method is not to be commendcd; The Wych Elm is by no means proper to plant in hedge-rows or open fields, as it will throw out monftrous large arms, and thereby appear not fo beautiful as the En-glifh Elm : Few of thefe therefore fhould be planted, unlefs it be to make a contraft with the others. This tree, however, is very proper to be planted for woods; for, being near each other, they will afpire like the Oak; no great arms will be produced, but a clear noble trunk will prefent itfelf to a great height. Whoever is defirous pf having an TJhnarium, or wood of thefe Elms, muft raife the plants in the feminary, as before diredled, and afterwards plant them in theOF FOREST-TREES. iZJ' joining trees. Divide, after one year, the fhoots from their mother-roots, Chap. IV'.- which you may dextroufly do with a fharp fpade,, and thefe, tranfplanted, —~ will prove good trees without any damage to their progenitors. Or do thus : Lop a young Elm, the lop being about three years growth ; do it A the latter end of March, when the fap begins to creep up into the boughs, and the buds are ready to break out; cut the bouglis into lengths of four feet flanting, leaving the knot where the bud feems to put forth-in- the middle: Inter thefe Ihort,pieces in trenches of three or four inches deep, and in good mould well troden* and they will infallibly produce you a crop; for even the fmalleft fuckers of Elms will grow, being fet when the fap is newly ftirring in them. There is yet a fourth way, no lefs expeditious, and frequently confirmed with excellent fuccefs: Bare fome of the mailer-roots of a vigorous tree within a foot of dbe trunk, or thereabouts, and with your ax make feveral chops, putting a final! ftone into every cleft to hinder the clofure,, and give accefs to the wet; N O T E S. nurfery. The rows need not be wider than two feet, nor the plants above a foot afunder, if ground is fcarce^fe they muft be foan taken fitttn heftce 1W form ttHfwood : When they are about three or fout-foet high, itfeyWill be of A proper fizeior this ' purpofe. The ground fhould be prepared rcAjly for their reception, wbfeh I would advife to have done by double but, |^bttj|hoiild be though too expenfive, and the plantation is defigned to btt vary large, let it he plowed all over v«ry(deep with a very ftron'g plow, that the turf;***: rich foil at the furfa.ce, may be workkbtlown in order to receive the roots of the plant* when they ftrike, and fend them forth-with more vigour. This being done, make the hoJcAall^prtlR^ground; and, as thefe trfcfes are not fo large AS thofe planted for ftandards, they need not ibe fo wide; a' jfcot and a half will be fufficient; and if theft fee any turf, fee that it j^jhopt fmall at the bottom of them. If the beft mould, defigned to lap the fl&tfcs-iit, is not very pjiabl* or it will be proper to let tht holes lie open fome time, and the mould be .»tftofed to the fun, rain, and froft, which willjrt-fatly mell§W'it,*Bd render fe taotfe flt for tbeonJr- ' pofe. The diftance of thefe holes fhouhhbe two yardim Hkving taken ifee trees out of the nurfery, cut off all large lateral branches, and fhorten the other fide-fhoots in proportion to the root; and, taken off all the*bruifed parts of the roots, proceed to plant them. After thiiujthey will requiftjrta farther care till their branches begin to touch one another ; when they fhould be thinned, by taking away every fe-cond, or rather the lets-thriving trees, all over the plantation»' Thus they may conti--' nue until the branches meet when they fhould undergo a ftcond thinning, grub- bing up always the old roots, and fo on, to the picture and profit of the owner, till the trees are arrived at maturity, when they willroe. noble, lofty, and Valuable. Columella, in his twelfth chapter de JrtJibus, informs us, that Elms were principally employed in making living props to vines; and that vineyards, formed upon this'128 A DISCOURSE Book I. then cover them with three or four inches of earth, and thus they will _ ~- fend forth fuckers in abundance-, I afiure you, one fingle Elm, thus weB ordered, is a fair nurfery, which, after two or three years, you may fepa-jtate and plant in the Ulmarium, or place defigned for them and which, if it be in plumps, as they call them, within ten or twelve feet of each other, or in hedge-rows, it will be better; for the Elm is a tree of confort, fociable, and fo affedting to grow in company, that the very belt which I have ever feen do almoft touch one another: This alfoprotedls them from the winds, and caufes them to (hoot of an extraordinary height, fo as, in little more than forty. years, they arrive to a load of timber, provided .they be feduloufly and carefully cultivated, and the foil propitiousfor an Elm does not thrive fo well in the foreft, as where it may enjoy fcope for the roots to dilate and fpread at the fides, as in hedge-rows and avenues, where they have the air like wife free. Note, that they fpring abundantly by layers alfo. 5. There is, befides thefe forts we have named, one of a more fcabrous harlh leaf, but very large, which becomes an huge tree, jffrequent in the northern counties) and is diftinguifhed by the name of the Wich-Hafle in our Satute Books, as ferving formerly to make long bows of.: The timber is not fo good as the firft more vulgar but the bark, at a proper feafon of the year, will ferve to make coarfe baft-rope. NOTE S. extenfive plan, were named Arbufta, the vines themfelves being called Arbujiivee Vites, to diftinguifh them from others raifed in more confined fituations. Since the intro-dudlion of filk-worms into Italy, the Mulberry trees, in many places, are pollarded for the double purpofe of fupporting vines, and fupplying leaves for feeding the worms. Ontt in two years the Elms were carefully pruned, to preferve their leaves from overshadowing the grapes ; and thia operation was deemed of great importance : Corydon is reproached for a double negledt, in fuffering both his Elms and Vines to remain unpruned : Semiputata . tibi frondofa vitis in ulmo eft. Eel. i£. 70. Virgil, in his elegant defeription of the implements of hufbandry, recommends the burity or plow-tail, to be made of an Elm bent in the woods : Continue in filvis magna vi flexa domatur In burim, et curvi formam accipit Ulmus aratri. Geor. i. 170. Among the ancients, it was cuftomary to plant about their tombs fuch trees as bore no feeds, particularly the Elm : Jove’s Silvan daughters bade their Elms beftow A barren (hade, and in his honour grow. Pope’s Homer, vi. 530.OF FOREST- TREES. 129 •6. Of all the trees which grow in our woods, there is none which does better fuffer the tranfplantation than the Elm •, for you may remove a tree of twenty years growth with undoubted fuccefs: It is an experiment I have made in a tree almoft as big as my waift; but then you mud; totally dil-branch him, leaving only the fummit entire; and, being careful to take him up with as much earth as you can, refrefh him with abundance of water. This is an excellent and expeditious way for great perfons to plant the accefies of their houfes with; for, being difpofed at fixteen or eighteen feet interval, they will, in a few years, bear goodly heads, and thrive to admiration. Some that are very cautious, emplafter the wounds of fuch over-grown Elms with a mixture of clay and horfe dung, bound about them with a wifp of hay or fine mofs; and I do not reprove it, provided they take care to temper it well, fo as the vermin ntftle not in it. But, for more ordinary plantations, younger trees, which have their bark fmooth and tender, clear of wenns and tuberous bunches, (for thofe of that fort feldom come to be ftately trees) about the fcantling of your leg, and their heads trimmed at five or fix feet height, are to be preferred before all other. Cato would have none of thefe forts of trees to be removed till they are five or fix fingers in diameter; others think they cannot take them too .young; but experience, the belt miftrefs, tells us, that you can hardly plant an Elm too big*. There are who pare away the root within two fingers of the Bern, and quite cut off the head; but I cannot commend this extreme feverity, no more than I do the Brewing of o38 Book I. vourers of them. But they are likewife to he planted of young feedlings, —• to be drawn out of the places where the fruitful trees abound. In tranf-planting them, cut off only the boughs and bruifed parts two inches from the Item to within a yard of the top, but be very fparing of the root; this for fuch as are of pretty ftature. They make fpreading trees, and noble lhades with their well-furnifhed and glittering leaves, being fet at forty feet diftance j but they grow taller and more upright in the forefts, where I have beheld them, at eight and ten feet, fhoot into very long poles; but neither fo apt for timber nor fuel. The fhade unpropitious to corn and grafs, but fweet, and, of all the reft, moft refrefhing to the NOTES. of all Nurferymen, who conftantly raife their foreft-trees upon good land. However, let this be remarked, that the beft-rooted plants are always produced upon the beft land— and in all kinds of planting a good root is an eflential confideration. Upon the whole, the beft, and leaft expenfive method, is to raife plantations of this tree by fowing the maft where the plants are to remain, agreeable to the general idea given in chap. iii. book i. When raifed in this manner, they will not fuftain the inconveniences arifing from the change of foil and fituation. Virgil feelingly defcribes the cooling fhade of the Beech, in well-known verfes: Tityre, tu patulse recubans fub tegmine fagi Sylveftrem tenui mufam meditaris avena. Ecl. i. Tantum inter denfas, umbrofa cacumina, fagos Aflidue veniebat...... Ecl. ii. The antient fhepherds frequently carved their love verfes upon the green bark of this tree, which was no bad fubftitute for the Egyptian papyrus: Immo haec, in viridi nuper quae cortice fagi Carmina defcripfi, et modulans alterna notavi, Experiar. ———— Ecl. v. They alfo wrote upon the bark of the living tree, and as the letters muft have been of a large fize, and cut deep, we may reafonably fuppofe that they feldom went much farther than the name of their miftrefs with a few tender epithets : Certum eft in Sylvis, inter Spelaea ferarum, Malle pati, tenerifque meos incidere amores Arboribus : crefcent illae, crefcetis amores. Ecl. x. The fame beautiful thought is preferved in the epiftle of CEnone to Paris : Incifse fervant a te mea nomina fagi: Et legor CEnone falce notata tua. Et quantum trunci, tantum mea nomina crefcunt: Crefcite, et in titulos furgite re£ta meos. Ovid. This cuftom of carving favourite names upon the bark of trees, feems to have derived its origin from the iimplicity of nature, and confequently muft have been commonOF FORES T - TREE S. weary ftiepherd—lentus in umbra, echoing Amaryllis with his oaten pipe. Chap. V. Mabillon tells us, in his Itinerary, of the old Beech at Villambrofa to _ —^ be ftill flourilhing, and greener than any of the reft, under whofe umbrage the famous Eremit Gualbertus had his cell. This tree, planted in pallifade, affords an ufeful and pleafant fkreen to fhelter Orange and other tender cafe-trees from the parching fun, &c. growing very tall, and little inferior to the Horn-beam, or Dutch Elm. In the valleys, where they ftand warm and in confort, they will grow to a ftupendous procerity, though the foil be ftony and very barren; alfo upon the declivities, fides, and tops of high hills, and chalky mountains efpecially; for, though they thruft not down fuch deep and numerous roots as the Oak, and grow to waft trees, they will ftrangely infinuate their roots into the bowels of thofe feemingly impenetrable places, not much unlike the Fir itfelf, which, with this fo common tree, the great Caefar denies to be found in Britain, “ materia cujufque generis, ut in Gallia, prater Fagum & Abietembut certainly from a grand miftake, or rather, for that he had not travelled much up into the country*. Virgil reports it will graff with the chefnut. N O T E S. to all ages. Shakefpear fays, A man haunts the foreft that abufes our young trees with carving Rofalind upon their bark.” - Beechen bowls, curiouily carved, were much prized by the antient ihepherds. Me-nalcas, in his difpute with Damaetas, fpeaks highly in praife of his two beechen bowls, confidering them as fuperior in value to Damaetas’s young cow: ■ ~ -...........pocula ponam Fagina, caelatum divini opus Alcimedontis. . Ecl. iii. Pliny relates that beechen veflels were employed in religious ceremonies; but in general they were confidered as the furniture of the meaneft people; Terra rubens crater, pocula fagus erant. Ovid. * From every evidence that can be had of former times, and from the evidence of our own eyes, we muft fuppofe the Fir to be an indigenous tree. The quantity of this kind of wood, difcovered in many bogs of this Ifland, leaves the matter beyond a doubt: But, with regard to what Caefar fays of the Beech, the argument againft him is not fo conclufive. The in|$$$4j|s Mr. Hailed, in the XUC. number of the 6lft vol. of Phil. Tranf. fpeaking of Caefar’s obfervation, fays, “ both of which Np Fir and “ Beech) were in the greateft plenty here at that very time; the latter was particularly “ fo in the county of Kent, the only place he might be faid to be acquainted with.”, But for this Mr. Hailed quotes no authorities. S 2I4° A DISCOURSE Book I. 2. The Beech ferves for various ufes of the houfewife. Hinc olim juvenis mundi melioribus annis, Fortunatarum domuum non magna fupellex. Tota petebatur; fellas, armaria, leftos, Et menfas dabat, & lances, &: pocula Fagus. Gouleius. Hence, in the world’s beft years, the humble fhed Was happily and fully furnifhed : Beech made their chefts, their beds, and the join’d-ftools: Beech made the board, the platters, and the bowls. With it the Turner makes difhes, trays,, rims for buckets, trenchers, dreflfer boards, and other utenfils. It ferves the Wheeler and Joiner for large fcrews, &c. The Upholfterer ufes it for fellies, chairs, bed-fteads, &c. It makes fhovels and fpade-graffs for the Hufbandman, and is ufeful to the Bellows-maker. Floats for fifhers' nets, inftead of corks, are made of its bark. It is good for fuel, billet, bavin, and coals, tho’ one of the leaft laft-ing; and its very fhavings are good for fining of wine. Peter Crefcentius writes, that the alhes of Beech, with proper mixture, is excellent to make glafs with. If the timber lie altogether under water, *tis little inferior to Elm, as I find it pradtifed and afierted by Ihipwrights. Of old they made their Vafa Vindemiatoria and Corbes Mefioriae, as we our pots for ftrawberries, with the rind of this tree; nay, and vefiels to preferve wine in *, and that curioufiy wrought cup, which the fhepherd, in the Buco-licks, wagers withal, was engraven by Alcimedon upon the bark of the Beech. And an happy age it feems: - -----------------Nec bella fuerunt, Faginus adftabat cum fcyphus ante dapes. Tibul. --------------No wars did men moleft, When only beechen bowls were in requeft. Of the thin lamina, or fcale of this wood, as our cutlers call it, are made fcabbards for fwords, and band boxes, fuperinduced with thin leather or paper *, boxes for writings, hat-cafes, and formerly book-covers. I wonder we cannot fplit it ourfelves, but fend it into other countries for fuch trifles. In the cavities of thefe trees bees much delight to hive them-OF FOREST-TREES. 141 feïves. Yet for all this, you would not wonder to hear me deplore the. Chap. V. fo frequent ufe of this wood, if you did confider that the induflry of ’w~" France furnilhes that country for all domeftic utenfils with excellent Walnut, a material infinitely preferable to the belt Beech, which is indeed good only for (hade, and for the fire, as being brittle, and exceedingly obnoxious to the worm, where it lies either dry, or wet and dry, as has been noted ; but, being put ten days in water, it. will exceedingly refill the worm. To which, .as I faid, it is fô obnoxious, that I wilh the ufe of it were, by a law, prohibited all Joiners, Cabinet-makers, and fuch as furnilh tables, chairs, bed-fteads, coffers, fcrews, &c. They have a way to black and polilh it fo as to render it like Ebony ; and, with a mixture of foot and urine, imitate the Walnut ; but as the colour does not lad, fo neither does the wood itfelf,, for I can hardly call it timber, foon after the worm has feized it, unlefs one fpunge and imbibe it well with the oil of fpike, where they have made holes. Ricciolus, indeed, much commends it for oars ; and fome fay, that the vafl Argo was built of the Fagus, a good part of it at leaft, as we learn out of Apollonius : This will admit of interpretation. The Fagus yet, by Claudian, is mentioned with the Alder: Sic qui ve&urus longinqua per æquora merces Molitur tellure ratem, vitâmque procellis Obje&are parat, Fagos metitur, & Alnos, Et varium rudibus filvis accommodât ufum. So he that to export o’er fea his wares, A veffel builds, and to expofe, prepares His life to florins, firft Beech and Alder c#J§ ; And, meafuring them, to various ufes puts. But, whilfl we thus condemn the timber, we mull not omit to praife the mail, which fats our fwine and deerj and hath, aà fome families, even fupported men with bread. Chios endured a memorable fiege by the benefit of this mail. And, in fome parts of France, they now grind the buck in mills ; it affords a fweet oil, which the poor people eat moil willingly. But there is yet another benefit which this tree prefents us -, that its very leaves, which make a natural and mofl agreeable canopy all the fummer, being gathered about the fall, and fomewhat before they are much frofl-bitten, afford the beft and eafieft mattreffes in the world to lay142 A DISCOURSE Book I. under our quilts inftead offtraw; becaufe, befides their tendernefs and L- '■" f loofe lying together, they continue Tweet for feven or eight years long, before which ftraw becomes mufty and hard: They are thus ufed by divers perfons of quality in Dauphine -f and, in Switzerland, I have fome-times lain on them to my great refrefhment: So as, of this tree, it may properly be faid, ——— Silva domus, cubilia frondes. Juvenal. The wood’s an houfe, the leaves a bed. Being pruned, it heals the fear immediately, and is not apt to put forth fo Toon again as other trees. The ftagnate water in the hollow trees cures the moft obftinate tetters, fcabs, and feurfs in man or beaft, fomenting the part with it: The leaves, chewed, are wholefome for the gums and teeth; and the very buds, as they are in winter hardened and dried upon the twigs, make good tooth-pickers. Swine may be driven to mail about the end of Au-guft; but it is obferved, that, where they feed on it before it be mature, it intoxicates them for a while j and that, generally, their fat is not fo good and folid, but drips away too foon. In the mean time the kernels of the mail are greedily devoured by fquirrels, mice, and, above all, by dormice, who, harbouring in the hollow trees, grow fo fat, that, in fome countries abroad, they take infinite numbers of them, I fuppofe, to eat: And what relief they give to thrulhes, black-birds, fieldfares, and other -birds, every body knows. *OF FOREST-TREES. CHAP. VI. The HORN-BEAM*. i. S T R Y S, the Horn-beam. This, by fome, is called the Horfe- Chap. YI. W beech, from the refemblance of the leaf, and in Latin (ignorant- ,,f ly) the Carpinus. It is planted of fets, though it may likewife be raifed from the feeds, which, being.mature in Auguft, Ihould be fown in October ; thefe lie a year in the bed, which muft be well and carefully (haded fo foon as they peep. But the more expeditious way is by layers or fets of about an inch diameter, and cut within half a foot of the earth: Thus it will advance to a confiderable tree. The places it chiefly defires to grow in, are cold hills, ftiff ground, and the barren and moft expofed parts of woods. We have it no where more abounding, in the fouth, than in the woods of Hertfordfhire; very few weftward. 2. Amongfi: other ufes, it ferves for mill-cogs, for which it excels either Yew or Crab; yoak-timber, whence of old, and that it was as well N O T E S. * Of this genus Mr. Miller enumerates four fpecies. i. Carpinus (Vulgaris) fcjuamis ftrobilorum planis. Hort. Cliff. 447. Horn-beam with fiat fcales to the cones. ; Carpinus. Dod. Pemp. 841. Common Horn-beam. This fort is very common in many parts of England, but is rarely fuffered to grow as a timber-tree, being'generally pollarded by the country people ; yet, where the young trees Have been properly treated, they have grown to a large fize. I have feen fome of them in woods, 'upon' a cold ftiff clay, that have been near feventy feet high, with large, noble, fine ftems, perfectly ftraight and founl. Of late years, this has only been confidered as a Ihrub, and feldom cultivated but for underwood in the country, and for hedges in the nurferies, after the French tafte ; for in moft of their great gardens, their cabinra^ &c. are formed of thefe trees, as are their trelliffes and hedges jvhich furround their plantations. But, fince thefr ornaments have been banilhed from the Englilh gardens, there has been liHjs demand for it in our nyrferies. As the Horn-beam will thrive upon cold, barren, and expofed hills, and in fuch fituatiojjfi where few other trees will grow, it may be cultivated to advantage by the proprietors of fuch lands. It will refill the violence of winds better than moft other trees, and is by no means flow in its growth. But where it is propagated for timber, it Ihould be raifed from feeds, upon the fame foil, and in the fame fituation where it is defigned to grow; and not be brought from very rich land, and a warm expofure. The feeds Ihould be fown in the autumn, foon after they are ripe j for, if they are kept out of the ground till theMS A DISCOURSE Rook I. flexible.as tough, it was called gvyt* -, heads of beetles, flocks and han- “ v dies of tools. It is likewife, for the Turner’s ufe, excellent. It makes good fire-wood, where it burns like a candle-, and was of old fo em-■ployed: Carpinus taedas fifla facefque dabit. Being planted in fmall fofles or trenches, at half a foot interval, and in the Angle row, it makes the nobleft and flatelieft hedge for long walks in NOTES. Spring, the plants will not come up till the following year. When the plants appear, they muft be kept clear from weeds, and treated as other foreft-trees. In two years they will be fit to tranfplant; for the fooner all trees that are de-figned for timber are planted where they are to remain, the larger they will grow, and the wood will be firmer and more durable. When thefe are not intermixed with other trees, they fhould be planted clofe, efpecially on the outfide of the plantations, that they may protect and draw each other up ; and if they are kept clean from weeds for three or four years, it will greatly promote their growth ; after which the plants will need no further afliftance in that particular. As the trees advance in growth, they fhould be thinned, which muft be done with caution, cutting away the moft unpromifing plants gradually, fo as not to let in too much cold air, at once, upon thofe that .are left, efpecially on the borders of the plantation. For, in all young plantations .of timber, it is much better to take away a few trees every year, than, as is too often pra&ifed, to permit all to grow till they are fit to be cut as under-wood, when a few trees are left for timber. By this injudicious pra&ice, fo much cold air is fuddenly let in upon the timber-trees, that their growth is retarded for fome years. The leaves of the Horn-beam remain upon the branches till the young buds pufh them off in the fpring, which renders them proper to .plant round the borders of other plantations in expofed fituations j where they will defend the other trees in winter, and .thereby .promote .their growth. 2. Carpinus (Oflria) fquamis ftrobilorum inflatis. Hort. Cliff. 447. Horn-beam with inflated fcales to the cones. Oftrya ulmo fimilis, fruflu racemofo lupulo fimili. Bauh. Pin. 427. The Hop Horn-beam. This kind fheds its leaves, in winter, with the Elm and other deciduous trees: Though but lately known in this country, it is very common in Germany, growing promifcuoufly with the common fort. The Hop Horn-beam is of quicker growth than the common kind ; but the goodnefs of the timber is not yet known, there being but few of thefe trees growing in England upon their own roots, moft of them having been grafted upon the common Horn-beam, the ufual method of propagating them in our nurferies. But the trees, fo raifed, are of (hort duration j for the graft generally grows much fafter than the ftock, fo thatOF FORES T - TREE S. *45 gardens or parks, of any tree whatioever whofe leaves are deciduous, and Chap. VI. forlake their branches in winter, becaufe it grows tall, and fo fturdy as not ■~l to be wronged by the winds ; befides, it will furnifh to the very foot of the item, and flourifhes with a gloffy and polifhed verdure, which is exceeding delightful, of long continuance, and, of all other the harder woods, the fpeedieft grower, maintaining a (lender upright item, which does not come to be bare and fticky in many years. It has yet this (fhall I call it) infirmity, that, keeping on its leaves till new ones thruit them off, it is clad in rufiet all the winter long. Thai admirable efpalier hedge in the long middle walk of the L.uxemburgh garden at Paris, than which there is nothing more graceful, is planted of this tree •, and fo was that cradle, or clofe-walk, with that perplext canopy which lately covered the feat in his Majefty’s garden at NOTES. in a few years there is a great difprcportion in their fize; and where they happen to (land expofed to ftrong winds, the graft is frequently broken from the flock, after many years growth. 3. Car.pinus r Orientalist foliis ovato-lanceolatis ferratis ftrobilis brcvibus. Horn- beam with oval, fpear-Jhaped, fawcd leaves, and the JhorteJl cones. Carpinus orientalis folio minori, frudtu brevi. T. Cor. 40. £, ojlern Horn-beam, with a fmaller leaf and Jborter fruit. This tree is of humble growth, rarely rifing, in this country, above ten or twelve feet in height. As it (hoots out many horizontal, irregular branches, it cannot be trained up to a ftem. The leaves are much fmaller than thofe of the common Horn-beam, and the branches grow clofer together, which qualifies it for low hedges, where fuch are wanted in gardens. Being a very tonfile plant, it may be kept in lefs compafs than almoft any deciduous tree. It is as hardy as any of the other forts; but, at prefent, it is rare in our nurferies. 4. Carpinus (Virginiana) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis, ftrobilis longiflimis. Horn-beam with pointed, fpear-Jhaped leaves, and the longejl cones. Carpinus Virginiana florefeens. Pluk. Virginian flowering Horn-beam. This fort grows to the height of thirty feet, and is of quicker growth than either of the former kinds. It fheds its leaves in autumn, about the fame time with the Elm. During the time of its verdure it makes a good appearance, being cloath-ed with leaves of a deep, ftrong, green colour, refembling the long-leaved Elm more than the Horn-beam. The Horn-beam, in the Linnaean fyftem, is ranked in the clafs and order Monoecia Polyandria, which comprehends fuch plants as have male and female flowers on the fame plant, the male flowers having numerous ftamina. The leaves begin to open about TA' DISCOURSE 146 Book I. Hampton-Court; and, as now I hear, they are planted in perfection at ; New-Park, the delicious villa of the noble Earl of Rochefter, belonging once to a near kinfman of mine, who parted with it to King Charles the Firft of blefied memory. Thefe hedges are tonfile j but, where they are maintained to fifteen or twenty feet height, which is very frequent in the places before mentioned, they are to be cut, and kept in order with a fythe of four feet long, and very little falcated •, this is fixed on a long fneed, or ftraight handle, and does wonderfully expedite the trimming of thefe and the like hedges. An oblong fquare, palifadoed with this plant, or the Flemifh Ornus, as is that I am going to defcribe, and may be feen NOTES. the latter end of March, and.ftte quite out by the middle of April; and the flowers are in full bloom towards the end of that month. All thefe forts of Horn-beams, the firft excepted, fhould be propagated by layers; for which purpofe a few plants fhould be procured for ftooliJPthofe, for the Eaftern Horn-beam, fhould be planted a yard afunder, and the others about two yards. After the plants have made fome young fhoots, they fhould be layered in the autumn, and by that time twelvemonth they will have ftruck root; at wJHsh time, or early in the fpring, they fhould be taken off and planted in the nurfery, obferving to brufh up the ftools, that they may afford young fhoots to be lasted the fucceeding autumn. In Weftphalia, and other parts of North Germany, the Horn-beam is in great repute. There they make a hedge of it which anfwers Columella’s defcription of a good fence t --------Neu fit pecori, neu pervia furi. De Hort. When the German hufbandman ereCts a fence of Horn-beam, he throws up a parapet of earth, with a ditch on each fide, and plants his fets (raifed from layers) in fuch a manner, as that every two plants may be brought to Interfe# each other in the form of a St. Andrew’s crofs. In that part where the two plants crofs'each other, he fcrapes off the bark, and binds them clofelj^lpgether with ftraw. In confequence of this operation, the two plants confolidate in a fort of indifloluble knot, and pufh from thence horizontal, flantiM fhoots, which form Bving palifado, or chevaux de frife; fo that fuch a protection may be called a rural fortification. Thefe hedgta* being pruned' annually, and with difcretion, will, in a few y;rural render the fence impenetrable in every part. It is not uncommon in Germany to fee the fides of high roads thus guarded for many miles together; and it were to be wifhed that this example was followed in fome places of this kingdom. I am the more inclined to recommend fuch hedges, as the Horn-beam is not delicate in point of foil, but will even thrive on land feem-ingly barren. When properly pruned, it will put out ftrong lateral fhoots, within three inches of the ground, by which means it makes an impenetrable fence againft cattle. It is alfo of quick growth j a thing of great confequence in the improvement of wafte land.OF FOREST-TREES. 147 in that inexhauftible magazine at Brompton-park, (cultivated by thofe Chap. VI. two induftrious fellow-gardeners, Mr. London and Mr. Wife) affords —" fuch an umbraculum frondium, the moft natural, proper ftation, and convenience for the protedtion of our Orange trees, Myrtles, and other rare Perennials and Exoticks, from the fcorching darts of the fun, and heat of fummer •, placing the cafes, pots, &c. under this fhelter, when, either at the firft peeping out of the winter concleave, or during the increafing heat of fummer, they fo are ranged and difpofed, as to adorn a noble area of a moft magnificent paradifian dining-room, to the top of Hortulan pomp and blifs, fuperior to all the artificial furniture of the greateft prince’s court. Here the Indian Narciftus, Tuberofes, Japift Lillies, Jaf-mines, Jonquills, Periclimena, Rofes, CarnatiwL with all the pHaS fcfthe parterre, intermixt between the tree-caf® flowry vafes, bdfts, and ftatues, entertain the eye, and breathe their redolent odours and perfumes to the fmell. The golden fruit, the apples of the Hebrides, • together with the delicious ananas gratify the tafte, whilft the chearful iittiessfgf canorous birds recording their innocent amours to die murmurs of the bubbling fountain, delight the ear. At the fame time thtt charming aCOftnts of the fair and virtuous fex, preferable to all the admired compofures of the moft fkilful muficians, join in concert with hymns hallelujahs to the bountiful and gloripus Creator, who has left none of S^nKs which he has not gratified at once with their moft agreeable and proper objedts. But, to return to Brompton: It is not to fag, imagined what a furpBBgj fcene fuch a fpacious faloon, tapelfcried with the natural verdure of the glittering foliage, prefents the fpedtator, ancBpcompejii^ the toil of the ingenious planter; when, after a little patience, he finds the (lender plants (fet but at five or fix feet diftance, nor much more in height, well pruned and drefied) afcend to an altitude fufficient to fhade and defend his paradifian treafure, without excluding the milder gleams of tB glorious and radiant planet, with his cherifliing influence and kindly warmth, to all within the inclofure—refrefhed with the cooling and early dew pregnant with the fweet exhalations, which the indulgent mother and teeming eiUwfeitcb up to nourifh and maintain her numerous and tender ofiTspEm||gj But, after all, let us not dwell here too long, whilft t& inferences to be derived from thofe tempting and temporary objedts, prompt us to raife T 2A DISCOURSE Book I. i —— _ I48 cur contemplations a little on objedts yet more worthy our nobleflSpeculations, and all our pains and curiofity, reprefenting that happy date above, namely, the coeledial paradife: Let us,. I fay, fufpend our admiration a while of thefe terreftrial gaieties,- which are of fo fliort continuance, and raife our thoughts from being too deeply immerfed and rooted in them, afpiring after thofe lupernal,. more, lading, and glorious abodes, namely, a paradife, not like this of ours, with fo much pains and curio-fity, made with hands, but eternal in the heavens,, where all the trees are trees of life, the flowers all Amaranths; all the plants perennial, ever verdant, ever pregnant; and where thofe who defire knowledge may fully fatiate themlelves ; tafte freely of the fruit of that tree which coft the firft Gardener and Poderity fo dear; and where the moft voluptuous inclinations to the allurements of the fenfes may take and eat, and ftill be innocent ; no forbidden fruit; no ferpent to deceive; none to be deceived. Hail! O hail, then,. and welcome, you bleffed Elyfiums, where a new date of things experts us; where all the pompous and charming delights that detain us here a while, fliall be changed into real and fubftantial fruitions, eternal fprings, and pieafure intelledlual, becoming the dignity of our nature! I beg no pardon for the application, but deplore my no better ufe of it; and that, whilft I am thus upon the wing, I mud now defeend fo foon again. Of all the forefters, the Horn-beam preferves itfelf bed from the brut-ting of deer, and therefore to be kindly entertained in parks. But the reafon why, with us, we rarely find it ample and lpreading, is, that our huftiandman differs too large and grown a lop before he cuts them off, which leaves fuch ghadly wounds as often prove exitial to the tree, or caufe it to grow deformed and hollow, and of little worth but for the fire; whereas, were they oftener taken off when the' lops were younger, though they did not furnidi fo great wood, yet the continuance, and flouridling of the tree, would more than recompenfe it. For this caufe, 3. They very frequently plant a clump of thefe trees before the entries of mod of the great towns in Germany, to which they apply timber-frames for convenience of the people to fit and folace in. Scamozzi, the Architect, fays, “ That in his time he found one whofe branches extendedOF FOREST-TRE.E3, 149 feventy feet in breadth;” this was at Vuimfen, near the Necker, belonging Chap. VI. to the Duke of Wirtemberg: but that which I find planted before the ~ "f gates of Stralburgh is a Platanus and a Lime-tree growing hard by one another, in which is eredted a Pergola of fifty feet wide, and eight feet from the ground, having ten arches of twelve feet height, all Ihaded with their foliage; befides this there is an over-grown Oak which has an arbour in it of fixty feet diameter.A DISCOURSE 150 CHAP. VII. The ASH * Book. I. i. TT'RAXINUS, the Alh. This tree with us is reputed male and —1 X? female, the one affefting the higher grounds, the other the plains, of a whiter wood, and riling many times to a prodigious ftature, fo as in forty years from the key, an Alh hath been fold for thirty pounds llerling. And I have been credibly informed, that one perfon hath planted fo much of this one fort of timber in his life-time, as hath been valued worth fifty thoufand pounds to be bought. Thefe are pretty encouragements for a fmall and plealant induftry. That there is a lower and more knotty fort, every hufbandman can diltinguilh. The keys, or tongues, being gathered from a young thriving tree when they begin to fall, (which is about the end of October,* and the enfuing month) are to be laid to dry, and then fowcd any time betwixt that and Chriftmas-, but not altogether fo deep as your former malls. Thus they NOTES. * Of this, genus Mr. Miller enumerates fix fpecies j but properly there are only three. 1. Fraxinus (Exceljior) foliolis ferratis, floribus apetalis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1509. Ajh-tree whofe fmaller leaves are ferrated, and flowers having no petals. Fraxinus ex-celfiorV'C. B. P. 416. The cornmoh This is the common Alh-tree which grows naturally in moll parts of Epglariu, and is fo well known as to need noaHcciptjott. The leaves^of this fort have generally five pair of lobes, and arc terminated by an odd one; 'they are of a very dark green, and their edges are (lightly fawed. The flowers are produced in loofe fpikes from the fide of the branches, which are fuj^peded by flat feeds, which ripen in autumn : there is a variety of this with variegated leaves, whichfis pre-ferved In fome gardens. * 2. Fraxinus (Rotundifolia} foliolis ovato-lanceolatis ferratis, floribus corollatis. Ajh-tree whofe fmaller leaves are oval-, fpear-Jhaped, andfawed, and jlowers having petals. Fraxinus rotundiore folio. C. B. P. 416. Ajh-tree with a rounder Ieaf,\commonly called Manna Ajh. This fort grows naturally in Calabria, and is generally fuppofedrap be the tree from whence the manna is colle&ed, which is an exfudation from the leaves of the tree. The (hoots of this tree are much fnorter, and the joints clofer together than thofe of the firll fort j the fmall leaves are fhorter, and deeper fawed on their edges,1*. /óo. 2}ul‘/ur/l U H. />y tsf.< t. tu' f/ic ylcf- i/trcrAr. f ■ m K / /OF FOREST-TREE S. do in Spain, from whence it were good to procure fome of the keys from Ch. Vfl. their belt trees. A very narrow feminary will be lufficient to itore a whole — country; they will lie a full year in the ground before they appear, therefore you mull carefully fence them all that time, and have patience; but if you would make a confiderable wood of them at once, dig or plow a parcel of ground, as you would prepare it for corn, and with the corn, efpecially oats, (or what other grain you think fitted) fow alfo good flore of keys, fome Crab-kernels, &c. amongft them. Take off your crop of corn or feed in its fealon, and the next year following it will be covered with young Allies, which will be fit either to Hand, which I prefer, or be tranfplanted for divers years after; and thefe you will find to be far better than any you can gather out of the woods ('efpecially fuckers which are worth nothing) being removed at one foot flature, the fooner the better; for Allies of two years thus taken out of the nurfery, fliall outftrip thofe NOTES. and are of a lighter green. The flowers come out from the fide of the'branches, which are of a purple colour, and appear in the fpring before the leaf comes out. This tree is of humble growth, feldom rifing more than fifteen or fixteen feet high in England. 3. Fraxinus (Ornus) foliolis ferratis, floribus corollatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1510. Ajh-tree wbofe fmaller leaves are flawed^ and flowers having petals. Fraxinus humilior five altera Theophrafti, minore & tenuiore folio. C. B. P. 416. Dwarf Afo ofTheo-phraflus, with fmaller and narrower leaves.. This is a low tree, which rifes about the fame height as the fecond ; the leaves are much fmaller and narrower than thofe of the firft, but are fawed on their edges, and are of the fame dark colour. The flowers of this fort have petals, which are wanting in the common Alh. 4. Fraxinus (Paniculata) foliolis lanceolatis glabris, floribus paniculatis termina-tricibus. Ajh-tree with fmooth fpear-Jbaped leaves and floxvers growing in panicles at the ends of the branches. Fraxinus florifera botryoides. Mor. Prael. 265. The flowering Ajh. This fort was railed by the late Dr. Uvedale at Enfield, from feeds which were brought from Italy by Dr. William Sherard, where the trees grow naturally ; it was fuppofed to be a different fort from that mentioned by Dr. Morrifon, in his Prseludia Botanica, but by comparing them together they appear to be the fame. The leaves have but three or four pair of lobes, (or fmall leaves) which are fliort, broad, and fmooth, of a lucid green, and irregularly fawed on the edges ; the midrib of the great leaf is jointed, and fwells where the leaves come out. The flowers grew in loofe panicles at the end of the branches : thefe are molt of them152 A DISCOURSE Book I. of ten taken out of the hedge, provided you defend them well from cattle, which are exceedingly liquorifh after their tops: The reafon of this hafty •tranfplanting, is to prevent their obftinate and deep rooting, tantus emor terra------which makes them hard to be taken up when they grow older, and that being removed, they take no great hold till the fecond year, after which they come away amain ; yet I have planted them of five and fix inches diameter, which have thriven as well as the fmaller wands. You may accelerate their fpringing by laying the keys in fand, and fome moifi: fine earth, ftratum fuper ftratum j but lay them not too thick, or double, NOTES. male, haviftg two {lamina in each, but no germen or flyle ; they are of a white herbaceous colour, and appeftr in May. As this fort very rarely producer feeds in England, it is propagated by grafting or budding upon the common Afn. 5. Fraxinus (Nov. Angl.) foliolis integerrimis, petiolis teretibus. Flor.Virg. 122.' Ajh-tree ivith the fmall leaves entire, and taper foot-Jlalks. Fraxinus ex Nova Anglia pinnis foliorum in mucronem produftioribuH Rand. Cat. Hort. Chelf. New-Englana Ajh with long acute points to the wings of the leaves. This was raifed from feeds, which were fent from New-England in the year 1724, by Mr. Moore. Tiffed leaves of this tree have but three, or at moft but four pair of lobes, (or fmall leaves) which are placed far diftant from each other, and are terminated by an odd lobe, which runs out into a very long point; they are of a light green and entire, having no ferratures on their edges ; this tree {hoots into ftrori^ irregular branchesHut doth not grow to h large fize in the trunk. It is propagated by grafting or buddiffg upon the common Alh. 6. Fraxinus (Caroliniana) foliolis integerrimis, petiolis teretibus, fruflu latiore. Prod. Leyd. 533- Ajb-tree ivith entire let&fts and taper foot-Jlalks. Fraxinus Caroliniana, latiore fru6lu. Rand. Cat. H. Chelf. Carolina Ajb ufflSt a broad fruit. This laft fort was raifed from feeds which were fent from Carolina in the year 1724, by Mr. Catefby. The leaves have feldom more than three pair of lobes, the lower being the lead, and the upper the largeft ; thefe are about five inches long and two broad, of a light green colour, "aHflightly fawed on their edge$fi the foot-ftalk, or rather the midrib, of the leaves is taper, and has {hort downy hairs ; the feeds are broader than thofe of the common Afli, and are of a very light colour. As this fort hath not yet produced feeds -in England, it is propagated by »rafting or budding "upon the common Alh. This genus of plants, in the Linnasan fyftem, is ranked in the clafs and order Poly-gamia Dioecia, the Polygamy being upon two diftinS plant^H The curious obferver of nature will find the flowers of the Alh begin to open about the fixteenth of April, and about the twenty-fecond they will be in full blow. TheOF FOREST-TREES. *53 and in a covered, though airy place for a winter,' before you fow them ; Ch. VII. and the fecond year they will come away mainly, fo you weed, trim, and '— ' " cleanfe them. Cut not his head at all, (which being young is pithy) nor by any means the fibrous part oFthe roots, only that down-right or taproot (which gives our hufbandmen fo much trouble in drawing) is to be totally abated : But this work ought to be in the increafe of October or November, and not in the fpring. We are, as I told you, willing to fpare his head rather than the fide-branches, (which, whilft young, may be cut clofe) becaufe being yet young, it is but of a fpungy fubltance, but NOTES. leaves, alfo, of fome of thefe trees growing in favourable fituations, will, by this time, be out; though others will not fhew their foliage till the middle of May. The common Afh is eafily propagated from the keys, for which confult the directions given in page 44. The foreign kinds may alfo be raifed from feeds, when they can be procured from abroad : Budding, however, is the general method ; fo that thofe who have not a correfpondence in the countries where they grow naturally, fliould procure a plant or two of a fort, and fhould raife young Afhes of the common fort for flocks. Thefe flocks fhould be planted out in the nurfery, a foot afunder, and two feet diftant in the rows. When they are one year old, and grown to be about the thicknefs of a bean-ftraw, they will be of a proper fize for working. A little after Midfummer is the time for the operation; and care muff be obferved not to bind the eye too tight. They need not be unloofed before the latter end of September. In March, the head of the flock fliould be taken off a little above the eye; and, by the end of the fummer following, if the land be good, they will have made furprizing flrong fhoots, many of them fix feet or more. The timber of the Afh (the Oak only excepted) ferves for the greatefl variety of ufes of any tree in the foreft. Tho’ a handfome tree, it ought by no means to be planted for ornament in places defigned to be kept neat, becaufe the leaves fall off, with their long flalks, very early in the autumn, and by their litter deflroy the beauty of fuch places. But although it is not well adapted to plant near gravel-walks and pleafure-grounds, it is not only proper for woods, but alfo to form clumps in large parks, or it may be fet out for flandards; but it fhould never be planted on the borders of tillage land, becaufe the dripping of the leaves is extremely prejudicial to corn, and the roots have a powerful tendency to draw the nourifhment from the ground. Neither fhould it be planted near paflure ground, for if the cows eat the leaves or fhoots, the butter will become rank and of fmall value; and it is remarked that butter made about Guildford, Godalmin, and fome other parts of Surry, where Afh-trees grow in almoft all the paftures, is feldom good. In all good dairy-farms an Afh-tree is never permitted to grow, except in woods. A wood of thefe trees, rightly managed, will produce confiderable advantages to the owner; for by the under-wood, which will be fit to cut every fourteen or fifteen years uBook I L——v—— 154 A DISCOURSE being once well fixed, you may cut him as clofe to the earth as you pleafe y ; it will caufe him to fhoot prodigioufly, fo as in a few years to be fit for pike-ftaves j whereas if you take him wild out of the foreft, you mull of i necefiity ftrike off the head, which much impairs him. Hedge-row Afhes may the oftener be decapitated, and will fhew their heads again fooner than other trees fo ufed. Young Afhes are fometimes in winter froft-burnt, black as coals, and then to ule the knife is feafonable, though they do commonly recover of themfelves flowly. In South Spain, (where, as we faid, are the belt) after the firft drefling they let them grow till they are fo big, as being cleft into four parts, each part is. fufficient to make a pike-ftaff: I am told there is a Flemifh Afh, planted by the Dutchmen, in Lincolnfhire, which in fix years grows to be worth twenty fhillings the NOTES, for hop-poles, See. there will be a regular income fuperior to the rent of the neigh*-bouring lands, and ftill there will be a flock left for timber, which, like an eflate in reverfion, will, at fome future period, pour in considerable riches.. As the quicknefs of growth will depfend upon the goodnefs of foil, the number of years from the firft planting to the firft fall, will vary accordingly; though, if the wood be large, I would advife to have the firft fall of poles very foon, that there may be an annual falfc till the wood has been wholly cut down; and this fhould be fo contrived, that the year after the laft.quartir.is cut, that which was firft begun' on may be ready for a feebnd falling. This will happen at an interval of about fifteen or twenty years, by which time the poles will be laqSfrj but if they are wanted for fmaller purpofes, the fall fhould be proportionably foonefi* After the firft fall, great care fhould be taken to grub up the worft ftools where they are too thick; for now every ftool will fend out four or five branches. But before any are grubbed up, a prbper number fhould be pitched on to grow to timber j and thefe fhould always bd fuch trees as are the largeft, moft healthy, and thriving. The Afh will grow exceeding well upon almoft any foil j and the beft time for felling the timber is in the winter months, from November to February; for if it be cut later, it is not only fubjedl to a worm which greatly damages the timber, but the bark will divide from the ftools, to their great detriment. It is obfervable, that Pollards fhould always be lopped in the fpring; and it is farther to be remarked of thefe, that when the head of a Pollard begins to be hollow, the body then enters upon a ftate of decay; fo that if this is defigned to be ufeful, the Pollard fhould be then wholly cut down. Pollards are of great fervice where fuel is fcarce; a few of thefe trees will turn out many loads of lop, and the wood of them makes the fweeteft of all fires, and will burn well either green or dry. One caution more let me give with refpe and if we were, by way of experiment, to turn the germ of a new-fprouted bean downwards and the root upwards, the plant, from a kind of vegetable inftindt impreffed upon it by the Author of Nature, would counteradf our intentions, and in a few days the germ and root would reaffume their former pofitions. In the fpring, when the young plants appear, they fhould be kept clear from weeds; and as often as any weeds prefent themlelves, they muft be plucked up during the time the trees remain in the feminary, which ought to be two years from the time of. fowing. A feminary of thefe trees, planted in this manner, fhould always be hand-weeded,, bccaufe, being pretty near each other, it would be dangerous to introduce a hoe among them, for fear of hurting the tender rind, which would greatly injure the plants fo. wounded.----The plants, having flood in the feminary two years, muft be carefully taken up, all the fide-fhoots taken off, and the tap-root fhortened ; then, having ground in the nurfery double dug, let them be planted in this ground in rows, which fhould be tw'O feet and a half or three feet afunder, and fet them at leaft one foot and a half diftant in thefe rows. The beft time for doing this work will be the latter end of February ; for if they are planted in October, the fevere frofts will be fubjedl to throw the young plants out of the ground before winter is over. A year after they have been planted in the nurfery, it will be very proper to cut every one of them down to within an inch of the, ground ; which will caufe them to fhoot vigoroufly with one ftrong and ftraight ftem. Without this treatment, they are very fubjeft to grow feraggy and crooked, and to make but flow progrefs -t fo that where they do not take well to the ground, and fhoot irregularly, they ftiould be cut down according to this direction ; after which they will fhoot ftrongly, and overtake thofe that never underwent this operation, though planted fome years before them, in a very fhort time. In this nurfery they may remain four or five years, when they will be fit to plant out, with no other pruning than taking off very ftrong fide-branches, and fuch as have a tendency to make the tree forked. The only trouble the ground will occafion, will be keeping it clear of weeds, and every winter digging between the rows.-—After they are of a fufficient fize to be planted out for ftandards, either in fields, clumps, wilder-nefs quarters, or avenues, they fhould be carefully taken out of the nurfery; and having holes dug three feet fquare, and a foot and a half deep, with the turf chopt fmallOF FORES T - TREE S. 163 next cutting*, and if the tree like the ground, it will, in ten or twelve Ch. VIII. years, grow to a kind of timber, and bear plentiful fruit. ' 3. I have feen many Chefnut-trees tranfplanted as big as my arm, their heads cut off at five and fix feet height, but they came on at leifure. In fuch plantations, and all others for avenues, you may fet them from thirty to ten feet diffance, though they will grow much nearer, and {hoot into poles, if, being tender, you cultivate them like the Afh, the nature of NOTES. at the bottom of each hole, and all the bruifed parts of the roots taken off, the fineft mould fhould cover the fibres; obferving always to plant them no deeper than the fur-face of the foil. After this, they may be turfed round to keep them fteady againft the winds. The beft month for this work is October. When thefe trees are defigned for timber, they fhould remain unremoved ; but where the fruit of them is more fought after, then it is certainly the better way to tranfplant them : for as tranfplanting is a check to the luxuriant growth of trees, fo it is a promoter of their fructification, as may be evinced by obferving low fhrubby Oaks, Walnuts, See. which generally have a greater plenty of fruit than any of the larger and more vigorous; and the fruit of fuch trees is much fuperior in tafte, tho’ the feeds of vigorous trees are vaftly preferable for plantations of timber : for it is a conftant obfer-vation, that, by faving feeds from dwarf trees or plants, from time to time, they may be rendered much lower in their growth than is their natural fize ; but where the fruit is moft defired, then they fhould be taken from fuch trees as produce the largeft and fweeteft nuts, which are commonly found upon fuch trees as fpread the moft, and have horizontal roots; for the weaker trees being lefs capable to furnifh a fupply of nourifh-ment, and having a greater quantity of fruit upon them, to which this muft be diftri-buted, together with their roots lying near the furface of the ground, (by which means the juices are better prepared by the fun, air, Sec. before it enters their veffels) it is certain their juices are better digefted, and their fruits better maturated, than thofe can poffibly be, which grow upon ftrong vigorous trees, which have long tap-roots running feveral feet deep into the earth, and confequently take in vaft quantities of crude unprepared juices. If you defign a large plantation of thefe trees for timber, after having two or three times plowed the ground, the better to deftroy the roots of weeds, you fhould make your furrows about fix feet diftance from each other, in which you fhould lay the nuts .about ten inches afunder, covering them with earth about three inches deep; and, when they come up, you muft carefully clear them from weeds : the diftance allowed between each row, is for the ufe of the horfe-hoeing plow, which will difpatch a great deal of this work in a fhort time; but it fhould be performed with great care, fo as not to injure the young plants; therefore the middle of the fpaces only fhould be cleaned with this inftrument, and a hand-hoe muft be ufed to clean between the plants in the rows, and alfo on each fide, where it will be unfafe for the plow to be drawn : and m X 2A DISCOURSE 164 Book I. whofe fkade it refembles, fince nothing affe&s much to grow under' i'tv Some hufbands tell me, that the young Chefnut-trees fhould not be pruned or touched with any knife or edge-tool for the firft three or four years, but rather cropped or broken off, which I leave to farther experience ; however, many forbear to top. them when they tranfplant. 4. The Chefnut being graffed on the Walnut, Oak, or Beech, I hav<5 been told, will come exceeding fair, and produce incomparable fruit; for. NOTE s; hand-hoeing, there mull be great care taken not to cut the tender rind of the plants; If the following fprirrg the fpaces are carefully ftirred with the plow, it will not only make the ground clean, but alfo loofen it, fo as that the fun and moifture may more cafily penetrate the fame, which will greatly promote the growth of the plants; and the oftener thefe plowings are repeated, the cleaner will be the ground, and the greater will be the-progrefs of the plants, which cannot be kept too clean while they are young. When thefe have remained three or fbur years, if the nuts fucceed well, you will have many of thefe trees to remove, which fhould be done at the feafons before directed, leaving the trees diftant about three feet in the rows; at which diftance they may remain for three 01 four years more, when you fhould remove every other tree to make room for the remaining ones, which will reduce the whole plantation to fix feet fquarc, which will be diftance enough for them to remain in, until they are large enough for poles, when yoivmay cut down every other of thefe trees (making choice of the lcaft promifing) within a foot of the ground, in order to make ftools for poles, which, in eight or ten years time, will be ftrong enough to lop for hoops, hop-poles, See. for which purpofes they are preferable to rnoft other tritigl; fo that every tenth year there will be a frefh crop, which will pay the rent of lie ground, and all other incumbent charges, and, at the fame time, a full crop of growing timber will be left‘upon the ground : but as the lafge trees increafe in bulk, their diftance of twelve feet fquare will be too fmall ; therefore when they hjWgfown to a fize for fmall boards, you fhould fell every other tree, which will reduce them to twenty-four feet fquare, which is a proper diftance for them to remain for good ; this will give air to the under-wood (which, by this time, w'ould be too much overhung by the oloilnefs of the large trees); by which means that will be greatly encouraged, and the fall of the fmall timber will pay fuf-ficient intereft for the money at firft laid out in planting, &e. with the principal alfo : fo that all the remanding trees wiU’fec clear profit, as the under-wood, ftill continuing, will pay the rent of the ground, and all other expences. I have here ventured to recommend the raifing a wood of Chefnut-trees from the nut, by the authority, and in the words of Mr. Miller; but Mr. Hanbury contends that it is much better to plant fuch a wood from the nurfery. He fays, “ Where a wood of thefe trees is wanted, they fhould be raifed in the nurfery way ; and when the plants are about five feet high, they will be of the propereft fize for the purpofe ; for they will then not be fo large as to require flaking, nor yet fo fmall but that they will be out ofOF FOREST-TREES. the Walnut and Chefnut on each other, it is probable, but I have not yet Ch. VIII. made a full attempt. They alfo fpeak of inoculating Cherries on the Chefnut-ftock for a later fruit. In the mean time, I wifh we did more univerfally propagate the Horfe-Chefnut, which, being eafily increaled from layers, grows into a goodly ftandard, and bears a moft glorious flower, even in our cold country. This tree, fo called from its curing horfes broken-winded, and other cattle of coughs, is now all the mode for the avenues to their country palaces in France, as appears by the late Superintendant’s plantation at Vaux. It.was firft brought from Conftantinople to Vienna,- tot reach of hares, rabbits, Sec. Therefore, as foon as the trees are about this height in the nurfery, let the ground defigned for the wood be plowed deep with a very ftrong plow, that the uppermoft and the beft part of the foil may be laid as low as poffible, to be of greater nourifhment to the tree, when it receives its tender fibres. The diftance thefe trees fhould be planted from one another ought to be two yards ; and this will be a proper diftance for them to grow up to poles; when they fhould be cut down, only leaving a fufficient number of the beft and moft. thriving trees for timber. Thus, whilft the latter are making their progrefs to a larger bulk, being left at a diftance of near twenty feet, the poles will, at the interval of fourteeen years from the firft planting, reward the owner’s toils with no inconfid'erable profits y and if they are cut down within about afoot of the ground, there will be ftools for another crop of poles, which will be ready for a fecond cutting in about ten years : fo that every ten years the planter will tafte the fweets of his labour, while his expectations are ftill augmented, as to the advantage of. his family in after-times. If the plantation is large, I would advife to begin the firft fall of poles fo early, and to defer the latter fo late, that the year after the laft fall the ftools of the firft-cut poles ihall have fent forth poles ready for a fecond cutting. Thus the proprietor! will not only enjoy the benefits of an annual fale, but the country will not be glutted with too great a quantity of poles at a time, and con-iequently they may be fold at a better price. “ Such are the directions I would give for raifing a wood of thefe trees ; which I take, to be better than planting the nuts, and letting them remain ; not only becaufe the plant is then fubjeCt to a tap-root, which ftrikes direCtly into the ground beyond the reach of nourifhment, and confequently muft in proportion grow flower, but alfo becaufe the expences will be lefs. While they are in the nurfery, a vaft quantity of them will ftand upon a frhall' fpace of ground, and confequently be raifed at a fmall expence ; but when the nuts are planted with a defign to remain, the whole extent of the ground intended for the wood muft be kept clear of weeds till the plants are grown of a fufficient fize to defend themfelves.” Body of Planting, p. 14. The Chefnut will thrive on almoft all foils and in all fituations. It will grow beft, indeed, in a rich loamy land ; but it will fucceed very well on that which is gravelly, clayey, or fandy. All mixed foils are fuitabls to it, as well as expofed places, and the declivities of hills, NOTES.166 A DISCOURSE B ook. I. thence into Italy, and fo to France j but to us from the Levant more im-~ ■ 1 —mediately, and flourifhes fo well, and grows fo goodly a tree in competent time, that, by this alone, we might have ample encouragement to *denizen other ft rangers amongft us. One inconvenience to which this beautiful tree is obnoxious, is, that it does not well refill impetuous and ftormy winds without damage *. 5. The Chefnut is, next the Oak, one of the moft fought after by the Carpenter and Joiner. It hath formerly built a good part of our ancient houfes in the City of London, as does yet appear. I had once a very large barn near the city, framed intirely of this timber; and certainly NOTES. * The Horfe-Chefnut Js a trees of lingular beauty and ufe; the leaves are large, fine, and palmated, and appear very early in the fpririg^ It is naturally ttniform in-its growth, forming its head, if left to nature, into a. regular parabola. In the fpring it produces long fpikes of beautiful flowers; and although in the autumn itsfleavpS fall off pretty early, it makes amends by exhibiting its nuts of a bright brown Jmlaur, fome on the ground, fome ready to fall, and others juft peepifig out of their cells. This tree is a native of theTaH> and is Ugd to have been brought into Europe in 1610 ; at which time alfo the'Laurel was introduced into the Englilh gardens : But we have reafon to believe that this tree was brought from Conftantinople, and made a denizen of England, almoft an hundred years before the above-mentioned period. This tree is very proper to be planted for avenues or walks ; though I know it has been objected by fome, that its leaves fall early in the autumn: But it fhould be con-fidered that it fhoots out proportionably earlier in the fpring, which, together with its beautiful flowers, makes it aq ornamental and defirable tree. The Horfe-Chefnut-tree is extremely well adapted to parks j not only becaufe it grows to a large fize, and forms la beautiful regular head, thereby at a diftance ftriking the imagination with a pleafing furprize, but on account of the quantity of nuts it produces, which are excellent food for deer in the rutting feafon : So that in parks where great numbers of deer are kept, I would recommend thefe trees to be planted in abundance. They are likewife very proper for the boundaries of open fields, to terminate views, &c, and though there are no deer to eat the nuts, yet the fwine are equally delighted jyith them, ana will fatten greatly with fuch, ^ovender. The buds of this tree, before they fhoot out become turgid and large ; fo that they have a good efFedt to the eye, by their bold appearance, long before the leaves appear; And what is peculiar to the Horfe-Chefnut is,: that as foon as the leading fhoot is come out of the bud, it continues to grow fo faft, as to be able tq ,form it? whole fummer’s fhoot in about three weeks or a month’s time. After this it grows little or nothing more in length, but thickens', and becomes ftroii^Sjnd woody, and forms the buds for the next year’s fhoot. The flowers are in full blow about the twelfth of May, and on fine trees make a pleafing appearance. They have feven/OF FOREST-TREE S. the trees grew not far off, probably in fome woods near the town ; for, in Ch. VIII. that defcription of London, written by Fitz-Stephens, in the reign of 1» —v—— Henry II. he fpeaks of a very noble and large foreft which grew on the boreal part of it; Proxime, fays he, patet forefia ingensy faltus nemoroji ferarum,. latebr# cervorum, damarum, aprorumy & taurorum fylvejtrium, &c. A very goodly thing it feems, and as well flored with all forts of good timber as with venifon and all kind of chafe *, and yet fome will not allow the Chef- nut to be a freeborn of this Ifland, but of that I make little doubt The Chefnut affords the bed; flakes and poles for palifades, pedaments NOTES. ftamina and one ftyle, which {hews the tree to be of the clafs and order Hcptandria Monogynia. Sir Charles Linnaeus has altered the old title to that of Efcidus. This tree is propagated from the nut: In autumn, therefore, when the nuts fall, a fufficient quantity {hould be gathered.. Some people recommend them to be fown immediately in drills; but others,, with more propriety, delay the lowing till the fpring, by which means they will efcape the ravages of the field-moufe. Previous to fowing they fhould be thrown, into water, as diredled in page 48, which will fecure to the planter the certainty of a crop. In the fpring the plants will come up; and when they have flood one year they may be taken up, their tap-roots fhortened, and afterwards planted in the nurfery, and managed in the fame manner as was directed for the Spanifh Chefnut. When they are of fufficient fize to be planted out for good, they muft be taken out of the nurfery with care, the great fide-fhoots and the bruifed parts of the roots fhould be taken off, and then planted in large holes level with the furface of the ground, at the top of their roots, the fibres being all fpread and lapped in the fine mould, and the turf alfo worked to the bottom. A flake fhould be placed to keep them fafe from the winds, and they muft be fenced from the cattle till they are of a fufficient fize to defend themfelves. The beft feafon for this work is October.-After the trees are planted, neither knife nor hatchet fhould come near them ; but they fhould be left to Nature to form their beautiful parabolic heads, and affume their utmoft beauty. The Horfe-Chefnut, like moil other trees, delights moft in good £at land ; but it will grow exceeding well on clayey and marly grounds. I have feen large trees, luxuriant and healthy, in very cold, barren, and hungry earth. In fhort, it is not very nice in its diet, but may be planted in moft places to the owner’s fatisfaiftion. It grows to a large fize in a few years. * In the fixty-firft volume of the Philofophical Tranfaftions, Dr. Ducarel very learnedly oppofes the opinion of the Hon. Mr. Daines Barrington, who, in the fifty-ninth volume of the fame work, had aflerted that “ Chefnut-trees were not natives of this kingdom.”----The arguments produced by the Dodlor appear to me fufficiently conclufive in favour of thefe trees being indigenous.A DISCOURSE Book 1 for vine-props and hops, as I faid before. It is good for mill-timber or water-works, or where it may lie buried; but if water touch the roots of •the growing trees, it fpoils both fr-uit and timber. It is likewife obferved, that this tree is fo prevalent againft cold, that, where they (land, they defend other plantations from the injuries of the fevered: frofts. I am fure, being planted in hedge-rows, circa agronim itinera, or for avenues to our country houfes, they are a magnificent and royal ornament. This timber alfo does well, if kept dry, for columns, tables, chefts, chairs, ftools, bedfteads; for tubs and wine-cades, which it preferves with the leaft tindfure of the wood of any whatfoever. If the timber be dipped in fealding oil, and well pitched, it becomes extreamly durable, but, other-wife, I cannot celebrate the tree for its fincerity, it being found that, contrary to the Oak, it will make a fair fhew outwardly when it is all decayed and rotten within ; but this is in fome fort recompenfed, if it be true that the beams made of Chefnut-tree have this property, that, being fomewhat brittle, they give warning and premonilh the danger by a certain crackling, fo as, it is faid, to have frighted thofe out of the baths at Antandro, whofe roof was laid with this material, but which, Pliny fays, was of Plazel, very unlike it. Formerly they made confultary ftaves of this tree; and the variegated rods which Jacob peeled to lay in the troughs, to imprefs a fancy in his Father-in-law’s conceiving ewes, are faid to have been of this material. The coals are excellent for the fmith, being foon kindled, and as foon tJttinguifhed *, but the allies of Chefnut-wood are not convenient to make a lee with, becaufe it is obferved to ftain the linen. As for the fruit, it is better to beat it down from the tree fome little time before they fall off themfelves ; thus they will the better keep, or elfe you mull fmoak-dry them. But we give that fruit to our fwine in England, which is amongfi: the delicacies of Princes in other countries, and, being of the larger nut, is a lufby and maiculine food for rufticks at all times, and of better nourilhment for hulbandmen than cole and rulty bacon, yea, or beans to boot •, inftead of which, they boil them in Italy with their bacon ; and, in Virgil’s time, they eat them with milk and cheefe *. The belt tables in^France and Italy make them NOTES. * Tityrus, in his invitation to MelUxcus, fays? ■ ------Sunt nobis mitia poma, Caftanea? moll*», et prefli copia la&is. Ecl. i. Chcfnuts are a very harfh fobd, fo that fome underftand by Cajlanecs molles roafted Chefnuts. Pliny fays, Torrere has in cibis gutiu%*vj!OF FOREST-TREES. 169 a fervice, eating them with fait, in wine, or juice of lemon and fugar, be- Ch. VIII. ung fird roafted on embers on the chaplet; and, doubtlefs, we might pro- ”'~ ,pagate their ufe among our common people, as of old the Bcc^atvoAl H' * -**?**$%*'/, // *■ -v/^/ '. ^//> / > / /". >/''''/■/>' / /-7 ztt,,->((y) ■>//// ‘7/ -'■-y/y 'y/y,© F F0RE8T-TRRES. CHAP. X. 181 The S E R V I C E i. QORBUS, the Service-tree (of which there are four forts) is railed Chap. X. k3 of the chequers, or berries,. which being ripe, that is rotten, * about September, and the pulp rubbed off- clean from the ftones in dry fand, and fo-kept till after Chriftmas, may be fown like Beech-maft, and educated in the nurfery like the Chefnut. It is reported that the fower never fees the fruit of his labour, either for that it bears only being very old, or that men are commonly fo before they think of planting trees: But this is an egregious miftake •, for thefe come very foon to be trees, and, being planted young, thrive exceedingly; I have likewife planted them as big as my arm fuccefsfully. The belt way is therefore to propa- NOT E S. - * Of the Wild Service there are numerous fpecies; . 1. Cratjegus (Aria) fol&pvatis inaequaliter ferratis, fubtus tomentofis. Hort, Cliff. 187. Wild Service with oval leaves unequally fawed, and woolly on their under fide. Crataegus folio fubfbtundo, ferrato, fubtus incano.,» Tourn. Inft. R. H. 633. Aria. Dalech. Hift. 202. Sorbus Alpina. Bauh. Hift. i. p, 65. The White -Beqtn, or JVhite-leaf Tree. This tree rifes to the height of thirty feet, and grows naturally upon the chalky hills of Kent, Surry, and Suflex. The young fhoots have a brown bark covered with a mealy down. The leaves are oval, of a light green colour upon their upper fide, butwhite on their under, having many prominent tranfverfe nerves running from the midrib to the border. They are unequally ferrated. The flowers are produced at the end of the branches in May. They grow upon mealy footrftalks, and are fucceeded by red berries*which ripen in autumn. 2. Crataegus (Torminalis) foliis cordatis feptangulis,' lobis infimis divaricatis..4 Ein. Sp. Plant. 681. Wild Service with hearf-fi/aped leaves, having feven angles, whofe ■ lower lobes fpread afunder. Crataegus foliis cordatis acutis! lacinulis acutis ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 187. . Mefpilus apii folio, Sylveftris non ipin&Ta, feu Sorbus Torminalis. Bauh. Pin. 454. Sorbus Torminalis et Crataegus Theophrafti. Bauh. Hift. i. p. 63. IVildj or Maple-leaved Service. This fort grows naturally in many parts of England, and is chiefly found upon itrong foils; it formerly grew in great plenty in Cane-Wood, near Hampftead ; and lately there were fome young trees growing in Bifhop’s-Wood, near the fameA DISCOURSE 182 Book I. gate them of fuckers* of which they put forth enough, as alfo of fets, and — ■ " J may be budded with great improvement. They delight in reafonable good .itiff ground, rather inclining to cold than over hot ; for in places which .are too dry they never bear kindly. The Torminalis (fo called for its ef-fe<5bs againft gripings in the bowels) is the kind moft -frequent with -for thofe of the narrower and lefs-indented leaf, are not fo common in England as in France, bearing a fort of berry of the pear-fhape, and is there called the Cormier. This tree may be grafted either on itfelf or on ,the White-thorn and Quince. To this we might "add the Mefpilus or NOTE S. place; but in many parts of Hertford {hire there are large trees now growing. It rifes to the height of forty or fifty feet, with a large trunk, 'fpreading at the top into many branches, fo as to form a large head. The young branches are covered with a purplilh bark, marked.with white {pots, and are garniflied with leaves placed alternately, {landing on pretty long foot-ftalks; thefe are cut into many acute angles, like thofe of the Maple-tree, and are near four inches long, and three broad in the middle, having feveral fmaller indentures toward the top, of a bright green on their upper fide, but a little woolly on their under. The flowers are produced in large bunches toward the end of-the branches ; they are white, and .ihaped like thofe of the Pear-tree, but fmaller, and {land upon longer foot-ftalks; thefe appear in May, and are fucceeded by roundifh comprefied fruit, which are fhaped like large Haws, and ripen late in autumn, when they are brown; and if kept till they are fo ft, in the fame way as Medlars, they have an agreeable acid -flavour. The fruit of this tree is fold in the London markets in autumn. 3. Crataegus (rflpina) foliis oblongo-ovatis ferratis, utrinque vire’htibus. Wild Service with oblong, oval, Jawed leaver, which, are green on both Jides. ‘Crataegus folio oblongo, ferrato, utrinque virenti. Tourn. Inft. 633. This fpecies grows naturally upon mount Baldus, and on other mountainous parts of Italy; it rifes with a woody trunk about twenty feet high, dividing into many branches, which are covered with .a purplifh fpotted bark, and clofely garniflied with oblong fawed leaves, Handing alternate, on very {hort foot-ftalks; they are about three inches long, and one and a half broad, in the broadeft part, leflening toward both ends; they are {lightly fawed on their edges, and of a deep green on both fides. The flowers are produced at the end of the branches in fmall bunches, which have rarely more than four or five flowers in each ; they are white, and much fmaller than thofe of the former forts; thefe are fucceeded by fruit about the fize of the common Haw, which is of a dark-brown colour when ripe. It flowers in May, and the fruit ripens in Autumn. 4. Crataegus (Coccinea) foliis ovatis repando-angulatis ferratis glabris. Hot. Cliff. 187. IVild Service with oval, fmooth, fawed leaves, having angles. Mefpilus fpi-UB L\ ttt.IOF FOREST-TREES. 183 Medlar, being an hard wood, and of which I have feen very beautiful Chap. X. walking-ftaves. But there is yet a rare kind of Service-tree, frequent in ; Germany, which we find not in our woods y and they fpeak of another fort, which bears poifon-berries. 2. The timber of the Sorb is ufeful for the joiner, and of which I have feen a room curioufiy wainfcotted: Alfo for the engraver of wood cuts; for bows, pulleys, l'crews, mill and other fpindles; for goads to drive oxen with; for piitol and gun-ftocks, and for molt that the wild Pear-tree ferves; NOTES. nofa, Qxyacantha Virginiana maxima. Tourn Inft. 633. Commonly called Cockfpur Hawthorn.- The Virginian Cockfpur-thorn will grow to about twenty feet high. It rifes with an upright Item, irregularly fending forth branches, which are imooth, and of a brownifh colour, fpotted thinly with fmall white fpots. It is armed with thorns that refemble a Cockfpur, which gives it the appellation of Cockfpur-thorn. In winter, the leaf-buds appear large, turgid, and have a bold and pleafant look among others of different appearances., In fummer, this tree is very delightful. The leaves are oval, angular, ferrated, fmooth, and bend backwards. They are about four inches long, and three and a half broad ; have five or fix pair of ftrong nerves running from the mid-rib to the border; and die to a brownifh red colour in the autumn. The flowers are produced in very large umbels, making & noble fliew in May, and are fucceeded by large fruit, of a bright-red colour, which have a good effedt in the winter.—The principal varieties of this fpecies are, the Cockfpur-hawthorn with many thorns; the Cockfpur-hawthorn with no thorn; the Cockfpur with eatable fruit. 5. Cratjegus (Crus Galli) foliis lanceolato^ovatis ferratis glabris, ramis fpinofis. Lin. Sp. 682. Cratagus with oval, fpear-Jhaped, fawed leaves, and prickly branches. Mefpilus aculeata pyritolia denticulata fplendens, fructu infigni rutilo, Virginienfis. Pluk. Aim. 249. Commonly called Virginian L' Azarole. This fpecies will grow to be near twenty feet high. The ftem is robuft, and covered with a light-coloured bark. The branches are produced without order ; are of a dark-brown colour, and poflefied of a few long fharp thorns. The leaves are fpear-fhaped, oval, fmooth, and ferrated; of a thickifh confiftence, and often remain on the tree the greateft part of the winter. Each feparate flower is large; but as few of them grow together, the umbels they form are rather fmall. They come out in May, and are fucceeded by large dark red-coloured fruit, which ripens late in the autumn. 6. Crataegus (Lucida) foliis Janceolatis ferratis lucidis, fpinis longiflimis flori-bus corymbofis. Cratagus with lucid} fpear-Jhaped, fawed leaves, very long fpines} andBoo K I. ' _ 1» 184 A D I S C O U R S E being of a very delicate grain it ferves the turner for divers curiofities, and looks beautifully, and is almoft everlafting •, when rubbed over with oil .of linfeed, well boiled, it is made to counterfeit Ebony, or almoft any Indian wood, coloured according to art: Alfo it is taken to build with, yielding beams of confiderable fubftance. The fnade is beautiful for walks, and the fruit not unplealant, efpecially the fecond kind, of which, with new wine and honey, they make a conditum of admirable ■cfFeift to corroborate the ftomach; and the fruit alone is good in dyfente- N O T E S. flowers in a corymbus. -Mefpilus prunifoliis, fpinis longiflimis forttbus^ fru£tu rubro .piagno. Flor. Virg. 55. This kind grows naturally in North America, and rifes with a ftrong ftem to the Jaeight of ten.or twelveLeet, ^fending out many ftrong irregular branches, which, -while young, are covered with a bright-brown bark, but the older branches have it of a lighter colour; the leaves are oval, fpear-fhaped, (lightly fawed on their edges, of a bright-green on their upper;fide, but paler on their unde?; fome-■ times they are placed by pairs, at other times three or four come out from the fame joint; the flowers are produced in large clufters toward the end of the branches, forming a fort of corymbos, ami are .fucceeded by roundi(h fruit of a middling fize, and a deep-red colour. .As the branches of this fort (hoot very ftrong, and .are generally ititerwoven with each other, being armed with very long ftrong .thorny, it is very proper for outward fences to gardens or fields. -7. Cratjegus (Azarolus) foliis obtufis fubtrifidis fub-dentatis. Lin. Sp. PI. 683. .Qratagus with obtufe, trifid, indented leaves. .Mefpilus Apii folio laciniato. C. B. P. 453. .Commonly called .U A&arole. This grows naturally in Italy and the Levant, where the fruit is ferved up to table with the defert; it has a ftrong ftem rifing twenty feet high, having many .ftrong irregular branches, covered with a light-coloured bark; the leaves are in yfliape fomewhat like thofe of the common Hawthorn, but are much larger, .have broader lobes, and are of a paler-.colour; the flowers come out in fmall clufters from the fide of. the branches, which are inihape like thofe of the common Haw* thorn, .but much larger; as is alfo the fruit, which when fully ripe has an agreeable acid tafte, for which it is efteemed by the inhabitants of the countries where it grows naturally. -8. Cratjegus (Oxyacantha) foliis obtufis fubtrifidis ferratis, Hort. Cliff". 188. Cratagus with obtufe, trifid, fawed leaves. Mefpilus, Apii folio, fylveftris fpinofa, f. Oxyacantha. C. B. P. 454. The common White Thorn. This admirable and ufeful fpecies fports in the following varieties: The Large Scar-'let Hawthorn.; the Yellow Haw; the White Haw; the Maple-leaved Hawthorn; the JDouble-bloflomed Hawthorn ; and the Glaftonbury Thorn.----------The Large Scarlet Hawthorn is no more than a beautiful variety of the Common Haw, ItOF FOREST-TREES. ■185 •rics and laflcs. The water diftilled from the (talks of the flowers and Chap. X. 'leaves in B. M. and twice rectified upon frefh matter, is incomparable ~v~' for confumptive and tabid bodies, taking an ounce daily at feveral times : 'L-ikewife it cures the green-ficknefs in virgins, and is prevalent in all NOTE S. 'is exceedingly large, oblong, perfe£tly fmooth, and of a'bright'Leaflet} and, from the additional fplendor it acquires by the berries, it is propagated to caufe variety in plantations for obfervation and pleafure.—The Yellow Haw is a moft exquifite plant. The buds at their firft coming-out in the fpring, are of a fine yellow, and the fruit is of the colour of gold. The tree is a great bearer, and retains its fruit all winter, caufinga delightful effect in plantations of any kind. It was originally brought from Virginia, is greatly admired, and no collection of hardy treee (hould be without it.-The White Haw is but a paltry tree, compared with the former. It hardly ever grows to the height of the Common Hawthorn, is ah indifferent bearer, and the fruit is finall, and a very bad \’hite.—The Maple-leaved Hawthorn will grow to be near twenty feet high, and has very few thorns. The leaves are larger than the Common Hawthorn, refemble thofe of the Maple, and are of a whitilh green colour. The‘flowers are produced in large bunches, in June, and are fucceeded by remarkable fruit, of a (hining red,, which looks beautiful in the winter. --The Double-blofiomed Hawthorn produces a full flower, and is one of the fweeteft ornaments in the fpring. Nature feems to have peculiarly defigned this fort for the pleafure-garden ; for tho’ it be the Common Hawthorn only, with the flowers doubled, yet it may be kept down to what fize the owner pleafes; fo that it is not only fuitable for wildernefs-quarters, fhrubberies, and the like, but it is alfo uTefulTor fmall gardens, where a tree or two only are admitted. Thefe beautiful double flowers come out inlarge bunches, in May, and the tree is fo good a bearer, that it will often appear covered with them. Their colour, at their firft appearance, is a delicate white: They afterwards die to a Faint red colour, and are frequently fucceeded by fmall imperfeCl fruit.—The Glaftonbury Thorn differs in no refpeCf from the Common Hawthorn, onlv that it fometimes flowers in the winter. It is faid to have been originally the ftaff of Jofeph of Arimathea, that noble counfellor who buried Chrift. He, according to the tradition of the abbey of. Glaftonbury, attended by twelve companions, came over into Britain, and founded, in honour of the Blefled Virgin, the firft Chriftian Church in this ifland. As a proof of his million, he is faid to have ftuck his ftaft’ into the ground, winch immediately (hot forth and bloffbmed. By fome credulous deluded people this tree was long thought to put forth its blofl’oms on Chrift-mas-day, but, to the honour of true religion, this fan&ified deceit is now funk into difcredit, even with the meaneft of the vulgar. g. Crataegus (Tomentofa) foliis cuneiformi-ovatis ferratis fubangulatis fubtus vil— lofis, ramis fpinofis. Lin. Sp. 682. Cratagus mith aval-, wedge-jhaped^ Jawed, angular A a186 A DISCOURSE fluxes; diftilled warm into the ears, it abates the pain; the wood or bark contufed, and applied to any green wound, heals it •, and the powder thereof drank in olive oil conlblidates inward ruptures: Laftly, the fait of the wood,, taken in decoflion, of althsea to three grains, is an incom- NOTES. leaves, hoary on their under fide, and prickly branches. Mefpilus Virginiana, grofTu-lariae foliis. Plulc. Phyt. too. f. i. . This fort grows naturally in North-America; it has a {lender (hrubby (lalk, rifing about fix or feven feet high, fending out many irregular branches, armed with, long (lender thorns, and garnilhed with (hort, oval, wedge-(haped leaves, which, are fawed on their edges, and are woolly on their under fide; the flowers are fmall,. proceeding from the fide of the branches, (landing fometimes Angle, and at other times two or three upon the fame foot-(lalk, having large leafy empalements, and; are fucceeded hy fmall roundi(h fruit, with a large leafy umbilicus, which before was the empalement of the flower :, the flowers appear the beginning of June,, and the fruit ripens very late in the autumn. All thefe fpecies are propagated by fowing of the feeds; and the varieties are continued by budding them upon (locks of the white thorn.-In order to raife them from1 feeds, it is,, by fome,, advifed to fow them foon after they are ripe, in beds of fre(h,„ light, rich earth. Let alleys be left between the beds,.for the conveniency of weeding, and let the feeds be covered over with fine mould, about an inch deep. The fummer following, the beds mud be kept clean of weeds, and probably fome few plants will appear: But this is not common in any of the forts ; for they generally lie till the fecondi fpring after fowing before they come up.. At the time they make their appearance they mull be watered, if the weather, proves dry ; and this (hould be occafionally repeated all ' fummer. They (hould alfo be conftantly kept clean from weeds ; and in the autumn the (Irongeft may be drawn out, and fet in the nurfery-ground, a foot afunder, in rows-two feet diftant from each other ; while the weaked may remain until another year.— During the time they are in the nurfery,;the ground between the rows (hould be dug every winter, and the weeds condantly hoed down in the dimmer.; and this is all the trouble they will require until they are planted out. for good, which may be in two, three, or more years, at the pleafure of the owner, or according to the purpofes: for which they are wanted.-1 rather recommend them to be raifed as the Common- Haw in the following manner : The Common Haw, ufed for our fences in England, (hould, as foon as gathered,, be buried in a dry trench in the month of Odlober. To prevent their being heated, it will be proper to pick off any leaves that may have been gathered with them; and for the fame reafon they (hould not lie above a foot thick in the trench. In this bed they (hould remain two winters and one fummer. In-the fecond fpring they will begin to fprout when they (hould be fown in beds, and kept clear from weeds. Some of thofe plants will be of fize to plant out for hedges, the firft year, and, in the north of England, will fell for four (hillings per thoufand but it is much more judicious to draw them from the feed-bed and tranfplant then* Book I.OF FOREST-TREES, 187 parable remedy to break and expel gravel *. The Service gives the Huf- Chap. X. bandman an early prefage of the approaching lpring, by extending its adorned buds for a peculiar entertainment, and dares peep out in the fe-vereft winters. NOTES. into the nurfery at four inches diftance from each other. There they (hould remain two years, at the expiration of which time they will have got good roots. Such plants are cheaper at twelve {hillings a thoufand than thofe from the feed-bed at half a crown. To this obfervation I earneftly requeft the attention of all perfons engaged in making inclofures. In the Linnsean Syftem the Crataegus, or Wild Service^ is of the clafs and order Icofandria Digynia, the flower having twenty or more ftamina and two ftyles. * The fixed alkaline felt, produced from burnt vegetables, is fimilar in its nature .and effects, whether made from the alhes of the Service-tree, the Oak, the A(h, or any other vegetable body. Such felts are generally fuppofed, by Phyficians, to be difTolvers of the ftone, and capable of preventing the attraction of the ftony particles towards each other, whereby the formation of gravel in the kidneys is prevented. A a 2A DISCOURSE Book I >- - ■ 188 C H A P. m BRACK CHERRY **,. I Rank this amongft-the foreft berry-bearing, trees (frequent in the. hedges, and growing wild in .Herefordfhire, and many, places *, for i fpeak not. here of our orchard Cherries, faid' to have been brought into Kent: out4 of Flanders-by Henry VIII.). chiefly from the fuffrage of that ' induftrious planter, Mr. Cooke, from whofe ingenuity and experience (as well as out of gratitude for his frequent mentioning of me in his elaborate and ufeful work) I acknowledge to have benefited myfelf; though I have alfo given no obfcure tafle of this pretty tree in .chap. xxi.. It is raifed of the {tones of Black Cherries very ripe, (as they are in July) endeavouring to procure fuch as are full and large ; whereof fome,\ he tells us, are a little inferior to the Black Orleance, without ' grading, and from the very genius of the ground. Thefe gathered,, the fleftiy part is to be taken off by rolling them under a plank in . dry fand; and when the humidity is off (as it will be in three or four days) referve them in fand again, a little moift and houfed, till the beginning of February,, when you may fow them in a light gravelly mould, keeping them clean-for two years, and thence planting them into your nurferies to raife other, kinds upon, or for woods, copies, and hedge-rows, and for walks and avenues, which,, if of a dryifh foil, mixt with loam, though the bottom be gravel, will thrive into {lately trees,. beautified with blofioms of a fur-prizing whitenefs, greatly relieving the fedulous bees,, and attracting; birds. NOTES, * The Wild Cherry-tree is titled Prunus umbellis fubpedunculatis, foliis ovato— lanceolatis conduplicatis glabris. Sp. PI. 679. J. Bauhine calls it Cerafus Sylveftris, fru&u nigro et rubro. In the Linnaean Syftem, it belongs to the clafs and order-Icofandria Monogynia, having twenty, or more ftamina, and only one ftyle. This tree is very proper to plant in parks, becaufe it grows to a large fize, and makes* a beautiful appearance. In the fpring, when in full flower, it is highly ornamental. It thrives in poor land much better than mod other forts. The French often plant itr for avenues to their houfes. They alfo cultivate it in their woods for hoops, for which purpofe they efteem it much. The ftones of the Wild Cherry are generally fown for railing ftocks to graft, or bud, the other forts of Cherries upon, being of a quick growth, and conftderable duration.2\ 188.V Y aO F F O K E S r-TR.EE S. 189* I? you fow them in beds immediately after they are excarnated, they Chap. XK will appear the following fpring, and then, at two years fhoot, be fit to —v— plant out where you pleafe j otherwife, being kept too long e’er you fow them, they will fleep two winters: And this is a rule which he prefcribes-for all forts of flone-fruit. You may. almoft at any time remove young Cherry-trees, abating the-heads to.a.Jingle fhoot. He recommends it , for the copfe, as producing a ftrong lhoot, and as apt to put forth from the roots as the Elm, efpecially if you fell lufty trees : In light ground; it. will increafe to a goodly tall tree, of which he mentions one that held above eighty-five feet in height. I have myfelf planted of them, and imparted .to my friends, which have thrived exceedingly* but till now did not infert it among the forefters: The virtues of the fruit of this Cherry-tree agairift the epilepfy,. palfy, and convulfions, are in the fpirits and diftilled. waters. Concerning its other ules, fee the chapter above-mentioned. This;tree affords excellent flocks for the budding and graffing of other Cherries on. And here I might : mention'the Bitter Cherfy of Canada, (though exceedingly unlike to ours) which fhould'yet be propagated for the incomparable liquor it is faidto yield, preferable to the belt limonade,. by an incifibn of two inches deep in the Item,. and Hoping to the length of a-foot, without prejudice to the tree. Whatis faidof it, and of the Maple, in the late difcovery. of the North-America, .may be feen in the late defcription of thofe- countries. For other exotic fpecies, vide Raii Den-* drolog, tom. iii. p. 45, 46.--A DISCOURSE *90 C H A P. XII. The MAPLE. CER MINUS, the Maple, (of which authors reckon many kinds) was of old held in equal eftimation almoft with the Citron, efpe-cially the Brufcum, the French Maple, and the Pavonaceous, Peacock’s-tail Maple, which is that fort fo elegantly undulated, and crifped into variety of curls, as emulates the famous Citria. It were a moft laudable attempt, if fome would enquire out, and try the planting of fuch forts as are not indigenous amongft us; as is elpecially the German Aier, and that of Virginia, not yet cultivated here, but an excellent tree: And if this were extended likewife to other timber and exotic trees, it would prove of extraordinary benefit and ornament to the public, and were worthy even of the royal care. They are all produced of feeds contained in the folliacles and keys, or birds-tongues (as they are called) like the Alh (after a year’s interment) and, like to k, affect a found and a dry mould, growing both in woods and hedge-rows, elpecially in the latter j which, •* Of the Maple there are various fpecies. % 1. Acer (Pfeudo-Plat anus) foliis quinquelobis maequaliter ferratis, floribus race-•imofis. Lin. Sp. PI. 1495. The greater Maple, or Sycamore-tree. This is a large-growing tree, and adapted to encreafe the variety in our woods and fields. It is very proper, if kept down, for underwood, becaufe it fhoots very fall from the ftool and makes excellent fuel.------There is no tree more proper than this to form large plantations near the fea; for the fpray, which is prejudicial to moft trees, fcems to have no bad effect upon it.----The Sycamore is not only a large timber-tree, but will ftand long on the foil before it decays. This may be feen from what St. Hierom fays, who lived in the fourth century after Chrift, namely, That he faw the Sycamore-tree which Zaccheus climbed up, to fee our Saviour ride in triumph to Jerufalem.-------The propagation of the Sycamore is very eafy. In the autumn, when the keys are ripe, they may be gathered, and in .a Jew days after fown, as has been directed for the Afh.——In the fpring the plants will appear, and make a Ihoot of about a foot and a half by the autumn following, if the ground of the feminary be tolerably good, and they are kept klean from weeds. The fpring after they come up, they fhould be planted in the nurfery, in rows two feet and a half afunder, and their diftance in the rows muft be one foot and a half. Here they may remain till they are big enough to plant »out for good, with no farther trouble than taking off unfightly fide-branchcs, and NOTES.T. y o .\OF FOREST-TREES, 191 i£ rather hilly, than low, affords the faired timber. It is alfo propagated Ch. XII. by layers and fuckers. By Ihredding up the boughs to a head, I have caufed it to fhoot to a wonderful height in a little time ; but if you will lop it for the fire,, let it be done in January ; and indeed it is obferved to be of noxious influence to the fubnafcent plants of other kinds, by rea- fon of a clammy dew, which it flieds upon them; and therefore they fhould not be indulged in Pollards or fpreading trees, but to thicken underwoods and copfes. The timber is far fuperior to Beech for all ufes of the turner, who feeks it for difhes, cups, trays, trenchers,.&c. as the joiner for tables, inlayings, and for the delicatenefs of the grain, when the knurs and nodofities are rarely diapered, which does much advance its price.: Our turners will work it fo thin, that,it is almoft tranfparent. It is NOTES. fuch as have a tendency,to make the tree forked j except digging between the rows,« which muft always be done every winter; 2. Acer (Cainpejlre) foliis lobatis obtufis emarginatis; FL Snec. g25. Acer Cam-peftre et minus. C. B. P. 431. The finally or common Maple. This does not grow to fuch a large fize as the Sycamore, though its timber is of greater value.—We meet with high encomiums on this wood among the antients : Pliny gives us many ; and Virgil introduces Evander fitting on a Maple throne. The firft-mentioned author highly commends the Maples growing in different parts of the world, and extols many of them for the remarkable finenefs of their grain: Indeed the finenefs of the grain ever governs the value of the wood. In former times, fo mad were people in Searching for the Brufcum of. this tree, which often formed the exadl reprefentation of birds, beafts, &c.. that they fpared no expence in procuring it to be made up into fuch little ornaments as beft pleafed their tafte. But when boards, big enough for tables, were found of this curious part of the wood, the extravagance of purchafers was incredible. We read of a table which coft ten thoufand fefterces,.. and of• another that fetched fifteen thou-fand ; nay, of one which fold for its weight in gold.—The Maple is feldom planted in fuch quantities together as to form woods;.but where they appear in plantations, they are generally cut down for underwood ; for which purpofe they anfwer extremely well, as thev fhoot away from' their ftools very faff, and make tolerable fuel.—The largeft trees are.generally found in hedge-rows, where they are occafionally to be met with all over the kingdom. The timber with us is deemed excellent, and is ufed for feveral curious purpofes, fuch as mufical inftru-ments, inlayings, &c. For the making of turnery ware alfo,, fuch. as difhes, bowls, trays, &c. it is fuperior to moff other wood.’ The flôwer-buds of the Maple begin to open about the fixth of April, and the leaves are out about the eighteenth; The flowers are in full blow about the eleventh of May, and the feeds are ripe in the autumn.—If a quantity, of thefe trees are1-9 2 A DISCOURSE Book 1 S„ — . commended for its lightnefs, under the name Aier, and employed often by thofe who make mufical inftruments •, that efpecially which grows in Friuli, Carniola, and Saltzburglandt. There is a larger fort which we -call the Sycamore. 2. Pliny’s defcription of this.lefier Maple, and the antient value of it, -is worth the citing. Acer operum elegantid fubtilitate Cedro fecunduin. Plura ejus genera. Album quod prthe feed-bed. The fummer following they may be expofed to all weather, when they will only require being kept clean from weeds, and watered in dry feafons. The-.fuccceding' fpring the ftrongeft may be fet out in the murfery-way, like the former . feedlings. By layers allb all the Ipecies of this genus may be propagated; though that method is never pra£tifed for the Common Maple and the Sycamore. The young {hoots may be laid down in the autumn, winter, or early in the fpring. By the autumn following they will have ftruck root, and become good plants; when the ftrongeft fhould be fet out in the places where they are to remain j whilft the weakeft may be planted in the nurfery, like the feedlings, for a year or two, to gain ftrength. Maples railed from feeds will grow fafter, and arrive at greater height, than thofe railed from layers; but they will not produce fuch quantities of flowers ; which makes the latter method more eligible for thofe who want thefe plants for a low fhrubbery. By cuttings alfo thefe trees may be propagated : But this method is chiefly pra&ifed on the Alh-leavcd and Norway Maples, which more readily take root this way.«— The cuttings (hould be the bottom parts of the laft year’s {hoots: They fhould be taken off early in October, and planted in rows in a moift ftiady place. The fpring and fummer following they muft be duly watered as often as dry weather makes it neceffary, and be kept clean from weeds. By the autumn they will be fit to remove into the nurfery\ though if the cuttings are.not.planted too clofe, they may remain in their fituation for a year. or two longer, and then be fet out for good, without the .trouble of previoufly planting them in the nurfery. Maples may likewife be propagated by budding, grafting, and inarching: But the .other methods being more eligible, thefe are never pra&ifed, except for the variegated ifrrts, cfpecially the large broad-leaved kind. This latter is to be continued jio ath$t>OF FOREST-TREE S. 197 ;about the foot of Mount Atlas, whence haply fome induftrious perfon Ch. XII. Blight procure of it from the Moors; and I did not forget to put his then Excellency my Lord H. Howard (fince his Grace the Duke of Norfolk) m mind of it; who I hoped might have opportunities of fatisfying our curiofity, that by comparing it with thofe-elegant woods, which both our own Countries and the Indies furnifh, we might pronounce fomething in the controverfy : But his not going fo far into the country, and the diforder which happened at his being there, quite fruftrated this expedtation. Here I think good to add, what honeft Paliffy philofophifes, after his plain manner, about the reafon of thofe pretty undulations and chamfers, which we. fo frequently find in divers woods, which .he takes to be the defcent, as well as afcent of moifture: For what elfe, fays he, becomes of that NOTES. wife than by budding it on flocks of the Common Sycamore; for the feeds, tho’ fo large themfelves, when fown afford us only the Common Sycamore in return. In order to propagate the varieties by budding, let fome plants of the Common Sycamore, one year old, be-taken out of the feminary, and fet in the nurfery in rows a yard afunder, and the plants about a foot and half diftance from each other in the rows : Let the ground be kept clean from weeds all fummer, and be dug, or, as the gardeners call it, turned in, in the winter; and the fummer following the flocks will be of a proper fize to receive the buds, which fhould be taken from the moft beautifully-flriped branches. The bell time for this work is Augufl; becanfe if it is done earlier, .the1 buds will fhoot the fame fummer; and when this happens, a hard winter will in-! fallTbly kill them. Having, therefore, budded your flocks the middle or latter end of Augufl, with the eyes or buds fronting the north, early in October take off the bafs .matting, which before this time will have confined the bark and pinched the bud, but «not fo as to hurt it much. Then cut off the flock juft above the bud, and dig the ground between the rows. The fummer following, keep the ground clean from weeds ; cut off all natural fide-buds from the flock as they come out; and by autumn, if the land be good, your buds will have fhot forth, and formed themfelves into trees fiv^ or fix feet high. They may be then removed into.the places where they are designed to remain ; or a few of tbem.only may be drawn out, jtojHtag the others to be trained up for larger flandards, to ferve for'planting out in open places, or fuch other purpofes as fhall be wanted. The Striped Norway Maple fhould be budded on flocks of its own kind; for on thefe they take beft, and both kinds are not very liable to run away from their colours. Variegated plants in general muft be planted in poor, hungry, gravelly, or fandy foils, to feed the difeafe which occafions thefe beautiful ftripes, and caufa it to be more powerful; but thefe trees fhew their ftripes in greater perfedion in a good foil: The plant, though in ficknefs, has the appearance of health; the fhoots are vigorous and ftrong; the leaves are large, lefs liable to be hurt by in feds; and the ftripes appear more per fed, natural, and delightful, than thofe on ft unted .trees growing on a poor foil.A DISCOURSE Book I. * Not invented in Palifly’s days. »9$ water which we often encounter in the cavities, when many branches divaricate, and fpread themfelves at the tops of great trees, efpecially Pollards* \inlefs, according to its natural appetite, it fink into the very body of the ftem through the pores? For example; in the Walnut, you (hall find, when it is old, that the wood is admirably figured, and, as it were, marbled; and therefore much more efteemed by the joiners, cabinet-makers, inlayers, &c. than the young, which is paler of colour, and without any notable grain, as they call it ; For the rain distilling along the branches, when many of them break out into clufters from the ftem, finks in, and is the caufe of thefe marks,, fince we find it exceedingly full of pores: Do but plane off a thin chip, or (liver, from one of thefe old trees, and interpofing it betwixt your eye and the light, you (hall obferve it to be full of innumerable holes (much, more perlpicuous and ample by the application of a good microfcope*.) But above all, notable for thefe extravagant damalkings and chara&ers, is the Maple; and it is notorious that this tree is very full of branches from the root to its very fummit,. by realbn that it produces no confiderable fruit: Thefe arms being frequently cut, the head is more furcharged with them, which fpreading like fo many rays from a centre, form that hollownefs at the top of the ftem whence they (hoot, capable of containing a good quantity of water every time it rains; this finking into the pores, as was before hinted, is compelled to divert its courfe as it paffes through the body of the tree, wherever it encounters the knot of any, of thofe ■ branches which were cut off from the ftem; becaufe their roots not only deeply penetrate towards the heart, but are likewife of themfelves very hard and impervious; and the frequent obliquity of this courfe of the fubfiding moifture, by reafom of thefe obftru&ions, is, as may be conceived, the caufe of thofe curious-works which we find remarkable in this and other woods, whofe branches grow thick from the ftem. But for thefe curious contextures, confult rather the learned Dr. Grew. We have (hewed how by culture, and dripping up, it arrives to a goodly tree; and furely there were l'ome of them, of large bulk, and noble lhade, that Virgil (hould choofe it for the court of his Evander (one of his worthieft Princes, in his beft of poems) fitting in. his Maple-throne* ; and when he brings iEneas into the Royal Cottage, NOTES. * — - ..... Solioque invitat acerno. JEn, viii.OF FOREST-TREES. 199 he makes him this memorable compliment: Greater, fays great Cowley, Ch. XIL than ever was yet fpoken at the Efcurial, the Louvre, or Whitehall. --------- - *—“-Hasc, inquit, limina victor Alcides fubiit; haec ilium regia cepit. Aude, hofpes, contemnere opes, et te quoque dignum Finge Deo, rebufque veni non afper egenis. This humble roof, this ruflick court, faid he, Receiv’d Alcides crown’d with vidory: Scorn not, great gueft, the fteps where he has- trod, But contemn wealth,• and imitate a God. The Savages in Canada, when the fap riles in the Maple, by an incilion in the tree extrad the liquor; and having evaporated a reasonable quantity thereof (as fuppofe feven or eight pounds) there will remain one pound as fweet and. perfed fugar as- that which is- gotten out of the cane; part of which fugar has been for many years conftantly fent to Rouen! iri Normandy -to be refined: There is alfo made of this fugar an excellent fyrup of Maiden-hair and other capillary plants, prevalent againft the fcurvy; tho* Mr. Ray thinks otherwife, by reafon of the faccharine fubllance remaining in the decodion. See Synopf. Stirp. & Dendrolog. de Acere*200 A DISCO U R $ E Book I. CHAP. XIII. She SYCAMORE* i.npHE SYCAMOREj or Wild Fig-tree, falfelyfo called, is our X Acer majus, or broad-leaved Mas, one of the Maples, and is much more in reputation for its fhade than it deferves; for the Honey-dew leaves, which fall early, like thofe of the Afh, turn to mucilage and noxious infetts, and putrefy with-the ftrft moifturerof the feafon, fo as they contaminate and marr our walks ; and are therefore» by my confent, to be banifhed from all curious gardens and avenues. It is raifed of the keys in the hulk, as foon as ripe, and they come up the firfb fpring *, alfo by roots and layers, in ground moift, not. over wet .or .ftiff, and muft be governed as other nurfery plants.. ■ ♦ 2. There is in Germany a- better fort of 'Sycamore than' ours (nor are ours indigenous) wherewith they make faddle-trees, and divers-other things of ufe. Our own is excellent for trenchers, cart?and plow^timber, being-light, tough,- and not much inferior to Afh itfelf ;• and if the trees be very-tall and handfome, they are the more tolerable for- diftant walks, efpecially where other better trees profper not fo well, or where a fudden lhade -is expe&ed: Some commend them to thicken copfes, efpecially in parks, as leaft apt to the fpoil of deer,, and that it is good fire-wood. This tree being wounded» bleeds a great part of the year; the- liquor emulating that, of the Birch, which happening to few of the reft (that is, to bleed winter and fummer) I therefore mention : The fap is fweet and wholefome, and in, a fhort time yields fufficient quantity to brew with, fo as with one bufhel of malt is made as good ale as four bufhels with ordinary water,, upon. Dr. Tongue’s experience. Phil. Tranf. vol. iv. fol. 917. NOTES, * This is the Acer (Pfeudo-platanus) foliis quinquelobis inaequaliter ferratis, ftoribijs Tacemofts. Lin, Sp. PI. 1495. And has already been defcribed in the laft chapter.Z* 2Û&- c*n y y '■ /•> y c''^-/ I “t « UB / P 9/> / 1.26 / ^ r iti&i’ &c. We fend commonly Tor this tree into Flanders and Holland, -which indeed grows not fo naturally wild with us, to our exceflive coft, while our woods do in fome placés fpontaneoufly produce them ; and though of fomewhat be planted for .avenues, to-terminate the bounds of lawns, and to make a va^fpty in,places defigned for relaxation of mind. And although the leaves fall off very early in the autumn, yet it immediately makes amends -for flits by exhibiting its beautiful red twigs; for which reafon the red-twigged Lime fliould always be preferred for thefe pui;pofes, It has alfo other properties to recommend itfelf to fuch fituations : The (hade is excellent; the branches are fo tough as feldom to be broke by the winds; and if any of them Ihould want oqcafionally to be taken off, no tree heals its wounds fooner. Notwithftanding it will fometimes run away from its colour, ?nd grow with green branches, this is not often the cafe.-The Lime is beft raifed from feeds; for thofe trees raifed from layers or from cuttings.202: A D I S C O' U R3E Book I. altogether as good, and apt to be civilized and madermore florid: From — 1 thence 1 have received many of their berries*, fo as it is a fhameful negli- gence, that we are.not better provided of nurferies of a tree fo choice and. univerlally acceptable: For fo they may be raifed either of the feeds ia. Q&ober, or, with better fuccefs, by the fuckers and plants, which are treated after the fame method, and in as great abundance as the Elm, like to which it fhould be cultivated. You may know whether the feeds be prolific,, by fearching the huik *, if on biting, or cutting it afunder,. it be full and . white,. and not hufkyv as fometimes we find the foreigners, the feeds are good. Be fure to colledt your feed in dry weather, airing it in an open room, and referving it in fand (as has been taught) till Mid-February, when you may fow it in pretty ftrong, frefh, and loamy mould, kept fhaded and moift, as the feafon requires, and clear of weeds*, and at. the period of two years plant them out, drefled and pruned, as difcretion fball advife. But not only by the fuckers and layers at the roots, but: even by branches lopped from the head, may this tree be propagated p, and peeling off a little of the bark, at a competent diftance from the ftenv or arms, and covering it with loam mingled with. rich. earth,. they will, NOTES. never grow fo handfome, or fo faft, as thofe raifed in the feminary.*-Let the feeds be gathered from thriving healthy trees of the true red-twigged kind, and then by far the greateft part of the young plants will be of that fort. The feeds being ripe in O&ober, let a. dry day be made choice of for gatherings them. As thefe grow at the extremity of the branches, it would be tedious* to gather them with the hand; they may therefore be beaten down by a long pole, having a large winnowing fheet, or fome fuch thing, fpread under the tree. to receive them.---When you have got a fufficient quantity, fpread them in a dry place for a few days ; then having procured a fpot of rfch garden-ground^ and having the mould made fine by digging and raking* let it be raked out of the beds about an inch deep: Thefe beds may be four feet wide, and the alleys a foot and a half. After the mould is raked out, the earth fhould be gently tapped down with the back of the fpade, to make it level; then the feeds fhould be fown, at about an inch afunder, all over the bed, gently preffing them down, and covering them about an.inch deep.-In the fpring of the year the young plants will make their appearance ; when they fhould be conftantly kept clean from weeds, and gently watered in very dry weather. In this feminary they may Hand for two years, when they will be fit to plant in the nurfery; at which time they fhould be carefully taken up, their roots fhortened, and the young fide-branches, if they have fhot out any, taken off. They mull be planted in the nurfery-ground in rows, two feet and a half afunder, and one foot and a half diftant in the rows. There they may ftand till'they are of proper fizc to be planted out for good j obferving always.OF FOREST - TREES. 203 iJhoot their fibres, and may be feafonably feparated : But, to facilitate this Ch. XIV. and the like attempts, it is advifable to apply a ligature above the place *■ — when the fap is afcending, or beneath it when it (as they fay vulgarly) de-fcends. From June to November you may lay them ; the fcrubs and lefs ereft do excellently to thicken copfes, and will yield lufty fhoots and ufeful fire-wood, 2. The Lime-tree affe&s a rich feeding loamy foil; in fuch ground its growth will be moft incredible for fpeed and fpreading. It may be planted as big as one’s leg, and its head topped at about fix or eight feet bole.; thus itvwill become, of all other, the moft proper and beautiful for walks, NOTES. to dig between the rows every winter, and conftantly to keep the ground free from ^weeds. The Lime-tree will grow well on almoft any fort of foil or fituation ; but if planted in a rich and loamy earth, wherein, like moft other trees, it chiefly delights, the growth of it will be almoft incredible. This fhould be a great motive to the planting of this tree; which will, in a very few years, fufhciently reward the induftrious planter. 2. Tilia {Americana) floribus ne6 A D IS C O URSE Book I. t, .»-y- thoufand years fince. Such another was brought to the Count of St. Amant, Governor of Arras, 1662, for which there were given eight thousand ducats by the Emperor*, it contained a work of Cicero, De ordinanda Republic^ & de inveniendis orationum exordiis;---------.a piece ineftimable, ibut never publifhed, and now in the library at Vienna, after it .had for-• merly been the greateft rarity in that of the late Cardinal Mazarine. Other papyraceous trees are mentioned by Weft-Indian travellers, efpecially in Hifpaniola, Java, &c. wkofe inward bark not only exceeds our largeft paper for breadth and length, and may be written on on both fides, but is comparable.to our belt vellum. Bellonius fays, That the Grecians made bottles of 'the Tilia, which they finely rofined within-fide. Jt makes pumps for fhips, alfo lattices for windows: Shoemakers ufe drafters of the .plank to cut leather on, as not fo hard as to turn the edges of.their knivesy .and even the coarfeft membrane, or flivers of the tree growing betwixt the bark and the main body, they now twill into bafs-ropes; befides, the .truncheons make a far better coal for gun-powder than that of Alder itfelf: Scriblets for painters firft draughts are alfo made of its coals j. and the extraordinary candor and lightnefs has dignified it above all the woods of ♦our foreft, in the hands' of the Right Plonourable the White-ftdff Officers of his Majefty’s Imperial Court. The royal plantations of thefe trees in the parks of Hampton-Court and St. James’s will fufficiently inftrudt any man how thefe (and indeed all other trees which. Hand fingle) are to be ;govemed and defended from the injuries of beafts, and fometimes more aftreafonaUe creatures, till they are able to protect themfelves. In Holland, "where the very highways are iadorned with them, they frequently clap three or four deal-boards, in manner ,of a clofe trunk, about them, but it is not fo well :; becaufe it keeps out the air, which jfhould have free accefs and intercourfe to the bole, and by no means be excluded from flowing freely about them, or indeed any other trees, provided they are fecured from Cattle, and the violence of impetuous winds, &c. as his Majefty’s are, without thofe clofe coffins in which the Dutchmen feem rather to bury them alive: In .the mean time, is there a more raviffiing or delightful objedt, than to behold fome entire ftreets and whole towns planted with thefe trees, in even lines before their doors, fo as they feem like cities in a wood ? This is extremely frefh, .of admirable effedt againft the epilepfy, for which the delicately-fcented bloftbms are held prevalent, and lkreen theO F FORE $ T - T R £ E S, 2ojr Heufes both from winds, fun, andduftj than which there can be nothing Ch. XIV. more defirable where flreets are much'frequented: For thus ' J~-'~ Stat Fhilyra; haud omnes formofior altera furgit Inter Hamadryades j molliffima, Candida, laevis,, Et viridante coma.& beneolenti fibre fuperba, Spargit odpratam late, atque sequalker umbram. CouLEii lib. vi. PJJ The ftately Lime, fmooth, gentle, flraight, and fair, (With which no other Dryad may compare)9 With verdant locks, and fragrant iblofloms deckt,. Does a large, even, odqrate fhade project.. Dirae and curfes therefore on thofe inhuman and ambitious tyrants, who,, not contented with their own dominions, invade their peaceful neighbour, , and fend their legions, without diftinblion, to deftroy and level to the ground fuch venerable and goodly plantations, and'noble avenues. Irreparable marks of their barbarity! The diftance for walks, as we faid, may, in rich ground, be twenty-five * feet i in more ordinary foil, eighteen or twenty. For a moil prodigious tree of this kind, fee book iii. chap. iii. The berries, reduced to powder, cure the dyfentery, and flop bleeding-at the nofe. The diitilled water is good againft the epilepfy, apoplexy,, vertigo, trembling of the heart, and gravel. Schroder commends a mucilage of the bark for wounds, repellens urinam, & menfes ciens, &c. And -I am told the juice of the leaves fixes colours.A D I S C OURS E Book 1 * -. _ 2d8 CHAP, XV, The POPLAR, ASPEN, and ABELE * i. T)OPULUS, the Poplar. I begin this fecond clafs, according t® JL our former diftribution, with the Poplar, of which there are feve-ral kinds, White, Black, &c. (which in Candy it is reported bears feed) befides the Afpen. The White (famous heretofore for yielding its umbram hofpitalem) is the moft ordinary with us, to be raifed in abundance by every fet or flip. Fence the ground as far as any old Poplar roots extend, and they will furriifh you with< fuckers innumerable, to be flipped from their mothers, and tranfplanted the very.firft year but if you cut down an old tree, you fhall need no other nurfery. When they are young, their leaves are fomewhat broader arid rounder, as moft other trees are, than when they grow aged. In moift and boggy places they will flourifti wonderfully, fo the ground be not fpewing-, but efpecially near/the margins and banks of rivers [Populus in fluviis-] and in low, fweet, and fertile grounds, yea, and in the drier likewife. Truncheons of feven or eight feet long, NOTES. ‘ * The Poplar is the moft valuable ofall the aquatics, whether we confider the quick-nds of its growth, or.the magnitude to which it will arrive: And although this tree is ftiled an Aquatic, yet it will grow exceeding well, and attain an extraordinary bulk in a few years, on ground tolerably dry. There are many fpecies of the Poplar, though I {hall recommend only three' to be planted for timber-trees. Thefe are, the White Poplar, known by the name of the Abele-tree; the Bla$c Poplar, fo called from a black circle p'erceived ^it the centre of its trunk when felled ; and the Trembling Poplar, of Afpen-tree. 1. Popums (Alba.) foliis fubrotundis, dentato-angulatis fubtus tomentofis. Hort. Clift. 460. Poplar-tree with round:]}) angular leaves, which are downy on their under fide. Populus alba majoribus foliis? C. B. P. 429. White Poplar with larger leaves, commonly called the Abele-tree. 2. Populus (Nigra) foliis deltoidibus acuminatmferratis. Hort. Cliff. 460. Pop-.lar with pointed fawed leaves, Jbaped like the Delta. Populus nigra. C. B. P. 429. Black Poplar. 3. Populus (Tremula) foliis fubrotundis, dentato-angulatis utrinque glabm^Hort. Cliff. 460: Poplar-tree with roundijh leaves, which are angularly indented, and fmooth on both fides. Populus tremuja. C. B. P. 429. The flowers of this tree are male and female, on diftinct plants, and .the male ■.flowers have uu%t ftamina, which fhews it to belong to the clafs and order Dioecia OfiandrUpl The male and female flowers are both arranged into an amentum. In the\ J*. £&#• J I w. \OF FOREST-TREES. 209 thruft two feet into the earth, (a hole being made with a fharp hard (lake, Ch. XV. filled with water, and then with fine earth preffed in,, and dole about them) — •" when once rooted, may be cut at fix inches above ground ; and thus placed at a yard diftant, they will immediately furnifii a kind of copfe: But in cafe you plant them of rooted trees, or fmaller lets, fix them not fo deep; for though we bury the truncheons thus profound, yet is the root which-they ftrike commonly but fhallow. They will make prodigious Ihoots in fifteen or fixteen years; but then the heads mud by no means be dimi-nilhed, but the lower branches may, yet not too far up •, the foot Ihould alfo be cleanfed every fecond year : This for the White. The Black Poplar is frequently pollared, when as big as one’s arm, eight or nine feet from the ground, as they trim them in Italy for their Vines to ferpent and twill on, and thofe they poll, or head* every fecond year, fparing NOTES. beginning of April they make their appearance ; though the Afpen flowers will be full blown by the twenty-fecond of March. The male flowers appear firft, and the female about a week after. The catkins are about three inches long. Soon after the female flowers come out, the males drop off the tree; and in about five or fix weeks the female will have ripe feeds, which are fometimes difperfed by the winds to a confiderable diftance. The trunk of the White Poplar is ftraight, and covered with a fmooth whitifh bark. The leaves are about three inches long, and Hand upon foot-ftalks about an inch in length; they are indented at the edges; are of a dark green on the upper furface, but white and woolly underneath. They are ufually quite out by the eighteenth of April. The leaves of the Black Poplar are not fo large as the former; their colour is a pTeafant green; they are heart-fhaped, and appear about the twenty-fecond of April. The leaves of the Afpen are fmaller than thofe of the Black Poplar. They ftand upon long flender foot-ftalks, which renders it, of all the other forts, the moft tremu* 1-ous; are roundifh, and fmooth on both Tides ; but do not make their appearance before the beginning of May.. The propagation of the Poplar-tree is very eafy. It will grow from cuttings, fuckers, and truncheons ; tho’ I by no means approve of the planting of truncheons, as often pradtifed on boggy places ; bccaufe I have always obferved, that plantations of thefe luxuriant trees, attempted to be raifed in this manner, have been frequently flocked ; and that the moil prominng trees have never equalled, in goodnefs or beauty, fuch as had been raifed in the nurfery. In order, therefore, to obtain a quantity of Poplars, proper to be planted in avenues or clumps, by the Tides of rivulets, bogs, or any other places v here they are defired, you mu ft get a p iece of ground double dug for the nurfery. If the trees wanted are to be planted for good in a watery fituation, this nurfery-ground fhould be pretty near it; D dBook I, i„ —, 216 A DISCOURSE the middle, ftraight, and thrivingeft fhoot, and at the third year cut him * alfo. There be yet that condemn the pruning of this Poplar, as hindering its growth. . H. The fhade of this tree is efteemed very wholefome in fummer, but rthey do not become walks or avenues, by reafon of their fuckers, and that they foul the ground at the fall of the leaf; but they fhould be planted in barren woods, and to flank places at diftance for their increafe, and the glittering brightness of their foliage: The leaves are good for cattle, which muft be ft ripped from the cut boughs before they are faggoted. NOTES. but if they are deflgned for pafture-grounds, fields, or fuch as have no more than a C6mmon degree of moifture, the foil of the nurfery fhould be propottibnably drier. ' Spring is the beft feafon for planting the cuttings ; though they will grow if planted in any of the winter months. They fhould all be vigorous fhoots of the laft year, or at leaft not older than two years. Thefe cuttings fhould be one foot and a half in length; and muft be planted in the nurfery-ground in rows, a yard afunder, and at a foot and a half diftance from one another. They fhould be planted a foot in the ground, and the other part fhould remain above to fend forth the leading-fhoot. Now, in order to have one leading-fhoot only, the plants fhould be carefully looked over in fummer, and all young lide-branches nipped off, in order to encourage the leading branch. After this, no farther care need be taken of them than keeping them clean of weeds, and digging between the rows in the winter, till they have attained a proper fize to plant out for good, which will be in two years, if they are defigned to form fmall woods, or fpinneys, in boggy or watery grounds. If they are wanted for ftandards, for fields, Tides of rivers, &c. they may remain in the nurfery another year, when they will not be too large for that purpofe, but may be taken out and planted ; and in a few years they will make a furprifing progrefs, fo as to be worth, in about twenty or thirty years, as many fhillihgs, or more, a-piece. In'order to form a coppice of thefe trees, if the land be not fo boggy but that it may be plowed, a crop of oats or other grain may be got off it the preceding year of planting; and in the autumn it would be a ftill greater iHvantage, if, juft before the planting, it was to be plowed again j as by this operation it would be rendered lighter, and the weeds, &c. would be buried. Having prepared the ground, let the two-year old plants be taken out of the nurfery, and planted one yard afunder. It will be proper to continue hoeing the weeds down for the firft year: Afterward, they will require no farther trouble till the time of cutting, which may be done in feven years from the firft planting ; and every four or five years after they may be cut for poles, fire-wood, &c. The quicknefs of the growth of thefe trees, and their value when cut, even for thefe purpofes, greatly augment the value of the land planted with them: Nay, by this means boggy or marfhy ground will produce more per acre than the beft pafture or feeding land ; a confideration which fhould ftimulate every Gentleman pof-feffed of a large quantity of fuch fort of land, which brings him in very little, to im~O F F 'O R E S T - T R E E S. 211 This tó be dóriè ih thè dècféafe of Oélòber, arid Tëferved in bundles for . Ch.. XV-* winter fodder. The wood of the White Poplar is fought of the fculptor, and they faw,both forts, into boards,, which, where.-they lie dry, con-> tinue a long time. Of this material they alfo made fhields of defence in (word arid buckler days. '. Diofcoridës' writes, that the bark chopped • fmall, and (owed m;rills, well and richly rrianured arid watered, will produce a plëritiful crop of Mufhfoòms ; òr wariri water, in which yell ds diflblved, call upon a- new-crit fturrip. It is. to be noted that thofe fungi, which fpring from the. putrid (lumps of this tree, 'aìre not verieriòus, (as of all or mod other trees they are) 'being gathered after the firft - autumnal-rains. There is a Poplar of à paler green, and is the propere ft for watery ground*, it will grow of truncheons from two to eight feet N O T E* S. -prove it in th’is thariner ; 'and the improvement will be :the 'greater, in proportion as the fcarcity of tyoòd in his neighbourhood ds greater òr lefs. t If the ground for thefe -plantations be fó boggy as not tò admit of,plowing &nd fowirtg, then the planter rnuft be contented With taking the; plants out of the nurfery, ànd fétting them in- holes at the aforefaid diftance ; and théy will thrive furprifingly even in this way. Every Gentleman deftrous of-having plantations óf large trees'of the forts I have recommended, fhould'plant them.as before diré&ed, atóne yard afunder $ and when their heads begin to interfere and incommode òhe another, every other tree (hould be • taken away, ‘which will;fell for large poles ; and the remainder lhoiild be left tó grow for timber. -But thoùgh I advife every other tree to'be tàken away, I would not have • this caution-too’ ftrièily obferved : I only mean to have the weakeft and leaft thriving eradicated ; -and if two fine luxuriant trees (land together,-and others lefs promifing on each fide, let the Weakeft-be taken up. And thus they'(hould continue to be thinned as often as they grow too clofe, till: you have .a plantation of timber Poplar-trees. I muft not forget to give another precaution to the .Poplar planter, viz. That after thefe trees are planted out for good, he (hould never fuffer a tree to be ftripped up, nor even a fide-branch taken off ; for by doing this, the‘ progrefs of the tree will be flopped for fome years ; whereas, If thefe are permitted to remain, they will powerfully attract •the nutritious juices, and help to fupply the trunk, as well as themfelves, m fuch • plenty, as to contribute furprifingly to the iricreafe of the tree.. 4. Populus (Balfamifera) foliis fubcordatis denticulatis. Hort. Cliff., 460» The -Carolina Poplar. This Poplar grows to a large timber^tree,’ and has a peculiar-majefty. It is an exceeding fwift grower, infomuch that I have known it-(hoot-ten feet in the fpace of one fummer, and to grow in thicknefs^ neareft the- bafe, an inch in diameter. The bark is fmooth, and of a whitilh colour j though, that on the youiig (hoots D d 2. 1tiz Book I nr A, D I S C O U R.S ET • long, and,bringing.a gpod lop.in a Ihort time, is. by. fome preferred to •f willows; : For the Petting of thefe .Mr. Cook adviies the, boring of the ground with -,a fort.of.auger, to prevent the ftripping.of the. bark from- the. flake in planting. A foot and half deep, .or more, if great, (for fome may be eight or nine feet).for Pollards, cut Hoping, and free of cracks at either end-Two or. three inches diameter is a competent bignefs, and the earth fliould . be rammed clofe to them- N O' T E: Slis. of a fine green., The young (hoots are cornered, having five angles ; and the bark of which thefe are compofed , being extended, by; the' future grpwth, , leaves only the traces of thefe angles on the older branches ; and this again gives the tree in winter a particular look for' at the bafe of each bud they curve over and ■ meet. ; Thus there will be between every, bud formed by the bark, figures like • niches, as it 'Were, of public buildings; though with-an upright in the middle, at die tope of-each of’which, like an 'Ornament,' is: feated. the bud, for the future (hoot or leaf: Thefe buds are only to. be found on the younger branches ; but the figure is retained on thé bark of-the older without thofe ornaments. But of M | all the trees in1 a colledtion,' no one more agreeably entertain-us by its leaves than •' this* whether we confider thé colour, figure; or fuse. . The colour is a light (hr-; ning green, which isrheightened- in. the autumn, by the ftiong mid-rib, and: the large veins that ifliie from it, 'turning tò a red ; the léffer veins alfo being in fome * degree affected, occafion upon the fame leaf a fweet edntraft. Their figure nearly fefembles that of an heart, and. they are notched at thé edges. But the chief ma-jefty this tree receives is from thé fize of the leaves : I have meafured fome of the younger trees, and found the leaves tea inches long and eight broad, with a-ftrong foot-(talk of four inches in length. Thefe thajeffic leaves are placed alternately : on the- branches ;. though, ai thertree advances in height,.they diminifh irt fize. This fpecies (hoots late in .the autumn ; and thefe young (hoots have their ènds often killed in hard winters; which is an-imperfection, as it caufes the tree to have a very bad look in the fprinto. both before and When the leaves are putting out: However,-thefe laft.will’not)fail afterwards to make ample amends for the former defedi..- The flowers afford ‘no pleafure to -the. Gardener they are catkins, like other Poplars, and fit only for the infpedtion of the curious Bo.-tàlìift.- - •' ’’ . U: h r.'jr - f '. 5. Populus (HeterophyUà) fòliis’cordatis primoribus villofis. Lin. Sp. Ph 1464. The Virginia-Poplar'. •>> :.'r. This fpedies1 of Poplar' alfo forms'^ large timber-tree. 'The branches are numerous, 'veined, and angular.' The leaVesi are heart-ffiaped, abroad, (lightly ferrated, and downy on their firft appearance. Thè Bowers come out in loole catkins, andO F F O R E ST-TRE E S. 213 /Another expedient is by making drains in very moift ground, two fpade Ch. XV. ' deep and three feet wide, calling up-the earth between the drains, fowing it the firfl year with oats to mellow the ground j the next winter fetting it •for copfe, with thefe, any, or all the watery forts of trees •, thus, in four or five years, you will have a handfome fell •, and fo fuccefllvely. It is in the •former author, where the charge is exaftly calculated, to whom I refer the ■ reader. I am informed that in Cheshire there grow many ftately ancl •ftraight Black Poplars, -which they call Pepturus, that yield boards and planks of an inch and half thicknefs; fo fit for flooring of rooms, as by fome preferred to Oak, for the whitenefs and lafling, where they lie dry. 3. They have a Poplar in Virginia of a very peculiar fhaped leaf, as if vthe point of it were cut off, which grows very well with the curious amongft N O T E S. make little fliow; they appear early in the fpring, and are fucceeded by numerous downy feeds, which are difperfed all about to a confiderable diftance. The Lombardy Poplar is another fpecies of this tree; but we have none of them in this kingdom of fufficient age to enable us to fix the ftandard of its excellence. So far «as we yet know, it promifes to anfwer the high character given of its quick growth. The Poplar was facred to Hercules. “ Populus Alcidae gratiflima;” and when any ■ceremonies were inftituted in honour of that God, its tender branches and leaves were twined round the heads of the Votaries. Turn Salii ad cantus, incenfa altaria circum, Populeis adfunt evinfti tempora ramis. JEu. via.*—285 It was cuftomary with lovers to write verfes upon the bark of different trees.—*-^Ovid, in the epiftle from Oenone to Paris, fixes upon the Poplar. Populus eft, memini, fluviali confita ripa, Eft in qua noftri litera feripta memor. Popule, vive, precor, quae confita margine ripas Hoc in rugofo cortice carmen habes : ' Cum Paris Oenone poterit fpirare reli&a Ad fontem Xanthi verfa recurret aqua. Homer beautifully compares the fall of Simoifius, by the hand of Ajax, to a Poplar ] uft cut down. So falls a Poplar, that in watr’y ground Rais’d high the head, with ftately branches crown’d* (Fell’d by fome artift with his fhining fteel, To fhape the circle of the bending wheel) Cut down it lies, tall, fmooth, and largely fpread, With all its beauteous honours on its head. Pope.214 A DISCOURSE Book. I L.,—„ . us to a confiderable ftature. I. conceive it: was firft brought over by>John' Tradefcant, under the name of the Tulip-tree,, (from the likenefs of its flower) but is not, that I find, taken much notice of in any .of our her-bals. I wifli we had more -of them, but they are difficult to elevate at firft.*.. 4. The Afpen only (which, is that kind of Lybica, or White Poplar, bearing a fmaller and more tremulous, leaf, by the French called La Tremble, or Quaker) thrufts down a more fearching foot, and in this like-wife differs, that he takes it ill to have his head cut off. Pliny would have fhort truncheons couched two feet in the ground, but firft two days dried,. at one foot and half diftance, ^ and then moulded over.. 5. There is fomething a finer fort of White Poplar, which the Dutch': call Abele, and we have .of late much of it tranfported out of Holland.-Thefe are alfo beft propagated of flips from the roots, the leaft of which < NOTES. * This tree is called by-Linnaeus Liriodendron (Tulipifera) foliis lobatis. Herman calls it Tulipifera arbor Virginiana; and Plukenet and Catefby, Tulipifera Virginiana, tripartito aceris folio; media lacinia velut abfcijfa; alfo Tulipifera Caroliniana, foliis produllioribus magis angulofis. It is of the clafs and order Polyandria Polygynia. The Tulip-tree is a native of North-America : It is a tree of the firft magnitude, and is-generally known through- all the Englifh fettlements by the title of Poplar. Of late years there have been great numbers of thefe trees raifed from feeds in the Englifh gardens, fo that now they are become common in the nurferies about London; and there are many of them in feverah parts of England which do annually produce flowers. The firft tree of this kind which flowered here, was in the gardens of the late Earl of Peterborough, at Parfdns Green near Fulham, which was planted in a wildernefs among other trees ; before this was planted in the open air,, the few plants which were then in the Englifh gardens, were planted in pots and houfed in- winter, fuppofmg they were too tender to live in the open air; but this tree,, foon after it was placed in the full -ground, conv need the gardeners of their miftake, by the great progrefs it made, while thofe which were kept in pots and tubs increafed flowly in their growth; fo that afterward there were many others planted in the full ground, which are now arrived to a large fize, cfpecially thofe which were planted in -a moift foil. One of the handfomeft trees of this kind, near London, is in the garden of Waltham Abbey ; and at Wilton, the feat of the E-arl of Pembroke, there are fome trees,of great bulk; but the old tree at Parfons Green is quite de-ftroyed by the other trees which were fuftered to over-hang it, and rob it of its nourifhment, from the fear of taking them down, left, by admitting the cold air, the Tulip-tree might be injured.-The young fhoots of this tree are coveredO F FOREST-TREE S. will take,. and may in March, at three or four years growth, be tranf- Ch. XV. planted. '■ -- ^ 6. Ia Flanders (not in France, as a late author pretends) they have larger nuyferies of them, which firft they, plant at one foot diftance, the mould, light and moift, by no means clayey, in which though they may ftioot up-tall, yet for want of root they never fpread ; for, as I faid, they muft be: interred pretty deep, ,not above three inches above ground, , and „kept clean by pruning them, to the middle ftioot for the firft two years,, and fo till the third or fourth.! When you tranfplant, place them at eight, ten, or twelve feet interval. They will likewife grow of layers, and even of cuttings in very moift,places. In three years they will come to an incredible altitude; in twelve be as big as your middle; and in eighteen or twenty arrive to full perfection. A fpecimen of- this advance we have had of an Abele ‘ tree at Sion, which being, lopped in February 1651, did, by the end.of. October 1652, produce branches as big as a man’s wrift, and feventeen NOTE S. with a fmooth purplifh bark; they are garniftled with large leaves, whofe fbot-ftalks are four inches long ; they are ranged alternate,; thè leaves are of a lingular form, being divided into three lobes ; the middle lobe is blunt and hollowed at the point, appearing as if it had been cut with fciftàrs. The two fide-lobes are--' rounded, and end in blunt points. The leaves are from,four to five inches broad near their bafe, and about four inches long from the foot-ftalk to the point, having a ftrong mid-rib, which is formed by the prolongation of the foot-ftalk. From the mid-rib run many tranfverfe veins to the borders,, which ramify into feveral fmaller. The upper furface of the leaves is fmooth, and of a lucid green, the under is of a pale green. The flowers are produced at thé end of the branches ; they are compofed of fix petals, three without, and three within, which form a fort of belkftiaped flower, from whence the inhabitants of North-America give it the title of Tulip. Thefe petals are marked with green, yellow, and" red fpots,. fo make a fine appearance when thé trees are well charged with flowers.- The time of this tree’s flowering is in. July, and when the flowers drop, the germen l’vvells and forms a kind of cone-, but thefe feldom ripen in England..-Mr. Catefby, in his Natural Hiftory of Carolina, fays, “ There are fome of thefe trees in America which are thirty feet in circumference ; the boughs are unequab and irregular, making feveral bends or elbows, which render the trees diftin-guifiiable at a great diftance, even when they have no leaves upon them. They are found in moft parts of the northern continent of America, from the Cape of Florida to New-England, where the timber is of great ufe, the trunk being’ frequently hollowed, and made into boats big enough to carry a number of-men.”A DISCOURSE 2I'6 Book. LI feet ia length*, for which celerity we may recommend them to fudh late h_l' |3Ujuers as feat t]iejr Louies in naked and unlheltered places, and that would put a guile of antiquity upon any new inclofure; fince by thefe, whild a man is on a voyage of no long continuance, his houfe and lands may be fo covered as to be hardly known at his return. But as they thus increafe in bulk, their value, as the Italian Poplar has taught us, advances likewife*, which, after the firft feven ydars, is annlially worth twelve pence more: So as the Dutch look upon a plantation of thefe trees as an-ample portion for a daughter, and none of the lead: effedts of their good1 hulbandry; which truly may very well be allowed, if that calculation WeftonlChard which the late worthy Knight * has aflerted, who began his planta- tion not long fince about Richmond,, that thirty pounds being7laid out m thefe plants, would render at leaft ten thoufand pounds in eighteen years *, every tree alfording thirty plants, and every of them thirty more, after each feven years improving twelve pence in growth till they arrive 'to .their acmt. 7. The Black Poplar grows rarely with us.-, it is a ftronger and taller tree than the White, the leaves more dark, and not fo ample. Divers llately ones of thefe, I remember about the banks of the Po in Italy; which flourifhing near the old Eridanus (fo celebrated by the Poets) in which the temerarious Phaeton is laid to have been precipitated, doubtlefs gave argument to that fidtion of the metamorphofis of his fad filters, and the amber of their precious tears *. It was whilft I was palling down that river NOTES. * It does not appear from Ovid that the Sifters of Phaeton were -changed into Poplars. The fuppofition probably arofe from obferving the banks of the Eridanus, or Po, covered with thefe trees.-Others again fay that they were changed into Larches, and this fuppofition feems as probable as the other; for Vitruvius remarks, “ Larix vero, non eft notus nili his municipibus, qui circa ripam fluminis Padi et lit— tora maris Adriatici.” In a medal of Publius Accoleius Larifcoltts, the three Sifters (Heliades) are reprefented as transformed into Larches, and Montfaucon quotes Pal-ladius as faying, “ Refina ilia liquida eft, lacr.ymae fimilis'; non recipit flammam, qujli odio perfequatur, ob oombuftum Phaethontidem.” This fentence, however, i6 not to be found in Palladius. He only fays, fpeaking of Larches, “ Neque enim flammam recipiunt, aut carbones creare ■pofl'unt.” Lib. xii. tit. xv. It would .feem that Ovid himfelf meant the Larch-tree, from his defeription of the tears of the for-rowful Sifters. Inde fluunt lacrym* : ftillataque foie rigefeunt De ramis eledtra novis : quae lucidus amnis Excipit, ct nuribus mittit geftanda Latinis. Met. -lib, iLOF F O R E S T - T R E rE S. 2iy ^towards Ferrara, that I' diverted myfelf with this ftory of the ingenious JPoet. I am told there is a Mountain Poplar much propagated in Germany about Vienna, and in Bohemia, of which fome trees have yielded planks .of a yard in breadth: "Why do we procure none of them? .'8. The belt ufe of the Poplar and Abele (which are all of them hofpi-table trees, for any thing thrives under their fhade) is for walks and avenues about grounds which are fituated low, and near the water, till coming to be. very old, they are apt to grow knurry, and out of proportion. The timber is incomparable for all forts of white wooden veffels, as trays, bowls, and other turner’s ware; and of efpecial ufe for -the bellows- maker, be-caufe it is almoft of the nature of cork, and for Ihip-pumps, though not very folid, yet very clofe, and yet light, fo as it may be ufed for the foies, as well as wooden heels, of (hoes. Vitruvius l. de materit cadenda^ reckons it among the building-timbers, qu great.. In order to raife a Salidlum, or a plantation of Willows for timber, the ground muff tie dug or plowed ; and the cuttings for this purpofe fhould be of the laft year’s fhoot. They ought to-be a foot and a half long,. and. a foot-of each fhould be thruft into>the ground, at the diftance of three feet each way. The latter end of May, or the beginning of June, the plantation fhould be looked-over; when fuch fets as have fhot out too luxuriant fhould have all the branches removed, except, the ftrongeft leading fhoot. All this fummer and the next the weeds muft be kept-down ; afterwards, the trees will demand no farther care till the time of thinning, which .will be in about five or fix years. When the branches-interfere, with each other, the weakeft tree fhould beO F F O R E S T - T R E E S. 253 digging about them three times a year, as that author advifes, feeing fome Ch. XX. of- them will decay whatever care be ufed. 1- 12. Sallows may alfo be propagated like Vines, by courbing and bowing*: them in arches, and covering fome of their parts with mould, &c. alfo-by■ cuttings and layers, and fome years by the feeds likewife.- 13. For fettlings, thofe are to be preferred which grow neareft to the ftock, and fo (confequently) thofe woift which moft-approach the top. They fhould be planted in the firft-fair and pleafanc weather in February* before they begin to bud j we-about London begin at the latter end of December. They may be cut in fpring for fuel, but beft in autumn for ufe* but in this work (as of Poplar) leave a twig or two, which being twifted arch-wife,, will produce-plentiful fprouts, and fuddenly. furnifh a head. 14. If in our copfes every fourth fet were a Sallow, amongft the reft of varieties, the profit would recompenfe the care j. therefore where in woods n o t e s;: grubbed up and taken away, to make room for the remainder. In five or fix'years more they will require a fecond thinning. In this manner they muft be thinned as often as they toudi one another, till the trees are arrived to their full maturity. By planting the cuttings a yard afunder at .firft, a and afterwards thinning of them, they not only draw each other up, and by that means afpire to a great height, but the plants taken away to make room for the ftrongeftwill bring in a confiderable profit when fold as poles. The forts ufed for plantations of thefetfees have hitherto been -the comrpon white and red Willow. Thefe, however, feem now to give place to other kinds which have been lately-introduced. Sets proper to be planted by the fidcs&f ditches, he. for pollards, fhould be nine feet in length, two feet and a half of which muft be thruft into the ground, having firft prepared the way by driving down a crow, or fome fuch inftrument, to prevent the bark, though the end bè fharpened, from feparating'from the 'ftem. Aftfcrthey are planted, they fhould be thorned from cattle ; and •in?f|ye or fix y&rs they will fit for lopping i and thus may be continued to be lopped every fifth or fixth year, to thé improvement of ditch-fides, water-gutters, he. were it only for the fuel, as it emits -little fmoke, is remarkably .fweet, burns pure and clear to the laft, and is therefore proper for Ladies chambers, and fuch people as -are curious in procuring the fweeteft forts of fire-wood. Willows may be planted in the autumn, but the fpring is the fureft feafon. The planting however fhould not be delayed later than February, as the fhoots of the fuc-ceeding year would not only be retarded, but the ftools from whence they were taken greatly inj ured.' -A DISCOURSE $OOK. I. - ,-r / vOziER. 254 you grub up trees, thruft in truncheons of Sallows, or fom§ aquatick kind. In a word, an acre or two furnifhed with this tree, would prove of great benefit tto the^planter. 15. The fwiftrgrqwing Sallow is not fo tough and hardy for fome ufe$ as the flower, which makes flocks for gardeners* fpades \ but the other is proper for rakes, pikes, mops, &c. Sallow-coal is the fooneft confumed, hut of all others the mofleafy and accommodate for painters fcriblets to dçfign their work and firft fketches on paper with, &c. as being fine, and apt ta flit into pencils. Of the Sallow (as of the Lime-tree) is made the flioemaker’s carving or cutting board, as belt to preferve the edge of their knives, for its equal foftnefs every way. tfi. Oziers, or the aquatick and lefler Salix, are of innumerable kinds, commonly diftinguilhed from Sallows, as Sallows are from Withies, being fb much fmaller than the Sallows, and fhorter lived, and requiring more confiant moifture, yet fhould be planted in rather a dryifh ground, than over moift and fpewing, which we frequently cut trenches to avert. It like wife yields more limber and flexible twigs for bafkets, fiafkets, hampers, cages, lattices, cradles, &c. It is of excellent ufe for the bodies of coaches and waggons, being light, durable, and neat, as it may be wrought and covered. It is good for chairs, hurdles, flays, bands, the flronger for being contufed and wreathed ; likewife for fifh-weirs, and to fupport the banks of impetuous rivers : In fine, for all wicker and twiggy works 5 Viii.inibus Salices------------Virg. 17. But thefe fort of Oziers fhould be cut in the new fhoot ; for if they fland longer they become more inflexible : Cut them clofe to the head, a foot or fo above earth, about the beginning of Odlober, unlefs you will attend till, the cold be pafl, which is better ; and yet we about London cut them in the mofl piercing feafons, and plant them alfo till Candlemas, which thofe who do not obferve, we judge ill hufbands, as I learn from a very experienced bafket-maker -, and in the decreafe, for the benefit of the workman, though not altogether for that of the flock, and fucceeding fhoot. When they are cut, make them up into bundles, and give them fhelter -, but fuch as are for white-work, as they call it, being thus fagot-ted and made up in bolts, as the term is, fevering each fort by themfelves> fhould be fet in water, the ends dipped ; and indeed all peeled wares of the viminious kind are not otherwife prelerved from the worm \ but for blackO F P O R EST -TREE ». *sr said unpeeted, (belter them under covert only, or in fome vault or cellar, to keep them fre(h, fprinkling them now and then in exceflive hot weather : The peelings of the former are for the ufe of the gardener and cooper, or rather the fplicings.. 18. We have in England thefe three vulgar forts •, one of little worth, being brittle, and very much refembling the fore-mentioned Sallow, with reddilh twigs, and more greenifli and rounder leaves : Another kind there is, called Perch, of limber and green twigs* having a very (lender leaf: The third fort is totally like the fecond, only the twigs are not altogether fo green, but yellowilh, and near the Popinjay : This is the very bed for ufe, being tough and hardy. But the mod ufual names by which balket makers call them about .London, and which are all of different fpecies, therefore to be planted feparately, are,, the Hard Gelder, the Horle Gelder, Whining or Shrivelled Gelder, the Black Gelder, with which Suffolk-abounds. Then follow the Goldones,. the Hard and the Soft Goldone (brittle and word of all the Goldones) thoSharp and Slender-topped Yellow Goldone; the Fine Goldone : Then is there the Yellow Ozier, the Green Ozier, the Snake, or Speckled Ozier,, Swallow-tail, and the Spaniard : To thefe we may add (amongfl the number of. Oziers,. for they are both governed and vied alike) the Flanders Willow, which will arrive to be a large tree, as big. as one’s middle, the oftener cut the better; with thefe our coopers tie their hoops to keep them bent. Laflly, the White Sallow, which being of a year or two growth, is ufed for Green-work ; and if of the toughed fort,. to make quarter can hoops, of which our leamen provide great quantities. ip. Thefe choicer forts -of lirge as the Picea, grow- alfo upright, and this they call the Female : For N a T È s. pally in thefe northern parts ; yet when the plants are properly' raifed and planted -out, no climate comes amifs to them, for they will thrive and grow* to be good » timber-trees in almoft any part of the world.--- -The timber of this tree is what > we call Deal, which is fometimes red, fometimes yellow, but chiefly white. For >' the manner of collecting the feeds and fowing; them, fee p. 51, - 1 2. Pinus (Strobus) foil is quinis margine fcabris; corticc laevi. Gron Virg. 152.-Pinus Canadenfis quinquefolia, floribus albis, conis oblongis pendolisi* fquamis abieti * fefe fimilibus. Duham. Arb.'2. p. 127. Pinus Virginiana, conis longis non ut in 1 vulgari echinatis. Pluk. Aim. 297. - The IVeymouth Pine. This grows naturally in moft parts of North-America, where it is called the White ' Pine, ft is one of the talleft trees of all the fpecies, often growing a hundred • feet high in thofe countries, as I have been credibly informed. The bark of this -tree is very fmooth and delicate, efpeeially when young ; the leaves are long and ; (lender, five growing out of each (heath ;• the branches are pretty clofely garnifhed : with them, fo make a fine appearance ; the-cones are long, (lender,' and very •<’ loofe, opening with thé firft warmth of the fpring, fo that if they are not gathered in winter, the feales open and let out the feeds. The wood of this fort is efteem- 1 ed for making mafts for (hips ; it is in England titled Lord Weymouth’s, or New-England Pine. As the wood of this tree was generally thought of great : fervice to the navy, there was a law made in the ninth year of Queen Ann for the prefervation of the trees, and to encourage their growth in America; and it is within thefe forty years that thefe trees began to be propagated in England in any plenty, though there were fome large trees of this fort growing in two or -three places long before, particularly at Lord Weymouth’s, and §ir Wyndham Knatchbull’s in Kent; and it has been chiefly from the feeds of the latter that ; the much greater number of thefe trees now’ in England have been raifed ; for although there has annually been fome of the feeds brought from America, yet -A DISCOURSE Rook. II. «_ — — » 264 I -find botanifls not unanimoufly agreed about the fexes of trees. .The layers, and even cuttings of this tree, take root, and improve to trees, though more, naturally by its winged feeds : B.ut the mafeuline Picea will endure no amputation, nor is comparable to the Silver Fir for beauty, or fo. fit to adorn walks and avenues. Tho' the other alfo be a very (lately plant, yet it has this infirmity, that tho* it remain always green, it fheds the old,leaves more vifibly, .and not feldom breaks down its ponderous branches: Befides, the timber is nothing To white; though, yet. even that colour be not always the befl chara&er: That which comes from Bergen, Swinfund, Mott, Longland, Dranton, &c. (which experienced workmen .call the Dram) being long, ftrait, and clear, of a yellow and more cedary .colour, is efleemed much, before the White for flooring and wainfeot, for N O T E S. jthefe have been few in comparifon to the produce of the trees in Kent; and many , of the trees which have been raifed from the feeds of thofe now produce, plenty ,of good feeds, particularly the trees in the gardens of his Grace the Duke of Argyle at Whittpn, which annually produce large quantities of cones.------This ■ fort and the Scotch Pine are. the. beft worth cultivating of all the kinds for the -fake of their wood ; the others may be planted for variety in parks, &c. where :they make a good appearance in winter, when other trees are deftitute of leaves. 3. PiNUS (Pinea) foliis geminis; primordialibus folitariis ciliatis. Pine-tree with ■two gray leaves coming out of each Jheath, and the firjl leaves fmgle. .Pinus fativa. ;C. B. P. 490. The cultivated Pine-tree, commonly called the Stone Pine. The Stone Pine is a tree of which there fhould be a few in all plantations of evergreens. It will grow to a confiderable height, and arifes with a ftraight and fair ftem, though with a rough bark. The leaves will.contribute to the diverfifying ,of the feene, as they differ in colour from the other forts, and are arranged in a different manner. The cones which it bears are monftroufly large and turbinated; they ftrike the eye by their'bold appearance when hanging on the trees, and afford pleafure upon being more clofely examined, from the beautiful arrangement of their feales. They produce a large kernel as fweet to the tafle as an Almond, Which formerly were kept in the (hops, and fold for reftoratives, but are at prefent negle&ed.——This tree is a native of Italy, where the kernels are ferved up in deferts at the table; they are thought to be falutary in colds, coughs, and confumptions.r----The Stone Pine may be fawed into good boards, though the timber is generally allowed not to be quite fo valuable as the other forts. The colour is not the fame in all trees ; feme exhibiting their timber of a very white .colour, others again are yellower, and fmell ftronger.of the turpentine. 4. Pinus (Tada) foliis longioribus tenuioribus ternis, conis maximis laxis. Pine-tree with three longer narrower leaves, and the largejl loofe cones. Pinus VirginiansOF FOREST-TREES. 265 mafts, &c. thofe of Pruffia, which we call Spruce, and Norway, efpecially Chap. from Gottenberg, and about Riga, are the belt unlefs we had more com-merce of them from our plantations in New-England, which are preferable to any of them •, there lying rotting at prefent at Pafcataway a malt of fuch prodigious dimenfions, as nobody will adventure to Ihip and bring away. All thefe bear their feeds in conic figures, after an admirable manner and clofenefs, to proteit their winged feeds. The Hemlock-tree, as they call it in New-England, is a kind of Spruce. In the Scottifh Highlands are trees of wonderful altitude (though not altogether fo tall, thick, and fine as the former) which grow upon places fo NOTES. tenuifolia tripilis, fc. ternis plerumque ex uno foliculo fetis, ftrobilis majoribus. Pluk. Aim. 297. Virginian Pine-tree with three narrow leaves in each J,heath, and larger cones. The Swatnp Pine-tree. This is a very large growing tree, and is highly proper, as its name imports, to be planted in moift places.-The leaves are long, of a delightful green colour; three iflue out of each {heath, and adorn the younger branches in great plenty.— Its propagation is the fame as the Weymouth Pine; and the planting out, and after-management of the trees, {hould be exadtly fimilar.-It will grow well on all upland and dry grounds; but it chiefly delights in moift places. 5. Pinus (Cembra) foliis quinis Iaevibus. It. Scan. 32. Laryx fempervirens, foli-is quinis, nucleis edulebus. Breyn. E. N. C. Cent. 7. Obf. 2. The Cembra Pine. The Cembra Pine is a fine tree; the leaves are very beautiful, being of a lighter green than moft of the forts, and are produced five in a {heath. They are long and narrow; and as they clofely ornament the branches all round, they look beautiful, and render the tree on that account very valuable. The cones of this tree alfo have a good effe lowing ' or fetting your feeds an hand diftance, and riddle earth upon them*, in five or fix weeks they will peep. When you tranfplant, water them well before, and cut the clod out about the root, as you do melons. NOTES. trees which have been- planted in the worft foils, and raoft expofed fituations,, have thriven the beft, which is a great encouragement. Some trees cannot bear too great a luxuriancy, and thrWree in particular is apt to grow top-heavy from-too much Ihelter and nourilhment. Thefe trees, when planted, Ihould be put into clumps, and not 4s fingle trees \ neither Ihould the plants be taken from very warm nurferies^if intended to be placed out upon expofed fituations, but rather raifed as near thé fpot as poflible, taking care that, the foil be good.. When they are intended to grow large, they Ihould not exceed three or four years when planted ; for though trees of a greater fize will remove very well, yet experience has Ihewn us that the youngeft trees, with good roots, bear the change of fitua-tion the beft. The Larch is a. tree as jgHf but little known in.this kingdom ; but there is great reafon to apprehend that it will prove a very important acquifition to the planter. In Switzerland they cover the roofs of their houfes with ftiingles made of Larch.. Thefe are generally cut about one foot fquare, and half an inch in thicknefs, which they nail to the rafter»**' At firft the roof appears white, but in two or threjjyears it becomes as black as coal, and all the joints are flopped by the refin which the fun extradls from the pores of the wood. This fliining varnifh renders the roof impenetrable to wind or rain. It makes a cheap covering, and, as fome fay, an incombuftible one ; but thia is rather doubtful.—>■ From this tree jbMextradled what we erroneoufly call Venice Turpentine. This fubftancë, or natural balfam, flows, at firft, without incifion; when it has done dropping, the poor people, who wait in the Fir-woods, make incifions, at about two or three feet from the ground, into the trunk of the trees, and into thefe they fix narrow troughs, about twenty inches long. The end of thefetroughs is hollowed, like a ladle ; and in the middle is a fmall hole bored, for the turpentine to run into a receiver, which is placed below it. As the gummy fubftance runs from the trees, it paffes along the' Hoping gutter, or trough, to the ladle, and from thence runs through the holes into the receiver. The people who gather it vifit the trees morning and evening, from the end of May to September, to colled! the turpentine out of the receivers. When it flows cut of the tree, the tur-T.zßs / p/ VW CV/ w/r /uHij/idr as àkfjt&duY-cfr / / # X. #, BR* ■■■ '■ In order to raile plantations of the Scotch Fir, let the cones be “ gathered in the month of February, or March, from thriving young trees, as the “ old ones are not eaflly acceflible, nor fo productive of feed. Thefe are to be expo-* “ fed to the heat of the fun, thinly fpread on any kind of coarfe canvas, taking them “ under cover in the night-time, and only expofirig them when the fun fhines. This “ foon makes the cones expand with a crackling noife. When any quantity of the “ feed is flied, it mull be feparated from the cones by a fearch, otherwife the firft-“ dropped feeds would become too dry before the cones yielded thèir whole quantity, “ which often takes up a conflderable time j fo that we are fometimes obliged to dry the “ cones in kilns, to make them give their contents in time for lowing—which ought to • “ be done the end of April or beginning of May. The firfl: method of procuring the feed is certainly the moft eligible, tho’ the othci; anfwers very well when attentively “ performed, fo' as not to damage thè feed by too much heat. A light loamy foil, “ trenched a foot and a half deep, and laid out in beds five feet broad, anfwers the bell « for fowing. Let the feeds be fown very thick, and covered with a thick fifting of “ mould from the alleys. Plants raifed in this manner will rife like a brufh. No “ kind of manure fhould be given to the beds, as produttive of weeds ; the drawing “ of which not only brings up many of the tender plants, but lòofens the ground, and “ makes blanks that let in frofts in winter and drought in fummer. To give an idea “ of the fowing, I never confider my crop of plants good^ unlefs I have above a thou-“ fand in each foot long of the beds, that is, in five fquare feet. Upon their having “ two feafons growth, I plant them out irregularly from the feed-bed, about three feet “ afunder, upon the mountainous grounds where they are to rife to perfe&ion. I be-“ gin to plant the drieft ground in autumn, eighteen months after fowing, and perfift in this operation until the froft prevents me. I begin again in February, or rather as the.O'F FO.REST-TREES. 277 indeed it is vesry- ftrange, what is affirmed of that pitchy-rain, reported to Chap. 1. have fallen about Cyrene, the year 430 V. C. after which, in a ffiort * J time, fprung up a whole wood of the trees of Laferpitium, producing a precious gum, not much inferior to Benzoin, if at leaft the-ftory be warrantable. But thefe aerial irradiations, various conceptions, and equivocal productions without feed, &c. are difficulties to be folved by our philo-fophers; alfo whence thofe leaves of the Platan come, which Dr. Spon tells us, in his Travels, are found.floating in fomeof the fountains of the ifles of the Strophades*. no fuch tree growing near them by thirty miles: Tho’ thefe may haply be conveyed through fome unknown fubterranean paf-fage; for were it by the wind, it having a very large leaf, they would be feen flying in, or falling out of the air. NOTES. “ weather admits, and continue this work fometimes to the end of April, fo as to plant 44 out the produft of the two-year old feed-beds. I put the plants into the ground “ with two cuts of a fpade, thus £>. I raife the point of the angle with what we “ call a Dibble, and laying the plant up to the neck, ftamp down the railed fod with the “ foot. In this method two men may plant a thoufand in a day. When the ground r is rocky, or very ftony, I ufe a Dibble Ihod with Iron, having .a cleft at the extre-** mity to lead down the root, putting the plants into the ground in the manner that “ Cabbages are planted. One man will plant as many in this way as two in the other; “ yet the firft method is preferable where the ground-admits of-it, as I have always “ obferved fewer plants to fail. My reafon for planting from the feed-bed is, that it M comes neareft to the operation of Nature. Plants removed from the feed-bed into 44 the nurfery* muft have their roots pruned confiderably before they can be planted 44 into the pits where they are to continue, which adds greatly to the expence. Be-“ fides, Nurfmg this hardy mountainous tree caufes a luxuriant growth, which fpoils 44 its nature and robs it of longevity. “ It is generally believed that there are two kinds of Fir-trees, the produce of Scot-44 land, viz. the red or refinous large trees, of a fine grain, and hard folid wood; 44 the other* a white-wooded Fir, with a much fmaller proportion of refin in it, of a “ coarfer grain, and a. foft fpungy nature, never comes to fuch a fize, and much “ more liable to decay. At firft appearance this would readily denote two di-44 ftinCl fpecies, but I am convinced that all the trees in Scotland, under the deno-“ mination of Scotch. Fir, are the fame; and that the difference of the quality of 44 the wood, and fize of the trees, is entirely owing to circumftances, fuch as the 44 climate, fituation, and foil they grow in-. The fineft Fir-trees appear in the molt 44 mountainous parts of the Highlands of Scotland, in glens or on fides of hills ge-44 nerally lying to a northerly afpeff, and the foil of a hard gravelly confiftence, *4 being the natural produce of thefe places; the winged feeds are fcattered in quanti-64 ties by the wind, from the cones of the adjacent trees, which expand in April and'A DISCOURSE Book II. t, —y.,,.1 «78 6. In tranfplanting of thefe coniferous trees, which are generally refi* naceous, viz. Fir, Pine, Larix, Cedar, and .which have but thin and lirigle roots, you muft never diminifh their heads, nor be at all bufy with their roots, which pierce deep, and is all their foundation, unlefs you find any of them bruifed, or much broken j therefore fuch downright roots as you may be forced to cut off, it were fafe to fear with an hot iron, and prevent the danger of bleeding, to which they are obnoxious even to deftrudtion, though unfeen and unheeded. Neither may you .difbranch them, but with great caution, as about March, or before, or elfe in September, and then it is beft to prune up the fide-branches clofe to the trunk, cutting off all that are above a year old; if you fuffer them vtoo long, they grow too big, and the cicatrice will be more apt to fpend the NOTES. Xl May with the heat of the fun; thefe feedlings, when young, rife extremely clofe to-“ gether, which makes them grow ftraight, and free from fide-branches of any fize,tó N the height of fifty or fixty feet before they acquire the diameter of a foot: even in 44 this progrefs to height they arc very flow, occafioned by the poornefs of the foil, and 44 the numbers on a fmall furface, which I may fay makes them in a conftant ftatê 44 of war for their fcanty nourifhment, the ftronger and tailed: by degrees overtopping f it. Thu&i» the Ffr found very freqjiei)$«f *hcf mof; of Failfvvorth, ‘i clofe to either margin of the flreet, and mingled with Oaks and Birches. And as “ the road demonflrates the mofs to have been formed before the fettlement of the “ Romans at Mancliefter, fo the trees difcovered in the mofs muff have been all U equally cotcmporaiy with it, and all equally with it prior to the fettlement of the 41 Romans at ManchcfFr. I his argument carries a deciflve authority with it: But we can profccute it fairly up to demonftrstion : The Fir has-been difcovered in ourOF F O R E S T - T R E E S. 283 more than twenty years. The fame fpeedy growth may be obferved in the trees belonging to Sir Peter Wentworth at Lillingfton-Lovel j Cornbury in Oxfordlhire ; and other places •, but efpecially thofe in Harefield park, in the county of Middlefex, belonging to Mr. Serjeant Nudigate, where there are two Spanifh or Silver Firs, that, being planted there anno 1603, at two years growth from the feed, are now (1679) become goodly mads: The biggeft of them, from the ground to the upper bough, is eighty-one feet, though forked on the top, which has not a little impeded its growth: The girt or circumference below is thirteen feet, and the length, fo far as is timber, that is, to fix inches fquare, feventy-three feet; in the middle, feventeen inches fquare, amounting by calculation to one hundred and NOTES. “ modes, not only in fiich parts as are immediately contiguous to the' Roman roads “ over them, but in fuch as are actually occupied and covered with the line of the “ Roman roads, and in the black fpungy earth immediately beneath the Roman gravel. It has been very recently dug up by myfelf under the roots of the road over Failf-** worth Mofs. And I have now in my own poffeffion two pieces of tried genuine •“ Fir that were bedded with the remains of a Birch-tree one yard and a half in the « moffy foil, and three yards under the crown of the Roman gravel. “ Thefe are three arguments which are all fufficiently convincing of themfelves. “ Thefe are three arguments which, fpringing from as many different fources, all « happily unite together in one common channel, and form together an irrefiftible tide of evidence. And a fa£t which relates to the remoteft antiquitiy, and which is afferted againft the higheft hiftorical authority, cannot be too powerfully demon-» ftrated. The Fir then was one of the trees of Britain before the arrival of the Ro-“ mans among us.’* The Pine was facred to Cybele, who turned her beloved Attis into that tree. Et fuccin£ta comas, hirfutaque vertice Pinus ; Grata Deum matrk Siquidem Cybeleiiis Attis Exuit hac hominem, truncoque indaruit illo. Ovid. Met. It was a cuftom among the antientt, when they gave'over any employment, to devote their inftruments, and hang them up in fome facred place. Virgil alludes to this cuftom when he makes Corydon fay, Hie arguta facra pendebit fiftula Pinu. Ecl. viii. Pendebatque vagi paftoris in arbore votum Garrula fylveftri fiftula facra Deo. Propert. Some years ago a done was difeovered in Provence, in France, on which was figured a Pine-tree with all the fymbols of Cybele and Attis. Two tympanums hang on the branches of the tree on one fide, and on the other a pajioral pipe, agreeable to antient cuftom. Montfaucon. vol. I. Chap. N n 2A DISCOURSE 284 Book. II. forty-fix feet of good timber. The other tree is indeed not altogether fo 11 v~ “ large, by reafon of its {landing near the houfe when it was burnt, about forty years fince, when one fide of the tree was fcorched alfo; yet it has not only recovered that fear, but thrives exceedingly, and is within eight or nine feet as tall as the other, and would probably have been the better of the two, had not that impediment happened, it growing fo taper and eredl, as nothing can be more beautiful. This, I think, if we had no other, is a pregnant inflance, as of the fpeedy growing of that material, fo of all the encouragement I have already given for the more frequent cultivating this ornamental, ufeful, and profitable tree, abounding, doubt-lefs, formerly in this country of ours, if what a grave and authentic: author writes be true, Athenasus relating, that the flupendious veflel,. built fo many ages fince by Hiero, had its maft out of Britain. Take notice, that none of thefe mountainous trees fhould be planted deep, but as fliallow as may be, for their competent fupport. P 1 c e a. ro. The Picea, already deferibed, grows on the Alps among the Pine, but neither fo tall nor fo upright, but bends its branches a little, which have the leaf quite about them, fhort and thick, not fo flat as the Fir. The cones grow at the point of the branches, and are much longer than mofl other cones, containing a fmall darkifli feed. This tree produces a gum almofl as white and firm as frankincenfe: But it is the Larix (another fort of Pine) that yields the true Venetian turpentine, of which hereafter. 11. There is alfo the Piceafter, already mentioned, a wilder fort, the leaves ftiff and narrow-pointed, and not fo clofe, out of which the greateil {lore of pitch is boiled. The Tteda likewife, which is, as fome think, another fort abounding in Dalmatia, more undtuous, and more patient of the warmer fituations, and fo inflammable, that it will flit into candles ; and therefore fome will by no means admit it to be of a different fpecies, but a metamorphefis of over-grown fattinefs, to which the mofl judicious incline. But of thefe, the grand Canaries, and all about the mountains near Teneriff, are full, where the inhabitants do ufually build their houfes with the timber of the Pitch-tree. They cut it alfo into wainfeot, in which it fucceeds marvelloufly well •, abating that it is fo obnoxious to firing, that whenever a houfe is attacked they make all imaginable hafle out of the conflagration, and almofl; defpair of extinguifhing it. They there alfo ufe it for candle-wood, and to travel in the night by the light of it* as we do by links and torches. Nor do they make thefe Teas, as the Spa-OF FORE5T-TREE3. 285 niards call them, of the wood of Pine alone, but of other trees, as of Oak and Hafel, which they cleave and hack, and then dry in the oven or chimney, but have certainly fome undtuous and inflammable matter in which they afterwards dip it: But thus they do in Bifcay, as I am credibly informed, 12. The bodies of thefe being f jprofirate and buried trees, in the Yeene, efpecially towards the fouth, and at the bottom of the waters: Alfo near Bruges, in Flanders, whole woods have been found twenty ells deep, in which the trunks, boughs,OF FOREST -TREES. 287 and leaves do fo exactly appear, as to diftinguifh their feveral fpecies, with the feries of their leaves yearly falling: Of which fee Boetius de Boot. Dr. Plot, in his Nat'. Hift. of Oxfordfhire and Staffordfhire, mentions divers fubterraneous Oaks, black as Ebony, and of mineral fubftance for hardnefs, quite through the whole fubftance of the timber, caufed, as he fuppofes, and learnedly evinces, by a vitriolic humour of the earth, of affinity to the nature of the ink-galls which that kind of tree produces. Of thefe he fpeaks of fome found funk under the ground, in an upright and-growing pofture, to the perpendicular depth of fixty feet; of which one was three feet diameter, of an hardnefs emulating the politeft Ebony : But thefe trees had none of them their roots, but were found plainly to have been cut off by the kerf. There were great ftore of Hafel-nuts, whofe lhells were as found as ever, but no kernel within. It is there the inqui-fitive author gives you his conjecture how thefe deep irtterments happened ; namely, by our anceftors, many ages fince, clearing the ground for tillage, and, when wood was not worth converting to other ufes, digging trenches by the fides of many trees,, in which they buried fome, and others they flung into quagmires and lakes to make room for more profitable agriculture. In the mean time, concerning this mofly wood, as they ufually term it, becaufe, for the moft part, dug up in mofly and moory bogs where they cut for turf, it is highly probable, with-the learned Mr. Ray, that thefe places were, many ages fince, part of firm land- covered with wood, afterwards undermined and overwhelmed by the violence of the fea, and fo continuing fubmerged till the rivers brought down earth and mud enough to cover the trees, filling up the fhallows, and reftoring them to terra firma again, which he illuftrates from the like accident upon the coaft of Suffolk, about Dunwich, where the fca does at this day, and hath for many years paft much incroached upon the land, undermining-and fubverting by degrees a great deal of high ground, fo as by antient writings it appears a whole wood of more than a mile and a half, at pre-fent is fo far within the fca. Now if, in fucceeding ages, as it is probable enough, the fea fhall by degrees be filled up, either by its own working, or by earth brought down by land-floods, ftill fubfiding to the bottom, and furmounting the tops of thefe trees, and fo the fpace added again to the firm land, the men that fhall then live in thofe parts will, it is likely, dig up thefe trees, and as much v/onder how they came there, as we do at prefent thofe we have been fpeaking of. Chap.288 A DISCOURSE Book II. In the mean time, to put an end to the various conje&ures concerning the caufes of fo many trees being found fubmerged, for the mod pad attributed to the dedrudtion made by the Noahtic inundation *, after all has been faid of what was found in the level of Hatfield, drained at the never-to-be-forgotten charge and indudry of Sir Cornelius Vermuiden, I think there will need no more enquiry. For there were difcovered trees, not only of Fir and Pitch, but of very goodly Oaks, even to the length of one hundred feet, which were fold at fifteen pounds the tree, black and hard as Ebony; all their roots remaining in the foil, and their natural podure, with their bodies prodrate by them, pointing for the mod part north-ead: And of fuch there feemed to be millions of all the ufual fpe-cies natural to this country, found and firm, Afh only excepted, which were become fo rotten and foft, as to be frequently cut through with the fpade only •, whereas Willows, and other tender woods, continued very found and entire. Many of thefe fubterranean. trees, of all forts, were found to have been cut and burnt down, fquared and converted for feve-ral ufes, into boards, pales, dakes, pHles, bars, &c. Some trees half riven, with the wedges dicSftig' in them ; broken ax-heads in fhape of facrificing indruments, and frequently feveral coins of the Emperor Ve-fpafian, &c. There was, among others, one prodigious Oak of one hundred and twenty feet in length, and twelve in diameter, ten feet in the middle, and fix at the fmall end; fo as, by computation, this mon-der mud have been a great deal longer; and for this tree was offered twenty pounds. The truth and hidory of all this Is1 TO1 perfect]y deferibed by Allan, de la Pryme, infertid among the tranfaftions |fp the Royal Society, that there needs no more to be faid of it to evince that, not only here, but in other places where fuch trees are found in the like cir-cumdances, it has been the work and efFe&^jmrwad armies of the Romans, when finding they could not with all their force fubdue the barbarous inhabitants, by reafon of their continual ifiuing' out of thofe intricate for-treffes and impediments, they caufed whole foreds to be cut down by ielheir legions^ and fclidiers, whom tBey never differed to remain idle during their wihteriquarters, but were continually exerCifed in fuch public and ufeful works as required a multitude of hancJSj by which difeipline they became hardy, adtive, and 50as#t leifure to 'mutiny, or corrupt one another. I do not affirm that this anlwers all fubmerged trees, but of very , many imputed to other caufe3.~OFF O R E S T - T R E E S. But wc lhall enquire farther concerning thefe fubterranean' productions Chap. I. •anon, and whether the earth, as well’as the water, have not the virtue of ''~'“~ ftrange tranfmutations. Thefe trees are, found in moors by poking with ftaves of three or four feet long fhod with iron. 13. In Scotland many fubmerged Oaks are found near the river Nefs; and, as we noted, there is a moil beautiful fort of Fir or rather Pine, bearing fmall fharp cones, (fome think it the Spaniih Pinafter) growing upon the mountains j of which, from the late Marquis of Argyle, I had fome feeds fent me, which I have fown with tolerable fuccefs and I prefer them before any other, becaufe they grow both very ered, and, fixing them-felves ftoutly, need little or no fupport. Near Lochbroom, betwixt the loch and an hill, they grow in fuch quantity, that, from the fpontaneous fall, ruin and decay of the trees lying crols one aliothef to a man’s height, partly covered with mofs, and partly earth and grafs, which rots, fills up, and grows again, a confiderable hill has, in procefs of time, been raifed to almoft their very tops, which, being an accident of lingular remark, I thought fit to mention. Both Fir and Pine (fociable trees) planted pretty near together, fhred and dipt at proper feafons, make ftately, noble, and very beautiful fkreens and fences to protect Orange, Myrtle, and other curious greens, from the fcorching of the fun and ruffling winds, preferable to walls. See how to be planted and cultivated, with the dimenfions of a fkreen, in the rules for the defence of gardens, annexed to De la Quintin, N°. XV. by Mr. London and Mr. Wife. In the mean time, none of thefe forts are to be mingled in taller woods or copfidl in which they ftarve one another, and lofe their beauty. And now thofe who would fee what Scotland produces, (of innumerable trees of this kind) fhould confult the learned Sir Robert Sibbald. 14. For the many and almoft univerfal ufe of thefe trees both fea and land will plead, -----------—dant utile lignum Navigiis Pinos--------'■--I Georg, ii. The ufeful Pine for fhips- Hence Papinius VI. Thebaid. calls it Audax Abies. They make our beft maft, fheathing, fcaffold poles, &c. heretofore the whole veflel. It is pretty, faith Pliny, to confider that thofe trees, which are fo much fought after for fhip- O o290 A DISCOURSE Book tl. ping, Ihould aloft delight in the higheft of mountains, as if they fled from' ~ the fea on purpofe, and were afraid to defcend into the waters. With Fir we likewife make all inteftine works, as wainfcot, floors, pales, balks, laths, boxes, bellies for all rrtufical inftruments in general, nay, the ribs and * Macrob. ftdes of that enormous ftratagem,. the fo famous Trojan Horfe*, may be. _ a .vi. cap. t0 be built of this material j and, if the Poet miftake not, *--- '■-----Se&aque intexunt Abiete coftas. Ain. rk. —— ---------The ribs with deal they fit. There being no material more obedient and ready to bend for fuch works*. In Holland they receive their beft mafts out of Norway, and even as far as Mufcovy, which are beft efteemed, as confiftirig of long fibres without knots, but deal boards from the firft; and though Fir rots quickly in fait water, it does not fo foon perifh in frefh; nor do they yet refufe it in mer-chant-lhips, efpecially the upper parts of them, becaufe of its lightnefs.. The true Pine was ever highly commended by the anfients for naval archi-tedture, as not fo eafily decaying j and we read that Trajan caufed veflels to be built both of the true and lpurious kind, well pitched, and overlaid' with lead, which perhaps might hint our modern fheathing with that metaL at prefent. Fir is exceeding fmooth to polifh' on, and therefore does well: under gilding work, and takes black equal with the Pear-tree. Both Fir,, and efpecially Pine, fucceed well in carving, as for capitals, feftoons, nay ftatues, efpecially being gilded, becaufe of the eafinefs of the grain to' work, and take the tool, every way; and he that fhall examine it nearly, will find that famous image of the blefied Virgin at Loretto (reported to be carved by the hands of St. Luke) to be made of Fir, as the grain eafily difcovers it. TheTorulus, as Vitruvius terms it, and heart of deal, kept dry, reje&ing the albumen and white, is everlafting; nor does there any wood fo well agree with the glew as it, or is fo eafy to be wrought. It is alfo excellent for beams, and other timber-work in houfes, being both light and exceedingly ftrong, and therefore of very good ufe for bars and bolts of doors, as well as for doors themfelves, and for the beams of coaches •, a board of an inch and half thick will carry the body of a coach with great eafe, by reafon of a natural fpring which it has, not eafily violated. You fhall find that of old they ufed it for carts and other carriages,, alfo for piles to fuperftrudt on in boggy grounds. Molt of Venice andOF FOREST - TREE S. 291 Amfterdam is built upon them, with fo exceflive charge, that the foundations of their houfes, as fome report, coft as much as what is ereCted on them, there being driven in no fewer than thirteen thoufand fix hundred and fifty-nine great mails of this timber under the new Stadt-houfe of Amfterdam. For fcaffolding alfo there is none comparable to it ; and I am fure we find it an extraordinary faver of Oak, where it may be had at a reafonable price. I will not complain what an incredible mafs of ready money is yearly exported into, the northern countries for this foie commo-.dity, which might all be faved were we induftrious at home, or could have it out of Virginia, there being no country in the whole world ftored with better ; befides another fort of wood, which they call Cyprefs, much exceeding either Fir or Pine for this purpofe, being as tough and fpringy as Yew, and bending to admiration •, it is alfo lighter than either, and ever-lafting in wet or dry, fo as I much wonder that we enquire no more after it. In a word, not only here and there an houfe, but whole towns and great -cities are and have been built of Fir only ; nor that alone in the north, as Mofcow, &c. where the very ftrects ate paved with it, (the bodies of the trees lying proftrate one by one in manner of a raft) but the renowned city of Conftantinople ; and, nearer home, Thouloufe in France was, within little more than an hundred years, moft of Fir, which is now wholly marble and brick, after eight hundred houfes had been burnt, as it often happens at Conftantinople-------a place where no accident even of this de- vouring nature will at all move them to re-edify with more lafting materials. To conclude with the ufes of Fir, we have moft of our pot-aflies of this wood, together with the torch, or funebral ftaves ; nay, and of old, fpears of it, if we may credit Virgil’s Amazonian Combat. -------------------Cujus apertum Adverfi longâ tranfverberat abiete pedtus. Æn, xL ----------------------,--------She preft A long Fir fpear through his expofed breaft. Laftly, The very chips or fhavings of deal boards are of other ufe than to kindle fires alone. Thomas Bartholinus, in his Medicina -Danorum, Differt. vii. where he difclaims the ufe of hops in beer as pernicious and malignant, and-from feveral inftances how apt it is to produce and uflier in infections, nay plagues, &c. would fubftitute in its place the Iha-vings of deal boards, as he affirms, to give a grateful odour to the. drink; O o 2 Chap U-—v-2Ç2 A DISCOURSE Book II. * Where the LXX (viz. 3 Kings x. 12) calls it* dvtXt-tcr.ra. non aedolata ; others Ugna undula-ta. and how fovereign thofe refinous woods, the tops of Fir and Pines, are againft the fcorbut, gravel'in the kidneys, &c. we generally find. It is in the fame chapter that he Commends alfo Wormwood, Marrubium, Chame-laeagnum, Sage, Tamarifk, and almoft any thing rather than hops. The bark of the Pine heals ulcers ; and the inner rind cut fmall, contufed,* and boiled in ftore of water, is an excellent remedy for burns and fcalds, walking the fore with the decoCtion, and applying the foftened bark. It is alfo fovereign againft frozèn and benumbed limbs. The diftilled water of the green cones takes away the wrinkles of the face-, dipping cloths therein,, and laying them on it, becomes a cofmetic not to be defpifed. The Pine,, or Picea, buried in the earth, never decays. From the latter tranludes a very bright and pellucid gum ; hence we have likewife rofin. Alfo of the Pine are made boxes and barrels for dry goods -, yea, and iris cloven into (fcandulæ) Ikingles for the covering of houfes in fome places ; alfo hoops for wine vefiels, efpecially of the eafily flexible wild Pine -, not to forget the kernels, (this tree being always furnilhed with cones, fome ripe, others green) of fuch admirable ufe in emulfions -, and for tooth-pickers, even the very leaves are commended. In fum, they are plantations which exceedingly improve the air by their odoriferous and balfamical emiffions, and for ornament create a perpetual fpring where they are plentifully propagated. And if it could be proved that the Almug-trees *, recorded 1 Reg. x. 12, ,'^V/hereof pillars for that famous temple and the royal palace, harps and pfalteries, &c. .were made) were of this fort of wood, as fome doubt not to afiert, we fliould efteem it at another rate ; yet we know Jofephus affirms they were a kind of Pine-tree, though fomewhat refem-bling the Fig-tree wood to appearance as of a moft luftrous candor. In 2 Chron. ii. 8, there is mention of Almug-trees growing in Lebanon ; and if fo, methinks it ffiould rather be,, as Buxtorf thinks, a kind of Cedar,, (yet we find Fir alfo in the fame period) for we have feen a whiter fort of it, even very white as well as red-, though fome affirm it to be but the fap of it, as our cabinet-makers call it: I fay there were both Fir and Pine-trees growing upon thofe mountains -, and the learned Meibomi-us, in that curious treàtife of his, De Fabrica Friremium, {hews that there were fuch trees brought out of India, or Ophir. In the mean time, Mr. Purchas informs us that Dr. Dee writ a laborious treatife almoft wholly on this fubjeCt, but I could never have the good hap to fee it, wherein, as Commiffioner for Solomon’s timber, and like a learned Architect and Planter, he has fummoned a jury of twelve forts of trees-, namely, 1. the Fir; 2. Box-, 3. Cedar; 4. Cyprefs ; 5. Ebony; 6. Afli; 7. Juni-OF FOREST - TREES. 293 per; 8. Larch; 9. Olive* 10. Pine; n.Oak; 12. Sandal-trees, to examine which of them were this Almugim, and at lad feems to concur with Jofe-phus in favour of Pine of Fir; who poffibly, from fome antient record, or fragment of the wood itfelf, might leamSomething of it; and it is believed that'it was fome material bqth odoriferous to the fcent, and beautiful' to the eye, and of fitted; temper to refract founds, befides its ferviceable-nefs for building; all which properties are in the bed: fort of Pine, or Thyina, as Pliny calls it; or perhaps fome other rare wood; of which the Eadern Indies are doubtlefs the bell provided; and yet I find that thofc vad beams which fuft&ined the roof of St. Peter’s church at Rome, laid, as reported, by Condantine the Great, were made of the Pitch-tree, and have laded from anno 336, down to our days, above one thoufand three hundred years. 15. But now wliilft I am reciting the ufes of thefe beneficial trees,- Mr. Winthorp prefents the Royal Society with the procefs of making tar and pitch in New-England, which we thus abbreviate. Tar is made out of that fort of Pine-tree from which naturally turpentine extilleth; and which, at its firft flowing out, is liquid and clear; but, being hardened by the air, either on the tree, or wherever it falls; $3^ not much unlike the Burgundy pitch; and we call them Pitch-pines out of which this gummy fubdance tranfudes. They grow upon the mod barren plains, on rocks alfo, and hills rifing amongfi thofe plains, where feveral are found blown down, and have lain fo many ages, as that the whole bodies, branches, and roots of the trees being perifhed, fome certain knots-&gly of the boughs have been left remaining entii^.^thefe knots are that part where the bough is joined to the body of the tree) lying at the fame distance and podure as they grew upon the tree for its whole length. The bodies of fome of thefe trees are not corrupted through age, but quite confumed and reduced to afiies by the annual burnings of the Indians when they fet their grounds on fire, which yet has,»jj$ feems, no power over thefe hard knots beyond a black fcorching, although, being. laid on heaps, they are apt enough to burn. It is of thefe knots they make their tar in New-England and the country adjacent, whild they are well impregnated with that terebinthine and refinous matter, which,a balfam, preferves them fo long from putrefaftion. ’^-The red(of the tree does indeed contain the like terebinthine fap, as appears, upon any flight incifion of the bark on the dem or boughs, by a fmall crydalline pgarl which will fweat out; but this, for being more watery and indigeded, Chap. I. See Pirn. Hilt. Nat* fib; xvi. fibp. xi. br rather The-ophrattusHift. lib. ix. cap. iij iii. & KFxiv. cap. xx. fib. xxiii. cap. i. fib. xxiv. cap. vi.294 A DISCOURSE Book II. by reafon of the porofity of the wood, which expofes it to the imprefiions L 1 of the air and wet, renders the tree more obnoxious, efpecially if it lie proftrate with the bark on, which is a receptacle for a certain intercuta-neous worm that accelerates its decay. They are the knots then alone which the tar-makers amafs in heaps, carrying them in carts to fome convenient place not far off, where, finding clay or loam fit for their turn, they lay an hearth of fuch ordinary ftane as they have at hand: This they build to fuch an height from the level of the ground, that a vefiel may hand a little lower than the hearth to receive the tar as it runs out. But firft the hearth is made wide, according to the quantity of knots to be fet at once, and that with a very finooth floor of clay, yet fomewhat defcending, or dripping from the extream parts to the middle, and thence towards one of the fides, where a gullet is left for the tar to run out at. The hearth thus finifhed, they pile the knots one upon another, after the very fame manner as our colliers do their wood for charcoal, and of a ' height proportionable to the breadth of the hearth, and then cover them over with a coat of loam or clay, which is heft, or, in defedt of thofe, with the beft and moll tenacious earth the place will afford, leaving only a finall fpiracle at the top, whereat to put the fire in, and making fome little holes round about, at feveral heights, for the admiflion of fo much ,air as is requifite to keep it burning, and to regulate die fire by opening and flopping them at pleafure. The procefs is almoft the fame with that of making charcoal; for, when it is well on fire, the middle hole is alfo flopped, and the reft of the regifters fo governed as the knots may keep burning, and not be fuffocated with too much fmoak, whilft, all being now thorough-heated, the tar runs down to the hearth, .together with fome of the more watery fap, which, haftening from all parts towards the middle, is conveyed by the forementioned gutter into the barrel or vefiel placed to receive it. Thus the whole art of tar-making is no other than a kind of rude diftillation per defcenfum, and might therefore be as well done in furnaces of large capacity, were it worth the expence. When the tar is now all melted out and run, they flop up all the vents very clofe, and afterwards find the knots made into excellent charcoal, preferredb by the finiths before any other whatfoever which is made of wood, and nothing fo apt to burn ' out when their blaft ceafeth; rieitlier do they fparkle in the fire as many other forts of coal do; fo as, in.defedlof lea-coal, they make choice of this as beft for their ufe, and ' give greater prices for it. Of thefe knots likewife do the planters fplit out final! llivers about the thicknefs of one’s finger, or fomewhat thinner,OF FOREST-TREES. 295 which ferve them to burn inftead of candles, giving a very good light. Chap. I. This they call candle-wood, and it is in much ufe, both in New-England, —v—— Virginia, and amongft the Dutch planters in their villages ; but for that it is fomething offenfive, by reafon of the much fuliginous fmoak which comes from it: They commonly burn it in the chimney corner, upon a flat ftone or iron, except, occafionally, they carry a Angle ftick in their hand as there is need of light to go about the houfe. It muft not be conceived, by what we have mentioned in the former defcription of the knots, that they are only to be feparated from the bodies of the trees by devouring time, or that they are the only materials out of which tar can be extradted; for there are in thefe tra&s millions of trees which abound with the fame fort of knots, and full of turpentine fit to make tar: But the labour of felling thefe trees, and of cutting out* their knots, would far exceed the value of the tar, efpecially in countries where workmen are fo very dear: But thofe knots above-mentioned are provided to hand, without any other labour tharr the gathering only. There are fometimes found of thofe fort of Pine-trees, the loweft part of whofe Items towards the root is as'full of turpentine as the knots ; and of thefe alfo may tar be made. But fuch trees being rarely found, are commonly preferved to fplit into candle-wood, becaufe they will be eafily riven out into any lengths and fcantlings defired, much better than the knots. There be, who pretend an art of as fully impregnating the body of any living Pine- tree, for fix or eight feet high ; and fome have reported that fuch an art is pradtifed in Norway. But, upon feveral experiments, by girdling the tree, as they call it, and cutting fome of the bark round, and a little into the wood of the tree, fix or eight feet diftant from the ground, it has never yet fucceeded. Whether the juft feafon of the year was not ob- ferved, or what elfe omitted, were worth the difquifition, if at leaft there be any fuch fecret amongft the Norwegians, Swedes, or any other nation. Of tar, by boiling it to a fufficient height, is pitch made; and in fome places where rofin is plentiful, a fit proportion of that may be difiolved in the tar whilft it is boiling, and this mixture is fooneft converted to pitch; but it is of fomewhat a differing kind from that which is made of tar only, without other compofition. There is a way which fome fhip-car- penters in thofe countries have ufed, to bring their tar into pitch for any fudden ufe, by making the tar fo very hot in an iron kettle, that it will eafily take fire, which, when blazing, and fet in an airy place, they let burn fo long, till, by taking out fome fmall quantity for trial, being cold, it appears of a fufficient confidence: Then by covering the kettle clofe,A DISCOURSE 296 Boojc II. the fire is extinguifhed, and the pitch is made without more ceremony. There is a procefs of making rofin alfo out of the fame knots, by iplitting -them out into thin pieces, and then boiling them in water, which will educe all the refinous matter, and gather it into a body, which, when cold, will harden into pure rofin. It is moreover to be underltood, that the Fir, and moft coniferous trees, yield the fame concretes, lachrymae, turpentines, rofins, hard, naval or Hone, and liquid pitch, and tar for a remedy againft- arthritic and pulmonic affections : Thefe the Churur-geon ufes in plaifters—and they are applied to mechanic, and other innumerable purpofes. From their fuliginous vapour raifed by burning, efpe-cially the rofin, we have our lamp and printers’ black. I am perfuaded the Pine, Pitch, and Fir-trees in Scotland might yield his Majefty plenty - of excellent tar, was fome induftrious perfon employed about the work, fo as I wonder it has been fo long negleCted. But there is another procefs, not much unlike the former, which is given us by Jofeph Georgi-renes, the prefent Archbilhop of Samos, in his defcription of that, and other iflands of the JEg&an. Their way of making pitch, fays he, is thus: They take fapines, that is, that part of the Fir lb far as it hath no knots*, and, (having away the ex-tream parts, leave only that which is neareft to the middle, and the pith : That which remains they call Dadi, from the old Greek word Aocdes, whence the Latin, This Naumachia Chap."!. Larix.A DISC O U R S E 298 Book. II. with this wood; and it feems to excel for beams, doors, windows^ and: —.— 1mafts 0f fhipS j refifts the worm. Being driven into the ground, it is almoft petrified, and will fupport an incredible weight; which, and for its property of long refilling fire, makes Vitruvius wilh they had greater plenty of it at Rome to make joills of, where the Forum of Augullus was (it feems) built of it, and divers bridges by Tiberius; for that, being‘attempted with fire, it is long in taking hold, growing only black without: And the timber of it is fo exceedingly tranfparent, that cabbins being made of the thin boards, when in the dark night they have lighted candles in them, people who are at a .dillance without doors would imar gine the whole room to be on fire, which is pretty odd, confidering there is no material fo (as they pretend) unapt to kindle. The Larix bears polilhing excellently well, and the turners.abroad much defire it. Vitruvius fays, it is fo ponderous that, it will fink in water. It makes ever-lalling fpouts, pent-houfes, and featheridge, which need neither pitch or painting to preferve them; alfo excellent pales,. polls, rails, pedir ments, and props for vines: To thefe add the palates on which our painters feparate and blend their colours. Before the ufe of canvas and bed-tick, it formed the tables, on which the great Raphael and the fa-» mous artifts of the lalt age eternized their fkill *: NOTES. * The wood of the Larch-tree being extreamly folid, it admits of’a fine polilh or fmooth firmnefs, which contributes to throw forth the colouring with uncommon lullre.: ———— Annis non - expugnabile lignum : Illuftrat pi&oris opus.- -——— It islikewife thought to be inacceffible to the attacks of worms; on which account, as well as not being liable to. warp when fawn and well feafoned, the modern Italians ufe it for back-boards to place behind fine drawings when they frame and glaze them.; as alfo for pi£ture-frames, becaufe no other wood gives gilding fuch force, brightnefs, and, as it were, a fort of natural burnilh; and this is the grand fecret why Italian gilding on wood is fo much better than ours, which has often a tarnilhed fpungy caft> and looks like gilt gingerbread..I *V \O F F OREST - T R EES. 299 CHAP. II. js cultivated for the delicacy of its fruit. It grows naturally in Perfia, from whence it was firft brougtofto the fouthern parts of Europe, but is now become common in every part of Europe where the winters are not very fevere; for in the northern parts of Sweden thefe trees will not live in the open air; and in feveral parts of Germany tfcjgr . are .planted againft Walls, and treated in the fame way as the Peach, and other tender fruits, in this country. 2. Morus (Rubra) foliis cordatis fubtus villofis, amends cylindricts,- Lin. Sp. Plant. 1399. Mulberry with heart-Jhaped leaves which are hairy on thfJr under Jidey and cylindrical katkins. Morus Virginionfis arbor, loti arboris jnftar ramofa, foliis am-plifiimis. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 246. Virginia Mulberry branching like the Nettle-tree, having very large leaves. This tree will grow to the height of thirty or forty feet It fends forth myiy large . branches > and the bark of the young fhoots is of a blackifh colour. The leaves P p 2Book II. V. —V» mmJ 300 A BTS G O UR SET 3. In countries where they cultivate them for the filk-worm and other ufes, they fow the perfectly mature, berries of a tree,, whofe leaves have not been gathered. Thefe they fhake down upon an old lheet fprcad under the tree, to project them from gravel and ordure, which .will hinder you from difcerning the feed. If they be not ripe, lay them to mature upon fhelves, but by no meajisi till they corrupt ; to prevent which, turn them daily 5 then put them in a fine fieve, and plunging them in water,, bruife them with your;hand : Do.this in feveral waters, then change them in other clear water, and the feed will fink to the bottom, whilft the pulp fwims, and muft be taken, off carefully. This done,, lay them to N O T E S: are larger than the common Mulberry, and rougher, though in other refpe pulling them by the hand* This kind fhould be railed from feeds procured ! from the fouth of France or Italy : For which confult the notes upon p. 49. 4. WIovlvs:(TinSlorta) foliis obliqué cordatis acuminatis hirfutis. Mulberry with ■ oblique, heart-Jhaped, acute-pointed, hairy .leaves. Morus fruitu-viridi, ligno fulphu-reo tinélorio. Sloan. Hift. Jam. 2. p. 3. Mulberry with a green fruit, whofe wood dyes a fulphur colour. Fujiick wood. This tree is better known by the title of Fuftick, which is given to the wood, than by its fruit, which is of no eftimafion. It grows naturally in moft of the iflands in the Weft-Indies, but more plentifully at Campeachy, where it abounds greatly. This wood is one of the commodities exported front Jamaica, where it grows in greater plenty than in any other of the Britifh iflands.-This tree, in file countries where, it grows naturally, rifes to the height of fixty feet or upward.OF FOREST - TRIE'S, 301 dry in the fun upon a linen cloth, for which one hour is fufficient, then Chap. II. fan and fift it from the hulks, and referve it till the feafon. This is the procefs of curious perfons •, but the fowing of ripe Mulberries themfelves is altogether as good •, and from the excrement of hogs, and even dogs, that will frequently eat them, they will rife abundantly. Note, that in = lowing of the berry, it is good to fqualh and bruife them with fine fifted mould ; and if it be rich, and of the old bed, fo much the better. They Ihould be interred, well moiftened, and covered with ftraw, and then rarely watered till they peep •, or you may fqueeze the ripe berries in ropes of hair or baft, and bury them, as is prefcribed for Hips and Haws. N O T E S, The bark is of a lio-ht brown colour, with fome (hallow furrows. The wood is firm, folid, and of a bright yellow. It fends out many branches on every fide, covered with a white bark, and garnifhed with leaves about four inches long, which are broad at their bafe, and indented, at the foot-ftalk, where they are rounded ; but one fide is broader than the other, fo that they are oblique to the foot-ftalk; thefe diminiih gradually, and end in acute points; they are rough like thofe of the common Mulberry, of a dark green, and (land upon (hort foot-llalks. Toward the end of the young branches come out (hort katkins of a pale herbaceous colour; and in other parts of the fame branches the fruit is produced, growing upon (hort foot-ftalks. The fruit is as large as a nutmeg, of a roundifh form, full of protuberances like the common Mulberry, green within and on the outfide, and of a lufcious fweet tafle when ripe.---—This fpecies is too tender - to thrive in this country, unlefs preferved in a warm (love. There are feveral of the plants now growing in the Chelfea garden, which were raifed from feeds fent from Jamaica by William Williams, Efq; with many other curious forts,, which are natives of that ifland. The feeds of this plant come up freely on a hot-bed ; and when the plants are fit to remove, they (hould be each planted in a feparate finall pot filled with frefh light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners’ bark,. and (haded from the fun till they have taken new root. Let them be treated in the fame way as other plants from thofe hot countries, always keeping them in the tan-bed in the (love, where they will make good progrefs.’ Thefe plants retain their leaves great part of the year in the (love. - 5. Morus (Papyrifera) foliis palmatis, fruflibus hifpidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1399. • Mulberry with hand-Jhaped leaves and prickly fruit. Morus fativa, foliis urtics: mor-tuae, cortice papyrifera. Kaemp, Amoen. 471. Cultivated Mulberry, with leaves like the Dead Nettle, and of whofe bark■ paper is made. This fort grows naturally in China and Japan, where the inhabitants make paper of the bark. They cultivate the trees for that purpofe on the hills and mountains, much after the fame manner as Oilers are cultivated here, cutting down the young (hoots in autumn for their bark. A few years ago there were feveral of3°2 A D I SCO UR S E •Book II. The earth in which you fow them Ihould be fine mould, and as rich.as r ~~for.Melons,'raifed a little higher than the area, as they make the beds for ordinary pot-herbs, to keep them loofe and warm •, and in fuch beds you may fow feeds as you do purflane, mingled with fame fine earth, and thinly covered, and then for a fortnight ftrewed over with ftraw to protect them both from fudden heat and from birds. The feafon is April or May, though fome forbear even till July and Aiiguft, and in the fecond quarter of the moon, the weather calm and ferene. At the beginning, keep them moderately frefh, not over wet, and clean weeded, fecured from the rigour of frofts. The fecond year of their growth, abput the beginning of O&ober, or early fpring, draw them gently out, prune the roots, and, dipping them a little in pond-water, tranfplant them in a warm place or nurfery. It is bed ranging them in drills two feet large and one in depth, each drill three feet diftant, and each plant two; and if thus the new earth be fomewhat lower than the furface of the reft, it will the better receive the rain. Being planted, cut them, all within three inches of the ground. N O T E S. 'thefe trees raifed in the gardens of his Grace the Duke of Northumberland from feed; and, when removed into the open air, bore the weather without fhelter. This plant makes very flrong vigorous {hoots, but feems not to be of tall growth, for it fends out many lateral branches from the root upward. The leaves are large, fome of them are entire, others are deeply cut into three, and fome into five lobes, efpecially while the trees are young, dividing in form of a hand. They are of a dark green, and rough to the touch, but of a pale green, and fomewhat ‘hairy on their under falBag off on the firft approach of froft in autumn, as do thofe of the common Mulberry. The defeription which Kaempfer gives of the fruit iHthat they are a little larger than peafe, furrounded with long purple hairs, are compofed of acini or protuberances, and, when ripe, change to a black purple colour, and are full of fweet juice. 6. Morus (Indica) foliis ovato-oblongis utrinque aequalifciis, inaequaliter ferratis, Flor. Zeyl. 33?. Mulberry with oval oblong leaves, which are equal on both fides, but unequally fawed. Ti*i4a-parua Hort. Mai. This kind grows naturally in India, where it becomes a large tree. It hath a foft, thick, yellowifh bark, with a milky jutue like the Fig, which 1$ aftringent. The branches come out on every fide, and are garnifhed with oblong oval leaves, Handing upon fhort foot-flalks. Both fides of thefe leaves are equal, but their edges are unequally fawed. They are rough, of a dark green on their upper fide, but pale on their under, {landing alternately on the branches. The flowers come out in round heads at the foot-flalks of the leaves on each fide the tranches j they are of an herbaceous white colour; the male flowers have four {lamina;OF forest-t-re-.es. 3°3 Water them not in winter but in extream neceffity, and when the weather Chap. II. is warm, and then do it in the morning. In this cold feafon you will do well to cover the ground with the leaves of trees, draw, or ihort litter, to keep them warm •, and every year you Ihould give them three drefiings or half-diggings, viz. in April, June, and Auguft; this, for the firft year, dill after rain. The fecond fpring after tranfplanting, purge them of all fuperfluous fhoots and cions, referving only the mod towardly for the future dem: This to be done yearly as long as they continue in the nurfery •, and if, of the principal dem fo left, the frod mortify any N O'- T E S. the female flowers are fucceeded by roundilh fruit, which are firft green, afterwards white, and when ripe turn to a dark red colour.—The plants are too tenJ der to live out of a ftove in this country. The Mulberry is of the clafs and order Monoecia Tetrandria, which contains thofe plants that have male and female flowers at feparate diftances upon the fame plants the male flowers having four ftamina. It is generally obferved that the old Mulberry-trees are not only more fruitful than-the young, but their fruit is much larger and better flavoured ; fo that where there are-any of thefe old trees, it is the beft way to propagate from them, and to make choice of thofe branches which are moft fruitful. The ufual method of propagating thefe trees, is by laying down their branches, which will take root in one year, and are then feparated from the old trees; but as the moft fruitful branches are often fo far from the ground as not to be layed, unlefs by raifing of boxes or baflcets of earth upon fupports for this purpofe, fo the better w7ay is to propagate them by cuttings, which, if rightly chofen and fkilfully managed, will generally fucceed : And in this method there will be no difficulty in having them from trees at a diftance, and from the moft fruitful branches. Thefe cuttings {hould be the {hoots of the former year, with one joint of the two years wood to their bottom ; the cuttings (hould not be {hortened, but planted their full length, leaving two or three buds above ground. The beft feafon for planting them is in March, after the danger of hard frofts is over. They Ihould be planted in light rich earth, preffing the ground pretty clofe about them; and if they arc covered with glafles, it will forward their putting out roots; but where there is not fuch conveniency, the ground about them {hould be covered with mofs to -prevent its drying; and where this is carefully done, the cuttings will require but little water. If the cuttings fucceed well, and make good {hoots, they may be transplanted the following fpring into the nurfery, where they {hould be regularly trained to Items by fixing- down {takes, to which the principal {hoots {hould be fattened ; and moft of the lateral branches {hould be clofely pruned oft’, leaving only two or three of the weakeft to detain the fap, for the augmentation of the Item; for when they aie quite diyefted of their fide-lhoots, the fap is mounted to the top, fo that the headsA DISC O -U R S E m •Book II. part, ,c.ut it off, and continue this government till they are near fix feet ~ high; after which fufFer them to fpread into heads, by difcreetly pruning and fafhioning them: But if you plant where cattle may endanger them, .the ftem had need be . taller, for they are extreamly liquorifh of the leaves. 4. When they are about five years growth you may tranfplant them without cutting the roor, provided you eradicate them with care, only < trimming the head a little. The feafon is from September to November NOTES. -of the trees grow too fall for the items, and become too weighty for their fupport. - After four years growing in the nurfery they will be fit to tranfplant where they are to remain; for thefe trees are tranfplanted with greater fafety while .young, than when they are of a large fize. If the cuttings are planted in a bed fully expofed to the fun, it will be proper to arch the bed over with hoops, that they may be fhaded with mats in the heat of the day during the fpring, till they have put out roots; after which, the more they are -expofed to the fun, the better they will fucceed, provided the ground is covered with -mofs or mulch to-prevent its drying; for the fun will harden the ihoots, whereby the plants will be in lefs danger of fuffering by the early frofts in autumn; for when thefe are in a lhady fituation, they are apt to grow vigoroully in fummer; and, being replete with moifture, the early frofis in October frequently kill their tops. If the following winter proves fevere, they are often killed to their roots, and fometimes are . entirely deftroyed. Mr. Miller recommends the cuttings to be planted on a hot-bed ; and he informs,us that he was led to this improvement by obferving fome flicks of Mul-befry-trees which were cut for forks, and thrufl into the hot-bed to fallen down the vines of cucumbers; which, although they had been cut from the tree a confiderable time, yet many of them put out roots and fhot out branches ; fo that when any perfon -is in hafte to propagate thefe trees, if the cuttings are planted on a.moderate hot-bed, they will take root much fooner than in the common ground. This tree delights to grow in a light rich earth, fuch as is in mofl of the old kitchen gardens about London ; for in fome of thofe gardens there are trees of a very great age, which are very healthy and fruitful, and their fruit is larger and better flavoured than that of younger trees. I have never yet feen any of thefe trees which were planted in a very {tiff foil, or on fhallow ground, either upon clay, chalk, or grayel, which have been healthy or fruitful.; their Hems and branches are generally covered with mofs, fo that the little fruit which they produce, is fmall, ill tailed, and late before it ripens. If thefe trees are planted in a fituation where they are defended from the llrong fouth and north-well winds, it will preferve their fruit from being blown off; but this Ihelter, whether it be trees or buildings, Ihould be at fuch a dillance as not to keep off the fun ; for where the fruit has not the benefit of his rays to diffipate the morning dews, it will turn mouldy and rot upon the trees.OF F O R E S T - T R E E S. ry r\ r* 3°5 in the new moon ; and if the holes or pits you fet them in were dug and Chap. IF prepared fome months before, it would much fecure their taking. ' Some — call horns, bones, fliells, &c. into them, the better to loofen the earth, which Ihould be rich, and well refrefhed all fuirimer. A light and dry mould is bed, well expofed to the fun and air, which above all tlmf|js this tree affe&s, and hates watery low grounds. In fum, being a very lading tree, it thrives belt where Vines profper mod, whofe fociety it exceedingly cherifties ; nor does it lefs delight to be amongd Corn, no way prejudicing it with its ihade. The didanee of thefe dandards fliould be twenty or twenty-four feet every way, if you would defign walks or groves of them •, if the environs of fields, banks of rivers, highway^, &c. twelve or fourteen feet may fuffice, but the farther didant the better: The White fpreads its roots much farther than the BlaaS* and, likes the valley more than the higher ground. Another expedient to increl^ Mulberries, is by layers from the fuckers at the foot ; this fiiould be done in fpring, leavfflj not above two buds out of the earth, fflhich you mud diligently water, and ^^KpQnd year they will be rooted. will alfo take mg pafiifflg any or arm, flit and kept a little open with a wedge, or done, throug|ya badtet of earth, which isvery fure wayT*! Nay, the wilijfrike in fpring; but let them be from ftioots of twcp^BfflfcpVth, with fome of the old wood, though of feven or Ht in rills, like AHHaf, having two or three buds at the top, will jjjKjtt infallibly, efpecially if you twift the old wood a little, or at lead- hack it ; though, the foot, inferring a done, or grain of' JfitvWrato fuckle and entertain the plant with moidure. ■6. They may alfo be propagated by grajjnjH them on tfie. BlHt Mulberry in fpring, or inoculated injuly, taking the cions from fome old tree that has broad, evejt^ : and round !dH|M,w|d|lh it to produce very ample and tender leaves, .of gttSit omaUifrcnt *o the filk-mader. 7. Some experienced hufbandmen advtle to poll oi?f Mulberries o#HnFy three or four years, as wo do our Willows; others not till dfofalf years ; both erroneoudy. The bed way is yearly ^prun^HjuMLfjjjf their dry and fuperfiuous branches, and to form their heads round andlySWal, Be fird year of removal where they are to abi verdure, Ihould I forget the Cedar, which grows in all ex- v~”" treams •, in the moift Barbadoes, the hot Bermudas, (I fpeak of thofe trees fo denominated) the cold New-England, even where the fnows lie, as I am told, almoft half the year *, for fo it does on the mountains of Li-banus, from whence I have received cones and feeds of thofe few remaining trees. Why then Ihould they not thrive in Old England ? I know not, fave for want of induftry and trial. They grow in the bogs of America, and in the mountains of Alia, fo as there is, it feems, no place or clime which affrights it. And I have frequently raifed them from their feeds and berries, of which we have the very beft in the world from the Summer-Iflands, though now almoft ex- NOTES. * The Cedar of Lebanon is now clafled with the Pines ; and the other Cedars de-fcribed by Mr. Evelyn, are clafled with the Junipers. But as I did not choofe to disturb the order of th"e chapters, I have referved the defcription of the Cedar for this place. Linnaeus calls it Pinus foliis fafciculatis acutis. Sp. PI. 1420. This tree is generally fuppofed to be an inhabitant of mount Libanus only, but it is now found upon mount Taurus, Amanus, &c; and, from its hardy nature, it is probable that it may eafily be naturalized to any climate. Having procured the cones, whether from the Levant or of our own growth, the feeds, a little before fowing, fhould be got out in this manner: Let a hole be bored with a pafler exadtly up the center of each cone, from the bafe to the apex ; put them into a tub of water, where they may remain till the next day ; then having a wooden peg, rather bigger than the pafler, let it be thruft down the hole, and it will fo divide the cones, that the different fcales may be taken away, and the feeds picked out. In doing this, great care muff be taken not to bruife or hurt the feeds, which will then be very tender. The foil in which you fow thefe feeds fhould be rather of a fandy nature ; or, for want of this, fome mould taken frefh from a rich pafture, and fieved with a little drift fand, will ferve the purpofe. Having the feeds ready, let them be fown about the middle of March in pots or boxes near half an inch deep. In about feven or eight weeks the plants will comeA D I S C O IJ R S E 312 Book II. haufted by the unaccountable negligence of the planters > as are likewife thofe of mount Libanus, by the wandering and barbarous Arabs. The Cedars we have from Jamaica are a fpurious fort, and the wood fo porous that wine will fink into it. On the contrary, that of Carolina is fo firm and clofe, that barrels and other vefiels preferve the ftrongeft fpirits in vigour. The New-England Cedar is a lofty grower, and pro-fpers into excellent timber, which, being fawed into planks, makes delicate floors. They fhingle their houfes alfo with it, and generally employ it in all their buildings. .Why have we no more of it brought us, to raife, plant,'and convert to the fame ufes ? There is the Oxycedrus of Lycia, which the Architefl Vitruvius defcribes to have its leaf like the Cyprefs ; N O T E S. up, when they fhould be removed intp the fhade from the heat of the fun, where they may ftand, but not under fhelter, all the fummer ; during which time they fhould be kept clean of weeds, and watered now and then. In the winter feafon they muft be removed into a warmer fituation ;. or, if it ^Hikely to prove very fevere, they fhould be fheltered either by mats, or removed into the gffcen-houfe, or covered with an hotbed frame; for they are fubject to lofe their young tops at firft by the feverity of frofts. In the beginning of April following, tlu fe plants may be pricked out, in beds, four inches afunder; and if the weather proves dry, they fhould be fhaded and watered till they have taken root; after which they will want little fhading and Jefs watering* Indeed, nothing more is require tLtban keeping them clean from weeds, and Covering the ground fo as to watp it tttcwft, jaBd prevent its chapping by the fun’s rafc In thefe beds they may remain tWo year®* when, in the fpring, they fhould be tranfplant-ed to the nurfery, wot? they may remain till they are planted out for good. During the time they are iji the nurfery, and After planting out, many will have a tendency to droop in their leading fhoot. AsToon, therefore*'*s this is perceived, anupright flake muft be driven into the ground, to which the fhoots fhould be tied with baft matting to keep them in their upright growth. This, however, will npt al ays effieCt it; for I have known fome, after being tied, fo effectually turn the fhopt downwards over the bandage, thom} loofe, as to appear as if they were beat dowa^ph purpofe. The Larch-tree, whudl nearly allied to this feeeies, will fome tiroes rebel in this way; fo that I think it would not be amifs, in both cafes, whenever they firft di^OYff-^py figns of fitch a tendency, to Ijrajan the head By nip-pint'qft the e;:tremit:es4j^F fome few of the iargeft branched* Jj When thelfr tress are nLnted out for good they fhould be left to nature, after being1 properly fenced. 'Not a knife nor a hatchet fhould the ground. The fhed muft be always taken off, and the litter kept from the -ftem, on the firft return: of fine open weather. . 9. Juniper us (Sabina) foliis oppofitis eredtis decurrentibus, ramis patulis. Juniper iijith oppofite, ere£i^ running leaves, and fpreading branches. Sabina folio Cupreffi. . B. P. 487. Savin with a Cyprefs-leaf\ or Common Savin. Of this fpecies there are three forts: 1.. Spreading Savin ; 2. Upright Savin;,, 3. Striped Savin. The Spreading Savin is a Iow-lpreading fhrub; the branches have a- natural ten- -dency to grow horizontally, or nearly fo; fo that it muft be ranked amongft the • loweft growing, fhrubs; infomuch that unlefs it is planted againft a wall, or fupported in an upright pofition, we feldom have it higher than two feet.—— When it is to be planted and left to Nature, room muft be allowed for its fpreading; for it will occupy a circle of more than two or three yards diameter, , and will choak any other lefs-powerful fhrub that is placed too near it. The bark on the older fhoots is of a light-brown colour; but on the younger, which are • covered with leaves running into each other, it is of as fine a green as any fhrub ■ whatever. Thefe leaves are eredt, and acute-pointed. They are placed oppofite, and grow a little like thofe of the French Tamarifk. This fhrub feldom produces • flowers or berries ; but when any berries do appear, they are fmall and of a blueifh colour. It deferves a place amongft low-growing Evergreens, on-account of the fine ftrong green of its leaves both in winter and fummer; but it is valuable for-nothing elfe; for it produces neither ornamental flowers nor fruit, and is poffeffed. of a very ftrong fmell; infomuch that when the branches and leaves are accidentally fhook by a perfon’s palling by, the whole atmofphere is immediately filled with a foetid fcent highly offenfive and difagreeable. The juice of Savin, mixedO F FOREST-TRE E S. 323 Utlelf, taken like VeniceTreacle. Of the extracted oil, with that of nuts, Chap. III. is made an excellent good varnifh for piftures, wood-work, and to preferve 1 — polifhed iron from the ruft. The gum is good to rub on parchment • or paper to make it bear ink: And the coals, which are made of the wood, endure the longeft of any ; fo as live embers, after being a year covered, have been found in the alhes. See St. Hierom ad Fabiolam, upon that exprefllon, Pfal. cxx. 4. If it arrive to full growth, fpits and Tpoons, imparting a grateful relifh, and very wholefome where they arc ■ ufed, .are made of this wood, being well dried and feafoned: And the very NOTES. with milk and honey, is faid to be good to expel worms from children; as well as, without that mixture, to deftroy thofe in horfcs, for which purpofe it is ftrongly recommended. The Upright Savin is a delightful tree; it will grow to be twelve or fourteen feet high. The branches are numerous and flender, and give the tree a genteel air. The leaves are nearly of the fame nature with the other, though they are of a darker green. The flowers are produced in plenty, but make no fhow; and they are fucceeded by berries in fuch plenty as to caufe a good effedt. The upright tendency of this tree, with the very dark green colour of the leaves, which caufes a good contrail with others that are lighter, together with its not being 'pofleffed of that ftrong difagreeable fcent of the other fort, makes it a valuable fhrub for Evergreen plantations. The Striped Savin has not that tendency to fpread like the Common, neither does it grow quite fo upright as the Berry-bearing Savin. It is a fine plant, and at . prefent is rather fcarce. The ends of feveral of the young fhoots are of a fine cream-colour; nay, all the fmaller branches appear often of that colour, and at • a diftance have the appearance of flowers growing on the tree. To thofe who are •fond of variegated plants, this fhrub has both beauty and fcarcity to recommend it. The Juniper is of the clafs and order Dioecia Mmadelphia. Having given a general account of the various fpecies of this genus of plants, 1 ffhall now confider their propagation. They are railed from feeds which mull be fown as foon as ripe, for when they are kept until fpring, they will not come up until the fecond year. The ground in which the feeds of the hardy forts are fown, fhould be frelh and light, but not dunged : being well dug and formed into beds, fow your feeds pretty thick, and fift fome earth over them about half an inch thick; the beds will require no farther care than only to keep them clear from weeds; and toward the middle or latter end of April, you will find fome of the plants appear above ground, though, perhaps, the greateft part of them may lie till the fpring following before they come up ; therefore you fhould carefully clear the beds from weeds, and in very -dry weather refrefh them with fome water, which will greatly promote the growth of S S 2A DISCOURSE 3*4 chips render a wholefome perfume within doors, as well as the dufty blof-foms in fpring without, and excellent within to correft the air, and expel-infection •, for which purpofe the wood (hould be. cut about May, and the' rafures well dried. 4. And fince we now mention pepper, it is by the moft prudent and’ princely care of his late Majefty Charles II. that I am allured of a late* folemn aft of council, enjoining the preferving of that incomparable fpice, -which comes to us from Jamaica under that denomination, tho* in truth \v NOTES. thofe plants which are up, and alfo caufe the other feeds to vegetate; but if the- beds in which thefe feeds are fown are much expofed to the fun, they Ihould be (haded with mats in the day ; for when the plants come firft up, they will not bear too much heatw In thefe beds they (hould remain till the fecond autumn, when you muft prepare fome beds to tranfplant them into, which (hould alfo be of light, fre(h, undunged foil j and having well dug and cleanfed the ground from all noxious weeds and roots, . you (hould make it level; and then in the beginning of October, which is the proper feafon for removing thefe plants, raife up the young plants with a trowel, preferving as much earth, as poflible to their roots, and plant them into beds about five or (ix‘ inches afunder each way, giving them fome water to fettle the earth to their roots j * and if it (hould prove very dry weather, you may lay a little mulch upon the furface of the ground round their roots, which will be of great fervice to the plants: But as many of the feeds will be yet- left in the ground where they were fown, fo the beds (hould not be difturbed too much in taking up the plants; for I have known a bed fown with thefe berries, which has fupplied plants for three years -drawing, fome of the berries having lain fo long in the ground before they fprouted ; therefore the fur-face of the beds (hould be kept level, and condantly clean from weeds. The plants may remain two’ years in .the new beds, obferving to keep them clear from weeds; in the fpring you (hould dir the ground gently between them, that their roots may with greater eafe ftrike into it; after which time they (hould be tranfplanted, either into a nurfery, at the didance of three feet row from row, and eighteen inches-afunder in the rows, or into the places where they are to remain for good. The bed feafon to tranfplant them (as I before obferved) is the beginning of O&ober, when you (hould take them up carefully, preferving a ball of earth to their roots ; and when planted, their roots (hould be mulched; all which, if carefully attended to, as alfo obferving to refre(h them with water in very dry weather until they have taken new root, will preferve them from the danger of not growing; and they being extreme hardy in refpedt to cold, will defy the fevered of our winters, provided they are not planted in a moid or rich foil. In order to have thefe trees afpire in height, their under branches (hould be taken off, efpecially where they are inclined to grow drong, but they mud not be kept too. clofely pruned, which would retard their growth ; for all thefe Evergreen trees do more Book II.OF FOREST-TRE'ÊS. 3^S be a mixture of fo many aromatics in one, that it might as well have been Chap". III? called All-fpice, holding a near alliance to Cinnamon, Nutmeg, and Mace. •*—— And that there is not only prohibited the deftrudtion of thefe trees, tor it feems fome prodigals ulèd to cut them down for the more eafy gathering, but order taken likewife for their propagation, and that allays and famples be from time to time fent over, what other fruits, trees, gums, and vegetables may there be found; and which I prognoftic will at laft alfo incite planters there to think of procuring Cinnamon, Cloves, and Nutmeg-trees indeed,. from the Eaft-Indies, and what other ufeful curio-- N' O T E S. or lefs abound with a refinous juice, which in hot weather is very apt to flow out from fuch places as are wounded ; fo that it will not be advifeable to take off too many branches at once, which would make fo many wounds, from which their fap in hot weather would flow in fuch plenty, as to render the trees weak and unhealthy. The two Virginian Cedars grow to a prodigious height, and in their native country afford excellent timber for many ufes; but with us there are very few which are above thirty-five or forty feet high, though there can be no doubt of their growing larger; for they thrive very faft after the three firft years, and refill the lharpeft froft of our climate exceeding well, and are very apt to-grow ftraight and regular, provided they are not fuffered to Ihoot out too much at bottom. - Thefe are alfo propagated by feeds, which mull be procured from Virginia or Carolina, (for they rarely produce ripe feeds in England) and fown as direCted for the other Junipers; but as this feed cannot be procured in England till fpring, fo when fown at that feafon, it remains in the ground until the fucceeding fpring before the plants appear ; therefore you mull obferve to keep the beds clear from weeds, and not fuffer the feeds to be difturbed, which is1 often the fault of fome impatient people, who think, becaufe the plants do not rife the firft year, that they will never come up', and fo dig up the ground again, whereby the feeds are buried ; but if they are fuffered to remain, they feldom fail to grow, though fometimes it is two years after fowing before they come up. When thé'plants come up they mull be carefully weeded, and in dry weather fhould be reftelhed with water, which will greatly forward their growth j ■ and the autumn following there Ihould be a littlé rotten'tan ftfewed upon them, to keep out the froft. In this bed the plants may rerrtaintill they have had two years growth, then-they Ihould be tranfplanted into other beds, as direéted for the other forts, obferving to pfeferve a ball of earth to their roots; and after they are planted, if the feafon proves dry, they muft be carefully watered, and the furface of the ground covered with mulch, to prevent the fun and wind from entering the earth to dry their fibres; but they fhould not be too much watered, which often proves injurious to thefe trees, by rotting their tender fibres foon after they-are produced. In thefe beds they may remain two years, obferving to keep them clear from weeds ) and in winter you fhould lay a little frefh mulch upon the furface of the ground round their roots, which will prevent the froft from penetrating to them, and effectuallyA DISCOURSE -326' rB^ox II. fities do not approach our northern bear, and to plant them in Jamaica, . and other of the weftern iflands, as a more fafe and frugal expedient to humble our emulous neighbours, fince there is nothing in their fitua-tion, or defeat of nature’s benignity, which ought in the leaft to discourage us. And what if fome of the trees of thofe countries, efpecially fuch as afpire to. be timber, and may be of improvement amongft us, were more frequently brought to us likewife here in England: Since we daily find how many rare exotics and ftrangers, with little care, become endenizoned, and contented to live amongft us, as may be feen in the Platanus, Conftantinople Chefnut, the greater Glandiferous Ilex, ' Cork, Nux Veficaria, (which is an hard wood fit for the turner) the Stjrax, Bead-tree, the famous Lotus, Virginian Acacia, Guaiacum Pa- NOTES. preferve them ; for while the plants are fo young, they are liable to be injured by hard , frofts, when too much expofed thereto; but when they have attained a greater ftrengtb, they will refill the fevereft colds. After two years, they fliould either be removed into the nurfery, .{as was directed for 'the common Juniper) or tranfplanted where they are defigned to remain, obferving always to take them up carefully, otherways they are fubje6l to fail upon tranfplanting; .as alfo to mulch the ground, and water them as before direeled, until they have taken root; after which they will require.no farther care, than only to keep the ground clear about their roots, and to prune up their fide-branches to make them afpire in height. The foil in which you plant thefe trees fhould be frefh and light, but mull not be dunged, efpecially at the time when they are planted; for dung is very hurtful to them, if it be not quite rotted to mould; therefore the mulch which is laid upon the Turface of the ground Ihould not be dung, but rather fome old tanners’ bark or fea-coal aflies, which will prevent the frofl from penetrating deep into the ground. Thefe trees being thus managed, will, in a few years, rife to a confidcrable ftature, and by the variety of their evergreen Jeaves and manner of growth, will greatly add to the beauty of all plantations, if rightly difpofed, which indeed is what we feldom . obferve in any of the Englifh gardens or wildernefles; for there are few people who confider the different growths of the feveral trees with which they compofe fuch plantations, fo as to place the tailed: “growing trees the backwardefl from fight, and the next degree to fucceed them, and .fo gradually diminifhing till we come to the common Juniper, and others of the fame growth. In this manner all the trees will be feen, and the gradual declivity of their tops will appear like a verdant Hope, and be •much more agreeable to the fight, as alfo more advantageous to the growth of the trees, than to place fhrubs of humble growth near fuch plants as will grow to the firfl mag-'. nitude, whereby the fhrub is not only hid from fight, but will be over-lhadowed and deflroyed ; nor can the diflance which each tree requires, be fo juftly proportioned any other way ; for in this diflribution, the largefl trees being feparated by themfelves, ] may be .placed at a due diflance; and thofe of a middling growth fucceeding, may beOF FOREST-TRE E S. tavinum, Paliurus, Cyprefs, Pines, Fir, and fundry others, which grow Chap. III. already in our gardens, expofed to the weather ; and fo doubtlefs would T-~ f* many more. So judicioufly obferved is that of the learned author of the Hiftory of the Royal Society, part iii. fe£t. xxviii. “ That whatever at-<* tempts of this nature have fucceeded, they have redounded to the great “advantage of the Undertakers. The Orange of China being of late ** brought into Portugal, has drawn a great revenue every year from Lon-“ don alone. The Vine of the Rhine, taking root in the Canaries, has “ produced a far more delicious juice, and has made the rocks, and fun-“ burnt afhes of thofe iflands, one of the richeft fpots of ground in the “world. And I will alfo inftance in that which is now in a good for-“ wardnefs ; Virginia has already given- filk for the cloathing of our King j.. “ and it may happen hereafter to give cloaths to a great part of Europe, N O T E S. accordingly allowed fufficient room; and the frnaller, which are next the fight, being placed much clofer, will hide the naked ftems of the larger trees, and produce a moil agreeable efFedl. The Bermudas Cedar being a native of that iiland, and alio of the Bahama iflands, is much tenderer than either of the former forts, except that of Jamaica, fo is not-likely to thrive well in this country; for although many of thefe plants have lived feveral years in the open air in England, yet whenever a fevere winter happens, it either kills them, or fo much defaces them, that they do not recover their verdure for fome years. Thefe plants are propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the former, with only this difference, that thefe fhould be fown in pots or tubs of earth, that they may be removed into fhelter in the winter time, otherwife the young plants are often hurt by hard frofts; but they will require no more care than only to be placed under a common hot-bed frame, where the glafles may be conftantly kept off in mild weather, when they cannot have too much free air, and only covered in hard frofts. Thefe feeds conftantly remain in the ground until the fecond year before they come up, therefore the earth in the pots fhould not be difturbed ; and in the fummer time they fhould be placed in the fhade, to prevent the earth from drying too faft; and in very dry weather they fhould be often.watered, but do not give too much water to them at once, which would rot the feeds. The fpring following, when the young^ plants come up, they muft be carefully cleared from weeds, and in dry weather refrefhed with water; but fhould ftand, during the fummer feafon, in a place defended from ftrong winds; and in winter muft be placed under frames, where they may be covered in hard frofty weather, but muft have open air when the weather is mild. In April following you fhould tranfplant them each into a fmall pot filled with frefh light earth, being careful to raife them up with a ball of earth to their roots j and when they are planted, you fhould water them, toA D I S C O U R S E OOK II. — .* 328 “ and be. a vaft treafure to our Kings. If the filk-worms fliall thrive there, “ of which there feems to be no doubt, the profit will be inexprefiible. w We may guefs at it, by confidering what numbers of Caravans, and how many great cities in Perfia are maintained by that manufa&ure “ alone, and what mighty, cuftoms it yearly brings unto the Sophi’s reve--cajD7r©- j but they may with us be raifed of their feeds with care, in a moift foil, as here I have known them. But the reafon of our little fuccefs is, that we very rarely have them fent us ripe; thefe Ihould be gathered late in autumn, and brought us from fome more Levantine parts than Italy. They come alfo of layers abundantly, affed-ing a frefh and feeding ground-, for fo they plant them about their rivulets and fountains. The Weft-Indian Plane is not altogether fo rare, but it rifes to a goodly tree, and bears a very ample and lefs jagged leaf: That the Turks ufe their Platanus for the building of lhips, I learn out of Ricciolus Hydrog. lib. x. cap. xxxvii. And Pliny informs us that canoes and veflels for the fea have been excavated out of their prodigious trunks. LOTUS*. I have the fame opinion of the Lotus Arbor, (another lover of the water) which in Italy yields both an admirable fhade, and timber immortal, growing to a vaft tree, where it comes fpontaneoufly j but its fruit feems not NOTES» * Of this tree there are three fpecies. i. Celtis (Aujlralis) foliis lanceolate acuminatis, ferratis, nervofis. Mill. Did, » Nettle tree with fpear-Jhaped pointed leaves, which Are veined azd*jnltK tUf their edg^f, Celtis frudu nigjicante. Tourn. Inft. 6l2. Lote tree with a black fruit. Lotus C. Celtis. Com. epit. 155. Lotus Arbor. Lob. Ic. ■*'' This fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, in Spain and Italy, in which countries it grows to a tree of confiderable fize j Iti Eftglirofl k I* «ot fo common as the fecond kind.It rifes with an upright iletfc to the height of forty or fifty feet, fending out many {lender branches upward, which have a fmooth dark-coloured bark, with fome fpots of gray ; thefe are garnilhed with leauriM&iUced alternately, which are near four inches long, and about two broad in t^mity^^nding in long lharp point^pUnd deeply fa wed on their ed s which are prominent on their under fide. The flowers cAnuQUt the of the leaves all along the branches; they have a male and b tc •flower generally at the fame place, thg male flowers being fituated^mMp the Y y354 A DISCOURSE Book II. fo tempting as it is ftoried it was to the companions of Ulyfles. The firftr 1L■ — ■ who brought the Lotus, out of Virginia, was the late induftrious Tra^ NOTE S.. others: thefe have no petals but a green herbaceous empalement, fo make no* figure; they come out in. the fpring, at the fame time when the leaves make their firft appearance, and generally decay before the leaves have grown to half their magnitude. After the flowers are paft, the germen of the hermaphrodite flowers-becomes a round berry about the fize of a large pea,, which is black when ripe: 2. Celtis (Occidentalis) foliis oblique-ovatis, ferratis,'acuminatis. Lin. Sp. PL 1478. Nettle tree with oblique, ovaly pointed leaves, which are fawed on their edges: Celtis frudtu obfcure purpurafcente. Mill. Di£h Lote tree with a dark purple fruit.-Lotus Arbor Virginiana, fru&u rubro. Raii Hift. 1917. This grows naturally in North-Amerca; it delights in a moift rich foil, in which it becomes a. very large tree. It rifes with a ftraight ftem, which in young trees is-fmooth and of a dark colour, but as they advance it becomes rougher, and of a lighter green. The branches are much diffufed on every fide, and are garniftied with oblique oval leaves, ending in points, and fawed on their edges j they are’ placed alternately on the branches, with pretty long foot-ftalks. The flowers come out oppofite to the leaves upon pretty long foot-ftalks, the male flowers ftanding; above the hermaphrodite as in the other fpecies j after thefe decay the hermaphrodite flowers are fucceeded by roundifti berries, which are fmaller than thofe of the firft fort, and, when ripe, are of a dark purple colour. This tree flowers in-. May, and the feeds ripen in October. Of this fort there are feveral pretty large trees in the Englifti gardens, fome of which produce great quantities of fruit annually, which, in favourable feafons, come to maturity, fo that from thefe-feeds there have been plants raifed ; and there are few years in which there is not fruit of this fort fent from America, whereby it is now become pretty common, in the Englifh nurferies. 3. Celtis (Orientalis) foliis ovato-cordatis, denticulatis, petiolis brevibus. Mill.. Did. Nettle tree with oval heart-Jhaped leaves, f ightly indented, and Jhort foot-ftalks. Celtis orientalis minor, foliis minoribus & craflioribus, fru£tu flavo.. Inft. Cor. 42. Smaller Eafern Lote tree with fmaller and thicker leaves, and a yellow fruit. This fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in Armenia, from whence he fent the feeds to the Royal Garden at Paris, where they fucceeded, and the trees, which wire there raifed, have produced fruit for feveral years; fo that moft of the curious gardens in Europe have been furnidled with it from thence.— It rifes with a ftem about ten or twdveHjjptt high, dividing into may branches^which, fpread horizontally on every fide, having a fmooth greenifh bark, garniftied with, leaves about an 4hch and a half long, andk near an inch broad, inclining to a heart-fhape,' but are oblique/or^ of the elrs of the bafe beih$*ftnaller and lower than the other; they are of a thicker texture than thofe of the common fort, andOF FOREST-TREES. 35$ defcant. Of this wood are made pipes, and wind inftruments; and of its Chap. IV. root, hafts for knives, and other tools. The offer of Craffus to Domitius ^ ■ NOTES. of a paler green, placed alternate on the branches, and have fhort foot-ftallcs. The flowers come out from the foot-ftalks of the leaves, in the fame manner as the former, and are fucceeded by oval yellow berries, which, when fully ripe, turn of a darker colour. The wood of this tree is very white. The Celtis, or Lotus Arbor, is of the clafs and order Polygamia Monoecia. Thefe trees are all propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown foon after they are ripe, when they can be procured at that feafon, for they frequently come up the following fpring; whereas, thofe which are fown in the fpring, will not come up till a twelvemonth after; therefore it is the belt way to fow them in pots or tubs, that they may be eafily removed, for thofe which are fown in the fpring fhould be placed in a fhady fituation in fummer, and conftantly kept clean from weeds ; but in autumn they fhould be placed in a warm fituation, plunging the pots into the ground; and if they are covered over with a little tan from a decayed hot-bed, it will prevent the froft from penetrating the earth to injure the feeds; and if thefe pots are placed on a gentle hotbed in the fpring, it will greatly forward the vegetation of the feeds, whereby the plants will have more time to get ftrength before the winter: but when the plants appear above ground they muft have a large fhare of air admitted to them, otherwife they will be drawn up weak; and as foon as the weather is warm, they muft be expofed to the open air, and in fummer they muft be conftantly kept clean from weeds; if the feafon proves dry, they will require water two or three times a week. In autumn it will be proper to remove the pots, and place them under a hot-bed frame, to fhelter them in winter from fevere froft; or, where there is net that convenience, the pots fhould be plunged into the ground near a wall or hedge; and as the plants, when young, are full of fap, and tender, the early frofts in autumn frequently kill the upper part of the flioots ; therefore the plants fhould be either covered with mats, or a little ftraw «r Peafe-haulm laid over them to protedl them. In the following fpring the plants fhould be taken out of the feed-pots, and planted in the full ground : this fhould be done about the middle or latter end of March, when the danger of the froft is over; therefore a bed or two fhould be prepared (according to the number of plants raifed) in a fheltered fituation, and, if pof-fible, in a gentle loamy foil. The ground muft be well trenched, and cleared from the roots of bad weeds, and, when levelled, fhould be marked out in lines at one foot diftance; then the plants fhould be carefully turned out of the pots and feparated, fo as not to tear their roots, and planted in the lines at fix inches afunder, preffing the earth down clofe to the roots. If the ground be very dry when they are planted, and there is no appearance of rain foon, it will be proper to water the beds, to fettle the ground to the roots of the plants j and after this, if the furface of the ground be cover- y y 2A DISCOURSE' 3& Book II. for half a dozen of thefe trees, growing about a houfe of his in Roinej,. —■" -f teftifies in what efteem they were, had for their incomparable beauty and, ufe. _ N O T E S. ed with fome old tan or rotten dung, it will keep it moiff; and prevent the drying: winds from penetrating to the roots of the plants; The following fummer the neceflary care muft be to-keep them conflantly clean? from weeds; but after the plants are pretty well eftablifhed in the ground,.they will' not require any water, efpecially toward the latter end of fummer, for that will occa-lion their late growth, whereby they will be in great danger of luffering by the autumn, ffofts; for the more any of thefe young trees are flopped in their growth by drought towards autumn, the firmer will be their texture, which will enable them to bear the> feverity of winter. The plants may remain in the nurfery two years, by which time they will have obtained fufficient flrength to be tranfplanted where they are defigned to remain for good,: becaufe thefe plants extend their roots wide every way ; fo that if they Hand long in the nurfery, their roots will be cut in removing, which will be a great prejudice to* their future growth. Thefe forts are hardy enough to thrive in the open air in England, after they are become flrong; but for the two firfl winters after they come' up from feeds, they require a little protection,' efpecially the third fort, which U tenderer than either of the former. The young plants of this fort frequently have variegated leaves; but thofe are more impatient of cold than the plain-leaved. The wood of the Lotus tree was antiéntly ufed for flutes and other mufical inflru--ments ■ » — et borrendo lotos adunca fono. Ov. Fajì. Mr. Evelyn judges very properly when he fpppofes that the fruit of the Lotus Arbor could not be the fame that was feafted upon by the companions of Ulyfles. The enchanting fruit, defcribed by the antients, is produced in Barbary upon a fhrub which Linnaeus calls Rhamnus (Lotus) aculeis geminatis; altero recurvo, foliis ovato-ob-longis. Tournefort calls it Zizyphus Sylveftris. Dr. Shaw, in his Travels into Barbary, had frequent opportunities of examining the fhrub in- queflion : He fays, “ This fhrub, which is very common in the Jereede, and other parts of Barbary, has the leaves, prickles, flower and fruit of the Zizyphus, or Jubeb; only with this difference, that the fruit is here round, fmaller, and more lufeious, and at the fame time the branches, like thofe of the Paliurus, are neither fo much jointed nor crooked. The fruit is in great repute, tafles fomething like ginger-bread, and is fold in the markets all over the fouthern diflri&s of thefe kingdoms. The Arabs call it Aneb enta el Stedra, or the Jubeb of the Seedra, which Olavus Celfius had fo high an opinion off that he has defcribed it as the Dudaim of the Sacred Scriptures/^0 F F QREST.TRE E S. 157 CORNEL*. The Cornel tree, though not mentioned by Pliny for its timber,- is ex- Chap. IV. ceedingly commended for its durablenefs and ufe in wheel-work, pins, and _ _ wedges, in which it lafts like the hardeft iron, and it will grow with us to good bulk and ftature. The preferved and pickled berries (or Cherries N O' T E S. The Lotus tree, here defcribed, is mentioned by Homer. It gave name to a race of people defcribed in the ninth Odyffey : They went, and found an hofpitable-race : Not prone to ill, nor ftrange to foreign gueft, They eat, they drink, and Nature gives the feaft; The trees around them all then- food produce, Lotus the name, divine, ne&areous juice ! (Thence call’d Lotophagi) which whofo taftes, Infatiate riots in the fweet re parts, Nor other home, nor other care intends, But quits his houfe, his country, and his friends. Pops;. It will be proper to diftinguifh between this Shrub and an herb often mentioned by the antients, under the name of ’Lotus. Homer fpeaks of ft&s being fed upon by the horfes of Achilles ; and Virgil mentions it as proper for flieep to increafe their milk" i* Et cui lacrtis amor, cytifos, lotofque frequeijtes Ipfe manu, falfafque ferat prasfepibus herbas. Georg, iii. * This is the Cornus (Mas) arborea, umbellis involucrum sequantibus, Horti Cliff. 38. Tree Dogwood with umbels equal to the involucrum. Cornus hortenfis mas. G. B. P. 447. Male Cornel, or Cornelian Cherry tree. As the fruit of this tree js not at prefent much efteemed, the nurfery-men about London propagate if as one of the forts which is commonly fold as a flowering fhrub, and is by fome people valued for coming fo- early to flower ; for if the feafon is mild, the flowers will appear by the beginning of February; and tho’ there is no great beauty in the flowers, yet, as they are generally produced in plenty, at a feafon when few other flowers appear upon trdM a few plants of them may be admitted for variety. The fruit of this tree is feldom ripe bofaffC September. The tree will grow to the height of eighteen or twenty feet, forming a large head. This tree is of the clafs and order Tetrandria Monogynia. The Cornelian Cherry tree fliould be failed from feeds. Thefe fhould be fown* in the autumn,. foon after they are ripe, or they will jraWSSULiup till the fecond fpring ; and fometimes, when the intermediate fummer has proved very dry, they will not appearA DISCOURSE 3 58 Book II. rather) are’moft refreshing, an excellent condiment, and do alfo well in ~ 1 tarts. But it is very odd what Mathiolus affirms upon his own expe- rience, that one who has been bitten of a mad dog, if in a year after he handle the wood of this tree till it grows warm, relapfes again into his former diftemper. The fame is reported of the Cornus Faemina, or Wild Cornel, which is like the former for compadlnefs, and made ufe of for cart-timber, and other ruftick inftruments; it alfo makes the beft of butchers’ fcewers and tooth-pickers. In fome countries abroad they decodt the berries, which, prefled, yield an oil for the lamp. ACACIA*. The Acacia, together with that from Virginia, deferves a place among our avenue trees, (could they be made to grow upright) adorning our walks with their exotic leaf and fweet flowers, very hardy againfl the pinching winter, but not fo proof againfl; its bluftering winds, though it be armed NOTES. till the fummer after ; fo that great care fhould be ufed to get thefe feeds into their beds as foon as poflible; or if the work cannot be done before the fpring, and the plants do not come up, the bed fhould be left undifturbed for at Jeaft the two feafons following. When the plants have made their appearance, they may ftand in the feed-beds a year or two to acqnire ftrength j during which time they fhould be kept clean of weeds, and in dry weather watered. After this, they fhould be planted out in the nurfery, in rows, where they may remain, with the ufual care, till they are fit to be planted out for good ; the beft feafon for which Is the autumn. The Cornelian Cherry tree is a native of Mifnia, Auftria, and fome other places, but grows very well with us j and may be planted with fuccefs on moft foils. * The Triple-thorned Acacia is titled, Gleditfia /pints triplicibus axillaribus. In the Upfal Catalogue it is termed Amply, Gleditfia \ in the Hortus Clijfortianus, Cee-falpinddes fcliis pinnatis ac duplicato-pinnatis. Micheli calls it Melilobus; Duhamel, Gleditfia /pin fa ; Flukenet, Acacia Americana, Abruee folio-, triacanthos\ and Catefby, Acacia, Abriue folio, triacanthos, capfula ovali unicum fetnen clauclente, Gleditfia is of the clafs and order Polygamia Dioccia. The growth of the Acacia is naturally upright, and its trunk is guarded by thorns of three or four inches in length, Thefe thorns have alfo others coming out of theirOF FOREST-TREES. 359 Chap. IV. NOTES. fides at nearly right angles: Their colour is red. The branches are jfmooth, and^K a white colour. Thefe are likewife armed with red thorns, that are proporrtbnally fmaller: They are of feveral dired^ions, and It the ends o4n®fe branchet tSTten'fimdJ Angle. The young fhqots of the preceding ffummffr areprnis6E^ fntebtfi^of a reddifh green, and retain their leaves often until the middle of November, Although there is a peculiar oddity in the nature and "pofition of the fpin®,yyet the ljttives eonftitute the greateft beauty of thefe tdees: They, are doubly pinnated, and of a delightful fhining green. The puinated leaves that form duplication, do not always ftand oppofite by pairs on the middle rib ; the pinnae of^vhich they are compered are fijiall and numerous ; no lefs than ten or eleven pair belpng to each $d!ithem -3 and no lefs than four or five pair of fin all leaves are arranged along the nSp|lCyiib, the whole compound leaf confifts often of more than two hundred pinnae of fine green colour: '■They fit clofe, and, fpread open in fine weather ;jhough at tfip approach of bad weather they will droojS, and their upper furfaces nearly join, as if oa a Sleeping ftate. The flowers are produced from the fides of the young branches in July? They are a greenilh catkin, and make little (how; many are fuc£eede$ by pods, that have a wonderful jeffedt; for thefe are exceeding laijfifo more than a foot, and fometimes a foot and a half inflength, and two inches in breadth, and bf a nut-brown colour v^hen ripe. Therels a variety of this fpcci.es, with fewer thorny*.fmaller leaves, oval pods. It has nearly the refemblance of the other ; though the thfi>msfc bti(ig hot fo frequent, and the pods.fmaller, each containing-only one feed, this fort tofe# that Angular effect which*tjie other produces by them. ■ The culture of thefe beautiful and pobl? trees iynot very difficult. We receive the feeds from Am^ica in the fpring, which keep well in the pods, and are for the molt with thorns ^ nor do the roots take fuch hold of the ground, infinuating, and running more like liquorice, and apt to emaciate the foil: I will not therefore commend it for gardens, unlefs for the variety, of which there are feveral, fome without thorns. They love to be planted in moift ground. One thing more there is, which (for the ufe and benefit which thefe and the like exotics afford us) I would take hold of, as upon all occafions I do in this work *, namely, to encourage all imaginable induftry of fuch as-travel foreign countries, and efpecially Gentlemen who have concerns in our American plantations, to promote the culture of fuch plants and trees, efpecially timber,1 as may yet add to thofe we find already agreeafflC to our climate in England. What we have* Jaid of the Mulberry, and the vaft emolument raffed by the véiy leaves, as well as wood of that only tree, (befides thofe we now have mentioned, 1ftranger§ till of late, and believed incicurable here) were fufficient to excite and flir up our utmoft induffry. Hiftory tells us, the noble and fruitful country of France was heretoforeA DISCOURSE 360 -Book II. thought To fteril and barren, that, nothing almoft profpering in it, the in- 1,1 ~-habitants were quite deferring it, and with their wives and children going :to feek fome other more propitious abode j when Tome of them happening to come into Italy, and tailing the juice of the delicious grape, the reft of their countrymen took arms, and invaded the territories where thofe vines grew, which they tranfplanted into Gallia, and have fo infinitely improved fince, that France alone yields more of that generous liquor than mot only Italy and Greece, but all Europe and Alia befide: Who almoft would believe that the auftere Rhenilh, abounding on the fertile banks of the Rhine, Ihould produce fo foft and charming a liquor, as does the fame •vine, planted among the rocks and pumices of the fo . remote and mountainous Canaries,? This for the encouragement and honour of thofe who improve their countries with things of ufe and general benefit: Now, in the mean time, how have I beheld a florift, or meaner gardener, tranfported at the cafual difcovery of a new little fpot, double-leaf, ftreak or dalh extraordinary in NOTES. ■part good. They generally arrive in February; and, as Toon as poflible after, they Ihould be Town in a well-Iheltered warm border of (light fandy earth. If no border is to be found that is naturally fo, it may be improved by applying drift fand, and ma-Itihg it fine. The feeds Ihould be fown about half an inch deep ; and they will, for the moil part, come up the firft fpring. If the fummer Ihould prove dry, they mull be conftantly watered; and if Ihade could be afforded them in the heat of the day, they would make Ilronger plants by the autumn. A careful attention to this article is peculiarly requifite; for as the ends of the branches are often killed, if the voung plant has not made fome progrefs, it will be liable to be wholly deftroyed by the winter’s froft, without prote&ion ; and this renders the Towing the feeds in a warm border, under an hedge, in a well-Iheltered place, To neceffary; for there thefe Ihrubs will endure our winters, even when feedlings, and fo will require no farther trouble; nay, though the tops Ihould be nipped, they will Ihoot out again lower, and foon recover themfelves. It will be proper to let them -remain two years in the feed-bed, before they are planted out in the nurfery. The fpring is the bell time for the work. Their dillance Ihould be one foot by two. The earth between the rows Ihould be dug every winter; and, being weeded in fummer, the plants may remain, with no other particular care, until they are Tet out for good. Thefe trees are late in the fpring before they exhibit their leaves, but keep Ihooting late in the autumn. They Ihould not only join in wildernefs-quarters, with others of their own growth, but fome of them Ihould be planted fingly in opens, Sic. where they will excite admiration, by their triple fpines, fine leaves, and large pods.OF FOREST-TREES. 361 a Tulip, Anemonie, Carnation, Auricula or Amaranth! cherifhing and Chap. IV. calling it by their own names, raifing the price of a fingle bulb to an — —1 enormous fum, till a law was made in Holland to chetk' that Tulipa-mania •, the florift, in the mean time, priding himfelf as if he had found the Grand Elixir, or performed fome notable atchievement, and difcovered a new country. This for the defeats (for fuch thofe variegations produced by pradtice, or mixture, mangonifms aftd ftarving the root, are by chance met with now and then) of a fading flower: -How much more honour then were due in juftice to thofe perl&ns, who bring in things of much real benefit to •their country ? efpecially trees for fruit and timber; the Oak alone (be-fides the fhelter it afforded to our late Sovereign Charles II.) having f© often faved and protected the whole nation from invafion, and brought it in fo much wealth from foreign countries. I have been told there was an intention to have Uiftituted an Order of the Royal Oak; and truly I fliould think it to become a Green Ribbon, next to that of St. George, fuperior to any of the romantic badges, to which is paid futh veneration abroad, defervedly to be worn by'.filch as have fignalized themfelves by .their condufit and courage, for the defence and prefefVation of their country. Befpeaking my reader’s pardon for this digreffion, we proceed in the ' mext to other ufeful Exotics. , Z zA DISCOURSE Book Hi 362 CHAP. V. Y/^CORK*, ILEX, ALATERNUS, CELASTRES,, LIGUSTRUM, PHILLYREA, MYRTLE, LEN-TISCUS, OLIVE, GRANATUM, SYRINGA, and JASMINE. WE do not exclude this ufeful tree from thofe of the glandiferous. and foreft ; but being inclined to gratify the curious, I have been induced to fay fomething farther of fuch femper virentia, as may be made, to fort with thofe. of our own. SUBER. The Cork tree. Of this there are two forts, one of a narrow, or lefs jagged leaf, and perennial; the other of a broader, and falling in winter. It grows in the coldeft parts in Bifcay, in the north of New-England, in the fouth-weft of France, elpecially the fecond fpecies,. fittefL for our climate; and in all forts of ground, dry heaths, ftony and rocky mountains, fo as the roots will run even above the earth, where they have little to cover them; all which confidered, methinks we lhould not defpair. N O T E S. * Quercus (Suber) foliis ovato-oblongis indivifis ferratis fubtus tomentofis, cor-tice rimofo fungofo. Hort. Clift. 448. Oak, witl> oval, oblong, undivided leaves, which; are fawed and woolly on their under-fide, and with a fungous cleft bark. Suber latifo-lium fempervirens. C. B. P. 424. The Broad-leaved Evergreen Cork tree. It is of the clafs and order Monoecia Polyandria. This is a timber-tree in Portugal and Spain, and other fouthern parts of Europe,, where it grows naturally. In the plantations made here, it Ihould be placed near the middle of the largeft quarters, among others of about forty feet growth; and a few alfo fhould be planted fingly in opens, that the fungous bark may be in view; not that there is any great beauty merely in the fight, but with us it is a curiofity, being the true Cork, and of the fame nature with what comes from abroad. The bark on the trunk and main branches is rough and fpongy; but on the young fhoots it is fmootlv and gray, and on the youngefl, white and downy. The leaves are of an oblong oval figure with fawed edges. Their upper furface is fmooth and of a ftrong green colour, but their under is downy. They grow alternately on the branches, on very fliort though itrong foot-ftalks, and indeed differ in appearance very little from manyr.s&gé\ o OF FOREST-TREES. 363 We have faid where they grow plentifully in France -, but by Pliny, (Nat. Chap. V. Jrìift. 1. xvi. c. viii.) it ffiould feem they were fince tranfplanted thither; for he affirms there were none either there or in Italy in his time : But I exceedingly wonder that Carolus Stephanus and Curfius ffiould write fo peremptorily that there were none in Italy -, where I myfelf have travelled through vaft woods of them about Pifa, Aquin, and in divers trafts between Rome and the kingdom of Naples, and in France. The Spanifh Cork is a fpecies of Enzina, differing chiefly in the leaf, which is not fo prickly, and in the bark, which is frequently four or five inches thick. The manner of decortication thereof, is once in two or three years to ftrip it in a dry feafon, otherwife the intercutaneous moifture endangers the tree, and therefore a rainy feafon is very pernicious ; when the bark is •off, they unwarp it before the fire, and prefs it even, and that with weights ■upon the convex part, and fo it continues, being cold. NOTES. forts of the Ilex. The flowers of this fpecies of Oak make no {hew---and the acorns, when ripe, are long, fmooth, and of a brown colour. There is a variety of this tree called the Narrow-leaved Cork tree. Its leaves are fmaller, which qualifies it for a place in our plantations where variety is required. The beft Cork is taken from the oldeft trees, the bark on the young trees being too porous for ufe. They are, neverthelefs, barked before they are twenty years old ; and this operation is neceflary, to make way for a better bark to fucceed, it being obfervable that, after every {tripping, the fucceeding bark encreafes in value. They are generally peeled once in ten years, with an inftrument for that purpofe ; and this is fo far from injuring the trees, that it is neceflary, and contributes to their being healthy; for without it they thrive but flowly ; nay, in a few years they will begin to decay, and in lefs than a century a whole plantation will die of age ; whereas thofe trees that have been regularly peeled, will laft upwards of two hundred years. The bark of this tree was formerly ufed for making bee-hives ; and Varrò fays, that thofe which are made of this material are the beft: “ Optimae fiunt corticeae, deterri-mae fièliles, quod et frigore hyeme, et aeftate calore vehementiflisne hie commoventur.” Virgil fpeaking of providing commodious habitations for his bees, fays, flpfa autem, feu corticibus tibi futa cavatis, Seu lento fuerint alvearia vimine texta, Anguftos habeant aditus. Georg, iv. The bark of the Cork tree was by the antients called Cortex, by way of eminence : “ T. u corticc levior.” And Pliny fays, the Greeks not inelegantly called this tree the -Bark tree : “ Non infacete Graeci corticis arborem appellant.” Z z 2A DISCOURSE. Book II v. . The ufes of Cork is well known amongft us, both at fea and land,’ fbf-its refilling both water and air : the filhefmen who deal in nets, and all' who deal with liquors, cannot.be withoUt.it: antient perfons prefer it before leather for the foies of their lhoes, being light, dry, and refilling moi-fture.; whence the Germans name it PantofFel-holts*(Slipper-wood) perhaps* from the. Greek ^r«v1or & for I find it firlt applied to that purpofe- by the Grecian Ladies, whence they were called light-footed : I know not whether the epithet do Hill belong to that fex but from them it is likely; the Venetian Dames took it up for their monftrous choppines -, affecting or ufurping an artificial eminency above men, which nature has denied them. Of one of the forts of Cork are made pretty cups, and other vef-fels, elleemed good to drink out of for hedlical perfons. The Ægyptians made their coffins of it, which being lined with a refinous compofition,. preferved-their dead incorrupt. The poor people4 in Spain lay broad, planks of it by their bed-fide to tread on, (as great perfons ufe Turkey and Perfian carpets) to defend them from the. floor, and fometimes they line or wainfcot the walls and iiïflde of their houfes built of Hone, with this bark, which renders them very warm, and correds the moillure of the air; alfo • they employ it for bee-hives, an dto double the infides of their contem-plores and leather-cafes, wherein they put flafqueras with fnow to refrigerate • their wine. This tree has beneath the Cortex, or Cork, two other coats,, or libri, of which one is reddilh, which they ftrip from the bole when it. is felled only, and this bears a good price.with the tanner; the rell of the wood is very good firing, and applicable to many other ufes of building,. palifade^-work, &c. The afhes drunk, flop the bloody-flux. I LEX *; Ilex major glandifera, or great Scarlet Oak, of feveral fpecies, and various in the fhape of their leafy pointed, rounder, longer, &c. (a devoted tree of old, and therefore incædua) thrives manifeflly with us ; wit- N O T E S, * Quercus (Ilex) foliis ovato-oblongis indivifis ferratifque petiolatis fubtus incanis, cortice integro. Ilex folio angufto non ferrato. C. B. P: 424. The narrow-leaved Evergreen Oak. The Ilex is of the clafs and order Monoecia Polyandrla. This is a well-known Evergreen, of which there are feveral varieties differing greatly in the fize and fhape of their leaves; but thefe will all arife from acorns of theO F F O R E S T - T R E E S. s6's nefs his Majefty’s Privy-Garden at Whitehall, where once flourilhed a Chap. Vi goodly tree, of more than fourfcore years growth, and there wàs lately a -f~ fickly imp of it remaining : And now very many raifed by me have thriven wonderfully, braving the*moli: Tevere winters, planted either in ftandards or hedges, which they moft beautifully become. The only difficulty is in their being dextroufiy removed Out of the nurfery, with the mould adhering to the roots, othefwife they 'are apt to mifcarry ; and therfore it is beft truftilig to riie^tcorn for a goodly ftandard, which may be removed without prejudice. Trials fhould bè made by graffing the Ilex on the Oak-ftock, taken out of our woods, or better, grown from the acorn to the bignefs of. one’s little finger.. By what I have touched in the chapter of the Elms, concern«! the peregrination of that tree into Spain, (where even in Pliny’s time there were none, and where now they are in great abundance) why ffiould we not more generally endeavour to propagate the Ilex amongft us ; I mean that which the Spaniards call me Enzi fra, And of' which they have fucli woods and profitable plantations ? They ate an hardy fort of tree, and familiarly raifed from the( acorn, if we could have them found, and well put up in earth or fand, as I have found by experience.. The wood of thefe Ilexes is lérviceable for many ufes, as Beks of'tools, mallet-heads, mall-balls, chairs, axle-trees, wedges, beetles, pins, and above all, for palifadoes ufed iffifortifications : Befides, it affords fo good fuel, that it fupplies all Spain al moft with the beft and moil lafting of charcoals in vaft abundance. Of the firft kincnlf made the painter’s lac,, N O T E S. fame tree; nay, the lower and upper tranches of the fame-tree are frequently garniflied with leaves very different in fixe and fhape from each other; thole on the lower branches being much broader, rounder, and their edges§indented and fet with |K:kks, but thofe of the upper are long, narrow, and entire. The leaves of the Ilex are from three to four inches long, and one broad near the bafe, gradually Mlcning to a poinKjt they are of a'lucid green on their upper fide,» but whitifh and downy on their under, and are entire, (landing upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; thefe remain green all the year, and do not fall till they are thrufl off by young leaves in the fpring. The acorns are fmaller than thofe of the common Oak, but of the fame fhape. The Ilex major glandifera, mentioned by Mr. Evelyn, is the Smilax Arcadum glandifera major. Park. Theatr, 1396. Smilax Delachampii, The Great Scarlet OaLA D I S C O U R S E 3'66 iBook II. extracted from the berries; to fpeak nothing of that noble confe&ion al~ ' - —'L'~ f kermes, and that noble fcarlet dye the learned Mr. Ray gives us the pro- cefs of at large, in his chapter of the Ilexes. To this add that moft accurate defcription of this tree and the Vermicula (fee Quinqueranus, f ii. de Laud. Provid. fol. 48) naturally abounding about Alos. The acorns of the Coccigera, or Dwarf Oak, yield excellent nourifhment for ruftics, fweet, and little, if at all, inferior to the Chelhut: and this, and not the Fagus, was doubtlefs the true Efculus of the antients, the food of the Golden Age. The wood of the Enzina, when old, is curioufiy cham-bletted and embroidered with natural vermiculations, as if it were painted. Note, That the Kermes tree does not always produce the Coccum, but near the.fea, and where it is very hot; nor indeed when once it Comes to bear acorns; and therefore the people do often burn down the old trees, that they may put forth frefh branches, upon which they find them. This (as well as the Oak., Cork, Beech, and Corylus) is numbered amongft the felices and lucky trees, but for what reafon the Alaternus, which I fhall -next fpeak of, together with the Agrifolium (Holly), Pines, Salix, &c. Ihould be excommunicated, as infelices, I know not, unlefs for their being dedicated to the infernal deities; of which Macrob. Sat. lib. ii. c. xvi. In the mean time take this for a general rule, that thofe were called infelices only, which bare no fruit; for fo Livy, lib. v. Nulla felix arbor, nihil frugiferum in agro reliftum. Whence that of Phcedrus, lib. iii. Fab. upon Jupiter’s Efculus, O nata, merito fapiens dicere omnibus : Nifi utile eft quod facimus, ftulta eft gloria. Reciting the antient trees facred to the Deity, the moft defirable being thofe that were fruitful, and for ufe. ALATERNUS. This tree, which we have lately received from the hotteft parts of Languedoc, (and that is equal with the heat of almoft any country in Europe) thrives with us in England, as if it were an indigene and natural; yet fometimes yielding to a fevere winter, followed with a tedious eaftern wind in the fpring, of all the enemies of our climate the moft hoftile and cruel; and therefore to be artificially and timely provided againft with Ihelter. I have had the honour to be the firft who brought it into ufe and reputation in this kingdom, for the moft beautiful and ufeful of hedges andOF FOREST - T R E E S. 3 67 verdure in the world, the fwiftnefs of the growth confidered, and propagated it from Cornwall even to Cumberland: The feed grows ripe with us in Au^uft, and the honey-breathing bloffoms afford an early and marvellous relief to the bees. CELASTRUS and LIGUSTRUM. Of thefe. fhrubs I fhall fay no more than that they are flexible and accommodate for topiary works. PHILLYRE A * The Phillyrea (of which there are five or fix forts, and fome variegated) is fufficiently hardy, efpecially the Seratifolia, which makes me wonder to find the Anguftifolia planted in cafes, and fo charily fet into the ftoves, amongft the Oranges and Lemons j when, by long experience, I have found it equalling our Holly, in fuffering the extremeft rigours of our cruel frofts and winds,, which, doubtlefs, of all our Englifh trees, is the molt infenfible and ftout. They are (both Alaternus and this) raifed of the feeds, (though thofe of the Phillyrea will be long under ground) and being tranfplanted for efpalier hedges or ftandards, are to be governed by the flieers, as oft as there is occafion : The Alaternus will be up in a month or two after it is fown. I was wont to wafli them out of the berry, and drying them in a little cloth, commit them to the nurfery-bed. Plant it out at two years • growth, and clip it after rain in the fpring, before it grows fticky, and whilft the flioots are tender; thus will it form an hedge (though planted but in Angle rows, and at two feet diftance) of a yard in thicknefs, twenty-feet high, if you defire it, and furnifhed to the bottom: But for an hedge of this altitude, it would require the friendlhip of fome wall, or a frame of lufty poles, to fecure againft the winds one of the moft delicious ob- NOTES. * Of the Phillyrea there are only three real fpecies: I. Oval-leaved Phillyrea.-— — 2. Broad-leaved Phillyrea.-3. Narrow-leaved Phillyrea.——The Oval-leaved fort has the following varieties: 1. Common Smooth-leaved Phillyrea.-2. Privet-leaved Phillyrea.-3. Olive-leaved Phillyrea. By, fome gardeners the Alaternus is miftaken for the Phillyreai but they are very different plants, the Phillyrea having two ftamina only, and the Alaternus five. Befides, the leaves of the Phillyrea ftand oppofite on the branches by pairs, but thofe of the Alaternus Hand fingle, and are produced in an alternate manner. Chap. V.A DISCO U R S E 368 Book II. jefts in nature : But if we could have flore of the Phillyrea folio leviter ferrato, (of which I have raifed fome very fine plants from the feeds) we imight fear no weather, and the verdure is incomparable, and all of them .tonfile, fit for cradle-work and Umbracula frondium. MYRTLE *. The vulgar Italian wild Myrtle (though not indeed the moll fragrant), ‘grows high, and fupports all weathers and climates. They thrive abroad in Brittany, in places cold and very fharp in winter ; and are obferved no where to profper fo well as by the fea-coafts, the air of which is more propitious to them, as well as to oranges and lemons, than the inland air. I know of one near eighty yeats old, which has been continually ex-pofed, unlefs it be, that in fome exceeding fharp feafons, a little dry flraw has been thrown upon it; and where they are fmitten, being cut down near the ground, they put forth and recover again ; which many times they do not in pots and cafes, where the roots are very obnoxious to perifli with mouldinefs. The fhelter of a few mats and flraw fecured very great trees, both leaf and colour in perfection, this lafl winter alfo, which were planted abroad, whilfl thofe that were carried into the Conferve were mofl of them loft. Myrtles, which are of fix or eight forts, may be railed of feeds; but with great caution, and after all, feldom prove worth the pains, being fo abundantly multiplied of fuckers, flips, and layers. The double-flower, which is the mofl beautiful, was firft dilcovered by the incomparable Eabr. Pierefhy, which a mule had cropt from a wild fhrub. Note, That NOTES. * Of this moll delicately looking fhrub there are thirteen fpecies described by Lin-nseus. The common kind is called Myrtus floribus folitariig : involucro diphyllo. Sp. PI. 673. It is of the clafs and order JcjK^idria Monogynia. The common broad-leaved Myrtle is the hardiefl of all the kinds. The leaves are an inch and half dong and one inch broad, of a lucid green, and ftanding upon fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers are larger than the other forts, and come out from tlfe^lides of the branches, on pretty long foot-ftalks : Thsfi; are fucceeded by oval berries of a dark purple colour, inclofing three or four hard kidncy-fhaped feeds. It flowers in July and Auguft, and the berries ripen in winter. This is by fome called the Flowering Myrtle. Amcngft the antients every tree had its Protector, The Myrtle was favoured by ,V‘nus ; but whether from the delicacy and elegance of its form, or its love to the iea-fhore, “ ainantes littora.Myrtos,” or any other caufe, I lhall not here attempt to decide.O F 'V O R E S T - T R E E S. 369 ;you cannot give thofe plants too much compoft or refrefhing, nor clip them too often, even to the ftem, which will grow tall, and profper into any fhape; fo as arbours have been made of Angle trees of the hardy kind, protected in the winter with fheds of ftraw and reeds. Both leaves and berries refrigerate, and are very aftringent and drying, and therefore fel-dom ufed within, except in fluxes: The berries mitigate inflammations of the eyes, and confolidate broken bones : a decodion of the juice, leaves, and berries dyes the hair black, £2? enecat Vitiligenes, as Diofcorides fays, lib. i. cap. cxxviii. There is an excellent fweet water extraded from the fiiftilled leaves and flowers. The varieties of this rare fhrub, now furnifliing the gardens and porticoes as long as thé feafon and weather fuits, and even, in the fevereft winters, the conclave,; are cut and contrived into various figures, and of divers variegations moft likely to be produced by the feeds, as our learned Mr. Ray believes, rather than by layers, fuckers, or flips, or from any difference of fpecies. In the mean time, let gardeners make fuch trials, whilft thofe moft worth the culture are the Small and Broad-leaved, the TarCntine, the Belgick, Latifolia, and Double-flowered, and feveral more among the curious. The Myrtle, of old, was facrdjfc to Venus, and fo called from a virgin beloved of Minerva. Garlands of the leaves and blofibms impaled the brows of incruentous vidors at ovations. * C A N D L E B E R R Y. And now if here, for the name only, I mention the Myrtus Brafantica, or Candleberry fhrub, (which our plantations in Virginia and other places have in plenty) let it be admitted: -It bears a berry which, being boiled in water, yields a fuet or pinguid fubftance, of a green colour; after being fcummed and taken off, they make candles with this, in the fhap© of fuch as we ufe of tallow, or wax rather; giving not only a very clear and fufficient light, but a very agreeable fcent: thofe are now frequently brought hither to us, as alfo the tree itfelf, of which I have feen a thriving one. NOTE S. * A Myrtle crown was worn bv the General to whom an Ovation was decreed, but at a Triumph the Vidtor always wore a Laurel one. The reafon of this is given by Plutarch in the Life of Marcellus, viz. That as an Ovation was decreed Sj^fome remarkable fuccefs obtained by treaty, or without much blood-fhed, it was proper that the General at his public appearance fhould be crov/ned with the tree facred tcj Venus, Who, of all the Deities, was fuppofed to be the moft averfe to the horrors of war. A a a Chap. V.37° A DISCOURSE LENTISCUS. Book II. This is a very beautiful Evergreen* and refufes not our climate when: 1 protedted with a little flielter: it is propagated by fuckers and layers. Of this tree are made the bell tooth-pickers in the world, and the maftic, or. gum, produced from it,, is of excellent ufe in fattening the gums. O L I V E. As the Lentifc, fo may the Olive be admitted, though it produce no. other fruit than the verdure of the leaf*, nor will it kindly breathe our; air; nor the lefs tender Oleafter *, without the indulgent winter-houfe take them in. GRANATU Mf. MALUS PUN IC A. This is nothing fo nice. There are of this glorious fhrub three forts,., eafily enough educated under any warm Ihelter, even to the raifing hedges. NOTES. * The title of the Oleafter, or Wild Olive, is, Elaagnus foliis lanceolatis. In the Hortus Cliff or harms it is termed ftmply, Eleagnus. Cafpar Bauhine calls it, Olea fyl-vejlris, folio molli incano. It grows naturally in Bohemia, Spain, Syria, and Cappadocia. It is of the clafs and order Eetrandria MonogyMa.. This tree will grow to near twenty feet in height. The branches are fmooth, and: of a brown colour. The preceding year’s {hoots are white and downy, and the filvery leaves are placed irregularly on them : Thefe are of a fpear-fliaped figure, about two, and fometimes three inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad, and are as foft as fattin to the toucl^B Neither is fummer the only time the leaves afford us pleafure: They continue on the tree great part of the winter. The flowers appear in July, but make no figure : They are fmall, and come out at the foot-ftalks of the leaves; their colour is white, and they are poffeffed of a ftrong feent. The fruit that fucceeds them much refembles a fmall Olive. Of this fhrub there if a variety with yellow flowers. f Of this Genus there are two Specie«# . I. Punica (Granatum) foliis lanceolatis,. caule arboreo. Hdrt. Cliff. 134. Pomegranate with linear fpear-Jhaped leaves, and a tree-like Jlalk. Malus Punica Sativa. ^ B. P. 438. "The Pomegranate. This tree is now pretty common in the Englifh gardens, where formerly it was nurfed up in cafes, and preferved in green-houfes with great care (as was alfo theOF FOREST - TREES. 371 'of them, nor indeed affedts it fo much heat, as plentiful watering. They Chap. fupported a very fevere winter in my garden, 1663, without any trouble or L artifice ; and if they prefent us their blulhing double flowers for the pains of recifion and well prunning, (for they muft diligently be purged of fu-perfluous wood) it is recompence enough; though placed in a very benign afpedl, they have fometimes produced a pretty fmall pome. It is a Per-difolia in winter, and growing abroad, requires no extrordinary rich earth, but that the mould be loofened and eafed about the root, and hearty •compoft applied in fpring and autumn: Thus cultivated, it will rife to a pretty tree, though of which there is in nature none fo adulterate a flirub. It is bell increafed by layers, approach and inarching, as they term it, and is faid to marry with Laurels, the Damfon, Alh, Almond, Mulberry, Citron, too many I fear to hold. But, after all, they do bell; being cafed, the mould well mixt with rotten hogs dung, its peculiar delight, and kept to a Angle Hem, and treated like other plants in the winter fhelter •, they open the bud and flower, and fometimes with a pretty fmall fruit *, the NOTES. ■double flowering kind); but they are both hardy enough to refill the fevereft cold of our climate in the open air; and, if planted againll warm walls in a good ■fituation, the firft fort will often produce fruit, which in warm feafons will ripen tolerably well; but as thefe fruits do not ripen till late in the autumn, they are feldom well tailed in England, for which reafon the fort with double flowers is commonly preferred. Of this fpecies there are the following varieties: 1. The Wild Pomegranate with Angle and double flowers.—2. The Sweet Pomegranate. 3. The Small Flowering Pomegranate with Angle and double flowers.-4. The Pomegranate with flriped flowers. The double flowering kind is moll efteemed in this country for the fake of its large, fine, double flowers, which are of a moll beautiful fcarlet colour; and, if the trees are fupplied with nourilhment, will continue to produce flowers for two months fuccef-fively, which renders it one of the moll valuable flowering trees yet known 2. Punic A (Nana) foliis linearibus, caule fruticofo. Pomegranate with linear leaves, and a Jhrubby Jialk. Punica Americana nana feu humillima. Tourn. Inll. 636. The American Dwarf Pomegranate. This fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies, where the inhabitants plant it in their gardens to form hedges. It feldom rifes more than five or fix feet high in thofe countries, fo may be kept within compafs, and there the plants continue flowering great part of the year. The flowers of this kind are much fmaller than thofe of the common fort; the leaves are Ihorter and narrower, and the fruit is not larger than a nutmeg, and has little flavour, fo it is chiefly propagated for the beauty of its flowers. A a a 2A D I S e O U R;S E 3 72 Book II. juice whereof is cooling, and the reft of an aftringent quality.. The rind’ ' may alfo fupply the gall for making ink, and will tan leather. SYRINGA *. LILAC. This is eafily propagated by fuckers or layers \ the flower of the white, (emulating both the colour and flavour of the Orange) I am told, is made ufe of by the perfumers, I fhould not elfe have named it among the Evergreens j for it loles the leaf, though' not its life, however expofed in the winter: There are. befldes this the Purple, by our botanifts called the Perflan Julfamine, which leads me to the other Jafmines. J A S MIN E. This, efpecially the Spanifh larger flower, far. exceeds all the other fweet-fmelling fhrubs for the agreeable odour and ufe of the perfumer:: The common White and Yellow will flower plentifully in our groves, and climb about the trees, being as hardy as any of our Periclimena and, Honey-fuckles. How it is increafed by fubmerfion and layers, every gardener fkills; and were it as much employed for nofegays, &c. with us, as it is in Italy-and France, they might make money enough of the. flowersone forry tree in Paris, where they abound, has been worth to a poor woman near a . piftole a year. There is no fmall curiofity and addrefs in obtaining the oil, or efience,, as we call it, of this delicate and evanid flower, which I leave to the Che- -mift and the Ladies, who are worthy the fecret. NOTES. * Though the varieties of this tree are numerous, the real diftinft fpecies are on4y two. 1. Syringa (Vulgaris) foliis ovato-cordatis. Hort. Cliff. 6. Syringa with oval heart-Jhaped leaves. Syringa csetfftlea. B. P. 398. Blue Syringa. The Blue Lilac. 2. Syringa (Perjica) foliis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. PI. 11. Syringa with fpear-jhaped leaves. Lilac folio Liguftri Tourn. Inft. 602. Lilac with a Privet leafy commonly called Perfian fafmine. Syringa is of the clafs.and order Diandria Monogynia. Both thefe kinds, together with their varieties, are beft propagated by layers*. 1 he firft fort may be railed from the feeds, which ripen in autumn. VI / tr ^//e r ft) >// / '/v V V y e J re? . - ; lu//ts/t B t?,m•.'/. i U. /&*' t/u\Art // • A{i//i>r —Claud.) who give great prices for it by weight, as well as meafurc* and by the feafon-ing, and divers manner of cutting; vigorous infolatitjhk^politure and grinding, the roots of this tree (as of éyéö our common and negleóted thorn) do furnifli the Inlayer and Cabinet-makers with pieces rarely -undulated, and full of variety : Alfo of Box are made wheels or fhivers, as our Ship-carpenters call them, and pins for blocks and pulleys; pegs for mufical inftruments; nut-crackers, weavers’ fhuttles, hollar-flicks, bump-flicks, and drefiers for the ihoemaker, rulers, rolling-pins, peflles, mall- B b b373 A DISCOURSE Book II. balls, beetles, tops, tables, chefs-men, fcrews, male and female, bobins ) fa bone-lace, fpoons, nay the ftouteft axle-trees * but above all, •------- —--------------non ultima belli Anna Puellaris; Laqueos hasc nedtit Amantum, Et venatricis dilponit retia Formse. Couleii PI. Lib. vi. —..... ■ Box combs bear no fmall part In the militia of the female art; They tie the links which hold our gallants fall, And fpread the nets to which fond lovers hafte. The chemical oil of this wood has done the feats of the bell guaiacum (though in greater quantity) for the cure of venereal difeafes, as one of the moft expert Phyficians in Europe has confefied. The oil alfuages the tooth-ach. But, fays Rhodoginus, the honey which is made at Trevifond in Box trees (I fuppofe he means gathered among them *, for there are few, I believe, if any, fo large and hollow as to lodge and hive bees) renders them diftradled who eat of it. Lib. xxiii. cap. xxv. YEW*. Since the ufe of bows is laid afide amongft us, the propagation of the Yew tree (of which we have two forts, and other places reckon more, as the Arcadian Black and Red; the Yellow of Ida, infinitely efteemed of old) is likewife quite forborn j but the negledt of it is to be deplored * NOTES. * We have but one Species of this tree in England, viz. Taxus (Baccata) foliis approximatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1472. Tew tree with leaves growing near each other. The common Yew. It is of the clafs and order Dioecia Monodelphia. This tree grows naturally in England, and alfo in moft of the nothern countries of Europe, and in North-America. If fuffered to grow, it will rife to a good height, with a very large ftem. It naturally fends out branches on every fide, which fpread out, and are almoft horizontal; thefe are clofely garniftied with narrow, ftiff, blunt-pointed leaves, of a very dark green. The flowers come out from the fide of the-branches in cluftersj the male flowers having many (lamina, are more confpicuousI OF FOREST-TREES m feeing that (befides the rarity of it in Italy and France, where bu6 little of Chap. VT. it grows) the barreneft grounds, and coldeft of our mountains ‘ J -------Aquilonem & frigora taxi. might be profitably replenifhed with, them : I fay, profitably ; for, befides the ufe of the wood fpr bows,, -------Ityraos taxi torquentur in arcus. (for which the clofe and more deeply dyed is belt) the forementioned artifts-in Box, Cabinet-makers, and Inlayers (particularly for Parquete-floors) moft gladly employ it; and in Germany they ufe to wainfeot their ftoves with boards of this material: alfo for the cogs of mills,; polls to be fet in. moifi: grounds, and everlafting axle-trees, there is none to be compared with it j likewife for the bodies of lutes, theorboes, bowls, wheels, and NOTES. than the female; thefe for the moft part are upon different trees, but fometimes are-' upon the fame tree;- they appear the latter end of May, and the berries ripen irt autumn. The Yew tree has been generally cultivated for the pleafure-garden, both to clip into the figures of beafts, birds, &c. and alfo for hedges. Whoever is pleafed with fuch figures in his garden, can raife no tree more proper for his purpofeyas the branches and the leaves may be clipped and fafhioned into almoft any form or fhape. But as this method is juftly exploded, and as every one who has the leaft pretenfion to tafte muft always prefer a tree in its natural growth to thofe monftrous figures, the Yew is now chiefly planted for wildernefs quarters, as alfo for hedges’, for which’ fervice it is excellently well adapted, as no tree bears clipping fo well. Thefe trees may be eafiiy propagated by fowing their berries in autumn, as foon as they are ripe, (without clearing them from the pulp which fttlTOutidi them, as hath* been frequently dire&ed) upon a fhady bed of frefh undunged foil, covering them over about half an inch thick with the fame earth. In the fpring the bed muft be carefulljrcileared from Weeds,"Bid if the fallen proves dry, it will be proper to refrefti the bed with Witter now and then, which will promote the growth of the feeds, many of which will come up the fame fpring, but others will remain in the ground until autumn or the fpring following ; but where the feeds are preferved above ground till fpring before they are fown, the plants never come up till' the year after; fo that by fowing the feeds as foon as they are ripe, there is often a whole year faved. Thefe plants, when they come up; fhould be conftantly cleared from weeds, which, if permitted to grow amongft them, will caufe their bottoms to be naked, and frequently deftroy the plants when they continue long undifturbed. In this bed the plants may remain two years ; fcfter which, in autumn, there fhould' be a fpot of frelh undunged foil prepared, into which they fhould be removed the Be- B b b 2,A DISCOURSE 3.80 Book II. pins for pulleys *, yea, and for tankards to drink out of: Whatever Pliny '1 ■" ~J reports concerning its (hade, and the (lories of the air about Thafius, the fate of Cativulcus, mentioned by Caefar, and the ill report which the -fruit has vulgarly obtained in France, Spain, and Arcadia: But, Quam multa arboribus tribuuntur crimina. falfa ? How are poor trees traduc’d ? The toxic quality was certainly in the liquor, which thole good fellows 'tippled out of thofe bottles, not in the nature of the wood j which yet he affirms is cured of that venenous quality, by driving a brazen wedge into the body of it. This I have never tried, but that of the lhade and fruit I have frequently, without any deadly or noxious effedts : fo that I am of •opinion, that the tree which Seftius calls Smilax, and our Hiftorian thinks to be our Yew, was fome other wood; and yet I acknowledge that it is adeemed noxious to cattle when it is in the feeds, or newly fprouting-; though I marvel there appears no more fuch effects of it, -both horfes and ether cattle being free to broufe on it, where it naturally grows: But what is very odd, if true, is that which the late Mr. Aubrey recounts (in his NOTE S. ginning of O£lober, planting them in beds about four or five feet wide, in rows about a foot afunder, and the fame diftance from each other in the rows, obferving to lay a little muLch upon the furface of the ground about their roots, as alfo to water them in dry weather until they have taken root; after which they will require no farther care, but to keep them clear from weeds in fummer, and to trim them according to the pur-pofe for which they are defigned. In thefe beds they may remain two or three years, according as they have grown, when they fhould again be removed into a nurfery, placing them in rows at three feet diftance, and the plants eighteen inches afunder in the rows j obferve to do it in autumn, as was before directed, and continue to trim them in the fummer feafon, according to the defign for which they were intended j and after they have continued three or four years in this nurfery, they may be tranfplanted where they are to remain; always obferving to remove them in autumn where the ground is very dry, but on cold moift land it is better in the fpring. Thefe trees, tho’ of flow growth, do fometimes arrive at a confiderable fize. Mr. Pennant mentions one in Fontingal church-yard, in the Highlands of Scotland, whofe ruins meafured fifty-fix feet and 3 half in circumference. Of the Yew there is a variety with fhort leaves, which appear very ornamental in plantations. There is alfo another with ftriped leaves of great value amongft the variegated tribes. Thefe are increafed by layers, but the ftriped fort muft be planted upon a barren foil, otherwife it will become plain.OF FOREST-TREES. 3s* Mifcellanies) of a Gentlewoman that had long been ill, without any bene- Chap. Vi. fit from the Phyfician j fhe dreamed that a friend of her’s, deceafed, told her mother, that if Ihe gave her daughter a drink of Yew pounded, Ihe fhould recover •, it was accordingly given her, and Ihe prefently died. The mother being almoft diftra&ed for the lofs of her daughter, her chamber-maid, to comfort her, faid, Surely, what fhe gave her was not the occafion of her death, and that fhe would adventure on it herfelf j Ihe did fo, and died alfo ! Whether all this be but a dream, I cannot tell, but it was haply from thefe lugubrous effects, that garlands of Taxus were; tifually carried at funerals, as Statius implies in Epicedium Vernas : However, to prevent all funeft accidents, I commend the tree only for the ufefulnefs of the timber, and hortulan ornament. That we find it fo uni-verfally planted in our church-yards, was, doubtlefs, from its- being thought a fymbol of immortality, the tree being fo lading, and always green. Our bee-mafters banilh it from about their apiaries. T)ne thing more, whilft I am fpeaking of this tree : It minds me of that very odd ftory I find related by Mr. Cambden, of a certain amorous clergyman, that falling in love with a pretty maid, who refufed his ad-drefies, cut off her head*, which being hung upon a Yew tree till it was rotten, the tree was reputed fo facred, not only whilft the virgin’s head hung on it, but as long as the tree itfelf lafted ; ^to which the people went in pilgrimage, plucking and bearing away br^thes of it, as an holy relick, whilft-there remained any of the trunk, perfuading themfelvC*, that thole fmall fine veins and filaments (refembling hairs between the bark and the body of the tree) were the hairs of the virgin : But what is yet ftranger, the refort to this place, (then called Houton, a defpicable village) ocoa-fioned the building of the now famous town of Halifax, in Yorklhire, which imports Holy Hair. By this, and the like, may we eftimate what a world of impoftures have, through craft and fuperftitkm, gained the repute of holy places, abounding with rich oblations (their Devot$f||—• Pliny fpeaks of an old Lotus tree in a grove near Rome, upon which the Veftals prefent (as our Nuns) were ufed to hang their hair cut off at their profeflion. Lib. xvi. cap. xliii. I may not in the mean time omit what has been faid of the true Taxus -of the antients, for being a mortiferous plant. Dr. Belliju&i, Prefident of the Medical Garden at Pifa in Tulcany, (where they have diis|c^il^l|^y) affirms, that when his gardeners clip it, as fometimes they do, they ar-cA DISCOURSE 3S2 Book II. not able to work above half an hour at a time, it makes their head’s lb» ' ~1 f ake : But the leaves of this tree are more like the Fir, and is very bufhy,, furnifhed with leaves from the very root, and feeming. rather an hedge than a tree, though it grows very tall. This Englifh Yew tree is eafily produced of the feeds, wafhed and cleanfed from their mucilage, then buried and dried in fand a little moift* any time in December, and fo kept in fome veflel in the houfe all winter,, and in fome cool fhady place abroad all the fummer; fow them the fpring_ after. Some bury them in the ground like Haws; it'will commonly be the fecond winter before they peep, and then they rife with their caps on their heads. Being three years old, you may tranfplant them, and form them into ftandards,. knobs, walks, hedges,, &c. in all which, works they fucceed marvellous well, and are worth our patience for their perennial verdure and durablenefs. I do again name them for hedges, preferable, for beauty and a ftiff defence, to any plant I have ever feen, and may,, upon that account, without vanity, be faid to have been the firft who* brought it into fafhion, as well for defence, as for a fuccedaneum to Cy-prefs, whether in hedges or pyramids, conic-fpires, bowls, or what other jfhapes, adorning the parks or larger avenues with their lofty tops, thirty feet high, and braving alt the efforts of the moft rigid winter, which Cy~ prefs cannot weather. I have faid how long lafting they are, and eafily to be fhaped and clipped; nay, when cut down, they thrive: But thofe which are moft fuperannuated, and perhaps of many hundred years ftand^ ing, perifh if fo ufed. He that in winter fhould behold fome of our higheft hills in Surry clad with whole woods of thefe two laft forts of trees, for divers miles in circuit (as in thofe delicious groves of them, belonging to the Honourable, my Noble Friend, the late Sir Adam Brown, of Bechworth Caftle) from Box-Hill, might, without the leaft violence to his imagination, eafily fancy himfelf tranfported into fome new or enchanted country ; for, if in any fpot of England, Hie ver afiiduum, atque alienis menfibus teftas. Virg. .-------.--------------’tis here Eternal fpring and fummer all the year- Of which I have already fpoken in the former Se&ion.\ *  é /R ZÓ'J ■OF FOREST-TREES. 383 HOLLY*. Above all the natural greens which inrich our home-born ftore, there Chap. Vl. is none certainly to be compared to the Agrifolium (or Acuifolium rather) V—«—v— our Holly, fo fpontaneoufly growing here in this part of Surry, that the large Yale near my own dwelling, was antiently called Holme$-Dale, famous for the flight of the Danes : The inhabitants (of great antiquity in their manners, habits, and fpeech) have a proverb, Holmes-Dale never won; tie, never /hall. It had once a fort, called Holmes-Dale Caftle: I know not whether it might not be that of Rygate; but leaving this uncertain, I return to the plant. I have often wondered at our curiofity after foreign plants, and expenflve difficulties, to the negledt of the culture of this NOTES. * OF the Ilex there are five Species, but I (hall only take notice of two. 1. Ilex ( AquifoHum) foliis ovatis acutis fpinofis. Hort. Cliff. 40. Ilex aculeata baccifera. C. B. P. 425. Prickly berry-bearing Ilex. ‘The common Holly. The common Holly grows naturally in woods and forefts in many parts of England, where it rifes from twenty to thirty feet high, and fometimes more, but the ordinary height is not above twenty-five feet. The ftem by age becomes large, and is covered With a grayifh fmooth bark ; and thofe trees which are not lopped T browfed by cattle, are commonly furnifhed with branches the greateft part of their length, fo form a fort of cone; the branches are garnifhed with oblong oval leaves about three inches long, and one and a half broad, of a lucid green on their upper furface, but pale on their under, having a ftrong midrib: the edges are indented and waved, with {harp thorns terminating each of the points, fo that fome of the thorns are raifed upward and others are bent downward; thefe being very ftiff cannot be handled without pain. The leaves are placed alternate on every fide of the branches, and from the bafe of their foot-ftalks the flowers come out in clufters, {landing on very {hort foot-ftalks ; each of thefe fu-ftain five, fix, or more flowers. In fome plants I have obferved the flowers were wholly male, and produced no berries; in others I have obferved female and hermaphrodite flowers, but upon fome large old trees growing on Windfor Foreft, I have obferved all three upon the fame trees. The flowers are of a dirty white, and appear in May; they are fucceeded by roundilh berries, which turn to a beautiful red about Michaelmas, but continue on the trees, if they are not dc-ftroyed, till after Chriftmas before they fall away.——Of the common Holly there are feveral varieties with variegated leaves, which are propagated by the nurfery gardeners for fale, but at prefent are little regarded,' the old tafte of filling gardens with {horn Evergreens being nearly abolilhed ; however, in the difpofition '■of the clumps or other plantations of Evergreen trees and {hrubs, a few of theA PISCOUR3E Book II. c —■ rnJ 32 * * * * * 84 vulgar, but incomparable tree, whether we propagate it for ufe and de-fence, or for fight and ornament. ------Mala furta hominum denfis mucronibus arcens Securum defendit inexpugnabilis hortum, Exornatque fimul, toto fpedtabilis anno, Et numero, & viridi foliorum luce nitentum. Couleii PI. Lib. vL A hedge of Holly, thieves that would invade,, Repulfes like a growing palifade; Whofe numerous leaves fuch orient greens .inveil,, As in deep winter do the fpring arreft. N' O T- E S;. mod lively colours may be admitted, which will have a good effect in the winter feafon^ if they are properly difpofed. As the different variegations of the leaves of Hollies, are by the nurfery. gardeners diftinguifhed by .different titles, I fhall here mention the mod beautiful of them by their common names." Fair Phillis. Chohole. Milkmaid. Chimney-fweeper. Glory of the Eaft. Glory of the Weft. Painted Lady. Fuller’s Cream Holly. Broderick’s Holly. Cheney’s-Holly. Partridge’s Holly. Wife’s Holly. Ellis?s. Holly. Gray’s Holly. Long-ftaft’s. Holly. Bradley’s beft Holly. Blotched Yellow-berried Holly. Mafon’s Copper-coloured Holly. Bench’s Ninepenny Holly. Pritchet’s Holly. Blind’s Cream Holly. Sir Thomas Franklin’s Holly. Brittain’s Holly. Bradley’s Longleaved Holly. Whitmell’s Holly. Bradley’s Yellow Holly. Bridgman’s Holly. Wells’s Holly. Glafs’s Holly. Bagfhot’s Holly. Brownrig’s Holly. Hertford-Ihire White Holly. Common Blotched Holly. Yellow Blotched Hedge-Hog. Holly. Silver Hedge-Hog Holly. Langton Holly. 2. Ilex (Caroliniana) foliis ovato-lanceolatis ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 40. Holly u/ith, oval, fpear-Jhaped, Jawed leaves. Aquifolium Carolinienfe, foliis dentatis, baccis ru-bris. Catefb. Carol. 1. p. 31. Carolina Holly with indented leaves and red berries, commonly called Dahoon Holly. This fpecies of Holly grows naturally in Carolina, from whence the feeds were fent. by the late Mr. Mark Catefby, who found the trees growing on a fwamp at a diftance from Charles-town, but it hath fince been difcovered in fome other parts of North-America. This, rifes with an upright branching ftem to the height of eighteen or twenty feet; the bark of the old ftem is of a brown colour, but; that of the branches or younger ftalks is green and fmooth, garnifhed with fpear- Ihaped leaves, which are more than four inches long, and one and a quarter broad-in the broadeft part, of a light green and thick, confiftencei the upper part of theOF FOREST-.TREES. 385 'Which makes me wonder why it Ihould be reckoned among the unfortu- Chap. VI. nate trees by Macrobius, Sat. lib. ii. cap. xvi. and by others among the 4ucky •, for lb it feems they ufed to fend branches of it, as well as of Oak (the moft fortunate, according to the Gentile Theology) with their Strenae, (New-Year’s Gifts) begun, as Symachus tells us, by King Tatius, almoft as old as Rome herfelf. I But to fay no more of thefe fuperftitious fopperies, which are many, about this tree, we ftill drefs up both our churches and houfes, on Chrift-mas and other feftival days, with this cheerful green and rutilant berries. NOTES. leaves are fawed on their edges, each ferrature ending in a Email fharp fpine; they ftand alternately on every fide the branches, upon very Ihort foot-ftalks. The flowers come out in thick clufters from the fide of the {talks; they are white, and fhaped like thofe of the common Holly, but are fmaller; the female and hermaphrodite flowers are fucceeded by fmall roundilh berries in its native country, which make a fine appearance in winter, but they have not as yet produced fruit in England. This plant is tender, and requires a.warm expofure. The Ilex is of the clafs and order Tetrandria Tetragynia. The manner of propagating the Holly is nearly the fame as the Yew ; only as the plants never appear until the fecond fpring, inftead of fowing the berries immediately, as was dire&ed for the Yew, they may be buried in the ground, then taken up, and fown the autumn following. If the plants are fown as foon as they are gathered, they will undoubtedly come up the fpring twelvemonth after; and this would be the moft eligible, as well as the fureft way of obtaining a crop, could we be certain of guarding them from mice during fo long a fpace of time; for thefe animals, when once they find out the feeds, will foon, unlefs they are exterminated, effe&ually deftroy a whole feminary. If the planter is not averl'e to run this hazard, the beft method will be to fow the feeds foon afterthey are ripe. During the following fummer the beds muft be kept clean of weeds; traps muft be conftantly fet for the mice; and, if the feafon fhould prove dry, it would aflift the growth of the feeds to give them now and then a gentle watering. Thefe precautions being obferved, the plants will come up in the. fpring: following;. In this feed-bced the plants may remain two years, and then fhould be tranfplanted in the autumn, into beds at about eight inches diftance each way, where they may ftand two years longer, during which time they muft be conftantly kept clean from weeds ; and if the plants have thriven well, they will be ftrong enough to tranfplant where they are defigned to remain ; for when they are tranfplanted at that age, there will be lefs danger of their failing, and they will grow to a larger fize than thofe which C c cA DISCOURSE Book II. Is there under heaven a more glorious and refrelhing object of the kind,. L ' J than an. impregnable hedge of about four hundred feet in length, nine feet high, and five in diameter, which I can- Ihew in my now ruined gardens, at Say’s Court (thanks to the Czar of Mofcovy *) at any time of the year,, glittering with its armed and varnilhed leaves ? The taller ftandards at orderly diftances, blulhing with their natural coral: It; mocks the rudeft afiaults of the weather, beafts* or hedge-breakers,. Et ilium nemo impune laceffit. NOTE S. are removed'when they are much larger; but if the ground is not ready to receive them at that time, they fhould be tranfplanted into a nurfery in rows at two feet diftance,, and one foot afunder in the rows, in which place the plants may remain two years longer; and if they are defigned to be grafted or budded with any of the variegated kinds, that Ihould be performed after the plants have grown one year in this nurfery; but the plants fo budded or grafted fhould continue two years after in the nurfery,, that they may make good fhoots before they are removed ; though the plain ones fhould not ftand longer than two years in-the nurfery, becaufe when' they are older they do not tranfplant fo well* The beft time for removing of Hollies is in the autumn,, efpecially in dry land; but where the foil is cold or moift, they may be tranfplanted with great fafety in the fpring; if the plants are not too old, or if they have not flood: long unremoved, there is great odds of their dying when removed. The Holly is an ex?dll$S£t plant for hedges, and would claim the preference to the Hawthorne, were it not for the flownefs of its growth while young, and the difficulty of tranfplanting the plants when grown to a moderate fize. This will grow befl in' cold flony lands, where, if once it takes well, the hedges may be rendered fo clofe and thick as to keep out all forts of animals; it will grow to a confiderable height,, and be of long duration, Thefe hedges may be raifed by fowing the berries either in the place where they are defigned to remain, ,or by planting young plants of three or four years growth; but as the berries continue in the ground an entire year before the plants appear, few perfons care to wait fo long; therefore the ufual and beft method is to plant the hedges with plants of t^ft before-mentioned age. But where this is pra&ifed, they fhould be tranfplanted either early Hthe au,tumn, or deferred tjJLto-ward the end of March; then the furface of the ground fhould be covered with mulch near their roots after^ they are planted, to keep the earth moift ; and if the feafon fhould prove dry, the plants fhould be watered at leaft once a week, until they have taken root, otherwife they will be in danger of mifcarryihg; for which reafon the autumnal planting is generally preferred to the fpridj#*1 efpecially in dry grounds.- Columella’s defcription of a good hedge is highly applicable to one made of Holly, “ Neu fit pecori, neu pervia furi.” * The Czar Peter the Great refidccfat Mr. Evelyn’s houfe, in order that he might be near the yard at Deptford during his ftay in England.OF FOREST-TREES. 3*7 It is with us of two eminent kinds, the prickly and fmoother leaved, or, Chap. VI. ;as fome term it, the -Free Holly, not unwelcome, when tender, to fheep ' " and other cattle. There is alfo of the White-berried, and a Golden and Silver, variegated in fix or leven differences, which proceeds from no difference in the fpecips, but accidentally, and naturae lufu, as moll fuch variegations do: frnce we are taught how to effe<5b it artificially, namely, by fowing the feeds, and planting in gravelly foil, mixed with ftore of chalk, and prefiing it hard down •, it being certain, that they return td their native colour when fown in richer mould, and that all the fibres of the roots recover their natural food. I have already Ihewed how it is to be raffed of the berries (of which there is a fort bears them yellow, and propagate their colour) when they are ready to drop ; this only omitted, that they ihould firft be freed from their tenacious and glutinous mucilage by being walhed, and a little brui-fed, then dried with a cloth, or dfe bury them as you do the Yew and Hips: and let the Forefter receive this for no common fecfet, and take notice of the effedt. If you will fow them in the berry, keep them in dry fand till March, remove them alfo after three or four years; but if you plant the fets, (which is likewife a commendable way, and the woods will furnifh enough) place them northwards, as they do Quick : Of this might their living pales and enclofures be made, (fuch as the Right Honourable my Lord Dacres, fomewhere in Sufiex, has a park almoft environed with, ■able to keep in any game, as I am credibly informed) and cut into fquare hedges it becomes impenetrable, and will thrive in the hottefl as well as the coldeft places. I have feen hedges, or, if you will, flout walls of Holly twenty feet in height, kept upright, and the gilded fort budded low, and in" two or three places one above another, fhorn and fafhioned into columns and pilaflers, architedlonially fhaped, and at due diflancei than which nothing can pofiibly be more pleafant, the berry adorning the intercolumniations with fcarlet feftoons and encarpa. Of lj|f|s noble tree one may take thoufands of them, four inches lo(&j out Jt£. the woods, (growing amongft the fallen leaves) and fo plant them^dbut this fhould be before the cattle begin to crop them, efpecially fheep, who are greedy of them when tender: Stick them into the ground in a moifl feafon, in fpring, or early autumn, efpecially the fpring, fhaded (if it prove too hot and fcorching) till they begin to fhoot of themfelves, and in very fharp weather, and during our Eaflèrn Etefians, covered with dry ftraw or C C C 2A D I S C O U R S E m Book II. haume;; and if any of them feem to perifh, cut it clofe, and you fhall foon fee it revive. Of thefe feedlings, and by this culture, I have raifed plants and hedges full four feet high in four years: The luftier and bigger the fets are, the better; and if you can procure fuch as are a thumb’s breadth thick, they will foon furnilh into an hedge. At Dungenefs, in Kent, they grow naturally amongft the very Beech and Pebbles; but if your ground be ftiff, loofen it with a little fine gravel: This rare hedge; the boaft of my . Villa, r was planted upon a burning gravel, expofed to the meridian fun; for it refufes not almoft any fort of barren ground, hot or cold, and often indicates where coals are to be dug. True it is, that time muft bring,this tree to perfection it does fo: to» all things elfe, & pojleritati pangimus.. But what if a little culture about the roots, (not dunging, which it abhors) and frequent, ftirring of the mould, double its growth ? We ftay feven years for a tolerable Quick; it is worth flaying thrice feven for this, which has no, competitor. And yet there is an expedient to effect it. more infenfibly, by planting it with the Quick : Let every fifth or fixth be a HollyTet, they will grow up infallibly with your Quick; and as they begin to fpread, .make way for them by extirpating the White Thorn, till they quite domineer: Thus was my hedge firft planted, without the leaft interruption to the fence, by a molt pleafant metamorphofis. But there, is alfo another,, not lefs apj. plauded, by laying along well-rooted fets, a yard or more in length, and ftripping off the leaves and branches, letting only fomething of the tops appear: Thefe, covered with a competent depth of earth, will fend forth innumerable fuckers, which will fuddenly advance into an hedge; and grows as well under the (hade as fun, provided you keep them weeded, and now and then loofen the earth; towards which, if through extreme negledt, or other accident, it grow thin,. being clofe cut down it will fill and become, ftronger and thicker than ever. Of this (lately fhrub,. as fome reckon it, there is lately found an Holly; whofe leaves are.as thorny and briftly, not only at the edges,, but all over, as an hedge-hog, which it may properly be called; and I think was firft brought by Mr. London out of France. The timber of the Holly (befides that it is the whiteft of all hard woods» and therefore ufed by the Inlayer, efpecially under thin plates of ivory9._ to render it more confpicuous) is* for all fturdy ufes j the Mill-wright,OF FOREST-TREES. 3^9 Turner, and Engraver prefer it to any other: It makes the beft handles Chap. Vt. and ftocks for tools, flails, the bell riding-rods, and carters’ whips ; bowls, imi chivers, and pins for blocks : Alfo it excels for door-bars and boltsand as of the Elm, fo of this efpecially, they made even hinges and hooks to ferve inftead of iron, finking in the water like it-j and of the bark is com-pofed our bird-lime, thus : Peel a good quantity of the bark- about Midfummer •, fill a vefiel with it, and put to it fpring-waterthen boil it till the gray and white bark rife from the green, which will require near twelve hours boiling then taking it off the fire, feparate the barks-, the water firft well poured off. Then lay the green bark on the earth, in fome cool vault or cellar, covering it with any fort of green and rank weeds, fuch as Dock, Thiftles, Hemlock, &c. to a good thicknefs; thus let it continue near a fortnight, by which time it will become a perfedt mucilage * then pound it all exceedingly in a {tone mortar, till it be a tough pafte, and fo very fine as no part of the bark be difcernable: This done, wafli it accurately well in fome running ftream of water, as long as you perceive the leaft ordure or motes in it, and fo referve.it in fome- earthen pot, to purge and ferment, fcumming it as often, as any thing arifes for four or five days, and when no more filth comes* change it into a frelh veflel of earth, and referve it for ufe, thus: Take what quantity you pleafe of it, - and in an earthen -pipkin add a third part of capon’s or goofe-greafe to it, well clarified, or oil of Walnuts, which'is better;, incorporate thefe on a gentle fire, continually ftirring it till it be cold, and thus your compofition is finifhed. But to prevent frofts, (which, in fevere weather, will fometimes invade it on the rods) take a. quarter of as much oil of Petroleum as you do of greafe, and no cold whatever will cqngeal it. The Italians make their Vifchio of the berries of the mifleto of trees* (and indeed ‘it is from this it is faid of the Thrufh, Exitium funm cacat, that bird being fo exceeding devourers of them) treated much after the fame manner* but then they mix it with nut-oil, an ounce to a pound of lime, and taking it from the fire, add half an ounce of turpentine, which qualifies it alfo for the water* Great quantities of bird-lime are brought to us out of Turkey, and from Damafcus, which fome conceive to be made of Sebeftens, finding fometimes the kernels. This lime is of a greener colour, fubjedt to frofts, and* impatient of wet, nor will laft above a year or two good. Another fort' comes alfo out of Syria, of a yellow hue* likewife from Spain, whiter than the reft, which will refill the water, but is of an ill fcent. I have been told that the Cortex of our Lantana, or Wayfaring Shrub, will make as*A DISCOURSE ■39° Book II. good bird-lime Us the beft. But let thefe fuffice, being more than as yet l|"" —f any one has publifhed. The fuperior leaves of Holly trees, dried to a fine »powder and drank in white wine, are prevalent againft the Hone, and cure fiuxes and a dozen of the mature berries, being fwallowed, purge phlegm without danger: To which the learned Mr. Ray (in Append. Plant. Angl.$ adds a zythogalum, or pofiet, made of milk and beer, in which is boiled fome of the mott pointed leaves, for afiuaging the torment of the cholic, when nothing elfe has prevailed. LAUREL* Lauro-Cerafus. The Cherry-Bay. From the ufe we commonly put this Ihrub to, it feems as if it had been only deftined for hedges, and to cover •bare walls: Being planted upright, and kept to the ftandard, by cutting away the collateral branches, and maintaining one ftem, it will rife to a very confiderable tree, refembling (for the firft twenty years) the molt beautiful-headed Orange in fhape and verdure, and arriving in time to emulate even fome of our lufty timber-trees; fo as I dare pronounce it to be one of the moft proper and ornamental trees for walks and avenues of any growing. NOTES. * This tree was formerly called Lauro-Cerafus, but Linnaeus has now made it a fpecies of the Prunus. In the Sp. PI. it is titled Prunus (Lauro-Cerafus) floribus racemofis, foliis fempervirentibus dorfo biglandolofis. In Hort. Cliff. 185, it is called Padus foliis fempervirentibus lancedato-ovatis. The common Laurel, or Cherry-Bay. It is of the clafs and order Icofandria Monogynia. The young leaves of the Laurel begin to open about the twelfth of March, and are generally all out by the middle of April. The flowers are white; and tho’ fmaU, yet being cluftered together, they make a tolerable appearance: But the berries afford the greateft beauty, being large, and when ripe very black. This tree is a native of the Eaff, and grows naturally about the Black Sea. It was firft brought into Europe by Clufius, in the year 1576 ; and, being eal'ily propagated, is now fpread over Italy, and the greateft part of Europe. The Laurel is propagated either from the feeds or cuttings. If the former method is prailifed, the feeds muft be gathered from the trees when they are full ripe : This will be known by their being quite black, which is generally about the beginning of October. Thefe feeds fhould be fown directly in beds of light earth, half an inch deep, which muft be afterwards hooped over, to be covered in very fevere frofts. A hedge of furze bulhes alfo fhould be made around them, to break the force of the free-OF F O R E S T - T R E E S. 591 Pity it is they are fo abufed in the hedges, where the lower branches Chap. VT. growing fticky and dry, by reafon of their frequent and unfeafonable *■— —1 cuttings (the genius of the tree being to fpend much in wood) they never fucceed after the firft fix or feven years •, but are to be new-planted again, or abated to the very roots for a frelh fhoot, which is bell, and foon would furnifh the places. In a word; as to the pruning of Evergreen hedges, there is no fmall lkiil and addrefs to be ul'ed, in forming and trimming them for beauty and liability; leave the lower pgrts next the ground broader (two feet were futhcient for the thicknefs of the tailed: hedge) than the tops, gradually, fo as not much to exceed a foot breadth NOTES. zing black winds, and fccure the feeds, together with the mats, from being deftroyed.. This is a much fafer method than covering the beds with litter, which, if neglected to be taken off when the froft is over, will retain the rains which generally fucceed fuch weather, fodden the beds, and make them fo wet as frequently to deftroy the whole of the expected crop. The feeds being fown, and preferved with the above care, will appear in the fpring. During the following fummer they {hould be kept clear of weeds, as well as watered in dry weather; and all the enfuing winter they mud remain untouched in their beds, the furze hedge ftill {landing till the frofty weather is pall; for if thcfe young feedlings are planted out in the autumn, the major part of them will be in danger, before the winter is expired, of being thrown out of the ground by the froft; and not only fo, but pf being really killed by it, as they are not very hardy at one year old. In the fpring, therefore, when the bad weather is over, let them be planted out in the nurfery-ground, in rows two feet afunder, and the plants a foot and a half diftant in the rows, where they may ftand till they are planted out for good. T rees raifed from feeds generally grow more upright, and feldom throw out fo many lateral branches as thofe reared from cuttings neverthelefs, as the expectation of a crop from feeds has fo often faded, notwithftanding great care has been ufed, and as the difficulty of procuring the feeds, and preferving them from the birds, has been very great, the moft certain'and expeditious method of railing quantities of thefe trees is by cuttings, and is as follows: In the month of Auguft the cuttings fhould be gathered, about a foot and a half in length. They will thrive the better for having a bit of the laft year’s wood at the end, though without this they will grow exceedingly well. The under leaves {hould be cut off a foot from the thick end of the cutting, which muft all be planted about a foot deep in the ground ; the other half foot, with its leaves, heing above it. No diftance need be obferved in planting thefe cuttings, which may be fet as thick as you pleafe, though the ground for railing them fhould be Iheltered, left the winds, which are frequently high at this time of the year, or foon after, Ihould loofen the plants juft when they are going to ftrike root, if not wholly blow them out. The weather when the cuttings are to be planted Ihould be either rainy or cloudy j and if no Ihowers Ihould fall in Auguft, the work muft be deferred till they do j. forA DISCOURSE 39* tRook IL at .the upmoft verge, (as archite£ts diminifh walls of ftone and brick From the foundation) for they will elfe be apt to bend and fwag, (efpecially •when laden with winter fnows or ice) grow too thick, heat, wither, and foul within, dry and fticky efpecially *, when it were more than time they were cut clofe to the earth, for a frefh and verdant fpring; and this method is to be pra&ifed in all hedges whatfoever. . But would you yet improve the ftandard, which I celebrate, to greater -and more fpeedy exaltation, bud your Laurel on the Black Cherry ftock to what height you pleafe : This I had.from an ocular teftimony, who was NOTE S. if cuttings are planted in Auguft when the weather is parching and dry, they will be burnt up, without great care and trouble in fhading and watering. Neither is cloudy or rainy weather only to be recommended in planting thefe cuttings, but a fhady fitua-tion alfo, either under a north wall, or in beds which are covered the greateft part of the day with the umbrage of large trees. This fhady fituation is very neceflary for them; fince, though the weather be rainy and cloudy when they are planted out, yet fhould it prove fair afterwards, the fun will foon dry up the moifture at that feafon, -and endanger the plants, if they are not.conftantly watered and protected with a (hade; which at once fhews the expediency of pitching on a fpot where fuch a conveniency is natural. If thefe cuttings are planted in Auguft, they will take root before winter, dpe-cially if they have fhade, and water in dry weather ; but they fhould remain un-difturbed till the fpring twelvemonth following, in order to acquire ftrength to be planted in the nurfery. During the fummer, they will require no other trouble than watering in dry weather, and keeping clean from weeds; and by the autumn they will have made a (hoot of perhaps a foot or more in length. In the beds, neverthelefs, they fhould remain till the fpring, when they fhould all be carefully taken out, and planted in the nurfery, .as was diredled for the feedlings. When thefe trees are intended to form a large plantation, any time during the winter will be proper for the work, though I would recommend the month of October as the moft favourable feafon. The ground ought to be prepared for their reception by plowing ; and they fhould be planted in holes made all over it, at one yard afunder. When they begin to touch each other, do not immediately thin them, but fuffer them to remain unthinned two or three years longer, by which means they will draw one another up to regular ftems. When you begin to thin them, it muft be done fparingly, and in fmall quantities, only taking out a weakly plant here and there, to make room for the more vigorous fhooting of the others, left the cold, entering the plantation too much at once, fhould retard its growth, if not wholly deftroy it. The danger of lofing thefe plants is, I believe, only when they have been ufed to grow clofe, and the cold is fufFereid tto rufh in upon them all of a fuddcn; but where they have been planted on bleak or;expofed places fingly, I feldom ever knew a plantOF F O REST - T RE E S. 393 .more than fomewhat doubtful of fuch alliances ; though fomething like it Chap. Vf I in Palladius, fpeaks it not fo impoftible: U—-v— Inferitur Lauro Cerafus, partuque coadlo Tingit adoptivus virginis ora pudor. A Cherry graft on Laurel (lock, does ftain The virgin fruit in a deep double grain. NOTES. of this tree killed by the cold. However, let thefe plantations be continued to be thinned with caution till the general fall. The Laurel is now fo far naturalized to us, as to grow well in almoft any of our foils or fltuations: fo that plantations of this tree may be made in any place where there is a conveniency. In Italy there are numerous woods confining entirely of thefe trees; and although England at prefent cannot boaft of many plantations of this kind, yet his Grace the Duke of Bedford has fet a noble example to men of fortune, at Wooburn, where he has. planted one hill folely with Laurels, which thrive exceedingly; as do thofe alfo which are mixed in great quantities with the other Evergreens, throughout his whole plantations. Befides the common Laurel there is another kind entitled by Tournefort, Inft. 628, Lauro-Cerafus Lufitanica minor. The Smaller Portugal Laurel; called, in its native country, Azoureiro. The'leaves of this fhrub are fhorter than thofe of the common Laurel, approaching nearer to an oval form ; they are of the fame confidence, and of a lucid green, which, mixing with the red branches, make a beautiful appearance. The flowers are produced in long loofe fpikes from the fide of the branches; they are white, and fhaped like thofe of the common Laurel, appearing in June, and are fucceeded by oval berries fmaller than thofe of the common Laurel; they are firft green, afterward red, and when ripe are black, inclofing a (tone like the Cherry. This kind may be propagated in the fame way as the common Laurel, either by cuttings, layers, or feeds. If the cuttings are planted at the fame feafon, and in the fame way as hath been directed for the common Laurel, they will take root very freely ; or if the young branches are laid in the autumn, they will take root in one year, and may then be removed into a nurfery, where they may grow a year or two to get (Length, and then be tranfplanted where they are to remain. This tree is much hardier than the common Laurel; for in the fevere froft of the year 1740, when great numbers of Laurels were entirely killed, and moil of them loft their verdure, this remained unhurt in perfect verdure, which renders it more valuable ; and as by the appearance of fome trees now growing in the gardens, they feem as if they would grow to a large fize, fo it is likely to be one of the mod ornamental 'Evergreens we have. D d dA DISCOURSE Book II. ----——I 394 They are raifed of the feeds or berries with extraordinary facility, or' propagated by layers, taleae, and cuttings, fet about the latter end of. Auguft, or earlier at St. James’s tide, wherever there is lhade and moifture. Befides that of the wood, the leaves of this Laurel, boiled in milk, impart a very grateful tafte of the Almond ; and of. the berries,- or cherries rather,., (which poultry generally feed on) is made a wine, to fome not unplea-fant. I find little concerning the ufes of this tree; of the wood are faid to be made the bell plow-handles. Note, that this rare tree w'as firft brought from Civita-Vecchia into England by the Countefs of Arundel,, wife to that illuftrious patron of arts and antiquities, Thomas Earl of Arundel and Surry, great great grandfather to his Grace the prefent Duke of Norfolk, whom I left fick at Padua, where-he died, highly difpleafed-at his grandfon-Philip’s putting on the Friar’s frock, tho’ afterwards the Purple, when- Cardinal of Norfolk. After all, I cannot eafily afient to the tradition, though. I had it from a noble hand : I rather think it might firft be brought out of fome more northerly clime, the nature of the tree jo delighting and flourifhing in the lhady and colder expofures,, with art abhorrence of heat. BAY TREE*. Laurus Vulgaris. The Bay Tree. The learned Ifaac Vofiius, and Ety-mologifts, are wonderfully curious in their conjectures concerning its derivation •, a Laude, lays Ifiidore. And from the ingenious Poet, we learn how it became facred to Apollo, the Patron of the Wits, and ever fince the Meed of Conquerors and heroic Perfons. But.leaving fiction, we pafs to N O T E S. * Of the Laurus there are no lefs than eleven Species enumerated by Linnaeus, but it will be unneceflary in this place to take notice of more than one, viz. Laurus (Nobilis) foliis venofis lanceolatis perennantibus, floribus quadrifidis dioicis. Lin. Sp. PI. 529. Laurus Vulgaris. B. P. 460. The Bay Tree. It is of the clafs and order Enneandr'ta Alonogynia. This fhrub is propagated by feeds, cuttings, layers, and fuckers, in a' manner well known to every gardener. As this beautiful plant will grow under the dripping of trees, it is qualified for adorning the borders of woods and pleafure grounds. The leaves begin to open about the middle of March, and are quite out by the beginning of May. The flowers are of a light yellow colour, but make no Ihow. It is a native of Italy. It is beyond a doubt that the Bay Tree, and not the Laurel, is the Laurus of the antients. The Laurel was not known in Europe till the latter end ofOF FOREST-TREES, 395 :the culture of this noble and fragrant tree, propagated both by feeds, cut- Chap. VI. tings, fuckers, and layers. They (namely the berries) Ihould be gathered v dropping ripe: Pliny has a particular procefs for the ordering of them, not to be rejected, Which is to gather them in January, and fpreading them till their fweat be over, he then puts them in dung, and Lows them: As for the fteeping in wine, water does altogether as well: Others waffi the feeds from their mucilage, by breaking and bruifmg the glutinous berries, then fow them in rich ground in March, by fcores in a heap •, and indeed Jo they will come up in xlufters, but nothing fo well, nor fit for tranfplan- tation, as where they are interred with a competent fcattering, fo as you •would furrow peafe. Both this way, and by fetting them apart, which I moft commend, I have raifed multitudes, and that in the berries, kept in iand till the {pring, without -any farther preparation •, only for the firft two years they fhould be defended from the piercing winds, which frequently deftroy them; .and yet the fcorching of their tender leaves ought not to make you defpair,* for many of them will recover beyond expectation ■, .nay, though quite cut down, they repullulate and produce young fuckers. •Such as are raifed of berries may at three years growth be tranfplanted j which let alone too long, are difficult to take. This aromatic tree greatly loves the mother’s fliade, (under which no-ithingielfe will profper) yet thrives belt in our hotteft gravel, having onoe N O T E S. the fifteenth century, about which time it was brought from Trebizond to Conftan-tinople, and from thence it fpread over moft parts of Europe. Befides, our Laurel has not the properties afcribed by the antients to their Laurus. Virgil fays it has a ■fine fmell, which the Laurel h&S not: Et vos, O LaUri, calpam, et te proxime, Myrte, Sic pofttae, quoniam fuaves mifcetis odores. Ecl. ii. And in the fixth.iEneid, “ Oderatum Lauri nenrms.” The Pythian Prieftefs chewed the leaves of this tree before Ihe was placed upon the facred Tripod. Thefe being ufed after an abftinence of three days, naturally produced that wild enthufiafm with which her OracjBwere always attended From its being thus ufed it obtained the name of the “ Prophetic Tree.” Whence Claudian, ■----------venturi prrefcia Laurus. Amongft the antients, (Crowns of Laurel were worn by fuccefsful Generals when they made their triumphal entries : Apollo, when he made this tree his own, fays, Tu ducibus Latiis aderis, cum laeta triumphum Vox canetj et longae vifent Capitolia pompae. D d d 2 Ovid.A DISCOURSE 39<5 Rook II. patted thofe firft difficulties: Age, and culture about the roots', wonder* J fully augment its growth; fo as I have feen trees near thirty feet high: of them, and almoft two feet diameter. They make walking-ftaves, ftraightj ftrong, and light-for old Gentlemen \ and are fit alfo both for arbour and palifade wo?k, lb the gardener underftand when to prune and keep them from growing too-woody. And here I cannot but take notice of thofe beautiful cafe-llandards, which of late you have had out of Flanders, &c. with Items fo even and upright, heads fo round, full, and ftourilhing, as feem to exceed all the topiary ornaments of the garden, that- one tree of them has been fold for more than twenty pounds*, tho* now, the myftery revealed, the price be much abated ; and, doubtlefs, as good might be raifed here, (.without fending beyond fea for- them) were our gardeners as induftrious to cultivate and lhape them. Some there are,.who imagine them of another fpecies than our ordinary Bay, but erroneoufly. I wonder we plant not whole groves of them and abroad; they being hardy enough, grow upright, and would make a noble Daphneon. The berries are emollient, fovereign in affe<5tions of the nerves, diolics, &c. they make good gargarifms, baths, falves, and perfumes: Of Bay-leaves dried in a fire-pan and reduced to a fine powder, as much as will cover half a crown, being drank in wine, feldom fails of curing an ague. And fome have ufed the leaves inftead of cloves, imparting its relilh in fauce, efpecially of filh: and the very dry fticks of. the tree, ftrewed over with a little powder or dull of fulphur, and vehemently rubbed againft one another, will immediately take fire, as will likewife the wood of an old Ivy *, nay, without any intentive addition, by fri&ion only. Amongft other things, it has of old been obferved that the Bay is-omr-nous of fome funeft accident, if that be fo accounted which Suetonius (in Galba) affirms to have happened before the death of the monfter Nero, when thefe trees generally withered to the very roots in a very mild winter: -and much later j that in the year 1629, when at Padua, preceding a great pcftilence, almoft all the Bay trees about that famous Univerfity grew fick and perifhed : Certo. quafi pra’fagio^ fays my Author, Apollinem Mufafque, fubfequenti anno urbe ilia bonaram liter arum domicilio excejfuras.-But that this was extraordinary, we are told the Emperor Claudius, upon occafion of a raging peftilence, was, by his Phyficians, advifed to remove his court to Laurentium, the aromatick emittions of that tree being in fuch reputation for clearing the air,, and refilling contagion j upon which account I queftion not but Pliny, the Nephew, was fo frequently at his belovedO 9 FORES T-T REE S. 3'97 Laurentium, fo near the city. Befides, thofe trees were extolled for their Chap. VI. virtue againft lightning,, which Tiberius fo exceedingly dreaded, that '— when it came with thunder, he would creep under his bed to avoid it, fhading his head with the boughs. The ftory.of the branch in the bill of the white hen, let fall into the lap of Livia Drufilla, being planted, pro* fpered fo floridly, as made it-reputed fo facred as to ufe it for impaling the heads of the triumphing Emperors, and to adorn the Limina of the Temples and Royal Palace of the great Pontiff; and thence called Janitrices Gafarum Cur tamen appofita velatur janua lauro ; Cingit;&.Auguftas arbor opaca fores ?- Num quia perpetuos meruit domus ifta triumphos ? Ovid. As ftill at prefent in Rome, and other cities, they ufe to trim up their churches and monafteries on folemn feftivals, when there is ftation and indulgences granted in honour of the faint or patron; as alfo on occafion of fignal vi&ories, and other joyful tidings •, and thofe garlands, made up with hobby-horfe tinfel,. make a glittering Ihow, and rattling noife when the air moves them— With the leaves of Laurel'were made up the difpatches and letters, which were lent to the Senate from the victorious General: The fpears, lances, and fafcesj nay tents and fliips, &c. were all dreffed up with Laurels ; and in. triumph every common foldier carried a fprig in his hand, as we may fee in the belt bafs-relievo of the antients, as of virtue to purge them from blood and flaughter. And now, after all this, might jeCture by a mere infpeftion of thofe feveral fculps, ftatues, and medals yet extant, reprefenting the heads of Emperofs, Poets, &c. the wreaths and coronets to be compofed of a more flexible and compliant fpecies than the common Bay, and more applicable to the brows, except where the ends and ftalks of the tender branch were tied together wi^jfa lemnifc or ribbon. And there be yet who contend for the Alexandrian Laurel, and the Tinas as more duClile, but without any good evidence. Pliny, I find, fays nothing of this queftion, naming only the Cyprian and Delphic *, befides, the figure, colour of the rind and leaf, crackling in the fire, which it impugns, (as it is faid it does lightning) gives plainly the honour of it to the common Bay. We fay nothing of its facred ufe in the Gentile luftration, purgation* and feveral other attributes.. 'Book II. JU----J 3 9 8 . A ;D I S C O U R S E CHAP. VII. Of FENCES, QUICK-SETS, OUR main plantation is now finiftied, and our foreft adorned with a juIt variety : But what is yet .all this labour, but lofs of time and irreparable expence, unlefs our young and (as yet) tender plants be fuffi-„ciently guarded with munitions from all external injuries ? For, as old Tuffer, jf cattle o? coneg mag enter to crop, gourig £Da& 10 in Hanger of loftng Hi0 top* But with fomqthing a more polilhed ftile, .though to the fame purpofe, .the belt of Poets, Texendae fepes etiam, & pecus omne tenendum eft: Prascipue, dum frons tenera, imprudenfque laborum Cui, fuper indignas hyemes,Ffolemque potentem, Silveftres uri afiidue, capreaeque fequaces Illudunt: Pafcuntur Qves, avidaeque juvencae. Frigora.nec tantum cana concreta pruina, Aut gravis incumbens fcop.ulis arentibus aeftas-; -Quantum illi nocuere greges, durique venenum Dentis, & admorfo fignata in ftirpe cicatrix. Georg, ii. .Guard, too, from cattle thy new-planted ground, And infant-vines that ill can bear a wound: For not alone by winter’s chilling froft, Or iummer’s fcorching beam the young are loft^ But the wild buffaloes and greedy cows, And goats and fportive kids the branches browze j Not piercing colds, nor Sirius’ beams that beat On the parcht hills, vand fplit their tops with heat, So deeply injure, as the nibbling.flocks, That wound with y.enom’d teeth the tender, fearful flocks. The reafon that fo many complain of the improfperous condition of their wood-lands and plantations of this kind, proceeds from this ne-tO F F O R E S"T - r G I m 399 gle£l;- though, Iheep excepted, there is no employment whatfoever inci- Ch. VII. dent to the Farmer; which requires lefs expente to gratify their expe£ta- ~ ,-n i tions ; one diligent and Ikilful man will govern five hundred acres: But if through any accident a beaft fhall break into his mailer's field,-or the wicked hunter makes a gap for his dogs and horfes, what a clamour is there made for the difturbance of a year’s crop at moll in a little corn! whilft abandoning his young woods all this time, and perhaps many years, -to the venomous bitings and treading of cattle, and other like injuries, for want of due care, the detriment is many times irreparable ; young trees once cropped hardly ever recovering. It is the bane of all our moft hopeful timber. But Ihall I provoke you by an inftanCe ? A kinfman of mine has a wood of more than fixty years Handing ; it was, before he purchafed it* expofed and abandoned to the cattle for divers yearn? fome of the outward fkirts were nothing, fave fhrubs and rftiferable Harvj&tftt|fyct jftill the place was difpofed to grow woody •, but by this negledt continually fupprefted. The' induftrious Gentleman fenced in fome aipres of .this, and cut an^klofe to the ground; and it is come in eight or nine years to be better Worth than thfe wood of fixty ; and will, in time, prove moft ihcompattl^daij^a^; whilft the other part, fo many years advanced, Ihall never recover *, and all this from no other caufe than prefervingit fenced. Judge then by thH how our woods come to be fo decried: Are five hundred lheep wcHny the care of a Ihepherd ? And are not five thoufand Oaks worth the fencing, and the infpe&ion of a hayward ? Et dubitant homines ferere, atque impendere curam ? Geo. ii. And Ihall men doubt to plant,;- and careful be ? Let us therefore Ihut up what we have thus laborioufly planted with fome good Quick-fet hedge. The Hawthorn, (Oxyacantha vulgaris) and indeed the very beft of com- Hawthorn. mon hedges, is either raifed of feeds or plants; but then it muft not be with defpair, becaufe fometimes you do not fee them peep the firft year; for the Haw, and many other feeds, being inverted with a very hard integument, will now and then fuffer imprifonment two whole years under the earth; and our impatience at this does often fruftrate the refurre&ionƒ 4oo A D I S € 'O U R S *E Book IL of divers feeds of this nature, fo that we frequently dig up, and difturb —J the beds where they have been fown, in defpair, before they have gone their full time, which is alfo the reafon of a very popular midake in other deeds, efpecially that of the Holly, concerning which there goes a tradition, that they will not.fprout till they be pafifed thro’ the maw of a Thruffi ; .«whence the faying, 'Tiwdus exitium fuum cacat (alluding to the Vifcus made thereof, not the Mifieto of Oak) ; but this is an error, as I am able to .tedify on experience. They come up very well of the berries, treated as I have {hewed in book ii. chap. vi. and with patience ; for, as.I affirmed, they will ileep. fometimes. two entire years in their graves ; as will alfo the fèeds of Yew, Sloes, Phillyrea Angudifolia, and fundry others, whofe {hells are very hard about the fmall kernels ; but which is wonderfully ^facilitated by being, as we diredted, prepared in beds, and magazines of earth, or fand, for a competent time, and then committed to the ground before the full in March, by which fealbn they will be chitting, and fpee-dily take root. Others bury them deep in the ground all winter, and fow them in February : And thus I have been .told of a Gentleman who has jconfiderably improved his . revenue., by fowing Haws only, and raifing nurferies of Quick-fets, which he fells by the hundred far and near : This is a commendable indudry ; any negledted corners of ground will fit this plantation : Or were fuch places plowed in furrow about the ground you would fence, and fowed-with the mark of the cyder-prels, crab-kernels, &c. kept fecure from cattle till able .to defend itfelf, it would yield excellent ftocks to graff and tranfplant. And thus any Larger plot, by plowing and crofs-plowing the ground, and fowing it with all forts of fored-feeds, breaking and harrowing the clods, and cleanfing it from weeds with the hoe, till the plants over-top them, .a very profitable grove may be raifed, which will prove a magazine of fingular advantage to furnifh the induftrious planter. .But Columella has -another expedient for the raifing of our Spinetum, by rubbing the now mature Hips and Haws, Afhen-keys, &c. into the crevices of bafs ropes, or wifps of draw, and then burying them in a trench ; whether way you attempt it, they muft (fo loon as they peep, and as long as they require it) be feduloufiy cleanfed of the weeds ; which, if in beds for tranfplantation, had need be, at the lead, three or four years ; by which time even your feedlings will be of dature fit to remove : For I do by no . means approve of the vulgar præmature planting of lets, as is generally .ufed throughout England ; which is . to take fuch only as are the veryOF FOREST-TREES. 401 fmalleft, and fo to crowd them into three or four files, which are both Ch. egregious miftakes. Whereas it is found by condant experience,' that plants as big as one’s thumb, fet in the podure, and at the didance which we fpake of in the Hornbeam, that is, almoft perpendicular (not altogether, becaufe the rain lhould not get in betwixt the rind and wood) and Angle, or at mod not exceeding a double row, do profper infinitely, and much out-drip the denfed and clofeft ranges of our trifling fets, which make but weak Ihoots, and whofe roots do but hinder each other, and for being couched in that poilure, on the fides of banks and fences, -(efpecially where the earth is not very tenacious) are bared of the mould which ihould entertain them, by that time the rains and dorms of one winter have pafled over them. In Holland and Flanders (where they have the goodliett hedges of this kind about the counterfcarps of their invincible fortifications, to the great fecurity of their muiketeers upon occafion) they plant them according to my defcription, and raife fences' fo fpeedily, and fo impenetrable, that our bed are not to enter into the comparifon. Yet, that I may not be wanting to diredt fuch as either affedt the other way, or whofe grounds may require fome bank of earth, as ordinarily the verges of copfes, and other inclofures do, you fhall by line cad up your fofs of about three feet broad, and about the fame depth, provided your mould holdit; beginning fird to turn the turf, upon which be careful to lay fome of the bed earth to bed your Quick in, and there lay or fet the plants, two in a foot fpace is fufficierit; being diligent to procure fuch as are frefh gathered, draight, fmooth, and well-rooted ; addijB^j; now and then, at equal fpaces of twenty or thirty feet, a young Oakling or Elm-fucker, or -^he like, which will come in time, efpecially in plain councils, to be ornamental dandards, and good timber : If you will needs |j|ultiply «Hfljr rows, a foot, or fomewhat lefs, above that, upon more congefled mould, plant another rank of fets, fo as to point jud in the middle of the vacuities of the fird, which I conceive enough : This is but for the Angle fofs ^ but if you would fortify it to the purpofe, do as mqch on the other fide, of the fame depth, height, and planting •, and then, lad of all, cap the top in pyramis with the word, or bottom of the ditch. Some, if the mould be good, plant a row or two on the edge, or very cred of the mound, w[|§eh ought to be a little flattened. Here alfo may they fet their dry hedges; for hedges mud be hedged till they are able to defend and fhade their under E e eA DISCOURSE 402 ’Book II. plantation, and I cannot reprove it: But great care is to be had in this ~l_ 1 f work, that the main bank be well footed, and not made with too fudden .a declivity, which is fubjeCt to fall in after frofts and wet weather, and this is good hufbandry for moift grounds *, but where the land lies high, and is hot and gravelly, I prefer the lower fencing j which, though even with the area itfelf, may be protected with flakes and a dry h^dge, on the fofs-fide, the diftance competent, and to very good purpofes of educating more frequent timber amongft the rows. Your hedge being yet young, fhould be conftantly weeded two or three . years, efpecially before Midfummer, of Brambles, the great Dock, Thiflle, &c. though fome admit not of this work till after Michaelmas, for rea-fions that I approve not. It has been the practice of Herefordfhire, in the plantation of Quick-fet hedges, to plant a Crab-flock at every twenty feet difiance; and this they obferve fo religioufly, as if they had been under fome rigorous ftatute requiring it: And by this means they were provided in a fhort time with all advantages for the grafting of fruit .amongft them, which does highly recompenfe their induftry. Some cut their fets at three years growth even to the very ground, and find that in a year or two they will have fhot as much as in feven, had they been let alone. When your hedge is now of near fix years ftature, plafli it about February or OCtober but this is the work of a very dextrous and fkilful .hufbandman *, and for which our honeft countryman, Mr. Markham, gives excellent directions •, only I approve not fo well of his deep cutting the flems, if it be poflible to bend them, having fuffered in fomething of that kind. It is almoft incredible to what perfection fome have laid thefe hedges, by the rural way of plafhing, better than by clipping *, yet may both be ul'ed for ornament, as where they are planted about our garden-fences, and fields near the manfion. In Scotland, by tying the young ihoots with bands of hay, they make the flems grow fo very clofe together, as that it enclofeth rabbits in warrens inftead of pales: and for this robuft ule we fhall prefer the Black Thorn ; the extravagant fuckers which are apt to rife at diftance from the hedge-line, being feduloufly extirpated, that the reft may grow the ftronger and thicker. And now fince I did mention it, and that mod I find do greatly afteCt the vulgar way of Quicking, (that this our difcourfe be in nothing defi-0 F FOREST-TREE 1 4° 3' dent) we will in brief give i.t you again after George Markham’s defcrip- Cn. VIE tion, becaufe it is the beft and moft accurate, although much refembling ■“ * our former direction, of which it feems but a.-repetition, till he comes to the plafhing. In ground which is more dry than wet* (for watery places it abhors) plant your Quick thus: Let the firft row of fets be placed in-a trench of about half a foot deep, even , with the top of your ditch, in fomewhat a hoping or inclining pofture.*, then Laving raifed your bank near a foot upon them, plant another row,, fo as their tops may juft peep out-over the middle of the fpaces of your firft row : Thefe-covered again to • the height or thicknels of the other,.place a third rank oppofite to the firft, > and then finiffi your bank to its intended height. The diftances of the-glants ffiould not be above one foot*, and the feafon to do the work Bit may be from tli^tntry. of. February- till the. end of. March, or elfe in Sep- ' tember to the beginning of December. "When this is finiffied, you muft. guard both the top of your bank, , and outmoft verge of your ditch, with afufficient dry hedge,.interwoven from flake to flake into the earth, which-commonly they do on the bank, to fecure your Quick from the fpoil of cattle. And then being careful to repair fuch as decay,.or do not fpring, by fupplying the dead and trimming the reft, you fhall, after three years growth, fprinkle lome timber-trees amongft them,, fuch as Oak, Beech, Afh, Maple, Fruit, or the like; which being drawn young out of your nurferies, may be very, eafily inferred. l am not in the mean time ignorant of what is fiid againft the fcattering . thefe mafts and keys among our fences which grown, over-top the fub-riafcent hedge, and prejudice it with their fhade and drip : But this might , be prevented by planting Hollies, proof againft thefe impediments, in the line or trench where you would raife flandards, as far as they ufually fpread in many years, and which, if placed at good diftances, how clofe foever to the ftem, would, befides their flout defence, prove a wondrous decoration to large, and ample inclofures. But to refume our former work : That: which we affirmed to require the greatefl dexterity, is the artificial plaffi-ing of our hedge, when it is now arrived to a fix or feven years head j. though fome flay till the tenth, or longer. In February therefore, or October, with a very fharp hand-bill, cut away all fuperfluous fprays and. ftragglers, which may hinder your progrefs, and are ufelefs. Then fearch--ing out the principal Rems, with a keen and light hatchet cut them flant--wife clofe. to the grouiid, hardly three quarters through, or rather fo far- E e e 2A DISCOURSE 404 Book It. L-—J only as till you can make them comply handfomely, which is your bell direction, left you rift the ftem, and fo lay it from your (loping as you go, folding in the leffer branches which fpring from them ; and ever within five or fix feet diftance, where you find an upright fet (cutting off only the top to the height of your intended hedge) let it (land as a (take, to fortify your work, and to receive the twinings of thofe branches about it. Laftly, at the top (which fhould be about five feet above ground) take the longeft, moft (lender, and flexible twigs which you referved, and (being cut as the former, where need requires)~bind in the extremities of all the reft j and thus your work is finilhed. This being done very clofe and thick, makes an impregnable hedge in few years ; for. it may be repeated as you fee occafion ; and what you fo cut away will help to make your dry hedges for your young plantations, or be profitable for the oven, and make good bavin ; namely, the extravant fide-branches fpringing the more upright, till the newly wounded are healed. There are fome yet who would have no (lakes cut from the trees, fave here and there one, fo as to leave half the head naked, and the other (landing *, but the over-hanging bows will kill what is under them, and ruin the tree -, fo pernicious is this half-topping : Let this be a total amputation for a new and lufty fpring. There is nothing more prejudicial to fubnafcent young trees, than, when newly trimmed and pruned, to have their (as yet raw) wounds poifoned with continual dripping, as is well obferved by Mr. Nourfe ; but this is meant of repairing decayed hedged For (takes in this work, Oak is to be preferred, though fome will ufe Elder, but it is not good, or the Black Thorn and Crab tree -, in moorifh ground Withy, Alh, Maple, and Hafel (which laft fome make hedges of, but it being apt to the browfing of cattle when the young (hoots appear, it does better in copies, the reft not lading) (hould yet be driven well in at every yard of interval both before and after they are bound, till they have taken the hard earth, and are very fall ; and even your plafhed hedges need fome final! Thorns to be laid over, to protesi the fpring from cattle and fheep, till they are fomewhat fortified, and the doubler the winding is lodged the better, which lhould be beaten, and forced down together with the (lakes, as equally as may be. Note, that in (loping your windings, if it be too low done, as very ufually, it frequently mortifies the tops; therefore it ought to be fo bent as it may not impede the mounting of the fap. If the plafh be of a great and extraordinary age, wind it at the nether boughs all together, and cutting the fets, as directed, permit it rather to hang downwards a little than rife too forwards j and then twift thè branches into the work, leaving aOF FOREST-TREES. 405 fet free, and unconftrained at every yard fpace, befides fuch as will fèrve yjp for flakes, abated to about five feet length, (which is a competent ftature for an hedge) and fo let it Hand. One fliall often find in this work, efpecially in old neglefted hedges, fome great trees or flubs that commonly make , gaps for cattle -, fuch fliould be cut fo near the earth as till you can. lay them thwart, that the top of one may reft on the root or ftub of the other, as far as they extend, flopping the cavities with its boughs and branches -, and thus hedges, which feem to confift but only of fcrubby trees and ■flumps, may be reduced to a tolerable fence : but in cafe it be fuperan- nuated, and very old, it is advifable to ftub all up, being quite renewed and well guarded. We have been the longer on thefe delcriptions, becaufe it is of main importance, and that fo few hufbandmen are fo perfectly fkilled in it : But he that would be more fully fatisfied, I would have him confult Mr. Cook, chap, xxxii. or rather, Injlar omnium, what I cannot without injury to the publick and ingratitude to the perfons who do me the honour of imparting to me their experiences, but as freely communicate. It is then from the Reverend Mr. Walker, of Great Billing near Northampton, that (with feveral other particulars relating to our rural fubjefl) I receive from that worthy Gentleman Thomas Franklin, of Eéton, Efq; the following method of planting and fencing with Quick-fets, which we give |rou in his own words : *c About ten or twelve years fince I made fome eflays to fet fome little “ clumps of hedges and trees of about two poles in breadth, and three in “ length i the out-fences ditched on the outfide, but the Qpfcck-fets in the “ infide of the bank, that the dead hedges might ftand on the outfide “ thereof-, fo that a fmall hedge of eighteen or twenty inches high, made “ of fmall wood, the flakes not much bigger than a man’s thumb, the “ banks being high, fufficiently defended them for four years time, and “ were hedged with lefs than one load of fhreadings of Willow-fets, which, “ as my workmen told me, would have required fix load of copfe-wood : “ But the next year after their being planted, finding wafte ground on the “ top of the bank of the outer fence, between the dead hedge and the “ quick, I put a foot-fet in the fame fpace between the quick and the dead “ hedge, which profpered better than thole planted in the fide of the bank, “ after the vulgar way, and hold it ftill. This put me upon thinking, its growth, until nature, has renewed that fpongy nipple.—The bark and leaves of a plant imbibe, at proper* Jfeafons, the moifture of the atmofphere. At other times they perfpire the fuperfluous Jtourifhment. This opens to our view an extenfive profpedl of the vegetable cecono-OF FOREST- TREES. 427 1thirdly,, Fern is -beft deftroyed by ftriking off the tops, as Tarquin did Ch. VIIF the heads of the Poppies : This done with a good wand or cudgel, at the ““■“ 1Y decreafe in the fpring, and now and then in fummer, kills it, as* alfo it does Nettles in a year or two, (but moft infallibly by being eaten dowrv at its fpring, by Scotch lheep) beyond the vulgar way of mowing or burning, which rather increafés than diminilhes it. NOTE 'S. my.—We have already feen that all the parts of a plant are the Fame. They only differ in {hape. The roots are formed {harp and pointed, to make their paffage eafier thro’ the earth. The leaves are made broad to catch the moifture of the air with more rea-dihefs. When the root of a treg happens to be elevated, inftèad of being retained within the earth, it affumes the appearance of a perfedt plant, with leaves and branches. Experiments (hew us that a young tree may have its branches placed in the earth, and its roots elevated in the air; and in that inverted ftate it will continue to live and grow.—The air contains, efpecially during the fummer months, all the principles of vegetation: Oil for the perfedt food, water to dilute it,' and falts to afllmilate if. Thefe are greedily abforbedby the veffels of the leaves and bark, and conveyed to thé innermoft parts of the plant for its growth and fru&ification. When the air happens" to be cold and moift, this abforption takes place. When it is hot and dry, the fame veffels throw off the fuperfluous moifture by perfpiration; In animals, the kidneys and pores of the Ikin carry off the FupeYfluity. The vegetable not'having kidneys, per-fpires more than the animal. Dr. Hales has demonftrated that this perfpiration is con-fiderabie. I .{hall here tranfcribe his ftatical experiments-upon the Sun-flower, for the benefit of thofe who. may not have an opportunity of examining the original. “ July 3*1724, in order-to. find out the quantity imbibed and perfpired by thé “Sun-flower, I took; a garden-pot (Plate 1. Fig. 5.) with a large Sun-flower, a, “ 3 feet +5 high, which was purpofely planted in it when young: It was of the large* “ annual kind.—I covered the pot with: a plate of thin milled lead, and cemented all’ “ the joints faft, ,fo as no vapour could pals, but only air, thro’ a fmall glafs tube, bt “ nine inches long,. which was fixed purpofely near the ftem of the plant, to make “ a free communication with the outward air, and that under the leaden plate.—I “ cemented alfo another fhort glafs tube, c, into the plate, two inches long, and one “inch in diameter. Through this tube I watered the plant, and then ftopped up “ alfo the holes, this gives the depth ££ perfpired by the whole furface of the plant above ground, viz. -rgT part of an inch. ££ Hence the velocity with which water enters the furface of the roots to fupply thf ££ expence of perfpiration, is to the velocity with which their fap perfpires, as 165:67, “ or as,-57: x^y, or nearly as 5:2.—The area of the tranfverfe cut of the middle of the ££ ftem is a fquare inch; therefore the areas, on the furface of the leaves, the roots and *£ ftem, are 5616, 2276.1.-The velocities in the furface of the leaves, roots, and £t tranfverfe cut of the ftem, are gained by a reciprocal proportion of the furfaces. * inch. ! f leaves=56i6 ££ Area of<: i roots —22,76 [ ftem I velocity =Tirr* f 1 Th or as W? inch. ■ 1 I J 34 inch. £t Now, their perfpiring 34 cubick inches in twe’lvc hours day, there muft fo much “ pafs through the ftem in that time; and the velocity would be at the rate of 34OF FOREST-TREES 423 a new bark fucceed. But not only the wetv which is to be diverted by Ch. VIII. trenching the ground, is exitial to many trees,- but their repletion of too r abundant nourilhment; and therefore l'ometimes there may be as much-occafion to ufe the lancet as venaefedbion to animals; elpecially if the hypothecs hold, of fuperfluous moifture’s defcent into the roots, to be re-concodted; but where, in cafe it be more copious than can be there NOTES. w inches in twelve hours, if the Item were quite hollow.-In order therefore to find M out the quantity of folid matter in the ftem, July 27, at 7. a. m. I cut up even “ with the ground a Sun-flower ; it weighed 3 pounds; in thirty days it was very dry,.. u and had wafted in all 2 pounds 4 ounces; that is, ^ of its whole weight; fo here is K a fourth part left for folid parts in the ftem, (by throwing a piece of green Sun-“ flower ftem into water, I found it very near of the fame fpecifick gravity with water). u which filling up fo much of the ftem, the velocity of the fap muft be increafed pro-' “ portionably, viz. 4 part more, (by reafon of the reciprocal proportion) that 34 cu-“ bick inches may pafs the ftem in twelve hours j whence its velocity in the ftem will “ be 45j- inches in twelve hours,, fuppofing there be no circulation, nor return of the M fap downwards.—If there be added to 34, (which is the leaft velocity) j- of it — nj-,, w this gives the greateft velocity, viz. 451. The fpaces being as 3 : 4. the velocities “ will be 4 : 3 : : 45J : 34.-But if we fuppofe the pores in the furface of the leaves “ to bear the fame proportion as the area of the fap-veffels in the ftem do to the area “ of the ftem; then the velocity both in the leaves, root, and ftem, will be increafed ** in the fame proportion.—A pretty exadf account having been taken of the weight, “ fize, and furface of this plant, and of the quantities it has imbibed and perfpired, “ it may not be improper here to enter into a comparifon of what is taken in and per-w fpired by a human body., and this plant.—The weight of a well-fized man is equal “ to 160 pounds : the weight of the Sun-flower is 3 pounds; fo their weights are to: “ each other as 160 : 3, or as 53 : 1.-The furface of fuch human body is equal to “15 fquare feet, or 2160 fquare inches.—The furface of a Sun-flower is 5616 fquare “ inches; fo its furface is,, to the furface of a human body, as 26 : 10.—The quan-“ tity perfpired by a man in twenty-four hours is about 31 ounces, as Dr. Keill found. “ Vid. Medic. Stat. Britan, p. 14.—The quantity perfpired by the plant, in the fame “ time, is 22 ounces, allowing two ounces for the perfpiration of the beginning and “ ending of the night in July, viz. after evening, and before morning weighing, juft “ before and after night.-----So the perfpiration of a man to the Sun-flower is as “ 141 : 100.---Abating the fix ounces of the thirty-one ounces, to be carried off by “ refpiration from the lungs in the twenty-four hours (which I have found by certain “ experiment to be fo much, if not more); the twenty-five ounces multiplied by 438, M the number of grains in an ounce avoirdupois, the product is 10,950 grains; which “ divided by 254, the number of grains in a cubick inch of water, gives 43 cubick “ inches perfpired by a man : which divided by the furface of his body, viz. 2160 “ fquare inches, the quotient is nearly part of a cubick inch perfpired off a fquare•4S4 A DISCOURSE Book II. ^elaborated, it turns to corruption, and fends up a tainted juice, -which J perverts the whole habit of the tree: In this exigence therefore, it were, •perhaps, more advifable to draw it out by a deep incifion, and to depend "Upon a new fupply, than, upon confidence of correcting this evil quality -by other medications, to let it perifli. Other caufes of their ficknefs, not always taken notice of, proceed from too liberal refrefliments and over- NOTES. •“ inch in twenty-four hours. Therefore in equal furfaces, and equal times, the man “ perfpires T*5, the plant r£T, or as 50 : 15.—Which excefs in the man is occafioned •“•by the very different degrees of heat in each for the heat of the plant cannot be M greater than the heat of the circumambient air, which heat in fummer is from 25 to ■“ 35 degrees above the freezing point; but the heat of the warmeft external parts of “ a man’s body is 54 fuch degrees, and the heat of the blood 64 degrees; which is ** nearly equal to water heated to fuch a degree as a man can well bear to hold his “ hand in, ftirring it about; which heat is fufficient to make a plentiful evaporation. I Since then the perfpirations of equal areas in a man and a Sun-flower are to “ each other asa65 : 50 ; or as 3}: 1; and fince the degrees of heat are as 2 : 1, mull “ not the fum or quantity of.the areas of the pores lying in equal furfaces, in the man “ and Sun-flower, be as i|-: 1 ? for it feems that the quantities of the evaporated fluid “ will be as the degrees .of heat, and the fum of the areas of -the pores taken together. “ Dr. Keill, by eftknating the quantities of .the feveral evacuations of his body, found that , he eat and ,drank, every, twenty-four hours, 4 pounds 10 ounces.—The “ Sun-flower.imbibed and perfpired in the fame time 22 ounces; fo the man’s food, “ to that of the plant, is as 74 ounces to 22 ounces, or as 7 : 2.-But, compared “ bulk for bulk, the plant imbibes 17 times more frefli food than the man: for deduCt-H ing 5 ounces, which Dr. Keill allows for the faeces alvi, there will remain 4 pounds “ 5 ounces of frefli liquor, which enters a man’s veins ; and an equal quantity pafles “ off evety.twenty-four hours. Then it will be found that 17 times more new fluid enters the fap-veffels of the plant, and-paffes off in twenty-four hours, than there “ enters the veins of a man, and paffes oft in the lame time.-And fince, compared “ bulk for bulk, the plant perfpires .17 times, more than the man, it was therefore very «« neceffary, by giving it an extenfive furface, .to make a large.provifion for a plentiful “ perfpiration in the plant, which has no other way of difeharging fuperfluities; “ whereas there is provifion made in man, to carry off above half of what he takes in, “ by other evacuations.-For fince neither the furface of his body was extenfive “enough to caufe fufficient exhalation, nor the additional reek, arifing from the heat of “ his blood, could carry off above half the fluid which was neceffary to be difeharged “ every twenty-four hours ; there was a neceffity of providing the kidneys to percolate “ the other half through.—And whereas it is found that 17 times more enters, bulk “ for bulk, into the fap-veffels of the plant, than into the veins of a man, and goes tC off in twenty-four hours; one reafon of this greater plenty of frefli fluid in the vege-**.table than the animal body, may be, becaufe the fluid which is filtrated through theOF F O R E S T • T R E E S. 425 watering in dry and icorching feafons, efpecially in nurferies : The water fhould therefore be fitly qualified, neither brackifh, bitter, ftagnant, or putrid, four, acrimonious, vitriolic, arenous and gravelly, churlifh, harfh, and lean (I mention them promifcuoufly)3 and whatever vicious quality they are perceptibly tindlured and impregnated with, they are by no means proper drink for plants. Wherefore a very critical examen of this fo necef> fary an element (the very principle, as fome think, and only nutriment of NOTES. “ roots immediately from the earth, is not near fo full freighted with nutritive particles “ as the chyle which enters the ladteals of animals 3 which defedt it was neceffary to “ fupply by the entrance of a much greater quantity of fluids And the motion of the w fap is thereby much accelerated, which in the heartlefs vegetable would otherwife be “ very flow 3 it having probably only a progreflive and not a circulating motion, as “ in animals. Since then a plentiful perfpiration is found fo neceffary for the health “ of a plant or tree, it is probable that many of their diftempers are owing to a flop- “ page of this perfpiration by inclement air.-The perfpiration in men is often flop- ** ped to a fatal degree 3 not only by the inclemency of the air, but by intemperance, “ and violent heats and colds. But in the more temperate vegetable, perfpiration can “ be flopped only by inclement air 5 unlefs by an unkindly foil, or want of genial “ moiflure, it is deprived of proper or fufficient nourifhment.-As Dr. Keill obfer- “ ved in himfelf a confiderable latitude of degrees of healthy perfpiration, from a “ pound and a half to 3 pounds 5 I have alfo obferved a healthy latitude of perfpira-“ tion in this Sun-flower, from 16 to 28 ounces, in twelve hours day. The more it “ was watered, the more plentifully it perfpired, (ecsteris paribus) and with fcanty “ watering the perfpiration much abated.” From thefe accurate experiments, it is evident that vegetables infpire and expire. Pure air is neceffary for animals. Vegetables require the fame. When obliged to breathe their own vapours, they become unhealthy. For that reafon corn is feldom good in fmall inclofures 3 neither are trees healthy when much crouded. The fupe-rior goodnefs of the grain produced by the drill and alternate hufbandry, evinces the neceflity of a free circulation of air. There is a certain height to which the foil ought to raife the ears of corn. When, from too much clofenefs, they are elevated beyond that pitch, the real nourifhment that fhould go to the grain, is fpent upon the ftraw. The Items alfo, that fhould have been hardened by the air, become weak, and unable to ftand againft moderate ftorms of wind and rain.-The Culture of Beans {hews the truth of this obfervation. When fown too thick, they pufh themfelves upward with feeming vigour, and the crop has the appearance of being a good one. But when examined, we find the pods fmall, and few in number. On the contrary, when fown in drills, with proper intervals, the ftraw is fhorter, and the pods much larger, and more numerous. I do not argue for the drill hufbandry in general 3 but with regard to Beans, it is a rational and profitable practice.-Farmers may object to the diffi- culty of keeping the intervals clear of weeds. When hoers cannot be procured, fheep FI h h Ch. VIII. u —,-----iA DISCOURSE 426 Book. II. vegetables) is highly to be regarded,, together with more than ordinary (kill how to apply it: In order to which, the conftitution and texture of plants and trees are philofophically to be confidered ; fome affeCting macerations with dung and other mixtures, (which I fhould not much corm mend) others quite contrary, the quick and running fpring, dangerous' enough, and worfe than fnow-water, which is not in. fome cafes to be rejected : Generally, therefore, that were to be chofen, which, palling filently through ponds and other receptacles, is expofed to the fun and air. This approaches neareft to that of rain dropping from the uberous cloud, and is NOTE S> are excellent weeders. The intervals, however,, are belt cleaned by the common horfe-hoe. A drill crop of Beans is always fuperior to a crop fbwn by the hand.—But to return to our philofophical argument.-The analogy that fubfifts between plants and animals, has induced fome very eminent naturalifts to fuppofe a regular circulation of the vegetable juices. M. Perrault, M. Major, M. Marriotte, Malpighi, and our countryman Grew, contended, much about the fame time, for the circulation of the fap. According to their microfcopical obfervations, the wood of trees, and the flefh of plants, confift of fine capillary tubes, which run parallel from the root, through the trunk and branches. Thefe they looked upon as arteries. Other minute veflHs were obferved running between the wood and inner bark, which they diftinguifhed by the name of Veins. They alfo defcribed, very corredtly, the Tracheae, or air-veflels, which take their courfe through the fibres of the wood.—Thefe anatomical preliminaries being fettled, they proceeded to reafon in this manner.—-—The root having ab-forbed a quantity of juice from the earth, it is made to afcend through the veffels of the wood, by the alternate expanfion and contraction of the Tracheae, aflifted by the natural abforption of the fap-veflels themfelves. They fuppofed the fap to be rarefied to the degree of a fine vapour, in which ftate it mounted upward to the extreme parts of the plant, where, meeting with the external air, it became condenfed into a liquor, and in that form returned to the root by the venal fyftem, between the wood and bark. Dr. Hales, in the moil fatisfa&ory manner, fet afide this doCtrine, and fubftituted another in its place, more confonant to reafon and experiment.-It is fomething re- markable that Dr. Hervey fhould have been the firft who eftablifhed the circulation of the blood, in oppofition to moil of the anatomifts in Europe; and that Dr. Hales fhould have clearly difproved the circulation of the fap, contrary to the opinion of al- moil every naturalift of his time.-In order that we may have a diftinCt view of the motion of the fap, it will be neceflary to refleCl, that the root, Item, branches, and leaves are conftru&ed in the fame manner. Sallows, Willows, Vines, and moil Shrubs, will grow in an inverted ftate, with their tops downward in the earth. Dr. Bradley de-feribes the manner of inverting a young Cherry-tree, the roots of which will put forth leaves, and the branches become roots. Hence it is obvious that the nutritive matter may be conveyed as well by the leaves as the roots, their vafcular ftru&ure being the very fame.----We have now fettled the anatomical ftruClure of a plant. Upon it de-OF FOREST-TREES. 427 certainly the moil natural and nurfing: As to the quantity, fome plants re- VIII. quire plentiful watering, others rather often, than all at once ; all of them 1 —’ fucking it in by the roots for the moft part, which are their mouths, and carrying it thence thro’ all the canals, organs, and members of the whole vegetable body, digefted and qualified fo as to maintain and fupply their NOTES. pends much of what we know of the vegetable ceconomy. The motion of the fap comes next to be examined. During the heat of a fummer’s day, all plants perfpire freely from the pores of their leaves and bark. At that time the juices are highly rarefied. The diameters of the Tracheae, or air-vefTels, are enlarged, fo as to prefs upon and ftraiten the veffels that carry the fap. In confequence of which their juices, not being able to efcape by the roots, are preffed upward, where there is the leaf!: refiftance, and perfpire off the ex-crementitious parts by the leaves and top-branches, in the form of vapour. When the folar heat declines, the Tracheae are contracted; the fap-veffels are enlarged, and the fap finks down in the manner of the fpirits of a thermometer. In confequence of this change, the capillary veffels of the leaves and top-branches become empty. Being furrounded with the humid vapours of the evening, they fill themfelves from the known laws of attraction, and fend down the new-acquired juices to be mixed with thofe that are more elaborated.—As foon as the fun has altered the temperature of the air, the Tracheae become again diftended, and the fap-veffels are ftraitened. The fame caufe always produces the fame effeCt; and this alternate afcent and defcent, through the fame fyflem of veffels, continues as long as the plant furvives.—The irregular motion of the Item and branches, is another caufe that contributes to the afcent of the fap. Every time that thefe parts are aCted upon by the air, they are made to .affume a variety of angles, whereby the fap-veffels are fuddenly ftraitened. The contained juices confequently receive reiterated impulfes, fimilar to what happens to the blood of animals from the contraction of the heart. This obfervation may aflift us in inveftigating the vegetable ceconomy, fo far as it regards the management of fruit-trees, and probably may be extended throughout the whole fyftem of gardening, planting, and farming.—It may be objected, that trees fixed to the wall do, notwithftand-ing, carry their fap to the extreme branches; but it fhould be confidered that the warmth of their fituation, allifted by the horizontal direction of their branches, is fully fufficient to propel the fap, without the undulatory motion that I have mentioned. I beg leave to remark, that thefe obfervations are only intended to convey a general idea ot the motion of the fap. It varies according to the temperature of the weather. The air is feldom one moment alike. The fap muft therefore fometimes move quick, fometimes flow. It may rife and fall many times in a day. Sudden heats pufh it upward, fudden colds make it fall. Thus the juices are blended, and the fecretions forwarded.—The manner that the nutritive juices of the earth and atmofphere are conveyed into the fap-veffels, remains to be deferibed. And this makes a neceffary part of our prefent argument, as it may afiift us in finding out, and explaining, the difeafes H h h 2A DISCOURSE T 428. Book. II. beings and growth, for the producing of whatever they afford for the ufc • 1 1 of man, and other living creatures.. Fifthly, The bark-bound are to be releafed by drawing your knife rind-deep from the root, as far as you can conveniently, drawing your knife N O T E S. of plants from the variations of the weather.—The outer bark which covers every external part of a vegetable, as well below as above the furface, is full of perfpiratory or abforbent holes. The veflels of this bark being endowed with the power inherent in capillary tubes, draw up the moifture that is applied to their furface. From them it is committed to the veflels of the inner bark. After receiving fome degree of melioration, the fap is delivered to the blea. From the blea, it pafles, by anaftomofing. canals, to the vafcular feries. From thence to the wood, or flefh, where it receives its. laft conco&ion.—The nutritive particles, being feparated by the mechanifm of thefe numerous canals, are applied towards the fru&ification and increafe of the plant while the watery and excrementitious parts are carried expeditioufly to the leaves, where they are perfpired off in the form of vapour. It is evident, however, that, as water contains but few particles that are fit for nourifhment, it was neceflary that plants fhould have the power of imbibing a large portion of that fluid. For which, reafon the Sun-flower, confidered bulk for bulk, takes in feventeen times more nou^ rifhment than a man, and confequently perfpires more.—During the continuance of dry. north-eaft winds, the leaves of. corn are obferved to grow yellow, and the early-fet fruit frequently falls off. This is owing to the want of moifture in the atmofphere to fill the veflels of the leaves and top-branches,, whereby the fruit is deprived of nourifh-ment. Under fuch circumftances, it is probable that wall-fruit may be preferved by prudently watering the leaves and top-branches during the heat of the day. It is, however, a Angular happinefs that the air is at no time perfe&ly free from moifture. Bring a bottle of cold water into the warmeft room, and its furface will immediately be covered, with a thick dew. An air abfolutely dry, would in a few days annihilate the vegetable creation.—The air is juftly faid to contain the life of vegetables, as well as animals. It is a compreflible and elaftic fluid, furrouMng the face of the globe, and reaching to a confiderable height above it. Vegetables do not grow in vacuo, and animals die when deprived of air. It has two ftates, being either elaftic or fixed. Dr. Hales obferyeSv jliat, in its elaftic and a£tivc ftate, it conduces to the invigorating the juices of vegetables; and, in its fixed ahd inert ftate, gives union, weight, and firmnefs to all natural bodies. By his experiments we are informed, that fixed air; conftitutes near one third part of the folid contents of the heart of Oak. It is found to bear the fame proportion in Peafe, Beans, and other vegetable fubftances. Heat and fermentation render it elaftic. It is again capable of being abforbed and fixed. Was the whole iur of the univerfe brought at once into an elaftic and repulfive ftate, every thing would fuffer a fudden diflblution. Was it entirely fixed, then all things would be reduced to an inert lump. Almighty Providence has provided againft thefe extremes,OF FOREST-TREES. 429 from the top downwards half way, and at a final! diftance from the Ch. VIIL bottom upwards, the other half ; this, in more places, as the bulk of L- J Item requires •, and if crooked, cut deep and frequent in the ham; if the gaping be much, fill the rift with a little cow-dung. Do this on each fide, and at fpring, February or March: Alio cutting off fome branches is profitable, efpecially fuch as are blafted, or lightning-ftruck: NOTES. and in the moft wonderful manner preferves the balance.—Air is to be found in every portion of earth ; and as it always contains a folution of the volatile parts of animal and vegetable fubftances, we fhould be careful to keep our ftifF foils as open as poflible to its influence. It pafles, both in its a&ive and fixed date, into the abforbent veflels of the root, and, mixing with the juices of the plant, circulates through every part. Dr. Hales, in his ftatical experiments upon the Vine, difcovered it afcending with the fap in the bleeding feafon. Having demonftrated that the motion of the fap depends upon the influence of the air, and the power of abforption common to all capillary tubes, it naturally follows* that it cannot remain one moment at reft. The gradations from heat to cold, and vice verfa, are infinite, and fometimes defultory. So muft the motion of the fap. From the combinations of the nutritive particles, a number of different fluids are prepared in the fame plant. Matter is the fame in all'; but the modification of it makes things fweet or four, acrid or mild.—The univerfal juice of a plant is a limpid fubacid liquor, which flows plentifully from a wound made in a tree when the fap is rifing. The Birch and the Vine yield it in great abundance. This liquor, as it moves thro’ the innumerable fmall veflels, becomes more and more conco£ted, and is the general mafs from which all the juices are derived. It may be called the blood of the plant.. By a certain modification it produces high-flavoured oils, gums, honey, wax, turpentine, rofin, and even the conftituent parts of the plant itfelf. How this tranfmutation is performed, remains, and perhaps ever will remain, unknown. I hope it will not be obje£ted to me, that in this-examination I have been too minute. In the hiftory of nature we cannot be too particular. Every part of it demands our moft ferious attention, and every part of it repays us for the labour we beftow. The wings of the butterfly are painted by the fame Almighty hand that made the fun. The meaneft vegetable, and the moft finiftied animal, are equally the care of Providence. We conftantly view the wifdom of God in his works; and yet, as the wife man obferves, “ hardly do we guefs aright at the things that are upon the earth, and. u W’ith labour do we find the things that are before us.” 3. Generation. It is well known that the antients fuppofed two forts of generation, to wit, equivocal and univocal. This latter, they faid, took place when any thing was produced from its proper egg or matrix; the equivocal, when any living thing was generated fortuitoufly or by chance, from the confufed mixture of particles. Thus, -*• g‘ they believed that fleas were generated from urine and faw-duft; that myriads ofA DISCOURSE Book IJ. ------- 43 a If,, as fometimes, jt proceed from the baking of the earth about the Item, lighten and ftir it, ■Sixthly, The Teredo, Coffi, and other worms, lying between the body .and the bark (which they feparate) poifon that paflage to the great prejudice iof fome trees ; but the holes once found, they are to be taken out with a NOTE S. little infc&s like atoms came up out of (limy water, and maggots out of cheefe in the Rummer ; that feveral forts of herbs quickly fprang up out of mould taken from a considerable depth below grdund ; and, laftly, that worms were produced from putrid car-cafes. Others thought that the Creator, at the beginning, mixed feeds and eggs with the earth every where; fo that when fuch earth was dug up, and the fun, by his heat, had hatched the feeds, they imagined that herbs, plants, and animals fprung up, which were concealed therein from the creation. But all the ingenious men of this age, who have imbibed the found principles of natural phijofophy and natural hiftory, have long ago rejected this ridiculous opinion. God at the firft gave to every living thing its own proper feed, and to each a tendency or propenfity to propagate its fpecies; and eftablifhed this firft and great law to remain unalterable, “ Increafe and multiply.” If from putrefaction, and the heat of the fun, living creatures and plants could be produced, it would have been needlefs, and confequently highly unworthy of the Supreme Being, to have created fo many and fo amazingly curious veflels for the preparation of the feed; for in that cafe putrefaction would be equivalent to creation. And if very minute infeCts and other animals could be produced from putrefaction, and hatched by the heat of the fun, why might not horfes, elephants, and other large animals, be produced in the fame way ? For in large bodies the mechanifm is eafier, as the matter is more manageable; but in fuch minute infeCts, and, as we may fay, fuch nothings, what wifdom, what power, what inexplicable perfection is difplayed, fince nature is never more compleat than in her moft minute works! He muft be void of underftand-ing who does not perceive the abfurdity of equivocal generation, when he fees a body made with fuch wonderful art, and adorned with fo many thoufand pipes and canals, that no. mechanic, even the moft perfeCt of mortals, can find out all the contrivance, much lefs imitate this wonderful fabric^ yet can, as it were by a wiiful miftake, fay, that he believes all thofe things were made by a fortuitous and confufed concourfe of atoms. For it would follow from hence, that new fpecies both of animals and plants would always occur, neither of which we obferve, or have any account of. In this cafe too, there could be no arguing from the genera to the fpecies. In a word, there would be no fuch thing as certainty, but all confufion» P.edi, having a mind to examine equivocal generation, put recent flelh into aglafs veflci, covered with a very thin linen cloth, and expofed it to the fun; after a little time, he found that flies laid their eggs, upon the linen cloth; but no maggots were produced in the flefh, Uc niufl not conclude that infers are produced by equivocal generation, becaufe wc fee many thoufands of them about pools and ditches, where the putrefying filth of thofe places furniihes.OF FOREST-TR EE S. 431 light incifion, and the wound covered with loam. Or, let the dry £>art of Ch. VIII. the wood, bark and all, be cut, applying only a walh of pifs and vinegar U——v——^ twice or thrice a week during a month: The belt means to find out their quarters, is to follow the Wood-pecker and other birds •, thefe pitching upon the ftem, as you may obferve them, and knocking with their bills, give notice that the tree, is infected, at lead: between the bark. But there NOTES. plentiful nourifhment for them, which is the reafon that their eggs are rather depofited there, and are more eafily hatched, and thrive better, as lice abound more on the lcald heads of children, becaufe of their plentiful nourifnment. The Stapelia Hirtufa produces a flower that (links like carrion, for which reafon the flefh-flies, deceived by the fmell, fill the whole flower full of their eggs, taking it for putrid flefh. We have no reafon to believe, what fome have afferted, that wheat degenerates into barley, and barley into oats, and oats into brome-grafs; for every fpecies produceth its own like ; nor was it ever known that the fierce eagle produced the timorous dove. Having confuted equivocal generation, itr will follow that every living thing is produced by univocal generation, or from an egg. Now vegetables, we have already proved, are endued with life, therefore they alfo proceed from eggs. And indeed the great Harvey long ago maintained this dodlrine, that every living thing derives its origin from an egg. But fome of the moderns have (Irenuoufly endeavoured to overthrow this opinion, their caufe being chiefly fupported by fuch arguments as the following: If, fay they, we take a part from the root, and fet it in the ground, it (Irikes root, and a new plant fprings upj again, if a polypus is cut into feveral parts, from each of thefe parts an entire and compleat polypus is formed, according to the late difcoveries of Trumbull and others. But do we not as frequently fee that a plant produces from the fame root feveral (hoots or (ferns ? For a ftem is nothing but a root above ground } for which reafon, if we turn a tree, e. g. the Lime tree, upfide down, the ftem will become the root, and the root be changed into branches, which we may reckon among the late difcoveries in gardening. Befides, what we have faid is farther confirmed by the branches, all of which fpring from the ftem or root} but the ftem or root from whence this branch or (hoot was taken, rofe from a feed or egg. The fame thing may be faid of the polypus among animals} and therefore a polypus lives a vegetable life, or a vegetable lives the life of a polypus : and this manner of propagation, tho’ very rare in the animal creation, is extremely common in the vegetable kingdom. No one ought to wonder that new leaves are produced every year from the root or branches} for in the fame manner do we daily fee the feathers of birds produced. A feather, which is a moft curious piece of workmanftiip, confifts of a concave bafe, filled with a veffel like a lymphatic, fo that the aliment can pafs upward but not downward } next there is the midrib, and the lateral branches both partial and proper, fo that a feather may be compared to a fern twice compounded. Now daily experience informs us that feathers, though adorned with fuch curious mechanifin, fall off every year, and that others, fpringing from the body of the bird, fuccced in their room. Moreover, it is432 A DISCOURSE Book II. are divers kinds of thefe gvAcpayoj, of which the rtgyfui>, or tarmes, already mentioned, will fometimes make fuch a noife in a tree, as to awaken a fleeping man: The more rugous are the Colli, of old had in Deliciis amongft the Epicures, who ufed to fatten them in flour; and this (as Tertullian and S. Hierom tell us) was the chief food of the Hierophants Cereris, as they are this day a great regalo in Japan: In the mean time, experience NOTES. evident that feathers grow only out of the body of the bird, that this body is their root, and that tJfti root owes its origin at firft to a feed or egg. The fame alfo holds in plants : therefore polypi, and plants of every kind, have undoubtedly feeds or eggs, by which they are multiplied, without being cut or propagatedTy Ihoots, layers, branches, or fuckers. Add to this, that the famous Bern. Juffieu difcovered eggs of feeds in the polypi, as may be feen in the Tranfaftions of the Stockholm Society for the year t*j 46. Here we are to obferve, that all viviparous animals have their eggs, out of which comes their offspring, though thefe eggs are contained in their proper matrix, and excluded in due time, in the fame manner as an egg in the neft cherilhed by the incubation of the bird, whofe uterus is the neft. . Nor can we deny, but the fmalleft vegetables have feeds, although often not difcoverable by,the naked eye. Valifnerius has difcovered the feeds in Ducks-meat, and Michelius has done the fame in the Mucor and Bylfus ; Bobart in the FerjM Linnaeus in the MolTes j and Reaumur in the Fungi. The antients thought that mifleto was produced without feed* having feen it often grow from the underfide of branc^^Hfor how the feeds of the mifleto could be conveyed from one tree to another, and there adhere to the underfide of the branches, was very difficult for them to conceive. But time has difcovered, that the Thrufh, fwal-lowing the berr^H on account of the pulp, afterwards voids the feeds entire, which ftick with the excrements to the branchH Thefe vifcous feeds are wafhed by the rains, fo that fome of them are often .protruded to the lower fide of the branches, where they grow. Some people are perfuaded, that the feflile and flat fungufes on trees are morbid ex-crefcences; but it is plain they are true fpecies of thole agarics which are furnifhed with caps and ftems, and grow on the ground, whofe feeds falfing,on a moift tree, produce, as it were, half caps without ftems. That feeds are the eggs of plants appears from hence, that as every egg prod^SS'an offspring fimilar to the parent, fo alfo do the feeds ofl9eP|ables, and confequently they^^Hire eggs. The containing parts of a hen’s egg are, the fhell, the external film or membran^ the internal membrane lying immediately under the former, the chalazae, or membrane inclofing the yolk, twifted at the extremities. The parts contained are, the air within the external membrane at the obtu|efend of the egg, the thinner and exteripr part of the white, the interior and thicker part of the white, the yolk, the hilum, fear or cjoutfice, *n the center of which is the fpeck of life When an egg is fet under the hen, after two days incubation, the fpeck of life becomes red, fends out its blood-veficls through the yelk, and at laftOF FOREST-TREES. 433 has taught us, that millipedes, (plentifully found under old timber-logs) Ch. VIII. being dried and reduced to powder, and taken in drink, are an admirable ■J fpecifick againft the jaundice, fcorbut, &c. to purify the blood, and clarify the fight. There is a peftilent green worm which hides itfelf in the earth, and gets into pots and cafes, eating our feedlings, and gnawing the very roots, which NOTES. we find the whole chick is formed out of the fpeck of life; the yolk becomes the fe-cundines ; the white, that fluid which nouriihes the chick in the egg, or liquor of the amnion, and the two membranes, become the amnion and chorion. A feed has alfo a Ihell, external membrane or film, a membrane including the yolk, the yolk itfelf, and the fear or point of life. In feeds the white is wanting, there being no ufe for it, as the moifture of the earth fupplies its place, and nouriihes the embryo of the plant. Likewife the eggs of filhes have no white, becaufe they are always in the water.. When the flower is going off, the feed begins to fwell, and on its outfide there is feen a veficle, which is the amnion of Malpighi, furnilhed with an umbilical cord or navel-ftring, which is produced thro’ the chorion to the oppofite fide of the egg. While with the egg the amnion increafeth, on its top is obferved another fmall body, which likewife increafeth continually, till it has filled the whole chorion and egg; and the amnion and chorion are turned into the external Ihell or coat of the feed. See Logan’s Exper. 9, by which it appears that the fame changes are brought about in the feed as in the egg; and therefore, that the feeds are the eggs of plants cannot be doubted. That plants fpring from the yolk of the egg is farther confirmed by the lobes, which, when we fpeak of cows aAd other fimilar quadrupeds, are nothing elfe than feveral fccundines, always adhering to the foetus, drawing their fupply of fluids from the matrix, which fluids they prepare for the nourilhment of the tender foetus. That moft plants have feminal leaves or lobes is very well known. Now thefe feminal leaves once conftituted the whole feed, except the hilum, or little heart, in which is the point of life; and thefe lobes prepare the nourifhment for the very tender plant, until it be able.to ftrike root in the earth ; in the fame manner as the yolk in an egg, becoming the placenta, prepares the nourilhment, and fends it by the navel-ftring to the chick.j after which they drop off'. Hence it appears, that the feminal leaves are the ‘lobes; But fince all lobes come from the egg or feed, we may fairly conclude that plants are produced from eggs. - From what has been Laid, it appears that all vegetables have eggs from which they are produced. Now daily experience teaches us, that no egg can produce an animal, till it be impregnated or fecundated by the male : A hen indeed will lay eggs, but not fuch as will produce a chicken, unlcfs they are impregnated or fertilized by the cock or male. That all generation precedes the birth, appears throughout univerfal nature. In quadrupeds it does without doubt; but as to fifhes, there is a vulgar notion that their generation follows or comes after the birth or exclufion of their eggs, and that I i i434 A T> I S C G U R & B Book II. fhould be fearcbed ouï. And now we mention roots ; over-grown toads--. ' “ " —* will fometimes neftle at the roots of trees, when they make a cavern, which* they irifeft with, a poifonous effluvium or vapour*. of which the leaves fa the fecundating duft of which1 they impregnate the female flowers: Others gather the male flowers, expofe them to dry in proper bags, and fcatter the proliferous duft-on the female flowers, that the fruit may not prove abortive,, and the crop fail.” 7. Nodding-Flowers.—Since the male duft is generally of a greater fpecific gravity than the air,, in moft plants that have the piftillum longer than the ftamina,. the All-wife Creator has made the flowers nodding, that the powder may. more eafily reach the ftigma,. as may be feen in the common Snow-drop, greater Snow-drop, Sow-bread, Narcijfm, Fritillary, Campanula, Dogs-tooth Violet, &c. Now it cannot be faid that this happens merely from the weight of the flower, for fometimes the fruit in the fame plants, which is ten times heavier than the flower, grows ereeft, as in the Crown Imperial, Fritillary, and others. 8. Sunk Flowers.—The ftems of many plants grow under water ; but a little before they blow, the flowers emerge or rife above the furface of the water, asA DISCOURSE 446 .B o o k II. -no other part of the whole cavity, till it comes to the ground, is furprizing'. This being befides very extraordinary, that a tree,, which naturally grows taper as it approaches ,the top, Ihould fwell, and become bigger there than it is below. But this the Dodtor will himfelf render a more minute account of in the next.impreflion of that excellent piece of his ; nor had I anticipated it on this occafion, but to let the world know, in the mean NOT E S. ; we fee in the Water-lily, Frogs-bit, Broad-leafed Pond-weed, Perennial Arfmart, See. There are others in which all the parts grow tinder water, as the Water-milfoil, Water-foldjer, feveral of the Pond-weeds., all which, about the time of flowering, raife their,flowering items above the water, which items fink again-as foon as the time of "flowering is over. The Vallifneria of Micheli, a kind pfPond-weed, which grows in Italy, bears a very long fcapus, or flowering item, but twitted in form of a ferew; hence it appears very ihort. This plant grows in rivulets and ditches under water, and bears on the extremity of its item one flower only. About the time of blowing, .the fcapus is lengthened till.the.calyx, has reached the furface of the water; which done, the flower is expanded, and after a. Jew days, the flowering and impregnation being over, it finks again, the item turning in a fpiral form as before. This is the female plant. The Vallifnerioides of Micheli grows in the fame places under water, having a flower item fcarce an inch high, which confequently does not reach the fur-face of the water,; this bears many flowers, which, when the time of flowering approaches, drop from the fcapus, and rife like little bladders ; as foon as they have reached the furface of the water, though before fhut, they then open, and fwimming about, ihed their duit on the female flowers, which are alfo fwimming in the fame places. This is the male plant of the former. H. Cliff. 454. Micheli, without attending to the fex, has carefully obferved and faithfully deferibed this circum-ftance. 9. Syngenefious Flowers.—The compound flowers are formed in different ways. In the Polygamia /Equalis all the.florets are furnifhed with ftamina and piftilla. In the Polygamia Superjlua all the.florets have ftamina and piftilla in the difk or middle of the flower, but in the radius there are only female flowers, which are impregnated by the male duft of thofe.in the difk. In the Polygamia Superjlua the difk is filled with hermaphrodite florets as in the former ; but tire female flowers, which conftitute the radius, cannot ripen their feed, being all without ftigmata. Laftly, the florets of the Polygamia Necejfaria, which fill the difk, have the ftamina and piftilla, but for want of the ftigmata thefe florets bear no feed, and the plants would all have been barren, had not the All-wife Creator furnifhed the radiutf, which confifts only of female florets, with compleat piftilla that have the ftigmata, and confequently ripen the feed. 10. Confideration of all Sorts of Flowers.—The tenth and laft. argument is drawn from the genuine confideration of all forts of flowers. And here, for the fake of brevity, we {hall examine only a few out of the many that might be produced in proof of the Linnaean dodtrine of the generation of plants. The CeIofay or Cocks-comb, is furnifhed with a piftillum furrounded by-five ftamina,. whofe filaments are joined belowOF FOREST-TRESES. 447 time,, how ingenuoufly ready he is to acknowledge the miftake,. as he has Ch. YIII. been fuccefsful in difcovering it. u mm*0m Deer, conies, and hares, by barking the trees in hard winters, fpoii many tender plantations: Next to the utter deftroying them, there is nothing better than to anoint that part which is within their reach, with ftercus humanum, tempered with a little, water or urine, and lightly brufli- NOTES. by a thin plaited film. In moift weather this film is relaxed, and the antherae ftand at a great diftance from one another, but in dry weather the film i» contradted, by which means the filaments come clofe together, fo that the antherae almoft touch the ftigma^ and hence the impregnation is affifted. The Saxifrage has ten {lamina, in the center of which are two piftillai After being in flower for fome days, two of the ftaminaj which ftand oppofite to one another, meet, that their duft may fall perpendicularly down on the ftigmata, while their antherae force open, as it were, each other’s farini-ferous cells by rubbing againft one another; next day thefe two ftamina recede from one another, and two others fupply their place, and thus they continue to do till all the males have difcharged their duft in the fame manner. The grafs of Parnaffus has five Ihort ftamina, one of which, as foon as the filament is fufficiently lengthened, touches the ftigma with its anthera, and having difcharged its fertilizing duft, immediately rifes, and whereas it was bent inward before, it now bends backward, and the filament grows afterwards almoft as high as the corolla; then the fecond ftamen comes forward in the fame way and manner; then1 the third, fourth, and fifth, till they have all difcharged their• office. The Lychnis Flos Cuculi, or Meadow Pinks, and the Gypfophila Fajligiata, a kind of Sopewort, have procumbent ftems; but when the time of flowering approaches, thefe are railed upright, that the duft of the antherae, being expofed to the wind, may be more readily blown upon the ftigmata. This is alfo the reafon why the greateft part of flowers are elevated on flowering ftems above the ground, that the wind may more eafily {hake them. For the Narciffus, Snow-drop, Violet, Crofs-wort, and fome others, have their ftems ere£f, but'after the time of flowering, their ftems recline to the ground. Almoft all the fpiked plants begin their flowering below, or in the lower part of the ftem, that in cafe the duft of the firft fhould not prove fuflicient, that of the latter may make up the lofs. Of this fort are alfo the corymbiferous' and umbelliferous plants, not to fay the compound'flowers, where the florets conftituting the radius open firft, then follow the interior florets, and the difk is elevated or railed, that the exterior florets may alfo receive fome of their duft, if they were not fufficiently impregnated before. This is fo certain and conftant a rule, that when Linnaeus found the Hleracium Pramorfum, the greater Broad-leaved Hawk-week, or greater Upright Moqre-car, obferve a different order, i. e. the uppermoft flowers come out firft, he thought it a Angular inftance in nature. The Pellitory clearly {hews us the procefs of generation; if we obferve. it in a morning at a proper hour, we {hall fee how its am-A DISCOURSE Book II. ed.on^ this renewed after every great rain: But a cleanlier than this, and v —yet which conies, and even cattle, moft abhor, is to water or fprinkle them with tanners* liquor, viz. that which they ufe for drefiing their hides; or *to wafli with flacked lime and water, altogether as expedient ; alfo to tie thumb-bands of hay and ftraw round them as far as they can reach. Mofs (which is an adnafcent plant) is to be rubbed and fcraped off ■with fome fit inftrument of wood, which may not excorticate the tree, or NOTES. therae burft with great elafticity, and emit their dud all round; and, of confequence, alfo upon the piftillum. The fame experiment fucceeds, if we touch the anther* with the point of a needle, as Vaillant has obferved. The Melons, Pompions, Cucumbers, Gourds, &c. have two forts of flowers; the one male, which are called barren; the other female, which bear the jpiftilla and fruit. The gardeners advife, . that the barren flowers fliould be carefully plucked off, by reafon they think thefe deprive the plant too much of its nourishment: But without doubt they are miftaken^ for they had better take the entire male flowers and fprinlde the females with tbeir duft at noon, or roll the male flowers on the female, by which means the male duft will readily reach the ftigmata, and the females thus impregnated will ripen their fruit; for the reafon why the fruit drops off is for want of being impregnated, and not for want of nourifhment, as is the vulgar opinion. Hence it is, that if gardeners do not give air to their ftoves, fo that generation may be aflifted by the help of the wind, the fruit drops off, or mifearries. In 1723, a Pompion flowered in Stenbrohalt Garden, the male flowers of which were carefully plucked-off every day, as foon as they appeared, left they fhould draw from the female flowers too much of their nourifhment; the confequence was, that not one fruit appeared on the plant that feafon. If one pluck the flowers of the male Hemp, before thofe of the female plant are opened, he will get none, or but very few ripe feeds. Yet it happens fometimes, that the female Hemp bears one or two male flowers, by which fome of the females may be impregnated ; and this circumftance deceived Camerarius. The Hops are of two forts, the one male, and the other female; and that which they commonly call the fruit, is only the calyx expanded and lengthened; hence the female plants, though not impregnated, can bear cones. This it was which deceived Tournefort, fo that he would not acknowledge the fexes of plants, becaufe a female plant of the Hop in the garden at Paris throve -well, and bore fruit in Splenty every year, when no male plants were within feveral miles of it. The fame thing happens in the Mulberry and Blite, the berries of which are only fucculent calyxes, but not feed-veffels or ovaria. One Richard Baal, a gardener at Brentford, fold a great quantity of Cauliflower feed, which he raifed in his ■own garden, to feveral gardeners in the fuburbs of London, who carefully fowed the feeds in good ground, but they produced nothing but the common long-leaved Cabbage, for which reafon they complained that they were impofed upon, and commenced a fuit againft the aforefaid Baal in Wcftminfter Hall; the Judge’s opinion was, thatOF FOREST-TREES. 449 ■with a piece of hair-cloth after a fobbing rain ; or by fetting it on fire Ch. VIII. with a wifp of ftraw, about the end of December, if the feafon be dry, ' ■ ~ as they pradtife it in Staffordlhire ; but the moft infallible art of Emufca-tion, is taking away the caufe (which is fuperfluous moifture in olayey and ipewing grounds) by drefilng with lime. Ivy is deftroyed by digging up its roots, and loolening its hold j and even the removal of Ivy itfelf, if very old, and when it has long inverted NOTES. Baal muft return the gardeners their money, and alfo make good their lofs of time and crops. Ray’s Hift. v. I. p. 42. This cheat we ought not to lay to the,poor gardener’s charge, for it is wholly to be afcribed to his good plants being impregnated by the common Cabbage. Wherefore, if one has an excellent fort of Cabbage, he ought not to let it flower in the neighbourhood of an inferior fort, left the good fort fhould be impregnated with the duft of the other, and the feeds produce a degenerate race. If one intends to plant the Poplar or Willow for walks, let him take only the male plants for this purpofe; for if the females are planted, they will multiply fo fall as to form a grove inftead of a walk. The Juniper does not produce fruit every year in equal plenty; for if rain falls during its time of flowering, the fruit is deprived of the faiina, and falls off. A female plant of the Juniper grew for many years In Clifford’s garden, but never produced any fruit for want of a male plant. The Rhodiola, or Rofe-wort, grew in the Upfal garden from the year 1696, at which time 'Profeffor Rudbeck brought it thither from.the mountains of Lapland ; but it never ripened its feeds, being without a male plant. It is needlefs to mention more examples, though 1 could eafily deduce fome Angular experiments from many more plants, to corroborate our dodtrine of the generation of plants, which the brevity of this diflerta-tion does not allow. I fhall not fpeak of the Maize, the generation of which is denied by Siegefbeck and others, from the fituation of the antherae and piftilla; but refer for this to a Treatife written by Mr. Logan, of Philadelphia, intitled, Experiments concerning the Generation of Plants. Concerning the Hafel, fee the Experiments of Mr. Bradley, late Profeffor of Botany in Cambridge. As to the Fig tree, we fhall explain its peculiar manner of generation, which is called Caprification, more at large. •Tournefort, while he was in tire Blands of the Archipelago, accurately obferved this, and has deferibed it in the following manner. “ There are three varieties of the CaprificuSy or Wild Fig, (which is the male) called by the natives Fomites, Cratiritesy and Orni. Thefe produce their fruit at three different times of the year ; the fruit of the Fornitesy or frrft variety, begin to bud in Auguft, and hold to the end of November, at which time many fmall infedts make their efcape from them, and lay their eggs on the Cratiritesy or fecond variety, whofe fruit is now coming out. The Cratirittsy or fecond variety, bud in the end of September, and hold till May following. The infedls fometimes come out of thefe before the Or«/, or third variety, are budded ; in which cafe, the hufbandmen carefully feek for thofe trees of the Cratirites whofe L 11A DISCOURSE 450 Book. II. its fupport, is attended with pernicious confequences, the tree frequently V—~v—dying from the fudden expofure to unaccuftoraed cold.. Of the roots of Ivy (which flirub may, with fmall induftry, be made a beautiful ftandard) are made curioufly polilhed and flecked cups* and boxes, and even tables-of great value. Mifleto and other excrefcences. are to be cut and broken off*.. But the fungi (which prognofticate a fault in the liver and entrails of trees, as we may call them) is remedied by abrafion, fridtition, interlucation,, and expofure to the fun. NOTE S. infers have not yet come out, and tie them on the branches of the Orni,. that the infers may lay their eggs thereon. The Ornir or third variety,, bud in May, and are tipe in July., In all the three varieties, certain infers are generatedwhich depofite-their eggs, and thefe eggs become worms, and afterwards- are turned into flies before the fruit falls off. The countrymen chiefly gather the Orni in June and July, a little-before the dog-days, or when the infedts begin to fly, and tie them with threads to the cultivated Fig tree j then the infe&s, by wounding the orifices of the cultivated Figs, make their way into the cavities of the fruit, which ripen after this in about fourteen days.’*' This riddle we flial! now. explain.. The Caprificus, or Wild Fig, is-the male plant, and the cultivated Fig the female. The flowers are difpofed within, the cavity of the receptacle, which is fo clofe {hut, that often it will fcarce admit the end of a common needle through the pore in its extremity. Now the fig-flies, which are of the ichneumon kind, being transformed, and furnifhed with wings, about the time the farina of the male Fig is ripe, make their efcape from thofe male Figs, and being wholly covered with their, duff, after copulation, they feek for a place to lay their eggs, and flying to every one of the female Figs, they enter their cavities, which are filled with piftilla from alL fides, hy which means they muff neceflarily brufh off that farina, or male duff, with which they were covered, and thus the feeds are impregnated. It is true, the female Fig can ripen its fruit, though the feeds are not impregnated, becaufe this fruit is not a pericarpium, or feed-veflel, but only a receptacle : fo alfo the Hop, Mulberry, Strawberry, and Blite, can produce fruit, tho*' their feeds do not ripen, becaufe their fruit is nothing but a receptacle or calyx. Some-botanifts who were ignorant of this, feeing thofe trees produce fruit without previous-* impregnation, thought they had found an unanfwerable argument againft the generation of plants; but they did not eonfider, that the fruit of the Fig is not a feed-veflel, but a common receptacle. Yet it appears, that the fruit of the Fig,, if the feeds are: impregnated, grow to a much larger fize than thofe which are not; which Tournefort* alfo obferved* for he tells us, that a Fig tree, in Franche Compte, where there is no caprification, produced every year only twenty-five pound weight of Figs; but- that another of the fame fize in one of the iflands of the. Archipelago, produced yearly two hundred and eighty pound weight of Figs,, which is above ten times the quantity the other. This age hath clearly refuted the opinion of Gamerarius, who maintained that thu^ feeds of Figs never produced any plants. For Linnneus tells us, thatOF FOREST-TREES. 451 The bodies of trees are vifited with canker, hollownefs, hornets, earwigs, fnails, &c. The wind-fhock is a bruife and Ihiver throughout the tree, though not cOnftantly vifible, yet leading the warp from fmooth renting, caufed by over-powerful winds, when young, and perhaps by fubtil lightnings, t Ihelter, choice of place for the plantation, and frequent fhreading, whilft they are yet in their youth. Wind-lhaken is alfo difcovered by certain ribs, % boils, and fwellings on the bark, beginning at the foot of the ftem*, NOTES. by ocular infpe&ion, to be falfe. The fpecies meant* is the Papaver Oricntale,■ or th® Oriental Rough Poppy, with a large flower. If one opens a flower of this plant, cutting Its piftillum perpendicularly downwards, he fhall find the lamellae, or folds, the placentae, and the final! feeds flicking- to them, all of a pure white colour* though at the fame time the ftyle and all the ftigma are wholly tinged with a- purple hue from the duft of the antherae. From whence we may fairly conclude, that not- one grain or particle of the farina enters the folds of. the receptacle, or- the feeds themfelves. The Malva Alcea, and the Malva Mofchata, i. e. the Vervain Mallow, and the jagged-leafed Vervain Mallow, have kidney-fhaped antherae, or fummits, which contain a duft confifting of large globular particles confpicuous enough to the naked eye, and having their diameters equal to thofe of the ftyles * whence it is evident they never can pafs through the ftyles. Needham has obferved, that the duft of Martagon Lily con-fifts of rough or prickly globules, which, as foon as they touch any moifture, burft on the fides, and, like an jEolipile, with great impetuofity difcharge a gelatinous matter, filled with innumerable points and atoms, which impregnate the ovula, or rudiments of the feeds. All the females alfo among animals difcharge a feminal fluid at the fame time with the males, and therefore this feminal fluid is alfo neceflary on the part of the female. This fame vifcid and ropy fluid on the ftigmata of plants is called by Malpighi, a turpentine, or balfam. Hence Ray alfo fays, that in no kind of ani-* mals that he knew did the fperm enter the ovarium, ana in many kinds not even the uterus, or womb, itfelf, but only its exceeding fubtle effluvia to impregnate the ovula^ or eggs. Upon the whole,. I think that the flowering of plants, may. be truly called their generation, and that the Antients with great propriety named the flower, the joy of plants. The calyx then is the marriage-bed, in which the ftamina and piftilla, the male and female organs, celebrate the nuptials of plants * and here alfo thofe tender organs are cherifhed and defended from external injuries. The corolla, or petals, are the curtains, clofely furrounding the genital organs, in order to keep off ftorm, rain, or cold 3 but when the fun fhines bright, they freely expand, both .to give accefs to the fun’s, rays, and to the fecundating duft. The filaments are the fpermatic veflels by which the juice, fecreted from the plant, is carried to the antherae. The antherae are the tefticles, and may not improperly be compared to the foft roe or milt of fifties. The duft of the antherae anfwers tQ the fperm and feminal animalcules 3, for, thoughOF FOREST-TREES. 453 and afcending the body of the tree to the boughs. But againft fuch Ch. VIIE frofts and fire from heaven there is no charm. c—— Cankers, of all other difeafes the rnofl pernicious, corroding, and eating to the heart, and difficult to cure, (whether caufed by fome ftroke, or galling, or by hot and burning land) are to be cut out to the quick, the fears emplaftered with tar mingled with oil, and over that a thin fpreading of loam, or elfe with clay and horfe-dung, but belt with hogs-dung alone, NOTES. it is dry, that it may the more eafily be conveyed by the wind, yet it gets moifturc upon touching the ftigma. The ftigma is that external part of the female organ which' receives the male duft; and on which this male duft a£ts. The ftyle is the vagifia, or. tube, through which the effluvia of the male dull: pafs to the germen or feed-bud. The germen is the ovary, for it contains the unimpregnated or unfertilized feeds.-The pericarpium, or feed-veffcl, anfwers to the impregnated ovary; and, in faeft, is the fame with the germen, or feed-bud, only increafed in bulk, and loaded with- fertile feeds. The feeds are the eggs, of which we have already fully fpoken.- We ought to obferve, that the calyx is a production of the external bark of the plant; the corolla, of the inner bark; the ftamina, of the Alburnum, or white fap ; the pericarpium, or feed-veffel, of the woody fubftance ; and the feeds, of the pith of the tree ; for in this manner they are placed; and in this manner alfo they are unfolded. Therefore in a flower we find all the internal parts of a plant unfolded. This, though ob-fcurely, was taken notice of by Caefalpinus, and alfo by Mr. Logan of Philadelphia. Flowers then are nothing elfe but the genitals of plants, with this difference from thofe of animals, that their organs of'generation are'reckoned obfeene, and modefty forbids us to examine them ; for which reafon nature has taken Care frequently to hide them from our fight. But in the vegetable kingdom it is quite otherwife; for here-thofe parts are not- hid, but rather expofed- to the view of all. Add to this, that they are the moft beautiful of all the parts of plants, in which the ftudy, love, and contemplation of men are - converfant. As the genitals of all animals have a rank and ftrong fmell in rutting time, fo the flowers, or genitals, of plants alfo fend forth a fmell, which^ though very different in different plants, is for the moft part very agreeable, fo that one fancies himfelf drinking ne&ar with his noftrils. We fee then how the great Creator has enriched the moft innocent nuptials of plants with the moft Angular and fuperb ornaments. Let us behold the marriage-bed, or calyx; with what art is it c-onftru£ted ! the curtain, or fuperb covering, called the corolla, how neat and elegant its extremity or termination, how fplendidly cut or carved, how fine and thin, and with what lively and beautiful colours is it adorned ! We may truly fay, in the em-phatical language of the feriptures, that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one-of thefe. The Ajnaranthus Tricolor wants this beautiful covering of the corolla; but here nature has taken care to cover the flowers with a fhade or fine-coloured crown of the leaves, which is- laid over the flowers, that the few males, being defended from454 A DISCOURSE Book II. bound to it m a rag; or by laying Wood-alhes, Nettles, or Fem to the u !<*■■>—' mi roots. You will know if the cure be effe<5ted, by the colour of the wounds growing frefli and green, and not reddifti: But if the gangrene be within, it muft be cured by nitrous* fulphureous, and drying applications, and by no means by any thing of an undtuous nature, which is exitial to trees, tar, as was faid, only excepted, which I have experimentally known to preferve trees from the envenomed teeth of goats, and other injuries ; the ^entire ftera fmeared over, without the leaft prejudice, to my no fmall ad- NOTES. fhowers, might more eafily and fafely difcharge their farina on the females below. All animals appear moft beautiful and healthy juft before their copulation. The hart tofles up his prominent horns; the birds fhine and glitter with gay colours ; the fifties tafte then moft delicioufly. But when the time of copulation is over, the hart lofes his lofty or towering horns; the birds lofe much of their beauty; and the fifties a great deal of their former flavour or fine tafte. Now plants are fubje& to thé fame changes; for in the fpring and flowering time their verdure and beauty is moft amazingly gay ; but, when that is over, they lofe much of their former fplendor. Thus copulation weakens and debilitates, In the filk-worm, moths, and butterflies, one may fee, when their copulation is over, how their wings droop, and their life expires; but if a butterfly is ftiut up in a room alone, and not fuffered to copulate with others, it will often remain in health and vigour for half the year. In the annual and biennial plants one may obfet^e, that before they have flowered, they refift the cold of winter, e. g. the Pinks, Lichnifes, and others ; but if they flower the firft year, as fccn as winter approaches they generally die; if, on the other hand, they do not flower, they will ofteq. continue in vigour three or four years. The Plantain tree has often continued in the gardens of Holland for a hundred years; but when it has once flowered, no art, fkill, or experience, can prevent its lofty item from perifhing the year following. The Corypha, or Umbrella Palm tree, remains barren for thirty-five years, growing in that time to the height of feventy feet; and in the fpace of four months after that time, it rifes thirty feet higher, puts forth its flowers, and produces its fruit the fame year; which done, it totally dies, both root and ftera.; Hort. Cliff. 482. The Lavatera Arborea, or Sea tree Mallow, will rife to the height of a common Pear tree, bearing the winter frofts very well; but when it has once blown, though it were to produce but one flower only, not all the affiftance of gardeners, or green-houfes, or any art, can prevent its perifhing on the firft approach of winter. The ftomach of plants is the earth, from which they receive their nourifhment; and the fineft and moft fubtle part of their foil is their chyle. The root, which carries the chyle from the ftomach to the body of the plant, is analogous to the laifteals or chyliferous veflels of animals. The trunk, which fupports and gives ftrength to the whole plant, is analogous to the bones. The leaves, by which plants tranfpirc, are inftead of lungs. The leaves may be alfo compared to the mufcles of animals; for by their agitation with the wind the plant is put in motion, For this reafon, herbsOF FOREST-TREES., 455 miration. But for over-hot and torrid land, you muft fadden the mould Ch. Vttl. about the root with pond-mud, and neats-dung; and by grafting fruit- ~ ''1 trees on ftocks raifed in. the fame mould, as being more homogeneous* Hollownefs is contracted, when, by reafon of the ignorant or carelefS lopping of a tree* the wet is fuffered to fall perpendicularly upon a part, efpecially the head, or any other part or arms, by which means the rain is conducted to the very heart of the. Item and body of the tree,, which« NOTES. furnifhed with leaves cannot thrive, except they have air5 but fucculent plants, which" have no leaves; e. g. fome of the Euphorbias^ Torch-thiftles, Melon* thiule, Prickly-pear, and the Stapelia, though fhut up in green-houfes, and quite deprived of the external air, do thrive very well. If you fhut up a tree or a fhrub, which is full of leaves, in a clofe room in the fummer-time, it will die*, but if in the winter, when it has loft all its leaves,, it will remain fafe. Heat is to plants analogous to the heart in animals. Plants have no heart,, rtof indeed have they any occafioii for fuch an organ, for they live in the fame manner as Polypes do in., the animal kingdom : their juices, mixed with air are propelled through their veflels, but not circulated back agsuri by-returning veflels. The blood-veflels of animals are divided into various branches, fo alfo are the veflels of plants.. Plants, fbr the moft part, have their genital organs placed at their ramifications; in the fame manner animals have theirs at the ramification of the iliac veflels,. with this difference however, that the ramifications of plants-afeend, whereas thofe of animals go downwards or backward; hence the antients called a plant an inverted animal.. From what has been faid it follows, that a flower, which is furnifhed with anthera?, but wants the ftigmata,. is a male flower; that a flower which has ftigmata, but no antherse, is a female; and one that has both, is an hermaphrodite flower. Nor need we wonder, that in the vegetable kingdom many plants are hermaphrodite, though in the animal kingdom there are very few of this kind ; for here one fex can eaflly go to the other; whereas plants are fixed to one fpot, and cannot go from it. Juftly therefore has the All-wife Creator furnifhed fnails and other flow-paced animals with the genital organs of both fexes, left (feeing they rarely meet) the fpecies fhould be ex-tinCl or loft; during their copulation then, the one ads on the other, and each a trees on the Hrft rains in April; you fhall fometimes find them covered with young fnails no bigger than fmall peafe. Laflly, branches, buds,, and leaves extremely fuffer from blafls, jaundice and caterpillars, locufls, rooks, &c. Note, that you fhould vifit the boards, tiles, and hoofs, which; you fet for the retreat of thofe infedts, in the heat of the day, to fhake them out, and kill them. The blafled parts of trees, and gum, fhould be cut away to the quick; and to prevent it, fmoak them in fufpicious weather, by burning moifl flraw with the wind, or rather the dry and fuperfluous cuttings of aromatic plants, fuch as Rofemary, Lavender, Juniper, Bays, &c. I ufe to whip NOTES. its next or more mature (late it fends forth three-lobed leaves, and, leaving its props and fupporters, it rifes by its own ftrefigth, and puts on the appearance of a pretty tall tree, being loaded with flowers and fruit. This is the Hedera Arborca of C. B. Tree Ivy. But when old, it puts forth egg-fhaped leaves without lobes. This is the Hedera Poetica of C. B. Poets’Ivy. Daily experience abundantly fhews, that all plants, as well as the Ivy, undergo the fame fate. From the feed, fpring up tender fhoots, which at firft are not larger thftn fmall fhrubs ; then, by degrees, they acquire a firm trunk, and alfo bear flowers and fruit; laflly, the branches flag, and are covered, as well as the trunk, with mofs, firft one branch decaying, and then another, till the whole tree moulders away, and the flace thereof knoweth it no more. 5. Diseases. When life, in any manner of way, is hurt or injured, that (late we call Difeafe; to which vegetables, as well as animals, are fubjefr. By too great heat they are parched, become langtfld, and droop; by too much cold they are often killed, or made fubje utlmk caufa alia quant pttftigii# cecidiffe mult as ac fua fponte refurrexijfe, FuElum hoc Populi Rom, Qkiritibus oftentum Cimbricis beltis Nuceria in luco funonis, Ulmoy poftquam etiam cacumen amputatum eraty quondam in aram ipfam pro&ttnbebat, reftituta fponte y ita ut protinus floreret: a quo deinde tempore Majeftas Populi Romani' qua ante •titftata cld- dibus fuerat. Memoratur hoc idem faftttm et in PMiipjfis, Stifiie jprocidua atque dctruncata: et Stagiris et Mtifeo populo alba : omnia faufti ominis Sed maxi-me mirum, Antandri Platanus etiam circumdoldtis iateribns reftifflis fponte fa$b% ' vitaque reddiia longitudihe quindecim cubitorum,. crafiitudine quatuor ulnarum^ Lib. xvi. cap. xxxii.. But we have farther inftances than thefe, and fo very lately as that dreadful ftorm happening November 26, 1703, when, after fo many-thou-. fand Oaks and other timber-trees were quite fubverted, a moft famous and monftrous Oak, growing at Epping in Effex, (blown down) "railed fcfelf, and withftood that hurricane. Thefe, amongft: many others, are the infirmities to which foreft-trees are fubjeft whilft they anqjfwhen they are felled they are liable to the worm, efpecially if cut before theTapA DISCOURSE 4-6z Book II. be perfe&ly at reft:--------To prevent or cure it in the timber, I commend 1 — • -f this fecret as the moft approved : Let common yellow fulphur be put into a glafs cucurbit, upon which pour To much of the ftrongeft aqua fortis, as may cover it three fingers deep: Diftil this to drynefs, which is done by two or three rectifications. Let the fulphur remaining in the bottom (being of a blackiih or fad red colour) be laid on a marble, or put into a glafs, where it will eafily dif-folve into oil: With this anoint what is either infedted, or to be preferved of timber. It is a great and excellent arcanum for tinging the wood with no unpleafant colour, by no art to be walhed out; and fuch a prefervative of all manner of woods, nay, of many other things, as ropes, cables, fifhing nets, mafts of Ihips, &c. that it defends them from putrefaction, either in waters under or above the earth, in the fnow, ice, air, winter or lummer. It were fuperfiuous to defcribe the procefs of the aqua fortis; it fhall be luflicient to let you know, that our common copperas makes this aqua fortis well enough for our purpofe, being drawn over by a retort: and for fulphur, the ifland of St. Chriftopher’s yields enough (which hardly needs any refining) to furnifh the whole world. This fecret, for the curious, I thought fit not to omit; though three or four anointings with linfeed-oil has proved very effectual, and'is more compendious. It was experimented in a Walnut table, where it deftroyed millions of worms immediately, and is to be prafliled for tables, tubes, mathematical inftruments, boxes, bed-fteads, chairs, rarities, &c. Oil of walnuts will doubtlefs do the fame, is lweeter, and a better varnilh ; but above all is commended oil of Cedar,, or that of Juniper; whilft oil of Spike does the cure as effectually. as any. But after all thefe fweeping plagues and deftructions inflicted on trees, * 1683. braving all human remedies, ‘ fuch frofts as not many years * fince hap- pened, left fuch marks of their deadly effects, not fparing the goodlieft and moft flourilhing trees, timber, and other of the ftouteft kind, as fome ages will hardly repair : nay, it was obferved, that the Oak in particular, counted the moft valiant and fturdy of the whole fq^eft, was more prejudiced with this exceffive cold, and the drought of the year enfuing, than any of the moft nice and tender eonftitution: always here excepting, as to an univerfal ftrages, the hurricane of Sept. 1703, which begins the epocha of the calamities which have fince followed, not only by the late temped: * 1705’ about Auguft laft % but by that furprizing blaft, accompanied doubtlefs with a fiery fpirit, which finotg the moft flourilhing forefters and fruit-OF FOREST - TREE S.- 46? trees, burning their buds and leaves to dufl: and powder, not fparing the Ch. Vllf. very fruit. This being done in a moment, muft be looked upon as a plague not to be prevented: In the mean time, that the malignity proceed no farther, it may be advifable to cut and top the fummities of fuch tender mural trees, rare ffirubs, &c. as have moft fulfered, and are within reach, rubbing off the fcorchings in order to new fpring.- There were, in my remembrance, certain prayers, litanies, and collefts,. folemnly uled by the parilh minifter in the field, at the limits of their perambulations on the rogation days, from an antient and laudable cufiom of above one thoufand years, introduced by Avm»,' the pious Bifhop of Vienna, in a great dearth, unfeafonable weather, and other calamities, (however in tratt of time abufed by many grofs fuperftitions and infigni-ficant rites, in imitation of the Pagan Robigalia) upon whidi days, about the afcenfion and beginning of fpring efpecially, prayers were made, as well deprecatory of epidemical evils, amongft which blafts and fmut of corn were none of the leaft, as fupplicatory for propitious feafoft% and blefiings on the fruits of the earth. Whether there was any peculiar office, befides thofe for Ember-weeks, appointed, I do not know; but the pious and learned Bifhop of Winchefter, (Andrews) has, in his devotions, left us a prayer fo appofite and comprehenfive for thefe emergencies, that-I cannot forbear the recital: T^Emember, 0 Lord, to renew the year with thy goodnefs, and the feafon with a promi/ing temper; for the eyes of allib&it upon thee, O Lord-, thou giveft them meat i thou cpeneji thy hand, and fiUeJl all things living with thy bounty. Vouchfafe therefore, O Lord, the blejfings of the heavens, and the dews from above: The blejfings of the fprings, and the deep from beneath: The returns of the fun, the coiyunBfons of the moon: The bencffijL, the+rifing mountainsand the la fling" hills :• Thefulnefs of the earth, and all that breed therein : A fruitful feafon, Temperate air, Plenty of corn, Abundance of fruits, Health of body, and Peaceable times, Good and wife government, Prudent counfels, Juft laws, RigbteoufAudgmmtSv^t Loyal obedience, Hue execution of Juft ice, Sufficient ft ore for lifer Happy births, Good and fair plenty, Breeding and inftitution of children.A DISCOURSE 464 Book H. That our fons may grow up as the young plants, and our daughters may be as ~ the polijhed corners of the temple : That our garners may be full and plenteous with all manner of ftore : That our fheep may bring forth thoufands : That our oxen may be Jlrong to labour : That there be no decay \ no leading into captivity -, m complaining in our jlreets : But that every man may fit under his own vine, and under his own fig-tree, in thankfulnefs to thee -, fobriety, and charity to his neighbour ; and in whatfoever other eftate thou wilt have him, therewith to be contented: And this for Jefus Chrifi his fake, to whom be glory for ever. Amen. Hitherto I have ipoken of trees, their kinds, and propagation in particular. I lhall now fay a word or two concerning their ordering in general, as it relates to Coppices, Lopping, Felling, &c. After this I lhall add Something concerning their ufes as to fuel, &c. and call fuch accidental lefions into a few aphorifms as could not well be more regularly inferted. .1 lhall. next give fome ferious obfervations in reference to the main defign .and project of this difcourfe, as it concerns the improvement of his Ma-jefty’s Forefts for the honour and fecurity of the whole kingdom. And, laftly, I lhall put a conclufion to this work with an hiftorical account of the facrednefs and ufe of Standing Groves.OF FOREST-TREES. 465 DENDROLOGIA. BOOK THE THIRD. CHAP. L Of COPPICES. SYLVA C51DUA is (as Yarro defines it) as well Coppice to cut for fuel as for ufe of timber; and we have already ftiewed how it is to be raifed, both by fowing and planting. I fhall only here add, that if, in their firft defignation, thty be fo laid out as to grow for feveral falls, they will both prove more profitable and more delightful: More profitable, becaufe of their'annual fuccefiion ; and more pleafant, becaufe there will always remain fome of them Handing; and if they be fo caft out, as that you leave ftraight and even intervals of eighteen or twenty feet for grafs, between fpring wood and fpring wood, fecurely fenced and preferved, the paftures will lie both warm, and prove of exceeding delight to the owner. Thefe fpaces are likewife ufeful, and necefiary for cartway, to fetch out the wood at every fall. There is not a more noble and worthy hufbandry than is this, which reje£U no fort of ground nor fituation, (though facing the eaft iiriefteemed belt for both timber and undferwood) as we have abundantly fhewed ; fincc even the moft boggy places may be fo drained and calf, as to yield their increafe by planting the drier forts upon the .ridges and -banks which you caft up, where they will thrive exceedingly: And then Willow, Sallow, Alder, Poplar, Sycamore, Black Cherry, &c. will (hoot tolerably well on the lower and more uliginous; with this caution, that for the firft two years they be kept diligently weeded and clean-fed, which is as necefiary as fencing and guarding from cattle. Our or^Er nary coppices are chiefly upon Hafel, or the Birch; but if amongft the other kinds, ftore of Afii, (which I moft prefer, for a fpeedy and ereotn many forefts anD woods, toberein you (ball babe for one ' r 1 libely tbribing tree, four (nay fometimes tluentyTour) ebihtbri5 Ding, rotten, anD Dying trees, eben tobiles they libe; ano in* fieao of trees, tboufanos of bufhes ano flirubs! tubat rottennefs! lobat bollotonefs! lobat Dean arms! toitbereo tops! curtaileo trunks! lobat loans of mofs! Drooping boughs ano Dying branches lJjall you fee eoery inhereI ano tbofe that in this fort are in a manner ail unprofitable boughs, cankered arms, crooken, iittle, anD (bort boals» M an infinite number of bufhes, fhrubs, anD ferags of Hafels, Thorns, anD other unprofitable tuooo, tobicb migbt be brought by Drefiing to become great anD gooDly trees ! ConfiOer nolo the caufe. Che leflfer wood bath been fpoileD toitb carelefs, unskilful, anD untimely fioloing; anD much alfo of the great wood, Cbe greater trees at the firfi rifing babe filleD anD oberlaoen tbemfeibes toitb a number of tuafiful boughs anD fuckers, tobicb bane not only Draton the fap from the boal, but alfo babe maDe it knotty, anD tbemfeibes, anD the boal mofly, for loam of Drefiing; inhere* as, if in the prime of growth, they ban been taken atoay clofe, all but one top, anD clean by the bulk, the firengtb of all the fap IboulD babe gone to the bulk, anD fo be tuoulb babe recobereb anD cobcreD bis knots, anD babe put forth a fair, long, anD .fireigbt body, for timber profitable, huge, great of bulk, anD of infinite lad* 3jf all Timber-trees tuerc fucb, (toill fome fay) fDoto IboulD toe babe crooked wood for wheels, coorbs, &c. Anfw. jDrrefs all you can, anD there toill be enough crooked for tbofe ufc& (pore than this, in moft places they groin fo thick, that nei* tber tbemfeibes, nor earth, nor any thing unoer or near them can tbribe; nor Sun, nor nor Air can do them, nor any thing near, or unoer them, any profit or comfort» O 0 O 2Book HL * —.— _} 476 A D I S C O U R S E 3 fee a number of hags, tubere out of one root gou Ml fee* three 0r four (nag more, fuel) is meng unskilful greeuinefs, tobo, uefiting mang, bane none goou) prettg Oaks, or Afhe&, fleeigbt ano tall; becaufe the root at the firß fijoot giues fap amain: But if one onlg of them might be fußereö to grotu, ano that iuell ano cleanlg pruneo, ail to bis uerg top, loljat a tree (houlo toe baue in time $ ano toe fee bp tljofe roots continue allg ano plentifulig fpringing, nottuitbfianoing fo oeaolg toouno* eo, tubat a commooitg Iboulo arife to the owner* ano the commonwealth, if wood teere cfjerifljeö ano oroetlg orelfeo* Che toaße boughs ciofelg ano skilfullg taken aluag, tnoulo giue us ßorc of fences ano fuelano the bulk of the tree in time toouio grote of huge lengtlj ano bignefs: 'But here, metbinks, 31 bear an unskilful Arborift fag, that trees bane tbeir feueral forms, eoen bg nature; tbe Pear, tbeHolly, the Afp, &c. grote long in bulk, toitb feto ano little arms.: Cbe Oak bg nature broao, ano fucb like* fill this 31 grant: But grant me alfo, that there is a profitable eno ano ufe of eucrp tree, from tebicb if it oecline, tbougb bg nature, get man bg art mag, nag muß, co^reft it* J0o other eno of trees 3[ neuer couio learn, than gooo timber, fruit much ano gooo, ano pleafure: Ofes phyfical binoer nothing a gooo form* Neither let ang man euer fo much as think, that it is unpro* fitable, much lefs unpolfibie, to reform ang tree of tubat kino foeuer: jfor, belieue me, 3 baue trieo it: 3 can bring ang tree (beginning betime) to ang form. Cbe Pear ano Holly mag be maOe to fpread, anO the Oak tO clofe. Thus far the good man out of his eight and forty years experience concerning timber-trees: HKjefcends then to the orchards; which, becaule it may likewife be acceptable to our induftrious planter, I thus contract. “ Such as Hand for frumyfhould be parted from within two feet, or thereabouts, of the earth •, fo high, as to give liberty to drefs the root, and no higher j becaufe of exhaufting the fap that fhould feed his fruit; for theOF F O R E S T - T R E E S. *77 bole will be firft, and bed: ferved and fed, being next to the root, and of Chap. II. greateft fubftance. Thefe (hould be parted in two, three, or four anns, - as your grafts yield twigs; and every arm into two or more branches, every branch into his feveral cyons; ltill fpreading by equal degrees, fo as his loweft fpray be hardly without the reach of a man’s hand, and his higheft not pad: two yards higher: That no twijg^efpecially in the midft) touch his fellow; let him fpread as far as IttS lid:, without any mafter- bough, or top, equally; and when any fall lower than his fellows, (as they will with weight of fruit) eafe him the next fpring of hiWaperfluous twigs, and he will rife : When any mount above the red:, t0$> him with- a nip between your fingers, or with a knife: Thus reform any cyon; and as your tree grows In ftature altd ftrength, fo let hilA rife with his tops but (lowly and eafily, efpecially in the midft, and equally in breadth alfo, following him upward, with lopping his under-growth and water- boughs, keeping the fame diftance of two yards, not above three in any wife, betwixt the lowed: and higheft twigs. “ Thus (hall you have handfome, clear, healthful, great, and lading, trees. “ Thus will they grow fafe from winds, yet the top fpreadingFjj w Thus fhall they bear much fruit; I dare fay, one as much as five of our common trees, all his branches loaden, “ Thus (hall your bole, being low, defraud the branches but little of their fap. “ Thus fhall your trees be eafy to drefs,; and as eafy to'gather the fruit from, Vvithout bruifing the cyons, &c.” The fitted: time of the moon for (lie pruning is^as of grafting) when the fap is ready to ftir, not proudly ftirring* and fo toJHIver the wound; and here, for the time of day, we may take Columella, frondem medio die rator ne c^edito^ Lib. xi. Old trees fhould be pruned before young plants; and note, that wherefoever you take any thing away, the fap the next fummer will be putting; be fure therefore when he pilh to bud in any unfit place, you rub it off with your finger; and if this be done for three or four years at Midfummer, it will at laft wholly clear the fide-boughs,A DISCOURSE 47 8 IBook III. and exalt the growth of the Item exceedingly*, and this is of good ufe for J 1 —f Elms, and fuch trees as are continually putting forth where they have been pruned. Thus begin timely with your trees, and you may bring them to what form you pleafe. If you defire any tree fhould be taller, let him break or divide higher: This for young trees. The old are reformed by curing of their difeafes, of which we have already difcourfed. There is this only to be conlidered, in reference to forellers, out of what he has fpoken concerning fruit-trees ; that (as has been touched) where trees are planted for fhadow and mere ornament, as in walks and avenues., the Broufe-wood, as they call it, fhould moft of it be cherifhed; whereas in fruit and timber-trees, Oak excepted, it is belt to free them of it. As for Pollards, (to which I am no great friend, becaufe it makes fo many icrags and dwarfs of many trees, which would elfe be good timber, endangering them with drips, and the like injuries) they fhould not be headed above once in ten or twelve years, at the beginning of the fpring, or end of the fall: And Note, that all coppicing and cutting clofe invigorates the roots and the Item of whatfoever grows weak and unkindly ^ but you mull then take care it be not overgrown with -weeds or grafs. Nothing, fays ltly Lord Bacon, (Exper.'586)~caufes trees to lafl fo long, as the frequent cutting % every fuch diminution is a re-invigoration of the plant’s juice, fo that it neither goes too far, nor rifes too faintly, when it is timely refrefhed with this remedy; and therefore we fee that the moft antient trees in church-yards, and about old buildings, are either Pollards or Dotards, feldom arifing to their full altitude. It is true, as Mr. Nourfe obfervCs, that Elm and Oak frequently pollarded and cut, hindering their mounting, increasesJ the bulk and circumference, and makeHa Ihew of fubftance, when all the while it is but a hollow trunk, filled with its own .corruption, fpending the genuine mpilture which fhould go to the growth of the arms and head, and interior fuBitance of ufeful timber. For the improvement of the fpeedy growth of trees, there is not a more excellent thing than the frequent rubbing of the bole or ftem with fome piece of hair-cloth, or ruder fluff, at the beginning of fpring: Some I have known done with feal’s fkin *, the more rugged bark with a piece of coat of mail, which is made of fmall wires: This done when the body of the tree is wet, as after a loaking rain, yet lb as not to excorticate, or gall the tree, has exceedingly accelerated its growth (I am allured, to a wonderful and incredible improvement) by opening the pores, freeing them or mofs, and killing the worm.OF FOREST-TREES. 479 Eaftly, frondation, or the taking off fome of the luxuriant branches Chap. IE and fprays of fuch trees, efpecially whofe leaves are profitable for cattle, is a kind of pruning: and fo is the fcarrifying and crofs hatching of feme fruit-bearers, and others, to abate that which fpends all the jtfice in the leaves, to the prejudice of the reft of the parts. But after all this, let us hear what the learned and experienced ’Squire Brotherton has obferved upon this article of pruning, and particularly of the taking off the top: That thofe trees which were foufed, fome years-before the fevere froft of 1684, died * thofe not fo pruned, efcaped : And of other trees (having but a fmall head left) the reft of tfejfi:'boughs cleared, the tops flouriftied, and the loofe branches fhread perifhed, and the u(K'-pruned efcaped: Moreover, when the like pruning was tfried on trees twenty feet high, the difference of the increafe was viltble the following; fuminer; but within feven or eight years time the difference was exceed-ing great, and even prodigious, both in bark and branch, beyond thofe trees that had'been pruned. This, and the like, belonging to the care of. the Wood-ward, will mind him of his continual duty; which is to walk about 4ind furvKhis young plantations daily-, and to fee that all gaps be immediately flopped; tref-pafiing cattle impounded; and (where they are infefted) the deer chafed out, Sec. It is moll certain that trees, preferved and governed by this discipline, and according to the rules mentioned, would increafe the beauty of forefts, and value of timber,. more:tjrj ten Of twelfjg yextfs, than all other imaginable plantations (accompanied with our ufual neglc&) can do in forty or fifty.. To conclude : In the time of this work, our ingenious Arborator fhould frequently incorporate, mingle, and unite the arms and branchePw>f fome young and flexible trees, which grow in confort, and near to one another, by entring them into their mutual barks with 4'jfflMVenient incifion: this, efpecially about fields and hedge-rows, for fence and ornament. Dr. Plot ’ mentions fome that do naturally, or rather indeed accidentally, mingle thus ; nay, and fo embrace and coalefce, as if they iffued out of the bowels of one another: Such are two Beeches in the way from Oxford to Reading at Cain-End; the bodies of which trees fpringing from different r^pp after they have attended parallel to the top, ftrangely unite together a great height from the ground, a tranfverfe piece of. timber entering at each end theA DISCOURSE 480 Book III. bodies of the trees, and growing jointly with them: The fame is feen 1 in Sycamores at New-College Gardens. I myfelf have woven young Afh-poles into twills of three and four braids, like women’s hair, when they make it up to fillet it under their coifs, which have llrangely incorporated and grown together without feparation •, but thefe are rather for curiofity, than of advantage for timber. Trees will likewife grow frequently out of the bole of the other; and fome roots will penetrate through the whole length of the trunk, till, fallening in the very earth, they burll the including tree, as it has happened in Willows, where an Afh tree has lprung likely from fome key or feed dropt upon the rotten head of it: But this accident not fo properly pertaining to this chapter, I conclude with recommending the bowing and bending of young timber-trees, efpecially Oak and Afh, into various flexures, curbs, and poftures, which may be done by humbling and binding them down with tough bands and withs, or hooks rather, cut fkrew-wife, or (lightly haggled and indented with a knife, and fo fkrewed into the ground, or by hanging of weighty Hones to the tops, or branches, till the tenor of the fap, and cuftom of being fo conftrained, do render them apt to grow fo of themfelves, without power of redrefling. This courfe would wonderfully accommodate materials for knee-timber and (hipping, the wheel-wright, and other ufes •, conform it to their moulds, fave infinite labour, and abbreviate the work of hewing and walte : ----------adeo in teneris confuefcere multum eft. Virgil, it feems, knew it well, and for what purpofe : Continuo in filvis magna vi flexa domatur In burim, et curvi formam accipit Ulmus aratri. Georg, ii. When in the woods with mighty force they bow The Elm, and lhape it to the crooked plow.OF FOREST-TREES. 481 CHAP. III. Df the AGE, STATURE, and FELLING of TREES. THE age of trees, except of the Coniferous, (for the moft part known Chap. III. by the degrees of their tapering branches) is vulgarly reckoned by ~ the number of folar revolutions, or circles; the former bark being di- Ace. gelled and compacted into a lignous and woody fubltance, is annually inverted by a fucceeding bark, which yet in fome trees is not finilhed fo Toon as in others, as we find in the Oak, Elm, Pine, Plumb-tree, &c. which exceed one another in growth, however co-equal in years: But of this hereafter. In the mean time, it is not till a tree is arrived to his perfect age and full vigour, that the Lord of the foreft fhould confult or determine concerning a felling; for there is certainly in trees, as in all things elfe, a time of increment or growth; a ftatus or feafon when they are at bell, (which is alfo that of felling) and a decrement or period when they decay. To the firrt of thefe they proceed with more or lefs velocity, as they confift of more ftrifl and compared particles, or are of a {lighter and more lax contexture, by which they receive a fpeedier or flower de-fluxion of aliment. This is apparent in Box and Willow; the one of a harder, the other of a more tender fubftance; but as they proceed, fo they likewife continue. By the ftate of trees I would fignify their utmoft effort, growth, and maturity, which are all of them different as to time and kind; yet do not I intend by this any period or inftant in whiBthey do not continually either improve or decay, (the end of one being ftill the beginning of the other) but farther than which their natures do not extend; but immediately (though to our fenfes imperceptible) through fome infirmity (to which all fublunary things are obnoxious) dwijpue and impair, either through age, defe6l of nourifhment, by ficknefs, and cj^ay of principal parts; but efpecially, and more inevitably, when violently invaded by mortal and incurable infirmities, or by what other extindlion of their vegetative heat, fubftraflion or obrtruflion of air and moifture; which making all motions whatfoever to ceafe and determine, is the caufe of their final deftruttion. Our honeft countryman, to whole experience we have been obliged for fomething I have lately animadverted concerning the pruning of trees, PPPBook III. — ■ 4% A DIS e O U R S E does, in another chapter of the fame treatife, fpeak of the age of trees.. The difcourfe is both learned, rational, and full of encouragement; for he does not fcruple to affirm, that even fome fruit-trees may poffibly arrive to a thoufand years of age; and if fo fruit-trees* (whofe continual bearing, dbes fo much impair and ffiorten their lives, as we fee it does- their form and beauty,) how much longer might we reafonably imagine fome hardy and flow-growing foreft-trees may probably laft ? I remember Pliny tells us of fome Oaks growing in his time in the * Hercynian.foreft, which were thought eoevous with the world itfelf; their roots had even raifed mountains, and where they encountered, fwelled into goodly arches like the gates of a city : But our more modern author’s calculation for fruit-trees, (I fuppofe he means pears, apples, &c.) his allowance is three hundred years for growth, as much as for their ftand, as he terms it, and three hundred, for their decay, which does in the total amount to no lefs than nine hundred years. This conjecture is deduced from Apple trees growing in his-> orchard, which having known for forty years, and upon diligent enquiry of fundry aged perfons, of eighty years and more, who remembered them trees all their time,, he finds, by comparing their growth with others of that kind, to be far ffiort in bignefs and perfection, viz. by more than* two parts of three, yea, albeit thofe other trees have been much hindered, in their ftature through ill government and mifordering: And this to me feems not at all extravagant, fince I find mention of a Pear tree near Rofs,, in Herefordfliire, which being of no lefs than eighteen feet in circumference, and yielding feven hogffieads of cyder yearly,, muft needs have' been of very long Handing and age, though-perhaps not fo near Me-thufalem’s. To eftabliffi this, he aflembles many arguments from the age of animals, whofe ftate and decay double the time of their increafe by the fame proportion. “ If then (faith he) thofe frail creatures, whofe bodies are nothing in a manner but a tender rottennefs, may live to that age, I fee not but a tree of a folid fubftance, not damnified by heat or cold, capable of, and fubjeCt to any kind of ordering or dreffing, feeding naturally, and from the beginning difburthened of all fuperfluities, eafed of, and of NOTES. * Hercyniae Silvae roborum vaffitas intaCta aevis, & congenita mundo, prope immor-tali forte miracula excedit. Conftat attolli colles occurfantium inter fe radicum reper-cuflu : aut ubi fecuta tellus non fit, arcus ad ramos ufque, et ipfos inter fe rixantes, curvari portarum patentium modo, ut turmas equitum tranfmittant. Plin. 1. xvi. c. n.O F FOREST - TREES. 4I * * * * * * 83 Uiis own accord avoiding the caufes that may annoy him, fhould exceed the Chap. III. dife of other creatures by very many years. What elfe are trees in com- . parifon with the earth, but as hairs to-the body of man? And it b certain, that (without fome diftemper, or forcible caufe) the hairs dure with the body, and are efteemed excrements but from their fuperfluous growth.’* So as he refolves, upon good reafon, that fruit-trees well ordered may live a thoufand years and bear fruit; and the longer the more, the greater and the better; (for which an inftance alfo in Dr. Beal’s Herefordlhire Orchards, p. 21, 22.) becaufe his vigor is proud and ftronger when his years are many. “ Thus you ftiallfee old trees put forth their buds and blofioms both fooner, and more plentifully than yo,ung trees by much; and I fenfibly perceive my young trees to enlarge their fruit as they grow greater. And if fruit-trees continue to this age, how many ages is it to be fuppofed .ftrong and huge timber-trees will laft;; whofe mafty bodies require the years of divers Methufalahs, before they determine their days; whofe fap is ftrong and bitter; whofe bark is hard and thick, and their fubftance folid and ftiff; all which are defences of health and long life? Their ftrength withftands all forcible windsf ; their fap of that quality is ■ not fubjed to worms and tainting; their bark receives feldorn or never by eafualty any wound ; and not only fo, but they are free from removals, which are the death of millions of trees ; whereas the fruit-tree, in com-parifon, is little, and frequently blown down; his fap fweet, eafily and foon tainted; his bark tender, and foon wounded; and himfelf ufed by man as man ufes himfelf; that is, either unfkilfully or careiefsly.” Thus he. ButWoflius de Theolog. Gent. lib. v. cap. v. gives too little age to Afhes when he fpeaks but of one hundred years, (in which, as in the reft, he feems to agree with my Lord Bacon, Hift. Vitze et Mort. Art. i.) and to the Medica, Pyrus, Prunus, Cornus, but ftxty. He had as good have held his peace; even Rofemary has iafted amongft us a hundred years. I might to this add much more, and truly with fufficient probability, that timber-trees (efpecially fuch as be of a compact, refinous, or balfa- mical nature, of which kind are'the Yew, Box, Hornbeam, White Thorn, Oak, Walnut, Cedar, Juniper, &c.) are capable of very long duration and continuance. Thofe of largeft roots, (a fign of age) are longer lived than *he fhorter; the dry than the wet; and the gummy, than the watery; the fterile, than the fruitful: I do not conclude from P P P 2A DISCOURSE Book. III. *.x —»>— mJ 4^4 A DISCOURSE Pliny’s Hercynian Oaks, or the Turpentine tree of Idumaea, which Jofe-phus ranks alfo with the creation. I mentioned a Cyprefs, yet remaining fomewhere in Perfia. near an old fepulchre, whofe ftem is as large as five, men can encompafs, the boughs extending fifteen paces every way; this* muft needs be a very old tree, believed by my author little lefs than two thoufand five hundred years of age. Of fuch another, Dr. Spon, in his-voyage into Greece, fpeaks, which by its fpreading feems to be of the: Savine kind; and, in truth, as to the age and duration, Cyprefs, Cedar,. Box,. Ebony, Brafil, and other exceeding hard and compad (with fome refinous) woods, growing chiefly in both Eaft and Weft-Indies, muft needs be of wonderful age. The particulars were too long to recount of the old Platanus fet by Agamemnon, mentioned by Theophraftus, the Herculean Oaks, the Laurel near Hippocrene, the Vatican Ilex, and the Vine which was grown to that bulk and woodinefs as to make a ftatue of Jupiter, and columns in Juno’s temple; at prefent it is found that the great doors of the cathedral at Ravenna are made of fuch Vine-tree planks, fome of which are twelve feet long,, and fifteen inches broad, the whole foil of that country producing Vines of. prodigious growth. Such another, in Margiana, is fpoken of by Strabo, that was twelve feet in circumference. Pliny mentions one of fix hundred years old in his time and at Ecoan, the late Duke of Montmorancy’s Houfe, is a table of a very large dimenfion, made of the like plant; and that which renders it the more ftrange, is, that a tree growing in fuch a wreathed and twifted manner, rather like a rope than timber,, and needing the fupport of others, fliould arrive to fuch a bulk and firm confiftence;. but fa it is, and Ole-arius affirms, that he found many. Vines near the. Cafpian Sea, whofe trunks were as big about as a man. And the old Lotus-trees, recorded by Valerius Maximus, and the Quercus Mariana, celebrated by the Prince of Orators, Pliny’s huge Larix, and what grew in the Fortunate Iflandsr with that enormous tree Scaliger reports was growing in the Troglodytic India, were famous for their age. St. Hierom affirms he faw the Sycamore that Zaccheus climbed up to behold our Lord ride in triumph to Jeru-falem: But that’s nothing for age to the Olive under which our blefled Saviour agonized, ftill remaining, as they fay, in the garden to which he ufed to refort. At the fame rate, Surius tells of other Olive trees at Nazareth, and of the curfed Fig-tree, whofe flump was remaining above fifteen hundred years. Not to omit that other Fig-tree, yet Handing near Cairo, which is faid to have opened in two parts to receive and protedl the bleffed Virgin and holy Babe, as fhe was flying into Egypt; but isOF FOREST-TREES. 485 bow fhewed whole again, as Monconys, who faw it, but believed nothing of it, tells the ltory. There is yet there a tree of the famS kind, which mea-fures feventeen paces in circumference. And now in the Aventine Mount they fliew us the. Malus Medica, planted by the Hand of St. Dominic, and another in the monaftery at Fundi, where Thomas Aquinas lived,; planted by that Saint, 1278, In Congo they fpeak of trees capable to1 be excavated into veifels, that would contain two hundred men a-piece. To which add thofe fuperannuated Tilias now at Bafil, and that of Au-fpfll^, under whofe prodigious (hade they fo often fearft, and celebrate their weddings; becaufe they are all of them noted for their reverend antiquity, that of Bafil branching out one hundred paces diameter, from a Hem of about twenty feet in circle, under which the German Emperors have l'ometimes eaten; and to fuch trees it feems they paid divine honours, as the neareft emblems of eternity, et tanqttam facras ex vetuftate, as Quintilian lpeaks. And Tike to thefe might that Cyprefs be which is celebrated by Virgil* near to another monument.. But we will fpare our reader, and refer Him that has a defire to multiply examples of this kind, to thofe undoubted records our Naturalift mentions in lib. xvi. chap. xliv. where he fliall read of Scipio Africanus’s Olive trees ; Diana’s Lotus ; the Ruminal Fig tree, under which the bitch wolf fuckled the founder of Rome and his brother, lading (as Tacitus calculated) eight hundred and forty years, putting out new fhoots, and prefaging the tranfiation of that Empire from the Casfarian line, happening in Nero’s reign: The Ilex, of prodigious antiquity, as the Hetrufcian Infcription remaining on it imported. But Paufanias, in his Arcadics, thinks the Samian Vitex, of which already, to be one of the oldeft' trees growing, and the Platan fet by Menelaus: to thefe he adds the Delian Palm, co-evous with Apollo himfelf, and the Olive planted by Minerva; according to their tradition; the over-grown Myrtil; the Vatican and Tiburtine Holm, and efpecially that near to Tufculum, whofe body was thirty-five feet about; befides divers others which he there enumerates in a large chapter. And what fliall we Gonje&ure of the age of Xerxes’s Platan us, in admiration-whereof he ftaid the march of fo many hundred thoufand men for fo many days,,by which the wife Socrates was ufed to -fwear. And certainly a goodly tree was a powerful attra&ive, when that prudent Conful, Paflienus Crifpus, fell in love with a prodigious Beech of a wonderful age and ftature (which he ufed to deep under, and would fome-tiraes refrelh it with pouring wine at the roots) and that wife Prince. Chap. IIL 1 - — 1•'EQ J A DISCOURSE OOK. III. .’Stature. f Maundrel’s journey to Jerufalem, I4Q. 486 Francis I. with an huge Oak, which he caufed to be fo curioufly immured at Bourges. We have already made mention of Tiberius’s Larch, intended to be employed about the Naumachia, which being one hundred and twenty feet in length, bare two feet diameter all that fpace, (not counting the top) .and was looked upon as fuch a wonder, that though it was brought to Rome to be ul'ed in that vail fabrick, the Emperor would have it kept propter miraculum •, and fo it lay unemployed till Nero built his Amphitheatre. To this might be added the mail of Demetrius’s Galeaife, which confided but of one Cedar; and that of the float which wafted Caligula’s obelifks out of Egypt, four fathoms in circumicrence. We read of a Cedar growing in the Ifland of Cyprus, which was one hundred and thirty feet long, and eighteen in diameter; and fuch it feems there are fome yet growing on Mount Libanus, (though very few in number) one of which our late traveller, Mr. Maundrel -f, affirms himfelf to have meafured of twelve yards fix inches in girt, found, and no lefs than thirty yards from the ground divided into five limbs, each of which was equal to a great tree. We read alfo of the Plane in Athens, whofe roots extended thirty-, fix cubits farther than the boughs, which were yet exceedingly large*, and fuch another was that moil famous tree at Veliternus, whofe arms ftretched out eighty feet from the ftem; but thefe trees were folid. Let us calculate from the hollow. Befides thofe mentioned by Pliny, in the Hercynian Foreil, the Germans had caitles in Oaks, and (as now the Indians) fome punti or canoes of excavated Oak, which would well contain thirty, fome forty perfons. Such were the antient /xoi/o^uAa, in ule yet about Cepha-lonia, as Sir George Wheeler obferved; and fuch the *Afyvx Tlkoix ufed by thofe of Cyprefs. But what were thefe to a canoe in Congo, which was made to hold two hundred men ? And the Lician Platanus, recorded by the Naturalid as remaining in his days, had a room in it of eighty-one feet in compafs, adorned with fountains, (lately feats, and tables of (tone, for it feems it was fo glorious a tree both in body and head, that Licinius Mutianus (three times conful and governor of that province) ufed to feail his whole retinue in it, choofing rather to lodge in it than in his golden-roofed palace *. And of later date, that vail Cerrus in which an Eremite NOTES. * The Editors of the fourth and fifth Editions of the Silva have rendered this fentence quite unintelligible, by concluding it with the following words : “ it (meaning ihe tree) was in compafs eighty feet, and grew in AfiaA thing impofiible, as the& F FOREST-TREES; 487' built His*' cell and chapel, fo celebrated by. the noble Fracaftorius in his Chap. iii; Poem Malteide. Cant. viii. ~~ 3 But for thele capacious hollow trees we need go no farther than our own country; there being, belidcs that which I mention in Gloucefter-Ihire, an Oak at Kidlingtofi-Green in Gxfordlhire, which has been frequently ufed (before the death of the late Judge Morton, near whofe houfe it ftood) for the immediate imprifbnment of vagabonds and. malefactors, till they could conveniently be removed to the county gaol; And' fuch another prifon Dr. Plot does, in his excellent hiftory of Oxfordlhire,.. mention out of Ferdinand Hertado in Moravia* to be. made out of the trunk of a Willow, twenty-feven feet in cotnpafs. But not to go out of our promifed bounds, the learned DdCfcor fpeaks of an Elm growing on Blechington-Green, which gave reception and harbour to a poor great-bellied woman, whom the unhofpitable people would not receive into, their houfes, who was brought to-bed in it of a fon,. now a lufty young fellow. This puts me in mind of that (I know not what to call fl privilege belonging to a venerable Oak, lately growing in Knoll-Wood, near Trely-Caftle in StafFordfliire, of which*,. I think, Sir Charles Skrymlher is owner-, that upon oath made of a baltard’s being begotten within the reach of the fhade of its boughs, (which I affure you at the riling and declining of the fun is very ample) the offence was not obnoxious to the cem fure of either eccleliailical or civil magiftrate. Thefe, with our hifto-rian, I rather mention for their extravagant ufe, and to refrelh the reader with fome variety, than for their extraordinary capacity; becaufe fuch inllances were innumerable, Ihould we pretend to illullrate this particular with more than needs. And now I have fpoken of Elms, and other extravagancies of trees, there Hands one (as this curious obferver notes) in Binfey Common, fix yards in diameter next the ground, which it is conjectured has been lb im- NOTES. circumference of the room is defcribed to be eighty-one feet; Indeed Mr. Evelyn himfelf feems, in his ufual manner, to have quoted this hiftorical paffage from memory, other-wife he would not have defcribed the room as containing fountains, for which he has not the leaft authority. Pliny’s own defcription of this wonderful tree is too abfurd to gain the fmalleft degree of credit, unlefs we fuppofe (what has frequently happened) that an error has been committed in tranfcribing the numerical letters from the antient manufcripts. Vide Plin. Hift, Nat. Lib. xii, c. i. Ed. Harduin. Vol. I. p. 655»A DISCOURSE 488 Book III. proved by railing an earthen bank, or feat about it, which has caufed it to '1, —-.1 put forth into fpurs, it not being fo confiderable in -the higher trunk. •Compare me then with thefe that nine-fathomed-deep tree fpoken of by Jofephus Acofta: the Maftick tree, feen and meafured by Sir Francis , Drake, which was four and thirty yards in circuit; thofe of Nicaragua and Gambra, which feventeen perfon3 could hardly embrace: Among thefe may come in the Cotton tree defcribed by Dampier. In India, fays Pliny, Arbores tantJ proceritatis traduntur, ut fagittis fuperjaci nequeant (and adds, which I think material, and therefore add alfo) Hac facit ubertas foil, temperies ccdi, 6? aquarum abundant ia. Such were thofe trees in Corfica, and near Memphis, recorded by Theophraftus, &c. and for prodigious height, -the two and three hundred feet unparalleled Palms Royal defcribed by Capt. Ligon, growing in our plantations of the Barbadoes; or thofe goodly malts of Fir, which I have feen and meafured, brought from New England; and what Bembus relates of thofe twenty-fathomed Antarótic trees; or thofe of which Cardan writes, called Ciba, which rifing in their feveral Items each of twenty feet in compafs, and as far diftant each from other, -unite in the bole at fifteen feet height from the ground, compofing three Itately arches, and thence afcending in a fhaft of prodigious bulk and altitude. Such trees of thirty-feven feet diameter, an incredible thing, Scaliger (his antagonift) fpeaks of ad Gambris increafed to a moft flupendous bulk *, and of two Witch Hafel trees of prodigious fize,, growing in Oakfey-Park, belonging to Sir Edw. Pooles, near Malmlbury- in Wiltlhire,. not inferior to the largeft Oaks : But thefe, for arriving haftily to their acme and period,, and generally not fo confiderable for their ufe,, I pafs to the Alh, Elm,. Oak, &c. There were of the firft of thefe divers which meafured in . length one hundred and thirty-two feet, fold lately in Efifex -j- *, and in the manor of Horton (to go no farther than the parilh of Eblham in Surry, belonging to my brother Richard Evelyn, Efqj) there are Elms Handing in good-' numbers, which would bear almoft three feet fquare for more than forty feet in height, which, is, in my judgment, a very extraordinary matter. They grow in a moift gravel,, and in the hedge-rows. NOTE S. * I have heard, but cannot authenticate the fa£l, that a Wych-Elm was lately felled in the Earl of Hertford’s park at Lifburne, in Ireland, which was found to contain ninety-nine tuns of timber.. t There Hands now at Ley, or Leix, in the Queen’s County in Ireland, an Alh tree thirty-nine feet in circumference near the ground; at about fix feet from the' ground twenty-eight feet. The bole does not rife above fifteen feet high before if fends out its noble branches, which extend round it to a prodigious diftance. The height of the tree is not lefs than an hundred and twenty feet, but its youthful vigouf and wonderfully thick foliage promile a confiderable increafeA DISCOURSE mwNtojUL » ■ ■ ■ 496 Not to infill upon Beech, which are frequently very large, there are Oaks of forty feet high and five feet diameter yet flourifhing in divers old parks of our Nobility and Gentry •, and Firs of one. hundred and fifty feet in height, which are exceeded by one growing in a wood about Bern by almoft one hundred feet, as Chabrous tells us. A large and goodly Oak there is at Reedham, in Sir Richard Berney’s Park of Norfolk, which I am informed was valued at forty pounds the timber, and twelve pounds the lopping wood. Nor are we to over-pafs thofe memorable trees which fo lately flourifhed in Dennington Park near Newbury amangft which three were moft remarkable from the dedication of the ingenious planter (if tradition hold) the famous Englifh Bard, Geoffry Chaucer •, of which one was called the King’s, another the Queen’s, and a third Chaucer’s Oak. The fir ft of thefe was fifty feet in height before any bough or knot appeared, and cut five feet fquare at the but-end, all clear timber. The Queen’s was felled fince the wars, and held forty feet of excellent .timber, ftraight as an arrow in growth and grain, and cutting four .feet at the ftub, and near a yard at the top; befides a fork of almoft ten feet clear timber above the fhaft, which was crowned with a fhady tuft of boughs, amongft which, fome were on each fide curved like rams horns, as if they had been fo induftrioufly bent by hand. This Oak was of a kind fo excellent, cutting a grain clear as any clap-board, (as appeared in the wainfcot which was made thereof ) that it,is a thoufand pities fome feminary of the acorns had not been propagated, to preferve the fpecies. Chaucer’s Oak, though it were not of thefe dimenfions, yet was it a very goodly tree: And this account I received from my moft honoured friend Phil. Packer, Efq*, whofe Father (as lately the Gentleman his Brother) was proprietor of this park: But that which I would farther remark, upon this occafion, is the bulk and ftature to which an Oak may pofiibly arrive within lefs than three hundred years, fince it is not fo long that our Poet flourifhed, (being in the reign of King Edward III.) if at leaft he were indeed the planter of thofe trees, as it is confidently affirmed. I will not labour much in this enquiry, becaufe an implicit faith is here of great encouragement; and it is not to be conceived what trees of a good kind, and in apt foil, will perform in a few years-, and this, I am informed, is a fort of gravelly clay, moiftened with fmall .and frequent fprings. In the meanwhile, I have often wifhed that Gentlemen were more curious of-transmitting to pofterity fuch records, by notingOF FOREST-TREES. 497' the years when they begin any confiderable plantation, that the ages to Chap, income may have both the fatisfadtion and encouragement by more, accurate and certain calculations. Henry Ranjovius planted a grove in Ditmarlh, Anno '1580, of Oak, Fir, Beech, Birch, &c. and eredted a ftone with this infcription, (which I mention not for its elegancy, but example) An. Dorn. 1580. Quercus, Abietes, Betulas, £sh. Plantavit: Annum & Initium fationis adfcribi jujjit, ut earum JEtatem exploraret pofteritas; quod in omnia Orbis facula aterna Divinitati commendat,' as I find it recorded l^that induftrious genealogift, Scipio Amiratus of Florence: But the only inftance I know of the like in pur own Country is in the park at Althorp in Northampton-fhire, the magnificent feat of the Right Hon. the Earl of Sunderland. I find a Jewifh tradition, cited by the learned Bochart, Inbt Noah planted the trees (he fuppofes Cedars) of which he afterwards built the ark that preferved him : Nor was it efteemed any diminution for Princes themfelves to plant trees with that hand which held the fcepter and reins of empire.: So as in the Voorhout of the Hague, ftands a tree placed there by the hands of the Emperor Charles, which is yet inK prime growth, and no fmall boaft of the good people. But to proceed : There was in Cunfborough (fometimes belonging to my Lord of Dover) feveral trees bought by a Cooper, of which he made ten pounds per yard for three or four yards, as I have been credibly affured. But where fhall we parallel that mighty tree which furnifhed the main-matt to the fovereign of our feas, which being one hundred feet long fave one, bare thirty-five inches diameter; yet was this exceeded in proportion and ufe by that Oak which afforded thofe prodigious beams that lie ’thwart her. The diameter of this tree was four feet nine inches, which yielded four fquare beams of four and forty feet long each of them. The Oak grew about Framlingham in Suffolk j and indeed it would be thought fatnglifcis to' recount only the extraordinary dimenfions of fome timber-trees grolriiMin that country, and the excefiive fizes of thefe mjjwrials, had not mind own hands meafured a plank, more than once, of above five feet in breadth, nine and an half in length, and fix inches thick, all intire and clear, nBrecitgat-ing the flab *. This plank, cut out of a tree felled by my grandfather’s order, was made a paftry-board, and lay on a frame of folid brick-work NOTES. * The word Slab3 amongft Sawyers, is the AJfer materia extimus3 or fappy fubftancc next the bark. R r rA DISCOURSE 498 Book HI. at Wotton, in Surry, where it was fo placed before the room was finifhed about it, or wall built, and yet abated by one foot fhorter, to confine it to the intended dimenfions of the place j for at firft it held this breadth, full ten feet and an half in length: By an infcription cut in one of the fides, it had lain there above an hundred years. To this may be added that table of one plank, of above feventy-five feet long, and a yard broad thro* the whole length, now to be feen in Dudley-Caftle Hall, which grew in the park defcribed by Dr. Plot in his Natural Hiftory of Staffordfhire. Mer-fennus tells us that the great fhip called the Crown, which the late French King caufed to be built, has its keel-timber one hundred and twenty feet long ; and the main-maft twelve feet diameter at the bottom, and eighty-five in height. To thefe I might add a Yew-tree* in the church-yard of Crowhurft, in the county of Surry, which I am told is ten yards in compafs * but efpe-cially that fuperannuated Yew-tree growing now in Braburne church-yard, not far from Scots-Hall in Kent; which being fifty-eight feet eleven inches in the circumference, will bear near twenty feet diameter, as it was meafured firft by myfelf imperfedtly, and then more exadtly for me, by order of the late Right Honourable Sir George Carteret, Vice-Chamberlain to his Ma-jefty, and late Treafurer of the Navy : Not to mention the goodly planks, and other confiderable pieces of fquared and clear timber, which I obfer-ved to lie about it, that had been hewed and fawn out of fome of the arms only torn from it by impetuous winds. Such another monfter, I am informed, is alfo to be leen in Sutton church-yard, near Winchefter. To thefe we add what we find taken notice of by the learned and induftri-oufty curious Dr. Plot, in his Natural Hiftory of Oxfordlhirej particu» larly an Oak between Nuncham-Courtney and Clifton, fpreading, from bough-end to bough-end, eighty-one feet, ftiading in circumference five hundred and fixty fquare yards of ground, under which two thoufand four hundred and twenty men may commodioufly ftand in Ihelter. And a bigger than this may be feen near the gate of the water-walk at Magdalen-College, whofe branches Ihoot fixteen yards from the ftem i likewife another at Rycote, in Lord Norris’s park, extending its arms fifty-four feet, under which three hundred and four horfes, or four thoufand three NOTES. * The ingenious Mr. Pennant, in his Tour in Scotland, mentions a Yew-tree in Fotheringal Church-yard, whofe ruins meafured fifty-fix feet and a half in circumference.OF FOREST-TREES. 499 hundred and feventy-four men may fufficiently ftand. This is that Robur Britannicum fo much celebrated by the late Author of Dodona’s Grove, and under which he leans contemplating in the frontifpiece. But thefe (with infinite others which I am ready to produce) might fairly fuffice to vindicate and afiert our propofition, as it relates to modern examples, and fizes of timber-trees, comparable to any of the antients, remaining upon laudable and unfufpedted records, were it not great ingratitude to conceal a moft induftrious and no lefs accurate account, which comes to my hands from Mr. Halton, Auditor to the Right Honourable the moft Illuftrious and Noble Henry Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marfhal of England. In Sheffield Lordship. In the Hall-park, near unto Rivelin, ftood an Oak which had eighteen yards without bough or knot, and carried a yard and fix inches fquare at the faid height or length, and not much bigger near the root j it fold twelve years ago for eleven pounds. Confider the diftance of the place and country, and what fo prodigious a tree would have been worth near London. In Firth’s Farm, within Sheffield Lordfhip, about twenty years fince, a tree blown down by the wind made, or would have made, two forge-hammer beams; and in thofe, and the other wood of that tree, there was worth, or made, fifty pounds; and Godfrey Frogat, who is now living, did oft fay he loft thirty pounds by the not buying of it. A hammer-beam is not lefs than feven yards and a half long, and four feet fquare at the barrel. In Sheffield park, below the Manor, a tree was ftanding which was fold by one Gifford (fervant to the then Countefs of Kent) for two pounds ten ftiillings, to one Nicholas Hicks, which yielded of fawn wair fourteen hundred, and, by eftimation, twenty cords of wood. A wair is two yards long and one foot broad, fix fcore to the hundred: fo that in the faid tree were ten thouland and eighty feet of boards, which, if any of the faid boards were more than half an inch thick, renders the thins; vet more admirable. In the upper end of Rivelin ftood a tree, called the Lord’s Oak, of twelve yards about, and the top yielded twenty-one cord * cut down about thirteen years fince. Chap. III. v,..,j The names of the perfons who gave intelligence of the particulars. Edw. Rawfon. Capt.Bullock. Ed. Morphy, Wood-ward. R r r 2f W -500 A DISCOURSE 00K. III. In Sheffield Park, Ann. 1646, flood above one hundred trees worth * a thoufand pounds, and there are yet two worth above twenty pounds. Still note the place and market. In the fame park, about eight years ago, Ralph Archdall cut a tree that was thirteen feet diameter at the kerf, or cutting-place near the root. In the fame park, two years lìnee, Mr. Sittwell, with Jo; Magfon,. did ehoofe a tree, which, after, it was cut, and laid afide flat upon a level ground, Samuel Staniforch, a keeper, . and Edward Morphy, both on horfeback, could not fee over the tree one another’s hat crowns. (And fuch another was the Narbury Oak, mentioned in a former part of this, chapter.) This tree was afterwards fold for twenty pounds.. I# the fame park, near the old Ford,, is an Oak tree, yet Handing, of ten yards circumference. * Jbhn Halton. In the fame park, below the Conduit plain, is an Oak tree which bears a top, whofe boughs fhoot from the bole fome fifteen and fome fixteen yards. Then admitting fifteen yards and a half for the common, or mean extent of the boughs from the bole, which being doubled, is thirty-one yards -, and if it be imagined for a diameter, becaufe the ratio of the diameter to the circumference is it follows 113. 355. : : 31. 97 AV yards, which is the circumference belonging to this diameter. Then further it is demonftrable in geometry, that half the diameter multiplied into half the circumference, produces the area or quantity of the circle, and that will be found to be 754I-H, which is 755 fquare yards feré. NOTES. * Neither this, nor any of the Oaks mentioned by Mr. Evelyn, bear any proportion to one now growing at Cowthorpe, near Wetherby, upon an eflate belonging to the Right Hon. Lady Stourton. The annexed plate is taken from a drawing made upon the fpot by my worthy and ingenious friend William Burgh, Efq. The dimen-fions are almoft incredible. ; Within three feet of the furface it meafurcs fixteen yards, and clofe by the ground, twenty-fix yards. Its height, in its prefent and ruinous fiate (1776) is about eighty-five feet, and its principal limb extends fixteen yards from the bole. Throughout the whole tree, the foliage is extremely thin, fo that the anatomy of the antient branches may be diftindlly feen in the height of fummer. When compared to this, all other trees are but Children of the Foreft.VOF FOREST-TR EE S. 5___________// «7? DiamTat c.c7_______________f4 » 2 , (rath a/wnSteeteh at c. (7. ___ 3S,, O , teirfh atrfactamr fitgape ä> I /&77on> flte /Hyl/omuÿi/aTree^ 7Iei/j7it oft/wTree a. r___»3 „ 6 lfeà?7itat a.f.------------3 f „4 He^itafi/ieûrr/i i/.7r. ___ JO * 2 Wir7t7i at e.Te____________ 6' „ 2 tardi of't7a,'Sf*um/i c. 7_// „ O Ifeiij7itat 7’.d.__________/3 , O lJulktehd dixirdjjyd/y 77 I 7Didnfsr tslLTli.ad die AcT direte.Hi/'hWiW t liv/r./. fjy(’. /’V ' Y. t ( H. ££>. <&• cfin’i! » » * / V ft 4 * JF . X DtamsJer af a. à______________/2 J)tam« tiè&d'________________// «O Diamïaf ________________-_____Z3„ 3 Girt/i afc.*£______________Wßß4-W H?â/7it oft/u Tret, Ifatjt7tfo/'l7iefltv/i t/Ji--fO„ 2 TlSs7f/i af 1.7______________6„ 2 Jufhtfi'd ilruil'rr—S Z'ï * 7. e*Ztu U&’ r e //.X/-. uj t/ir Art iZÛvi'Aj . //OF FOREST-TREES. 5°3 I lhut up thefe encouraging inftances, I am informed oy a perlon of credit, Chap. III. that an Oak in Sheffield Park, called the Lady’s Oak, when felled, con- ~ :J tained forty-two tons of timber, which had arms that held at leaft four feet fquare for ten yards in length -, the body fix feet of clear timber r That in the fame park one might have chofen above one thoufand trees worth above fix thoufand pounds ; another thoufand worth four thoufand pounds, 6? fie de cœteris. To this Mr. Halton replies, That it might poffibly be meant of the Lord’s Oak already mentioned to have grown in Rivelin -, for now Rivelin itfelf is totally deftitute of that iffue fhe once might have gloried in of Oaks, there being only the Hall Park adjoining, which keeps up with its number of Oaks. And as to the computation of one thoufand trees formerly in Sheffield Park, worth fix thoufand pounds,, it is believed there were a thoufand much above that value, fince, in what is now inclofed, it is evident touching one hundred worth a thoufand pounds. I am informed, that an Oak (I think in Shropfhire) growing. lately in a copfe of my Lord Craven’s, yielded nineteen tons and a half of timber, twenty-three cord of fire-wood, two load of brulh, and two load of bark : And my worthy friend, Leonard Pinckney, Efq; lately Firft Clerk of his Majefty’s Kitchen, did affure me, that one John Garland built a very handfome barn, containing five bays, with pan, polls, beams, fpars, &c. of one foie tree, growing in Workfop Park. I will clofe this with an inftance which I greatly value, beeaufe it is tranfmitted to me from that Honourable and Noble Perfon Sir Edward Harley. “ I am (lays he) allured by an inquifition taken about three hundred years fince, that a park of mine, and fome adjacent woods, had not then a tree capable to bear acorns •, yet that very park I have feen full of great Oaks, and moll of them in the extremeft wane of decay. The trunk of one of thefe Oaks afforded fo much timber as upon the place would have yielded fifteen pounds, and did compleatly feat with wainfcot-pews a whole church. You may pleafe (fays he, writing to Sir Robert Murray) to remember when you were here, you took notice of a large tree, newly fallen ; when it was wrought up, it proved very hollow and unfound : One of its cavities contained two hoglheads of water : Another was filled with better ftuff, wax and honey: Notwithstanding all defeats, it yielded, befides three tons of timber, twenty-three cords of wood. But my own trees are but chips in comparifon of a tree in the neighbourhood, in which every foot forward, one with another, was half a ton of timber ; if bore five feet fquare, forty feet long * it contained twenty ton of timber, molt of it fold for one pound per ton*, befides that, the boughs afforded5°4 A DISCOURSE Book III. twenty-five cords of fuel-wood : This was called the Lady-Oak. Is it ~not pity fuch goodly creatures fhould be devoted to Vulcan?” So far this Noble Gentleman, to which I would add Dirœ, a deep execration of Iron-Mills, and I had almoft faid Iron-Mafters too, Quos ego—fed motos præftat componere--------- for I fhould never finifh, to purfue thefe inftances thro’ our once goodly magazines of timber for all ufes, growing in this our native country, comparable, as I faid, to any we can produce of elder times -, and that not only (though chiefly) for the encouragement of planters, and prefervers of one of the moft excellent and neceffary materials in the world for the benefit of man, but to evince the continued vigour of nature, and to reproach the want of induftry in this age of ours -, and (that we may return to the argument of this large chapter) to aflert the procerity and ftature of trees from their very great antiquity : For certainly, if that be true, which -is by divers affirmed concerning the Quercetum of Mamre, (where the Patriarch entertained his angelical guefts)/recorded by Eufebius to have continued till the time of Conflantine the Great, we are not too prejudi-cately to cenfure what has been produced for the proofs of their antiquity* nor for my part do I much queftion the authorities. But let this fuffice* what has been produced, being not only an hiftorical fpeculation of encouragement and ufe, but fuch as was pertinent to the fubjeCt under confide-ration, as well as what I am about to add concerning the texture and fimi-lar parts of the body of trees, which may alfo hold in ffirubs, and other lignous plants, becaufe it is both a curious and rational account of their anatomization, and worthy of the fagacious enquiry of that learned per-fon, the late Dr. Goddard, as I find it entered amongft other of thofe precious collections of this illuftrious fociety. The trunk or bough of a tree being cut tranfverfely plain and fmooth, Iheweth feveral circles or rings more or lefs orbicular, according to the external figure, in fome parallel proportion, one without the other, from the center of the wood to the in fide of the bark, dividing the whole into fo many circular fpaces. Thefe rings are more large, grofs, and diftinCt in colour and fubftance in fome kind of trees, generally in fuch as grow to a great bulk in a fliort time, as Fir, Affi, &c. fmaller or lefs diftind in thofe thofe that either not at all, or in a longer time grow great * as Quince, Holly, Box, Lignum Vitæ, Ebony, and the like fad-coloured and hard woods * fo that by the largenefs or fmallnefs of the rings, the quick-nefs or flow.nefs of the growth of any tree may, perhaps, at certainty be eftimated.OF FOREST-TREES. 5°5 Thefe fpaces are manifeftly broader on the one fide than on the other, Chap. Ill* Specially the more outer, to a double proportion, or more; the inner be- _ ing near an equality. it is afierted, that the larger parts of thefe rings are on the fouth and funny fide of the tree, (which is very rational and probable) infomuch, that by cutting a tree tranfverle, and drawing a diameter through the broadeft and narroweft parts of the rings, a meridian line may be defcribed. The outer fpaces are generally narrower than the inner, not only in their narrower fides, but alfo on their broader, compared with the fame Tides of the inner ^ notwithftanding which, they are for the molt part, if not altogether, bigger upon the whole account. Of thefe fpaces, the outer extremities’in Fir, and the like woods, that have them larger and grofier, are more denfe, hard, and compact; the inner more foft and fpongy; by which difference of fubftance it is, that the rings themfeives come to be diftinguifhed. According as the bodies and boughs of trees, or feveral parts of the fame, are bigger or lefier, fo is the number, as well as the breadth of the circular fpaces, greater or lefs •, and the like according to the age, efpecially the number. ■It is commonly, and very probably afierted, that a tree gains a new ring every year. In the body of a great Oak in the New-Foreft ci tranfverfely even, (where many of the trees are accounted to be fome hundreds of years old) three and four hundred have been diftinguifhed. In a Fir tree, which is faid to have juft fo many rows of boughs about it as it is of-years growth, there has been obferved juft one lefs immediately above one row than immediately below. Hence fome probablriaccount may be given of the difference between the outer and the inner parts of the rings, that the outermoft being newly produced .in the iummer, the -exterior fuperficies is condenfed in the winter. In the young branches and twigs of trees there is a pith in the middle, which in fome, as Afh, and efpecially Elder, equals or exceeds in dimenftons the reft of the fubftance, but waxes lefs as they grow bigger, and in the S s sA D I S C O UR5E 5°6 Book III. great boughs and trunk fcarce is.to be found: This gives way for the-growth of the inward rings, which at firft were lefs than the outer, (as may be feen in any fhoot of the firft year) and after grow thicker, being itfelf abfumed,.or converted into wood •, as it is certain cartilages or griftles-are into bones, (in the bodies of animals) from which, to fenfe, they differ even as much as pith from wood.. Thefe-rings or fpaces appearing upon tranfverfe fedtion (as they appear elliptical upon oblique, and ftraight lines upon diredt fedtion) are no other than the extremities of fo many integuments, inverting the whole tree,, and, perhaps, all the boughs that are of the fame age with any of them,: or older. The growth and augmentation of trees, in all dimenfions,. is acquired • not only by acceffion of a new integument yearly, but alfo by the reception of nourifhment into the pores and fubftance of the reft,, upon which they alfo become thicker; not only thofe towards the middle, but alfo the reft, in a thriving tree : yet the principal growth is between the bark and body, by acceffion of a new integument yearly, as hath been mentioned ; whence the cutting of the bark of any tree or. bough round about, wilL certainly kill it. The bark of a tree is diftinguifhed into rings or integuments, no lefs than the wood, though much fmaller or thinner, and therefore not diftin--guifhable, except in the thick barks of great old trees,. and toward the infide next the wood; the outer parts drying and breaking with innumerable fiffures, growing wider and deeper, as the body of the tree grows bigger, and mouldering away on the outfide. Though it cannot appear, by reafon of the continual decay of it, upon the account aforefaid, yet it is. probable the bark of a tree hath had fuc-ceffively as many integuments as the wood ; and that it doth grow by acquifition of a new one yearly on the infide, as the wood doth on the outfide ; fo that the chief way, and conveyance of nourifhment to both the wood and the baric, is between them both. The leaft bud appearing on the body of a tree, doth, as it were, make perforation through the feveral integuments to the middle, or very near; which part is, as it were, a root of the bough into the body of the tree,OF FOREST-TREES. 507 and after becomes a knot, more hard than the other wood : and when it Chap. III. is larger, manifeftly fhewing itfelf alfo to confift of feveral integuments, L by the circles appearing in it, as in the body: More hard, probably, be- caufe ftraitened in room for growth: as appears by its diftending, buckling, as it were, the integuments of the wood about it,’ fo implicating them the more ; whence a knotty piece of wood is fo much harder to cleave. It is probable that a cyon or bud, upon grading or inoculating, doth, as it were, root itfelf into the flock in the fame manner as the branches, by producing a kind of knot.------Thus far the accurate Doflor. To which permit me to add only (in reference to the circles we have been fpeaking of) what another curious enquirer fuggefts to us •, namely, that they are caufed by the pores of the wood, through which the fap afeends in the fame manner as between the wood and the bark-, and that in fome trees the bark adheres to the wood, as the integuments of wood cleave to one another, and may be feparated from each other as the bark irom the outwardmoft ; and being thus parted, will be found on their outfides to reprefent the colour of the outermoft, contiguous to the bark; and on the inner fides, to hold the colour of the inner fide of the bark, and all to have a deeper or lighter hue on their inner fide, as the bark is ■on that part more or lefs tinged * which tinfture is fuppofed to proceed from the afeendant fap. Moreover, by cutting the branch, the afeending fap may be examined as well as the circles. It is probable, the more frequent the circles, the larger and more copioUfly the liquor will afeeriti into it-, the fewer, the fooner defeend from it. That a branch, of three circles, cut off at fpring, the fap afeending, will be found at Michaelmas enfuing when cut again in the fame branch, or another of equal bignefs, to have one more than it had at fpring -, and either at fpring or fall to carry a circle of pricks next the bark j at other feafons a circle of wood only next it. But here the comparifon mull be made with dillinflion -, for iome trees do probably fhoot new tops yearly till a certain period, and not after and fome have perhaps their circles in their branches decrealed from their bodies to the extremity of the branch, in fuch oeconomy and order, that, for inftance, an Apple tree flioot of this year has one circle of pricks or wood lefs than the graft of two years growth; and that of two years growth may, the next year, have one circle more than it had the laft year but this only till that branch fhoot no more grafts, and then it is doubtful whether S s s 2A DISCOURSE Book III. u. ,,,.j Felling. 50S the. outmoft twig obtains any more circles, or remains at a ftay, only nou^ rilhed, not augmented, in the circles. It would allb be required, whether-the circles of pricks increafe not till Midfummer and after, and the circles , of wood from thence to the. following fpring. I might here fubjoin the vegetative motion of plants, with the diagrams of the Jefuit Kircher, where he difcourfes of their ftupendous magnetifms,. &c. could there any thing material be added to what has already been lb ingenioufly enquired into by the learned Dr. Grew,, in his Anatomy of Vegetables, and that of Trunks; where experimentally, and with extra* Ordinary fagacity, he difculfes this fubjed, (with entire fatisfa&ion of the inquifitive reader) beginning at the feeds,, and proceeding to the formation o.f the root, trunk, branches, leaves, flowers, fruit, &c. where you have the molt accurate defcriptions of the feveral veflels for fap;. air, juices, with the ftupendous contexture of all the organical parts,.than which there can be nothing more fully entertaining: . So that , what Dr. Goddard, and other ingenious men have but conje&urally, hinted, is by this inquifitive perfon (and that of the excellent,Malpighius) evinced by autoptical experience, and profound refearch into their anatomy. To all which we may by no means forget the moft Lyncean infpeCtor Mr. Ant. Van Leuwenhoek, concerning the barks of trees, , which he. affirms, and experimentally con^ vinces, that that integument, namely the bark, was produced from the wood, and not the wood from the bark. But this difcourfe, together with the microfcop.ical figure, (being too long to be here inferted) refers to that moft induftrious perfon’s letter, TranfaCt. Numb. 296, ^. 1842# Let us therefore proceed to the Felling. It fliould be in the vigour, and perfection, of trees (which for the Oak I' take to be about the age of fifty, or betwixt that and fixty years of growth, where the foil is natural) that a felling lhould be celebrated ; fince whilft our woods are growing it is pity, and indeed too foon; and when they are decaying, too late. I do not pretend that a man who has occafion for timber is obliged to attend fo many ages e.’re he fell his trees ; but I do by this infer, how highly, neceflary it were that men lhould perpetually be planting, that fo pofterity might have trees fit for their fervice, of competent, that is, of a middle growth and age, which it is impoffible they lhould have, if we thus continue to deftroy our woods, without this providential planting in. their ftead, and felling what we do cut down with great difcretion and regard of the future.O F F O R E 3' T - T R E E S. 5° 9 T know it is an obje&ion; or father an unreafonable excufe of the floth- Chap. III.-ful neglcft of fucceffive and continual planting, that the expectation is ^ tedious of what is not likely to be timber in our time: But this is quite otherwife, provided men would be earlier at the work, for they might have fufficient of their own planting (nay, from the very rudiment and feeds) abundantly to recompenfe their patience and attendance, living to . the age men ufually attain by. the common courfe of nature-, and with how much improvement to their children-and pofterity. This minds me of what is. reported of the Emperor Maximilian II. who by chance finding an antient hufbandman- letting Date-ftones, he alked him what' his meaning was to plant a tree that required an hundred years before it bore fruit. Sir, replies the good man, I have children, and they may have more come after them. At which the Emperor was fo well pleafed, that he gave him an hundred florins. Was not this like that of Laertes to Ulyffes ? But before.we go farther with the hiftory of the flature and magnitude . of trees, we are not to conclude, as if all thofe trees and plants, which arrive to that enormous flature.and bulk we have mentioned, were not to be found in other countries, both of the fame and other fpecies; but that even thofe. exoticks, and divers of our own, which feem pigmies and dwarfs, compared to thofe giants in their native climate, are fo much greater than in ours; fince we find what we account but fhrubs, are divers of them well-grown trees, and profper into ufeful timber; fuch as Juniper, (emulating the tall Cedar) Sabine, Tamarifk,. Cornel, Phillyrea, Granade, Lentifcus, Thuya, Laurel, Bays, and even Rofemary, .(and other frutexes and lignous plants) fuperior in growth and flature (than w’ith us) where they lpontaneoufly emerge! Thus not only the White-Mulberry wonderfully outftrips ours, but thofe of much fmaller flature. The Arbutus, growing on Mount Athos, becomes a fpreading tree. The Cyprefs in Candy comes to timber, fit for vaft beams and planks of four feet breadth. The Larch over-tops the Fir. Even the Myrtle, with us but a bulb, makes ftaves for fpears. The Oleander, & Humilis Genifta, nay, the Rhododendron, make polls and rafters. Even herbaceous Suf-frutages, and amongft the culinary furniture, a grain of Muftard has fprung up to a tree, whofe branches afforded harbour to the birds of the air-, and the very Hyfibp made the ftalk that carried a fponge to the mouth of our bleffed Lord on the crofs. We are told-by Jofephus, in Macherontis’s reign, there was growing a plant of Rue, equal for height and thicknefs to any. Fig tree; it was ftill remaining in the time of Herod,A D 1 S C O U R S E £1© ook III. and would have flood longer, had not the Jews cut it down. Jof. Antiq. ' Bell. Jud. lib. vii. cap. xxxviii. How thefe, and indeed all other vege-vtables differ in the north from thofe of the fouth, growing on the fame mountain, Monfieur Brenier has fhewn us; fome are nipt and flarved with «that penetrabile frigus and others ruined by the fcorching heat, quite changing almofl their very nature and conftitution; fome of them are dry, yielding nothing but leaves; others of the fame fpecies are gummy, juicy, and fucculent. The Lentifcus yields Maflich in Cio; in Italy, the Oak shears Galls ; and the Fraxinus exfudes Manna in Calabria: Thus do Caelum and Solum govern the vegetable kingdom, for the mutual fupply of the. moll ufeful productions., efpecially thofe of the foreft, without which there could be no commerce in the world; for fo has Providence ordained. But to return to felling. Such as we fhall perceive to decay, fhould firfl be picked out for the ax, and then thofe which are in their flate, or approaching to it; but the 'very thriving, and manifeflly improving, fhould be indulged as much as poffible. To explore the goodnefs and fincerity of a Handing tree, is not the eafiefl thing in the word: We fhall anon have occafion to mention my Lord Bacon’s experiment to deteCl the hollownefs of timber: But there is doubtlefs none more infallible than the boring it with a middling piercer made augur-fafhion, and by frequent pulling out, and examining what fubflance comes along with it, as thofe who bore the earth to explore what minerals the place is impregnated with, and as found cheefes are tailed: Some again there are who, by digging a little about the roots, will pronounce fhrewdly concerning the flate of a tree; and if they find him pe-rilhed at the top, (for trees die upwards, as men do from the feet) be fure the caufe lies deep, for it is ever a mark of great decay in the roots. There is alfo a fwelling vein, which difcovers itfelf eminently above the refl of the flem, though, like .the refl, invefled with bark, and which frequently circles about and embraces the tree, like a branch of Ivy, which is an infallible indication of hollownefs and hypocrify within. The time of the year for this definitive work is not tifually till about the end of April, (at which feafon the fap does commonly rile freely) though the opinions and practice of men have been very different: Vir-truvius is for an autumnal fall; others advife December and January. Cato was of opinion trees fhould have firfl borne their fruit, or at leafl, not till full ripe;. which agrees with that of the architect, who begins his fallOF FOREST-TREES. 511 from the commencement of autumn to the fpring, when Favonius begins Chap. Tlli to breathe ; and his reafon is, that from thence, during all the fummer, trees are as it were going with child, and diverting all their nourifhment to the embryo, leaves, and fruit, which renders them weak and infirm. This he illuftrates from teeming Women, who during their pregnancy are never fo healthful as after they are delivered of their burden, and abroad again ; and for this reafon, (fays he) thofe merchants who expofe (laves to fale, will never warrant one that is with child: the buyer was (it feenrs) ^ to (land to the hazard. Thus ht: But I remember Monfieur Perrault in his pompous edition of our author, and learned notes upon this chapter, reproves the inftance, and corrects the text, a difparatione procreationis, &c. -to ad difparationem, affirming that women are never more found and healthy than when they are pregnant; the nutrition derived to the infantbeing (according to him) no diminution or prejudice to the mother, as being but the confumption of that humidity which enfeebles the bearing woman-, and thence infers, that the comparifon cannot hold in trees, which < become fo much (Ironger by it. But to infift no longer on this -, there is no doubt, that whilft trees abound in over-much, crude, and fuperfluous moifture, (though..it. may, and do contribute to their production and fertility) they are not (b fit for the ax as when being difcharged of it, and . that it riles not in that quantity as to keep on the leaves and fruit, thofe laxed parts and veflels by which the humour did afcend, grow dry and clofe, and are not (b obnoxious to putrefaction and the worm. Hence it is that he cautions us to take notice of the moon’s decline, becaufe of her dominion over iiquids, and direfits our Woodman (fome days before he fells downright) to make the gafh or overture ufqiie ad mediant medullam, to the end the whole moifture may exftil, for that not only by the bark (which., thofe who refemble trees to animals will have to be analogous to arteries) does the juice drain out, but by that more fatty and whiter fubftance of the wood itfelf, immediately under the barkr (and which our carpenters call the fap, and therefore hew away as fubjeft to rot) which they wilT have to be the veins: It is (fay they) the office of thefe arteries of bark, receiving nouriffiment from the roots, to derive it to every part of the tree, and to remand what is crude and fuperfluous by the veins to the roots again; whence, after it has been better digefted, it is made to afcend a fecond time by the other veffels in perpetual circulation; and therefore neceflary fo deep an incifion (hould be made as may ferve to exhauft both the venal and arterial moifture : But for this nice fpeculation, I refer the curious to the already mentioned Dr. Grew, and to the learned Malpighius,A D I S C O U R S £ Book. III. who have made other, and far more accurate obfervations upon this fiib-je£t. In the mean time, as to that of the worm in timber-trees, and their ^-rotting, fometimes within, and fometimes without j obferve that fuch as gape and rift outwardly, (as does that of the Oak when felled) the fap .thereby let out, the timber .and heart within is found to be much more folid -than that of the Chefnut and other trees who keep the moifture within ; in thefe, however feeming found outwardly, the timber is frequently extremely rotted and perilhed. Laflly, concerning the bark, though fome are for ftripping it, and fo to let the tree Hand till about Mid-June, to preferve it from the worm (all which time it will put forth leaves, and feemingly flourifn); yet that which is unbarked is more obnoxious to them, and contracts fomewhat a darker hue (which is the reafon.fo many have commended the feafon when it will moft freely ftrip).-, however, this were rather to be.confidered for fuch trees as one would leave round and .unfquared, fince we find the wild Oak, and many other forts, felled over late, and when the fap begins to grow proud, to be very fubjedt .to the worm *, whereas, being cut about mid-winter, it neither calls, rifts, nor twines, becaufe the cold of the winter does both dry and confolidate.; whiles in fpring, and when pregnant, fo much of the virtue goes into the leaves and branches. Happy therefore were it for our timber, fome real invention of tanning without fo much bark (as the Hon. Mr. Charles Howard has moft ingenioufly offered) were become univerfal, that trees being more early felled, the timber might be better feafoned and conditioned for its various ufes*. But as the cuftom is, men have now time to fell their woods, even from mid-winter to the fpring, but never any after the fummer folftice. And now we fpeak . of . tanning, .they have in Jamaica the Mangrave, Olive, and a third .whofe barks tan much better than do ours in England, fo as in fix weeks the leather is fit to be employed to any ufe: They have likewife. there a. tree whofe berries wafh better and whiter than any Caftile foap. NOTES. ■"* Monf. Buffon very juftly obferves, that the trees intended to be felled for fervice fliould firft be ftripped round of their bark, and then fuffered to ftand and die upon the fpot before they are cut: By this means the fappy part, or blea of the tree, becomes as hard and firm as the heart, and the real ftrength and denfity of the wood has been proved, by many experiments, to be greatly increafed by it.OF FOREST-TREE S, 5*3 Then for the age of the moon, it has religioufly been obferved ; fo that Chap. lit* Diana’s Prefidency in Sylvis was not fo much celebrated to credit the fic- „—**•. tions of the Poets, as for the dominion of that moift planet, and her influence over timber; However, experienced men commend the felling foon after a full moon, and fo during all the decreafe, and to let the tree lie. at leaft three months, to render the timber ftrong and folid: For my part, I am not fo much inclined to thele criticifms, that I ftiould altogether govern a felling at the pleafure of this mutable Lady; however, there is doubtlefs. fome regard to be had ; Nec fruftra fignorum obitus fpeculamur & ortus. Nor is’t in vain figns fall and rife to note. As to other more recondit and deep aftrological obfervations, minute and fcrupulous, they are; perhaps, not altogether to be rejected, both as to the various configurations of the fuperior. bodies, and operation on both vegetable and fenfitive, efpecially as to the growth of fruit, fowing, planting, and cultivating (indicating the proper feafons, according to the accefs and recefs of the greater luminaries through the zodiack); It were ingratitude to impute it all to the fuperftition of the antients, or the total ignorance of caufes in thofe great and learned men (fuch as Hefiod, Virgil, Cato, Varro, Columella, Plinjf, and the reft) who have fo freely left us thefe lefions; doubtlefs from their long experience, and extraordinary penetration and enquiry into nature. Let the curious then, for his better fatisfadtion, confult that learned treatife of judicial aftrology, written by Sir Chriftopher Hey don. In the mean time the old rules are thefe: Fell in the decreafe, or four days after the conjunction of the two great luminaries : fome the laft quarter of it; or (as Pliny) in the very article of the change, if pofilble, which happening, faith he, in the laft day of the winter folftice, that timber will prove immortal: At leaft it fhould be from the twentieth to the thirtieth day, according to Columella: Cato four.days after the full, as far better for the growth, nay, Oak in the fummer; but all vimineous trees' Jilente luna, fuch as Sallows, Birch, Poplar, &c. Ve-getius for fhip-timber, from the fifteenth to the twenty-fifth; the moon as before: But never during the increafe, trees being then moft abounding TttCQ J 5H A Df S C O U R S E ook III. molftirtfe, which is the only fource of putrefaction't And yet it is afC I. ■—>-« mJ firmed upon unqueftionable experience,« that timber cut at any feafon of the year,- in the old moon, or laft quarter, when the wind blows wefterly, proves as found and good as at any other period whatfoever; nay, all the whole fummer long, as in any month of the year, efpecially trees that bear no fruit. Theophraftus will have the Fir, Pine, and-Pitch tree felled when firft they begin to bud: I enumerate therm all,, becaufe it may be of great ufe on fome publick emergencies-. Then for the temper and time of day: The wind low, neither eaft nor weft, (but weft of the two) the eaft being moft pernicious, and. expofing. it to the worms,, and for which the beft cure is, the plentiful fobbing it im water j neither in frofty, wet, or dewy weather; and therefore never in a forenoon, but when the feafon has been a good while dry and calm-, for-as the rain fobs it too much,., fo the wind clofes and obftru&s the moifture^ from oufing out. Laftly, touching the fpecies: Fell Fir whemit begins to fpring not only becaufe it will then beft quit- its coat and ftrip, but-for that they hold it will never decay in water; which howfoever Theophraftus deduces from the old bridge made of this material over a certain river in Arcadia, cut in this feafon,. is hardly lufficient to fatisfy our enquiry. Previous to this work of felling is the advice of our countryman Markham, and it is not to be rejected: Survey, faith he, your woods as they ftand, immediately after Chriftmas, and then divide the fpecies in your mind, (I add rather in fome note-book or tables) and conftder for what purpofes every feveral kind is moft ufeful, which you may find in the feve-ral Chapters of this Difcourfe under every head. After this reckon the bad and good together, fo as one may put off the other, without being forced to glean your woods of all your beft timber. This done, or before, you fhall acquaint yourfelf with the marketable prices of the country where your fell is made, and that of the feveral forts; as what fo many inches or feet fquare, and long, is worth for the feveral employments: What planks, what other fcantlings, for fo many fpoaks, naves, rings, pales, poles, fpurs, &c. as fuppofe it were Afh, to fet apart the largeft for the Wheel-wright, the fmalleft for the Cooper, and that of ordinary fcant-ling for the plows, and the brufh to be kidded and fold by the hundred or thoufand, and fo all other forts of timber, viz. large, middling fluff and poles, £tc. allowing the wafte for the charges of felling, &c. all which you \OF FOREST-TREES. 5*5 ihall compute with greater certainty, if you have leifure, and will take the Chap. III. pains to examine fome of the trees, either by your own fathom, or (more ~~ — accurately) by girting them about with a firing, and fo reducing them to the fquare, &c. by which means you may give a near guefs j or, you may-mark fuch as you intend to fell j and then begin your fale about Candlemas till the fpring; before which you muft not (according as our cuftom is) lay he ax to the root-, though fome for particular employments, as for timbej to make plows, carts, axle-trees, naves, harrows, and the like hulbandry-tools, do frequently cut in October. Being now entering with your workmen, one of the firft and moft prin-pal things is, the fkilful difbranching of the bole of all fuch arms and limbs as may endanger it in the fall, wherein much forecaft and (kill is required of the woodman, fo many excellent trees being utterly fpoiled for want of this only confideration ; and therefore in arms of timber which are very great, chop a nick underneath clofe to the bole, fo meeting it with downright ftrokes, the arm will be fevered without fplicing. We have fhewed why fome, four or five days before felling, bore the tree crofs-way j others cut a kerf round the body, almoft to the very pith or heart, and fo let it remain a while j by this means to drain away the moifture, which will diftil out of the wounded veins, and is chiefly proper for the moifter fort of trees: and in this work the very ax will tell you the difference of the fex, the male being fo much harder and browner than the female : But here (and where-ever we fpeak thus of plants) you are to underftand the analogical, not proper diftindions. But that none may wonder why in many authors, of good note, we find the fruit-bearers of fome trees called Males, and not rather Females, as ^particularly the Cyprefs, I fhall obferve that this prepofterous denomination had its fource from very antient cuftom, and was firft begun in Egypt, (Diodorus fays in Greece) where we are told, that the father only was efteemed the foie author of generation; the mother contributing only receptacle and nutrition to the offspring, which legitimated their mixtures as well with their flaves as free-women: And upon this account it was, that even trees bearing fruit, were amongft them reputed males, and the fterile and barren ones females $ and we are not ignorant how learnedly this doctrine has been lately revived by fome of our moft celebrated Phyficians: T t t 2A DISCO UR S E Book III. u .J * Maris enim pomum adna-lum babet quoddam ve-luti infantis genitale ejuf-dem curri pomo corticis et coloris ; Fce-minst muliebre pudendum ad veram ejus ef-figiemefforma-tum videtur, quo limile magi s fculptor Don fingat. Marancli, Iib.xi. cap.xi. \ $l6 But fince the fame arguments do not altogether quadrate in trees, where the coition is not fo fenfible, (whatever they pretend of the Palms) I am of opinion we might with more reafon call that the Female which bears any eminent fruit, feed or egg, (from whence animals, as well as trees; not excepting Man himfelf, as the learned Steno, Swammerdam, and others have, I think, undeniably made out) and them Males which produce none; But fometimes too the rudenefs or lefs afperity of the leaves, bark, and grain, nay, their medical operations, may deferve the diftin&ion; to which Ariftotle adds branchinefs, lefs moifture, quick maturity, &c. lib. i. de Plin. cap. iiL All which feems to be moft confpicuous in Plum trees, Hollies, Allies, Quince,- Pears, and many other forts ; not to infill on fuch as may be compelled even to change, as it were, their fex, by grafting and artificial improvements : For whatever we are told of fuch evident diftinc-tion of fexes in fome (Malus Mtdica, &c. *) I look upon it as happening rather through fome accidental protrufion, artificial exuberance, or de* prefiion, than conftant and natural.-----But I return to Felling., When this is performed you fhould leave the flools as clofe to the ground as poflible may be, efpecially if you defign a renafcency from the roots; unlefs you will grub for a total definition, or the ufe of that part we have already mentioned, fo far fuperior in goodnefs to what is more remote from the root, and befides the longer you cut and convert the timber, the better for many ufes. Some are of opinion, that the feedling Oak fhould never be cut- to improve his bole; becaufe, fay they, it produces a reddifh wood, not acceptable to the workman; and that the tree which grows on the head of his mother, doesfeldom prove good timber : It is obferved, indeed; that one foot of timber near the root (which is the proper kerf, or cutting place) is worth three farther off; though I know divers who think otherwife: And haply, the fucceffor is more apt to be tender than what was cut off to give it place; but let this be enquired into at leifure. If it be a winter-fell for fuel, proflrate no more in a day than the cattle will eat in two days, I mean of.the browfe-wood ; and wheiv that is done, kid, and fet it up an end, to preferve it from rotting. Dr. Plot recommends the difbranching to be done in the fpring before felling, whilfl the tree is flanding; that is, from May to Michaelmas, and fo to let it continue till the next fpring, and difburden them when felled, as the tuftom is in Staftbrdfhire and the North, for exceedingly contributing to a dry feafomng, freeing it from the attack of worms and otherOF FOREST-TREES. ST7 ■accidental corruption; and thinks that the prejudice accruing thereby, as Chap. III. to the Tanner, (in regard of the more difficult excortication) is no way to be put in balance with the advantage and improvement of the timber for paling, building of Ihips, houfes, &c*, accounting this method of that univerfal importance, as to merit the deliberation of a parliament: In the •meanwhile, by whatever method you proceed as to this, when once a tree is proftrate, and the bark ftripped off, let it lb be let as it may be beft dry; then cteanfe the bole of the branches which were left, and faw it into lengths for the fquaring, to which belong the meafure and girth, as our workmen call it, which I refer to the buyer, and to many fubfidiary books lately printed, wherein it is taught by a very familiar mechanical calcule and eal'y method. But by none, in my apprehenfion, fet forth in a more facile and accurate way, than what that induftrious mathematician, Mr. Leybourn, has publifhed, in his late Line of Proportion made Eajy, and other nis labours ; where he treats as well of the fquare as the round, as it is apjjftable- to boards and fuperficials, and to timber which is hewed, or left rough, in fo eafy a method, as nothing can be more defired. I know our ordinary Carpenters, &c: have generally upon their rulers a line, which they ufual-ly call Gunter’s Line; but few of them underftand how to work from it as they Ihould : And divers Country Gentlemen, Stewards, and Woodmen, when they are to meafure rough timber upon the ground, confide much to the girt,, which they do with a firing, at about four or five feet diftance from the root or great extreme * of the ftrBfe’s length, they take a quarter for the true fquare, which, is fo rtianifeftly erroneous, that thereby they make every tree, fo meafured, more than a fifth part lefs than really it is. This miftake Ihould therefore*:be reformed; and it were, I conceive, worth the feller’s while to infpefl it accordingly: Their argument is, that when the bark of a tree is ftripped, and the body hewed to a fquare, it will then hold out no more meafure; that which is cut off being only fit for fuel, and the expenee of fquaring cofts more than the chips are worth. To convince them of this error, I fhall refer and recommend them to the above-named author; and to what the induftricM Mr. Cooke has fo mathematically demonftrated : Where alfo of taking the altitude of tree?, the better to judge of the worth of them, with'the measuring of wood-lands, &c. together with neceflary calculations for the levelling of ground, and removing of earth, drawing of plots and figures •, all which are very com ducible to the feveral arguments of this filvan work. But to proceed:A DISCOURSE Si8 Book III. If you arc to remove your timber, let the clew be firft off, and the fouth wind blow before you draw it; neither fhould you by any means put it to life for three or four months after, (fome not till as many years) unlefs great necefiity urge you, as it did Duilius, who, in the firft Punic War, built his fleet of timber before it was feafoned, being not above two months from the very felling to the launching; the navy of Hiero was forty-five days from the foreft to the fea, and that of Scipio, in the fecond Carthaginian War, only forty. July is a good time for bringing home your felled timber; but concerning the time and feafon of felling, a juft treatife might be written: Let the learned therefore confult Vitruvius, particularly on this fubjett, lib. ii. cap. ix. Alfo M. Cato, cap. xvii. Plin. lib. xvi. cap. xxxix. Conftantinus and Heron, lib. iii. de R. R. Veget. lib. iv. cap. xxxv. Columella, lib. iii. cap. ii. but efpecially the moft ample Theophraftus d Service tree in fummer. And yet even the greened timber is fometimes defirablc for fuch as carve and turn, but it choaks the teeth of our. faws ; and for doors, windows, floors, and other clofe works, it is• altogether to.be rejected, efpe-cially where Walnut tree*is the material, which will be fure to fhrink: Therefore it is bed to choofe fuch as is of two or three years feafoning, and that is neither moid nor over dry ; the mean is bed. Sir Hugh Platt informs us, that the Venetians ufe to burn and fcorch their timber in a flaming fire, continually turning it round with an engine, till they have gotten upon it an hard, black, coaly crud, and the fecret carries with it great probability; for the wood is brought by it to fuch a hardnefrand drynefs, ut cum omnis putrefaflio incipiat ab bumidoy that neither earth nor water can penetrate it ; I myfelf remembering to have feen charcoal dug out of the ground amongd the ruins of antient buildings, which had in all-probability lain covered with earth above fifteen hundred years. Timber which is cleft is nothing fo obnoxious to rift and cleave as. what is hewn; nor that which is fquared, as what is round: and therefore where ufe is to be made of huge and mafiy columns, let then* be bored through from end to end ; it. is an excellent prefervative from fplitting, and not unphilofophical; though to cure this accident painter’s putty is recommended, alfo the rubbing them over with a wax-cloth is good; or before it be converted, the fmearing the timber over with cow-dung, which pre-r-vents the effects both of fun and air upon it, if of neceffityv it muft lie expofed: But befides the former remedies,. I find this, for the clofing of the chops and clefts of green timber, to anoint and fupple it with the fat-of powdered-beef broth, with which it muft be well foaked, and the chafins filled with fponges dipt into it; this to be twice;done over. Some Carpenters make ufe of greafe and faw-duft mingled ; but the firft.is fo good a way, fays my author, that I have feen wind-fhock timber fo exquifitely clofed, as not to be difeerned where the defeats were: This muft be ufed: when the timber is green. We fpake before of fquaring; and I would now recommend the quartering of fuch trees as will allow ufeful and competent fcantlings, .to be qfOF FOREST-TREES. 523 Ifnuch more durablenefs and effedt for ftrength, than where (as cuftom is, Chap. IV. and for want of obfervation) whole beams and timbers are applied in fhips r— —' -* or houfes, with flab and all about them, upon falfe fuppofitions of ftrength -beyond thefe quarters: For there is in all trees an evident interface, or -feparation between the heart and the reft of the body, which renders it much more obnoxious to decay and mifcarry, than when they are treated -and converted as I have defcribed it; and it would likewife fave a world ;of materials in the building of great fhips, where fo much excellent timber is hewed away to fpoil, were it more in practice. Finally: I muft not omit to take notice of the coating of timber in work, ufed "by the Hollanders, for the prefervation of their gates, portcullifes, drawbridges, fluices, and other huge beams and contignations of timber expo-fed to the fun and perpetual injuries of the weather, by a certain mixture of pitch and tar, upon which they ftrew fmall pieces of fcockle, and other fhelfs, beaten almoft to powder, and mingled with fea-fand, or the fcales of iron, beaten fmall and ftfted, Which incrufts, and arms it after an incredible manner againft all thefe afiaults and foreign invaders; but if this fhould be deemed more obnoxious to firing, I have heard that a wafh made of allum has wonderfully protected it againft the afiaults even of that devouring element; and that fo a wooden tower or fort at the Piraeum, an Athenian Port, was defended by Archelaus, a Commander of Mithridates, againft the great Sylla: But you have feveral compofitions for this purpofe in that incomparable Treatife of Naval Architedture, written in the Low-Dutch by N. Witfen, part i. chap. v. The book is in folio, and he that fhould well tranflate it into our language (which I much wonder has not yet been done) would deferve well of the publick. Timber that you have occafion to lay in mortar, or which is in any part contiguous to lime, as doors, window-cafes, groundfils, and the extremities of beams, &c. have fometimes been capped with molten pitch, as a •marvellous preferver of it from the burning and deftrudtive effedts of the lime; but it has fince been found rather to heat and decay them, by hindering the tranfudation which thofe parts require *, better fupplied with loam or ftrewings of brick-duft, or pieces of boards; fome leave a fmall hole for the air- But tho’ lime be fo deftrudtive whilft timber lies thus dry, it feems they mingle it with hair, to keep the worm out of fhips which they fheath for fouthern voyages*, though it is held much to retard U u H 2A DISCOURSE 5^4 Book. III. their courfe: Wherefore the Portngueze fcorch them with fire, which o£' ten proves very dangerous; and indeed their timber being harder, is noc fo eafily penetrable.; and therefore have fome been thinking of finding out lome tougher forts- ofi materials, efpecially of- a bitter fap; fuch as.is reported to be-the wood of a certain Indian Pear: and fome talk of a lixivium to do the feat; others of a pitchy fubftance to be extracted out of fea-coal; but nothing has yet been found more expedient, than the late application of thin lamins of fheet-lead, if that alfo be. no impediment to failing: However, there are many kinds of wood in the Weftera-Indies (befides the Acajou) that breed no worms, and fuch is the White Wood .of Jamaica, proper enough to build fhips. In the mean time,' let me not omit what the learned Dr. Lifter, in his Notes upon. Godarius of Infers, fays, That he is perfuaded there could not be a. more probable expedient to difcover what kind of timber were beft for fheathing, than to tie certain .polifh'ed pieces of wood (cut like tallies) .to a.buoy, in fome waters and ftreams much, infefted with the worms ; far that fort of wood which the worm, fhould refufe, would in all reafon be chofen for the ufe defired. The Indies being ftored with greater varieties of timber than Europe, it were probable there might fome be found, which tha.t. kind of river-worm will never attack... For all ufes, that timber is efteemed the beft which is the moft ponderous, and which,., lying long, .makes deepeft imprefiion in the earth, or in the water, being floated ; alfo what, is without knots, yet firm, and free from fap; which is that fatty, whiter, and fofter part, called by the an-tients Alburnum, which you are diligently to hew away: Here we have much ado about the Torulus of the Fir and the .xu'xA^», by both. Vitruvius and Theophraftus, which I pafs over. You (hall perceive fome which has a fpiral convolution of the.veins; but it is a vice.proceeding from the feverity of unfeafonable winters, and defedt of good, nutriment* My Lord Bacon, Exper. 658, recommends for trial of a found or knotty piece of timber, to caufe one to fpeak at one of. the extremes to his companion liftejiing at the other; for if it be knotty, the found, fays he, will come abrupt* Moreover, it is expedient that you know which are.-the veins and which the grain in timber, (whence the term fiuviari arborem) becaufe of the difficulty of working againft it: Thofe therefore are counted the veinsOF F O R E S T - T R E E S. 5^5 which grow largeft, and are fofter, for the benefit of cleaving and hewing *, Chap. IV2 that the grain, or peftines, which runs in waves, and makes the diverfe and beautiful chamfers which fome woods abound in to admiration. The Fir tree, horizontally cut, has two circles of different fibres, which (when the timber comes to be cleft in the middle) feparate into four different waves,, whence Pliny calls them quadrifluvios,. and it is to be1 noted,., that the nodous,' and knotty part of thefe fort of trees, is that only which grows from the firft boughs to the fummit, or top, by Vitruvius termed the Fu- fierna, which both Baldus and Salmafius derive a Fuße. The other clear* part, free of thefe boils, (being that which, when the fappy flab is cut. away-, is the beft) he calls Sapinea. Finally, the grain of Beech runs two • contrary ways, and is therefore to be wrought accordingly j and indeed the grain of all timber ought well to be obferved -s fince the more you work according to it, efpecially in .cleaving, and the lefs you faw, the. ftronger will be your work.. Here it may be fitly enquired, whether of all the forts we have enumerated, the old or the younger trees do yield the faireft colour, pleafanteft grain, and glofs for wainfcot, cabinets, boxes, gun-ftocks, &c. and what kind of Pear and Plum tree give the deepeft red, and approaches nearefb in beauty to Brafil. It is affirmed th? old Oak, old Walnut, and young Afh, are beft for moft ufes, and yet for fhip-carpentry this does not always hold •, nor does the bignefs of it fo much recommend it, becaufe it is commonly a fign of age, which {like to very old men) is often brittle and; effete. ' Black and thorny Plum tree is of the deepeft Oriency ; but whether thefe belong to the foreft, I am not yet fatisfied, and therefore have affign-ed them no chapter apart. But now I fpeak of the Plum tree, I am af-fured by a worthy friend, that the gum thereof diffolved in vinegar, has cured the moft contumacious tetters, when all other remedies, outward or inwardly applied,, nothing availed. Laftly, I would alfo add fomething concerning what woods are obferved ' to be moft fonorous for mufical inftruments: We as yet detedt few but the German Aer, which is a fpecies of Ma®|, for the rims of viols, and the choiceft and fineft grained Fir for the lilies: The j|jager-boards, back* and ribs, I have feen of Yew, Pear tree, &c. but Pipes, Recorders, and Wind-Inftruments, are made both of hard and foft woods. I had lately an organ with a fet of Oaken pipes, which were the moft fweet and mellow that were ever heard * it was a very old inftrument, and formerly,. I think* belonging to the Duke of Norfolk.A DISC O U R S E Book. III. *i —. f 526 For the place of growth, that timber is efteemed bell which grows moft in the fun, and on a dry and hale ground *, for thofe trees which fuck, and drink little, are moft hard, robuft, and longeft lived. Inftances of fobriety. The climate contributes much to its quality, and the northern fituation is preferred to the reft of the quarters; fo as that which grew in Tufcany was, of old, thought better than that of the Venetian fide •, and yet the Bifcay timber is efteemed better than what they have from colder countries ♦, and trees of the wilder kind, and barren, than the over-much .cultivated and great bearers. But of this already. To omit nothing, authors have fummed up the natures of timber, as the hardeft, Ebony, Box, Larch, Lotus, Terebinth, Cornus^ Yew, &c. and ;tho* thefe indurated woods be too ponderous for fhip-carpentry, yet there have been vefiels built of them by the Portugueze in America; in which the planks and innermoft timbers had been fawed very thin for lightnefs fake, and the knee-timber put together of divers fmall pieces, by reafon of the infiexiblenefs of it, both which could not but render the fhips very weak: In the mean time, the perfection of thefe hard materials confifts much in their receiving the moft exquifite politure j and for this, Linfeed, or the fweeter Nut-oil, does the effeCt beft: Pliny gives us the receipt, •with a decoCtion of Walnut-fhells, and certain wild Pears. Next to thefe, Oak for fhips and houfes, (or'more minutely) the Oak for the keel, the Robur for the prow, Walnut the ftern, Elm the pump. Then for bucklers and targets were commended the more foft and moift, becaufe apt to clofe, fwell, and make up their wounds again •, fuch as Willow, Lime, Birch, Alder, Elder, Afti, Poplar, &c. The Robur, or Wild Oak timber, -is beft to ftand in ground j the Quercus without •, and our Englilh, for being leaft obnoxious to fplinter, and the Irifh for refilling the worm, (tough as leather) are doubtlefs, for fhipping, to be preferred before all other. The Cyprefs, Fir, Pines, Cedar, ,&c. are beft for pofts and columns, becaufe of their ereft growth, natural and comely diminutions. Then again it is noted, that Oriental trees are hardeft towards the cortex or bark, our weftern towards the middle, which we call the Heart •, and that trees which bear no fruit, or but little, are more durable than the more pregnant. It is doted of Oak, that the knot of an inveterate tree, juft where a lufty arm joins to the ftern, is as curioufly veined as the Walnut, which being omitted in the chapter of the Oak, I here obferve. The Palmeto growing to that prodigious height in the Bar-OF FOREST-TREE H 527' badoes, and whofe top bears an excellently tailed Cabbage, grows fo won- Chap. IV, derfully hard, that an edge-tool can fcarce be forced into it. ~J Pines, Pitch, Alder, and Elm'are excellent to make pumps and conduit-pipes, and for all water-works, &c. Fir for beams, bolts* bars, being. tough, and not fo apt to break as the hardeft Oak: In fum, the more odoriferous trees are the more durable and ladings and yet I conceive that well-feafoned Oak may contend with any-of them,. efpecially if either preferved under ground, of kept, perfectly dry. In the meantime, as to its application in {hipping, the bed of it ought to. be employed for the keel, (that is, within, elfe Elm exceeds) the main beams and rafters, whild for the ornamental parts, much (lighter timber ferves. One note more is requifite, namely, that great care be had to make the Trundles of the bed, toughed, and fincered part, many a veffel having been lod upon this account •, and therefore dry and young timber is to be preferred for this, and; for which the Hollanders are plentifully furnilhed out of Ireland, as Nicholas Witfen has himfelf .acknowledged. Is it not, after all this, to be deplored, that we, who have fuch perpetual ufe and convenience for (hip-timber, Jhould be driven to procure of foreign dores, fo many thoufand loads, at intolerable prices ? But this we are obliged to do from the eadern countries, as far as Norway, Poland, Prudia, Dantzick, and farther, even from Bohemia, though greatly impaired by fobbing fo long in the paffage: But of this our mod indudrious and worthy friend Mr. Pepys (late Secretary of the Admiralty) has given a jud and profitable account in his Memoirs. Here farther for the ufes of timber, I will obferve to our reader fome other particulars, for direction both of the feller and buyer, applicable to the feveral fpecies: And firft of the two forts of Lathes allowed by datute, one of five, the other of four feet long, becaufe of the different intervals of rafters : That of five has one hundred to the bundle; that of four, one hundred and twenty, and lhould be in breadth one inch and half, and half an inch thick: of either of which forts there are three, viz. Heart-oak, Sap-lathes, and Deal-lathes, which alfo differ in price : The Heart-oak are fitted to lie under tiling; the fecond fort for pladeringof fiae-walls; and the third for ceilings, becaufe they are draight.and even. Here we will gratify our curious reader with as curious an account of the comparative drength and fortitude of the feveral.ufual forts of timber,A DISCOURSE Szs 'Book III. as upon fuggeftions, previous to this work, it was feveral times experiment-L ed by the Royal Society, though omitted in the firft impreflion, becaufe the trials were not compleat as they now thus ftand in our regifter. March 23, 1663. The experiment of breaking feveral forts of wood was begun to be made: arid there were taken three pieces of feveral kinds, of Fir, Oak, and Afh, each an inch thick, and two feet long; the Fir weighed Sfs ounces, and was broken with two hundred pounds weight; the Oak weighed 12* ounces, broken with two hundred and fifty pounds weight; the Afh weighed iot ounces, broken with three hundred and twenty-five pounds weight. Befides, there Were taken three pieces of the fame fort of wood, each of half an inch thick, and one foot long ; the Fir weighed one ounce, and was broken with five eighths of an hundred ; the Oak weighed i| ounces, broken with five eighths of an hundred ; the Afh weighed 1 j ounces, broken with an hundred pounds. Again ; there was a piece of Fir half an inch fquare, and two feet long, broken with thirty^three pounds ; a piece of half an inch thick, one inch broad, and.feven feet long, broken with one hundred weight edge-wife; and a piece of half an inch thick, and one and a half broad, and two feet long, broken with one hundred and twenty-five pounds weight, alfo edge-.wife. The experiment was ordered to be repeated, and recommended by the Prefident to Sir William Petty and Dr. Hook; and it was fuggefted by dome of the company, that in thefe trials confideration might be had of the age, knottinefs, folidity, feveral foils., and parts of trees, &c. and Sir -Robert Murray did particularly add, that it might be obferved how far .any kind of wood bends before it breaks. March---------1664. The operator gave an account of more pieces of wood broken by weight, viz. a piece of Fir four feet long, two inches thick, and fifty-three ounces Weight, broken with eight hundred pounds weight, and very little bending with feven hundred and fifty; by which the hypothefis feems to be confirmed, that in fimilar pieces the proportion of the breaking-weight is according to the bafis of the wood broken. Secondly, of a piece of Fir twoOF FOREST-TREES. 529 feet long, one inch fquare, cut away from the middle both ways to half Chap, IV. an inch, which fupportedtwo hundred and fifty pounds weight before it J broke, which is more by fifty pounds than a piece of the fame thicknefs every way was formerly broken with ; the difference was gueffed to proceed from the more firmnefs of this other piece. ■His Lordlhip, the Prefident, was defired to contribute to the profecu-tion of this experiment, and particularly to confider what line a beam mult be cut in, and how thick it ought to be at the extreme, to be equally ftrong, which was brought in April 13, but I find it not entered. April 20, 1664. The experiment of breaking wood was profecuted, and there were taken two pieces of Fir, each two feet long, and one inch fquare, which were broken, the one long-way« with three .hundred pounds weight, the other tranfverfe-ways with two hundred and fifty pounds: Secondly, two pieces of the lame wood, of each three-quarters of an inflt fqptfte, and two feet long, broken, ‘the -one long-ways with one hundred and twenty-five; the other tranfverfe with one hundred pounds weight: Thirdly,/one piece of two feet long and half an inch fquare, broken long-ways with eighty-one pounds: Fourthly, one piece cut outt)f a crooked Oaken billet, with an arching grain, about three quarters of an inch fquare, and two feet long, .broken with leventy-five pounds. June 29, 1664. There were made feveral experiments more of breaking wood: Firft, a piece of Fir, half an inch diameter, and threfcfinches long, at which di-ftance the weight hung, broke in the plane of the grain horizontally, with fixty-fix pounds and three-quarters, whereof fifteen pounds troy; vertically, with two pounds more. Alfo Fir of one quarter of an inch diameter, and an inch and a half long, broke vertically with twenty pounffi and horizontally with nineteen pounds. Elm of Falf inch diameter, attd three inches long, broke horizontally with forty-ieven poiMs^ j- vertically with twenty-three pounds. Elm a quarter of an inch diameter, and an inch and a half long, broke horizontally with twelve pounds *, vertically with twelve pounds, which is note-worthy. July 6, 1664. The experiment of breaking woods profecuted: A piece of Oak of half an inch diameter, and three indhes long, at which diftance the weight X x xA DISCOURSE Book III. u-—— -j *' Of the Specifiek Gravity of timber in proportion to water, fee the table in the Philofophical Tranfjffcions, n. 169, and 199. $3* hung, broke horizontally with forty-eight pounds *, vertically with forsy pounds. Afh of half an inch diameter, and three inches long, horizontally with feventy-feven, pounds i vertically with feventy-five pounds. of half an inch diameter, and an inch and a half long, horizontally with nineteen pounds j vertically with ten pounds.-----Thus far the Regifler. > In the mean time I learn, that in the mines of Mendip, pieces of timber,, of but the thicknefs of a man’s arm, will fupport ten tun of earth i and that fome of it has lain two hundred years, which is yet as firm as ever, growing tough and black*, and being expofed two or three days to the wind and fun, fcarce yields to the ax.. Here might come in the Problems of Cardinal Cufanus, in lib. iv. Idiotm dial. 4tov concerning the different velocity of the afeent of great pieces of timber, before the fmaller, fubmerged in water, as alfo of the weight; as v. g. Why a piece of wood an hundred pounds weight, poifing more in; the air than two pounds of lead, the two pounds of lead lhould feem to weigh (he lhould fay fink) more in the water * ? Why fruits, being cut off from the tree, weigh heavier than when they were growing? With leveral. the like paradoxes, haply more curious than ufeful, and therefore we pur-pofely omit them *, but fo may we not the recommendation of that ufeful Treatife of Duplicate Proportion, together with a new Hypothefis of Ela-ftic or Springy Bodies, to fhew the ftrengths of timbers, and other homogeneous materials applied to buildings, machines, &c. as it is publifhed by that admirable Genius, the learned Sir William Petty: To which we join that part of Dr. Grew’s Comparative Anatomy of Trunks, as varioufiy fitted for mechanical ufes ; where that moll; induftrious and curious fearcher into Nature, deferibes to us whence woods are loft, fait, hard, apt to be cleft, tough, durable, &c. Laftly,. Concerning fquared and principal timber, for any ufual buildings, thefe are the legal proportions, and which builders ought not to vary from. Summers or girders from IT, F.1 fin. InD 1 fFeet 1 rin. In.“] I 14 16 j In length, B 8I 0 1G in length ^18 to j 20 20 f mull be B 1 J4 & KH 10 n 1 ! mull: be 1 ’ 8 3 \ 23| in their in their i 7 and 3 l 1 23 201 fquare, 1 ld 12 i £ 1 iol fquare 1 ^ 11 L26 28J ■ 14J 1 L JOF FOREST-TREES. 531 Binding fF. F."jin length Joyftsand) 7 to ni / mull be Trimmers] fin their from (. J fquare f6 0 1 Wall-plates and beams "In. In. 7&5 f of any length, from 15 7 5 8 5 i [feet, may have in their 10 & 6 l 3 | fquare . 8 6 CtfAP. IV. Purlynes from In length, muft have in their fquare Principal rafters cut taper from fF. F.*l _ j rin. In." 1 r 1 Single 1 r ' 12 j Bfl In length, j 1 8 4 .On the 1 other | fide | 6 rafters muft OO t-4 M m\ to 2lè ; mull have }>in their ^ 1 9 7 ; 10 to 8: 7 8 in ^length*; 6^ ! n t have m < 2lt 24! I fquare on 12 9 I 8 1 from I O | their 24r 26-1 one fide 9 9 |9 161 to ] r fqu. L ) L 1 i , !9l— L - 1 L Principal diichargers of any length from rï'cet 3 jmuft have* ) Inch. Inch. 1 m \ iin their j M3 i2 J. i upward. ) fquare n— i3j But Carpenters alfo work by fquare, whichrli ten feet in framing and erefting the carcafe, as they call ir, of any timber edifice, which is valued according to the goodnefs and choice of the materials, and curiofity in framing, efpecially roofs and ftair-cafes, which are of moft charges. And here might alfo fomething be added concerning the manner of framing the carcafes of buildings, as of floors, pitch of roofs, the length of hips and fleepers, together with the names of all thofe feveral timbers uied in fa-bricks totally confiding of wood* but I find it done to my hand, and publilhed feme years fince, at the end of a late Tranflation of the firft Book of Palladio, to which I refer the reader. And to accomplilh our artift in timber, with the utmoft which that material is capable of, I’ dp recommend him to the ftudy and contemplation of that ftupendous roof, which now lies over,the renowned Sheldonean Theatre at the Univerfity of Oxford •, being the foie work and contrivêment of my molt Honoured Friend, Sir Chriftopher Wren, now worthily dignified with ^ jfeperin-tendency of the Royal Buildings. See Dr. Plot’s defeription of it in his Natural Hiftory of Oxfordlhire, 272, 273, tab. 13, 14 •, alfo Dr. Wallis de Motu, part iii. de Vedbe, cap. vi. prop. 10. Other converfions there are of timber, of all lengths,- fizes, and dimen-fions, for arches, bridges, floors, and flat-work, (without the fupports of X x x 25'32 A 0 ISC OUR RE Book III. pillars) tables, cabinets, inlayings, and carvings, fkrews See. with tire art of Turning, to the height of which divers Gentlemen have, arrived, and, for. their diverfion, produced pieces of admirable invention and curi-ofity: Thefe, I fay, belonging to the mechanick ufes of timber, might enter here, with a catalogue of innumerable models and other rarities (to be found in the repofitories and colleflions of the curious): But 'let this fyffice. We did, in book ii. chap. i. mention certain fubterranean trees, which Mr. Cambden fuppofes grew altogether under the ground : And truly at did appear a very paradox to me, till 1 both faw, and diligently examined that piece (plank, ftone, or both lhall I name. it?) of Lignum Foffile taken out of a certain quarry thereof at Aqua Sparta,, not far from Rome, and lent to the molt incomparably .learned Sir George Ent, by that obliging _ Virtuofo Cavalier dal Pozzo* He that lhall examine the hardnefs, and . feel the ponderoufnefs of.it, finking in Water, &c. will eafily.take it for a Hone; but he that lhall behold its grain, fo. exquifitely undulated and varied, together with its colour, manner of hewing, chips, and other molt. perfect refemblances, will never fcruple to pronounce.it arrant, wood, . Signor Stelluti, an Italian, has publilhed.a whole Treatife.expj*efsly to deferibe this great curiofity : And there, has been brought to .our notice a certain relation of an Elm. growing im.Berkfhire, near. Farringdon, which being cut towards the root, was there plainly, petrified; the like, as I once myfelf remember to have feen in another, tree, which .grew quite through a rock near the-fepulchre of Agrippina (the mother of that monfter Nero) at the Baia by Naples, which appeared to be all ftone, and trickling down < in drops of water, if I forget not. But whilft others have philofophized,. according to their manner, upon thefe extraordinary concretions, fee what the moft induftrious and knowing Dr. Hook, Curator of this Royal Sor-ciety, has with no lefs reafon,, but more fuccintftnels, obferved from a late microfcopical examen of another piece of petrified wood,*, the defeription. and ingenuity-whereof cannot but gratify the curious, who will, by. this, inftance, not only be inftru&ed how to make enquiries upon the like occar-fions, but fee alfo with what accuratenefs the Society conftantly proceed in. all their indagations and experiments; and with what candour they relate,., and communicate them.OF FORE5T-TREES, 533 It refembled wood, in that Chap. IV* V——v------J 44 Firft, All the parts of the petrified fubftance feemed not at all diflocated “or altered from their natural pofition whiles they were wood ; but the 44 whole piece retained the exact ftrape of-wood, having many of the con-44 fpicuous pores of wood ftill remaining, and fhewing a manifeft difference, M vifible enough between the grain of the wood and that of the bark ; 44 efpecially, when any fide of it was cut fmooth and polite*, for then it 44 appeared to have. a. very, lovely grain,..like that of-Tome curious dole 44 wood. 44 Next,.it refembled wood; in that all the fmaller and (if fo I may call 44 thofe which are only to be feen by a good glafs) microfcopical pores of 44 it appeared (either when the fubftance was cut and polilhed tranfverfly,. 44 or parallel to the pores) perfectly like the microfcopical pores of feveral 44 kinds of wood, retaining both the fhape and. pofition of fuchpores^ 44 It differed from wood, 44 Firft, in weight* being to common water, as 3! to 1 *, whereas there 44 are few of our Englilh woods that,;when dry, are found to-be-fo heavy. 44 as water. 44 Secondly, in hardnefs *, being very near as hard as flint, and in lomer 44 places of it alfo refembling the grain of a flint} it would very readily 44 cut glafs, and could not, without difficulty, (efpecially Mpome parts of 44 it) be fcratched by a black hard flint* it would readily ftrike fire ag^hfl: 44 a fteel, as allb again!! a flint.. 44 Thirdly, in the clofenefs of it*, for,..though all the microicobltai 44 pores of the wood were.very confpicuous in one pofition} yet, by 44 ing that pofition of the polilhed furface to the lighty'It alfo was manifeft . 44 that thofe pores appeared darker than the reft of the body, only becaufe 44 they were filled up. with, a more.dulky fubftance, and not becaufe they 44 were hollow, 44 Fourthly, in that it would not burn in the fire } nay, though I kept 44 it a good while red-hot in the flame of a lamp, very intenfely caft on ft. 44 by a blaft thro’ a finall pipe, yet it feemed not at all to have diminilhed 44 its extenfion •, but only I found it to have changed its colour, and to 44 have put on a more dark and dufky brown hue: Nor could I perceive534 A DISCOURSE Book. III. “ that thofe parts which feemed to have been wood at firft, were any tiling ' 44 wafted, but the parts appeared as folid and clofe as before. It was far* 44 ther obfervable, that as it did not confume like wood, fo neither did it 44 crack and fly like a flint, or fuch like hard (tone j nor was it long bc-44 fore it appeared red hot. X Fifthly, in its diflolublenefsfor putting fome drops of diftilled vine-44 gar upon the ftone, I found it prefently to yield very many bubbles, juft 44 like thofe which may be obferved in fpirit of vinegar when it corrodes 44 coral j though I guefs many of thofe bubbles proceeded from the fmall f* parcels of air which were driven out of the pores of this petrified fub-44 ftance, by the infinuating liquid menftruum. 44 Sixthly, in its rigidnefs and friability; being not at all flexible, but I brittle like a flint* infomuch, that with one knock of a hammer I broke 44 off a lmall piece of it, and with the fame hammer quickly beat it to 44 pretty fine powder upon an anvil. 44 Seventhly, it feemed alfo very differing from wood to the touch, feel-44 ing more cold than wood ufually does, and much like other clofe ftones 44 and minerals. 44 The reafon of all which phenomena feems to be, 44 That this petrified wood having lain in fome place where it was well 44 foaked with petrifying water (that is, fuch a water as is well impregna-44 ted with ftony and earthy particles) did by degrees feparate, by ftraining 44 and filtration, or, perhaps, by precipitation, cohefion, or coagulation, . 44 abundance of ftony particles from that permeating water-, which ftony 44 particles having, by means of the .fluid vehicle, conveyed themfelves 44 not only into the microfcopical pores, and perfectly flopped them up, but 44 alfo into the pores, which may perhaps be even in that part of the wood 44 which thro’ the microlcope appears moft folid, did thereby fo augment 44 the weight of the wood, as to make it above three times heavier than 44 water, and perhaps fix times as heavy as it was when wood: Next, they 44 hereby fo lock up and fetter the parts of the wood, that rhe fire qannot 44 eafily make them fly away, but the a£lion«of the fire upon them is only 44 able to char thofe parts as it were j like as a piece of wood, :t :t be 44 clofed very faft up in clay, and-kept a good while red hot in the fire, ^ 44 will, by the heat of the fire, be chared, and not conlumed; which mayOF FOREST-TREES. 535 “ perhaps be the reafon why the petrified fubftance appeared of a blackifh. “ brown colour after it had been burnt. By this intrufion of the petrified “ particles, it alfo becomes hard and friable; for the fmaller pores of the “ wood being perfectly fluffed up with thefe ftony particles, the particles “ of the wood have few or no pores in which they can refide *, and, confe-u quently, no fle&ion or yielding can be caufed in fuch a fubftance. The u remaining particles likewife of the wood among the ftony particles, may ** keep them from cracking and flying, as they do in a flint.” Chap. IV. The cafual finding of fubterraneous trees has been the occafion of this curious digrefiion, befides what we have already faid in chap. i. book ii. Now it were a ftrange paradox to affirm, that the timber under the ground Ihould, to a great degree, equal the value of that which grows above the ground *, feeing, though it be far lefs, yet it is far richer,, the roots of the vileft fhrub being better for its toughnefs, and, for ornament and delicate ufes, much more preferable than the heart of the faireft and foundeft tree: And many hills and other wafte places, that have in late and former ages been ftately groves and woods, have yet this treafure remaining, and perchance found and unperifhed, and commonly (as we obferved) an hindrance to other plantations engines therefore, and expedients for the more eafily extracting thefe cumbrances, and making riddance upon fuch occafions, befides thofe we have produced, fhould be excogitated and enquired after, for the difpatch of this difficult work. From all thefe inftances we may gather the neceffity of a more than ordinary ftudy and diligence in thofe whofe profeffion obliges them to deal in timber •, nor is it a fmall flock of philofophy that will enable them to fkill in the nature and properties of this material, which not only concerns the Architects themfelves, but their Subfidiaries, viz. Carpenters, Joiners, and efpecially Wood-Brokers. I cannot therefore but take notice, that among the antient Sportulse *, bequeathed by feveral Founders and Foun- NOTES. * Pliny, in lib. xix. cap. ii. defcribes a plant called Spartum, of which, when jnkcerated, ropes were made, and which’in its natural ftate was applied to various do-meftic purpofes. Of this Livy too fays, that Afdrubal had laid up a confidejijljlle quantity for the fervice of his fleet. See lib. xxii. cap. xx. It is probably from this plant that the terms Sporta, Sportula, &c, are derived, for it appears to have been very proper for the purpofe of making bafkets. Sportula kjfterally a little bafket, and, inA DISCOURSE Book III. v---- ♦ Mifeell. Erudit. An-tiq. Se D I A N A E. COLL EG. NAUPEGIAR. M. JUNIUS. BALISTUS. ET. AV1LLIUS. EROS. II. VIR. D.D. For the ufe of our chimneys, and maintenance of fire, the plenty of Fuel. wood for fuel, rather than the quality, is to be looked after; and yet there are fome greatly to be preferred before others, as harder, longer lafting, better heating, and more chearfully burning; for which we have commended the Afh, &c. in the foregoing paragraphs, and to which I pretend not here to add much for the avoiding repetitions, though even an hiftory of the belt way of charring would not milbecome this difcourfe. But fomething more is to be faid, fure, concerning the felling of Lignum, fuel-wood; for fo critics would diftinguifli it from Materia, timber. Benedi&us Curfius, Hortor. lib. viii. cap. xi. reckons up what woods NOTES. tula to what he calls refla ccena, which it Teems is what he meant, in the preceding quotation where he makes a like diffin&ion, by the term Jalarium, that is, victuals for a day. .It appears that .among the Romans Iargefles of victuals or of money were very common upon folemn occalions, fiich as marriages, entering on pul^B offices, or the like.—Claudius, we are told, jocularly gave the name of Sportula to a fmall exhibitift^ of Gladiators, without preparation, and that flftinued but for a fhort time, ^Braufe, lays Suetonius, pritnum daturas edixerat throw in more fuel, and fo, from time to time, till the coals have univerfally taken fjre up tlaSyb|jB|M cut an ample and reafonable thick turf, and clap it over pr mouth of the tunnel, flopping it as clofdlks may be with feme of the former duft and rubbifh. Laftly, with the handles of your ralSL.gr the like, you muft make vent-holes, or regifters, (as our chemiftgJH^^^^^H through the fluff which covers your heap to the very wood, thefe in ran- Z z zA DISCOURSE. 54-6 BaoK III. gers two. or three feet diflance, quite round-within:,a foot (or thereabout) ——^ of the top, though fome begin them at the bottom: A day after, begin another row of holes a foot and a half beneath the former, and fo more, till they arrive to the ground, as occafion, requires. Note, That, as the pit does coal and fink towards the centre, it is continually to be fed with. Ihort and fitting wood, that no part remain.amfired ; and if it chars fafler at one part than at another, there clofe up the vent-holes, and open them where need is. A pit will in this manner be burning off and charring five or fix days; and as it coals, the frnoke, from thick and grofs clouds, will grow more blue and livid, and the whole mafs fink accordingly, fo as by thefe indications you,may the better knowhow to flop and govern, your {piracies. Two or three days it will only require for cooling,, which, the vents being flopped, they affifl by taking now off the out-, ward covering with a.rabil or rubber-, but this not far above the fpace of one yard breadth at a time; and firft they remove the coarfeft and groffefl of it, throwing the finer over the heap again, that fo it may neither cool too haftily, nor endanger the burning and reducing all to afhes, fhould the whole pit be uncovered and expofed to the,air at once; therefore they open it thus round by degrees. When now, by all the former fymptoms, you judge it fully charred,' you may begin to draw, that is, to take out the coals, firft round the bottom, by which means the coals, rubbifh, and duft finking and falling, in together, may choak and extinguifh the fire. Your coals fufficiently cooled, with a very long-toothed rake and a Vann you may load them into the coal-wains, which are made clofe with' boards, purpofely to carry them to market. Of thefe coals the groffer fort are' commonly referved for the forges and iron-works, the middling and fmoother put up in facks, and carried by the colliers to London and the adjacent towns : Thofe which are charred of the roots, if picked out, are accounted bell for chemical fires, and. where a lafting and extraordinary blaft is. required. Coal for the powder mills is made of Alder wood (but Lime tree were much better, had we it in that plenty which we eafily might) cut, flacked, and fet on the hearth like the former; but firft the wood ought to be wholly difbarked, which work is to be done about Midfummer before, and being thoroughly dry, it may be coaled in the fame method, the heapOF FOR E ST-TREE S. 547 *or pile only fomewhat fmaller, by reafon that they feldom coal above five Chap. or fix flacks at a time, laying it but two lengths, of the wood one above - ~ the other, in form fomewhat flatter on the top than what we have defcri-bed i likewife do they fling all their rubbifh and dull on the top, and begin not to cover at the bottom, as in the former example. In like fort, when they have drawn up the fire in the tunnel, and flopped it, they begin to draw down their dull by degrees round the heap, and this pro-portionably as it fires, till they come about to the bottom; all which is -difpatched in the fpace of two days. One of thefe heaps will char three-fcore facks of coal, which may all be carried at one time In a waggon j and fome make the court-coals after the fame manner. Laftly, Small coals are made of the fpray and brufh-wood, which is dripped off from the branches of copfe-wood, and which is fometimes bound up into bavins for this ufe, though alfo it be as frequently charred without binding, and then they call it evoming it together. This they place in fome near floor, made level and freed of incumbrances, where, fetting one of the bavins or part of the fpray on fire, two men (land ready to throw on bavin upon bavin, as fall as they can takfc fire, which makes a very great and fudden blaze, till they have burnt all thit lies near the place, to the number fit may be) of five or fix hundred bavins: But before they begin to fet fire, they fill great tubs or veflels with water, which ftand ready by them, and this they dafh on with a great difh or fcoup fo foon as ever they have thrown on all their bavins, continually plying the great heap of glowing coals, which gives a fudden flop to the fury of the fire, whiles with a great rake they lay and fpread it xbtt&d» t and ply their-cading of water dill on the coals* which are now perpetually turned by two men with great (hovels, a third throwiniybn the water. This they continue till no more fire appears, though they cJft not from being very hot •, after this they (hovel them up into great heaps, and, when they are thoroughly cold, put them up in fackg for London, where they ufe them amongft divers artificers, both to kindle greater fires, and to temper and anneal their feveral works. Laftly, this is m be obfer-ved, that the wood which yields the fined coal is more flexible and gentle than that which yields the contrary. The beft feafon for the fetching home of other fuel is in June, the ways being then mod dry and paflable; yet I know fome good hufbands will begin rather in May, becaufe fallowing and ftirring of ground for Z z z 2A DISCOURSE 548 Book III. corn comes in the enfuing months, and the days are long enough, and fwains have then lead: to do. And thus we have feen how for Houfe-boot, and Ship-boot, Plow-boot, Hey-boot, and Fire-boot, the Planting and Propagation of Timber and Foreft-trees is requifite; fo as it was not for nothing, that the very name (which the Greeks generally applied to timber) by fynechdoche, was taken always pro material fince we hardly find any thing in nature more univerfally ufeful; or, in comparifon with it, deferving the name of Material •, it befrig, in truth, the mother-parent and (metaphorically) the pafiive principle ready for the form. To complete this chapter of the univerfal ufe of trees, and the parts of them, fomething I could be tempted to fay concerning ftaves, wands, &c. their antiquity, ufe, divine, domeftick, civil, and political; the time of cutting, manner of feafoning, forming, and other curious particulars, (how dry foever the fubjedt may appear) both of delight and profit; but we referve it for fome more fit opportunity, and perhaps it may merit a peculiar treatife, as acceptable as it will prove amufing. We have already fpoken of that modern art of 'Tapping trees in the fpring, by which, doubtlefs, fome excellent and fpecifick medicines may be attained, as (before) from the Birch, for the ftone •, from Elms and Elder, a^ainft fevers; fo from the Vine, the Oak, and even the very Bramble, befides the wholefome and pleafant drinks, fpirits, &c. that may polfibly be educed out of them------This we leave to the induilrious, fatisfying our- felves that we have been among the firft who have hinted and publifhed the ways of performing it. Let us now fum up all the good qualities, and tranfcendent perfections of trees, in the harmonious Poets Conl'ort of Elogies: ---------------dant utile lignum Navigiis Pinos, domibus Cedrofque Cuprefiofque; Hinc radios trivere rotis, hinc tympana plauftris Agricolae, & pandas ratibus pofuere carinas. Viminibus Salices foecunclae, frondibus Ulmi: At Myrtus validis haftiiibus, & bona bello Cornus : Ityrasos Taxi torquentur in arcus.OF FOREST-TREES. 549 Nec Tilias laeves, aut torno rafile Buxum,, Chap. TV. Non formam accipiunt ferroque cavanturacuto-: L J Ncc non & torrentem undam levis innatut Alnus Mifia Pada; nec non & apes examina condunt Corticibufque cavis, vitiofasque Ilicis alvea. Gf08.c, ii. ------Pines are for mails an ufeful wood, Cedar and Cyprefs, to build houfes good: Hence covers for their carts, and fpokes for wheels Swains make, and fhips do form their crooked keels: With twigs the Sallows,. Elms with leaves are freight •, Myrtles flout fpears, and Cornel good for fight: The Yews into Ityrean bows are bent •, Smooth Limes and Box, the Turner’s inftrument Shaves into form, and hollow cups does trim; And down the rapid Po light Alders fwim: In hollow bark bees do their honey ftivpy. And make the trunk of an old Oak their hive. The mod ingenious Ovid introduces the miraculous groves raifed by the melodious fong of Orpheus: .-----•-------Non Chaonis abfuit arbosr Non nemus Heliadum, non frondibus iEfculus aids,, Nec Tilias molles, nec Fagus, &c innuba Laiirus, Et Coryli fragiles, & fraxinus utilis haftis, Enodifque Abies, curvataque glandibus Ilex, Et Platanus genialis, Acerque coloribus impar, Amnicolasque fimul Salices, & aquatica Lotos, Perpetuoque virens Buxus, tenuelque Myricas, Et bicolor Myrtus, & baccis casrula Tinus : Vos quoque flexi pedes Hedene veniflis, & una Pampineas vites, & amidtas Vitibus Ulmi : Ornfque, & Piceas, Pomoque onerata rubend Arbutus, & lentas vi&oris prasmia Palmas : Et fuccindla comas, hirfutaque vertice Pinus Grata Deum matri, &c. Met. x.A D I S C O U R S'E ....—-» nor trees of Chaony, The Poplar, various Oaks that pierce the Iky, Soft Linden, fmooth-rind Beech, unmarried Bays, The brittle Hafel, Afh, whofe fpears we praife, Unknotty Fir, the folace-fhading Planes, Rough Chefnuts, Maple fleck’d with different grains, Stream-bordering Willow, Lotus loving lakes, Tough Box, whom never fappy fpring forfakes, The flender Tamarifk, with trees that bear A.purple Fig, nor Myrtles abfent were. The wanton Ivy wreath’d in amorous twines, Vines bearing Grapes, and Elms fupporting Vines, Straight Service trees, trees dropping pitch, fruit-red Arbutus, thefe the reft accompanied. With limber Palms, of victory the prize, And upright Pine, whofe leaves like briftles rife, Priz’d by the Mother of the Gods - :Sandys. This incomparable Poet is imitated by our divine Spencer, where he brings his gentle Knight into a fhady grove, praifing -----the trees fo ftraight and high, The failing Pine, the Cedar proud and tall, The Vine-prop Elm, the Poplar never dry, - The builder Oak, foie King of Forefts all, The Afpine, good.for ftaves *, the Cyprefs funeral. The Laurel, meed of mighty conquerors And Poets fage : The Fir that weepeth ftill, The Willow, worne of forlorne paramours, The Eugh, obedient to the bender’s will, The Birch for fhafts, the Sallow for the mill, The Myrrh, fweet bleeding in the bitter wound, The war-like Beech, the Afh for nothing ill, The fruitful Olive, anji the Platane round, The carver Holm, the Maple feldom inward found. Canto 1. And in this fymphony might the noble Tafifo bear likewife his part, but that thefe are fuflicient, trio, fant omnia. 450 'Book III.OF F O R E S T - T R E E S. 55I; What now remains, concerns only fome. general precepts, and directions Chap. IV. applicable tomOfl of that we have formerly touched; together with a v— J brief of what farther laws have been enaCted for the improvement and jprefervation of woods; and which having difpatched, we lhall with a lhort Paraenefis, touching the prefent ordering and difpofing of the Royal Plantations for the future benefit of the Nation, put an end to this ruftick Difcourfe.55 2 A DISCOURSE Book III. 1 —,_» CHAP. V. APHORISMS, or certain General Precepts, of ÌJfe to the foregoing Chapters, TR Y all forts of feeds, and by their thriving you fhall belt difcern what are the molt proper kinds for grounds, Quippe folo natura fubeji.— and of thefe defign the main of your plantation. Try all foils, and fit the fpecies to their natures. Beech, Hafel, and Holly affedt gravel and gritty-, and if mixed with loam, Oak, Afh, and Elm. In ftiff ground, the Afh and Hornbeam -, and in light feeding ground or loam, any fort whatfoever: In the lower and wetter lands, the Aquatics. * Keep your newly-fown feeds continually frefh, and in the Iliade (as much as may be) till they peep. NOTES. * Of plants, each fpecies affe£fcj a particular foil in preference to every other. In their culture, therefore*, it is of the utmoft importance to have a diftindt knowledge of the Loca Nataltà9 that the nature of the foppn which they are cultivated may be made to approach, as WUBe, to that in which they fpontaneoufly grow. This is the folid and proper foundation of Planting and Gardening: Nec vero terne ferre omnes omnia poffunt. Fluminibiis SaliceHcraffifque paludibus Alni Nafcuntur, fteriles faxofis montibus Orni, Litora Myrteis lretiffima : denique apertos Bacchus» amat collH Afltloncm et frigora Taxi. Georg, ii. The numerous fpecies of plants which grow betwixt the North Pole and the Equator, when viewed in detail, appear to differ from each other only by infenfible degrees ; yet are the plants of the frozen zones, when viewed in cumulo, or in a body, totally different from thofe which are produced betwixt the tròpica^ Thus we often fee whole families of plants natives of the torrid zone, which are never to be found in any of the others.--In the climate of plants, fays Linnaeus, are to be confidered latitude, longi- tude, and the temperature or elevation of the foil. Vaillant was amdng thè firft who viewed t^Hl/Oca Natalia of phmj in this light; but his obfervfttii^| were confined to latitude alone.-Places fituated under the fame parallel of latitude, but in oppofite hemilpheres, produce plants that are totally different ; even thofe in the fame hemi-fphere are rarely alike. Thus Rome, Pekin, and New-York in America, are fituated almoft in the fame degree of north latitude, yet produce very different plants. TheOF FOREST-TREES. 55 3 All curious feeds and plants are diligently to be weeded, till they are ftrono- enough to over-drop or fupprefs them; and you fhall carefully hoe, half-dig, and ftir up the earth about their roots during the firft three years, efpecially in the vernal and autumnal equinoxes: This work fhould be done in a moift feafon for the firft year, to prevent the duft, and the -fuffocating of the tender buds; but afterwards in the dry weather. Plants raifed from feed fhould be thinned where they come up too thick ; and none fo fit as thofe you thus draw to be tranfplanted into hedge-rows, efpecially where ground is precious. Suckers that fprout from the fartheft part of the ftem, or body of the mother-tree, are beft, as eafier plucked up without detriment to the roots and fibres, or violence to the mother: It were good therefore firft to uncover the roots whence they fpring, and to cut them clofe off, replanting them immediately ~ thofe which grow at more diftance may be feparated “with fome of the old root, if you find the fucker not well furnilhed. N O T E S. fame may be faid of the plants of Florida and Paleftine, the Cape of Good-Hope, and Chili in South-America, places which exactly correfpond in latitude; the two former fituated in the northern hemifphere; the latter in the fouthern.-What has been affirmed of latitude, may likewife be afferted of places that are fituated upon the fame meridian. Thus the North-Cape, Rome, Upfal, and the Cape of Good-Hope, agree in longitude, yet produce plants that are totally different.-The aptitude or difpo- fition of plants to grow in certain climates, and not in others, feems to depend not fo much upon longitude and latitude, as upon the elevation of the foil, or difference of temperature in fuch climates. From this caufe proceeds the difference which is generally found to obtain betwixt the plants of the torrid, and thofe of the temperate and frigid zones. For when in the torrid zone we find the mountains, which, by their elevation, have acquired a temperature fimilar to that of the temperate or frigid zones, weal-ways difcover on fuch mountains the fame, or, atleaft, a part of the fame plants. Thus the plants on the mountains of Lapland, of Switzerland, Greenland, Siberia, Wales, the Pyreneans, Olympus, Ararat, and Brafil, though placed at fuch immenfe diftances from each other, are nearly the fame.-As at a certain depth, the temperature of water is found to be nearly the fame in all climates, fo the greateft part of Aquatic plants are common to the torrid, temperate, and frigid zones. Thus the Water-lily, Aldro-vanda, Sun-dew, Arrow-head, Water-milfoil, and many other Aquatics, are equally natives of Europe and the Indies. 4 A Chap. V. t——iBook III. L- —J 554. A DISCOURSE To. produce fuckers, lay the roots bare, and (lit fome of them here and there difcreetly, and then cover them. Layers are to be bent down and couched in. rich, mould; and if you. find them (tubborn, you may (lit a little in the bark and wood, but no deeper than to make it ply, without wounding the tender heart. Putting forth root is afiifted by pricking the bark, flitting or binding a packthread about the part you would have them fpring from. The proper feafon is from the early fpring or Mid-Auguft:,. and in alb dry feafons obferve to keep them diligently watered. Slips and cuttings (by which mofi; trees may. be propagated) taken im moift ground, from Auguft to the end of April frequently moiftened,^ fhould be feparated at the burs, joints, or knobs,, two or three inches beneath them: Strip them of their leaves before you bury them, leaving no fide-branches,, or little top. Some (lit the end where it is cut off; at: two years end is the fooneftthey will be fit to take uplayers much fooner.. In tranfplanting, omit not the placing of your trees towards their ac-cuftomed afpe<5t; and if you have leifure,, make the holes the autumn-before; thowider the better: Three feet over and two. deep is little enough if the ground be any thing ftiff,. often ftirring and; turning the mould, and mixing it with better as. you may find caule. This done,, dig or plough about them, and that as near their Items as you can come without hurting them, and therefore rather ufe the fpade for the firft two or three years; and preferve what you plant (teady from the winds and. annoyance of cattle, &c. Remove the foftefl wood to the moifteft grounds Divife arbaribus patriae— — Georg, fi;. Begin to tranfplant Foreft-trees when the leaves fall after Michaelmas; you may adventure when they are tarnifhed and grow yellowr.; it is loft time to commence later, and, for the mod part of your trees, early Tranfi-planters feldom repent; for fometimes a tedious bind of froft prevents the whole feafon, and the baldnefs of the tree is a note of deceit; for fome Oaks, Hornbeam, and molt Beeches preferve their dead leaves till new ones pufh them off.OF FOREST-TREES. 555 ' Set deeper in the lighter grounds than in the ftrong, but fhalloweft in Chap. Vi clay: Five inches is fufficient for the drieft, and one or two for the L ».,7 .moift, provided you eftablifh them againft winds. Plant forth in warm and moift feafons, the air tranquil and lerene, the ■wind wefterly; but never whiles it actually freezes, rains, or in mifty weather, for it moulds and infefls the roots. What you gather and draw out of woods, plant immediately, for their roots are very apt to be mortified, or hardened and withered by the winds and cold air. Trees produced from feeds muft have the tap-roots abated, (the Walnut tree and fome others excepted, and yet if planted merely for fruit, fame affirm it may be adventured on with fuccefs) and the bruifed parts cut away, but fparing the fibrous, for they are the principal feeders; and thofe who cieanfe them too much are puniihed for the miftake. In fpring, rub off fome of the collateral buds to check the exuberancy of fap in the branches, till the roots be well eftablilhed. Tranfplant no more than you well fence, for that neglefled, tree-culture comes to nothing therefore all young-fet trees fhould be defended from the winds and fun, efpecially the eaft and north, till their rms are fixed, that is, till you perceive them ffioot; and the not exactly obferving of this article, is the caufe of the perilhing of the moft tender plantations $ for it is the invafion of thefe two affailants which does more mifchief to our new-fet and lefs hardy trees, than the moft fevere and durable frofts of a whole winter. And here let me add this caution againpthat, in planting of trees of ftature for avenues or ffiades, you fet them at fuch diftance as that they be not in reach of the manfion-houfe, in cafe of being blown down by the winds, for reafons fufficiently obvious. See Hift. of the Storm, Nov. 26, 1703. The propereft foil, and moft natural, apply to diftincft fpecies : Nec vero terra ferre omnes omnia pojfunt. Yet we find by experience that moft of our foreft-trees grow well enough in the coarfeft lands, provided there be a competent depth of mould; for albeit moft of our wild plants covet to 4 A 2f p0 A DISCOURSE 556 ook III. run juft under the furface, yet, where there is not fufficient depth to cool' “ them,. and entertain the moifture and influences, they are neither lafting nor profperous. Wood well planted will grow in moorilh, boggy, heathy, and the fto-nieft grounds; only the white and blue clay, whichds commonly the beft pafture, is the worft for wood; and fu eft good timber as we find in any of thefe, Oaks excepted, is of an excefiive age, requiring thrice the time to arrive at their ftature. If the feafon require it, all new plantations are to be plied with waterings, which is better .poured into a circle at fome diftance from the roots, which Ihould continually be bared of grafs; and if the water be rich, or impregnated,, the Iftoots will foon dilcover it; for the liquor, being percolated through a quantity of. earth, will carry the nitrous virtue of th© foil with it: By no.means therefore water at the ftem, becaufe it walhes the mould from the roots, comes too crude, and endangers their rotting^ But, for the cooling, and refrefhing-tree roots; the congefting oftrotten litter, fprinkled over with fine earth, is good; or place p.otfheards, flints, or pebbles near the foot of the ftem ; for fo the Poet: Aut lapidem bibulum,. aut fquallentes infode. conchas Inter enim labentur aquas, tenuifque fubibit Halitus. ■ -----------— Georg. iL , Lime-ftones, or fqualid Ihells, that may the rain,. Vapours, and gliding moifture entertain. But remember you remove them affer a competent time, elfe the vermin,, fnails, and infedts, which they produce and fhelter, will gnaw and greatly injure the bark; and. therefore, to lay a coat of moift rotten litter with a little earth upon it, will prelerve it moift in fummer and warm in. winter, enriching the Ihowers and dews that ftrain through it. Young plants will be ftrangled with corn, oats, peale, or hemp, .or any rankly growing grain, if a competent circle and diftance be not left, as of near a yard or fo of the ftem. This is a ufeful remark; but whether the fetting or lowing of beans near trees make them thrive the more,OF FOREST'-TREES; $5? (as Theophraftus writes, I fuppofe.he:means fruit-trees) I leave to expe- Chap. Vc. rience. Cut no trees (efpecially having,an eminent pith in them, being young, and tender too) when either heat or cold are in extreams, nor in very wet. and fnowy weather *, and in this work it is profitable to difcharge all trees of unthriving, broken* wind-fhaken browfe, and fuch as our law terms Cablicia, and to take them off to the quick, -------Ne pars fincera trahatur. And for Evergreens, efpecially fuch as are tender, prune them not after planting till they do radicate, that is, by fome little.frefh fhoot difco-ver that they haye, taken root. Cut not off the top of the leading twig or fhoot ' (unlefs very crooked, and then at the next eredl bud) when you tranfplant timber-trees, but thole of the collateral you may fhorten, flopping up the reft clofe to the’ Item; and fuch as you do fpare, let them not be the moft oppofite, but rather one above another, to preferve the part from fwelling and hindering its taper growth: Be careful alfo to keep yourtrees from being top-heavy, by lhortening the fide-branches competently near the ftem. Young plants, nipt either by the froft or teeth of cattle, do commonly break on the fides, which impedes both growth and fpiring: In.this cafe, prune off fbme, and quicken the leading, fhoot ypth your knife atawne diftance beneath its infirmity, but if it be in a very unlikelv^ndltSiMat fpring, cut off all clofe to the very ground and hope for a new fhoot, continually fupprefiing whatever elfe may accompany it, by cutting them away in. fummer. Walnut, Afh, and pithy trees are fafer pruned in fummer and warm weather than in the fpring, whatever the vulgar fancy. I will conclude with the technical names, or diffimilar parts of trees, as I find them enumerated by the induftrie in common: See Cujas and Paulus inll. Arb. ff. de Com-muni dividend, where more of thz Alienation of trees feiled, and not Handing but with the Funds, as alfo of the Ufu-fruit of trees, and the difference betwixt Arbores Grandes, and Cremiales or Cedua:; of all which NOTES. •were unbloody; and Plutarch gives the reafon, left they fhould violate the tokens of peace and agreement by ftaining them with blood.” The Termini nrigl&Jtlly fquare ftatues of Mercury, and generally withtMftt legs or arms. The Athenians placed them in the veftibules of their houfes and temples, and it was efteemed fcfgihly criminal to remove or deface them.-One nigtt: (fays Thucydides) the heads of all the Hermae in the city were cut off: Strict fearch was made after the perpetrators of this crime, in order to bring them to punifhment: Alcibiades was fufpe&ed, —— and obliged to fly into banifhment. Other heads, fbfiftdes that of MercmL were placed upon fquare pillars, and conftituted Termini. When it was a head of Minerva, called in Greek Athena, it was named a Hermathena. Thofe which* had Apollo’s head, were named Hermapollo; and thofe Hermeros which had the head of Cupid, from his being named Eros. Such as had the heads of Hercules, Aniibis, Ofyris, or Harpocrates, were called Hermheracles, Hermanubis, Hermojiris, and Hermharpocrates. Thefe names frequently occur in the Latin claffics. Exclufive of worfhip, it was ftri 3°5-O F F O R E S T - T R E E‘ S; S67' mfpe&ion of the Warders, Juftices Itinerants, &c. and even trefpafies Chap. Vli, done de viridi on boughs of trees, thickets, and the like, which (as has been.fhewed) are very great impediments to their growth and profperity, fhould be duly looked after and punilhed, and the great negle£t of Swainmote-courts reformed, &c. See Confuet. & Aflif. Foref. Pannagium, or Paftura Pecorum & de Glandibus, Fleta, &c. Manwood’s Foreft-laws: Coke pla. fol. 366. lib. viii. fol. 138- Finally, that the exorbitance and inereafeof devouring iron-mills were looked into as to their diftance and number near the feas, or navigable rivers,—and what if fome of them were even removed into another world, the Holy Land of New-England------‘for they will elfe ruin Old-England. It were better to purchafe all our iron out of America, than thus to exhauft our woods at home,.although (I doubt not) they,might be fo ordered as to be rather a means of preferving them. There was a ftatute made by Queen* Elizabeth to prohibit the converting of timber-trees to coal,. or. other fuel, for the ufe of iron-mills, if the tree were of one foot fquare,. and growing within fourteen miles of. the lea*. or the greater rivers. It is pity fome of. thofe places in Kent, Sufiex, and Surry, were excepted in the provifo, for the reafon expreffed in a ftatute made 23 Elizabeth, by which even the employing of any under-wood, as well as great trees, was prohibited within twenty-two miles of London, and many other navigable rivers, creeks,-and other lefler diftances from fome parts of Suffex-Downs, Cinque-Ports, Havens, &c. One Simon Sturtivant had a patent from King James I. 1612, pretending to fave 300,0001. a year, by melting iron oar, and other metals, with-pit-coal, fea-coal, and bruih-fuel; it is pity.it did not fucceed. There are feveral acres of wood-land, of no mean circuit, near Roche-fter, in the County of Kent, extending as far as Bexley, and indeed for many miles about Shooter’s hill, near the river of Thames, which, were his Majefty owner of them, might in a few years be of an invaluable improvement and benefit, confidering how apt they are to grow forefi^ and how opportune they lie for the ufe of the Royal Navy at Chatham. But yet to prove what it is to manage woods difcreetly: I read of one Mr. Chriftopher Darell, of Nudigate, a Surry Gentleman, that had aA DISCOURSE 568 'Book. III. particular indulgence for the cutting of his woods at pleafure, though a ^ ~f great iron-maHer, becaufe he fo ordered his works that they were a means •of preferving even his woods, notwithHanding thofe infatiable devourers. This may appear a paradox, but it is to be made out-, and I have heard my own father (whole eftate was none of the leaft wooded in England) affirm, that a forge, and fome other mills, to which he furniffied much fuel, were a means of maintaining and improving his woods; I fuppofe by increafing the induHry of planting and care, as what he left Handing of his own planting, enclofing, and cheriffiing, (lately in the pofieffion of my molt honoured brother George Evelyn, of Wotton, in the lame county, and now in mine) did (before the late hurricane) Efficiently evince: A molt laudable monument of his indultry and rare example; for without iuch an example, and lucli an application, I am no advocate for ironworks, but a declared Denouncer. But nature has thought fit to produce this wafting oar more plentifully in wood-land than any other ground, and to enrich our forelts.to their own deftrudtion: O femper bona Pauperies! & conditus alta Thefaurus tellure nocens! O femper ovantes, Integra^, falvasque folo non divite Sylvae! Couleii PI. lib. vi. O poverty! ftillfafe; and therefore found Infep’rably with mifchiefs under ground! Woods tall and reverend, from all time appear Inviolable, where no Mine is near. For fo our fweet Poet deplores the fate of the foreft of Dean. Our own law makes it wafte to cut down high trees (though they be not properly timber) Handing for fafe-guard and defence of a manfion-houfe, though ..it be done for necefiary repairs; whilH yet many (and with reafon) hold it unhealthful to fuffer a dwelling to be choaked with trees, for want of free pafiage to the air. To remedy this, there needs only a *Lord North, competent diflance to be left void. But, as a Noble Perfon * obferves, Oeconom. people in thefe days are fo difpofed to quarrel with timber, as there ffiall need no advice to demoliffi trees about their houfes upon this account: In the mean time, as to the incroachment of trees fo near our dwellings for the freer intercourfe of air, the late dreadful Sihifragi Horms have cleanfed thofe places by a remedy worfe than the dileafe, Efficient to deter us fromOFF OR EST - TREES. 569 planting not only too near our habitations, but from priding ourfelves in our more ftately avenues, the late boafts of our feats, as by fad experience mylelf and thoufands more have found, that there is nothing (table in this ■world which inviftble [pints cannot fubvert and demoli(h, when God permits them to do mifchief\ and convince thofe who believe there are none becaufe they do not fee, though they feel their effects. As to the law of tithes, I find timber-trees pay none, but others do, both for body, branches, bark, fruit, root, and even the fuckers growing out of them, and the tenth of the body fold or kept; and fo of Willows, Sallows, and all other trees not apt for timber: Alfo of Silva Caedua, as coppices and underwoods, the tenth is paid whenever the proprietor receives his nine parts: But if any of thefe we have named unexempted, are cut only for mounds, fencing, or plow-boot within the parifli in which they grow, or for the fuel of the owner, no tithes are due, though the Yicar have the tithe-wood, and the Parfon that of the places fo inclofed *, nor are underwoods grubbed up by the roots tithable, unlefs for this and any of the former cafes there be Prefcription. But for timber-trees, fuch as Oak, Afh, Elm, (which are accounted timber in all places after the firfl: twenty years) alfo Beech, Hornbeam, Maple, Afpen, and even Hafel, (many of which are in fome countries reputed timber) they are not to pay tithes, unlefs they are felled before the faid age of twenty years from their firfl: planting. Some think, and pretend, that no tithe is due where there is no annual increafe, as corn and other grain, hay, and fruit of trees, and fome animals ; and that therefore Silva Caedua, till it become timber, is exempted: But a parliament at Sarum did make it tithable, in which are named even Willows, Alder, Beech, Maple, Hafel, &c. In the Wild of Suflex, tithe-wood is not paid, as for faggots; but in the Downs they pay for both, as I am told; at which I wonder, there being fo little wood at all upon them, or likely to have ever been.-Note here, If the owner fell a fruit-tree, (of which the Parfon has had tithe that year) and convert the wood into fuel, the tithe (hall ceafe, becaufe he cannot receive the tithe of one thing twice in one year. I c Chap. VI. See L. Bifhop of Worcefter concerning tithes of Parochial Clergy, p. 268.A DISCOURSE Rook III. L-—v~— 57° Beech, in countries where it abounds, is not tithable, becaufe in fuch places it is not accounted timber. 16 Jac. Co. B. Pinder’s Cafe, Cherry trees, in. Buckinghamlhire, have been adjudged timber, and tithe-free. Pafch. 17 Jac. R. R. If a tree be lopped under twenty years growth, and afterwards be permitted to grow paft twenty years, and then be lopped again, no tithe is due for it,, though at the firft cutting it were not fo. If wood be cut for hedges, which is not tithable,, and any be left of it unemployed, no tithe fhall be paid for it. If wood be cut for Hop-poles, (where the Parfon or Vicar has titho Hops) in this cafe he fliall not have tithe of Hop-poles. If a great wood confift chiefly of underwood tithable, and fome great trees of Beech, or the like, grow- difperfedly among# them, tithe is due,, unlefs the cuftom be otherwife, of all, both greater and lefler,. together r And in like manner, if a wood confift for the moft part of timber-trees, with fome fmall fcatterings of underwood among# them,, no tithe fhall be paid for the underwood or bufhes. Frin. 19 Jac. B. R. Adjudged 16 Jac. in C. B. Leonard’s Cafe. No tithe is to be paid of Common, of Eftovers, or the Wood burnt in one’s houfe.----Now as to the manner of payment: To give the Parfon the tenth acre of wood in a coppice, or the tenth, cord, provided they are equal, is a good payment, and fetting forth of tithe, efpecially if the cuftom confirm it. The tithe of maft of Oak or Beech, if fold, mult be anfwered by the tenth penny •, if eaten by fwine, the worth of it. And thus much we thought fit to add concerning Predial tithes : Who has a defrre to be farther informed, may confult Charta de Forefta, with Manwood’s Treatife of Foreft Laws; Cromate on my Lord Coke’s Reports, 11, 48, 49, Si. Plow. 470. Brownlow’s Rep. 1 part 94. 2 part 150. D. and St. 169, &c. and that very ufeful, as well as compendious Englifh Hiftorical Library, part iii. chap. iv. lately publifhed by the worthy Archdeacon, now Bifliop of Carlifle,——But let us fee what others do.OF F'OREST-TREES. 571 The King of Spain has, near Bilboa, fixteen times as many acres of Chap. VI. coppice-wood as are fit to be cut for coal in one year; fo that when it is ■ready to be felled, an officer firft marks fuch as are like to prove fhip-timber, which are let Hand, as fo many facrsd and dedicate trees; by which means the iron-works are plentifully fupplied in the fame place, without at all diminifhing the flock of timber. Then in Bifcay again, every Proprietor plants three for one which he cuts down, and the law obliging them is moft feverely executed. See what we have already mentioned of the Duke of Lunenburg in this chapter, and that of the Walnut tree. There indeed are few or no coppices, but all are Pollards ; and the very lopping, J am afilired, does furniih the iron-works with fufficient to fupport them. "What the practice is for the maintaining of thefe kind of plantations in Germany and France, has already been obferved to this illuftrious Society by the learned Dr. Merret, viz. that the Lords and (for the Crown-lands j the King’s Commiflioners divide the woods and forefts into eighty partitions, every year felling one of the divifions, fo as no wood is felled in lefs than fourfeore years: And when any one partition is to be cut down, the Officer or Lord contrails with the buyer, that he fhall, at the diflance of every twenty feet, (which is fomewhat near) leave a good, fair, found, and fruitful Oak Handing: Thofe of betwixt forty and fifty years they reckon for the beft, and then they are to fence thefe trees from all forts of beafts and injuries for a competent time; which being done at the feafbn, down fall the acorns, which (with the autumnal rains beaten into the earth) take root, and in a fhort time furnifh all the wood again, where they let them grow for four or five years, and then grub up fome of them for fuel, or tranfplantation, and leave the moft probable of them to continue for timber. The French King permits none of his Oak woods, though belonging (fome of them) to Monfieur, his Royal Brother, in Appanage, to be cut down, till his own Surveyors and Officers have firft marked them out; nor are any felled beyond fuch a circuit: Then are they fufficiently fenced by him who buys; and no cattle whatfoever fuffered to be put in till the very feedlings (which fpring up of the acorns) are perfectly out of danger. But thefe, and many other wholefome Ordinances, efpecially as they concern the Foreft of Dean, we have comprifed in the late ftatute of the twentieth of his Majefty’s Reign, which I find enabled five years after the firft Edition 4 C 2A DISCOURSE Book III. t — * Aflifes Fo-reftae, &c. * See Grocn-zung de L. L. abrog. in Hol-landia ad Tit. Arbor furt Ctefar. I. ii. {One cruelly whipped at the Hague.) See alfo Carpzo-vius in Praxi Crim. part ii. queft.83. num. 2. feqq. and feveral others: The German Laws concerning Foiefts, are in abundance, and at large recited by Klochius and Pfllerus. 57Z of this Treatife; and thefe laws are worthy our perufal: As alfo the-ftatute prefcribing a fcheme of proportions for the feveral Landings of building timber, (befides what we have already touched, book iii. chap, iv.)-which you have 19 Car. II. entitled,. “ An A£t for the rebuilding of Lon--don j” to which. I refer the reader. In the mean time, commiffioners made purveyors for timber (though for the King’s ufe) cannot, by that authority, take timber-trees growing upon, any man’s freehold, it being prohibited by Magna Charta, cap. xxi. Nec nos nec Ballivi nojlri, nec aliir capiemus Bofcum alienum ad cajlra^ vel ad alia agenda nojlra, niji per voluntatem illius cujus Bofcus ille fuerit. We might here enlarge this title, by {hewing how different the foreft-laws are from the common-laws of England,, both as to their antiquity, and extreme feverity againft all offenders, (of what degree foever) till the oppreffion was fbmewhat qualified by the charta de forejla,. and afterwards by yet more favourable * conceffionsj fince, indeed, our Kings, after the. rigour and example of the hern Northern Princes, rendered it intolerable: But much of this concerned the preferving Royal Game; when as to timber trees, (like Germany) the whole ifland was almoft but one vaft foreft and wood, fo abounding, that what people might have had almoft for carrying off the ground it grew on, is now grown fo fcarce in thofe very places as that fuel is fold by weight: I think Mr. Cambden mentions Oxfordfhrre,, even fo long fince: And here I might mention that vaft Caledonian foreft, heretofore in Scotland, (whence the fea has its name, and the people Caledonians) having now not fo much as a fingle tree to fhew for it. Have we not then the greateft reafon in the world to take all imaginable care for the prefervation and improvement of this precious material ? We have faid nothing of the laws againft wood-ftealers, (efpecially thofe who cut up to the very roots the moft hopeful and thriving young Oaks, and fell bundles of them for walking-ftaves, &c.) feverely * punifhed in other countries, but leave the reft to our learned in the laws, craving pardon for the errors I may have fallen into, by prefuming to difcourfe of matters out of my Element and Profeffion.OF FOREST-TREES. sn C H A P. VII. ’Phe Parænefi$ and Conclufiony containing fame 'Encouragements and Propojals for the Planting and Improvement, of his Majejifs F or efts,* and other Amcenities for Shade and Ornament. * SINCE our-forefts' are undoubtedly the greateft magazines of the wealthy Ch. VII. and glory of this nation, and our Oaks the trueft oracles of its per-; —»------- petuity and happinefs, as being the only fupport of that navigation which; makes us feared abroad, and flourilh at home*, it has been ftrangely wondered at by fome good patriots, how it comes to pafs, that many Gentle-; men have frequently repaired, or gained a fudden fortune, with plowing part of their parks, and fetting out their fat grounds to Gardenèrs, &c. and very wild wood-land parcels (as may be inftanced in feveral places) to dlefiers of Hop-yards, &cr. whiles the Royal Portion lies folded up in a napkin, uncultivated and negle&ed, efpecially thofe great and ample fo-relis *, where, though plowing and fowing have been forbidden, a Royal Command and Defign may well difpenfe with it, and the breaking up of thofe intervals advance the growth of the trees to an incredible, improve^ ment. It is therefore infilled on; that there Î9 not a cheaper, eafier, or more prompt expedient to advance Ihip-timber, than to folicit, that in all his Majefly’s Forefts, Woods, and Parks, the fpreading Oak, &c. (which we have formerly deferibed) be cherilhed, by plowing and fowing Barley; ■ Rye, &c. (with due fupply of culture and foil between ^them) as far as> may, without danger of the plow-fhare, be broken up. But this is only where thele trees are arrived to fome magnitude, and Hand at competent diftances ; a hundred or fifty yards, (for their roots derive relief far beyond the reach of any boughs) as do the Walnut trees in Burgundy, which Hand in their bell plowed-lands. But, that we may particularize in his Majelly’s Forells of Dean; Shere-wood, Enfield-Chafe, &c. and in fome fort gratify the quæries of the Ho- N O T E S. * This Chapter Ihould conftitute part of the Political Catechifm of all Statefmen.A DISCOURSE 574 Sook III. nourable the Principal Officers and Commiffioners of the Navy; I am ad- V mJ vifed by fuch as are every way judicious, and of long experience in thofe parts, that to enclofe would be an excellent way : But it is to be confidered, that the people, viz. Forefters and Borderers, are not generally io civil and reafonable as might be wifhed •, and therefore to defign a folid improvement in fuch places, his Majefty mull afiert his power, with a firm and iiigh refolution to reduce thefe men to their due obedience, and to a necef- fity of fubmitting to their own and the publiek utility, tho* they preferved their induftry this way, at a very tolerable rate, upon that condition ; while fome perfon of truft and integrity did regulate and fupervife the mounds and fences, and deftine fome portions, frequently fet apart, for the raifing and -propagating of wood* till the whole nation were fiurnifhed for pofterity. Which work, if his Majefty fliall refolve to accomplifh, he will leave fuch an éverlaftihg obligation on his people, and raife fuch a monument to his fame, as the ages for a thoufand years to come fhall have caufe to celebrate his precious memory, and his Royal SuccefTors to emulate his virtue. For thus (befides the future expectations) it would in prefent be ho deduction from his Majefty’s treafure, but fome increafe, and fall in time to be a fair and worthy acceffion to it i whiles this kind of propriety would be the moft likely expedient to civilize thofe wild and poor Borderers, and to fecure the vaft and fpreading heart of the foreft, which, with all this indulgence, would be ample -enough for a princely demefne: And if thé difficulty be to find out who knows or acknowledges what are the Borderers, this article were worthy and becoming of as ferious an inquifition as the iegiflative power of the whole nation can contrive. The fum of all is, get the Bordures well tenanted, by long terms, and eafy rents, and this will invite and encourage takers •, whilft the middle, moft fëcure, and interior parts would be a Royal Portion. Let his Majefty therefore admit of any willing adventurers in this vaft circle for fuch enclofures in the precinCt; and rather of more, than of few, tho* an hundred or two fliould join together for any enclofure of five hundred acres, more or lefs % that multitudes being thus engaged, the confideration might procure and facilitate a full difeovery of latter encroachments, and fortify the recovery by favourable rents, improvements, and reverfions by copy-hold, or what other tenures arid fervices his Majefty fliall pleafe to accept of.OF FOREST-TREES. 575 Now for the planting of woods in fuch places (which is the main defign of this whole Treatife) the hills and rough grounds will do well j but they are the rich fat vales and flats which do belt deferve the charge of walls; fuch as that fpot affords ; and the Hawthorn well plaftied, Angle or double, is a better and more natural fence than unmortared walls, could our in-dufiry arrive to the making of fuch as we have defcribed : Befides, they are lading and' profitable; and then one might allow fufiicient bordure fpr a mound of any, thicknefs, which may be the firft charge, and well fup-ported and rewarded by the culture of the land thus encLofed. For example: Suppofe a man-would take in five hundred acres of good land, let the mounds be of the wilded ground, as fitted for wood: Two hedges, with their vallations and trenches, will be requifite in all the round, viz. one next to the enclofure, the other about the thicket, to fence it from cattle: This, between the two hedges, of whatfoever breadth^ is iittefl for plantations. In thefe hedges might be tried the plantation of docks, in the intervals all manner of wood-feeds fown,. after competent plowings, as Acorns, Mad, Fir, Pine, Nuts, &o. the fird year chafing away the birds, becaufe of the Fir and- Pine feeds, for reafons given. The fecond year loofening the ground, and thinning the fupernumeraries, &c. this is the mod frugal way : Or, by another method,, the wade places of foreds and woods, (which by thorough experience is known and tried) might be perfectly cleanfed; and then allowing two or three plfroHij^ well rooted docks be fct, cut, and trimmed as is requifite •, and that the timber-trees may be excellent, thofe afterwards coppiced, and the choiced docks kept fhreaded. If an enclofure be fowed, the feeds may be, as was directed, of all the fpecies, not forgetting the bed Pines, Fir, &c. Whiles the yearly removal of very incumbrances only will repay the workmen, who fell the Quick, or relerve it to dore other enclofures, and foften the circumjacent grounds to the very great improvement oF what remains. And how if in fuch fencing-works we did fometimes imitate what Quintus Curtius, lib. vi. has recorded of the MardorUrn Gens, near to the confines of Hyrcania, who did, by the clofe planting of trees alone upon the bordures, give fo drange a check to the power of that great Conqueror Alexander. They were a barbarous people indeed, but in this worthy our imitation, and the work fo handfomely and particularly defcribed, that I fhall not grieve to recite it: Arbores denfa funt ex induftria confita^ quarum teneros adbue rams mam fie blunt > quos intertos rurfus injerunt terra: btde? Ch. VII.A D I S C O U R S E S76 ^ Book III. velut ex alia radice l^etiores virent trunci: hos qua natura fert, adolefcere non Jinunt ; quippe alium alii quaji nexu conferunt, qui ubi multa fronde vefiiti funt, qperiant terram. Itaque occulti nexus ramorwn velut laquei perpetua fepe iter clau-dunt. “ The trees,” faith he, “ were planted fo near and thick together of purpofe, that when the boughs were yet young and flexible, bent and wreathed within one another, their tops were bowed into the earth, as we fubmerge our layers ; whence taking frefh roots, they fhot up new Items, which not being permitted to grow as of themfelves they would have done, they fo knit and perplexed one within another, that when they were clad with leaves, they even covered the ground, and enclofed the whole country with a kind of living net, and impenetrable hedge.” And this is not unlike what I am told is frequently pradtifed in divers places of Devon; where the Oaks being planted very near the foot of thofe high mounds, by which they feparate their lands, fo root themfelves into the bank, that when it falls and crumbles down, the fence continues ftill maintained by them with exceeding profit. Such works as thefe would become a Cato or Varro indeed, one that were Pater Patriot non fibi foli natus3 born for pofterity; but we are commonly of another mould : -------ds? fruges confumere nati. A fair advance for fpeedy growth and noble trees, efpecially for walks and avenues, may be afluredly expedted from the graffing of young Oaks and Elms with the belt of their kinds; and where the goodliefl: of thefe laft are growing, the ground fhould be plowed and finely raked in the fea-fon when the fcales fall, thfcpr the Ihowers and dews fattening the feed where the wind drives it, it may take root, and haften, as it will, to a fudden tree •, efpecially if feafonable flireading be applied, which has fometimes made them arrive to the height of twelve feet by the firft three years; after which they grow amain. And if fuch were planted as near to one another as in the examples we have alledged, it is almoft incredible what a paling they would be to our moft expofed plantations, mounting up their wooden walls to the clouds. And indeed the Ihelving and natural declivity of the ground more or lefs to our unkind afpedts, and bleak winds, does bett diredt to the thickening of thefe protections; and the benefit of that foon appears, and recompences our induftry in the fmoothnefs and integrity of the plantations fo defended. That great care be had of the feeds which we intend to fow, has been already advifed; for it has been feen that woods of the fame age, plantedOF FOREST-TREES. 5f7 in the fame foil, difcover a vifible difference in the timber and growth; Ch. VII. and where this variety fliould happen, if not from the feed, will be hard ~ to interpret •, therefore let the place, foil, and growth of fuch trees, from whence you have your feeds, be diligently examined; and why not this, as well as our care of animals for breed and ftore ? As to the form, obey the natural fite, and fubmit to the feveral guifes; but ever decline to enclofe highways and common roads as much as poffible. For the reft, be pleafed to refleCt on what we have already faid to encourage the planting of the large fpreading Oak above all that fpecies; let the amplitude of the difiance which they require be refigned to the care of the Verderer, for grafing cattle, deer, &c. Trees planted in this manner form, as it were, a wild Quincunx which prefents to the eye a great and mafculine beauty. But to advance the Royal Forefts to this height of perfection, I fhould again urge the removal of fome of our molt mifchtthtoufly placed iron-mills ; if that at leaft be true which fome have affirmed, that we had better iron, and cheaper from foreigners, when thofe works were ftrangers amongft us. I am informed that the New-Englijh (who are now become very numerous, and hindered in their advance and profpeCt of tbfc' continent by their furfeit of the woods, which we waSty did, about twelve years fince, begin to clear their highways by two iron-mills. I am fure their zeal has fuffici-ently wafted our ftately Woods, and Steel in the bowtl* of their Mother Old-England •, and it were now but expedient: their Brethren fhould haften thither to fupply us with iron for the peace of our days, whilft his Majelty becomes the great Sovereign of the Ocean, and of frei 'ffeftiorum Vindex IS Inftaurator magnus. This were the only way to render both our countries habitable indeed, and the fitteft facrifice for the Royal Oaks, and their Hamadryads, to whom they owe more than a flight fubmiffipn * And he that fhould deeply confider the prodigious wafte which thefe voracious iron and glafs-works have formerly made but in one county alone, the HUfety of Suffex, for one hundred and twenty miles in lJHflL and thirty in breadth, (for fo wide and fpacious was the antient Andradfwald, of old one entire wood, but of which there remains now little or no DBR wqpl|Re touched with no mean indignation. I named the Suflex glafs-works ; but what fpoil and prodigious confumption the falt-works had made n Wor-cefterfhire, fee the complaint of Mr. Cambden, fpeaking of Feck^jam-Foreft in his days, now neceftitated to ufe other coal; certainly the goodly 4 DA DISCOURSE 578 Book III. rivers and forefts of the other World would much better become thefe ' deftrudtive works, our Iron and Saw-millsr than thefe exhaufted countries, and we prove gainers by the timely removal: I have faid this already, and I cannot too often inculcate it for the concerns- of a nation, whofe only protection, under God, are her Wooden Walls. Another thing to be recommended (and which would prove no lefs than thirty, in fome places forty, and generally twenty years advance) were a good, if well executed, a6t to fave our ftandards and bordering trees from the ax of the neighbourhood: And who would not preferve timber, when 'within fo few years the price is almoft quadrupled ? I allure you ftandards of twenty, thirty, or forty years growth, are of a long day for the concernments of a nation. And tho* we have, in our general chapter of coppices, declared what by our laws and common ufage is expeCted at every fell, (and which is indeed moft requifite, till our ftore be otherwife fupplied) yet might much even of that rigour be abated, by no unfrugal permiflions to take down more of the ftandards for the benefit of the underwoods, (efpecially where, by over-dropping and fhade, they interrupt the kindly dews, rains, and influences which nourifh them) provided that there were a proportionable number of timber-trees duly and thoroughly planted and preferved in the hedge-rows and bordures of our grounds; in which cafe, even the total clearing of fome coppices would be to their great advance, as by fad experience has been taught fome good hufbands, whofe neceflities fometimes forced them to violate their ftandards, and more grown trees, during the late Tyranny. Nor will it be here unfeafonable to advife, that where trees are mani-feftly perceived to decay, they be marked out for the ax, that fo the younger may come on for a fupply, efpecially where they are chiefly Elms, becaufe their fucceflors haften to their height and perfedtion in a competent time ; but beginning once to grow fick of age, or other infirmity, fuddenly impair, and lofe much of their value yearly j befides, that the increafe of this, and other fpeedy timber, would lpare the Oak for navigation and the fturdier ufes. How goodly a fight were it, if moft of the demefnes of our Country Gentlemen were crowned and incircled with fuch ftately rows of Limes,OF FOREST-TREES. 579 , Firs, Elms, and other ample, fhady, and venerable trees as adorn New- Ch. VII. Hall in Effex, the feat of that Suffolk Knight, near Yarmouth; our neighbouring paftures at Barnes; with what has been planted of later years by the Illuftrious Marquis of Worcefter*, the moft accomplifhed Earl of Effex ; and even in lefs fertile foils, though purer air, at Eufton, by the Right Hon. the Earl of Arlington, Lord Chamberlain of his Majefty’s Houfholdj and at Cornbury, by the late Lord Chancellor, the Earl of Clarendon; and is done nearer this imperial city by the Earl of Danby, late Lord High Treafurer of England, at Wimbleton; the Noble Earl of Rochefter (fucceeding him in that fupreme Office) at New-Park; the Duke of Norfolk at Albery, now the Lord Guernfey’sj Sir Robert Cooke at Dur-dence, at Epfom, now my Lord Barkley’s *, and at Bedington, an antient feat of the Carews, famous for the firft Orange trees planted in the naked earth one hundred years fince, and flill flourifhing. Befides what might have been feen, (as by me they were in perfedtion and with admiration) the Royal Seats of Oatland, Richmond, and above all Nonfuch, defcribed by the judicious Cambden, with deferved Eulogies. All thefe, and more, in my own fweet county of Surry, inferior to none for pleafure and falubrity of the air; to which we add the princely Seyourns of the adjoining county, Eltham and Greenwich, for its park and profpedt, not only emulous, but in many relpe&s exceeding that of the famous Thrafian Bofphorus from Conftantinople: That palace, namely at Greenwich, now turned into a ftately and capacious college (the incomparable work of that accomplifhed architect Sir Chriftopher Wrenn) of which I had the honour to lay the firft foundation ftone, as the Firft Treafurer of that royal ftrudture, eredled for the reception and encouragement of emerited and well-deferving feamen and mariners, for its glorious fabrick and conveniencies exceeding any in Europe dedicated to that excellent purpofe. To this alfo belongs a Park, as there did to that of Eltham. Nearer the metropolis yet are thofe of St. James’s, Hyde-Park, and that fweet Villa (as noW" built, planted, and cauffl|lifhed) of Kenfington, deferving a particular defcription; and for all that can be defirable of magnificence, Hampton Court, truly great, in a moft: beautiful Flat i the palace, gardens, canal, walks, groves, and parks; the fweet and filent Thames gliding her filver ftreams to the triumphal Win-fonian Tempe, raifing its ftately head, and which alone has in view an 4 D 2A DISCOURSE 580 Book Hi. hemirphere as far as eyes and telefcopes can diftinguilh earth from heaven 5 L thus from the Keape, the Terrace, Parks, and Forefts, equalling, nay- exceeding, any thing Europe can boaft of- Other there are fweet and deleCtable country feats and villas of the No-blefs, rich and opulent citizens, (about our Augufta) built and environed with parks, paddocks, plantations, &c. adapted to country and rural feats, difperfed through the whole nation, confpicuous not only for the . ftruCture of their houfes, built after the beft rules of architecture, but for fituation, gardens, canals, walks, avenues, parks, forefts, ponds, pro-lpeCt and villas, groves, woods and large plantations, and other the raoft charming and delightful recedes, natural and artificial : But to enumerate and defcribe what were extraordinary in thefe and the reft, would furnifh volumes: For who has not either feen, admired, or heard of Audly-End, Althorp, Awkland, Allington, AmpKill, Aftwell, Al-dermafton ? Bolfover, Badminton, Breckly, Burghly on the Hill, and the other Burghly, Bockton, Buckhurft, Buckland, Bellroiro, Blechington, Beft-wood, Broom-hall ? Caftle-Rifing, Caftle-Afhby, Chatfworth^ Charfley, Cornbery, Cafia-bery, Cobham, Cowdrey, Caverfham, Cranburn-Park, Charlton, Copt-Hall, Claverton, famous for Sir W. Baftet’s vineyard, producing forty hogfheads of wine yearly. Nor muft I forget that of Deepden, planted by the Honourable Charles Howard, of Norfolk, my worthy neighbour in Surry ? Drayton, Dorington-Park, Dean ? Eaftwell, Eufton, Eclefwold, Edfcomb, Eafton, Epping ? Falfton, Flankford ? Grayftock, Goodrick, Grooby, Grafton, Golden-Grove ? Holdenby, Haddon, Hornby, Hatfield, Haland, Hoathfield, Plinton, Holm-Pierpoint, Horftmounceaux ? Ichingfield ? Kirby, Knowefby? Longleat, Latham, Lenfal, Latimer, Lawnlbourgh ? More-Park, Mulgrave, Marlborough ? Normanby, North-Hall, Norborough, Newnham? St. Oftlo, Oxnead ? Petworth, Penlhurft, Pafton-Hall ?OF FOREST-TREES. 5?r Quarendon, Quickiwood ? Ragland, Rutford, Ragbey, Ricot? Sherborn, Sherley, Swallowfield, Shasford, Shaftlbury, Stanfted,. Scots-Hall, Sands of the Vine ? Theobalds, Thorn-kill, Thorny? Up-Park ? "Wilton, Wreft, Woburn, Welbeck, Worklop, Woodftock, which, as-Cambden tells us, was the firft Park in England; as it is like to be one of the moft magnificent and princely palaces and feats of that illuftrious Hero, his Grace the Duke of Marlborough, to whofe courage and conduct not the fafety of the Empire alone, but of Europe is due, whilft the adtions at Blenheim and Schellemberg may challenge equal trophies with Miltiades and Csefar, at Marathon and Pharfalia.-But to proceed, Wimburn, Writtle-Park? And generally all thofe feats which go under the names of Caftles and1 Halls, as in Yorkfhire, Eflex, &c. were ftored with noble parks full of timber, omitted here; which, but to have named, would over-fwell the alphabet; without reckoning thofe of Ireland, which a few years-fince was an inexhauftible magazine of timber, deftroyed by the Cromwellian Rebels, not only in that kingdom, but through all England: As to parks, there were more in this nation than in all Europe befide: And moft of all that catalogue above-named, have yet their parks full of good timber-trees, induftrioufly improved by the owners, fince the fpoil of the late Ufurpers and Sequeftrators. To thefe lhould I add the vaft forefts, (moft of them belonging to the' Crown) as that of Dean, New-Foreft, Windfor, Alhdown, Leonard, Sherewood, Epping, Panbet, Chute, &c. Forefts for the moft part without trees, and feveral of them together heretofore comprehended in that vaft Andradfwald already mentioned, of one county only. There were formerly twenty groves in Clarendon-Park near Salifbury, celebrated by Mefokerus, cited by Cambden, that were every one of them a mile in compafs. In a word, to give an inftance of what ftore of woods, and timber of prodigious fize, there were growing in our little county of Surry, (with fufficient grief and relu&ancy I fpeak it) my own Grandfather had Handing at Wotton, and about that eftate, timber that now were worth 100,0001. Since of what was left my father,, (who was a great preferver of wood) there has been 30,000!. worth of timber fallen by the ax, and ch. vir. -----------lA DISCOURSE Book III. u.—.j Nehem. c. ii. v. 18. 582 the fury of the late hurricane and ftorm : Now no more Wotton, ftripped and naked, and alhamed almoft to own its name. All which confidered (for there are many other places and eftates which have fuffered the like calamity) Ihould raife, methinks, a new fpirit of in-duftry in the Nobility and Gentry of the whole nation, like that with which Nehemiah infpired the Nobles as well as the People of the Captivity (than which nothing fo much refembled that tedious flavery, and return from it, than did the Reftoration of King Charles II.) Let us arife upy fays the brave man, and build; and fo they jlrengthened their hands, for the people had a mind to the work. And fuch an univerfal fpirit and refolution to fall to planting, for the repairing of our wooden walls and caftles, as well as of our •eftates, fhould truly animate us : Let us arife then and plant, and not give it over till we have repaired the havock our barbarous enemies have made} Pardon then this zeal, O ye lovers of your country, if it have tranfported me! To you Princes, Dukes, Earls, Lords, Knights, and Gentlemen, Noble Patriots, as moft concerned, I fpeak, to encourage and animate a work fo glorious, fo neceftary. Of the noble Foreft of Norimberg and its privileges, fuch care has been taken by many Emperors, that the very models of the plows are ftill pre-ferved, drawn by above an hundred horfes, (it being two hundred years fince this Royal Plantation was begun) wifely prefaging what ravage might be made by the fpoil which the wars have fince caufed in that goodly country ; which being then an almoft continual foreft, is now fo fadly wafted. Nor has this been the fate of Germany alone, but of all the moft flouriftiing parts of Europe, through the execrable and unfatiable ambition of thofe who have been the occafion of the ruin not only of thefe venerable lhades, ftately trees and avenues, (the graceful ornaments of the moft princely feats) but of the miferable defolation of entire provinces, which their legions have left, with the inhuman murders of fo many Chriftians, without diftin&ion or juft provocation! Mifchiefs not to be repaired in many ages, the truculent and favage marks, among others, of a moft Chriftian King, Nomine non Re ! In the mean time, what provifion this de-molifher of woods in other countries makes to furnilh and ftore his own dominions with fo neceftary a material, we have mentioned in this chapter; and how impolitick a wafte there was of timber in France in John Bodin’s time, fee Repub. lib. vi. cap. i./ OF FORE S.T- TREE S'.. 583 But leaving this fad and melancholy profpedt, I return to the effects of cH vil. peace, and it fhall be to that plantation of Elms, carried out of England -J by Philip fiJ of Spain, to adorn his Royal Palace at Aranjuez, (of which I have already fpoken, lib. i. cap. iv.) near Madrid in Spain : The palace is feated on the banks of the famous river Tagus, and the plantation on the north, where there is a piece of ground inclofed, formed into walk», of fix hundred and eighty yards long, and three hundred in breadth, in fhape of a trapezium or parallelogram, about which the Tagus is artificially drawn to fence it. Next the river-fide are more walks, not above twenty feet in breadth, for clofer fhade, planted on each fide with double ranks-ef Elm, fome of which are forty yards high, ftript up to the top, and fo' near fet as fifteen feet fpace: The fecond row U about fix feet diftant from the other-, not planted exactly againft its ufual oppofite, but the interval;, and through the fpace between glides a narrow fhallow channel of water, to refrefh the trees upon occafion; thus, o o o o o o 00000 Which: is the method ufed in may ridings of Elm-walks, fome of which are a league in length, adorning this feat beyond any palace, fome think, in the world. Many of thefe indeed are on the decay, prejudiced by their being planted fo near one another; but for all that, it takes not much from the beauty of the Villa, which is certainly the moll furprizingly agreeable; to which the ample fountain, and noble flatues in the crofs-walks, make fo glorious an addition as would require a particular defcription. And now-do I not for all this fo magnify it, as if not to be paralleled in our own country; where, I dare affirm, there are many that exceed it, both in form and planting, (which has there feveral defeats) but as we faid, for an exotick example, fo admired and celebrated by that boafting nation, as if the univerfe could not fhew the like. And what, in the mean time, can be more delightful than for noble perfons to adorn their goodly manfions and demefnes with trees of venerable lhade, and profitable timber? By all the rules and methods imaginable, to cut and difpofe thofe ampler inclofures into lawns and ridings for exer-A DISCOURSE 584 Book III, C1^ health, and profpefl, and for which I fhould here prefume to furnifh fome farther directions, were it not already done to my hand by the often-cited Mr. Cooke, in that ufeful work of his; where, in the thirty-eighth chapter, he has laid down all that I can conceive neceflary, by meafures exactly taken from the middle line of any front, following the centre-flake, if it be for a walk: He there determines the widenefs of the walk, according to its length, as forty feet to one of half a mile; if more, fifty or fixty ; and if you withal defire fhade, that then you fhould make three walks, the two collaterals twenty feet broad, to a middle one of forty, twenty-five to fifty, fo that the middle be as wide as both the other: He likewife fhews how proper it is that walks fhould not terminate abruptly, but rather in fome* capacious or pretty figure, be it circle, oval, femi-circle, triangle, or fquare, efpecially in parks, or where they do not lead into other walks; and even in that cafe, that there may gracefully be a circle to receive them: There he fhews how to pierce a walk through the thickeft wood, either by flakes fet up where they may be feen to direCt, or by candle and lanthorn in a calm night: He alfo gives the diflances of the trees in relation to each other, according to the fpecies, and fhews how neceflary it is to plant them nearer in thofe ovals, circles, and fquares, for the better diflinClion of the figures, fuppole to half the diflance of that of the walks, and proportionable to the amplitude or fmallnefs thereof. As for lawns, he ad-vifes that they fhould, if poflible, be contrived on the fouth or eafl fide of the feat or manfion, for avoiding the impetuoufnefs of weltern winds ; and that your belt rooms may front thofe lawns and openings, and to fkreen from the' occidental and afternoon’s fun, which alfo hinders the profpeCl: A lawn on the north expofes the houfe to that piercing quarter, and therefore it fhould be well defended with the tailed: trees: For the figure he commends the fquare, with three avenues breaking out at the three angles, or one at the angle oppofite to the houfe *, and thefe lawns may be bounded with walks, or a Angle row of Lime trees at competent diflance: To which I add, the circle, with a flar of walks radiating from it, likewife exceeding pleafant-, fuch as the Right Hon. the Earl of Winchelfea has cut out at his noble feat in Kent *, and fince, far exceeding the mofl, at Long-Leats, the flately palace of the Lord Vifcount Weymouth ; at Badminton, the Duke of Beaufort’s princely feat in Glouceflerfhire; at Ack-downe-Park in Berks, a mofl delightful folitude, from the centre of a large wood belonging to the Lord Craven •, and in Worceflerfhire at Weflwood, the manfion of Sir John Packington; bcfides thofe mentioned by Dr. Plot in his Natural Hiflory of Staffordfhire, with many others; mofl ofOF FOREST-TREES. 5*5 ■which have been graphically plotted and defigned (together with the feats, Ch. V1L gardens, fountains* pifcinas, plantations, avenues, villas, and profpe<5ts about them) by Mr. Kniff) in near an hundred copper-plates; a moll laudable undertaking, and becoming the encouragement of thofe noble per-fons, who would do honour to themfelves, their families, and the whole nation. But thefe incomparable amenities and undertakings will bell of all become the infpeCtion and care of the noble Owners, Lieutenants, Rangers, and ingenious Gentlemen, when they delight themfelves as much in the goodlinefs of their trees, as other men generally do in their dogs and horfes, for races and hunting i neither of which recreations is comparable to that of planting, either for virtue or pleafure, were things juftly conlidered according to their true eftimation : Not that I am of fo morofe a humour, that I reprove any of thefe noble and manly diverfions, feafonably ufed; but becaufe I would court the indullry of great and opulent perfons to profitable and permanent delights : For, fuppofe that ambition were changed into a laudable emulation, who fhould bell, and with moll artifice, raife a plantation of trees, that Ihould have all the proper ornaments and perfections their nature Is fufceptible of, by their direction and encouragement; fuch as Aslian fums up, lib. iii. cap. xiv. Ejym»V 0% xXxfoi, ^ * xop* tto^Xv, &c. kind and gentle limbs, plenty of large leaves, an ample and fair body, profound or fpreading roots, ftrong againft impetuous winds, (for fo I affeCl to read it) extenfive and venerable lhade, and the like: Methinks this were as much a fubjeCt of glory asHiuld be fancied of the kind; and comparable, I durlt pronounce preferable, to any of their recreations; and how goodly an ornament to their demdnes and dwellings, let their own eyes be the judges. One encouragement more I would reinforce from an hiftory I have read of a certain frugal and moft induftrious Italian Nobleman, who, after his Lady was brought to bed of a daughter, (confidering that wood and timber was a revenue coming on whilft: the owners were afleep) commfl«H Mi fer-vants immediately to plant in his lands, which were ample, Oaks, Allies, and other profitable and marketable trees, to the number of an hundred thoufand; as undoubtedly calculating, that each of thofe trees might be worth twenty-pence, before his daughter became marriageable, which would amount to 100,000 Francs, (near ten thoufand pounds llerling) and this he intended to be given with his daughter for a portion. This 4 1A DISC OUR S È 586 ook III. was good philofophy, and fuch as I am adored was frequently pra&ifed - in Flanders upon the very fame account: Let us fee it once take effect amongft our many flothful Gentry, who have certainly as large demefnes, and yet are fo deficient in that decent point of timely providing for their numerous children*, and thofe who have none, let them the rather plant: Trees and Vegetables have perpetuated fome names longer and better than a pedigree of a numerous offspring, as I have already fhewed *, and it were a pledge of a noble mind, to oblige the future age by our particular in-duftry, and by a long lading train,- with the living work of our own hands. But I now proceed to more general concerns in order to the Quaeries *, and firft to the proportion : It were but juft, and infinitely befitting the miferable needs of the whole-nation, that every twenty acres of pafture made an allowance for half an-acre of timber; the ground dug about Chriftmas, calling the graffy-fide downwards till June; then dug again, and about November ftirred afrefh, and fown with mail, or planted in a clump, well preferved and fenced for fourteen or fifteen years, unlefs that flieep might haply graze after four or five years: And where the young trees ftand too thick, there to draw and tranfplant them into the hedge-rows, which would alfo prove excellent fhel-ter for the cattle: This hufbandry would more efpecially become North-amptonfhire, Lincolnfhire, Cornwall, and fuch other of our countries as are the moft naked of timber, fuel, &c. and unprovided of covert; for it is rightly obferved, that the moft fruitful places leaft abound in wood, and do the moft ftand in need of it: CramplC fig Leicefterflfire ; GxUbat foil can be better than tbat JFoi ani? thing heart can ueftre ? 8no i?ct both it toant i?e fee fobat ; o©aft, cooert, dofe pafture, ani) wood, 3no other things neeoful, as gooo. 2. 09oie pienti? of mutton ano beef, Coin, butter, ano chcefe of the heft, o$oie Uiealth ani? fohere (to be biief ) a^orc people, moie hanofome, ano pieft,OF FOREST-TREES. 587 Wbexe finD ?e (go fearcb an? coafl) Cban there to&ere inclofure p molt f 3- for the labouring man, 3s toell in tbe toton as the ftclu; £D? thereof (tienise, if ?e can) Q9o?e profit tobat countries no ?ielb ? a^ore feloom tuber0 fee ?e tbe poor 00 Pegging Rom Uoo? to 000? ? 4* 3fn wood-land tbe poo? men that bane Scarce full? ttuo acres of lanu, a£)o?e merril? line, ano. 00 fane €ban t’other tuitb ttoent? in bano: 2?et pa? tbe? as much fo? tbe ttuo as t other fo? tfoent? mutt no. 3[f this fame be true, as it is, mbv gather tbe? nothing b? this ? Thus honed Tufier, above an hundred years fince, and the whole age has juftified it ^ fince it is 'evident, that by inclofure, and this diligent culture, the very word; Land of England would yield tenfold more profit than that which is here celebrated for the bed: and richeft fpot of it. Such as are ready to tell you their lands are fo wet that their woods do not thrive in them, let them be converted to padure, or bellow the fame indudry on them which good hufbands do in meadows by draining\ which indead of thole narrow rills (gutters rather) might be reduced to a proportionable canal, cut even and draight, the earth taken out and fpread upon the weeping and uliginous places \ nor would the charge be fo much as that of the yearly and perpetual renewing and cleanfing of thofe numerous and irregular duices; befides, there is a profit in doring the canal with filh. It is a flothfulnels to do otherwile, fince it might be effected in few years, by continually, and by degrees making the middle cut large, where 't cannot be fo conveniently done at once, and the pains would certainly 4 E 2 Ch. VII.A DISCOUR S E 588 Book III. be as fully recompenfed in the growth of their timber as in that of their grafs: Where poor hungry woods grow, rich corn, and good cattle would be more plentifully bred and it were beneficial to convert fome woodland (where the proper virtue is exhaufled) to paflure and tillage,.provided that frefli land were improved alfa to wood in. recompence, and to balance . the other. Where we find fuch uliginous and flarved places, (which fometimes obey, no art or induftry to drain,, and of which our pale and fading corn is a fure indication) we are as it were courted to obey nature, and improve them from the propagation of Sallows, Willows, Alders, Abele, Black-Cherry, Sycamore, Afpen,. Birch, and the like hafly and profitable growers, by ranging them,, cafling of. ditches,, trenches, &c. as before has been taught. In the mean while,, it is a thing to be deplored that fome perfons bellow more, in grubbing and drefiing a few acres, which have been excellent wood, to convert them into wretched paftui'e, not worth a quarter of what the trees would have yielded, well ordered, and left {landing, fince it is certain, that barren land planted with wood' will treble the expence in a fhort time. Of this, the Right Honourable the Lord Vifcount Scudamore may give fair proof, who having felled (as I am credibly informed) a decayed wood,, intended to fet it to'tenantsbut upon fecond thoughts (and for that his Lordfhip faw it apt to call wood) inclofed and preferved it. Before thirty years were expired it yielded him near 1000L upon wood-falls, whereas the utmofl rent of the whole piece of land yearly was not above 81. 10s. The like I am able to confirm by inflating a Noble Perfon, who, a little before our unhappy wars, having fown three or four acres with acorns, the fourth year tranfplanted thole * 1664 which.grew too thick, all about his Lordfhip. Thefe trees are now* of that flature, and fo likely to prove excellent timber, that they are already judged to be almofl as much worth as the whole demefne \ and yet they take off nothing from other profits, having been difcreetly difpofed of at the firfl defignment. And fuppofing the longevity of trees fhould not extend to the periods we have, upon fo good account, produced-, yet, neither is their arrival to a very competent perfe&ion fo very dilcouraging: fince I am credibly informed, that feveral perfons have built of timber, and that of Oak, which were acorns within thefe forty years j and I find it credibly reported, that even our famous Foreft of Dean hath been utterlyOF FOREST-TRErE$. 589 wafted nö lefs than three feveral times within the fpace of nine hundred years. The Prince EleCtor, Frederick IV. in the year 1606, (owed a part of that moft barren heath of Lambertheim with acorns after plowing, as I have been informed: It is now * likely to prove a moft goodly fordV, though all this while miferably negleCted'by reafon of the wars. For the care of planting trees fhould indeed be recommended to Princes and great Perfons, who have the fee of the eftate; tenants upon the rack, by reafon of the tedious expectation, and jealoufy of having their rents enhanced, are, for the moft part, averfe from this Hufbandry j fo that unlefs the Landlord will be at the whole charge of planting and fencing, (without which as good no planting) little is to: be expected ; and whatfoever is propofed to them above their ufual courier is looked upon as the whim and fancy of fpeculative perfons, which they turn into ridicule when they are applied to action *, and this (fays an ingenious and excellent Hufbandy,. whofe obfervations have afforded me no little treafure) might be the reafon why the prime writers of all ages endeavoured to involve their difcourfes with allegories, and {enigmatical’ terms, to protect them from the contempt and pollution of the Vulgar, which has been of fome ill confe-quence in hulbandry * for that very few Writers of worth" have adventured upon fo plain a fubjeCt, though doubtlefs, to any confidering perfon, the moft delightful kind of Natural Philofophy, and that which employs the : moft ufeful part of the Mathematiek«.. * The Right Honourable the late Lord Vifcount Mountague has planted many thoufands of Oaks, which, I am told, he drew out of coppices*, big enough to defend themfelves; and that with. fuch fuccefs as has exceedingly improved his poiTeftions ; and it is. a worthy example. To conclude, I could have fliewn an avenue planted to a houfe Handing in a barren park, the foil a cold clay; it confifted totally of Oaks, one hundred in number: The perfon who firft fet them, dying very lately, lived to fee them fpread their brandies one hundred and twenty-three feet in compafs,, which, at the diftance of twenty-four feet,' mingling their lhady treftes for above a thoufand in length, formed themfelves into one of the moft venerable and ftately arbor-walks that in my life l ever beheld: This was at Baynards in Surry, and belonging lately to my moft honoured Brother (a moft induftrious planter of wood) Richard Evelyn, Efq;-fince tranf- planted to a better world :. The walkris fifty-fix feet broad, one tree with another containing, by eftimation, three quarters of a load of timber, and imiheir lops three cords of fire-wood: Their bodies were not of the talleft,, Ch. VII. 1——__..j * 1664.A- DISCOURSE ,59° Book HI. jiaving been topped when they were young, to reduce them to an uniform ' Tl- heighti yet was the timber mod:excellent for its fcantling; and for their heads, /ew in England excelling them: Where fome of their contemporaries were planted fingle in the park without cumber, they fpread above fourfeore feet in arms ; all of them fince cut down and deftroyed by the . perfon who continued to detain the juft poffeffion of that eftate from thofe to whom of right and confcience it belonged. Since then it is difpoled of, and I am gl^d it has fallen into the hands of the prefent PofTeftor. But I have fome few inftances to fuperadd, of no mean encouragement, before I dilmils my Reader, becaufe they are fo very pregnant and authentiek. Sir Thomas Southwell, after he had fold and felled all the timber and underwood in a certain parcel of land lying in Carbrook, in the county of Norfolk, called by the name of Latimer-Wood, containing eighty acres, (now, as I underftand, belonging to Sir Robert Clayton, Knight) granted a leafe of the faid ground, with other land, to one Thomas Waftney, the father, with liberty to grub and ftub up all the wood and ftub-fhoots remaining, and to clear the faid ground for pafture or tillage, as he fhould think to be molt for his profit and advantage: Accordingly he puts out the lame to labourers to ftub and clear; but was, it feems, perfuaded by one of them, to preferve fome of the young Hands or faplings then growing there, as that which might be of greater emolument to him before the expiration of the leafe, than if he fhould quite extirpate them, and convert the faid ground to tillage •, thele faplings were then fo fmall, as when it happened that any of the labourers did break the haft of his mattock, he could hardly find one amongft them big enough to make another of for his prefent ufe: Nay, when the faid labourers had made an end of clearing the ground of the old ftub-fhoots, upon which the timber and underwood did grow, (which is now fifty years fince) there was not a tree left growing in it, that could be valued at above threepence, to be felled for any ufe or fervice. About the year 1650, the eftate being then come (after the death of Sir Richard Crane, Knight) .to William Crane, Efqj and the leafe of the fame to Thomas Waftney, the fon, he offered five hundred of the beft of the faid young Oak faplings to one Daniel Hall, a dealer in timber, for two fhillings and fixpence the tree i which he refilling to give, the faid Thomas Waftney making his application to Mr. Crane above-mentioned, (then owner of the eftate) and defiring Daniel Hall to acquaint him what pity it was to cut down fuch young and thriving trees, Mr. Crane was perfuaded to allow the faid Thomas WaftneyOF FOREST-TRfEl S9* fourfcore pounds to let them ftand j‘. fince which time* the' faid Mr. Ch. VII. Crane fold as many of thofe trees and faplings as came to about forty ^ ~ ‘" J pounds, and left growing, and remaining on the ground,: about thirteen, hundred and eighty trees ; which, in Auguft 1675, being (upon the defire of Mr. Crane) valued by the faid Daniel Hall, were eftimated to be worth 700I. himfelf fince offering for fome of the faid trees forty or fifty lhillings a tree; five hundred of them being better worth than 5001. Now the faid Latimer-Wood, were it cleared of the timber, would not be let for abovd four or five {hillings per acre at the mot. The particulars of this hiftory I received under the hands and certificates of the above-mentioned Daniel Hall, who is the Timber-merchant, and two-of the ftubbers or labourers, yet living, that were employed to clear the ground. I have likewife tranf-mitted to me this account from Mr. Sharp, under the hand of Robert Daye, Efq; one of his Majefty’s Juftices of the Peace for the county of Norfolk, as followeth: There were, in 1636, an hundred timber-trees of Oak, growing on fome grounds belonging then to Thomas Daye, of Scopleton, in the county of Norfolk, Efq*, which were that year fold to one Robert Bowgeon of Hingham, in the faid county, for iO'01. which price was believed to be equal, if not to furmount their intrinfic worth and value; but, after agreement made for them* a refufal happening, (which continued the trees handing till the year 1671) thofe very trees were fold to Thomas Ellys of Windham, Timber-mafter, and one Henry Morley, Carpenter, by Mr. Daye (fon of the faid Thomas Daye, Efq-,) for 5601. And this comes to> me* attefted under the hand of Mr. Daye himfelf, dated May 4, 1678. * From the fame Mr. Sharp I receive this in fiance of an Afii planted bjr the hands of one Mr. Edm. Salter, in that county, which he fold for 40s. before his death but this is frequent.. I am likewife aflured that three acres of barren land, fown with acorns*' about fixty years fince, are now become a very thriving wood: The improvement of thofe few acres amounts to 30b!. more than the rent of the land, and what it was before worth to be fold. Once more, and I. have done. NOTES. * A few years ago, one hundred Oak Trees growing in the park at Noftell, the feat of Sir Rowland Winn, Bart, were fold for 5000A DISCOURSE 592 Book III. Upon the eftate of George Pitt, Efq-, of Stratfeildfea, in the county of 1 1 Southampton, a furvey of timber being taken in the year 1659, it came to 10,300 k befides near 10,000 famplers not valued, and growing up naturally: Since this, there hath been made by feveral fales 5600 k and there has been felled for repairs, building, and necefiary ufes, to the value (at the leaft) of 1200 k fo as the whole falls of timber amount to 6800 k The timber upon the fame ground being again furveyed Anno 1677, appeared to be worth above 21,0001. befides eight or nine thoufand famplers and young trees to be left Handing, and not reckoned in the furvey : But what is yet to be obferved, mod of this timber above-mentioned, being Oak, grows in hedge-rows, and fo as that the Handing of it does very little prejudice to the plough or paHure. It is likewife affirmed, that upon. a living in the fame place, of about 40k rent per Ann. there were (by an eHimation taken in the year 1653) three hundred thirty-eight young timber-trees, valued at 59 1. the faplings at 311. 14 s. And upon a later furvey, taken the laH year, 1677, the worth of the timber on that living is valued at above 800k befides four or five hundred young thriving trees, which have, fince the furvey in 11653, gr°wn naturally up, not reckoned in this account- With fuch, and the like inHances, coming to me from Perfons and Gentlemen of un-queHionable credit, (difperfed through feveral other counties of this nation) I might furnifh a juH volume j and I have produced thefe examples becaufe they are confpicuous, full of encouragement, worthy our imitation-, and that from thefe, and fundry others which I might enumerate, we have riiade this obfervation, that almoH any foil is proper for fome profitable timber-trees or other, which is good for very little elfe, Befides common paHure which has long been fed and is the very beH meadow, that is up-land and rich, and fuch as we find to be naturally Wood-feere, as they term it, the bottoms of Downs, and like places well plowed and lown, will bear luHy timber, being broken up, and let lie till Midfummer, and then Hirred again before lowing about November. Mr. Cooke’s directions are thefe: Prepare as for Towing of barleyj about February fcatter your feeds: If you plow your ground into great ridges, the thicknefs of the earth on the top will afford more depth and nounfhment for tb< roots, and the furrows being filled up with leaves, when rotten, will lead the roots from one ridge to another: In dry groundOF FOREST-TREES. 593 plow the ridges crofs the defcent, not to drain, but keep the water on the ground; but in wet lands, contrary: This I hold to be an excellent note.: He conceives the barley feafon to be of the lateft to fow your feeds, but 'with oats it does well, fo you fow them not too thick.*, but it is belt of all to fow them by themfeLves, without any crop of grain at all. A more expeditious way is to plant with fets, making holes or fofies (which are bell) two feet wide, and deep, and about half a rod diftant, wiz. four in every rod fquare, two fets in each hole, fowing your keys and feeds among them the enfuing fpring, and that continued as oft as you find Jlampings and keys to be had, even till your wood be perfectly furnifhed, only taking care that they lie not long too thick, becaufe it will heat and burn the kernels \ and therefore let them be put into the ground as foon as they are prefied, or elfe lay them thin, or parted with ftraw.. In cafe your land be poor, and wanting depth, or but indifferent, ob-ferving the pofture of your ground, divide it into four yards diftance at both extreams, by ffnall ftakes; making rows of them, by fetting up fome Few between them, to direct and lay your work ftraight, plowing one yard of each fide of the ffakes, if the ground be green fward, for the eafier running of the roots: Having thus plowed two yards, and left two unplowed through your whole piece, fome fhort time before the planting feafon, fo foon as the fall of the leaf begins, dig up the unplowed inter-ftices, laying one half of the earth on the unplowed pieces, and the other half upon the reft; and as you do this, plant your prepared fets about a yard diftant, with ftore of fallow or other cuttings with them, digging that ground which you laid on the plowed part a good fpade deep, which will make it near a foot thick to plant your fets in: Thus proceed from one unplowed ground to another, till all of it is planted: Two men on each fide of the ridges will foon difpatch the work, which fhould be finilhed by the latter end of January, which is the belt time for the fowing your keys, nuts, and other feeds, unlefs the weather be frofty, in which cafe you may a little defer it: And when all is fowed, cover them a little with the fhovelings of fome ditches, pond, or other ftuff, as an allured' good way to improve fuch grounds to confiderable advantage. For the planting of Walnuts, Chefnuts, Cyder-Apples, or any other Foreft or Fruit-trees, in open fields, Mr. Cook directs hovr the trian- 4 F Ch. VIL594 A DISCOURSE Book III, gular form exceeds all therreft for beauty and advantage, I refer you ta * his 33d chapter. ‘ An old and judicious planter of woods prefcribes us thefe directions-for improving "Of* fheep-walks, downs, lieaths, &c. Suppofe on every fuch walk, on which five hundred ftieep might be kept, there were plowed up twenty acres, (plowed pretty deep, that the roots might take hold, and be able to refill thè winds) this ihould be fowed with Mali of Oak, Beech, Chats of Afii, Màple-keys, Sloes, Service-berries, Nuts, Bulace, Haws, and bruifed Crabs, mingled and fcattered about the fides and ends of the ground, near a yard in breadth. On the reft fow no Haws, but fome few Crab-kernels ; then begin a fide, and fow five yards broad, plowing under the Maft, &c. very fhallow-, then leave fix yards in breadth, and fow and plow five yards more ; and fo from fide to fide, remembering to leave x yard and half at the laft fide ; let the reft of the head-lands lie till the remainder of the Clofe be fown in March with Oats, &e. to preferve it from hurt of cattle, and poaching the ground : When the fpring is of two years growth, draw part of it for Quick-fets ; and when the reft of the trees are of fix years ftioot, exhauft it of more, and leave not above forty of either fide, each row five yards diftant, and here and there a Crab-ftock to graff on, and in the invironing hedge (to be left thick) let the trees ftand four yaftls aftmder -, which if forty-four were fpared, will amount to above four thoufand trees. At twenty years end, ftock up two thoufand of them i lop a thoufand more every ten years, and referve the remaining thoufand for timber. Judge what this may be worth in a fhort time, be-fides the grafs, which will grow the firft fix or feven years, and the benefit of fhelter for fheep in ill weather, when they cannot be folded; and the pafture which will be had under the trees, now at eleven yards interval, by reafon of the flocking Up thofe two thoufand we mentioned, excepting the hedges -, and if in any of thefe places any confiderable waters fortune to lie in their bottoms, fowl would abundantly both breed and harbour there. Thefe are admirable directions for park-lands, where fhelter and food is fcarce. 4 Even in the moft craggy, uneven, cold, and expofed places, not fit for arable, as in Bifcay, &c. and in our very peaks of Derbyfiiire, and other rocky places, Afhes grow about every village-, and we find that Oak, Beech, Elm, and Afh will profper in the moft flinty foils.. And it is truly from thefe indications, more than from any other whatfoever that a brokenOF FOREST-TREES. 595 and decaying Farmer is to be djftinguifhed from a fubftantial Freeholder, qh> the very , trees fpeakjng the condition of the Malier. Let not then the U Royal Patrimony bear a Bankrupt’s reproach. But to defcend yet lower : Had every acre but three or four trees, and äs many' of fruit in it as would a little adorn the hedge-rows, the improvement would be of fair advantage in a few years ; for it is.; a fliame that Turnip-planters fhould demolifh and undo, hedge-rows near London, where the mounds and fences are ilripped naked, to give fun to a few miferable roots, which would thrive altogether as, well under them, being Skilfully pruned and lopped: Our Gardeners will not believe me, but I know .it to be true, though Pliny had not affirmed it. As for Elms, faith he^ their fhade is fo gentle and benign, that it nourifhes.whatfoever grows under it $ and (lib. xvii. cap. xxii.) it is his opinion of all other trees, (very few excepted). provided their branches be pared away; which being difcreetly done, improves the timber, as we have already fhewed. Indeed, where Elms are planted either about very fmall crofts or avenues referved for pafture, the roots are. apt to fpring up and annoy the grafs : But I fpeak of the. larger .field, and even in the former, that part of the root which fpreads into the field, may {as I have fhewn) be hindered from infedling it, by cutting away thofe fibres which run into the field, without any impeachment to the growth of the trees, of which I have fome whofe roots are cut off very near the main Items at one fide, thriving almoft ^together as well as thofe which have their roots entire.. Now let us calculate a little at adventure, and much within what is both feafible and very pofiible, and we fhall find, that four fruit-trees in each acre throughout England, the produft fold but at fix pence the bufhel, (but where do we now buy them fo cheap will be worth-a .million yearly. What then may we reafopably judge of timber, admit but at the growth of four pence per acre yearly, (which is the lowed: that can be eftimated) amounting to near half a million, if (it:it Hfuppofed) there may be five or fix and twenty millions of fquare acres in the kingdom, (befides fens, highways, rivers, &c. not counted) and without reckoning in the maft or loppings; which whofoever fhall calculate from the annual revenue the maß only of Weflphalia (a fmall and wretched country in Germany) does yield to that Prince, will conclude to be no defpicable improvement. 4 F 21 59^ A DISCOURSE Book III. In, this poor territory, every Farmer does hy antient cuftom plant 15 many Oaks about his farm as may fuffice to feed his fwine. To effefit this, they have been fo careful, that when of late years the armies infefifed the poor country, (both Imperialifts and Proteftants) the fingle Bilhoprick of Munfter was able, to pay one hundred thoufand crowns per menfem, (which amounts of our money to about 25,0001'. fterlihg) befides the ordinary entertainment, of their own Princes and private families. This being incredible to be pra&ifed in a country fo extremely barren, l thought fit to mention, either to encourage or reproach us. General Melander was wont to fay, the good hufbandry of their anceftors had left them this flock pro facra anchor a j confidering how the people were afterwards reduced to live even on their trees, wherr the foldiers had devoured their hogs j redeeming themfelves from great extremities, by the timber which they were at laft compelled to cut down, and which, had it continued^ would have proved the utter defolation of that whole country. I have this inftance from my moil worthy and honourable friend Sir William Curfius, late his Majefty’s Refident in Germany, who received this particular from the mouth of Melander himfelf. In like manner, the Princes and Freedoms of Hejfe, Saxony, Thuringia, and divers other places there, make vaft incomes of their foreft-fruit (befides the timber)' for fwine only: So as in a certain wood in Hejffia only, twenty thoufand have been fatted, yielding the Prince 30,000 florins.. I'fay then, whofoever ftiall duly confider this, will find planting of wood to be no contemptible addition, befides the paflure much improved, the cooling of fat and heavy cattle, keeping them from injurious motions* diflurbance, and running as they do in fummer, to find fhelter from the heat and vexation of flies. But I have done, and it is now time to get out of the wood, and to recommend this, and all that we have propofed, to his Moll Sacred Majefty, the Honourable Parliament, and to the Lord High Treafurer, principal Officers, and Commifiioners of the Royal Navy •, that where fuch improvements may be made, they be fpeedily and vigoroufly profecuted j and where any defe&s appear, they may be duly reformed. And what if, for this purpofe, there were yet fome additional Office con-ftituted, which fhould have a more univerfal infpedtion, and the charge ofOF FOREST-TREES. 597 all* the Woods and Forefts in his Majefty’s Dominions ? This might eafily be performed by Deputies in every County ; perform judicious and fkilful in Hufbandryr and who might be repaired-, to for advice and direction: And if fuch there are at prefent, (as indeed our laws feem to provide) thar their power be fufficiently amplified where any thing appears deficient; and as their zeal might be excited by worthy encouragements, fo might negledls be encountered by a vigilant and induftrious check.. It fhould be.-long to their province to fee that fuch proportions of timber, &c. were planted and fet out upon every hundred, or more of acres, as the Honourable Commiflioners have fuggefted; or as might be thought convenient, the quality and nature of the places prudently confidered. It fhould be their office alfo to.take notice of the growth and decay of woods, and of their fitnefs for publick ufes and fale, and ofall thefe.to.give advertifements, that all defeat in their ill governing, may be fpeedily remedied ; and the fuperior Officer or Surveyor fhould be accountable to the Lord Treafurer, and to the principal Officers of his Majefty’s Navy for the time, being. And why might not fuch a regulation be. worthy the. eftablifhing by Tome Solemn and Publick A£t of State,, becoming our Glorious Prince, SOVEREIGN OF THE SEAS! and his prudent Senate, the prefent Parlia-. men til But to fhew how this Xilotrophiae Studium for the prefervation of timber was honoured, We find in Ariftotle’s Politicks, the Conftitution of Extra-urban Magi-ftrates to be Silvarum Cuftodes; and fuch were the Confulares Silva, which the Great Casfar himfelf (even in a time when Italy did abound in timber) in-ftituted; and was one of the very firft things which he did, at the fettling of that vaft Empire,. after the Civil Wars-had exceedingly wafted the country. Suetonius relates it in the Life of Julius; and Peter Crinitus, in his fifth book De Honefta Ttifciplina,. cap. iii. givesthis reafon Jgjr it, Ut materies, faith he, non deejfet, qua videlicet Jfavigia publica pojfent a, prafeffuris fabrum, confici. True it is, that this Office was fometimes called Provincia minor; but for the moft part annexed and joined to fome of the greateft Confuls themfelves ; that facetious Sarcafm of the Comedian (where Plautus names it Provincia caudicaria) referring only to fome under, officers, fubfervient to the other. And fuch a charge is at this day extant amongft the noble Venetians, who have near Triviji (befides what they nourifh in other places) a goodly foreft of Oaks, preferved as a Jewel, for the only Ch. VIL De collegiis Fabrorum, .Centonario-rum, & Den* drophororum, Navicularior.. ratium exer-cit. & Cau-dicariorum, pluHmje extant Infcrip-tiones apud Lipfium in lib. Infcrip. antiq. quales Bergomerfi-um Brixianor. Comenfium, Lugdunenf. Araricorum & Rhodanicor. ' eorumque cor-porum, & Col-legionipfpa-tronis curato-ribus. - Vide etiam Hieron. Rubeum, 1. i. HilJ. Raven-nat. Item de Dendrophoris Cod. Theo-dof. lib. i. & 'ii. iifdem verbis ic&ript: Morifot. Orb. Marit. lib. i. cap. xxiv.♦ A DISC OUR S E f 598 Book III. ufe of the arfenal, called the Montelloand this is carefully fupervifed by a certain Officer whom they name il Capitano. The like have the Genoezes for the care of the goodly forefts of At tonin the I hand of Corfica, full of goodly Oaks and other timber; which not only furniffi that ftate with fufficient materials to build their own gallies, and other vefifels, but fo many for fale to other nations, that fince the late infult the French Mo-' narch made upon that glorious city, he has haughtily forbid them to traf-fick any more with ftrangers, by fupplying them as heretofore, to their great detriment and lofs: This timber is ot fuch a grain and quality, as tho’ felled in the new moon, it is not at all impaired. We might, befides all thefe, inftance in many other prudent ftates ; not to importune you with the exprefs laws which Ancus Martius, the Nephew of Numa, and other Princes long before Csefar, did ordain for this very purpofe; fince, indeed, the care of fo publick and honourable an enter-prize as is this of planting and improving of woods, is a right Noble and Royal Undertaking; as that of the Foreft of Dean in particular, were it bravely managed, an Imperial Defign ; and I do pronounce it more worthy of a Prince, who truly confults his glory in the higheft intereft of his fub-je&s, than that of gaining battles, or fubduing a province. And now after all this, and the directions and encouragements enumerated in this chapter, together with the moft important concerns of thefe dominions, I lift not to declare by whofe negligence fo little effeCts appear of thefe improvements, which might by this time have been made in the Royal Magazine, ever fince the firft edition of this Treatife*; though the Officers then intrufted, and whofe duty it was, be now no more. I cannot, however, but call to mind how leemingly felicitous and earned: the Commif-fioners were I ffiould digeft and methodize the papers I laid before them on this fubjeCt, with a zeal becoming Publick Spirits, (as under their hands I have to ffiew) whilft the putting it in practice to any laudable degree, was foon caft by as a projeCt fcarce worth the while. I again affirm, that had thefe advantages of foreft culture been then vigoroufly encouraged and promoted, there had now been of thofe materials infinite ftore, even from the very acorn and feminary, a competent advance of the moft ufeful timber for the building of ftiips, - (as I think is fufficiently made out) fince NOTES. * This takes in a period of forty years, viz. from the firft appearance of the Silva in 1664, to the publication of the fourth edition in 1704.OF FOREST-TREES. 599 his late'Majefty’s Reftoration. The want of timber, and the necefiity of Ch. VII. being fupplied by foreign countries, if not prevented by better and more *—-v*~-induftrious inftruments, may prove in a Ihort time a greater mifchief to the publick than the late diminution of the coirr, I wilh I prove no prophet, whilft I cannot for my life but often think of what the learned Mle-lantthon above an hundred years ftnce was wont to fay (long before thofe barbarous wars had made thefe devaftions in Germany) That the time was coming, when the want of three things would be the ruin of Europe, Lignum, probam Monetam^ probos Amicos j ’Timber, good Money, Jincere Friends. How far we fee this predidtion already verified,, let others judge: And if what I here have touched with fome refentment in behalf of the publick and my country, in this ruftick Difcourfe, ufing the freedom of a plain Forefter, feems toe rude,, it is the Perfon I was commanded to put on^ and my Plea is ready, AjDuof Trapcvtry?, wa? «Vwt fcyXsvsIxi.- Prsefente Quercu, ligna quivis- colligit.- For who could have fpoken lefs upon fo ample a fubjedt ? And therefore I hope my zeal for it in thefe Papers will excufe the prolixity of this digref-fion, and all other the imperfections of my fervices. Si canimus Silvas, Silvae funt confule dignas. APPENDIX to the NOTES on the Chapter of the OAK. Since thefe flieets were printed off, I have' been favoured with the following curious and interefting account of the ules of Oak Leaves in Hot-houfes.-The idea is quite new, and 1 entertain a perfect confidence in the whole narrative, it having been communicated to me by Mr. Speechly, Gardener to his Grace the Duke of Portland,, by order of his Grace» The Editor. “ -— ---------1 prefume that the leaves of the Oak abound with the fame qua- lity as the bark of the tree, therefore the fooner- they are raked up after they fall from the trees, the better, as that quality will naturally decreafe during the time they are1 expofed to the weather. After being raked into heaps they ftiould immediately be carried to fome place near the Hot-houfes, where they mull: lie to Couch. I generally fence them round with Charcoal-hurdles, or any thing elfe to keep them from being<6oo A DISCOURSE blown about the garden in windy weather. In this place we tread them well, .and water them in cafe they happen to have been brought in dry. We make the heap fix or feven feet in thicknefs, covering it over with old .matts, or any thing elfe, to prevent the upper leaves from being blown away. In a few days the heap will come to a ftrong heat. For the firft year or two that I tifed thefe leaves, I did not continue them in the heap longer than ten days or a fortnight ; hut in this I difcovered a confi-derable inconvenience, as they fettled fo much when got into the Hot-houfe as foon to -require a fupply. Taught by experience, I now let them remain in the heap for five x>r fix weeks, by which time they are properly .prepared for the Hot-houfes. In getting them into the Pine-pits, if they appear -dry, we water them again treading them in layers exceedingly well -till the pits are quite full. We then cover the whole with Tan to the thicknefs of two inches, and tread it well till the furface become fmooth .and .even. Gn this we place the Pine-pots in the manner they are to ftand, beginning with the middle .row firft;, and filling up the {paces between the pots with Tan. In like manner we proceed to the next row till the whole be finifhed ; and this operation is performed in the fame manner as when Tan only is ufed. u After this the leaves require no farther trouble the whole feafon through, as they will retain a conftant and Tegular heat for twelve months without either ftirring or turning; and if I may form a judgment from their appearance when taken out, (being .always entire and perfect) it is probable they would continue their heat through a fecond •year; but as an annual fupply of leaves is eafily obtained, fuch a trial is hardly worth the trouble of making. After this the Pines will have no occafion to be moved but at the ftated times of their management, viz. at the fhifting them in their pots, &c. when at each time a :little frefh Tan fhould be added to make up the deficiency arifing from the fettling of the beds ; but this will be inconfiderable, as the leaves do not fettle much after their long Couching. During the two‘firft years of my pra&ice I did not ufe any Tan, but plunged the Pine-pots into the leaves, and juft covered the furface of the beds, when finifhed, with a little faw-duft, to give it a neatnefs. This method was attended with one inconvenience ; for by the caking of the leaves they fhrunk from the fides of the pots, whereby they became expofed to the air, and at the fame time the heat of the beds was permitted to efcape. “ Many powerful reafons may be given why Oak leaves (for I have not tried any Other kinds) are preferable to Tanners bark. UFirft, They always heat regularly; for during the whole tune that I have ufed them, which is near feven years, I never once knew of their heating with violence ; and this is fo frequently the cafe with Tan, that I affirm, and indeed it is well known to every perfbn converfant in the management of*/he Hot-houfe, that Pines fuffer more from this one circumftance, than from all the other accidents put together, Infers excepted. When this accident happens near the time of their fruiting, the effeft is foon feen in the fruit, which always comes ill fhaped and exceedingly fmall. Sometimes tb re will be little or no fruit at all; therefore Gardeners who make ufe of Tan only for their Pines, fhould be moft particularly careful to avoid an over-heat at that critical feafon——the time of Jhewing fruit.OF FOREST-TREES. 6 oi ■tc Secondly, The heat of Oak leaves is conftant; whereas Tanners bark generally turns cold in a very fhort time after its furious heat is gone off. This obliges the Gardener to give the Tan frequent turnings in order to,promote its heating. Thefe frequent turnings (not to mention the expence) are attended with the worft confequences, for by the continual moving of the pots backwards and forwards, the Pines are expofed to the extremes of heat and cold, whereby their growth is confiderably retarded ; whereas when leaves are ufed, the Pines will have no occafion to be moved but at the times of potting, See.--The Pines have one particular advantage in this undifturbed fituation; their roots grow through the bottoms of the pots and matt amongft the leaves in a furprizing manner. From the vigour of the plants, when in this fituation, it is highly probable that the leaves, even in this ftate, afford them an uncommon and agreeable nourifhment. U Thirdly, There is a faving in point of expence, which is no inconfiderable object in places where Tan cannot be had but from a great diftance, as is the cafe here, the article of carriage amounting to ten (hillings for each waggon-load. Indeed, this was the principal reafon that firft induced to me to make trial of leaves. “ My laft ground of preference is the confideration that decayed Leaves make good manure ; whereas rotten Tan is experimentally found to be of no value. I have often tried it both on Sand and Clay, alfo on Wet and Drylands, and never could difeover, in any of my experiments, that it deferved the name of a Manure; whereas decayed Leaves are the richeft, and, of all others, the moft fuitable for a Garden. But this muft only be underftood of leaves after they have undergone their fermentation which reduces them to a true vegetable mould, in which we experimentally know that the food of plants is contained.-but whether that food be Oil, Mucilage, or Salt, or a combination of all three, I leave to Philofophers to determine. This black mould is, of all others, the moft proper to mix with compoft earth, and I ufe it in general for Pines, and almoft for every thing that grows in pots. For Flowers it is moft excellent. The remainder of this vegetable mould may be employed in manuring the quarters of the Kitchen-Garden, for which purpofe it is highly ufeful. “ Leaves mixed with Dung make excellent Hot-beds——and I find that beds compounded in this manner preferve their heat much longer than when made entirely with Dung. In both cafes the application of Leaves will be a confiderable faving of Dung, a circumftance very agreeable, as it will be the means of preventing the contefts frequently obferved in large families between the Superintendant of the Gardens and the Directors of the Hufbandry. IVelbert, Feb. 20, 1776. W. SPEECHLY.” 4 G . r OF FORES T- TREE S. 603 DENDROLOGIA. BOOK THE FOURTH. An Hijiorical Account of the SACREDNESS and U S E of STANDING GROVES. ND thus have we finiftied what we efteemed neceflary for the direc- b00k IV. tion of planting, and the culture of trees and woods in general; 1»— »■■* whether for the raifing of new, or prefervation of the more antient and venerable fhades, crowning the brows of lofty hills, or furnilhing and adorning the more fruitful and humble plains, groves, and forefts, fuch as were never prophaned by the inhumanity of edge-tools: Woods, whofe original are as unknown as the Arcadians; like the goodly Cedars of Li-banus, Pfalm civ. Arbores Dei, according to the Hebrew, for fomething doubtlefs which they noted in the genius of thofe venerable plants, be-fides their mere bulk and ftature: And, verily, I cannot think to have well acquitted myfelf of this ufeful fubjedb, till I fhall have in fome fort vindicated the honour of trees and woods, by fhewing my reader of what efti-mation they were of old for their divine, as well as civil ufes •, or at lead refreshed- both him and myfelf with what occurs of hiftorical and inftrudtive amongft the learned concerning them. And firft, Handing woods and forefts were not only the original habitations of men, for defence and fortrefies, but the firft occafion of that fpeech, polity, and fociety which made them differ from beafts. This, the Architect Vitruvius * ingenioufly deicribes, * Vltruv. I. n. where he tells us, that the violent percuflion of one tree againft another, Cl,p I' forced by an impetuous wind, fetting them on fire, the flame did not fo much furpriee and affright the falvage forefters as the warmth, which (after a little gazing at the unufual accident) they found fo comfortable: This (fays he) invited them to approach it nearer, and, as it fpent and confumed, by ligns and barbarbous toneg (which in procefs of time were formed into ftgniftcant words) to encourage one another to fupply it with frefl com-buftibles: By this accident the wild people, who before were afraid of one 4 G 2A: DISCOURSE 604 Book IV. another, and dwelt afunder, began to find the benefit and fweetnefs of f6-—1 ciety, mutual afiiftance, and converfation; which they afterwards improved, by building houfes with thofe trees, and dwelling nearer together.. From thefe mean and imperfedt beginnings they arrived in time to be authors of the moft polilhed arts; they eftablifhed laws, peopled nations, planted countries, and laid the foundation- of all that order and magnificence which the fucceeding ages have enjoyed. No more then let us admire the enormous moles .and bridges.of Caligula acrofs to Baiae; or that, of Trajan over the Danubius (ftupendous work of ftone and marble !) to the ad-verfe Jfhores; whilft our timber and our trees making us bridges to the furtheft Indies and Antipodes,land us into new worlds. In a word, (and to fpeak a bold and. noble truth) trees and woods have twice faved the whole world ; firft by the Ark, then by the-Orofs;. making full amends for. the evil fruit, of the tree in Paradife, by that which was borne on the tree in Golgotha.. But that we may give an account of the facred and other ufes of thefe venerable retirements, we will next.proceed to. defcribe what thofe phaces were,. Though Silva was the more general name, denoting a large tradl of wood or trees, the incidua and cadua^ yet there were feveral other titles attributed to greater or lefier aflemblies of them : Domus Silva was a Summer- houfe.;, and fuch was Solomon’s "Ooc^ <5>U|W»,, 1 Reg. vii. 2. When they planted them for pleafure and ftiade only, they had their Nemora; and as we our Parks, for the prefervation of game and particularly veni-fon, fo had they their Saltus, and Silva invia, . fecluded for the moft part from the reft. But among authors we meet with nothing more frequent, and indeed more celebrated, than thofe arboreous amenities and plantations of woods, which they called Luci; and which, tho’ fometimes reftrained to certain peculiar places for devotion, (which were never to be felled) yet were they alfo promifcuoufly both ufed, and taken for all that the wide foreft comprehends, or can fignify. To difmifs a number of critics, the name Lucus is derived by Quintilian and others, who delight to play with words, (by antiphrafis) a minime Lucendo, becaufe of its denfity *, ----nulli penetrabilis ajlro. NOTES. * The learned Mr. Bryant, in his Analyfis of Antient Mythology, has fomething extremely curious upon the derivation of the word Lucus. He fays that the Sun, by the Amonians, was ftiled El-Uc, which the Grecians changed into Avxot, Lucos, He was alfo ftiled El-Uc-Or, which was changed to Avxvftvt; and El-Uc-Aon, ren-OF F O R E S T - T R E E S. 605 whence Apuleius ufech Luco fublucido; and the Poets, Subluftri umbrae Others (on the contrary) have taken it for light in the mafculine*, umbra, non quia minime^ .fed quia maxime luce at ; by fo many lamps fufpended in them before the Ihrine j or beoaufe. they kindled fires, by what accident unknown. -----------------------feu Cceli fulmine rnilTo, Sive quod inter fe bellum Silveftria gentea Hoftibus intulerant ignem, formidinis ergo. Lucr,et. lib. v.. ---------------Whether it were- By lightning fent from Heaven, or elfe there The falvage men in mutual wars and fight, Had fet the trees on fire,.their foes t’affright» BookIW Oi* whether the trees fet on fire themfelves: Mutua dum inter fe rami ftirpefque teruntur; When clafhing boughs thwarting, each other fret. . NOTES». dered Lycaon, Aux«»y. As this perfonage was the fame as El-Uc, Aoxo;; it was fabled of him that he was turned into a wolf. The caufe of this abfurd notion arofe from hence : every facred animal in Egypt was diflinguifhed by fome title of the Deity-But the Greeks never confidered whether the term was to be taken in its primary, or in its fecondary acceptation; hence they referred the hiftory to an animal, when it related to the God, from whom the animal was denominated. Avuot, Lucos, was, as I have {hewn, the name of the Sun hence, wherever this term occurs in compofition^ there will be commonly found fome reference to that Deity, or to his fubftitute Apollo. We read of Auxia AttgMuvos of Lycorus, a fuppofed fon of Apollo: of Lycomedes, another fon : of Lycofura., the firft city which the fun beheld.. The people of Delphi were of old called Lycorians; and the fummit of. Parnaffus, Lycorea. Near it was a town of the fame name ; and both were facred to the God of Light. From Lucos, in in this fenfe, came lux, luceo, lucidus, and Jupiter Lucetius, of the Latins: and Au%»os> A 11^1«, Av^vtuu, of the Greeks : alfo AexaSas, and though differently expreffed. Hence it was that many places, facred to Apollo, were {tiled Leucey Leuca3 Avtuoc, LeucaSy Leucate : Mox et Leucatae nimbofa cacumina montis, Et formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo. Virg. Hence alfo inferiptions DEO LEUCANIjE : which term feems to denote Sol-Fons, the Fountain of Day. The name Lycophrotiy Auxop^y, which fome would derive from Adxo?, a Wolf, fignifies a perfon of an enlightened mind. Groves were held very facred : hence Luc us, which fome would abfurdly derive a non lucendo, was fo named from the Deity there worfhiped. Vol I. p. 79,6o6 A DISCOURSE Book IV. * See the learned Pez-ron Antiq. fusé. f Eufeb. I. v. cap. 19. Demonltr. Evang. ubi de Tereointho. Hieronymus, de locis He* braids, &c. i Hieron in Epitaph Paul, vide & Eraf. Schol in Ep.ad Pammachium. || See the F.m-peror’s Re-icript to Bifh. Macarius, for the demolition of the Idol xvorfhipped there; and the building of a magnificent church. Eufeb. de vit. Conflant. l.iii, cap. jo. For fuch accidents, and even the very heat of the fun alone has kindled wonderful conflagrations; or haply (and more probably) to confume their facrifices, we will not much infill. The Poets, it feems, fpeaking of Juno, would give it quite another original, and tune it to their fongs invoking Lucina, whilft the main and principal difference confided not fo much in the Name, as the Ufe and Dedication, which was for filent, awful, and more folemn Religion (Silva, quaji filens locus) •, to which purpofe they were chiefly manu confiti, fuch as we have been treating, entire, and never violated with the Ax: Fabius calls them Sacros ex Vetujlate, venerable for their age; and certain it is, they had of very great antiquity been conlecrated to holy ufes, not only by fuperfltitious perfons to the Gentile Deities and Heroes,' but to the true God by the Patriarchs themielves, who, ab initio, (as is prefumed) did frequently retire to fuch places to ftrve him, com-pofe their meditations, and celebrate facred mylleries, prayers, and oblations •, following the tradition of the Gomerites, or defcem.ants of Noah, who firll peopled Galatia and other parts of the world after the univerfal deluge *. From hence fome prefume that even the antient Druids had .their origin: But that Abraham might imitate what the mofl religious of that-'age had pradtifed before him, may not be unlikely-, for we read he foon planted himfelf and family at the Quercetum of Mainre, Gen. xiii. where, as Eufebius, Ecclef. Hid. 1. i. c. 18. -f gives us the .account, he fpread his pavilions, eredted an altar, offered and performed all the prieflly rites -, and there, to the immortal glory of the Oak, or rather Arboreous Temple, he entertained God himfelf/ Ifidore, St. HieromJ, and Sozomen report confidently, that one of the moft eminent of thofe trees remained till the reign of the great Conftantine, (and the flump till St. Hierom) who founded a venerable chapel || under it ; and that both the Chriflians, Jews, and Arabs held a folemn anniverfary or flation there, and believed that from the very time of Noah it had been a confecrated place. Sure we are, it was about fome fuch affembly of trees, that God was pleafed firft of all to appear to the Father of the Faithful, when he eflablifhed the Covenant with him; and more exprefsly, when removing thence (upon confirming the League with Abimelec.h, Gen. xxi. and fettling at Bcerfheba) he defigned an exp refs place for God’s Divine Service: For there, fays the facred text, he planted a Grove, and called upon the name of the Lord. Such another tuft we read of, (for we mufl not .always reflrain it to one fingle tree) when the Patriarch, came to mV2 Eton Moreh, ad Quercetum Moreh: But whether that were the fame in which the High-Priefl reported the famous Stone, after the exhortation mentioned, Jofhuaxxiv. 26,OF FOREST-TREE'S, 607 we do not contend} under an Oak, fays the Scripture, and it grew near Book IV the Sanctuary, and probably might be that which his grandchild confecra- ted with the funeral of his beloved Rebecca, Gen. xxxv. For it is appar rent, by the context, that there God appeared to him again : So Grotius, upon the words, “ fubter Quercum,” fays, Illam ipfam cujus mentio, Gen. xxxv. 4. in hiftoria Jacobi et Juda templando, fays a knowing critic •, and another, Templum eft nefcio quid immane, atque ampliim \ fuch as Arnobius fpeaks of, that had no.roof but heaven, till that fuffip-•tuous fabric of Solomon was confined ■ to Jerufalem, and the goodlieft Cedars and moft coftly woods were carried thither to form the columns and lay the rafters; and then, and not till then, was it fo much as fchifm, that I can find, to retire to Groves for their devotion, or even to Betlvel itfelf. In fuch recefifes were;the antient Oratories and Profeuchae, built theatre-wife, fub dio, at fome diftance from the cities, A&s.xvi. and made ufe of even amongft the Gentiles as well as the people of God; (nor is it always the lefs authentical for having been the guife of nations); hence that of Philo, {peaking of one who Tratra? IuSc&luv 7rpo-) > Cherry tree, (the wild one I fuppofe) which has a very fmooth rind, as the witty Calphurnius: 'sDic age, nam Cerafi tua cortice verba notaba; Et decifa feram rutilanti carmina libro. Repeat, thy words on Cherry bark I’ll take, -And that red Ikin my table-book will make. ' Let ns add the fweet Propertius: Ah quoties teneras refonant mea verba.fub umbras, •Scribitur & veftris Cynthia Corticibus. Eleg. xviii. * Theocrit. And fo deep were the incifions made, as that of Helena * - on the Platan, nas idyll. 18. («f tva.^v r)g a.vu.yvo'm) that one might run and read them. And thus for- faken Lovers appeal to Pines, Beeches, and other trees of the foreft. But we. have dwelt too long on thefe trifles, omitting alfo what we might relate of feafting, banquetting, and other lplendid entertainments under trees, nay, fometimes in the very bodies of them. But we will now change the ifcene, as the Egyptians did the mirth of their guefts, when they ferved in a fcull to make them more ferious : For thus, Amongft other ufes of Groves, I read that fome nations were wont to hang, not malefadlors only, but their departed friends, and thofe whom they moft efleemed, upon trees, as fo much nearer to Heaven, and dedicated to God, believing it far more honourable than to be buried in the earth. And that fome. affedted to repofe rather in thefe woody places, J?ropertius feems to befpeak: Di faciant mea ne terra locet ofia frequenti Qua facit afiiduo tramite vulgus iter.j Poll mortem tumuli fic infamantur amantum, Me tegat arborea devia terra coma. The Gods forbid my bones in the high road Should lie, by every wand’ring vulgar trod. Thus .buried lovers are to fcorn expos’d; My tomb in fome by-arbor be inclos’d.OF FOREST-TREES. 625 The fame is affirmed of other feptentrional people by Chr. Cilicus de Bello Dithmarfico, lib. i. Jt was upon the trunk of a knotty and flurdy Oak the antient heroes were wont to hang the arms and weapons taken from the enemy, as trophies * as appears in the yet remaining flump of Marius at Rome, and the reverfes of feveral medals. Famous for this was the pregnant Oleafter which grew'in the Forum of Megara, on which the Heroes of old left their ffiields and bucklers, and other warlike harnefs, till in procefs of time it had covered them with fucceffive'«OfcCS of bark and timber, as it was afterwards found when Pericles facked the city, which the Oracle predidted fhould be impregnable, till a tree fhould bring forth armour *. We have already mentioned Rebekah, and read of Kings themfelves that honoured fuch places with their fepulchres: WHat elfe fhould be the meaning of 1 Chron. x. 12, when the valiant men of Jabefh interred the bones óf Saul and Jonathan under the Oak ? Famous was the Hyrnethian Ccemetry where Diaphon lay. Aria annexed to the parifh church) but for other reafons, not here necefiary to-trouble the reader with, what I have faid in general being fufficient:-However, let them order it as they think fit, fo it be not in the church, or chancel. Plato, as we noted, permitted trees to be planted' over fepulchres,. to, obumbrate the departed; but with better reafon we adorn their groves , with flowers and redolent plants, juft emblems of the life of man, which has been compared in Holy Scripture to thofe fading beauties, whofe roots being buried in difhonour, rife again in glory. Of fuch hortulan inftanr ces, Gruter gives us this infcription V. F. T. VETTIUS. T. L HERMES SEPLASIARIUS MATER. GENUIT. MATER. RECEPIT HI. HORTI. IT A. UTI; OPT. MAXIMIQ^ SUNT CINERIBUS. SERVIANT. MEIS NAM. CURATORES. SUBSTITUAM QUI. VESCANTUR EX. HORUM. HORTORUM. REDITU NATALI. MEO ET. PRAEBEANT. ROSAM. IN. PERPETUUM HOS. NEQUE. DIVIDI NEQUE. ALIENARI. VOLO NOTE S. was certainly fo, through the excefs of the joy which he conceived, inftantly expired.” The Epitaph was written by Sir Andrew Corbet, A. D. 1614, in Englifh, whence Mr. Burton, the Commentator on. Antoninus, turned it into the Latin exhibited by Mr. Evelyn.—Elizabeth had not yet had time to open the confecrated ground for the reception of Proteftants,OF FOREST'-TREES. 62 y This fweet flower, borne on-a branch full fet with Thorns, and accom- Book IVl panied with the Lily, are natural hieroglyphics of our fugitive, umbratile, — —f anxious, and tranfitory life, which making fo fair a Ihew for a time, is-not yet without its thorns and crofies. Of this kind, and the like antiquity, we could multiply inftances •, nor is the cuftom yet altogether extindb in my own native county of Surry, and near my dwelling, where the Maidens yearly plant and deck the graves of their defundt Sweethearts with Rofe-bufhes j of which I have given account in the learned Mr. Gibfon’s Edition of Camden; and for the reft, fee Mr. Sumner of Garden-Burial, and the learned Dr. Cave’s Primitive-Chriftianity. And now let not what I have faid, concerning the pious Dr. Hammond’s Paraphrafe in the Text, of Hortulan Burial, be thought foreign to my fubjeft, fince it takes in the cuftom of it in the Groves, and lhady and folemn places, as I have already {hewed : And thus the Yew, planted in our country church-yards, the Cyprefs, growing fo like a fliroud as does that fepulchral tree, and other perennial greens, emblems of immortality, and a flourifhing ftate to come, were not lefs proper to ihade our natural bed,, would our climate fuffer it.. Let us return then to Groves, and for diverflon add a fliort recital of the moft famous Groves which we find celebrated in hiftories; fince thofe,, befides many already mentioned, were fuch as, being confecrated both to Gods and Men, bore their names. Amongft thefe are reckoned fuch as were facred to Minerva, Ifis, Latona, Cybele, Ofiris, iEfculapius, Diana, and efpecially the Ariciniarr, in which there was a goodly temple erected, placed in the midft of an ifland, with a vaft lake about it, a mount and a Grotto adorned with ftatues, and irrigated with plentiful ftreams : And this was that renowned recefs of Numa, where he fo frequently converfed with his sEgeria, as did Minos in the cave of Jupiter*, and by whofe pretended infpirations they gained the deceived people, and made them receive what laws they pleafed to impofe upon them. To thefe we may join the Groves of Vulcan, Venus, and the little youth Cupid; of Mars,. Bellona, Bacchus, Silvanus, and that of the Mufes near Heli&ifl, dedicated by the fame Numa, their great Patron; and hence had they theirrta A D IS C O U R S E 630 ook IV. name Camointe*. In this was the noble ftatue of Eupheme, nurfe to thofe f Poetical Ladies; and fo the Feranian, and even Mens Parmjfus, were (.thick fhaded with trees. Nor may; we omit the more impure Lupercal *Groves, facred, or profaned rather, yet molt famous for their affording .Ihelter and fofter to Romulus and.his brother Remus. That of Vulcan was ufually guarded by dogs, like the town of St. >Malo’s in Bretaigne: The Pinea Silva appertained to the Mother of the .Gods, as we find in Virgil. Venus had feveral Groves in Egypt, and in the Indian ifland, where once flood thofe famous ftatues cut by Praxiteles ; another alfo in PontUs, where, if you will believe it, hung up the Golden Fleece, meed of the bold Adventurer. Nor was the watry king Neptune without his Groves, the Helicean in Greece was his. So Ceres, and Pro-..ferpine, Pluto, Vefta, Caftor, and Pollux., had fuch fhady places consecrated to them. Add to thefe the Lebadian, Arfinoan, Paphian, Seno-.nian5 and. fuch as were in general dedicated to all the Gods, for ------------Habitarunt Di quoque Silvas. ------------Gods have dwelt in Groves. .and thefe were as it were Pantheons.——— > To the memory of famous Men and Heroes were confecrated the Achillean, Aglauran, and thofe to Bellerophon, Hedlor, and Alexander; to others alfo who difdained not to derive their names from trees and forefls, as Silvius the Pofthumus of /Eneas, and divers of the Albanian Princes and great perfons; Stolon, Laura, Daphnis, &c. And a certain cuflom there was for the parents to plant a tree at the birth of an heir or fon, prefaging by the growth and thriving of the tree the profperity of the «child: Thus we read in the life of Virgil, how far his natalitial Poplar NOTES. * The learned and ingenious Mr. Bryant is the only perfon who has given us a fatisfa&ory derivation of the word Camcerue. He fays, the Camoenae of Latium, who were fuppofed to have fhewn the facred Fountain to the Veftals, were probably the original Prieftefles, whofe bufmefs it was to fetch water for Luftrations from that Stream. For Cam-Ain (in the Amonian language) is the Fountain of the Sun : and the Camoenae were named from their attendance upon that Deity. The Hymns in the Temples of this God were fung by thefe Women : Hence the Camoenae were made Prefidents of Mufic. Analyfts, Vol.. I.OF FORE3T-TREE5, 631 Had outftripped the reft of its contemporaries; And the reafon doubtlefs of ail this was the general repute of the fandlity of thofe places j for no fooner does the lJoet fpeak of a Grove, , but immediately fome confecration follows* as believing that out of thofe fliady profundities fome Deity muft needs emerge: Book IV. Quo pofiis vifo dicere Numen ineft. So as Tacitus (fpeaking of the Germans) fays, Lucas & Nemord confecranty Deorumqiis nominibus appellant feeretum Mud, quod fold reverentia vident: To the fame purpofe, Pliny, lib. xii. cap. 1. tells us, Arbores fuere Numinum templay in which (fays he) they did not fo much revere the golden and ivory ftatues, as the goodly trees and awful filence: and the confecration of thefe nemorous places, together with the exprefs rites thereof, we find in Quintus Curtius, arid in what Paulus Diaconus relates of the Longo-bards, who not being capable of philofophifing on the phyfical caufes, which they deemed fupernatural, and plainly divine, were allured, as it is likely, by the gloominefs of the Ihade, procerity and altitude of the ftem, floridnefs of the leaves, and other accidents y fo as to ufe the words of Prudentius, | Quos peries omne facrum eft, quicquid formido tremendum ■ Suaferit horificos, quos prodigialia cog'unt Monftra Deos————‘ * Lib; ii. Cent. Sym* Here all religion paid ; whofe dark recefs A facred awe does on their mind imprefs,, To their wild Gods———- And this deification of their trees, amongft other things, befides their age -and perennial veridity, fays Diodorus, might fpring from the manifold ufe which they afforded, and which haply had been taught them by the Gods, or rather by fome god-like perfons, whom for their worth, and the public benefit, they efteemed fo* and it might be a motive to this reverence,-that divers of them were voiced to have been metarnorphofed from men into trees, and again out of trees into men, as the Arcadians gloried in their birth, when Genfque virum, truncis, & rupto Robore nati. Out of the teeming bark of Oaks nri'en burft:A DISCOURSE Book IV. Which perhaps they fancied, by feeing men creep fometimes out of their --f cavities, in >which they often lodged sand fecured themfelves : Qiiippe aliter tunc orbe novo cceloque recenti Vivebant homines,. qui rupto Robore nati. Juven. lib. ii. For in the earth’s nonage under heavVs new frame, They ftri&er liv’d, who from Oaks rupture came. Or as the fweet Papinius again : --------------Nemorum vos ftirpe rigenti ■----Fama fatos, cum prima pedum veftigia tellus Admirata tulit, nondum arva, domufque ferebant, Cruda puerperia, ac populos umbrofa creavit Fraxinus, & fcetà viridis puer excidit Orno : Hi lucis ftupuifie vices, nottifque feruntur, Nubila, & occiduum longe Titana fecuti Delperafie diem----- Fame goes, that ye brake forth from the hard rind, When the new earth with the firft feet was fign’d : Fields yet nor houfes doleful pangs reliev’d, But fhady Afh the num’rous births receiv’d, And the green babe drop*d from the pregnant Elm, Whom ftrange amazement firft did overwhelm At break of day, and when the gloomy night Ravifh’d the fun from their purfuing fight, Gave it for loft——— Almoft like that which Rinaldo faw in the enchanted foreft : Quercia gli appar, che perfe ftefla incifa Apre feconda li cavo ventre, è figlia j En* efce fuor veftita in ftrania guifa Ninfa d’età crefciuta— Canto ì 8. An aged Oak befides him cleft and rent, And from his fertile hollow womb forth wentOF FOREST-TREES. 633 (Clad in rare weeds, and ftrange habiliment) Book IV. A full-grown Nymph.------- — v— And that every great tree included a certain tutelar Genius or Nymph living and dying with it, the Poets are full *, a fpecial inftance we have in that prodigious Oak which fell by the fatal ftroke of Erifichthon ; but the Hamadryads, it feems, were immortal, and had power to remove and change their wooden habitations. In the mean while, as the fall of a very aged Oak, giving a crack like thunder, has been often heard at many miles diftance, conftrained though I often am to fell them with relu&ancy, I do not at any time remember to have heard the groans of thofe nymphs (grieving to be difpoffeffed of their antient habitations) without fome emotion and pity. Now to Ihew that many fuch difafters as that which befell Erifichthon have happened to the owners of places where goodly trees have been felled, I cannot forget one, who giving the firft ftroke of the ax with his own hand, and doubtlefs purfuing it with more, killed his own Father by the fall of the tree, not without giving the uncautious Knight (for fo he was wHifficient waffling to avoid it. And here I muft not pafs by the Groaning-Board which they kept for a while in Southwark, drawing abundance of people to fee the wonder •, fuch another plant had been formerly, it feems, expofed as a miracle at Caumont^ neav^oloufe, in France-, and the like fometimes happens in woods and forefts, through the inclufion of the air within the cavities of the timber and fomething of this kind perhaps gave heretofore occa-fion of the fabulous Dodonean Oracle. But however this were, methinks I Hill hear, fure I am that I ftill feel, the difmal groans of our forefts; that late dreadful hurricane (happening on the 26th of November, 1703) having fubverted fo many thoulands of goodly Oaks, proftrating the trees, laying them in ghaftly poftures, like whole regiments fallen in battle by the fword of the Conqueror, and cruftiing all that grew beneath them. Such was the profpedt of many miles in feveral places, refembling that of Mount Taurus, fo naturally defcribed by the Poet, fpeaking of the fall of the Minotaurs (lain by Thefeus: ——-------Ilia procul radicitus exturbata, Prona cadit, late quacumvis obvia frangens. The lofles and dreadful ftories of this ruin were indeed great, but how much greater the univerfal devaluation through the kingdom ! The public 4 LA. DISCOURSE 634 Book IV. accounts reckon no lefs than 3000 brave Oaks in« one part only, of the k. —•»— .j Foreft of Dean blown down ; in New-Foreft in Hampfhire, about 4000 •, and in about 450 Parks and Groves, from 200 large trees to 1000 of excellent timber, without counting fruit and orchard trees fans number *, and: proportionably the fame through all the confiderable woods of the nation. Sir Edward Harly had 1300 blown down; myfelf above 2000 * feveral of which, torn up by their fall, raifed mounds of earth near twenty feet high, with great (tones intangled among the roots and rubbifli and this almoft within fight, of my dwelling, (now no longer * Wotton) fufficient * Wood- to mortify and change my too great affection and application to this work, which, as I contentedly fubmit. to, fo I thank God for what are yet. left (landing: Nepotibus umbra fa. Lattantius reports of a people who worfhipped ths Wind^ as fome at this day among the Indians do the Devil, that he may do them no harm. What this Prince of the Air did to Job and his religious family, for the trial of his patience, by God’s permifilon, the Scripture tells us: And for what caufe he (till fuffers that malicious fpirit to exert his fury in thefe lower regions, the fame God only knows; though certainly for our cha-(lifement-, and therefore reformation, fubmiffion, and patience will , become our belt fecurity. Scaliger the Father affirms, he could never convince his learned anta-gonift Erafmus, but that trees feel the firft (troke of the ax, and difcover a certain refentment j and indeed they feem to hold the edge of the fatal tool, till a wide gap be made: And fo exceedingly apprehenfive they are of their deftrudlion, that, as Zoroajier fays, if a man come with a (harp bill intending to fell a barren tree, and a friend importunately deprecate the angry perfon, and prevail with him to fpare it, the tree will infallibly bear plentifully the next year. Such is the fuperftitious fandtity and folly of fome credulous people. We might here indeed produce the wonderful (trange Apparitions of Spirits interceding for the (landing and life of trees, when the ax has been ready for execution ; as you may fee in that Hymn of Callimachus, Pau-fanias, and the famous (lory of Paraebius, related by Apollonius in 2 Argonaut. with the fearful catallrophe of fuch as caufelcfsly and wantonlyOF FOREST-TREES. 635 violated thofe goodly plantations (from which fables arofe that of the Do- Book IV. donean and Vocal Forefls, frequent in Heathen Writers); but in none fo —v— elegantly as in that tale by the witty Ovid, defcribing the fa61 of the wicked Erifichthon: As Fame reports, his Hand an Ax fuflain’d, Which Ceres’ confecrated Grove prophan’d *, Which durft the venerable Gloom invade, And violate with Light the awful Shade. An antient Oak in the dark Centre flood, The Covert’s Glory, and itfelf a Wood: Garlands embrac’d its Shaft, and from the Boughs Hung Tablets, Monuments of profp’rous Vows. In the cool Dufk its unpierc’d Verdure fpread, The Dryads oft their hallow’d Dances led; And oft, when round their gaging Arms they caft, Full fifteen Ells it meafur’d in the Waifl: Its Height all under Standards did furpafs, As they afpir’d above the humbler Grafs. Thefe Motives, which would gentler Minds reflrain, Could not make Triope’s bold Son abftain; He flernly charg’d his Slaves with flridl Decree, To fell with gafhing Steel the facred Tree. But whilfl they, ling’ring, his Commands delay’d, He fnatch’d an Ax, and thus blafpheming faid; Was this no Oak, nor Ceres’ favourite Care, But Ceres’ felf, this Arm, unaw’d, fhou’d dare Its leafy Honours in the Dufl to fpread, And level with the Earth its airy Head. He fpoke, and as he pois’d a flanting Stroke, Sighs heav’d, and Tremblings fhook the frighted Oak; Its leaves look’d fickly, pale its Acorns grew, And its long Branches fweat a chilly Dew. But when his impious Hand a Wound bellow’d, Blood from the mangled Bark in Currents flow’d. When a devoted Bull of mighty Size, 1 A finning Nation’s grand Atonement, dies ; With fuch a Plenty from the fpouting Veins, A crimfon Stream the turfy Altars flains. 4 L 2*1 Book IV. I.—y—, -J 636 A DISC O U R. S E The Wonder all amaz’d; yet one more bold,, The Fathis delicious place elegantly de-fcribed by S. Chryfoltom, lib. de S. Ba-byl. tom. vi. p. 671. Sozom. lib. vi. ^ap. xix. Niceph. Jib. x. cap. xxviii. Salmaf. exer. Plin. Solin. 6.38 Nor indeed was it lawful to hunt in fuch places, unlefs it were to kill for facrifice, as we read in Arrianus •, whence it is reported by Strabo, that in ■ the Aitolian Groves, facred to Diana, the beafts were fo tame, that the ■very wolves and flags fed together like lambs, and would follow a man .licking his hands, and fawning on him. Such a Grove was the Crotonian, in which Livy writes, there was affpacious field ftored with all forts of game. There were many forefts confecrated to Jupiter, Juno, and Apollo; efpecially the famous Epidaphne, near the Syrian Antioch, which was mod incomparably pleafant, and adorned with fountains and rare flatues. * There was to be feen the Laurel which had been his chafle Mijirefs, and in the centre of it his Temple, an Afylum: Here it was that Cofroes and Julian did facrifice upon feveral occafions, as Eufebius relates, but could not with all their impious arts obtain an anfwer, becaufe the holy Babyfas had .been interred’near that Oracle; for which it was reputed lb venerable, that there remained an exprefs Title in the Code, de CupreJJis ex Luco Daphnes .non excidendis, vel venundandis, “ that none fhould either fell or fell any of -the trees about it,” which may ferve for another inftance of their burying jn fuch places. The truth is, fo exceedingly fuperftitious they were, and ■tender, that there was almoft no meddling with thefe devoted trees *, and .even before they did but conlucare and prune one of them, they were firft to facrifice, left they might offend in fomething ignorantly : But to cut down was capital, and never to be done away with any offering whatfoever; and therefore conlucare in authors is not (as fome pretend) fuccidcre, but to prune the branches only ; and yet even this gentle tonfure of fuperfluities was reputed a kind of contamination; and hznce Lucus coinguinari dicitur, unlefs in the cafe of Lightning, when Ccclo tabla, a whole tree might quite be felled, as marked by Heaven for the fire : But of thisfufficient. We could indeed fill many flieets with the cataftrophe of fuch as malicioufly deftroyed Groves, to feed either their revenge or avarice; fee Plutarch in Pericles, and the faying of Pompeius. Cicero fharply reproves C. Gabinius for his prodigious fpoil in Greece; and it was of late days held a piece of inhumanity in Charles the French King, when he entered the Frifons, after he had flain their leader, to cut down their woods; a punilhment never inflicted by fober Princes, but to prevent Idolatry in the old Law, and to lliew the heinouf-nefs of difloyalty and treafon by latter fanflions; in which cafe, and for terror, even a traitor’s woods have become anathema, as were eafy to in-ftance out of hiftories. But what fhall we fay then of our late prodigious Spoilers, whofe furious devaftation of fo many goodly woods and forefts have bequeathed anOF FORE&T-TREES; infamy on their names and memories, not quickly to be forgotten! I mean Book, IV. om unhappy Ufurpers and injurious Sequeftrators; not here to mention the 1~ ' deplorable neceflities of a gallant and loyal Gentry, who, for their Compositions, were, many of them, compelled to add yet to this Wafie, by an . inhuman and unparalleled ’Tyranny over them,. to preferve the poor remainder of their Fortunes and to find them Bread. Nor was it here they defifted; . for after the fate of that once beautiful; Grove under Greenwich caftle, (of late fupplied by his prefent Majefty) even the royal walk of Elms in St. James’s park “ That living gallery, of aged trees,” was once propofed to the late Council of State (as they called it) to be cut down and fold that, with the reft of his Majefty’s houfes already demolilhed, and marked out for deftrudtion, his trees might likewife un-dergo the fame deftiny, and no footfteps of monarchy remain unviolated.® It is from hence you may calculate what were the defigns of thofe excellent Reformers, and the care thefe great Statefmen took for the prefervation of their country, when, being parties in the booty themfelves, they gave way to fo dilhonourable and impolitick a wajte of that material, which : being left entire, or hufbanded with difcretion, had proved the belt fup-port and defence of it. But this (fay they) was the effedt of war, and in the height of our contentions. No, it was a late and cold deliberation, -and long after all had been fubdued to them ; nor could the molt implacable of enemies have exprefied a. refolution. more barbarous. For, as our own incomparable Poet defcribes it,, -------’Twa3 not enough alone to take the fpoils , Of God’s and the king’s houfes; thefe unjuft And impious men deftroy the ftately piles : Of ev’ry ruin there’s a wicked luft. In every place the groaning carts are fill’d i With beams and ftones; fo bufy and fo loud ! Are the proud vidtors, as they meant to build : But they to ruin and deftrudtion crowd. Timber, which had been buried many years Under fuch royal towers, they invade:cq J 640 A DISCOURSE OOK IV. —f ’Tis fure that hand the living never fpares, Which is fo wicked to difturb the dead. Then all the woods the barbarous vitors feize, (The noble nurfery of the fleet and town, The hopes of war and ornaments of peace) Which once religion did as facred own. Now public ufe, and great convenience claims, The woods from private hands inviolate*, Which greedy men, to lefs devouring flames, Do for fweet lucre freely dedicate. No age they fpare, the tender Elm and Beech, Infants of thirty years they overthrow; Nor could old age itfelf their pity reach, No reverence to hoary barks they know. The unhappy birds., an £ver-finging choir, Are driven from their antient lhady feats, And a new grief does Philomel infpire With mournful notes, which fhe all night repeats. Let them the woods and foreft burn and wafte, There will be trees to hang the flaves at laft *, And God, who fuch infernal men difclaims, Will root ’em out, and throw ’em into flames. In which he has (hewed himfelf as well a Prophet as a PoeU We have fpoken of the great Xerxes, that, patting conqueror through Achaia, he would not fuffer his army to violate fo much as a tree of his adverfaries *, and have fufliciently obferved from the antients, that the Gods did never permit them to efcape unpuniflied who were injurious to Groves. What became of Agamemnon’s hofl: after his fpoil of the woods at Aulis ? Hiftories tell us Cleomenes died mad: The 'Pemefaan Genius became proverbial *, and the definitive fa£t that the enraged Caefar perpetrated on the Maffilian trees, went not long unrevenged -3 thus relatedOF FOREST-TREES. 641 by the poet, and an illuftrious record of all we have hitherto produced, to afiert their veneration. Lucus erat longo nunquam violatus ab aevo, &c. Lucan, lib. iii. Not far away for ages paft had flood An old in violated facred wood •, Whofe gloomy boughs, thick interwoven, made A chilly chearlefs everlafting fhade: There, nor the ruftic gods, nor fatyrs fport, Nor fawns and fylvans with the nymphs refort: But barb’rous priefts fome dreadful pow’r adore, And luftrate ev’ry tree with human gore. If myfteries in times of old receiv’d, And pious antientry be yet believ’d, There nor the feather’d fongfter builds her neft, Nor lonely dens conceal the favage beaft: There no tempeftuous winds prefume to fly, Ev’n lightnings glance aloof, and (hoot obliquely by. No wanton breezes tofs the dancing leaves, But lhiv’ring horror in the branches heaves. Black fprings with pitchy ftreams divide the ground, And bubling tumble with a fullen found. Old images of forms milhapen ftand, Rude and unknowing of the artift’s hand; With hoary filth begrim’d, each ghaftly head Strikes the aftonilh’d gazer’s foul with dread. No gods, who long in common fliapes appear’d, Where’er with fuch religious awe rever’d: But zealous crouds in ignorance adore, And ftill the lefs they know, they fear the more. Oft (as fame tells) the earth in founds of woe Is heard to grone from hollow depths below: The baleful yew, tho’ dead, has oft been feen To rife from earth, and fpring with dufky green ; With fparkling flames the trees unburning fhine, And round their boles prodigious ferpents twine. The pious worlhippers approach not near, But flnin their gods, and kneel with diftant fear: 4M Book IV. i —a Lucum Efcu-lapio dicatum fucciderat Turullius; manifeftis Na-minis illius viribus, eum in Lucum quem violaverat, ille attraflus eit, efFecitque Deus ut ibi potillimum occideretur. Vide Valer. Max. üb. i. cap. i. n. 1?642 A D I SCO UR S E Book IV. This wood, near neighb’ring to the encompafs’d town, Untouch’d by former wars remain’d alone; And fince the country round it naked, ftands, From hence the Latian Chief fupplies demands. But lo ! the bolder hands, that fhould have ftruck,. With fome unufual horror trembling fhook; With filent dread and rev’rence they furvey’d The gloom majeftic of the facred lhade: None dares with impious fteel the bark to rend, Left on himfelf the deftin’d ftroke defcend. Caefar perceiv’d the fpreading fear to grow, Then, eager, caught an ax, and aim’d, a blow* Deep funk within a violated Oak The wounding edge, and thus the warrior fpoke:: Now, let no doubting hand the talk decline; Cut you the wood, and let the guilt be mine. And fo it was, as he carried (it is thought) the maledictions of the incen-fed Gauls to his funeral pile: ------Qiiis enim laefos impune putaret Fife deos------------ — The prieft himfelf, when, or the day, or night, Rolling have reach’d their full meridian height,. Refrains the gloomy paths with wary feet, Dreading the Daemon of the Grove to meet* Who, terrible to fight, at that fix’d hour, Still treads the round about his dreary bow’r. -------------------------For who, The Gods thus injur’d, unreveng’d does go? But, left this be charged with fuperftition, becaufe the inftances are heathen, it was a more noble and remarkable, as well as recent example, when, at the fiege of Breda, the late famous General Spinola commanded his army not to violate a tree of a certain wood belonging to the Prince of Orange there, though a reputed traitor, and in open defiance with his mafter. In fum, we read, that when Mithridates but deliberated aboutO F FOREST - TREES. 643 the cutting down of fome ftately trees which grew near Patara, a city of Book IV. Lycia, though neceflitated to it for the building of warlike engines with them, being terrified in a vifion, he defifted from his purpofe. It were to be wifhed that thefe, or the like examples, might have wrought fome effects upon the facrilegious purchafers and difloyal invaders in this iron age amongft us, who, to gratify an impious and unworthy avarice, have lately made To prodigious a fpoil of thofe goodly forefts, woods, and trees, ■which, being once the treafure and ornament of this nation, were doubt- lefs referved by our more prudent anceftors for the repairs of our floating caftles, the fafeguard and boaft of this renowned ifland, when necefilty, or fome imminent peril fhould threaten it, or call for their afiiftance, and not tranfmitted to be devoured by thefe improvident wretches, who, to •their eternal reproach, did, together with the Royal Patrimony, fwallow likewife God’s own inheritance. But their fons and grand children we pa'Jwin- have lived to fee as haftily difgorge them again, and with 'thpm all the reft y^?J^rum of their holy purchafes, which otherwife they might fecurely have enjoyed. "But this, in tenorem only, and1 for caution to ^|>4fterity, whiles we leave the guilty, and thofe who have done the mifchiefs, to their proper Scorpions^ Ai-goMut. and to their Erifichthonian fate, or to that of the inexorable Parserbius, the Qu eicum fu-vengeance of the Dryads; and to their tutelar better geffkt*y if. any yet ^ riyiaph^1' remain who love the folid honour and ornamenFSlf their country: For Kgaonlwfque iuis fecit— (though cortftrained by necefilty myfelf, to cut down fo many goodly trees . and venerable woods, devoted to the ax by thé owner, who had a right to 1 difpofe of them before me) 'YAoyjw, and Wood-born * as I am, what * At Wotton could I fay lefs in behalf of thofe facred Iha®p|vhich both grace our habitations, and protect our nation ? So in all ages, from trees have been denominated whole countries, regions, cities, and towns ; as Cyparifla in Greece, Cerafus in Po$tuv Lau-rentum in Italy, Myrrhinus in Attica. Pctfte alfo, fountains and eminent places; as the Vimihalis, JEfculetum, &c. and the obvSi« reafon i^the fpontaneous growth and abounding of fuch trees yi^théMrefpeótiv# foil. The reverfe is ibmetimes obfervèd; Avellaw nux is called attai Praneftina, Pontica; dum unaquteque natio indit huic nucl nomen ex 1»to in quo ndfeitur copiofior: So the Chefnut is called Heracleotica, J of which feé«Macrob. Saturnal. lib. iii. Sylvius became a-great and famous name among the Latins and Romans, as Sylvius Pofthumua,' the Son of that renowned Hero TEneas Sylvius; and in time an hereditary name among the fubfe- 4 M 2aq J A DISCOURSE 644 ook. IV. quent kings: Latinus Sylvius, Alba Sylvius,, who built that glorious -J city which contended with Rome herfelf. To return to our own country: Seven Oaks in Kent was To called, as reported, from fome goodly Oaks growing about it ; and Old Sarum, or Sorbiodunum, had its name a Sorbic Hence alfo from the plenty of Beech trees does Mr. Camden denominate the whole country of Buckingham, Bukenham in Norfolk, Buchonia in Germany, &c. though indeed the learned Author of the Additions to the late Edition, thinks them rather fo called from the Saxon;Buc (Cervus) a buck or hart, and this from that in Norfolk, as Sir Henry Speknan reports, there are no fuch trees growing ; whilft we yet know not whether there may not formerly have been ftore: In all events, be it one or the other, it is certain, abundance of places, countries,, and families, have taken their denomination from trees. One thing more I think not impertinent to hint, before I take my leave of this Book, concerning the Ufe of Standing Groves: That in fome places of the world, they have no other, water, to drink, than what , their trees afford them ; not only of their proper juice, (as we have noted) but from their attraction of the Evening Moilture, which impends in the fhape of a cloud over them : Such a tuft of trees is in the ifland of Ferro; of which confult the learned Ifaac Voflius upon Pomponius Mela, and Magnenus de Manna: The fame likewife happeneth in the Indies; fo that if their woods were once deftroyed, they might perifh for want of rains ; upon which account Barbadoes grows every year more torrid,, and has not near the rain it formerly enjoyed when it was better furnifhed with trees; and fo in Jamaica, at Gunaboa, the rains are obferved to diminifh as their plantations extend: The like I could tell you of fome parts of England not far from hence. And now, laflly, to encourage thofe to plant that have opportunity, and thofe who innocently and with reluClancy are forced to cut down, and endeavour to fupply the wafte with their utmoft induftry: It is obferved, that fuch planters are often bleffed with health and old age, according to that of the prophet Ifaiah, lx. 22. “ The days of a tree are the days of my people.” Of their extraordinary longaevity we have given abundant in-ftances in this Difcourfe; and it feems to be fo univerfally remarked, that as Paulus Yenetus (that great traveller) reports, the Tartarian AftrologersOF FOREST - TREES. 645 affirm, nothing contributes more to men’s long lives than the planting of Book.TV* many trees. HALC SCRIP SI OCTAGENARIUS, and lhall, if God protraCt my years, and continue my health, be continually planting, till it lhall. pleafe him to tranfplant me into thofe glorious regions above, the ce-leftial paradife, planted with Perennial Groves and Trees, beaming immortal fruit-, for fuch is-the tree of life, which they who do his commandments have right to, Apoc. xxii. 2, 14, 20. N«» bx°f'Apw, v»)9. ipp^OU Kupu. I>J(r2, ’Apcriv. Thus my reader fees, and I acknowledge, how eafy it is to be loll in the wood, and that I have hardly power to take off my pen whilll I am on this delightful fubjeCl; for what.more auguft, more charming, and. ufeful, than the culture, and prefervation of fuch goodly plantations : That lhade to our grand-children give^ Virgil. What affords fo fweet and fo agreeable refrelhment to our indullrious Wood-man, When he his wearied limbs- has laid^ Under a florid Platan’s lhade,. Cl-audianv or fome other goodly-fpreading tree, fuch as we told you llopt the legions of a proud Conqueror,. and that the-wife Socrates fware by ? But. whilll we condemn this excefs in them, Chrillians and true Philb-fophers may be inllruCted to make ufe of their enjoyments to better pur-pofes, by contemplating the miracles of their production and ItruCture. And what Mortal is there, fo perfeCl an Atomill, who will undertake to deteCt the thoufandth part, or point, of fo exile a grain, as that infenfible Tudiment,. or rather halituous fpirit, which brings forth the lofty Fir-tree, and the fpreading Oak ? That trees of fo enormous an height and magnitude, as we find fome Elms, Planes, and Cypreffes; that others hard as iron, and folid as marble, (for'fuch the Indies furnifh) Ihould be Twaddled and involved within fo fmall a dimenliony (if a point may be faid to have any) and in fo.weak and feeble a fubftance, without the leall luxation, .confu-lion, or diforder of parts ! That when they are buried in the moill womb of the earth,, which fo eafily diffolves and corrupts fubllances fo. much harder, yet this,, whiqfr i$ at firfb but a kind of tender mucilage, or rather rottennefs, Ihould be. able in time to difplace and rend afunder whole rocks of Hone, and fometimes to cleave them beyond the force of iron wedges,A DISCOURSE 646 Book IV. fo as even to remove mountains! That our tree, like man, (whofe in-* J verted lymbol he is) being Town in corruption, rifes in glory, and by little and little afcending into an hard ereft Item of comely dimenfions, becometh a folid tower, as it were ! And that this which but lately a fingle ant would eafily have borne to his little cavern, fhould now become capable of refift- ■Saneca,- Epill-. *ng the fUIT> and braving the rage of the moft impetuous ftorms,----------■ magni mehercle artificis, claujijfe to turn in tam exiguo, £s? horror eft confideranti. For is it not plainly aftonifhing, how thefe minute atoms, rather than vifible eggs, fhould contain the fœtus exqiiifitely formed, (even while yet wrapped in their fecundines, like infants® the animal womb) till growing too big for their dark confinements, they break forth, and after a while more diftin&ly difplay every limb and member compleatly perfect, with all their apparel, tire, and trim of beautiful and flourifhing vegetables, endowed with all the qualities of the fpecies ? Contemplate we again what it is which Fegins the motion, and kindles the flame of thefe Automata, caufing them firfl: to radiate in the earth, and then to difplay their top in the air (fo different poles, as I may call them, in fuch different mediums) j what it is which imparts thefe elaftic, peri-ftaltic, and other motions, fo very like to the fenflble and perfected animal, how they eledt, and then introfume their proper food, and give fuck, as it were, to the yet tender infant, till it have flrength and force to prey on, and digefl the more folid juices of the earth ; for then, and not till then, do the roots begin to harden. Confider we how they afilmilate, feparate, and diftribute thefe feveral fupplies-, how they concoét, tranfmute, augment, produce, and nourifh without feparation of excrements (at leaft to us vifible) ; how without violation of virginity they generate their like ; whilft furnifhed with tubes, ovaries, umbilical, and other vefiels, the principle of any fpecies, they are fafely referved and nourifhed till delivered: By what exquifite percolations and fermentations they proceed ; how for the heart, fibres, veins, nerves, valves, and anaftomotas, they are furnifhed with rind, branches, leaves, bloffoms, and fruit; how their colour, tafte, odour, and other ftupendous qualities and diftinft faculties, fome * See Scaliger t^iem repugnant and contrary to others, yet in fo uniform and fuc-Exerc. 14.0F ceffive a ferles, are elaborated; and all this performed in the dark, and parts within fecret receffes of nature. It is aflonifhing with what analogy* the folider fr^heaTto and inflexible parts of trees agree with the bones, ribs, vertebræ, &c. nay, ^00t' how the more pliables fitted to fuch various motions accord with the veryOF FOUEST-TREES. 647' brains and marrow. This has induced fome to allow them place amongfl Book IV. the clafs of animals. ~ For their prefervation, nature has invefted’the whole tribe and nation-(as we may fay) of vegetables,, with garments fuitable to their naked and expofed bodies, temper, and climate: Thus fome are clad with a cbarfer,., and refill: all extremes of weather ; others with more tender and delicate fkins and fcarfs, as it were, and thinner raiment. Quid foliorum defcribatn diverfitates ? What fhall we fay of the myfterious forms, variety, and variegation of the leaves and flowers, contrived with fuch art, yet without art •, fome round, others long, oval, multangular, indented, crifped, rough, fmooth and polilhed, loft and flexible; at every tremulous blaft, as if it would drop in a moment, and yet fo obftinately adhering, as to be able to contefb againft. the fierceft winds that proftrate mighty ftru as one fays, locum inveniat, in which the whole and complete tree, tho’ invifible' to our dufUfenf?, is yet perfectly entirely wrapped up, expofed, as they feem to be, to all thofe accidents of weather, ftorms, and rapacious birds, are yet preferved from avolation, diminution, , and detriment within their fpiny, armed, and compacted receptacles; whereA DISCOURSE -Rook IV. v*-—1 * Vide Petri Mangot. Bot. Monfpel. + Vide Mr. Dodart’s Hilt, de i’Academ. des Sciences. 64S they deep as in their caufes, till their prifbns let them gently fall into the embraces of the earth, now made pregnant with the feafon, and ready for another burden: for at the time of year fhe fails not to bring them forth. With what delight have I beheld this tender and innumerable offspring repullulating at the feet of an aged tree! from whence the fuckers are drawn, tranfplanted, and educated by human induflry, and, forgetting the ferity of their nature, become .civilized to all his employments. Can we look on the .prodigious quantity of liquor, which one poor wounded Birch will produce in a few hours, and not be aftonifhed how fome trees fhould, in fo fhort a fpace, weep more than they weigh ? And that fo dry, fo feeble, and wretched a branch, as that which bears the grape, fhould yield a juice that chears both God and Man? That die Pine, Fir, Larch, and other refinous trees, planted in fuch rude and uncultivated places, amongft rocks and dry pumices, fhould tranfude into turpentine, and pearl out into gums and precious balms ? In a word, fo aftonifhing and wonderful is the organifm, parts, and functions -of plants and trees, that fome have, as we laid, attributed animal life to them, and conceived that they were living creatures’, for fo did Anaxagoras, EmpedocleSj and even Plato himfelf. I am fure Plants and Trees afford more matter for Medicine*, and the life of Man, than either Animals or Minerals, are more familiar at hand, and fafe; and within this late age being wonderfully improved, increafed and fearched into, they feem, by the Divine Wifdom, an inexhauftible fubjedt for our difquifition and adiViiration. There are ten thoufand confiderations more, befides that of their medicinal and fanative properties, and the mechanical ufes mentioned in this Treatife, which a contemplative perfon may derive from the Groves and Woods •, all of them the fubjedt of wonder. And though he had only the Palm (Which Strabo f affirms is fit for three hundred and fixty ufes.) or the Coco, (which yelds wine, bread, milk, oil, fugar, fait, vinegar, tindlures, tans, fpices, thread, needles, linen, cloth, cups, difhes, fpoons, and other veffels and utenfils j bafkets, mats, umbrellas, paper, brooms, ropes, fails, and almofl all that belongs to the rigging of fhips; in fhort, this fingle tree furniffiing a great part of the world with all that even a voluptuous man can need, or almofl defire) it were fufficient to employOF FOREST-TREES. 649 his meditations and his hands, as long as he were to live, though his years were as many as the moft aged Oak: So as Fr. Hernandes, Gracilafco de la Vega, and other Travellers *, fpeaking of the Coco, Aloes, Wild Pine of Jamaica, &c. affirm there is nothing neceffary for life (ft ejfet rebus humanis modus) which thefe Polychrefts afford not. What may we fay then of innumerable other trees, fitted for the ufes nature has defigned them, efpecially for timber, and all other fabrile employments ?-But I ceafe to expatiate farther on thefe wonders, that I may not anticipate the pleafures with which the ferious Contemplator on thofe ftupendous works of Nature, or rather God of Nature, will find himfelf even rapt and tranfported, were his contemplations only applied to the produftion of a fingle Wood, Let the farther Curious, or thofe who may take thefe wonders for a florid Epiphonema only of this work, add to the moft antient Naturalifts what they will find improved on this ample fubjeft, in the late excellently learned and judicious Malpighius, Grew, Ray, Senertus, Faber, and others, who have defined thefe aftoniffiing operations of nature, caufes, and eftedls, with the greateft and exa&eft xxpiGux imaginable. But a wife and a thinking man can need none of thefe topics; in every hedge and every field they are before him j and yet we do not admire them becaufe they are common and obvious: Thus we fall into the juft reproach given by one of the Philofophers (introduced by the Orator) to thofe who flighted what they faw every day, becaufe they every day faw them: Quaji novitas nos, magis quam magnitudo rerum, debeat ad exquirendas caufas excitare: As if Novelty only ffiould be of more force to engage our enquiry into the Caufes of things, than the Worth and Magnitude of the things themfelves. Book IV. * Vide Raii H. Pi. 1. xxi cap. vii. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 1. Ü. FINIS.An EXPLANATORY TABLE OF THE Parts of Fructification of the different Species of Trees defcribed in the S I L V A. Obs. The Parts marked with a Capital Letter are magnified. The OAK. Spuercus (Robur.) MONOECIA PoLY^lFDRIA. a. A Male Catkin. b. c. The Calyx. In fome Floweret is divided into four, in others into five Segments. B. C. Ditto. d. An Entire Flower. D. Ditto, (hewing the fituation of the Stamina. e. A fingle Stamen. JE. Ditto. f. A Female Flower. F. Ditto. g. The Acorn, or Nut, as it fits in its permanent Calyx. h. Ditto, feparated from the Calyx. i. The Cup, or permanent Calyx. The ELM. Ulmus (Campejtris.) Pentandria DlGYNIA. a. An Entire Flower. B. Ditto. c. The Calyx. C. Ditto. d. The Stamina. D. Ditto. e. The Pointal, or Female Part of the Flower. E. Ditto. f The Seed. g. A Branch, at the time of flowering, which happens before the leaves appear. The BEECH. Fagus (Syhatica.) . Monoecia Polyandria. a. A Catkin of Male Flowers. b. A fingle Flower. B. Ditto. c. The Calyx. C* Ditto. d. A Female Flower. e. The Calyx. ƒ. The Germen, or Embryo, with its three Pointals. g. The two Embryos with their Pointals, as they fit in the Calyx. }). The permanent Calyx become a Capfule, or Seed-vefiel. ■i. 'Ditto, as it opens at the top. k. The two feeds. The HORNBEAM. Carpinm {VuJgatis.) Monoecia Polyandria. .a. A Male Catkin. -fb. A Male Flower with its Scale. B. Ditto/ c. The Scale. C. Ditto. D. The Stamina. e. The Female Catkin. f. The Female Flower with its Scale. F. .Ditto. G. The Scale. h. The Petals.. H. Ditto. i. The two Pointals. I. Ditto. • k. The Petals grown larger, containing the two Seeds. /. vOne of the £e,ed$. The ASH. Frd$$pu$ (Jixcelfior.) PoLYGAMIA DlOECIA. a. An Entire Hermaphrodite Flower. A. Ditto. The Flowers have neither Calyx nor Petahi/on|y Furnifhed with two Stamina. ;B. The two Stamina. fpjf The Embryb, with its Pointal. C. Ditto. d. An Entire Femajÿrlower. D. Ditto. They" fikewife have neither Calyx, Petals, or Stamina, bearing only a Pointal. e. A winged Seed; The Seeds of the Hermaphrodite and Female Flowers are alike. f. The Cruft opening to fhew where the Seed is lodged. g. The Seed. The CHESNUT. Fagus (Ccjlama.) MoNOEfclA POLY^DRIA. a. A Male Catkin. b. A Iftngle Flower. -B. Ditto. c. Thfe Calyx. C. Ditto. d. A Female Bud of Flowers. e. A fingle Fl$ wer. f. The Calyx. F. Ditto. g. A fingle Embryo, with its Pointals. G. Ditto. H. The two Embryos with their Pointals, fet in their permanent Calyx. z. The fpinous Capfule. .iv The fame opening at the top to emit'the Nuts or Sheds. i. A fingle MiJti The HORSE-CHESNUT. MJculus ( Hipp^cajlanum.) Hept^ndria Monogynia. a. An Entire Flower. b. .Xhe Calyx. ________^ “f. The five Petals. d. The Stamina. e. The Embryo, with its Pointal. f. The fpinous Capfule. g. A Tranfverfe Sedlion of ditto, fhevving the Partition and Receptacle. b. Ditto, as it open&in three divifiomf, -I The Nuts cr Seeds. The WALNUT. Juglans (Regia.) Monoecia Polyandria. a. A Male Catkin. b. Ditto, in its natural fize. , c. A fingle Male Flower. •. d. The Petals. e. The Stamina. E. A fingle Stamen.■> f. The Female Flowers. g. Ditto in their natural fize. ; b. The Calyx. ƒ. The Corolla. k. The Embryo* with its Pointals. /. The covering of the Shell. Drupa. m. The Nut diverted of its covering. , ». Ditto, fplit open. o. A Kernel. The WHITE BEAM TREE. Cratxgu* (Aria.) ICOSANDRIA DlG.YNJA. a. An Entire Flower. b. The Calyx. c. The Petals, or Flower Leaves. d. The Stamina. e. The Pointals. f The Embryo, as it fits within the Calyx, wkh its Pointals. g. The Fruit, Of Berfy. h. A Tranfverfe Sedlion of ditto. i. A Vertical Section of ditto. k. The two Seeds. The WILD SERVICE. Cratxgus (Tor-minalis.) ICOSANDRIA DlGYNIA. a. An-Entire Flower. A. Ditto. b. The Calyx. B. Ditto. c. The Petals. C. Ditto. d. The Stamina. D. Ditto. e. The Pointals. E. Ditto. f. The Fruit, or Berry. g A Tranfverfe Sedlion of ditto. b. jfehe Seeds. The WILD BLACK CHERRY* Prunus (Cerafus.) ICOSANDRIA MoNOGYNIA. a. The Calyx. b. An Entire Flower. c. The Stamina. d. A fingle Stamen. D. Dittp., e. The Embryo, with its Pointal. E. Diuor f. The Berry. g. A Vertical Sedlion of ditto., h. The Stone containing the Kernel. The MAPLE. Ac$Ë(CampeJIre.) Polygamia Monoecia. a. The Hermaphrodite Flowers growing on the , , fame bunch with the Male Flowers f. A. An Hermaphrodite Fiower. b. The Calyx; r. The Petals. d. The Stamina. e. The Embryo, with its Pointal. JL Ditto. g. A Male Flower without the Stamina, &c. G. Ditto. The Calyx, Petals, and Stamina are the fame as in the Hermaphrodite Flowers. b. The two winged Seeds. i. One Wing cut open to fhew the fituation of the Seeds. k. A Seed. The SYCAMORE. Acer(Pfeudo-platanus.) Polygamia Monoecia. a. The Hermaphrodite Flowers growing on the fame bunch with the Male Flowers /. b. The Calyx. P» The Petals* d. The Stamina. E. The Embryo, vittlh its'Pointal. f. The Male Flowers. G. A Male Flower. The Petals and Stamina are the fame as inthe Hermaphrodite Flowers. H. A Male F fewer without the Stamina, &c. i. The two winged * k. One of the Wings cut open to fhew the fituation of the Seed. /. A Seed. .The LIME. Tilia (Europesa.) Polyandria Monogynia. a. An Entire Flower. b. The Calyx. c. The Petals. d. The Stamina. e. The Embryo* with its Pointal. E. Ditto, with one Stamen and one Petal. f. The Capfule. g. A Tranfverfe Section of ditto. b. The Capfule.as it opens below. Ejj^The Seed. k. A Bradlea, or floral leaf. The WHITE POPLAR. Populus (Alba.) Dioecia Octandria. a. A.Male Catkin. b. An Entire Male Flower. B. Ditto. c. The Scale, or Squama. d. The Nedlarium. D. Ditto. ' E. A fingle Stamen. f. The Female Catkin. g. The Femald Flower. G. Ditto. h. The Squama, or Scale. I. The Embryo, with its quadrifid Stigma. K. The Stigma. l. The Capfule, or Seed-vefiel. L. Ditto. m. Ditto, difeharging its Seeds. M. Ditto. n. The Seeds. N. Ditto. o. The Nedlarium of the Female Flower. O. Ditto. The QUICK-BEAM. Sorbus (Aucuparia.) ICOSANDRIA TRIGYNIA. a. An Entire Flower. A. Ditto. The Calyx. B. Ditto, v c. The five Petals, or Flower leaves. C. Ditto. d. The Stamina. D. Ditto. e. The Embryo, with its three Stigmata. E. Ditto. yr The Fruit, or Berry. ^ g. A Tranfverfe Sedlion of ditto. h. The three Seeds. . The HASEL. Corylus (Avellana.) Monoecia Polyandria. a. A Male Catkin. b. A fingle Male Flower. B. Ditto. c. The Stamina. C. Ditto. D. A fingle Stamen. e. The Female Flowers. E. Ditto. f. Two lacerated Scales that inclofe the Embryo with its two Pointals. F. Ditto. . g. The Embryo, as it -fits in the two Scales, G. Ditto. h. The Embryo. H. Ditto. i. The Nut. k. A Vertical Sedlion of ditto. /. The Kernel. The BIRCH. Betula (Alba.) Monoecia Tetrandria. a. The Male Catkin. b. The Calyx, confiding of three Scales containing three Flowers. B. Ditto. C. The three Flowers with their three Scales. D. A fingle Flower. E. Its four Segments. F. The Stamina. g. The Female Catkin. h. The Calyx, confiding of three Scales, each Scale containing two Embryos. H. Ditto. i. The Embryo, with its two Pointals. I. Ditto. k. The three Scales, each Scale containing two Seeds. K. Ditto. /. A Seed. L. Ditto. The ALDER. Betula (Alnus.) Monoecia Tetrandria. a. The Male Catkin. b. The Calyx, confifting of four Scales which contain three Flowers. B. Ditto. C. The three Flowers. D. A fingle Flower. E. The Petals. F. The Stamina. g. A Female Catkin. h. The Calyx, confifting of three Scales, each Scale containing two Embryos. H. Ditto. i. The Embryo with its two Pointals. I. Ditto. K. The Cone, or Fruit. L. The three Scales, each containing two Seeds. m. A Seed. M. Ditto. The OZIER. Salix (Viminalis.) Dioecia Diandria. a. The Male Catkin growing cn a different Tree from the Female. b. A Male Flower. B. Ditto, with its Nedlarium r, and two Stamina,*/. d. E. The Scale and Nedlarium. f. The Female Catkin. g. A Female Flower. G. Ditto. H. The Embryo. i. The Capfule. I. Ditto. K. A Tranfverfe Sedlion of ditto. L. As it burfts to emit the Seeds. M. A Seed. The SCOTCH FIR. Pinus (Sylvejlris.) Monoecia Monadelp«ia. a. A Male Catkin. b. The Gem, or Winter-Lodge (Hibernaculum.). c. The Scale, or Squama. d. A Clufter of Stamina. D. Ditto. e. A fingle Stamen. E. Ditto, with its Scale if. f. The future Cone. g. A fingle Scale of the Cone, with its two Embryos. G. Ditto. H. A fingle Embryo. i. The Cone. k. The fame opened to fhew how the Seeds are lodged. /. The inner Side of a Scale. tn. The two winged Seeds. The WEYMOUTH PINE. Pinus ( Strobus.) ‘Monoecia Monadelphia. a. The Gem, or Winter-lodge (Hibernaculum.) b. The Male Catkin. C. A fingle Stamina, with its Scale. D. The Scale. E. A fingle Stamen. tf. The immature Cone. g. A fingle Scale of ditto, with its two Embryos. ■G. Ditto. H. A fingle Embryo, with its Pointal. i. A Cone. h. A fingle Scale with its two winged Seeds. /. A Seed. The 'SILVER FIR. Pinus (Picea.) Monoecia Monadelphia. a. The Gem, or Winter-lodge (Hibernaculum.) b. A Male Catkin. C. A fingle Stamen, with its Scale. D. The Scale. E. A Stamen. f. The Female Catkin, cr future Cone. g. A fingle Scale, with its two Embiyos. G. Ditto. H. A fingle Embryo, with its Pointal. /. The Cone. k. A fingle Scale, with its two winged Seeds. /. A fingle Seed. The SPRUCE FIR. Pinus, j(Abies.) Monoecia Monadelphia. a. A Catkin of Male Flowers. b. A fingle Stamen. B. Ditto. c. The future Cone. d. A fingle Scale, with its two Embryos. D. Ditto.* e. The Embryo, with its Pointal. E. Ditto. ƒ. The Cone. g. A fingle Scale, with its two winged Seeds. h. A Seed. The LARCH. Pinus (Larix.) Monoecia Monadelphia. a. A Male Flower. b. The Calyx. r. The Calyx, (hewing the fituation of the Stamina. C. A fingle Stamen. d. The Female Flowers, or immature Cone. e. A fingle Scale, with its two Embryos. E. Ditto. f. _ A fingle Embryo, with its Pointal. F. Ditto. g. A Cone. , h. A fingle Scale, with its two winged Seeds. H. Ditto. N. B. This Figure is the American Larch. The MULBERRY. Morus (Nigra.) Monoecia Tetrandria. a. A Male Catkin. B. The Calyx. c. A Male Flower. C. Ditto. D. One Stamen. e. A Female Catkin. f. A Female Flower. F. Ditto. G. The Calyx. H. The Embryo, with its two Stigmata. The Fruit, confifting of many Berries. k. A fingle Berry. /. A Seed. L. Ditto. The CEDAR. Pinus (Cedrus.) Monoecia Monadelphia. a. A Male Catkin. b. A fingle Scale, with its Stamen. B. Ditto. r. 'i'he future Cone. d. A fingle Scale of the Cone, with its two Embryos. D. Ditto. e. A fingle Embryo, \frith its Pointal. E. Ditto. f. The Cone. g. A fingle Scale, with its two winged Seeds. b. A fingle Seed. The ORIENTAL PLANE. , Plataitu? ( Orientalis.) Monoecia Polyandria. a. A globular Catkin of Male Flowers. b. The Calyx. B. Dfetestl Jr, The Entire Flower. C. Ditto. d. The Petals* D. Ditto. E. The Stamina. F. Aipgle S|amen. g. A globular Bunch of Female Flowery. b. The Calyx. H. Ditto. * /. An Entire Flower. I. Ditto. k. The Petals. K. Ditto. L. The Embryo, with its Pointal. tn. The globular Clufter of Seeds. n. The Receptacle to which the Seeds are affixed. O. A Seed. The OCCIDENTAL PLANE. Platanus ( Occidentalis. ) Monoecia Polyandria. a. A globular Clufter of Male Flowers. b. The Calyx. B. Ditto. | c. An Entire Flower. C. Ditto. d. The Petals. D. E. The Stamina. F. A fingle Stamen. g. A globular Bunch of Female Flowers. h. The Calyx. H. Ditto. i. Afta Entire Female Flower. I. Ditto. k. The Petals. X. Dittò. H L. The Embryo, with its Pointal. m. The globular Clufter of Seeds. ». Thè Receptacle to which the Seeds are affixed. O. A Seed. The CORK TREE.* j$&mst(Suber.) Monoecia Polyandria. a. A Male Catkin. b. c. The Calyx, in fome quadrifid, and in fome quinquefid in the Male Flowers. B. C. Ditto. d. An Entire Flower. D. Ditto. e. A fingle Stamen. E. Ditto. f. The Female Flowers. g. A fingle Flower. G. Ditto. H. A Vertical 'Sedlion of ditto. i. The young Acorn or Fruit. I. Ditto. K. A Vertical Sedlion of ditto. The STRAWBERRY TREE. Arbutus -gAJJnedd.) Decandria Monogynia. a. The Calyx. A. Ditto. b. The Corolla. c. The fame cut open, to fhew the fituation of the ten Stamina. C. A fingle Staten. d. The Embryo yvjth its Pointal, fituated within the Corolla. D. Ditto. e. The Fruit. f. A Tranfverfe Sedlion of ditto, g. A Vertical Sedlion of ditto. h. The Seeds. - The YEW. Taxus (Baccata.) Dioecia Monadelphia. a. A Male Flower. A. Ditto. B. The Calyx. D. The Stamina. E. Two Stamina, one viewed in front, the other on the underfide. f The Female Flower. F. Ditto. G. The Calyx. l. The Embryo, with its Pointal. k. The Fruit, or Berry. /. A Vertical Sedlion of ditto. m. The Seed. The HOLLY. Ilex (Aquifolium.) Tetrandria Tetragynia. a. An Entire Flower. b. The Calyx. c. The Petals. d. The Stamina. e. The Embryo. E. Ditto. f. The Berry. g. A Tranfverfe Sedlion of ditto, (hewing the Conceptacle. h. The Seeds. H. A Seed. The HAWTHORN. Cratagus (Ox)>a-cantba.) ICOSANDRIA DlGYNIA. a. An Entire Flower. b. The Calyx. V.‘ The Petals. d. The Stamina. D. One Stamen. e. The Embryo, with its Pointal. f. The three Pointals. g. The Berry, or Fruit. h. The Stone, containing the Kernel. I 1 ê \ ; / , I INDEX • A ABELE, its proper foil, 208. How propagated» ib. Ufes of its leaves and timber, 210, 211. Acacia, a defcription of, 358. Its proper foil, 359. Age of trees, 481. Air, its effect upon trees, 26. Alaternus, proper for hedges, 366. Alder, its foil and manner of propagation, 240. Aphorisms concerning feeds, plants, trees, woods, and timber, 552. Arbutus, how propagated, 373. Its ufes, 375. Ash, how to raife from keys, 150. Spanilh keys the belt, 151. Its proper foil, 155. Ufes of the wood, 156. Aspen defcribed, 214. Ufes of the wood, 217. Acorns, how to low in thefeminary, 42, 78. How to dibble in l*qge fields, 8*. Beft fown in autumn, 24. How to pre-ferve during winter, 97. Were formerly the food of mankind, 102. Acacia, vide GlediUta* Air, neceflary both for vegetable and animal life, 425—429. Is either aftive or , fixed, ibid. In both Hates it enters the roots and leaves of plants, ibid. When putrid it becomes the food of plants, 18. The priority of this difcovery claimed by the Editor, ib. Experiments made upon putrid air, 21. Alder, a fpeeies of Birch, 227, 240.— Oafs and Order, 227. Its varieties, 242. Is excellent for piles to fupport buildings ere&ed in moift and boggy {daces, 243. Arbor Vit^e, vide Thuya. Arbutus, how raifed from feed, 56. Its. fpeeies, 373. Clafs and Order, 374.— How to propagate, 375. Called Uneda by Pliny, and why, ib. Ash, the feeds of, how to fow, 44. Its various fpeeies, 150. Oafs and Order, 152. How propagated, 153. Caution in giving it a ftation, ib. Makes a profitable faring-wood, 154. How pollarded, ib. ASMect to be obferved in tranfplanting large trees, 104. B Bark of trees, 506. Bark-bound Trees, how to be treated, 428. Bay-Tree, its hiftory and cultivation, 394, 395. Was efteemed an ominous tree, 396. Its effluvium thought wholefome, ib. Sprigs of it were carried in the hands of common foldiers at triumphal entries, 397- . Beech, its kinds, 136. How propagated, 137. Said by Csefar not to be a native of Britain, 139. Ufes of its timber and malt, 140. Billet, meafure of, by ftatute, 469. Birch, its foil, qualities and uics, 225. Its juice, how obtained, 231. The quantity of juice produced by a wounded Birch, 233. How made into wine, 238. Blasted Parts of Trees, to be removed, 458. Boards, how to make of the belt quality, 518. Box-Tree, its kinds, foil, culture, and ufes, 376—378. 4 N 2INDE X. Broom, Spanilh, recommended, 411. Buds of trees; what, 506, ---- B ---- Bay-Tree, its fpeciesr 394. Clafa and Order, ib. How to propagate, ib. Is the Laurus of the antients, ib. Its leaves were chewed by the Pythean Prieftefs* 395. Was called the Prophetic Tree; and why, ib. Beech, the feeds of, how to fow, 43; Its various fpecies, 136. Clafs and Order, 137. Natural foil, ibid. How propagated,. ib. Birch, the feeds of, how to fow, 50. Its various fpecies, 225, 226. Clafs and Order, 227. How to propagate, ibid.;— Ufed in Sweden as a directory for fowing Barley, 229. Birches make good nurfes for young Oaks, 95. Box-Tree, 376. Clafs and Order, ib. Was nfed by the antients for making combs, ib. Was clipped into various fliapes in the Roman gardens, ib. Burn-Baking, the good effects of, accounted for, 32. c Candleberry-Tree, its ufes, 369. Canker in trees, how cured, 453. Caterpillars, how to deltroy, 459. Cedar, its excellence and readinefs to grow in any foil, 311. The different kinds, 312. How cultivated, 314. Ufes, 315. Celastrus, its ufe, 367.. Charcoal, its different forts, 543.— How to mix with loam for firing, 539. How made for the powder-mills, 546. How made for ordinary ufes, 547. Cherry-Tree, Black, how to raife, 18S. Chesnut-Tree, how to raife from the nut, 159. Its natural foil, 160. Is a native of Britain, 167. Should not be removed, 160. Ufes ot the wood, 167. Its flour makes a ro-buft food, 169. Circles, or rings of trees, a difl'erta-tion on, 504. Coating of Timber, how to perform, 523. Coppices, how to make, 465.—To take care of, 466. The number of fcantlings to be left upon each acre per ftatute, 467. Cork-Tree, its forts and ufes, 362. Cornel, recommended for its hard-nefs, 357. Crooked Trees,.how to reform, 438". Cypress, its forts, 330.---How to raifé, 334. May be formed into hedges, 336. Should not be clipped late in autumn, 334, Will become a ftandard, ib. Its ules, 338. The wood fuppofed to be incorruptible, 339. Camoenæ, whence derived, 630. Caprification, how performed, 449. Cedar of Lebanon, a fpecies of Pine, 311. How to fow the feeds, ib. To tranfplant, 312. A few only of thefe trees remaining upon mount Libanus, 313. This fpecies grows luxuriantly at Welbeck, 94. Sweet Cedar, a fpecies of Juniper, 321. Celtis, its fpecies, 353. Clafs and Order, 355. How propagated, ib. Not the Lotus feafted on by the companions of Ulyfles, 356. Chesnut-Tree, the nuts of, how to fow, 46, 161. Its fpecies, 159. Clafs and Order, 161. How to cultivate, ib. Its proper foil, 165. Thofe on mount Æt-na deferibed, 488—490. Climate of plants, a diflertation on, 552- Cherry, Black, 188. Clafs and Order, ib. Ufes, ib. Colbert miftaken in his idea of agriculture, 176. Cornelian Cherry-Tree, 357. Clafs and Order, ib. How propagated, ib. Cork-Tree, a fpecies of Oak, 75, 362. Clafs and Order, ib. How peeled, 363. The oldcft trees have the beft bark, ib. Cratægus, its fpecies, 181. How propagated, 186. Clafs and Order, 187. Cypress, its 1'pedes, 330. Clafs and order, 332. How propagated, ibid.INDEX. Branches of this tree were placed before the doors of deceafed perfons, 335. D Disbranching of trees, when to be performed, 516. Distances, how to aflign, for tranf-planted trees, 55. Dogwood, its ufes, 412; Drip and Shade to be removed from trees, 419. Druids, their origin and antiquity, 615, 616. Diseases, a proof of the life of plants, 458- Druids, their manner of gathering the Mifleto, 9, E Earth, what is meant by,the term, ,14. Earwigs, how to deftroy, 458. Elder,, its ufes, 411. Elm, its different kinds, 118. How to raife, ibid. How to tranfplant, 120. Its proper foil, 139. When to fell, 132. Ufes of the wood, ib. The leaves given to cattle, 133. Euonymus, its ufes, 412. Elm, the feeds of, how to fow, 41. Its various fpecies, 118—120. Clafs and Order, 121.--Manner of propagation, 121—127. Proved an indigenous tree from Doomfday-book, 130. The leaves ufed by the antients for feeding of cattle, 133.--Virgil efteems the flowers pernicious to bees, 134. Eradicator, a defcription of one invented by the Hon. John Bendnck, with three views, 108. Eyre, Juftices in, cannot fell timber un-Jefs it be fedente Curia, 566. Have di-•uifum Imperium with the Exchequer, ib. Havq no right to windfalls, ib. F Felling of trees, to be determined by the growth of the wood, 508. 'Fences recommended, 398.’ Fern, how to deftroy,. 421. FiRy its two principal fpecies defcrib-ed, 262. How to low the feeds, 267. How to tranfplant, 269.— Ufes of the wood, 271. Forests, laws and ftatutes for their improvement, 559. What was an-tiently. meant by. a Foreft, 562.— Orders given to the Commander of the Spanilh Armada to deftroy the Foreft of Dean, 564. Foreign Foreft Laws, 566. Fropofals how to improve our Forefts, 573. Exhortation to the Nobility and Gentry to improve their Forefts and Woods, 582. Fuel, how to fell, 538. How mea-fured by the ftatute, 541. Furze recommended to be fown, 410. • Fir, Scotch, how to raffe from feed, 51.— The feed* often bad ; - and why, 65. I3 an indigenous tree, 139. Caefar mifta-ken in fuppofingit not a native of Britain, ibid. Claiu£ with the Pines, 262. White and red Fir the fame, 277. FoliatioH ,of trees and fhrubs, the order of, in England, 231. Should be con-fid ered as a directory for fowing grain, ib; G Grain, of timber, to be obferved, 524- Granatum, or Malus Punica, how to cultivate,. 379. Graves, in Surry, decked with rofes,, 629. Groves, an hiftorical account of their facrednefs and ufe, 603.——Were early confecrated to holy ufes by the Patriarchs themfelves, as well as the Gentiles, 606. The Druids celebrated the myfteries of their religion in Groves, 615. Were an emblem of theElyfium of the antients, 619. Were frequented by learned men, 617, 618.INDEX, The antients lodged the bodies of great men in Groves j and why, 625. Abraham had his burying-placefet round with trees, ib. Chrift and his Apoftles frequently refort-ed to l'uch folitary places, ib. Sir W. Temple ordered his heart to be buried in a Grove or Garden, 628. Were confecrated to Minerva, Ifis, Latona, Cybele,Ofiris,iEfculapius, Diana, Vulcan, Venus, Cupid, Mars, Bellona, Bacchus, Silvanus, and the Mufes, 629. Antient and modern ftories concerning Groves and Trees, 630—633. Generation of plants, 429.---Animal and vegetable Generation nearly the fame, 433. Equivocal Generation, abfurd and unphilofophical, 8, 429. Was originally invented in Egypt; and for what pur-poles, 8. Lucretius condemns and ridicules it, ib. Glf.ditsia, 358. Clafs and Order, ib. Varieties, 359. How to cultivate, 360. H Hasel, how to plant, 220. Its proper foil, 222. Ules of the wood, ibid. H awthorn, how to raife, 400. Hedges, how to make, 401. Holly makes an excellent hedge, 386. How to low the berries, 387. Ufes of the wood, 388. Birdlime made from Holly bark, and how, 389. Hollowness of trees, how to remedy, 455- Hornbeam, how raifed, 143.-------Its proper foil, ib. Ufes of the wood, ibid. Makes noble hedges in gardens, 144. Hornets, how to deftroy, 457. ---Hi------- IIasel, its fpccies, 220. Clafs and Order, ib. How propagated, ib. Ufes of the wood, ib.---The Filbert not a diftin i % AM’  U.C. 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