~ Par Bind Return direct to Fythropology EL Cp pr LL rr I pr rr rr Library TE CT CC CITT SCIENTIFICAMERICAN p—— CARRETERA ERE ETIRANRES FS EMARRARRR LEER RRL CRE RRREL LTT ee TT Te Tr TE TE FTL Li TCT ITE Tp EE it Copyrig 3 Underwor 15 FORWARD DECK OF FLAGSHIP “ WYOMING,” SHOWING THE 12-INCH GUNS OF TURRETS NO. | AND NO. 2.—[See page 473.] Err TTT : | ITT I | LUI TFET J] , Ij es | Coa TTT yy LITT 0 rn pn Ep 2 7 "| ETI BIT (OI T (OTT TT LO LCT TT IT fa Tr Vol. CXIL No. 21 Munn & Co. Inc., Publishers Price 10 Cents May 22, 1915 New York, N. Y. $3.00 A Year 466 JI 0 i A ANTHROPOLOGY LIBRARY SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EE Leak-Proof Inner Tubes Goodyear Laminated Tubes 147, Heavier— 207, Lower Layer on Layer Here is something every motorist should know. Goodyear Laminated Tubes are not built of one thick piece of rubber. They are made of many thin layers—each of pure rubber—vul- canized together in one solid, extra heavy tube. In a thick piece of rubber, flaws may be hid- den. And the flaws may go clear through. In these thin sheets, any tiny flaw shows up and is at once eliminated. These thin, perfect sheets, wrapped layer on layer, make a tube that can’t leak. And the valve patch can't leak. It is part of the Tube—not stuck on. Please remember that. Many a tire trouble is due to a leaky Tube. Made Extra Thick Goodyear Laminated Tubes are also extra-thick. They were always so. But this year we have added an extra 14 per cent on the average—all pure rubber. The result is, these Tubes far outwear any tire. Price Cut 209) Li On February 1st, despite this added thickness, we cut our Tube prices 20 per cent. Now these Laminated Tubes, built extra thick, cost about the same as others. There is not even a price reason for taking a lesser Tube. Always Gray Goodyear Laminated Tubes are gray, the natural rubber color. Pure rubber must be gray. A colored tube has much mineral matter in it, and that holds fric- tion heat—a Tube’s worst enemy. We do not adulterate. Whatever tire you use, get Goodyear Tubes. They will outlast your tires. And they will convert you to Goodyear Fortified Tires. No man can use a Tube like this without wanting his tires built by the same standards. Any dealer will supply you Goodyear Tires or Tubes. YEAR KRON, OHIO Laminated Tubes Extra Heavy Tubes—Uncolored Built Layer on Layer By the Makers of Fortified Tires 0000 0 CAT THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO., Akron, O. (2407) I I 0 0 I | | I IN I nnn Ii Mil fi IATA May 22, 1915 oy Harley-Davidson Wins International Grand Prize Race Breaking Another World’s Record Travels 6815 Miles an Hour for 300 Miles Otto Walker, riding a Harley - Davidson, carried off the first money in the 300 mile International Grand Prize Race at Venice, California, April 4th. Next came Leslie “Red” Parkhurst also on a Harley-Davidson. Both Walker and Parkhurst shattered the world’s record and both rode stock 1915 Harley-Davidsons, just like you can buy of any Harley-Davidson dealer. By finishing 15-3 5 seconds apart these two Harley-Davidsons gave the most remarkable demonstration of consistent performance in the history of the motorcycle industry. : To win the International Grand Prize Race, the greatest motorcycle classic on record, is_ an achievement worth while, but for the stock Harley-Davidson to win not only first but second also, against special racing machines, built for speed and speed only, is a truly re- Never before has the Harley-Davidson Motor Company turned out a Machine with the speed and power of the 1915 Harley - Davidson. With an eleven horsepower motor and such additional features as three-speed sliding gear transmission, an automatic oil pump, and double clutch control, it is no wonder that this is Harley-Davidson year. Any Harley-Davidson dealer will ex- plain in detail the many superiorities markable and convincing performance. of the 1915 Harley-Davidson. Descriptive literature upon request More Dealers for 1915—Additions to the Harley-Davidson factories enable us to add more dealers for 1915. Dealers situated where we are not represented who feel qualified to represent the Harley-Davidson in keeping with the Harley-Davidson name and reputation, should get in touch with us at once. g Harley-Davidson Motor Co., 428-B Street, Milwaukee, Wis. Producers of High Grade Motorcycles for Fourteen Years oh 4 nastiematic and Aiutographic $27.50 The New 3A KODAK Has the autographic feature whereby you can date and title your films af the time of exposure, is fitted with the new Kodak Anastigmat f.7.7 lens—a lens that leaves nothing to be desired in definition (sharpness) and flatness of field and has more speed than even the best of the Rapid Rectilinear lenses. The shutter is the Kodak Ball Bearing with instant- | aneous speeds of 1/25, 1/50 and 1/100 of a second and, , ; s : of course, the usual time and ‘ bulb” actions. High grade in every detail. No. 3A Autographic Kodak, pictures 3% x 5%, Kodak Anastigmat lens £.7.7, : : . . : 7% 22.5 Do., with Rapid Rectilinear lens, Catalogue free at your dealer's, or by mail. EASTMAN KODAK CO., ROCHESTER, N. Y., The Kodak City. i WNT RICAN A FR (LETTERED I THE WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION NOME Sx NEW YORK, MAY 22, 1915 10 CENTS A COPY $3.00 A YEAR =| Im SS Porm The fleet in the North River, with U. S. S. “Delaware” in the foreground. Admiral Fletcher. Monitor “Tonopah” and group of five submarines. Photographs copyrighted by Underwood & Underwood, 1915. The fleet as viewed from the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Monument. THE NAVAL REVIEW IN THE HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK 468 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Founded 1845 NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MAY 22, 1915 Published by Munn & Co., Incorporated. Charles Allen Munn, Presi- dent; Frederick Converse Beach, Secretary; Orson D. Munn, Treasurer; all at 233 Broadway, New York. Entered at the Post Office of New York, N. Y., as Second Class Matter Entered as Second Class Matter at the Post Office Department, Canada. Trade Mark Registered in the United States Patent Office Copyright 1915 by Munn & Co., Inc. Illustrated articles must not be reproduced without special permission. Subscription Rates SUDSCIIDLION ONE JOAT.« cv aeev sre verevassiaransainnviaisesios anne $3.00 Postage prepaid in United States and possessions, Mexico, Cuba, and Panama. Subscriptions for Foreign Countries, one year, postage prepaid, 4.50 Subscriptions for Canada, one year, postage prepaid.......... 3.75 The Scientific American Publications Scientific American (established 1845).........couvuun per year $3.00 Scientific American Supplement (established 1876).... ** 5.00 American Homes and Gardens...........«.vsssveversv. Sie Ur 3.00 The combined subscription rates and rates to foreign countries includ- ing Canada, will be furnished upon application. Remit by postal or express money order, bank draft or check. Munn & Co., Inc., 233 Broadway, New York The Editor is always glad to receive for examination illustrated articles on subjects of timely interest. If the photographs are sharp the articles short, and the facts authentic, the contributions will re- ceive special attention. Accepted articles will be paid for at regular space rates. The purpose of this journal is to record accurately, simply, and interestingly, the world’s progress in scien- tific knowledge and industrial achievement. War, Humanized and De-humanized NE of the most assuring evidences of the fact that the world has been steadily advancing toward a higher civilization has been the devel- opment of a set of laws designed to soften, if not eradicate, the inhumanity of war. War is a professional business. The soldier is the professional exponent of war. It is his business to kill and, if fate so decrees, to be killed. But all around the inherent terror and cruelty of war, there has been built up, by the common consent of civilization, a series of restrictions designed to protect, as far as may be, the non-combatants. It is one of the most lamentable features of the present struggle that by one nation, at least, these safeguards have been ruthlessly thrown aside. The sinking, on sight, of the “Lusitania” is the latest and most atrocious instance of this relapse to that gratuitous cruelty which we all thought had been rele- gated to a bygone and far-distant age. There are two features which render this erime pecu- liarly abhorrent to the civilized world: The first is its magnitude; the other is the cold-blooded premeditation and careful deliberation with which it was planned. One of the most remarkable psychological phenomena of the present war is the specious sophistry with which Germany has attempted to justify her multitudinous breaches of the above-mentioned humanitarian laws of war; and surely the most amazing instance of this is the fact that to-day, at this very hour, Germany is justifying this slaughter of innocent non-combatants by stating that she gave them full warning that she was going to perpetrate the deed. This is a new philosophy, indeed! Our laws in America have never considered that, because a gunman gave warning to a citizen that he was armed and was going to shoot him on sight, the slayer was thereby absolved from all responsibility. On the contrary, such warning is considered by the law as evidence of criminal intent. We pointed out in a previous issue that for a block- ade to be lawful it must be effective, and that to be effective it must be so complete that practically every ship of the enemy is estopped from entering or leaving his ports. But what are the facts? Since this so-called submarine blockade has been attempted, only one ship out of every two hundred and fifty entering and leav- ing British ports has been torpedoed. The blockade, therefore, is an utter farce, and hence, the sinking of the “Lusitania” under the existing conditions and the blotting out of the lives of her passengers is an act that is outside of the pale of legitimate warfare. At the bar of modern civilization, “the deep damnation of their taking off” will forever be written down as an act of unrelieved and most cruel murder. We protested editorially in our last issue against the use of the phrase “war is war” to cover the inhuman violation of the rules of war of which the sinking of the “Lusitania” is the climax. There is such a thing as chivalry in war—it is even possible, if one has to fight, to fight like a gentleman. There is a sense in which it can be said that war is a trial of strength and skill, governed by certain rules of the game, and that in this sense the contest, in spite of its attendant hor- rors, can be carried on with a certain self-restraint and SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ncbility of spirit which, so far as may be, will rob it of some of its degradation. When it is said that every soldier should be ‘‘sportsmanlike,” that statement car- ries an instant conviction to every member of that great Anglo-Celtic race which constitutes at once the backbone and the vast majority of the American people. Can it be that the Teutonic mind thinks otherwise? If, when two German students were facing each other for the sword contest, one of them suddenly threw his left hand forward and squirted vitriol into the eyes of his opponent, and then cut the blinded man’s face to ribbons, would the body of German students applaud the act as an exhibition of ingenuity, forethought, and fighting efficiency ? When the German Grand General Staff, finding it could not break the allied line at Ypres by the legiti- mate methods of warfare, started to blind and suffocate the enemy with poisonous gases, is it possible that they did not know that the whole world outside of Germany (and, pray God, some inside of Germany) would de- nounce the trick as unfair, unchivalrous, and a relapse to long-abandoned methods of warfare—to the “Greek fire” of the ancients, or, if you will, the “stink-pot” of the Chinaman? Again, when the German navy found itself swept from the high seas and shut up in its ports; when it realized, after its initial successes, that its submarines could do no serious hurt to the warships of the enemy, was that any justification for its trampling on the humanitarian laws of war, and proceeding, in its baffled rage and fury, to sink the non-combatant merchant ships of the enemy, without even giving the passengers and crew a chance for their lives? Germany, through the German Foreign Office, has confessed its guilt by saying that which it knows to be untrue regarding the “Lusitania.” It speaks of the “Lusitania’s” “armament” — although its Intelligence Service long ago informed it that the “Lusitania” was unarmed—a fact which Collector Malone of the Port of New York has verified in an authorized interview. As the French would say: “Qui s’excuse, s’accuse.” The Renewing of Italy’s Navy HE Italian navy of to-day is experiencing a period of vigorous renewal. The war in Libya, | far from determining the interval of inactivity which so often follows a war, impelled Italy to fresh efforts and greater speed in her naval constructions; four dreadnoughts have already taken their place in the fleet, two others are about ready to enter into ser- vice, and four super-dreadnoughts are already in the initial stages. The first dreadnought of the Italian navy was the “Dante Alighieri” armed with twelve 12-inch guns situ- ated in four triple turrets. After the “Dante Alighieri” came the “Giulio Cesare” and two others of her type, the “Leonardo da Vinei” and the “Conte di Cavour,” all three of which have thirteen 12-inch guns instead of the twelve guns of the “Dante Alighieri.” The dreadnoughts of the “Giulio Cesare” type in the trial of their artillery gave most satisfactory results. The plans of the “Leonardo da Vinci” and her two sister ships were the work of Edoardo Masdea, whose early demise was a grave loss to Italian navy engineer- ing, he having designed more than one half of the Italian fleet. The principal characteristics of the three dread- noughts of the “Guilio Cwesare” type are as follows: Length over all, 533 feet; beam width, S3 feet; dis- placement, 22,700 tons; speed, 22 knots. The principal battery consists of thirteen 12-inch guns, situated in three triple turrets and two twin turrets. The sec- ondary battery is composed of eighteen 5-inch guns in casemates placed within armored bridge-houses, twenty 3-inch guns, and three torpedo tubes. The armor pro- tection consists of a complete armor belt about 10 inches thick, tapering at the stern and diminishing in thick- ness toward the upper part. The motive power is fur- nished by Parsons turbines, capable of developing 24,000 horse-power. There is a normal fuel supply of 1,000 tons, and reserve bunkers with a capacity of another 1,500 tons. Two other dreadnoughts of nearly the same type as the “Giulio Cesare” are the “Doria” and the “Duilio,” launched over three years ago, and now practically com- pleted. The displacement and principal battery are the same, but the secondary battery is composed of 6-inch guns instead of the 5-inch guns of the “Giulio Caesare.” These two sister ships are the work of the government shipyards of Spezia and Castellamare di Stabia. From dreadnoughts, Italy has progressed conclusively to super-dreadnoughts. As the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN has noted in its columns, the Italian navy shows much foresight in all that pertains to possible developments in naval artillery. With these new ships—three in number—she has passed abruptly from the 12-inch gun to the 15-inch gun, without touching the intermediary caliber. Although Italy was the first to introduce May 22, 1915 triple turrets in the navy, in her new super-dread- noughts there is a return to twin turrets. The super-dreadnoughts, one of which will bear a name of common interest to Italy and to the United States, that of “Christoforo Colombo,” will have a dis- placement of 32,000 tons and will be armed with eight 15-inch guns and eighteen 6-inch guns. The contract speed is 25 knots, but it is strongly hoped to increase this to 28 knots. The great displacement of the super-dreadnoughts is owing to their high speed and heavy protection, the ship’s bottom also being protected against explosions under water. It is maintained that no foreign battle- ship of corresponding type and period will be able to compete with this new ship in armor protection, and she is expected to sustain the reputation of the Italian navy for devoting especial attention to the problem of highest speed. This new type of ship is the work of Edgardo Ferrati, who succeeded Edoardo Masdea in the direction of the Corps of Italian Naval Engineering. Following on the new super-dreadnought, studies will be initiated for the still greater battleship of the future, and the result will undoubtedly be a fresh achievement of Italian naval engineers, pioneers in re- solving the most arduous problems of naval engineering and artillery. It should be remembered that the dread- nought type had its genesis in Italy in the “Vittorio Emanuele” type, and its precursors in the “Duilio” type of forty years ago. The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, in an article published recently on the subject of the “Texas,” recalled the fact that between 1880 and 1890 the Italian navy constructed the “Lepanto” and the “Italia,” of 16,000 tons displacement, armed with four 17-inch guns and with a speed of 18 knots; in 1888 Italy armed the “Re Umberto” type with four 14-inch guns. After all, allowing naturally for thirty years’ prog- ress in engineering and naval artillery, the super-dread- nought is but a return to those first conceptions which at the time seemed almost sheer folly, but which now justly impose themselves on the navies of the world. The Italian navy, seconded by the enthusiasm of a people that never seek to evade or refuse an appeal for the national defense, has won back her place in the Mediterranean, that classic Latin sea, of which she was once conqueror and possessor. No longer ambitious for dominion or possession, Italy intends only to hold her place with dignity and firmness in that sea which bathes her coast for more than 1,200 miles, and laps the shores of Libya, her new colonial possession. Disease in Warfare ROBABLY few other than medical observers realize fully the part disease is playing during the present world war, and will continue to play, when the war is done, by reason of the predisposi- tions brought about by war’s stresses. Although the medical military service is probably more perfected than in previous conflicts, yet several men are dying of dis- ease to one slain by ordnance. Infection has indeed modified the course of all, and has abruptly terminated some wars. Campaigns which should by all military prognostications have succeeded, have failed be- cause cholera, plague, typhoid, typhus, small-pox, ma- laria, dysentery, and yellow fever have cheated shot and shell of their victims. Montgomery and Arnold were not successful in invading Canada because too few were left for the assault when small-pox and dysen- tery had taken their quota. Napoleon in 1802 wanted to found an empire in our South, and could not because the San Domingan epidemics outgeneraled him, de- stroying 15,000 of his fine army. In our Mexican war less than 1,000 were killed or died of wounds, while nearly five thousand succumbed to the bacterial bullet. The British in the Crimea lost twenty-five men from disease to one from wounds. In the Franco-Prussian war Bazaine’s great army, if it had not surrendered at Metz, must have succumbed utterly to disease and starvation, while literally one half the investing Ger- mans, with everything in their favor, were on the sick list. In the brief war with Spain, our dead from sick- ness were seven times more numerous than from injury. In the Balkan war of several years ago the Bulgarian campaign broke down largely because of epidemics. There were 30,000 cases of cholera in one day. Here was a more fatal factor than the Turkish resistance in checking the Bulgars at Chatalja. And war’s aftermath. The unusual physical stresses of war, and the enduring effect of its horrors upon the psychism, predispose to degenerations and organic dis- eases. Wherefore there is in the few years after every war unusual sickness and untimely death among the survivors, from anemia, debility, liver, heart, kidney and other diseases. Tuberculosis has long manifested itself in its insidious and malign way, in the world’s large armies. Many enlisted men have this disease lat- ent in them, either to burst forth under the strains of campaigning, or to appear soon after the exhausting warfare is ended. Thus, when one computes the awful life destruction in war’s carnage, one must multiply that loss several fold by reason of disease, i May 22, 1915 Science The University of Pennsylvania Amazon Expedition has made another journey into the unknown, and is now exploring the frontier regions of Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. The expedition expects to spend six months in that region and to return to civilization at Para. Cameras in the Stomach.—The production of cameras sufficiently small to be swallowed and constructed to photograph the interior of the stomach is referred to in current publications, U. S. patent No. 619,792, issued February 21st, 1899, for the subject and included illumin- ating means, and a number of German patents have been issued for camera apparatus adapted for this purpose. Liberating Caged Birds.— Writing on this subject in Bird Notes and News, Mr. W. H. Hudson mentions the common idea that a caged bird when liberated is speedily set upon and ill-treated by wild birds. It appears that the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds receives many letters of inquiry on this subject from persons who would like to pursue the humane hobby of freeing birds from captivity. The writer mentions several observa- tions of his own and of others which appear to show that there is no truth in the popular notion. Mr. Walter G. Davis, the veteran North American director of the Argentine Meteorological Service, re- cently retired on a pension, and was succeeded by Sefior - Martin Gil, described in the Argentine newspapers as a wealthy amateur meteorologist and astronomer, much interested in long-range weather prediction. Argentina has for many years possessed the only national meteoro- logical service comparable in scope and efficiency to those of the principal European countries and the United States. Its future will be watched with much interest. Lead Poisoning in Storage Battery Factories.—A bul- letin recently issued by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statis- ties shows that lead poisoning is far too prevalent in the storage battery factories of the United States. While in the largest factory of this kind in Germany the cate of lead poisoning is less than 1 per 100 employees, and in Great Britain about 3 in 100, in the five largest factories in this country the rate, based on reports known to ba incomplete, is almost 18 per 100. The difference is sald to be due to the neglect in the United States of factory sanitation and of personal care of the men em- ployed. The bulletin in question points out the sources of danger and the best means of minimizing the same. Mosquito-destroying Solutions have been the subject of recent extensive investigations in Germany with reference to their effects on aquatic animals and birds. It is found that petroleum has no poisonous effect upon the lower animals living in the water, while the soluble components of saprol, carbolic-free saprol, larviol A, and larviol B kill all creatures living in the water down to a certain depth (many times greater in the case of saprol than in that of larviol). The most destructive of these substances, however, have no more lasting effect upon the lower forms of aquatic life than the natural drying up of stagnant ponds. On the other hand, it is claimed that water covered with a layer of any of the substances above named does no harm to native birds, game or domestic animals that may happen to drink of it. Robusta Coffee is recommended by P. J. Wester, in the Philippine Agricultural Review, for the rehabilitation of the coffee industry in the Philippines, where, as else- where in the eastern hemisphere, the industry received a serious setback from the coffee blight. Robusta coffee, also known as Congo coffee, and believed by Wildeman to be a variety of Coffea canephora, was discovered in the Belgian Congo, and seeds were sent to Brussels, where plants were first offered for sale in 1901. It soon found its way to Java, and to-day the Javanese plantations consist almost entirely of this variety. The annual crop increased from 183,000 kilogrammes in 1909 to about 16,000,000 in 1912. While not immune from blight, it grows well and produces abundant crops notwithstanding the presence of the blight. The Philippine Bureau of Agriculture is now distributing seed imported from Java. The Term “Indian Summer.”—The origin of this ex- pression, like that of the word ‘ blizzard,” has been the subject of much research. It has been traced back only as far as the latter part of the eighteenth century, and it did not become common until after the first decade of the nineteenth. Many explanations of the name have been offered, all of which assume that the term “Indian” used in this connection refers to the American Indians. A recent note in the Monthly Weather Review calls atten- tion to a totally different use of this term, in which the reference is not to the American Indians, but to East India. Under the British Board of Trade Regula- tions, one of the load-lines marked on ships bears the initials “1.S.,”” this being the maximum depth to which vessels can be loaded for voyages during the ‘Indian summer,” i. e., the fine season in the Indian seas. How long has the term ‘Indian summer been used in this sense? It is not recorded in any dictionary, nor, ap- parently, in any work on meteorology. Is it possible that our autumnal Indian summer was so named by sailors or travelers who saw in it a resemblance to the fine weather attending the northeast monsoon in India? SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Automobile Around Cape Cod by Motor Car.—An extensive auto- mobile passenger service will be maintained this summer running from Boston to Provincetown on the tip of Cape Cod. The route will go from Boston, via Broekton, Middleborough, Wareham, Buzzards Bay, Woods Hole, Hyannis, Chatham, Orleans to Provincetown. The line is to be covered by motorbuses, running on the five-cent unit fare plan, with fare pay stations at fairly generous intervals. Pump, Fan and Horn Combined.—The tendency of automobile manufacturers, for reasons of economy and simplicity, to combine several of the accessories in a single unit, has resulted in a further interesting combina- tion, namely a horn-pump-fan unit. The fan-horn was recently described in the ScieNTIFIC AMERICAN, and now there has been added a power driven air pump. The triple combination may be attached to any car, without additional machine work. The pump is of the single air-cooled cylinder type, 1 14-inch bore by 134-inch stroke, of gray cast iron. Electric Vulcanizer with Thermometer.—One of the reasons why steam vuleanizers for motorists’ use have proven so popular is the fact that they cannot easily be overheated. One of the new electric vulcanizing devices brought out by an American manufacturer in- cludes a thermometer in the heating plate. When the temperature rises above 275 degrees, the current should be turned off. The vuleanizer itself consists of a U- shaped piece holding on its two ends the vulcanizing plate and an opposition plate, the rubber being inserted between the two plates. Motorcars Are Now Everywhere.—The last two strong- holds of ‘“‘anti-motorists”’ have finally succumbed, and the automobile is now admitted into every nook and cranny of the United States. The last barriers to fall will be those of the Yellowstone National Park, which is scheduled to open for the motorists on August 1st. On April 25th, of this year, Bar Harbor, Me., and Mt. Desert, opened their roads to the hated motor car. At the last session of the Legislature a bill was passed, admitting automobiles on the island, the popular summer resort on the Maine coast. An Oilcan With Bellows.— ‘Why hasn’t somebody thought of this before?”” That is the involuntary ex- clamation of everyone who has had an opportunity of viewing the latest development in the line of oilcans— namely, an oilean with bellows. Ordinarily the bottom of the oilcan of commerce has but a movement through a small fraction of an inch, and this small motion is relied upon to force the oil through the narrow opening at the top. A new oilean, however, has just appeared on the market which has a metal bellows as oil container, which is held extended by a small spring. Pressure upon the bottom of the can forces the bellows together and the bottom of the can upward, with the result that a strong and steady stream of oil can be injected where desirable. Ball Bearing Imports.—One of the most puzzling features of the import statistics is undoubtedly the con- tinued strength in ball bearings, imported from Germany. The majority of the imported ball bearings come from the land of the Kaiser, and despite the embargo which is known to have been declared by the German govern- ment on anti-friction bearings, and the complete throt- tling of commerce from German ports, imports of ball bearings in February of this year were higher than in the same month of 1914. Importers say that all the bear- ings sent to this country at the present time have been manufactured in the Italian branch plants of the larger German companies, or have been shipped quietly via Italy. The value of imported ball bearings in February was $197,842. Speedometer for Speed Control.—Speedometers, as a rule, only tell the motorist when he is exceeding the speed limit; they do not prevent him from doing so. On commercial motor vehicles, the speed question is often of greater importance than that of overloading, and one of the large speedometer manufacturers has hit upon the happy idea of combining the indicator of speed with an arrangement that will prevent the driver from going faster than the device has been set for. The device consists of a Yale lock, which can be set at any desired speed from zero to 60 miles an hour. When the indi- cated speed is reached by the speedometer hand, an electric contact is established which energizes a magnet contained in a small box, through which the rod from the carbureter throttle passes. This rod is split within the case and one end passes freely in a sleeve fitting tightly over the other end of the rod. Normally, connection between the two is made by a pin that passes through an opening in the sleeve and free end of the rod. The clos- ing of the electric contact when the speed limit is reached lifts this pin out of engagement and breaks the connec- tion between the rod and the sleeve. The throttle thereupon closes slowly of its own weight, and no amount of manipulation of hand or foot control will be communi- cated to the carbureter. When the car has fallen be- low the speed limit, however, the speedometer contact is released, the magnet permits the pin to fall back into its place and the throttle rod is continuous once more, 469 Astronomy A Memoir of the Late Sir David Gill is in prepara- tion. The compiler states that ample material is at hand respecting the late astronomer’s public and scientific work, but that notes—narrative, historical, aneedotal or appreciative—in regard to his personality will be grate- fully received by Mr. George Forbes, 11 Little College Street, Westminster, London. London Skies in War Time.—One of the many ‘“‘by- products’ of the great war is the opportunity which has of late been enjoyed by astronomers living in and near London to observe the heavens with comparatively little interference due to city lights. At a recent meeting of the British Astronomical Association attention was called to the fact that the zodiacal light had become an easily observed feature of London skies, whereas before the days of Zeppelin raids it was practically invisible to Londoners. Saturn Seen Oval With the Naked Eye.—A corres- pondent of Mr. E. Walter Maunder, the English astron- omer, claims to have frequently seen Saturn distinctly oval with the naked eye during last winter. The position of the rings has been favorable for such an observation during the last three or four years, and it is within the power of strong opera glasses. A naked-eye observation is somewhat questionable. An elongation of the bright image due to astigmatism might explain it. It would be interesting to hear from other keen-eyed observers on this subject. Photometry of a Meteor.—In Astronomische Nach- richten No. 4,789, E. Hertzsprung records an interesting study of the fluctuations observed in the brightness of a meteor, the absolute path of which in the atmosphere was known from simultaneous observations at widely separated stations. Through about 15 kilometers of its course the meteor was photographed on a plate near the middle.of which were also photographed 56 stars of the Praesepe cluster. These stars, ranging in brightness from the 7.46 to the 10.60 magnitude, furnished the means of very accurate comparison of the meteor’s brightness, the variations of which are shown graphically in the article. Achievements of the Mount Wilson Observatory.—No portion of the funds of the Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington has been more fruitfully applied than that which created and has maintained the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory, in California. As Prof. Hale, the director of the observatory, says in his last annual report, he and his colleagues have heretofore devoted a large share of their time to devising and testing methods and ap- paratus, and these are now being applied to solar in- vestigations which were formerly studied with altogether inadequate means. In a forthcoming book, ‘Ten Years’ Work of a Mountain Observatory,” Prof. Hale will outline the results attained during the first decade of experiments and observations. During the year 1914, which began a second decade, many noteworthy results were achieved. A beginning was made in the application to solar phenomena of Stark’s capital dis- covery of the effect of an electric field on radiation. In stellar astronomy discoveries have been made which promise to furnish the means of determining a star’s distance simply by measuring its brightness and the relative intensities of certain lines in its spectrum. Spectroscopic studies in the splendid laboratory at- tached to the observatory have shed new light on astrophysical problems. The report above mentioned enumerates no less than fifty-nine definite achievements as the fruit of a single year’s work. Electric Furnace Spectra.—In the elaborate studies of electric furnace spectra which have been made at the Mouni Wilson Observatory in connection with solar research problems the latest spectra to be investigated are those of vanadium and chromium. The tempera- tures used in these studies are classified as low (2,000- 2,150 deg. Cent.), medium (2,300-2,350 deg. Cent.), and high (2,500-2,600 deg. Cent.) With vanadium, 2,000 deg. Cent. appears to be about the lower limit for the appearance of a spectrum, though the lines produced at this temperature are fairly numerous. In the case of chromium, the melting-point of which is considerably lower, temperatures between 1,700 and 1,800 deg. Cent. suffice to give a number of the most persistent lines in the spectrum. The variations of these spectra with tem- perature, together with comparisons between arc and furnace spectra, have recently been described by Arthur S. King. The leading features in the development of the vanadium and chromium spectra are similar to those previously reported for iron and titanium, the vanadium spectrum being very similar to the latter. The chro- mium spectrum near the temperature at which the vapor begins to radiate shows a predominance of lines which are relatively strong at low temperature and strengthen very slowly with increasing temperature. The extension of the spectra of both elements into the ultra-violet increases as the temperature rises; this has also been observed in the case of iron and titanium. The ability of lines to show self-reversal in the furnace distinctly increases with decreasing wave-length. 470 Canada Balsam HE name balsam, as popularly applied to various vegetable products, is familiar as a household word. The Canada balsam is one of the best known kinds, yet how few persons know anything about the history of this product beyond the fact that it possesses a strong balsamic odor. Canada balsam is a product of the balsam fir tree (Abies balsamea) of the northeastern States. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York contribute largely toward the annual yield. The name would indicate that it was produced chiefly in Canada, but, although a good deal of balsam is collected in the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, practically all of the Canada balsam used in the United States is gathered in the State of Maine, where the balsam fir finds its best development. Canada balsam, known by the gatherers chiefly as gum or balsam, is one of the minor forest products, which is usually not taken into account in calculating the annual returns of the balsam fir forests of a State. In the aggregate more than 5,000 gallons are collected annually in the north woods and a good many families depend upon the collection of this gum as an important part of their requirements for a livelihood. The method of collecting the balsam is quite unique. Those who are familiar with the balsam fir tree recog- nize it by its thin, more or less smooth, close, grayish- brown bark marked by numerous projecting resin pock- ets or blisters. These blisters are filled with a limpid, very transparent and odorous resin which at ordinary temperature flows out freely when the projecting walls of the blisters are ruptured. The balsam gatherers go about from tree to tree rupturing all the resin pockets on the accessible parts of the tree by means of a hollow tube about three eighths of an inch in diameter. The tube is held over the ruptured part of the blister for a few moments until the balsam is all drained through the hollow tube into the can below. As a rule, entire families of balsam gatherers go into the woods where they camp for two or three months of each year. Their baggage consists chiefly of provisions, a stove, and some bedding. The women remain in camp to do the cooking and to strain the gum; they also transport the gum upon their backs in canisters of five gallons each to the nearest village or store, where it is sold at the rate of about $2 a gallon in exchange for provisions. The men and boys go to pierce the blisters. The boys mount into the branches, while the older men work about the lower part of the tree. A large balsam fir tree rich in gum yields as much as a pound of bal- sam, but on an average the yield of each tree is not over eight ounces. One man with the help of two sons can gather from sunrise to sunset a gallon of balsam, but the man who works alone has done well when he has collected half a gallon. Balsam cannot be gathered when it rains, not even on the same day, because the branches are wet and the water dropping into the gum renders it milky and un- saleable. It is collected from June to September or to about the time snow begins to fall or the weather turns cold; the gum does not flow during low temperature. It is sometimes gathered as early as May from trees standing in the open where the sun's rays can strike them. The trees are not worked for two years in suc- cession, because they require two or three years’ rest before they can be tapped again, and then they always yield very much less than the first time. Only the poorest inhabitants and a few of the Indians are engaged in this work. Probably not one of the col- lectors know what the balsam is used for after it reaches the ultimate consumer. The chief uses of the Canada balsam, after it has been purified by proper straining, are for mounting preparations for the micro- scope and as a cement for glass in optical work. An Electrical Umpire DEVICE for electrically registering balls and strikes, and making no mistakes, has been invented by a Los Angeles baseball enthusiast which has received the endorsement of Western fans and players. It is not used in the game, however, but in practice, or as an amusement device, and it is very popular for both purposes. The construction is very simple, consisting of 'a heavy wooden backstop, eight feet by eight, which is surround- ed by a netting to catch wild balls. It stands at the end of a sixty-five foot alley, the distance from which the ball is thrown on the field. The surface is painted with a dark background, on which are represented a catcher, a right-hand batter and a left-hand batter, thus affording practice A curtain covers the one not supposed to be up. The registering device is a panel 17 inches wide and three feet four inches high, which occupies the space exactly above the plate and covers the range The panel is not outlined or in any other way made conspicuous, but the eye of the pitcher is supposed If he throws the ball a fraction of an inch outside this panel, there is no sound but the thud of the ball, but if he hits it, an electrical buzzer records a strike. for either variety. between the knee and shoulder of the average man. to pick out this invisible field just as in a real game. returned automatically to the player after each throw. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN The Heavens on a Parasol EOGRAPHERS have struggled long with the prob- lem of mapping the spherical earth on a flat sur- face with the result that the public has acquired a most distorted impression of relative geographical positions. It is now admitted that the earth cannot be studied properly without a globe. In the same way efforts have Revolving celestial globe for school use. The northern and southern celestial hemispheres. been made to depict the heavens upon a flat map with the result that many of the constellations are so dis- torted as to be positively unrecognizable. Sometime ago a writer in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN suggested that a common umbrella might serve as a celestial globe, or at least half a globe, by having the stars painted on it in their proper relative positions. This would provide a very handy star map which could be carried to the point of observation in folded position and then opened out to semi-spherical form representing the apparent form of the heavens. By pointing the um- mem Pitcher’s practising alley. The ball is % ~ sentially a Bunsen burner. May 22, 1915 brella stick at the North Star, the umbrella could he readily moved to a position corresponding with the heavens at the particular time, and then it would be a simple matter to pick out the various constellations. This idea has been further improved upon by O. F. Barcus of Shanghai, China, who sends us the two photo- graphs here reproduced. A dark blue silk parasol is used, and on it the stars are either painted or em- broidered. Xach parasol represents one half of the celestial sphere, and by using two a map of the entire heavens is obtained. For the purpose of teaching as- tronomy to school children, the parasol may be set in a table as shown in one of the photographs. The plane of the observer's horizon is represented by the table top, which has an opening cut in it, through which part of the parasol projects. The umbrella stick is pointed directly toward the North Pole of the heavens, and makes an angle with the surface of the table equal to the latitude of the place. By means of clockwork the parasol is revolved at the same speed as the apparent revolution of the heavens, and a small image of the sun placed in its proper position on the parasol (as may be found by referring to a nautical almanac) shows by its meridian the time of day on the dial at the back of the parasol. If the sun’s image is placed accurately the revolving parasol will show just how far north or south of the east and west points the sun rises and sets during the year and at what time before six A. M. and after six P. M. the sun appears above the horizon. For use in the field to identify the constellations, it is preferable to have the stars painted on the inner face of the umbrella. The parasol is provided with a nar- row ribbon which may be used to determine the position of any point, the ribbon being divided into degrees by which declination may be reckoned. The ribbon is movable about the center stick of the parasol and indi- cates Right Ascension by hour and minute divisions marked on the rim of the parasol. The Distribution of Gases in the Bunsen Flame HE Bunsen burner, in which the gas is mixed with air in order to produce complete combustion and a non-luminous flame, is no longer confined to chemical and physical laboratories, but has passed into general household use, for every incandescent gas burner is es- So, also, is the gas stove, which is happily and rapidly abolishing the irrational method of cooking over a coal fire. If the air inlet of a Bunsen burner is completely stopped the flame immedi- ately becomes luminous and yellow, and blackens ob- jects exposed to it. If the air inlet is partially stopped, ‘his change takes place only at the tip of the flame. At the last meeting of the German Physical Society Prof. Haber discussed the question why the blackening oc- curs at the tip and not at the side of the flame. As the blackening is caused by incomplete combustion, which is due to insufficiency of air, the composition of the gaseous mixture must vary in different parts of the flame, so that it is less favorable to complete combus- tion at the tip than at the side. Chemical analysis, in fact, proves that the composition is different at the tip and at the side of the flame. Experiments with other combustible gases, hydrogen for example, show that the ascending column of the gaseous mixture separates, the heavier constituent going to the axis of the column, the lighter to the periphery. This separation is not caused by the upward flow of the gaseous mixture, for it does not occur unless the jet is lighted. It is due to the action of the flame, that is, of the combustion, which causes variations in pressure and density, in con- sequence of which the streamlines are curved even be- fore they enter the conical flame. The result is an ac- celeration, analogous to that produced in a centrifuga. separator, which explains the peculiar distribution of gas and air. In the discussion Prof. Warburg suggested that differences of temperature in different parts of the flame might play a part in the action. State Department Activity in Trade-mark Matters HE U. S. Ministers to the various republics of South and Central America have received requests from the State Department to urge on the part of the coun- tries to which they are accredited the ratification of the Buenos Ayres Trade-mark Convention of 1910. It ap- pears that ratification by but one more of the republics of the northern group is necessary to make it effective or operative in the northern countries, and efforts to this end are being made in Costa Rica and in Salvador. The ratification of the convention is important to American manu- facturers since, as we have before pointed out, in most of the South American countries it is the one who first registers the mark who is entitled to it in such country irrespective of any use of the mark and even against one who has well established and recognized right in the market in other countries. ranges for one trade-mark office at Havana, Cuba, for the northern countries, and another at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the southern countries, and in the event of ratification by Salvador or Costa Rica, the office at Havana will doubtless be opened in the near future. The Buenos Ayres convention ar- iy May 22, 1915 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Visible Speech 471 The Eye Seeing and the Rule Measuring the Difference Between Sounds - By Prof. A. L. Kroeber, Department of Anthropology, University of California N January 31st, 1914, there closed at the Univer- sity of California the first exhibit of ‘visible speech” ever attempted on a large scale, and with a view to intelligibility by the non-technical public. “Visible speech” is more than ordinary writing or printing. It represents the fruits of scientific endeavor to represent human language in such a way that the eye can see, and the rule measure, the difference be- tween sounds. Mechanical processes are employed to convert the air-waves which constitute sounds into graphic tracings and diagrams that permit of classifica- tion and analysis. The most important apparatus used for this purpose is that devised by the French Abbé Rousselot, one of the founders of the science of modern phonetics. The principle of this mechanism, like that of most useful inventions, is exceedingly simple. Essentially it is a phonograph constructed not for the purpose of produc- ing indentations in a wax-like material which will sub- sequently reproduce the actual sounds uttered, but intended to record in enlarged and visible form the air movements and vibrations which are the physical basis of these same sounds. A mouthpiece and tube very much like those used in the commercial graphophone convey the sound waves to a tambour or diaphragm which is set in corresponding motion. The center of this diaphragm, which for some purposes is made of kymograph type, carrying a paper coated with that most delicate of all surfaces, soot deposited from a candle flame (Fig. 1a). When the instrument is prop- erly attuned, even the faintest tremors of the air occa- sioned by scarcely audible vibrations of the vocal cords, produce motions of the needle point sufficiently large to scratch into the soot surface a fine white line whose undulations are visible to the naked eye. As soon as a tracing, or set of them, have been recorded, the paper carrying the perishable legend is passed through a bath of dilute shellac, and on drying has become permanently fixed and hardened. The Dying Indian Dialects. The California exhibit is unique in representing the first and probably the most persistent endeavor to use this mechanical means of recording speech for the study and preservation of the fast-perishing native dialects of the American Indians. Very different in their sound from most European languages, these tongues are so peculiar in many respects that their examina- tion by mechanical means has proved of the greatest value. The University of California has been able to amass a collection of some ten thousand tracings of Indian words which will be even more highly prized in times to come when the languages to which they refer are merely a memory. Nose, Throat, and Mouth. Perhaps the most valuable of all tracings are obtained by the method of simultaneous recording. Tubes lead- ing from the Adam’s apple or nose are both operated on diaphragms whose needle points have been placed parallel with the point which traces the record from the mouth. Nose records offer little difficulty, a glass bulb attached to the end of the tube being slipped into one nostril while the speaker or subject holds the other nostril shut with his finger. In all of the following illustrations which contain nose or throat records, the fact is indicated in the diagram itself. Continental and English », although written and printed with the same character of the Roman alpha- bet, differ very thoroughly. The acquisition of the French or German r is usually of considerable diffi- culty to the English-speaking person, whereas an abso- lutely correct enunciation of the English sound is al- most a physical impossibility to all those attempting to acquire this speech in addition to their continental mother tongue after the age of about twenty to twenty- five. The English and German » sounds in Fig. 9 are particularly interesting in this connection. The Kanaka dialect of the Marshall Islands in the South Seas shows an entirely new type of the familiar sounds d and t (Fig. 7). It has been determined that they are absolutely identical in method of formation, except that for ¢ the tongue is held glass and for others is a membrane of soft rubber, bears a pin to which is fastened a slender straw tipped with a fine-pointed needle shaved from a piece of horn. This needle operates on a revolving cylinder of this familiar PAPAGO £30) on Fig. 2 Fig. 1a MARSHALL ISLAND NOSE MOUTH CANTON CHINESE THE APPARATUS IN USE SHOWING THE THROAT AND MOUTH ATTACHMENTS. against the gums for a period aver- aging about one third of a second, whereas in ¢ the same period of tongue contact lasts only about one (Concluded on page 480.) £3 HUPA L 1 0) ENGLISH S ENGLISH k HUPA 3S PAPAGDO NOSE | mM | SILENT Fig. 4 MARSHALL ISLAND DlotL MARSHALL ISLAND THROAT — MOUTH Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 1 shows the apparatus in use. view of the apparatus. Fig. 5.—‘“Sniffed,” or silent sounds. Fig. 9.—Records of English and German r sounds. Fig. 2.—‘“Palatograms,” or false palate records. Fig. 3. Fig. 6.—Records of two pronunciations of the same sound. Fig. 10.—Influence of fully voiced vowel on succeeding sounds. Fig. 5 THE SOUND “R” PAPAGO YHROAT ENGLISH R'O 7 MOUTH A i 1 nw GERMAN o res THROAT ENGLISH ou R - A - 4 MOUTH | sey vir) eR A [AlL! Vgienr sienr Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Mig. 1a is a side view of the apparatus, showing the carbon coated paper on the cylinder, and a record line scratched on it. Other records secured by use of the false palate. Fig. 7.—New types of familiar d and ¢ sounds. Visible speech. Fig. 1b is an end Fig. 4.—Records of final p, ¢ and k sounds. Fig. 8.—Lip photographs of vowels. 472 Actual and Theoretical Ranges of the United States Coast Defense Guns Y the courtesy of Brigadier-General William Crozier, chief of ordnance of the United States Army, the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is enabled to present a most inter- esting diagram, showing both the actual and theoretical ranges of the rifles and mortars with which our coast defenses are armed. The actual ranges are those which can be covered under existing conditions and with those increases in the possible elevation of the guns which are now being made. The theoretical ranges, or maxi- mum distances to which the projectiles could be fired, are those which would be secured were the mounts so constructed that the guns could be elevated to forty- five degrees. In the table accompanying the diagram, column 1 contains the trajectory numbers corresponding to the numbers written just below the base line of the dia- gram; and it should be noted that the vertical and horizontal scale are the same, so that the trajectories, as shown, are an exact reproduction to scale of the line of flight followed by the projectiles. At the time when the 12-inch rifles and mortars were built for our fortifications, no such guns were carried on naval ships as are to be found mounted to-day. Seven to ten thousand yards was considered the maxi- mum possible range at which warships could carry out effective artillery practice; and, consequently, it was considered that if our heavy coast defense guns were given a maximum range of thirteen thousand vards, it would enable our defenses to bring the enemy under very accurate fire long before he could get within effective bombarding range. Consequently, the maxi- mum elevation for our rifles was set at a point (10 degrees) corresponding to 13,000 yards range for a ALIEHT IN 1000. VIS. C88 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN creased the possible range. Increasing the elevation from ten to fifteen degrees makes it possible to increase the range of the 1,070 shell with an initial velocity of 2250 foot-seconds from 13,000 yards to over 17,000 yards. Again, by using a 700-pound shell with an initial velocity of 2,700 foot-seconds and an extreme elevation of ten degrees, we get a range of about 15,500 yards, and by increasing the elevation to 15 degrees the range with the same shell and the same velocity in- creases to over 19,000 yards. : When the 14-inch gun was introduced the mounts were all constructed so as to permit of 15 degrees ele- vation, and the range of this gun when firing a 1,660- pound shell with a velocity of 2,366 foot-seconds is over 19,000 yards. If a lighter shell of 1,200 pounds weight is used, the initial velocity goes up to 2,775 foot-sec- onds and the range becomes over 21,000 yards. The great 16-inch gun, with 15 degrees elevation, can throw its 2,400-pound shell to a distance of 18,500 yards, and a light 1,800-pound shell to a distance of about 21,000 yards. By increasing the length of the 12-inch gun from 35 to 40 calibers, and increasing the powder charge the velocities, both with the 1,070- and the 700-pound pro- Jjectiles, and consequently the range, have been greatly in- creased. Thus with ten degrees elevation, the 40-caliber, 12-inch gun throws a 1,070-pound shell to a distance of 14,500 yards and with 15 degrees elevation to a dis- tance of 20,000 yards. The lighter 700-pound shell fired with an initial velocity of 3,100 feet per second would have a range with ten degrees elevation of 18,000 yards and with 15 degrees of 22,000 yards. The 12-inch mortars, which are so mounted that they can be fired with elevations up to sixty degrees, can fire a 1,046-pound shell to a distance of 11,750 yards, IN 1000. VES. 7 May 22, 1915 do not remember just now what was its weight) would reach in its flight an extreme altitude of about 18 miles, and that it would not fall to earth until it had covered a horizontal distance of forty-nine miles. Such a gun would, of course, be impracticable, for the reason that the erosion due to the enormous heat of the gases, would wear out the rifling and spoil the accuracy of the gun before very many rounds had been fired. In this connection it is interesting to note that on April 28th, 1892, on Krupp’s practice ground at Meppen, in the presence of the Emperor, a round was fired from a 24-centimeter coast gun to an angle of elevation of 44 degrees. The range was measured and found to be 22120 yards. Furthermore, as far back as 1888, cer- tain rounds known as the “Jubilee shots” were fired at Shoeburyness with a 9.2-inch wire-wound gun. The projectile weighed 3S0 pounds, the muzzle velocity was 2,360 feet per second. Three shots, fired at 40 degrees elevation, gave ranges of 20,223, 21,048, and 21,358 yards, respectively, and the observed time of flight was 63.45 seconds. Our chart shows that the Dunkirk range of 2215 miles for a 12-inch shell was perfectly possible, for we have plenty of guns, which, if mounted for that long distance, could give even greater ranges. The Current Supplement HE development of the aeroplane continues to be a matter of widespread importance and many will appreciate the opportunity of the article on European Aeronautical Laboratories in the current issue of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 2055, for May 22nd, 1915, to learn something of the methods followed in Europe for the scientific investigations of the many problems yet to be solved. Measuring Distances in War Diagram showing the actual and theoretical ranges of the coast-defense guns of the United States. Note—The numbers written below the base line of diagram correspond to those given in the first column of the accompanying table under the heading “Trajectory Number.” 12-inch gun, firing a 1,070-ton projectile with a muzzle velocity of 2,250 feet per second. The resulting trajec- tory is marked 7B on the diagram. The 12-inch, 15- caliber mortar had a maximum range when firing a 1,046-pound shell with 1,200 foot-seconds velocity, of about 11,750 yards. With the rapid increase in the range, fire and ac- curacy of naval guns which has taken place in the past few years, it became necessary to increase the range of our coast defense guns. This could be done in two ways: by decreasing the weight of the shell, thereby insuring an increase in its velocity, or by maintaining the weight of the shell and increasing the elevation of the gun, or by both. A study of the dia- gram and its accompanying table will show to what a remarkable extent the use of these methods has in- TABLE OF BALLISTICS OF THE U. S. COAST DEFENSE GUNS. Trajec- Projec- | Muzzle | Eleva- tory Gun Caliber. EZRsth tile— | Velocity tion Number. "| Weight, |Feet per|Degrees. Pounds. | Second. 1 16 inch 35 1,800 2,600 4 1A 16 inch 35 1,800 2,600 12 2 16 inch 35 2,400 ,250 45 2A 16 inch 35 2,400 2,250 15 3 14 inch 40 1,200 2,775 45 3A 14 inch 40 1,200 2:775 15 4 14 inch 40 1,660 ,360 45 4A 14 inch 40 1,660 2,360 15 5 12 inch mortar 15 1,046 1,200 45 6 12 inch mortar 15 700 1,800 45 7 12 inch 35 1,070 2,250 45 7A 12 inch 35 1,070 2,250 15 7B 12 inch 35 1,070 2,250 10 8 12 inch 35 700 2,700 45 8A 12 inch 35 700 2,700 15 SB 12 inch 35 700 2,700 10 9 12 inch 40 1,070 2,500 45 9A 12 inch 40 1,070 2,500 15 9B 12 inch 40 1,070 2,500 10 10 12 inch 40 700 3,100 45 10A 12 inch 40 700 3,100 15 108 12 inch 40 700 | 3,100 10 and by using a T700-pound shell, the range can be in- creased to over 19,000 yards. If there were any occasion for using the maximum theoretical range of the 12-inch rifles, and they were mounted so that they could be elevated to 45 degrees, some very surprising results could be obtained. Thus: The 12-inch gun of 35 calibers would throw its 1,070- pound shells to an extreme range of 35,000 yards. The 16-inch guns would throw a 2,400-pound shell to a dis- tance of 38,500 yards. The 14-inch gun would carry its 1,660-pound projectile to a distance of 40,500 yards. The 35-caliber 12-inch gun would throw its 700-pound projectile 41,000 yards, and the 40 caliber 12-inch at 45 degrees would throw its 1,070 shell 43,000 yards. The 16-inch gun, using the lighter shell, 1,800 pounds, would have a range of 46,750 yards, and the 14-inch, firing its lighter shell, 1,200 pounds, would carry to a distance of 49,000 yards. The most spectacular result would be obtained with the 40-caliber, 12-inch gun, which, if it used a 700-pound shell, delivered with an initial velocity of 3,100 feet per second, at an elevation of 45 degrees, would throw the projectile to a vertical height of 185,000 yards, or say 10%; miles, and it would cover a horizontal distance of 55,000 yards, or, say, 3114 miles. Is this the limit? Not by any means. It would be possible to build a gun which would carry to far greater distances than these. Thus, the writer remembers several years ago reading a letter from Col. Ingalls, probably the greatest expert in ballistics in our army or in that of any army in the world, in which he gave some most astounding, but perfectly reliable figures. He had been asked to determine the trajectory of a drown, 10-inch, wire-wound gun, with a very large powder chamber and the enormous muzzle velocity of 4,000 feet per second. He found that the projectile (we describes the ingenious instruments, generally known as ‘range finders,” by means of which the distance of an enemy's position can be accurately ascertained, and “explains the principles involved. There is also a de- scription of the periscope that gives considerable infor- mation in regard to different types, and diagrams show- ing their construction. Another interesting article, that is also fully illustrated, is that describing a very in- genious tele-photographic apparatus by which trans- mitted letters or characters are directly visible to the eye. The Romance of the Motion Picture gives some interesting facts about the early history and the devel- opment of this popular form of amusement. There is an interesting description of how the big guns used in our dreadnoughts and coast defense forts are made; guns that will throw a projectile twenty to thirty miles, and which are claimed to be the best in the world. A communication from a correspondent furnishes a de- scription of America’s first submarine, and a graphic account of an attempt to operate it in New York harbor. There is another of the invaluable lectures on Atoms and Ions, by Sir J. J. Thomson; and the article on the ’athology of mental disorders is concluded. There is also the usual number of shorter but valuable notes on various topics. An Interesting Panoramic Camera.—Joseph Becker of Washington, D. C., has patented, No. 1,136,761, a novel panoramic photographic camera for taking true per- spectives just as the object would appear to the eye of an observer, by means of a lens which, as it swings, changes its focal length. The camera as constructed has a compound objective which revolves about a verti- cal axis and has means for changing the radial distances of one or more of its component lenses from the axis of rotation during the rotation. May 22, 1915 @orrespondence [The editors are not responsible for statements made in the correspondence column. Anonymous COMMUNI- cations cannot be considered, but the names of corre- spondents will be withheld when so desired.] Naval Lessons of the War To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : It perhaps seems a little premature at the present time to formulate any positive conclusions that may be drawn from the naval operations of the European war or to apply them in the naval construction of the near future, but there is one vital truth, it seems to me, which has at last become unmistakable in its convine- ing evidence of actual battle record after several years f theoretical and academic deductions. It is the old question of the future battleship, always a compromise, with the extremes of the very fast all- big gun but lightly armored battle-cruiser and the much slower but heavier armed and armored dreadnought. The merits pro and con of these two classes of capital ships, their examples in the different navies of the world, and lately the gradual merging of the two types have been written of in your columns many times, so I will not repeat them here, but simply bring out what I believe is most important, i. e., the immediate realiza- tion on the part of the United States naval designers of the inferiority of even the latest of our big-gun ves- sels and publicity on this question through such papers as the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Our designers have always gone on the theory that, in considering all the points of armament, armor speed, and radius of action, speed was the least important factor, and that as some one feature must be sacrificed to attain the best result for the purpose of our navy, speed should be considered last of all. Thus, all of our dreadnoughts, from the “Michigans” right down through the two “Pennsylvanias” launching this year and the three “Californias” authorized last year, have the heaviest armament possible for their displacement and maximum broadside fire, and the heaviest armor of any ships of the same class and date in the world, but speeds of only from 18 to 22 knots. To be sure, we need battle-cruisers, but not being able to get them without sacrificing our battleship appropriations, we should have compromised even further on the mere theory of the thing. Now, the war has driven it home to us and not too late to take effect on the design of the two new vessels authorized this year if action is taken at once, which ships, if we refuse to change our ideas, will probably be merely slightly improved “Californias.” To-day the 14-inch and 15-inch guns are the accepted naval armament standards; the 16-inch gun is being experimented with and will arrive shortly. The sea en- gagements of the present war have shown that no armor can withstand the modern armor-piercing shell of large size even at extreme ranges, that the new high explo- sive shells are more destructive than we ever expected, and that it is no longer a question of being able to keep afloat by taking a lot of hammering and pounding back in return, but simply of landing a few salvos on the enemy first and sinking him, or you get sunk your- self. This simply means big caliber guns, lots of them, and ability to open fire at the range of your choosing, not the enemy’s; in other words, superior or at least equal speed. The ordnance makers have at last far outstripped the armor manufacturers and armor be- comes a minor factor. In the fight off Coronel and the Falkland Islands the comparatively heavy armor for the caliber of guns it was opposed to was useless. The defeated squadron in each case might better have had quicker heels, and while both engagements were decided by the overwhelming gun-fire of the victors and supe- rior speed, the results would have been the same, though longer perhaps in attainment, if the opposing armaments had been equal. The faster fleet in that case would have simply stood off and pounded away at a favorable range for its own calibers, in a favorable position as to wind and sun (a very important factor inn the Coronel fight), and a line of bearing most favor- able to itself which would return greater damage per shot and greater concentration of fire. (This last was ap important feature of the Falkland Islands battle.) All this is, of course, assuming equal fire accuracy, an equal number of units, and an equal number of guns of equal calibers. But when the fleets are unequal, as in the North Sea fight, the speed factor multiplies in importance. There we see an engagement of battle- cruisers, with the possible exception of the “Bluecher,” five against four, fire commencing at 17,000 yards. The “Bluecher” was doomed from the start because of her slow speed of 26 knots (faster than any fighting ships in our navy). The heaviest armor in the world and even more and heavier guns could not have saved her. Speed alone could and did save her sisters while she received the concentrated broadsides of each pursuing ship as she passed. And, on the other side, speed was the factor that enabled the victorious squadron to SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN severely punish the German battle-cruisers and without which the British could not have claimed a victory in a running fight. They would simply have recorded the sinking of one ship of the enemy. As it was, the mine- fields alone prevented a more decisive result. So, the importance of armor being nullified, whether it be in actions between armored cruisers, battle-cruisers, battleships, or dreadnoughts, it is evident that a vessel of 30,000 or 33,000 tons displacement mounting twelve or more 14-inch or 15-inch guns on a speed of from 28 to 30 knots or over with as much thickness of armor as can be secured in conjunction with the other two fac- tors, is the ideal type of capital ship. Germany realizes it by now; England will produce it immediately fol- lowing her “Malayas” and “Royal Sovereigns” and “Queen Mary”; while Russia, generally the most back- ward of all the powers in naval development, has struck it right at last and is already commissioning her four “Kinburns” of 32,200 tons displacement, 27 knots speed, and mounting twelve 14-inch and twenty-one 5.1-inch guns. Of course, like all Black Sea built ships, they probably have small fuel capacity and therefore small radius of action, which accounts for the heavy armament ; but the ideal is there and can be developed further. The situation of the United States is serious. Not only could the “slow” and 25- and 26-knot dreadnoughts steam rings around our main fleet, but we haven't even any fast cruisers to pick off isolated units of the enemy or harass him, or even any scouts to locate him in time to insure an advantageous disposition of our forces. And the inevitable result, as foretold in the Pacific, South Atlantic, and North Sea, in spite of equality in numbers and marksmanship and seamanship and the greatest bravery of our personnel, gives large quantities of nourishing food for the minds of our naval experts at the present moment. Let us throw our ultra-con- servatism overboard and save this year’s ships before it is too late. HAroLp M. KENNARD. Brooklyn, N. Y. The Naval Review at New York IL THOUGH the noble array of warships which was gathered last week in the North River does not by any means represent the full strength of our Navy, it was a striking expression of its high quality, particu- larly as regards the first fighting line as represented by the dreadnoughts. The impression produced upon the minds of the citizens who saw the review was de- termined by the point of view from which they looked at it. Judged as an assemblage of modern fighting ships, irrespective of any considerations of its strength relatively to the naval strength of the other nations of the world, it was calculated to arouse a very proper patriotic pride; for the dreadnoughts, pre-dreadnoughts, destroyers, submarines, and particularly the auxiliaries were among the very best in their respective classes that are to be found in the world to-day. The dread- noughts, particularly in regard to the center-line dis- tribution of their guns (a distinctively American ar- rangement) have received the unqualified commenda- tion of the naval designers of every navy in the world. Their batteries are excellently placed and the armor and interior bulkhead protection is as good as the best and considerably better than that on most of the ships of the foreign navies. It may surprise some of our readers to know that relatively to the other navies the most advanced and best elements in the whole fleet were the auxiliaries, and particularly the large colliers; for we have paid particular attention to the question of ability to keep the seas, and to this end, instead of following the for- eign practice of utilizing existing merchant ships as colliers, we have built a class of large and exceedingly well-equipped vessels of great carrying capacity and good speed, which in the event of war will prove to be of incalculable advantage to the American fleet. Our destroyers are the largest and most powerfully armed afloat. Our modern submarines are thoroughly up-to- date, so far as the later units are concerned, and, after a little more shaking down, the modern boats in this class will be as good as any in the world, with the possible exception of those of the German navy, which owe such superiority as they have to German profici- ency in the construction and operation of oil motors. The most serious defect in the fleet is the absence of modern scouts and of any representative of that most useful and formidable type, the battle-cruiser. If Con: gress in the future, as it ought to, should adopt the budget system, voting the total sum required and leav- ing to its naval experts the question of its distribution among the various types of vessels, one of the first things to be done will be to include some battle-cruisers in our next naval programme and also to make pro- visions for at least half a dozen scouts of the latest and fastest type. So far so good. If the fleet is to be considered by itself and without reference to any other standard of , strength, on the whole it is calculated to create a sense 473 of pride and security. But the proper point of view, if one would gain a true sense of the adequacy of our fleet to the national needs, is to judge it in comparison with the fleets of other nations, and particularly of those which are now engaged in the great Turopean conflict. If this be done, we shall have the alarming fact brought home to our minds that, in point of strength, our Navy is to be considered as in the third class and utterly unable to engage with any hope of success the fleets of the two principal naval powers engaged in the present war, namely, those of Great Britain and Germany. If anyone doubt this, let him look at the facts. Thanks to the great naval activity in the shipyards of contending nations, Great Britain to-day has completed a total of thirty-eight dreadnoughts. Germany has twenty completed. The United States has eight only, or, if we stretch the point to include the comparatively small and slow “Michigan” and “South Carolina,” we have ten. It is our patriotic duty to draw attention to these facts, and particularly at such time of jubilation as that expressed by a great national naval review. In view of the large size, the enormous wealth and the ambitious foreign policy of the United States, it is cer- tain that her Navy should be at least the equal of that of Germany. Instead of eight or ten ships of the first line, we should have at least twenty. After the Spanish war, under the influence of the lessons as to the value of sea power taught by that conflict, we built up our Navy so rapidly that by the year 1904 we were easily the second naval power—as we should be. Our present condition of relative weakness is due to the faet that since 1904, Congress has allowed political considera- tions to interfere with the upbuilding of the Navy, and we have steadily dropped back to our position of a poor third. The most modern dreadnoughts of the fleet were the “New York” and “Texas,” 27,000-ton ships, each mount- ing ten of the new 14-inch guns and twenty-one 5-inch —the former a fine piece which will form the main armament of the new “Oklahoma” and “Nevada” and of the “Pennsylvania” and “Arizona” and of all future ships, unless, indeed, it should be decided to mount the 16-inch gun. The “Wyoming,” the flagship of Admiral Fletcher, of 26,000 tons, completed in 1912, carries, like her sister the “Arkansas,” twelve 50-caliber 12-inch guns in six two-gun turrets and twenty-one 5-inch. These are, to our thinking, the most shapely dread- noughts afloat, the long straight sheer of the main deck giving them an appearance of length greater than they actually possess. The “Utah” and “Florida,” of 21,825 tons, mounting ten 12-inch 45-caliber guns and sixteen 5-inch, were completed in August, 1911. The “Delaware” and “North Dakota,” our first dread- noughts, were completed in 1910. These are vessels of 20,000 tons, carrying ten 45-caliber 12-inch and four- teen 5-inch. The dreadnought line also included the two semi-dreadnoughts, the “Michigan” and “South Sarolina,” vessels of 16,000 tons, carrying each eight 45-¢aliber 12-inch and twenty-two 3-inch guns. These two ships were originally intended to be of the “Ver- mont” class, but after the designs were produced, and due to the appearance of the British dreadnought, it was decided to give them a main battery entirely of 12-inch guns. Of the same displacement as the “Michigan” was the “Kansas,” carrying four 45-caliber 12-inch, eight S-inch, twelve 7-inch, and twenty 3-inch guns. She was the last of our pre-dreadnought class to be built. Her sister ships at the review were the “New Hampsire” and the “Louisiana,” whose displacement, speed and armament, ete., are practically the same as those of the “Kansas.” These ships were built in 1906 and 1907. The two-deck turret type was represented by the “Georgia,” “Nebraska,” and “Virginia,” and “Rhode Island.” The armament of these ships consists of four 40-caliber 12-inch, eight S-inch, and twelve 6-inch guns. The destroyer fleet consisted of fourteen vessels with their flagship, the scout cruiser “Birmingham” and the tender “Dixie.” Between 138th and 142nd streets were a dozen of our latest submarines of the “D,” “I,” “G,” and “K” classes, with several tenders. Off Fort Washington Park was moored a fine fleet of auxiliaries, among which were the mine-laying cruiser the “San Francisco,” the supply ship “Celtic,” and the fuel ships “Neptune,” “Orion,” “Cyclops” and “Jupi- ter.” Present also was the repair ship “Vestal” and the hospital ship “Solace.” 4,250-Pound Block of Coal for Fair SINGLE block of coal, six and a half feet long, five feet wide and about three feet thick, has arrived from Higbee, Mo., en route to San Francisco, where it will be placed on exhibition in the Missouri mining dis- play. The specimen was received by Otto Rhul, who is pre- paring an exhibit. It weighs 4,250 pounds, and is se- curely crated in a framework made of timbers. 474 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Biol rerio eres May 22, 1915 U. ss. Dohrn or Agriculture i 0 | 1] | | i ee — re PHOENIX Ce WEATHER BUREAU °- L ABERDEEN | at five o'clock in the after- noon, the U. S. Government Weather Bureau at Washington marked this map showing weather conditions during the Great Na- tional Bfficiency Test of the Franklin Car that day. Throughout the Rocky Mount- ain States there was rain. In thirty localities high winds prevailed. At Chicago, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit and other lake points there was a fifty-mile gale to contend with. gg May Ist, 1915, This automobile test was for the American public the most signifi- cant ever held. Its effects will be felt by every American able to own and run a motor car—and there is an auto- mobile to every seventh voter in the United States. The Cost of Inefficiency The nation’s yearly tire bill is more than $200,000,000—its gaso- line bill more than $150,000,000. Add the sums spent for repairs— for unnecessary wear and tear, and you have an annual expenditure startling even to a people like our- selves, accustomed as we are to big figures. The waste due to inefficiency is a drain on the economic life of the country. The subject of Motor Car Efici- ency enlisted the special interest of the great American Universities and Technical Institutes. Laboratory tests at Yale and at the Worcester Polytechnic Insti- tute, showing the remarkable efh- ciency of the Franklin in compari- son with other cars, excited profes- sional comment everywhere. Other Universities took up the study of the Franklin principles. The Engineering Department of the State University of Kentucky made ‘The Test of the Franklin Car” a thesis required for gradu- ation. This is an age of efficiency. Men’s minds have a practical turn. So widespread became the interest, that to supplement laboratory tests a Great National Efficiency Test on the road was arranged. The Great National Efficiency Test Among the Supervisors of the test were representatives from the Engineering Departments of the following Universities: Toronto, Yale, Pittsburgh, Cornell, Penn- sylvania, Brown, Rochester, Syra- cuse, Kentucky, Ohio, Lehigh, Cincinnati, Nebraska, Washing- ton, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Armour Institute of Technology, Stevens Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology and Pratt Institute. At nine o’clock on the morning of May first, the Franklin Cars started in all parts of the United States and Canada, over all sorts of roads, and regardless of weather conditions. Each car carried a Supervisor of Tests, who had already certified the preliminary details— The gasoline tested to prove that it was the ordinary commer- cial quality; officially measured by the Sealers of Weights and Measures of the respective states— The routes planned so the cars would be compelled to go and re- turn by the same roads to equalize any advantage of wind and grade— The car a regular model Frank- lin Car — May 22, 1915 The drivers men with experi- ence on a par with the average automobile owner. Results: 137 regular Franklin Cars, in 137 Cities, averaged 32.1 miles to a single gallon of gaso- line— The highest record 55 miles to a gallon of gasoline— 44 cars averaged 40 miles to a gallon of gasoline. A New Standard for Measuring Motor Car Efficiency is Established Here at last, with this remark- able record, the Franklin Car es- tablishes a standard for compari- son of automobile efficiency. 1t pro- vides the public with a simple and definite means for judging auto- mobile values—the best they have had since the automobile was in- vented. Everybody knows how to judge the relative value of upholstery, paint, leather, fittings—the things on the outside of a car. It is the things on the uside— things the buyer doesn’t see, that burn up money. If a car is not right in design, in construction, in material, it will show first in the gasoline tank. Engineers determine the efh- ciency of an automobile by com- paring the useful power delivered to the driving wheels, with that which is lost by friction. Gasoline Consumption will show up inefhcient tires. They will use extra power in friction—more gaso- line is used. Gasoline Consumption will show up excessive weight. Excess weight requires more power to move — more gasoline is used. Gasoline Consumption will indicate whether a car will last. Where more gasoline is used there is friction, and where there is fric- tion there is wear and tear. Gasoline Consumption will show up useless mechanical complica- tions. The more working parts to a car the greater the friction—more gasoline is used. The mileage secured from a gal- lon of gasoline is a true indication SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of the total efficiency of the whole car. It takes into account the efficiency of the tires, axles, uni- versal joints, transmission, clutch, mechanical efficieney of the en- gine, thermodynamic efhiciency of the engine—everything about the car. Consider what this test of the Franklin Car means to you—to every owner of an automobile—to the scientific and technical men who watched the test from start to finish. Think what it means when so little power is lost by friction: when the maximum of power is delivered to the driving wheels with an average of 32.1 miles to a gallon of gasoline the country over | Only a Fine Car can do it. You have had your experience. Now make your comparisons. Sworn Final Results City Driver Road Record Akron, ©.......... . A. Auble, Jr. .... Good 51.8 Aberdeen, S. D..... |G. Worthington Rough | 22.7 Albany, N.Y....... IC. Heck... ., Heavy | 30.5 Amboy, Ill... ..... A. ik Good 25.6 Athens, O...... .......] Cc H.- Welch. .... Dry 31.8 Atlanta, Ga. ....... |W. M. Hull... ... Rough | 31.3 Auburn, N.Y .......[G. H, Leonard. ..|Muddy | 31.4 Baltimore, Md.. .... W. F. Kneip.. ...|Good 38.0 Bar Harbor, Me.-.. . |F. L. Savage... {Muddy | 22.2 Billings, Mont. ..... | Arthur Barth. ...|Muddy | 20.0 Binghamion, N.Y... |S. H. Lewis. ..... Muddy | 27.0 Boston, Mass. ...... Otto Lawton... . .[ Fair 39.9 Brooklyn, N.Y... .. |G. B. Perkins. Fair 36.1 Buffalo, N.Y. ......|George Ostendorf. | Fair 26.2 Canton, ©... .. .. .. .. G. W. Belden. . . .|Good 43.5 Carthage, Mo.. ...... A. L. Caulkins.. . . Muddy | 36.0 Charlotte, N.C... .. J. D. Woodside. . .| Fair 36.2 Chattanooga, Tenn... (J. Hl. Alday.... ... Dry 30.3 Chicago dll. ........ F. H. Sanders. .. .|Good 30.7 Cincinnati, O. ...... Newman Samuel. .| Dry 35.7 Cleveland, O........ R. H. Eckenroth.. | Fair 24.4 Colarado Springs, Col.|G, W. Blake. .... Fair 30.7 Columbia, S. C.. .|Wm. Gibbes. . . ..|Good 26.1 Columbus, 0........ O.C.Belt...... Dry 31.7 Concord, N.H...... W. E. Darrah. ...| Wet 33.6 Cortland, N.Y... ... (J. A. Farrell... .. Wet 28.8 Dallas, Texas. ...... W. G. Langley... .|Good 38.6 Danvers, ll:....... Frank Simpson. . .| Fair 31.5 Dayton, ©O.......... F. B. Heathman. .| Good 30.5 Decatur, HL..o....... C. E. Dawson. ...|Dry 32.9 Denver, Colo. .......... F.C.Cullen...... Heavy | 21.0 Des Moines, Iowa. . . |S. P. Johnston... .| Good 34.2 Detroit, Mich....... W. J. Doughty. . .| Fair 42.3 Duluth, Minn... .. ... J. T. Peacha, Jr... Heavy | 35.2 Eau Claire, Wis... .. G.R. Wood.. ... .| Fair 26.7 Elizabeth, N. J......E.V. Price, Jr... ;{Poor 40.8 Elmira, N: Y........ Fred M. Jones... .|Muddy | 31.4 Brie, Pa... 0... John Griffith. . . .. [Fair 31.5 Fall River, Mass... . |Ernest Place..... Fair 37.8 Falmouth, Mass.....|F. W. Crocker.. .. Heavy | 28.9. Fleetwood, Pa. . . ... Wilson Sell. . . ...|Fair 34.1 Fort Wayne, Ind. ...|L.Ohnhaus...... Good 31.9 Galesburg, Ill..... .. E.T. Byram. .... Dry 22.6 Geneva, N.Y... ..... W. W. McCarroll. 34.5 Georgetown, Texas. . | T. J. Caswell... ..|Dry 23.6 Grand Forks, N. D..|J. W. Lyons...... Heavy | 24.3 Grand Rapids, Mich. (J. R. Jackson... . .| Fair 28.1 Great Falls, Mont. . . |B.-D. Whitten. . .| Dry 37.6 Greensburg, Pa. .... E.L. Turner... ... Dry 28.6 Greenville, S.C. . ... R. N. Tannahill.. .| Dry 34.4 Hampton, Va....... J. V. Bickford. ...|Fair 22.0 Hartford, Conn... ... H. P. Seymour. . .|Good 40.4 Helena, Mont... .... W. L. Swendeman Mugay 18.4 Holtville, Cal, 0... W.J3.Seat.......(Sandy | 24.1 Hoosick, N. Y....... John Moseley. . . | Fair 36.4 Houston, Texas. .... Rudolph B. White Rough | 22.5 Indianapolis, Ind... .|Glenn Diddel. . . .|Good 35.0 [shpemne Mich. ...E. R. Nelson. .... Heavy | 27.9 Ithaca, N.Y........[|H.L ,Cobb......|Fair 30.4 Jacksonville, Fla. ...|W. F. Winchester. Dry 30.0 Kankakee, Wl: F.A. Babel. ...... Good 29.1 Kansas City, Mo... .|E. EF. Williams... .|Fair 43.7 Kingston, N.Y... ... W.M. Davis... ... 32.3 LaCrosse, Wis... ... Alfred James.. ...| Dry 29.0 Lake Park, lowa....|H.C. Meyer. .... Rough | 27.6 Lexington, Ky...... V. K. Dodge. .... ry 33.5 Lincoln, Neb... ...... Fred M. Ryan. Rough | 24.6 Little Rock, Ark..... J. F. Jones... ry 37.1 Los Angeles, Cal.....|R. C. Hamlin. . . .| Good 35.1 475 City Driver Road Record Louisville, Ky... .... G. M. Younger. ..|Dry 36.8 Marion, Ind. ....... M. L. Swayzey . . .| Good 33.0 Meriden, Conn... .... JE. Miller... ... Dry 49.2 Milwaukee, Wis.....(Wm.F. Sanger. ..| Fair 51.2 Minneapolis, Minn. . |L. A. Mpa ...|Good 47.8 Moline, lll... ....... D. H. Duncan.. ..|Fair 23.1 Montreal, Can... H. Grothe. ...... Muddy | 24.6 Neenah, Wis... J. F. Stroebel.. . . .| Dry 26.3 New Bedford, Mass.. (S.C. lowe, ...... Good 33.0 Newark, N. J.. .[W.L. Mallon... .. .| Dry 36.5 New Haven, Conn. . . [Cowles Tolman. . | Dry: 55.0 New York City aah Glenn A. Tisdale. .| Wet 35.2 Ol City, Pa.:. , .. H. S. Phinny {Sandy | 18.3 OklahomaCity,Okla. |J. W. Lee... ..... Good 36.3 Paris, Kyi. 0... .., C.A. Weber... Fair 34.0 Pasadena, Cali, W. P. White .1 Good 31.4 Paterson, N.J...... Nicholas Hughes .| Good 34.9 Peoria; [ll...h 0... S. K. Hatfield. Good 34.3 Philadelphia, Pa... .. [James Sweeten, Jr. Wet 41.9 Phoenix, Ariz... ... George Hageman . | Wet 53.0 Pittsburg, Pa... W. Murray Carr. .| Dry 34.2 Plainview, Texas. ...|John J. Ellerd. ... Muddy | 21.1 Portland, Me... .... H. D. Cushman . .| Muddy | 24.9 Portland, Ore... .... J.C. Braly....... Good 43.8 Providence, R. 1... .. W. L. Wilcox... ..| Wet 43.8 Putnam, Conn. ..... O.-C. Bosworth. . .| Muddy | 29.8 Redlands, Cal... .. B.S. Hatfield. . . .| Muddy | 26.0 Regina, Sask,, Can... {A.O. Store... . ... Good 33.9 Remington, Ind. .... C. B. Johnston. . .| Dry 25.5 Rochester, N. Y.. . . . |G. R. MacCollum.| Good 34.5 Rockiord, Ill... ..... L.J. Theiss. .....|Fair 33.4 Rutland, Vt........|O. H. Coolidge. . .|Muddy | 26.6 Saginaw, Mich. ..... Fred H. Witters. . | Dry 25.1 SanAntonio, Texas . . |L. F. Birdsong... .| Dry 35.6 San Diego, Cal...... W.S.Smith.. .... Muddy | 29.8 San Francisco, Cal. . . |John F. McLain. .|Good 36.1 San.Jose, Cal. 1... .. L. Normandin.. . .| Good 35.6 Saranac Lake, N. Y.. |E. E. Bellows. . . .| Wet 30.3 Scranton, Pda... .. .. O. D. DeWitt....|Rough | 36.4 Seattle, Wash........[W. A. Wicks. . ... Good 39.3 Sharon, Pa... ... C. H. Wiltsie.. ...(Dry 24.4 Shreveport, La... ... J. M. Nabors, Irs. Dry 22.2 Sioux City, Iowa. . . . | Thomas Murphy .| Soft 23.5 Sioux Falls, S. D..... | Knapp Brown... .|Good 41.0 South Bethlehem, Pa. | L. L. Sterner... ... Fair 25.8 Springfield, Mass... .{F. G. Jager... ... Heavy | 36.1 Springfield, Mo. . . .. H. E. Seeley. .. .-. Fair 26.9 St.louis, Mo... .... J.B. Dryer... .. .. Wet 36.9 St: Paul, Minn. ..... A.-H. Clark. ..... Fair 31.8 Syracuse, NY. La C. W. Bull .| Fair 41.7 Toledo, Iowa. ; {Harvey Jones. ...|Heavy | 24.8 Toledo, O. C..B.Sage..., . 7; Good 31.7 Toronto, Ont., Can. .|A. W. Wilson... . .| Good 34.9 Trenton, N. 3. . | Walter Richards. .|Bad 25.8 Utica, N.Y......... W. W. Garabrant.| Heavy | 39.3 Vincennes, Ind. . D. D. Aldrich... ..| Poor 35.7 Walla Walla, Wash. . |R. H. Tuttle. . . .. Muddy | 34.2 Walton, N. Ya J. R. Bryce. . .|Muddy | 18.8 Washington, D.C...|D.S. Hendrick. . .|Good 33.8 Waterloo, Iowa. . . .. R. H. Cramer... .| Fair 39.7 Wellsville, N. Y..... Oak Duke. Fair 27.17 West Brooklyn, Ill... [J. W. Thier. Rough | 35.1 Wheeling, W. Va -|J. J. O'Keefe i Good 26.2 Williamsport, Pa....| |S. A. Courson. . ..|Bad 20.3 Wilkes-Barre, Pa. IW.S. Lee... ..... Sticky | 34.1 Wilmington, Del. Peter Hanson. . . .| Fair 23.1 Worcester, Mass. . . . |F. B. Williams... . . Muddy | 29.7 Youngstown, O. . . .. [Jacob Stuhldreher Good 27.9 Make Your Own Comparisons Many people do not want agents calling on them until after they look into and check up the facts —then make their own compari- sons. To any man or woman who cares enough about motor car efliciency—motor car economy— to write us, asking for Franklin Fac, asking us to show why the Franklin Car is the most efh- cient automobile in America today —why it is the easiest riding car— why it will go further in a day, with the greatest comfort and least expense—we will send the proofs. We rely entirely upon our certi- fied facts, upon proven results. They mean so much to you, we want you to have them even though you do not buy another car in five years. FRANKLIN AUTOMOBILE COMPANY Syracuse, New York 476 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN May 22, 1915 Connecting Idaho With the Sea Completion of the Celilo Canal Along the Columbia River HE largest lock canal in the West has just been completed by the Federal Government on the Oregon side of the Columbia River just above the Dalles, Ore- gon. This waterway makes the Columbia River navig- able continuously for 500 miles from the sea. It is eight and one half miles in length, and was constructed at a total cost of approximately $5,000,000. The con- struction period ranged over almost a decade, and the operations have progressed with practically no inter- ruption since the initiation of the huge job in 1906. The canal was formally opened to traffic on May 5th, with elaborate ceremonies in which all parts of the 300,000 square miles of territory comprising the Colum- bia basin were represented by prominent citizens. Through the operation of the canal the inland state of Idaho enters the category of commonwealths that boast a seaport, as vessels of the river sternwheel type can now navigate from the Pacific Ocean to Lewis- ton, head of navigation on the Snake River, the princi- pal upper tributary of the Columbia, a distance of 480 miles. The construction of this canal was by no means a simple task, and its successful completion reflects great credit upon our army engineers. For a length of about five miles it had to be cut through solid rock, and in some cases it was necessary to make cuts seventy feet deep. The Columbia, which is the third largest river in the country, has a drop of ninety feet in eight miles, By Fred W. Vincent Reinforced concrete paving through the sand belt. Upper portion of the canal, showing the Celilo Falls. where it passes through the Cascade Range. After a series of falls and rapids it is compelled to traverse a channel only 165 feet wide for three miles, while its normal width is almost a mile. ‘Through this narrow crack the boiling current is 200 feet deep. Both shores are made up of lava, a solidified stream that in cen- turies past flowed across the wide valley and dammed the mighty river. When the engineers surveyed the site they found what was not rock was shifting sand. The rock question was merely a matter of dynamite and the sand and gravel question was settled by lining the canal with concrete reinforced by heavy steel. This work called for the excavation of practically 1,000,000 cubic yards of solid lava rock, 504,000 cubic yards of common dry excavating, and 536,000 cubic yards of sand. As many as 1,500 men were at work at one time, and eight steam shovels, 22 locomotives and 200 cars were used. There are 5 locks, with eight passing basins. The minimum depth of water is 8 feet and the ordinary width of the canal is 45 feet. Each lock is 300 feet in length. The principal locks are at Big Eddy above the Dalles and at the lower end of the canal. There three gates serve to form tandem locks, or two locks, that give a lift of 70 feet out of the total 90-foot fall that the canal overcomes, Now that the Celilo bar to navigation is overcome, the next step in freeing the Columbia as far as Revel- stoke, British Columbia—1,000 miles from the ocean— will be the removal of the obstructions at Priest River Rapids, Washington and Kettle Falls. This done the Columbia will come to be numbered as the longest navig- able river in the United States, except the Mississippi, and the great inland empire of the Northwest will en- joy the advantages of a waterway to carry its fruits, timber, wheat, wool, and livestock to the seaboard. The Miracle of Bird Migration 6c T= mystery of bird migration has proved a fas- cinating subject for speculation and study from the earliest times,” writes Mr. Wells W. Cooke in a very comprehensive and instructive publication just issued by the Department of Agriculture (Bulletin No. 185, “Bird Migration”), “but fuller knowledge has served to increase rather than to lessen interest in the subject. More persons to-day are watching birds and noting their times of arrival and departure than ever before. Indeed, the Biological Survey has received migration notes from more than 2,000 different ob- servers. The Survey has been collecting data on bird migration for more than twenty-five years. Investiga- tions by its field naturalists extending over the North American continent from Panama to the Arctic Circle have resulted in voluminous notes, and in addition the assistance of ornithologists throughout the country has been enlisted.” Thus, a great body of information is now available, concerning not only the migratory habits of birds in Looking west through Five Mile locks. May 22, 1915 general, but of each species separately, viz, the loca- tions of breeding grounds and winter homes, dates and speeds of migration (the latter in many cases varying greatly for different parts of the flight), the principal routes, and the relations of all these things to meteoro- logical and geographical conditions, the distribution of food, and other circumstances. The text and numerous charts of Mr. Cooke's memoir present this information in much detail. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN The favorite highway extends straight across the Gulf of Mexico, and recent evidence disproves the old belief that after traversing this and similar stretches of water most birds are exhausted and promptly seek the ground. In fact, with increasing knowledge of bird migration, we are more and more impressed with the wonderful efficiency of the bird as a flying-machine. Of the golden plover, which in favorable weather flies 2,400 miles over the ocean from Nova Scotia to South America without Five Mile Rapids, where the Columbia is 165 feet wide and 200 feet deep. The differences between the habits of various species are striking. As to the distances covered in migration, we have at one extreme a few non-migratory species, such as the grouse, bobwhite, cardinal, and Carolina wren, and at the other that marvelous traveler, the Arctic tern, which nests within a few degrees of the north pole, and migrates thence to the borders of the Antarctic continent. The Arctic tern makes its annual round trip of 22,000 miles in barely twenty weeks of flight ; hence, even if it flew in a straight line, it would need to cover more than 150 miles a day. Actually this distance is doubtless multiplied several times by zigzag twistings and turnings in pursuit of food. A noteworthy fact in connection with this bird is that it enjoys more hours of daylight and sunlight every year than any other animal on the globe. During at least eight months it lives where there is no night, and during the other four months where daylight is much longer than darkness. The dates of migratory movements are determined by average weather rather than by that which happens to prevail during the season of migration in any particular year. Thus, migration may be said to be a question of climate and not weather. However, after a bird's travel begins the weather encountered en route influences the process in a subordinate way, retarding or accelerating advance by not more than a few days in the aggregate. The winds seem to have little to do with the process. Different species affect different routes of migration. 477 a stop, probably spending some forty-eight hours on the wing, Mr. Cooke says: “Here is an aerial machine that is far more econom- ical of fuel, i. e., of energy, than the best aeroplane yet invented. The to-and-fro motion of the birds wing appears to be an uneconomical way of applying power, since all the force required to bring the wing forward for the beginning of the stroke is not only wasted, but more than wasted, as it largely increases the air frie- tion and retards speed. On the other hand, the screw propeller of the aeroplane has no lost motion. Yet less than two ounces of fuel in the shape of body fat suf- fice to force the bird at a high rate of speed over that 2,400-mile course. A thousand-pound aeroplane, if as economical of fuel, would consume in a 20-mile flight not the gallon of gasoline required by the best ma- chines, but only a single pint.” How do migrating birds find their way? This is the greatest mystery of all. The familiar inhabitants of our dooryard martin boxes will return next year to these same boxes, though in the meantime they have visited Brazil, flying by night and crossing a great body of water where there are no marks to guide them. So many hypotheses have been advanced on this strange subject (one of the latest of which regards birds as natural compasses having -a subtle response to the earth’s magnetic lines of force), that we turn with in- terest to the latest authoritative opinion, as given by Mr. Cooke. Sight, he says, undoubtedly plays a part in the process, by night as well as by day. ‘“Neverthe- less something besides sight guides these travelers of the upper air.” They possess a power, whatever its nature, which may be called a sense of. direction. “We recognize in ourselves the possession of some such sense, though imperfect and frequently at fault.” Russia and Alcohol Utilization ONSUL-GENERAL JOHN H. SNODGRASS of Mos- cow, reports the Russian Ministry of Finance, to Lower end of the Celilo canal, showing work on the locks. A 70-foot cut through solid lava at the western end of the canal. promote the industrial and technical utilization of spirits for technical requirements, has decided to estab- lish an international competition with premiums for the best inventions, which must be presented by January 1st, 1916, to the Chief Administrator of Taxes and Sale of Drinks. The prizes are five in number and include one of 100,000. rubles ($51,150) for a new method of utilizing alcohol for making a product different from the alcohol used, such as vinegar, ether, chloroform, etc. Other prizes, approximating $38,000, $25,000, $12,000, and $2,500, are offered for new methods of utilizing alcohol as a solvent, for its utilization in smokeless powder and artificial silk; in increasing its heating value to render advantageous use of the alcohol as a fuel, and for in- ventions or improvements in apparatus for utilizing alcohol in internal combustion engines and for heating and illuminating purposes. Those especially interested can doubtless obtain detailed information from the De- partment of Commerce. Fire Peril in the Patent Office.—The Washington Times, in a recent editorial touching the danger from fire in the various federal buildings, remarked that the Patent Office was perhaps the only public building in which there was great danger to human life and that such danger had been attested to by the Commissioner of Patents and by the District Fire Marshal. The fire danger has been called to attention in these columns. 478 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN May 22, 1915 Our Army Wireless Automobiles Portable Radio Telegraph Apparatus of 200-Mile Sending Radius HE Signal Corps of the United States Army has just completed its second successful wireless plant in an automobile and has now under construction a third such unit, which will be in commission in May for use in the proposed problem work in the field when the campaigns whieh cul- By C. H. Claudy wireless apparatus, of the quenched spark type, em- bodies no particularly unusual features, with the excep- tion that it is all built in an extremely compact manner, and so constructed as to be unusually strong and thus able to resist the shocks of rough transportation. The his duty, his special station and his particular task. Only by such a thorough understanding is it possible to dash up to a stop, unlimber the mast sections, erect the SO-foot structure and get into communication with the base of supplies in the short time of six minutes. The cars them- selves, consid- minated in the battle of An- tietam are gone over in the field this spring. "The Just completed car is a 2% -ton truck chassis, with a special body, in which is built the apparatus for wireless trans- mission and receiving. The antenna, € 0 m- posed of six teen 100-foot wires, is sup- ported by an 80-foot mast, which can be erected in six m i nutes. This mast is made of artificial bamboo, a Sig- ered as auto- mobiles, are all of different types. One is a 214-ton truck of the ordi- nary construe- tion; the other is a 2% -ton truck with the new four- wheel drive, able to go any- where the wheels will not sink in, whether there be a road or not; and the third, and smallest car, rR AVA . rata CI) now being rap- idly finished, nal Corps de- sign, in which half round, Audion receiving set. hollowed out, sections of Spruce are pinned to- gether with glued dowells and wrapped at the joints with phosphor bronze wire. The result is a tube of great strength and lightness; and, when arranged in ¥0-foot lengths, a mast which can be erected and put in commis- sion in the minimum time m e n tioned. The sixteen 100-foot wires have ropes at the ends which continue to the ground, form- ing hraeces. Two other sets of braces are is a three qu a rter-ton truck of the ordinary drive type. The larger cars cost, com- plete, about $8,000 each. They have a maximaom speed of fif- teen miles per hour, and carry gasoline —twenty gal- Quench lons — suffi- cient to run the thirty horse motors for a distance of upward of one hundred and fifty miles. It is to be noted, how- ever, that as the gasoline must be drawn upon for gen- erating eleec- tric power for the wireless, the effective radius is prob- ably not to be considered as above one hun- dred miles of travel for any one car. Ac- also provided to hold the mast erect and steady in all weathers. The sending radius of the apparatus is approximately two hundred miles, varying to some extent, of course, with local conditions. The current is supplied from a 500-yard cycle alternating current generator of 2 kilowatts capac- ity. This generator is driven by the automobile motor, by means of special clutch built into the apparatus. As the generator requires only about 6 horse-power to drive it to its full capacity, the automobile motor uses but little gasoline for that purpose, and generates so little heat that the ordinary cooling system and fan suffice to keep it cool. The receiving radius is practically without limit. The wireless car now in service in Texas along the Rio Grande has picked up messages from Fort Egbert on the Yukon, almost three thousand miles away. The Operator receiving message. A mobile wireless plant of the United States Army signal corps. apparatus, while using accepted ideas as far as its principles are concerned, was all designed expressly for this work by Signal Corps engineers, and constructed in Washington under their direct supervision. Commercial electrical firms, while willing to undertake such work, lack the special experience of army needs for field work and a thorough comprehension of the require- ments. Experience has shown the Signal Corps that no apparatus for their special use is so satisfactory as that which they themselves design and build. The cars are operated by a squad of ten men, of which one is designated as “chief of the section,” one is driver and mechanician, two at least are skilled wire- less operators, and the rest thoroughly drilled in the swift erection of the mast. In this drill every man has Erecting the sectional mast. cording to Brig. - Gen. George P. Seriven, Chief Signal Officer, the car in service in Texas has done satisfactory work and demonstrated the wisdom of making others for the Army. : With wireless demonstrated daily abroad as being a most important element in modern warfare, it is an interesting side light on the question of the United States “preparedness” to find its Signal Corps providing itself with the most up-to-date and efficient type of apparatus for the transmitting of intelligence, and test- ing the units so provided in the field, with unqualified success. A Big Telescope for Argentina.—A 60-inch reflecting telescope is to be constructed at Cleveland, O., for the National Observatory at Cordoba, Argentina. May 22, 1915 “ Canvastown” for Government Employees ECAUSE of the considerable amount of unemployment due to the war, the New South Wales government decided to place all men employed by the government on the various construction works on four days per week. By this means an addi- tional four thousand men were given em- ployment without exceeding the amount spent on these works prior to the war. The loss of two days per week was a very serious matter for the men so re- duced, and in view of the very high rentals charged for all sorts of habita- tions, it was decided to meet the reduced earnings by providing temporary dwellings at a nominal rental; hence the decision to erect canvas dwellings and to reserve them exclusively, for the present at any rate, for employees of the Public Works Department. The site chosen is an open piece of Crown land country, near Sydney, and close to the trolley line. The dwellings are constructed of cloth sides (covered with a coating of paint) tacked to wood- en studs, and a rubberoid roof. Each house is floored and has doors front and back, in addition to a window. KEach has 20 feet of ground space, and is separated by that distance from its neighbor on all sides. The houses contain in some cases two, and in others three rooms, each measur- ing 8 feet by 10 feet. Electric light, run- ning water, and proper sanitary provisions have been installed. At time of writing 29 families were in residence, totaling 149 souls, including 93 children. School facilities are provided by the Department of Public Instruction, and a matron from the Board of Health visits the settlement once, and sometimes twice weekly, for the purpose of health talks with the mothers. A sanitary in- spector has been appointed, whose services are devoted exclusively to the settlement. A public telephone has also been installed. Provision, too, has been made to supply the residents with all food requisites at wholesale prices from a government insti- tution which adjoins the settlement. Each two-roomed dwelling costs £10 to erect, and a rental of 1s. 6d. weekly is charged the occupier. If an extra room is added the rent is then fixed at 2s. The money derived from rent is used to defray the cost of sanitary services, water and lighting rates, repairs, ete. Should there be a surplus it will be used for further improvement on the area; there- fore, the government will not benefit finan- cially by the scheme. Beetle Pest in Museums NE of the worst enemies curators of museums have to contend with is a tiny beetle which works so neatly that there is no evidence of its woeful work until the specimen is found dismembered or other- wise ruined. Neither in America or Eng- land has any effectual remedy been found. The tiny mischief-worker is the An- threnus museorum. The adult measures only, or even less than, one eighth of an inch in length, and is convex in form. The female lays eggs in specimens and the larve feed on them—the valued butterfly and the magnificent beetle—brought from afar. These larvie are small plump, hairy grubs, and the sole sign of their presence, likely to be overlooked by the amateur, is a few specks of brown dust in the case. The illustration shows a 14-inch stick insect, from Assam, in the collection of Dr. Howard Kelly, which seemed in good condition one day, and the next was found as shown. A Fire-fighting Trolley Car HE accompanying illustration shows a fire-fighting trolley car in service at Duluth, Minnesota, as a part of the equip- ment of its fire department. An unusual condition was responsible for the “partial trolleyization” of the fire-fighting equip- ment. The harbor of Duluth is formed by a narrow strip of land extending across SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Specimen of stick insect de- stroyed by beetle larvae. Growing two tails to replace an injured original. The fire-fighting trolley car of Duluth, Minnesota. 479 the western end of Lake Superior. This strip of land, only four to six hundred feet in width, extends for a distance of seven miles from the Minnesota to the Wisconsin shore. About three miles of it, extending from the Duluth shore, is built up. Many of the cottages are merely summer homes, but others are permanent residences of comparatively expensive construction. Park Point is cut off from the city proper by the entrance to the harbor, spanned by an aerial bridge. Crossing the bridge is sometimes a slow process—slow compared with the dispatch necessary in response to a fire alarm. But that is not the main obstacle to reaching the houses on Park Point with fire-fighting apparatus. This suburb is so narrow that only one street is laid out. The car tracks are laid in that street, the surface of which is beach sand, loose and shifting and offering no foundation to team travel. The fire-fight- ing problem proved a difficult one for many years. Bucket brigades did what they could, but when a house on Park Point took fire the chances were ten to one that it would burn to the ground. Insurance rates were high, permanent resi- dence was discouraged and cheap construc- tion encouraged. A fire tug would solve the problem under ordinary circumstances, but the water along the shore is so shallow that a fire tug could not approach. Finally the idea of the trolley fire department was con- sidered and the co-operation of the street railway company was obtained. A car that was in good condition, but had served its usefulness as a passenger car, was pur- chased. The seats were taken out and the braces retained. A hose box was in- stalled the whole width of the car. It was left open at both ends, so that no matter which way the car is going it can carry the hose line from the hydrant to the point of the fire. The equipment consists of 1,500 feet of 2l4-inch hose, a set of lad- ders, axes, and pike-poles, two six-gallon Babcock extinguishers, extra charges, rub- ber coats and hats for volunteers. The car is stabled near the main offices of the company, so there is always a mo- torman on hand to respond to an alarm. When an alarm is turned in from Park Point the car is started down the tracks immediately, and has absolute right of way. An automatic electric gong is cut in as soon as the car starts, so that all along the Point notice is given that a fire alarm is being answered, and volunteers are picked up on the way. A Two-tailed Lizard HE accompanying photograph of a lizard with two tails was sent to the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN by George F. Mims, who found the curious specimen in the vicinity of Edgefield, S. C. The photograph was referred to Dr. Raymond I. Ditmars of the New York Zoological Park. His comment on the specimen is as follows: “While we ocea- sionally see lizards with two tails, this appears to be a remarkable case of repro- duction. The growing of two tails is caused by a portion of the original tail being broken off. With lizards an injury to the tail is always repaired within a few months. A repair sometimes results in the formation of a fork appendage, but ‘arely of such symmetry as shown in this photograph. The species of lizard shown is known as a race-runner. Its scientific name is Cnemidophorus sexlineatus. ILiz- ards of this type live in dry, sandy places, and are very quick in running. An in- jury to their tail is often caused by hawks dashing at them and, owing to the lizard’s agility, being able to seize no part of the reptile but its tail.” Patented Razor Blade Box.—King Camp Gillette of Brookline, Mass., in a patent, No. 1,132,925, issued on an appli- cation filed in October, 1898, seeks to protect the small metal box for holding Gillette safety razor blades and which has a telescoping cap or closure designed to form a hermetic joint with the body por- tion of the box. 480 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN = Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Cutting Will Save Money In YOUR Shop Right now, you may be doing work that this process would simplify and cheapen. daily in many different shops. Cost of necessary equipment is low. We furnish a thoroughly high grade welding apparatus for $60.00, not including acetylene cylinders which are extra and are furnished under a liberal service plan. and special equipment for cutting operations at extra cost. If you are now using the process, by all means secure the added con- venience, usefulness, efficiency, portability and simplicity, that is given good welding and cutting equipment, PREST-O-LITE Dissolved Acetylene (Ready-made carbide gas) Prest-O-Lite Acetylene Service furnishes the highest grade of Dissolved Acetylene in portable cylinders, used as conveniently as you use cylinders of oxygen. Saves the large initial outlay and heavy depreciation, trouble and inconvenience of making crude Acetylene in carbide generators. Besides Prest-O-Lite Dissolved Acetyleneis makes better welds and is cheaper to use. Every user of Acetylene should have full details of the liberal “Prest-O-Lite Service Plan”, an ideal arrangement assuring maximum quality and quantity. perfectly dried, cleaned and purified Acetylene experts. 810 SPEEDWAY i) You owe it to yourself to investigate the actual instances of savings made, and the “on the spot” repairs that have saved money for other manufacturers and shop owners. Put your problems in welding and cutting up to our Oxy- Your name and address on the margin of this page will bring folder full of highly instructive literature. +3 THE PREST-O-LITE CO., Inc. The World's Largest Makers of Dissolved Acetylene 53 direct factory branches and charging plants in principal industrial centers New uses are being found Truck of any make, by INDIANAPOLIS, IND. Visible Speech (Qoncluded from page 471.) fifth of a second. This is an entirely abnormal and unexpected feature; and the remarkable thing is that such a differ- ence should be heard as one similar to the difference between English d and ¢; and yet such undoubtedly the case. In short, sounds, like many other things, are not always what they seem. is Releasing Through the Nose. One of the most curious classes of sounds are the p, f, and k coming at the end of the words in this same Marshall Island dialect, and in certain of the south- ern dialects of the Chinese languages. It will be seen from Fig. 4 that in the ree- ord from the mouth the sudden sharp rise or mountain which normally marks the end of p, ¢, and k in other tongues is en- tirely lacking; instead, there is a smaller rise in the tracing from the nose at about the point where it would be expected in the mouth record. The Canton Chinaman, in short, when he speaks his word for duck, ap, puts his lips together as we would on commencing the p, but fails to take them apart—at least until the next word compels him to do so. Instead, by a motion of the uvula, he opens the pass- age leading from the back of the mouth into his nose and allows the air im- pounded by the lips to escape through his nostrils. The result, as anyone who has carefully listened to the sounds of this dialect can detect, is a peculiar one, the native appearing at one time to say ap and another time merely a’. Actually he does neither, but ceases all further effort after he has completed the first half of the consonant. Sounds are very much like human beings. Each of them represents an ideal type which is rarely or never attained. The actual utterance of each sound is de- termined very largely by the sounds with which it is in contact. 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A 1790 Broadway, New York ep DRAWRY, Now York M MUNN & CO, Tac., Publishers, Wonlworth Bilz,, New York TT THE I HHH HH I T FECT] HH HHH HHH T H a Ff FT] ] CTR Hh i Hh Seif EH inv i218 VEE Fe HHH anni! ur oune® HHH HH (1 25 GRAMMES so¢ g - T T{f==t=t i Ll ANCES 3° 6G ry H (1 RT PACKIN mi - HH EXPO HH Er H H = HH g Made since 1861 from 7 HHH HH HH kinds of tobaccos, from 7 Hf HH HHH ? num HH HH different parts of the world, H+ FH Hii: —the best of each kind. ie HHH CT . aus HH Hii 14 pound, new air- Snaw HH s H iis 2 tight ExportPackage | tH HH : HH rl u HHH HHH e Hi st HH 8 HHH tt a ui Hi : HH Mame wees 3M TH Smaller sizes, 15¢ and 25¢ - ssEm FV? Times 8 and 16 oz. tins, $1.00 and $2.00 i Hr 3st! H HH i \ ort?! You'll never know how : | Fo good tobacco can be made fH HH Lo until you smoke Arcadia. g : HHH HHH FT If your dealer cannot supply you, write to us at once H a HEH HHH 0) ose SA HH HH TIT ITT TTT TTY Ii lLLLTY ses: HHH 1 : HHH rrr rrr Tr 4 - 3 I ui ll 1411 1 1 += TT SEEEm minds PEE AER EH of different circumstances and social sta- tion, may turn out to be men of totally diverse character, so with the sounds of human speech. One of our boys may grow up to be a statesman, the other a crim- inal, not through any inherent difference between them, but through the mere force of environment and associations. Fig. 6 shows two such absolute “twin brothers of speech” that have pursued very distinct careers. In this instance it can literally be said that the two ¢’s are twins, because the word gogo, which in the Marshall Kanaka dialect denotes a species of fish, is a reduplicated term from the root “go.” One g should therefore in theory be like the other. A glance at the tracing reveals the fundamental differ- ence between them. ‘“ Evil Associations.” A similar influence of associates is re- vealed in the Papago Indian tracings of Fig. 10, the upper of which shows the sin- gular form of the word for ‘‘child,” the lower the reduplicated extension of the same term when it is plural. In the sin- gular, alih, the first vowel is long and ac- cented, but fully voiced or sounded, that is, produced with vocal cord vibration. It imparts this quality to the following con- sonant I, which in turn lends the same trait to the second vowel i. When, how- ever, “children,” «’ali, are denoted, the added prefixed syllable takes the accent and is followed by a period of complete silence (indicated by the apostrophe). The original «, now in second place and much weaker, is marked by vocal cord vibrations barely to its end. The voice or sounding having died away in this vowel by the time it is concluded, the follow- ing 7 is unsupported and therefore silent; that is, like Welsh Il, unvoiced. Finally, the i is also reduced to entire “silence” or surdness. It is true that the ! and i in the second instance are not inaudible like the so-called ‘‘silent” letters of Eng- lish spelling. They are actually present, but the withdrawal of the vocal cord vi- brations to which we are accustomed gives "noisy rushing and a breath. them the character of little more than a: May 22, 1915 LEGAL NOTICES PATENTS If vou have an invention which vou wish to patent vou can write fully and freely to Munn & Co. for advice in regard to the best way of obtaining protection. Please send sketches or a model. of your invention and a description of the device, explaining its operation. All communications are strictly confidential. Our vast practice, extending over a period of more than sixty years, enables us in many cases to advise in regard to patentability without any expense to the client. Our Hand Book on Patents is sent free on request. This explains our methods, terms, etc.. in regard to PATENTS, TRADE MARKS, FOREIGN PATENTS. etc. All patents secured through us are described without cost to the patentee in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. MUNN & COMPANY 233 BROADWAY, NEW YORK Branch Office, 625 F Street, Washington, D. C. Classified Advertisements Advertising in this column Is 75 cents a line. No less than four nor more than 12 lines accepted. Count seven words to the line. All orders must be accom- panied by a remittance. IDEAS WANTED ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS offered as a prize for any engineer who can devise a new or sensational way of utilizing the tank in the New York Hippo- drome for spectacular purposes, for the new pro- duction to be made in the Fall. The new invention must admit of a number of people being employed in a novel manner in the tank at the same time. Send plans to Mr. Lee Shubert, Shubert Theatre, New York. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES MOTORS—A very old-established London House with branches in the most important provincial towns, also in the Cape Peninsula where they have extensive connections among Merchants and Farmers, are open to represent the interests of a first rate firm of MOTOR CAR MANUFACTURERS. C.T., in care of Bod- dington & Co., 9 St. Helen's Place, London, E. C MARKETING INVENTIONS THIS COMPANY'S BUSINESS is to develop for the market original and patented products of its own Laboratories. Its Sales Department is willing to consider outside patented inventions. Send copy of patent with stamps for return. McCormick Labora- tories, McCormick Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio. SITUATION WANTED YOUNG MAN with fine office training and the highest references, wishes to get a position with good house. Moderate salary, A. R., Box 773, N. Y. The 70th Anniversary Number OF THE Scientific American June 5, 1915 URING a period of sev- En years, since 1845, the Scientific American has faithfully chronicled the tech- nical and industrial progress which we Americans have made. What an age of wonders it has been! What a transformation has been wrought upon the face of the earth! Surely no tale of the Arabian Nights, no fancy of Jules Verne depicts marvels so amazing as those which the Scientific American has been the first to describe authorita- tively as soon as they appeared. In the June 5th number the Editors hope to do full justice to the great theme of American inventions, producing a num- ber which will transport us all back to the time when our fathers and grandfathers still burned candles, when horses still pulled street cars, when there were no automobiles, and when the steam railroad was a curiosity. Every reader of the Scientific American, every American in- | terested in the progress of | invention, will want this num- ber. Order now from your | dealer or direct. For sale on all news-stands— price 25 cents. MUNN & CO. Inc. ' Woolworth Building, New York City —————] May 22, 1915 TT WS 6B \ Nb OU young fellows, particularly, should always wear Double Grip PARIS GARTERS. They hold your socks doubly secure and doubly snug; the hose are supported at two places. You will get unusual satisfaction from your hose if you wear these Double Qrip garters. 25 and 50 cents The name PARIS is stamped on the inside of the shield. When you find it you can be sure you are getting the fullest value for your money. A. Stein & Co. Makers Children’s HICKORY Garters Chicago New York PARIS GARTERS 2 No metal can touch you ie liz The United States Navy A Its Present Standing and Needed Increase Published by Munn & Co., Inc. THE UNITED STATES NAVY RANKS THIRD AMONG THE NAVIES OF THE WORLD DREADNOUGHTS ENGLAND 42 GERMANY ‘ 26 UNITED STATES, 12 FRANCE 12 JAPAN . 10 A BOOK EVERY CITIZEN OF UNITED STATES SHOULD READ THE EVERY MAN, EVERY BOY, OUGHT TO KNOW THE TRUTH ABOUT OUR NAVY—THE GLORIES OF THE PAST AND THE NECESSITIES OF THE PRESENT. AUTHORITATIVE FACTS ILLUMINATING INFORMATION DEPARTMENT STATISTICS. CHAPTERS BY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY DANIELS AND ASSIST- ANT SECRETARY ROOSEVELT. EDITION LIMITED SEND FOR A COPY NOW—25 STAMPS OR COIN. CENTS, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MUNN & CO., Inc. 233 BROADWAY NEW YORK CITY Woolworth Building OOOO : = = : i = = = 3 = = = = i = =] = Ee F Za 0000000000000 AOE PROO RS SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN A Sniffed Sound. Just so the silent m in Fig. 5 is not to be understood as a non-existent or unpro- nounced sound. It is a surd m, silent only in the same sense of the vocal cords being at rest during its formation. This, however, is so anomalous to the ear ac- customed to the English speech that the m is barely audible as a sort of sniff through the nose while the lips are shut. The Pa- pago language is peculiarly rich in such “silent” sounds. In fact, every letter that it possesses appears in both the “sounded” and “silent” forms, a quite unusual cir- cumstance. Not all the experimental determinations in the science of phonetics are made by the kymograph. Numerous “mouth ex- plorers” and other ingenious appliances have been used to supplement the appa- ratus. Some of these have yielded pretty results; but the simplest and at the same time most productive are two—the camera for the outside of the mouth and the false palate for the inside. Writing on the Roof of the Mouth. The “false palate” is grandfather’s “plate” with the teeth left off, and ex- tended somewhat farther back to the rear of the mouth. A cast of the roof of the oral cavity is taken, and from this is made a thin sheet of aluminium, vulcanized rub- ber, or dental compound, reaching from the edge of the gums to the soft palate. This sheet is the ‘false palate.” Slipped into the mouth and gently pressed up- ward, it coats the surface of the natural palate like a tight glove, and does not seriously interfere with pronunciation. It is dusted with chalk or powdered soap- stone. The subject of the experiment then speaks the desired word or sound. Wher- ever his tongue touches his palate in this - | act, the saliva licks off the white chalk, E | exposing the red or black surface of the artificial sheet. This is then removed and the white and dark areas sketched, or in important cases photographed. The dark regions represent the portions of the gums or palate against which the tongue “articulates” for any given sound. As might be expected from what has been said before, the “same” sound in different languages is often produced in sufficiently distinet portions of the mouth to be not really the same. Hupa Indian 1 and English 1, for instance, are formed, respectively, forward and to the rear (Fig. 3); and in the same way English s is proved to be nearer th than Hupa s. Just so, in one and the same language, there are often two sounds made in the same way, but in such closely adjacent parts of the mouth as to be distinguish- able with difficulty. Papago Indian s and sh are considerably more alike than Eng- lish s and sh. Among us, a man coming home late may explain to his wife how he has been to “shee a shick fren”; but in Papago and many other Indian idioms such pronunciations seem, to the English ear, to be typical even of unalcoholized conversation. Of course, the confounding is in the perceiver, not in the speaker, as the “palatograms” or false palate rec- ords of Papago s and sh in Fig. 2 demon- strate. In the same way, this language possesses two baffling ¢ sounds, which may be represented by ¢ and ¢{, and which the false palate quickly reveals as being formed just like English ¢, except that in one the tongue touches a little nearer the front teeth and in the other a little farther away from them. A Life for a Letter. Such differences may seem immaterial, but are sometimes fraught with the gravest meaning. The intrepid English explorer, Doughty, relates how when alone among the Bedouins of the Arabian desert he was called in to aid a sick chieftain, his abil- ity to read and write being enough, in the minds of this unlettered folk, to endow him with a knowledge of all the arts and sciences, including medicine. As he emerged from the tent, the sheik’s anx- ious followers inquired his condition. “His heart still lives” was the reassuring reply which the Englishman made or thought he made in the Arabic language; OVERS THE CONTINENT J J-M T¥ransite Asbestos Shingles | Fire- and weather- § proof, last forever. | Highly artistic. J-M Asbestos Ready Rcofing We eather-prcof,fire § retardant, needs | no coating. First | cost only cost. J-M Asbestos Built-Up Roofing | Permanent, fire resistant. Light- weight, smooth surfaced, needs no paint. The imper- ishable flat roof. J-M Regal Ready Roofing “Rubber-Type” ready roofing for general roofing purposes. J-M Roofings for Every Requirement M You may have a guar- antee if you want one; but no ‘““guarantee’ printed assures your roof- ing satisfaction so well as the J-M way of doing business. Every foot of roofing we ever made was made not merely to sell but to serve. ity is not a policy. a principle. 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Sparks and flying brands will not ignite them. ever J-M Responsibil- It is J-M Asbestos Roofings are examined and approved by Underwriters’ Laboratories under the direction of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. If every J-M roof owner will register his J-M roof with us, we will see that that root gives him full roofing service. Tell us what kind of building you have to roof and we will give you our experience with roofs of that kind. ROOFING Responsibility H. W. JOHNS-MANVILLE CO. Akron Buffalo Dayton Houghton Louisville New Orleans Portland Seattle Albany Chicago ~~ Denver Houston Memphis New York Rochester Syracuse Atlanta Cincinnati Detroit Indianapolis Milwaukee Omaha St. Louis oledo { Baltimore Cleveland Duluth Kansas City Minneapolis Philadelphia Sr Paul Washington § Birmingham Columbus Galveston Los Angeles Newark Pittsburg Salt Lake City ~~ Wilkes-Barre Boston Dallas San Francisco Youngstown THE CANADIAN H. W. JOHNS-MANVILLE CO., LTD., Toronto, Winnipeg, Montreal, Vancouver 3057 THE SANITARY “0.K.” ERASER includes an Adjustable Metal Holder. Two Rubbers are made, best quality; one Typewriter and Ink, one for Pencil. These Rubbers last 6 mo. to a year, the Holder a lifetime. By slight pressure, clean rubber is fed down until used; its narrow edge allows a letter or line to be erased without injuring an- other. Price 10¢ cach. New Rubbers be each. ALL STATIONERS Everybody should have this New Eraser By mail 2c extra. Booklets free. The O. K. Manufacturing Co., Syracuse, N.Y. Makers of the well known Washburne ** O. K."'' Paper Fasteners. 5% EACH fi ELT IC Illustrated Book on Lightning Free. Explains kind of rods that protect. W.C. SHINN, 151N. 16th St. Lincoln, Neb. ron ! H 1 and Bottlers’ Machinery. The VILTER MFG. CO. 899 Clinton Street, Milwaukee, Wis. —=s0ld on 30 days’ free trial and guaran- teed 10 years. Powerfully constructed, easily and economically operated. Ellis Engines operate successfully on cheap ks keroseneand distillate. Vertical and hor- izontal types from 11¢ H.P.to 18 H. P. \ Send for free booklet, “Engine Facts.” 72] ELLIS ENGINE COMPANY ; 2868 E.GRAND BOULEVARD, DETROIT, MICH, © PATENT FOR SALE STII ee Scientific, Sanitary and Efficient Comb for use with vacuum machines. Thorough dry shampoo. Vitalizes the scalp. Patent 953,267. H. C. HEFFNER - - Martinsburg, W. Va. Magical Apparatus a Grand Book Catalog, Over 700 engrav. ings 25¢. Parlor Tricks Oatalog I'ree. MARTINKA & CO., Manufacturers, 493 Sixth Avenue, New York wily desire. and he was startled to see every man reach for his gun or knife. It was only when a| Bay State Brick and Cement and absolutely waterproofs the wall. Pblue-gray and gives you any color you Bay State Brick and Cement Coating becomes part of the material and will last until the wall falls. We'll be glad to send you sample can and to tell you what other architects and builders have found out about Bay State Brick and Cement Coating. WADSWORTH, HOWLAND & CO. Inc. Coating Let it Rain! PPLIED to concrete or stucco, it fills the pores Hides the ugly Ask for Book 10. Paint and Varnish Makers Boston, Mass. 482 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN “No magazine has ever surpassed SCRIBNER'S in the difficult art of keeping in touch with life and yet maintaining always a certain literary distinction.” By Edith Wharton: *In Argonne’ A visit to the front, including a thrilling picture of a French infantry charge. General Goethals’s own story of “The Building of the Panama Canal’ The Human Element in Adminis- tration. ‘Baseball, The Ideal College Game’ By Lawrence Perry (Fawr Play). 16 full-page pictures of our Wonderful National Parks, by DWIGHT LL. ELMENDORF, the famous artist-lecturer. “The Rise and Fall otf Negro- Minstrelsy’’ By Brander Matthews. John Galsworthy’s great novel. “The Freelands’’ A love story, a story of ideals. Short Stories: “Martin’s Hollow,” by Katharine Fullerton Gerould. A story that will hold you with its haunting spell.—‘“Made in Germany,” by Temple Bailey. A story of alittle Toy Shop.— “The Last Flash,” by Sarah Barnwell Elliott. The story of an old Confederate veteran.— “The Freedom of Edith,” by Mary Guérin. How an American girl’s Turkish romance ended. [llustrations in Color: A beautiful frontispiece, “Madrigal” by Elenore Plaisted Abbott.—‘“The Great Be- yond,” by W. R. Leigh—“‘Warming Up’ for the Game,” by H. Howland. $3.00 a Year CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS NEW YORK CITY cooler head realized that the well-mean- ing but ignorant foreigner had probably meant “heart” when he had really said “dog” (qelb, with the k [kelb, as in Eng- lish] pronounced far back in the throat as only a native Arab can do it), that the excitement subsided. “The dog still lives” was surely a statement that a loyal Bedouin had a right to resent when ut- tered about the head of his clan. Lip photographs are even more easily made, and no less instructive, since they fix permanently a characteristic position that the eye is able to observe for only a fraction of a second. Each vowel, from “rounded” w down the series to “flat” a and back again to “narrow” 4, has its typical lip posture as well as interior tongue position. In fact, these lip and tongue placings are all that distinguish any vowel from any other. It is, there- fore, remarkable how much variation of vowel tone the American Indians are able to produce with the extremely slight shifting of lip positions which they em- ploy in their ordinary speech. Paiute, Hupa, and other tribal records from the most different individuals, young and old, regularly show this phenomenon. The old Mohave, whose stolid, tense mouth is shown on the right of Fig. 8, scarcely al- tered the aperture of his mouth in pro-|. nouncing the five vowels of his native idiom. The left half of the same figure reveals the large mobile lips of the inter- preter, an unusually quick-witted man, who seemed instinctively to grasp the purport of the investigation, and, more like a skilled actor than an old-fashioned Indian, enunciated with the utmost vigor and clearcutness of motion. The long slit of his 4 differs as thoroughly from the gaping cavern of his a as from the snout- like protrusion of his wu, almost resem- bling a telescope photograph of a lunar crater. He spoke for the camera much like a Frenchman ‘over-pronouncing” his English. Such freedom of lip motion is, however, untypical of his tribe as well as of the Indian in general, whose normal tendency is to slur and sloven his vowels and often his consonants, this being, per- haps, the most characteristic difference between civilized European and aboriginal American speech. The Energy of Projectiles T= German infantry rifle M-98 takes a powder charge of 3.2 grammes, the explosion of which produces 2,762 gramme-calories of heat, equivalent to 1,170 meter-kilogrammes (8,463 foot- pounds). Nearly one third of this energy is consumed in giving the bullet its initial velocity of 820 meters (2,690 feet) per second, and nearly one quarter is used in heating the rifle barrel. The rest of the energy, about 45 per cent, is represented by the hot gases and the report. The bul- let traverses the barrel in about 1/2000 second, during which period the pressure inside the barrel is 3,500 atmospheres. The projectile of a 16-inch gun pos- sesses a kinetic energy of 300 million foot- pounds, equal to that acquired by a gran- ite block 33 feet square and 17 feet thick in falling 100 feet. The projectile of the ‘Krupp 30.5 centimeter (12.2-inch) naval gun weighs 445 kilogrammes (980 pounds) and has a muzzle velocity of 820 meters (2,690 feet) per second. Its range is about 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) and it travels this distance in about 95 seconds. If the gun were point- ed exactly north or south the lateral deviation of the projectile, due to the earth’s rotation, would amount to 160 meters (525 feet). Likely to Confuse or Deceive.—In Rock- wood Pottery Company v. The A. Wilhelm Company the Court of Appeals in affirm- ing* the decision of the Commissioner of Patents in referring to the suggestion of appellee’s counsel that the notice was sub- ject to dismissal because it did not allege that confusion had actually occurred, as without merit, said: “The statute is pro- spective in that it forbids the registration of a mark which is likely to create confusion in the public mind or is likely to deceive purchasers. It is not necessary that actual confusion be shown; the mere probability of confusion is sufficient.” May 22, 1915 ADVERTISING CLASSIFIED LATHES AND SMALL TOOLS ge STAR” Siirtament === ..% LATHES Suitable or fine accurate work in the repair shop, garage, tool {4 room and machine shop. 3 Send for Catalogue B l§ SENECA FALLS MFG. CO., —_— 695 Water Street B-21 Seneca Falls. N. Y.,U.S A For Gunsmiths, Tool Makers, Ex- perinien al & Repair Work, etc. From 9-in. to 18-in. swing. Arranged for Steam or Foot Power, Velocipede or Stand- up Treadle. W. 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Frederick Collins. 614x914 inches. Cloth. 272 pages. 159 illustrations. $3.00 This work gives in minute details full prac- tical directions for making eight different sizes of coils varying from a small one giving a Y4-inch spark to a large one giving 12-inch sparks. The dimensions, of each and every part are given and the descriptions are written in language easily comprehended. MUNN & CO., INc., Publishers ‘Woolworth Building New York City Delivered you FREE on Approval and 20 days Trial SEND NO MONEY but write today for our big 1915 catalog of ““Ranger’’ Bicycles, Tires and Sundries at prisss so low they will astonish you. Also particulars of our great new offer to deliver you a Ranger Dicyele og one month's I without a cent expense to y you can make money ag orders for EDieycles: tires, lamps, sundries, ete, from our bi - some catalog. It’s free. It contains ‘‘combination ors for refitting yo ue. old Diese like new at very low cost. 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