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e'fmm the lube Edition pﬁnted at P 
(game ,ch. Iondqn, printed fgr Bernar
Jﬁne copy, ant}; numerous foldmg plunges,

THE LIBRARY
. OF
THE; UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

Landscape Architecture
Libra.ny

GIFT OF

Frederick Law Olmsted
the Younger

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

i

it;- 8-“ yum-wag; ,1 9:341:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

T H E .4

l

THEORI/and P RACTICE
G A R D E N I N G

Wherein 15 fully handled
All that relates to Fine G A R D E N S;

COMMONLY CALLED

PLEASURE-GARDENS,

Conﬁi’ting of

PAR TERRES, GROVES; B 'o w L: N-GeGRﬁ E N 3,1115%:
' CONTAINING

Several PLANS, and general DISPOSIT IONS of GARDENS, New Deng-113
of Parterr-es, Groves, Grai‘s plots, Mazes, Banqueting-Rooms, Gallenes,
Portico’ s, and Summer houfes of Arbour—work, Terraﬂ‘es, Stairs” Fountains,
Cafcades, and other Ornaments of ufe in the Decoration and Embeliih-
merit of Gardens.

WITH

The Manner of making the Gnounn, forming Desxens Fuitahle to the Place,
and putting them 1n Execution, according to the Principles of Geometry.

The Method of Setting and Raiﬁngin little time, all the PLANTS requinte 1n ﬁne GARDENS:
Alfo the Way to ﬁnd WATER, to convey it into Gardens, and to make Bafons and Fountains
for the fame.

Together with REMARKSvand G E E R A

N L 1: s in all that concerns the A R T of
G A. R D E

UL
ING.

 

By Le Seem ALEXANDER LE BLOND.

 

‘Doize ﬂew the late Edition printed at Paris;
,. By :7 O HN 311M111 S of Greenwich.

«if! t intent: @etttnn.
With very lArge ADDITIONS, and a new T R E AT IS E of FLOWERS=
' - and ORANGE 31312135.. ‘ \

 

 

L O N 93 O N:
Printed fox BERNARD LINTOT. at the Croﬁ-Kejs, between the
‘ Temple-Gates, in Fleetﬂreeze 17281

 

 

 

SEW
To the Honourable . ”Eff
ARTHUR ONSLOW Efq;
“s P E A K E R

OF THE

Hon we Houfe of Commons

OFK

GREATBRITAIN,

This Tram/[alien 1's moﬁ humbly

Inferibed, by,

S IR; '

Your mo/i Humble, and" '

2420/1Z Oém’z’mt. Servant, 1

' JOHN JAMES;

Tia-12.2?" ,5 I: I’m
{as 111.13.11.1ﬁﬂ;

A‘nvnnrrs EMEN r on t/m New EDITIONS
S I had no otherDeﬁgn in this Work than the publick Good, I have been care:
. ful to inform myielt'of Peoples Sentiments of the former Editions. Some
thought there were too few Plates of Parterres, and that the Chapter which treats
ofthem was not ample enough; this Defeé‘: is {applied by a new Plate which con-
tains three different torts, with their Defcription, and frame additional Difeourfe on
that Subjeét. Others aiiedg’d that there wanted Ai‘cents and Steps of Grafsework,
the Deﬁgns being all for Stone 3 to obviate which, I have inf/irrtcd a Piate with ﬁx
Patterns for this Work: Some have alfo‘ objeéted to the Regularity of the, Places
where the Gardens were deﬁgn’d, thefeI have endeavour’d to fatisfy by a Plate of
Gardens,‘ in Sites as irregular as can well be imagin’d. The Plates of Parterres have
.alfo fome ﬂaming Grounds, and fome of theiDeﬁgns in the Ten Plates of Woodwork
that were too regular, are alrer’d, to thew in what manner fuch bevel Lines may be
belt adjuited. ‘Thereis alfo added a Plate ofﬁne Bowling-greens, one of extraordinary
Hedges, and another of green Portico’s.

Theie new Plates are ﬁx in number, and are not the leaft in the Book: They con-
tain the neweft Deﬁgns of their kind, and indeed thofe that are of the moft {it} and ,
belt Tai‘re in Pleafure-Gardens. There are likewife feveral agreeable Additionsmade

to the former Plates, as will be readily perceived upon comparing them one with
the other.

As to the Body of the Work, it is augmented more than a Third, by abundance of
Remarks, which later Experience, and more firiét Enquiry have furnifhed me with;
ei'pecialiy in the Third Part, 'where there are four Chapters entirely new. The two
that contain the Culture of Oranges, Jeiiamines, and Other ﬁowerin Shrubs,’with'the
Manner ofgrafting, raiﬁng them from Seed or Layers, or chuﬁng r em when grown.
In the two other Chapters are all the Particulars that relate to the Management of
Flowers for the furnifhing of large Parterres, and the Afcents of Amphitheatres in

every Seafon, which was much wanted, by reafon Orange-trees and Flowers make
the chief Beautyof ﬁne Gardens. ’

For the Fourth Part, which treats of Water-works, it was defign’d, as was men-i
vtion’d in the former Edition, to new-mould it entirely, and , to add nine or ten very
Aukful Chapters upon the Origin of Springs, the Levelling and Gauging of Water, '
~ Engines for raiﬁng Water, and the like 5 but as this would have fwell’d the Book to
.an unufual Size, and have made it both too big, and too dear, it was thought proper
to referve it for a fecond Volume, where the whole Buﬁnefs of Water—works and
“Fountains {hall be thoroughly and curiouﬂy handled, with a fuﬂicient number of
Plates 5 a Work that has never hitherto been well treated of. \

To avoid’Confuﬁon in the Subjeét, and difpofi: every thing in its place, this Work
is dividedinto four Parts, and for Convenience is added an exaét Table of the Contents.

And farther toimprove the Tafte for ﬁne Gardens as much as poﬂible, perﬁiadcd as

"I am, that the greatei’t Perfons, after the Example of the Romans, may divert them-

iélvcs herein without Difcredit; I have not only (hewn the Manner of inventing De-

ﬁgns for Gardens, and difpoﬁng and ordering them according to the-Situation of the

.Ground, but ali'o that of reitoring and new-fetting Plants in every Part of them, _which
~will render a Manperfeéi Maﬁer in this Art.

Theié were the chief Objeé'tions,and ﬂich as feemed to me mof’t thafonable to be taken
.notice of, without regarding the whimﬁeal Norions of fame Builders and Gardeners,
who like nothing but what they do themfelves. I hopethe Care I have taken in this
‘ Reply, together with the other Additions, will be acceptable to the Publick; and fhall‘
think my Pains well bettowed, if this Work ﬁnds the like favourable Reception, that
- the former ’Treatifé did. ,

 

 

 

 

T A BL E

OF THE

Chapters contained in this W o R K.

FIRST PART.

’ Hap. I. Serving as an Adverti/ément.‘ ’ p.Ir-~
Chap. 11. Of the Situation of the Ground, and the
Choice that 2': to he made of it. 13.7
Chap. 111. Of the Two/ﬁlo}; and general @iﬂrz'hatioa of
Gardens. . 13.1 5
Chap. IV. Of ‘Parterres anal Borders of a’z'ﬁereat hina’y. p. 3 9
Chap. V. Of Walks, Counter-Wallet and Hedges. p.5 r
Chap. VI. Of Mod: aml Groves ingeaeral. p.63
Chap. VII. Of Bowling—greens, or hollow Funds of Gray},
large Ramps, Slopes antlBea’s of Turf, with the [Van-

. net of laying, fowiag, analheepz'ng them in order. p.76
Chap. VIII. Of ‘Portz'eos, Arhoars, Cahlaets, or Summer-
hoa/e: of Lattice-work or Greens, Fzgarey, Vafes, and
other Ornaments of ﬁfe in the ‘Decoratiorz and Eate-
lz'jbmeat of Gardens. p. 8 6

SE-_

V1

CONTENTS

SECONDPARtJ

I €11.1th A Trelirninarj offorne' Trdi‘t’iees' in Geometryvdg;

‘ ferih’d upon Taper, with the. mannerof laying them down
' men; npon the Ground. <

P-97
Chap. 11. Of the Manner of making a Tieee of Ground, and?
of digging and removing 9” Earth. p.12 1
Chap. 111. Of diﬂerent Terraﬂe: and Stairs, with their heft”
¥’roloortions-. ~ ' p. 1 3 4
Chap. LV. 0f the Manner of drawing allfort: of fDefgns a];-
on the Gronnd.‘ ' ‘p. I 5 o

>THIRD IPA/RT.”

Chap..1. thhe Choice to he made of Treesproper for Tleaé
fare-Gardens, and of their good and had Qualities.

p. I 64.

Chap. II. Of the Method "of planting alt the diferent Tart:
of a ﬁne Garden. p.179
Chap. 111. Of the Care that is to he taken in the raiﬂng of
“young rPlants, with the means to“ were their ‘Diﬂeniloers,
and prevent the Miﬂhief of Inﬂeﬁk; p. 1 94
Chap. IV. Of Nnrferies and the Care to he taken of them,
with the way of raijing from Seed, all the Tlants that
are-nfed in Tleafnre-Gardens. p.207
Chap. V. Of Orangesjeﬂarnines,Torngranates,Myrtle—trees
. and other ﬂowering Shrahs,’ with the Method of raiﬂng
thernfrorn Seed, from Layers, or chnfing them when
grown, with the Manner of planting and grafting theen,

and theerime when the] hlofforn. p, 2 I 7
Chap. VI. Of the Cnltnre'ofOrange-Trees, and other ﬂower:

. zng Shrnhs,.with the Mean: to recover them when ont
of O,rder._ 9.23 I

Cling“

 

CONTENTS. ’ , vii
Chaﬁ. VII”. Ofthe Flower: commonly njed in the Border: of

Tarterm; with the Manner of fowing, managing and ’
increaﬂng them. , p. 24 5

Chap. VHI.‘ Of the [mo/t fro er Tlace for each Flower in a
Garden, and of the iﬁgent Tecorations of Tarterres',
according to the ﬁveral Sea/one of the Icar. . p.2 58‘

110 UR,TH PART.

Chap. I. 0f the fearching wet hVater, and the diﬁ‘erent'

Way: of conveying it into Gardens. p.26 5
phap. II. 0 Fountains, Bog/om, Cafcade: of hVater, and
' the [winner of making them. " / 13.2. so

 

ﬂai-

 

l

. ”Fa-p...» . 1

Advice to the Binder, ‘forplaez'ng the Figures.

FIRST PART.

H E’ﬁve large Plates marked A, are to follow one ano4
' ther as they are number’d, againﬁ page 38. The two
ﬁrﬁ are to be folded (0 as to lie Without the Book. '

The feven Plates of Parterres, mark’d B, are to be placed ae~
cording to their Numbers againﬂ page 50. The ﬁve ﬁrl‘c to be
fo folded as to open out of the Book. ’

The Plate of Hedges, mark d * * to be put between the
pages 62 and 6 3.

The ten Plates of Groves, mark’ d C, are to keep the Order
of their Numbeis, between the pages 74 and 7 5. The fe-
venth to lie the longeﬂ way up and down.

The two Plates ofBowling-Greens; mark’d D, are to be put
between the Pages 80 and 81.

The tWo Plates of P01tieos of Lattice-welk and G1 eens,
mark ’d E, are to come in betw een the Pages 92 and 9 3 .

SECOND PART.

The FourPIates of the Praé‘tice of Geometry, mark’d F, are
to fold out of the Book, and keep the eourfe of their Numbers
between the Pages I 20 and I 2 I .

The Plan of Terralfes, mark’d G, is likewife to fold out of
the Book, between the Pages I 40 and 14.1.

The three Plates of Stairs of Stone and Graf‘s, mark’d 1-1,.
are to be put as number’d, between the Pages I48 and 14.9.;

The Plate 1, is to fold out of the Book, between the Pages.

;,,I54a11d 155.

The Plate K 13 alfo to. fold out of the Book, between the
Pages 160 and 161.
‘ FOURTH PART.

The Plate of Cafeades, mark d L, isto be plaed‘ between- the
Pages 294 and 29 5 .

 

E R R A T’ A.
Page 39.1. 4.. for Border: of Parterres read Embroideryaf Parferres.
Page 219, in the Margin,1 1ead great Laurel 2» England.
Page 230, l. melt read Thala/pz'c, or Candy— —mﬁ.
I’1ge 262,1. ult for Corn- ﬂower read Pafque flower.
Page 26;, l 4. fm double Peon} read douéle Poppy

 <0

ﬁﬁﬁﬂﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁ$

‘%%%ﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁg%
PART‘L

Which contains the

T H 0 R Y

GARDENING
HananHHHHHHHHHeannnnnnnnnnnnnnan

a CHARL
Jay‘viﬂg m an ADVERTISEMENT.

 

\

PON examining molt Authors th0 have writ
of Agriculture and Gardening, I found none
of them had enlarged upon the Subject I de—
termined to treat of. This, at ﬁrﬁ, had 'al-
molt difcouraged me from an Undertaking, in
which I' could hope for no .Aﬁiﬁance from others, it being
ea’fy to go wrong Where no-body has beaten the Way. As
I may, then, without Vanity, fay, this Work has Iomething »
New in it, I hope, the'Reader will more readily excufe the
Faults that {hallbe found therein: Some more able Hand may
poﬂibly come after, and give the ﬁniihing Stroke to that
which IproPofe but a Sketch of. -

B . MY '

   

*1 Boiceau,
“IOiCt c

La Quintinye.

Le Jardinier
Francois.

L. Liger.

Le jardinier
Solitaire

Le Jardinier
Botanifte.

]. de Tour-

- nefort.

Le Jardinier
Fleuriﬁe.
Liebaut.

De Serrcs.

may molt pleafe the

~ 77.76 Theory PART L
MY Deﬁgn being to write of Gardens, which may proper--
1y be called Pleafure—Gardens; that is to fay, ‘thofe that we
take care to keep with the gireate‘ﬁ Delicacy and‘Nea-tnefs,'andi
where; We ‘expe’é’fto‘ ﬁndﬁegu ariéy, gecd Orderﬂnd WhatéVer
, _ Eye, as Parter‘res, Grows, and Graf's».
Plots, fet off with Portico’s, and Cabinets of Arbor-work,
Figures, Fountains, Cafcades, (’76. For my Information in
this Point,I have negleé‘ted nothing, having read a great many.
Latin, Italian, Franc/.2, and Spanifb Authors-y; on the Sub- .
jecf’t of Gardening; the Reading of whom,_tho’"good in itfelf,‘

\has, however, been of no great Service to me in this Cafe. 7.

Among the Frenchwe have But "9 wa or three Authors that:
have ipolee of ﬁne Gardens, andthey have done no more ’
than lightly touch’d u on them, bEﬁdes, that the Deﬁg‘ns ,.
they give at the end 0 ‘ their Books are of very mean Gu- o, ,
and fuch as are now. quite out of Ufe. Other Writers of‘Agri-

culture have thought this Matter unworthy of. their Pen; Some -
{peaking of the pruning of Fruit-Trees ;, of the Culture of "
Kitchen‘aGardeii's, 6f Botanicks, and the Nature of. Simples;
of FioWer-Gafdens,‘ Orange-Trees, é’f‘c, Others of Tillage, ,
and Manuring of Ground ‘5 of the Duty of a oodt Hou-fholder,
Farmer, and Husb’andman a; i of the V in'e‘yar‘ and Vintage, of _’
Fifhi'ng and Hunting; of Cookery, and making all forts of
Sweetmeats, inzall which, may be feen the Difference between:

this Work and theirs. a3;
\ T H E greatLo‘Ve I alWays'ha‘d for Agriculture and "Gar—-
dening 5 the Abode I made atTarz's and Verfaiﬂes, whofe
neighbouring Parts contain fo many Wonders of this Na—v-
ture, the. Satisfaﬁion I found in lurveyi‘n‘g all thofe Beauties 5

and the Pains I have taken in planting feVe‘ral ﬁne Gardens,“
induced me to make proper Remarks from time to time. , Na-

ture, that-I have fo often confulted , Proofs of Soil ;. long

Experience 5 and the Converfation of the moﬁ Able in the

Profeﬂion, may be allowed to have given me fome Light in.
this Aﬁ‘air , and the conﬁderable Mif’cakes and unneceﬂary

Expence ' I have obferv’d in many Gardens, 'jéin’d with the
Ignorance of moﬁ Gardeners, made me, at length, refolve to
communicate my Obfervations to the Publick. , '

I CANNOT but admire, that among fo many as have writ-

ten of Fruit andKitchen-Gardens, there fhould be none hither—
' ' to, _

 

 

 

CHAP. I. of Gdﬂlmzizg. 3
~.to, that have fpoleen fully-of Pleaﬁlre—Gardens, which, with-

out Controveriy, are the moﬂ beautiful and moﬂ: noble of all

others, notwithﬁanding what a late *Author has laid, who * LaQJina-
ﬁrives to give the former the Preference. In truth, nothing “3"" i
can be mere pleafant and agreeable than a handfome Garden,

rightly difpofed, and well kept; no Profpeél yields more De-

light to the Eye, or gives greater. Satisfaﬂion to Perfons of a

good Taﬁe. , " _

’Trs not my Deﬁgn, to condemn Fruit and Kitchen-Gar—
dens ;~ they are valuable :in’ their Place, and, I agree, .are as
neceﬂary to make up a complete Garden, as the ﬁneﬂ: Groves
and Parterres : We have Inﬁances of this, in the moﬁ magni— Verﬁiilles,
ﬁcent Gardens that are, Where the former are as curious in £46330“?
their Kind, as the latter; Neverthelefs, all thefe Kitchen and Sceaux,’
F ruitaGardens, how vﬁne foever, are conﬁantly fet in Byeplaces, 33mm.“
.diﬁinél; from the other Gardens 5 an evident Proof that they 6'
are rather accounted neceﬂ'ary for the Service of .the Houfe,
than delignedﬁto improve the'Beauty and Magniﬁcence. T hefe
are Things {hould be fought after, if «one would fee them,
and ought never to prefent themﬁlves ﬁrﬂto ﬁght inaa hand—
fome "Garden. ’ ‘

I .AM very fenﬁble, everyone will not jqin with me in this
Opinion, efpecially thofe Who have written of Fruit, and
limb as are great Lovers of it : T heie make the Perfection of
the Art of Gardening, and the whole Beauty of a Garden,
to conﬁﬂ: of a Kitchen-Ground, a F ruit—Garden planted in
*Quz’namce, and in long Egipaliers, for the Satisfaé’tion of ,6 Quincunce
gathering from them a Pear or Peach. ”1‘ is to this they con: in its original
ﬁne and limit their utmoﬁ ‘Deﬁres in the ,Buﬁnefs of Garden— ngniﬁgtim’
ing; and as for Parterres, Groves, and the like, they have no 2:73:53:
manner of Eﬁeem for them. ' . ' ' likﬂbeCinqae

THESE Men conceit too, , that becaufe they can prune a $55353?
F ruit—Tree, and make a Kitchen-Bed, they are perfectly skill’d is ﬂown/alto
in what relates to Pleafure-Gardens, whofe Difpoﬁtion and $7,335,155?
Culture are very different from the other. tbeTrees that

I DO not fuppofe this Work can be of any great Service 2751:5232!
to fuch Perfons , they are wholly ignorant of’the Beauties it leftom, and
treats of ; and Interef’t with them is aboVe all other Conﬁdera— theofbe’WW
tions : They would rather have a Garden, likea plain Field, gigging
ﬁock’d with Apple-Trees, Cherry-Trees, (at. or, like a “’74? ”WW-'1

B 2 . Marih, mrouglvoat.

 

7796 Theory ” PARTVI’P

M arih ﬁll’d with Kitchen-Garden Stuff than enjoy that which
is truly beautiful and magniﬁcent. This Spirit of Intereﬁ, how-
ever, is not general, nor to be charged upon Perfons of greater
and more elevated Minds, for whole lake, partly, I profefs
to have written, to further their noble Intentions, and to make
way for their good Taile to lhew itfelf 1n Publick. I ﬂatter
myfelf', this Treatife may be of ufe to fuch, and ma con-
duét them aright 1n the planting of a handfome Garden. This,
at leaf’c, I am fure of, That fuch a Garden, as I propofe in
the following Chapters, fhall do a private Man more Credit,
than the limit Fruit and Kitchen-Gardens 1n the Warld, which":
in truth, feem to a1 gue that their Mailer has more regard to

. his Proﬁt, than to any other Conﬁderation

Lewis XIII.
Lewis XIV
The late
Duke of Or-
leans.

‘ Imperatomm
olim mamém
goleéanmr a—
gruénc. Plin
Hill. L 18.

(3

S U P P o s I N G, then, that a private Perfon, wealthy, and
curious in the Art of Gardening, would be at the neceﬂ’air
Expence of planting a handfome Garden, I lead him, ﬁep
by Rep, from the Choice he ought to make of a good Soil, ,
to the Execution and higheﬁ Perfeé’tion of his Garden, in-
ﬁruéting him” in whatever he ought to know, that he be not
impos’d upon by the Countrymen and Artiﬁcers he lhall have
occafion to employ.

I SHEW him the way to know good Plants, and to fét and
raiie them in little time : I inﬁruél him to make Bafons, and .,
Fountains with Water-lpouts, to convey Water into his Gar-
dens , to difpofe the T erraffes Stairs, (7'6. and, above all,
to form a right Taﬁe of what concerns the general Difpoﬁ-
tions of Gardens, and the Deﬁgns of Parterres, Grafs—Plots,
Groves, Arbor-work, Cafcades, and other fuitable Ornaments,
which may be learnt from the .32 Plates inferted in this Vo-
vlume.

I PURPOSE likewife to give this Gentleman fo full Inﬁruc-
tions in the Buﬁnels of Gardening, that he may be able of
himfelf to make his Ground, and to lay out and trace his
Garden with his Domeﬁicks, without being obliged to have
recourfe to thofe of the T lade But to this end, he mull be
a Lover of the Country, and of Agriculture, a Knowledge
125 agreeable, and always fo much efteem’ d by Perfons of the
greateit Qiality, that many Princes have not difdain’d, after
the Fatigues of War, to apply themfelves to it 5 and the An-
cients, efpecially, held it in very great Reputation.

, . B U T,

 

 

H ARI; ~ ' 0f Gardenmg.

BUT, fuppoﬁng' Buﬁnefs, or fome publick. Employment,
{hould not permit our "Gentleman to apply hrmlelf to plant
and raife his own'Gard'en, the Perufal of this Work cannot,
however, but be of great Ufe to him; he may be aﬂiired,
that in following the Precepts it contains, he will not be liable
to beimpOfed‘ upon, when he is to deal with his Workmen

 

abOut any thing he deﬁgns to execute. The Gardener will ,

, be better kept to his. Duty, who knows his Maﬁer is no
L Stranger to his Art; whereas, when thefe Men ﬁnd, that in-
I’tead of underﬁanding Gardening, he is unacquainted even
withthe. chief Terms of it, * they make no Scruple to impofe
upon him, but will pretend to take 'him up, and fometimes
laugh at his Demands. Add to this, that a Garden is always
better for being under the Eye of a Maﬁer that has fome
Skill in it himfelf. ;
Now, though what I here propofe for the Inﬁrué’tion of a
riVate Gentleman, be part of my Deﬁgn; yet I reckon this
Work will be no leis ferviceable to Gardeners and Country-
men '5 who, for the moﬁ part, are got into a bad’Way,‘ and
' have but a very ill T ai’ce in Deﬁgns of "Gardening: Both one
and the-other. will here ﬁnd the true Method of inventing and
laying. down readily all the Deﬁgns of Gardens, according to
the different Situations of "the Ground. This T reatife will
likewife ferve for a complete Inﬁruétion to young Gardeners,
, to conﬁrm thofe that are not altogether Novices, in what good

*Infelz'x ager "

cu 'm dominm "

'vzllimm ﬂﬂ- -
dit, non docet .
Columella,
lib. 2 .

Things they know, and to illuﬁrate and give Light to many

other Matters. , .
"T IS On this Account} have been induced to write for

every one, and to make ufe of a plain and-homely Stile, ﬁiit-
able to the Subject and the Capacity of Gardeners, according
to. that Precept of ”Horace,

Omarz' res z'pﬂz negat, contenta doceri. ..

I HAVE but one W‘ord more to fay, and that concerns the
Diviﬁon of this T reatife, whofe.Titles are to be found in the

foregoing Table of Chapters. ' ‘

TH I 5 'Work is divided into four Parts, which contain, in“

all, twenty two Chapters.

IN theirﬂ Part is taught all the 77.7607] of Gardening, it '

beingneceffary, as every one knows, to learn the Theory be;
~ fore

. 77m 779307)! PART I,
‘ fore thePraé’tice, which is-no more than the Sequel and Execu-
tion of the Conicquences and Certainties drawn from the for- -
mer. This Theory is ﬁll d with general Rules concerning the ,
Meafur‘es and Proportions of the Parts of a Garden, and ﬂip-
ported by Examples and well—contriV d Deﬁgns, which take
in all that 1s delicate, and of good Taﬁe 1n the Art of Garu
dening. T hefe Deﬁgns, for the better under-ﬁanding of them
are explain’ d by ihort particular Deibriptions5 and this is
what 18 to be found 1n the eight ﬁrﬁ Chapters.

T H E fecond Part teaches the Tmﬁzce of Gardemng,
which is of moﬁ Confequence to be known, and that tOO
which has not hitherto been communicated to the Publick5
“as the Manner of making, or laying out a Piece of Ground:
whether level, gently riﬁng, or in Terraﬂ'es5 and of t1acin
out, and putting in Execution, the moﬁ difﬁc’ult Deﬁgns5 all
demonﬁrated by Figures, and the Principles of Geometry,
and made out by a great Number of Experiments and Prac-
tices in Matters of Fact

T H E third Part contains the Manner of planting and railing,
-,1n little time the Plants and Flowers proper for Pleafure—Gar-
dens.

T H E fourth and laﬁ: Part ihews the Method of fearching
out Water, conveying it into Gardens, and of making Bafons
Fountains, and Cafcades

I I may be truly averr ’d, that nothing but fuch a Treatife
as this was wanting, to perfeét what relates to Agriculture
and Gardening: Fruits, Legumes, Flowers, and the Tillage,
and Manuring of Land, have been difcourfed of f0 often, and
fo well, that nothing more needs to be faid of them. There
was none, fave the noble Pleafure-Garden, but had been fuf—
ﬁciently fpokeh of before: And 1n joining all thefe T raéis
together, a Man cannot fail of Inﬁruétions that will enable
him to. form a Garden perfectly complete 1n all its Parts

thigh

CHAP,

 

 

GHAaIL. I of ‘Gdrdeﬂiﬂg; ’-

t ’l‘ w ,
g3 gygﬁtéiﬁ‘éi ° ﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁ

C H A. P. ‘11.:

' Of the Situation of live Ground; and?
ef the Choice... one. gag/2e. to: make;

#2 ere/0f.

L HE ﬁrﬁ' Thing, and the moft eﬂ'ential to be obférv‘a-

'ed in chuﬁng a Place- to plant a Garden in,‘ is the.

Situation and Expoﬁtion of the Ground. . ’Ti-son this the Suc— -
Icefs of the Undertaking principally depends , .. if we have the '
Prudence to make a .goodChoice, the Trees we plantwill

become beautiful and tall in little time; but if we fail in

this Point, all the Care and Expenee we can beﬁow Will - '

ﬁgnify little or nothing...

’T I s neat to impoﬂible to "produce a ﬁne'Garden in a bad -
Soil; and though there are ,Ways to meliorate Ground, they
are always very expenﬁ've; and it ”often happens, that a ,
whole Garden. is ruin’d, when the Roots of Trees have reach— ‘
ed the natural Bottom, whatfoever it has coil to lay good. ,:

Earth over the whole Surface.

TH IS Situation is.- of f0; great Conﬂiquence, that all Au-»~
thOrs, who have hitherto faid any thing of Agriculture, have. .
rahonﬁantly and earneﬂly recOmmended the Neceﬁity of mam-
king a good Choice thereof I ihall not take upon me here .-
to quote thofe Anthors, but rather" content myfel’f to mention '

what a"Vz'z‘mruz'm fays, fpeaking, of the Situation of. Country-
Houfes : He tells us; “ That in the'Situation of a Country-
“ Houfe, refpeé’t fhould be had to the Region of-the Air,
“‘ to the Climate, and to the Conveniency of the Place 5 that
“ the Place lhould be eafily acceﬁible, fertile, plentemis in
“ itielf, and adjoining to Rivers and Ports, capable of ler-v
, "‘ ving' it with all the Commodities of the neighbouring Parts:
“ That above. all, it ihould be. healthful, not ﬁtuate in a low

“ and

*Aﬁzmom
Arc/vita? in
the Time of
Auguﬂus.

Thing: regard—~-
reel in a good
Situation. .

i‘Vitmzdum eﬁ
autem quot!

; .plerique fece-

. mm aqua

. mufa, willa:

J in inﬁmi: val-
libm mergere,

é: pamorum

,, dierum volup-
tatem pmfer-

. re kﬂéitata-

, rumfaluti.

- Palladius dc
rc ruﬂica, lib.
.t. tit. 16.

grabs: : omni-

.,mado ruimnda

.. eﬁﬁuiaﬁcmri
confmw't d- ‘

. ﬂate, (3° 1” 01"

‘. tar peﬂilenti—
am vel anima-
lia borti: ini-
mim qua ge-

nerat.‘ Colue

mella. lib 2..

‘Tlae French
wall it com:
.monly the
AMicotc.

' 7776 Theory} "PA RT ’1.

.. cc... and marihy Ground, becaufe of the Corruption caufed by
. “the 1nfeélious Breath of venomous Animals which breed ,
.u there, and occaﬁon many noxious Humours and Dif’cempers ‘

“ ‘That, onv-the other hand, the Situation ‘be not too high
a and mountainous, lea it be fubjeé’t to Fogs and Storms of
“ Wind, Which deﬁroy and tear - up all before them : And
“ .laﬁly, that the Houfe be not turn’d to the South, or Weft,

‘f‘ .hecaufe Heat weakens Bodies, and-Cold ﬁrengthens them.

“ In another place, he fays,"That to ﬁeat a Country—Houfe

5‘ well, it ihould. be'eonﬁder’d, in the ﬁrl’c place, what Ex-

“ poﬁtion is molt wholelome, and let the Houfe be turn’d

“ that way.”
I N D E E D, .thlS Point requires -..our utmoﬁ Circumfpeé'tion ;

.. for, how'vexa'tious' would it be, “to build a Country-Houfe,
7and plant a Garden, in a Place one cannot inhabit above four

Months in theYear, without endangering one’s Health as
very many are P .Let us endeavour, then, as much as phﬁi-
ble‘, to avoid this Defeét, and conﬁder what Conditions "are
neceﬂ'aryvto .:a good Situation.

.0 1: thefe I ﬁnd Five conﬁderable; the Firﬁ, a whOIefome
Expoﬁtion; the Second, a good Earth; the Third Water '
the F ourth, a Prolpeé‘t of a ﬁne Country 5 and theiiifth the
natural Conveniency Of the Place. ,

THE Firﬂ, a wholefome'Expoﬁtidn, or Situation "is when
the Place is neither too high nor too low; not ’too, high
which would very much expole the Gardens to the Winds,
which are very injurious to Trees; nor too low, becaufd
the Dampnefs of low and marihy Places caufes abundance
of: Humours, Deﬂuxions, .and other Maladies 5 beﬁde the ill
.Air one breathes, proceeding from Toads, Snakes, Adders‘
and other venomous Creatures, which breed «in Ponds and
marihy Waters.

TH rs {hould induce us to avoid Situations that are either
mountainous, or in Bottoms and Valleys. There are two
athfer fortfslainﬁnitely [getter than either of them, that, indeed,

e erve t e Name 0 ha Situations an . ' L
the Hill-ﬁde, or on the Fllgty , d thde ar€ Upon

TH E Situation on a riﬁng Ground is moﬁ courted and
has the greateﬁ Advantages, provided it be not too iteep
but the Slope eafy and imperceptible, where-one may en:

10y

~«hcmaawe.mm4. -~_)....c...‘,._._... nu 4

 

 

\

CHARII. raft Gardening. \ ,9

joy a great deal of Level, and a good quantity of Water; _
. ’_ - 1 ' G den 1 nféd Felix hqrti ,
for if the Defcent be too qurc c, as in a at p a on Poﬁﬁo 4, m,
the Declivity of a Mountain, one {hall often .have the Dif- [em-m ind?—
fatisfaétion to fee the Trees torn up and carried oil by the Wifﬂmtles
\ . ' 7711721712115 cur -
Torrents and Floods of Water, the Earth above tumbled on Mqugﬂuen-
that below, the Walks all fpoil’d, and the Walls thrown tzj: perfpatia.
down 5 in a word, there is no keeping a Garden neat, and ff:”’i,j§:‘j
in good Order, whilf’c it is fubjeél' to f0 many Accidents: diusde Re

ruftica, lib. 1.

Whereas, where the Declivity 1s eafy, and infenﬁble ,4 and, tit. 33.
efpecially, where it abounds in Springs, you’ll ﬁnd the moﬁ Boyce-au’:
wholefome and moﬁ agreeable Situation that can" be ,~ being gjz'anOf
ihelter’d, "by the top of the Hill, from the Fury of the m“. 93:9.
Winds, and the violent Heats of the Sun, you poﬂ‘efsa tem— LaCLtlintinyci
perate Air, the ‘Water that comes doWn from the upper fg’fj'LWg‘
Part of the Hill, makes Fountains, Canals, and, if you
pleafe, Caicades, for the Ornament of ‘your Garden. The
lame Waters having done this Oﬂice, ﬁnd their natural Courfe
into the Valleys, and render the Place extremely wholefome
too, when they do not ﬁagnate, or lodge on it, which is to
be underﬂood as well of Rain as Spring-Water.

TH E Situation on the Plain, or Flat, has likewife ' its
Advantages, its level Surface is lefs tirefome to walk on,
and not 12) chargeable to keep, as that on the Hill—Side: Ter-
rafs-Walls, Slopes, and Steps, being no way neceiTary here.
The Floods and great Rains make no Spoil in this, which is
a Point very conﬁderable in a Garden. On the Flat, one "
enjoys a ﬁne natural Level, and an Air even more pure than
upon the Hill-Side : Vaf’t Campains interfeé’ted by Rivers,
Ponds, and Brooks, ﬁne Meadows, and Hills covered with
Buildings, or Wood, continually prefent themfelves to Sight,
and form fo natural and agreeable a Perfpeé‘tive, that we
can never fet too high a Value on it; beﬁdes the Pleafure
of F iihing it affords us, and the Conveniency of Water-Car-
riage of whatever we fraud in need of. a .

THE Generality of Men are pretty much divided "upon

I . this Choice, iome like theHill-Side bei’c, others prefer the

Plain. I therefore leave the Reader to determine this Point

shimfelf, having recounted to him the feveral Advantages of

one and the other Situation. I {hall only add, in this Place,
C V . what

16 a ’ t .7756 Henry PART I. :5 ~
what the- Ancients ufed to do (as divers Authors relate) to '
know if a‘Place were healthful: T hey were wont-to judge
of the (haal’ity of the Air, of the -Water, and of the Fruits ' ’
of a Country, by the Conﬁitution of the Bodies of fuch Beaﬂs
as were fed there, whofe Entrails they examined; and when
they found them waited and corrupted, they from thence con-
jeétur’d, that'thofe of Men would become fo likewi-fe, ihould

, they inhabitjhe fame Places. ' .
“ "1’ IS not ifnpmper to mention here, that in the Bufinefs
., of Gardenin. , we reckon four different Expoﬁtions of the
. Sun g'that o the Eaﬁ, Welt, North, and South.
. Ivar diﬁtrem THE Eaﬁern Expoﬁtion is that where the Sun fhines from I

ExPOﬁtiW 0f Morning to Noon. ' ,

, 3;" ‘W' ‘ TH E Weﬁern is that on which the Sun darts its Rays
from Noon to Evening. ‘

T H E Expoﬁtion to the North, is that where the Sun lhews
itfelf the leaﬁ; for it appears no more than about tWo Hours.-
in- the Morning, and as many in the Evening, and is the
worﬂ: Expoﬁtion of all. ’T is directly oppoﬁte to that of the
South, where the Sun ihines hotteit the whole Length of the
Day 5 which makes it eﬁeem’d’ the belt of the Four, and the ,
molt proper of all others for Gardens. _

I RE TU RN to the fecond Condition required, which is a
good Earth, or Soil, that is. to fay, Ground in its own Nature
rich and fruitful. It will not fufﬁce to have found an Expo- ‘
ﬁtion healthful, turned to the South, and poffeffed of all thofe
Advantages I have already mentioned, if it be not accom—
panied with a good Body of Earth, and a Soil fertile init—
felf: For, without this, ’tis- to be feared, all that is planted,
will, in a while, droop and die away : To prevent which,
the greateﬁ Care imaginable fhould be taken, according to
the following Inﬁrué’tions. ' .

T 0 know if the Body of Earth be good, yOu muft dia-
ﬁinguifh ﬁrft, - whether , it "be an old decayed Garden to be
reﬁored, or a new Place you deﬁgn to pitch upon. If it
be only an old Garden you intend to replant and new fur-
nifh, the Earth“ fhould, be dug in thofe Places where you

, deﬁgn any new Work, whether Parterre, Grove, Bowling-

Green, or the like; and if the Ground there be found not

. good,

 

CHAP. II. of , Gardem%§.. , ' " I I i

’ good, or be already worn out and exhaui‘ted, it muﬁ ‘ then

, be dug two Foot deep ~throughbut, the bad Earth muf’c be
cleared away, and its Place fupplied with the belt that can
be gOt thereabouts, or, 'at leaﬁ, the fame Earth returned,
with a good quantity of Dung’at the bottom of it :, which. is
indeed a great Expence, but that which cannot be avoided; ,
for I know no other Expedient to mend a bad Soil. A Man , ,
is fometimes obliged to be at this Charge, when he buys a
’Country-Houfe ready built, .or has one that falls to him by
SucceﬂiOn.’ 'And this is all'that can begdoneto‘repairthe‘na-
tural Defeéts of an old Garden. But if it be a new Seat you
deﬁgnto make choice of, in an open Country where you may
do as yOu pleafe, there are many other things to be conﬁder;

‘ ed. It {hould be ﬁrl’c examin’d what covers the Ground ad-
jacent; and if Heath, T hiﬁles, and other Weeds that grow
of themfelves, be found upon it, you- may: judge the Soil. is
bad, and to be totally rejected, without fear of being’de-
céived in your Judgment. You may alfo obferve, if there

‘ are great ”Trees near, whether they grow crooked, ill-ﬂiap’d,
and grubby, of a faded Green, andfull of Mots, if f0, you’ll
do well to leave this Part of the Country with fpeed, and
feek another far otherwife: But if the Trees are ﬁrait, tall,
vigorous, and of a _ lively Green, not loaded with Mofs and
Vermin, and the Ground be covered with good Grafs, ﬁt for
" Pal’ture, or the like 3. this is a good Encouragement for thofe
that would make ufe of the Soil, to examine farther into its

_ 'Qlalities. I ' . . ‘ ' i

F0 R this purpofe, fomewhat near the, Place you would
inclofe for a Garden, ihould be dug ﬁve or ﬁx Holes infeve»~
ral Places; as. about the Extremities , and in the Middle,
to fearCh the Ground, the better to know its “Qialities.
‘Thefe Holes ihould be“ dug about ﬁx Foot broad, and four
Foot deep 1; and when the Earth is cleared out, you may
then examine, by the Rod, what Depth there is of good . .
GrOund: To dothe Buﬁnefs well, there ihould be three Foot;
but by no means leis than two.

GR OUN D, 'to be good, lhould neither be ﬁony, nor hard Qualitief
to‘work 5 neither too dry, nor too mOiﬁ, nor too Tandy and 33:27,;
light, nor,‘ efpecially, too itrong, as the Rank and Clay g l

C 2 Grounds, _

 

12. We Theory _ PART I.
Grounds 5 which, of all others, are the worPc for Gar--
dens. ' ~ ' i ' '

As to the Colour of good Earth; it fhould be a gray, in-
clining to black; the whitiﬂ1 Earths are never good. There
is alfo another Requiﬁte' in good Ground 5 that to the Eye,
the Surface of it appear neither too dry, nor too moii’t 5. and. .
that in handling, it feel of a temperate Moii’ture. -

“ *La qiinti- . F EU I T Gardeners *add to thefe, That, to know a good

ﬁnger. Earth, one ihould "conﬁilt the Taﬁe and Smell : The Talk,

Li: Jardinicr by foak‘ing a handful of Earth in a Glafs of Water, and

FranQOiS- ﬁraining it afterwards through a Cloth 5 if, in Drinking, you
ﬁnd it. has a {harp or bitter Tafte, the "Fruit and Legumes
will have the fame : For the Smell, ’tis but taking a little Of _
the Earth in one’s Hand, and fcenting it, to underftand its
good or bad Flavour.

T HE two laﬁ (malities refpeé’t rather the Fruit and Kitchen-~
Garden, than the Pleaﬁlre—Garden, where the Taile and Smell
ﬁgnify nothing. But, as Fruit and Kitchen-Gardens arene- '
ceITary to a ﬁne Seat, ’twill not be amifs to have regard to

‘A: tbeFmit thefe too, it being very difagreeable to eat Fruit that has a
22%;:ij fharp,’bitter, or inﬁpid Tillie, or that ﬁnells like a cabbage,
or a Turnep. ~

TH E third Requiﬁte, which isWater, is one of the mof’c
conﬁderable of all 5 for ,beﬁdes that it is extremely neceffary
for Life, ’tis alfo forfo many other Purpofes, that if a
COuntry—Seat be without it, "tis thergreatef’t Inconvenience in
the World, and brings a certain Mortality on whatever is

' planted. A Garden neceﬂarily- requires four Things, the

Sun, Water, .. a, good Soil, and the Care of the Gardener.

Without thefe, there is no good to be expected; andftwould

be, the ’greateﬁ Folly to [plant a Garden where any one of

Aqua nutrix thefe are Wanting. ' But Water, above all, is, indiipenfably
0mm“ “0"" neceﬂ'ary in every Garden: ’Tis by Waterings the‘ great
ﬁfjﬁﬁ’ﬁ’ngu. Droughts in Summer are allayed, which would infallibly burn
11': “f“: mini: up all the Plants, had we not the Help of Water to qualify
ﬂm' thofe‘exceﬂive Heats. 7 _

ESPE CI A L Care, then, ihould be taken in the Choice of

the Ground, that Water may be had without Difﬁculty ; The
Neceﬂity of it is as viﬁble, as the Beauty ’twi-ll add, in
' ' making

 

 

 

 

CHAP. II. . of Gardemng.

1 making Jets d’Eaux, Canals, and Cafcades, ‘which are, in
truth, the nobleft Ornaments of a Garden.

TH E R E is no need of having fo great a quantity of Wa-
ter in a Country, 9"that the Land fhould be drowned byit
Too much is of no 1ervice in Gardens, but renders Places
watery and unwholefome, as I obferved before.

T H E fourth Thing required in a good SituatiOn, is, the

13

* A: at Ruel,
Gentilly, @111;

View and Profpeé’t of a ﬁne Country: This, indeed, is not fo ‘

abfolutely neceifary as the former, but 18 yet one of the moﬁ

agreeable. What Advantage would it be, to plant a Garden.

in a Place that rs buried, and has no kind of Profpeé‘c ? Such
a Situation would be very diiagreeable and unwholefome,
the Trees themfelves would look nothing fo beautiful, when
too much ﬂraded and obfcured. For my own part, I eﬁeem
nothing more diverting and agreeable in a Garden, than a
ﬁne View, and the Profpeé’t of a noble Country. The Plea-
fure of leeing, from the end of a Walk, or off a Terrafs,
for four or ﬁve Leagues round, a vaﬂ Number of Villages,
Woods, Rivers, Hills, and Meadows, with a thoufand other
Varieties that make a beautiful Landskip, exceeds all that I
can pollibly fay of it, a Sight of thefe Things being the only
means to form a juﬁ Idea of their Beauty.

THE ﬁfth and Iaﬁ Circumﬁance is, the Conveniency of .

the Place; which lhould be of fome Conﬁderation with a
private Perfon, in regard of the Advantages he may draw

from it. By the Conveniency of the Place, I mean, that Vitruvius
the Houle be near iome River,- for the more ealy bringing to L7 0‘1 ‘

it all Neceifaries, and carrying back Proviﬁons for the Town,

which is a great Expence faved, when there rs Water-Car- ‘

riage , beﬁdes this, that it be not far from iome Village, Houles-
that ﬁand too much alone 1n the Country being not fo eafily
fupplied with the Neceﬂaries of Life, nor timely Help in care
of Accident. That the Houfe be not far from a Foref’c, that
. Wood may be had the more eaﬁly , that the Road that leads
. to it be good both 1n Winter and Summer, being either paved
or gravelled, and, in a word, that whatever is wanting may
be, at all times, readily conveyed to it. The Advantage-

that a Houfe has in being ﬁtuated near a River, is, that it ,

will at leaﬁ have good and {hallow Wells, if“ it has not.

Spring-water , and by the Help of Pumps, the Water may
be

14

7796 Theory . '- PART II

‘ be raifed, and conveyed into Bafons, as {hall be morellargely
explain’d in the hit Chapter of this Work.

TH E two laf’c' Conditions, indeed, are not fo abfolutely

neceffary, as the threeformer, which are really indifpenfable, ‘

and to which much the greater Regard ought to be had;-

- But all thefe joined together, would certainly make one of

thofe excellent and delightful Situations, which are fo much
eﬂeemed by all the World. . , I

A ' TH 18, I think, is all that can be faid touching the Situa-
tion of a. Place. Happy are thofe that meet with all thefe
feveral Advantages in one Spot 2 Suppoﬁng, then, to putan

4 ‘ , end to this Chapter, that a Perfon has made fuch a Choice as

has been nOW defcribed, let us proceed to inﬁruét him fo to
difpofe his Ground, as to make a beautiful and magniﬁcent
Garden. : . ‘ ~

 

CHAR

 

 

 

 

 

CHAP. III. W Gardeningi

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CHAP. III.

0]" 11212 Diﬁvoﬂtim and general Diﬂri—
" [mtim of Gardem.

0 make a complete Difpoﬁtion and Diﬁzribution of a
general Plan, refpeEt muﬂ be had to the Situation of
the Ground: For the greateﬁ Skill in the right ordering of
a Garden, is, throughl}r to underﬁand, and conﬁder the natu-
ral AdVantages and Defec°ts of the Place , to make ufe of
the one, and to redrefs the other. Situations differing in every
Garden.
TH E Variety and Diverﬁty of the Compoﬁtion contributes

no leis to complete a Garden, than the moﬂ diibreet and well- .

contriv ’d Diﬂribution , ﬁnce, in the Opinion of every one,
the Gardens that afford the greateﬁ: Variety, are the molt
Valuable and magniﬁCent. 7

”1‘ IS therefore, the great Buﬁnefs of an Architect, or
Deﬁgner of Gardens, when he would contrive a handfome
Plan, with his utmoi’t Art and good OEconomy to improve
the natural Advantages, and to' redreis the Imperfections, Be-
vellings, and Inequalities of the Ground. With the‘fe Pre-
cautions he ihould guide and reﬂrain the Impetuofity Of his

Genius, never fwerving from Reafon, but conﬁantly fubmit— 1
ting, and conforming himfelf to that which fuits beﬁ with ‘

the natural Situation of the Place.

A N Architect has fometimes great caufe to complain, that
he 1s oblig d to fubjeé’t his Genius and good T ai’ce to the wrong
Notions of the Gentlemen he has to do with, who are often
fo fond of their own Opinions, as to fpoil many good De-
, ﬁgns. This, without Enquiry into the Caufe, is by Critieks

generally, though unjuﬁly, thrown upon the Architect, un-
leis he may be faid to have deferv’d it for his blind Com-
» plaiiance. _

VIT

‘16

77a mm . PAUL

I 1‘ is fometimes diﬂieult to form a general Plan, through

'~ the Irregularity of a new Situation, where crooked Ways,

and the Bounds of neighbouring Houfes, often occaﬁon very
odd Figures, and conﬁderable Slopes Or Bevels: It may be
too, that the Fall and Irregularity of the Ground, as to the
Level, which obliges certain Terralfes to 'be made 5 may fall
out very ill, with regard to the general Diviﬁon of the In-
elofure. ' . _ . » a

O N E is often in great ﬂraits When an old Garden is to be

' fet to rights without wholly deﬁroying it. In, fuch Cafe, an

exaét Plan thu-ld be taken, and every part' of it examined

one after another, before we condemn it. ’Above all, we

{hould conform to the Buildings, Walls, Bafons, and Canals
already made, unlefs they are exceedingly ill plac’d', and

1 Without deﬁroying too much, in order to rectify every Fault,

redrefs only thofe that are molt neceffary, preferving as much ‘
as is poﬂible, efpecially the Wood, Hedges, and Walks of
high Trees, which are long in raiﬁng, and which in this Re-
newal lhould be look’d upon as facred,’ and be very little,
if at all, meddled with. This indeed requires a very pro-
vident and skilful Hand, not fuch as are for cutting down
and deﬁroying every thing to make way for their whimﬁcal
Deﬁgns, of which one fees too many fad Inﬁances.

AL L this is no fuch eafy Task, as fome imagine, a ﬁne
Garden being no lefs difﬁcult to contrive and order well, than
a good Building; and‘that which makes a great many Archi-
tects, andfuch as take upon them to give Deﬁgns of Garden-
ing, often mifcarry, is, that moﬁ of them form Deﬁgns in
the Air, no way proper for the Situation of the Place, and at
belt but ﬁoln, and pick’d here and there from others.

‘ON E great Reafon why thefe Pe0ple have not the Skill

' neceﬂ'ary to contrive a good Deﬁgn, is, That this Knowledge

coming farther off than they imagine, they are deﬁitute of
the Qialiﬁcations requiﬁte for this’purpofe. A Man iho-uld
know fomething of Geometry and Architeéiure, andxbe c ble
to draw well; ' he lhould underﬁand Ornament, and be ac—
quainted with the Properties and Effeé‘ts of all the Plants
made ufe of in ﬁne Gardens; ihould deﬁgn reality; and,

- with all this, have a right Judgment, and natural god "i afte,

form’d upon the Contemplation of Things that are excellent,

{:19

.AL

 

 

C HA P. Ill. of Gardening.

the Cenfuring of thole that are ill, and a conﬁunmate Expe-
rience in the Art of Gardening. f ' .
THERE are the very meanel’c Gardeners, who laying

afide the Rake and Spade, take upon them to give Deﬁgns
of Gardens, when they under-{land nothing of the Matter.

Unhappy are thole that fall into the hands of fuch Perfons, _

who put them to a greatExpence to plant a ibrry Garden 5
when it coils no more ‘to execute a good Deﬁgn, than an ill
one ! The fame Trees and Plants are conﬂan-tly made ufe
of, and produce an ill: Eﬁe& only through their bad 'Difpo-
fition. . . ~

A MAN thathas Wealth, and would plant a handfome
Garden, ihould necelfarily ado threeThings. Firi’t, he ﬂrould

chuie a 'Perfon whore Ability in Gardening has been already

tried by a number of good ‘Be.rform.ances .: This is the way
to avoid falling into «fuéh Eeﬁgns as are founded :upon nothing
but Caprice. In the feconel place, he ought not to follow
the conimon Cuﬁorn of executing Deﬁgns with the mail ,eX-a
travagant Hurry, with .a 'F an‘cy to .pleale himﬁalf in imitating
the‘Works of Princes. "Things done in {ﬁnch haﬁe, ieldom
fuceeed well: There is no {time to .digeﬁ .the Deﬁgn, and sto
‘let it come to {ionic «maturity before it .be .put in execution ;

and it often happens, thatLatll is to '~be"alter’d the Year follow- ‘

ing, for not having weighﬁyMatterS well at ﬁrﬂs. So that
thele rPeople, who take delight in altering and deﬁroying
things before l-they tare icarce .ﬁnifhfd, are not only put to a
vaft Expence, but have the mortiﬁcation of never being
able to enjoy any thing they do. Buildings may be iome-
times reckoned among thefe Follies : A general Plan there-—
fore tﬂiould-ibe ‘evxpos’dto the Sight of Men of Art, and their

Advice taken thereon, without difregard to any. By hear-u
ing one, and another, a true Judgment'anay be form’d of it,‘

and there will be no danger of doing and undoing. In ﬁx
Months time the Faults of a .De'ﬁgnrmay be pretty well learnt;
whereas, for fome days, at rﬁrit, a Man may have .his Eyes

dazled, and be ledwrong by Things of no value. Laﬁly,
he ~fhoul‘d conﬁder the Charge :hewould be at, and .pro’pdr-
- tion the Size of his Building ”and the Extent of his Garden

accordingly. He-isto know, that the larger his Gardenis,
the more it will coft-to-zm‘ake the Ground, to plant it, to exe-
D cute

17

18 I .7796 Theory ‘ PA RT E.
cute the Deﬁgns thereon, and to keep the whole in Order.
If there be Fountains, Bafons, and Pieces of Water, thefe.
mutt be all pr0portionally larger, and confequently will coﬁ:
vaftly more. _ \
Melior wing . IT is better, therefore, to be content with a reafonable
‘ﬂff‘lm 5:; Spot of Ground, well cultivated, than to be ambitious of '
ﬁigiiigdo having Parks of fuch Extent, that three Qiarters of them.
379$“? 13:1 are ordinarily negleCted. The true Size for a handfome
,Zi‘iia,ei,.,. Garden, may take in 30 or 40 Acres, not more. As to.
tit- 34~ the Building, which generally fwallows up half the Ex—
pence, there is no neceﬂity that it lhould be fo large and
f0 magniﬁcent, tho’ many ﬁand upon it to have Palaces, and
to be lodg’d better in the Country than in T own, One may
juilly fay, that a Building in the Country fhould be pr0por-
' tioned to the Extent of its Garden 3 for it would be full as
difagreeable, to fee a magniﬁcent Building in a little Garden,
as a fmall Box in a Garden of vaﬁ Extent : Thefe are; two
Extremes which ihould be equally avoided, by making the
Building correfpond with the Garden, and the Garden with
the Building. However, it were better of the two to make
ihift with a fmall‘I—Ioufe, accompanied with a large Garden;
by reafon a Country-Houfe ought to differ from one in Town,
where the Extent of Buildings is more neceITai‘y than that of
Gardens, on account of being the more ufual Place of Dwel-
ling, and of Land bearing a higher Value : The Country we
court chieﬂy, to have our Gardens in it more fpacious and
magniﬁcent. 7 ,
IN the difpoﬁng of a Garden well, there are four funda-
mental Maxims to be obferv’d : Firﬁ, to make Art give
place to Nature; Secondly, never to cloud and darken a
Garden too much , Thirdly, not to lay it too open, and,
Fourthly, to make it always look bigger than it really is 5
which may be done by obferving the four following Rules.
The Garden: IN planting a Garden. we ought to have more regard to
gents??? Nature than Art, and make ufe of the latter only to fet off ,
rrnordirilmyj the Beauties of the former. In fome Gardens we fee nothing
’ci‘ﬁféi‘m- but what is uncommon, forced, and preternatural, every
xiii); 2m; thing done by Dint of Money ', inch as high Walls to Ter—
Sceauxa‘nre raffes, great Stairs of Stone, like To many Qiarrys, Foun—
W‘y WW '_ tainscluttered with Ornaments, and abundance of Arbours,

r Cabinets

 

 

CHAP. III. of Gardemag. ,.
Cabinets, and Portico’s of Lattice-work ﬁll’d with (Figures,
Vafes, e’yvc, which Ihew more manual Art than any thing
elfe.~ This Aﬁe&ation has nothing of the Air of Nature in
it, and falls very fhort of that noble Simplicity we fee in
Steps, Slopes, and Banks of Turf, natural, Arbours, and plain
Hedges without Lattice-work, fet off and heightened here
and there with Figures and other Ornaments of Sculpture.
As to the Parts of a Garden, they ought to be f0 placed,
that one might think them to be fet there at ﬁrlt by the
‘ Author of Nature; a Wood, for example, fhould either co-
ver the Hills, or ﬁll up theBottoms, and lhould lie upon
the Wings of a Houfe, Canals fhould be made in low Places,
where they may look as natural Sewers from the neighbour-
ing Heights 1; 'fo'that all the Art and Embeliihment we af-
terwards bellow on them, fhould give way to Nature. ’T is
but weak Reafoning to fay that what is done by the Labour
of Men is’ more to be eﬂeem’d, becaufe it colt much more
than what is Nature’s work, where the Charge is inconﬁde—
rable; the one indeed is more extraordinary, but ill ﬁtuated,

the other lefs furprizing, but well placed. ,
GAR D ENS ﬂiould not be made dull and gloomy, by
clouding them with Thickets and too much. Cover. Fine
Openings lhould be preferved about the Building, and in other
places where the Profpeé’c of the Country can be Icen to ad-
vantage, "for which reafon we never fct any thing upon Par-
terres, T erraffes, Bowling-Greens, Slopes, (To. but fmall
Yews and ﬂowering Shrubs, which taking up little room in
the Air, we have the free Profpeét of every thing about us.
WE now often fall indeed into the contrary Extreme, and lay
our Gardens tooiopen under, the pretence ofmaking the Parts
large 5 there are twenty conﬁderable Gardens about Tara:
fpoiled by this very thing, and where it is needlefs to go in—
to them to fee them 5 you difeover the whole at one View
from the Veltibule of the Houfe, Without troubling yourfelf
to walk in them. This is certainly very wrong: The pleafure
of a Garden is to have the View ﬂopt in certain places, that
you may be led on with Delight to iée the more agreeable
Parts of it, as ﬁne Groves or Woodwork, Green-Halls adorn-
ed With Fountains and Figures, évc. Thofe great ﬁat Parts,
and the Walks about them, rob us, as I may fay, of the
D 2 ' room

I9

2.0

ﬂ)? Theory if PART I.

- morn where, the Wood and raifed Works ihould grOw, which

make the COntrariety, and Change in a Garden», and which a-
lone make all the 'reit valuable, When the {bade of thei‘e,
which is fo néeeffary, is wanting, there is no 'walking in
Summer WithOut being ro’ai’ted, “which is one of the greateit
Inconveniénciés and Faults "that can ’bie. ' -

M GA RD ENS ”that lie thus open, have commonly indeed a
ﬁne. and tekten‘ii‘ve Profpeé‘t 5 theVValls being under Terraffes, .
and nothing intervening to {but out the ﬁght ”any way ; but
"this is What "rea‘uy ’r‘h‘ake's them 100k half as little again as
they truly are, for cdihparing them With the neighbouring
“country, 'With Which they are blended in 'theview they ap-
.‘pear, as it were, no Bigger than one’s and, Contrary to that

Tfundam’ental Maxim of 'iiiaking 'a‘Ga’rde'n always look bigger

@1139 it really is, either by aftﬁiily hopping "the Eye with
‘ Hedges, 'Wa-lks’of T 'r"ee‘s,'(>r WoOdsjudiciouily,plgiced and kept

walls, to aniiife the Eye 'With a conﬁderable Extent, where
"the Bounds Of the Incloihre would otherw'iﬁ: appear.
T H 1;: general Propor-tiOn of 'a Garden is ~to be one third

to a proper height, or making Blinds ofWXTOCd againﬁ the

lilonig‘er’than it is wide, or'the Length may be once and a half"

cf ,the Breadth, thafthe'parts, by being IOnger than they are
"Wide, may be more pleaﬁng to the ”Eye: but to make it
itWiee Or thrice its breadth, makes the place look difagree-
able, and no more than a Gut,

' Ta E othergeneral Rules “that ought to be obfer‘ved in

x

‘the ‘Difpo’fition and V'D’iﬁribution 'of Gardens, are thefe that
"follow. , _{ _ _

T H E R E ihOuld always “be a Defcent from" the Building.
tothe’Garden, of three Steps at leai’t; this renders the Fabrick
more dry and wholefome 3 and from the Head of thefe Steps
you have a general View ofth'e; Garden, or of great Part of it, '
which yields a moi’t agreeable ProipeEt,

. A P A R TE R'R E is the Brit Thing that fhould prefent it~
felf'to Sight, and poilefs the Ground next the Fabrick, whe-
ither in Front, Or on the Sides, as well on account of the

. Opening it 'aﬂbrds' the Building, .as for the Beauty and Rich-

neis wherewith it conﬁantly entertains the Eye, when feen
from every Window of the Houfe. The Sides of a Parterre
fhoul'd be furniihed with fuch Works as may improve and fet

it

 

CHAP III of Gardening; 21

it off; for this being low, and ﬂat, neceifarily requires Tome-
thin raiiéd, as Groves and Hedges. But herein, Regard
ihould be had to the Situation of the Place; and it fhould be
oblerv’d, before you plant, whether the Prolpeét that way be
agreeable, for then the Sides of the Parterre ihould be kept
intire‘ly open, making ufe of Quartem of Grais, and other ﬂat
kas, to make the belt of the View, and taking care not
to {hut it up with Groves, unlels they are planted in @1111.
cunce, or in open Lines, with low Hedges, which hinder not
the Eye from looking between the Trees, and dii’eovering
the Beauties of the Profpeét on every Side.

I F there be no Profpeét, but, on the contrary, you have
a Mountain, Hill, Foreﬁ, or WTood, that by their Vicinity
deprive you of that Pleafure, or forne Village too near adjoin-r

In,g the Hou'fes of which make no agreeable Sight, you may
then edge the Parterre with Hedges and Groves, to hide thofe
ill-:favour’d Objects , for by this means you lofe nothing, nor

have any thing to regret in Time to come.

Wo U L D it not be a great Grievance, to be obliged, Tome A! was done
Years after planting, to grubup a Wood, or to cut it down $€S§£j§m
to a certain Height, becaufe’ twas ill placed at ﬁrft, and takes ,
away the Profpeét, which rs the moﬁ: valuable Thing about a
Country-Seat. 7’ 1

G R o v E 8 make the chief Beauty of a Garden, and are a
great Oinament to all the other Parts, f0 that one can never
plant too many of them, provided the Places deﬁgn’d them
take not up thofe of the Kitchen and Fruit—Gardens, which
are Things very ufeful and neceifary for a great Houfe, and
Which fhould be coni’c'antly placed? near‘ the Bafs—Courts, that
the Slovenlinefs, which is unavoidable in thefe Places, may lie
all together, and be feparated by a Wall from the other Parts-
of the Garden

. To accompany Parterres, we make choice of thofe De-
ﬁgns of Wood-work that are melt delicate, as Groves open~
ed 1n Compartiments, Quincunces, Verdant-halls, with Bow-=
ling—greens, Arbor-work, and Fountains in the middle--
Thele fmall Groves are f0 much the more agreeable near a
Houfe, in that you preléntly 'ﬁnd ﬂrade, Without going f it
to leek it, beﬁdes, they communicate a Coolnefs to the Apart--

ments, which LS Very much courted 1n hot Weather
I 12‘

 

2.2.

At Liancour,
Ruel, and in
the King’:
Garden, we
ﬁe of were
W’ood: 'very
tall and {my
écaﬂtzful.

7796’ 77.760791 ‘ “PART 1.,

11‘ would be of ufe to plant fome ﬁnall- Groves of Ever—

greens, that you might have the Pleafure of feeing a W'ood

alWays verdant in the very eoldei’c Sealhns. They would
look very well when feen from the Buildings; and I earneﬁl

recommend the Planting cf lbl‘ﬂC Squares of them in a hand-

fome Garden, to make a Diveriity from the other Wood ;

‘ which, having loft its Leaves, appears quite naked all the

Winter.

T H E Head of a Parterre'is ufually adorned with Bafons,
or Water—works; and beyond, with a circular Line of Pali-
fades, or VVood-work, cut into a Goofe—foot, which leads

" into the great Walks; and the Space between the Bafon and
the Palilade is ﬁll’d with ﬁnall Pieces of Embroidery, or Grafs-
work, fet out with Yews, Cafes, and F lower—Pots.

IN Gardens that have Terrafles, whether Side—Ways, ’or in
the Front of the Building, where there is a delightful Pro-
fpeét, as you cannot lhut up the Head of the Parterre by
a circular Palifade, you mull, to continue the View, lay
feveral Compartiments of a Parterre together, fuch as Em-
broidery, Green—Plots after the Eng/ilk Manner, or Cut-
work, which ihould be divided at convenient Diﬁances by
Crofs—walks; taking care. that the Parterres of Embroider
be always next the Building, as being the richeﬁ and moﬂ:
magniﬁcent. , . _

' TH E principal Walk lhould be made in Front of “the
Building, and another large one to crols it ‘at right Angles,
provided that they be double, and very wide. At the End
of thefe‘Walks, the Walls may be pierced with Grills, or have
Openings with Ditches at the Foot of them, to continue the

View, and theic Grills and Openings may be made to ferve »

lizveral Walks, byg'difpoﬁng them into Goofe—feet, Stars, (5%.

IF you have any Part of your Ground naturally low and
marihy, that you would not be at the Expence of ﬁlling up,
you may employ it in Bowling-greens, W‘ater—Iworks, and

AHheGW“ even in Groves, raiﬁng the Alleys only to the Level oi‘thofe

cf St. Cloud.

- that are near, and lead to them.

AFTER you have laid out the great Walks and chief
Lines, and have difpofed the Parterres and Works about the
Sides and Head of them, as is molt ihitable to the Ground,
you may furnilh the upper part, and the rei‘t of the Garden,

" with

 

“VMWJ‘ my

9‘:
r,
it.
i
E
.

CHAP. III. of Gardening. 2;
with feveral different Deﬁgns, as tall Groves, Quincunces,
ClofeAWalks, Galleries, and Halls of Verdure, Green-Ar-

bours, Labyrinths, Bowling-greens, and Amphitheaters, a-
dorned with Fountains, Canals, Figures, (yr-c. All thefc

Works dillinguifh a Garden very much from what is com-

mon, and contribute not a little to render it magniﬁcent.

.5 Yo U fhould obferve, in placing and dif’cributing the le-
veral Parts of a Garden, always to oppofe them one to the
other : For Example; A “food to a Parterre, or a Bowling.
green; and not to put all the Parterres on one ﬁde, and all
the Wood on the other 5 nor to fet arBowling-green againﬁ;

a Bafon, which would be one Gap againﬁ another :» This

muf’c be conﬂantly avoided, by fet—ting the Full againﬁ: the

Void, and Flat-works againf’c the Raifed, to- make a Con-:-

trariety. ' ‘

A N D this Diverﬁty Ihould be kept not only in the gene,

ral Deﬁgn of a Garden, but likewife in each diﬂinél: Piece '5

as, if two Groves are upon the ﬁde of a Parterre, though

their outward Form and Dimenﬁons are equal, you ihould

not, for that reafon, repeat the fame Deﬁgn in both, but

make them different within. For it would be very difagreeg

able to ﬁnd the fame thing on both ﬁd‘es 5 and, when a Man

has feen one, to have nothing to invite his Curiofity to fee

the other 5 which makes a Garden, f0 repeated, juﬂly rec— TbeGarden cf:

koned no more than half a Defign. This Fault was. formerly Lb;e;“;1,1$:;

very common 5 but is not lb of late, every one being now 59:19 Sides.
. convinced, that the greateﬁ Beauty of Gardens is Variety.

The feveral Parts of each Piece fhould alfo be diverﬁfyed, as,

if a Bafon be Circular, the Walk that furrounds it— ihould be

Oélangular5 and fo of Bowling-greens, and Grafs—Plots, that

are in the midl’c of Groves.

. T H E fame Works fhould never be repeated on both Sides,
but in open Places, Where the Eye, by comparing them to-
gether, may judge of their Conformity, as in Parterres,
Bowling-greens, Groves opened in Compartiments, and (Alin-
eunces. But in Groves formed of Hedges and tall Trees, the.
Deﬁgns and Out—parts lhould be always. varied; which,
tho’ different, ought, however, to have fuch Relation anti
Agreementwith each other in. their Lines-andRanges, as to

' make.

 

24

The Henry PART I.

make the Openings, Glades, and Villa’s, regular and agree-
able. .

IN the Buﬁnefs of Deﬁgns, you ﬂiould {tudiouﬂy avoid
the Manner that is mean and pitiful, and always aim at that
which is great and noble; not making little Cabinets and
Mazes, Baibns like Bowl—dimes, and Alleys lb narrow, that
two Peribns can fcarce go abreaft in them : ’T were inﬁnitely
better to have but two or three Things ibmewhat large, than
a dozen {mall ones, which are no more than very Triﬂes,

B E F o R E the Deﬁgn of a Garden be put in Execution, you

' ihould ,conﬁder what it will be in 20 or 3'0 Years to come,

when the Trees are fpread, and the Hedges grown up : For,
very often a Deﬁgn which looks handfome and of good pro-
portion when it is ﬁrﬂ planted, in ptocefs of Time becbmes
lb ﬁnal] and ridiculous, that one is obliged to alter. it, or to
deitroy it entirely, and plant another in the room of it.
CAR E ihmild be taken, in the “general Di‘tlributinn of a

' Garden, to» plaice the Trees it) at the Ends of all the Walks,

that they may not oﬂend the Eye, to which end the Corners
and Angles of every part of a Garden dinonild the ﬂoped, or
eat hollow, which would make the .C‘rdlrs-awﬁliks more agree-
able to the Eye, and more convenient for walking, than. to
ﬁnd Points and Corners advanoing, which look ml] :upon the
Ground, and are "very inconvenient.

Tin KER E “are many other Rules heﬁdes thetfe, relating to
the Pumpertion, Conformity, and Place of the adiﬂ‘erent Parts
and *Ornaments of Gardens, Which-.being'treated of inithe fol-
lowing Chapters, Ii‘hal] fay, no more of them .in this Place.

AF TEER all thefe general Rules, the feveral Sorts of Gar-
dens in ufe may he dillinguifh’d. under three Heads. Gar-
dens on a, perfect Level, Gardens on an early Afcent, and

. Gardens whofe Ground and Level are ‘feparated and inter-

trnpt‘ed by Falls of Terraﬂ'es, Slopes, Banks, Flights of

Steps, (5?. ,
.G AR‘DEENFS on a perfeé’t Level are certainly the bell, 'as

Well for the Conveniency of walking, as for that their long

~rfAflleays and Glades, “having no Riﬁngs nor Fallings, are leis
fehargeable to keep than/others.

G A2R’,D:E Ns on a gentle Afcent are not altogeter Afo agree-
able and convenient; tho’ the Shelving be imperceptible,- it
never—-

 

C HA P. III. of Gardening.

neverthelefs, fatigues and tires one extremely, to be always
going up Hill, or down Hill, without ﬁnding fcarcely any
Reﬁing-Place. T hefe ﬂoping Grounds are alfo very liable
to be lpoiled by the Torrents, and require a conftant Charge
to maintain them.

GA R D E N8 in Terraifes have their peculiar Worth and
Beauty, in that from the Height of one Terrafs you difeover
all the lower Part of the Garden; and the Compartiments of
the other Terraﬁes, which form fo many leveral Gardens one
Under another, and prefent you with very agreeable Views,
and different Scenes of Things, provided the Terraﬁ’es are not
too frequent, and there be good Lengths of Level between
them. Thefe Gardens lie very advantageouﬂy alfo for War--
ter, which may be repeated from one to another; but the
are a great Charge to keep up, and coil: a great deal the
Making.

’T I s to thefe different Situations, that the general Difpo-
ﬁtion of a Garden, and the Dii’tribution of its Parts, ought
ever to be accommOdated : This is to evident, that an excel-1
lent Deﬁgn, which would be very proper for a Garden ﬂat,
and upon a perfect Level, would be good for nothing in a
Ground cut afunder by divers Terraffes, which break off both
the Level and the Continuity. '

TH E ﬁve following Plates afford Examples of all theﬁ:
Iéveral Situations, «and give the Idea of what may, be per-
formed in them of the belt Contrivance.‘ The Deﬁgns may
perhaps appear too magniﬁcent, and too cof’tly, to be put
in Execution ;' and to may all the other Deﬁgns of this
Work :, But you need take thofe only that you like 5 and
there is no doubt, but a compofed and elaborate Deﬁgn will
"anfwer your End better than one that is altogether plain
and ordinary. You may therefore take out what you think
for your Purpofe; and for what concerns the Magniﬁcence,
as Figures, Fountains, ArbOrs, and other Ornaments, you
may retrench them, or, in, the place of Batons and VVater-
works, make ufe of Rounds and Green—Plots, which never-
thelefs may do Very. well.

A L T H 0 U G H I have determined the Size ofrhefe general
Plans to 7.60, 30, 20, or 10 Acres, you may neverthelels make

' ufe

,25'

2.6 “ 7776’ 7726077 PART I.

ufe of them for greater or leiier Grounds, by diminiﬂiing or
augmenting the Parts whi-Ch compoie them. .

ﬁe‘Fmbfmof F0 R the Help of thoie that are unacquainted with the:

:f’jﬁgﬁfﬁl Fathom, and would know how much Ground theft: Difpoa

root, equalto ﬁtions, and each particular Part does take 'up, I {hall men-

fzgiozzl”; tion, that they need only meafure with the Compaﬂ'es so Fa-r

Ime, Engliﬂi. thom upon the Scale, and make a Square of it upon the Plan ,,

and this {hall contain one Acre, becaufe 30 Fathom every way,

"F The.Englifh makes goo Square Fathom, 9“ or 3600 Square Yards 5 which is

$223533: the Content of an Acre. Upon a Line, the Acre containsa

bug our Foot hundred Pearches, or 300 Fathom in length, and one Pearch,

2353;: ,1; or three Fathom in breadth, which amounts to the fame.

quarter ofthe' TH E ﬁrﬁ Plate prefents you with one of the nobleﬁ and.

“web 1’0”: molt magniﬁcent Deﬁgns that can be: It is made for a ﬂat

iiterxqiegm- Ground. of about so or 60 Acres, Extent. A great Avenue

French Amt is fuppofed to lead to the Grill, or Gate of the Outer—Court,

mieﬁx Eng' feparated by the Walls of the two Bats—Courts, upon the

Wings, which are environed with very regular Buildings,

yreﬁggy ferving on one Side for Stables, 9‘" Menager}, Dove-houfe,

when they Stalls for Cattle; Granarys, Barns, and other Conveniences

WP Aﬂimh required in a Bafs—Court; and on the other Side, for Lodging-

$5,292,?" Rooms for Servants, and a long Green-houfe fronting the

CuriOﬁn- Orangery. This Fore-Court leads you into the Cattle-Court,

which is parted from the other only by a wet More. , The Buil— '

ding conﬁﬁs of a large double Pavilion in the Middle, with

Sides ﬁretching each way to two Pavilions at the Ends, in

Front of which are two fir-tall TerraiTes, from which you dill.»

cover on the Left a Parterre of Compartiment, and beyond

it a Grid‘s-work, encompaﬂed with Cafes and Yews, with Wa-

ter-works in the Middle. Further [is a large Kitchen—Garden

walled in, which contains twoSquares, each having four (Luan-

ters, with Bafons. It is terminated by a long Arbor, with three

Cabinets facing the Walks and Pavilions. On the Right is

another Parterre of Compartiment withaBowling-green at the

End of it, and beyond are Grafs—plots cut to anfwer the Walks,

having Bubbles of Water, as on the other Side. Thefe are

bounded by a dOuble Line of Cafes, and Yews, and behind,

by green Niches'for Seats and Figures. 011 the Side is a Par—

terre of Oran-gery walled in, having Iron Grills againft the

Walks ,. ,

 

CHARIH. of Gardening.
’VValks; and at the End is a Bafon, with Cabinets and green
7 Niches for Seats. . -
. T HE Entrance of the great Garden is by the Defcent of
Steps from the Building, Where you-have alarge Crofs-walk,
terminated by Grills of Iron; and in front another great dou-
ble Walk, which runs from one End of the Garden to the
other, asdo thofe two alfo by the Wallswbich inclofe the
Ground. Immediately under your Eye, are four Pieces of
Parterre, two of Embroidery, and two of Compartiment,
' with Bafons in the midﬁ. Theie are accompanied by two
open Groves, adorned with Bowling-greens; and beyond
them is another large Crofs-walk of Yews, in the Middle of
which is the great Bafon. The Head of this Parterre is com-
poled of four fmall Gratis-Plots, with Edgings of Box and
Yews; and above is a Half-Moon of Hedges, whofe ,circular,
Walk anfwers. thoie which divide the {our great (garters of
the Parterre before the Houfe. This Half-Moon is parted
into a Gooi'e—foot, and its Alleys are very ﬁne, leading you
to other Bafons and Cabinets all different. Between each Al-
ley, there are Niches cut for Figures, which make a beautiful
Ornament on all Sides. Thefe Groves are accompanied with
tw0' Qiincunces, fet off with Cabinets, and a Hall in the
Middle, with Figures. There is alfo a Crois-walk made by
the Hedges and Trees of the Groves, where there are two Ba—
fons, whofe Spouts anfwer Lines from the great ones of the
Middle Walk. Beyond are four Groves, cut like St. ﬂndrew’s
'Crofs, all different. The two upon the Right of the great
Walk, contain a Hall adorned with Seats and Figures, with
a Bowling-green, and another Hall with Benches of Earth,
which may ferve for an Amphitheater, or Theater for playing
Comedies. In the two on the Left, there is an Oval Hall,
with .a Bowling-green, different from the other, and a little
Hall with Fountains, contrived in the four Middles, without
interrupting the Lines. All thefe Works appear very magni-
ﬁcent when executed, being divided by Alleys, that range
with thofe of the upper and lower Parts of the Garden, both
in their Square Lines and Diagonals, which makes the Views
and Glades of a very great Length.

BE YON,D thefe Groves is a large Canal, reaching the

whole Breadth of the Garden; in the midlt of which is a
E 2 ' Group

27

2.8

» * Fr. Arbres

ifolés, i.e.
Tree: that
ﬁtmd net in »
Pulzfade or
Hedge-Row,
but free, [0 a:

you may go
ream! them.

7 1'96 Theory PART I.
Group of Figures, as 'Neptzme with Triton: throwing one
great Spout, and many leifer every, way. At each End of
this Canal, the Walls are opened, with wet Ditches, to pre-
ferve the Profpeé’t. Further are two large Woods_ of high
Trees cut into Stars, the Alleys of which are double, and
planted with Trees that ﬁand detached, with a Carpet of Turf
running through the whole, whence they take the Name of
Green Walks. * 1n the middle of thefe Woods are two diffe-

" rent Iﬂands with Figures and Yews. At the End of the great

Walk beyond thefe Woods, you meet with a low T errafs—
Wall, from whence you have a View of the Country round
about 5 a wet Ditch runs the whole Length of this Wall;
and in the Front of the Half-Moon, at the End of the great
Walk, is made a Cafcade, which has three Mask—heads, and
aSheet of Water, that falls again intoa piece Water that has
two Jets, the Water of which comes from the Canal, and fup-
plies all the Ditch without, the Garden. A Termination of
this kind is certainly the molt magniﬁcent that can be, and,
without enlarging farther upon the ﬁne Lines and Views from
one End of the Garden to the other, and. the Harmony of the
Parts, together with what one difcovers in the feveral Alleys,
as Figures, Fountains, Openings, Grills, and the like, it muﬁ
be acknowledged this Deﬁgn is fuﬂicient to fatisfy any one in
its Difpoﬁtion, Variety, and Diﬁribution of its Ornaments and
Water, which come from a Refervior without the Park.

TH E fecond Plate gives the Idea of a Garden, in Beauty
not’much inferior to the other, but nothing near fo large, con-
taining no more than 2 5 Acres: It is feated in a Ground divi-
ded into TerraiTes in Front of the Building, which is here fup—
pofed to be planted in the midﬁ of a Park, or Country, where ‘
the Lines of the Walks are continued quite through the Woods.
and Fields. You enter into a handlome F ore-Court fet off
with Grails-Plots, and a Fence of Wood, which on the Left
leads to a large Kitchen—Garden, parted into ﬁx Squares, with
a Baton : and on the Right into a Bats-Court, introunded
with Buildings; from whence you pafs into another Court,
where is a Wat’ring Place, and a Dove-Home, with other
Conveniences 5 you enter this Court li'kewiie from the Coun—
try, and it, ferves asa Store—Yard to the Bats-Court. Beyond
is a Parterre“ of Orange—Trees with a Ba‘iOn, terminated by

I all

 

 

, / /
C H A P. III. of Gardening.
an Arbor of Lattice-Work in a circular Form, adorn’d with
three Cabinets, behind which is contrived a very curious fmall
Grove. At the End of the Fore-Court you ﬁnd a great Court,
bounded by Galleries, Pavilions, and a long Range of Buil...
ding at the Bottom,» which renders the. whole very regular.
Yo U. go down Steps to the Gardens, which prefent you
ﬁri’c of all with a great Terrafs, laid quite open for the lake
of the , Profpeét, and ﬁlled with two Pieces of Parterre of
Embroider’d—Work, with 9* Counter-Borders, accompanied
with Bowling-Greens, the BottMs of which. are. enriched
with Grafs in Cutwork. On the Sides are two Heads of Wa-
ter, " which ferve as Confervatories for the Fountains at '~ the
lower End of the Garden. You defcend from thisTerrafs
at each End, and in the Front of the middle Walk, by great
Stairs made-Horfealhoe Faihion, ornamented with three fmall

lets, which are level with the ﬁrﬂ Terrals, and throw at Sheet,

of Water into the Bafon below On the fecond Terrafs you
ﬁnd four Groves, two of which. are open in COmpartiments,
and the other two are planted in (luincunce, ‘ or Squares,
which do not interrupt the Profpe&. The Deﬁgns of them
are very curious, and they are ﬂat off with Bafons and Figures.
.The great Walk in the Middle, and the others, are conti-
nued, and planted with Yews, and Trees that ﬁand detach-
ed. There is a great Bafon with a Stool, and Bubbles of
Water facing the Middle-Walk, and a Crofs-‘Walk, planted
with Horfe-Chefnuts beyond the Groves. The Walk round
this Bafon makes the T errafs advance in a circular Form,
where are two Flights of Stairs with Steps, Reﬁs and Landings
againf’c the Gooib-Foot, which is cut in the Wood of F oreﬁ-
Trees below, and forms a Half-Moon of Horn-beam, adorn’d
with Figures in Niches. You go down likewife by Steps,
which lie at each end of this Terrafs.

THE two Flights of great Stairs in the Middle inclofe a
Bafon with Bubbles, which fall into another, Where there are
four Jets that throw a Sheet of Water into a BalOn below,
which makes the Head of a Cafcade that runs into the' great
Canal at the Bottom. All. this \Vater runs along little Chan—
nels, and falls foaming into Bafons, where there are Water—
> ' Spouts. :.

29

* Fr. Plates°
bandes ifo-
lées,

3 O
3‘ Chandelie1s ,
ﬁom the Like-
mjﬁ they have
to a Candle
“flick with a
broad Foot.

7729727601")! ’ PART I.

Spouts: On the ﬁde of thefe Channels are ﬁnall 9* Salvers of
Water, which are continued to th6 very lower end, as well as
the Balons and Spouts of this Cafcade; all which difeharge
their Water into the Canal, out of the Middle whereof rifes
a very large Jet d’eau. There may be fmall Boats had to go
upon this Canal, which ferves likewife for 9. Fence, and to
feparate the Garden from the Park. The Forei’c-Wood that
accompanies this Cafcade IS out with diagonal Walks, and a
large circular one, where you ﬁnd Crofs—Walks and Green-
Plots. The Diagonals lead you by Alleys that return :Square
into four Cabinets, all diﬁierent. In the two upon the Right
you have a great Circle, environ’d with a Hedge cut into
Arches, with an ottangular Bowling-Green 1n the Middle,

and a long Hall, with Niches cut for Figures, and two Sink—
ings for Shells and Buffets of Water: In the middle 1s a GrafsA

.work after the Engliﬂ: Manner, encompaifed with a F lower-

Border. The two Groves on the Left .conﬁi’c of a green Hall,
with a Row of Trees that hand detached, and a clofe Walk
in Cants, formed by plaihing the Trees into a natural Arbor,

the Middle of which is ﬁlled with a Bowling—Green fet out

'with Yews. ’Tis to be obferved, that the Level of the

Walks of thefe Groves ought to be kept to that of the great
Walk In the middle, and of thofe on the ﬁdes, which 18 iup-
pofed to be a gentle Slope, by reafon of the Cafcade. .
TH E general Difpoﬁtion of the third Plate defcribes a
Garden ﬁtuated on the Declivity of a Hill, whofe Terraﬂ'es
are ﬁdeways, to diﬁinguiih it from the foregoing Deﬁgn,
where they are in Front. The Building here is very plain:
and has no outer Court, which makes this Deﬁgn lefs expen-
ﬁve to execute than the others. The Court has two Pavili—
ons, with a large Grill between them, and a Bafs-Court ﬂir—
rounded with Buildings, where there is a Dove-Houfe and
Watering-Place : Behind the Bafs—Court are four Squares of

'Kitchen-Garden, with a Bafon in the middle. 'On the other

ﬁde of the Court is a fmall Terrafs, which ranges with the
left Pavilion at the Entrance, and with the Corner of the
Houfe, and leads you along by the Court-ﬁde into the Gar.
den In Front of the Houie, you ﬁnd upon a long Terrais
ﬁx Quarters of Parterre, with a large Walk 1n the middle,
and one on each ﬁde, with Crofs—Walks to divide the Quar-

ters,

 

 

 

CHAP. III. of Gardening.

31

ters; two of which are of Embroidery, two of Comparti—

ment', with a great Bafon in the middle; and the two others
after the Englz'ﬂJ Manner, furronnded with 3. Border cut, and

garnifhed with Flowers, Yews, and * Shrubs. The end of *Fr-Arbri'f—

this Terraﬁ; is terminated by an Opening, WhECh the Franc/.7
call aware-me, of an Ah: Ah; With 3dr}! Ditch at the
. foot of it. (From this Térrafs you g0 11.? bY StePS‘at each
end, and again’ﬁ; the Bafon, to a higher Terra‘fs', Whereyou
have a large Wood-work Cut into a Star, with a Circular
Alley, and eight Crofs-va¥$s it? th‘eMid-dle is 3 Pi”6 0f Wa"
ter, with axlet dimﬁ, thCh ferves for a Refervoir, or Con-
ﬁrvatory, for the Other 3115113 below 5 9n. the Side is a 5mm
Gallery, fet round with ,Standafd-Fflecs and Grafs-P 10“; with
Figures. This Gallery is accompanied with a large don“?
Walk, having aGreen-Plot in the middle, Whi-Ch leads to the
Houfe. " ' ‘ ' ’ a

As to the Gardens below, you go down from it“? TCI‘

feaux, Flower-
ing-Shrub, a:
Rife—Trees,
Honey—fuckles,
Perﬁan Li-
lac/25, 8CC.
which are kept
to four or ﬁve
Foot big/2 at

mtg/L .

rafs before the Houfe by two Defeents of Steps, which brin '

you on another Terrafs, that has two Bowlingvgrcens wit]
oval Bafons, an open GroVe in Compartiment, and a Qgin-r
ounce; all of them fet off with Figures and Green-Plots, and
divided by Walks which anfwer thofe of the uppe}? Terraffes.
This Terrafs is Iilpported by a 819] e of Grali‘», in which are
three léveral Defcents to' anOther errafé',’ half of Which is
taken up by a Canal, . or large Square of Water; With a Jet
in the middle of it. The rel’c is a Wood-Work, planted in
a, very handfome Compartimen‘t: This; T errafs is i’hﬂained," as
the other, by a. great Slope of Grafs, With .a Bitchat the foot
of it, which lies withoutthe Garden; Thefe fonrlTer‘raﬂes
are bordered with Yews; Cheﬁs, and FloweringvShrubs_.;
and are fet off with many Other Ornaments, as may be eaﬁlyr‘
conceived, without farther Explication. -

THE fourth Plate contains two different Difpoﬁtions of

ﬁnall Gardens, ﬁt for the Houfes of private Perfons. _

TH E ‘Difpoﬁtion’of the ﬁrf’c F ignre- may be performed in:
the Compais of ﬁve or ﬁx Acres, and yet comprehends all
that can be withed ﬂat in fo‘ ﬁnall a Garden; You. enter in
Front of the Building into a Court adorned with Grafs-Plots
and Walks, accompanied on the left with a Bafs—Court, be-
hind which, is a. Nurfery: Upon the right is a Kitchen-

Grow

37.

77%) 77.26079! yPART'I.
Ground walled in. The Houfe ﬁands detached, and, by
the two Grills on the ﬁdes, parts the Garden from the Court.
’Tis a plain Body of a Hou‘fe, withpdiﬂ'eren‘t Fronts ,. that on
the Court-ﬁde breaks out with a Pavilion in the middle, which
has Steps beneath, the Garden-Front has a Pavilion with

‘ Steps at each end. On the ﬁdes there are Crofs-walks, ter-

,minated by Grills the whole'Breadth of the Walks. In Front
of the Building is a Parterre, with Walks .cut diagonally, or
like St. ﬂmdrew’s Crofs, 'to which you enter at the ends that
anﬁver the two Defoeﬁtsfromthe "PaVilions. ()n the Wings
of this Parterre there are twO'Walks facing the Grills of the
Court, which are terminated by Figures and Niches made in

the Hedge of” the Wood. Upon the ‘ﬁde of thefe Alleys are.

two Groves; the one a green Hall, with a Bowling-Green;
and the other a clofe Walk, made by a natural Arbor, both.
of them adorned with Figures that face one another. Be-
yond thefe Groves you ﬁnd a large double Crols-walk, plant-

. ed with .Horfe-Chefnuts, and Yews between them, continued

on to the great Bafon at the end of the Parterre, which is
feen from all the Walks, and chieﬂy from the great double
Walk before the Houfe, which runs from one end to the
other.‘ .This Walk, is very large, and cuts into a tall Wood ;
in’ the mm: of which is a great Circle, where the Lines of
a Star made. in .the Wood meet and concenter : Thefe are
interfeétied ‘by other ﬂrait Alleys, with four Circular Crois-
ways, and Diagonals, that center upon the two Bafons at the
ends. The Baron that terminates this great Walk is in Cants,
and is 'feen from the Crofs-walk at the end. This whole

_ Line is terminated by a large Grill beyond the Balon; and

along the Wall is a thin Gut of Wood, as well to hide it,
as to make the Garden appear the bigger. ' At each Corner
are Niches and Figures, which are feen from the Walks
round the Walls, and from the diagonal Alleys of the
Wood. , . . i '
IN the fecond Figure is reprefented a Garden fomewhat
more magniﬁcent than the foregoing, and "twice as big.
The Building "here is likewife detached, but conﬁﬂs of a
large double Pavilion, with four Defoents of Steps 5 one of
which faces the Court before. it, which, is ﬂanked by two
Wings of Building, 'incloﬁn’g on one ﬁde a Kitchen-Garden,
' ' " , ' ' ' 'and

’

 

 

 

CHA P. III. of Gardening.

and on the other a Bafs-Court, through which you go (up into
a higher Court, where is a ReferVoir banked round, to give
the greater Height to the Fountains in the Gardens. This
Refervoir is fupplied by a Hone-pump, which is let in the
Bafs—Court. The two Sides of the Houfe look, one upon .a
Parterre after the Eng/if}: Manner, and the other upon a
Bowling—green, each of them having theOrnament of a Ba-
fon. Thefe two Pieces are attended with double Walks,
terminated by Ditches, for the Advantage of the Profpeé’t.
In the chief Front of the Building is one large Square of
Parterre of embroidered Work, with two Walks garnifhed
with Chel’ts and Yews, which anfwer the Pavilions of the
Wings of the Court. Upon the ﬁdes of ther Parterre you
have two Groves 5 one opened in Compartiment, the other
planted in @incunce 5 both cut into Stars, and adorned with
Figures. Beyond thefe Groves is made a great Croi‘s—Walk,
as ufual, terminated by Grills, and difcloﬁng the great Bafcn
at the end of the Parterre. ' —
BEYOND this Bafon, and this Walk, there is ﬁrppofed
to be a gentle Fall of Ground going down to the two Groves
of tall Trees, which makes it neceffary to fupport the Earth
by a low Wall, with two Defcents of Steps facing the Coun-
ter-Walks of the Parterre. This Wall runs no farther than
the Breadth of the middle Opening, and you go down the
Woods by eafy Slopes, which lead to the Level of the other
Walks. Between the Stairs there is a fmall’Cafcade, made
by three Mask-Heads, the Water of which comes from the
Bafon, and makes a Sheet into the Canal, which runs the
whole Length of the great Walk. This Canal. is made with
a circular Head at the farther end, and is accompanied with
two double Walks planted with Yews, ranging with thofe
of the Parterre; and by two tall VVOods, which iﬁcloie it
Very agreeably by the Variety and Richnefsof their Deﬁgn.
THIS Difpoﬁtion, though inferior in Size and Magniﬁ-
cence to thofe contained in the three ﬁrﬁ Plates, is not, how-
ever, the leaﬁ iconﬁderable, for its happy Diﬁribution, and
for the Lines of the Walks you meet with in the middle of
the Groves, which terminate upon the Jets of the Bowling-
green, and Eng/1]}: Parterre, that are upon the Wings of the
Building. All thefe Pieces are bordered with great double
F ’ V‘vf'a‘lks,

‘34

7/96 779607”)! PART I;
Walks, and with l-Iedges againi’c the Walls, which are cut
oil" by Grills anfwering the Lines of the Walks, or by Walls

' level'with the Ground, and trenched ', which make a noble

Opening, as well at the end of the Canal, as againﬂ the two ‘
ﬁdes of the Building. 7

TB 0’ I had perfuaded myfelf, that thefe four Plates of
general Deﬁgns would have fatisﬁed every body, ‘I have,
however, been obliged to add a ﬁfth, to anfwer‘ the Objec—
tions made by fome Perlons, that the Deﬁgns offered in this
Work were all made for regular Situations 5 and“ that it would
be a frelh Diﬁiculty to adapt thefe, or invent others for Grounds
that are irregular, and bounded by fe‘veral' oblique and ﬂan-
ting Lines. This, indeed, requires fome Skill and Applica-~
tion; however, ’tis hOped the following Plate will be fatis—
factory. therein. It is impoﬂible to ﬁnd Places upon the
Ground fo very much askew and irregular as thefe -, one ne--,
ver meets with f0 great a number of Bevellings, fo particular,
and of all Forms that can be imagined, as is here done on
purpofe, that nothing might be wanting in this Point. Be-
ﬁcles which, for every one’s ﬁll‘thCI‘ Satisfaction, there are

fome Slopings made in the Plates of Parterres and Groves.
TH I 8 Plate contains two fmall general Plans ﬁt for the
ufe of private Perfons: That of the ﬁrﬁ Figure is about four
Acres, and includes as large and as regular Pieces as can be,
in a Ground fo bevelling and extraordinary. The Approach
is rend‘red Hoping by a Building and Walls of the Neighbour- »

hood, which are lnconvenrencres not to be remedied, and which
one mull ﬁrbmit to as well as one can. Before the Court the

LaGround is opened with a Half—moon, which is completed by

Trees planted on the other ﬁde, with the end of an Avenue»
ﬁacing the Entrance, and this ferves inﬁead of a Fore-
Court. . \

Yo U.- have, at the ‘ﬁrﬁ, a Court proportionable to the
Bnilding, which is a double Pavilion with a Roof a [a Mam-
ﬁzrde. The two Gates of Communication made in the Walls.
Of the ‘Court, lead on one ﬁde intoa fmall Bafs—Court, where-
there are contrived Buildings at each end as. the Sloping would.
give leave 5 and on the other, into a- Kitchen—Ground of a.
reafonable Size, and well. enough placed with regard to the
neighbouring, Buildings : It. is cut into four irregular Quar-

- tcrs,

 

 

 

CHARIII. of Gardemng.

ters, with a fmall Baibn in thermiddle, and inclofed with
Walls on all ﬁdes. You enter this allb bya Grill fronting the
Walk of the great Wood, which is made for continuing the
Villa. As you go out of the Houfe, you have a Parterre
after the Englijb manner in one piece, the Ends of which
are adorned, one with a Shell of Grafs or Flowers, the other
with a Bafon inclofed by the Parterre, the Border of which is
cut and furnifhed with Y-ews and Flowers.

Fo R the Enlargement of the View, there are two fmall
Quincunces regularly planted on the Wings of the Parterre;
one with a little piece of Wood ﬁlled in behind it {huts out
the Sight of the Garden-Wall too near the Houfe; the other
takes off nothing‘from the Regularity of the Hall in the great
Wood: for the Thicket on the back of it is cut to anfwer the
' Other ﬁdes. The Crofs—Walk which runs parallel to that be-
fore the Honfe, and ranges with‘the Bafon of the Parterre, to-
gether with the Walk from end to end, which runs from the
Grill of the Kitchen-Garden, cuts this Wood into four parts;
the Center of which is ﬁlled with an *Oétangular Grafs-plot,
with a Figure feen from all the Walks, and the feveral Halls
made in the Wood. The Halls are fuﬂiciently varied; that
‘ on the ﬁde of the great Walk againf’c the Houfe is the largeﬁ,
.at the head of it is let a Figure, which is feen from the Grill
\at the lower end of the Garden, and from the Rife of Steps

which is made againl’t the 'Walk in the Wood. On the other
ﬁde of the great Walk is another different Hall, one Outlet of
, which terminates upon this Grill; where. the Ground is opened
» with a Goofe-foot, as regular as the place would permit. The
Seats ut in thefe Halls are either in the Lines which come
from the Grills and from the Bafon of the Parterre, or from
the two Figures, f0 that the View is agreeably terminated
every way. - ' 44

I T is not improper to obferve here the Contrivance in
dilpoﬁng this Garden, and correé‘ting its Bials. The Houfe
is placed near one Corner, and the great Walk in front of it
is thrown out of Square, to give it the whole length of the
Ground, which in any other place mull: have been lhorter;
the Balon is made to lhut into the Parterre, to get room for
this greatWalk, which would have been ihorten’d, had there

been aVValk made round an infular Bafon. The Walls of the
F 2 Bals—

35'

7776’ 777607”)! PART I.

Bafs—Court and Kitchen-Ground run regularly with the Front \
of the Home, and thoie on the further ﬁde are redreiTed
by a Hedge, with a Thicket behind it. In the wideﬁ Part
of it, is made an Afcent of three Steps of Grafs, adorned
with Cafes and Flower-Pots, and for the greater Ornament,
the Line of the Walk in the Wood is contrived to terminate
upon this and the Baibn in the Kitchen-Garden. At the
Corner of this Hedge is placed a Seat, which in ibme mea—
ﬁlre takes off the ill Effeé’t of the Elbow.“ As in fmall Gar—
dens, all the Walks fhould not be carried through, from one
end 'to the other, becaufe the Extent of them would then
be feen at once, I have endeavoured, as much as poﬁible,
to ﬂop the Eye in the Halls, to make the Garden appear
much larger ,than it really is. There are but two long Walks
which run from end to end, and two other Crofs—walks, all
terminated by Grills, with the Walks next the Garden-walls
on the left, for on the right fide, the Thicket is thrown back
to the Wall to hide it the better, and to make one think
thefe Slips of Wood much larger than they are. The little

Arbour, in the Corner beyond the Kitchen-Ground, is alfo

placed there to falve the too little Length of that Walk.
ThefevThickets certainly enlarge the Idea one has of a Garden,
and contribute not‘a little to deceive the Eye..

T H E Difpoﬁtion of the fecond Figure is in at Ground yet
fmaller, and more irregular than the former: however, to do
it juﬂice, it muﬁ be confeiled, that the View meets with
nothing oﬁeriﬁve in any place 5, and. that one ﬁnds fome-
thing great in the Diipoﬁtion of each Piece. The En-
trance is regular in Front of the Building 5' on one ﬁde is a
Bals-Court, from whence you go into aKitchen-Garden, in-
geniouﬂy enough dil‘poiEd; the Walks of it, which are ina
Goofe—foot, centering upon a Bafon againﬂ the Wall 5; the
,Inclofure of the Kitchin—Ground redreﬂe all the ﬂaming
Line of this Part. On the other ﬁde of tie Court is a ﬁnall
Parterre after the Englz'jb Fafhion, with a Shell'ﬁlled with
Flowers, the fight of which is very agreeable from the Win-
dows of the Houfe; in the Line of which, and to {hut in
the Bafs—Court and little Parterre, there are planted on each
ﬁde four natural Arbors in Porticos, which look wonder-
fully well upon the Ground : They are backed with a Wall

upon.

CHAR III. of Gardening.

upon the ﬁde of the Bafs—Court; but upon the ﬁde of the"
Parterre the Porticos are left open for entrance, and lead to

a Hall under a natural Cover, with a Seat which faces the

Line of them. Oppoﬁte to the Entrance of the little Par-

terre is fet a large Bench, in a Niche of Verdure, funk in ‘

that Gut of Wood which reconciles all the Elbow on this
glide. ‘

T H E Efplanade before the Building is very large, by rea-
fon of the Decoration of the Porticos. It is ﬁlled with two
large Pieces of Embroidery, repeated with two Borders in the
middle that lie detached. The whole being cut into ﬁve
Walks, the Counter-walks upon the ﬁdes are bounded by
a Row of Horfe—Chefnuts, planted in a Border with Flower-
ing-Shrubs between each Tree, and are terminated by Figures
fet in the Niches, which are ﬁink in the Wood. The Grill,
Walk, and Bafon of the Kitchen-Ground are in a Line With
one of thefe Niches. , Beyond all thefe Pieces is an oblong
Bafon, circular at the ends, with two Water-Spouts, which
anfwer the Counter—walks of the Parterre, and the two
Walks beyond the Bafon, in the middle of which is fown a
Grafs-Plot. to make Variety. The Crofs-walk, and this
Front-walk are {truck through by a Ditch into an Ah, Ah,
for the greater Advantage ,of the Profpeét, and the better to
preferve the Level of theWalks; which the Place Would
not admit of continuing farther. This is a Point which ihould
never be forgot on thefe Occaﬁ'ons, no more than the carry-
ing on the Walks into the Country where it may be done.
The Crofs—walk, beﬁdes that it ranges upOn the two Spouts-
of the Bafon, is alfo terminated at the other end by a Porch
of Lattice-work with a Seat in it. The Bevel on the left
ﬁde of the great Walk is adj‘uﬁed by a Gulfet of Wood, in
which is contrived a Cabinet, the Line of which terminates.
upon one of the Spouts of the Bafon, and anfwers regularly
to the diagonal Walk of the great Wood.’ There is alto a
ﬁnall cut going out of the great Walk, which is returned.
liluare at the end,»with a Seat in it facing the Walk that croifes
the Wood, for prolonging the Walks of this kind as much as
is poﬂible. The great Wood is cut into a Star, or St. ﬂzza’rew’s
Crofs. One of its Diagonals opens upon the Spout of. the
Baion in the Parterre, and is terminated at the other end by a

' Figure

37

38 , 7776 Theory PART I.
Figure in the Cornerof the Wall, the other commands the
,two Openings {truck through the Wall. All thefe Walks
center in a large circular Hall, which has a Bowling-green
in it of a Very particular Form. In the four Squares of the
Wood are four Cabinets all different 5 two of which are ﬁlled
with Grais-Plots,‘ and the others with ﬁngle Trees and Benches
conveniently placed. Beyond this Wood, as there is aPoint,
which if all ﬁlled up, would be very difagreeable, it is left
open by a circular Walk, and two fmall Grafs—Plots bordered
with Elms, cut into Balls and Yews'between them, which is
very uncommon. This forms a Goofe—foot at the end facing
the Figure, which is alfo feen from the outer Walks to which
the Openings through the Walls are made correfpondent. The
Obliquity On this ﬁde, which is by a rounding Wall, is re-
dreffed by a Hedge with a Thicket behind it; the thickeﬂ
‘ Part of which has made room for placing an Arbor of Lattice,
with a Seat in it facing the Halls, and the Walk acrofs the

. ‘Wood. ’ -

LIbereMein all No one can complain that theie Gardens are too magniﬁ-
Efﬁgﬁ’eil cent, there being nothing plainer either in the Difpoﬁtion and
., ”’54, for. Size of each Piece, or in the Decoration, fuch as the Figures,
W ’79,” f1“ Fountains, Portico’s, Buildings, é'c. And this may fatisfy

iii/{1232],}; take thofe Men who thought the foregoing Deﬁgns too rich and

iii}; Cb» P- too full of Work for the nfe of private Perfons.
, art.

 

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C H'A P'. IV. of Gardening.

maﬁaaaaaaaaaaeeaa
e H-A P. IV. --

0f Parterrer and Borders of féwml
» Kindr.

HE Name of Tarterre has its Original from the
Latin Word ‘Partiri, to divide; and according to
fame, a Parterre denotes a' ﬂat and even Surface.

THE Goinparti‘ments and Borders of Patterres are taken
from Geometrical Figures, as well right-lined, as circular,
mix’d, &5. They ~' take various Deﬁgns into their Compo-
ﬁtion‘, as Branches, Flowers, Palms, Foliage, Hawks-Bills,
Darts, T endrells, ,VOlute‘s, Knots, Roots,,Clafps, Chaplets,
Beads, Stalks, Cartoozes, Strings, curtailed Leaves, WOlVes-
' teeth or Trefoils, Plumes, Compartiments, Frets, or Inter-
‘ Iacings, Wreaths, and Shells of Grafs, Paths, Borders, (’70
And fometimes to thefe are added the Deﬁgrrs of Fl'OVve‘rs, as
Roles, Pinks; Tulips, and the like. , - ‘ x

F on ME RL Y they put in the Heads of Greyhounds,
Grifﬁns, andother Bealls, with their Paws and Talon's; which
hadia very ill Eﬁ‘ee’t, and made Parterres look very heavy
and clouterly. ,

TH E Deﬁgn's we fée now-a—days are quite different 5 and“
, ’tiisaspretended, that to have Embroidery look well, it ﬂiould’
be light, regular, and not confufed ', which often occaﬁons
the falling into the contrary Fault to what they were in
heretofore; and, out of a ﬁndious’ EndeaVOur to make
Parterres appear light and free, they make them utterly una-
furniih’d, and with an Embroidery f0 thin and meagre, that
it makes no Figure upon the Ground; but in four 01‘ ﬁve
Years time you are obliged to pull it up again, the Edgings
of Box coming to touch and interfere. one with another.. A

, ' hill:

39*“

Diﬂz‘mmy o '
the Frenchf
Academy.

Menage,
Richelet.

 

40

7756 Tbeogfy . PA RT I.

juﬁ Mean {hould be obferved in Things of this Kind, equally.

avoiding too great a Slenderneis, as well as too great a Maﬂ'y-

.nefs of Ornaments.

I 1‘ may not be improper here to warn the Reader againft
the Notion fome People have got, that Parterres are the moﬁ:
difﬁcult things to invent 5 and thatthefe Pieces require more
Skill and ApplicatiOn than the general Difpoﬁtion of a Gar-
den. Now although it be agreed, that Parterres are the melt
rich and delicate Part of a Garden, they are however but Parts
of a‘ﬁn‘e Whole; that is to fay, of a general Plan. 4. It is the
fame thing to fay, that aChamber is more difﬁcult to contrive
and beautify than a large Building, of which it makes but a
part. In like manner, Parterres are to be ef’teem’d as fmall
Matters of Invention, compared with the Difpoﬁtions and ge-
neral Diﬁributions of Gardens.

AL L Parterres are near alike; the Subject being exhauﬁbd
in ﬁve or ﬁx Deﬁgns, one, always ,falls into the fame Track,
and the Form becomes almoit common, but general Ditpo-
ﬁtions are always different, ’tis the Situation of the Place
that governs them: Each of them requires a new Turn of
Thought, and a Compliancewith Nature, fog as carefully to~
redrefs what is defective, and improve what is happily placed:
For a Proof of this, there are no two Gardens f0 perfectly like
one another as two Parterres, unlefs it was done with deﬁgn
to make them alike.

P E R H A P s the Reafon why thefe Perfons make, a Myﬁery
of deﬁgning and inventing a Parterre, is, that they are not
Capable of any thing elie, and thata general Plan, as 21 Grove
ﬁnely ornamented, will prefently put them to a nonplus , like
a Painter who can draw nothing buta Head, and cannot ﬁnilh
the intire Figure. Or it may be from the greater Want that
private Gentlemen have of a Parterre, than other Pieces for
which “there is no room in their fmall Gardens, and fo they
look upon them as u‘felefs, and inﬁnitely inferior to Parterres.
Beﬁdes, whena whole Garden is well contrived, well difpo-
fed, and there is nothing but the Parterre that has an ill Effect,
it is eafy to pull it to pieces, the fame Box ferving to plant a
new Defign, and this at no conﬁderable Expence. But the
cafe is very different in a. general Plan, or in a large Grove ,
when thefe are once planted, there is no making an Altera—

tion

 

 

(3 HA P. IV. of Gardeltiﬂg.

,tion but at very great Charges. We fee then by this, of what
confeqhence it is, that the general Difpoﬁtion fhould be good.
There are a great number of Parterres that are tolerable, and
fome very good, but there are few general Difpoﬁtions of
Gardens that are perfeét and well-conﬁder’d, with regard to
the Nature of the Place,
further to wifh‘for.

THER E are divers Sorts of Parterres, which may be all
reduced 'to ‘thefe Four that follow; namely, Parterres of
Embroidery, Parterres of Compartiment, Parterres after the
Englz'jh "Manner, and Parterres of Cut-work. There are
allb Parterres of Water, but at prefent they are quite out of
Ufe. '

=PA R T E R R E s of Embroidery are fo called, becaufe the
Box wherewith they are planted, imitates’Embroidery upon
:the’Ground. Thefe are the ﬁnef’t and moi’t magniﬁcent of
all, and are fometimes accompanied with Knots and Scrolls
of Grafs-work. Their Bottom {hould be landed, the better
to diﬁinguifh the Foliage and Flouriih’d-work of the Em-
broidery, which is ufually ﬁlled with * Smiths-Dull, or black
Earth.

PAR TERRES of Compartiment differ from thofe of
Embroidery, in that the fame Symmetry of Deﬁgn is re-
peated, as well in refpeét of the Ends, as of the. Sides.
Thefe Parterres are made up of Scrolls and other Grais-works,
Knots, and Borders for Flowers, with a little well-diipofed
Embroidery; which Mixture produces an Effeé’c very
agreeable to the Eye. The Ground of thefe {hould be
very well made, and ﬁlled with Sand between the Leaves;
the narrow Paths that
uﬁlally diﬂinguifh with f
‘duﬁ.

PARTERRES after the

Tileihards powdered, or Brick-

Engliﬂo Manner are the plaineft
and meaneﬂ of all. They {hould conﬁf’t only of large Grafs—
plots all of a piece, or cut but little, and be encompaffed
witha Border of Flowers, feparated from the Grafswork by ’
a ll Path of two or three F oot”wide, laid fmooth, and landed
over, to make the greater Diﬁinétion. We give it the Name

the French underﬂand 4,17th raked over only,

with our Caﬂom of Rolling, which i: not/o mach ufed h} the
our: 1109:. . I
G

of

iéparate the Compartiments, we I

41

there always feems to be fomething

* Michefer,

, i. c. Droﬁr, or

Scale: of Iron.’
Smith: Duﬂ
it either the
Scale: heaten
of at the An-
w’l, or Iron-
Filings.

+Fr. Cimeut,
i. e. Powdered
Tile, or Brie/c,
mix’d with
Lime, which
make: excel—
lent Mortar,
and i: afetl h]
the French in
Work: under
Witter.

H Sentier ra-
tiﬂe, hy which

and not rolled, a: it is generally tranﬂated, to' comply
French, their Gravel rarely himling, a:

7796 Theory PART I.

of Tamera) a2 l’Ang/oife, bccaufe we had the Manner'of it
ﬁrft from England. ' ' .

P A R T E R R E s of Cut—work, tho’ not fo fafhionable at
prefent, are however not unworthy our Regard. They dif—-
fer from the others, in that all the Parts which compofe them
fhould be cut with Symmetryfand that they admit neither of
Grafs nor Embroidery, but only Borders edged with Box,
that ferve to raife Flowers in: and by means of a Path of
convenient Breadth that runs round each Piece, you may walk
through the whole Parterre without hurting any Thing : All
thefe Paths ihould be fanded. ,

P A R ‘r E R R E s of Embroidery, being the ﬁneft, ﬂiould
poifeis the principal‘Place, and lie next the Building : Thofe'
Of Compartiment ihould accompany them; and the Parterre's
after the Eng/if?) Faihion may ferve to ﬁll up the greater
Spaces and the Orangeries,’ and then we call them Tarterres
d’Omngerz'e. Thole of Cut-work are proper for ﬁnall Places
where you would raife Flowers, and then ’tis called, likewife,
Tarter're Fleurzﬂe.

YOU may difpofe Parterres feveral ways, as the Place
{hall require 3 either by cutting them into two long (garters
repeated with a Walk in the Middle, or making only one
Square of Embroideredeerk, with Walks upon the Sides :,
or cutting them by diagonal Walks, into four pieces, which
make a St. Ahdrew’s Crofs; and ibmetimes into Quarters.
arChed at one end; of all which you have EXamples in the
following Plates.

THE bef’t way of deﬁgning a Parterre, is, to give it a

. Figure and Shape agreeable to the Place, and to the-Building,

not cutting it, for inﬁance, into two pieces, when the Place,
by its narrownefs, admits but of one; this would be to fpoil
it: or the Parterre may be difpofed into a St. Andrew’s Crofs,
when the Doors are at the Ends of the Building, and each

. diagonal Walk can be made to anfwer them.

A s the proper place for Parterres is near the Building,
their Breadth ihould be that of the whole Extent of the Body
of the 1-10qu, or fomewhat more: as to their Length, it
ihould not exceed fuch a proportion, but that the Eye, when
near the Building, may difcover all the Embroidery and
Compartiments. This Length may be twice or thrice their

’ Breadth,

 

CHA P. IV. of Gardening.

Breadth, for they always fore-{horten themfelves fuﬂiciently
to the ﬁght; and Figures fomewhat oblong, appear better
upon the Ground than thofe that are Square. The Branch-
W’ork fhould not be made too long, that the .Eye at one
View may not lofe the general Intention of the Embroidery;
in a large piece therefore, the Deﬁgn lhould be cut afunder
by Cartoozes, Knots, and Shells of Turf to break this great
Length; and the Rite or Springing of the Stalks, Palm—
Branches, (at. fhould be always made with fome kind of
Reafon, and iITue without Confuﬁon from the Knots of the
Scroll-work and Volutes upon the Sides, or’from the Flowers
and Cartoozes in the Middle 5 otherwife they have a very ill
Effect. \

WHEN thefe principal Lines are drawn, the ref: of the‘
Ground is to be ﬁlled up with Tendrels, Beads, Clafps, Husks,
with their Backs againﬂ: the Borders, and Cartoozes 5 lo thatA
leaving no great Vacancies, the Parterre may look pretty
equally difpofed throughout. It is belt to put in but little
Turf, becaufe it is a conf’tant Charge to keep. In fmall pieces,
you may make, inﬁead of Grafs, two double Lines of Box,
the Path between which may be of red Sand, and the Middle
of black Earth, or Smith’s Duf’c, to diﬁinguiih it; but it is
the F aihion at, prefent to put in a’pretty deal of Turf, and
forne fancy a Parterre has no Beauty without it: But this
is mere Prejudice; there are ﬁne Parterres that have no Grafs,
and there {are Others where. there is an abfolute need of havin
it, to break off the too great Length or Extent of the
Branches; '

I ’1‘ muﬁ be obférved, that at prefent we do not fuﬂ‘er the
Box to grow high, and that large Yews, and the like Shrubs,
are no longer made ufe of in Parterres, becaufe thefe diﬂ‘ering
very much from the Woods and Walks of tall Trees, that
make the Relief of a Garden, ihould be ﬂat, even, and dif-
engaged, as open Places; for when large Yews are fet in it,
a Parterre looks likeia Wood, clouds the View, and hides
the Beauty of the Buildings that are ufually near it. Yews
and Shrubs therefore, on a Parterre, Ihould neVer be per—
mitted to grow above fOuror ﬁve Foot high at molt.

PA R T ER R E s likewife differ much from other parts of
a Garden, in that they are ﬁner at their ﬁrf’t planting than

G 2 they

43

44‘

7776 777607)! PART I.

5 they are afterwards; nothing but a great Attendance and con-

* Sentiers ra-
teffés, maid.

9.4.x.

tinual Care taken of them can prevent this Decreafe of their
Beauty : For the Box in growing deﬁroys the Delicatenefs of
the Deﬁgn 5 the Earth wafhed by the great Rains no longer
keeps its level Surface, the Sand lofes its Colour in being
mix’d with the Earth by Raking ;‘ and the Grafs becomes full»
of Mofs. The Box therefore muf’t be kept very low, and be
neatly clipp’d twice a Year, left the Contour of itibe alter’d
by an unskilful Hand , the Sand fhould be often" renewed,
that the Embroidery may be better diﬁinguilhed, and, above.
all, the Turf {hould be mowed and edged every Month, be-
ﬁdes being changed every three or four Years. This is the'
Excellency of Parterres, and that in which their chief Beauty
conﬁﬁs. Thefe are not commonly the moﬁ neglected parts
of a Garden, they are too near the Maﬁer’s Eye for that.

‘ THE Borders of Parterres iei've to bound and lecure them,
that they be not hurt by walking in them. They become
likewife ornamental to them by the Yews, Shrubs, and
Flowers that are milled in them. Four Foot is 11fually allow’d
for the Breadth of the fmaller, and ﬁve or ﬁx Foot for that
of the larger Borders; they are always made ﬁling in the
Middle, like an Afs’s Back, being no way agreeable to the
Eye when they are ﬂat: they are generally edged with a
Line of Box; but in the parts that are cut, they are often:
bounded with'Daﬁes, Sea-thrift, Panfys, (yr.

OF Borders there are four Sorts: The mof’c common are
thofe that are continued about Parterres without any Inter-
ruption, and are wrought like an Afs’s Back, and fet out
with Flowers, Shrubs, and Yews.

THE fecond Kind is a Border cut into Compartiment, at
convenient Diﬁances, by fmall Paffages, and' is likewife'
adorned with Flowers and Shrubs, being raifed in the Middle
as before—mentioned.

THE third Sort has its Borders all even and ﬂat, without
Flowers, having only a Verge of Grafs in the Middle, bounded.
by two fmall * Paths raked fmooth and fanded. Thefe are
fometimes garniihed, with Yews and ﬂowering Shrubs, or
with Vafes and Flower—Pots fet regularly along the‘M-iddle of
the Verge of Grafs.

T H E:

 

 

CHAP. IV. of Gardening. 4; .

TH E Borders of the fourth Sort are quite naked, being only
fanded, as in the Parterres of Orangery, and are ﬁlled with
nothing but Cheﬁs or Cafes ranged regularly along the Bor-
ders, which, on the Sides next the Walks, are edged with
Box 5 and on the other, with the Verges and Grafs—work of
the Parterre. Sometimes Yews are planted between each Cafe,
which makes the Borders look richer, and the Parterres much
handfomer, during the Winter, when the Cafes are in the
Green-houfe.

TH ERE are likewife Borders made up againﬁ' Walls,
edged with Box, and ﬁlled with great Trees, as Limes and
Horfe-Chefnuts, between which are fet Yews, Shrubs, and
Flowers of a large Kind. ,

BOR DERS are made ﬁrait, circular, or in Cants, and
are turned into Volutes, Scrolls, Knots, and other Compar-
timents.

FLORISTS likewife make ufe of * Borders either de- * French,
tached or along Walls, which they encompafs with Border— 32%;?
boards painted green, that are exceeding neat, and in thefe Ban/m war
they raife their ﬁneﬁ and choiceﬁ F lowers, but this is not 1.1.9.19 ”J ”m“
to be looked for in large Parterres, where it is fuﬂicient 1505:2157,“
have them ﬂocked with Flowers in their feveral Seafons as
they fucceed one another, that nothing appear bare and- naked,
as may be feen in the third Part.

’T I s the Cuﬁom at prefent to difconti’nue the Borders upon
the Ends next the Houfe, that the Shrubs and Flowering
Plants may not hide the Embroidery and Rife of the Parterre,
and that the Deﬁgn may be the better judged of. Sometimes
there are branched out of it Foliage, Palm-Leaves, and Shells
, fporting among the Sand 5 but thefe are liable to be fpoiled,
having no Border to fecure them, or hinder them from being
trod upon. ,

THE Paths of Parterres are not made to walk upon, but
only to diﬁinguilh the Pieces of Compartiment, but in the
Parterres of Cut-work they are larger, and may lerve for
that purpofe. '

TH E two ﬁrﬁ: Plates reprefent, in large, the fame Deﬁgns
of Parterres, as thofe defcribed in little, in the ﬁrﬂ Plate of
the general Difpoﬁtions in the preceding Chapter.

3 T H E

46

* Fr.Ciment.

7776‘ 777601”)! PART I.

THE ﬁrft Plate that follows, is a large Parterre of Em-
broidery mix’d with Knots of Grafs-work, and environ’d
with a Flower-Border fet off with Yews and Shrubs. -This
Deﬁgn, tho’ entire, and not cut in the Middle, is here lup-
pofed to be repeated on the other Side, with a Counter-walk
of ﬂowering Shrubs and Yews, and a great Bafon at the End,
which is ufually made when the Place will admit of it. 1 The
Scroll that you fee at one of its Corners, may poﬂibly look
fomewhat extraordinary 5 but when you confult the general
Plan, Chap. III. Fig. I. from whence this is drawn, you’ll
fee the good Effect it makes withuwhat is repeated on the
Corner of the Parterre of Compartiment that is by it. This
angular Scroll may be fet aﬁde, if you make uie of this De-
ﬁgn for one Square only, and its Place fupplied by adding a
Sprig, and making a Sweep at the Head of it for a circular
Walk round the Bafon. The Knots and Scrolls of Grafs-
work throw out all the Sprigs and Palm—Leaves of this Em—
broidery very naturally, which is eaﬁly difcovered by the
Interruption of the Border upon the Fore—part.

THE fecond Plate fhews a long Parterre of Comparti—
ment, with a Bafon in the Middle, lurrounded with a Border
of Cut-work, as are thoie Borders likewiie' upon the Sides,
where they proceed to join the Scroll-work of the other Bor-
ders that form the Compartiment. The reﬁ: of the Space is.
ﬁlled with Shells and Grafs-work, and the two Extremities
with Cart002ees of Embroidery, which 'make a very agree—
able Mixture. There alfo branch out .imall Sprigs and Husks
from the feveral Scrolls of the Borders : The Ground of this
Parterre is laid with Sand, and the Paths with 9" powder’d
Tile, or Brick-duﬁ. It is accompanied with two Walks of
Trees that ﬁand detached, and four Vafes at the Corners.

TH E Parterre of the third Plate is one of the richeﬁ that
can be; ’tis alfo in Compartiment, but can be put in execution
only in a large fquare Place. It conﬁfts of four Cartoons of
Embroidery in its Fronts, and Shells of Grafs—work at the
four Corners, all fanded with Variety of Colours, and \edged
With Lines of Box. In the Middle is a Bafon furrounded with 7
a Border of Cut—work, garnifhed with Yews and Shrubs,
with Flower-plots fet upon Plinths of Stone. The outer

Borders are broke off in Front by each Cartooze, and at the
Cor-

 

 

CHAR 1v. gardening; ’ 47

. Corners are turned into Scrolls. At the Foot of this Parterre
is fuppofed a *Bank of Grafs border’d above and below with * Fr. Talus,

a Row of Cafes and Yews, having in the Middle a Defcent 5,33%”?

of Steps with a Half-pace, adorn’d with Figures and Vafes. derﬂmzdfu‘cb

The Proportions of the Whole may be known by the 32:21.22”: ”’9

Scale. _ ‘ 2542 m1,
TH E fourth Plate contains a‘Parterre of Embroidery cut 174% which

into two Squares repeated, and varied two ways. There is a [ti/{£17393}:

Walk in the Middle that leads toa Bafon, beyond which is a Earth. A.

Goofe—foot cut in a Wood. Of the two Compartiments, you $592? 11;:

may chule which you think molt proper. I lhall fay nothing mm of a

here of their Compoﬁtion, the Explanation I have already f ZZZ-0132f:

given of the Parterres that went before, being a fuﬂicient In— greer, tbq

ﬁruétion for this alfo. “’7’” Glad“
T H E ﬁfth Plate lays before you aParterre of Embroidery

of a very new Contrivance. ’T is a large Square, arched at

one End, with a Bafon beyond it. The Middle is ﬁlled with

— Embroidery and Knots of Grafs—work, with a Border about

‘it, which is wholly cut away in the Front next the _Houfe.

It has nothing in it uncommon but at the Ends 3 at one of

which there are two Dolphin’s—Heads turned into Scrolls,

from which the Paths. and Knots of Grafs begin and take

their Rife. The other End is adorned with the Mask-Head;

of a Grifﬁn, having Bats Wingstformed by the Turf-plots

on the Sides, the Leaves of the Embroidery make the Nofe,

Eyes, Brows, Muﬁaches, and T uft upon the :Head of the

Mask. Its Cravat, or Bib, is expreis’d by a Shell of Grafs—

work. Sands of various Colours very much contribute to

feparate and diitingtiifh thele’ fmall Compartiments, which

make awonderful Shew upon the Ground, when well execu—

ted. There are already made two or three Parterres of this

Kind. .

. TH E ﬁxth Plate is the molt ﬁlled, and contains three De-

ﬁgns of Parterres, each of a different Kind. That of the ﬁrf’t

Figure, is a Tarterre 2; l’ﬂng/oz'fe 5 that is to fay, all Grals-

work caﬁ into feveral Compartiments, and encompalfed with

a Border of Flowers cut in feveral places, and gamifhed with

Yews and Shrubs. This Deﬁgn, tho’ nothing but Turf, is

however very rich.
T H E

48

"‘ Sentier ra-
tiﬂE.Seep.4.r.

7723 Theory PART I.

5T H E Parterre of the fecond Figure is all Cut—work. It is
near fquare, and is arched at the End for a Bafon, having its
Corners hollowed out, and fet with 'Yews. It is compoled of
a long Oval in the Middle, and of Cartoozes at the four Cor-
ners with Scrolls and Shells, all cut in feveral pieces, forming
Borders that are adorned with Flowers and Shrubs regularly
placed. All thefe Pieces are enclofed with Edgings of Box,
and a broad 9" Path leads you round them, without hurting
any thing. There are alfo narrow Paths about the Oval, and

’ the four CartOOZes which fhould be covered with red Sand.

T H E third Figure ihews, how very ﬁne a fmall Parterre
of Orangery may be made. ’Tis a long Square rounded
at the Ends, where are made two circular Grafs—plots with
Figures: The Middle is ﬁlled with a ﬁnall Piece of Water,
which an'fwers to the, Portions of the Circles. Thefe three
Pieces are eiicompaired with a Path and Edging of Box,
which, with that on the Outﬁde, makes Borders that {urround
the. Grafs—plots alfo. Thefe Borders being fanded, and all
fmooth and even, are fet out with Yews, between which are
placed Cafes of Orange-Trees, Jaﬁnins, Myrtles, Laurels, (Tc.
which ought to be kept in Lines with thofe of the two Rows
on the Sides.

TH E feventh and. laﬁ Plate contains three fmall Patterres

ﬁt for Gardens in Town, of which you ﬁnd the Difpoﬁtions

entire, and all different. The Walls and GrOund are ex-
ceeding bevel and irregular, to ihew how fuch Defeé’rs may
be redreired in fmall Gardens, where they are much more
obvious to ﬁght than in large Country—Gardens. Thefe Be-
velings are fuppofed to be occaﬁon’d byxthe Lines of the
Streets, and the Parterres are placed upon the Defcent from
the Houfe. The Scale is common to them all.

T H E ﬁrﬁ Figure offers a very delicate Parterre of Com-
partiment, with a Figure in the Middle, and four Vaies at the
Corners. The Obliquity of the Side-walls is redreis’d by the
Flower-Borders which come off to nothing on one Side and
the other. As to that at the Bottom, it is adjuﬁed by a very
rich Portico of Lattice-work, with Seats and Figures facing
the Walks. You ﬁnd likewife a fmall Break fuﬂicient for a
Houfe to keep Flowers in; or, if you will, it may make a
Bathing-place, or a Volery. ,
I N

 

 

CHAP. IV. of Gardening.

I N the iecond Figure, you ﬁnd a Place very irregular
and of Sides all different, the Elbow at the lower End is
redrefTed by a Hedge of Horn-Beam, with Wood behind it,
which keeping the oblique Line of the Wall, is neverthelefs:
cut regularly into feveral Cants and Returns, which form a
green Hall, and in the Corner is a green Cabinet, there are
allo two Seats, and a Figure that ﬁands detached, which do
very well. The Break in the Front of the Building, and
the Breadth upon the Side, gave occaﬁon to plant a Walk
there to reconcile the Irregularity of the Ground: 011 the
other Side there IS no more than a:fing1e Line of Trees, behind
which the Slope 1s adjuﬂed by the Line of Box which edges
the Border. The Embroidery of this Parterre is very delicate
and tender , it is accompanied with two Grafs—Borders, upon
which are regularly fet, on Plinths of Stone, Vafes of‘Dutc/J-
Ware ﬁll’d with Shrubs and Flowers of the Seafon, which
make a very agreeable ﬁght, and are lefs common than
YeWs.

T H E Parterre' of the third Figure' rs all, of one piece, as
the two others are; the Breadth of thefe Places not permit-

to make them in two : The Deﬁgn of it is very agreeable.

The Inﬁdes of the Scrolls and the Paths, which run round the ,

Bafon, ought to have red Sand to diitinguilh them from the
other Bottoms. This Bafon is purpofely brought into the
Pa‘rterre to gain. ground. Beyond it are two fmall Beds of
Grafs fet round with Horfe—Chefnuts, which afford a very
agreeable Cover in all this Half-Moon made by the Difpoﬁ-
tion- of the Walls at bottom. The other Bevelings upon the
Sides are redreﬂed by aI-Iedge as high'as the Walls, in which
are made Recelles for Seats, as are alfo in Front of the Bafon,
and on each Side the Defcent from the Houfe gene of which
is let undcra little green Arbor.

I have avoided ﬁlling the Inﬁdes of the Branches and Sprigs
of the Embroidery with Daiﬁes or Sea-thrift, as the prefent
Mode has introduced : This is contrary to a good Talte, and
is proper only for Knots, Paths, Shells, and Cartoozes, to
make a variety and diﬁint‘tion from the Turf.

Yo U muﬁ not fail to have Sand for thefe Parterres of dif-
ferent Colours, for ’tis this makes the great Beauty of them.

H You

49

go

7le Tbeory PART I.

*FnCimnn You may employ * powder’d Tile, or Brick-duff, for the

See 1mg 41-

red; black Earth, Iron—Filings, or Smith’s Duﬁ, for the
black; and common Sand, or Gravel, for the white and
yellow.

T H A T you may know, by the Plates, what Places are to
be ﬁlled with red, black, or yellow Sand ; you are to ob-
ferve, that the Points more diﬂant from each other, denote
the common Sand, or ﬁne Gravel; and thofe that are fm’all
and clofer together, as in the Paths about the Knots of
‘Grafs-work, exprefs red Sand, or Brick-duﬁ. The Inﬁde of

the Branch-work in the Embroidery, is ﬁlled with Iron-

Filings, Smiths Duﬁ, or black Earth, which you may un-
derﬁand by the Lines ‘croﬂing one another. The Grafs of the
Knots and Shell-Works, is dif’tinguiihed by the right Lines
intermixed with fmall Points.

EA CH Parterre has its particular Scale, by which you
may know the Extent and Dimenﬁon of all the Parts which
compoie it. You may nevertheleis alter the Proportions,
widening, lengthning, or diminifhing thefe Parterres, as the
Place {hall require 5 but this Enlarging or Diminiﬂling fhould
be made-with Diﬁzretion, and ihould not be very conﬁderable,
as one Half, becaufe that would change the whole Deﬁgn,
and utterly fp‘oil'the Grace of it. In this you ought to confult
’Perfons of Skill, and of a good Tai’ce ; for very often, of a, _
good Deﬁgn, there is made a very bad one. ,

T 1-1 B s E feven Plates, which contain twelve Parterres, I
thinkmay fuﬂice to give an Idea of all that they differ in. I
was unwilling to infert more, becaufe of the great number of
Parterres already engraved and publiihed, which may be had
of the Sieur Mariette at ‘Paris.

 

CHAP.

 

 

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CH AP. V.

0f W 41km, Counterﬁvalkr, and
Hedger.

ALKS in Gardens, like Streets in a Town, ferve to

communicate between Place and Place, and are as 16
many Guides and Means to conduct us throughout a Garden:
Beﬁdes the Agreeablenefs and Convenience they conﬁantly
afford in Walking, they make one of the principal Beauties
of Gardens, when they are well executed and well kept.

A MON G the feveral Sorts of Walks, I {hall take notice
of the Cloie and the Open, the Single and the Double, the
White and the Green.

TH E Clofe are thoie formed by Trees or Hedges, which
joining together at TOP, {hut out even the Sight of the Sky,
and by their Obfcurity give a Coolnels not penetrable by the

greateﬂ: Heat of the Sun.
TH E Walks you would haVe clofe or covered, fhould be

made narrower than others, that the Trees may the fooner

meet and join together over head. Theie Walks are very
delightful in hot Weather, when you may walk under the
Shade of them in the very middle of the Day.

* OP E N Walks may be diﬁinguifhed into two Kinds;
namely, the Alleys of Parterres, Bowling-greens, Kitchen-
gardens, (9'6. which are formed only by the Yews and Dwarfs
of the Borders; and the Walks, which tho’ planted with high
Hedges and tall Trees, are however‘kept open at Top, either
by clipping the Hedges to a certain Height, or by trimming
the Trees on both Sides, f0 that you may breathe the. pure
Air. ’

- p H 2 ’TI 8

511 -

52

The great
Will: of the
‘Tuilleries i:
fa clefe, that

The 7heory PART I.

”TI 3 a general Rule to keep open the principal Walks,
fuch as thofe that face a Building, Pavilion, Calhade, or the
like; and thefe. likewife lhould be kept Wider than the
others, that from the End of the Walkpyou may fee Part of
the Front of a Houfe, or forne other handfome Objeél ; for
there is nothing f0 diiagreeable in a Walk, as when from the
End of it, you can ibarce fee the Door of the Veﬁibule of a,

.70“ “WW“ Building. There is no need to let any be covered but the

fee the Dbor
of the great

Counter-walks, for forming, as it were, two green Arbors;

Pavilion from and Alleys in Places of let‘sConfeqnence, where there is no

the End of it,

which i: mue- valuable Profpeéli '
Uﬁgwmult» S I N GL E Walks are thofe that'conﬁll but of two Rows
a” ”mﬁm‘ of Trees or Hedges, to diﬁinguifh them ,from double Walks

ed 6} the ill

Plantingvfthe that have four, which form three Walks clofe together; a

Haifa-Chef-

””15.

les.

large one in the Middle, and tWo on the Sides that accompany
it, and are called Counter-walks. The two middle Rows

*1 Arbres ifo- lhould be planted with * Trees detached, that, is to fay, not

lhut up with a Hedge, but free, that you may go round
them; and the two other Rows fhould be ﬁlled up and
bounded with Hedges. As double Walks are the molt
eﬁeemed, fo they are generally made to‘poﬁiefs the ‘ﬁnef’c
PartssofaGardena [ ‘ . - W. v - . w

WE put no Yews or other Things between the Trees of
double Walks that ﬁand detached, ‘for they in fome, meaﬁire
hinder the freedom of the Paffage; it is fuﬂicient to fet them
between the T reesthat are planted upon .Tenaﬂes, became
of the good circa: they make from below; - - ‘ ,

\Vn I’TE Walks are no other than' thofe that are all
landed, and kept raked over ; whereas the green Walks are
almoﬁ all lbwed with Grais, except the two raked Paths
along the Hedges : tirele have in Places out of the way‘ for
the .laving Expence.

As to the Names and different Figures of Walks, they
may all be included in thele that follow : The Parallel-walk,
the Strait-walk, the Crofs—walk, the Winding or Circular-
walk, the Walk returned fquare, and the Diagonal or Bevel- ,
walk, in refpeél' of that at Right Angles.

WA L K 5 may alfo be diﬁinguifh’d into two Sorts, in re.
gard of their Situation; thofe upon a Level, and thofe that
lie with an eafy Defcent. ’Tis very rare that a Walk is per—

, feélly

 

CHAP. V. , of Gardening.
feé’rly level, there is generally made a fmall infenﬁble Slope
for carrying off the Water; however, there are fome entirely
level, as the Walks of a Mall, and thofe about a Paiterre or
Piece of ,VVater. v *

' W A L K 3 upon a gentle Riﬁng are molt ufual, and fhould

be made fo as not to incommode one in walking, by their
Afceint, which ihould be fcarce perceivable; for when they
are too ﬁeep, they offend the Eye, and are very tirefome to
the Foot : Their Rife lhould feldom or never exceed three
Inches in a F athom,v left the Walk be fpoiled by the Torrents
of Water. This is the bell Rule you can follow tdt make
them well 5 but when the Ground will_not admit of it, and
you are obliged to‘a much quicker Fall, as in a Walk that
leads down by the Side of a Calbade; you may then help
this great Steepneis by certain Reﬂs and Steps of Grafs laid
in ’5 Zie-Zae, and called by the French, Chet/ram, which
crofs the Walk obliquely from Side to Side 5 or elfe, by fmall
Stops made of Ship—plank, which rifing about two Inches
above the Walk, check the Water, and turn it oil upon the
Sides, by which means the Walk may be kept neat, and in
good Order. . -
_ FOR draining the Ground, you ihould obferve to keep
the middle Part of a Walk fomething the higheﬁ, that the
Water running off to the Sides, may not have time to fpoil
the Level of the Walk; by this means likewilé it will be-
,come ufeful, and ferve to water the Hedges, Borders, and
Trees upon the Sides. As to Walks that are level, as thoie
of a Mall, or ﬁich as are very large, ‘and cannot have their
Water thrown off Upon the Sides, there is a necellity of
draining them, by making Sink-wells of F lints and dry Stones
in the middle of them.

53

A: one fee: at
the great Cay/l
mdentSceaux.

* The French
m 1 this an
Allée en Zic-
Zac, for it:

Likene/i to A

Machine ﬂ;
called, which
Wﬁﬂing of
many Pieter,
every two eraﬁ
one another

1' e anX, mg-
ruz‘ng on a Pin
at their Cen~
1‘”, and at
their Extre-
773171-05 faﬂened
with Points re
the Em]: a f 0’-
zhm that
meet them,
whiehﬁrming

ﬁveml Lozen—

T H E Breadth of Walks lhould be proportioned to their g“, W W)!

Length, for in this lies their greatef’t Beauty. We have had

7771th extend.
55!, or '11er

’r Perfons of great Ability in Gardening, who have failed of Wit/7 mime

this jul’t PrOportion, and given Walks too much Breadth for

ted at one Ma-
tton, like that

their Length. One may fall alfo into the contrary Fault, of the Opening

and make them too narrow. If, for Inﬁance, a Walk of
600 Foot long were no more than twelve or eighteen Foot
wide, it would be very defeé’cive, and appear but like aGut;

oft; Pair qf

Sci/fem. See

the [aft Plate,
Fig. 1.
Le Nat-re

whereas had it been thirty or ﬁx and thirty Foot wide, it Bouticour,

would

I

54

" m mm" ' PART I.

would have looked very handfome .and well—proportioned,

fuppoﬁng it {till to be ﬁngle : So Walks of 1200 Foot long,
Ihould have their Breadth from forty two Foot to forty eight
Foot: Thofe of 1800 Foot long, from ﬁfty four Foot to
ﬁxty F cot; and thofe of 2400 Foot, or near half a Mile long,
from ﬁxty to feventy two Foot. This is very near a juﬁ:

Proportion for Walks that are not double; for in fuch cafe

theylhould have near twice the Breadth here mentioned, in-
cluding the Counter-walks.

TH E s E are the Obfervations I thought good to make, in
relation to the Breadth of Walks bounded with young Hedges,
that by their Height will one day ﬁreighten and contract the
View, and to make the Walk too narrow 5 or elie thefe
Hedges and Trees on the Sides, coming to fpread and grow
thicker, will in time poffels two Foot of a Side, which is no
way then to be prevented, tho’ it ﬁreighten aWalk very con-
ﬁderably. T hefe Remarks, how mean foever they appear,
fhould engage the Men of this Profeﬂ'ion to conﬁder what
their Walks will be hereafter when they are grown up, ra-
ther than what they are at prelént 5 for an old Plan is very
different from a new one ; and the Allowance of a little more
Breadth at ﬁrf’c, would prevent all thefe petty Inconve-
mencres. '

Yo U are under no Obligation to obferve thefe Rules in
fuch Places, where the Length of the Walks, prolonged as
far as is polﬁble, can yet never be too long. ‘

TH E moﬁ ufual Proportion of Double-walks, is to give
half the general Breadth to the Middle-Walk, and to divide
the other half into two for the Counter-walks, which ought
to be 'anfwerable to the great one. For Example, in a Walk
of forty eight Foot wide, you {hould give twenty four Foot
to the Middle-walk, and twelve Foot to each Counter-walk :
In one of feventy two Foot, thirty ﬁx Foot to the Middle—
walk, and eighteen to each Counter-walk; and in one of
ninety fix Foot, forty eight Foot to the Middle—walk, and
twenty four Foot to each Counter-walk. If the Ground
conﬁnes you, you may take off three Foot at moﬁ from the
Breadth of the Counter-walks, now calculated, or in Double-
walks, that fronta Building, or a Cafcade, keeping the Middle—
walk to its juf’t Breadth, and narrowing onlythe Counter—

I walk 3,

C HAP V of- Gardenzng.
walks, that the Beauty of the Profpe& may be better dill
covered from the End of the Walk.

I c AN by no means approve of the Double-walks, whofe
€ounte1-walks varying from this Rule are fo narrow, that
two Perfons can fcarce go abreaﬁ 1n them. For which Caufe
I {hall add, that there ought to be about three Foot Breadth
allowed to a Man, fo that 1n ﬁx Foot two Perfons may walk
abreaﬁ very well, and confequently, in a Walk of twelve
Foot wide, four Perfons may go without juﬁling one ano-
ther.

As to the Alleys of Groves that are far diﬁant, as up—
on the Extremity of a Park, or the like, which have no
Viﬁa, nor anfwer any principal Line, it is no way necelTary
to make them f0 wide, being 1n Places leis frequented, and
more rarely expofed to ﬁght.

SOME People pretend, that 1n a very long, Walk, as of
600 or '800 Yards, it fhould be made lbme Yards wider at
one end, to prevent the Effect of the Perfpeé’tive, which
makes it look conﬁderably narrOWer , but the Eye 13 fcarce
fenﬁble of this upon the Ground.

ON E of the greateﬁ Charges of a Garden is the Walks,
the Grals continually growing in them, upon which Account-
the Gardener {hould take great Care to keep them always
clean and free from Wieeds. In fmall Walks they generally
ufe an Edging-[ran or Hough , and in our large Walks 1n
France they make ufe of a Plough, raking the Ground af-
terwards very in 00th, and fweeping off the Leaves and Dirt,
as Occaﬁon requires. All that needs to be obferved 1n this
W01k, is, to chufe the moi’r proper Time for doing it,
not too dry a Seaion, for then the Ground 1s f0 hard, that
you would only cut oﬁ' the Tops of the Weeds, and leave
the Roots behind, which would {hoot again with greater Vi-
gour 5 nor muﬁ it be too wet, left in cutting the Roots“ you
raife the Earth or Gravel that is next them, and lpoil the
Walk.

To avoid the great Charge of Walks that are very wide,
and would take up too much time to hough and rake, we
ufually make a Grafts-walk in the middle, and keep it in
Order by often mowing.

FOR

r

55'

A: the great
W”: of Heife-
C/yeﬁmt: qf

Luxembourg.

The moﬂ diﬁ-
mlt Mal: to
_deﬂr1y with m
in France, are

Qdch-gmf:
and Bimi-
weed, & rea-
fon of t e 11mg
Roar: they {boot
into the Earth

96

Mall of their
Walk: in
Franceare
laid with a
Gravel, or
Sand, that
bind: not as
our: in Eng-
land, but 1':
10¢, undem-
fequently will
not bear the
Roll, 4: our
Mlle: gene-
rally do.

The Theory PARTI.

F o R what relates to the Manner of fetting out and level-
ing Walks, I refer the Reader to the fecond Chapter of the
fecond Part that follows, where it" is amply treated of. And
f0 I do for the Method of planting and railing the Trees
and Hedges of Walks, which is lhewn in the fecond and
third Chapters of the third Part.

I COME now to fpeak of the laying of Gravel, and of
beating the Walks, which is the furelt way to prevent the
Growth of Weeds in them, and torhinder the running of
Moles, which are fworn Enemies to Gardens; for which
Evil, as alfo for other Infeélzs and Vermine, you will ﬁnd a
Remedy in the third Part.

TH E belt way to gravel Walks, is to make a Bed of
Mafon’s Rubble, or Stone-dull, thus, in the room of the
Earth you take out, lay at -the Bottom ﬁve or ﬁx Inches
Thicknefs of the coarfer Stone or Gallets beaten for a rough
Bed, and upon that about two IncheS Thicknefs of the ﬁneﬁ
Mafons’-Duﬂ that has been run through a Screen 5 let this
be beaten three feveral times with the Beater, after having
been well watered each time, and then fpread the Gravel
upon it, which alfo ihould be well beaten. When you lay a
Bed of Salt-petre over this Mafon’ s—Duf’c, as is done 1n making
a Mall, or Bare to bowl on, it lhould be beat eight or nine
times , and' 1n cafe Mafon’ s—Dui’t cannot be had 1n the Coun-
try, you may take coarfe Gravel and Pebbles, and lay them
at Bottom with a Bed of Earth upon them to make a Body,
and then throw on the Gravel, beating it as before. \

TH IS Way of Graveling and Beating Walks, is very
chargeable, and therefore for private Perfons it may fuﬂice
to beat the Ground well, and then fpread the Gravel on it,
after which the Rain will contribute to ﬁniﬂi and harden the
Walks, which ihould not have too great a Depth of Gravel,
that they be not tirefome, and require f0 long Beating , two
Inches Thickneis is generally enough for the purpofe.

As there IS no Rubble in theie Walks, and that the
Earth is very near the Gravel, Weeds grow faﬁer in them
than in others : beﬁdes, with much houghing and raking, the
Earth mingles with the Sand, and, by this Mixture, all be-
comes, as it were, pure Earth again.

3 T H E R E

 

CHAP. V. Qf Gardening.

T H ER E are two Sorts of Gravel or Sand made ufe of in
France, River-Sand and Pit-Sand. - \

RIVER-SAND is by us eﬁeemed the beﬁ and moﬂ:
beautiful. It ihould be chofen fomewhat grofs, not too ﬁne,
nor too irony, and above all, it {hould be heavy, that the
Wind may not fo eaﬁly diﬂurb it. This we pafs through a
Skreen, or coarfe Sieve, to clear it of. the large Stones, and
to render it the handfomer. ,

P I r—S AN D, fo called, becaufe it is drawn from Sand or

S7

Gravel-pits, is alfo very good for the purpofe, and is made ~

ufe of in Places remote from Rivers.

WHAT .I am going to fay here, upon the Subjeét of
Hedges, relates not to the manner of Planting them, which I
refe‘rve to be fpoken of hereafter. All thatI fhall do now, is
only to fay a word of their Beauty, and the different Forms
‘that may be given them. ; » ‘ . .

Hr: D c; If: s, by the Agree’ablenels of theirVerdure, are of
the greatei’t Service in’Gardens, to cover the'Walls that in-'
clofe the Ground, to fhut up and ﬂop the Sight in many
Places, that the Extent of the Garden be not- difcovered at
one View, and to correct and redreis the Bevelings and Elbows
of Walls. “They ferve alfo toinclofe and border the Squares,

of WOOd, to divide them from'the Other Parts of the Garden, V

and to prevent their being enter"d'bu,t by the Walks made for
that purpofe. . '

TH E molt ufual Form of Hedges is a great Length and
even Height, making, as it were, a Wall or green Tapeﬁry;
all the Beauty of which conﬁﬁs in being well ﬁlled up from
the very bottom, of no great Thicknefs, and handfomely
clipped on both Sides, as perpendicularly as poﬂible; they are
ufually cut into Fans, Curtains, and * low Hedges, according,
to the Nature of the Place. . ,

THOSE we call Fans and Curtains, are no other than
great and very tall Hedges, which ferve to ﬂop the View, to
ihut out Places that are difagreeable, or to hide the Divifions
of a Garden, whence they have their Name, their Height
lhould be two thirds of the Breadth of the Walk. The
Hedges that are higher than this Proportion make the Walks
look pitiful and difagreeable to the Eye, which is‘too much
conﬁned by them. ,
I . H o w-

"‘ Banquettes;
The [Word is
ufed in Gar-
dening to ﬁg-
mﬁ a low
Hedge, but is
properly the
Cauﬁey in
great Roads,
mifed above
the Carma,
ﬁr Foot-Pa —

ﬁngers.

<8

if“ Vcrfailles,
, Marly,
St. Cloudgﬁyzc.

7776 77.1607] PART I.

H o w E v E R, if you would raife Hedges very high, as
ﬁfty or ﬁxty Foot, you ihould plant tall Trees in the Line of
the Hedge itfelf, and keep‘ them clipped perpendicularly for-
wards and backwards, fo that the Hedge may ﬁll up to about
twenty Foot, and the Trees make good the left. And as it
Woul be difﬁcult to cut the Tops of thefe high Trees, they
may be left with their Tufts, which have no ill Effect. It
happens fometimes that thefe Hedges are unfurnilhed at foot,
which is remedied by ﬁlling up the lower part with Box or
Yew, fupported by a fmall Treillis of ﬁve or ﬁx Foot high,
as may be feen in many *Gardens.

As for the Banquettes, they are low Hedges breaf’c—high,
feldom exceeding three or four Foot 5 they ferve on the Sides
of double Walks, where, being alfo kept under, they are no.
hindrance to the enjoying a pleafant View between the Trees:
they become difagreeable when they are fo low as two Foot
and a half, and at four Foot they are too high , their true
meafure is three Foot and a half. There are fome of their:
Hedges adorned at certain Spaces with ﬁnal] Balls riﬁng out
of the Hedge itfelf, to keep place with the Trees that are
planted in the others : thefe Sorts of Hedges with Balls,
are fet in places where one cannot plant large Trees, and
where there mui’c be fcarcely any thing to accompany them
becaufe of the View.

Y 0 U may likewife at proper Diﬁauces- make Niches and
Sinkings in the Hedges for placing of Seats, Figures, Vafes,
and Fountains, as in Groves and at the ends of Walks, which
is the greateﬁ good of Hedges; fOr then their Verdure ierving
as a Ground to thefe Figures, Fountains, é'c. inﬁnitely en-
hances their Beauty, by making them look detached, and
mightily improves their Worth by the Oppoﬁtion it produces :
but in fuch particular Places, as the Cloiﬁers, Galleries, and:
Halls, which are made in the Squares of Wood, Hedges are
ufually cut into Arches and Porticos of different Forms, and

' thefe make even a better effect than the others. Thele are

all the Forms of Hedges that are molt Beautiful, and of the
greateﬁ Variety I could think of, without running from a
good T aﬁe, and into an impoﬂibility of Execution. I was-
not willing to run the hazard of offering any Pieces of Inven-
tion only, left they lhould appear too extraordinary to fome ,

v I People,

 

C H A P. V. 0f Gardening,

People, and even impoﬁible; but chofe rather to collect Ex-
amples already executed in the Royal Gardens, and thofe of
the greateﬂ Reputation, which are inferted in a particular
Plate, and expreﬂy named, that they who pleale may go and
fee themupon the Spot, for the Cure of their Incredulity, and
for forming a Judgment of their beautiful Execution.

T H IS Plate contains ﬁx Examples; the ﬁrﬁ of which is
after the Italian Manner : The Hedge is clipped above and
below, and the Bodies of the Trees left naked toa convenient

. height ; this may be made ufe of to Border a Walk, or when
one would enjoy the Profpeét over the Wood ; the under part
may be planted in (@incunce, as it is here made. ThefeSorts
of Palifades are very common in the Gardens of Italy.

THE yfecond Figure fhews the arched Hedges at Lian-
cour, of which there is a great number, yet almof’c all alike;
they furround, in this manner, a Canal, and make an admi-
rable eﬁ'e& by the Reﬂeétion of the Arches and * Peers in the
Water: They are planted with Lime-trees, the Bodies of
which are naked about eight Foot high. The Height of the
Arches is about ﬁfteen Foot, beﬁdes the Border of two or
three Foot height, which runs over them, which makes the
whole about feventeen or eighteen Foot. Theie Arcades

«ought to be kept thin, not to exceed two Foot at molt, and
fhould be regularly clipped before and behind. -

TH E Hedges in the third Figure are thofe of the Garden
at Chantilly, which inclofe a large green Cloii’cer ; the Peers
are ﬁlled to the Ground, and the Arches are not carried to the
bottom, but have a low Hedge or Banquette under them.
Openings are made againﬁ the Lines of the Walks, and over
each Peer rifes a large Tree, either Lime or Elm, of which
there is a little of the Stem ihewn, the reﬁ: is kept in alarge
irregular Ball, that is, they cut oﬁ‘ thofe Branches only that
{hoot out too far. -

THE fourth Figure is of the Trianon. The Deﬁgn of
thefe Arcades are very ingenious, there being an arched Head
of Green over every Opening above the Peers, like that of an
Architrave in Architeé’rure; between every two of thefe
Arches rifes the Head of a pretty large Tree, as a Lime or
Horfe-Chefnut, which are kept in large Balls. The Peers
of thefe are made larger than thofeof other Hedges, be-

I 2 caufe

* Trumeau,
i. e. the Space
between the
Arc/m.

60

\

7776 T/yeory“ PART I.
caufe of the Heads of the Trees which are difpofed between
the Arches; there is, alfo a low Hedge‘upon which all the
Arches are ﬁzt, except againﬁ the Lines of the Walks, where
they are opened in the manner of Door-ways.

IN the ﬁfth Figure you have another kind of Arches,
which come quite to the bottom, that is, all opened into Por-
ticos; the Peers are no more than two Foot ‘wide, and are
formed into Pilaf’cers by a little Plinth at bottom, and by an
Impof’c at top for the Arch to fpring from. There is alfo a '
Key cut over every Arcade, and a ﬁnall Ball regularly clipped
over every Peer. The Plinths, Impoﬁs, and Keys advance
about two Inches before the ref’c : This Hedge, tho’ it ﬁands
detached, is accompanied with a large green Curtain, which
ferves for a Ground to it, different from thofe/above men-
tioned, which are open to the Sky.

LAS T L Y, the fixth Figure reprefents the Hedge of one
of the Groves at Verfaz’iles,‘ called: the Water-theatre, it has
fome likenefs to that of Liamour, the Peers beingvnaked to
a certain height, and the Arches formed in the fame manner,
except that this has VafeS brought up over every Peer, which
enriches it very much : It is raifed upon a Bank of Grafs,
circular in the middle, and has for itstround, as the fore-
going, a great green Curtain ; the whole is planted. in Horn-
beam: The Royal Magniﬁcence ﬂrines here in the Bafons and
Water—Spouts made between every Arcade 5 this gives an in-
ﬁnite Luf’tre to the ﬁne Verdure, but it is put here rather for
the refemblance it has to the Place, than for a Precedent to
be followed by any private Perfon. a _

To give thefe Arcades a juﬂ: Proportion, their Height
fhould be twice :their Breadth, and for greater Beauty, may
be twice and a half 5 the more they are railed, the better they
look 2 They do very well at ﬁfteen Foot in height upon ﬁx
or feven in breadth , there ihould be raifed over them a Corn
nice, or ﬂat Border of two or three Foot high, and the Peers
ihould have three or four Foot in breadth, more or lefs, ac-
cording to the Deﬁgn, which fhould alfo regulate the Form
and Proportion of the Balls clipped into the Shape of Vales;
if there be any advanced part, as a Plinth, Key, or the like,
it ought to be no more than two or three Inches.

T H E 3.1::

 

(11111 P. V. of Gardening. 6 I

TH ESE Decorations in Green compofe a kind of Order
of Field-Architecture, as we call that of a Grotto or a Cai-
cade the Rui’tick Order: there 13 no difﬁculty 1n making them,
as will be better underﬂood, when I come to ipeak hereafter
0f the manner of planting them; but it requires Application
and Induftry t0 conduti and raife them 10 as ttr'take a
proper Form for this work 5 and it is in this we may iafely
afﬁrm, that Art furpaﬂes Nature, whichis here bent and
‘fubjeé’ced to the Genius of the Gardener. The Intention of
him that gives the Deﬁgn- ihould always be followed in thefe '
Works, who determines them to certain Figures that are not’
gained but with time. It 13 certain theie Pieces have Tome-
thing very furpriﬁng in them, and an Air of Magniﬁcence
that very much dif’cinguifhes a Garden ,they are moﬁ: proper
indeed for great Gardens, where the conformity of the '
Hedges tires the Sight, urilefs relieved by thefe extraordinary
Verdures, which are the fewer 1n number on account of the
continual Charge they require, as well of Wood and Wire for
the coni’tant Repair 0f their Frames, as in their Clipping four
times a Year, cont1ary to other Hedges, which are done but
once or twice a Year at moft.

TH IS is what may be done agreeable to the belt Taﬁe in
the matter of Hedges, and rs at the fame time the richef’t
and moi’c diﬁinguifhed in the Whole Buﬁneis of Gardening.
Heretofore they gave them a thoufand extravagant Forms,
which are yet much in ufe in the Gardens of 9" Italy and * Frarcari,
1* Spain} fome ihaped out Men on horfe-back, Boars, Stags, :‘ngnjues
Dogs; in ihort, an intire Hunting— iece. Others cut them Buen Retirz).
into Pyramids, Ob‘elisks, Balls, and Scrolls , Inﬁances of
which are to be. feen 1n iome 01d Gardens about Tarts. This
Praétice ﬁill continues in n Holland and 1; Flanders, where U Loo,
thefe whimﬁcal Deﬁgns are more in vogue than 1n any other 50223531?"
Country. And this particular Taﬁe prevails not only 1n their # Enguien,
Hedges, but their Groves, Partenes, Fountains, and other Bmﬂds‘
parts of their Gardens have a great deal of it. The *Englz'ﬂ] * Sr. James’sz
‘ and 4; Swedes fall more into our manner of Gardening, 223‘???”
having had Deﬁgns fent over to them from hence, which 1-Yacobdal,
are well enough performed5 and have alfo had French Ar-Dmmh"1m
chiteéts and Gardeners 1n their. Country, who have left their
Productions behind them. In H German] we ﬁnd Trees cut ”Strasbourg,

, and Saverne.

.62

7 Tire Theory PART I.

and kept in a very "ingenious manner ; they make Halls lifted
up about feven or eight Foot from the Ground, which the
Tree itfelf covers at Top and upon the Sides, having Arches
cut through round about. The Bottom is ﬂoored with T im-
ber, and fupported by Pillars of Wood or Stone, 1"having
Stairs to go up to it. The Body of the Tree covers the
Whole, and terminates above in Pyramids, andBalls of dif-
ferent kinds. The reﬂ of their Gardens is very ordinary.
At prefent no body gives into thefe ' Triﬂes in Frame, how
well foever they may be kept; there being always fome
()bjeé’cion or other to be made to them. » They chufe rather
a plain Regularity lefs clutter’d and confus’d, which indeed
looks much more noble and great.

 

CHAP.

 

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CHAP. VI. Qf Gardening. 7

1 ’i‘
Wﬁi‘iﬁ'15:?@ﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁg@ﬁiﬁﬂ

C H, A P. VI.
0f W 00d: and Grow: in general.

HIS Chapter contains all that is molt noble and a-

l. greeable in a Garden, namely, Woods and Groves;
for" no Garden without thefe can be accounted handfome, ﬁnce
they make the Vgreate‘it‘Gmament thereof. Woods, in the
Summer-time, are the greateﬁ Relief againﬁ the violent Heats
of the Sun; and the clofe Parts of them afford a Shade to
Walk under, even at Mid-day. In large Gardens we always
meet with many of them 5 and there is fcarce any Garden fo
little, but has a Grove, or fome elofe Walk in it.

. S 1 N CE it’ may then be taken for granted, that Woods
are the eﬂ'ential Part of a Garden, ’tis certain, that a Coun-
try-Seat without them is defeétive in one of its principal Par-
ticulars.

' THE Franc/9 call aGrove Bofqttet, from the Italian Word
Bofquetz‘o, a little Wood of fmall Extent 5 as much as to fay,
a Nofegay, or Bunch of . Green.

Woons and Groves make the Relieve of Gardens, and
ferve inﬁnitely to improve the ﬂat Parts, as Parterres and
Bowling-greens. Care fhould be taken to place them f0,
that they may not hinder the Beauty of the Proipeét- ; for it

' frequently happens, that one is obliged afterwards to grub L

them up, or to keep them headed very low, out of the Con-
cern one has for the Lofs of a pleafant Prolpeét ; as I have
already obferved, in 'fpeaking of the general. Difpoﬁtion of
Gardens.

FOR what relates to their Form and Deﬁgn, they may
be varied different ways, keeping it as a general Rule, to
pierce them with Walks as much as poﬂible, not makin
f0 many Works and Returns in them, as to wafte the whole

‘ Area

64 . 7723 Theory PART I.
V Area of the Wood; nor fo few; as to leave great Squares
of Wood naked, and without Ornament. Their moﬁ uﬁial
Forms are the Star, the St. Andrew’s Crofs, and the Goofe-
Foot, they neverthelefs admit of the folldwing Deﬁgns, as
Cloif’ters, Labyrinths, (haincunces, Bowling-greens, Halls, Ca—
binets, Chaplets, Interlacings, Halls for Comedy, Cover’d Halls,
Natural and Artiﬁcial Arbors, ’Fountains, Iﬂes, Cafcades,
Water-Galleries, Green-Galleries, (’95.

Yo U ihould always obferve to make {omething Noble in

the Middle of a Wood, as a Hall of HorIe-Chelhuts, a

. Piece of Water, Cafcade, or the like; and in Places of this
-Kind, the Walks ihould be fomewhat wider than ordinary.
If thole of other Parts of the Wood have twenty-four Foot
in Width, the Middle Walks lhould have thirty, or ﬁx and
thirty; and when, there is a Piece of Water, you {hould aVOid
making Double-Walks about it, that the Water may be feen
the more agreeably, and the Place be render’d more’airy and
wholelome.

T H ER E are Woods of divers Kinds, which "may all be
reduced to the ﬁx following : F oreﬁs, or great Woods of
high Trees; Coppice-Woods; Groves of a middle Height,
with, tall Hedges, Groves Opened in Compartiments; Groves
planted-in Qﬁncunce, or in Squares, and Woods of Ever-
Greens. ' 4

T HE two ﬁrf’c Kinds, which are Foreﬁs of tall Trees,
and Coppices, are proper only in an open Country, or in a

‘ Park of fix or eight Miles over. Yet, that nothing be omitted,
I ihall fpeak of thefe, as well as of the‘other Groves-fol-
lowing, which are thofe which molt concern our Pleafure-
Gardens.

F o R E s T s, and great Woods of tall Trees, are fo called,
23:95:73,313 becaufe of their Height, and conﬁderable Extent of Ground.
Foot long, 5;: Such we count thofe that are at leaﬁ aiLeague, or many
35520::va * Acres in Compafs. They conﬁﬂ of great Trees very high,
[peak ofzt a; and very clofe one to another, which form a very thick
' “in”; MW tufted Head. Thefe Woods have no ﬁne Hedges, nor rolled
1;:221t139‘go Walks in them, only Ridings cut for Hunting: They are
Fréncl} Fm, ulhally planted in a Star, with a great Circle in the Middle,
”15“”qu where all the Ridings meet. T hefe Woods are wild and rural;

to aéout 1920
foot Engliih. as

 

CHA P. VI. 0f Gardening. , 6§ '
as theyForef’t of S. Germain m Law, that of Fantaimélmu, 0f
Senlz's, the 802': de Vincennes, ole Boulogne, Ste.

C o P P I c E—W o o D s diﬁer nothing from thofe before
mentioned, but'in that they are not ﬁlﬁer’d to grow fo high,
and are cut down to the Ground every nine Years, upon which
account the Franc/0 call them Bois Taillis. They divide a
hundred Acres of this Wood into nine Parts, one of which is

ucut down every Year; by which means the Wood is pre‘
ferved from Waf’te and Ruin, one Side growing up, while
the other is cut. By the Statute they are obliged to leave
ﬁxteen Tillers on an‘Acre, befides the old Standers left at
the other Cuttings, which, in Procefs of Time, makes a Cop-
pice Wood become a Foreﬁ.

Woons of a middle Height with tall Hedges, which
the Franc/a call 302': Marmantmux, or, de Tour/M 5 and the
three other Kinds that follow, are thofe which'are made ufe
of in ﬁne Gardens, and are truly the Groves of Delight and

.Delicacy: They are ﬁyled of a middle Height, becaufe the
Trees wherewith they’are planted, never arrive to the great
Height of the Ford’s-Trees, fcarcely exceeding thirty or forty
Foot high. Thefe Woods are adorned with Halls, Cabinets,
Galleries, Fountains, (76‘. Their Squares are bordered with
Hedges and Lattice-work, and their Alleys are handfomely
kept, and well gravel’d, which renders them, very neat and
CUI‘lOllS.

T H E Groves that are open, and in Compartiments, which
Ibme call Bofquets Tarés, or Embelliihﬂ-Groves, differ from
other Woods, in that there are no Trees planted in the Middle
of their Squares to form any Thicket or Underwood, but they
are left open; their Walks are planted with Lime-Trees or
Horfe-Cheilnuts, purfuant to the Deﬁgn, and fet with a low
Hedge kept trimm’d to about three Foot, or Breai’c-high,
which renders all the lower Part of the Grove free and open,
and, in walking, gives you the Advantage of the Proipeét,
which can’t be had in the common Woods, where the Hedges
and Under—wood grow very high. In the Squares 0f thefe
Woods are made Compartiments and Green-plots, with a raked
Path of two Foot wide running every where between the
Hedges and Grails-work. They are adorned with YeWS and
Flowering-Shrubs regularly planted. ‘Deﬁgns of this Sort

K

are

66

“ Cabinets dc
Jar-din are
much the/hm:
wit/2 our Sum-
mer-Houfes.

7728 7736029! PA RT 1.

are the moi’t beautiful and moﬁ magniﬁcent that can be, and
are a kind of real Parterres, partaking of thofe after the
Englz'jb Manner, and them of Compartiment, and itill re-
taining fomething of the Wood. You may make in them
Cabinets and Halls, with Lines and Viﬁas'for Communication
between one and the other. ‘

GROVES planted in (grincunce are no other than iéveral
Walks or Rows of tall Trees planted checker—wife, or at
Right Angles, or elfe in Parallel Lines, without any Under-
wood or Hedges. They are called Quincunces, becaufe of the
Conformity they bear to the Five on' the Playing-Cards;
Under thefe Trees the Ground is kept raked, rolled, or laid
with Turf, leaving only certain white Walks in the Middle
and fome fmall * Cabinets and Viﬂas, all which being with:
out Hedges, you ihould have every way a Profpeét of Walks
planted exquiﬁtely ﬁrait, and in a Line. ,

TH E Qiincunces we make now-a—days, are very different
from thofe of the Ancients mentioned by Vitmwm, that
were like the Five of Cards, a Tree being planted in the
Middle or Center of the Four; which is now quite out of ufe
becaufe it makes fome of the Walks narrower than others:
They now plant their Qiincunces in Lines returned at richt
Angles, forming a Checker or perfeét Square every wa
which renders the Walks more regular, and of equal Breadth,
throughout. ‘ .

TH E ﬁxth Kind, or the Woods of Ever-Greens, are the
ﬁneﬁ of all, on account of their continual Verdure, as well
in Winter as Summer, but are the leaﬁ: made uie of in Gar-
dens, becaufe the Length of Time required to bring them
to Perfeé’rion puts Pe0ple out of Conceit with planting
them.

IN the following Deﬁgns you will ﬁnd all that can be
deﬁred in the Buﬁnefs of Wood-work; and I think, I may
fay, this Subject is now fo exhauﬁed, that the Contrivance of
thefe ten Plates is not to be out-done.

TH E ﬁrﬁ Plate contains two Deﬁgns of Foreﬂs, cut thro
in the beﬁ and moﬂ magniﬁcent manner. -

THE

C H A P. VI. of Gardening.

T H E ﬁrl’c Figure defcribes a Wood pierced with a 'double

67

' Star, having a great * Hall in the Middle, adorn’d with a *Salc de Jar-
Piece of Water that has three Jets or Spouts, and four other d1“ i‘ “W“
Place of a re-

Bafons fo difpoled in the Wood, that the Spouts of them gular Figure,
range with thofe of the great Water—work, which makes a ”he” the

ranch 6pm-

ﬁne Sight, when in Walking you difcover three Spouts at Miami Md
leaft in every Alley, in forne ﬁve, and at each End of the their M3557»:
Middle-walk you lee all the feven: Beﬁdes which Orna- gii‘ﬁifﬁ

ments, this Wood is pierced to fuch Advantage, that which Banquettin‘g-

‘ way foever you turn yourfelf, you have three Walks at leaft

Houfe: ufmzlly
are, buren'vi—

that face you, and form a Goofe—foot, at the eight Entrances: med with

A little forwarder you ﬁnd fmall Crols-ways with four Al-

Grewr, and
open at Top;

leys , and in the great ones, which are fet out with Bafons am! in wife

and Yew-Trees, there are ﬁx Walks that meet in a Center, ’

he] often

dame é} t‘lae

and compofe Stars. The eight principal 'Walks, you may ugh, of
obferve, are made Wider than the others. ThlS ingenious Flambeaux~

‘Compoﬁtion renders the Wood as pleafant as can be, though
there he no Cabinets nor Galleries contrived in it, as in the
other Deﬁgn by the Side (if it.

Ta E fecond Figure lhews another Woodcut into a ﬁngle
Star, with a great Hall likewife in the Middle, and a Piece of
Water adorned with one large Spout, which is feen from eight
Walks : Near the Middle of thefe, you ﬁnd a great Oval-
walk, the Circular-walks of which {trike into thofe of the
Star, and have their Points cut off, to make eight Crofs-
Ways. In walking round this Oval, you ﬁnd other Walks
that lead you into eight Cabinets, or Groves, all different one
from another. The ﬁrlt Cabinet, beginning below upon the
Right Hand, is a great Circle of Horn-beam cut with Niches
for Seats and Shrubs; in the Middle is an Oétogone funk hol-
low, otherwife call’d a Bowling-green. The fecond going
higher, confifts of three fmall Pieces that run one into the
other, the middle one of which is an oblong Square fet out
with Yews, and the two at the Ends are of a circular Form,
with Benches. The third Cabinet is a little Gallery of Wa-
ter, compoled of feven Bubbling-Spouts that fall again into
a Gutter, or Trench, made in the Middle. The Hedge is
border’d with Pedeﬁals, Figures, and Yews between them;
and at the two Extremities of this Gallery are two Niches

with Seats. T he fourth is of a fquare Form, hollow’d on each
K a Face,

68

Tbi: is wry
prapzr inﬁme
Places. 51: well
for Variety a:
tofmze the
Charge qf

leaping.

m mm 151” 1.

Face, with a Grafs—plot in the Middle, and four Yew-Trees
at the Corners. The ﬁfth Cabinet in courfe 1s a Figure in
Cants, which form an irregular Oé'togone, and 1n the Middle
of it is a circular Bowling-green. The ﬁxth is a Gallery
very different from the former, in that it is planted with
round headed Trees, and terminated by Oval Bafons with
Seats. The feventh is very plaln, being no more than a long
Square hollowed out at the two Ends, with a Grafs-plot, and
two large Yews planted in the Centers of the Semi-circles.
Laﬁly, The eighth Cabinet is of a fquare Form, the Angles

of which are {truck off by Cants, and‘the Middle is ﬁlled

with a Piece of Grafs chamfered out at the four Corners.

TH E s E two Woods contain about feven Acres each, and
are proper only where there IS a great deal of Room. Ne—
verthelefs, their Deﬁgns may be executed leiTer, or bigger,

according to the Place, but the larger they are, the better,

becaufe the Walks come not f0 near one another. The Scale
which rs common to both thele Deﬁgns, will inform you of
all the Proportions.

T H E fecond Plate contains four Defigns of F oreﬁ-Woods,
whole Form is oblong, and the Extent about ﬁx Acres. In
the three ﬁri’t Figures,, are Woods proper for a great Line or
Viﬁa, where a large Walk muﬁ be kept in the Middle,
which parts the Deﬁgn 1n two, and yet‘ does not hinder the
Whole from appearing very regular and agreeable.

IN the ﬁl‘ﬁ'. Figure are ﬁnall Walks running in fquare
Compartiments, which are terminated by ﬁx feveral Cabi-
‘nets, adorn’d With Arbors, Green-plots, Seats, and Yew-
Trees. 1n the Middle of the great Walk is deﬁgn’d a Hall
in Cants, and a Bafon of Water with one Spout. The greateft
part of this Walk is ﬁll’d with Grafs which is continued round
the Bafon. Thefe Sorts of Green-walks are much in ufe at
preient.

T H E Alleys of the fecond Figure are difpofed To, that in
the Cabinets at the Corners they i’trike one into the other:
But the Hall differs very much from the others, being made
with a Sweep in the Middle, which prefents you with a
Goofe-foot on each Side, with four Pedeﬁals for Statues or
Vales. The Walks of thefe Goofe-feet center every one
upon the Spouts of the Bafon, for which Purpofe there age

ma e

 

CHAP. VI. 0f Gardening. 6 9
made three of them, which makes the circular Alleys very
pleaiant, all thefe Jets being feen one after the other, as you

walk. The Bafon is of a very particular Deﬁgn, and is fet

in the Middle of that great Walk which is planted with Trees

that ﬁand ﬁngle and detached. '

TH E Compoﬁtion of the third Figure is a great Circle,
between which, and the Hall in the Middle, are contrived
two Cabinets with Cants, with oval Green-plots, from this
great Circular-Walk, you enter, by Alleys that make an El- \
bow, into the Cabinets that are at the four Corners of the
Wood, where you ﬁnd other Walks that run direétly upon
the Spout of the Water—wOrk, with Seats jul’c over—againl’t
them, which looks very handfome. From thefe Cabinets and
Alleys you pafs into the great Middle-Walk, which is planted A: a: Marly.
likewife with Elms cut with round Heads.

TH E fourth Figure is an entire Deﬁgn, without any , 4
Walk through the Middle, it is pierced by Diagonal Walks
that form four St. Andrew’s Croﬂ‘es, in the Center of which
are made Crofs-ways and Green-plots. Thefe Walks run
into a great Hall, which leads to four feveral Cabinets that
anfwer one another. Two of thefe Cabinets are Places for
Dancing, the others are fet out with Banks of Grafs, fur-
niihed with Figures and Flowers above In this Hall is a
Grafs—plot terminated by two Bafons, which is fomewhat ex-
traordinary; neverthelefs, it does very well, by reafon- the
Diagonal Walks center upon the Spouts of them. ,

IN the third Plate, you fee ﬁx Deﬁgns of Woods very . .
much diverﬁﬁed, and ﬁt for fquare Places of about four Acres ;,
Extent. ‘ ‘

TH E Wood defcribed in the ﬁrﬁ: Figure is -enter’d at the
Corners, where you ﬁnd two Walks centering upon circular
Crofs-ways, that lead you into a Figure with eight Cants.
This Figure is difpofed in fuch manner, that four Corners of
it ﬁriking into the Crols-ways, and the other four being taken
up by Sinkings with Benches, it prolongs the Walks of the
Entrances, fo that a Perfon ﬁtting upon one of thefe Benches,
fees two of the Walks that lead from the Corners, beﬁdes
that which faces him, and which, with the three Walks that
front the other Benches, condua: you into the Middle—part,

enriched with an Iﬂand, and four low Water-Spouts that
- , make

 

 

70

7% Theory PART I.

make the Mote about it. In the Middle of this Iﬂand there
is a Statue, and a Bridge fuppofed to go over.

TH E fecond Figure is a Wood that has twelve Walks to
enter it by, the Square-walks center upon the Middle-part, \

, and the Diagonal-walks lead to circular Grafs—plots, envi-

* Cloitre, in
Gardening,
ﬁgmfe: a clojé
[Val/z, gene-
rally forming
aqumre.

ron’d with a double Hedge that ﬁands detached, and is cut
through againﬁ every Line. Thefe Crofs—ways prefent you
with Goofe-feet, from whence you pafs to a great fquare Fi-
gure that forms a 9* Cloiﬁer, the Angles of which are taken
up "with _Niches and Benches. The four Middle-Walks lead
you to a fquare Piece of Water, the Comers of which ad-
vance like Baﬁions. In the Middle rifes a large perpendicular
Spout, and in the Corners four other oblique Spouts, that
throw their Water arch-wife. e,

TH E Wood ihewn in the third Figure is the plaineﬂ of
all, and may be executed in the Space of two Acres, or of
one, if need be. ’Tis a plain St. Andrew’s Crofs, ﬁirrounded
by a great Oé’cogone, from whence, by four Walks, you are
carried into a large Circular Hall, adorn’d with a Baibn in
Cants, and a Row of Trees and Yews that Rand detached,
with four Niches for Seats.

TH E fourth Figure offers a Deﬁgn much fuller of Work,
and of an Invention fomewhat particular. ’TisaSt. ﬂndrew’s
Crofs likewife, that leads you into a great fquare Figure
forming a fquare Cloiﬁer; in the Middle of each Walk of
it, you ﬁnd Sinkings in the Shape of a Half-Moon with Ba-
fons, facing which, are Walks that rﬁrike into the Middle-
Part, as well as thofe of the Crofs. The Hall in the Middle
is of a circular Form, cut by eight Niches for Seats between
the Alleys. It is ﬁlled with a large oé’tangular Bafon, having
in the Middle of it an Hland, with a'Figure furrounded with
Cafes and Flower-pots. The Water of this Bafon comes
from the Waite of the other four.

THE ﬁfth Figure is not entirely fquare, as the others,

’ this Deﬁgn appearing moﬂ graceful when it is oblong, which

has obliged me to make, on the Sides of it, Walks, with
Grafs-plots of Cutnwork. In this Wood are contain’d féveral
Deﬁgns, as a great Oval, a Lounge, and a St. Andrew’s ,
Crofs, which all together make a very handfome Comparti-

anent. You ﬁnd in it two Gpofe-feet, eight Crisis-Alleys,

I an

CHAP. VI. of Gardening.

and two Receffes, or Sinkings, with Benches. The four
' Entrances at the Corners, and the two in the Middle,‘are
continu’d to a Circular Hall, ornamented with a Bafon and
Niches, for Seats and Shrubs.

IN the ﬁxth Figure is {hewn a Wood, the Entrances of

which are in the Middle, for Variety. They are interrupted
by the four Angles of a great Lozenge, which leads you to
Cabinets contriv’d in the four Corners, all differing one from
another. There are fmall triangular Crofs-Ways over-againﬂ:
thefe Cabinets, which open the Entrance of a Cloii’cer ; from
which are four Paﬂages that admit you into the Hall in the
Center, which is in Cants, with an oval Bafon : F routing
thefe four fhort Alleys, you ﬁnd Niches with Seats. ’Tis
needlefs to explain the four Cabinets at the Corners, becaufe
what they contain may be judged of by what has been al-
ready faid on the Subject of thofe found in the other Ueﬁgns,
which have been particularly and fufﬁciently treated of
before. ‘
‘ THE fourth. Plate is the fulleﬁ of all, containing ten dif—
ferent Groves; the four ﬁrﬁ Figures are ﬁt for Places that
are oblong, and about an Acre and a half, or two Acres
Extent, the ﬁx others following, {hew what may be done
in long Slips of Ground, and the narrow Guts of a Garden.
T hefe Woods are much varied, and though plain, are never~
thelefs handiomely cut, and well wrought. You’ may judge
fuﬂiciently of what they contain, by infpeé’ting them, and
applying to the Scale.

TH E ﬁrl’c and ﬁfth Figures of this fourth Plate are fup-
pofed to be in bevel Places onpurpoie to ihew how they may
be regulated and brought into agreeable Deﬁgns. You take
in the ﬁrﬁ place, the Middle of each Line which bounds the
Ground for making the Middle-Walks, Whether lengthwife
or breadthwife, and then draw the Diagonals from Corner to
Corner, to determine the Center of the Hall, which muf’c be
f0 iuited to the Ground, that it be well cover’d with Wood
all round: The reﬁt of the Deﬁgn ihould be accommodated
to the Place either by Crofts-ways, Goofe-feet, Entries, or

. other Walks. You need be under no concern if the Squares
of Wood fall out to be of different Size and Shape; you ﬂee
that only upon Paper, thofe things never ihewing themfelves

upon

71

72.

TM: Grove
contain: but
one Acre at

moﬁ.

The 7793079! PA RT, I.

upon the Ground. All Dcﬁgns do not fuit the lame Beveling,
the Choice of this mull: be left’to Experience and a good
Talte. The fecond, third, and fourth Figures, for Example,
would not do 12) well in this cafe, as the ﬁri’c, by reafon the
fquare Returning-Walks that form the Cloiﬁer would look
prepoi’terous in f0 fenﬁble, a Sloping as this. The narrow
Gut in the ﬁfth Figure, puts you to no Inconvenience by its
beveling; you take only the Middle of its two Extremities
for the Middle-Walk, and this Deﬁgn, which we call a
Chaplet, fuits as well/here as in the molt regular Place. ,

TH E two following Plates, which are the ﬁfth and ﬁxth,
contain Cabinets and Salons ﬁt to be placed in Woods, in
cafe the Deﬁgns of thofe already given ihould not fuit the
Places you have for them, or fhould not be liked fo well ;
you may then make Choice of any of the twelve Figures
that are in thefe. Ihave caufed thefe Salons to be engraved
the larger, that you might be able to plant after thefe‘ De-
ﬁgns, without being obliged to draw them over a ﬁcond
time. i

TH E feventh Plate prefents a Grove of a different Nature
from the foregoing, and is that we call an open Grove in'
Compartiment. This Plate contains but one ﬁngle Deﬁgn,
that, being the larger, you might better judge of its Difpo-
ﬁtion. This Grove is crolTed by two ‘Walks, which center
upon a Bafon that forms an irregular Oélogone, and is envi-
ron’d with an oval Hall, which is cut in its four Middle Lines
by Walks, that leadto little Cabinets and Villas contriv’d in
the Squares of this Wood, whence from Seats conveniently
placed, you difcover the middle Water-fpout. The spaces
between thefe Cabinets are pollelfed by Grafs-plots caf’c into
Scrolls and Circles, adorn’d with Yews regularly difpofed.
The Hedges of this GrOVe 'ihould be kept no more than
rBreaf’c—high, that all the Pieces of the Compartiment may be
feen over them. ,

0N E Quarter of this Deﬁgn is marked with a ﬁngle
Line only for the Hedge, and with a Cypher for the Place of
theTrees, that it might be put in Execution with lefs Trouble,
than could be done, if the Trees and Hedges were raifed‘

in Perfpeé’tive, asthey are in the ref: of the Deﬁgn.

IN

C H A P. VI. of Garde/zmr’. 7 3

IN the eighth Plate you have four diﬂinét Pieces, that may 11f 5?: thwar-
be made ufe ofu'n the middle of a Wood, in cafe you ihould $32,3nf/7P
not like the foregoing Deﬁgns fo well. Theie are Halls plan-
ted with Trees that ﬂand detach’d, with Yews between
them.

TH E- Hall in the ﬁri’c Figure is the 1110?: magniﬁcent. It

is fuppofed to ﬁand in the middle of a great Wood, and to
have but two Entrances, however, if the Place require it,
you may make four, taking away the Cabinets'at the two
Ends, which will not in the leaﬁ impair its Beauty. It con-
tains about an Acre and a half; but may be executed in half
that Ground, upon occaﬁon. It is ornamented with four
Ba'ions in a Line one with another, having Benches fet to as
to face each Walk, and to range with the Jets of the Baions.
The middle Piece is a large Green-plot, whofe Angles be-
ing canted off, make four Oé’cogone-s, at the Corners of the
Hall, which are completed by the Hedge. The rei’t is fuf—
' ﬁciently explain’d by the Deﬁgn'itfelf. _ '

T H E Ibcond Figure is likewife a great Hall differing from
the other, in that it is ﬁtuated in a great Piece of Turf, tho’
it may alio be fet in the middle of a Wood. This Hall is
a long Square, with a Sweep at the Ends, where are made
two oé’cangular Bafons 5 in the Center of which the diagonal
Entrances of the Hallmeet, and are terminated. There are
Figures placed at the Ends, and two Seats at each Corner of
the Hall, which is border’d only with Grafs-work and Trees,-
without any Hedge or Path behind. ' '

TH E third Figure is a little Hall very plain, furrounded
with a Paliiade breaﬂ-high, with Trees planted in it at pro—' '
per Dii’cances. _It is placed as the other was, in a piece of'

Grafs, which is divided from the Paliiade by a raked Walk.
In the middle is a Statue, which anfwers’ the Line of the
Walks and Benches. »

IN the fourth Figure you have a wood planted in Quin- A, whim»
cunce, with a Hall and Cabinets that ruake a Comparti- -flj‘:ifif;_fé‘S’/’
ment,’ which will appear a very new Contrivance; Deﬁgns “ '
of this fort ufually conﬁﬁing of great Parallel-walks only,
planted checker—wife, without any other Ornament. Tho’
there be contrived a Hall in the middle of this, with a Ba-
lon and Cabinets that form a Cloiiter, and ﬁrike one into

' L another,

74

The Theory Pm I.

another, it ne'Verthelefs deﬁroys nothing ofthe Quincunce,
nor does it interrupt the Lines of Trees, of which forms few

0111 are taken away in the Middle, and ‘at the Corners, to

form the Hall and Cabinets. The Under-part of this (Announce
is laid with Turf in fome Places, which makes a Diﬁiné’rion,
and fets off the gravel’d Parts of the Walks and Hall.

Thaw" of T H E ninth Plate gives you the Idea of four Pieces of Gar-
Mend“ 1" “ den—work very extraordinary, and yet very magniﬁcent in

ﬁne Example
of this Kind.

their Kind, which are thofe we call Cloiﬂ'ers.
T H E ﬁrﬂ Figure is the plaineﬁ of all, and is a great fquare

- Grails-plot, with a Statue in the middle of it, furrounded with

*Fr. Grad ins,
which in Gar-
dening are or
him] of Com-
:er-Termﬂle:
mifed like
Step5, for fet-
ring afar/es,
Vafer, am!
Flower—pots
thereon, to ter-

a double Walk of Horn—beam, open’d againﬂ: the Lines of
the other Walks, and againﬁ the Seats. This Cloilier is in the
midﬁ of aWood, and you come to it by four diagonal Walks,
that lead to Crofs-Ways, adorned with Green-plots.

T H E fecond Figure reprefents a Cloiﬂer of a circular F orm,

. ﬁtuated in and, having an eight—corner’d Bafon, furround; ’

ed with Arbors made of the Trees plaihed one over the other.
The four Walks that lead to it, are likewife clofe Arbors ; and
on each ﬁde is a fmall raked Path. that forms the Counter-walk,
and parts the Arbors from the Hedge of the Wood. '

'IN the third Figure you fee a very magniﬁcent Cloifter,
diﬂ‘ering from the others, in that ’tis fet in the middle of a
Grails—plot, thoughlit may alfo be. placed in a Wood, ’T is
a large Oétogone. of an oblong Figure, cover’d with Arbors
of Lattice-work, having four Cabinets that face the Walks
which lead to it. The middle of this Cloiﬁer is funk below
the reﬁ, and you go down to it by three Courfes of Steps of
Mafonry, or Grafs, if you pleafe. The bottom of it is beau-
tiﬁed with a Grafs—plot, and four ﬁnall Fountains in Buffets,
made upon 9* the Steps fronting each Walk.

T HE fourth Figure is a 1Cloiﬁer-Gallery, formed by a
Hedge cut with‘Arches, or with ﬁlms in Balls, with Horn-
beam at the foot, clipt into the Shape of Cheﬁs ,, which imi-A
rate the Orange-tree. The Benches are let f0 as to continue
the View acrofs the Arcades and Balls. In the middle of this
Cloiﬁer is a Compartiment after theEngliﬂa Manner, edg’d with
a‘Border of Cut-work, and fet out With Shrubs and H Flowers,

jninate a walk 3 mulnre made of Grafs, or Slab: of Mitﬂmry, either ﬂmit or circular, m rm Amphirheatre.
l One half of this Clozﬂer 2': graced with Arcades, and the other with Balls, that you may takeyour Choice .

ll Thefe Ornament: of Flower: are 'very new in Woods, and have a wonderful good Eﬂ'ec'f.

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CH‘A P. VI. of Gardening. 791

having Bafons at the Ends, which are furrounded likewife
with the fame Border. ' -

Laﬂlj, TH E tenth Plate of Groves contains the Deﬁgn of
a” Labyrinth, in aVolute or fpiral Walk; in the Center of
which is a Bafon, accompanied with a Hall pierced by eight
Walks, which carry you to four Crofs'-Ways, from whence
you pafs inﬁenﬁbly into the Bottoms of the Maze, fet oﬂ‘ with
Cabinets, Latticed-Arbors, Green-plots, Fountains, Figures, Thu-J, rim};
(9'6. which very agreeably furprize and amuie thofe that ofVcrailles.
have left their Way in it. The great Number of Alleys, $7,333?”
and the various Turnings to be met with in the Compoﬁtion very well out,
of this Labyrinth, render it extremely intricate and Puzzling, 33‘; 31' in ft},
withouf'taking any thing from the Beauty and Regularity of all tbntArt‘
the Deﬁgn. There is but one Entrance into it, which is alfo :3” ”W“
the Outlet, where there is placed a Cabinet of Lattice-work, mm
on purpofe to render it {till more difﬁcult.

TH IS Labyrinth requires fome room to be handfomely
executed, and can fcarce be planted in leis than Iéven or
eight Acres of Ground, without the Alleys coming too ‘near
each other, which would take away the Intricacy of it, and
confequently all its Merit.

 

L2. - _ CHAT»

76

Diﬂionmy of
the French
Academy.

Diﬁionary of
Davilicr.

Fureticre.

o .7716 7776030) dP—ART I. i

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C H A P. VII.

0f Bowling-grew”, or [ml/0w Fundy
‘of Gmfr, ’ofgrmt ﬂfcentr, Sloppy,
Elmer, and Flat-work of Turf, with _
the. Manner of laying, forwz'ng, and
keeping tlje fame. o ’

HE, Word Bowling-green is one of the moﬂt'common

Ufe in fpeaking of a Pleafure—Garden, and yet is that
which is lealt und-erﬁood, moﬂ' People being ignorant of its
true Signiﬁcation and Etymology. ,

TH E Invention and Original of the Word Bowling-gram,
comes to us from England. Many Authors derive it from
two Eng/1]}: Words; namely, from Bowl, which ﬁgniﬁes a
round Body; and. from Green, which denotes a Meadow,
or Field of Grafs; probably, becaufe of the Figure in which
it is funk, which is commonly round, and cover’d with Grafs.
Others will have it, that the Word Bowling-gram takes its
Name from the large Green-plots, on which they are wont '
to play at Bowls in England 5 and for which purpofe the
Englz'jb take care ‘to keep their Grals very ‘fhort, and extreme—
ly linooth and even. ~

A B o W L I N G - G R E E N in Frame differs from all this.
We mean no other by this Word, than certain hollow Sink-
ings and Slopes of Turf, which are made either in the mid—
dle of very large Grafs-works and Green-plots, or in 21 Grove,
and fometimes in the middle of a Parterre after the Eﬂglz'ﬂa
Mode ; which makes fome People confound the ‘Parterre r2
l’ﬂnglol/é with the Boulz'ngrz'n, believing them to be the
fame thing, becaule the Invention of theft: two Compartiments

, comes

 

CHAR VII. of Gdrdezziﬂg.

comes from England, and they are both cover’d with Turf.
Howeyer, in Gardens we ought to diﬂinguiih, and not to ufe
the Word indiﬁerently for all that is Grafs-work, or impro-
perly for other Parts of a Garden, as for large Flats of Grais
that'are in Groves, unlels they. are funk hollow; for ’tis no-
thing but the Sinking that makes it a Bowling-green, together
with the Turf that covers it.

A B o w L I N G-GR E E N is one of the moﬂ agreeable Com-
partiments of a Garden, and, when ’tis rightly placed, no-r
thing is more pleafant to the Eye. Its hollow Figure cover’d
with abeautiful Carpet of T urf very fmooth, and of a live-
ly green, moﬁ’commonly encompaﬁed with a Row of tall
Trees, with Flowerebearing Shrubs, make a delightful Com-
poﬁtion; beﬁdes the Pleafure it affords us, of lying along
upon its ﬂoping Banks, in the Shade, during the hotteﬂ Weae
ther. . «

" TH E R E are two forts of Bowling-greens, Plain and Com-

pofed 5 the Plain are all. Grafs, without any other Ornament;
and the Compotéd are cut into Compartiments :of Turf, mixt
iometimes with Embroidery ; with Paths and Borders ﬁat oﬁ‘
with Yews and ﬂowering Shrubs. . They are landed with
various Colours, and accompanied withFigures and Vafes of
Stone, to heighten their natural Verdure. And in the Bottom
maybe made a Bafon, or Piece of Water, to give them the
greater Enrichment.

TH E I R right and moft proper Situation is in a Place that
isqpen and- Uncover’d, becaufe Bowling-greens are no ,Hin—
(Trance to the Profpeé’c; neverthelels, they may be placed in
‘ the middle of Groves, as may be feen in the different Ex~

amples of the following Plate. ' ,

THE Bowling-green reprefented in the ﬁrf’c Figure,- is
of a much more conﬁderable Extent than the others, and
may be placed at the End of a large Parterre, or to ﬁll up a:
great Space, that you would keep entirely open. ’Tis a
long Square; the four diagonal Outlets of which are term.
mina'ted by four round Green-plots, where are placed the
Figures of the four Seafons. The Corners of the Bank are
hollowed out, to continue the Circular-walk round the Grafs-
plots; and in the Bottom of the Bowling-green is made a
large Compartiment of Turf, which differs ﬁifﬁeiently from

the.

77

There are ﬁne
Bowling-green:
at Choili.

7667796017 . PARTI.

the reit. All the Walks are made by the Grafs only, there
being neither Trees, Hedges, nor Wood, as in the other
Deﬁgns that follow. ,

T HE Bowling-green in the feco‘nd Figure is near a er-
feét Square, pierced in a Star, in the middle of which is a
regular Oi’togone, that has in its hollow Bottom a cir, lar
Grafs—plot. It is fet out with only one ﬁngle Line, or 'dg-
ing of Box, about each Piece of Grafs, and a fmall Sand-
Alley between. The Corners of all the Grafs-plots are cham-
fered out diﬂ‘e’renly; and in thofe of the Middle are planted
ﬁxteen Yews, or mu (1 Heads of Box. This Bowling-green
is accompanied with two great Double-walks planted with
Horfe—Chefnuts. '

T H E third Figure reprefents a Bowling-green pretty well
furnilhed. ’Tis a great hollow Oval, in the middle of which
is a Grafs-plot cut in Cants, to make a Diverﬁty. This Bow-
ling-green is furrounded with high Trees, as Horfe-Chefnuts,
orlLime-Trees, planted regularly, without interrupting the
View of the Walks and Seats, which ihould always be taken
care of. The Walk about it is oftangular, formed by a Hedge
breaﬁ-high, where there are Cabinets and Niches for Seats.
Behind the Hedge are other Grafs—plots with a Sand-Path of
three Foot wide between them, as well to preferve the Hedge,
and bound the Turf, as to make it beautiful to the Eye.

IN the fourth Figure is a Bowling-green executed in the
middle of a Wood, where it does well enough, becaufe of
the Opening that is made in it acrofs the arched Palilade.
’Tis an irregular Oétogone,whofe hollow part is fet off with an
oval Grafs-plot, and encompaITed with a Double-walk, parted
by a Hedge pierced through with Arches, having Balls of
Green left upon the Head of each Peer.

THE Bowling—greens of the fecond Plate are much richer,
more compofed, and of greater Extent than the foregoing.

T H E ﬁrﬂ: Figure giVes the Idea of a Bowling—green, the
Head of which'being canted off in feveral Forms that var
not amils, is adorned with a Buffet of Water backed agalnﬁ:
the Slope. It conﬁﬁs of a Shell of Stone, or gilded Lead, out
of which illues a Bubble of Water that falls again by a Sheet
into the Bafon below, where there are two Spquts that ac—
company it. This Bafon is invironed with a Border of Stone-

I work,

CHAP. VII. of Gardenia”.

work, to make a difference from the Turf. The Bottom of
this Bowling—green is ﬁlled with two large Pieces of Grals
after the Eng/if]: Manner, ﬂirrounded with a Border fet out
With Yews and Shrubs, edged on the Inﬁde with the Turf
and on the Outﬁde with a Line of Box: Thefe Pieces are ter-
minated with ScrOlls at one end, and at the other by fmall
Rounds and Hollows, which, though plain, do well enough
upon the Ground. This Defign, and the following, require
a pretty deal of room for putting them in execution.

IN the fecond Figure you fee a Bowling-green of the very
richeﬂ: kind, the Bottom is thrown into Compartiments of
Grails—work, cut and tied tOgether by Knots and Cartoons of
Embroidery very delicate. The Middle is ﬁlled with a green
Carpet, rounded off at the Ends, and environed like the reﬁ
' with a Sand-path edged with Box. The Beauty of all thefe
' Pieces is lhewn by the different coloured Sands, which give
them their Diﬁin19tion 5 the Embroidery ihould be ﬁlled with
Smith’s Duﬁ ; the Paths round every part with red Sand; and
all the Bottom with commOn Sand, which Mixture of Co-
lours looks admirably well when feen from above. The'two
Ends of this Bowling-green are made with a Sweep inwards,
and the Corners are canted off. Thefe Sweeps may be made
to anfwer to the Center of a Bafon, for carrying the Walk
round it , or to make this Piece yet more perfeét and mag-
niﬁcent, a Bafon with a ﬁne Figure in it may be made in the
Place of the middle Grid‘s-plot.

TH E Bowling-green of the third Figure 13 of a Form more
fquare than the others, and turned off diFerently upon the
Corners : The Bottom is cut into four Pieces all alike, with
an Oval, and two Rounds of Grafs in the middle; there are
Paffages that lead into the Walks which furround all their:
‘ Parts. The Compartiment is plain, and landed with all the
fame Colour, but is inﬁnitely heightened by the ﬁne Figure
in the middle, and by the four carved V ales let at the tour
Corners in the bottom. This may be fanded with Red, in
Countries where fuch Ea1th is eafy to be had 5- for othcrivilc,
though it looks well, it is very. coitly.

As to the fourth Figure, it is of a very particular Shape,
and cannot be executed but 111 fome certain Places lhe Ends
are made circular. outwards, and are cut with divers Cams

and

79

So

* Fr. Rampes,
Tapis, and
Peloufes de
Gazon.

There are a

great many of

tbefe Afcem:
at Meudon.

7776 779907): P A R T I.

and Returns. Its Middle is adorned with a Spout, in a fmall
Piece of \Vater bounded with a thin Edging of Stone, and a
'red Sand-path, todii’ringuiih the Grafs. Of the fix Pieces
which inviron it, the two Extremes are Oétogones, becaufe of
thercircular Walks that go round them. There are Figures
placed on the four outer Corners, to vary from the four Vafes
whichWere fet in the Bottom of the foregoing. You may
judge :of the Extent and Proportion of thefe different Parts
by the Scale,

IN making Bowling-greens, you fhould obferve not to
fink them too deep. It is fuﬁicient to allow at Foot and a
half Depth for fmall Bowling-greens, and two Foot at moﬁ'
for great ones. - -

As to the Banks and Slopes which invei’t Bowling-greens,
that is, which form their Sinkings, they are allowed ﬁx or
feven Foot length in the lelfer, and eight or nineFoot in
the greater ;' and for the Bottoms in little Bowling-greens,
we rake them all over, there not being room enough for
Grafs-plots ; but in great ones we make ﬁne Compartiments
of Grafs, and fometimes of Cut-work: Then a. raked Path
of three or four Foot wide is left between the Slope and the
Flat of Grafs, which ferves to feparate and diftiiiguiﬂi thefe
Pieces each from other. 4 , .

*ASCENTS, Beds, and. Flats of Turf, differ but little
from each other, unlefs it be the Afcents, which are fuppofed
to be large Grafs—plots upon a gentle Riﬁng, as thofe along
the ﬁde of ' a Cafcade, or. that ‘ferve to reconcile the Inequality
of two Pieces of Ground. For thofe we call in Frame,
Tapir and‘Pe/oufér, are one and the fame Thing, and ge-
nerally denote all plain Quarters of Grafs, or Green-turf, with—.
out Cut-work :, 1T hey are ufed in the Courts of Country»-
Houfes, in Groves and Bowling-greens, \in Parterres after the
Englifb Manner, and in the middle of great Walks and
Avenues, which, without them, would take up too much
Time to rake and keep in Order. ‘ x ,

TH E Talus and Clair, as we call them in Frame, are
often confounded, and taken One 'for the other; neverthe-.
lefs, there is a Difference between them, the T417195 being
more Heep than the Glam, which is fuppofed to be a very
gentle Sloping, and almoit imperceptible to the Eye. Let

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’CHAP.VH. of Gardenmjg.
us now come to the Manner of covering all thefe Parts with
' Grafs. \

TH E Manner of covering with Grais, differs according to
the Place ’tis to be uled in, for a Guts-quarter or Green-
plot is cover ’d after another Manner, than a Bank or Slope;
the former is often lown with Hay—iced, and the other is
generally laid with Green-turf.

I To low Grais, the Ground mull be ﬁrﬁ dug, or broke
up with an Iron—1pade, and being afterwards dreﬂed and
laid even, let it be raked over with a ﬁne Rake, removing
all the Clods and Stones you meet With, and ﬁrowing on
the Top of it one Inch or two in thicknefs of good Mold, to

facilitate the Growth of the Seed. The Place being thus~

‘p1epared,fow your Seed on it very thick, that it may come
up as clofe and lhort as may be, then pals the Rake over it
again, to bury and cover the Seed a little, which {hould not
be town 1n windy Weather, leit it be blown away , on the

‘contrary, you ihould chule a mild Day, rather inclin’d to,

wet, that the Rain forcing down the Earth, and linking the
Seed, may caufe it to {hoot up the looner.

T H E bell: Seafon for fowing is the end of Autumn, Seed'

in its own Nature requiring nothing but Moiih1re to make
it grow, which it cannot fail of inb this Seafon, nor all the
Winter long. When you ﬂay to the end of February, or
the beginning of Marc/9, before you fow your Seed, you
run a Risk ot not leeing your (matters green fo foon, if the
Summer proves any thing dry, as it often happens, unlels
you take care to give them continual Waterings, or rather
to lay them under Water, which is a very great Slavery and
Expence.

A L L the Difﬁculty of making a ﬁne Green-plot by fowing
it, lies 1n getting good Seed, which ought to be carefully ex-
amin’d before tis lown. What they make ule of in France,
is the Seed of ﬁne Data/o Clover-giais o1 Trefoil, Hay-feed
of low Meadows, Sainfoin,'Catmint, and that of ﬁne fmall
Gratis, refembling Civet. There are 21112) abundance of other
Seeds for this Purpofe, whofe Names'are unknown, and in

which one is often deceiv’d. ,

’ Y 0 U ihould not do, as many, that will gather their Seed

-81

In En gland
we on: on!
Haf-fZ’zl 11%
the] ﬁne/l Up-
land I’d/fares,
well clean/ed
andﬁfted,

from fome Hay—loft, and low it without DiﬁinEtion, hoping . '

M by

O

82. a 7 , 7% 717607”)! PART I.
By that means to make a ﬁne Grafs-plot; in this they are
reatl, miltaken, for the Seed Ihootin too high, and ma-
iihg {arge Stalks, the lower Part remains naked and bare,
and mowrit as often as you will, will never make hand-
lbme Grafs; but, on the contrary, come to nothing but
Tufts of Weeds, very little better than that of the common
Fields.
. As, to the Manner of laying Turi; you lhould, in the
ﬁrﬁ place, make choice of the belt in the Country, either
from Road-Tides, or the Edges of Paﬁures and Meadows
Where Sheep, and Cows feed 5 for in thefe Places, generally,
the ”Grai'sis ﬁneﬁ, and browzed lhortelt. In the Choice of
it, Care lhould be taken that you avoid Quich—grals, and
other Weeds, and that the Earth have lbmething of a Body“
*In Egghnd * This Turf we raife with a Spade, Cutting it into Squares a-1
$395“ ”3,," bout a Foot even)”r way, and two or three Inches thick, which
nRai/i‘ng-knife is enou h to carry them without breaking.
f‘" {b‘tpmf To a.y the Turf upon the Work, you muﬁ {train the
gﬁfg‘é’ﬁ‘ﬁf Line along the ﬁrait Parts, and follow the Trace in the cir—
lmd 12 or 1+ cular and ﬁnall curious -I)eﬁgns, as the Shell-work, Scrolls,
Wk“ MM 'andenots‘of Parterres. The Line being ﬁrained, you are
to dig and clear away the Earth, to receive the thicknels of‘
your Turf, that it, may lie level with the Ground, which is
athegreat .Beauty‘ of it : The Manner of ﬂame who lay their
Turf upon the Surface, without taking away the Earth, is
to be avoided ; for this r'aifes it ”€00 much, and 1a 3 bare
the iR’oots‘o‘f it. You are to ‘trim the Squares of Tur to the
Line, ‘or Trace, as,your Deﬁgn is, with a Knife, laying
them in Order, as cloTe to one another as poﬂible, and ail-
terwards beating them _with a wooden Beater, till. they lie
‘very ﬂat and’leve‘l with. the reﬂ of the Ground. You can
‘l‘car‘ce ibeat and link the Turf'toomuch, indeed, the Grafs be-.
ing always naturally dilpofed to raife itfelf lhfﬁciently in -
growing. Where the SQuares of Grails do not join well
together, :you mui’c ﬁll in a little Earth, and then Prop- the
Holes and ”Chinks with fmalliPieces‘of Turf, which will-
make the Green-plot as even and handfome, as thoughtit “had
grown in the very Place.
-5 (You muﬁ dbfer‘ve to Water the Turf well, as foon as ’63
kid, that uniting itfelf the Tooner with ‘the. Ground on which
it

CHAP. VII. of Gardening.

it lies, it may take Root, and not have time to dry and turn
yellow, as is to be feared, if you fail to water it.

TH E furcﬁ way to have a handfome Grafsvplot, fmooth,
and well cover’d, is to lay it with Turf, which is always bet-
ter than fowing 5 but when you have very large Green-plots
to make, as it would be an endlefs Charge to lay them all
over with Turf, you muﬁ be content to ibw them with the
bePc Seed you can get; and becaufe it is very troublefome to
bound them to any Exaétnefs by fowing, you may edge the
Sides and Extremities with fquare T urfs laid by the Line,
and fow the Inner-part with Hay-feed.

I F you would not be at the Expence of laying the Edges
of a Grafs—plot with Turf, you muﬁ then {ow a good deal
of 3eed in the Track of the Out—line, that it may be the
iboner and better diﬁinguifh’d. As for fmall Pieces of Grafs-
work, as the Knots, Shells, and Volutes of Parterres, Cut-
work, «Verges about Bafons, (’76. they muﬁ be ever laid with
Turf, which is much the handfomer, is more neatly perform—
ed, and better kept. ,

WH E N you would new—lay fome Shell, or Scroll, the
Turf of which is fpoil’d, you muf’t drive fmall Pegs or Stakes
upon the Out-lines, to mark out, as well as is pofﬁble, the
antient Track of it, and then take off the bad Graﬂs. When
the Place is well cleanfed, and made ﬁt to receive your
Turf, lay it on, and cut it away as the Pegs of your Shell,
é’c. direét, and you will have it neatly covered again.

* BAN Ks and Slopes are much more difﬁcult to cover
with Turf, than Afcents, @arters, and Flats of Grafs, in
that the Turf muﬁ be laid fo that it does not Hide, and
that the Slope-line be kept without Elbows and Inequa-
lities.

B A N K s and Slopes that are not f0 conﬁderable for their
‘ Height, as ﬁve or fix Foot, fuch as thofe made for fmall Ter-
raffes, and the Sinkings of Bowling-greens, are the moit eafy
to cover, there being no more to be done in them, than to
lay on the Squares of Turf, according to the Rules Ihave
jui’c now deliver’d.

Yo U ,fcaree ever fow Banks and Slopes, becaufe the Grafs
comes not up f0 well on them, as on Flat—works: How-
ever, if you have a mind to few them, you {hould lay a

M 2. Verge,

* Fr. Talus
and Glacis.

* Gazon a
qucu'c'.

1- Marolois.
Rohault.
Ozanam.

|l Furetiere.
Daviler.
Diﬁionary of
the French
Academy.

777? 7716079! PART I;

Verge,‘o'r Border, at the Head and at Foot, with Squares of
Turf, which will keep up the Earth, and hinder it from
ﬂiding, and then fow the middle very thick, that the Grafs
may not come up in Knots and Cluﬁers.

FOR great Banks and Slopes, as thofe from ﬁfteen to
twenty Foot high, they require more Circumfpeétion in the
Method of lining them with Turf, for fear they fhould ﬂide.
T hefe are made withBeds of Earth and VVatled-work, as
{hall be explain’d hereafter

THE Turf made ufe of for this Purpofe,‘ fhould be raifed
in the Shape of a Wedge, and not of equal Thicknefs,
as that with which you cover common Quarters ; we call
this, * Turf with a Point or Tail. This Point, which is
left on the LoWer-part, ferves to bed it in its Place, and to
keep it from ﬂiding. You lay this Turf along the Line,
ﬁrained according to the Work, fo that one end of it touch
the Line, and the other the Hurdles, or Watled-work, ob—
‘ferving, according to 1 ibme, to turn the Grafs-ﬁde under—
mol’r, which is proper only in Fortiﬁcations , and not in the
Slopes of Gardens, on which the Turf is always laid with
the Grafs uppermoﬁ, bedding it according to the Slope—line
with the Precaution, for fear the Turf fhould ﬂide, to peg
it all with good Pegs of Oak, or Alder, to keep it in its
Place till it has taken Root. . —

QUA R T E R s and Slopes of Grafs make one of the prin-
cipal Beauties of a Garden, when they are well kept, which
is all the Difﬁculty, for when the Seed is well come up, and
the Grafs very thick, or that the Turf be recover’d, and of
a beautiful Green, this Perfection will change in a {hort time,
if care be not taken to keep it well. -

T His Keeping conﬁf’ts in mowing the Grafs often, not
four times aYear, as fome n Authors mention, but, at leaf’t,
once a Month. In fome Places they mow it every Fortnight,
the Grals growing thicker, and looking handfomer the
oftner it is cut. It ought to be f0 clofe and even, that no one
Blade, if I may f0 fpeak, ihould exceed another. You muﬁ:
likewife, from Time to Time, cut and pare away the outer
Edge of the Grafs according to the Line, in which lies all
its Neatnefs, for without this, it will often exceed its Bounds,

and

”CHAR-VII. rofE-qudmiﬂg. . _
and run into the Walks, which would fpoil the Form and
Deﬁgn of the Compartiments.

35‘

'T H E Way they keep their Grails in England, is to mow Sorbiere’s

it very; often, and to beat it when it is too high, rolling the
Surface of it with great Cylinders, or Rolls of Wood or Stone,
* to link and level it assr'nuch as poﬂible; gYoujcan’t do better
than to follow'this Method ufed in Eng/mid, Where their
Grafs-plots are 'of f0; exquiﬁte a Beauty, that in Frameiwe
can fcarce ever come up to it. x i t g

I T may be truly faid, that if handfom‘e Grafs—plots are
great Ornaments in a Garden, they are fuch too as require the
greateﬂ Care of the Gardener, who ought to be almoﬁ con-
ﬂantly: attending them 3 but, a‘fter‘all, ’tisa thing indifpenfa-
bly necellary, for if they are neglected, the Gralsgrowing up
in Tufts, will no longer form fmooth and even (hunters, but
will run into @ich-grafs and Weeds, which you muft en-
tirely deftroy, and lay or fow them anew. You have then
no other way to avoid the Inconveniency of changing your
Grafs every two or three Years, but by the great Care yOu
take to keep it well. - . I

So ME Perfons pretend, that to have Green—plots always
handfome and in good Order, you ihould eVery Year, in
Autumn, lightly ﬁrow fome Seed upon them to renew them,
and furnifh the Places that , are not well ﬁlled, or where the
Grafsis dead; and this Method may be very good, provided
a good Choice be made of the Seed you fow.

 

Voyage to
England,p. r 7.

86 : The 77mm")! PA RT 1.

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CH A P. VIII.

0f Portions, Bowers, and Caéinetr of
Lattice-work andafVerdurefigurer,
V af er and otber Ornamentr, femiﬂg
to the Decoration and E mlaeltjbmmt
d Garden

LTHOUGH I have juft now fpoke, in general, of
all the Parts that conﬁitute a ﬁne Garden, I ought not,
however, to omit faying fornewhat alfo of what ferves to its
Decoration and Embelifhment. In this I {hall be very cir-
cumfpeét, being unwilling, here, to propoie Examples out of
the Reach of private Perions, who might poﬂibly ﬁnd Dilli—
cultiesthatwould hinder the Execution of them. The Char-
ges Iamnow going to fpeak of, demand aRoyal Purfe, and
are to be undertaken only by Princes, Miniﬁers of State,
and Perfons of the highef’t Quality.

- ’TIs not f0 much the Fafhion at prefent, to make Por-
ticos, Arbors, and Cabinets of * Lattice—work, in Gardens,
yet they ought ﬁill to be made in fome Places 5 and ’tis cer-
tain, thefe Pieces of Architeé’t‘ure, well difpofed, have fome-
thing in them very beautiful and magniﬁcent ; they raife and
improve the natural Beauty of Gardens extremely; but as
they are very chargeable to make and keep up, and continu-
ally liable to decay, moﬂ People are out of Conceit with
them.

AmttheHo- THERE have been Works ofthis Kind done in fome
tjddcfmdé’ Gardens formerly, that eoﬁ at 'leai’t twenty thoufand Crowns,
£0,150fo of which are my}, almoﬂ entirely ruin’d, there being nothing but
the Abundance of Iron-work that can keep them up any con-
ﬁderable Time. -

f Treillage.

3 AR-

Cm. VIII. of Gardening. 87,

A R BO R s or Porticos are diﬂinguﬂh’d into- two Sorts, Ar-
tiﬁcial and Natural. ‘

A R T I F 1 c I A L-A R B o R s and Cabinets are made wholl ,.
of Lattice-work, fupported by Standards, Crols-rails, Cir--
cles, Arches, and Bars of Iron. For this Purpofe they make
1142: of Fillets of Oak, fomewhat more than an Inch ﬁluare
every way, which being well plained and made ﬁrait, are
wrought into Checkers of ﬁx or feven Inches fquare, and
faiten’d together with Iron—Wire; They make ufe likewile
of Wainfcot for the Moldings and Ornaments of Comices, and
of Timber for large Plinths and Facias.

W I T H this Wood and Iron are compoléd Arbors, Porti-
cos, Galleries, Cabinets, Summer—Houlés, Salons, Niches, '
and Shells, adorn’d with Columns, Pilaﬂers, Cornices, Peda—
ments, Jambs, Pannels , Val‘es, Corbels, 'Frontifpieces,.
Domes, Lanterns, and other Ornaments of Architecture;
in all which Deﬁgns, a juﬁ Proportion ought to be obferved,
and every Part of the Ordonance ihould be regulated and
determin’d by a Module, as though it were a Building.

“”1713 to be obferved, that the richeft Ornaments areth
the molt proper for Lattice—work, becaufe they aretoo dif-
ﬁcult toheexecuted in Wood; there are Tome that are more
peculiarly appropriated to them, which do exceeding well in 1,72”? W‘TO‘
'Wor'k. Columns are generally ‘left out ’in this Buﬁnels, and £1,332:ng
P'ila‘ﬁers made .ufe of in their ﬁead, or'elile, Upright Peers Lattice-work
with Pannels. The .Iom'ck Order is the molt Llii‘itable to 3,313,221,?
Works of this Kind, and the molt eafy to be put in ’Exe— enough. ’
‘CUUOH. '

AN Arbor 'is diﬁinguiﬂi’d from a Cabinet or Summer-
Houfe, ”in that’the ’former is of a great Length, arched over-
‘Head in form ofa Gallery 5 and the latter is o’fa "Figure ei-
ther l'quare, circular, .or in Cants, making a kind of Salon:-
‘ﬁt tobe fetat the two Ends, or in the Middle of along Ar--
bor.

a ’P0 R T I C o is Itill diﬂ‘erent from all this 5 being the
Entrance in ,Front of a Summepleloul‘e, Salon, or Arbor of
'Lattice-work, land .is generally adorn’d with a handfome:
’Cornice and Front‘ifpiece, (fupported by 'Pilal’ters .or Peers 1;.
or elfe it'is along Decorationof Ardh‘iteélure placedagainﬂ'

a;

:88

mTI’acYbeory ' "PART I.

(a Wall, or at the Entrance of a (Wood, where the Advances»
and Returns are but inconﬁderable.‘ ’

J ARB-Q R s, Cabinets, and Porticos of Lattice-work, are
commonly made ufe of to terminate a Garden in the City,
and to {hut out the Sight of Walls, and other difagreeable
Objeé’ts ; this Kind of Decoration makingahandfome Sight,
may allo ferve very well to clofe the End of a long Walk.
They are likewife ufed in Groves, Sinkings, and the Niches
of Hedges, where Seats and. Figures are to be let, and are
often cover’d with RofeeTrees, Jafmins, Hony-fuckles, and
Virgin—vines, for the Conveniency of Shade.

- A B o v E all, a Portico, or Arbor of Lattice-work, fhould
have a handfome Frontilpiece at Top, that Part being the
moft remarkable: Of this you have feveral Examples in the
following Plate, which contains all the feveral Sorts of Lat-
tice-work, and the moﬁ agreeable Ornaments that can'be
given them.

T [-1 E ﬁrf’t Figure is the moﬁ magniﬁcent, and compound-
ed of all : ’Tis a large Portico of Trellis of the [mick Or—
der, conﬁﬂing of feveral Coupled Pilaﬁers, which lilﬁain a
handfome Cornicle, with a ﬁnall Plinth at Top of it, in man-
ner of an ﬂttick, sadorn’d with Vales fet perpendicularly
over each Pilaﬁer. In the Middle is a great Recefs or» Sink-
ing, crown’d with an Arch, which has the fame Cornice and
Ornament of Borders continued round it. The lower Part of
this Sinking is ﬁlled with a Bafon that poﬂelles the whole
Breadth of it, out of which Wrifes aWater-ffpout of ﬁx or feven
Foot high, between two fmall Figures that lie upon Scrolls,
fet upon a high Step (or, Plinth, from whence the Water falling,
makes a circular Sheet, that is all?) accompanied with two
other Spouts on the Sides. At the‘two Extremities of this
Portico are two circular Niches, each of them ﬁlled with a
Salver of VVat‘erfet upon a Stand, which is adorned with
three Mask-heads, that throw the Water into the ’Bafon be-
low. All this Trellis is beautiﬁed withRounds, Lozenges,
Moldings, Fillets, and other very rich Ornaments, the Pro—
portion ofwhichmay be found by the Scale. I lhould have
given you the Plan of this, would the Size of the Plate have
permitted. This Portico would ferve very well ‘at the Bot-
tom of a City-Garden, or at the End of a great Walk, where

1t

CHAP. VIII. Qderdmmg. ‘

it would make a ﬁne Perfpeétive, the two Niches at the
/Ends being made to face the Counter—walks. /

THE Portico reprefented in the fecond Figure is leis con-
ﬁderable, both in its Extent and Ornaments, having no Or-
der of Architecture in it; notwithﬁanding which, it will

i look very well, when executed. It would be proper at the
lower End of a Garden, or of a great Walk, placing a Seat
in the Sinking of it, or, if you will, it may fer've for the
Entrance of a Wood, opening the middle Arch, as you fee
in one Half of the Deﬁgn. This Portico conﬁﬁs only of up-
right Jambs, or Peers, and Pannels of Lattice, with the fame
Cornice as that of the great Portico before defcrib’d. Its
F rontifpi‘ece is a great Arch, with a triangular Pedament over
it, which is fupported at the Ends by Spand’rels and Scrolls;
it is fet off below with two Stands, or Pedeﬁals, that carr
Buﬁs. The Scale of the great Portico is common to both,and
will inform you in what you require farther.

I N the third Figure is a Cabinet, or Summer-Houfe of
Lattice-work, proper to be fet in a Grove, or at the End of
'an open Walk. Its Figure in Cants, is of a Deﬁg’n fomewhat
particular. ’Tis ornamented with plain Pannels, and a circu-
lar Pedament; over which rifes a Cap in Cants alfo, which
carries a Lantern open at the Top, as the Tympan of the
Pedament is in Front.

TH E fourth‘ Figure is atgreat circular Niche very rich
throughout, its Jambs being ull of Ornaments, and crown’d
"with a ﬁne arched Cornice, which encompalTes \a Shell
formed by ﬁavaal Ribs. The Hollow of the Niche is ﬁlled
with a Buffet of Water, conﬁf’cing of a Vafe, or great Salver,
the Cup of which reﬂs upon Scrolls made by Dolphins-Tails,
and the Water falls again by two Sheets into the Bafon below.
This Niche‘ would do very well in a Wood, or at the End
of fome Walk, where the Profpeé't can be continn’d no fare-
ther.

THE Salon in the ﬁfth Figure ferves for a Portico and
Entrance to a long Arbor, in which ’tis fuppofed to ﬁand.
It is very plain in its Ornaments, conﬁﬁing of no more than
two Jambs, with an Arch adorn’d with Impoﬁs, and a Vcir—
cular Kind of Architrave, the whole crown’d with a trian—

N gular

89

90

7776 Theory _ PART I.
gular Pedament, upon which rifes a'Dome arched over, and
open at Top.

I T HI N K it needlefs to give you here any Defigns of ‘
Cabinets of T rellis—work altogether plain, and without Or-
nament; becaule, if you have a mind to make fuch, and
would fet them off witha Cornice or handfome Frontifpiece,
you may eaﬁly pick them out of the foregoing Defigns, and,
place them as Occaﬁon requires,

NA T U R A L or green Arbors are formed only of the
Branches of Trees artfully interwoven and ﬁxed one to ano-
ther with Iron Wire; they are fupported by large Battens,
Hoops and Poles which compofe Gallerys, Porticos, Arbors,
Cabinets, Halls, Colonades, Niches and. Viﬁas a11- naturally
covered without fhewing any of the wooden Work. Their
place is the fame as that of the Artiﬁcial Arbors or Lattice-r
work before fpoken of. The Examples here produced are
thofe that are executed at Marl], and fome other Gardens:
For I was unwilling to give any thing of my own Fancy in
this place, as Ifaid before in the Cafe of extraordinary Hedges ;.
thefe better demonftrating the Poﬂibility of fuch Works. It
is certain that thefe Arbors, Porticos, and Colonades will:
feem even more impraé’ticable than Hedges cut: into Arcades;
a Column of Horn-beam is a Maﬁer—piece and a kind of Mir-
racle in the Buﬁnefs of Gardening, it is f0 very rare.

T HE .ﬁrf’c Figure reprefents the green Colonade in the
Gardens of Marl}, at the Bottom of the ﬁri’t Terrafs, as you
go down from the Houfe toWards the great Piece of Water;
it borders a green Hall, which is wholly covered and kept
eutat Top becaufe it is in Sight; here was formerly the Bafon
for Carp: This Colonade runs ﬁri’c in a ﬁreight Line, and.
then returns in part of a Circlebn both ﬁdes the Terraisa
The Symmetry and Profpeé’t of it are very furprizing and wor-
thy of Admiratit‘mv The Columns are about ten foot highand
three foot in Campafs, including a foot at each End for the
Bafes, Capitals and Fillets which they have. The Plinth or
Pedeﬁal is a foot and a, half in Height, and the Cornice is one
foot. There is an Advance or Break of three Inches made
in the Pedeﬁal and in the Cornice or Facia over every Co-
lumn, and directly at top are Vafes cut of a very particular
Figure», For Faﬁening‘ each Column._to the Grove, there are,

\ Crofs»

\

CHA 1p. Viii- of Gardening.

Cr’ois-pieces like Beams of green, cut fquare, this is in wonder-
ful, there is no conceiving it aright without feeing it.

T H E fecond Figure lhews another Piece of there inchant—
ing Gardens, namely the Porticos, Arbors and green Gallerys
which run all along the Wings of the great piece of water
anfweringthe twelve Pavilions, between which and the Bow-4
ling Alley thefe Porticos are placed 5 nothing is more ingenious
"or more artfully executed. T hereiare two ROWS of Trees
which form an Arbor or Gallery, fet in Borders, and between
they are imbeliih’d with Yews and Flowers of the Seafon.
The Bodys of the Trees are naked about fix foot high, and
are then furniihed with Leaves upwards, which form an up-
right Stem or Pilaﬁer, to the Springing of the Arches which
are turned over head, and between every Arch is left a Stem,
which bears a {mall Vafe. That which is very ﬁne here, is,
that the green Arches crofs one another in thefe Arbors, and
make their fquare Returns without any Confuﬁon, and the
Whole forms a very long green Vault. Thele Arches " and
Uprights are of norgreat T hicknefs, and are very delicately
kept: ’tis indeed very ﬂrange, that they ihould be able to‘
keep Elms in f0 good a State, fo long. The open Spaces over
head contribute to give Air under thefe Arbors, and to make
the Trees ﬁand fo well under that Force and Conﬁraint they
are always kept in.

IN the third Figure yOu fee' a Portico or Ornament of
Architecture in Green, the Execution of which feems at ﬁrﬁ
fo’mewhat extraordinary, having no viﬁble Support ofTimber-a
Work in it. It is fet at the End of a great double Walk to
terminate the Sight more agreeably ; in the Middle is a great
circular Niche with a Seat, which faces the great Walk, and
againﬁ each of the Counter-walks are fquare Sinkings with
Figures upon Pedef’tals. To accompany this Niche and Sink-
ings, are made four Advances, containingteight green Columns,
which l’cand detached from the Hedge behind them. The
Columns ﬁand upon Plinths, and have their Plinths and Ba—
fes cut out in Green, as likewife their Fillets and Capitals at
head, which bear a Cornice that runs over all, making a
break over each Duplicate of Columns, and forminga trian-
gular Frontifpiece or Pedament over the great Niche in the
Middle. This Deﬁgd is crowned with an Attick, which fol-

' N 2 lows

9i

92.

' .7726 Theory / P ART 1.

lows the Cornice in its Advances over the Pillars; and upon
this are raifed round Balls of Green, direé’tly over the Shafts.
The Figures, Pedeﬁals and Seats are of Stone, to make a
Variety. ‘

T H E Portico of the fourth Figure is circular, and is ﬁlled
in the Middle with a great B‘afon 5 it is much like the Porticos
at Alarm faving that they do not return nor crofs one ano-
ther diagonally, but are in one ﬁngle Range : what is parti—
cular in thefe, are the little Cafes or Boxes at foot, out of which

« rife the Stems of the Trees, between which there are clipt-

Yews. Thefe Porticos have a green Ground or Hedge behind
them, as in the Colonade of Mad]. The Cabinet in the
Middle is very new in its kind, it lies directly in the Line of
the great Walk, and centers upon the Water—Spout, and there
might be made three others which with this would crofs the
Baton at right Angles. The Figure of it is fquare, one
Face of it joining with the Sweep of the Porticos, and the
others with that of the Hedge behind them, fo that the circular
Walk runs under it : from the four Corner Peers, the green
Arches rife and crofs over both fquare and diagonally, leaving
Spaces between them for Air, as inithofe, of Marl]. The
inner' Decoration of this Front confiﬂs of two large. Peers
of Green, fet upon Plinths, crowned with a chamfered Cor-,-
nice, which makes an Arch over the middle. Upon each Peer
is a large Ball or Vafe cut, and below they are enriched with
two great carved Vafes, fet upon Stone Pedeﬁals to, heighten
a little this ruﬁick Architeéture. w

LE '1‘ us now proceed to other Ornaments, that contribute
to the Decoration and Embelifhment of Gardens ; and not
to mention thofe- of Verdure, as Hedges cut into Arches,
Halls for Comedy and Ball, Green-Gallerys of which you
have Deﬁgns above, nor fuch as Amphitheatres, Banks, Conn.-
ter—Terraﬂés and Steps ofTurf, which you’ll ﬁnd hereafter ;
which are indeed the mof’t eﬂential Ornaments, as they. addia
Value to all the refs: Iihall here ipeak of fuch only as are
Acceﬂ'ory or Additional, as thefe that follow.

F 0 U N T A I N 3, next to Plants, make the principal Or-
nament of Gardens: ’T is thefe that litem to animate them,
by the murmuring and fpouting of their Waters, and produce
thofe admirable Beauties, that the Eye is fcarce ever Iatisﬁed

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CH A P. VIII. of Gardeﬂiﬂg. 93

with beholding them. They are conf’cantly fet in the moﬁ
advantageous Places, and where they may be bef’t km from
all Parts. If there be any ﬂoping Ground in the Garden, you
may there make Cafcades and Buffets of Water, continued
by feveral Falls, accompanied with Spouts and Jet-d’eaux;
and, whereWater is plenty, Ponds and Canals may be made,
which are molt delightful Pieces ‘in a Garden. Upon thefe
Canals you may have ﬁnall gilt Gondolas and Pleaﬁlre—Boats;
and they fhould be ver;r well ﬁock’d with F ifh, for the Di-
verﬁon of F ilhing‘ in them. To add ﬁill farther to this Or—
nament of Water, Swans, Geefe, and Ducks of different
Kinds and Colours, area very agreeable Sight. Fountains are
ufually adorn’d- with a RuﬂicklOrder of Architeéture, en-r
riched with Maritime-Ornaments, and. Figures, ' proper to the
Water. -

T E K R A s s E s, when rightly ﬁtuated, are likewife of great Thereir no
Ornament in Gardens, for their Regularity and Opening , 22:73]: I”?! ﬁt
efpecially when they are well built, and beautiﬁed with a, waxy?" '
handfome Stairs, and ﬁne Afcents. Sometimes there are Mendon»
made under them, Vaults, Grots, Cafcades, and Buffets of
Water, with an Order of Architeé’ture, and a great many
Statues in Niches : and on the Coping above, are ﬁt ~Vafes
and Flower-pots, orderly ranged and difpoﬁdﬁ . ‘

G R E E N-H 0 U s E s or Orangerys are large Piles of Building
like Gallerys, which by their Fronts, add to the Beauty of
Gardens; beﬁdes that they, are of abfolute Neceﬂity to be
built, for preferving Orange-Trees, and other Plants, in
Cafes, during the Winter; on which account they require
aSouth Afpetl, b‘ut ﬁill, with Caution that they be placed
To as not to injure the Profpeét. They may ferve asa Gallery
in the Summer, to walk in when it rains. 1» They are fome- Jr An‘heGs.
times made under a vaulted Terrafs, where the Peers and m’fé’grﬂf
Arches make a handfome Decoration enough at aDiﬁance. “1 on’

S I A T U E s and Va‘fes contribute very- much to the Em— ,
belifhment and Magniﬁcence of Gardens, and extremely ad-
vance the natural Beauties of them. They are made of feve-
ral F orms,and diﬂ'erentMaterials, the richeﬁ are thofe of Call—

Brafs, Lead gilt, and Marble , the ordinary Sort are of Iron,
Stone, or Stucco. Figures may be diﬁinguifh’d into Groups,‘
- which.

94-

?776 ”teary PART I.

which conﬁf’t at leaﬁ of two Figures together in the fame Block;
Figures Infulate, or Detached, that is thofe that you may go
quite~round5 and Figures that are let 'in Niches, which are
ﬁnifh’d on the F ore—part only: There are, likeVVile, Bulls,
Terms, Half-length Figures; Figures half as big as the—Life,
and thofe bigger than the Life, called Colo/fa], placed either
on regular Pedeﬁals, or fuch as are ﬂender, tapering, or hol-

lowed, \or on ﬂat Plinths :, not to mention the Figures of Ania-

mals, which fometimes adorn Cafcades; as do alfo BafSa
Relievos, and Mask—heads.

T H E s E Figures reprefent all the feveral Deities, and illua

"ﬁrious Perfons of Antiquity, which fhould be placed pro-a

perly in Gardens, fetting the River—Gods, as the Naiader,
Rivers, and Tritom‘, in the Middle of Fountains and Bafons;

and thofe of the Woods, as Sylvan“, Farmer, and ‘Dryads,

in the Groves: Sacriﬁces, Bacchanals, and ChildrensSports,
are likewife reprelénted in BaIs—Relievo, upon the Vafes and
Pedeﬁals, which may be adorn’d with F eﬁoons, Foliage,
Moldings, and other Ornaments.

TH E ufual Places for Figures and Vafes are along the
Hedges, in the Front, and upon the Sides of a Parterre; in
the Niches and Sinkings of Horn—beam, or of Lattice-work
made~ for that Purpofe. In Groves, they are placed in the

(Center of a Star, or St. Andrew’s Crofs; in the Spaces be«

tween the Walks of a Goofe-foot, in the Middle of Halls
and Cabinets among the Trees and Arches of a Green-Gallery,
and at the Head of a Row of. Trees, or detached Hedges;
They are alfo placed at the lower End of Walks'and Villas,
to fet them off the better ; in Porticos, and Arbors of Trellis-
work; in Bafons, Cafcades, éc. In general, they do well
every where 5 and you can fcarce have too many of them in
a Garden: But, as in the Buﬁnefs of Sculpture, it fhould be
excellent, as well as in Painting and Poefy, I think it more
advifable for a private Gentleman to be content without Fi-
gures, than to take up with fuch as are indifferent, which do
but create a continual Longing after this Perfection; the
Expence of which is ﬁt only for Princes and Miniﬂers of

State. ‘

THE

CHAP. VIII. of Gardening;

TH E Ends and Extremities of a Park are beautiﬁed with
Pavilions of Mafonry, which the French call Belveeleres, or
Pavilions of Aurora, which are as pleafant to reit one’s felf
in, after a. long Walk, as they are to the Eye, for the hand-
fome Figure they make at adiﬁanCe; they ferve allo to retire
into for Shelter when it rains. The Word Belveelere is Italian,
and ﬁgniﬁes a beauteous Profpeét, which is properly given to
thefe Pavilions ; for that being always built upon iome Emi—
nence, they open and" command the Country round about.

P E R s P E c T I v E s and Grottos are now but little in ufe;
efpecially Grottos, which are very fubjeé’t to Ruin. They
are commonly made at the End of Walks, and under Terraf—
fes. As to Perfpeé‘tives, they are of ufe to cover the Walls
of Gable-ends, and fuch Walls as terminate Walks that can
be pierced no farther. They make a handfome Decoration
enough, and their fallacious Openings are very furprizing.
They are painted either in Oil, or in F refco, and are ﬁecured
above by a fmall’ Rooﬁng, which throws off the Rain-Water
that would otherwife run along the Wall, and quite {poil
the Painting. .

G R I L LS of Iron are very neceﬂ‘ary Ornaments in the
Lines of Walks, to extend the View, and to :[hew the Coun-
try to advantage. At prefent we frequently make Thorough-
Views, call’d Ah, Ah, which are Openings in the Walls,
without Grills, to the very Level of the Walks, with a large
and deep Ditch at the Foot of them, lined on both Sides to
fuﬁain the Earth, and prevent the gettingﬁover; which fur-
prizes the Eye upon coming near it, and makes one cry,
ﬂh,’ Ah! from whence it takes its Name. This Sort of
Opening is, on. Ibme Occafions, to be preferred, for that it
does not at all interrupt the Profpeét, as. the Bars of a Grill,
V do; ' ‘ F
GA SE s and Flower—plots ferve likewife for the Embe;
lifhment of Gardens. 111 CafeS, are railed Orange-Trees,
Jafmins, Pomgranate—Trees, Myrtles, Laurels, dye. which
are regularly placed upon the Parterres of Orangery, along
the Terralles, or on the Sides of Parterres; to form Walks,
between thefe, are put Pots and Vales of TDm‘eh Ware, ﬁlled.
with Flowers of every Seafon, which are allo ﬁst upon green

I v Ban ks,

9i

There are eel/o
elvederes all
of Turfz'n the
upper Gardens 7
of Marly, and
in the Mod of
Ecoiian.

ThePerﬁee‘i’i've
at Ruel 1274513
well painted
that the Birrl:
would he ready
to hrealz their
head: again/l
the Well at-
tempting to go
through the
Arch where
the Sky was
painted.

39‘

777? 773607)}, 5(0 PART I.

Banks, or upon the Coping of the Walls of a Terrafs, at a
Delcent of' Steps 5 or elfe upon Plinths of Stone, .in the Bor-
ders and Verges of Grafs.

S EA rs, orBenches, beﬁdes the Conveniency they con-
ﬁantly afford in great Gardens, where you Can fcarce ever
have too many, there is fuch need of them in walking, look
very well alfo in a Garden, when ﬂat in certain Places they
are def’tin’d to, as in the Niches orSinkings that face prin-
cipal Walks .and Vif’cas, and in the Halls and Gallerys of 7
Groves: They :are made either of Marble, F rec-Prone, or
Wood, which laﬁ are: molt common; and of theie there are
two Kinds, the Seats with Backs to them, which are the
handfomef’c, and are ufually removed in the Winter 5 and the
plain, Benches, which are ﬁxed to their Place in the Ground.

Y 0 U fhould obferve to lay one Colour in Oil, either green,
or other, upon all that is expofed to the Wet in a Garden,
and is fubjeé‘t to rot; as the Lattice-work, Seats, Cafés, Forms,
é’c. and this not only to preferve them, but to make them

. look with the greater Neatnefs and Beauty.

I S H AL L give no Plates of the Ornaments now fpoken
of, becaufe they are things that belong more to ArChite&ure
.t'han Gardening, and which I ihould not have mentioned here
-but to point out the Places where they may be hell fet in a.
Garden.

End of the Fir/15 Parr.

 

PART

<97)

Egﬁgﬁgﬁgﬁgﬁﬁgg

gnwneenennneneeaea

P A R T H.
Which contains the

PRACTICE

GARBENING.

CHAP. I.

A Preliminary of fame Prnc‘i’icex in
Geometry, defcrz'b’n’ upon Paper;
quit/2 z‘lae [Wanner afmnréing them
out to a Trail» upon #19 Ground.

=§IS not enough to have fpoken, in the former
Part, of all that is requiﬁte to compofe a
handfome Garden, and ihewn you how to
make a right Choice thereof, by the Examples,
given in thofe Deﬁgns; it is farther medial" ,
that I now inﬁrué’t you in the Praétice, and the Manner of
putting in Execution all thofe noble Ideas, which) wighout

O the

P. Pardics.
3, Le Clerc.

7776 Pmﬁzce PART II.
the Help of this, would remain but fo many obfcure Myﬂeries.
Indeed, all that has been laid hitherto, being, to fpeak pro-
perly, but the Theory of this Work, thofe Chapters would
be of no Service, without thefe of the Se’c0nd Part, which
contain the Praétice: La Theoria m'em‘e ﬂanza [a Tratim,
is the Italian Saying. ’Tis in this molt Authors fail, who
are apt to enlarge very amply upon the Speculative Part of a
Science, and fpeak but very little or nothing at all of the
Praétiek; which renders their Works of no great Ufe, and
makes one regret the Time fpent in reading them, when ’tis,
not poﬂible to reap any Advantage thereby.

TH E Method of tracing Things out upon the Ground,
conﬁﬁs ina great deal of Practice, rather than in any Depth of
Science : There needs no more than to know fome few Rules
of Practical Geometry, to capacitate a Man for this Work
in little Time. Experience, Tryal upon the Ground, and a-
cersain Rote, \are more neceffary to this End, than long Re-
ﬂexion and Contemplation in the Clofet : Nevertheleis,» if a
Man negleﬁ to inform himfelf' of thefe Rules, and apply
himfelf ﬁraitway to work upon the Ground, before he has

~deligned upon Paper, or, at leaﬂ, before he knows the Re-.

lation the Paper has to the Ground, he certainly runs the
haZard of being oftentimes miﬂaken. I am not faying that
a Man muﬁ needs be an excellent Geometrician, to be capable
of tracing out Deﬁgns upon the Ground, this is above the
Reach of a Gardener; and, if it were neceffary, a Garden
would lie a long Time uncultivated, were it to wait its
Maﬁer’s rendering himfélf accomplilh’d in a Science, for
which the whole Life of Man is fcarcely fuﬂicient.

No R would I impofe upon a Gardener the N eceﬁity of
reading any Treatife of Praftical Geometry, though there
be thofe that are very good, and very Ihort. I wouldfpare
him that Trouble: For which Reafon I have carefully col-
lected, from Praé’tical Geometry, all that can any ways re-
late to Deﬁgns of Gardening, and from thence havecompo-
fed thefe Preliminaries, or Elements of the Method of tra-
cing, which I have reduced to the twenty following Exer—
*cifest ‘

THERE.

/

CHA P. I. of Gardening.

THERE are feveral Inﬂruments made ufe of for tracing
upon the Ground, butthe moﬁ common are the Grapho—
metre, or Semi—circle, and the Square, or perfeé‘c Circle.

T HE Semi-circle is ufually made of Brafs, and {hould
have from ﬁx to twelve or ﬁfteen Inches Diameter :1 The
larger it is, the better for ,Ufe. This Semi-circle is divided
into I 80 Degrees, which is half the complete Circle into 360;
and 90 Degrees, which is the quarter of the Circle, ferves
to form a Right Angle, and raife a Square. There are two
Rulérs or Indexes, one immoveable, which ferves as a Bafe;
and the other moveable, which the Franc/a callthe ﬂlbidade,
which turning about upon a Center—Pin in the Middle, ferves
to take the Openings of Angles. T hefe two Rulers are ter-

‘minated by Sights ﬁanding up at Right Angles, which di-
re& and guide "the Vifual Ray: The Middle of this Inﬁru-
ment is generally furniihed with the Sea Compafs, for lay-
ing down the Points thereof upon a Plan. The Semi-circle
is mounted upon a Knee-Joint, or Ball, for the Conveniency
- of turning it every way, having a Screw to it, which makes
the Joint go ﬁiﬁer, or ﬂacker at pleafure. ’Tis fet upon
the Ground by means of three Legs or Staves tipt with Iron,
which are put into as many Sockets below the Ball, and
thruﬁ into the Ground, as Occaﬁon requires. See the Fi-

e.
T H E leITer Sort of
Semi-circles are ﬁxed

    

  
   
   

   

.\\\\\\\\\
upon a Ball Wlth no kg?” _
more than one Soc.- > ,

  

ket, and confeqnently
require but one Leg,
which is placed ex-
aé’rly upon any Point
aﬂign’d in the Ground.
But the greater Semi-
circles that ﬁand up-
on three Legs, as it
would be difﬁcult to
fet them precilely over a given Point, have aPlummet which
hangs down, and ﬂqews when the Center is juﬁ over the
Place in queﬁion. ‘

O z > 7 THE

99

100

7/96 Pmé'lz'ce PA RT II:

T HE Square, or Whole Circle, which is an Inﬂrument
much made ufe of in Gardening, and Surveying of Land,
differs very much from the Squares of Mafons, and other
Artiﬁcers : This is a perfeét Circle, Cut into four equal
Parts, by two immoveable Rulers ﬁxed to the Circumfe—
rence, whiCh crofs one another at Right Angles, as may be
feen in the Figure. At the four Extremities of thefe Rulers,
and fometimes in the Center, are
Sights placed for raiﬁnga Square,
and- returning a Line at Right An— ‘
gles. This Inﬂrument is generally
made of Iron only, but would be
better of Brafs. ’Tis mounted upon
a ﬁngle Socket withouta Ball, into
which is ﬁx’d a Leg, when you
make ufe of it upon the Ground;
This is called a- Plain'Square, be-
caufe it has no Diviﬁon of Degrees
upon the Circle, nor noAlhidade,
or moveable Index : For which
reafon there is no taking the Opening of an Angle with it;
nor is it of any other uie upon the Ground, than toqange
ﬂrait fuch Lines as are to be continued to a great Length,
and to form Right Angles upon any Occaﬁon. This Defect
makes the Semi-circle preferred to it, which is an Inﬁrument
much more complete, "and which ferves not only for the
taking and drawing of Plans, but alfo for many other Ope-
rations in Geometry. _

THEs Elni’cruments are carried into the Country very con-
veniently in Cafes, and the Legs and Ranging-ﬂicks are
tied up together in a Bundle. ,

U P ON the Ground we make ufe likewiie of the Fathom,
the Line, or fmall Cord, and of Ranging—ﬂicks and Stakes;
all which are Things f0 requiﬁte in Gardening, that one may
lay they are of daily Ufe, there being icarce a Day in a Year
that a Gardener has not Occaﬁon for one or other of them.

TH E Fathom is a ﬂrait Rod of ﬁx foot long, the Diviﬁon
of which is marked with fmall N ails; each Foot is divided
into 12. Inches, the Inch into 12 Lines, and the Line into
12 Points. The Fathom regulates the Length and Breadth

' ‘ of

 

CH AP. I. of Gardenmg. 101:
of’ Walks, and ferves for taking the larger Meafures, as the
Foot does for the leiTer.
W E make ufe alfo of a fmall Chain of three or four Fathom
long with Spikes of Iron, which, for large Meafures,’ is much
more certain than the Fathom. i ‘
THE‘ Line is nothing. 'but a fmall Cord or Pack-thread
wound about a Stick, which is run off according to the
Length required: You-"may obférve, that to keep it from We. gmwl’]

make tbiJLine '

ﬁretching, it will be neceiTary to double it, and make Knots fmm ,, ,0 ,0
in it at every four Foot 5 we alfo make Loops at the Ends. to Whom in
put'the Stakes through, when we draw a Circle, Oval, Half— my,"
Moon, (am.

A s the Line is fubjeé’t to fome Inconveniencies by be-=
coming longervor fhorter, as it is more or lefs ﬂrained, to
ﬂirink much when it is, wet, and to. ﬁretch. upon drying,
you may, ' inﬁead‘ of it, make me of fmall IfonquVire, or
Lines made of the Kinds of Lime-Tree, or ofthe. Branches
of Bend-with tied together, which ,. are notfubjéﬂ to that In.
convenience. , » ‘

WE call it Straining- the Line, when, being faﬁen’d to
two Stakes, you draw ‘it'as tight as-.-you cah, 'Ptill, obferving,
that the Line be neither ﬂack nor conﬁned; that is to fay,
that .in-lifting it"‘up ' a‘ little between your'Fingers, it bear
every where: alike, without any Clod or Bank. to raife, con-i
ﬁne, or force it ever'fol little. V _ \

,1 R A N G I N G-S T I GK 8' and Stakes are plain Sticks, which
' {hould always be chofen as {trait as poﬁible, to facilitate : the
Work. They are made {harp at one End for ﬁxing them in
the Ground, and the upper End is cut very fmooth and even, ,_
which we call the Head of the Ranging-Stick.

' T H E Ranging-Sticks, or Perches, differ from theStakes,
or Spikes, in nothing but that they are- bigger, and fhould
be ﬁve or ﬁx Foot long, whereas two or three foot Length is
enough for the Stakes.

4 T H E Terms of ﬂaking out, alining, ranging, and .bonrning,
all ﬁgnify the fame Thing 5 and are, when he that performs
the Work, ihutting one Eye, and opening the other, applies
it to the Head of the Ranging-Stick, to direct all the others
in the fame Line, which we call the Line of Aim, or Vifual
Ray.

Ir ,

102.

The Pmc‘i’ice PART II.

I it happens, that if the Eye be applied too near the
Stick, a Defeé’t in the ﬁanding of the others can’t be fo well
perceived, becaufe the Vifual Ray is always apt to deviate ;
’tis better, therefore, to place yourfelf three or four Foot be-
yond the Ranging-Stick; and ﬁooping to its Height, with
one Eye ihut, aim with that which is open, and direct all
the other Stakes according to the Range of the ﬁri’c, with
that in the Middle, and at the other End, fo that they be all
cover’d, and appear as one only, were there thirty of them
ﬂanding in the fame Line; 7

’T I s no way neceifary, that the Ranging-Sticks fhould
ﬂand of equal Height in this Cafe; that is required only in
Levelling; for if“ one Stick ﬁand half a Foot higher than
another in this Work, it matters not, f0 they range direct-
ly, and cover one another as they ought.

I N drawing upon the Ground, there is likewife need of
an Inﬂrument, called a Tracing-Smﬁ; which is a long ﬁrait
Stick 'tipt with Iron at the lower End, having the Point
triangular, or ﬁatted like aCat’s Tongue; with this T racing—
Staﬁ you ﬁrike out and deﬁgn all the Figures of a Garden;
in a word, ’t-is the very Pencil-Cafe of him that traces
Things upon the Ground. , '

I N tracing, you muff ﬁrain the Line from Stake to Stake,
and follow it with the T racing-Staff, fo as not to force it
one way .or other : In great Lengths, it would be well to_
drive fmal‘l Spikes in the Track, at proper Dii’cances, both
‘for fear it ihould be defaced, and alfo that "it may be the
better dil’cinguiﬂl’d at a Diﬁance.

WH E N' you trace, the Earth ﬂ'rould be broke up a little
before the Tracing-Staff, to make the Track ihew larger and
deeper: You pals the Tracing-Point feveral times through
the fame Track, and fometimes your Hand ﬁde-ways, to
mark it the more diﬁinétly, left the Wind and the Rain
fhould deface it.

Yo U ought never 'to take up the Stakes till the Track be
fcored out very plain upon the Ground, and two, at leaﬂ,
lhould be conﬁantly left in each Line, as well to be of uie
in planting the Trees, as for recovering new Meafures,
lhould it be afterwards necelfary. ‘

WHAT

CHAP. I. of Gdtdmmg. [03
WHAT we call Raiﬁng a Square (which is a Term much
ufed in this Work) is, when, upon a {trait Line drawn with
the Inﬁrument, or with the Cord, you caufe another Line
to fall directly perpendicular, which makes a Right Angle,
or Square, and is what the Franc/.2 Workmen call, Le
Trait quarré.
. YOU muf’c take the Precaution in working, to have near
on a fmall Line of three or four Fathom long, to take the
leifer Meal'ures, and perform the fmaller Operations; as
alfo to have a large wooden * Square to make the '{hort a: TM: is ,1”
Returns you meet with in your Deﬁgns, where ’tis need- [We Square

'_ ‘ . . . t/mmll W‘ork-
lefs to make ufe of the Semi Circle, or Cord, to rarﬁ: the mm mm “f:

Square. of. /

WH E N, in the following Exercifes, you read, Trace out
this Line by the Tlaz‘m’, t; the Fift/a Traﬁz'ce, Sic. it {igni-
ﬁes that ’tis the fame Operation that was done before in the
Third or Fifth Praétice, to which you are referred, to avoid
Repetitions, and the Praétices are numbered exaé‘tlyy for this
very Purpofe. ‘

’T 18 convenient to fay one thing here, before I enter up-
on the following Exercifes; That a Gardener who is deﬁrous
to learn, be not ﬁartled at the Diﬂicultieshe may conceive,
either in the Buﬁnefs of Deﬁgn, which he may think indiﬂ-
penfably neeeffary for him to know how to perform, or at
the great Pains he may fuppofe ’twill coﬁ him, to apprehend,
and put in’praétice, all the following Figures.

As to the ﬁrit Difﬁculty, I ihall fay, for all Gardeners and
Countrymen in general, that ’tis not neceifary they fhould
know how to deﬁgn, but only that they fhould underﬁand
a Plan, fo as that when a Deﬁgn is given them, they may be
able to Mike it out to a Truth upon the Ground, which is
done by means of a fmall double Line divided by the Fa-
thom, which is called the Scale of the Plan, and is always at
the Bottom of the Paper. As all the Parts of a Deﬁgn are
made upon this Scale, and that it is an infallible Rule for
defcribing them truly upon the Ground, to follow it exaétly,
the Gardener has no more to do than to examine the Scale,
and conﬁder into how many Fathom ’tis divided. For this
Pur ole, he muﬁ: have a Pair of Compaifes wherewith to

meafure all the Parts of the Plan, a Ruler/to prolong the
z ‘ Lines.

,. 104

7796 Pmc‘i‘ice PART II.

7.Lines and Centers, ' which muﬁ be found upon the Pa er 3
and meafuring thefe by the Diviﬁon of his Scale, he will
.- know how many Fathom they have in Length and Breadth.

He will have need likewife of a fmall Inﬁrument, called a

:Protraé‘cor, fuch as .is reprefentcd in the A following Figure,

which is to take the Openings of Angles. The Prbtraétor is

applied toone of the Sides of the Angle, and reckoning

from its Center, the Number
of Degrees from the Bale to
the 'Place where the other
Side of theFAn'gle co‘mes‘to
cut the Circumference, you
mark it down upon 'the Pa-
per, and 4 defcribe it truly up-
on the Ground in like Pro-
portion, by opening the Semi-

 

 

Circle, and ﬁtting the Alhidade or Moveable Index on the
fame “Number of Degrees; becaufe the Protraé‘tor is divided
into as "many Degrees, as the great Serrii-cirCle madeufe of
.for drawing upon: the Ground.

A s .for .the Afecond Difﬁculty, which is the great "Pains a
Gardener may prepoﬁefs himfelf he mui’c be at, to appre-

hendthe‘followinge-ExerCifes, IfhaIl-anfwer, that if he will
but read-them over without Prejudice, and abeﬁow a little

Applicationon them, let his Underf’candingbe never f0 mean,

"he will "ﬁnd nothing diﬂicult, and out of the Reach of an

ordinaryCapacity, having endeavour’d to reduce them all
:to as fmall a Number as poﬂible, and to range them in an
.cafy and natural Order, beﬁdes which, I have avoided a

«tedious Compais of Words and Terms affected in Geometry,

whichpollibly might feem barbarous to him: In a word, it

has been my whole Application to render myfelf intelligible
-to Gardeners, and to make that eafy and plain to them, which

:in itfelf‘might pollibly appear difﬁcult. I write not then for
Geometricians, nor for Perfons knowing in this Matter, to
whom the moﬂ: difﬁcult Terms and» Things are become fa—
miliar by Study; but only for Countrymcn, and Tome that are
curious in Gardening.

AFTER

C HA P. I; of Gardening. ' 103'

A F T E R this {hort Advertifement, we may proceed to the
following Exercifes, which are fuppofed to be deﬁgned up—
on Rolls of Paper, call’d Plans, and the Space upon the Side
is the Ground, upon which they are conceiv’d to be laid
down in a true and juﬁ: Proportion ;, that is to lay, convert-
ed from little to great. All thefe Exercifes are contain’d in
the four Plates at the End of this Chapter.

BY this Comparifon of the Paper with the Ground, you
will judge of the Relation they have one to another; and I
may truly aﬂirm, that thefe Praétices contain all that a Gar-
dener needs to know in Geometry, for enabling him to trace
out all Sorts of Figures upon the Ground, how difﬁcult foever
they may be.

A Comparifon oftbe Taper wit]: t/ie Ground, in what relates
t0 the Manner of Tracing, reduced to Twenty Tragic“.

. THE FIRST PRACTICE.
To draw a Rngt or ﬂraitLine upon tbeGrauad,wit/o theCord.

L E T the ﬁrait Line be at, which is here fuppofed to be FIGURE 1.
twelve Fathom : meafure exaétly this Length upon the PLATE 1,
Ground from A to B, and ﬁx two Stakes there; then
ﬁraining the Cord from one to the other, mark the Line out
upon the Ground with the Tracing-Staff, following the Cord,
f0 as not to force it one way or other.

OBSERVATION.

T H IS Praé’tice is proper only for a Dif’cance of about 12.
'or I 5 Fathom, by reafon of the Diﬁiculty you will have to
trace a longer Line, by the Side of the Cord, without making
it fwerve. ~

, THE SECOND PRACTICE.
To draw a Rz’gthz‘ne upon tbeGrotmd a} time M40 of Stakes
S UPPOS E the Line to be drawn be found upon the Plan

to be a hundred Fathom long, as the Line 6 a], drive a Stake
P into

Io6

FIGJI.

FIG. III.

I" I G. IV.

The Pmﬂice P ART II.

into the Ground upon one of the Extremities of this Line; as
at A, and another at the Extremity B, diﬂant a hundred
Fathom one from another; and, in a Line with thefe two,
fet another about the Middle, as at C; thus divide the whole
Length AB, into f0 many*Parts, that none may exceed 12
or I 5 Fathom; and ﬁraning a Cord from Stake to Stake,
trace the Line at feveral Times, accordiag to the foregoing
ZPraé‘t'ice. You may afterwards take away the longer Stakes
or Perches that ferved for ranging, and ﬁx {hort Stakes or
Spikes, pretty near one another, for ﬁnding the Track again
more eaﬁly, if it fhould be defaced.

THE THI RD PRACTI CE.
Toprolong a Right Line upon the Ground.

I N this Praétice, the Line to be prolonged is fuppoféd to
be the Range of a Wall, or of a Building, as ah. Place
yourfelf at the Extremity, oppofite to that which ihould be
prolonged, as at A, and caufe a Stake to be ﬁxed beyond the
Corner B, as at C, in fuch manner that this Stake fwerve
not from the direét Line AB, towards 7), or towards E ;
and then trace out the Line BC, h} one of the preceding

' Y’raﬁices, according to. the Length of it.

THE FOURTH‘ PR ACTIC E._

To.\ deﬁrihe, with the Cord, a Right Line, which ﬂy‘ali he
ﬁaare or perpendicular to another Right Line already traced.

L E 'r the Right Line traced uponthe Ground be C T, and
the Stake E planted at the Point, from whence the Perpen-
dicular fhould be raifed: Carry on each Side the Point E,
about ﬁx or eight Fathom, and fet two Stakes there, as F and G,
then ﬁxing the Loops at the Ends of the Cord upon the two
Stakes F and G, draw the Loop in. the Middle of it to-
wards H, fo that the two Sides of the Cord F H, and G H,
may be ﬂrained ' alike. Drive a Stake at H, juf’t before the
Loop, that is to fay, in the Angle made by thefe two Lines,
and ,ﬂraining another Cord from E to. H, trace. out the

‘ I Line.

C HA P. I. of Gardening.

Line HE, which {hall be perpendicular to the Line C 7),
and like to that of the Plan a h.

THE FIRST OBSERVATION.

F OR performing this and the following Praé’tices, you
may take a Cord of r 5 or 20 Fathom long, and make a
Loop at each End of it; then double it, and {training it
equally from the two Ends, make a third Loop in the
Middle.

THE SECOND OBSERVATION.

TH-I s Praétice may -be performed likewife, byxtracing
two Portions of a Circle from the Stakes F and G, equally
diﬁant from the Point E, by means of a ﬁnall Tracing-Pin
ﬁxed at the End of the Cord, which will form two Seétions
in H 5 and in the Place where they cut one another, call’d the
Point of Interfeétion, plant the Stake H, from whence, to
that of E, draw the perpendicular Line HE. This Praétice
may alfo ferve for all that follow.

THE FIFTH PRACTICE.

To defcrihe with the Inﬂrument, a Line perpendicular to a
Rzght Linegiven.

L E T the given Line traced out upon the Ground be A B,
and let the Stake C be planted at the Point from whence the
Perpendicular is to be raifed, as is marked in the Plan by a h;
ﬁx the Semi-circle upon its Foot plum over the Stake C, and
direé‘t its Bafe towards the Stake d, or towards B, by means
of the Sights that are upon the Bafe; and turning yourfelf
fquare, fet the Moveable Index to 90 Degrees, and, by the
Sights upon the Index, direét a Stake to be drove towards @,

at a Diﬁtance proportionable to the Length the Perpendicular,

ought to have : You then trace this Line from the Stake 9),
to C, h} theﬁrﬂ or [Emmi ‘Pmﬁz‘ce, which Line {hall be per-
;pendicular or fquare to the given Line A B.

‘ P 2. T H E

107

F1 G. v.

108

FIG. v1. 4

F 16. VII.

X’LATE II,

7776 Praﬁica PART II.

THE SIX TH PRAC TICE.
To a’eforz'oo with the Cora’, a ‘Porpmdz'oular Line at the Emf
of a Rig/or Linegz’vm, already traced.

H A v I N G upon the 'Paper the Line a a, perpendicular to
the Line ac, which muﬁ be defcribed upon the Ground :

I To do this, from the Extremity A of the traced Lin-e AB,

meafure (fuppofe) IO Fathom, and drive a Stake, as at C 5
then take a double Line of 10 or r 2 Fathom, and ﬁxing the
two End LOOps upon the Stakes A and C, draw the Middle
Loop towards E, and plant a Stake there 5 and taking the
Loop off from the Stake ﬂ, put another Stake through it ;\
and ﬁraining the End of the Cord, fo that it range in a Line
with the Stakes E and ‘C, as at the Point G, ﬁx this Stake
there, and ﬁrain another Line from the Stake A to the
Stake G 5 the Line GA {hall be perpendicular to the LineAB.

OBSERVATION.

Y 0 U may raife this Perpendicular at the End of a Line,
by the help of the Semi-circle, fetting it plum over the Stake
at- one of the Extremities, and directing- the Bafe towards the
other Extremity, you then place the Alhidade or Index over
go Degrees, and work as in the ﬁﬁ‘lo Traﬁice.

THE SEVENTH PRACTICE.

3?? draw, with the Coral, a Line parallel to a Right Line
" traced out.

L E 'r the two parallel Lines upon the Plan bea o and o a],
diﬁant frOm one another 12 Fathom, and let the Right Line
0? be traced upon the Ground.. At each. of its Extremities.
C and T, rai‘fe a Perpendicular, according to the foregoing
Traﬁice 5 fet upon each of them the Length of 12 Fathom
as here, from C to E, and from w to F, and then draw from
the Point E to F, the Line E F” which {hall be. parallel to

the fame C 3.
T, H E.

CHAR I. of Gardehihg. ‘ 109

‘ THE EIGHTH PRACTICE.

To draw with the Semi—circle, a Line parallelto a Rzght
Line traced out.

LE T the two parallel Lines upon the Plan (as in the fore-
going Praétice) be ah, and ed, which fuppofe diﬁant from FIG VIII.
one another 50 Fathom, and that the Line 11 B were traced
upon the Ground, to which a Parallel ﬂ'rould be drawn at
the like Diﬁance. From the Point C, taken at Pleaﬁlre upon the
Line AB, raife with the Inﬁrument a large Perpendicular, b}
the 5th ‘me‘t’ite 5 then moving the Inﬁrument to the Point SD,
50 Fathom diﬂant from the Point C, direét the Bafe towards
the Stake C, and the Moveable Index being upon 90 Degrees,
direé’c by the Sights, a Stake towards E, and another to...
wards F, and trace the Line E F, h} the ﬁiﬂ or ﬁeand me.
Etiee, accordihgto the Length it. contains upon the Plan.

OBSERVAT ION.

WHEN there‘are feveral Lines to be drawn parallel to one
given, there needs no more than to-Ret off the Diﬁances from
one to the other, either after the je'venth Traﬁiee, by raiﬁng
Perpendiculars at the Ends, or according to this laﬂ, by re-
turning the Square with the Semi-circle, at each of the
Points meafur.’d oﬁ' upon the great Perpendicular in the
Middle.

THE NINTH' PRACTICE.

To deﬁr'z'he, with the Line, an ﬂng/e equal to an Jingle
given upon the Taper.
TAKE upon the Plan a Length at Pleafure, as here, of
eight Fathom. With this Interval, upon the Point of the
Angle a, defcribe with the Compaffes an Arch, as he, F191};
which joins the two Sides of this Angle, and meafure the '
Diﬁance of the two Points h and e, fuppofed four Fathom ,
which is call’d the Cord of the Arch h and t. Then mea-
I ﬁu‘e‘

"IT'IO

FIG.'X.

.FIG. XI.

The Pmélite P ART H.

fure upon the Line traced upon the Ground, eight Fathom, as

«from d to B, and taking a Line of four Fathom, the LOOP
of which is ﬁxed to the Stake A, and another of eight Fa-

thorn ﬁx’d in like manner to the Stake B, join them together
at the Point C, where drive a Stake; after which you draw
the Line CB, which with the traced Line A B, makes the

.Angle BA C equal to that of the Plan.

THE TENTH PRACTICE.

To draw, with the Inﬂntmeht, em Angle equal to em 4723/3
., given upon the Tlem. \

MEASURE the Angle marked upon the Plan with the

’Protraétor,’ by placing its Corner upon the Point 4, and its

Bafe along the‘Line ah, count how many Degrees there are
from c to cl; as fuppofe thirty, keep this Number carefully
in mind, that it be fet oﬂ‘ exaétly upon the Ground, in {up-
poﬁng AB the traced Line, and the Point B that from which
is to be drawn an Angle equal to that of the Plan. Set the

’Center of the Semi-circle as perpendicularly as poﬂible over

the Point B, and direé’cing the Bafe to the Stake A, place
the Index at the Point C, upon the fame Degree that you
ﬁaund upon your Paper with the Protraé’tor, and by the
Sights of the Index caufe a Stake to be planted towards 7),.and
draw the Line BED, h} either 01’ the ﬁrft two ‘Pmﬁieer, as
.beﬁ ﬁiits With the Diﬁance contained between B and T.

THE ELEVENTH PRACTICE.

To draw with .the Line, a Triangle equal t0 4 Triangle
‘ git/en upon the Plan.

LE 1‘ the fuppofed Triangle (be ahe; meafure each of its
Sides, and. note them upon the Plan, then drawing the Bafe
14 B, found, for Inﬁance, .to-be ten F athom; take, according
to the Meafure of the other two Sides, a Line of I 2 Fathom
long, and ﬁx it by a Loop to the Stake ﬂ; .andone of 9 Fa-
thom, which ﬁx in like manner to the Stake B 5 and joining
their Extremities, as in C, drive a Stake there: then draw

the

CHA P. I. of Gardening. I I I

the two Lines A C and B C, and the Triangle A B C {hall
be like that of the Plan. ‘

THE FIRST OBSERVATION.

I F the Triangle had the three Sides equal, which we call
Equilateral, you need only take two Lines of equal Length
with the Baﬁ, at the Extremities of which, having two
Stakes run through the Loops, and joining the Ends of thefe
Lines together above, you plant a Stake, where they interé
feet, and then trace the two Lines, as before.

THE SECOND OBSERVATION.

IF the Triangle fhould be fo large that it could not be
conveniently drawn with the Line, you muﬁ then meafure
one of its Angles, as that of a, with the Protraétor, which
fuppofe 50 Degrees, andvthe Side a b 100 Fathom, and ac
120 Fathom. After having drawn upon the Ground the
Line ’1 B "’0 Fathom, 51’ ”’9 ﬂ’wnd T7459“, Place the FIG. x1.
Semi-circle on the Point A, direéting its Bafe to the Point B, . i
and‘fetti'n‘g the Index to soD'egrees, you direét the Stake C
to I 20 Fathom diﬁant from the Stake A 5 after which, from
the Stake C to that of B, you draw the Line C B, WhicH'
with the LinesA C, and'A B, form the Triangle demanded.

THE TWELFTHV P RACTICEL
To draw an oblong Square, or right-angled Tarallelogram.

A F T E R having meafured the Length a a, and the Breadth
be of the Parallelogram defcribed upon the Paper, and quo-
ted them, as fuppofe 8 and 15 Fathom, trace out the Line
A B of 15 Fathom, and upon one of its Extremities, as A,
raife aPerpendicular of 8 Fathom long, as from A to C, a; F 16, X”;
the/[Mb Traﬁice. Then ﬁxa Line of I 5 Fathom long to the. PLATE m;
Stake C, and one of 8 Fathom to the Stake B 5 and where
their Extremities meet, as in @, drive a Stake, and trace the
Lines B Y) and C‘D, which, with A B and AC, will form,
the ParallelOgram AB C79,,

THE

112.

FI G. XIII.

« 77w Prac‘iiee PART II.

THE FIRST OBSERVATION.

IF the oblong Square were much bigger than this, you
muft then raife, with the Inﬁrument, two Perpendiculars
upon the Extremities of the Line A B, according to the
Oéjervatiou on tbeﬂxtb Traﬁiee, and make each of thoie

"-Perpendiculars equal to the Breadth of the. Parallelogram.

THE SECOND "OBSERVATION.

T o draw a perfeé’t Square, the Praétice is the ﬁme with
that abdve, faving that the two Perpendiculars muf’c be drawn
as long as the Bafe of the Square.

THE THIRTEENTH PRACTICE.
To defcriée, wit/a the Line, an Irregular F igure of four Sides.

S UP P o s E the Irregular Figure to be a a e d, from the

Point a, with the Interval at, defcribe with the Companies

an Arch, as e e g and from the Point a, with the Interval ad,
make another Arch, as d f , meaﬁlre the Lengths a a, which
fuppofe 2 5 Fathom, at 9 Fathom, ad I I Fathom, and the
Cords of the Arches or Diﬁances from t to e I o Fathom, and
from f to d 14Fathom. Then trace upon the Ground the Line
or Bafe A B of 25 Fathom long, and carry from 11 to E
9 Fathom, and from B to F I I Fathom, plant two Stakes
in the Points E and F, and taking a Cord of nine Fathom
ﬁx’d to the Stake ﬂ, and one of IO Fathom long ﬁx’d to the
Stake E, bring their Ends to meet in the Point C, and drive
a Stake there : Do the like on the other Side, as upon the
"Stake B ﬁx a Cord «of I I Fathom, and one of x4. upon the
Stake F, bringing their Extremities together in the Point 7),
and tracing the Lines 110, C ‘D, ‘D B, you form, with the
Bafe A B, the four-ﬁded Figure propofed. ‘

THE FOURTEENTH PRACT IC E.
To draw an irregular Figure offaur Sides wit/9 the I uﬂr’umeut.

'THE four-ﬁded Figure aaca’, is here fuppofed to be

conﬁderably bigger than the foregoing, as the Bale a a to
I be

C H A P. I. 0f Gardening.
be 100 Fathom long, the Side 4 c 20 Fathom, and that of
b at so Fathom. Meafure, with the Protraétor, the Open—
ings of the two Angles that fall'upon the Bafe a b; fuppofe
here the Angle a to be 60 Degrees, and that of b 100, quote

If?

all thefe Meafures exactly upon the Plan, and trace out upon .

the Ground the Bafe Line A B 100 Fathom long, by the
[hand Traﬁice 5 then plaCe the Semi-circle upon the Stake
A, and make an Angle of 60 Degrees, that is to fay, equal to
the Angle 64 6 upon the Paper, by the tenth Traﬂice, make
the Side A C 20 Fathom, according to the Plan, and drive a
Stake at C : Likewife from the Stake B malge an Angle of
100 Degrees, and fet off 30 Fathom on the Side B iD, plant
a Stake at D, and trace the Line from 5D to C, which
with the Lines C A and ‘D B, and the Bafe AB, form an ir-
regular four-ﬁded Figure, like that of the Plan.

OBSERVAT ION.

Ev ERY Figure of many Sides, whether Regular or Irre-
gular, is called a Polygone. Polygones take their Names
from the Number of their Sides, from the Square to the Fi-
gure of r 2 Sides, after which they have no particular Name.

The Polygone of 5 Sides is called A Pentagone.
that of 6 . . . . An Hexagone.

of 7 . . . . An Heptagone.
of 8 . . . . An Oftogone.

of 9 . . . . An Enneagone.

of IO . . . . A Decagone.

of I I . . . . An Endecagone.
and of I 2 . . . . A Dodecagone.

.THE FIFTEENTH PRACTICE.
To deﬁrz'be, wit/9 the Line, any Tolygone w/mtfaewr.

FIG. XIV.

S U PPOS E the Regular Polygone (a) to be of ﬁve Sides, ,

called a Pentagone; draw from the upper Angle (a) two
Lines to the Extremities of its Bale b and c, which will form
the Triangle a b c. Meafure one of thefe two Lines only,
and quote it upon the Plan, the other being equal to it.

Then trace upon the Ground the Triangle C D E, like that FIG. xv.

Q_ of

114

FIG. XVI.

The Pméi‘ieei PART II.

of a h 0 upon the Paper, hy the eleventh ‘Pmﬁz'ee; which
done, take two Cords equal to the Bafe @E, and putting
their Loops over the Stake C and D, bring their Extremities
together in the Point G. Again ihiﬁ: the Cords to the Stakes
C and E, and do the fame in the Point F, and plant Stakes
at F and G. Then trace the Lines DG, GC, CF, and FE,

'which, with the Bafe D E, form a Regular Pentagone, like

that of a in the Plan.

OBSERVATION.

Fo R tracing any other Polygone whatfoever, you mull“
reduce it into Triangles, as in the foregoing Figure, and
transfer each of thofe Triangles one after another upon the
Ground, in the fame Order as they lie upon the Paper;
which is to be underﬂood as well of 11‘r‘egular Polygones, as
Regular, the only Difference being, that in Regular Poly-

gones the Triangles are equal, and in Irregular ones they
are all unequal.

THE SIXTEENTH PRACTICE. -
To defm'he (my Tab/gone whazyberver, with the Inﬂmment. ,,

OBSERVATION.

T H Is. may be performed two different ways 5 for it may
happen, either that the Bafe of the Polygone may be deter-
min’d upon the Ground, or that a ﬁx’d Point be given where
its Center muf’c neceITarily be.

THE FIRST WAY OF WORKING.

' SUPPOSE the Line BC be drawn equal to one of the
Sides of the Oé’togone d, which admit to be I 5 Fathom and; ‘
4 Foot, meafure upon the Paper, with the Protraé’cor, one
of the Angles made by the Meeting-of two Sides, of the
Oé’cogone, as ch and hi, which is called the Angle of
the Polygone 5 fet your Semi—circle upon the Ground over

. the Point .8, and make an Angle equal to that of the 08:0-

gone, which is I 3 5 Degrees, according to the followin

Table; make the Side BI I 5 Fathom and 4. Foot, which is
the Length of the Bafe he in the Plan ; and do the fame
Work from the Points. I H G F E D, in all which ﬁx Stakes,

and

CHAP. I. of Gardening.

and trace the Sides of the Polygone from one Stake to ano-
ther, which will make it regular, and like that of 4 upon
the Paper.

THE SECOND WAY.

IF the Center of the OétogOne only be determin’d upon
the Ground, as the Stake 11, you muﬂ: draw, upon the Plan,
Lines from the Center. a to all the Angles of the Polygone,
take the Length of one of thefe Lines, called the Radius,
as 42', the others being equal toit, and all fuppofed to be
20 Fathom, then meafure upon the Plan, with the Pro-
trac’tor, the Angle made by the Meeting of two of thefe
Lines or Radius’s at the Center ct, as 46 and ac, which,ac-
cording to the Table, is 45 Degrees, and is called the Angle at
the Center. Set the Semi—circle upon the Ground over the
Centre-Stake A, and mark out, one after another, eight An-
gles of 45 Degrees, by the tenth Traﬂice; and upon each
Line 0r Radius of 'thefe Angles, meafure from the Stake A
20 Fathom, and drive Stakes there; Then draw the Lines
from Stake to Stake, and they form a regular Oé’togone, like
that of the Plan. ‘ '

Fmsr OBSERVATION.

A 5 there may meetimes happen '3. Difﬁculty in drawing
an Oétogone, by reafon one of its Points may prefent it felf
to a Walk, inﬁead of one of its Sides, you may do thus.

S UP PO 3 I N G ﬁrﬁ the middle Line K L to be drawn
upon the Ground, and the Center A determined upon it,
inﬁead of opening the Inﬁrument to 4 5 Degrees, which is the
Angle at the Center of the OCtogone, open it only to the
half, which is 22. Degrees and a half, and place a Stake on
the Radius A B at fuch dif’tance from A as will anfwer the
SiZe you would give the Polygone 5 then take the Diﬁance
which the Stake B has from the middle Line K L, and carry-
ing it on the other Side, at right Angles toK L, you have the
place of the Stake C for one Side of the Polygone, whiCh
you may ﬁnifh by either of the foregoing Methods.

Yo U may do thus by all the regular Polygones, the num—
ber of whOfe Sides is equal, taking the half of the Angle at
the Center.

CL; S Ea-

LII§

F IG. va

F I G. XVI.

116

7799 Pmﬂice‘ PART II.

81360 ND OBSERVATION.

To make this ﬁxteenth Praétice common to all regular
Polygones, even from the Triangle and Square, to the Fi-
gure of twelve Sides, or the Dodecagone, you may have
Recourfe to the following Table, were are contain’d the
Angles of the Polygone, and thofe of the Center, and ’tis
fuﬂicient for the Work, to meafure either one of the Sides of
the Polygone, or the Line drawn from its Centre to one of its
Angles, which is- the Radius.

 

. Numéer of’Degreer ‘Numéer ofchgrér
NW” of ’1’" T0“ of we Angle of of we Angle of
the Tolygone. the Centre.

Triangle.....;.. 60 ........120
Square.........90........90
Pentagone . . .'.... 108 - 72-
Hexagone.......rzo........60
Heptagone. . .....128~;-........ 51%
O&ogone........135......'..45
Enneagone...,...140...“...4o
Decagone........144.....I....36
Endecagone ......x47§........ 32%
Dodecagone.......150-........30

bgoner.

 

 

 

 

 

THIRD OBSERVAi‘ION.

. W1 1' H refpeét to irregular Polygones, you, may make
ale of the Methods taught in this Exercife, either dividing
them into Triangles, from a Point or Center taken in them
at Pleafure, meafuring, with the Protraé’tor, all the Angles,_.
and, by the Scale, all the Radius’s drawn to the Angles of.
the Polygone, ﬁtting oﬂ‘ upon the Ground, the fame Open-
ings of the Angles, and the Lengths found upon the Plan 5.
or elfe, meafuring each Angle of the Polygone with the.
Protraé’tor, and afterwards its Sides, as / was jui’c now men-
tionv’d above; ,

THE

CH A" P. I; of Gardening. . I 17

THE SEVENTEENTH PRACTICE.
T admw a Circlé upon the Ground. I

SUPP 085 the Stake d to be the Centre of the Circle
which you would defcribe, meafure, upon the Plan, the
- Dif’cance from the Center a to the Circumference, as from
a to b, fuppofe ﬁx Fathom, which is the Semi—diameter or Ra-
dius; put the Loop of a Linetof ﬁx Fathom long over the Stake,
A, and the Point of aTracing—Pin through a Loop made at the F I G. XVII»
other Extremity B. Carry the Line and Tracing-Point. quite. PLATE 1V.
round about the Center A, till. you come to the Place where
you ﬁrﬁ began, as B, which traces your Circle entirely,
obferving that the Line be always ﬁrained alike, that nothing
interrupts it, and that the Tracing-Pin be conﬁantly held in
the fame Difpoﬁtion, without varying its Point 5 beﬁdes
which, let the Stake in the Center A be held by fome-body
to keep it perpendicular,.1eﬁ in ﬁraining the Line. too much
it. give way, and make the , Circle bigger than that of the

Plan.
0 B' s E RV'AT'I o N.‘

I 'r is eafy to apprehend, that the Application of this Exer-
cife may ferve for tracing Half or (garter-Circles, and, ge-
nerally, any circular Segment whatfoever. '

THE EIGHTEENTH PRACTICE“
To draw an Oval upon the Ground..

L E 'r the Oval upon the Paper be a, whofe longeﬁ Dia-
meter only is determin’d 12 Fathom; trace out upon the;
Ground the Line 113 of ‘12 Fathom long, anddivide it into
three equal Parts, where plant Stakes, as in the Points C and
D. Then take a Cord of the Length D B, or C 1!, with
which trace lightly two Circles, from the Center-Stakes
C and D, which Circles interfeé’c one another in the Point.
E and F :,~ in thefe drive two Stakes, and the Points C D E F.

ihall be the fourv'Centers'o/fv the Oval. Fix a Line upon the FIGXVHL
Stake ‘

' 118

FI G. XIX.

7776’ Practice . PART II.

Stake F, and making it juﬁ: touch or graZe upon that of D,
range it by the Stakes F and 7), till it cut the Circumference
of one of the two Circles, in a Point where you drive a
Stake, as at G; do the fame on the other Side, for planting

,the Stake H upon the Circumference; and from the Center

F, without lhifting the Line, draw the Arch GH, till you
come to the StakesG andH. This done, fhift the Line,
and, putting it upon the Stake E, do the fame thing for .
planting the Stakes L and I, and trace the Arch I L; then
joining thefe Tracks with the two Portions ofCircles at the
Extremitiesﬂ and B, you deface the reﬂ of thefe Circles
marked with Points, that you ﬁnd within the Oval, which
is all that will then'remain viﬁble.

THE NINETEENTH PRACTICE.

To trace an Oval, tbctwo ﬂiametm afwbz'cb are a’ctermz'n’d
74,0072 the Taper.

LE 1‘ the 'Oval be aé 'c d, the longei’c Diameter of which
is zoFathom, and the ihortef’c 12,‘as quoted upon the Pa- '
per. Trace upon the Ground the Line A B 20 Fathom long,
which terminate by two Stakes, and divide itinto two equal
Parts, as .in the Point E, upon which raife a Perpendicular
:of I zFathom long, é} t/acfcart/a Traé’t’z’cg; letting fix Fathom
on each ﬁde the Point E 5 then take one of thefe Halves as
E C, and with a Cord lay it upon the great Diameter A B, from
one of its Extremities, as from the Point 8 towards F 5 di-
vide the Space that remains between F, and the Center E,
.into three equal Parts, (and Rat off one of thefe Parts upon the
fame Line ”beyond the Point F, as at G: Then take the Dill
‘7tance from the 'PointG to the Center E, and fet it off upon
the other oppoﬁte Side, as from E to H, planting two Stakes
there, to range with thofe of the two Ends 11 and B 5 and
from thele Stakes G and H, draw the two equilateral Tri-
angles H I G, and H L G, according to tkeﬁzgﬂ Otfer-vatz'on
.of the elevent/y Traﬂice: This done, prolong the Sides of
”the Triangles indeﬁnitely, and trace them lightly, as I H 1V,
and I GM, fate. and from thefe four Points G HI L, as Cen-
ters, you trace the Oval in this Manner; putting the Loop.
of the Cord over the Stake G, extend it to the Extremity B,

and

CHAP. I. of Gardening;

and ,_ draw the Part of the Circle to the Indeﬁnite Lines M
and T, where you are to ROp. Then {hift the Cord of the
fame Length on the oppoﬁte Side, and ﬁx the Loop upon H,

from whence draw the other circular Segment, with the‘

fame Caution, to ﬂop the Track when‘ you come to the In-
deﬁnite Lines N and O, and drive linall Spikes in the Inter-
feé‘tions of thefe Lines, as at the four Points M T N 0. Then
take a longer Cord, and putting the Loop over the Stake I,
adjui’c its Length to the Point ‘1), and trace the Arch N ‘D M,
till you come to the Track and Spikes of the circular Seg-
ments, with which the Tracing-Point ought to fall in exaé’t-
1y. _Finifh the Circumference of the Oval, by ﬂiifting the
Loop of the Cord to the other Side upon the Stake L, from?
which you defcribe, in'like manner, the Arch 0 C T. Thefe
two Arches joining with the circular Segments, entirely
clofe the Oval 5 after which, you deface the Lines that ferved
only to the Conﬁruétion of it, that nothing remain but the
bare Track of the Oval, which will be found proportion-
able to, and like that of the Plan, which is fuppofed to be.
drawn by the fame Method, as is generally made ufe of upon
Paper.

‘ OBSERVATION.

WHEN there are two Ovals to be drawn one within the
other, as perhaps an Oval Walk about an Oval Bafon, ac-
cording to the foregoing Practice, you have no'moreto do
than to prolong the Lines of the Interfeétions, to the Breadth
you would give the Walk, and from the fame Centers draw
thefecond Oval parallel to the ﬁri’c,. ‘

THE TWENTIETH AND LAST PRACTICE.

To draw, 24,0072 the Grazmd, the Oval, amnion/j cal/’4 the
Gardeners Oval; .

7 IF you would draw an Oval at Pleafure, without any
Plan, or that you have one upon Paper, fuch as the Oval (a).
whole Diameters are not determined by Numbers; trace
upon the Ground the Line .11 B, which you are to termi-

I nate

1‘19

*1 2.0

FIG. XX.

FIG. XX.

. 7/56 Praéi’zce PART II.
nate with \Stakes, and take thereon a Length at pleafure,
about a third, as from A to C. Set off the fame Length from
the Extremity B to D, and drive two ﬂrong Stakes in the
‘POints C and D, which are the two Centers of the Oval. Then
take a Line without Loops, bring it about the Stake D, and

extend it double to the Extremity A, where join the two Ends
’by a Loop, through which thruﬂ a Tracing-Point. Lead a-
:bout this Point from d to E, from E to F, fromF to G, 8(c,

taking care that the Line be always equally ﬁrained, and
that it Hide and turn freely about the two Stakes C and D.
Continue thus to carry the Line and Tracing-Pin till you come
round again to the Stake/f from whence you fet out, and by
the different Triangles which the Line forms fucceﬂively, in

lengthening and fhortening itfelf, it defcribes the Oval with-

out being Ihifted, according to the moﬂ ufual Method of Gar-

.-¢dener,s, which has given it the Name of the Gardeners Oval.

OBSERVATION.

If you would have the Gardener’s Oval pafs by four Points
given upon the Ground, you have no more to do than to ﬁnd
the two Centers: thefe four Points being fuppofed to be thofe
of the extreme Diameters A B, and FH. Thentake with
the Cord half the longeﬁ Diameter B K, or A K, and fmm
the Point F, or H, as Centers, defcribe with the Tracing-Pin
Arches of Circles cutting the Line A B, in the Points D and
C 3 which {hall be the two Centers or Focus Points for tracing

" the .Oval, according to z/oefaregoz'ng 2977162963.

I DO not here enter upon the Demonﬁration of theie Prac—
tices; they being ﬁlﬂiciently known to ﬁich as are the leaﬁ:
skilled in Geometry: As to Gentlemen and Gardeners that
Will make ufe of them, they may be aﬂured of their Cer—
minty, and that they are founded upon good Principles. “

sagas

CHAP.

 

 

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CHAP. II. of Gardening.

QQQQQQQQQQQQ ugoogoﬁoggoggggggoggggg

66?»: 5—66 5©t 666 56no6o¥666666o66 666066
C H A P. II.

0f the Manner qf making or dreﬂzng

Ground, and ofdigging and removing
t/ye Enrtb.

WHE N you have made choice of a Piece of Ground,
and determin’d the Extent that is to be enclofed with
Walls, the next work is to drels it, and bring it as neara
Level as is pofﬁble. But,as the Ground propofed to be wrought
upon, is almoﬁ conﬁantly found uneven and irregular, you
are indifpenfably obliged either to make it according to its
natural Sloping, or to reduce it to a perfeé’c Level.

A P I E c E of Ground is {aid to be made upon its natural
Slope, when follOwing the Situation of the Place, without
carrying out or bringing in any conﬁderable (Luantity of Earth,
you do no more than ﬁll up the Holes, and level the Hills, fo-
that the Ground be laid even and uniform throughout, accor-
ding to its natural Declivity.

I N Gardens that are dry and ﬁoney, there ihould be given
but little Declivity, that Advantage may be made of the Rain
and Snow-water; but in moif’c Grounds fomewhat more Slope
is neceiTary to carry it off, and in thofe that are overﬂowed,

we make Drains arid Ditches all round, to keep them dry and

make them fruitful.

IT is called making a Piece of Ground perfectly level, '1]

when, by means of an Inﬁrument call’d a Level, it is laid
with fuch‘ Exaétneis, that no manner of Slope remains thro.’
the whole Extent of it.

R ”1‘13

121

122 l 7779137469966 P A R T II,

’TI 8 very rare to ﬁnd Ground that can be reduced to a.
perfect Level; beﬁdes its ordinary Situation, which is con-
ﬁantly uneven, and fomewhat ﬂoping, the Expence necef-
farily required to move the higher Parts of it to the lower,
difcourages People from courting this Perfeétion. Molt Men
choofe rather to make Ground upon its natural Slope, fo as ‘
to render it agreeable and infenﬁble to the Eye, and fcarce at‘
all tirefome to the F oot, which has this Advantage too, that

The] mm its Sloping ferves as a natural Current for the Floods and

W! 955”?“- Rain—VVater', and if there are Bafons, they empty themiEIves

:22]: 6322?, one into another, and are always full, the waﬁe Water running-

of the.Tuillc- off, that you are not obliged to make Wells, to receive it.

“65' However, becaufe one is lometimes obliged to lay certain:
Parts of a Garden to an exact Level, as the Walks about a.
piece of Water or of a Mall, (3%. I ihall here give the Man--
ner of doing it.

T H E R E are abundance of Inﬁruments made ufe of for
levelling upon the Ground, every one contriving them after
his own Way, and, to hear what molt fay, there is rio Level'
To exact, as that Which they have invented, and advife the
Ufe of, excluﬁve of all others: But as, in Gardening, we are
not to fraud upon Niceties, and that the U12: and Facility of
a Level is what is molt to be regarded, I {hall propoie but two,,
the VVater—Level, and the ordinay common. Level.

TH E Water-Level is the bell and moﬁ exa‘c‘t, and is there--
fore made me of for taking fueh Riﬁngs and F allings of”
Ground as are conﬁderable, efpecially with relation to the-
conVeying Water into a Garden. For which Reaion I {hall
not fpeak of it in this Place, but 1‘efErve its Ufe to be fhewn
in the fourth Part of this Work, which treats of Fountains, and.
the Conveyance of Waters.

TH E ordinary and COmrnon Level, though inferior to,
and leis exact than the other, is fuﬂicient, however, for the-
whole Buﬁnefs of levelling a Garden. ’Tis this Level that is.
commonly employ’d in Gardening, the Ufe of it is very eafy,
and the Readinefs of meeting with it every where, makes it.
willingly preferr’d to any other. v

T HIS Inﬁrument is no other than a Square or Level,‘

like that ufed by Mafons, and other Artiﬁcers, as the Figure
demonw

CHA P. H. of Gardening. 12.3

demonﬁrates. The larger it is, the better for the Work 3 Tom)” 7‘7”“:

, Le'vel be true,

however, three Footh Length for each Side is enough. Th0 after bringing

the Ufe of it be very common, I thought it not improper the Plummet
toéearexaﬂl}

to infert it here, for the Information of the Curious, and ,mheNmkor

fuch young Perfons as are willing to improve themfelves in Strokemone
' ' ‘ ' - Side, turn it
Gardening, reforming it from fome Abuies brought in a- E” ,1 for En ,1,

ang Gardeners, and adding fome Particularities but little andif the

known which tend to a more ready and complete Perfor- ”mm“ 1"”
, direﬂly upon

mance of the Work. t/aefameStro/ee
the Level 1':
true.

 

    

v"I'IIInnvmmmnuuuuummmImmmmmuu

BUT before I proceed to the Ufe of this Level upon the
Ground, it may be rcquiﬁte to make the following Obfer-
Vations.

TH E Words Dreﬂing, Levelling, making even and fmooth,
are equally made ufe of to ﬁgnify the Aétion of harrowing or
raking the Ground, to lay it every where fmooth and even.

W E call it Settling the Ground, when, by rolling it'with
great wooden Rollers, or by walking and treading upon it,
we render it to clofe, that it cannot be prefs’d or funk lower.

To range level, or trace out any thing, there muI’c be at
leaﬁ three or four Perfons employed, lime to carry the
Stakes, and to change and remove them, as lhall be direé’tv
ed, others to {train and {hift the Line. You may oblerve,
there is no need to fpeak in working, efpecially at great
Dii’cances, where the Voice is eaﬁly loft, and as it is difﬁcult
to underﬁand each other afar off, you may have Signs agreed
upon between you, and fhew with the Hand whatever you‘
would have done: For Inﬁance, if, in ranging a Stake upon
a Line, the Stake {tand too much to the Left, you muﬁ ihew,
by drawing your Hand to the Right Side, that the Stake

R- 2 ‘ ' Ihould

124 7772‘ P515566 PART II.

lhould ﬁand more to the Right; and fo raiﬂng or lowering
the Hand ﬁgniﬁes, that the Stake fhould be fet higher or
lower: which Example may ferve for all that is poﬂible to be
, explained by Signs. '

F o R levelling you {hould make ufe of a proper Day,
when it is {till Weather, not too hot nor too cold; when it
neither blows nor rains, and when there is not much Sun :
All thefe are very injurious to the‘ Sight, by the Refractions
that make a great Diverﬁty in lowering or raiﬁng the Viiual
Ray. ADay fomething cloudy and over-calf, is beﬁ for le-

ThereareLe- velling, for the Stakes will then be feen belt, and the Eye

g‘ffmﬁfmi’l’ will more eaﬁly diﬁinguilh Objeé’ts that are far oﬂl

" e no? 5' ’T I s ufual to put a Linen-Rag, Paper, or Card, upon the
Head of the Stakes or Ranging-Sticks, ﬂitting the Head of
them a little, and putting the Paper or Card into the Slit 5,
which is a very great Eafe and Relief to the Sight, efpeci-ally
in Lines of great Length. When the Paper or Rag is not feen:
plain enough, you caufe a Man to hold his Hat behind the
Stake, the white Paper appearing much plainer by the Oppoﬁ—-
tion of the Black of the Hat; and by this means, the Perfon that
bourns may more eaﬁly dif’tinguiih all the Heads of the Stakes.

’T 1 3 very material in levelling, that the Heads of the Stakes
be made very true, even, and of equal height; for the Line
of Aim ihould run exactly upon the Heads of them, and touch
them all alike, in order to regulate the Level of the Surface of
the Ground. I

I T is call’d Earthing or Banking upa Stake, when, being
drove into the Earth, ’tis found tdohigh for the meafure re.-
quired; as if a Stake were ﬁx Foot out of the Ground, and
it ihould be but four or‘ﬁve, according to the Level 3 you
then caufe Earth to be brought, and make a Bank about the
Foot of it, till it be of a due Height: ft) when a Stake is too

, low, you clear it at the Foot, and carry away the Earth, till
it has the Height it ihould have.

’T 15 to be obferved, that when we fpeak of making 9* a

a Rigolc, Pattern-Line, or Furrow, ’tis not to open the Ground, as in
Ration ou Rc- planting Palifades, which ought rather to be call’d a Trench;
fzgmﬁsz but ’tis to bring in Earth, and lay it along a Line ﬁrained

our Gardener: ﬁom
call them PM-
hm-Liml s and when the} 47mm: into the Ground, Farrow».

C HAP. II. of Gardening.

from one Stake to another, which forms a Pattern‘that ferves
to redrefs the Unevennefs of the Ground. Thefe Pattern-
Lines may be from twelve Inches to two Foot broad, the
Earth fhould be trod upon to fettle it, and afterwards raked
over with a ﬁne Rake, till the Line jui’c touches and graZes
upon the Surface of 1t every where alike, without being con-
ﬁned. F urrows are fometimes cut for the fame Purpoie 1n the
folid Earth, when the Ground 13 too high, not only 1n Flats,
but upon Banks and Slopes , in which cale the Line 13 Brain--
‘ ed, and the Earth cut away, till 1t bear equally throughout.

T H EY make me of iinall wooden Stakes or Spikes, which
are drove down even with the Ground, and-- quite over-
head at the Foot of the Levelling Sticks, fetting upon
them the ﬁandi‘ng Mealhre, and reducing them exactly to
this Height, when they would not bank up, or clear the
Earth from the Stakes, which is left to a Man’s own Choice.
Thefe Spikes are alfo of tale to recover the Meafures, in cafe
the Levelling—Sticks fhou‘d be moved or that they fhould
be voluntarily taken up as ﬁanding in the way, and to {train
the Line f1om the Head of one to the other, for making the
Pattern-Lines abovemention’ d.

WHEN the Ground is too uneven and rough, you muff
begin, ﬁri’c of all, to break it up with the Plough, to deﬁroy
theWeeds, and then harrow over every Part of it to level
the Banks or Hilloeks, and ﬁll up the Cavities. This ierves,
likewife, to render the Ea1th more eaiy and friable, as weli
for removing and tranipmting, as for driving the Stakes, and
other things neeeffary.

T H E R E remains no more, before Iproeeed to the Praéiiee
of Levelling, but to ipeak of the Method of digging and
removing Earth.

W H E N the Earth is to be dug or cut to make a T errafs,
Bank, Bowling—green, Canal, (’7 6. they mike uﬁ: of Mat-
tocks, Pick-axes, Spades, and Shovels , and there are Men
who do nothing but ﬁll the Baskets, Scuttles, and Wheela
barlows, thati {eep behind thole who dig To forward this
Work, ﬁippoﬁng they have a great Height to cut, they 11n—
dermine the Foot of it with a Pix—axe, and hollow it a little
before them towards the Bottom, with this Precaution, that
no body go upon the Ground above, for fear it fall, and hurt

the.

12.;

12.6

*Temoins.

“7/76 Pmﬁice P ART II,

the Men that are working below. When they have proceed-
ed a little to hollow it round about, they caufe the Men to
retire, and getting a top of the Ground, where fome Pieces
of Wood have been drove in, with four or ﬁve Men to hel
weigh upon it, they throw down vaﬁ quantities of Earth at
once. Experience ﬂaews that this Method forwards the
Work extremely. When they meet with Rocks or Quarries,
they make ufe of Gun—powder to blow them up, cramming
the Powder into the Clefts of the Rock, or Cuts made in it,~
or elfe putting fome fmall Barrels of Powder at the root of it,
which they give ﬁre to, by Trains laid for that purpofe 5 and
this they call Springing a Mine. ‘

I N digging away Ground, feVeral Banks, which the
Franc/J call 9* Witmﬂer, ihould be left till the Work be whol-
ly ﬁniihed ; thefe ierve to meafure the (gratuity of Rubbiih—
Earth, and to payithe Diggers by, who often cheat one by
taking them away and charging a greater Height of Ground
than there was. Thefe Diggers, or Terrafs-Makers, in
France, are paid by the Cubical Fathom, which ihould have
ﬁx Foot every way, and contain, in all, 216 Cubieal Feet;
whereas the fquare Fathom has no more than 36 Superﬁcial
Feet. ‘ ' s

W E now come to the Manner of removing Earth, which
is a very neceﬂary Point to be known, taking notice, that
it :lhould be always carried as little away as is poﬂible 5 thefe
Works being very tedious of themliﬂves, and an unconceiv-
able Expence, how fhort foever the Diﬁeance be.

T H E R E are four feveral Ways of carrying oﬂ' Earth, in
Carts drawn by Horfes, in Dorfers or Panniers carried b
AiTes, in Wheel-barrows, or in Baskets upon Men’s backs.
The belt of the four is, without doubt, that which goes.
faﬁeﬁ, and colts leaﬁ ; but the Diﬁiculty lies in knowing
well which that is. -

T H E two ﬁrﬁ Ways are to be preferred, when the Place
whither the Earth is to be carried lies far of? ; when it is
near, Baskets and Wheel—barrows are better : by reafon they
embarafs‘ the Work-place leis than the Carts or AiTes.

CA RTS with one Horfe will carry off about ten or twelve
FootCubical of Earth, which is as much as ﬁve or ﬁx Turns
\of an Afs that carries about two Foot Cubical in his two Pan-

~ niers;

CHAP. II. of Gardening;

‘niers 5 but notw‘ithﬁanding this way of reckoning, Carts are
always fomewhat the deareﬁ. '
WHEN the Diﬁance is neither very far nor very near,

you may make ufe either of'Aﬂ‘es, or of Wheel—barrows and

'Baskets, and yet I am of opinion, that of Affes will be found
the beﬁ, forthe following Reafon.

A L L Baskets and Wheel—barrows hold about at Foot Cu-»
bical of Earth 5 the Panniers that thefe Beai’cs carry, hold.
about the fame @antity : But, as an Afs has two Panniers,

he carries twice as much at a time, f0 that one Turn of the
Als is as good as two of the Basket or Wheel—barrow, and‘
coils very little more, though there be a Woman or little'
Boy to lead him. There is, beﬁdes, a good Reaion for
preferring theie, for that the Aﬂ‘es loiter but little, they are
ufed to a certain Pace, which, tho’ ﬂow, forwards the Work.
however, becaufe ’tis coni’tant from Morning to Night, with-
out any other Interruption, thanthatv of a Baiting-time.

IF you have a mind to make ufe of Men that drive

Wheel-barrows, and carry Baskets, ’twill be abiolutely ne-‘-
ceifary to have People fet over them to halten them; thcfe,
in Frame, we call ”“ Tiqumrs, whole Buﬁnefs it is to- pre—
vent their holding Difcourfe, and loitering the Time away
one with another 5 and above all, that they hinder not each
other, but have different Ways made for them—to goand come.

The Wheel-barrow-Men make ﬁve or ﬁx Stages, and ionic--
times more, according to the-Length of the way, deliver-w

ing full Barrows, and taking back empty ones, whichis a way
of managing pleafant enough to look on.

THE FIRST PRACTICE}.
Toﬂz‘ out a Level Line upon #39 Grozmd..

1-27

* Foremen, or"
Overfeer: . ~

8 U P P os E the Ground be upon a ﬂat Situation, as that of

...P. . .. ..

 

 

 

‘ you muﬁ do thUS :

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

upon one of the

 

 

 

Ground,

a Plain, and you.
would reduce it:
to a perfeérLevel,..,

Chuie. as even a:
Place as you can

Extremitys of the ,

12.8

FIG. I.

77%) Pmﬁ’ice PART II.

Ground, as 14, where ﬁx two Stakes of ﬁve or ﬁx Foot high
with very fmooth Heads, for laying a Mafon’s Rule upon
them of eight or ten Foot long, which lhould be very ﬁrait,
and ﬁiﬂ‘ enough to lie without bending. Upon the Middle
of this Rule let your Level, as you lee at the End ﬂ, fo
that the Plummet at thelEnd of the Line, ﬁx’d to the Head
of the Level, light and fall exactly upon the Notches made,
on purpofe in the Angle, and upon the Crofs—Leg of this In—
ﬁrur’nent. If your Level rife higher on one Side than the
other, ﬁnk the Stake on that ﬁde it rifes, till it be of the
lame Height as the other ; and in this manner order thefe
two Stakes, by railing and lowering them, till the Level be
exact. Then take the Level off the Rule, and placing your-
felf at the End A, call: your Eye along the Rule, and dire€f
Stakes to be drpve, at convenient Diitances, the Whole
Lengthof the Encloﬁrre, as from A to B ; and let them be
ﬁmk or raifed fo that their Heads ﬁand exaét to the Height
of the Rule, and exceed not the Line of Aim @ w. This
done, meafure the Stake at the End B, whofe Height, for
Example, let be ﬁx Foot : Meafure lik-ewife one of the two
that bear the Rule at the End A, whole Height fuppofe but
half the other, that is to lay, three Foot. Take the Diffe-
rence of thefe' two Heights, which is three Foot, and divide
it into two, which makes one Foot and a half 5 and caufe
a Foot and a half of Earth to be taken from the Extremity A,

, and brought to that of B, but take heed, in removing this

Earth, you ﬂir not your Stakes and your Rule, which may
be of farther Service to you. You are ﬁne, by this Operation,
to have the Line C C perfectly level, being parallel to the
Line of Aim ‘D ‘D. The Realon of which is, that the Stakes
having ﬁx Foot Height .at the End B, and having but three at
the End A, in lowering the Ground a Foot and a half at A,
and railing it as much at B, the Stakes will be four Foot and
a half high equally throughout.

THE SECOND PRACTICE.

To [a] 4 Tim? of Ground/fruit and even, awarding to a
- Level Line.

“ To make the Level Line CC entirely {trait and, even, af-
cr you have eaufed the Earth to be moved in git-01's from the
3 End

CHARII. 1 of Gardeﬂiﬂg.

End A to that of B, take avery {trait Stick, and meafure,
at the End A, one of the two Stakes that bear the Rule,
whole Height is fuppofed to be four Foot and a half, in-
cluding the Breadth of the Rule: Cut the Stick off to this
precife Length, which ihall be a portable Meafure for all 0-
ther Stakes, gaging it from the Head in this Manner. Take
the Stick, and apply it along the Stake ‘D, which is no
more, fuppofe, than three Foot high; and bring this Stake

FIG IL ~ ' to four Foot and

 

 

 

 

 

4‘13 EB a half, by cau-
“vile: ' H ‘ “ ﬁng theEarth to
K K be cleared from

i * \ : a the Foot ofit till
0 2 it be of this

 

 

 

__ Height. Then

carry your Mea-
fure to the Stake E, which being higher than it ought, that
is, more than four Foot and a half, you bank it up by cau-
ﬁng Earth to be laid about the Foot of it, which you beat
and ram down, left it ihould fettle. Thus, haying brought
the Stake E to a ﬁt Height, you proceed to the others; and
by the feveral Works inﬁanced in thefe two Stakes, you Or-
der them all in like manner, direéling thofe to be banked
up that are too high, and thofe to be cleared at Foot that
are not high enough. This done, you takeaLine of 12. or
I 5 Foot long, which you tie to the Foot of the Stakes B and
E, and {train it as tight as you can; and in cafe the Stakes,B
andE are too far aﬁinder for your Line of I 5.;Foot, you Tet
another Stake betwixt them of the fame Height ; you then caufe
Earth to be brought, or the Ground to be cut away along
the Side of this Line, to make a Pattern-Line or F urrow;
and do the fame from Stake to Stake, {training the Line, and
making Furrows from one to the other, by which means you
have the Line C C made very ﬂrait, and perfeétly level.

S THE

12.9

FIG. II.

130

FIG. III.

fame Diﬁance from

T/ye Pmélz'ce PART. 11-,

THE THIRD PRACTICE. _

To dreﬁ' em entire Tieee of Ground, [new large f‘oever,.elnd to
lay it lervel.

T HE Pattern-Line AB being carefully made, according
10 the f ongoing Trafﬁc“, let the Stake A be conﬁder’d as
immoveable, being
of Ufeto perform
the fame’Ope ration
feveral Times, for
ﬁnifhing and lay.
ing out the whole
Ground, in the fol-
lowing Manner.
On the Line A E
ﬁx the Stake C,
much about the

F I G. 111'

 

 

the immoveable
Stake A, as that at
m, from which it
ihould not be dif-
tant above three or
four Foot at molt.
Then lay the Rule,
and adjuﬁ the LCVCl upon theStakesA and C; and to prove the
Truth of this Operation, do the fame over the Stakes C and
D, which with the two LinesAB and A E form a Triangle,
and may fatisfy you of the Exaé’thefs of your Performance,
if all three agree. Then ﬂake out, by tlae ﬁrfl Tmﬁz‘ee, the
Lineﬂ E; and, by live feeoml, lay it exaétly level, making a
Pattern-Line of Earth. This done, place-another Stake, as F,
about the fame Diﬁance from the immoveable Stake A, as
the Stakes C and T were, and about three Foot likewife from.
the Stake T. Set the Level upon this for direéting the
Line AG, proving the Truth of the Work, as was now
mention’d, that is to fay, by laying the Level acrofs again
upon the Stakes‘D and. Ft Finiih the Line A G in thI:I fame,

‘ annex

 

CHAP. II. of Gardeizmg.

Manner you did the Line A E, and fo continue ”to direé‘t the
Levels, and make Pattern-Lines throughout the whole
Ground, obferving to keep thele Lines much about the fame
Diﬁance one from another, ’as thofe that are already made 5
which being done with all neceffary Exaétnefs, you com-
plete the Making of the whole Ground, by cauﬁng a Line to
be held by two Men, who are to {train it very tight acrofs
from one Pattern to another, or rather from one Stake to
another, by the help of which you take off the Banks, and
ﬁll up the Cavities between the Patterns, raking it all over :
But as towards the Extremities of the Lines B E G, the Pat-
tern-Lines are fometimes to far afunder, that the Cord can’t
be conveniently ltrained from one to the other, you may
remedy this Inconveniency, by planting the Stake H between
the two Pattern-Lines AE and A B, To that the Head of it
range with two of the Stakes already fet, as I and K. Adjuﬁ
the Stake H to the Height of the others, and tying a Line to
the Foot of it, you ﬁrain it every way, ﬁlling in or taking
away Earth, as Occaﬁon requires; 'and following it with
the Rake, which levels the Space contained between the
Stakes I K E B M. Do the fame for levelling the Places be—
tween, the other Pattern—Lines, which will make your
Ground, how large foever, equally fmooth and even
throughout.

OBSERVATION.

As in a large Garden it would be very expenﬁve to make
the whole Ground according to this Rule, it may fuﬂice to
drefs and lay even the Places expofed to Sight, fuch as are
to ferve for Parterres, Halls, Galleries, Cabinets, 257. and
for thofe that are deﬁgned for Wood, you drefs only the
Walks and Ridings, leaving the Squares and Middle-Parts
of the Wood uneven and natural, as you found them.

[/1
:4

THE

131

132

FIG. IV.

7796 Pmﬁ‘ice PA RT II.

THE FOURTH PRACTICE.
To drefi' a ‘Pz'ece of Ground upan 4 Hanging or Slope—Line.

WHE N you meet with Ground naturally ﬁtuated upon
an eafy Rife, and would nOt be at the Charge of removing
all the Earth, to reduce it to a perfeft Level; you may dreis
it upon its natural Slope, in fuch Manner, however, that the
Rife may be fo eafy and imperceptible; as not to be difcern—
ed in Walking, as it may be half an Inch or an Inch in a
Fathom, upon the Length of the Hill-Side; to perform
Which, you do thus: Fix a Stake about four Foot high out
of Ground, upon the uppermoﬁ Part of the Piece, as at A,
levelling a little
Spot for that
Purpofe; and
ﬁx another of,
the like Height
at the End B,
which is fup—
poiéd to be the
loweﬂ: Part of the Ground; then plant as many Stakes as are
neceffary betwixt thefe two, keeping their Heads in a Line
with the Heads of A and B, that they exceed not the V ifual
Ray ‘D@. After which, take a Gage—Stick, or portable
Meafure of four Foot long, and apply it to all the Stakes,
reducing them to the proper Height of four Foot, by earth-
ing them up, or digging, away the Ground, as Occa‘ﬁon re-
quires. This done, make a Hoping Pattern-Line from A? to .
B, as is taught in t/oe/écoml Traffice; by which you are
to take away the Serpentine, Surface, and correé’t the Inequa-
lityLof the Ground, which ihould be laid very true, accord-
ing to the Slope-Line C C.

 

 

THE FIRST OBSERVATION.

I F you would lay out the whole Ground upon a gentle
Slope, you are to perform the fame Work feveral Times
through the whole Extent of it, and ﬁnifh it by Pattern-

; Lines

CHAP. II. of Gardening.

Lines and the Cord, as was juft now lhcwn in the foregoing
Traﬁz’ce, with this Difference only, that the Pattern-Lines
muf’t be ﬂoping. '

THE SECOND OBSERVATION.

I MU ST not omit to mention here, that the Place you
deﬁgn for a Parterre, after having been dreﬂed as above-
mentioned, requires ﬁill another Work, which is to clear
it of the Stones, and to run the upper Part of the Earth
through the Screen, and to ﬁnooth it afterwards with a
ﬁne Rake: Without this, it will not be ﬁt to be chequer’d,
and to trace out the Branch-work of the Embroidery.

TH I s is the beﬁway that I know, to level and to drefs “

Ground, and thereaﬁeft and leaf: puzzling in the Execution.
Here are none of the ill Cuﬁoms that are ordinarily follow’d
by fuch as undertake to level; amongft others, that of lying
along upon their Bellies, and digging Holes 'in the Ground
to {it in, or kneeling down to the Height of the Ruler.

HAVING thus deliver’d the Praetice of Dreﬂing Gi‘bund,
ﬁtuate either upon a Flat, or an eafy Slepe; there now re-
main only to fpeak of the Mamet of making a Ground
{carted upon a Mountain or Hill—Side, which can be done no
otherwife, than by the Help of Terraﬂ'es; and this is what
is to be found in the following Chapter.

 

C H A Pt.

133

FIG. I.

FIG. II.

*«FI G. III.

7776 Pmﬂice PA-RT_ II.

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C H A P. III.

Qf .dzﬁarmt Térmﬂer and Stairs, with

their 7770/} emf? Proportions,

" I iIS in this the greateﬂ: Expence of a Garden conﬁﬁs,

and about which you ought to take the greateﬂ‘ Care,
when there is an abiolute Neceﬁity, by” reafo‘n of the too
quick Declivity of the Ground, to fupport the Earth with
T erraiTes; ' There is' no Difpute but the T ranfporting and

'Removing of Earth is a vaﬂ: and exceﬂive'Charge ; yet ’tis an
’Expence f0 little feen, that though one of the 'moﬁ conﬁde—

rable, it does the leaﬁ Credit to its Maﬁer. We are apt to

:think, when we feea Garden well made, with Terraffes ex—
«aPtly level and well fur'pported,‘that it muﬁ have been difl-

pofed foby Natures; ‘fo that to know any thing of Works of
this kind, we muﬂ have feen them performed, for they are
hardly to be apprehended, when ﬁnifhed and complete.
You can’t then be too ‘circumfpeél: and wary in Underta-
kings of this Sort, if you would avoid the Follies and Mi-
ﬁakes that fome Men daily run into.

W H E N you meet with a Piece of Ground whofe Shelving
is very ﬁeep, as perhaps of the Hill A, which you would
make practicable for a Garden, it may be order’d three fe-
Veral Ways.

Firﬂ, By making Terraﬂ'es one above another, at feveral
Heights, and fupporting the Earth with fuﬁicient Walls of
Mafonry.

Secondly, By making fuch T erraffes, as will fupport them-
felves without a Wall, by means of Banks and Slopes cut at
the Extremity of every Terrafs.

T H E 7792’”! Way is, to make no Terraffes in ﬁrait Lines,
nor long Flats between ; but only to contrive Landing-Places,

sor‘Rci’ts, at feveral Heights, and eafy Afcents and Flights

of

CHA P: III. of Gardening. « I 3;

of Steps for CommuniCation, with * Foot—Paces, Counter, *Eﬂmdei’
properly the

Terraﬂes, Volutes, Rolls, Banks, and Slopes ofGrafs, placed SUP on which
and difpofed with Symmetry, which are called Amphi- {’13 Bed Ifﬁ’f
theatres. T hef‘e Amphitheatres are adorn’d with Flowering- 2'; $07,152:;
Shrubs, 'YeWs, and Horn-beam-Hedges breaﬂ-high, with a Throne is
Vaiés, Cafes, and Flower-Pots, let upon Plinths of Stone. mfed'
Nor muﬁ Figures and. Fountains be here left out, as making
:the Perfection of thefe Pieces, whofe Diverﬁty, as well in
the difpoﬁng, as in what they conﬁft of, yields a very agree-
able Profpeét to the Eye, as may be feen in the Deﬁgn FIG. IV.
here given. -3
OF thefe three Manners, that with the Slopes is the leaf:
Expence, and that of the Amphitheatre the molt magniﬁ-
cent ’5 f0 that Terrafs-Walls may be reckon’d to hold a Mean
,between the other two : That ought always to beichofen,
which agrees bef’r with the Situation of the Place, and‘the
Charge one would be at in the Performance.
T H E Architeét, or he that is to give the Deﬁgn of a Gar—
den, lhould carefully conﬁder the Slope and Winding of
the Hill, and raife and defcribe the Proﬁl of it very correct-
ly; that by making the belt Advantage of the Situation, and
diﬂributing its Terraifes with Husbandry and Difcretion,
there may not be a great deal of Earth to remove, but that
what is taken from Places that are too high, may ferve to raife
and make good thofe that are too low, which fhould be done
with fuch Prudence and Circumfpeé’rion, that you fhould
neither be obliged to bring in the Earth, nor have any to carry
away, when yOur Terraffes are ﬁnifhed.
I‘ S H AL L obierve the fame Order here, as Ihave done in
the foregoing Chapters 5 explaining certain Terms, and
making fome neceffary Obfervations, before I enter upon
the Praétice of the Conﬁruétion of T errafTes. The Obfer—-
vations that are in thefe three Chapters, though feparated,
have 'fuch Relation to each other, that they may equally ferve
every where; but as they would have been too long andte—
dious all together, I have endeavour’d to fet each of them in
its proper Place, and to chufe fuch as fuit beﬁ With the Sub-
ject of each Chapter. ,
T3 E R R A ss E s lhould notbe made too frequent”,- nor too
near one another, that is, you ihould always make as few of
them.

135 The Prnﬂiee PART II.

*Picin-Picd- them as poﬂible ; and by means of * Levels, or Flats, conti-
nued as long as the Ground will permit, amid the Defeét of
Meudon,tho’a heaping T errafs upon Terrais, there being nothing more dili-
ﬁneglmiime agreeable in a Garden than tobe conﬁantly going Up-hill, or
giﬁeﬂg”- Down-hill, without ﬁnding fcarcean‘y Reﬁing-Place. i v
dew that m. W H A 1‘ we call the Level, or Flat, is the Space of Ground
contained between the Slopes of two N Terraﬂ'es; that is to
fay, the Platform fuﬁained by the Walls or Banks of the
T erraHes, which, in Fortiﬁcation, is call’d the Term-
loin.
P W H A T is meant by taking the Proﬁl of a Mountain, is, to
level the Slope of it exaétly, and to quote all the Stations
upon the Plan, for gaining precifely the Crooks and Windings,
to which regard muf’c be had in the general Difpoﬁtion of the
Garden. V "

’T Is called Obferving Downwards, which is a Term
much in ufe among Workmen, when they begin to reckon
from the Top of a Pole, Deﬁending, to fet off any Mea-
fure; as ’tis called, on the contrary, Obferving Upwards, when
they begin Below, and work Afcendin .

I N the following Operations, the éame Level is made ufe
of, and is applied in the fame manner, as was taught in the

\ preceding Chapter 5 and f0 likewife are the Line and the
Rake for evening and ﬁnoothing the Ground, and for ma-
king the Pattern-Lines and F urrows.

’T o the Ufe of Stakes and Spikes, muﬁ be here added that
of long Poles of I 5 or 20 Foot length, becaufe Stakes are
too ihort for levelling Stations upon the Defcent of a Moun-
tain. T hefe Poles are fet upright on end by a Plum. Rule, and
at top of them is ﬁxeda piece of white Paper cut fquare.

TH E Place where the Level is fet for performing the
Work of Levelling, is called the Station, f0 that one Caﬁ of the
Level is contained between two Stations. 7

+Lignc d’ar- TH Ef Verge-Line, in the Buﬁnefs of TerraiTes, is the
‘ét' Place where the Corner of a Wall, or the Bank of a Terrafs,
comes to terminate.

THE R E are nlfo fome other Terms in Ufe among the
French, which I [kn/l not take upon one to explain, being
nothing togethepnrloofe of the Engiifh Gardener.

, Y 0 U

C H A p, HI. of Gardening. 137

Y 0 U muf’c conﬁantly obferve to lay your TerraITes, with
“a fmall infenﬁble Declivity for carrying off the Water, as
- an Inch, or half an Inch in a Fathom, on the Length of the _
Terrafs: And this Shelving is always to be made * length- gen/WM,"
wiie of the Terrafs, and never breadthwife. . $119511:ij
’TI s much better to cut your Banks out of the fohd Tffifwmﬁ
Earth than to build them up with made Ground and Hur— camnjozly {he
dies ;‘ they keep inﬁnitely better when they are of the natural 5:21:63}:
Earth, and coﬁ lefs the .Making :~ However, when you cannot densitmtbi;
do otherwiﬁ, you muﬁ make ufe of Hurdles and Fafcmes, $219,245,513?”
as is taught at the End of this Chapter. ﬂoadtadrof
the fame may
a; the Side of

THE FIRST PRACTI CE. ’ rbeHilldm.

‘ To cut a Hill lengtbwzﬂ’ into Termﬂ}: fuﬂained 6] Walls
of Mafonr}.

L E T the Steps of the Building d, ﬁtuate upon the Top
of a Hill, be the Place where you would have the ﬁrﬁ Ter- FI G. V.
rais begin: Meaﬁire upon the Proﬁl, Fig. 2. the Length of
this Terrafs, which is quoted 30 F athom; and let a pretty
long Pole be held at the End of 30 Fathom, as at B, Hg. 5.
putting a Piece of Paper or Linen-Rag about the Upper End
of it. Make a little Spot fmooth at the Foot of the Build-
ing, as at A, and plant your Level there for making 21 Pat-
tern-Line, as was taught above in the ﬁrﬁ Y’mﬂice of the
foregoing Chapter, with this Remark, to ﬁnk or raife the
Pole at 8, till the Head or upper End of it be exactly in a
Line with the other Heads of the Stakes, that is to fay, till
it range precifely with the Line of Aim E. Set, this Pole
very upright, by a Plum-Rule, and work up the Foot of it
with Rubble in Mortar, for fear its own Weight, or the
Wind, ihould throw it down, it not being fuﬂicient barely
to drive it into the Ground, as you do the Stakes. Then
take the Height of one of the Stakes that bear the
Ruler upon which the Level was fet, including alfo the
Breadth of the faid Ruler, all which is here fuppofed— to be
four Foot; and meafure four Foot downwards upon the
Pole B, adding what is neceiTary for the Declivity, or Fall,
in 30 Fathom, which here may be I 5 Inches, making in all
- ﬁve

138

FIG.VI.

m pmé‘nm PART

ﬁve Foot three Inches, which being marked upon the Pole
with a Piece of Charcoal, determines the Level and Fall of
the Terrafs. This done, meafure the Hei ht the Terrais
ought to have, according to the Proﬁl, "z'g. 2. which is
quoted I 5 Foot, and fet I 5 Foot downwards again from the
Charcoal Mark before made, and let the Foot of the Pole
be cleared or banked up as the Ground requires, exactly to
this Height. In like manner make a little Spot even at the
Foot of the Pole B, as you did at 11, for fetting the Level 5
and let another Pole be planted at C, according to the Di-
ﬁance fpeciﬁed in the Proﬁl, thusbrepeat’ihg the fame Work
at every Station down to D, you drefs all the Lines of ydur
feveral Levellings. "

OBSERVATION.

THIS Work being done, affords you only one ﬁngle
Line upon the Length of the Hill, and at one of its Extre-
mities; wherefore, to complete the entire Making of your
Ground, the following Practice muﬁ be added.

THE SECOND PRACTICE.

To make the whole Ground of a Hillbreadtbwife, cutting it
into Termﬂes, fnpported by Wall: of Mafomy.

S U P P 08 E the foregoing Work to be done from the Top.
of" the Hill A, where the Building ﬁands, to the Bottom ‘D,
in as many Stations as there are Terraffes; you muﬁ: do as
much at the other End F, ﬁrl’t making a Level Line from A
to F, near a Parallel to the Building. Place the Level, upon
the Line/1 F, ﬁxing a new Stake, to bear the Rule, and
make ufe of the Corner Stake A, according to the t/az'rd
Traﬁice of the preceding Chapter, and make a Pattern-
Line or Furrow from A to F, planting a Stake at F, which
muf’t be brought to the‘ exact Height of that at ’14, for fetting
the Rule and Level upon it, as you fee at F 5 then going
down the Hill from F to I, make the fame Number of Sta-
tions as you did at the other End from A to B, always ob-
ferving to make the TerralTes of the fame Lengths and
Breadths, as near as poﬂible; and at every Station carrying

a

CHA P. III. of Gardehihg.

a Level Line acrofs from one Pole to the other, as from B
to G, from C to H, and from 5D to I, to regulate the Level
of each Flat. This done, you lay the whole Extent of thefe
Terraffes to rights, by the help of Furrows and Pattern-
Lines made down the Middle, and from Side to Side, an-
fwering the Level of the two Lines at the Extremities A and
F, according to the third ‘Pmc‘iice of the foregoing Chapter.

OBSERVATION.

Y 0 U cannot ﬁnifh the Verge-Line of the Terraﬁ'es till after
the Walls are built 2 When that is done, you may ﬁll up the
Holes to the Level of the Ground, which is ufually kept for
the laﬁ Work, to take up the Earth that may poﬂibly remain
to beedifpofed of.

THE THIRD PRACTICE.

To cut a Hill Lengthwz'fe into Terraﬂs,ﬂtpp0rtedh} 847th
and Slopes of T urf

IF, by reafon of the Expence, you would not fupport
your Terraﬂ'es with Walls, but content yourfelf with cut-
ting the Ground into Slopes, which is the fecond Manner
of making the Hill 14 praé’ricable, Fig.1. place your Le-
Vel at the Foot of the Building 14, according to the ﬁr/f
Traﬂz'ee of this Chapter, Fig. 5. and meafure upon the
Proﬁl, Fzg. 3. the Length of the upper Terraﬁz, which is
quoted, 30 Fathom; carry this Meafure from the Foot ‘of the
Building A, and plant a Stake at the Extremity ofit, as at
B, which {hall terminate the Verge of the ﬁrﬁ Slope.
Caufe a Pole to be held ﬁx Foot beyond it, which, accor-
ding to the Proﬁl, is the Foot of the 810pe as at C; and
borning it to the exaBt Height of the other Stakes, fet it very
upright, and work up the Foot of 'it as before mentioned.
Mark upon this Pole downwards, the Height of the Stakes,
the Thickneis of the Ruler, and the little Fall for carrying
of the Water; and fetting all this from the Top of the Pole,
make there a black Mark, which {hall determine the Level-
Line of the Terrafs. After which, you carry a Pattern-Line

2 from

139

FIG. VII.

14o . T he Pdft’zee PART II‘.
from A to B. Meaﬁire downwards again upon the Pole from
this Mark, the Height the Terrafs fhould have, which is
fuppofed- to be IO Foot, and bank up, or clear away the
Earth from the Foot of the Pole, till it be of the right Height;
and ﬁraining a Cord from the Foot of the Pole C, which de-
termines the Bottom of the Slope, to the Foot of the Stake B
above, which determines the Verge, you cut this Bank with
the Spade, making a Furrow or Pattern-Line by the Cord ,

V,after which, you remove the Level to C, @, éve. where you:

always perform the lame Work to the very Bottom of the
Hill E.

THE FOURTH PRACTICE.

To make the whole Ground of a Hill hreadthwife, h} cutting
it into Termﬂhs, Mpportea’ h} Benz/er and Slopes of Turf.

T 0 cut the whole Hill A into Slopes, and to drels it
throughout, I fuppofe the Work abovementioned to. be done
upon the Proﬁl, from the Building A to the Foot of the
, FIG. VIII. -Hill E. You mull then begin to do the fame at the other
end F, by making a level Pattern—Line from 14 to F, as
was done in the féeond Traﬁice of this Chapter. Placing
the Level at F, you make the fame Stations from F to G,
fromG to H, from VH to I, at the Bottom, as you did on the
other ﬁde from d to E, ﬁill'obferving the fame Lengths and
Breadths of the Flats, and to make at every Station a very level
Pattern-Line from ﬁde to ﬁde. This done, before you cut the
Slope, dreis the whole Extent of yourFlats throughout, ac-
cording to the third Traﬁiee of the foregoing Chapter.

As 'for the Banks, to cut them well, and make them ex—-
aét to their Slope, you muﬁ, upon the Line K L, which
determines the Verge-Line of the ﬁrl’c Slope, drive aRow
of ihort Stakes at every twelve Foot Diﬂance, and fer the
like Number at the fame Diftance in the LineM N, which /
terminates the Foot of the Slope. Then {train a Cord from
every Stake to its Oppoﬁte, and make a Pattern-Line or
Furro'w, 21 Foot broad, from Stake to Stake. For making
the Slope, which is thus interfeé’ted by F urrows, do as is
defcribed upon the fecond Terrafs atO ; ,put the Loop of the
Line upon any one Stake, no- matter which, and ﬂrain, and

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C HAP. VIII. of Gardening.

, carry it about, every way, from one Furrow to another;
following it with a Man, to cut and clear away with his
Spade thofe Places where the Earth lies too high, and keep-
ing exactly to the Line without forcing it any way; thus
making a Communication between one F urrow and ano-
\ ther, you lay the whole Slope perfectly fmooth and even with
the Rake. ’ i \

THE FIRST OBSERVATION.

IF the Situation be fuch, that the Slope cannot be cutout
of the folid Ground, you muf’r then bring in Earth to make
Pattern‘Lines at every twelve Foot diﬁance, and lettle:and
drefs the fame by the Cord, till every Place lie full and
handfome, without forcing or bearing it up, and then ﬁll:
up the Spaces between, dreﬁing the whole Length of the
Slope, inthe fame manner as was juﬁ now delivered-

THE SECOND OBSERVATION-

WH EN the Slope does not exceed feven or eight Foot,»
inﬁead of the Cord, you may make ufe of a Malon’s long;
"Ruler, that is pretty thick, and will not warp, which you.
bed and apply upon the Slope, and drefs the whole Sur-
face of it by, provided {till that the Edges of the Ground,
above and below, are laid very level. This Method is of
.great me for the {hort Slopes of Terraﬂbs and Bowling--
Greens.

I S HALL not give any particular Practice here for the Bu;-
ﬁnefs of making an Amphitheatre upon the Side of a Hill,
Which would be unnecefrary, becaufe thefe Pieces being
compofed of TerraiTes, Banks, and Slopes of Turf, you
need only follow what has been delivered concerning them in
the foregoing Practices.

IFyour Slopes are not cut in the folid’Ground‘, and'the
Earth brought in to make them can’t fupport itl'elf, there is
then required a great deal more Work in their Conl’truétion,
and you will be obliged to make ufe ofwattled Hurdles and‘
Falcines, in the following manner.

AFTER

r41

142.

7776 Pmﬁice P ART II ‘

AF T E R having laid the Earth one Foot high, beginning at
Bottom, you mui’c fpread upon it a Bed of Faicines, or
Hurdles, ﬁx Foot Wide, in Rows one againf’t another, and
diipofe them fo, that the great Ends, or Roots, may lie next
the Face of the Slope, and come within a Foot of the Sur-
face, then lay another Bed of Earth upon this, and con—
tinue the fame to the Top.

T H E beﬁ Fafcines and Hurdles are thofe made of green
Wood, as the Branches and Boughs of Willow, becaufe eaﬁ-
1y taking Root, they fallen themielves the better in the
Ground. It is good to leave their Roots, Where they are
not troubleiome, for that they may be of ufe to maintain
the Band Over this Wattled-Work, you lay the Turf, af-
ter covering it with half a Foot of Earth

FOR the Proportion of Banks, they ufually give them
Two Thirds of their Height, that they be not too ﬁeep,
and fometimes but a Half, or a Third of it, elpecially in
little ones. Some make the Bafe of their Slopes equal to
their Height, others lay them with a Line below the Dia-
gonal of the Square, becaufe the Moiﬁure falling always
downwards, the Top becomes dry in Summer, which makes
the Grals wither and die away.

TH E Nature of the Ground, upon which you raife thefe
Banks of Turf, fhould alfo be conﬁdered, for, if the Earth
be of a ﬁrong Body, and of a binding @ality, it will al-
.moﬁ fupport itfelf, and the Allowance of ﬁx Inches to a
Foot in Height, will be enough to keep the Bank up very
well, whereas, if the Earth be loofe and gravelly, nine Inches
to 21 Foot is the leaﬂ: you can give it.

As to T errafs—Walls, you Ihould, before you build them,
confult the.,.nat11ral Bottom of the Soil; for the Mafonry
Ihould be fet upon ﬁrm Ground, and a good Earth. In
Ground that is fandy, loofe, and boggy, they make ufe of
Gratings of T imber—Work, F looring-Pieces, Plates, and
Piles, for fecuring the F oundatlons of the Walls.

THE Diminution and Battering of Walls, fhould be in
proportion to their Height, becaufe of the Thruf’t of the
Ground. For very high Walls, you may make them batter

“a ﬁfth or ﬁxth Part of their Height, that 1s to fay, two Inches

in 3 Foot; for Walls from I 5 to 20 Foot high, an Eighth
Part;

CHAP. III. of Gardening.

Part; and from 12 to 15 Foot high a ninth Part; for low
Walls of fix or feven Foot high, a Twelfth Part, and 1b of
others: Their Thicknefs alfo {hould bear proportion to their
Height, and the Nature of the Ground.

To come now to Stairs : You ihould always place them
as advantageouﬂy as poﬁible, as at the lower End of the Walk:
of a Parterre, or facing fome of the principal Lines, and
never in_Obfcure and By-places. They ihould alfo be fet at
fuch Diﬁances that one need not go far to ﬁnd aplace to go
down. They are ordinarily built with Steps of Mafonry,
but may be made of Grafs, which when well kept, are very
agreeable to the Eye.

YoU ihould obfer've to make your Stairs of very eafy
Afcent, and the Steps as few as poﬁible: Their Number
ihould be unequal, and ihould never exceed 1 1 or 13 in
a Flight, without a Half-Pace, or Ref’t of two Paces broad,
and as longas the Going of the Stairs. Each Step may have:
15 or 16 Inches Tread, to ﬁve or ﬁx Inches Rife, or Height,
including a quarter of an Inch Fall, which each Step ought
to have for carrying off the Water, that otherwile would
injure the Joints, where one Step is fet upon the other.

A s C E N 'r s Without Steps, fhould be taken as far as con-v
veniently may be; to avoid too great a Steepnefs, they are
generally fupported by Terrafs—Walls, or Slopes of Turf 5.

and to hinder the Torrents of Wet from fpoiling them, there \‘

are Checks of ‘Grafs, or Wood, laid at certain Diftances, to:
turn the Water off to the Sides.

T H E two ﬁrﬁ Plates that follow, afford Examples of all forts
of Stone-Stairs proper for ﬁne Gardens: The ﬁrﬁ of thefe
Plates contains four Afcents of Stairs, that are executed in the
Royal Palaces 5 the Ornament and Beauty of which, may be
coniulted on the Place. I have given the Plan, and upright E-
levation of each, with the Scale, that you may judge of their
Proportion.

TH E ﬁrﬁ Figure is the great Stairs in the Garden of Mon-
ﬁeur the Duke of Orleans at St. Cloud, which leads from the
Caitie to the Cafcades.

T HE fecond Figure is the little Stair in the Garden of
Luxembourg at Tans; the Plan of which is very ingeniouf-

1y

14;

I44

7779 1375167123 P A RT II.

ly difpofed; it is ﬁtuated in the middle of the Terralfes,
over-againﬂ the Balon. 7 '.

TH E third and fourth Figures reprefent two Stairs of
the Garden 'of the Tail/cries at Taris. The biggeﬁ is feated
at the End of the Garden, as you go down from the Terrafs
by the Side of the River to the, great Oé’tangular Balbn;
and the lelfer is upon the Terrafs, by the Side of the Riding-
houfe. .

TH E fecond Plate contains feven feveral Stairs which are
not yet executed. The great one differs from the others, in
that you go up at each End of it; as you fee by its Plan and
Elevation, Fig. 1. After the ﬁrﬁ four or ﬁve Steps, you have
a Half—Pace, and a Flight, that leads you to the Terrafs
above. The Compoﬁtion of it is particular enough, and tho’
adorned with plain Pannels only, is yet enriched in the Middle
with a ﬁne Bafs—Relievo, and Ruﬁ'ick-VVork: This Stair is
proper only for a Place, where the Middle is taken up by a
Parterre, or fuch like Work, and where the Walks lie upon
the Sides that anfwer the two Afcents,

I N the fecond and third Figures, are two Stairs at the Cor—
ner of aTerrafs 5 one is of an oétangular Form, and the other
a perfect Square: They are ﬁippofed to be upon the Point of
a Wood, with a Seat placed where the Angle is chamfered
off, and two T errafs-VValks that meet and make the Corner.
Thefe Stairs have a Defcent facing each Walk, together
with a large Half-Pace and Steps that lead to the Bottom.

IN the fourth Figure, you fee a Stair of a very ﬁngular
Contrivance, which is proper at the VEnd of a Goofe—foot
cut in a Wood, its Form is Oval 5 and fronting each Walk,
there are Defcents, with fmall Banks of Grafs betwixt, lined
with Tablets of Stone, which interrupt the Flight, and a—
bove are Yews planted regularly, for Ornament.- T heie
three Defcents bring you upon a large Oval Half-Pace; from
whence, by other circular Steps, you go. down to the Gardens
below. ,

IN the three following Figures, are little Stairs that are
Very plain, one of which is contrived for the middle of a
Bank of Turf, Fig. 5. the other is a Stair Horiéfhoe—fafhion,
Fzg. ’6. with a Fountain between the two F lights], the whole

.aCCOIIl‘

CH1? III. of Gardening

accompanied with a Wood, from which it makes a Deicent,

as is allo the little Stair reprefented 1n Fzg. 7

, So much for Stairs of Stone, I now come to fpeak of thofe
of Grafs, which form Amphitheatres, Rifes and Banks of
Turf, as may be feen 1n the 3d Plate.

A M P H I T H E AT R E s are proper for regulating the Afcent
of fuch Hills asone would not cut into high and too frequent
TerralTes, on account of the Conveniency of walking; Rifes
and Banks of Turf do well at the End of a Walk, and in
the Niches and large Receﬁes of a Hedge, ufually made for
the Decoration of Groves. Stairs and Steps of Turf ferve 1n
the Defcents from fuch T erraﬂes as are fupported with Slopes
of Earth, but never ihould be made in Walls of Malbnry,
where the Steps muﬁ neceffarily be of Stone , whereas in
Slopes of Grais, Steps of Stone may be fet as making a very
agreeable Variety, and diﬂinguilhing the Verdure.

T H E ﬁrﬂ Figure lhews an Amphitheatre of Turf at the
Defcent of a Wood, and at the Head of a great Canal: the
1 upper End of it is partly bounded by a Hedge with Niches
and Figures 1n Terms. it is ﬁlled with a great Bafon that
has a Jet which is feen from the middle Walk, and that of
Horfe-chefnuts planted along the Terrafs This Efplanade is
fupported by a low Wall ofMafonry cover’d with a Trellis and
Yews, which Wall advances 1n the Front of the Amphitheatre,
and 1s interrupted by two winding Slopes, which lead down
to the Walks below, where they terminate in Scrolls compleat-
ed by the circular Corners of the Piece of Water, with a Yew
to denote their Center. On the middle of this T errafs above
is fet a Bench, with Yews regularly placed on each Side. At

the Fc at of the Wallis aHalf—pace continued to three Grals- ,.

Steps, and lower 18 another Flat which runs on to aSlope, the

Foot of which brings the Declivity down to the Water’s Edge. ' ‘

The two Walls, the Steps, and the Slopes of Grafs, with the
three Landing-places, lie very well in view, and make an
agreeable Variety, and all thefe together compofe the Amphi-
theatre: this miaht be enriched with V ales and Flower-pots
upon every Hall—pace without the Ornament below, which
lets it off very much, ’tis a lmall Cafcade or Buffet of Wa-
ter, advancing fOrward in the middle, upon which are two

young ,

145'

14.6

5“ Rochers
Suans.

7'66 Pmﬂiice PART II.

young Tritons with their Shells, and three water-Spouts,
which fall into a little .Bafon, that difcharges itfelf by a Sheet"
into the great piece of Water. Upon the Sides and at the two
Ends, are four Salvers of Water, that fall again by a Sheet
into the fame. Between thefe laﬁ are fet two 9* Sweating
Rocks, that. is, fuch as have a Water-bubble at top which
breaks upon little pieces of Rock—work, down to the level
of the Water. This Buffet is fupplied by the great Bafon
above, the Fall from which is fufﬁcient for the purpofe.
The Ground beyond the winding Afcents, is cut into Ter-
raITes and Under or Counter-Terraifes fupported with Slopes
of Turf, except the upper Wall which runs all along in
Mafonry.

T 1-! E Amphitheatre which prefents‘itfelf in the 2d Figure,
is ﬁt for a place, where the Fall is not 1o quick, as it ma
be the Slope of a little Hill, where the Declivity below
may be thrown into a Bowling-green, on a hanging Ground;
and where a Canal, as in the foregoing Deﬁgn, cannot be
made, becaufe the Level of the, Water would require the
Fall from above to be much greater. The Head of this Am-
phitheatre forms a fquare Hall, furrounded with Porticos and
natural Arbours, which have an admirable Effect below, it is
ﬁlled with a Square Bafon, hollowed out at the Corners with
a yet—d’mu in the middle. The Decoration at the farther
End is heightened by Figures fet between the Arches, The
Earth in front of the Bafon, is fupported by a Wall, divided
into feveral pannels and pieces of Ruﬂick Work. In the
middle are two- Cups iiipplied by a large Bubble of Water,
which difcharge it again by Sheets, into a pretty large Baion,
which poiTeiTes all the Space between the Terraf‘s—wall’s
and the Foot of the circular Slopes. T hefe Cups are enriched
with Rock-work, and make a very good Effect at a diﬂance;
they are alfo accompanied with two Spouts on the Sides,
the Water of which comes from the Refervoir or Balon
above. The Slopes return fquareat full, and then form part
of a Circle; they are fupported, on one ﬁde by Terrafs-walls,
differently from thofe of the former Amphitheatres, which
were by Slopes of Grafs: on the other ﬁde is a riﬁng Ground,
with a Wood of Forefc Trees, hid by a Horn-beam Hedge

with

CHARIII. of Gardening.

with Balls upon it, which makes a fmall Return at the Ends,
to give Entrance under Arbours, which are backed with the

fame wood. They have alfo fmall Ribs of Grafs laid in,

Zigzac, to break the Current of the Water, and to throw it
into the Wood upon the Sides. Thefe two SloPes lead down
to a large Flat, fupported by a Bank of Turf, that breaks
forward before the Bafon, and the two Walks at foot of the
circular Slopes, in which are made Steps of Grafs. At the
Head of this Bank, you fee Yews and Pots of Tank Ware,’
ﬂat upon Plinths of Stone, and at the foot of the Slopes are
four ﬁne Figures. The Bottom is ﬁlled with two large Beds
of Grails on a hanging Level, bordered with Walks and
YeWs. One may fuppofe it a Bowling-green, by continuing
the Bank all round, or bringing the Sides of it off to nothing
at the Ends. You may oblérve too, that the ﬂat Parts here
are larger than in the other Deﬁgn, becauie the Fall of
Ground there was much quicker.

The two following Figures are of Pieces very different from
the former, in SiZe and Magniﬁcence, they are no more than
fmall Banks and Steps of ~Turf, without any Wall; of
which one (Fig. 3.) is proper for adorning the End of a
Walk, and to make a Perfpeé’tive : it is funk in a Wood ha-
ving a Lattice—work, which ﬂops againﬁ the upper part of
the Ground. You go up by three Steps of Grafs made in the
height of the ﬁrﬂ Terrafs, from this Flat you are led by an
eafy Slope of Turf to another, where you ﬁnd a Seat or
Bench of Grafs, upon which is a large OVal Flat bordered by
the Hedge of the Wood. The Work in the 4th Figure may
iérve for the fame place, but becaule of the Hedge which
riﬂes to the fame Height upOn every Step, it is intended to
be fct in the Sinking of a Grove, where another is to be
made over againﬂ it, for Banks of this kind in Receﬂ'es are
inﬁead of Seats. You are led to the full Landing-place, by
an eafy Slope of Turf, upon which you ﬁnd a F ardingale
\ or Throne of three Steps, which ferve as fo many Benches
to ﬁt upon, the ‘ Flat or Tied of them is fanded, to make a
Variety from the other. The Afcents are adorn’d with
Chei’cs onews, Flower-pots and Vafes of CDutcb-Ware ﬁlled
with the Trees and Flowers of the Seafon, whofe mixture of

U 2. Colours

I47

148

7796’ Prdﬂice PART 11.

Colours add an inﬁnite Luf’cre to the ﬁne Verdure of A thefe
Pieces. ‘

T H E two laﬁ Figures are of plain Stairs ”ofGrafs proper
for fuch places where one would entertain the Eye as at the
Defcent of a Terrafs fupported with a Bank of Turf. That
of the ﬁfth Figure is double, havinga leffer Slope below the
greater to fuﬁain a Counter—Terrafs. You go down from the
Top by two Slopes of Gravel, which bring you upon an oval
Half-pace, from which by three circular Steps you come upon
the Counter—Terrais, and thence by three others to the Bottom.
The other Stair (Fig. 6.) is particular, in that its Afcents are

' cut by Steps of Timber painted green or white, the Treds of

which are gravell’d 5 this does well enough, and will laﬁ a great
While. Thefe wooden Steps are ﬁxed into circular Plates
of Timber, which twiﬁ to anfwer the Afcent; and at Bottom
are Plinths of Stone to fet Vaiés on. The middle advances
with an eafy Slope of Turf, and the bottom is ﬁlled witha
large green Plot edged With Yews and ﬂowering Shrubs, as is
likewife the head of the T errais. On the Back of the Terrafs
is a Hedge, which makes a Recefs in front of the Stairs,
and affords room for a Seat to be put there, as alfo for a round
Grafs Plot witha Carved Vafe in the Middle of it?

IN making Stairs and Benches of Grafs, to render them
more laﬁing We make ufe of ﬂrong Planks of Ship-Timber, '
with Poﬁs or Piles drove into the Ground at the Corners, and
Stakes on each ﬁde of the Planks to keep them in their place.
This Timber ihould be half burnt, that is, juﬁ blackened or
coaled in the ﬁre, which makes it laf’r longer in the Ground;
or you may paint or tar it over, which will alfo preferve it.
Thcfe Planks are fet no where but to keep up the Earth of the
Landing—places, and to form the Dies or Pedef’tals at the Cor—
ners; for the Steps of Turf are bedded upon the Earth itfelf,
unlefs you chufe rather to make them all of Plank, and then
cover them with green Box : In Amphitheatres the ﬁrﬁ pref-
fure of the Ground is ufually fuﬁained by Walls, but the fmall
Banks and Steps need no other Support than the Earth it ielf,
and the Grafs which takes root in it; unlefs it be a loofe

. gravelly Soil, which having nothing of Body to ﬁx it, is always

ﬂiding down, in fuch cafe thefe Works {hould be done with
Hurdles of wattled Rods, as I have already fhewn. -
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C HA RIII. of Gardening.

A S M A L L imperceptible Declivity lhould be given to all
the Steps for carrying off the Water, always towards the Grafs
for to water it. In SloPes that are too ﬁeep, and might be
fpoiled by the Torrents of Wet, you may crofs them with
Fillets of Turf, which will throw the Water oﬂ' uponthe
Sides. As to Stairs of Wood, you make the Rifes of Timber
and paint them green, and ﬁll the Flat or Tred with Grals or
Stone-rubble well beaten, which muf’r be carefully kept from
great Currents, or they will be wafhed off from the Wood. In
places that are fomewhat {’ceep you ihould always make ufe of
Grafs—Turf, and for the Service of fuch Steps where ‘the Tred
is not of Grafs, there mull be a little Riie or Check at the
Edge of the Step, to keep the Stone or Gravel in its place.

A L L thefe green pieces ihould be well beaten every Spring
of the Year, this fettles them and makes them much more
laf’cing: They ihould alfo be edged and clipped every Month
with the Sheers, for the Sithe is of no ufe here; without this
care, the Grafs will grow too high, and fpoil all the Beauty
of the Deﬁgn.

 

CHAR.

1'49

no

7776 Prnﬁice PART II.

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”CHAP. IV.

0f the Manner of tracing out all Sorts
of Deﬂgnr upon z‘lye Ground.

%

 

 

’ 15 not enough to have given all the foregoing Practices
‘ for the Inﬁrué‘tion ofGardeners; for though they are
good in themfelves, and very eafy in the Execution, neverthe-
lefs, 'being but things detached and feparate, it may be ob-
jected, that there is i’till a farther Difﬁcultyto tack them to-
gether, f0 as to make one Piece; I mean, that it would be
matter of frefh Trouble and Perplexity, to trace out the ge-
neral Difpoﬁtion of a Garden. This, therefore, has inclined
me to deliver in this Place the Manner of tracing out a ge-
neral Plan, where all the feveral Parts that compofe a ﬁne
Garden are fuppofed to occur; and by this I hope to give
the laﬁ Perfeétion to this Work, and make any one capable
to trace out and execute upon the Ground, the moﬁ'difﬁcult
Deﬁgns that are. 7 ‘~
I 8 UP POS E, in the ﬁrﬁ place, that this Perfon has conﬁ-
der’d and underﬂood all the {hort PraEtices in the ﬁrﬁ
Chapter of this fecond Part, and that he has tried and drawn
them out one after another upon the Ground, which I have
before called the Elements of the Manner of Tracing. Icome
now to lhew him the Way to make a general Application of all
thefe diﬁinél Parts, and to put them in practice in the gene—
ral Difpoﬁtion of a Garden, as may be feen in the follow—
ing Plate. ~
T H E Ground being dreis’d, and every way prepared for
tracing, as has been taught in the ﬁrﬁ Chapters of this fe—
cond Part, and the Deﬁgn and Difpoﬁtion of the Garden
alfo refolved on, I {hall fuppofe the Building and Walls
that

C H A P. IV. of Gardcnmg.
that inclofe the Ground to be complete and ﬁniihed, it not
being my Purpofe to treat of Architeé’ture. _

TH E Example I here propofe, is the general Difpofition
of a Garden, where there are Parterres, Groves, Bowling-
greens, Fountains, (7c. and in a word, all, that can make upa
handlbme Garden, as is here {hewn in this Plate, where the
Plan is fuppofed to be deﬁgned upon a Roll of Paper,
Fi . I.

$1“ H E fecond Fig. by the Side of it, where the plain Tracks
are marked, reprefents the Ground, and what ought to be
done» in order to draw upon it, and defcribe to aTruth the
feverale Parts of the fmall Plan, that is to fay, to place them
right, and give them their juﬂ Dimenﬁons. ,

’TIs to be obferved, that in order to ﬁrike out all the
Parts and Dimenﬁons of this Plan to an Exaé’tnefs upon the
Ground, you muﬁ precifely follow thofe you ﬁnd with the
Compaﬂes upon the Scale, at the Bottom of this Roll of
Paper, as has been already mention’d in the ﬁrf’t Chapter of
this fecond Part.

WHEN you read in the following Praél'ices, according
to the 4th, 5th, or 61th Trdﬁicc, it is to be underﬂood of
the Praétices that are in the ﬁrﬁ Chapter of this Part, and not
of thofe that are in the 2d and 3d Chapters laﬁ paﬁ.

T 0 proceed to the Praé‘tice of tracing this general Plan
upon the Ground, you begin with prolonging the Front of
the Building A, Fzg. 2. by Stakes fet on each Side at proper
Dif’rances,’ in the Range of the Building, as the Line BB,
according to the third Traﬁtcc. Meafure with the Com-

affes upon the Scale of the Plan, how many Fathom there
are from the Fabrick 1% to the Parterre C, and you’ll ﬁnd this
Crofs—Walk is ﬁve Fathom wide, fet'this Meafure oil, by
the Fathom upon the Ground, from the Foot of the Build.-
ing, and drive aStake at the End of it, as at “D. Then ﬁnd
the Middle of the Front of the Building 11, and ﬁx a Pole
before it, as E', and meafuring, in like manner, the Mid-
dle of the other Front 0n the Court-ﬁde, ﬁx another Pole
there, as E, in a Line one with another acrofs the ,Veﬁibule.
This done, fet the Semi—circle, as was mention’d before,

upon the Place of the Stake ‘D, fo that the Sights of the
l _ Bafe:

15‘

v . .quMr.

15';

7776’ Pmﬁice PART ll.

Bafe cut the two Poles 'E E; and prolong, by Stakes, alfo
the middle Line GG; then turning yourfelf about to a
Square, and fetting the Alhidade upon 90 Degrees, accor-
ding to tbeﬁftb ‘Pmﬁice, range feveral Stakes from one End
to the other, which {hall give the Line FF. Meafure again,
upon the Plan, what Length the Parterre Cought to have,
which is I 8 Fathom ,‘take alfo half the Breadth of the great
Crofs—Walk H H, which being ﬁve Fathom wide, will be
two Fathom and a half, this added to I 8, the Length of the
Parterre C, makes in all twenty Fathom and ahalf. Mea—
fure out this Length by the Fathom upon the Middle Line
G G, beginning at 9, where the Inﬁrument was ﬁrl’t fet:
and having ﬁxed a Point at 20 Fathom anda half beyond
it, as in I, drive a Stake there; and from this, "which is cal-
led the Center-Point, you are to fet out all your principal
Lines, chief Walks and Circles about the Bafon, as alfo ,
the Bafon itfelﬁ Remove the Inﬁrument again from 7) to
the Center I, over which fet it very plum, and let the Bafe
cut the two Poles E E which are next the Building, and the
Stakes upon the middle Line G G, and plant divers Stakes
in the fame Line beyond, to the Very End of the Garden,
as far as K 5 then fetting the Alhidade of the Inﬁrumént
upon 90 Degrees, raife a Square for the Crofs-Walk H H,
and drive Stakes in the Line of it from End to End. Thefe
Ranges give you the Middle Lines of your great Walks, and
fetting off at both Ends two Fathom and a half on each Side
of thefe Middle Lines, drive Stakes there, and by them plant
others, by which means your Walks will be ﬁve Fathom wide,

according to the Plam
T H 13 being done, take away the Ini’crument, and in
the Center I ﬁx a— Pole, which you may fet a little deeper
into Ground, in the Place where the Stake was; meafure,
with“ the Compaffes, upon the Plan, the Diameter of the
Bafon, which is ,‘ﬁx Fathom; and taking a Cord of three
Fathom long, which is the half Diameter, make a Loop
about the Pole I, and trace the Circle, ‘according to the [2»—
wntemt/o Traﬁz‘ce. After which, from the fame Center I,
trace out the lower Walk L, which compaiTes the Bafon, and
makes the circular Part of the Parterre C 5 and lengthening
the fame Cord to the Meafure required, ﬁrike out the circular
I , Walk

 

CHA P. IV. of Gardening. 15‘;

Walk above, which forms the Half-Moon MM ; terminate
this Half-Moon where it meets the Walks, by Stakes fet in
the Range of the Walks, and in the Track of the Circle,
which will mark out the four Corners 0 O O 0. Then take
upon the Plan, the Breadth of the Parterre C, which is ten
Fathom, and fetting ﬁve Fathom on each Side the middle
Line G G, trace out thefe two Lines by the ﬁrﬂ Practice, which,
with that below, F ‘D F, and the circular part L, inclofe
and border the Place deﬁgned for the Parterre C. From this
Track you afterwards fet out the Breadth of the two Walks
T‘P, which have three Fathom and a half each, ranging the
Stakes of thefe Walks with thofe of the lower Corners of the
Half-Moon O O; and where they meet the two Crofs-Walks
H H and FF, plantStak'es at the Corners, which will bound
this Side of the Groves £22.

' F o R terminating your great Walks, meafure upon the
Plan what Length the Walk fronting the Building ought to
have, from the Half-Moon MM, which ﬂippofe 30 F a-
thom: Meafure out this Length with the Fathom, from the
Corners of the Half-Moon O O, and at the End of it drive at
Stake, as K, where place the Semi-circle, and direét its
Bafe upon the middle Line, and the Stakes and Poles I G G
E E, and railing a Square, fet out Stakes on each Side, the
whole Breadth, which gives the Square Line R R; meafure
again, next the Building 11, the Length of the CroIs-Walk
F F, from the middle Line drawn upon the Plan, which is
here found to be 26 Fathom on a Side; and fromthe middle
Line or Pole E, meafure each way, upon the Ground, 26 F a-
thom, Then go to the other End, and from the Stake K,
meafure likewife, upon the Line R R, 2.6 Fathom on each
Side, and terminate thefe Lengths by Stakes, planting iéveral
others upon the Length of the two Sides, which will give the
Lines SS, and TT, and terminate and inclofe the Squares
deﬁgned for the Groves QQ the Wood V, and the Bowling—
green X, the Corners of all which fhould be mark’d out with
Stakes. After this, the Walks about the Walls are eaﬁly fet out,
meafuring b the Fathom, from both Ends of the Lines R R

S S, and _T, to which they are parallel, the Breadth they
are found to have in the Plan. As to the two Squares of.

X Kitchen—

154

PLATE 1.

777.? Pmc‘lice P A RT II

Kitchen—Ground Z Z, which are upon the Sides of the Court,
it is needlels to fa ," that for tracing them, you have no more
to do than to prolong the Lines 5' S, TT, Kc. for their
Length; and/{6r their Breadth, fet off from the Crofs-Line
B B, the Number of Fathoms they are found to have by the
Plan, and you have their Sides determined without farther
Trouble. . / ,

FIRST OBSERVATION.

T H o’ the Plan I have here given for an Example be of a
fquare Figure, neverthelefs, if you had a Garden to fet out
that is beveling or oblique, as that of the ﬁfth Plate of the
general Difpoﬁtions of Gardens,‘ 5PM!“ I. You would meet
with no more Difﬁculty in it, than to open the Semi-circle,
and to fet it upon the lame Degree ihewn by the Protraétor, in
taking the Openings of the Angles uponthe Paper.

SECOND OBSERVATION.

A F 1‘ E R you have entirely fet out your Garden, the ufe—
lefs Stakes and Spikes mui’t all be taken away, as ferving.
only to puzzle and perplex you, and let fuch only remain as
are neceﬂary: For Example, in the Groves Q91, Fig. 2.
you need only leave the four Stakes at the Corners. " ~

TH 1' s is the beﬂ: and moﬂ: expeditious Method that: I
know offetting out a Garden, ﬁnding-ﬁri’t the principal RoWs,
and all the middle Lines, and fetting out in grols all the dif-
ferent Parts marked upon the Plan. Nothing now remains,
but to ﬂtew the Method of defcribing the Inner—Part of thefe
Works, which is contain’d in the three following Practices,
the ﬁrﬂ teaches to trace out a Patterre; the fecond, ‘a Grove,
and the third, a Bowling-green; which are the three principal
Parts of a Garden, and the molt diﬁicult to execute. I haVe
taken the Deﬁgns from thofeinfertedinthe generalelan, de-
fcribed upon Paper, Fig.1. as the Parterre C, the large
Grove V, and the Bowling-green X, and have enlarged them

vconlider'ably in this Plate, where, as before, Ireprefent them

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CHA P. IV. of Garcia/ring.

as deﬁgned upon Rolls of Paper, with the Practice of tracing
‘ them out upon the Ground, by the Side of them.

T HE FIR ST PRACTICE.
To trace out a ‘Parterre upan the Grok/ml.

THE Place being very fmooth and well prepared, accor—
ding to what has been faid before in the lecond Chapter of
this Part, you muf’t divide the Paper which contains the De-
ﬁgn of the Parterre C, Fzg. x. with Lines of Black—Lead
croﬂing one another, f0 as to cover it with fmall Squares of
about three Foot every Way, by the Scale of the Plan. You
need not trouble yourfelf, if half or aquarter of a Square
remain at the End of the Diviﬁon, becaule the fame will re-
main upon .the Ground. T o perform this well, the Par-
‘terre muﬁ ﬁrﬁ be drawn, as in Fig. I. that is, the Leaves
and Branch—work muﬁ be delineated with a ﬁngle Stroke
on one'Side, as A, and with double Strokes on the other,
as B 5 which will help you the better to apprehend the Out-
Line and Rife of every Leaf, becaufe not being doubled, its
Chief Stroke is more diﬁiné’t, and may be traced out more
exactly upon the Ground. Then go uponthe Place deﬁgn’d
for the Parterre, Fzg. 2. and taking a Meafure of three Foot
long, divide the Lines that bound it into equal. Parts of three
Foot each, as well lengthwife as breadthwife, and obferv-e
to make as many Diviﬁons as are marked upon the Plan,
Fig. I. Set Spikes at each Diviﬁon, as you fee Fig. 2. (and
ﬂraining Lines from Spike to Spike the whole Length and
Breadth, trace thefe Lines all over it, which will divide the
Place into Squares, and give you the fame Number of them
upon the Ground, as you have upon the Paper. Then take
the Deﬁgn of the Parterre'C', Fig. I. which you muﬁ always
have near you to reckon the Chequers, and to look upon the
Contour and graceful Turn of the Leaves. Begin at one
End, ’tis no Matter which; :(uppofe atﬂ, and reckon in
what Square or Chequer fuch a Stroke, or fuch 3. Leaf is:
For Initance, the Leaf T is- in the third Square lengthwife,
and the full of the Row, reckon upon the Ground, begin-

2- .l’llﬂg

1%

15'6

.7796 P76253266 PART II.

ning 14 ﬂ, Pig. 2.: the third Square lengthwife, and the ﬁrft
breadthwil‘e, as you fee at “D. Firﬁ draw this Leaf with
the Tracing—Staff with a ﬁngle Stroke, and conﬁder it very
carefully, minding where it takes its Riﬂe, and where it
terminates, whether in the Middle, or at ‘two Thirds of the
Square; and lb of the other Leaves and Branch-work of'
the whole Parterre. You may deface, with the Rake, the
Faults you make at ﬁrﬁ, in placing a Leaf wrong, that is,
out of its proper Square, or in not giving it the handfome
Out-Line required by the Dcﬁgn. After you have thus tra—
ced out the two Sides of the Paterre With a ﬁngle Stroke,
and have given all the Leaves and Ornaments their due
Place, you mui’t then make the double Strokes, and part
and raffle the Leaves, as you fee‘in the other halfof the Par-
terre B, which is drawn complete, Fzg. I. You are like-
wife to reckon in what Square thefe double Strokes are, and
fet off the leﬂ'er Meafures of them with the Fathom and the
Foot, that they may be drawn more exaét than they can be
at Sight only. You may hollow the Track a little for fear.
it {hould be defaced; and by Holes made with the Point of ,
the Tracing-Stick, determine the End and Springing of the
Leaves and Branches, for the Eafe of the Planters.

FIRVST OBSERVATIONL

T H E lcfs the Squares are, the nearer you will come up to
the Beauty of the Deﬁgn, and the more exact will the
Draught be upon the Ground. They are ufually kept to
three Foot fquare in fmall Parterres, and in great ones you
may give them four Foot. You need include in thefe
Squares, nothing but the Volutes and‘Twiiting Borders at
the Ends; for as for the Side-borders, they are fet out
by the Ranging-Line, meafured with the Fathom, and traced
out by the Cord. 7 ‘

SEcOND Ongsnnvarrou.

A s it would be difﬁcult in a Parterre of one ﬁngle Piece-,to
repeat exactly the Deﬁgn of the ﬁrf’t half, and would take

up

C HAP. .IV. of Gardemﬂg.

up a great deal of time to make the Flowers equally alike
in ihape and ﬁle, you may make ufe of this new Me-~
thod, by which you may draw the latter half very quick,
without Chequering the place, by the help of equal and
like Triangles, it being underﬂood that the other half. hath
been fquared over, and wholly traced out. If, for Inﬁance,
you would double the Flower O 0, Mg. 2. ﬁx well two
Pegs upon the middle Line at each end of the Flower, and
one between if the Flower be large, as in Fig. 7. Then take
two Lines made of the Rind of Lime-tree, or two pieces of
very ﬁne Wire, making Loops at one end of them, to put
the two Pegs through, and draw both thefe Wires towards
the Extremity, or Out-line of fome Leaf, as at ﬂ, and
croﬁing them juﬁ in this place, carry them f0 crolTed to the
other ﬁde, keeping the Ends clofe together with your hand;
then the Lines or Wires ﬂiding round the Pegs by means of
their Loops, and drawing them equally as you did at ﬁrﬂ,
without removing any thing, in the place where they meet,
as at B, they form a Triangle equal in every refpeé’t to that
on the other ﬁde, and give you a Point, where the End of the‘
Palm-leaf B, {hall terminate like that of 11, You do the
fame from C to ‘D, from E to F, from G to H, and from
I to K, and put in little Pegs :— thus you take what Meaﬁires
and what number of them you think neceﬂary, for ﬁnding
the exact Contour of every Leaf, This is lefs Trouble than
running a hundred times from ﬁde to ﬁde, to take with the
Foot—rule or Fathom, notwithf’tanding the Chequers, a great
many needful Meafures, with which after all you can never lay
down this latter half of the Deﬁgn with exaétnefs.» It is certain
that thefe Lines cannot deceive you in the poﬁtion of the Fi-
gure, provided the Pegs are well ﬁxed in the Ground, and
that you do not let the croﬂ'ed Ends ﬂip, which you hold in
your hand, which is of the greatei’t Confequence to the equality
of the Triangles.

THE

1§7

1§8

77.76 Pmc'lice PART 11.

TH E SECOND" PRACTICE.

To trace out 4 Grave upon the ' Ground.

T H E Out-Lines of the Grove V, Fig. 3. being traced out
upon the Ground, and the Corners A B C ‘D determin’d by
Stakes; for fetting out the two Walks, call’d Diagonals,
A ‘D and C B, from the angular Stakes A B C 7), Fig.4.
plant a ﬁrait Row of Stakes the whole Length each way,
from Corner to Corner, which will give you the middle
Lines of your Walks; and in the Place where they inter—
feEt one another, as at G, ﬁx a Pole, which fhall be the mid--
dle Point; then meafure the Breadth of thefe Walks upon
the Plan, fuppofe two Fathom, and at both Ends fet off one
Fathom each way from the middle Line, and Pet Stakes
there for ranging the Sides of your Walks. After which,
meafure with the Fathom the two Breadths of the Wood
A B, and C 7), and the two Lengths A C and B T, beginning
from the Corner Stakes, and mark the exaét Middles above
and below, by the Stakes E E and F F, and prolong thefe
Lines by other Stakes, the whole Length and Breadth. As
for the Hall in the Middle, which is a long Square or Pa-
rallelogram, meaﬁlre upon the Plan, Fig. 3. how many Fa-
thom there are from the Middle-Point of the Bafon to the
Center of the circular Segments, which Length you’ll ﬁnd
by the Scale to be ﬁve Fathom : Set oﬁ' upon the Ground,
Fzg. 4. on the Line E E, and from the Middle—Point G,
ﬁve Fathom on each Side, and drive Stakes there, as H and I,
which ﬂaall be the two Centers for all your circular Parts.
Set the Semi-circle exaé’cly over one of thefe, as H, and di—
recting the Bafe to anfwer the Line E G E, fet the Alhidade
or Moveable-Index upon 90 Degrees, to return your Square,
and to fet out the Line K K 5 above this Line, fet off on
each ﬁde, the Breadth of the Walks about the Bafon,
which are two Farhom and a half by the Plan, and draw
the Line N N. Remove the Inﬁrument, and taking a Line
with a Loop about the Stake H, draw the circular part 0,

according to the Diameter found upon the Plan, ‘ﬂ0pping it
I Where

CHAP. IV. of Gardeniﬂg.

where it meets the Line K K, by. Stakes, which determine
the Breaks of the Bafon; upon the middle Line E G _E, fet
off from the circular part 0, the Breadth of the Walks, two
Fathom and a half, put in a Stake and lengthening the
Cord to this place, from the Center H, {trike out the Cir-
cular part of the Hall, 7’, till it falls upon the Line N N,
where you drive down Stakes to limit the Breaks of
the Hall. Then move the Semi-circle to the other End,
as to the Center I, and do the fame work, for drawing the
Square Lines L L and MM, and putting the Line about the
Stake I, defcribe the parts of Circles Qand R, of the fame
Lengths as at the other end. This done, let off upon the
Lines K K and L L, on each ﬁde the Stakes H and I, the
Half—breadth of the piece of Water which is alfo two Fathom
and a half, where having ﬁxed Stakes, carry from them
again the Breadth of the Walks round it. Stake out all
thefe. Lines from one End to the other, and trace them, out
ﬁretching the Cord from Stake to Stake, and determining by
Corner—ﬂakes, the Lines that bound the two Diagonal Walks
A ‘D and CB, which complete the Form of the pieee of
Water and the Hall about it. As to the Sinkings and Niches,
for the Seats and Figures, their Returns may be fet out by
the Wooden Square, keeping to the Meafures found upon
the Plan, Fig. 3. .

OBSERVATION.

I N ﬁriking out Bafons or Grafé—plots that have Sweeps at
the Ends, raife the Center an Inch or two, this always looks
well in Work 5 and to it does to make the Breaks but
fmall, they being very difagreeable to the Eye when they
are too big. .

THE THIRD PRACTICE.

To trace out a Bowling—green upon the Ground.

THE Bowling-green marked X upon the Plan, Fig. 5.
being {truck out in its oé’tangular Form upon the Surface of
the

179

160

» 771a Praﬁice ' PART II.

the Ground, according to the ﬁxteentb Traﬁice, I {hall for-

bear faying any more here, than to {hew the Method of

linking it. Plant'Stakes at the eight Angles of the Oétogone,
Fig. 6. f0 that they may all {tand of equal height above the
Superﬁcies of the Ground, as a Foot high, fuppoﬁng the Sur-
face dreiled to an exact Level. Obierve by the Scale what
breadth the SIOpe ought to have from corner to corner 5 fup-
pofe, for inﬁance, ﬁx Foot, drive feveral Spikes at random
eight or nine Foot within the Corner Stakes, which will be
of ufe to direcft the hollowing away of the Earth round about,
without taking it aWay towards the Edges, which fhould be
preferved for cutting the Banks in the folid Ground; this is
exprefs’d by the Winding-Line aaaa. The greatef’t part of
the Earth being cleared out of the Middle, as has been already
taught in the [hand Chapter 5 and having groﬂy formed the
Slope all round, that is, cut it away pretty near from the upper ,
Stakes to the VVinding—Line aaaa; to make the bottom of
the Bowling-green perfectly true and even, drive Stakes over
againﬁ each Angle, at eight or ten Foot diﬁance in the Range
of the Corner-Stakes, and make them of the fame Height.
Meafure downwards upon thefe Stakes one Foot, which is the
Height of the upper Corner—Stakes and make a Mark with
Coal. Add- to this the Depth you would give the Bowling—
green, fuppofe two Foot, and bank up or clear away the
Earth from the Foot of thefe Stakes as need requires, To that
they have all juf’c three Foot Height. Then ﬁx a Line at the,
Foot of one of thefe Corner-Stakes as at H, and upon the black ‘
Mark made on the Stake K , which anfwers it, tie the other
End of the Line: And meafure upon it fo {trained ﬁx Foot,
the breadth of the Slope from Corner to Corner, at the end of
which ﬁx Foot let fall a perpendicular Line to the Bottom, and
level and trim the Ground for planting a Stake there up to the
Head. Do the fame at the feven other Corners of the Bowling;
green; and having thus found and ﬁxed Stakes in the eight lower
Corners, ﬁrain the Line from Corner to Corner, and trace out the
lower Oétogone. This done, fet Stakes throughout the Whole,
keeping their Heads to the exac't Height of thofe above, as
B C?) E F G, and bring them all to the Height of three
Foot. Then {train a Line from one to another, and by Pattern-

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CHAP. IV. of Gordemog.

Lines or Furrows level all the Bottom of the Bowling-green,
according to the/éeoezd Troﬂice of the ﬂeond Chapter. As
to the Manner of cutting and making the Slope, you may have
Recourfe to the fourth Troé‘fz‘ee, and to the Remarks upon
the foregoing Chapter.

W H E N thefe three Praﬁ'ices are well underlined, and
you have traced upon the Ground this Parterre, Grove, and
Bowling—green, you will be able to do a great Number of
them with cafe; for tho’ their Deﬁgns may be different,
they may all be referred to the fame Method. Thus, a Gar-
dener who has a Parterre or a GIOVe to ﬂat out, has no more
to do than to confult the Pra&ice of tracing a Parterre, or
Grove, (we. and in following preeifely what is there taught,
he will eaﬁly obtain his End.

I SH A LL fay nothing here of fetting out a Kitchen-Gar-
den, a Grove, in Qiincunce, a Parterre after the Englifb
Manner, (we. thefe Sorts of Deﬁgns being very eafy to
defcribe, when you have well praétiiéd what has been juft
now taught, upon the Subjeé’t of fuch as are much more
compofed, and confequently more difﬁcult to trace out upon
the Ground.

You mui’t obferve, that in Lines and Ranges of great
Length, it is much more exaét to meafure at both Ends,
than in the Middle only.

W HE N 'upon the Ground you meet with any ‘Error be-
tween your Work, and the Plan upon the Paper, which
often happens, you mui’t prove and examine all the Mea-
fures one after another, to ﬁnd out where the Miﬂake lies;
and if you cannot difcover it, and the Error be but inconﬁ-
derable, divide it into two; it will never be perceived up-
on the Ground, and it is hardly pollible to be fo circumfpe&,
but fome petty Miﬁakes will happen.

I F any Difﬁculty arifes in the Praé’tices before mention’d,
as to the Ufe of the Semi-circle, Fathom, Line, or the not
underﬂanding any Term there ufed, you may haVC recourfc
to the three foregoing Chapters. .

It will not be from my purpofe, before I ﬁnifh this part,
to ihew how to recover the Center of a Circle, of an Oé'togon,
or an Oval, (To. which has been 10?: or removed in Planting.
There is often need of this though the Garden be new, either

Y to,

161

162.

- 7776 Pmﬂzce - PART II.
to change the Turf of round pieces from Time to Time, that
of the Borders of Bafons, of B0wling-greens, and of Large
Grafs-gplots whofe ends are turned circularly, or to make
othergklterations in Gardens that are old.

T H E fame Praé’tice ferves for a round Bowling-green,
as for a ﬂat Circle: it conﬁfts in taking the middle of the
Walks which terminate upon it, and ’ﬁxing Stakes there,
range two Lines a-crofs, and in the place where they inter-
feét, driVe down a Stake, which {hall be the Center fought.
If there are but two Walks‘ that range upon it, take the
middle of the Diameter of the piece exaétly, and that {hall
be the Center.

T o new-lay the Turf about a round Baion, you put the
Line upon the Oilill of the Spout, and doubling it, trace out
the Circumference of your Work, which is parallel to that of -
the Bafon: it fornetimes happens that there are Figures in the
Middle of a Bafon, which creates fome trouble when the
(will of the Pipe is inclofed in the Figure; but there needs
no more than to ﬁx a Stick in the mull, and put the Line
about that to perform the fame thing. '\ ,
T HE Oé’togon and Oval, are eaﬁly drawn a—newby the
Methods before taught, obferving to trace them by the fame
Points they paﬁ before, that, they may agree with the
neighbouring pieces. As to great Green-plots with Circular
Ends, as in. the Engliﬂ: “Part-erres of Compartiment, they
may be new “draan by following the Pegs orfmall Stakes,
which you ihould have the precaution to drive doWn all
round before you take the Turf away, a: was [aid éefore

page 83. and if their Parts be. veryqu of Work, you may

deﬁgn them again upon Paper, and chequer out the Ground
as in the making a Parterre.

T H E R E is no difﬁculty in all thefe Pieces, unlefs it be when:
you'meet with a Pedeﬁal in the Center; this is nothing in an
Octogon, for inﬁead of defcribing it from the Angle at the
Center, you may do it from the Angle of the Polygon, 'nor
does the Oval give any great trouble, the two Centers being
out of the way of a Pedeﬁal fet in the Middle, from which
you may trace it almoﬁ quite round, and ﬁniih the reit by your
Eye, but in fuch Circles as have Figures in their Center, they
would be very troublefome, but for the two following Expe-

- dients,

1'

CHAP.’ IV. of Carmina ' 19:2

dients. The ﬁrﬁ is to make tile of a wooden Hoop, fo ﬂrong ﬁnding/safe J
that it will not eafily bend, Whlch may be faitened about the Gen-m5 mpg;
Pedeﬁal f0 as juﬁ: to clear its four Corners 5 tie to this a Line 59 m M»

men/me a-

or Cord of 21 Length proper for your Circle, and caufe the HOOP wide“, ‘1”;

to be, held up by a Man in fuch manner that It may turn 3225:5535

eaﬁly about the Pedeﬁal, and that it may be near parallel, as Ground, when

. the Cord it felf ihould be, to the Line of the Ground, then you ﬁr/i dram

‘ your Circle true enough for Practice; for it cannot be pretended lemmas?

theCirclesgbur
in length of

putting the Tracing—pin through the end of the Cord, you draw
to be fo in the utmoﬁ Geometrical Striétneﬂs. In a Bowling. Pegmi m.
green you may trace the two parallel Circles one after the other_

The Pedeﬂal is fuppofcd to be round, or a perfeé’c Square,
which are the molt ufual Figures; for'ina long Square this
PMMEMmuhTMMWwwEMMMWY
where there are Trees or 9. Hedge round about the Grais, you ‘
may then fet oil" from eachTree or from the Sweep of the Hedge

the fame Diﬂ'ance at every Foot, ranging it always meewhat

near to the Middle of the Pedeﬂal, as the Center, and ﬁx fmaﬂ

Pegs where the Circle is to pals, by Which you afterwards
ﬁrike it out as exactly as you can by your EYC- This Method is
never fo good as the former, being .fubjeft to fome Uneven-
neﬂ'es, tho’ they are not to be perceived upon the Ground.

7776’ End of tire Second Part.

 

Y2 I ‘ PART

(I64)

seﬁeﬁnﬁmmmmﬁs

P A R 1 T , 111.
’ Which contains the ’
Pmélice of GA R DENIN G,
With Refpeél to the.

Manner of P LANTING.

’32?“-152ﬁﬁﬂﬁﬁﬁﬁﬂﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁiéiféﬁéi

CHAP.'I.

of the Choice that nag/2t to be mad‘epf
Trees properfor Pleafure-Gczrdem,
and of their good and bad Qualities.

9 1 S of no fmall importance, to know how to,
choofe the ”Trees and Plants that are to be
made ufc of in Gardens. Thofe who have
the greateﬁ Skill, oftentimes ﬁnd themfelves
deceived in fpite of all their Experience:

However, there are‘ fome pretty fun Marks whereby to dif.

tinguifh good Plants from bad ones; which are to be found
at

77w Pmﬁzce of Gardemng.
at the Endef this Chapter, whither I refer you for all I have
to fay, or can be deﬁred, towards makinga true Judgment of
their Goodnefs. ' , ~ 1

A LL the Trees that are commonly‘made- ufe of in Pleafure—
Gardens, come under tWo sorts of Names, the MM, and the
Aquatic/z. ' '

T H E Wild are fo called, becaufe they naturally grow in
Woods and Forreﬁs, as the Oak, Elm, Chefnut, Horn-
beam, (74'. » "

T H E Aquatick, which are much fewer in Number, are
fo named, becaufe they delight in watery Grounds, and
grow better there than any where elfe, as the Afp, Poplar,
Alder, 6w. - _ '

II will not beim’proPer, before I come to fpeak parti-
cularly of the followingTrees, to explain what is meant by
Sets,Shoots or Suckers, and Layers ; when we fay a Treecomes
up from a Set or Cutting, ’tis to be underﬂood, that there is no
more tobe done, than to cut a Branch, {harpen it at the End,
and thruft it into the Earth, to make it take Root, and pro-
ducea Tree of the fame Kind. Whereas Shoots or ﬁnckers are
the fmall Twigs and Branches, thata Tree puts out at the Foot,
and which are taken off with alltheir Roots about them, when

they have got a little Strength. Thefe, tofpeak properly, are 1

Roots fplit off and fever’d from the Motheﬁroot. To lay
Layers, is nothing elfe than to chufe‘ Tome Shoots or hanging
Branches at the foot of the Tree, and pruning them f0 that
the part which lies in the Ground be intirely ﬁtipt of its Leaves;
without cutting them, bed‘ them ﬁve or ﬁx Inches deep in the
Earth to make them ﬁrike Root. Thofe that are too ﬁiﬂ', may
be kept down by hooked Sticks drove into the Ground, and
the fecond Year you may 9* feparate them from the Body of
the Tree for tranfplanting.

I COM E now to the Defcription of all thefe feveral Trees,
particularizing them one after another, and fpeaking of their
good and bad Qualities, which it is very mater'ral to know
well, in order, to make a good Choiceof them: I begin with
the Oak. ‘

4 , THE Oak is, if I may fofpeak, the King of Treesbeing one
of the ﬁneﬁ the Earth produces : It is very long a growing,
but then it is likewiie of the longeft Duration. It ﬁrikesa

Root.

165'

[We have aljc}
Flowering-

reer and
Shrubs, of
which I [hall
[peak here-
after.

The]?! Deferip-
mm: are not
ﬁtited to Bota-
nicks, which
have otheroh-
‘eﬁ: thzm thq/‘e
of Agriml-
ture, but are
made here only
to gi'vedn Idea
ofth Tree
with regaid to
it: Propricty in
ﬁre Gardens.

* The French
callit wean-
ing a Myer.

The Oak;

166 7776 Ward Part. CHAP. I.
‘ Root into the Earth almoﬁ as long as the Shoot it makes
above Ground, which fecures it againﬁ the higheit Winds.
It grows upright and tall. Its Wood is very. hard, and moi’c
coveted of any for Building. Its Leaf is ﬁne, and aﬂords a
great deal of Shade. The Oak is more proper for Woods
*Tbeﬁz m by and F oreﬁs, than [to form {trait Walks, and is fomewhat
ﬂ,” My“: fubjeét to * May-Bugs, and other Vermin. It yields 2. Fruit
C/Mﬁm 0' called an Acorn, which is fown or fet in the Earth, b
C”‘k‘C”“ﬁ"' which it is propagated. This Fruit iérves alfo to feed and
fatten Hogs. ' '
7 T H E Elm, likewife, is one of the ﬁneﬂ: Trees that grow.
’Tis faid of this, and of the Oak, that they are a Hundred
Years a growing, a Hundred Years at a Ray, and a Hun-x
dred Years decaying 5 from whence you may judge they laﬂ
a long time. It ihoots up ﬂrait, and very high: Its Leaves
are fmall, but very thick; its Wood hard, and very proper
for Wheelwrights Work, its Bark is fomewhat rugged and
uneven. The Elm grows faﬁer than the Oak, and is more
eﬁeemed for planting Walks and Groves. It is at prefent
very much in ufe, tho’ many Peeple will not plant it; be-
» «caufe they fay the Elm is too luxuriant, fpreading its Roots
very far, in great abundance, and almoit even with the
Surface, which fpoils the Ground about them. It is very
Iubjeét to the Caterpillar and Worms; it produces Seed,
and is multiplied by Shoots and Suckers from the Foot of
the great Trees. \~ - '
£33301; 1'” W H A 'r we call L’Iprmu in. France, is no other than the
* 4501,92,», Elm with broad Leaves, commonly called the * F emale Elm,
W] "7111'!”- which is very much fought after for ﬁne Walks, ’tis call‘d
31;"? 5%?” ﬁrm”, becaufe it comes originally from the Neighbourhood
their Male of 230%: in Flanders. Its Leaf is very brOad, and much ﬁner
£21553“; than that of ‘the common Elm; it makes its Shoots Very
zbonare’ﬁz ﬂrait, and its Rind is very bright and ﬁnooth; it is a very
21:1?le ‘52:”, quick Grower, but lai’cs not To long as the other Elm. It
gym m1- yields a Seed, and puts out Suckers, but is fubjeé’t to M4}-
dere’mi’z’d Bugs, Caterpillars, and other Infeéts. -
222%”: THE Chefnut is one of the molt confiderable Trees that *
are, in refpeét of its Proﬁt: It grows upright and tall, but
does not like every Soil. ItsBark is ﬁne and bright, and
"its broad Leaves make an agreeable Shade : It is more proper
I to

152m.

7729 Pmﬂzce of Gardemng. ‘
to plant in Woods than in Walks, unleis it be in the Coun-
try, or in fome Park, where you fet, them in By—Places:
Its Timber is white, and bends eaﬁly, and is made ufe of for
H00 3: Its Fruit, the Chefnut, is much eﬁeemed, and is
very proﬁtable. There is abundance of them eaten, and in
fome Countries they make Bread with them. This Tree
likewife laﬁs a long time, and is fubjeét to no Vermin. ’Tis
pretended too, that Carpenters-work made of Cheﬁsut-Tree,
will never rot nor decay. Chefnuts are Town as Acorns.

TH E Lime or Linden-Tree, is one of thofe that are moi’t
fought after for planting Alleys and ‘Groves. It grows
ﬁrait and high enough, makes a ﬁne Head, and its Rind is
fmooth,‘ and very bright: In the Summer-time it puts out
Flowers, the Smell of which is, Very agreeable: Its Wood is
not the molt eﬁeemed, being 'white, and of little ufe in
Work, however, they make Well-Ropes of its Rind. This
Tree is fubjeé’t to no Infeéts; but it weeps, and eaﬁly grows
\ hollow, fo that ’tis of no long duration. There is a Kind

of it call’d the ﬂute/.7 Lime, which is moﬁ eﬁeemed, becaufe
of its large Leaves; it yields a Seed, and is eaﬁly' produced
by Layers. ‘

TH E Indian,- or Horfe-Chefnut, fo called, becanfe the
Chefnuts were brought ﬁrﬁ from India, that multiplied the
Species of them in Frame, is one of the moﬁ agreeable
Trees to Sight that can be. Its upright Stem, its fmooth
Rind, its regular Head, its handfome Leaves, and its pyra-
midal Flowers, 'make it fought after more than any other.
It is proper only for making Walks, being a, very ill Tree
to plant in Squares of Wood. It does not rife very high,
but grows very upright; its Wood is tender, breaks eaﬁly,
and is ﬁt for no U123, not f0 much as to burn, growing only
black, and deadning the Fire, To that it is a Tree of no kind
' of Proﬁt. Its Fruit is good for nothing but to plant, yet
’tis reported, they have lately found the Secret of making
Powder for the Hair with it: ’Tis alfo pretended, that‘ they
are good for {hort-winded Horfes, whence they have the
name of Horfe-Cheinuts. All the Excellency of the Horfe-
Chefnut lies in ' its growing fail, but then it laf’cs but a little
while, and is very fubjeét to [Way-Bugs and Caterpillars,
which ﬁrip it fo entirely of its Leaves, as to leave its Head
. quite naked and bare. THE

167

Lime-Tm.

The Indian or
How-Chef-
mu.

168

Beech.

Horn-5mm.

Maple.

.41».

7779 7792'”! Part. CHAPI.

TH E Beech is a Tree that growsvery beautiful, and one
of the ﬂraitef’c that are, its Bark is fmooth and ihining, its
Leaf fomewhat ﬁnall, but very handfome; its Wood hard,
and ufeful for abundance of Works. This Tree is very ﬁt
to form Walks, Palifades, and Woods; but ’tis very fubjeét
to Maj-Bugs and Caterpillars. It produces 2. Fruit called
Beech—maﬂ, which is eaten by fome, and has the T die of a,
ﬁnall Nut: They make Oil 0 it, and fometimes Bread, in
Times of great Scarcity; its Species is propagated by few.
ing the Fruit. "

Ho R N—B E A M has much conformity with the Beech, their
Bark and Leaf being very much alike: It is ﬁt, as the Beach
is, to form Walks, Palifade-Hedges, and Woods 5 but efpe_
cially Hedges, in which ’tis made ufe of more than any
other Plant. Then the French change its Name, and inﬁead
of Cbarme, call it Cbarmille, which imports no more than
fmall Plants of Horn-4beam about two Foot high, and no
bigger than .one’s little'Finger; it bears no Fruit, but abun-
dance of Seed, which is very tedious to~raife, its Wood is
very good to burn. This Tree is difﬁcult to take Root, un-
lefs it be in frefh Land, and is very fubjeét to Caterpillars and
Maj—Bugs.

T H E Maple has this peculiar Excellency, that it grows in
the Shade, and under great Trees. It rifes to a moderate
Height, but fomewhat crooked; its Wood is very hard and
full Of Veins, and is made ul'e of for feveral Moveables, and
Muﬁcal Inﬁruments; its Bark is very rugged, its Leaf of a
pale Green, and not f0 handfome as that of the Beech or
Horn—beam. ’Tis made ufe of to ﬁll up a Wood, and. to
plant Hedges, and is at prefent much in requei’c. It grows
very fail from Seed, but isvfomewhat fubjeéi to Maj-Bugs.

T H E A111 is the meaneﬁ of all thefe Trees; ’tis not but

' that it grows ﬁne and ﬁrait, but the little verdure it af-

fords, and its unwholefome Shade, make it feldom ufed in
Gardens, Vunlefs it be in Woods; its Leaf is extremely
fmall, and of a pale Green; its Timber is very fmooth and

_ free from Knms, which makes it ufeful for feveral Pur—

pofes. This Tree is very fubjeét to the Flies Cant/amides,
and yields a Seed by which it is propagated very faﬁ.

THE

7776’ Pmﬁic‘e bf Gardening. 169

, T H E Sycomore riﬂes pretty high; its Wood is Very tender, WWW“
and when broken, there comes 3. Milk out of it, as out of
the Fig-Tree, it is ﬁt for little or no Ufe ; its Rind is fmooth
enough, and its Leaf, which is much like that of the Vine,
is very large : It laﬁs not long, and a little matter kills it:
The bei’t Qiality it has, is, that it grows very faﬂ, and in any
Ground. This Tree is fo fubjeéi: to all Sorts of Vermin, that
it is not much fought after for Gardens: It produces a great
deal of Seed, which falling of itfelf, grows with as much
eafe as Weeds do. '

TH E Birch is one of the leaﬁ Trees, tho’ it rifles to a fuf- Elm“
ﬁeient Height. Its Wood is white, and good. for nothing
but to make Brooms, and fuch triﬂing Bufineﬂ'es 5 its Rind
is whitifh, and fomewhat rough. It affords but little Shade,
its Leaves being very ﬁnall, and like thofe of the Poplar.
This Tree helps us to the ﬁrft Verdure of the Spring, and
is liable to no fort of Vermin , which is the beﬂ that can be
faid of it, but it is very fubjeét to weeping. There is fome
Controverfy, whether this Tree be of the Aquatick or Wild
Kind, becaufe it grows equally well in moiﬂ: or dry Places;
it yieldsa great deal of Seedrx ‘

THE Acacia, called the Comma” dam}; of America, was A‘Mid'
formerly much in vogue. This is a Tree that does not
rife very high, its Wood is hard and uneven, its Leaves
fmall, affording but little Shade, and its Boughs full of
Prickles. All this Tree could be valued for, formerly,
when they planted abundance of Walks and Arbors with
them, was, that it grows very fai’c, and puts out Flowers in
the Spring that have a very agreeable Smell. But beinga
Tree very fubjeét to weep, having a rugged Bark, and very
fmall Leaves, it is at prefent in no great Eﬁeem. They
have got a Cul’tom of heading it from Time to Time, which
makes it look even worfe than otherwife it would do. This
Tree alfo feeds, as well as the others.

TH fr: Tlatanus, or Plane-Tree, is one of the nobleﬁ Plane-13w.
Trees that are, ’tis not f0 common in France, as in Italy
and Spain, by reafon it naturally loves hot Countries. This
Tree rifes very ﬁrait and beautiful, and yields abundance
of Shade: Its Wood is hard and inclining to white, as is al-
fo its Bark, which is very fmooth: Its Leaf refembles that?

Z 0

170

Afp.

Alder.

Piﬂar.

841119».

The Third pm. CHXAP. I.

of the Sycomore; ’tis’ raifed from Seed in France, but not
without fome difﬁculty.

THE Afp, or Afpen-Tree, as well as the three follow?
ing, is of the Nature of thofe that like the Water, which
makes them called Aquatick: It ihoots up tall and ﬁrait;
its Wood, which is whitifh and light, ferves for many Pur-
pofes, its Bark is fmooth, and inclining to white; its
Leaves are round, of a pale Green, and always fhake with
the leaﬁ Breath of Wind, for which reafon the French call
it Le’ Tremble. There are ﬁne Walks of it planted about

Canals and Ponds , it grows very faﬁ, and is raifed by Slips

and Layers. V

THE Alder-Tree grows very tall and ﬁrait; its Wood
is pretty much like that of the Afp, and its Leaf like that of
the Hafel; its Bark is very fmooth, and of a blackifh Co-
lour. ’Tis of ufe for feveral Works, but particularly for
making Pipes to convey Water in, and is propagated likewife
by Sets and Layers. ’

T H E Poplar differs but little from the Trees laﬁ: men-

‘ tion’d; its Wood is white, and eafy to cleave, but fearcely of

any Ufe. Its Bark is fmooth and whitiﬁi, as well as its Leaves,
which are broad, clammy, and of a fhining Green. It grows
alfo from Cuttings.

TH E Sallow or Willow does not {hoot very high, and is
the leaﬁ of all thefe Trees; its Wood is white, and ﬁt to
make Baskets and Poles of 5 its Bark is very ugly, its Leaves
frnall and longifh, and ,of a faint Green. The Willow is
very fubjeét to weep and grow hollow, and To is of no long
Continuance, it is headed every three or four Years. It
grOws from Cuttings, which the French call Tianfons, or
Settlings, which they plant upon the Banks of Rivers, and in
marfhy Places.

T HE Trees we call Aquatick, have a peculiar Merit,
which diﬁinguifhes them very much from thofe of the wild
kind, in that they are fubjeé‘t to no Vermin, by a Natural and
Phyﬁcal Reaibn, which is, that they are of f0 cold a Nature,
that the Inleé’rs cannot lay their Eggs upon them.

A LL the Trees hitherto mention’d, are, in general, cal-
led Foreﬁ-Trees, thofe that follow being but Shrubs, made

ufe

7776 melice of Gardening. 171

ufe of in Woods to ﬁll up and furniih Bruih-wood at the
Foot of the great Trees. . _

TH E White-Thorn, otherwife call’d by the French, White-17mm,

L’ﬂuéepz'm’, is one of the moft conﬁderable Shrubs, as well fiﬁlgwljmu’d
by reafon of its Flowers, which yield a very fweet Smell, as 33,323,,
for that it allures the Nightingale, the moﬂ charming Mu ' _
ﬁcian of the Woods. This Shrub grows withOut difﬁculty,
’tis armed with very {harp Prickles, which makes it ufed in
planting Quickfet-Hedges, the Approach of which it defends
with its {harp Thorns; its Leaves are indented, and of a
Very ﬁne Green. The White—Thorn is very fubjeét to Cater-
pillars, and is ufually raifed from Seed.

T HE Haicl, Filberd, or Nut—Tree, is alfo one of the Hat/d, oer-
ﬁneft Shrubs for garniihing of Groves; its Wood is very Tm-
bright, and it puts out abundance of Boughs, its Leaf is '
handfome and very broad, efpecially that of the F ilberd, the
Fruit of which is moi’e ei’teemed: Its Species is propagated
by lowing the Fruit, or Nuts, or elie by Layers. This Shrub
has feveral wonderful Properties attributed to it, relating to
Secrets, fuch as to ﬁnd out Water, Thefts, Murders, and
hidden Treafures; but thefe are not much to be rely’d on.

The Cane-Willow is both Aquatick and Wild, and fhoots
up pretty high. Its Wood is white, its Leaf round, and of
a bright green, it is multiplied by Layers and Shoots. .

TH E Ozier is a Shrub of the watery Kind, which ihoots T1,, ozzm
not up very high. Its Wood is ﬂender, and wary pliable.

’Tis ﬁt for Hampers, Baskets, and abundance of other Pur-
pofes, which makes it very proﬁtable, becaufe it is often
, cut: Its Leaves are like thofe of the Willow, and it is pro—

duced by Cuttings and Layers.

TH E RE are, beﬁdes thefe, feveral Kinds of Shrubs, the
particular Defcription of which would carry me too far from m
Purpofe; wherefore, I ihall content myfelf to give the Names
of them in general 2 fuch are the Lote-Tree, the Mirobolan-Tree,
the Service-Tree, the Cornil—Tree, the Fig-Tree, the White
Mulberry-Tree, the Elder-Tree, the Hounds or Dog-Berry-

Tree, the Spindle—Tree, the bitter Cherry-Tree, the Neapolitan-
Medlar, 59w. moﬂ: of which are perpetuated by,their Fruits.

I N garnifhing Woods, they make ufe likewiic of Plants
of Horn-beam, Maple, Elm, Oaklings, and Chefnuts, which

~ 2 are

172.

rem-Tree.

“k Fatale cit
dormirc fub
Ifum.

Picea.

Fir-Tree.

Pine-Tree.

7796 Tbimi‘Part. CHA P. I.

are kept headed on purpofe to make handfome Tufts and
Thickets of Under-wood.

N o 'r H I N G remains, but to fpeak' of thoie Trees and
Shrubs that are not ﬁript of their Leaves in Autumn, but
keep their Verdure in the coldeﬁ Weather in Winter, which
gives them the Name of Ever—Greens. Thefe that follow,
are ﬁlch as are ordinarily made me of in Gardens.

TH E Yew is one of the limit Ever-Greens 5 it grows as
tall or as low as you pleafe; and, in a word, may be
brought to any Form, by clipping. Its Wood is very hard,
its Branches very full of LeaVes, of a deep Green, and
extremely pleafant to the Eye. It is ﬁt for Hedges, as alfo
for garnifhing the Borders of Parterres. ’Tis pretended, that
its Shade is very dangerous and * unwholefome. It bears ‘a ‘
Seed which is very long a raiﬁng, and is multiplied alfb by
Layers.

T H E Picea, or Pitch-Tree, is pretty much like the Yew
in its Wood and its Leaf, but it lhoots up much higher, and
does not grow fo handfome, nor fo thick of Branches, as
the Yew does. It is proper only in Woods, and in great
double Walks, where ’tis planted between the detached
Trees. They make no ufe of it now-a-days in Par-terres,
becaufe it grows too high, and is very fubjec} to be unfur-
niihed at Foot. The Picea bears a Seed which is not To long
a coming out of the Ground, as that of the Yew.

TH E F ir-Tree is one of thofe that rife the ,highef’t and
ﬂraitef’c of any; its Timber is white of Colour, and light,
but very ﬁiﬂ, which makes it uféd for Maﬂs of Ships.
Boards are likewife made of it, which ferve for abundance
of Purpofes: Its Leaves are much like thofe of the Yew-g
it is ﬁt only for Woods and F oreﬂs, and efpecially for hilly
Places. It bears a fcaly Fruit of a pyramidal Figure call’d
the Fir-ﬂpple, which contains the Seed.

TH E Pine is a Tree very different from the F ir, though
many People confound one with the other. It ihoots up
very high, and pretty ﬁrait. It puts out abundance of
Branches above, and is quite naked below. Its Timber is
reddifh and heavy, and its Leaves are narrow, long, and
prickly; its Bark inclines to a black, and is very rough. It
produces a roﬁnous Gum, with which they make-Pitch and

' Tar

7776 Przzﬁzce of Gmdmmg. I73
Tar for Shipping. This Tree, as well as the Fir, loves
'Mountainous Places. Its Fruit is call’d the Tine-Apple, in
which the Seed lies. ' .

TH E Cyprefs is a very beautiful Tree, and rifes to a Cyprefr.
great Height. It is furnilhed very thick from its Foot to its
very Top, which terminates in a Point. Its Timber is very
hard, and of a good Smell : Its Leaves, which are of a whi-
tilh Green, are very thick; it is equally proper for making
Walks or Hedge-rows. Its Fruit, call’d the Cypreﬁ-ﬂpple,
inclofes its Seed, which is fomewhat tedious to raife.

T H E Scarlet-Oak, or Holm, fomewhat refembles an Ap- sgﬂrmoﬂk,

le—Tree or Pear-Tree, it does not rife fo high as the com-
mon Oak, and its Wood is very different, but its Leaves
and Acorn are much like it, except that they are fmaller,
and of a light Green. This Tree is proper to make Walks
of, and its Species is perpetuated by the Acorn it bears.

TH 0 SE that follow, are only the Shrubs and Plants,
made ufe of to form Hedges and to furnilh the lower Parts
‘ in Woods of Ever-Greens.

THE Holly paﬂes for one of the ﬁneﬂ: Ever-Green H011],
Shrubs that are to be met with; it grows pretty high, and
is of a ﬂiining and very charming Green: Its Wood is
Greenilh, of which they make Wands and Riding—Switches.

Its Leaves are jagged, and befet with Prickles, and fome—
times ﬁriped or gilded. It is multiplied by Seed.

THE juniper-Tree fhoots pretty high, and has a very yum,”
agreeable Smell: Its Wood is very hard, and its LeaVes '
ﬁnall and prickly: It is produced from Seed.

T HE Phillyrea is a Shrub that grows very thick and is 1’5”th-
much valued for Hedges. Its Wood is blackiih, and its
Leaves refemble thofe of the Olive, but are lhorter, and of a '
tolerable good Green. It grows without Difﬁculty even in
the Shade, and is propagated either by the Seed or Layers.

S A B I N, or Savine, grows very tall for a Shrub; its Stem Swine.
is fomewhat bulky, and its Wood is very hard; its Leaves
are like thofe of the Cyprefs-Tree. It is multiply’d by Seed
and Layers. ,

THE Alaternus refembles the Olive-Tree in its Leaves; 414nm”,
they are of a deep Green, and pretty thick; it is very ﬁt to
make Hedges, and is raifcd from Layers.

THE

174

Box.

* Fauxbourg
6. Viétor.

The T/yim’ Part. CHAP. I. i

T H E Box—Tree is a green Shrub of the greateﬁ: Ufe, and
one of the moi’t neceﬂary in Gardens. There are two Sorts
of it; the Dwarf-Box, which the French call Buis d’Artoir,
the Leaves of which are like thofe of the Myrtle, but green-
er and harder. This is made ufe of for planting the Em-
broidery of Parterres, and the Edgings of Borders; and is
called Dwarf-Box, becaufe it naturally grows but little. The
other Kind is the Box-Tree of the Woods, which advances
much higher, and has bigger Leaves than the former, which

.makes it ﬁt for Hedges, and green Tufts for garniihing of
'Woods; fome of it is ﬁriped or gilded, it comes up in the

Shade, but is a long time a gaining any conﬁderable Height:
Its Wood is yellowilh, and very hard. It is put to agreat

many petty Ufes, as the making of Combs, Balls, éc. Both

thefe Kinds 'of Box yield a Seed, but it is commonly produced
by Slips. ‘

ONE thing muff be faid in praife of thefe Ever-Green
Trees and Shrubs, that the Hardnefs of their Wood and
Leaves, fecures them from all Sorts of Infeéts and Vermin.

THE Advantage to be drawn from Ever-Greens, rather
refpeéts the Art of Phyﬁck, in which they afford feveral Re-
medies, than the Ufe to be made of them in Trade, whe-
ther for Building, Artiﬁcers-Work, or Fewel, in all which
the Trees ﬁrﬁ mention’d at the Beginning of this Chapter,
are very ferviceable; and upon this Account it is that there
are fo great a Number of thefe Ever-Green Plants in the
Royal * Phyﬁck—Garden.

THES E are all the Trees and Shrubs that are ordinarily
made ufe of in ﬁne Gardens. In the ihort Defcription of
which, I have endeavoured to include a general Idea of each
Tree, mentioning its Height, its Leaves, its Wood or T im-
ber, and the Ufe that is made of it; its proper Place in
Gardens, the‘ Vermin it is fubjeét to, and the Manner of
perpetuating its Species, which are all of Ufe to guide you
in the Choice you have to make of them. However, I now

roceed to give you my Opinion of thofe that feem to me
to be the beﬁ, and which I advife you to make ufe of in
your Gardens.

T H E Trees generally made ufe of to form handfome
Walks, are Elms, Limes, and Horfe-Chefnuts: Walks of

Elms,

7793 Pmﬁice of Gardening. 4

Elms, when well kept, grow very tall and lofty 5 they put
out beautiful Leaves, and are withal very lal’ting: Walks
of Limes a e likewife very handfome, efpecially when they
are @21th Limes. T hefe Trees are known to ihoot up very
high, they havea fmooth Bark, an agreeable Leaf, and yield
abundance of Flowers that fmell very fweet; befides which,
they are fubjeét to no Sort of Vermin. Thefe are the two
Kinds of Trees I advife you conﬁantly to make ufe of, pre-
ferably to the Horfe—Chefnut‘, notwithﬁanding it is fo much
in falhion. I cannot deny but the Horfe-Chefnut is a hand-
fo'me' Tree; ’tis certain it' grows Very ﬁrait, has a ﬁne Body,
a' polilh’d Bark, and a beautiful large Leaf ; but the Filth
it makes continually in the Walks, by the Fall of its Flowers
in'the Spring, its Husks and Fruit in the Summer, and its
Leaves in the Beginning of Autumn; mightily 1elTens its Merit :
Add to this, that'it? is very fubjeét to -M¢]-Bugs and Cater-
pillars, which often ﬁrip it'“quite naked-”in the Summer-time;
that its Shade, as is pretended at leaﬂ, is very unwholefome;
that it grows birt to a, moderate Stature, laﬁs but a very little
while, and that its Timber is of no manner of Proﬁt.

. I N Avenues that lie in open Fields, we make ufe of Elms
or Chefnut-Trees, and in moif’t Grounds, of Willows,,Afpen-
Trees, ((76.

Y 0 U ibould obferve never to plant. Elms too near Kitchen-
Gardens, Fruit-Trees or Flower-Borders, becaufe their Roots
which run along the Ground devour every thing, and the
Fruit and Flowers will never thrive as they ought. In their
place you may put Lime-Trees and Horfc—Cheﬁiuts, whofe
Roots take up but little room.

T HE right way of chooﬁng Elms, Limes, Horfe—Chefi-
nuts, and generally all the Trees above-mention’d, conﬁﬁs
in the three following Obfervations, which contain all that can
be laid upon this Subject.

T H E ﬁrﬁ is to examine if a Tree be ﬁrait, of a ﬁne Stem,
of abright and fmooth Rind free from Mofs; if it have good
Store of Roots, and very ﬁbrous; if it be well drawn,
without breaking or wronging the greater Roots. You
can’t be deceived in believing a Tree in this Condition
good; ﬁnce- it has all the Qialities requiﬁte to make it, in
Time, a ﬁne Tree. But , if the Plant be crooked, lhort,

and

Us

I76

I

i 7716 leim’ Part.C1—1A1>;I

and mifhapen, its Bark fcabby and full of Mofs, and its
Roots broken and ihiver’d, or very much unfurniih’,d and
not ﬁbrous , the Tree is doubtieis good for nothing, and you
ought to reject it entirely. You may conﬁdently depend
u on this Obfervation, which indeed is the molt eirential of
all, and will hold as a general Rule for all the Plants you
can fuppofe.

T H E fecond Thing material to be obferved 1n the Choice
of Trees, is, that they be taken out of worfe Ground than
you intend to put them into. The Reafon is, that the Trees
liking this better Earth, take Root again fooner, become
more bulky and ﬂrait, grow inﬁnitely falter, and are not I?)
fubjeét to be cover’d with Mofs. Whereas, if your Plants
come out of as good Earth, or better than that mm which
you remove them, they droop and languiih, grow crooked,
grubby, and full of M0131, and at lai’c die away, and feem
to bewail, if I may fo .fay, the Loﬂs of their ﬁrﬁ Nurfe.

T H E third Obiérvation is, not to 1n'ﬁit too much upon the
Bignefs of Trees, for I look upon a Tree of a moderate Size,
to be better than all the great ones that are fought with fo
much Earneﬁnefs; and there is more Hope of its taking Root
when ’tis about ﬁx or feven Inches in Compais, than when
’tis very large. There are more of thefe great Trees die,
notwithi’canding all the Precautions that can be taken, than of
thoie that are of the Size I mention.

As to Hedges, the Plants that are moﬂ ef’teemed for them,
are Horn-beam, Beech, and Maple, which, to be good,
ihould have their Bark bright and fmooth, and their Root
very ﬁbrous. They ihould be drawn froma Nurfery, where
they were raifed from Seed, you may eaﬁly know that a
Plant 1s taken from a N uriery, when it is ﬁrait and fair, and
its Tap-Root not hooked, for the Plants of Horn-beam and
Maple, that are drawn out of the Woods, are not worth
tranfplanting, being no better than Shoots and Suckers from
thofe Roots, which the Franc/.2 Gardeners call 46 [a Croﬂl’tte,
from their having the form of a Crofs.

T H E bei’r of thefe three Plants, in every one’ 3 Opinion, is
Horn-beam, but unlefs it be planted 1n freih Ground, and a
very clear Expofure, it is difﬁcult to raife: Maple, on the
contrary, grows every where, as well in the Shade as in the

I _ open

7796’ Praﬁive of Gardening. » 177

open Air, its Fault is, that it is fomewhat fubjeét to grow
Yellow. ' V
T H E Trees moﬂ proper for Porticos, Colonades, Arcades,
Peers, Cabinets and Green Galleries, are the Horn-beam, the
Lime—Tree and the Elm. The Nature of Horn-beam makes
it ﬁt for Hedges, being full of Branches to the very Foot, and
requiring to have its head cut, without which it is apt to perilh.
The Lime-Tree naturally bends and takes any Form you
pleafe to give 'it, and by its great number of Branches makes
a very thick tufted head. But the Male Elm," as we call it,
is preferable to either of thefe, being capable of all Sorts of
Figures, growing very faﬁ, being leis fubjeé’t to grow bare and
to periih than the Horn-beam; leis liable to break than the
Lime, and more eafy to take in any fort of Ground. All the
fault of the * Elm is, that it is a much greater charge to keep *{ﬂltbf 6mu-‘
clipt than the others : By reafon it is continually putting out ﬁﬁyfffj‘ ’"
little Shoots which deviate from the Contour of the Arches, planted with
and from the Upright of the Pilafcers. 53%;;
F o R fuch Squares of Wood as you would have {hoot up '
very high, all the Trees before mention’d may be employ’d
in them; however, thofe that are molt ef’ceemed, are the‘
Oak, Elm, Chefnut, Beech, and Horn-beam, which grow
very tall, form a beautiful Covert, and are very proﬁtable.
For planting Thickets andUnder—wood at the Foot of the
great Trees, the Horn-beam, Maple, Filberd, Lime-Tree,
and White-Thorn, are the belt, and make the molt bufhy
Heads; however, all Plants in general are not improper for
this Ufe.
I N low and marfhy Places you may plant Afp, Poplar,
Birch, and Alder, as belt for the high Trees, and ﬁne Walks,
and ﬁll up with Oziers, Willow, Cane—Withy, Hafel, (at.
A s for what concerns Woods of Ever-Greens; Cyprefs,
Fir, Pine, Picea, and Scarlet-Oak, fhould be chofen to make
the Walks, and tall Wood within, as being thofe that {hoot
the higheﬁ, and moﬁ upright. You may plant the Palilades
or Hedges with Yew, Box, Phyllirea, and Cyprefs, and the
’I‘hickets with Juniper, Savine, Lawrel, Alaternus, Holly,
and other Ever—Greens above mention’d.
All ever-green Trees and Shrubs, to be good, {hould be of
a deep and very lively green inclining to a dark, without look.—
‘ ’ A a ing

178

7725 77m; Parr. CHM. u.

ing changed or yellowifh, which is their Diﬁ‘emper. They
are raifed in Baskets of Earth, in which you {hould take care
they have been let at leaf’c a Year or Two; this is a very necef;
fary Caution in order to their ﬁriking root the better.

T H 13 Box with which we plant Hedges, is the Wood-BOX,
which we take pretty high and ﬁrong, with good Roots well
haired or full of‘ Fibres. For the Dwarf-Box wherewith. we
plant the EmbrOidery of Parterres, it {hohld be young, very
ﬁbrous, not too dry, and that which has the fmalleﬁ and limit
Leaf is the moﬁ el’ceemed. If this Obfervation be made in the
choice of it, there will be no need to pluck up a Parterre ever
ﬁve or ﬁx Years on account of the Height to which the Bore
is grown, notwithﬁanding the often clipping of it.

I H'A VE not determined the Nature of the Soil proper
for each kind of Trees, as moﬂ: have who have written of
Agriculture; for in general an Earth moderately good will
agree with all of them, it is not here of To great confcquence
as it is for Fruits, Pulfe and Flowers; however, I ihall juﬂc
mention what Trees are proper for each Ground. The Horn-
beam and the Beech like a cool Soil; the Elm, Maple, Lime-
Tree, Horfe-Chefnut, Birch-Tree and Sycomore do belt in a
dry Ground; the Oak and Chefnut-Tree in a ﬂrong ﬁiﬂ’Earth;
and the Poplar, Afh, Alder, ,Aipen-Trce and Willow in moiﬂ
wet places. " ~

 

CHAR

7793 Pmﬁice of Gardeniﬂg. I79

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’CHA P. II.

0f the Manner of Planting all live dif-
feram‘ PM“ of a Pizza) Garden.

L L that has been laid in the foregoing Chapters, would
ﬁgnify nothing, without the Addition of what is con-
tained in this and the following Chapter; the Ufefulnefs and
Neceﬂity of which, are fuﬂiciently known to all the World.
Were the Ground never to well drefs’d, the Garden truly
traced out, and the Trees never to well chofen, all would
be to no purpofe, if you were ignorant of the right Method
of Planting, and of the Care that ihould be taken of young
Plants, to raife them as they require.

TH E’Buﬁnel's of raiﬁng Trees to a ﬁne Stature in a little
time, depends upon Two Things; good Planting, and the
Care to be taken of them according to the different Seafons
of the Year. The ﬁri’c of thefe I {hall treat of in this Chap-
ter, and refer what I have to fay of the latter to the Chap-
ter that follows.

PL A N T I N G diﬂ'ers according to the different Parts that
compofe a Garden 5 all which muﬂ: be diﬁinétly fpoken to,
in order to know how to plant them. I begin with Par-
terres.

A PA R T ERR B being traced out, as has been before de—
fcribed in the 2‘1 Part, the Box choien, according to the Ob-
iervation in the foregoing Chapter; and the Ground well pre-
pared, and dtefs’d; take a * Dibble, and a Spade, (which a 145mm-
are the two Initruments the mof’t made ufe of in Gardening) ﬂick.
and after having trimmed the Roots of the Box, and cut away
ﬂame of their Fibres, make a little Rill, or Trench, with
the Dibble, or Setting-Stick, about half a Foot deep, keep-
ing exaétly in the Track of the Deﬁgn; then take away the

Aa 2 ’ Dibble,

180

7776 Third Parr. CHAR II.

Dibble, and widen the. lnﬁde of the Trench a little, to re-
ceive the Box, which you are to place in Order, burying the
Roots of it up to the Neck, that is, that nothing appear out
of the Ground but the Leaves: After which, give two or
three Strokes with the Setting—Stick, all about what you
have juft planted, to clofe the Earth again, and ﬁll up the
little CaVities. The Box being thus put in the Ground, you
range it either with the Back of the Setting-Stick, or your
Hands, and give it the Shape and Turn it ought to have,
according to the Deﬁgn, fettling the Earth well all about
it, for fear the Air get in, and fpoil it.

T HE Dibble is thus to be made ufe of every where, ex-

_ cept in great Lengths, and very large Edgings of Box, as

the Sides of Borders, and the greater Branches of the Em-
broidery, which may be done with the Spade: 1n thefe
you ﬁrain a Line, according to the Draught, from one End
to the other, and opening a Rill with the Spade, fet your
Box in it, and cover it afterwards with Earth, which makes
much quicker Difpatch than the Dibble.

T HE Parterre being thus planted, you dig the Places de-
ﬁgned for the Borders with the Spade, and ﬁll them with
Mold mixt with good Earth, which you lay rounding in the
Middle like an Afs’s Back; and then fpace out, and mark
with Pegs the Places where the Yews and Shrubs muﬁ be
planted purfuant to the Deﬁgn, cauﬁng Holes to be dug for
them according to their Size. I have already faid, in the
4th Chapter of the Firﬁ Part, that very large Yews and
Shrubs are now out of ufe, becaufe they hinder the Pro-
fpeé’t, f0 that thefe Yews having at moﬁ but four or ﬁve
Foot height, the Holes will be big enough, if open’d three
Footfquare, and two Foot deep. Thefe Holes being made,
caufe a Yew to be brought to'one End of the Border, and
cutting its Basket, uncover the Clod, and trim the ﬁraggling
Roots that exceed it, then throw a little good Earth into.
the Bottom of the Hole, and fet your Tree in the Middle of
the Border, meafuring it very exactly; fecure it a little, h
throwing in Ibme Earth upon it till the Hole be half ﬁlled
up, and plant another Yew at the other End; and having

thus planted two, you fpace out and range all the others
by them.

IN

7756 Pmﬂice of Gardening.

' I N Borders the Yews age generally fet at I 2 Foot diftance,
with a Shrub between 5 but this Rule can’t be follow’d
where the Borders are cut, or where they are in Compartia
merit, you muﬁ then be governed by the Deﬁgn, and con-
ﬁne yourfelf to certain Prated Places.

YoU muﬁ obferve, in Borders that are twiﬂing and cirn
cular, to- plant the Yews in the Middle, at equal Diﬁances
one from another, and as upright as poﬂible by your Eye,
which is the furel’t Method, having no Range to take, and
the Line being of no fervice. You will ﬁnd in this Part
the Flowers that are proper for them with their Culture.

TH I s is all the Difﬁculty in Parterres, which muﬂ: not be
clipped till the fecond Year after they are planted, that the
Box may take Root, and gather Strength. You then reviﬁt
your Parterre from one End to the. other, and new furnifh
with Box, the Places that require it. They make life of
Shears for clipping the * Box of Parterres, which fhould be
cut clofe without difordering or varying from the Deﬁgn: In
and Borders {traight Edgings of Box, you may ﬁrain a Line
to clip them by.

T H E moﬁ: proper Time to trim a Parterre, is the Month
of May; the ﬁneﬁ Parterres are clipt twice a Year, imme-
diately after the two Seafons of the Rife of the Sap. If the
Ground be fomewhat dry, you muf’t water the Box well the
ﬁrﬁ Year it is planted, in order to haﬁen its ﬁriking Root.

TH E Walks and Counter—Walks, that are to be planted
with Elms, Lime—Trees, Horfe-Chefnuts, (7:. being drawn
out, you drive Stakes at every t 12 Foot dif’tance, to mark
the Place of each Tree. This Diﬂance is a Mean between the
nine Foot from Tree to Tree, allowed by forne, which is not
enough, and the I 5 or 18 Foot given by others, which is too
much; the Diﬁance of 1 2 Foot is realonable, and more
in ufe than either of the others. In Avenues and Walks,
planted in the open Fields, the Trees may be fet at the diﬁante
of r 8 or 24 Foot, for the better Husbandry of the Ground,
in which they are planted. Thus you have the Advan-
tage above and below. Thefe Trees ihould be fecurcd by
Thorns, or the like, from being injured by Cattle or mifchiea
Yous People.

3 A1:

~181

* Goal Carafe:
mm in their
clipping qften—
time: mendtﬁe
Drawing of n
Parterre, by
forémring
ﬂzma Placer,
and tuning
other: rlcﬂ,
in the turning:
of a Branch,
(eat. on the
tonﬂarj, tho]?
that are Bung~
ler: quit: lame
a Deﬁgn.’

1» 12. French-
Faot make
mar 13 Eng:
liﬂ) Foot.

182. The Third Part: CHAP. II.

559252241113, A "r each of thefe Stakes cauf .Holes to be dug of four
Mamb’m, Footiquare and three Foot deep. the Bottom of Earth be
iSﬁr/Mttz out, good, you may make ufe/of it, but if it look exhaui’ted and
$35,923, dry, you muﬁ bring in better, or take frame of the upper
inplmtiugt/Je Mold, and throw in ﬁx or feven Inches Depth of it into the
35213:,“ Bottom of the Hole. You may lay aBed of Leaves or Grais,
ﬁrﬂ which i: if you have it at hand, with half a Foot of Mold at top of it,
:ﬁifﬁiv’ftz‘ Which will waf’te and be as good as Dung in time. This Pre-

ﬁll up, 411115] paration ﬁlls up one Foot of the three Foot depth you .made

$5: 22%;; your Holes. The other two are enough for planting the

Ground, T ree.
B E F0 RE you plant ~your Trees, they ihould be cut to

eight or nine Foot height, by taking off their Heads, unleis
they‘ are raifed in Baskets, as {hall be mention’d by and by.
F0 R Regularity you fhould endeavour to plant all your
Trees of the fame Height, cutting them by one common
Meafure. Then their Roots fhould be trimmed, by cutting
”H b‘n away the Extremities of the Fibres, and their broken and
”his: ex u“ bruifed Roots, which the ‘Frenc/a call * Dreﬂing a Tree.
' This done, you fet the Root of the Tree in the Middle of the
Hole, fpreading out all the fmall Roots, and ﬁlling in the
Earth about them with your Hand, taking care that no
Stones or hollow Places be left towards the Bottom, which
would expofe the Roots to the Air, and hinder their taking to
the Ground. Your Tree being well fecured, let the Earth be
entirely ﬁlled in lowering the Bank about the Hole, and then‘
‘ fettle it down by treading on it. .
B E s I DE 3 the Stakes which mark out the Holes, there
{hould be three or four Ranging Staves ﬁxed upon the lame
Line, between the places deﬁgned for the Trees, that when
the Holes are made, and the Stakes removed, you may be
able to plant two 0r three Trees by the Staves; that is, one
Tree at each End, and one in the middle of the Line, after
which the ranging 'Staves may be taken away as uieleis.
Thefe three Trees will ferve you for fetting all the others
upon the fame Range. This is a general Rule for planting.
all Sorts of Trees, enlarging or leiTening the Size of the Holes
according to the Strength of your Plants.
A F T E R having fettled the Earth about your new plant-
ed Trees, you ihould the next day after, beﬁow three or four
Watering...

77M Pmﬁzce of Garth/72mg.
Vatering—Pots of Water on them, as their Size {hall require;
this wonderfully {inks thmund, and makes it bind together :
It would be dangerous to water them immediately,‘ for fear of
making Mortar of the Mold, or making their Het’lds lean too
much on one ﬁde.
TH as E who deﬁre to have a ﬁne Garden in little Time,

183

though it coﬁ them tomething more, make ule of Trees,

railed with their Clod (or Earth about them, by which they
gain ﬁve or ﬁx Years Growth ,- becaufe thefe Trees being
railed with a Body of Earth that covers their Roots, are
planted at their full Height, without cutting; whereas
other Trees, whofe Roots are bare, not having Strength
enough to nourilh their Head, mutt necelrarily be taken of?
to eight or nine Foot Height, as was juﬁ now mention’d.
From whence ’tis evident, that a Gentleman, by planting
Trees in their Clod, gains the Time thofe Trees neceﬂ‘ari—
1y require to make another Head; beﬁdes that they are in-
ﬁnitely more beautiful, not difcovering their Removal, as
thofe do that have been headed. I have planted Elms in
their Clod 30 Foot high, and as big as one’s Thigh, which
have taken again to a Wonder 5 by this Expedient you plant
Trees at their full Bignefs, which was never done hereto-
fore, and enjoy a Garden ten Years the fooner, by means of
this admirable Contrivance. ,

G R E A 1‘ Care ihould be taken how you follow the Ad-
vice of Tome * Gardeners, who pretend that you may plant a
Tree boldly at its full Height without cutting off any thing,
though it have no Clod about its Root. Thele Men, to fup-
port their Opinion, afﬁrm, that this Body of Earth binding
up the Roots too much, which you are obliged to cut ihort,
hinders them from doing their Olﬁce, and ﬁriking fo vigo-
roufly as they would do 5 whereas, fay they, “when the Roots
of Trees are uncover’d and at their full Length, they are

placed in Order, and ﬁlled up with Earth much better 5 be:

ﬁdes that being thus at liberty on all ﬁdes, they more eaﬁly
{hoot and faﬁen themfelves in the Ground.

, T H IS is an Opinion that Experience has often found to
be falfe, and which I advife you by no means to follow;
for when Trees have no Earth about their Foot, or that the
Clod is broke in carrying of them, they are in great danger

of

* Thcfe G474
dener: have
written of
Fruit—Trees, of
which having
had ﬁmre Ex-
perience, under
that Pretext
thay expert? to
he credited in
the Buﬁnef: (f
tmnﬂalaming
E17725, and o-
ther Tree: he.
longing to
Pleafm'e-Gar-
dam, the CHI-
ture of which
is in a man-
ner unknown-
to them.

. r;

184

7/76 Third Pan”. CHAP. II.

of dying, the Sap of itfelf not Hg Force enought to riﬂe
to the T 0p of the Tree, and t rifh its Head, unleﬂe, ail
ﬁi’ced by this Clod of Earth, which is that in Which the Tree
was raifed, and which nourifhes and maintains its Roots, till
they have Strength enough to pierce the new Ground that is
aboutlthem. In the 4th Chapter following, I {hall .defcribe the
Manner of railing Trees in their Clod. ,

FOR planting Palifade—Hedges, you are to f’train a Line)
according to the Draught traced out, or to the Row of Trees,
if there be any, and, with the Spade, open a Trench or Kill
a Foot deep, taking care to preferve one of its Sides from
ﬂipping down, and to open the Trench upon the Infidc of
the Walk, which is always beit for the Plants. This done,
kneeling down with your Left Knee upon the Edge of the
Trench, take the Plants one by one, after having trimmed
the Extremities of the Roots a little, and ,fet them two or
three Inches afunder, according to their Size, holding the
Plant againﬁ the Ground, which, upon one Side of the
Trench, {hould be cut perpendicular; and keeping it there
with the Back of your Left Hand, throw in the Earth about
the Roots with your Right-Hand, till they are quite cover’d.
Take care that the Plants be fet right, and well adjuﬁed one
With another; after which, ﬁll up the Trench entirely, and
tread the Ground with your Feet, to fettle it.

HED G E s‘ that are planted fo large, as ﬁx or feven Foot
high, are not fo fure of taking Root, as the young Horn—
beam, which I eﬁeem inﬁnitely the better: But there is an
ill Cuf’tom amongf’c Gardeners, Which is to cut the Horn-beam
to the Level of the Ground, which is very injurious to it,
and hinders its growing upright, making no more than a Par—
cel of Stubs, fpringing out of one Side and the other. I
made the Experiment of a Hedge 0T Horn-beam cuti/n this
Manner, and of another which I let grow its whole Height;
andI found that the Hedge which had not been cut, came
up much better and more upright than, the other, though in
the fame Ground.

A S M A L L Space {hould be left behind the Hedges that
are planted againﬁ a Wall, partly for the Hedge it felf, that
you may come to dig behind, and clip the Back of it; and part-
ly for the Wall, which by this means is preferved much
better and longer. A s

7796 Pmﬁice of Gardening ‘

A 8 there is nothing more difﬁcult to bring forward in a
Garden than Hedges, t quire much more Application
than the other parts. To ,rarfe them well and preferve them
for any time, they ought to be fet out of a Wood in the
open Air, and have no Trees planted in the Line of them,
efpecially Elms; unlefs the Hedge be kept cut to 10 or 12
Foot high, and the Trees above be lopped very clofe. If, on
the contrary, they are planted in a Wood of high Trees, or
under Horfe-Chefnuts, they will foon die, nor can they be
raifed there unlefs it be while the Trees are very young, or
by the Beneﬁt of a good frelh Ground. You may neverthe-
lets raife ﬁne Hedges in a Wood by obferving the following
Rules.

TH E ufual Method in planting a Wood is to edge the
Walks with Elms, Lime-Trees, Horfe-Chefnuts, (’76. with
Horn—beam or Maple at the foot of them to form the Hedge:
. Neverthelefs, if you would not undergo the infallible Vexation
of feeing them die away in ten ora dozen Years, by reafon of
their being ﬂiﬂed under the great Trees, you may remedy
this Evil by planting the Borders of aWood with Horn-beam
only without any other Tree, leaving behind a Lift of 7 or 8
Foot wide all about it, that is to fay a clear Glade, having
neither tall Trees nor Under-wood between the Hedges and
the Wood. By this means they have the free Air on both
ﬁdes, and may be kept in good condition a long time; this
takes away nothing of the Beauty of the Wood, which riﬁng
above it, makes at a diﬁance a very agreeable Verdure by
its Leaves and Branches. This void Space leaves convenient
room for digging about the Hedges, and for carrying the
double Ladder for clipping them on the backﬁde. You fhould
obferve that all the Branches of the Wood {hould be kept
out perpendicularly from their Foot, leﬂ by over-hangingand
dripping upon it they rob this Spaceof the Air f0 neceﬂ'ary to
the Prefervation of the Hedge.

I T muf’c be owned however, that thefe Sorts of Walks are
longer in forming, and affording Shade than the others, where
the Trees begin to ﬂ‘lCW themfelves from the fecond Year:

In a large Garden you may have Walks planted both one way A

and the other, that you may be able to walk in the Shade at
all Hours of the Day.

B b ANo-L

18s"

186

77.16 777in Part. CHA P. H,

A N o T H E R very plain way of lanting the Walks of a
wood is this : let the Rows of s on each ﬁde ﬁand de-
tached, and 3 or 4 Foot behind them plant the Under-wood
or Thicket of the Squares of Wood in a Line; To that being
kept clipt upright, it may form a kind of Palifade—Hedge. This
indeed is never fo ﬁne nor fo well ﬁlled as the others; but"
it will laﬁ much longer, and require but little coil: to keep.
This fort of Hedges makes always an even green Ground,
which cannot fail of being very agreeable to the Eye.

WE now come to the manner of planting Porticos, and
other Decorations in green, as Columns, Peers, Jambs, Pilaﬁers,
éc. Having picked out of your Nurfery inch Elms as are
tall and ﬂender, well ﬁlled with Branches along their Stem,
and always thofe that we call the Males becaufe their Leaves
are thicker and more tufted, and clip much better than the
Female, plant them with all their Boughs, and without cut-
ting any thing off at the Head; if it be for aPeer that is fome-
what broad, you muﬂ: put in feveral; and if it be for aColumn,
look out a Tree that is full of Brahches all round, which you ,
muﬁ: conduft and cut to anfwe‘r the Intention ofa Column,
making it to ihoot out on all Sides, and d‘exterouﬂy applying
all its Branches to form the Roundnefs required. It fhould be
ﬁript clean for 3 or 4. Foot in Height, that it may rife the
better; and the lower part may be ﬁlled with Horn-beam and.
Elms to make the Bafe and Plinth. The Capital at the Head
of the Column may be formed out of the lame Tree, and for
the Cornice and Entablement, you may make ufe of the
Branches put out by the Hedge on the Back-fide, which you
may draw with Wire, and fallen to the Poles which run
acrois from one end to the other, that are fupported by other
Poles or upright Pieces, to which are ﬁxed all the little Branches,
of Elm deﬁgned to form the Peer or Column, by conﬁning
them with Twigs of Ozier to take what Sideyou pleaﬁé.
Thefe Branches artfully drawn and interwoven one with ano-
ther, quite hide and cover the Poles and compofe Collonades
of green, with their Cornices and Entablements, advancing 3.
Foot or moreif it be neceffary.

T H E s E Columns are planted almoﬁ always infular, that
you may come to clip them all round; for the Pedel’cals, they
may be, infular or not, itﬁgniﬁes nothing to their Conﬁrué‘tionr.

The

7776’, Pmc'i’ice of Gardening. 187

The Capitals, Bafes and Cornices are cut in chamfer or cant

at the Extremitys of the Columns or Pilaf’ters, at top of which

are made Balls and Vaiés of green ,formed by the tufted head

of the Tree which makes the Column or Peer, or elie by the

Shoots and Twigs of Horn-beam drawn from the Hedge or

. Palifade behind. Thefe Valés are kept detached from their Arabian; 05.
Balls and from the Cornice by afmall Stem of a Foot or two, ﬁr78€btﬁge
according to the Height of the Portico, for the better Effect 33,145,?” E“ i
of the Perfpeétive. _

F o R Hedges cut into Arcades, if the Arches are open down to
the Bottom,in theDeﬁgn,draw a Line upon theGround,and taking
upon it the Breadths of the Openings, mark out thofe of the
Peers or Pilaf’ters which are to be opened in Trenches for plan-
ting the Deﬁgn intended. If on the contrary they are inclofed
in a low Hedge on which they terminate, that is, that they do
not go down to the Ground, unl‘els in the Door-ways 5 you then, ,
make a Trench the whole length without referve, and plant
the Horn-beam in it, oblérving for the quicker advance to put
- the highef’c in the place of the Peers, or elfe to plant there a
Lime-Tree or an Elm for the more fpeedy forming the Cor-
nice and Vafe at tOp, which are always longef’c coming on.
Thefe young Plants lhould be fupported with fome rough
Lattice-work, upon which the Branches may be readily '
faﬁened, till they are high enough for their Center, and ﬁt to
form the Arch about a Hoop ﬁxed to the two Jambs of the
faid Trellis.

A R B ORS, Cabinets, and green Galleries are planted in
the fame manner as Porticos and Arcades, with this difference
only, that there muf’c be two Rows of Porticos with4. Pillars
to make thefe Galleries; then the Elms planted at the 4 Pillars
crofs each other upon Hoops over head, and by their Boughs
drawn with Wire, and conﬁned upon the Hoops, form very
agreeable green Vaults, which are open at top.

TH E SE Arcades, Columns, Porticos, and Cabinets are
almoﬁ: all clipt with the Sheers except the Cornices and Peers,
which are cut with the Pruning-hook, where you conduﬂ:
the Branches to ﬁll up the Vacancys: You fhould have a
T emplet or Pattern of Wood to guide you in forming the
Columns, one for the circular part, and another for the Cham-
i'ering of the Cornices, Bafes and Capitals; which T emplets

~ Bb z lhould

188

77.76: mm Pm: CHAR 11‘.

{hould be out according to the Deﬁgn propofed in their ﬁrf’c
Conﬁrtrétion. T hefe Pieces, when once grown to fome'
ﬁrength, will ﬂand fuﬁiciently of themfelves, without the;
help of Lattice-work, which is of no ufe but to raile them,
and bring them up.

OBSERVE that if you make ufe of nothing but large
Hornbeam to form there Decorations without a Tree, you
ought to plant it very clofe and well furniihed, to prevent its
growing too big. If you plant Trees, you fhould not bend
them till after the fecond or third Year, when they have ta-
ken well to the Ground 5 iotherwife you may too much diﬁurb
and fhake their Roots, and hinder their ﬁriking into the Earth.

FOR Balls of Elm in the manner of Orange-Trees, you
are to chufe ﬁlch Trees as are very limit with a Stem of ﬁx
or feven Foot high, and cut the head of them into Balls of
about 3 Foot in Diameter. If thefe Balls of Elm are to be
accompanied with a Cafe at Bottom, you plant at the Foot of '
the Trees fome Shoots of Horn-beam which may be clipt'
fquare on every Side, or be ihaped like Pots with Handles to
them, to make the Cafe and Tree look both as one.

Y 0 U muﬁ take great Care ‘of putting Dung into the
Holes where you intend to plant your Trees, under the
pretence of dunging them, for if you lay the Dung too low,
it is ufelefs, by reafon the Salt of it can’t aﬂ‘eét the Roots;
and if you put it towards the Top,L it will rot the Stem of the
Tree, breed Worms, and dry up the Ground, all which are-
but too apt to bring a Mortality upon young Plants. You
{hould put nothing therefore into thefe Holes but good freih
Earth: or elfc a Bed of Leaves, or Grafs as above-mentioned,
And to keep the new planted Trees from the great Heats in
Summer, you may fpread, upon the Surface of the Ground
about the Foot of them, ﬁx or feven Inches Thicknefs of
half-rotten Dung, becaufe ’tis then fuller of Salts andv egetable‘
Spirits, which the Rain and VVaterings will foak and Carry
down to the Roots of the Trees.

I F you have Holes and Trenches to dig in made Ground,
or that which is fandy and bad in itﬁﬂf,‘ Whether for plant-r
ting Hedges or Rows of Trees, you mutt then make Tren-
ches clear from one End to the other, of four Foot wide and
three Foot deep, and bring in good Earth to ﬁll them up,

with,

7/56.!)74816‘6 of Gardemﬂg.
with, in which you may boldly plant your Trees, that would
otherwife do nothing but languilh and die away.

As to what relates to Woods and Groves, they are di-r
ﬁinguifhed into ﬁx Sorts, as has been before mention’d in the
ﬁxth Chapter of the ﬁri’c Part; namely, Forel’t-Woods
Coppices, Groves of a middling Height with tall Hedges,
Groves open and in Compartiment, Woods planted in Chain—-
cunce, and Woods of Ever-Greens. I {hall fpeak of all
thefe one after‘another, and diﬁinguiih the feveral Ways of
planting them.

FO‘R E s T s and great Woods of high Trees, are ordinari-
ly fown with various Seeds and Fruits.’ ’Tis fufﬁcient to
give the Ground deﬁgned for thefe one Ploughing, and their
to fow your Acorns, Chefnuts, (7c. asyou do Corn 3 or elfe
you may let your Acorns into the Ground at every ﬁx Foot
diﬁance, in Rills made by the Line witha Mattock, which.
does it very quick, and makes the Trees appear, in time, at.
regular Diﬁances.

TH E belt way of planting Woods, is to do it with rooted:
I’lants, fetting them at ﬁx Foot dii‘tance one from another,
and obferving, above all, not to: cut their Heads, for that
would hinder their growing and fhooting up one Day to a
lofty Stature.

COPPICE-WOODS are planted or fown in the fame‘
manner as Foreﬁ-Woods, but with thefe two Differences,
that the Plants are fpaced out, or the Fruit fet at three Foot:
Dil’cances, and that the Heads of the young Plants are to be

cut to make them put out Branches, and fpread themfelves to at
bufhy Tuft. Coppices generally fhould be cut at every nine
Years, and taken down to the old Stumps, which {hoot
again immediately.

THE Groves of a middling Height, with tall? Hedges,
require more Care in the Manner of planting them. After
you have dug the Ground, meliorated it' in cafe of Need,
and drawn exactly the Deﬁgn of the Wood, you plant the'
Walks, Halls, Cabinets, 1356. in the fame Manner as was:
juﬁ now taught in this Chapter, fpeaking of Walks. So:
likewiie you plant the Palifades, following exaétly the Out-
Lines and Returns of the Deﬁgn, and opening little‘Trenches,
as was mention’d above. To ﬁll up the. Middle of the'

' “Food,

189

190

7796 77.7in Part; C H AP. II.

W'ood, which is the Buﬁnefs now to be fpoken to, mark out
Lines with the Cord at ﬁx Foot diﬁance one from another,
and open them in Trenches a Spit deep, and about the fame
Breadth, in which plant your Elms, Chefnuts, (76. three
Foot afunder, and between each Trench, after the Plant is
fet, and entirely recover’d, fow or ﬂat Acorns, Chelhuts,
and all Sorts of Seed, to make your Thicket and Brufh-
Wood; and the Rows of rooted Plants will in time form the
Head of the Grove, if Care be taken to trim their Branches,
and conduct them to their proper Height.

YOU {hould obferve in order to furniih your Wood the
faf’ter, and that you may fooner have the Pleaﬁire of it, to fet
a Plant fomewhat ﬁronger than ordinary in the Squares, and to
bury the long Branches that trail along the Ground for Layers,
inﬁead of cutting them off, which will furniﬂl the Wood
much fooner and better than fowing the Seed, as you do in
planting great Woods and Coppices.

GROVES that are open, and in Compartiments, are ve-
ry different from tall Woods and Coppices, in that the Mid-
dles of their Squares have no Wood in them, but are ﬁlled
with Green-Plots in 'Compartiments, which are to be Town
or laid with T urﬂaccording to what is intended in the De-
ﬁgn, and as has been already fpoken to in the feventh Chap-
ter of the ﬁrﬂ‘ Part. As to the Walks and Hedgesof thefe
Woods, they are always planted Breaf’t—high in Banquettes, as
before mentioned, becaufe of the View.

QU I N c UN c ES are planted as Walks, .being in effect no
other than feveral Rows of Trees, and many parallel Walks,
ranging and anfwering the Lines of one another: you are
only to take Care, in planting thefe Woods, to raife your
Squares very exactly, and to fetyour Trees ﬁrait, f0 as to
kee a Line from Corner to Corner, and anfwer one ano-
ther directly, which is the great Beauty of them. There
needs no Hedges nor Thickets in thefe Woods, fo that they
are very eafy to plant. Sometimes Grafs—plots are foWn un—
der the Trees, keeping fome rolled Walks, as Occaﬁon re-

llll‘CS.
<1 W o o D s of Ever-Greens are planted in the fame manner
as the others, there being no more Difﬁculty in them : You
may have Recourfe to the foregoing Chapter, for ehooﬁng
' the

763 P75167256 of Gardeﬂiﬂg.

the Trees molt proper to plant the VVall-cs, Hedges, and
Squares of thele Woods.

A 5 there \‘is nothing longer a growing than a Wood, you
ihould confultthe Ground where you would plant it, exa—
miningthe natural Bottom of the Earth by digging the leveral
Places, and obferying the Grafs that covers it. If the Ground
be moiﬁ, and cover’d with Reeds and Rufhes, plant in, it
thofe Trees that love the Water, if_ it be dry, the Trees we
call Wild will fuit it better : for what will pleafe the natural
Soil, {hould always be regarded, oth-erwife the Wood will be
along time in coming up.

BY this you fee the Difference there. is between Woods
and Parterres, and Bowling—greens, which are ﬁner from the
ﬁrﬁ Day they are planted, than. afterwards ; whereas a Wood
in its younger Age has nothing in it perfect, being deﬁitute:
of that Shade which yields fo much Pleafure in Gardens, and.
which conﬁantly makes one wifh it fomewhat older.

K WH E N you have old decayed Woods to new—furniih

either in their Squares, or in their Outﬁdes and Borders planted
with Trees and Hedges, there is much more trouble to make
any thing grow than in a young Plantation , for Trees are very
apt to die under thofe that Over-hang them, tho’ you Chule
fuch as‘are of the leaﬁ delicate kind, you can raife nothing,
but Thickets of Lilaeh, Elder, Sycamore, Box, and, young,
Elm : and if you will by all means plant fome Trees, you:
mui’c open every thing perpendicular over head to give them.)
Air, without which the Trees will become grubby, and die
away under the Cover. The Ground that has abundance or:
Roots in it, and is quite worn out, is alfo the moﬁ improper
for young Plants to take in,. In fuch cafe, care ﬂiould be ta~-
ken to make Holes for them fomewhat large and deep,. car~
tying out the bad Earth, and ﬁlling them up again with the“
bef’c new frefh Mold you can get; Thefe Trees {hould be
marked with a' Band of Straw, or ()zier Twigs, that they’
may be diﬁinguiﬂied from others, and that care may be taken?
of them in the Summer. In making the Holes you ﬁiouldt
be careful not to hurt the large Roots of the neighbouring:
Trees, which would kill them, and be-the Meansol deﬁroy-v
i‘ng your Wood the.faﬁer..

A s:

19!

1‘92

Chantilly,
Liancourt.

7726 727in Part. CHAR H.’

A s to the Time of planting Trees, it is better, in general,
to undertake it before Winter, in the Months of Novena/787‘ or
Tecember, than in the Beginning of Spring, as in the Month
of March; the Trees and their Roots having time, during the
Winter, to inure themfelves to the Ground, and to taﬁe it
before the Sap rifes ; beﬁdes that the Rain and melted Snows
foak and moiiten the Roots, and bind them falter to the
Ground. Trees that are planted when Winter is OVer, have
not all thofe Advantages, for being moved and tranfplanted too

_ near the Time of the Rife of the Sap, they with more difficul-

ty betake themfelves to the new Ground, and are longer be-
fore they {trike Root in it. ‘

YOU may obferve, that in dry Grounds efpecially, ’tis
better to plant before Winter, that the new—planted Trees
may have the advantage of the Rains, and Melting of the
Snow, which they are in mighty want of to allay their natu-
ral Drought. They ihould allo be planted not deep, left the
Water, whether from the Rain or Watering-pot, fhould. be
drank up by the Earth before itcan reach the Roots; Where-
as in moif’c Places you may itay till the Month of [Wart/9,
when the Earth being difcharged of the Glutof the Winter’s
Wet, will be more proper for the young Plants to take Root in.
In marihy Lands they raife the Flood—Gates of the Canals and
Ponds before. they can plant, Without which, the Holes for
the Trees would be full of Water, and then fet them at fuch
depth as the Level of the Water will permit.

Y 0 U ,Ihould always chufe a dry Time for Planting, be—
caufe the Earth being dry, inﬁnuates itfelf better about the
Roots, without leaving any Vacancy, and is not made
Mortar of, which is very prejudicial to the Trees taking
Root.

S OM E Perfons pretend, that/ this Obfervation fhould be
made in planting a Tree, to turn it to the fame Expoﬁtion of
the Sun, as it was inbefore tranfplanting: This at moﬁ can
ﬁgnify nothing, unlefs for Fruit-Trees, and I look upon it
as one of thole‘Niceties you ought never to inﬁﬁ upon, be-
ing, in my Opinion, very ufelefs and frivolous.

W HE N you fometimes meetwith a Tree whofe Stem has
alittle Crook or Elbow in it, you may, in planting it, ob-
fche to turn the Elbow oppoﬁte to the Sun’s Place at Npon,

w 1ich

7776’ Pmﬂzce of Gardening.
which by this means will be drawn towards it and reéh'-
ﬁed; but unlels it be in this Cafe, you ihould ’alwaysturn
a Tree that way which will appear the i’craiteﬂ: in the Line
it {tands in. ‘

TH E RE may happen another Diﬂiculty proper to be
refolved, which conﬁﬂs in this :_ When a Deﬁgn is traced
out, efpecially that of a Wood where there are turning
Walks, the Trees of which cannot be ranged one by an—
other z, you have a great deal of Trouble; after the Hole is
made, and the Stake taken away, to plant a Tree Without
any Line of Range or Meafure to direct you.

As an Expedient to rid you of this Trouble, before you
dig the Hole, and take away the Stake, fet four others that
{hall range acrofs the Stake which is to be removed as you
lite in this Figure. You ihould 7

take care to plant thefe Stakes L
a little way off the Place where
the Hole is to be made, that the E

  

Earth may be thrown out with— " /////%

out covering them. By this me“ /
means on ma ﬁnd the Place %/% /
of only Tree :gain, fetting it . //%
direﬁly in the Middle of the ,
Hole, fo that the four Stakes ’ L
range acrofs and center upon the
Tree, as they did upon the Stake you took away.

I TH I N K this is all that needs to be faid touching the

Manner of planting the feveral Parts of aGarden. Let us now
roceed tothe Care that ﬂiould be taken of young Plants, in

order to raife them well.

   

ML

 

 

Cc CHAP.

193

1%

The Third Part. CHAP. III. ,,

l 7i" .
iii’éie @ﬁi‘ﬁ‘ﬁﬁﬁﬁﬂ‘ﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁ @‘gﬁﬁﬁﬁ

CHAHHL

0f the Care that jhoultl he taken of
young Plant: to Mt] e them ‘well,~'with
the Alene“ of keeping them from the
_"Di/iemperr and Infeﬁr that uftmlly
attach them. '

_ F you are deﬁrous, in a little While, to take Pleafure and
_‘ Satisfat‘tion in the Trees wherewith you have planted
your Garden, there is no better Way than to bei’cow all ne-
ceiTary Care upon them, according to the different Seafons of
the Year: This indeed requires a great deal of Attention, but
then your Pains are very agreeably required, by the Delight
you have to fee your own Work advance apace. Without
this, you Will have the Vexation to fee molt of the Trees in
the Garden die and pine away, beﬁdes the conﬁderable Charge
you mui’cbeat to replant every Year, without ever being able
to enjoy "any thing. -

"I HE Care- that ought to be taken of young Plants, con-g
ﬁi’ts in three Things 5 in the Tillage, “Taterings, and. Method
of managing them during the ﬁrﬁ two or three Years. '

T H E moﬂ neceﬁaq’ of all thefe is the Tillage, which
muﬁ be done four times a Year, two greater, and two lef—
fer, which the French call Bt'mtger, or T urnings up of the
Ground a fecond time. The ‘ﬁri’c great Tillage is perform’d
at the Entrance of the Winter, the iécond at the Beginning
of Spring. ‘The two lelTer ‘ are done, one at. Midfummer,
and the other inthe Month of Augtg/z‘. .

T HE Reafon of thefe different Tillings, and the different
Times of performing them, is that at the Entrance of VVin—
ter, the Sap being over, there is no Danger in giving

' I ' the

7776 Pmﬂice of Gardening.

the Trees a good Tillage, that is to fay, in breaking up
the Ground pretty deep 5 for beﬁdes that it deitroys the
Mole-Tracks and Rootsiof Weeds, it renders it more eafy
for the Rains and Snow to enter, that fall in this Scaion, and
foak the Ground very deep: This is the ﬁrf’c Tillage. As to
the feeond, which is done in the Beginning of the Spring,
as in the Month of Marc/7, you run no hazard in turning
up the Earth fome Depth at that Time, when it does not
exert itfelf fo vigorouﬂy, and is in no fear of the great Heats
as et.

TH E two leifer T illings, or fecond Turnings up of the
Ground, ihould not be fo deep as the others, becaufe they
are performed while the Sap is moving, when there might be
Danger in Digging the Earth too deep, either by giving Vent
to the Roots, or by cutting off their Fibres. In thefe Kinds
of Tillage you need only juf’ci pare and rake the Surface of
the Ground, left the Heat ﬁrike to the very Roots, and no
deeper than to kill the Weeds, which in this Seafon ihoot
up in abundance; as 3.116 to make it penetrable to the Morn-
ing Dews and Rains, which very much facilitate the Rife of
the Sap. _

’T I s a ufual Saying, that a Wood to be looked‘after well
ihould be kept like a Vineyard, where no Weeds are ever
fuffered. ‘

T R E E s that are infulate or detached, that is to fay, that
are not fet in 9. Hedge, a Wood, or a Border, but fo as you
may walk round about them, ihould be dug four Foot fquare,
and Hedges two Foot wide on the Back-Part, the raked Walk
anfwering the Purpofe of digging on the F ore-ﬁde. ,

IN the greater Tillings, Mattocks and Spades are made
ufe of 5 and in the leifer, Houghs, Edging-Irons, and Weed-
ing-Hooks: [When the Weeds are too big, you pluck them
up by the Roots with your Hands, before you turn up the
Ground, which is called (Weeding.

T o perform this Culture ufefully, and to the Purpofe,

the natural Qiality of the Ground {hould be confulted; for .

that which would be avery proper Time to till light and
dry Ground in, would be no—wife ﬁt for ﬁrong and moif’t
Earths. Thus as light and dry Earths want Moiilure to cor—
reét their too great Heat, they ihould be opened a little be-

‘ C C ,2 . fore

I95“

196 779.? Third Part. ' CHAR III.-

fore it rains, or prefently after, to gain an eafy Admittance-
to, the Water, that would be loﬁ ellewhere by too much De-
lay. On the contrary, ﬂrong and moiﬂ Grounds are to be
.turned up in the very hotteﬂ Weather, which they are in
more want of than Water, and which hinders them alfo
from chapping ,and cleaving. Thefe T illings performed in
this manner, and with thefe Obfervations, keep the Ground
much longer cool, and make it inﬁnitely better for the
Plants.

WA 1' ER I N GS make the fécond Care that ihould be ta-
ken of young Plants; thefe, as well as Tillage, helping to
diﬂolve and aé’tuate the Salts of the Earth, which would 0-

‘ .therwife remain in a Lump ; and if, as was mention’d be-
fore in~ the fecond Chapter of the ﬁrﬁ Part, Water be necef-
fary in a Garden, ’tis undoubtedly fo for thefe young Things,
whichtwould periih and confume away without the help of
'it. Waterings ought to be frequent and plentiful 5 for when.
fmall, they only ferve to make the Ground Hryer, as a Drop
of Water thrown into a great Fire does but irritate the Flame
the more. ,

T H E moﬂ proper Time for Watering, is Morning and
Evening, in the Heat of the Day you ihould water nothing
but in Woods and ihady Places.

YOU ihould always obferve one Thing before Watering,
which is, to cover the Foot of Trees and Palifades with
long Dung and Litter, and to fpread it upon the Surface of
the Ground, as has been already mention’d. Your Water— .
ings are much better when the Water runs through this
Dung as through a Sieve, it then makes no Mortar, and caufes
the Earth to keep its Frefhnefs much longer, being cover’d
by the Dung from the fcorching Rays of the Sun. ,

AND becaufe Dung would be an ugly Sight in a ﬁne
Walk, you may bury it juft within the Ground,-and gravel
the Walk over it, which will look decent, and be of the
lame Ufe to the Tree. ‘

F o R ' Places near at hand, Gardeners make ufe of Water-
ing-Pots; but when the Water muf’t be carried fome Diﬁance
off, they ﬁll ﬁnall Veifels or Quarter—Casks, and drive them
in .VVheelbarrows to the Places required, each Tree fhould
have about two Watering-Pots, or two Pails full of Water,

as

7779 Pmc‘hce of Gardemng. 197
as you ﬁnd the GrOund more or leis thirﬁy, which you may
know by its cleaving afunder, and drinking up the Water
fpeedil . You may make a hollow Circle, or little Bafon,
at the Foot of the Tree, to ferve asa Tunnel for the Water
which would otherwife run aﬁde. . ‘
You may alfo make ufe of long Wooden Troughs, or
Gutter-{tones cemented together, to convey the Water, from
a Bafon or Well, along a Walk, and have VeiTels fet in the
Ground, at proper Diﬁances, to receive the Water, from
whence it may be taken as Need requires; but this is hard-
ly allowable in a Garden, unlefs it bea Kitchen-Ground.
A s for Hedges and Rows of young Trees in a‘Wobd,
you muf’c give them as much Water as they need, hollowing
Out before-hand a fmall Gutter the whole Length, to facili-
tate the Running of the Water.
T H E third Care is. to guide and prune the young Plants
well, which requires no more Skill than to diﬁinguifh in a
Tree that has many Branches which render it deformed that
which ought to be left, to produce, in» time, the handfomeﬂ:
and the 'f’rraiteﬁ‘ Tree.
' I ’1‘ may be held for a general Rule, that a Foreft-Tree, to
be beautiful, ihould have no more than One upright leading
Shoot, which lhould be very high in the Stem, as from 20
to 30 Foot, without any forked Arms or Branches, after
which, it may be left to form itsHead at pleafure. On the
contrary, when the Trunk of a Tree is too low, the Forks of
it are very difagreeable to the Sight, as well as when the
Tree has more than one upright Stem, for then it looks Stub mike
like an Apple-Tree, or like a Clariﬂmas-Candlef’cick twiﬁed 3:5?fo
into feven Branches; ’ great man of
IF the Trees you would manage are headedTrees, you $522533:
ihould pick them the ﬁrft Year, taking off with your Hand mqﬂ allthi:
all the little Buds along the Stem, that the Sap may rife and Def“?-
reuniteitfelf entirely above, to form the new Head. The
fecond Year of their putting out, you ihould choofe out of
all the Branches, that which is the ﬁrongel’t and moﬁ ere€t
with the Foot of the Tree; that is to fay, which falls molt
perpendicularly upon it, and cut off all the others without

referve.

r-«L
F4

I 98 H76 7191M! Part. CHAP. III.

‘ IF, you ﬁnd yourfelf puzzled inlthe Choice of this Branch,
and that there is never a one very upright upon the Tree,
you may let two of them Rand to the Year following, and
then cut off the leaﬁ. It fometimes happens, that you are
obliged to leave three Branches upon a Tree, when the mid-
dle Shoot, which ihould be left as moﬂ upright with the
Stem, is found to be the weakeﬂ: of all, and oftentimes to
lean of one Side a little. You then lay aStick acrofs thefe
Branches, to conﬁne and keep the middle one in its Place,
and peel off the Bark about two Inches broad all round
them, at the Place where theyfhoot from the Stock or Bole;
this {tops the Sap, which by this means is convey’d only to
the middle Branch. The two other Branches {hortly die a-
way; and when the middle one is able to fuf’cain itfelf, you
cut them off entirely: So that of the three Branches that
were left at ‘ﬁrﬂ, there remains only one, very ﬂrait and
upright. “ , .

T H E Reafon why you fhould leave no more than one
Branch to a Tree, is, that it {hoots the better, becomes lar-
ger and handfomer, and grows the faﬂer; this Branch ha-
ving all the Nouriihment and Sap to itfelf : Whereas when
four. or ﬁve Branches .are left upon the fame Tree, the Nou-
rilhment is divided into fo many Parts, that the Shoots are
weaker, and lefs vigorous. I have order"d, in this Manner,
fome topped Elms, that in ﬁve 0r ﬁx Years time have form’d
a handfome ﬁrait Head, of I 5 or 20 Foot high.

WHEN you plant Trees without cutting 01f their Head,
as thofe that are in their Clod, you leave only a little Bunch
,at, top, that the Tree having few Branches to fupply, the
"Root may the better nouriih its Head. _

”WWW" THE beﬁway to raife and keep Walks of Trees well, is

‘ fuﬂened to the

Tm, Wk 0- by no means to fpare two Things: The ﬁrﬁ, is to fet Poles
zier—Twz'gs, or to each Tree, and bind them together with Oziers, which '
3:33:33; helps to fecure them againﬂ the violent Shocks of Wind,
harm,» the and to carry them up ﬁrait and tall; without this, the
1113:1521?“ Trees are fubjeét to be blown down, and their Heads grow
maéyhazu’zng, Crooked, and are very liable to be broke ‘by the Winds. The

0' Lem/"db fecond, is to make a coarfe Lattice-work of fmall Rods,
ﬁtted, than/n

Wire m? m, tied together with Oziers, to fuﬁain and raife the Hedges to

3190' W fome Strength, which, without this Help, never Rand upright
e rec.
. and

7/523 Prdﬁz‘ce of Gardening. .199

and well upon their Feet 5 this is fome Charge indeed, but it
is abfolutelyindifpenfable. " ’

F o R the fetting old Trees to rights which are over—fer, or
are crooked, and which many People cut, down for the ugly
Figure they make in a Garden, there is an expedient found ;'
which is to draw them ﬁdewaySrwith a Fully and Cords till
they are upright, and then conﬁne and ﬁx them to other neigh-
bouring Trees that ﬁand moﬁ conveniently to keep them in
this State, with large Iron-VVire: Leather ihould be put under
theLoops of the Wire,lef’t it takeoff the Barkkand cut the Tree.
If the Tree has f0 .conﬁderable a Crook that it cannot be re-
duced by the-Fully, you may fet a piece of Wood asa fhorc
butting dire€tly againf’t it, with a piece of Leather between the
Tree and the Shore, which may be nailed with large Nails to
keep it from ﬂiding. , This piece lhould continue thus during
the Rife of the Sap, which by its nourifhing }uic'e renders a
Tree more capable at that time than any other, to take the new
Impreﬁion one would giVe it, and together with this the Pully
may alfo be made ufe of to bring the Head of the Tree to an
Upright with its Foot, and to keep it there with Iron-Wire as
before mentioned. When they are but young {trait Trees
that only lean aﬁde, you «may drive Stakes to the Level of
the Ground to force their Roots, after you have brought them
to rights with Cords. There are fome Trees fo very old and
deformed, that it’s almoft impoi'ﬁble to redrefs them: in fuch
cafe therefore it is better to cut them down and plant others
in their room. "

Y 0 U N G Hedges ihould be taken in the fecond Year of their
ihoot, after you have new—furniihed the Gaps, very clofe on
both Sides, that is to fay, behind and before, clipping them
with Shears, Which is the way to make them rife and grow
upright. You mul’t neVer touch a riﬁng Shoot, by cutting its Gummy, m
Head to bring it to the fame Height with the reﬁ. For this ﬂ’ “““ﬂomfd
hinders their putting out fo ﬁrait and f0 quick, beﬁdes that ’tis ff,:‘;:’;:§;;;f“
no Deformity to ayoung Plantation to fee it higher in one place ally [aid at—
than another. I am very fenﬁble I {hall have a great many ﬂiﬁvﬁflfl’M
Gardeners againf’r me in this Point, who will never leave their ogrheI-leml of
old way of cutting and butchering Trees perpetually; but I am ”ﬁg: 525,”;
perfuaded, Men of Senfe will be rather of my Opinion, than
theirs, which is founded only upon an ancient and evil. Cuﬁom.

I 'r

2.00

7776’ ﬂim’ Part. » CHAP. III.

Ir is not pmper to cut the Head of ayoung Paliiade,
uniefs you intend to make it a Hedge Break-high, or when
the Palifade is grown up to the Height of 20 or 30F oot; then
cutting it at top to one Height prevents its becoming un-

furniih’d at Foot, and renders it mere regular and bean-

.tiﬁll.

To keep Hedges in good order, they fhould never be
iuffered to grow 1o high leﬁ they be unfurnifhed. They fhould
be cut and kept very clofe with the Pruning-Hook by means
of great double Ladders and rowling Carriages, as well at to ,
as on the two ﬁdes, and always the {horter and dollar the bet-
ter, there being nothing uglier than to fee a thick Hedge,
-beﬁdes that it proves its Ruin in {hort time: In Gardens that
are well looked after-they cut their Hedges twice a Year, in
jam: and in the Beginning of September, after the Motion of
the Sap; but commonly they are cut but once aYear, and
.that .in the Month ”of 51110! between the twoSealons of the
Sap’s riﬁng. ,

TH E Shrubs of .Parterres, as Yews, Hollys, Role-Trees,
Hony-fuokles, (To. lhould be dug about and water’d from
time to time. They are molded into Balls and other Figures,
by clipping them with Shears 5 and to keep them well, they ,
ihould be cut very clofe, and trimmed two or three times a
Year, that they may the better keep the handfome Shape you
have brought them to. ' , ‘

.IN the Squares of Woods where you would raife Trees
to a great Height, you fhould have an Eye to the young
Plants 5 and after you have let them get a little Strength,
trim them with the Pruning—Knife, leaving only one upright
Shoot: You may likewife, at proper Dif’rances, leave fome
of the moﬂ' ill-fhapen Plants without pruning, and make
Layers of their Branches for furnifhing the Under-Wood.

Laﬂlj, When a Wood is grown to 20 or 30 Foot Height,
they make uie of a Bill, and get up upon Ladders to lop the
ufelefs Branches, with the Precaution to cut them as clofe as
poﬁible to the Trunk of the Tree, anda little ﬂoping, which
the lirencla call a Deer’s-Foot, that the Water may run off
from them without rotting the Tree. You muf’t not be
concerned at thinning your Wood at ﬁrﬁ, and deﬂrOying a
little of the Covert in its younger Years, for, in the End,

the

77.76 Pmé‘z’zce of Gardening. 201
the Trees will become taller, ﬂraiter, and inﬁnitely hand—
ibmer.

I N lopping Trees .you ﬂrould have the precaution never to
cut off the Branches on all ﬁdes at once, becaufe thefe Wounds
affording but little Pailage to the Sap by the Bark which is
cut, may Prop it and leave the Head of the Tree dry, or caufe
it to freeZC in the Winter. T hefe Sores therefore {hould be
made but by little and little, Year after Year, lopping the
Trees in fuch Courfe, that all their Wounds may not be
freih at the fame time, but that they may have recovered

’thofe of the foregoing Year, before they are cut a—new.

TH E right Seafon for lopping of Trees is a little before
the Winter, or elfe in the Beginning of the Spring, that the
great Wounds, you make in them be the lefs expofed to the
Froﬁ‘s, and that they may the more eaﬁly recover. Over the
great Cuts you may clap on Cow-dung or pieces of T urf, to
keep Off the Heat of the Sun, and if you perceive the Wa-
ter begins to hollow it, which would rot the Tree in the end, .
you may nail Plates of Tin or Lead over them, putting Mofs
betweenthe Wood and the Plate. ‘

To all the Care I have been now {peaking of, mull be
added that too of viﬁting your Trees from time to time, to
heal their Maladies, and to deﬁroy the Infeﬁs and Vermin
that attack them, the Means of doing which, is what I. am
next to treat 01‘: ,

TH E Difeaiés of Trees proceed either from the natural
Bottom' of Earth, or from their own Defeé'ts and bad Con-
ﬁitution, or elfe from the Attacks made upon them by Ani-
mals, Infeé’ts and Vermin, which may be truly faid to be
the profeﬂ'ed Enemies of a Garden.

T H E Difealés that arife from the natural Bottom of the
‘Earth, are very difﬁcult to be cured; as if the Ground be
ﬁlll of Sand—Stones, or have 3. Bottom of white Clay. ‘It
were to no purpofe 'to change the Ground for three Foot
deep throughout, and bring in better in its room 5 for
when the Roots of the Trees have once reached this bad
Bottom, you’ll fee them languiih, turn yellow, and decay
Year after Year, and at length die away. There is no
other Remedy in this Cafe, than to avoid making choice of a
Situation where the Ground is f0 ill compofed.

' D d I F

2.02.

7776 779in Part. CHA P. III,

I F the Soil where you have planted your Trees is too
dry, you may help it by baring the Roots of a Tree, and
fupplying it with good new Earth that is very freih : If, on
the contrary, the . Soil be too moiﬁ, you may in like man-
ner lay the Roots bare, and ﬁll the Hole with Horfe—dung a
little rotten, which will give Warmth to the Ground; with this
Precaution, that you do not. lay the Dung too near the
Roots. ‘

T H E Diﬁempers that are caufed by the bad Conﬂitution»
of Trees, and by their natural Defeéls, are alib in amanner in-
curable: for if the Tree be defective in its Roots, or in its
Stem, the belt you can do. is to throw it away, and plant a
better in its Place: But if Diﬁempers fall upon a Tree after
planting, and you Ice it has taken no outward Hurt, you
muﬁ lay it open and examine its Roots, to ﬁnd if any of
them are rotten, or gnawn by Vermin; if they are, you

.muﬂ cut them to the quick Wood, to revive them, and make

them put out new Fibres. Sometimes alfo this proceeds from
Carelefnels in planting a Tree, when all its Roots are not
well ﬁlled in with Earth, but Cavities or Stones left about
fome of them, which hinders their uniting with the Ground,
and makes a Tree fuﬂ'er extremely. You may do this Work
at any time, eitcept during the two Seafons of the Riﬁng of the
Sap, and ﬁll the Hole again forthwith with new Earth, for
fear the Roots take wind.

' IF the Diﬁemper proceeds not from the Roots, but you

I. ﬁnd them in good Condition, and: yet the Tree pines, you

mail then free the Head of fome Part of its Branches, or wa-
terits Head well to revive it, which is a great Relief to it.

Yo U lhould farther obﬁerve, that in Places where Trees
of the ﬂame Kind have died two or three times one after ano-
ther, the Species lhould be changed, the Earth being worn
out for this Kind, and becoming new to another; as if fe—
Veral Elms fhould die fucceﬂively in the lame Place, you
ihould put Lime-Trees, Horfe—Chefnuts, or other Kinds, in
their room.

WH EN you have Hedges to new furnifh, you Ihould
obferve the fame Thing. So a Hedge of Horn-beam ma
be fucceeded by one of Maple, Beech, or young Elms, by

. 1 thc

~ W36 Pmc‘lz’ce of Gardening.

m: fame Reafon; fork is more difﬁcult to make Plants grow
in Gap and dead Places, than in a new Spot.

I F, when you have laid . open a Hedge that is out of or-
der, you ﬁnd no other Diﬁemper in it but Age, or an ex--
hauf’ced Earth, which often happens, you may remedy it by
cutting the Hedge down to four or ﬁve Foot high, or by
ﬂowing it clofe with the Hedging—Bil], and bringing the
two Sides as near as poﬂible to the Maﬁer—Stem, which will
invigorate it to make new Shoots. You may likewiie make
Trencheson both Sides, at two Foot Diitancc from the Hedge,
for fear of hurting the Roots,— and clearing out their bad Earth,
ﬁll them up again with the beﬂ: and frefheﬂ' you can poﬂibly
get. /

TR EES have alfo their particular externalMaladies, as
Cankers, Mofs and Jaundice.

C A N K E Rs are taken out with the Point of a Knife, cut-
ting away the part affected to the quick Wood, and binding
up the Wound with Cow-dung, in a Linnen—rag, , tied about
the Tree. As the Canker grows apace, it ihould be taken off
as lbon as ever it appears, or it will half kill the Tree, if not
wholl . ' \

M oyss likewife is extremely hurtful to Trees, ’tis like a
Scab that hinders their Growth and Beauty; to take it of
you muf’c rub the parts with wooden Scrapers or hard Bruihes,
or elie with a rubbing Clout or Wifp of Straw. This Work
muﬁ always be done ,foon after the Rain, or in 3. Morning
before the Dew is gone, for then the Mofs comes off more
eaﬁly than when ’tis dry, otherwife in rubbing too hard you
may take off the Rind of the Tree. Some will have it that
Mofs proceeds from the {tony Bottoms that the Roots meet
with. '

THE Jaundice or Languiihing of a Tree, generally pro-
ceeds from the gnawing of Worms, unleis where the Tree
be half dead. The beﬁ- way is toopen the Roots, and cut
away fuch as are damaged to the quick Wood, ﬁlling them
up again immediately with the belt frefh Mold, by this means
the Sap will rife afrefh, and nourifh and ﬁrengthen, the places
aﬁeﬁed. Or before you lay open the Roots, you may throw
in fome Juice of Hogs-dung, which being naturally frefh, will

D d 2 very

203

l 2.04

77.29 Tbim’ Part. CHAP: III...

very much recover the Verdure of a Tree in fome Cafes.
This is a lefs dangerous Remedy too than the other.

A s to the Indifpoﬁtions that befall Trees by the War that
Animals, Infeé'ts and Vermin make upon them, they are not
without Remedy. , 7 ~

T H E great Enemies to Trees, are Rabbets, Garden-Mice,
Moles, Caterpillars, Maj-Bugs, Ants; Cantharides, Snails,
Tons, Turks, and abundance of Worms, the Names of which
are unknown to us. The Infeéts which attack Orange-Trees.
and Flowers, ihall be fpoken of hereafter.

,R ABB E T s deﬂroy a Garden entirely; when theyihave
once found a way into it, they gnaw and nibble the young,
Woods, Hedges and Kitchen-Gardens, and cut off all to
the very Ground, the ref: prefently dying by the Bite of"
their Teeth, which is very pernicious. You may keep them
out, by ﬂopping, with Wire, the Openings of the Walls
and Grills by which they enter, and if they have made Bur-
rows in the Garden, you muf’c deﬁroy them by Ferrets, or by
fetting Gins for them. . , ~

T H E Garden—Moufe is an Animal that digs the Earth like ‘
a Mole, and deﬂroys whatever it meets with within the-
Ground. They are to be taken with Moule-Traps, or other
Snares that are laid for them, as Earthen Pans full of Wa-
ter, fpread over with Oat-Straw, where they come and are;
drowned. Thefe Snares are ufually baited with Bits of Ba-.
con, or Cheeie.

Mo LES are Creatures that fpoil a Garden the molt of ’
any; for they not only do a great deal ofMifchief to the
young Plants, in heaving the Earth, and laying open their
Roots, but alfo their Tracks fpoil the Walks and Green-
plots. They may be taken feveral Ways, ﬁrﬂ, by caﬁing
into their Holes Hemp, Beets, or Hogs-Dung; the Scent'
of which, it is faid, will make them come out: Secondly, by
watching them after the Gardeners manner, at feveral Hours
of the Day, and throwing them out with the Spade, but
this is very tedious, and lofes a great deal of time 5 for up.
on the leaﬁ Noife heard by the Mole, which is naturally ve-
ry fubtle, away {he gets. The fureﬁ way to catch them, is
by Engines in the Form of round Boxes, or Cafes, made of
Elder—Boughs ﬂit in two, and hollowed out. Thefe being

about

7793 Prdﬁice of Gardening. 205'

about a Foot long, and two Inches Diameter, are join’d to- m WfMﬁ?)
gether again with a fmall Ring of Iron, and are ﬁopt gig/’2; rim
up at one End, the other being left open for the Mole to Dq/cription.
'come in jat, who removes a little Hook, which holds a Spring

that lets go immediately, and lhuts the Mouth of the Trap,

and fo takes the Moles alive. Thefe Traps ihould beﬁlaid

about half a Foot deep in the Mole-Tracks.

C A TE R P I L L A R s are deﬁroy’d by cutting off in the Win-
ter the Leaves to which they ﬂick by Cluﬁers, with Sciﬂ'ars
from the low Trees, and from the taller with Iron-Hooks
and Sciifars faﬁen’d to a long Pole, which the Franc/9 call
Ecbmillair: ; when thefe Bundles of Vermin are down, they
ihould be burnt immediately. You ihould made this Search
with great Exaé’tnefs, and take the Winter-time for it,
becaufe you may then fee their Cluﬁers more eaﬁly, when
the Leaves are off the Trees; but do what you can, you
~ will always leave fome, which. are enough to infeét a whole
Garden. '

MAY -BU G8 are very eafy to exterminate, you need only mye m in
ihake the Trees pretty ﬁrongly, where they ﬂick, fpreading aﬁﬁiféZf“
Cloth below to catch them in, and they will fall down: You “yang/11:”
fhould then throw them prefently into the Fire, or Water, lei’t Beetle!-
theereturn. You muﬁ: not content yourfelf with only crufhing'
them in the Walks, for the Ground yielding to the Foot,
you kill but very few, and the rel’t foon after ﬂy up to the
Trees again. Rain is a great Enemy to thefe Infeéts, as well
. as to Caterpillars.

A N T8, or Emmets, are very injurious to Trees, when
once they ﬁnd the way to them; they are driven away by
ﬁrewing very ﬁne Saw-duft about the Root of the Tree, for
when they ﬁnd the Saw-dull ﬁir under them, they run
away, and are afraid to come near it. Some make ufe of
VeITels full of Water and Honey fet at the Foot of the Tree,
which draws them in and drowns them; others anoint the
Body of their Trees with Bird-Lime, which hinders them
from getting up. There is alfo another Secret to catch
them, which is to throw into the Ant—Hill aBone half pick’d,
which in an inﬁant will be cover’d with a Million of thefe
Infeéts, and taking it out quick, dip it into Water and drown
them, then make ufe, of the Bone again as before, and by

” doing-

2.06

7/96 Third Part. C H A 1». III.

doing thus, you entirely ruin them. You may likewiﬁ:
burn them with Straw, or with hot Afhes ﬁreW’d upon the
Ant-Hill. .

CANTHARIDES are a Sort of Fliesithat ﬂick to the
Tops of fome Trees, efpecially the .Afh- They are de-
‘f’troy’d 'by pouring or throwing upon the Heads of the
Trees, 'by means of a little Pump or Jet, Water in which
Rue has been boiled.

S NAIL s are great lovers of the young Buds of Trees,
and with their Slime do them a great deal ofmifchief. They
are eaﬁly taken with your Hand, if you look for them Morn-
ing and Evening, efpecially after Rain, for then they come
out in the greatel’r abundance, they lhould be preléntly

cruih’d under foot. V

TONs ‘are great ‘Worms that live in the Ground, and
gnaw the Roots of Trees, at the Feet of which you ihould
dig to ﬁnd ’them out, and kill themat once. You may then’
‘ﬁll up‘the Hole with new Earth, after having ,, cut the Roots
ihorter that were damaged and gnawed by thele Inlééts,
which ‘faﬂen efpecially upon young Horn-beam.

VT UR K s are certain whiteWorms that get into Trees and
eat Holes in them, running betwixt the Bark and the Stem
of the Tree, ’tis one of the molt dangerous InIEéts, for it
not only attacks young Plants, but the biggelt F oreft-Trees
are not Iécure from them. Thefe Worms fuck out the Sap,
and ﬂop it entirely. To deﬂroy them, you muﬁ, without
lofs of Time, lay the Roots of the Tree bare, and peel off
all the Superﬁcies of its Bark, as far as is attacked by thefe

, Infeé’ts; you then difcover them in their Holes, out of which

you muﬁ get them, or kill them as they lie, with the Point
of an Iron, withoutzthis, going naturally higher ﬂill, they
'belEet the Tree fo ﬁrongly, as to kill it the lécond Year.

TH E R E are, beﬁdes thefe, other forts of Worms that We
have no Name for, which faﬁen only upon the Leaves of
Trees, and eat them in Holes like Lace, which may be de-
rﬁroy’d :in the fame manner as the Cantharides.

13C H A 1’.

Tee ithc‘Ziee of Gardening.

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CHAP. IV.

0f Nurferier, and ﬁve Care time [boulzl
be taken of t/yem; will; the Manner
of miﬂngfrem Seed all Me Plemtr
time are made ufe qf in Pleafure—

. Gardens.

' l l H I S Chapter willappear'none of ’ the leaﬁ ufeful in

this T reatiie, if we conﬁder the Expence a Nurfery
faves, or the Convenience it conﬁantly affords its Mailer. One
Sign of its Ufefulneis is, that-all great Houiés are moﬂ comp
V monly provided with them, as things perfeéﬂy neceffary and
indiipenfable in Gardens of great Extent;

ONzE great Advantage of , a Nurfery is, that“ when any
Tree dies in a Garden, you may pick one out of your own
Ground to fupply its Place, without being obliged to {Eek
abroad, fometimes a great way oil; and withal to buy dear;
beﬁdes, Trees take better, and grow more beautiful, when
they are raifed in the fame Ground, the Roots not having
time to take Air and dry in the fpace that a Tree is taking
up and replanting, when done fo immediately.

’T I s an Accident too often happens to Trees that come
from far, that the Roots lofe their Spirits, or are frOZen and
fuﬁ'er much in tranfporting; which occaﬁons the Death of
1110?: young Plants. .

N- U R s E R I E s are ordinarily fet in By—places, as at the
end of a Park, or the like. ’Tis not but that, with Care,
they may be made agreeable enough to Sight, and that ’tis,
at leaﬁ, as pleafant to look upon a N urfery, as it is to fee a

"\ ' Kitchen:

207

2.08

7/26 "T/aim’ Part. CHAP. IV.

Kitchen—Garden, or an Orchard; but as Nurferies permit no
Alleys to be made in them for Walking, and that there is no
treading upon them without fpoiling the Tillage, ’tis enough
that they fatisfy the Sight only, and that being of no fer-
vice for walking in, they are planted f0 out of the way.

I N point of a Nurfery, you can never have too much of
it; that is, you fhould always have rather more than lefs
than you can have occaﬁon for, one, two, or three Squares,
according to the Size of your Garden: If you have any thing

. to fpare at laﬁ, you may eaﬁly ﬁnd ways. to difpofe of it, and

make it of conﬁderable Advantage.

T H E Place deﬁgn’d for a Nurfery being pitch’d upon, and
traced out upon the Ground, you muf’c prepare it in this man-
ner : Firl’c, examine if the Earth be good, and if it has the
Depth required, according to what has been already treated
of at large, in the fecond Chapter of the Firﬁ Part, tdﬁwhich
I refer you, to avoid Repetition. As ’tis poﬁible the Earth
may not be t‘good, _ and yet that it may be difﬁcult to alter the
Situation 0 the Nurfery, you muﬁ do all you can to mend it.
If the Ground .be exhaul’ted, you mull have better brought
in 5 if it be too lean, it muﬁ be dunged; and if 7 it be ﬁony,
you mull break it up, and have the Stones taken out, palling
the Earth through the Screen. Thefe Obfervations and A-
mendments ought never to be omitted; for without them, all
the Seed and young Plants you fet in a Nurfery, will languiih,
and never thrive fo as to make tall and beautiful Trees, ﬁt to
ﬁll up one day the dead Places of your Garden.

5 U P P o s I N G then that the Ground be thus meliorated, as
lhallbe found necelfary, you muf’c give it one Tillage to lay
it even, and to prepare it to receive the Plants; then mark out
Rills or Furrows at every two Foot diﬁance, ﬁraining the Line
from End to End, and opening the Kills 21 Spit deep, that is,
about half a Foot. '

T H E N fow your Seeds in thefe Rills, and cover them
over with Earth,‘taking care not tread upon them. If you
have Fruit, as Acorns, Horfe-Chefnuts, common Chefnuts,
go. you may, without opening Rills by the Line, make a

ole with the Setting-Stick at every Foot dil’cance, and throw
a Nut or Acorn into it; after which, you ﬁll up the Hole
again, by turning the Earth into it with the fame Setting-Stick;

which

7726’ melz'ce of Gardening. 209

which is called pricking Fruit into the Ground. This way. of
Planting makes great Difpatch, and yetis very good. If you
don’t like to make ufe of it for Fruit, you may open Rills,
and fow it in them as you do Seed.

Yo U fhould always take this fmall, but ufeful Caution,
to ﬁx little Sticks at the Ends of every Rill, or Trench, that

ou may ﬁnd the Rows of your Plantation again, and be
able to diﬁinguiih it from the Grafs, when you come to weed
the Nurfery, or to give it an After-Tillage.

T H E right way to have a ﬁne Nurfery, is to keep it in good
Order 5 this requires fome Care and Attendance, I own ; but
the great Advantage you will one day make of it, fhould
induce you to overlook the prefent Trouble. Weeds ihould
never be fuffered in it ; fo that the Ground ihould be turned
up four times a Year, and weeded as often as any Grafs ap-

ears.
P To know the moi’t pr0per Seafons for this Tillage, I refer
you to the foregoing Chapter, where is tanght the Method of
keeping Groves. In great Droughts, you muﬁ bef’row a little
Water to comfort the young Plants, which are too tender
and weak of themfelves to withﬁand the violent. Heat of
the Sun. , .

I r muﬂ be obferved, that the Plants which rile from Seed
promifcuouﬂy fown in Rills, ihould be taken up the ﬁecond
Year, and be replanted a Foot one from another, in other
Trenches; without this, they will grow too thick, hurt one
another ; and you will not be able to draw them, convenient.
1y, whenyou want them.

TR AN s P L A N T I N G of thefe Trees may be compared
to what the French call Ba‘tardiere, in the cafe of F ruit-
Trees, which are drawn at two Years end out of the Nur-
fery, tobe replanted and raifed ,in the * Ba‘tardz'ere : How- *b4 1’14“
ever, I would advife one thing, in cafe you would beﬁow $222335,
the Pains, that when your Plantation has got fome Strength, to beafter-
as the fecond Year, you would thin, and unfurnilh it, by my”
pulling up feveral fmall Plants from between thofe that are
ﬁronger, fo that they may be at leaﬁ a Foot afunder. Be-
fore you fet about this Work, the Nurfery ihould be weed-
,ed, that you may better diﬁinguifh the Plants. This is
doubtlefs a great deal of TIClgﬂCS but thus your Plants will

e not

210

77.76 ﬂit/d Part. CHAP. 1V.

not need to be taken up the fecond Year to be replanted elfe-
where, and will thrive better, having already taken Root.

IF you would raile a Nurfery in little time, inﬁead of
Towing, you muﬁ plant it all at once, with Plants that have
already taken Root, and are ibmewhat ﬁrong. This will
be no great Expence, a thoufand oi“ theie young Plants coit-
ing no great Matter. You gain, by this means, the two
Years the Seed takes up to raife and form the like Plants;
and you are not obliged to take them up again two Years
after, to replant them in other Places, or to be at the trou-
ble of thinning them, as was juﬁ now mention’d. This is in-
deed the beft way of plantinga Nurfery, that you- can follow.

S U P P 03 I N G then that you have the Conveniency of get-
ting young Plants, as Elms, Chefnuts, Lime—Trees, Horfe-
Chefnuts, éc. open Trenches at every two Foot, and fetyour
Plants in them by the Line, at a Foot diﬁance one from a-
nother, and no more; for the nearer the Plants are together,
the better they guide one another. ' Then cover the Trenches
again, and fettle the Ground about the Plants, left the Roots.
take wind. You muﬁ: take care not to cut your-Plants off
clofe to the Ground, as many People do. ’Tis a very ill
Cuﬁom, all that you need to do, is only to trim the Roots of
the Plants, by cutting off the ﬁnall Ends of them.

W H E N your Plants are grown pretty itrong in your N ur-
iéry, as to be three or four Years old, you mu’i’c begin to
manage and bring . them up in this Manner. Prune oﬂ‘ all
your little Buds and Twigs along the Stem to the Top, and
pick out among all the Branches, that which is moﬁ upright
with the Foot of the Tree '5 then, without cutting any
thing, break the End of the ufelefs Branches, and twiﬁ: them
aborit the good one, fo that they may ferve to keep and direét
it as Need requires. When thele twiﬁed Branches are bigger
than that youwould raife, for fear they {hould take away all
the Sap, you muft peel them all round, about three Fingers
high, which will {top their Nourilhment.

TH U 8 you are every Year to guide the leading Shoot of
thefe young Trees higher and higher, looking out new
Branches to wind round them and keep them upright, and;
pruning off, with the Knife, all thofe that are below to the-
VCry Foot. By this means you will make your young Plants,

grow

7796 Pmﬂice of Gardening. 2.1 I

grow tall and ﬁrait, and have the pleafure of feeing them
one day very ﬁne Trees; provided, as was faid in the forego-
ing Chapter, you leave them no more than one leading Shoot.

W H E N in a Nurfery there are any Trees that lean of

one Side, they rnuﬁ be fet upright again, by carrying them
over and twif’ting them f0 with thofe that are near, that they
ma fuf’cain and keep one another to rights as they grow.
The Time of the Rife of the Sap is the melt proper for
this Work, Trees then bending more eaﬁly, without being
lubjet}: to break. The Elbows and SS along the Stem, may
be fometimes redrefl'ed in the growing, and may be helped by
putting Strings through Clefts made in the Hollows, which
the Sap will fwell and ﬁll up by little and little.

T H E St: Trees having reached the Age of feven or eight you my bold.
Years, and being grown to ﬁx or feven Inches thick, and be- 24%;?“
tween ﬁfteen and twenty Foothigh, are then in a Condition to SaintsDay,
be fet in the Garden, if therefbe occaﬁon to new furniih any ijfztfﬂleff
vacant Places. They fhould not‘bedrawn f0 foon from the thfreséeig '
N urfery, as to lofe the time of their thriving, and becoming ’hennofaﬂger
beautiful 5 and when you would take up any, they lhould £12,355 Sm
be raifed with their Clod in the following Manner.

A F 'r E R having pitch’d upon the Trees you would take
from the Nurfery, and marked them with Ozier—Twigs or
Straw, lay them open all round, leaving a Ring or Clod of
Earth at the Foot of the Tree. You fhould take care not
to hurt the Roots, nor give the Clod any great Shake, for
fear it tumble in pieces; for which Reafon you lhould fet
very expert Gardeners about this Work, left in railing one
Tree, they fpoil two or three round about it, which will
loom ruin a Nurfery. T hefe Trees are not hard to raife, their
Roots lying almoﬁ even with the Ground. MW 6

ST 0 raife Trees in their Clod with Succefs, you fhould Trees-332:2
obferve if the Earth has naturally fomething of a Body and mafia"
Tenacity in it, as ﬁrong Earths have 5 if lb, you may raife miﬁeifxfge,
them either at the beginning of the Spring, or before Winter, lawn/vegan-
’tis no matter which, the Earth will hang together alike in 212252;?!
either of thofe two Seafons. ,But if the Earth be too light thatir, the
and moveable, which the French call Vat/e, that is, if it £35,353;
have no binding Qualityin it, as loofe landy Ground, you muﬂ Tree ; fbr many
ufe fome Caution in the, Performance : And becaufe the Earth Z732”???

E e 2 cannot Chem.

2. 12.

7776 7721'”! Part. CHAP. IV.

cannot hold itfelf together to form the Clod we are fpeaking
of, you {hould lay open the Tree before the F rolls come,
making a Clod of Earth about the Foot of it, and leave it
thus without raiﬁng it, till the fevere Froﬁs taking the LUmp,
harden it f0, that you may remove the Tree without fear
of breaking the Clod. ‘ This Work ought to be done befbre
Winter, becaufe of the F rof’r, thefe forts of Soils not per-
mitting it to be done in the beginning of the Spring.

IF the Clods of your Trees are three or four Foot in Com-
pals, as it happens when the Trees are vigorous, you ihould
put them into Baskets made on purpofe: Without thefe it
would be very difﬁcult to carry the Trees to their deﬁgned
Place, without running the hazard of fpoiling the Earth of.
the Clod.

Yo U fhould always make the Clods as large as poﬂible,
to take in the more Roots, and if in railing the Tree you
have means of preferving any long Roots, tho" hanging out of
the Clod, you ought to take the Advantage of f0 doing ;;
they will be greatly ferviceable to the future growth of the-
Tree, though they are not covered with Earth. You have no-
more to do but to trim thefe long Roots at. the fmall Ends,
and extend them in the Hole, ﬁlling them in well with Earth
as ufual, and thus you have the beneﬁt of every part of them.

B EFO R E you raife a Tree from the Nurfery, you ought.
to prepare the Place where you would plant it, making a,
Hole for it of a- Size and Depth and proportionable to, its
Strength. If the Tree be not of anextraordinary Size, nor of'
too full a Head, two Men will eaﬁly carry it upon a Colt-Staff,
or Hand-Barrow, while a third fupports it, and keeps it up-
right with his Hands, but if your Tree ihould be very-big,
the Clod of great Compafs, and the Head large and well fur-
nifhed, as are the great Trees planted in the Royal Gardens,
you muﬁ have a Machine on purpofe to remove them,» Which
is a kind of Skid or Sledge, upon which the Tree is fet a
little leaning, and fupportecl at the Head, for fear the
Branches’ihOuld break. There is alfo another Machine rather
more convenient, which is a kind of Cart with two great
Screws and Chains for railing and hanging up the Clod of the
Tree, for keeping it without trouble in the carrying, and for

lowering it into its Place. Thefe Machines are drawn by two
Horfes, or more, if there be occaﬁon. I

77ae~Pméche of Gardemng. 2. I;
ISHALL fay nothing of the Manner of planting thele
Trees, having already 'fufﬁciently enlarged upon that Subjeét
in this. Part: Only giving you this Hint, that to ﬁll in the
Earth well about the Clod of the Tree, you mui’c often thruﬁ
it in with the End of a Stick. I proceed now to the Seed and
Fruit of Trees proper for Pleafure-Gardens, {hewing the
Time they ihould be gather’d in, how to know their Good-
nefs, how to keep them in the Winter, and what is the ﬁt-
tef’c Seafon for fowing them in the Nurfery.
WE have feveral Kinds of Seeds, as that of the Elm,Lime,
Sycomore, Afh,_Horn-Beam, Maple, and Birch, which pro-
duce »Trees of the fame Name, and are the molt made ufe of
in our Gardens. '
B E s I n E s which, there are ﬁve Sorts of Fruits, the Acorn;
the 9* Marron, the Chefnut, Beech-Malt, and the fmall Nut, * Hump».
which produce the Oak, the Horfe-Chefnut Tree, the Chef- Earle-CW-
nutaTree, the Beech, and the Hafel or Filberd-Tree. All ""'°T""
thefe Seeds and Fruits ihould be gather’d in the Months of
Oﬁaber, November, and @ecemlzer, except the Seed of the
Elm, which is to be gather’d in the Month of M4}, and ihould .
be fown at the fame time diﬂérently from other Seeds.
To know if your Seed has the Qialities required in it
to be good, examine if it be large, round, full Within, and
of (a. briSk and lively Green. It ought to be frefh, and of
the fame Year you intend'to fow it in. Thefe are the fureﬁ
Signs of its Goodnefs. On the contrary, if the Seedbe ﬂat,
hollow within, and look oldiih, and of a faded Green, it
is worth nothing at all for Towing, and willinever come up,
being incapable of Vegetation, and of acting according to the
Orderof Nature.
As to the ﬁve Kinds of Fruit, which are, the Acorn, Mar-,-
ron, Chefnut, Beech—Malt, and fmallNut, you ihould chufe .
them large, fmoOth, bright and full, not ihriveled, nor worm-
eaten or gnawed by the Mice. All thefe Fruits fhould be of
the fame Year you deﬁgn to fow them in.
I S H A L L mention here by the way, one Thing concern-
ing the Acorn; which is, that you lhould fow it at once in
your Woods, without a previous fetting of it in the Nur-
fery, the Oak beingin its own Nature very difﬁcult to take
again, by reafon of its T ap-Root, yet, if you have onelin
tie '

2.14 The (libirdipdrt. CHAP. IV.

the Nurfery that you would replant, you mull be fure not
to cut OH the Tap-Root of it, becaufe the Oak never thrives
f0 well afterwards, and puts out nothing but weak and mifl.
ihapen Branches. ~

TH E molt proper Seafon for Towing the Seed and Fruit I
am fpeaking of, is the latter End of Feémmy, or the Be-
ginning of March. This Time of the Year is more favoura-
ble to the Seed than the Beginning of the 'Winter, when 'tis
expofed to divers Accidents, as to rot and grow mouldy with
the too great Moiﬁure of the Seafon, to be frozw by the
hard Froﬁs that pierce very deep into the Ground, or to be
eaten by the Birds and Mice that dig it up again. Thefe
are fuﬂicient Reafons whyyou‘ihould fow your Seed rather
at the Beginning of the Spring, than at the End of Autumn ',
and, I think, nothing can be objeﬂzed againf’c following this
Method, but the Difﬁculty of keeping it in the Winter, which

_ _ _ Iam going to explain immediately.

if $1122}?ng WH EN you intend to low, you {hould do it in mild

his'Bookfpmks Weather, not windy, but fuch as promifes Rain in a little

132% 3;; :3; time, that’the Ground may be fettled which has received the

11mg, Seed, and that the Water may facilitate its Shooting up the
fooner. You never need to Pray for the Full or Decreafe of
the Moon for Sowing; this, however it has obtain’d, {being
no more than a meer Notionrand an old Woman’s Tale,
Experience has ihown us,~- "t'is nothing but an idle Conceit,
and fuch as ought to be'entirely rejeéted.

As to the Manner of keeping your Seed in the Winter,
you fhould choofe a dry Place for it, as a Granary, or the
like, where you fhould fpread it abrdad, and take care to
look upon it from Time to Time, and to ftir it as you do Corn.
Or die you may put it up in little Bags, hung up to the Ceil-
ing in a dry and airy Place.

‘ F R U I T s, as the Acorn, Chefnut, (yr. are kept in quite
another Manner. Take lbveral large Baskets, at the bottom
of which lay a little Sand, and then put in a Lay of Fruit,
fuppofe of Chefnuts, and then another Lay of Sand, and 12)
till you have ﬁlled up the Baskets, covering them with Sand
at top. Fruit put up in this manner will keep without fpoile
ing, and iprout in the Sand during the ‘Winter, provided,

I as

7716 Pmﬁice of Gardening.

a I faid before, it be fet in a dry place, and fomewhat warm,
if uch can be had.

Y 0 U may carry thefe Baskets, without opening the Lays,
7 into the Place deﬁgned for planting, and be careful when
you take out the Fruit for that Purpofe, not to break OH the
Shoot they have made in the Sand, which would much re-
tard their Growth.

I MUS I not here forget to fpeak of Ever-Greens, which
are indeed in very great Ef’ceem, and extremely neceiTaryin
ﬁne Gardens _

T H E Yew, the Picea, and the Holly, are the moﬁ conﬁde-
rable of all Ever-Greens, and» thofe that are moﬁ: made
ufe of. They yield a fmall red Berry, which is gather’d
when ripe, and 1s fown 1n the fame manner as the other Seeds
, I have been ipeaking of: All the difference is, that thefe
Berries are much longer a railing, efpecially the Yew, which
is the ﬂowef’c, they alfo require a better Earth,1uch as you

rovide for Flowers and Orange-Trees.

IF Seed of this kind be fown in ordinary Ground, where
you make Nurferies of other Trees, it will be very difﬁcult
to raife, and the Greens that come up will be a great while
before they are in a condition to be 11:: in your Gardens, and
to afford you any Delight and Satisfaétion. You may, if you
pleafe, make diﬁiné’c Beds of them, like thofe of a Kitchen-
Garden.

WH EN thefe Seeds are come up, you {heuld be very

careful to keep the Plants free from Weeds,to turn up theGrounds.

about them, and to water them often. The Yew and the
iiolly are the longeﬁ: a growing; the Picea comes up much
after

Bo x likewife 1s a Shrub very much 1n uie, and which you
cannot well make ihift without 1n a Garden, it being equally
ﬁt for Parterres and Hedges. It is to be raifed from Seed,
which fhould be lown 1n good Earth, but the Way to have
it readily, 1s to ﬂip it off from old Stocks of Box, and to re-

» plant it, burying it almoﬁ entirely in the Ground, whichmakes;

it ihoot out again at the Neck, and by this means you are
furniih’d with ﬁne young Box, cutting away the Roots and
Fibres of the old.

AS

2.1;

216

7716 Third Part. CHA P. IV.

A s to the Cyprefs, Pine, Fir-Tree, and Scarlet-Oak,
their Fruit is to be gather’d in Seafon, and fown after the
\ufual Manner, ﬁill obferving ‘ that it "be in the beﬁ Ground,
and be very carefully looked after ; Trees of this Kind are
always much more tedious and hard to raife, than others:
There (beinganothing but excellent Earth that can haﬁen their
Growth.

1W H EN your Ever—green Trees and Shrubs are got to
'fome.Height, you may then begin to ibape them at your
pleafure, clipping them with the Shears into Balls, Pyra—
mids,.(7»c. t ,

As. alliEve-r-greens naturally love the warm Countries from

'v whence they were brought to us, and that the Climate of France
is very different from that of the Indies, in the Degree of Heat,
.- it wereybetter to raife from Slips and Layers, than to fow the
(Seed, which often fails. You may make Layers from the Foot
,of any large Yews or Piceas that you have, which will do Very

well; for at two Years end you may take up your Layers very
welLrooted, and plant them in your Nurfery. To forward

them the more, you may bore through the Branches, as you
make an Oilet—Hole, the Wood being very hard to pierce.

You may likewife buy young Plants of this Sort, and raife them
in your own Nurfery. ‘ All theie ways gain a good deal of
Time.

0 r H ER Ever-Greens, as the Phillyrea, juniper, Alater—
nus, Savine, é‘c. are raifed after the fame Manner as the fore-
going, but grow much falter. '

 

CHAP.

T he Prnc‘tiee of Gardeninr. 217

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o®6©©e€do€©cé©o¥io©oo®e 66565666636556

CHAP. V.

0f 0ronge-Treer,jeﬂomine.r, Pomegra-
nater, l’kfyrtler, 'nnd other ﬂowering
‘ Shruhr, with, the .MethoozI of mi/ing
them from Seed and Letyert, or of
chooﬂng them whe ngrorun ; together
with the Manner of planting and
grafting them, one] the Time of their
Bloom. ~

H O U G H this Chapter and the three following may

not harm the lame Air of Novelty, as the reﬂ of this
Work, (the Subjeé’t of thefe having been already often and
largely treated of;) I thought my felf bound however to
fpeak of it here, for a reaibn very natural and obvious :
Every one knows that Orange-Trees, jeffamines, and Pome-
granates 5 with the Flowers of the Seaion, do greatly contri-
bute to the Ornament of Gardens, and confequently will be
here as in their Center. I hope alfo to do fome Service to the
Publick, by reventing the reading of large T raé’ts ﬁlled with Amwmmﬂ _
long Catalo ues without the Explications needful, and by Of Orange-
laying open all that is crept in of myﬂerious or mifchievous 255’?“
tipon this Subjeét. It will perhaps look furprizing that :1 Mat- mi 31:23;
ter hitherto f0 perplexed, and of which fo many Pe0ple have ”1180”: of
made a Bug-bear, fhould appear f0 plain and eafy: Although 33:53:35-
the Sub'c& then be not new, the Manner of handling it will be A Trentzfe of

found pretty much f0, what relates to Particulars and Generals ”’9 0‘1"”? 0f
Orange-Tree:

being hcre delivered together: o, 11 gum-
T o conform to the Method I followed in difcourﬁng of Wild “it: Tom- 2»-

T recs, Ilhall begin, before I {peak of the Culture of Orange-
F f _ Trees

218 m 77m; Part. CHA p. v.

Trees and other ﬂowering Trees, with giving you a {hort
Defcription of each in particular, fpecifying their feveral kinds,
their Name, their (@ality and proper place in Gardens; the
way by which they are perpetuated, thofe which keep their
Verdure in the Winter, or thofe that lofe it, and laﬁly thofe
which remain abroad, or’ fuch as mull needs be fet in the
Green-houfe. ' ‘

THE Y are diﬁinguifhed into Trees, Shrubs and Under-
Shrubs: thofe of the Height of eight or ten Foot, we call Trees,
thofe under this Height, we call Arbriireaux or low Trees or
Shrubs; and thofe which have no more than one or two Foot
in Stem, we call Arbuﬁes or Under-Shrubs.

TH E Orange-Tree is without controVerfy the ﬁneﬁ of all

Flower-Trees, its ﬁrait Stem, its fmooth Rind, its large fhining
ifjefgf’fﬁfi: Leaves, its ﬁne Flowers, its excellent Fruit, its regular and
anon are put moi’t beautiful green Head, are all of them truly admirable.
m." gm.‘ They are diﬁinguiihed into feveral Sorts, as the Citron-Tree
pml—faﬂazomd . . . .
Tubalmoped or Balotrn, Lemon-Tree, «the Bigaradier or large Orange—
warm», Tree, the Cedrat, another kind of Citron 5 the Ric/ae-depoz‘iil/e;
$55,235, the large Lemon-Tree; ﬂdam’s Apple-Tree, the Bergamot
GrgundJook M Orange-Tree 5 the China Orange-Tree, (71'. The Difference
$271522]??? between them' is inconﬁderable, conﬁﬁing only in this, that
And thirmt fome are Trees which carry a Stem, and others are but Dwarfs
grlﬁfjfﬂke or Buihes ; or that the Fruit of fome is fweet, and that of others
King’s little fharp: They all keep their ﬁne Leaves, and we {hould be too
5:31:23! [9” happy about ,Taris, where Gardening is much in vogue, if
Hedges which we could fet them into Ground, to form our Walks and
cover”)? Groves, as they do in Spain, Tortugal, and Ital}, and in
$35,13ka fome of the 9" Provinces of France, where the Heat is fo con-
afe carried in ﬁderable that they have no need to ihut them up in the Winter,
ﬁj’gféﬁ'eﬂ’ as we muﬁ do hereabouts. Orange-Trees come of the Kernels
a Provence. that grow in the Heartof the Fruit, and are of a very long
37:: Langue‘ J; Duration. .

1192.19 omega. T H E Pomegranate-Tree IS no way comparableto theOrange-
ﬂute—Tree. Tree, its Leaf is fmall, pretty long, and falls in the Winter;
the Head and Stem are handfome enough 3 its Bark is whitiih
and pretty fmooth, its Flowers are of a very lively red :

They are chieﬂy reckoned of two Kinds, that with the Fruit,

The Orange—
Tree.

1* There Me Orange-Tree: at Verfailles near 2.00 Year: old4 ﬁrth: Grand Louis, rhe
Bourbons, 6‘6. which areﬂill "(my vigorous.

and

77m Praﬂim of Gardeaiacg. 2.19

and that with the Flower, which 13 the moﬁ ef’teemed when
it is ﬁriped. This Is more tender than the other, and mull be
houled in the Winter; but the Fruit Pomegranate-Tree is
hardy enough to ﬁand 1n the open Air, and its Fruit is very
much efteemed. Theft: Trees a1e multiplied by Slips and
Layers.
T H E Myrtle is looked upon in France, as one Of the TbeMJ‘V’Ies
ArbriiTeaux or Shrub-kind; it rarely grows f0 {trong as to
make aTree, however it has a ﬁne Stem. ItsLeaf is of a
very fhining Green, its Flowers are near as white as thofe of
the Haw-thorn, its Rind is gray‘iih and very iinooth, it has
one excellency above all the others, which is, that its Leaves
imell with a molt agreeable Flavour , but it is the tenderei’t
of all of them, the Orange-Tree not excepted. They are
di ﬁinguifhed into ﬁve or ﬁx forts, the common Myrtle-Tree,
the double, the ﬁriped, the hundred-leaved Myrtle, the Myr-
tles of the great and of the lelTer kind. They are all raifed in
Cafes, and always keep their Leaves. The Myrtle 1s perpe-
tuated by Seed, Slips and Layers, as alfo by Cuttings.
T HE Laurel or Bay is a very ﬁne Tree, and the molt The Laure!

diverﬁﬁed of all 1n the ﬁx Kinds of it that are known Some
of them conﬁantly keep their Verdure, as the female Laurel or
Bay-Tree, the Laurus—Tinus, the * Cherry Laurel, and that * T1713 2'; the
of Alexandria, which may be always kept abroad, elpeci- 2:23:23ng
ally the two latter. Others lofe half their Leaves, as the Ole- grearang lgand
ander or Rofe Bay-Tree, the red and white Laurel, and that

with the double Flower, which are tender enough to require
Houﬁng in the Froﬁ. The Bay-Tree, and Laurus-Tinus,

are railed 1n Calés almoﬁ always into Trees of Stem or Stan—
Adards. The Cherry—Laurel 1s uied 1n Hedges, and the Alex-
andrian 1s clipt into Balls for ﬁlling Borders: Their Leaves are

of a ﬁne {hining Green, and have a chy Smell and Taﬁe,
elpecially thofe of the Bay-Tree , their Flower is of a Yel-
lowiih-white, and of a very ﬂrong Smell. That of the 111mm-

drz'an Laurel grows in clul’ters, and the Laurus—Tinus ﬂowers

twice a Year. As to the Rofe Bay-Trees, and thofe with the

double Flower, they are raifed in large T ufts out'of Calés,

their Leaf has no Smell, and is not of lo ﬁne a Green as the

others : their Flower is much like a common Role. The
Woodor Rind of the Laurel, is lomewhat giayifh, and verv

Pl 2 ﬁnooth.

22.0

T be few;-

mine.

2% Rafe-Tree.

'I'Iyie Lilan’z.

7796 Third Part. CHAR V.

fmooth. Laurels in general are multiplied by Cuttings, Slips,
and Layers. They live a long time.

THE JelTamine is aTree very agreeable and of great va-
‘riety in its Flowers : the Wood of it is Green, and very full
of Branches; its Leaf is very delicate, of a bright Green, its
Flowers are fome White, Tome Yellow, and fome have a mix-
ture of Red. There are feveral Sorts of it, as the common»
jeflamine, the Spanijb jeﬁ‘amine, the Virginian or American,
the Indian, and Jonquil Jelfamine. The ﬁneﬁ for Flowers
and Stalk, are the Spaniﬂ: and American; which, dreading
the Cold, ﬂrould be houfed in the Winter, and will keep their
Leaves: For the Jonquil JeiTamine it keeps abroad, as alio
the common Jeﬁamiiie, which is ufed in Hedges, and in co-
vering Arbours of Lattice-work; its Leaves fall off in Winter;
The two lai’t are propagated by Cuttings and Layers, the others
are commonly grafted.

W E have feveral kinds of Role-Trees, the common, the
ﬁriped, the {Daft/9 or hundred-leaved Rofe-Tree, the Vir-v
ginian, that of Gaelder/ana’, the Damask, and the Monthly
Role-Tree. The, ﬁnel’c of thefe are the ‘Dntr/y hundred-
leaved Ro-fe, the Striped, and the Monthly Rofe—Tree, fo
called becaufe it ﬂowers feven or eight Months in the Year;
the Wood is Green and very full of Prickles, its Leaf oblong,
{freaked and indented, its Flowers of an agreeable Smell,
generally Red, except the Flemijb and Damask Rofes, which!»
are White; the othersvdiﬂ‘er in nothing, but that they are:
double or ﬁriped: all Rofe-Trees lofe their Leaves, but they
are hardy enough to continue abroad. They are railed in)
Trees or low Hedges, and they alfo ﬁerve for covering lat-
ticed Arbours. You may raife what number you pleaie from
Cuttings and Layers.

THE Lilach- affords a very fweet and agreeable Smell, its:
Wood is white; its Leaf long and pointed, and its Flowers:
difpofed in long cluﬁers, of a Colour between a Blue and a.
White. We have two different forts, the common Lilach,
and the Twﬂan, both which lofe their Leaves in the Winter,
but alWayskeep their‘Pla-ce abroad. The Teifian grows not.
[0 high. as the common'Lilach, and. its Leaf and Flowers are
more delicate; it ferves as a ﬂowering Shrub in Parterres..
The Shoots which the Lilachs put out at Foot, perpetuate:
their Species. T HE.

77.76 P7467269 of Gardmzizg. 22‘. 2

THE Broom is alfo a very agreeable Shrub in a Parterre, TkeBmm
efpecially the Sparta?) Broom, which is very different from
the Jonquil-Broom; their Wood makes long green Rods, like
the Bulrufh. They rife high Without many Leaves, their
Flowers are large, of a golden Yellow, and fweet Smell 5.
they are perpetuated only by Seed. ’

T HE Althea Frutex, which imports aShrub, is alfo called The Althea
. MallowsRoyal; it is made ufe of in Borders: its Wood is Fm“

Yellowiih, its Leaves like thofe of the Vine, its Flowers are
in the Shape of little Bells, fometimes White, fometimes Car-
nation or Flelh-colour. It lofes its Leaves, and is not taken
out of the Ground ; it is generally raifed from Seed.

T HE Honey-Suckle, tho’ very common, is however a TbeI-Isngyﬁ-
Shrub of the molt grateful Smell that can be 5. it may be kept mm“
as high or as low as you pleafe, and is of ufe to cover Ar-
bours, and Walls, and to form Balls for Parterres; that kind
which is called the Roman Honey-Suckle, is of the molt
lively Colour, and has the fmalleﬁ Leaf. Its Wood is reddiih,
naturally ﬁt for nailing up 5 its Leaves are round and whitiﬂr,
its Flowers difpofed in the form of Pipes, of Colour white,
inclining to yellow and red: its Leaf falls in Winter, not-
withﬁanding which, it keeps in the Ground 5. it produces
abundance of Shoots.

T H E Syringa, or Pipe-Tree, is a Shrub of' a pretty good Tbe'S'jringai-
but very ﬁrong Smell, its Wood is Red, its Flowers White,
its Leaf fmall and pointed, of a browniih or dusky Green;
it continues in its Place, and lofes its Leaves every Year. It is
made ufe of for hiding Walls, and to make buihy-headed
Dwarfs, and is eaﬁly raifed from Layers.

TH E Privet or Liguﬁrum is the leaf: of" all thefe Shrubs, T12; Fri-v3! er"
however it makes pretty good Balls and Hedges. The Wood 1””?mm
of it is White andSmooth, its Leaves oblong, narrow, and of
a» pale Green, its Flowers white, with little Scent, This Shrub
is railed both from Seed and Layers;

TH E Cytifus, called alfo Trifolium, becauﬁe its Leaves are 7,7,, CW5“,
ranged by three and three, and are like the Trefoii or Clover— ' ’
grals ; they are fmall, round, and of a' very agreeable
Green- The Wood is reddiih, and the Flowers yellbw 5 it-
is not taken out of the Ground, but it lofes it's Leaf in the.

Winter as the PriVet does. It is of ufe only in Parterres, andﬁ
eomes of Layers and.Slips,. ’17 M1

22.2

D’s: Rcfemmy-
'I'rer.

The Celine/t.

7722 7771'cm Part3 CHA P. V.

TH E Rofemary-Tree is a hardy Shrub, and is fet both in
Cafes and in the Ground, and holds its Leaves all the W inter.
Its Wood is grayifh, and is furniihed with fmall Leaves long and
narrow, of a dusky Green on the upperﬁde, and White on -
the underﬁde; it has an Aromatick fmell. Its Flowers are of
a pale Blue, and it is produced both by Layers and Seed. .

T H E Colutea is a fmall Shrub, but very agreeable for its

- ﬁne Flowers of a Purple Colour; it does not rife very high,

The Trev of
Judas.

The Baﬂard
Sim—Tree.

TbeLenrisk.

The Amomum
or Solanum.

The Leonurus.

its Green is pale, its Leaf fmall, and in fome refpeé‘ts like that
of the Acacia, it holds its Leaf in the Winter in the Green-
houfc. Its Wood is Green mixt with Red, its Form is Pyra-
midal, it produces largeHusks, in which the Seed lies.

THE Tree of .7154!on is much eﬁeemed for its ﬁne red

Flowers, it rifes pretty high, and very thick. Its Wood is
reddifh, and its Leaf like that of the Apricot-Tree. It ﬁands
abroad, but iheds its Leaves; it is multiplied by Seed and
Layers.
. TH E Baﬂard Sena-Tree rifes to a pretty good height, ne-
verthelefs it may be clipt into Balls. Its Wood is bright, its
Leaves fmall, round, and of a whitifh Green, and its Flowers
are Yellow: its Fruit called Bladder-nuts are of a greenifh
Colour and hollow, fo that they make a noife when broken
upon the Hand : it lofes its Leaf, and will ﬁand abroad. It
is ufually raifed by Layers.

T H E Lentisk or Maﬁick-Tree is fometimes larger, fome-
times fmaller, but almof’c always. a Shrub : Its Wood is gray-
iih, its Leaves refemble thofe of Myrtle, are always Green,
and of a pretty ﬂrong Smell; the Flowers and Fruit are Red,
and grow in cluﬁers. , It is too tender to fraud abroad in the
rigourof the Winter, it is multiplied by Layers and Slips.

TH E Amomum is an agreeable Shrub, the Wood of it
is Brown, the Leaf long, of adark Green; the Flower White,
the Fruit Red, and round as Cherries: it keeps its Leaves and
its Fruit in the Green-houfe, and is naked only in the Spring.
Its Species is propagated by the Seed.

T H E Leonurus does not rife very high, it has a grayifh
Wood, a long narrow Leaf, and a red Flower, it ﬂieds its
Leaves, and is tender enough to be fet in the Green-houfe in
the Winter. It is increafed by Cuttings and Layers.

THE

77.79 Pmﬁice of Gardmizzg. ‘ 2.2.;

T H E Emerus has yellow Flowers, a greeniih Wood, a 1779mm: or
Leaf very much like that Of the common JeITaniine, and of the Sjmn‘lm‘
fame green; it is formed into Balls which remain in the Ground,
but 'lofe their Leaves in the Winter. Layers and Slips con-
tinue its Species.

THE Pyracantha is a Shrub that riﬂes not ver hi h: Its
Wood is clear and thorny, its Leaf fomewhat likeythatg of the 5,]: Want:
Pear-tree; its Fruit red, and which hanging all the Winter, at
a diﬁance makes it look as tho’ full of Fire, for which reafon
it is called The Burning Buﬂl. Its Seed is found in its Fruit.

Mo 8 T of thefe Shrubs have alfo other kinds of the fame
Name, being of a large Family : fuch" are the Solanum or
Amomum, the Colutea, the Cytifus, (76. I have only men—
tioned here the kinds that are moﬁ eaﬁly found, and which
are moﬁ in ufe for embeliihing Gardens.

THERE are alfo feveral foreign or exotick Shrubs that
ﬂower, the Culture of which is very difﬁcult, but as they are
of no great fervice in the Drefsof our Gardens, and that the
. Curious look after them more for their Rarity and Relation to
Botanicks, than for any real Beauty, I {hall pafs them over in
ﬁlence.

T H E Buﬁnefs now in hand is to ihew the Method of railing
all thefe Trees, whether from Seed, Layers, Cuttings or Slips;
or how to chufe them when grown, with the Manner of
planting and grafting them.

I N France we raife Orange—Trees from the Seed or Kernel,
as likewife from Trees fent to us from warmer Countries.

To raife them from the Seed, you are to take that of the
ripef’t and ﬁneﬁ Oranges, and fow it in the Month of Marc/7'
in long Boxes, or in Pots ﬁlled with prepared Mold, the Com,-
' poﬁtion of which, you {hall ﬁnd in the following Chapter.
You. are to put thefe Kernels three ﬁngers deep into this
Earth, and about three inches dil’tance one from another:
when they rife too thick, you mui’t pluck up fome of them,
taking out thofe that are clofei’t together, that the others may
thrive the better. Thefe Kernels, in two Years time, form
wild Stocks, which are proper to be replanted ﬁngly in Pots
of Earth, and at ﬁve or ﬁx Years end they may be grafted,
’Ti’s fuppofed that you take care to itir the Earth about them
often, that you keep them free from Weeds, and that you

3 water

24

7759 leim’ Part. CHAP. V.

water them from time to time 5 as alfo that you put the Pots
where they are, into hot Beds to forward their growth. In
the Winter theie Pots are to be taken out of the Ground, and
fet in the Green-houfe.

T H E other Manner of railing Orange-Trees is much quicker
in France; the Trees Which are fent us from Genoa, from
Lisbon and from Trot/mar, being already of fome Years
growth, there is no more trouble than to know how to chufe
them well. Thefe Trees uﬁially arrive in March, April and
Ma}, fome without their Earth and Head, others with the
Earth about them, full of Leaves and Branches, the Roots
of them are wrapt up for fear of the White F toils, which are
common at this time of the Year. ‘

As to the Orange-Trees that are headed and have no
Earth about them, you ihould chufe the. ﬁraitef’c and the
tallei’t Stem you can, Without minding the‘ Size it may after-
Wards grow to. The Roots ought to be well preferved from
galling or loﬁng their Bark in the Carriage, of fome ﬁrength and
of a yellowiih green, not inclining to the dark or Jafper Colour,
which is the very worit Mark of their prefent State, and the
molt certain Sign of their approaching Death. You fhould
cut oil" the Ends of them, to know if they are too dry or too
moiﬁ, after which, trim all their Roots, and let them be
foaked in Water fome hours before you plant them in your
great Pots, which ihould be quite buried in a Bed, to make
them take the more eaﬁly. Here let them remain till they
are to be put into the Green—houfe for the Winter; and in the
following Spring, plant them out in Cafes proportionable to
their Size, without cutting any thing off from their Clod ; and
manage them afterwards as other Orange-Trees.

I T is certain that Trees with their Earth about them, fur-
niihed with Boughs and Leaves, are to be preferred to thofe
laﬁ mentioned, provided that this Clod of Earth which co-
vers their Roots be natural: in moving the Stem a little, you
may perceive if it be counterfeit, for the Earth laid on will
prefently fall in; you {hould always take fuch Trees as have
a limit tall Stem, and whole Branches will One day form a very
round Head : The Roots, that run beyond the Clod, and the-
Boughs, fhould be of a Yellowifh-green, the Bark of a moiﬂ:
Temperament, and full of Sap; the Leaves ought to be ﬁrm,

3 brittle

7% P7467226 of Gardening. 2.7.5”

'brittle and riﬁng, which is a ﬁgn of Vigour. \Vhen you
plant them, you lhould trim the Roots that exceed the Clod,
cut off the ﬁnall dilbrdered Boughs, and {horten llICh large
ones as are ill placed, to three or four Inches from the
Body of the Tree, to make them put out new Shoots, vigo-
rous and better placed. Laf’rly, dip the Clod one moment in-
to Water, and after having let it drain a while, plant the
Tree in a Cafe proper for its SiZe, jul’t as,* you remove HMWfiﬂ
old Orange-Trees into new Cafes. They {hould be planted tfveﬁllvwiﬂg
in an airy Place, but little expoled to the Sun. 6’90""

THERE are feveral Orange-Trees to which we require
no Stem, as the Dwarfs and bufhy Orange-Trees, and the
Dwarf Claim; Orange—Trees, ,notwithftanding which, that
with theTrunk is always the noblef’c and the ﬁneﬁ Orange-
Tree: You fhould not take all grafted Trees 5' the Stocks
known by their Prickles oftentimes prove the moﬁ: beauti—
ful Trees, and are always more tall and vigorous than the
grafted Orange-Trees, their fault is, that they are of a more
yellowilh Green than the others, and bear but few Flowers,
and confequently little Fruit. For Variety fake, you ihould
chufe fome Citron and Lemon-Trees, which are known by
their Leaf, where there wants that little Heart at the End that
is found in other Orange-Trees. ‘

PR0 CE E D we now to the Manner of grafting thele Trees,
which is what you are indifpenfably obliged to; the Stocks
without this Operation will never bear much Fruit, nor abun—
dance ofﬁne Flowers; in this refpeét like other Fruit-Trees,
which never produce large and excellent Fruit, if they are
not grafted with the belt kinds.

AN Orange-Tree is generally grafted upon an Orange,
and a Citron upon a Citron, tho’ you may graft a Citron or a
Lemon-Tree upon an Orange Stock, but it does not fucced
fo well, and oftentimes makes the Tree abortive. This graft-
ing is done two Ways, either by Scutcheon-grafting, or by

' lnarching or Approach, which are both fo generally known,
that I need not fpeak of them here; but as I write for the
Information of all Mankind, and that there are different Ways '
of laying in the Scutcheon, I {hall give as ihort an Account
of it as is pollible.

G g — XVII,

I ‘ ' > P. .
4 . i - t. CHA '
777g 72);”! P” f is to be ap-
. 6 ‘ k on which the @21de would
2.2 can that the Stoc he Tree, .whofe Km Piece raifed
B] WW of [V3 Band the Branch (9f ft‘t - The SClltCheOnTl‘s 'anlf? whiCh
the BMW . p16 ‘2 . ﬂed the Jra ' '. f rm of a T1 . ’- b ars
and Scufiheo.” .0 agat6713 Ca . Branch, In 0 to wthh It 6
comm”??? P1 P ind of ﬁlls in ArmOTYa . h is f0
3:0 ”Jet/99151:” upOr} the Re from an EfCUtChf‘Qii‘larChing 013 APPIQdC )erform
177683;???” has ItS N?‘Hr1nblance. That; Oht t0 the other, to P
Frill . s Re C is 1080 I
0719 ngdo?” :[Ome _ 1123 one Tree . '8 “Ed
’0 amt/”Z, Called) becal -ftin0. ' Rind-Knife) Whlch 1 the
not 9 “7 ' Inﬁrumen . Knife 11] , n’s Spatu 11-
APP’Wh' TH E . a pomted of a Surg€0 V e-
T5123 i5 0173 Qf I - WTOIIIC) ]S n the {hape an ()I‘ang
,r , ._ thxs . . 1e ﬂat 1:] - ut from
[be male/13‘ 1” m ,1 h IS mac raftlng) C b ﬂ‘ Buds
, .. 7 A- of w 11C heon-g ' the e
3:23:72??- Enéio performgh: 3W Brsanch; 11h You Wm “65d
é 21 ea - —
e of t e . ff all the a take e
of the SP 6 t0 eac hen begln -
d or Ey h . You I . 1e leavmg
but one B“ one Branc g ofa Trlang ’ . t
. fts from 1] 111 form h Thxs SC“ "
veral Gra f our Branm ) . 1- t16 Branc - . C,
out 0 Y nd us If f the Graftlno“
Scutcheon f 't the Eye 3‘ . Blade 0 1 e
. 'ddlc 0 1 f d wlth the d at thC P ac
1n the M1 atly ran 6 _ f of .WOO k
Id be me ' Thxckne S - . our StOC
ch60n {hon . little more h'chcthe 111 Y , - a.
- mg a . after W 1. ke theirem
Kmfe, IeaV lﬁwhere , » S and ma 0th
. d than C n tWO Eye 7 . - f the lent,
of the Bu " ‘ 1 C betw€e - - ' wlth 1t) O ' d
. 0th P 21C 7 - ht Joining _ han the Rm
:1 very fmo ther “Pug ’ deeper t '
. and ano If and no on ready m
CrOIS-Cut’ - h and a ha ’ . he Scutche .he
11 Inc holdmg ‘- h open t
of about 21 ee' then . . 16 Branc 1 . the
f the T1” 7 of 11:8 11tt - de With _
or Bark 0 b the End C t was ma ; .1.
r u ' t of you
. ur Mouth) Y ‘Vhere you, the POln .
you. ”Wk 1”” 31:31.1 of your btgﬁhing-Knife’ agdt lilting}, ﬂick very ﬂair?
' SW “”5 our r t a * r a 0
2:117? [Mlze Hand}? ofig’to it, in {11011 magi? the StoCk may COZEd bind
5700'", ”W {0' scutC eon . f the RID ’11‘fe Yam, .
Wrbemngztb ‘ he SldeS 0 kc fom€ 00‘ 1 ancr out
. — that t . done, ta lwaYS e b-
tbeﬁmeémd and d Thxs . on can, a - bindme,
-, 7,t}mt1f0”9 ' but the Bu . . neatly as y a CUt thls . .J
362?]; the 0th" ¥t all clofe together) ‘18 Month after you In 31:01.6 ﬁ‘CC Paffdgc
mews; 1;] Bud or Eye. In a he Off; to glVCfthe hard bound, be
’17: t C . ﬂy: it (111 ' i ‘ tOO . , e.
13;: ZiZ/ﬁh but Withoutwﬁﬁchb Would otherggg‘f the Graﬁmér'E-Zces but
4' .v 7 V- - ts o ' ’ .
7km éeﬁ/"e" to the Sap; V 1 wlld Shoo ' a all forts ~1
. - Vera raftnl , , whit 1
327; 2711205? apt to mal-{etihee uﬁlal Method Ofaiicularo Cll‘cumiﬁaﬁi’is Scut-
I“ ,- lS ' e p . t 21
moth?” 1.2M: TH 18 there IS on t 18 t0 fay) . eVCI'
for/am. 1:; in Orangeryreesﬂhe scutcheon, tha‘ds. obfervmg; how ’
hm nourlJ 79‘ 13 t to have Its O ‘
feverﬂlTe/m' chﬁon ought /

W hen

The Prac‘i’z'ee 0]” Gardening.

227

when you cut it, that the Eye muﬁ always have the ﬁrme .

Poﬁtion, the Bud and the Shoot towards the Sky. The In-
ciﬁon upon the Stock ihould alfo be cut differently, that is,
the Crofs-cut below, as a rev’erfed 1,, becaufe of the W’ater
which would more eaﬁly enter at the large Opening, which
in other Trees, is uﬁially made above, and which, for this very
Reafon, inOrange—Trees, is made below, for if the Water
get in ever fo little, it kills the Graft. '

SCUTHCEON-GRAFTING is performedin theMonth of
May, with the Bud lhooting, that. is, when the Sap is moving,
and then the Branch is to be cut off immediately, to about
three Inches above the Graft, that the Sap may be all con—
vey’d to it, and make it {hoot the more readily: It may al-
fo be done in the Months of 7111}, ﬂagaﬂ and Septemher,
when ’tis called inoculating; and then the Branch of the Stock
is not to be cut till the Ma} following, when the Sap is ﬂir-
ring again. ' ,

TH E Grafting of an Orange-Tree, by Way of Inarching or
Approach, is performed as uiual, without any Difference from
other Trees. It is done at either of the Movings of the Sap,
that is to fay, in the Month of May or ﬂagaﬂ: You bring-to
the Stock, the Cafe with another Orange-Tree, the Branch
of which is long enough for tying them together, in order to
the grafting in this manner. You cut the Head of the Stock,
in which you make a Slit for receiving the Branch of the
Orange-Tree, whofe Kind you would have produced: This
Branch is to be notched and cleft along the Middle, till it
makes an End of about a Foot long, which is to be fharpened
for putting it into the Middle of the Cleft, in the fame man-
ner as it is done in Slit-Grafting; this Graft may alfo be put
between the Wood and the Bark, when the Stock is pretty '
old, as in Crown-Grafting, from which it differs nothing but
that this is done by a Branch of a Tree, brought to it. This
Graft fhould be bound as fall as pofﬁble with coarfe Yarn, to
fecure it againﬁ the Wind, and the whole ihould be covered
with Wax and a Linnen-Rag, which the French call Swad-
lz'rzg the Graft: Thus it is to continue, till it lhews it felf to
have taken, by its vigorous Shoots; when you cut off the

This Manner
qf Grafting is
not very agree-
ahle, making
hat an ill EfL
fee? 2'71 the De-
coration of
Gardcmj; :12:
Nearrze/s of
the Caﬁx,
which muff he
always fer
apart.

There met/l
he no Bad in
the Place ofrhe
Approach,
there are
enough 0
them all along
the Branch.

Branch near the Graftingfplace, which ihould allb be covered '

with 'green Wax. _ ‘

ng THE

228

77.76 779in Paw. CHAR V.

THE Difference between thefe two Manners of Grafting
lies in this, that the Branch of a Tree ought to be but two
Years old, for Scutcheon—Grafting; whereas the Tree fhould
be ﬁrong and fomewhat older, for Grafting by Approach.

P o M E G R A N A T E s, Myrtles, Laurus—Tinus’s and Bays,
the Tree of yudar, the Ballard Sena-Tree and the Lentisk,
are to be chofen with a ﬁne Stern, and an agreeable well fur-
nilhed round Head. The Branches and Roots {hould be of
a lively Green. T hefe Trees have generally their Earth
about them, unlefs you take them from Cuttings or from
Layers.

TH E Rofe Bay-Tree, the Cherry-Laurel, the Jimm—
drz'zm Laurel, and the Pyracantha make no Stem, their Beau-
ty confiﬁs in being well garnifhed from Foot to Head, whe-
ther they arervin. Hedges or in Cafes. The fame may be faid
of the Role-Trees, Lilachs, Broom, Colutea, Honey—Suckles,
Rofemary, Syringas and common Jeffamines, which are no
more than Dwarf—Trees clipt into Balls or Pyramids.

T H E Althea, Leonurus, Syturidaca, Cytifus, the Liguﬁrum,
the Amomum and the Spaniﬂo JeiTamine, are to be chofen
with a fmall Stem, about two Foot high, to bear their Head.
You fhould make ﬁrié't enquiry into their Branches and Roots,
to know the Condition they are in, and obferve the fame
Directions as for Orange—Trees, for the planting them out in
Cafes. or in Pots, or in the open Ground.

TH E belt and readieﬁ Way to raife all thefe Trees, is to
chufe fuch as are naturally low and full of Branches at the
Foot, and to bury them in the Ground, to the Middle of their
Branches, laying down their Shoots on every Side, to make
Layers: Thus will thefe become Mother-Roots, to a greater-
Number, and in lefs time than by any other Way: You may
otherwife ﬂip and fplit off the Roots that thefe Shrubs na-«
turally put out at their Foot, and raife them carefully till they
have taken Root, and got fome Strength. You may make
Layers all?) of Branches that you’ lay down in Cafes, to the
Month ofﬂpril, or that you can make pafs through the Hole
of a Pot, raifed to the height of the Branch. Thefe Layers
muﬁ be allowed about ﬁx Months for ﬁriking good Roots. :-
from this Method are excepted the Spaniﬂ) Jeﬁamine, which
is always graftedfthe $19472sz Broom, the Colutea, the Amo-l.’

mum,,

7776 Praﬁice of Gardening. 229

mum, the Pyracantha, and the Althea Frutex, which are gene—
rally raifed from Seed.

IT is eafy to fee, as was juﬁ: now mentioned, that their
are but few of thefe Trees which you are obliged to graft;
Layers and Slips alfuredly furniih you with the lame Species,
and like good Children, lofe none of their Mother’s Qialities :
However, the following are fuch as you may graft.

POMEGRANATE-TREES andﬁriped Myrtles arecom-
monly grafted by the Scutcheon or Approach, in order to
have a ﬁriped Iﬂhe. The Spam/b and American Jeffamines,
making no Shoots by which theirKind can be perpetuated,
require to be grafted upon the common ]eifamine, either by
Approach or by Scutcheon, it matters not. which; neither
can we make Layers of any but the common Jeﬂamine, of
which .we make a great many. To forward the Grafting of
the Spamzﬂa Jelfamine, you ihould plant Layers of the com-
-mon Jeifamine in Pots, a Year beforehand, which will make-
the Graft take the better, this {hould be covered with Wax.

Y 0 UR Stock ihould be chofen clear, fmooth and without
any Knot, well rooted, and about the SiZe of one’s Little-r
Finger; it thou-Id be cut down to the loweit Eye, that the
Sap being lefs difperfed, may ﬁll it the more vigorouﬂy,
Rofe—Trees may alfo be grafted; as for Example, when you
have a mind to have the ‘Dutc/o, the ﬁriped, or the monthly
Rofe-Tree, you graft thefe Kinds with. a- Scutcheon—Graft,
upon the common Rofe-Tree.

Y 0 U ihould alfo know the Time in which thefe Trees and T5; 59an 5,.
Shrubs are in Flower, that you." may take the Advantage of @kivhallth’fé
planting them in their proper Seaions, for the Decoration. of 35:5” w
your Gardens. And as all depends [upon Variety, you may
obferve that the Shrubs to be planted in Parterres, are not
only of a. different Kind, but alfo ﬂower at different Seafons:
To make this Diveriity therefore, you mui’t have fuch as
ﬂower in the Spring, in the Summer, in the Autumn, and?
even in the Winter, while they are in the Green-Houfe.

IN the Spring you have in Flower the Laurus-’-Tinus, the
Alexandrian Laurel, the common Lilach, the Honey—Suckle,
the Syringa, the monthly [Roie-Tree, that of Guelder‘ldnd,
the (Date/J hundred-leaved Rofe-Tree, the Rofemary-Tree,
the Trifolium, the Jonquil, Jeifamine, the Spam'ﬂo Broom, the
Qytifus, and the Syturidaca. l w

230

7776' 76175! Part. CHAP. V.

I N the Summer, the Orange-Tree, Citron, Lemon-Tree,
and other Kinds are in Flower, as alfo the Pomegranate,Myrtle,
Bay-Tree, Rofe-Laurel, the Liguﬂrum, common Jelfamine,
the Colutea, the Terfz'an Lilach, the Tree of jun/as, the

monthly Rofe-Tree, and the Baftard Sena-Tree.

AU 1‘ U M N prefents uswith the Flowers of the Spam'jb and
ﬂmerican Jeffamine, the Laurus-Tinus, the Althea-Frutex, the
Damask and monthly Role—Trees, the Pyracantha, the
Amomum, and the Colutea. ,

T H o s E that ﬂower in the Winter, and ferve to adorn the
Green-Houfe, by forming Rifes and-Amphitheatres to cover
the Walls, are the Orange-Tree, the Spam/b jeﬂamine, the
Laurus—Tinus, Lentisk, the Colutea, the Amomum, the Leo-
nurus, and the ﬁriped Myrtle," accompanied with feveral
Plants vivacious and others, as the Piment or Long—Pepper,
the Gilly-Flower, the Aloes, the Mourning Storks-Bill, the
viVacious Thalafpic, $1.,

 

CHAR.

/

Tne Prnc‘iiee of Gardening. 231

‘ nnnnnnnmnnnmnnn
ggnwnnnmnnnwnwnmh

CHAP. VI.

Of Me 7 Culture of Orange-Treer and
otlzer Flowering Shrubs, wit/)- the
Mean; of recovering z‘laofe time are
out of Order.- '

Y this time we may fuﬂiciently difcover the Miﬂake
_ we were under, about the Difﬁculty of managing
Orange-Trees, and other ﬂowering Shrubs, of which fome Peo-
ple have formed fuch a Chimaera, to make themfelves thought
more knowing. Thefe Trees are raifed very well in *Eng- as 1,, inq‘e
lend, ,Hollnnel, Swedelnnn’, and other Northern Countries, Cornfrimh?)
where the Cold is greater, and holds longer than in :22, 32%,,"
France ; it is therefore eaﬁer for us to keep them in good “mellszm;
order, than in thofe Climates, perfuaded as we are, that a ge- ﬂuff?”
neral Culture agrees with all the Species of them.

MANY things contribute to the Prefervation and keep-
ing of Orange—Trees; a good Green-Houfe,‘ a ﬁt Compoﬁ-
tion of Earth, re-caﬁng them, a proper Expoﬁtion in Gardens,
the manner of pruning them, their Watering, the Seafon of
putting them in and taking them out of the Houfe; and
laﬂly, the Manner of fecuring them from the Infeé’ts which
annoy them, of all which we {hall fpeak particularly.-

1 I may be truly faid, that a good Green-houfe is the moﬂ Off/7e £115,733:
eﬂ‘ential thing for the prelervation of Orange-Trees and others, 3'“ ”fife“ '
which the Cold obliges you to houfe. In the'ﬁrﬁ place, it mn— ”in
ought to be expofed to the South or Eaﬁ, never building it
-to the Weft or North, on account of the little Heat and ill
Winds which come from thofe Quarters. The Bignefs of it
ﬁlould be proportioned to the Number of Trees you have to

put

232

Dela Bauge.

Asthe Green-
Houfe in the
King’s Garden.

A: rbofe 9f
Verlailles and
Me adon.

The Compofi-
rim of Bart/2.

7776 7791'er Part. CHAP. VI.

put into it, that they may not be crouded one upon another.
When they are a little raifed, the leﬂ‘er Trees may be fet be-
tween the greater upon Benches or Steps of Wood, which
will lave much of the length of the Building: They ought
always to be raifed f0 as that the T recs may not fuﬂ‘er or be
diﬁurbed when they are in their place, or when they are
carrying in or out. The Front of the Green-houle upon the
belt Expoﬁtion ihould have a large Door, and feveral high
Windows to admit the Sun when the Weather is good. And
thefe ihould have three Fences one behind another, to hinder
the Cold from penetrating; the inner one may be of Paper
patted on both ﬁdes; on the outfide may be Shutters of Wood,
and between thefe a fafh Window well glaZed, all fhutting
very clofe, and beﬁdes well ﬁuﬁ‘ed with Hay or Straw in great
Frofts. The Walls Ihould be built ~folid’ about two foot and
a half in Thicknefs, or at leaf’r two foot, and the North ﬁdc
thicker than 1 the others, as ‘moﬁ to be feared for the Froﬂ,
and they fhould all be covered or lined with Straw Matts.
As the Damps and Cold may come as well from the Roof
above, or from the F loor beneath, as from the Sides, great
Care fhould be taken of the covering of the Green—Houfe: if it
be a coved Ceiling without Corn-lofts or the like over it, the
Space betWeen the Ceiling and Tiling {hould be ﬁlled in with
a Mixture of Clay and Straw; and if there are Chambers or
Granarys over head, they ihould be ﬁlled with Hay, and the
Windows be kept cloIe ﬂtut. As to the Floor, it ought to be
very dry, and rammed in with Mafons Duﬁ or Salt-peter for
a foot in Height 5 you may keep it fomewhat higher, or at leaﬁ
upon the Level with the Ground without, for when you go
down into it, beﬁdes the Inconvenience you are under in the
Carriage of your Trees, it keeps the bottom of your Walls con-
tinually damp. For this reafon all lubterraneous Green—Houfes
{hould be let aﬁde as f0 many Cellars, forafmuch as they can
never have the advantage of the Sun-Beamsfo requiﬁte in this
Cafe. Such Green-Hordes as ﬁand with their Backs againﬂ: a
Hill, or are under a vaulted Terrafs, and have their Front well
expofed tothe Sun, are very good. ’

A s a Remedy againl’r the want of Heat in thefe Climates,
we make a Mixture of Earth luitable to the Nature of
Orange-Trees, which being put up in a Cafe or Chef’t, open

3 OD /

.726 Pmﬁz'ce of Gardeﬂiag. 233

on all Sides to the Heat of the Sun, acquires a Degree of
Heat, near like that which thefe Trees naturally have in hot
Countries, where they always remain planted in it.

T H E beﬁ Compoﬁtion is one third of new ﬁrong fat Earth,
that is not Clay, which abounding with Salts, will cauie the
Tree to put out ﬁne Shoots; one third of 9“ Sheeps-Dung which * 11021713132»;
has lain three or four Years rotting, to give warmth to the Earth, genie/Eff”,
and with thefe mix one third of Mold taken from fome 01d 170:0" mo
Bed to make it light and penetrable. All which ihould be run
through the Screen to take out the Stones. This is a better ‘
mixture than that of Pond-mud, Pigeons-dung, Husks of
Grapes, é'c. and is not only good for Orange-Trees, but alfo
for all others that are put into Cafes, and for fuch Flowers as
are fet in Pots of Quick-Ware.

Yo U are neceffarﬂy obliged to new-cafe an Orange-Tree,- Remfz'ng.
when its old Cafe is good for nothing, or when it is too little
. for its Roots, or clfe when the Tree aéts not vigorouﬂy, the
Earth being great part or Wholly waited, and fo the Tree deg
prived of the Salts neceﬂ’ary for its Vegetation. .

I F the Earth be but half worn, and the Cafe be fo good
as to, laﬁ a Yearbr more, you may content your {Elf with help-
ing the Orange-Tree by "giving it a. half-caﬁng, that is, to
take out with the difplanting Scoop all the exhauﬂed Earth
about the Clod, taking care not to hurt the Roots, and ﬁlling
it up immediately with freih Mold, which Ihould be well
fettled down. But if the Earth be quite worn out, and the
Cafe be rotten, or too fmall for the Size of your Tree, you
muﬁ new-cafe it in the Manner here taught.

Y 0 U ﬂ'rould chufe a Cafe proportionable to the Size of the 0.1;, pm];
Tree, made of Oak; the Inﬁde of it ihould be laid over with ”Wider”-
Pitch, and the Outﬁde lhould have two Coats of painting with $222,: 22:,“
Oil and Colour, either a Green or Yellow, that it may laﬂ the ”th tbeRoot:
longer. This new Cafe fhould havea Bed of old Rubbilh 22:53:25,
laid at the bottom of it, as well to hinder the Roots from teat/7e Hm!
running down and getting through the bottom of the Cheﬂ, as 2:3,,sz m,
to prelerve it from rotting, by givinga Paffage to what is fu- grow mﬁmr,
perﬁuous upon VVaterings. After this, ﬁll the Cafe half full
with your prepared Earth, fettling it down by a Man’s ﬁepping
in and treading it juﬁ for a moment; then throw in a little
‘ loofe Earth at top, whereon to fet the Clod of yourﬂrange—

‘ H h T tee,

234'

Their Expvﬁ—
rion in Gar-
dew.

Their Difpa- '

{41.

77.76 7792cm Pam“.. C H AP. VI.
Tree, which is to be taken out of its old Cafe by breaking
down all the Sides of it. You ,fhould take off about half the
Clod all round and on the under-ﬁde, and cut oil theRoots
and Stubs you meet with, for fear of Rottennefs; plant this Clod
exaftly in the middle of the Cafe, and as upright as yourEye
can fet it, keeping the Tree three Inches above the Edges of
the Cafe, for the Waterings and Sinking of the Ground will
lower it fall enough. The Earth may be kept up to this
Height with Boards or Slabs of Wood till it be funk down
to the Level of the Cafe; and Care lhould be taken to prels'
it in well about the Clod, to fecure the Tree againf’t the Winds :
and laﬁly, make a little circular Trench about the Foot of the
Stem, to receive the Water that you are to pour upon itas
foon as-it is planted, for the quicker Settling and Sinking of
the Ground.

N E W-CAS IN G is generally done when the Trees ‘are
taken out of the Green-Houfe, befOre they make their great
Shoot, and never at the End of Autumn, becaufe of the Ap-
proach of Winter, unlefs‘ there be an unavoidable Neceﬂity.

A G R E E N—Ho U s E is very improperly called by fome an
Orangery, the latter is no other than the Name of that place in
a Garden where we fet out our Chel’cs of Orange-Trees in the
Summer, as aCherry-Walk is aplace lined with Cherry-Trees.
The ' Expoﬁtion of Orange-Trees in Gardens requires fome
Skill, ’tis certain that if they are ill placed and too much ex;
pofed to theWind, they will be foon fpoiled; they Ihould
efpecially be Well fcreened from the North-Winds by fome
Building, by a Wood, a thick ”Hedge, or elfe by fome Wall,
without depriving'them however of the Sun, which is fo very
neceflary to them. \

TREES in Cafes are fet in Rows by a Line, as Well
thofe that are, detached as thofe that are fet in the Borders
of Parterres of Orangery between the Yews. In" the turnings
you fet them by your Eye as well as you can, unlefs you can
place them by a Line from fome Center. The Cafes {hould be
railed upon fome fquare Tiles or Bricks under their bottoms, to
keep them from {inking too low in the Ground and from rot-
ting: The ufual way is to put a fmall Cafe between two large
ones, for ﬁlling the upper part, and for Beauty’s fake, you
may intermix Pots and Vales ﬁlled with Shrubs, and the ﬁne

> Flowers

The Pmﬂim of Gardening;

Flowers of the Seafon : The good Taﬁe of a Gardener is 'IEen'

in this Decoration,where the Regularity lhould not hinder that
agreeable Confuﬁon which will make them look to‘ be a
great many more in Number than really they are.

I N cutting an Orange-Tree, you ought to conﬁder nothing
_ but a handiome Figure, a very round Head, Branches well
placed and equally ﬁlled on all ﬁdes, without much follicitude
as to its Flowers or Fruit, which renders the pruning of Orange‘
Trees much eaﬁer than that of other Fruit-Trees, where more
Fruit than Wood is required, or one with the other alike.
T hefe Trees ihould be cut at their taking out of the Green-
Houfe a little before their great Shoot, that the remaining
Branches may have the advantage of all the Sap: Their Head
ought to be proportionable to the Stem, to the Thick-neis of
the Foot and the Bignefs of the Cafe; they are to be kept in
Balls, by clipping all the hanging Branches and fuch as
ﬁraggle from this agreeable Contour. It ihould not be con-
fufed and too much loaded with Wood, fo that all the inner
Branches may be eaﬁly difcerned; when a Tree has a Gap

23¢

The Manner of
cutting or
pruning.

in its Roundnefs, you may bring down fome neighbouring old “

‘ Branch, which in a little time will ﬁll up the Place with the
' Shoots it will make, or elfe you may keep fome at their
length without cutting any thing to make them come forward
to the, Side. Above all, you lhould {trive to raife the Stem
as high as you can, cutting off the Rows of g the under Bran-
ches very near the Body in the {hape of a Deer’s Foot, for
the Water to run off 5 all thefe Wounds ihould be covered
with green Wax to prevent the Heat of the Sun from fpoiling
the Tree. . _'
YOU ought likewife to pinch of? the Buds of Oranges

Trees at the two Seafons of the Sap’s Rife, nipping away ,

with your Fingers fuch Shoots as are weak and * ill placed 5
as alfo thofe that put out too much, f0 that there ihould remain
but one vigorous Sprig to each Shoot. In performing this Work
you need not be at all uneafy at throwing away a great many
Flowers, the Tree will bear the better, and ihoot more vi-
gorouﬂy. The too great Quantity of Flowers and Fruit often
makes a Tree barren, f0 that without pinching, you are ob-
liged to take away abundance of Flowers, and to leave no
more Fruit to knit than is proper for the Size of the Tree, ﬁve

H h 2 ' or

* The French
call wife
Shoots, Tou-
pillons or little
Tufts; which
are apt to M-
tmﬂ tbeBugr.

2,36 " 777? Third Part. 'CHAP. VI.
or ﬁx Oranges on the idler Trees, and about a dozen on the

- larger; you ihould o‘bferve not to pinch thofe Trees that are
headed, the ﬁrﬁ Year, becaufe there is need enough of all

-' the Length of the Branches, for the fpeedy forming of a ﬁne

' Head.
7551'ther " OR ANGE -TREES require but very little Water, but
iﬂz- they ihould have it in proper time; it is better to leave

m my mm them a little thirﬂy, than to drown. them too often. You
an Orange-_ may know a Tree has need of watering, when its Leaves are
$7253: ”‘ ﬂabby, hang down or wither; you may difcover it alfo by the
Shoot,inﬂrew- Earth’s chopping, but you lhould never ﬂay to fuch Extre-
:Zizszzged. mity. Orange-Trees may bewater’d moderately once a
Madam ,5, ,Week, unlefs m the time of their putting-out and ﬂowering,
Cafe, qmzm~ which is in May and 72m), when you may refrefh them twice
gjjggggfefg a week; wild Stocks 111on be water’d not to often, if you
run the I; would have them ﬂower. When you have carried your
:51?! ﬁg; Orange-Trees into the Green-Route, and fet them in their
barren. Places, you lhould give them a good large foaking, as well
Iﬂg'WOW‘ to Rattle the Stem ihaken in the carrying, as that this Water
‘33};1’2‘25’, muﬂ' ferve for all the Winter. In the Month of April you
”’76” mg”- may again reﬁtefh thofe Trees that are fading, at fuch time as
16,2333: “,2” you open 1:heODoors apd Windowiof the Greeg—i-Ioufe. hAs
“ring the -oon as t e range- rees are‘ta en out, an et in t eir
gfzgczfgéj Places in the Garden, you lhould give them fuch another large
Cafkdothzfe; Wateging as ypltli did when they yyere carried into the Green-
”“e f” ‘g Hou e; on ould alfo makeu e of Iron Pins, to ierce the
$521,513; Clod in lieveral Places, that the Water may foak 'thlc): deeper,
MW"; it?“ for reviving all the Roots; in great Droughts it will not be
Egi'yéiﬂ, amifs to water the Head of the Tree, to recover its Verdure,

ﬁdE§tbgAllns and you ihould' ﬁir t e Ground about them a little ever
fizz-:50" Month, except the time they are in the Green-Home. Y
thanto 613110722 TH E ﬁtteﬁ Seafon for putting Orange—Trees into the
gym”? Green—Houfe, is the middle of Offoéer, when the Nights
1 . and Mornings begin to be cold, and threaten Froﬂ's that
$552223” would fpoil theie ﬁne Trees. The Time for taking themout
1'72”th Green— is ufually the Middle of M4 , when the F roi’ts are gone;
$265303: fo that Orange-Trees are feven Months within doors, and
ﬁve without; but the~Clemency of the Seafon lhould be your
Rule for carrying them in and taking them out. Sometimes
when the Mornings are cool, and fubjeét to W hite—F roﬁs int

\ a I

the

77.76 Pmﬁz'ce of Gardening.

the Middle of M4], it ,will be pr0per to Pray a Week longer
before you bring them out, to prevent Difaﬁers; and when
there is a ﬁne Seafon in Oﬁober, you may keep them out
of their Prifon fome days longer. You then bring your
Orange-Trees near the Green-Houfe, for the putting them
more readily into it, upon the ﬁrﬂ‘ cold Weather. In wet
Years, you may bring your Orange-Trees out more early
than in dry and windy Seafons, as in Gardens that lie low
and marihy, it fhould be later before they are brought out,
than in thofe that are upon higher Ground, where the Wind
difﬁpates the Froﬁ: All thefe things muff be left to the- Dif-
~cretion of the Gardeners.

You ibould ever obferve to houle and bring out your
.Orange-Trees in fair Weather, and as foon as they are fet
in the Green—Home, you {hould not :lhut up the Doors and
. Windows,-but leave them open till the ﬁrl’t Froﬂs come on,
that the- Orange-Trees taken out of the Open Air, may not
be ﬁiﬂed at once; and in taking them out of the Houfe,

237

- they lhould be uﬁed to the Air by little and little, by open- ‘

ing the Windows and Doors in the beginning of April ; for
' without this, fo fudden a Change may do them a great deal
of hurt. , '

O R A N G E -T R E E s of a {mall SiZe may be carried upon
Hand-Barrows or Sledges, or two Men may carry them e‘aﬁl/y
v by ﬂrong Cords faﬁened to the Hooks that clip the four Poﬁs
of the Cafe: The great Trees are fet'upon low Carriages
drawn by Horfes. ' - -' ‘

THKE Manner of ordering Trees in the Green-Home, re-
gards principally the artiﬁcial Heat, to which we muff have
recourfe for keeping out the exceﬂive Colds that may hap-
pen, be the Green—Houfe ever fo good, and the Doors and
Windows ever fo well Prepped: This Fire, however, muﬁ be
as, little and as ﬂow as poﬂible, a natural Heat being always
bei’c for the Trees. You may know when ’tis ”neceﬂ'ary to
make a Fire in it, by letting little Mugs full of Water in fe-
veral Parts of the Green-Houfe, efpecially againl’c the Doors
and Windows; you may put forne of them alfo upon the
Edges of the Cafes: By thefe you may ﬁnd the Degree
of the Cold; if the Water only thickens, without freezing,

you need make no Fire; but if it freezes and be wholly coa-
gulated,

Their Cary-j
ing.

The Methodof
ordering
Orange- Tree:
in the Green-_
Houji.

2,38 77737711751 Part. ~ -CHAP. VI.
gulated, you ihould then keep a continual Fire the whole
time of the Weather’s continuing fo. , ‘

T H IS Heat {hould be but moderate, for too much Fire
is Very hurtful to Orange-Trees; the difﬁculty lies in ﬁnd-
ing a Heat equal and temperate, without making much
Smoak, which caufes the Leaves to fall off; Stoves and
Iron Pans are generally made ufe of, in which Coal
is burnt, being well lighted before it is brought into the
Green-Houfe. Thefe Bra2eers are fet at the Entrance of
the Door, and at the Ends and in the Middle of the Alleys
‘ between the Benches, taking care to fuﬂ’er none to {land un-
der the Boughs of any Orange-Tree, which Would affured-
1y {trip it. Others diia proving of the Irregularity of the Coal-
4 Fire, which is at 11 very hot, and afterwards very weak,
and may, by its Smoak, dry up the Moiﬁure of the Sap, fo

mfeldam ' neceiTary to the Prefervation of the Leaves, employ covered
3&2“??nger Stoves, which they call German Stoves which carry their
Green—Hou/é: Smoak out of doors, by the help of a Brafs Funnel: Thefe
ﬁnder TW'f‘ are kept by a moderate Fire of Wood, and by an Experi—
ﬁagg’ﬁ‘“ ment how. long a certain Qlantity of Wood will laf’c, they
Meudonst/Je] are renew’deithout interruption. You may alfo make uie
Sign?” e” of Lamps hung up to the Ceiling, in the Middle and at the
fhemfelvef. Corners of the Green Houfe, efpecially near the Doors and
32:” ”[15],; -Windows, Where the Cold ufually comes in. The warmth
new light. which theie afford, is gentle, conf’rantly equal, and uni—
37:12:32 1’? form; you light them again at a certain Hour, without
we}? great fearof any Intermiﬂion, by trying how long one Lamp will
TZ‘W- 1" laﬁ, which gives you a Rule to know when they will all be
Elﬁdfaiii out: You may put more or leis of thefe Lamps, in pr0p0r_
.Sceaux the] tion to the Size of the Green-Houfe, and you fhould hang
zgéegfefée_ them pretty high, for fear their Smoak {hould damage any Tree.
caafe the ‘ It is certain, that the Fire of Lamps is more equal than that
$52,533? of lighted Coal; but as it is not, however, without its Smoak,
uponthe'rjwel the German Stoves, kept with a moderate Wood Fire, feem
-o“”eG’0””"- to be the moﬂ: preferable, and are moﬁ in ufe in England,
Holland, Sweden and Germany. (
. ,YoU {hould take care-not to fet your Orange—Trees ver
near the Walls, as well becaufe of the F rof’r, as for the Con-
veniencyof viﬁting and examining them from time to time;
you may‘fet them in Rows, by ﬁraining a Line, and raife
‘ them

7726’ Pmc‘lzce of Gardmmg, 23 9
them upon fome Benches or Scantlings of Timber, for fear

of the Damps; Pomegranate-Trees and Laurels may be ﬂat

againf’t the Walls. ,

IN great Rains and Thaws, as the Weather is Very mild,
your fhould take care to open fome Windows, to give your ,
Trees air; you may likewife 'give fuch Trees as want it a
little Water, as alto the Flowers that are houfed, which u
may be fet abroad for fome Hours.

' A s an Orange-Tree naturally requires a great deal of Neat-
nefs, as well in its Leaves, as in its Wood, you mutt, before
you take it out, cleanfe with~fmall Brufhes, all its Boughs
and Leaves, from the Eggs of Inﬁéts, Spiders Webs and
other Filth, which is very eﬂential to their Prefervation. ,

’T Is not fuﬁieient to have guarded againﬁ the Cold and TI» Way to
Winds, which hurt Orange-Trees, unlefs we thew the way gig};
of fecuring them againf’c thofe Infef’ts that attack them, and '
do them conﬁderable Mifchief; fuch as *Bugs, Piﬁnires and frPunaifcs.
Ear-Wigs. ' ’

BU as of themfelves do no great Injury to Orange-Trees, ,
but as they make them ﬂovenly by the Neﬁs of Eggs which
they lay in Autumn, upon the difordered Branches that they
meet with in ﬂying ; thefe look at ﬁrf’r like fmall red Spots,
but coming in the Spring-time to the Bignefs of a Lentil,
they are hatched and To multiply to great Numbers, which
again lay other Eggs. If great Care be taken to cut away
the ufelefs Wood in the Head of an OrangeoTree, and to
cleanfe all its Branches thorowly, the \Bugs will ibarce make
any Filth upon it. t - . ,

A N T s or Pifmires are drawn to Orange-Trees by nothing
but the Neﬂs of Bugs Eggs; to that if theﬂ: are carefully
V deﬁroyed, you are lecured from the Perfecution of theft: In-
feéts, -WhiCh~lS the beltRemedy, you may likewife tie Cot—
ton about the Stem of the Tree, or rub it with Chalk, which,
fome fay, will prevent theirrunning up. Ants eat. the Orange-

F lowers, and leave Heaps of Naﬁinefs upon the Leaves.

EA R -WIGS are the molt diﬂieult Things to deﬁroy, and
often peck and gnaw all the Leaves of an Orange-Tree.
They are taken in Coﬁins of Paper placed about ﬁveral Parts
of the T rec; you may alfo fet ibrne fmall Troughs of. Earth,
Lead or Tin, full of Water, about each Foot of the Cheﬁ, t}:

- eatc

2.40 7% szm' Part;- CHAP. VI.

catch them in, which will hinder thefe Infeéts, as well as
Pifmires, from getting upthe Sides of it. Some make fmall
round Veffels of two Pieces, which meet together about the
Stem of the Tree, f0 as to clip it, and leave no Space be-
tween, after they have ﬂuﬂ'ed in fome Yarn, Cotton, or Mots;
thefe they ﬁll with Water, and when the Ear-\Vig, who is
naturally afraid of Water, comes near it, he goes away as
he came, without doing any hurt.

”BMW, of P o M E G R A N A 1‘ E -T R E Es, Laurels, Myrtles, Jeﬂa- ,

(Mar Trees. mines, (75'. are to be managed in the lame manner as Orange-
Trees; the bringing up of which may ferve as a Model for all
Trees that are put into Chei’ts or Pots, with very little dif-
ference, which I am going to mention.

TH E Pomegranate-Tree requires more Nourifhment, and

' .a more fubﬁantial Earth than the Orange-Tree; you may
put one half of good untried Earth, and the other half of
*Terreau,i.e. *5 Bed-Mold, and this will hinder its Flowers from falling fo
$225146);on faﬁ: It wants a great deal of watering, as once in two Days, and
reduced to ihould have its Earth often ﬁirred; beﬁdes which, it ihould
“We be new cafed every two Years, and on the upper Part of the
Cafe you may ﬁrew two or three Inches of Bed-Mold ; its Head
ought to be round and very tufted, without any other Cau-
tion in the Pruning, than to pinch off thofe Branches that put

out too far. ~

T H E Myrtle has nothing in it particular, but that it re-

‘ quires more Water, and a little more looking after than the
Orange-Tree, being of a much more tender Nature.

B A Y - T R E E s, Cherry—Laurels, and, Rofe—Laurels, are
always thirﬂy, you can never give them too much Water;
their Earth ihould be changed from time to time, and their
Pruning is as ufual. . ’ . ,

JESSAMINES in general require tWO Thirds of good
* Terreau, a: Earth, and one Third of *Mold; Spam'jb Jeﬂ'amines Ihould
54”“ be pruned every Year, at the End of Marc/o, cutting all the
Branches to one Eye, next the Place where they {hoot from
the Stem, as is done in Oziers; this is to ﬁrengthen it from
the Bottom, and make it put out more vigorouﬂy : You may
’water, it amply and often. ,

Ros E -T R E E8 delight much in a light and gravelly, or

fandy Ground; their Culture is as common, except the month—

1y

_ 77.23 Pmﬁz'ce 0f Gardeniﬁg.

ly Role-Tree, which ﬂowers feven or eight Months in .the
Year, and demands fome particular Care, without which it
will bear but once a Year, as the others. This Care conﬁﬁs
for inﬂance in cutting it down to the Ground in Septemlier,
to have new Shoots at Spring , they are alfo to be pruned at
the End of Z‘vlarcb, by taking the new Shoots off to the Eyes
next the Stem ; laﬂly, they are to be pruned after each mo-
ving of the Sap, cutting the Branches below the Knots where
the Flowers were, after the Flowers are gone. ’Tis by this
Abundance of cutting, that this Role-Tree is kept always in
ﬂower, and to help it the more, you fhould itrew an Inch
depth of Bed-mold at the foot of the Tree, and water? it
over, to waih the Salts down to the Roots.

TH E Broom,Althea,Honey-Suckle,Trifolium,Syringa, e’yvc.
require a natural Earth, often watered and kept ﬂirted; they
are clipt into Hedges, Dwarf-Trees or Balls : As for the Leo-
nurus, Amomum, Colutea and Lentisk, they are more deli-
cate, and require the fame Earth and Culture as Orange-Trees.

Y0 U ihould obferve in cutting all thefe Trees for keeping
them round, to take out the waited and ill-placed Wood, as
you do that which rifes above the Head, and ihoots out on
every Side.

TH as E Trees may be eaﬁly put ihto Pots, that is, the
fmall ones, for the Roots of the larger would be too much
conﬁned and grow crooked in Pots and Vafes: The putting
them into Pots is done in the fame manner as the putting them
into Cafes; but in Places where they are expofed to the Wind,
they ihould be fecured from being blown down, by Iron-.
Wires ﬁxed to Pegs drove into the Ground. Trees that are
put into Pots, ﬂ'iould be watered much oftner than thofe in
Cafes, the Reafon of which is very plain; Pots being thinner
are more eaﬁly penetrated by the Raysof the Sun, and con-
fequently the Earth is fooner dried up and clodded. They
ﬂrould be put into the Houfe upon the, ﬁrﬁ Froﬂs as well as
the Cafes, without which the Weather would iplit them.

' TH E Expoﬁtion of thefe Trees fhould be the fame as that i

of the Orange-Trees, however you may let them any where,
and as they ﬁller leis by the bad \Vinds, you may put them
into the Houie a little later, and bring them out a little looner
than you do the Orange-Trees, taking care to water them

I i ' i when

241

242

The 14/31er-
umeriﬂg the
Inﬁrm.

it We all this
Plan a» In-‘

ﬁrmar}.

7776 7 771'”! Part. CHAP. VI.

when they begin to fade. They are not perceived to be
fubjeét to Bugs or Vermin, however ’tis good to keep them
from Duﬁ and Naﬁinefs.

S U CH Trees as ﬂand out all the Winter, and are Ibmewhat
tender, fhould be covered with Litter or Straw—Marts . .

A F r E R having fpoken fo much of Trees that are in Health,
and which are fuppofed to be f0 by the good Management of
them, there remains nothing more than to {hew how to cure

'thofe that are Sickly, and to recover and conﬁrm them in

their former State of Beauty ; which in the Buﬁnefs of Orange—-~
Trees is a Point of great Difﬁculty and Importance, and re‘-
quires a good deal of Skill to ﬁnd out the true Caufe of their
Diforder. '

T H E Diﬁempers ofOrange-Trees proceed from a bad Green-
houfe, a defective Recaﬁng or an exhauﬁed Earth, from fome
rotten Roots, too much Heat, too much Cold, or too much
Water; from bad Pruning, from Infeéts and Vermin that ﬁrip
them 5 or laftly, from Winds and Hail that break their Boughs
and blaﬁ their Leaves. .

A s foon as you fee an Orange-Tree languiihing, you ihoulri’
take it away from the others, and fet it aﬁde in a * Place {hel-
tered from the Sun, which would prefently burn up and turn
its new Shoots yellow. There it {hould remain till it be per-
fectly recovered, which fometimes is a gdod while: T hefe ,
ﬁck Trees require much more Care and Attention than thofe
that are in Health.

T H E R E is no other Remedy againf’ta bad Green-houfe but
to build another, for putting the ﬁck Orange-Trees into, the
following Year: As to deﬁcient Recafing, no time ihould be
10?: in putting it into a new Cafe, which is the belt way to re-
cover it.

TH E Earth is the chiefeﬁ Thing to be examined, as the
Foundation of all: if it appears entirely exhaufted, and worn
out, the Tree {hould be wholly taken out of its Cafe; but if
it looks to be pretty good, it will be ﬁrﬂicient to give it a
Half-caﬁng. In taking the Tree out of its Cafe, you ﬂrould
mind the Roots, andpif you ﬁnd any of them dead 0r rotten,
cut them off to" the Chuck, then {trip it of half its Clod, tak-
ing it in clofer upon the Sides and under Part, to force it to
put out new Roots that may recover its Head.

A T H r;

'Tbe Pmﬁiw of Gardening.

TH E making of too much Fire, the Cold the Trees have
fuﬂ-‘ered upon taking them out of the Houfe too foon, or keep-
ing them out too: late, the too great Burden of Wood left on
them, the Naﬁinefs of the Branches, and their being peﬁered‘
with Infeéks and Vermin, are evident Marks of the Ignorance
of him who looks after them. All thefe Accidents, if they
do nOt quite fpoil a Tree, they kill at leaﬁ part of its Branches ;
fo that you are obliged to cut off its Head. When there is
only a Neceﬂity to takeaway fome dead or withered Branches,
they lhould be cut off ihort, juﬁ to the (Nick; and leave no
more than is proportionable to the Foot, for the Charge ought
to be as near as poiﬁble equal to the Nourifhment. V

Yo U {hould make no fcruple to cut aWay at once all that’s
needful; that you may have no Occaﬁon to repeat this Work,
the Years following, the Tree will thrive the better and. reco-
ver it felf the fooner. When you come to the Branches next
the Stem, you {hould endeavour to fave the largef’r, and cut
away the fmalleﬁ; though they fhould have fome Leaves and
Flowers upon them, even to the leaving the Tree quite naked
in order to help it. When an Grange—Tree that is weak and
Ianguifhing puts out‘ﬁrong Shoots even to the middle of its old
Branches and near its Trunk, you fhould take off thefe Sorts
of Branches ﬁlled with weak Shoots down to this Place, for
making advantage of the Strength the Tree ihews it felf to have
here. T hefe Shoots are perhaps yellow and drooping at ﬁrﬂ,
but they will foon grow green and vigorous, when the Roots
have Strength fuﬂicient to nourifh them.

A B o v E all, you ‘Ihould take care to keep the new Branches
very clean from all Filth and Infeé’ts, to take off the Flowers,
and to ﬁrﬁer no Fruit to knit upon them: What can we require
of Trees that are/ﬁckly, more than Wood and Leaves ? 'tis
enough if they anfwer the Pains we take about them.

FOR Branches that are broken by the Winds, and Leaves
that are blaﬁed by the Hail, the only Remedy is to pluck
off the Leaves, and cut away the broken Branches: It is
needlefs to new-cafe an Orange-Tree on this account, that
has received no damage in its Roots, if it has been ihaken,

ou may ﬁx it again, by ﬁlling up the Clefts with'new Earth.
A good Difpoﬁtion in the Garden, fcreens a Tree in good

meafure from thefe Accidents.
1i. 2 _ IN

243

244

7h) ﬂirt! Part. CHA P. VI.

I N the Recovery of thefe ﬁck Trees, Iadvife you to have

patience; an Orange-Tree is .fometimes two or three Years
without putting out Roots or Branches, though carefully
managed, new-cafed with good Earth, and its Cafe neither
too big nor too little. If the Tree look green in its Stem and
branches, you need not change it, in time it may recover
from this Lethargy, and make more vigorous Shoots after-
wards than another Tree. But if an Orange-Tree ﬂands in
its Cafe four or ﬁve Years. without putting out any Thing
but fome yellow Leaves, it is abfolutely requifite to change
its Earth the Year following, without ﬁaying ’till it be down--
right .Sick before you do it; which lhould be prevented,
leﬁ your Orange-Tree lofe all its Leaves the Year it is new-
cafed, as ufually happens; whereas this Work done in time
keeps off its futureMalady. ‘
' POMEGRANATES, Jeffamines, Laurels, and the other
Trees before-mentioned, have no peculiar Diﬁemper, but
what relates to thoie of the Orange-Tree; fo that what
has been laid of this, may be applied to them.

I have nothing more to add that is material to the Cul-
ture of thefe Trees, this Treatife,‘though fhort, contain-
ing every thing that I think concerns than. In difcourﬁng
of Flowers, which is my next Buﬁnels, ‘I ihall endeavour
to keep to the fame Brevity, and the like Exaétnels in
Particulars. '

 

CHAP.

We Praﬁiee of Gardening. 2.4;“

wnwwnwnnwnnnnnwn

C H A P. VII.

0f tloe Flower! generally made afe
of in tire Borden ofParz‘errer, quit/2
tloe Manner of Sowing, Managing,
and Propagating tlyem. ,, an. N.

Come now to the Flowers which adorn the Borders
ofParterres in every Seafon, and in treating of them {hall
endeavour to draw Men off from the Errors and Whimﬁes of
the greatel’r part of Florif’cs, which carried the 9“ Eaﬁern Na- * o Sonata»
tions‘even into Idolatry. It is well known that the Love they 3:2“; [21%;
bore to their Roots, exceeded all that can be laid of it : ,T his in hm}, Nu-
Heat is at prefent fomewhat abated in France, but continues mine-'Juvmal'
ﬁill ver violent in the Low Count z'er. sat'if'v' 19'
Y . 7' , The oldEgyp—
C U R 1 o s I 'r Y in the Buﬁnefs of Flowers runs chieﬂy upon tians adorea
Tulips, Anemones, Ranunculus’s, Auricula’s and Pinks. The :23: £32514
Curious have fearce any Value for our other Flowers, which Miran-r 0's
tho’ leis varied in their Kinds, come not at all behind them in ”im- Diod?»
the Livelinefs of their Colours, the Beauty of their Shape, the lc‘ 1" 1'“
Fragrancy of their Smell, or in their Duration and Agreeable-
nefs in the Furniture of our Gardens: But they are Tulips,
Anemones, (re. which require fo much Care and Pains for
the Pleafure of feeing them laﬁ twelve or ﬁfteen Days at '
mof’r. Could you fancy to your felf a Man of deep Thought,
always uneafy, always. fearful, riﬁng out of Bed in a froﬁy
Night to cover his Flowers, digging, watering and weeding
his Borders continually, fcreening his Earth very ﬁne, and
preparing it in a different manner for each Species, keeping' a
written Memorial of the Order of his Borders, with the Names‘
and Draughts of every Flower, who as foon‘ as their'Bloonr is
over,

246 m mm pm. CHAR V11,

over, takes up their Roots, and puts them into Boxes and
Drawers each apart or wrapt up in Paper; who, above all,
keeps his Flowers as his Treafure, and lets no body corne
near them but with a jealous Eye; you wbuld have a true
Idea of a great Floriﬁ. ’Tis by thefe means the Curious come
up to fueh a Diﬁraé‘tion about their Flowers, that they have
valued one T ulip—Root at more than a hundred Piffols; and
to keep their ﬁne Roots to themfelves, they have often the
Malice to ftamp their Suckers to pieces.
Curious and F o R avoiding this Evil as much as pollible,I {hall lay down
glitz/£3235: fure Rules and a plain Culture, oppoﬁte to all their great
pointed here, Myﬁeries, that without fo much Pains you may have ﬁne
i” tkebRMﬁm Flowers in every Sealon, and your Borders ﬁlled without In-
roug tto op- . . . . .
pwweirmc- terruptron for eight Months in the Year; and this 18 the only
$2,213;sz Thing needful in great Parterres, Wthh would wit a great
thisCxlture deal, and be very chargeable to keep, if they wanted as
[0 crummy to much looking after as F loriﬁs bellow on their Beds. An Earth
”mm a little meliorated, an Expoﬁtion fomewhat fheltered, and a
general Care, are all that is here required, and fuﬂicient to
make every Thing fucceed to your with.
I ihall alfo endeavour/as much as poﬁible to clear up abun-
dance of whimﬁcal Names given to the fame Flower, and
210:? $222}.- which are mentioned Iéparately in the * Catalogues of F 10--
ofmmr, a, rifts. Thele great Names are of no ufe but to confound molt
Melinda!“ People; Nature is fo various in her Productions, that to each
g”£§;t‘;fni2¢ new Kind the forms, every one thinks himfelf obliged to give
The Culture a new Name, oftentimes his own, a little Vanity contributing»
fairly?” 5} more to this Cuf’com than any N eceﬂity. Thus this abundance
17,9 mm, of Names is every day increaﬁng among the Curious to fuch
éﬁﬁﬁ'ﬁml a degree, that they often know a Flower under one Name,
”my, 01"“: Wind) they are Strangers to under another.
mm, of FLow E R s are produced from two Things, Plants or Roots
ﬁwingcl’low- and from Bulbs; neverthelefs they come originally from Seed,
m’ c’ though Nature has given them another way of multiplying
by their Suckers, or by the Layers, Sets and Cuttings taken
from the F oot of them ; and ’tis left to the Floriﬁ’s Difcretion
to make ufe of which of thefe feveral Ways herpleafes.
PL A N T s are diﬂinguiihed into the Fibrous or Stringy, the

Bulbous and the Woody.
T H a

‘7799 Pmc‘i‘ice of Gardening. 247

gTH E Fibrous have no other,.than fmall ﬁringy Roots, as
the. Amaranthus, Balfam—Apple, éc.
T H E Bulbous have their Roots compofed of many Cafes or
Skins wrapt up one within another, as the Tulip, Junquil, (7'6. /
T HE Woody have their Roots, their Boughs “and their
Stem of a Conﬁﬁence hard enough to make Wood, as the
Trees and Shrubs lai’c fpoken oﬁ
F I B R 0 U 3 Plants are divided into the Vivaeious or Perennial,
and the Annual: the Vivacious or Perennial Plants are fuch
as get little Injury by the Froﬁ, but will keep fome Years;
the Annual are thofe which laﬁ but one Year, not being able
through their Tendernefs to hand the Rigour of the Winter.
B U L B 0 U 3 Plants are not dif’ringuifhed into fo many Kinds ;
this Name being general to all, except fome whofe Root is f0
particular, that it refembles the Fangs or Claws of Animals;
and from hence the Fangs of Anemones, and the Claws of the
Ranunculus take their Name.
BEFORE I enter upon a more particular Defcription of
Plants and Bulbous-Roots, it is proper to fpeak of the diﬂ'e-
rent Places where Flowers are to be raifed, and the Compoﬁtion
of Earth that is ﬁt for them, without regard to the Over-
nicety of Florii’ts about the Matter.
FLOWERS are raifed upon hot Beds, Flower-Beds, in
Pots, and in the Borders of Parterres.
A B o R DE R in general is a great Length of Ground, nar-
row and ufually edged with Box, the Earth of which is kept
turned and raifed like an Afs’s or Carp’s—back, into which
are brought the "F lowers that are raifed in hot Beds with their
Clod or Earth about them. The feveral Differences of thefe 1279333: “"4
are {hewn in the Chapter of Parterres, Part I. gatinznguﬁ
T HE Flower—Bed is (likewife of a long Extent, ﬂat and ed together-
narrow, without any Edging or Border but that of the Path; 323%;
the Earth of them lhould be turned and kept equally raifcd, Bed, with

throughout the whole, two or three Inchesiabove the Paths Brick, ﬂ“
Stone, 0/ Mod,

and Alleys as/the Beds in a Kitchen-Garden. , no, will,“ ,0
T H E hot Bed is very different from thefe, being made up P127»; Box,”
W 15 W0“

with large Litter or Horfe-dung well mixed and laid together MWGMM
in a Heap; on the Top of which is fpread half 9. Foot thick— and hing

, Dogs-Graﬁ:
The} Alf: lay a Bed of Ruééiﬂzat the Bottom of their Earth, to hinder their Roar: ﬁom running deep
and loﬁng there/elves; this they [22} prewar: the Mole-Track: likewife. What Slavery is here!

nefs

248 7216/7792'1’51 Part. CHAP. VII.

Time area/[0' nets of Bed-Mold, the whole riﬁng to the Height of three or
5:133:23?" {our Foot above the Superﬁcies of the Ground; their Breadth
attain/w is generally between four and ﬁve Foot, and their Length
Eg‘ir‘éléjc’iiis proportionable, as that of the F lower-Bed ought likewiie
Sourdes, but to be.
@1935?” TH E Pots which I here mean, are generally of red Earth,
ﬂ " very different from thofe of Earth-Ware, which contribute
to the Decoration of Gardens, as has been obferved in the ’ﬁrﬁ
Part: thefe, whEn ﬁlled with good Earth, ferve for the raiﬁng
the Roots of Tulips, Anemones, Tuberofes and inch Flowers
of the Seaion as are kept in reierve for furniihing the vacant
places of Borders: They might indeed be fupplied by fowing
the Seed, but we rather chufe to mill: the Flowers in their
‘ Clod upon a hot Bed, and to put them into Pots when they
are ihmewhat grown. Theie Pots ferve likewife for putting
the Flowers and Plants into the Green-Houie during the
Winter, that cannot bear the Cold.

B E F0 R E you plant or fow any thing in Pots, you Ihould
lay fome Gravel or Rubbiih at the Bottom, that the Water
may run away; they fhould then be ﬁlled with prepared
Earth, as in the cafe of Orange-Trees, and it ihould be pref-
fed down, that it may not ﬁnk too much from the Edge; you
may raife the Earth in the middle two Inches higher than

you may put the Rim and put the Root three Inches deep into it. If you
ngo'lzrmm fow Seed, you ﬁrew in as much as you can take up between
gePotL . . .
your F ingers Ends, and cover it over With an Inch of Bed-
Mold.

To forward your Flowers when potted, bury them up to
the Rim in fome hot Beds, and let them continue there ’till
the Flower is ready to break out ; and when they are fet in
their Places, take care to refrelh them oftener than other
Flowers that ﬁand in the open Ground.

Fine Tulips, T H E Earth of Borders and of Flower-Beds, fhould .be
{$333,153, dung’d a little and turned up for two Foot deep; if it be
nndjunqttflx, worn out, you may take ibme frelh Earth out of fome neigh-
3321;23:172—- bouring Walks or Alleys and mix with it, fcreening it to
quition if take away the Stones. Every three Years you may likewiie
:17; “5’ 1"” put fome Dung to it, which is the time that the Roots and
and (y. 1 Plants ihould be drawn to leﬂen their Number : And this is all

3 the

7796 Pmﬁice of Gardening. 249

the Preparation required. Youfhould obferve to put no Dung
'into your Borders, but that which is throughly rotten, and well
mixt with the Earth by two or three turnings; otherwife the
Bulbs and Plants will be prefently burnt up. You have the
time for making thisDung from the Month of yum, when you
draw the Roots, to the time you replaut them in September. The
Borders and F lower—beds {hould be kept very clean from
Stones and Weeds, which draw oﬁ‘ all the Strength of the
Ground. They lhould be often turned, and have their Surface
ﬁrewed over with Bed-mold, to make the Earth more light and
enetrable._

I N moii’c Grounds you may put one third of Horfe-dun ,'

one third of Sand, and the other of the natural Earth of the
Border, in order to make it dryer and to improve it a little.
In dry Countries you may mix two thirds of frefh Earth, or,
in its ﬂead, Cow-dung, which is naturally cool, withone third
of the Earth of the place, covering the Surface with one Inch
of Bed-mold; half a foot thickneﬂs of this Mixture is enough to
raife your Flowers on. Such as

HOT-BE us are .neceﬂ‘ary for raiﬁng the Seeds of their
Plantsas are tender and fear the F rofts 5 they are of great ufe
ina Garden, by the Mold they produce, which ferves to ﬁrew
over the F lower-plots and Borders, and to fupply the Cafes
and Pots; in a word, there is hardly any thing to be done
without them in the whole buﬁnefs of Planting.

Y 0 U . may begin to“ make your Hot-beds in the Month of m ﬂymla’ “z.
Marc/y; they {hould be always expofed to the greatef’c Heat, “7W ’MW e
.and ifpoﬂible lie againl’t a Wall or within a Melon-ground that guigiffg: 0”
is inclofed; you may let them take their great Heat for a F ort- Miﬁngl’lomrt
(night before you fow any thing in~-them, and then ﬁrew an :ﬁygﬁjf’
Inch thicknefs of Bed-mold over’the Seed you fow, covering Bedlam/bra
the places with Bell-glaﬂes: Thefe will keep the Seed from “’“wae’y'
the cold Weather in the Spring, and being heated by the Sun,
will much'forward its Growth. If the Cold be any thing fevere,
you may cover the GlalTes with Litter. V
, H o r—B E D s will fcarcely hold good above one Year; the
fecond Year you may heat them a—new, by ﬁlling up the
Paths between the Beds with hot Litter 2 In like manner you
rmay recruit old Beds, or fuch as are too cold. ‘ ' ‘

K 1: Tag;

236 W76 77.72%? Part. CHM. VII.

TH A T you never need Pray for the Moon inyour planting
or lbwing, l have already hinted: Leave thefe Fancies to
the good People who are fond of them, this Age is too know-
ing to give into fuch idle Stories. All you-have to do, is to
chufe a proper time when it is difpofed to rain, which is of
ufe to bury the Seed and make it ’fprout the ilooner.

Seedxthatai‘e I SHALL begin with annual Plants, that is, their as rife
;‘;”etf“'l‘:,$:’ every Year from their Seed, and {hall diﬁinguilh thofe that
ﬂaou déeﬁeep- are to be fown upon Hot-beds, from thofe that ‘are to be ‘fown
331;” gig” in the open Ground.
the; mﬁm, S E E D ihould always be gathered from the ﬁrongeﬁ Plants
21:21:13 if???) and the moﬁ vigorous Stalks, and above all from Flowers of
theme”; the ﬁneﬂ Colour; they will always degenerate faft enough,
nit/routw/airb f0 that you cannot be too nice in your choice : It is to be ob-
ﬁgmﬁﬁ‘; ferved that double Flowers in general never feed, except the
up. Amaranthus, the Indian Rofe, the Lark’s-heel, the Poppy,
the Chryfan‘themum, or great Daily, and the double Pink.
Leave no more than the Maﬁer—lhoot of your choice Flowers,
and cut away all the. other Stalks, that the Seed referved may
have all the Nourilhment and ripen the more certainly.
TkeSeezlof SEEDS are in their Maturity and State to ’be gathered,
$232550” when the Capfula or Husk which inclo'fes them is dry and
fonmnrﬁmn a: ready to open, f0 as that the Seed is like to burﬂout. You
225%?th may be fure of their goodnefs when upon putting them into a
”emblem, Veﬂ‘el of Water they ﬁnk to the bottom. There are fome
ﬂjewtheM- to be fov‘m in the Spring, others in Autumn, Term upon Hot—
éﬁgjgfﬁff, beds, others in open Ground; thofe that you ﬂay for the
beﬁoujéd »- Spring to fow them in, ihould be kept during the Winter in
ﬁzﬁggi 11;: Bags hung up to the Ceiling of fome dry place.
' T HE annual Plants to be fown upon Hot-beds in the

Spring, are,

The double Wily-Flower. The Amaranthus Tricolor,

The Indian 11012:. White and black.
The Indian Pink. * The Spanz'ﬂ) Sainfoin.
The N ight-ihade. ‘ The ﬁriped Ballam-Apple.
The Amaranthus. The Stramonium or Thorn-
T he Chryfanthemum or Apple.‘
great Daily. The Tat/ma Clarz'ﬂz‘ or Ricinns.
The Sweet Baﬁl.

The

77w Pmﬂiw of Gardening. 2.5" I
The Comm/velar or great The Ambrette or Holy Thiftle.
Bind-Weed. The Monk’s Hood, or Indian

The Purple F lower-gentle, or Crefs.
the F ox—tail.

T H E Seeds that are to be fown in the Spring upon open In theSprlng
Ground, that is to lay upon Flower-beds and Borders of Par- 2"; 71/12,- ZZ’
terres, are the fame that are fown in Autumn : Nothing but a ”£4 Borden,
very great F rail or the Overﬂowing of the Ground ihould put ’heFlwmﬁ'

, - -. . . . Summer and
oil" your fowmg thefe to the begxr‘ranﬁofMarcb, for It 18 al- Autumn.
ways better to do it in Autumn. Care ihould be taken to clear
.and weed the Flowers you have fown when they come up too ,
thick, that is, to pluck up fome of them from between thofe

that ﬂand well: Thefe Flowers are,

The Lark’s-heel. The Mufcipula or Catch-Fly.

The Double P0ppy. The Double Corn-ﬂower, or

The Annual Candy—Tuft. wild Poppy. ‘

The Double Marygold. . The Eternal Flower or Sneeze-
Wort.

TH E R E is leis difﬁculty in railing Flowers fown in open
Ground, and in Pots, than thofe fown upon Hot-beds; which
having got about three Inches height,ihould be ufed to the Air
by little and little, raiﬁng the Glaffes upon little forked Sticks.
In warm Nights the Glalfes may be taken quite off, and be fet
upon the Forks again the next Morning, and this for the fpace
of a Month. When Flowers are too clofe together upon your Tbe Amaran-
Hot-beds, they do not rife fo well; wherefore when they have Sim; thala-
gota little Strength, they ihould in a rainy Seafon be planted 113,231: :2:
out in Rows, upon other, frefh Hot-beds to forward them, BMW-Apple,
and hinder their running up too high. When the Body is fﬁﬁﬁ‘:
grown a little hard, your Beds ihould be watered well, and, errﬂzould 52
for want of fecond Beds, you may raife fome in Flower-beds. €733,230;
Theie lhould be covered over with Straw—mats in froﬂy nights, your Hot-beds,
and uncovered again in the day when the Sun is upon them; £29113?

, ez, em and

your-Straw-mats are to be born up by forked SthkS, to keep keeptbemfram

them from touching the Flowers. running "PM

K k z I N “‘1"

zgz 9 7773’" 777M134”. CRAP. VII.

1 N, a Month or two after, yoiJr Flowers will have Height

and Beauty enough to be tranfplanted. into the Parterres and

ThirClozlof Vafes; they are then to be railed with their Clod or Earth

Earth 112”” about them, with the difplanting Scoop, and carried gently to

ﬁtwfri 2”,, the Borders where thereihould be Holes prepared for them

them draft/7e] fuitable to the Size of their Clod. "In making thcfe Holes with

[33229571552 the Spade, Care ihould be taken not to cut any Root or neigh-

makertbem bouring Plant, and to place your Flowers in the vacant Spaces
xfggrfgj’ deﬁgn’d for them in the BOrders.

The Plants and Vivacious Roots, are,

The Snap-dragonor Anthirinum. Single- and double Pinks;
The yellow fab—Flower.- The Bell Flower. '
The vivacious Candy-tuft. The Marcb Violet-

The Oculu: Clariﬂz' or Aﬂer The Panfy.

Attic”: ‘ The. Pafque F lower;.
The 517472in Pink. The Auricula;
Mtgmzrdi/é-Pink; The Scarlet—bean;
Sea-thrift. : The Paﬂion-ﬂower.
Spam/b Sainfoin. The little Daify-
Liver-Wort. _ The Sun Flower.
Primrofes. The Indian Jacea.‘
Columbine. _ The ﬁngle Carnation.
Mothernwort. " The double Carnation or
Fluellin. E nglz'fb julj—Flower.
Valerian. The jerufalem Crofs or
Rofes Tremieres. Knights Scarle't-Crofs.
Lilly of the Valley. The Crowned Stork’s Bill.
Camomil. . Ox-Eyes, or Buphthalmus.
Poets Pinks, or Hyacmths. i ‘

 

T H E s E Plants are not ufually raifed from Seed, tho’ fome
of them may be f0 : We are fatisﬁed with raiﬁng them from
Layers, from Cuttings and from Slips, as the Carnation, the
yellow juiy- Flower, the Poets Pink, and the little Daify.
The» Layers and Cuttings are to be taken off from the Stock
at their F oot, every Year in Autumn: and as they are very

Vigorous,

77.16 Pmﬂzw of Gardening.
vigorous, they may be ﬁt in the open Ground as foon as they
,7 are feparated. _ , ,

L A Y E R s, Cuttings, and Slips often ﬂower the ﬁrf’t Year,
but ufually ’tis two Years before they get Strength and produce
any ﬁne Flowers; you may raife them upon Beds in your
Nurfery, or put them down at once in the place they are to
fraud. You ihould obferve to fhade the Cuttings that are fet
in the open Ground for the ﬁrﬁ 5 or 6 Days with Straw-mats,
left the Heat of the Sun fhould wither them; thofe that are
in Pots fhould be fet in the Shade: thefe Slips or Cuttings
fhould be fet three Inches deep into—the Ground; Iharpening
the end which you fet in the Ground, like that of a Flute.

A s to the Cuttings and Roots you feparate from the Mo—
ther-ﬁock, you do it with a Wooden Wedge or Knife, when
they are too ﬁrong to. be taken off by hand 5 eachCutting that.
is ﬁt for replanting, ,muﬁ have one Eyeat leaf: and fome Roots,
and the great Wounds that are made by this Work. are to be
afterwards recovered by laying on Sprawl}; Wash.

The Bulbous Plants are thefe';

Tulips early and backward.

NarciITus’s common and
double-

Narcilfus’s of Conﬂanﬂm—
pie.

Jonquils ﬁngle and double.

The F lame-coloured or,
Orange—Lilly. .

The White Lilly.

The Hemerocalle or Day-
Lilly.

 

Anemones ﬁngle and tufted. ..
The Ranunculus of Tram/iv

The bulbous Iris.

The- Hyacinth.
The Crown Imperial.

The Martagon or Mountain-'~

Lilly.
Tuberofes.. .
The Crocusbr Saffron-Flower;
The Cyclamen.

The Bafﬁnet or golden Knops.

The Peony.

T H E befi: Bulbous Roots are the largef’t‘and foundef’r, thofev
that are not gnawn or otherwile defeétive, and ’tis the un-.
commonnefs of the kind that makes all thier Diliinétion and.
Merit. Among bulbous Roots we look upon Tulips as the
moﬂ conﬁderable, and’what is faid ‘of them will fufhce for
all the other Bulbs- in general;. as Jonquils, Narciﬂhs’s,

I

Hyaclmths, .

i 25';

2.54 7756’ 7771M Part. CHAP- VII,

Hyacinths, Lillies, (’76. which have nothing particular in their
Culture, and which has not relation to that of the Tulip.
T U L I P s are divided into feveral Claﬂes, into Early,
Meridional and Backward, which are 'diﬂinguiihed by the
Seafons in which they blow; into coloured Tulips, Which
are thofe railéd from Seed; and into ﬁriped and edged,
which are eﬁeemed the ﬁneﬁ.
* Tulippe de W E call that a *coloured Tulip which is marked with IE.
“”1"”- veral Colours, full and clear, without Mixture or Interruption;
the ﬁriped Tulip is a coloured Tulip, ltreaked and edged
with feveral other Colours, which make it ﬂriped. That
+ Tuligpe pa- which comes up every Year neatly ﬁriped, we call a 1 Pat-
"Wmm tern Tulip.
at Palm, S 1‘ R. I P E D Tulips are alfo diﬁinguiﬂied by feveral 1N ames
27:25:??va among the Franc/9, which are nothing to the purpofe of the
quetrinenMM- Eng/sz Reader, and which are given by every one according
1;: 22:23:31: to their Fancy.
Impera’trice, ’ TUL I P s are eﬁeemed in general when they are of a clear
”kWh”, Colour, Ihining like Sattin, without being any ways mixed:
“7W?“ am When they have a blue Ground, and their Thrums or Sta-
mina of a black or violet Colour. Any fantaﬁick Colours
that deviate moﬁ from yellow and red, are the’moﬁ fought
after 5 fometimes they degenerate, efpecially thofe that are
fown; others in time become better, and thofe we call Chance
Tulips. Theie we put by fhemfelves in order to re-drefs
them, and they fometimes afford very ﬁne Tulips at , two
Years end. The {tripod Tulips that» are a little mixed, often
clear themfelves the following Year.

TUL I PS commonly continue in Flower twelve or fourteen
in yonquil: Days, unlefs they are planted at different times to prolong
5“”;75‘5’1 their Bloom : They love a light and fandy Earth, and are fo
1m}: 21m hardy, that they do not fear the Frof’t: Notwithf’tanding
giggjf'zi‘jpng; which, to preférve fuch as areﬁne, it is proper to give them
ﬁlming, T1913 fome light covering in very cold Weather. You may plant
hinders the them from the middle of Septeméerr to the end of Oﬂaber,
zigzag” about ﬁve Inches one from another, by a Line, and always
greetnfengtlf: at the Edge of the Borders. Put them into the * Ground 3 or
1:23:17 “75,198" 4. Inches deep, in Holes made with a Dibble or Setting-ﬂick
Bulb: of good that is round at the End, and not pointed; by reafon the

Z;”Z;j§;” Roots falling to the Bottom of the Hole lie bedded even in
the

The Pmﬁz'ce of Gardening. 2.5-;

the Ground, and {trike into it, without any Vacuity between;
whereas when the Holes are made with a pointed Stick, the
Cavities left at Bottom are fubjet‘t to rot the Bulb, or at leaf:
to put of? its Bloom. Some thruﬁ the Root into Ground with
their Hand, but this is an ill way, as being liable to peel and
wound the Bulb by the meeting with fome Stone, or elfe to
bruiie the 'Shoot. They fhould be watered in a dry time,
when the Bud comes forth from the Stalk, which will for-
_ ward the putting out of ﬁne Flowers.

TU-L 1 PS are multiply’d by Seed and Suckers, the Seed is
taken from Tulips of a good Colour. The ﬁriped and other
ﬁne Tulips {hould not be {uttered to run to Seed, but their
Stalks ihould be cut off as 'foon as their Bloom is over; the
Root will be the better, and the Nourilhment which muﬁ
have gone to the Stalk and Seed, will contribute to its Con-
fervation and Growth.

TUL-IP Roots ihould be taken up every three Years at Fine cam
leaﬁ, fome Floriﬁs take them up every Year, or however 3’1in ”W
every two Years; but the Term of three Years is molt ufual 2:851:23-
for all Flowers. The Realon why they are then to be took ﬁlver,arecom-
up, is, that thefeRoots naturally ﬁnk deeper into the Ground $22,???”
of't’hemfelves, and are fometimes loft. If they are left many
Yearsin the Ground without taking up, a great many will be
loft and the Beauty of the Flowers much impaired; whereas
when they are re-planted from time to time, they are fen-
ﬁble of thefe Removals, and ﬁnd the Beneﬁt of a freih Earth
oﬁ'en ﬁirred and dunged. .

TH E moﬂ proper Seafon for this Work is from the begin-
ning of 7am to the end of y'all, in a mild and dry T ime;
when you fee the Stalk begin to dry and wither away, you
lhould make ufe of difplanting Scoops for taking the Earth
up cleverly, taking care that nothing be cut. ,

WH EN the Roots are taken up, they {houldbe laid up
upon lbme Board or Shelf for eight or ten Days, to clear them
of the Moifture of the Ground; after which you may put
them into little Bags, Boxes, or rather into Baskets that they
may have more Air. ‘ .

_YoU muﬁ not fail till the time ﬁt for re-planting thefe
Roots, to examine, pick and clean them well, and to cutoff

to the Chuck fuch Parts as are r0tten or gnaw’d by Infeéts;
3‘ and

12.56

7226 T/yira’ Part. ‘7 CHA P. VII.

and lai’cly, to prevent the Roots from fuffering in their caﬁing

off their old Skin, and being fpoiled by lying f0 as to touch
one another in the Baskets. After this, you take off the

Suckers with your Hand, which we {call weaning a Root from
its Mother. -

D U R I N G the- three Years that the Roots lie in the Ground,
the Suckers have time to form themfelves and get ﬁrength,
.«fo that part of them make Roots that will bear the fame
Year: Thofe that are not ﬁrong enough, are to be’planted

*out upon a Bed in the N urfery, which ihould be well dreffed

and looked after, and from which you raife from time to time
abundance of bearing Flowers.

Yo U may obferve that fuch Bulbs as have no Coat,
-.as the Lilly, the Martagon, the Hemerocalle, the Iris, the
‘Crown Imperial, the Saffron-ﬂower, (9'6. always remain in
the Ground 5 you never remove them but to take off the Suc-
akers,.and then putthem into their places again immediately.

T H E Fangs of the Anemone and the Claws of the Ranun—
rculus are a kind of Bulb's, which they put out every Year,
whereas the others, as you fee, are raifed but every three
Years. Thefe Fangs and Claws, without this Precaution,
would be very fubjeé‘t to rot and to degenerate; they are to
be chofen as the other Bulbs before mentioned, and are to be
kept in the fame manner in Baskets, after they have been laid
"out fome Days upon Shelves to air them. Before they are
areplanted, they lhould be cleaned from all Filth, and the
Suckers {hould be taken off.

A N E M o N E s and Ranunculus’s require a particular Earth
like that of the Tulips, one half of freﬂr Earth, the other half
Sand and Bed-mold, to make it dry and light; this is allo very
proper for ﬁne Jonquils, which have one thing peculiar to
them, that they like to be all together in a place, without an
Mixture of Bulbs or other Plants. They are to be planted in
:the Mouths of September and 0670537, as other bulbous Roots
:are; ﬁrewing afterwards fome Bed—mold over them; they
-.fcarce~neeel any Water, and fear none but great F roﬁs, during
which they ihould be covered with Straw—mats or long Dung :
They ihould be taken up as foon as the Floweris over, and
aheir .Stalk turns yellow. ' ‘

WE

7779 melz'ce of Gardening. [2%]

W E have ﬁngle and double Anemones, ihaded, tufted,
humourouﬂy variegated, gloﬂed and ﬁriped, which are the
ﬁnei’r of all 3 we have likewife Ranunculus’s fingle, of one and
of two Colours, double of one and two Colours, and ﬁripcd,
which are always more eﬂeemed than the others. They are
multiplied by taking off the little Claws which grow round
the great one ; after they are taken off, they lhould be planted
upon a Bed in the Nurfery as the Suckers before fpoken of,
except fuch as are ﬂrong, and may bear the following Year;
they may alfo be raifed from Seed.
TH E Seed of the Anemone is by the Frem/a called Born-re,
becaufe it holds together f0 ﬁrongly, that it muﬁ be mixt
with Earth to feparate it, before it can be fown. That of the
Ranunculus is like the Seed of the jab-Flowa, but fomewhat
thicker. It/is always gathered from luch Anemones and Ra-
nunculus’s, as are ﬁngle and of a good Colour.
I T is needleﬂs to fay that the Fangs and Claws of thefe
7 Flowers, do as the Suckers before mentioned preférve the Qia-
lity of the Root from whence they were taken, and that to
have different kinds and a number of them, they are to be
raifed from Seed, which is to be kept till the Month of Auguff
for fowing it upon a Bed prepared in the following manner. Smeﬁmmi,
F irﬂ make the Surface of your Ground even witha ﬁnall Stick Seed inlong
or Switch,and fow your Seed thin and lightly upon it, ﬁrewing 2%: 1,12%!"
over it fome Bed-mold which fhould but half cover it, to vingofit. ‘
keep it in its place; then fow fome more Seed on it, and ﬁrew
over your iécond Sowing with Bed-mold, till you have co—
* vered the whole about an Inch thick; after this, make the
Surface fmooth again with your Stick, cover the Bed with
long Straw for fear of the Sun, and then water it through the
Straw. Atur or 15 Days end, take away the Straw under which
theSeed ihould be come up 5 take care to weed your Bed well to
keep your Seedlings clean, and cover them in great Froﬁs in
, the Winter. The fecond Year, when the Seedlings have
formed what we call Peafe, becaufe of their Size and Figure,
have put out their fecond Stalks, and thofe are withered; you
then take them out of the Ground, keep them in Sand, and
replant them the following ’Autumn into another new Bed,
which very much forwards their ﬂowering, for thefe Seeds
L l muit

£256} .7796 77.2275! Part. CHARVII.

mull have four or ﬁve Years before they make Suckers, Fangs
and Claws, and aBulb ﬁt to bear Flowers.

T H n fame Method may ferve for fowing the Seeds of Tu-
lips, Narcilfus, Jonquils, Hyacinths, (9'6. and for avoiding
repetition, I {hall refer to what has been here faid.

THERE are certain Flowers which it is more proper to
raife from Suckers than from Seed, as the Tulip, Anemone,

ThePink ul- Ranunculus, Narcilfus, (ye. others do better from Layers or
fgjrf’gg’ﬁf,’ Cuttings, as the Pink, the Carnation, Auriculas, (re. they
are fplitojj“ grow inﬁnitely ﬁner and with greater certainty. The Sucker
gift/2:433; or Layer affords but one ﬁngle Flower, which alWays holds
allrouml it. Without much degenerating ,from the Beauty of the Plant or
The Amity,“ Bulb from which it was taken ; fo that this is a fure way to
5 aFlawer preﬁerve the Species of ﬁne ﬁriped Tulips, double tufted
$321232, Anemones, double Ranunculus’s of two Colours, double Car-
;, theme/2W- nations, ﬁriped Auriculas, éc. Whereas a Plant or Bulb which
m5190f W- is left to feed, may yield a great many, the Beauty of which is
very uncertain, mof’t commonly of bad Sorts, much to one’s
difcouragement; and fometimes indeed thofe that are very
ﬁne, and of great Variety of Colours. Thefe Seeds yield only
Tulips, Anemones, Ranunculus’s of Colour plain, variegated
and accidental, and in a word fuch as may fucceed either well
or ill. ,

Y 0 U ihould fcarce keep any but ﬁriped and doubled
Flowers, and fome ‘lingle ones, as well for their Seed,as be-
caufe a mixture of thefe fets off the Beauty of the double
Flowers, which are always more delicate and tender than the
others, and confequently require more Attendance and Regard.

F L o W E R8 in general demand certain Pains to be taken,
as well to raife them as to multiply them. That of viﬁting
them every Morning before the Dew is off, is not the leaﬂ;
to clean them from the Inlééts which attack them, efpeeia-lly
Snails, Bugs, and, Ear-wigs, and from the Spiders Webs which
fpoil all their ﬁne Colours : They are of too weak 21 Nature to
withl’tand thefe of themfelves.

Yo U fhould obferve to * water your Flowers as foon as they
are planted, and to fupply them with Water afterwards; you

 

~k Inﬂmd of Watering—Pot: with mm] Halex, we make ufe of tbaﬁ wit-b» Neck ml}, 5»
(wife Flowers are to be watered only at their FeatJ not the Still/24ml Leaver.
are

77.23 Pmﬁz’ce of Gardening.

are to take the Morning or Evening for this Work, tho’ the
Evening is better than the Morning, becaufe the Cooineis
holds much longer in the Night, and laf’ts even to Sun-rile.
Thole that are but youngand newly growing, require but little
NVater, only to lettle the Earth about them when they are
planted out, but when Flowers are grown ﬁrong, they muft
have a good deal of Water: there is almoﬁ always a Bafon
made for this purpofe in Parterres of Flowers, and in Melon-
grounds where Flowers are raifed.

N E w planted Flowers {hould be kept from too much of
the Sun for the ﬁrﬁ 5 or 6 Days, covering thofe that are in the
open Ground with Straw-mats, and fetting thole that are in
Pots in the Shade. '

P A R 1‘ E R R E s of Flowers lhould be weeded from time
to time, and be kept very neat and clean from all Filth, the
Ground 'fhould be duly ﬁirred and often watered. In Storms
which fpoil and del’troy the Flowers, care ihould be taken to
fupport fuch as are beaten down and difordered with fmall
Sticks, as alfo thofe that are run up too high, and are too weak
to fuf’tain themfelves.

I T is abfolutely necelTary for the Beauty and Prefervation
of your Flowers to obferve the following Rule. When you
perceive a Flower has too many Suckers or too much Stock
- about its Root, f0 that the Flowers are too fmall and in too
great a Number, it Ihould be taken up that Year to feparate
them, taking away the Suckers and dividing the Stock that is
at the Foot, without which the Plants would mifcarry, and
die away inthe End.

Yo U ﬂlould alfo beware never to lay your Flower-
Borders near a Wood, a tall Hedge and high Walks of Elms
or Lime-trees, where the Roots dry up the Ground all about
and entirely exhauﬂ: it. If you can ﬁnd no other place for
them, by reafon of the Situation of your Ground, and the
Difpoﬁtion of your Deﬁgn, you muﬁ: every ﬁve or ﬁx Years
make a Trench in the middle of the Walk next the Border,
and cut off all the Roots and Runnings of the Trees, for with—
out this the Flowers will never thrive, nor live any time.

W E come now to fpeak of the Place proper forall thefe
Flowers, and the different Decoration they afford us in every
Seafon of the Year.

Lla .‘ CHAP.

257

25'8

7778 Tbird Part. CHAR VIII,

9©£9©©©©9DQOQQQQQQQQQQQQQEDQQQQQQQ3% ‘

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(L

 

 

 

 

C H A P. VIII.

0f the Place properﬁr we}; Flawer iii
a Garden, and oftlze dz'ﬁermt Deco—

rations of Parterrw accordiﬂg to ﬁve
Seafom-

S there are mee Flowers higher than others, they ma

be divided into three feveral Claffes; Flowers of the
largeﬂ kind, thofe of the middle £34:th the low or Dwarf-
flowers. This Dif’tiné’tion is very necelIary to prevent a con-
fufed mixing of one with another, for the tall Flowers would
undoubtedly fmother and {tiﬂe the low ones, and the middling
Flowers would be fpoiled by them; f0 that ibme order ﬂiould
be obferved in the placing ofthem.

’T I s pretended by fome' that the true place for Flowers is
ﬁxed by the Expoﬁtion izwhich fuits them beﬁ,.which is the
Rail; however we citygt always give them this Expoﬁtion
in Parterres, the pla 1,3” of which are determined in fuch a
manner with regard/ to the Buildings, that they cannot be
changed. This Obfervation therefore ﬁgniﬁes nothing but in
the little Beds, where Floriﬁs raife their choice Flowers, for
in a large Parterre it is ufelefs; in thefe the Flowers mull: fur—
round every ﬁde, and rife in different Situations for the fake
of Symmetry, efpecially in pieces of Cut-work_and Parterres of

_ Compartiment.

F0 R the ranging of Flowers in Borders, which are {up-
poiéd to be well prepared and well dreerd, you draw by the
Line,fmall Rills, lengthwiie and acrofs at 4 or 5 Inches alim-
der. Borders of ﬁx foot wide may contain 4. Rows of Roots
on each ﬁde the middle, that is to fay 8 in all; but in Borders
of 3 or 4. foot wide, two Rows of each ﬁde are enough, be-

' caufe

7773 Pmé‘r'zce of Gardening.
caufe the middle is to be kept for the Flowers and Plants, that
are to be brought in according to the Seafons. When thefe
Bulbs are laid in Rows upon the Ground in form of a Chec~
quer, at 4. or 5 Inches one from another, you then plant them
in the fame order.

WHEN you have4 Rows on each Side the middle, you
may make the two next the Box-Edging all of Tulips, which
being naturally fubjeét to go deep, are hindered by the Earth,
which is ﬁrmer and .clofer next the Box-Edging, than in any
_ other part of the Border; the two others may be mixed with
Narcillus’s and Hyacinths. " Thefe are the three kinds of bul—
bous Roots of the middling Flowers that we plant in Parterres.
When you can have but two Rows of Roots on a Side, by
reafon of the narrownels of the Border, you may make one of
Tulips, and the other of Narciﬂ'us’s and Hyacinths, or you
mingle them together, that is, plant one Tulip, then a Nar-
' ciffus, then a Hyacinth, one after another, which has no ill
Effect. You may alfo mingle the Spring Flowers and thoie of
the Summer together, for the advantage of the place, but al.-
ways keep Bulbs with Bulbs, and Plants with Plants.

TH E great Vacancys in the middle of the Borders, are to
be ﬁll’d with clipt Yews and Flowering Shrubs cut into Balls,
however without hurting any thing, for thefe are to be kept
fmall by frequent trimming of them. You likewife put in the
middle fuch ﬂowering Plants as are of a middle Stature, as
Snapdragon, Chrifanthemum, Indian Role, Poets Pink, Ama-
ranthus, (arc. and the large Bulbs of the Lilly, Crown Im-
perial, Martigon, (’76. You muﬁ never let Plants upon the
Edges, which are to be referved for the bulbous Roots, for
in the planting and turning up the Ground, you would.
much endanger the cutting of them. '

TH IS Middle is alfo the right place for Flowers of the
largef’c kind, as was the ~cultom formerly ; but they are f0 dif-
agreeable to the Eye by their Height, which quite darkens a
Parterre, that they are entirely banilhed, as are alfo great Yews
and Shrubs. Thefe Flowers are the Rofe—Tremiere, the Gi-
gantine, the Pyramidal, Bind-weed, the Pallion—ﬁower, the
Sun-ﬂower, Monk’s-hood, Scarlet-bean, (7-6.. which require
to be fupported by Sticks to which they are tied. 'l'hele large
Flowers are more proper to cover \Nalls, paling up well againlt

\ a

25'9

260 7796 ﬂirt! Part. CHAP. VIII.

:1 Trellis either in a Court Ora fmall Garden in Town; or the
maybe fet in Tufts or Bunches, etween the Rows of Trees
that l’cand detached. ‘

As to the third kind of Flowers, which are the low or
Dwarf—ﬂowers, they make no eﬂ'eét in large Parterres, being
covered and fmothered by the others; they are ﬁt for nothing
but little Borders and Pieces of Cut—work, where they are
mixed with neither the middling nor the high Flowers 5 fuch
as Auriculas, March-Violets, Daiﬁes, Panﬁes, Golden Knops,
Liver—wort, Primrofes, Cyclamens, the Saffron-ﬂower, [Wig-
«nardiﬁr—Pink, Sea-thrift, Camomil, with which you may allb
.make Edgings of Pathways, and even Whole Grais—plots
cnamel’d with Flowers.

A N E M 0 N E s, Ranunculus’s and Jonquils are of the num-
ber of low F lowers; and ihould be fet by themielves in ibme
feparate Piece and enamel’d Grafs-plot, or in the Volutes at the
Rife of a ' Parterre. They ihould have a place entirely free of
all other Bulbs and Plants, and fhould polfeis the whole Bor-
der as well in the middle as upon the Edges. . ,

THE double flatly-ﬂower, the Pink, and Tuberofe are
feldom ﬂat in the Open Ground, they rife much better in Pots
and Vafes of ﬂunk-Ware, into which you may alfo put

‘ Flowers of the Seafon, as the Amaranthus or purple Flower-
gentle, the Tricolor, the Balfam—apple, éc. to furniih out
the whole Year.

I T is eafy to fee that the the middling Flowers are the theft ,
fought after, that is to fay, thofe that rife to a foot and a half

. or two foot Height at moﬁ; they fhew very well at a Dif’tancc,
and do no Injury to the View: And of thele too we have the

greateﬂ Number. V y
W I T HOU ‘1‘ ﬁanding to name the Flowers that blow in
a Morin. each Month, or make long *5 Catalogues of them, in which the
5:333?“ greateﬁ: part are repeated as laﬁing longer than a Month, I ihall

diftinguiih them by the Seafons in which they ﬂower, ex-

« cluding the Winter as the moﬁ: cruel Enemy to Flowers. We
ave then the Spring, the Summer and the Autumn, and thefe
three Seafons give room for three Decorations of Flowers for
embelifhing of Parterres in the Year, that is to fay, that the
Parterres change three times a Year, making three different
Aipeéts or Scenes of Flowers. So.that there is the Decoration

of

7726 Praﬂzce of 6475276711715"
of the Spring, the Decoration of the Summer, and that of
Autumn ,.

TH E Decoration of the Springis the molt gay and one of
the moﬂ agreeable to the Eye, but is of the ﬂlortef’c Duration,
by reafon of the Delicacy and Tenderneis of its Flowers. The
Decoration of theSummer is the richei’c and the moﬁ conﬁderable
for the Number and Diverﬁty of its Flowers. That of Autumn is
the ﬁneﬁ and moﬁ durable, tho’ it be almoi’c ﬁript of the Bulbs
and Flowers which grow naturally in the Borders.

9

61

ONE may have Decorations more frequent by the help'

of Pots, changing the Parterres every Month and garnilhing

them with Flowers in Pots, * which are to be buried in the * 3175'" Art-gt

Borders up to their Rim: this furprizes and deceives one in
fuch a manner, that one would think thefe Flowers were raifed
in the open Ground 5 but it is very uncommon, and a great
Expence.

THER E is alfo another Decoration of Flowers which has
no relation to 'Parterres, it is that of f Theatres of Flowers,
which conﬁﬁs only in a mixture Cf Pots with Cafes, or in the
uniform and regular placing of them upon Steps and Benches

ﬁre the Perrier-

re: ofthe Tria-
non were far-r
merly changer!
ever] Fort-r
night.

1— Their place
1': deferiheel in
the Figure of
rheﬁrj} and

of Wood or Turf. All forts of Flowers are proper for this ftwm’PW°

Work, efpecially the Pink, Tuberofe, Amaranthus, Balfama-
apple, the Tricolor, and the jug-ﬂower. T hefc Benches
and Amphitheatres of Flowers are to be changed according to
the Seafons, in the fame manner as Parterres.

I N the choice of your Flowers, you fhould‘not {land upon
their Rarity, Dearnefs of Price, or the ﬁne Smellthey afford.
Rarity and great Price do not always makeaF lower beautiful,
and the Smell is not what we ought to court in great Parterres,
where the Borders, if we would have them ﬁne, Ihould be
well furnifhed every Year without Interruption or any Vacancy :
The Abundance of Flowers, their Duration, Variety, good

The Border: sf
the Tuilleries‘
are always
'uerywellﬁlled,
tho’with (0772»
men Flowers,
and majfer've

Order, and Mixture enamel’d with all forts of Colours, are the far 1m Exam

real Beauties of our Borders, and all that one :[hould deﬁre or
wilh for ina large Parterre. It is agreed that common Flowers
often make a Shew farther than the double ones. You lhould
therefore have lbme of both, and Reds and Whites of each
kind to make Variety. However, if you have any choice
Flowers, you may raife them feparately in lbme little places, as:
in Pieces of Cut-work, and the Borders of ibme fmall Pagterre
5 of
i

 

ﬁle if what is
here fetid,

7d

2.67.3.

Bul bomRoots,
Fang: and
Clam.

Z’Iant: and
Ram.

Bullion: Root:
and fangs.

7726 Third Part. CHAD. VIII.

of Flowers. Let us now come to our Decorations, and to

name the Flowers of each Seafon.

I N the Spring our Borders are ﬁlled with the Bulbs and
Seed that, were planted and fown in the foregoing Autumn.
In the Summer, other Bulbs and Seed, fome fown upon open
Ground in the Spring, others upon Hot-beds, furnifh our Par-
terres. In Autumn we have but few bulbous Plants,,,but a
great many Flowers fown upon Hot-beds and FloWer—beds in
the Spring, which are tranfplanted into our Borders with their
Earth about them in yrs/y.

F OR the ﬁrﬂ: Decoration in the Spring, that is, during the
Months of Marc/9., April, and .Md], you have, few Plants
but a great many Bulbs, as,

Early Tulips of all Sorts. ‘ The Bulbous Iris and others.

Anemones ﬁngle, and double Narciﬂ'ns’s ﬁngle an double.
tufted. The Early Cyclamen.

Ranuncnlus’s of Tripoly. ‘ The Crown Imperial.

Ionqnils ﬁngle and double. The Early Crocus or Saffron-

Baﬂinet or golden Knops Flower.

Hyacinths of all Sorts. J

 

 

Anriculas. ' ‘Yellow yulj-ﬂowe rs ﬁngl
Liver—wort. and double. .
Panﬁes. Marc/.7 Violets.

Primrofes. Little Dailies.

Double ﬂay-ﬂowers. Lillies of the Valley.

TH E Summer Decoration, which takes in the Months of
yum, 7M1], and Auguﬂ, has fewer bulbous Roots, but is
very Rich in other Roots and Plants.

 

Plant: and
Ram.

 

Late Tulips. , Martagons.

White Lillies. . Peony. .

Orange or Flame-coloured Hemerocalles or Day Lillies.
Lillies. ’ ' Tuberolies. .

Fluellin. Migmrdz'jé—Pink.

The Bell—ﬂower. Spam'fb ‘Sainfoin. .

The fern/h/em-Crofs. The Corn-ﬂower or Wild-

Pinks of feveral kinds. Poppy.

The

 

7776 Pmﬁiw of Gardening.

The Indian—Jacea.

The Yellow Gilliﬂower. '

The annual Candy-tuft.

The double Peony.

The Lark’s-heel.

The Balfam-apple.

The Sun-ﬂower.

The ﬁngle Carnation. 7

“ The double Carnation or Eng-
Zz'jb Gilliﬂower.

Spam/79 Pinks.

The Poets Pinks or Hyacinths.

Columbin‘es.

 

2.63
Mother-wort.
Greek Valerian. '
The double Corn-ﬂower.
Camomil. '
Mufcégula or Catch-Fly.
Chryfanthemum or the great
Daify.
Snap—dragon or Anthirinum.

, The eternal Flower orSneeze-

wort.
Single and‘ﬁriped fweet Baﬁl.
Orr-Eyes, or Bup‘hthalmus'.
Sea-thrift.

A U r U M N comprehends the Months of Septemberpﬁoéer,
and Na-vem/Jer; in Which we have fewbulbous Roots in our
Decorations, but abundance of Plants.

Tuberofes.
The Autumnal Cyclamen.

The Crocus or autumnal S‘af- Mémmm.
' from-Flower.

 

The Aﬂer Attica: or Ocular
Cbrz'ﬂz'. x
VT he Talma Cbriﬂz' or Rivi-
nur. '
- Double Marigolds.
Night—ibades.
Amaranthus’s of all Sorts.
The ﬁriped Balfam-apple.
The Stramonium or' Thorn-
\Apple.
The Chryﬁnthemum or great
Daify.

T H o’ the Winter be excluded,

 

The Anthirinum- or Snap-rim Plum and

R00” 0
gon

The crowned Stork’s-Bill’.‘

The vivacious Candy-tuft.

The Purple Flower-gentle or
Fox-tail.

Tricolors white and black.

Indian Roﬁs.

Indian. Pinks.

‘Valerian or great Set-“Tall;

The vivacious Sun-ﬂower,
The Ambrette or holy Thiﬂle.

as no Flower Seaibn, yet

as we are deﬁrous to have fome Flowers in Town-gardens
where we then dwell, notwithi’canding the Rigour of the

Weather in ﬁeceméer, jammy,

thefe that follow.

Mm

and F eérzmry , we may haVe

Single

264

81416:.

Plant: and
Roots.

There are ﬂame
Flower: which
you may make

blowfe'ueral ‘

Mont/75 one
after another,
by cutting of
their Stalk
whentkeFlow—
er is gone, a:
tbeSaap-dra-
gen, the Clay-
fantbemam,
Mother-mart,
and ﬁve Gilli~
ﬂower, 8CC.

The mm part.» cm. VIII.

 

Single Anemones. Early Crocus’s.
Winter Cyclamens. Single NarciiTus’s.
Winter Hyacinths. " Snow-drops.
Primrofes. ] Liver-wort.

T H ERE are likewife other Sorts of Flowers that are of no
great confequence, and which are of no ufe but to perplex
the mind of a private Man, or to fwell the Books of F loriﬁs.
I have mentioned here none but fuch as are the ﬁnei’t and beﬂ
known by every one, that the Culture and Search after them
might be the eaﬁer; and I have alfo fet down the different
Names that are given them, that you might have amore dif-
tiné‘t Idea of the Flowers here fpoken of. _

YOU may have Anemones and Ranunculus’s in Autumn, if
you plant them fomewhat the later, and it may be laid in
general, that you may be fure of having almoi’c all Flowers,
if you fow them at different times one Month after another,
which you may do in order to furniﬂa your felf well in every
Seafon. But tho’ you may fow and plant the fame Flowers
at different times, to fupply you throughout the Year, it is
certain they never come up f0 ﬁne as in the Seafon that is pro-
per for them. There are iome Flowers however which tho’
they are of the fame kind, have a differentTemper; for one.
is early or forward, the other late or autumnal, as the Crocus
and Cyclamen, of which there are both Sorts.

A s it is impoﬂible to avoid fome little unfurnifhingin- our
Decorations of Flowers, either by the, dying of. a Bulb, or
a Plant’s not taking root; you ought to have a ﬁore of all
forts of Flowers, as well in Pots, as upon Beds, to new furniﬂa
and ﬁll up the Gaps in every Seafon. There is no need of"
having abundance of thefe, but it is abfolutely neeeifary to
have ibme, unlefs you would haVe the mortiﬁcation to fee
your Borders unfurniihed in certain Places, without being able.
to remedy it the Year through.

T77: End of the Third Part:
T H E

'( 25§ )

iM2&2&?2&?2&?%%?§ &2&?§2&

THE

FOURTH PART,

Which contains

A/éort DISCO UR SE oanmf'

and Fountains.

ﬁtiﬁii’éﬁ’é{iiﬁ@ﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁﬁ{if

CHAP. I.

Offenrclzing for Water, and tlze (life-
;ent W nyr of conveying it into Gar-
lenr.

S the Neceﬁity of having Water in a Garden
is altogether indilpenfable, as was mention’d in Aqua nntfix
the fecond Chapter of the ﬁrf’c Part-5 it will not 2,2332ng
2 be foreign to my Purpofe to fpeak of it in this diverﬂvﬁfigu‘
Treatife, as brieﬂy as fo copious a Subjea: will ﬁfﬁzfmmm.
pofﬁbly permit, which alone requires a particular Volume. 4 ‘
T H E Water of Fountains and Bafons comes either from
the natural Springs, or from Machines 'thatx raife the Water.
I ihall fpeak, ﬁrﬁ of all, of Springs, and the Manner of dif-
c’overing them.
M m 2 ‘ IF

2.66

Vitruvius,
L. 8. Chap. 1 .

Fa. Kircher
Mundm Sub-
terranem.

Cafﬁodorus.

The Art of
Fountains, 5}
Fa. Jean
Francois, fe-
fuite.

Palladius.

Vallemont’:
occult Piyﬁck .

7793 Family Part: CHA P. I.

IF you are near any Mountain, or Hill, you are almoi’c
fure of ﬁnding Springs, unlefs it be in a very dry and ﬂony
Country. Examine, ﬁrﬂ of all, what Sort of Herbs cover
the Ground; and if you ﬁnd Reed, Creﬂ'es, wild Balm
Silver-Weed, Bull-Ruihes, and other aquatick Herbs, ’tis ii
certain Sign there is Water thereabouts, provided they grow
there of themfelves. U

,YOU may likewife difcover hidden Springs, by lying
with your Belly upon the Ground before the Riﬁng of the
Sun, and holding up your Head, look along the Surface of
the Earth ; if you fee any moii’c Vapours riie in Waves from

any Place, you may dig there, with fome Aﬂurance of ﬁnd-

ing Water.

So M E ﬂy, that Swarms of fmall Flies pitching upon the
Ground about one and the fame Place, are certain Signs that
there is Water in it; others advife to bore the Earth with
long Iron Awgers, that by what is brought up in them, you
may judge ofwhat is contain’d under Ground.

Y 0 U ﬂiould obiérve that the Places where thefe Herbs are,
and where you ﬁnd Vapours rife, be not moiﬂ upon their
Surface, as a Marih is; for it would be to’no purpoie to dig
there, ﬁnce fuch Waters iﬂ'ue not from Springs, and are no
more than a Collection of Rain-Water, and the Meltings of
Snow. People have been a long time deluded by certain
Perfons who pretend to ﬁnd out Water by the Help of a
Hafel-Wand, called a iDivining—Stz’c/e, which is a ridiculous
Piece of Folly ; neverthelefs it has had, and ﬂill has its F 01-
lowers, though but few.

BUT without {pending Time about the Notions of the

Ancients, Experience teaches us that the Afpeét of the Ground

alone is fufﬁcient to fhew us if there be Water in the Place,
if we confider the Situation and Nature of the Soil. .
T H E moﬂ: favourable Situation for Springs is the Side of
a Hill, commanded by feveral neighbouring Heights, which
is in this cafe the Sink or Drain of all the Springs, and of the
Rain and Snow-VVatér fcattered upon thefe high Grounds.
As to the Nature of the Soil, it ihould be of a whitifh or
greeniih Colour, as Clay-grounds are, which by the Water’s
running down from the TOP of the Hills is removed and car-
3 ried

I

77.76 Pmﬁice of Gardening. 2.67

rieddown to the Situation we are fpeaking of, and is eafily
difcerned by the Beds of Chalk and Clay that are to be
feen.

T H E RE are likewife many other Ways of fearching out
Springs, but I pafs them over in ﬁlence, as well as feveral
Obfervations Ihave made upon the Origine of Fountains,
upon Water-Engines, upon the Leveling and Gauging of Wa-
ters, éc. which I am now at work upon, and {hall hereaf—
ter communicate to the Publick. '

T H E Search for Water is ufually made in the Months of
24qu, Septeméer, and Oﬁober, becaufe at that Time the
Earth being wholly difcharged of its Moiﬁure, is drieﬂt, and
all the Water that is then found, may be properly call’d a
Spring.

SUPPOSE then that you have found Water in féveral
Parts of a Hill, let Wells be made at convenient Diﬁances,
as well to know the Qiantity of Water, as todifcover the
Depth to the Bed of Clay or Sand—Stone that holds it, which
‘Bed fhouldnever be pierced through, for fear of lofing the
Spring. Seek always for the highef’t Places that you may
take the Spring at its Head, and that the Water coming
from aloft, may rife the higher in your Gardens. You
lhould make a Communication between one Well and ano-
ther, by Drains, built with dry Stones, for conveying the
Water, and collecting the Weepings of the Neighbouring
Hills, chooﬁng a Spot of Ground that is fomewhat ﬂat, jOin * Fr, Refer.
all your Water together in a * Referver,» or Confervatory, voir. ‘
from whence you may lead it, by Pipes, to the Places de-
ﬁgned for your Fountains and VVater-Spouts: And to know
what Height thefe Spouts will rife to, that iﬂhe from the

, Place where you make your Refervoir, you may level the
Hill according to the following Praétice.

I S H A L L only lh‘ew here the Ufe of a Level, commonly
called the Level with Vials, which is the moﬁ exact and
plaineﬂ that is.

’T I s a Pipe of Tin, about an Inch, diameter, and three
or four Foot long, as 14 d, Fig. I. ﬁrengthen’d in the Mid-

dle by the Iron Braces B B, and by the Socket C, which
, iErves

.1

2.6-8

 

7-776 Faun/.7 Par-t. CHAR I.
ferves to ﬁx «it
upon a Stake
when you have
Occafiontomake
ufe of it. Upon _
the upper Part of
this Pipe, at the
two Ends, andin
the Middle, are
folder’d three 0-
therEndsof Pipe, V
which communicate one with the other, as ‘DEF, and in each
ofthefe are put the Vials of Glaﬁ; gbz', almof’c of the fame
Diameter, which are open at both Ends, and are joined to
the Pipes with Wax or Maﬁick, To that the Water rifes into
the Vials, Without loﬁngitfelf any where.

THE ,Perfeétion that has been lately given this Infh‘u-
ment, is, that the Middle Pipe E, which is additional, be-
ing out of the Range of thofe two at the Ends T and F ;
and being ﬁt of one ﬁde about the ﬁxth Part of an Inch,
ilerves inﬂead of Sights, and direéts the Vifual-Ray much
better. '

To come to the Ufe of this LCVel, fuppofe the Hill 11,
Fig. 2. following, to have on the Top of it a Colleétion of
Water in the Referver B, which you would carry to the
Bottom of the Hill, as C, to play a Fountain there. This is

 

 

' the way to level the Hill.

3 E T the Level at the Top of the Hill 1!, near the Edge
of the Refervoir B, as upright as poﬁible, and direét it to

F! G. II. H

  

 

 

the

The Pmc'lzce of ‘de’mmg. 269
the Bottom C, where you would make your Leveling. Then '
take Water, which you may mix with a little Claret Vine-
gar to difcolour it, that it may be diﬁinguifhed the far-
ther, and ﬁll the Pipe, f0 that the Water coming up into '
the three Vials, there may remain a little Vacancy at Top.

Let the Inﬁrument rel’t till the Water has done ﬂoating, and
be careful to cover the Mouths of the Vials with Paper, left
the Wind ihould caufe any Agitation of the Water. Then
take a long Pole, upon the End of which is ﬁxed a ver my," ‘
fquare Piece of white Paﬁboard, and caufe aMan to hold it make 14/9th
at Tome Diftance from the Level, as at T, making him raife fifﬁhof‘jz
or lower it, till the Top of the Paﬁbbard be exactly in the FootRad, m
Line of Aim H, which is direé‘red in this \Manner. Placing ”a???“
yourfelf at fome Dil’cance from the Level, fetyour Eye, and “f“ j 0'
bourn by the Surface of the Liquor contained in the three
Vials, which will guide your Vifual-Ray, according to
which, you adjul’t the Pole to its right Height. This done,
take the Height from the Superﬁcies of the Water in the Rea
fervoir B, to» the Liquor contained in the Vials, and mark V
it downwards upon the Pole, the Length of which is to be
reckon’d only from this Mark, to the Level of the Place
where it is ﬁxed. You {hould haveja' Paper, upon which to
fet down this ﬁrﬂ: Station of your Leveling, and the others
that follow. Let the Pole be removed, and at 9, where
the Foot of it ﬂood, fet the Level, and‘ ﬁx it as you did behn
fore, for a fecond Operation; and fo by feveral Stations,
from 73 to E, from E to F, and from F to G, you come to‘
the Place C, where the Spouting Fountain is to be. Then»
call up all the Meafures noted down upon your Paper at:
each Station, and adding them together you have the To!
tal, and know exaé’rly what Fall there is from the Top of“
the Hill B, to the. Bottom C, and how many Foot the Spout:
of Water will rife, the Water always riﬁng near as high'as:
its Head. ' . I _

T H E Force and Height of a Water-Spout, may dimi-
nifh about a Foot in a hundred Fathom ; that is, the nearer"
the Spouts are to the Refervoirs, the higher they rife.

N'A T UR AL Water not being to be found in a ﬂat and'
dry Country, you muf’t have Recourfe to Water-Engines,
which raife itfrom Rivers, Ponds and Brooks,A as alfo from-

: “Tells

270

The Art of
Fountains,
Fat er
.Fra cois,
p. I 20.

ﬂePourtb Part. CHAR I.

Wells and Cit’cerns, into ReﬁtrVOirs and high Places, for the
purpofe of carrying it afterwards down into the Gardens.
THESE Engines are muth in ufe at preﬁmt, and man

People prefer them to the natural Heads, with regard to the
Quantity ofW’ater they fupply, and to the Nearnefs of the
Refervoirs and Pipes, which cof’c inﬁnitely lefs than when
the Water is convey’d for a League together/5 add to this,
that they bring the Spring into the Home, which takes away
the conﬂant Regret of feeing the Conduit—Pipes broke by the
Malice of Country Fellows, who take delight in any thing
that will mortify a Gentleman. Nor are you under any
Apprehenﬁon of having your Water cut off and diverted,
which frequently occafions tedious Suits at Law; or laf’cly‘,

that the Vein of Earth and Bed of Clay lhould change its ,

Situation, and deprive you entirely of the Beneﬁt of the
Springs. ‘

WA T ER may be raiﬁed by divers Engines: F irft, by the
Force of Hand and Horfe-Pumps. Secondly, by making
ufe of the two Elements, Air and Water, for the turning of
Mills.

HA N D-PU MPS, that is to lay, fuch as are moved by the
Strength of a Man’s Arm, are the meaneﬁ Engines, in re—
fpeﬂ: of the ﬁnall Quantity of Water they furnifh, and the
Fatigue a Man mui’t have to lift up his Arms inceﬁ'antly, to
make the Balance fwing. So that they are made ufe of only
to get a little Water for watering a Garden, or to fupply
the Ciﬁerns and Troughs oftthe Kitchen and Stables; where-
as, the Pumps that are worked by a Horfe are of very great
Beneﬁt, and furnifh a great deal of Water, in a little time.
There are fome Pumps afford more Water in one Hour’s time,
than a Spring» will bring in four Days, which isa material
Point ; beﬁdes the Advantage they have, that you may fet

them in every Well in your Ground.

P UM P's are diﬁinguilh’d into two Sorts, that which forces
the Water, and that which attraéts or ﬂicks it, the Difference
of which is fuﬂiciently known to every one. x
. TH E l'ec‘ond way, of railing Water by Mills that go with
the Help of the Wind or Water, is inﬁnitely the belt; thefe
Engines furnifhing you almof’c continually with Water, and

atom: may fay, Day and Night: but they are alfoa much

more

7% P7452163 *ofGam’mmg. ' 2.71
more conﬁderable Expence, and are not proper for every Si-
tuation. ' '
Y0 U muft be near fome River, or Brook, to be ferved by
Water-Mills, which in their outer Form refemble Corn~
Mills, and differ only in the Compoﬁtion of their Inﬁde.
There are fome of thefe Mills that grind Corn, and mill:
Water when you pleafe, by‘ taking off the Handle, but in
Places far dif’tant from. Rivers and Streams, as thole feared
upon fome Hills may be, Wind-Mills do extremely well,
the Wind feldom failing in fuch fort of Situations. T hefe * _
Mills are alfo very like the ordinary VVind-Mills; but they Mazgrfﬁ/iljﬁi'
have a‘ greater Conveniency, which is that of turning them- d011,a7zdneay' /
{elves to the Wind, by means ofaTail in Form ofa Ship‘s Egg/315$?
Rudder, which turns about every way. Thefe are a little . .
more rare than Water-Mills, having been put in Execution 3,52%;ij
in three or four Places only *5 however, the Excellency and derafBra/x or
good Succeis of them, may Very well warrant any private Gen- $551,243; d
tleman’s making the like. ‘ up aﬂddown
ON B may fay in general, that almoﬂ all Water-Engines $33274?
_ are reducible to the f Bucket and Sueker, and that they have andéymmwl
great Conformity with 'thofe of the Ancients, efpecially that ”’9 3mm
of Cteﬁéz'm, of which 721mm”: makes mention. L.x. c. n:
A F T E R having {poker} of the Means of ﬁnding out Springs,
and raiﬁng Water, ’tis neceilary to fay fomewhat touching
Refervoirs, before I proceed to the Manner of conveying it.
R E s E R vo I R 5 may be dii’tinguiih’d into two Sorts ;, thofe
that are made upon the Ground, and thofe that are railEd a—
loft in the Air. -
TH E Refervoirs that are upon the Ground, are ordinarily
Bafons of Water, or Canals made with Clay, where the Springs
are collected, and which hold many thoufand Hogiheads of
Water. They are ufually made pretty deep, as well that
they may hold the more Water, and not empty themfelves
f0 ibon, as to add the greater Weight to the Water in Pipes,
and throw the Spouts the higher. When you can place
them in your Park, and within your own Bounds, ’tis certain-
ly beﬁ, but when that can’t be done, you may make them
without in the Fields, inclofingthem with Walls, In Gardens
that are ﬂoping, the Balbns above ferve forRelErvoirs to the ,
Pieces of Water below, which is a great Advantage.

N n , THE

272

‘* 'Boiiillons
d’Eau are
ﬁtch Spout: a:
throw Mel/Wk
ter but a. 'v
little thigh?
Vitruvius,

L. viii. C. 7.

1» Dallcs are
any thin hard
Stone: which
are ufedin
France to ca-
ver Terraﬂi’r,
Balconies, «Ste.

The Fourth Part. C H A P. I.

THE Refervoirs that are raifed aloft, are nothing near lb
large and capacious, the biggeﬁ holding no more than ﬁve
or ﬁx hundred Hogiheads of Water, and are very feldom
of this Size. They generally contain no more than a
hundred or two hundred Hogiheads. The Difﬁculty of
fuf’taining them, and the Charge of Lead they are cover’d
with, doth not permit to makethem f0 big as thofe that
are upon the Ground. They are fet up upon Arches, or
Pillars of Free—lione, upon which are laid great Scant-
lings of Timber—work framed together, to fupport the
Bottom and Sides, which {hould be carefully lined with
thick Sheets of Lead foldered together. The Founda-
tions and Timber-work of thefe Refervoirs ought to be
very fubﬂzantial, to be able to fuﬁain the great Weight of
Water.

THERE are more of thefe raifed Refervoirs to be Icen
than of the others, becaufe thofe that have Water-Engines
can {carcely build any/others, by reafon of the» ﬂat Situation
of their Ground. /' ‘

THE next Thing I am to fpeak to, is that of conveying
the Water from thefe Refervoirs, to the Bafons for the play-
ing of Jets, * Water-Spouts, and Cafcades.

TH E Ancients had three 'Ways of carrying Water, by
Aqueduéts under Ground, by Pipes of Lead, and by Pipes

'of Earth or Potter’s-Ware, which are all three ﬁill in Ufe,

and to thefe we have added but two, which are Wooden—
Pipes, and thofe of Iron. -

. SUB 1' ER RAN EOUS Aqueduéts ought to be well built
with Free-ﬁone, and cover’d over with arched Vaulting, or
ﬂat Stones, which the French callf ‘Dalles, that the Sun
may not aﬁe& the Water: If you meet with a Rock, the
Vault may be cut out of it; and if {Gate Hill prevent the
Paliage, you mui’t pierce through it, Or carry the Aqueduét
round about, making Vent—Holes at every 50 Fathom, to
give the Water a little Air. The Bottoms and Valleys, cal-
led Vem‘rer by the French, which interrupt the Level of the
Conduit, ihould be ﬁlled up with Rubble-work, and folid-
Walls of Mafonry, or with Arches and Peers, as is done in
the Aqueduét of ﬂrrueil.

THE

7% Pmﬁz’ce bf Gardening. 273

TH E Water is conveyed through thefe Aquedué’ts feveral
ways; in Pipes of Earth or Lead 5 in Channel-Stones of Ma-
ibnry, which is the moﬁ ufual ; or in Gutters made of Lime
and * Cement 5 or of Clay, in Countries where it is plenty. *Tl'l“ 5mm,
Sometimes you meet with natural Veins of Gravel, Sand- IOﬁWPowI/eh
Stone, or Clay, upon which the Water will run without loﬁng 3,13%}?
itfelf. Two ﬁnall Paths fhould always be made upon the Terrafr,i.c.
Sides ofthefe Troughs or Channels, that you may go in, and gjjfhm
walk along them when there is Occaﬁon; and beﬁdes this, a .
ﬁnall infenﬁble F'zill Ihould be given thele Channels, to add a
quicker Current to the \Vater.

TH E s E. forts of Aquedué’ts are proper only for collecting
of Springs, and carrying them into a Refervoir; for the VVa-
ter not being conﬁned, as it is in Pipes, lofes its Fall, and the '
Force it fhould have to throw it up into the Air.

P 1 PES of Lead are the molt convenient for conveying of
Water. You may ﬁnk them down, raife them up, or turn
them aﬁde, without any Prejudice to the Water that runs in
them. Of thele there are two Sorts, the Mould-Pipes, and
the Solder’d. The ﬁrf’t are caﬁ in a Mould, of what Length
you pleafe, ufually about twelve Foot long ; they are made ’
thicker than the Solder’d—Pipes, for fear of blowing, fo that
they are the beﬁ, and moﬁ ef’teemed; but they coi’t more by
realon of their Weight. Solder’d-Pipes are no other than"
Pieces of Sheet-Lead turned up, and folder’d at the Joint.
The biggef’c leaden Pipes rarely exceed ﬁx Inches diameter,
and the leaf: are about 33;. of an Inch, they are ﬁxed one to
another with Joints of Solder. They are fometimes fubjeé’t
to burﬁ, and to waf’te in Ground that is full of Chalk.

PIPES of Earth, or Potter’s-Clay, which was the third
Way of carrying Water among the Ancients, is that which
coits leaf’t, but requires the moﬁ Repair. Thefe Pipes are a
Compoﬁtion of burnt Earth, like that of which Pots and
Pans are made. The feveral Lengths, which are generally
two or three Foot long, run one into another; and the Joint,
which is made with a Hem, or Collar, is fecured with hot
Maﬁick and Hemp. When thefe Pipes are made ufe of to
convey Water that is forced, they are environ’d with a folid
Body of Mortar or Cement, ﬁve or ﬁx Inches thick, which pre-
terves them ibme Time, provided you ﬁrft take the Precau-

N n 2 tion

274 7793 Fat/7th Part; CHA P. I.

tion to let them dry fome Months before you lay theVVater
into them, that the Mortar may have Time to harden; and

Architeaure fecondly fecure the Pipes, which are very brittle, upon Iblid

gigfgzﬁjc Beds and Foundations of Mafonry, for fear they ﬁnk with the

xxx. 2.15”. a Weight. Thefe Pipes are more proper to carry off the waﬁe
Water of Bafons, than that which is to fpout aloft, which
they can hardly reﬁl’c any long Time. They are inbjeé’c to
F ox—Tails, which are the Roots of very ﬁnall Trees, that get
through the Pores of the Earthen Pipe, or through the Joints
of the Maﬁick which rots in the Ground, and being there
fed by the Water, grow to fuch Length and Bignefs, as to
{top up the Pipe entirely. I have found fome of them ﬁve or
ﬁx Fathom long. Some will have it, that thefe F ox—Tails
come from the Hemp that is Wrapt about the Joints ofMaftick,
or elfe from certain Seeds that come into the Pipe along with
the Water. r .

EAR THE N Pipes haVe a peculiar Excellence, for F oun-
tains of Drinking-Water, That being glazed on the Inﬁde,
no Mud or Slime ﬂicks to them, and the Water keeps better
and frelher than in other Pipes 5 beﬁdes that, it gets no ill.
Quality in pafﬁng through them, as it does in thofe of Lead
and Iron, and Wood.

TH E two Ways of carrying Water, that we have added?"
to thofe of the Ancients, are by Pipes of Wood, and of Iron.

m, mm“ ,f To make Wooden Pipes, you take great Trees, as oank,
Liancqurr, of Elm, or Alder, the ﬁraitel’c you can get, and bore Holes,
83135:: "f through them, of three or four Inches diameten They are“
am! pm if lharpén’d at one End, and are ferriled and girdled with.
{190/9 "J‘Chan' Iron at the other, which lerves for jointing themone'into
2352:5522, another, and thefe }oin-ts are cover’d over with Pitch- Thefev
WWW- , Sorts of Pipes are good only in. Countries that are naturally
damp and marfhy, for in dry Ground they quickly rot.

I RON Pipes are- calt in a Mould, and are very much in Ufe‘
at prefent; there are two; Sorts, of them ,, which the French:

3* The Pipe: diﬁ'inguifh * h Mam/90m, and h Brit/()3, but the latter only
:uyﬁiigse: are made ufeof, and are eﬁeemed» the heft. Iron Pipes have
meiinmbea— all the good @alities ofthofe of Lead, lall: longer, and colt:

ther, and are

jointed toge- _ \ . .
rher withMaﬂic/e andllemp; a: the Earthen Pzpes. Thofe a Brides are ﬁg/Zened to. each other 6} rertam
far: or Stay, which. are ﬁrmed. together, with-Leather between the faint.

a: but

7799 Pmc‘i‘zce of Gardmmg.
but at fourth or ﬁfth Part of the Price. They are made
even'to 18 Inches Diameter; each Pipe is three Foot and a
half long, and at both Ends there are Stays, or Ears, which
are joined andbrought clofe together with Nuts and Screws,
and between the Joints are put round Pieces of Leather and
Mafiick. In diﬂicult Places you put Rounds and Half-Cir»
cles of Lead; as alfoawhere there are Elbows, Cocks, and
Suckers, you are obliged to make good the Intervals with
Pipes of Lead.

0

of Weight between Lead am! Iron; and

partly with re/lbeit‘ to the Price of Lead iraFran
much dearer than in England. .

’TI 8 not fuﬂicicnt that I have fpoken of Refervoirs, and:
the different Ways of conveying Water : There is ﬁill a ma.-
terial Point behind that mull not be forgot; which is the‘
Proportion and Diameter that Pipes ought to have, with re-
fpeEt to the Spouts you would have them throws ’Tis on
this the Beauty of your _Water-works depends, for if the
Pipes are too fmall, or furniih too many Baibns, Without
having their due Proportion, they will form nothing buta
few feeble Spouts, and. poorly fupplied, beﬁdes that thefe
Pipes are fubjcc’l to be eaﬁly choalg’d‘ up,and to bu‘rf’t, becaufe
the Wind isiov conﬁned in them, that it can l‘carcely get out.

To remedy this, I ﬂiall ihew you the molt juﬁ: Proper—-
tion that can be given to Conduit-Pipes, with refpeEt to
their W ater-Spouts. They ought to be in a quadruple Pro-
portion to their Quills, that is, the Diameter of the Pipe fhould.
be four times as big as that of the Quill, that the Column of
Water may be proportionable, and that the Swiftnefs of the

‘ PaiTage throughthe Pipes may be equal; beﬁdes that thereis
too much friction upon fmall Pipes, which have great Quins,
and upon the Edge of fmall Quills that have large" Pipes;
fome Inﬂances will explain what is now faid.

T 0 make a Spout play four or ﬁve Twelfrhs of an Inch;
thick, that is tofay, whole Qpill or Ferrilis bored to that
Diameter, and throws out an Inch and a little more in Super-g
ﬁcies,thc Pipe ihould be an Inch and aahalf in Diameter; for a.»

h .
ﬂ?
~f- 2733)- 291143
[>0 ImrIerﬁwJ,
partly wit/2
rq/pyi’i to me
great 53min.
[1 m :9 required
in a Laait‘em
Pipe, more
1/14,; in. aPz‘pe
qf'Iro/i of [/26
pm: Iii/amen
tor,- pirtly
wit/7 rd}
[be Difcrciirc
e, where ’zix

 

The French:
Conduit-Ma»-
ker: callfucér
[mall Jets,
Piflotiers, or
Piﬂ'mg-
Streams.

MariottQ;
Treatife afﬁx:
blowing of
Water, Part 5‘

4 o

Spontof ﬁx or feven Twelfths, the: Pipe ought to be two In»"

ches , for one ofeight- or nine. Twelfths of an. Inch, the Pipe.

fhould;

2.76

Mariette,
Part 5-. Page

336,5”‘1337.

7716 Fourth Part. CHA p. I.

{hould be three Inches; and for a large Spout of an Inch
Bore, the Pipe lhould be four Inches Diameter. To play a
Spout ﬁill bigger, as of an Inch and quarter, or better, or
what we call a Sheaf of Water, there muﬁ be a large Pipe of
ﬁx Inches Diameter. I lhall forbear laying any thing of Pipes
that come up to a Foot or I 8 Inches Diameter, they colt fuch
vaf’t Sums, that they feem to be above the Reach of the molt
wealthy private Gentleman.

T H E R E are divers Sorts of Quills which throw the Wa-
ter into Sheafs, Showers, Suns, Fans, and a great many 0--
ther Forms, as you pleafe; but the molt common are made
like a Cone, and have but one Hole for the Water to ique
at : Thefe are the belt too, not being f0 lubjeét to be ﬂopped
f0 often as the ﬂat ones, which are pierced with ﬁtveral Holes
or Slits made oppoﬁte one to the other, or as thofe that have
feveral other fmall (hulls lblder’d on upon them, to form a
Sheaf.

S o M E pretend, that the Spouts of Water play better when
the Quillsare pierced with a ﬁngle Hole through a pretty
thick Plate, than when they are raifed into :1 Cone ; becaufe
there is lefs F ri€tion made, and lefs Reﬁftance at the Mouth
of it. ‘

’TIs certain, as to Pipes, that the bigger they are, the
better the Water plays; and ’tis the Life of ﬁne Water-works
to be well fed, which ihould be by one continued Length of
Pipe, all of a Size from the Refervoir to the very Quill,with-
out any Diminution; this furnifhes more Water, and gives a
greater Weight to the Spout, which without it appears choakj
ed, and conﬁned too much.

T H E R E are ﬂame of a quite contrary Opinion, who ima-
gine, that in a Pipe of 100 Fathom long, the ﬁrlt 50 Fa-
thom from the Refervoir fhould be bigger than the laﬂ 50
to the (will, which they pretend lhould be lelTened about
an Inch in Diameter; to the end, fay they, that the Water
may begin to be forced and contracted at fomewhat more
Diﬁance in the Pipe,'which ought always to go diminilhing
to the very iﬂ'uing out of the Water: But this is a very
wrong Notion in the Cafe of Fountains, for it is fufﬁcient to
contraé’t and force the Water in the Trunk ‘of, Column of the.
Spout, and in the (gill, withoutdiminiﬂiing the ﬁze of the

\_ Pipe.

77.76 Pmﬁice of Gardenihg. 2.77

Pipe, This is f0 true, that upon dividing the Quill the Wa-
ter will neither rife to the lame Height, nor with the fame
Strength, and will do no more than {labber about.
T H E R E is but one Cale where the Diameter of the “7a-
ter-Pipes ought to be diminilhed, which is, when they are of
a very great Length, as three or four hundred Fathom; it
is then convenient to lay three leveral Sizes of Pipe; for
whereas without it, the Water in fo great a Length would
ﬂeep as it were by the way, and lofe much of its Strength;
thele different Sizes quicken it, and recover its Force :
For Example, in a great Length of 300 Fathom, you may
lay the ﬁrft hundred Fathom with Pipe of eight Inches Dia-
meter, the next 100 with ﬁx Inches, and the lalt hundred
with four Inches; but in Pipes of 100 or 150 Fathom, the,
fame Diameter {hould be continued the whole Length to the
very Quill. .
W H E N you have feveral Spouts to play in a Garden, as-
four or ﬁve for Example, it is no way neceﬂar‘y to lay ﬁve
or ﬁx Pipes from the Refervoir, that is, as many Pipes as
Spouts; this would be a needlefs Expence. You need lay
no more than two or three main Pipes, to which you may
folder on Branches for fupplying all your Spouts : This de-1
pends upon the Proportion that you give them. There lhould
pafs lefs Water through all the ﬁnall Branches taken together,
than through the great ones, fo that not taking “in all the Wa-
ter, the greater Pipes may force the leﬂ‘er,which.will balance
the Frié’tion, and give Vivacity to the Water: For Exam- B, W, 15”,”,
ple, to make three jets of Water, each ﬁx or feven Twelfths tie/0"?“ .
Of an Inch in Diameter, every Branch according to the qua- $55,313:;ij
druple Proportion above mentioned, lhould have two Inches ”f.” ofdzﬁ‘erem
in Diameter, and will let four Inches of Water through it, ﬁgjgz7ydfﬁ
f0 that the three together will be 1 2 Inches, the main Pipe Branches, you.
then muf’t be four Inches in Diameter, and will carry 1.6_In-vfff1:f;ﬂ;”‘;2'
ches of Water, that is to ‘fay, has more force by a quarter compzttetbeir
than the three_,others. By this means the Force will fubﬁﬁ 2’55; £0513:
even to the laf’t Drop, and thefe Jets will play all. together, ,,,,,,~,,_P,-,Zﬁ,
Without fpoiling one another, and abating of their Height. large, N {4
fbrce them m

The main Pipe is tobe continued all of a ﬁze to jul’t againft [memeaﬂm
the Bafons where you divide it by laying on your Branches.

3.
You

278

jk Fr. Souche.

7Z6 \Fourt‘b Part. CHA P. I.

You ﬂrould obferve, that at the Mouth Of the Pipe, that
'is, at the Out-let of the Relervoir, it ought to have two Inches
more Diameter; as if it be a Four-inch Pipe, you {hould
give it a Waiher and Opening of ﬁx Inches at the Bottom of
the Refervoir, that the Entrance being larger, it may ferve as
a Tunnel to evacuate the Water the looner, and give the
greater Prefﬁlre to the Spout,

THE Pipes being continued to the Bafons, regard ﬂrould
be had to fix a Brafs-Cock there, of a Size agreeable to the
Diameter of the Pipe; taking care, that as much Water may
pafs through the oval Hole of the Cock, and Bofs, as through
the circular Hole of the Pipe. There are feveral forts of Cocks,
as thofe with a liluare Head, with Branches, like the Head of
a Crutch, and with two or three Vents for the Water. '

A PRE T T Y large round Piece of Lead, like a Collar,
:fhould be foldered round the Pipe, in the place where it goes
through the Clay-Bottom, and Solid of the Bafon, that the
Water being ﬁopt by this Plate, may not run along the Side
of the Pipe, and f0 be lol’t.

P I PBS lhould always lie uncovered upon the Bottom of a
Bafon, and never be buried within it, that they may be the.
better mended when they happen to be at fault. To the Con-
duit-Pipe is foldered an upright Pipe, called a * Socket, in the
Center of the Bafon, which is the Place where the Spout fhould
be, and at the End of this Socket is likewife foldered
the Brafs-Nut, upon which the Quill is ﬁrewcd. At about
two Foot from the Socket, the Pipe fhould be cut off, and
ﬁopt with a Wooden Stopple with an Iron F erril, or with a
Brafs Stopple and Screw ioldered on there, that you may
empty the Pipes when there is Filth in them, by taking out
thele Stopples.

IN Conduit-Pipes, all Elbows, Bendings, and right
Angles, ihould be avoided as much as poﬂible. becaufe they
diminifh the Force of the Water: And when they cannot
be carried directly ﬁreight, but that a Turning muﬁ necell-
larily be, the Elbows fhould be taken a little the farther, to
leﬂen the Qiicknefs of them.

IN Pipes that are pretty long, Air-holes, or inverted Suc-
kers, ihould be made at convenient Diﬁances, to relieve the,
Pipes, and let the Air out, and when, after a quick Decli?

v ity

"77w Pmﬂiw of Gardening.

vity, the Pipes come to lie level again, you mul’c, in that
place, folder on a Cock to reﬁll: the Weight of the Water,
or the Pipe will not laﬁ: long.

PIPES fhould always lie two or three Foot deep in the
Ground, becaufe of the F roﬁ, and for fear of Thieves, and
{hould be laid along the Walks, and never in the Woods
and Parterres, (71. that you may fooner difcover their Faults,
and more eaﬁly come at to mend them, without difplantin
any thing. When they run under Terraﬂ‘es, you ihould make
a little vaulted Arch over thelength of your Pipe, that you ma
come at it from time to time. The T hruﬁ of the Walls and
Earth, which’is always moving in thefe Parts, will undoubted-
lyruin your Pipes, if they are not fecured by fuch an Arch.

 

Co CHAP.

279.

2%

’they really are. i

7716 Fourtthﬁ. ” CHAR II.

 

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CHAP. II.

0f Fountaim, Bat/om, am! qucom’er of
, Water ; and tire Manner of making
t/Jem. _

,0 UN T A 1 N s and Water are the Soul of aGarden, and-
F make the principal Ornament of it ; there animate and
invigorate it, and if I may f0 lay, give it new Life and Spi-
rit. ’Tis certain, that a Garden, be it inother reipec‘ts never
f0 ﬁne, if it want Water, appears dull and melancholy, and
is deﬁcient in one of its greatei’t Beauties. ‘

THE Diﬁribution of Water in a Garden, is one of the
mofi: difﬁcult Points ; it requires lome Ingenuity and In—
duﬁry, to order it 1?), that a little @antity {hall appear a
great deal; and that not lavifhing the Water away in Shell-
Works, and little Bafons, which are but Triﬂes, it be fpa-
red for neceffary Places, where it may make a handibme Ef-
feé’t, in forming large and well-fed Spouts. It were to be
wifhed too, that the Parts of a Garden might be as well de-
ﬁgned, and the Walks pierced as advantageouﬂy as poﬂible,
for the Water.

CA R E ihould be taken in this Diﬁribution, that the
Fountains be difpofed in fuch manner, that they may be
feen almolt all at a time, and that the Water- Spouts may range
and aline one with another, which is the Beauty of them :
This Repetition makes a Confuﬁon very agreeable to the
Eye, and makes one think them to be more in Number than-

WA T E R is dif’tinguifhed divers ways, as natural and ar-
tiﬁcial, fpouting and ﬂat, quick and ﬁagnant.

N A ’I‘.U--

7% P7462962 of Gardening.

N A r U RAL “later is that which ilTuing out‘of the_Earth
of itfelf, runs into a Refervoir, and makes the Fountains

play continually: Whereas the artiﬁcial is railéd into a Re-
fervoir, by means of Hydraulick or Water-Engines, as I have
already explained in the foregoing Chapter.

\ T HAT is called fpouting Water, which, riﬁng into the
Air in the middle of Bafons, forms ﬁngle Jets, 9” Sheafs,
TBubbles'of Water, (’76. to diﬁinguiih it from ﬂat Water,
which makes Canals, Pools, Filh—Ponds, and Bafons of VVa-
ter, without Spouts, which is no great Beauty in a Garden,
becaufe being always quiet, and in the fame ﬁate, it does
not animate a Garden, as lpouting Water does, which feems
to give it Life 5 and ’tis chieﬂy of thefe lait, that we fay there
are ﬁne VVater-Works in fuch a Place.

RU NN I N G Water is that which runs without Intermif—
“lion; it is the ﬁnei’t of all for its Clearnefs, and its con-
ﬁant Motion renders it wholefome, and very pure : Of this
Kind are the Waters of fmall Rivers and Brooks, of which
are made [1 Canals and large Pieces of Water in Gardens : Of
this Number are likewife reckoned fuch Fountains as run
Day and Night.

STAGNANT Water is the molt difagreeable of all; it
grows dirty, green, and all covered with Mofs and Filth, ha-
ving no Motion at all, as in Bafons that feldom play, and
in marihy Lakes and Ponds : They are alfo very fubjeél: to
corrupt, and to Rink, in the Summer.

TH E R E is no ﬁxing any certain Places for Fountains and
Bafons, which look very well wherever they are; if you
could let them in every Part of your Garden, it were To much
the better; but as they are a very conﬁderable Expence,
their Number fhould be regulated with great caution. _

A BAS ON is ufually let at the End, or in the Middle of
a Parterre, fronting the Building; this is a Place where you
lhould never fail to make one, as likewife in a Kitchen-
Garden : But when you can have them in GrOVes, ’tis a
double Satisfaétion; Water there being, as it were, in its
Center : beﬁdcs, the Verdure of the Trees ferves as a Ground
to létit off, and improves the very Wihitenefs of the Water 5
the Purling and Murmur of it {trike the Ear too the more

0' o 2. agreeably,

2.81

* Gerbes
d’Eau are
made hyfew-
ml little Spout:
playing all
together, which
arm a kind a
Jg’heaf. f
f Boiiillons
d’Eau are very
low Spams,
that rife hut
little higher
than a quid:

Spring.

H A: the Ca-
m l: of Chan-
tilly, Berny,
Liancour,
Courances,
Tanlay, Villa:
cerf, é‘t.

28L

' *‘A: the little
Spout of the
great Bafan at
#29 Palais,

Rajah. .

The Fourtdert‘. - CHAR II.

agreeably, by the Stillneis and Echo that - reigns in the
Woods. _

F OUN T A I N s {hould not be placed too near the Building,
becaufe, in the Summer, there rifes off the Water Vapours
f0 corrupt as may communicate a Malignity to the Air we
breathe, which is"very injurious to the Health ; beﬁdes that
they {trike a very great Dampnefs to the Walls of the Build— '
ing, enough to fpoil the Paintings and Moveables within, and '
incommode you in the Night with the Croaking of Frogs-
and Toads, (ye. Thefe are the Reafons why Country—
houfes are not environed now-a-days with Motes of Wa-
ter, as they were heretofore, and that the Ditches of feveral.
Caiﬂes are now laid dry.

F0 R the Form and Figure of Bafons, they are moﬂ com--
monly found, however, we have ibme oélangular, oblong,
oval, 'fquare, éc. When theie Bafons exceed a certain Size,
they are called Pieces of Water, Canals, Mirrours, “lib-Ponds,
Pools, and Reiervoirs.

FOR the SiZe of Bafons, I {hall fay in general, that you
can hardly err in the Bignefs 5 the larger they are, the bet-
ter, but you may eaﬁly go wrong in making them too
little, which is very ugly : Theie are two Extremes which
fhould be equally avoided, as the making of a little Ba-
ion in a great Space, or devouring the belt Part of a.
Spot of Ground with a great Piece of \Vater. The juﬁ
Proportion of this lhould be left to the Difcretion of the
Architeét, or of him that is to give the, Deﬁgn of the
Garden.

A G R E A T many pretend, that the Size of a Bafon fhould
be proportioned to the Height of the jet d’Eau 5 to the
end, fay they, that the Water thrown up into the Air, tho’
tolled by the Wind, may not go beyond the Edge of the
Bafon, but all fall" down again without wetting the Walk

about it. In this they are miﬁaken; for let the Spout rife

never fo little height, tho’ it be in a large Bafon, the Wind
ihall always blow the Water away, and carry it a great Di—.
ﬁance oﬂ“; ’Tis an Experiment I have often made, and’tis
indifputable. I agree with them, that it is as difagreeable
to fee a?“ {mall ﬂender Stream in a great Bafon, as to fee a,

Very.

Tbe Pmc‘i’zce of Gardemng.

very thick and very high one in a little Bafon. There ihould
be, as much as poﬂible, fome Sort of Agreement between
the Stream of the Spout, and ,the Bafon; but there is no de-
termining any exaé’c Proportion between the Size of Bafons,
and that of their Spouts: This depends upon their Fall and
Force of the Water, or upon the Place where the Ground will
permit you to fet your Fountains.

A s to the Depth you ought to give Bafons, it is ordina-
rily from I 5 to 18 Inches, or two Foot at moﬁ; this being
fufﬁcient for dipping the W’ater-Pots into it, and for fecuring
the Bottom of the Bafon in great Froﬁs. You never make
them deeper, but when they are to ferve for Refervoirs, or

28;

A: that of the
ﬁcondParterre
over ngainﬂ
the ckiefFront

of Trianon.

when you would keep F ifh in them, as is fometimes done in .

great Bafons, Canals, and Ponds of \Vater: Then you give
them four or ﬁve Foot depth, which is enough to hold a
great deal of Water in Store, for the Fiih to breed in as they
ought, and to carry a Boat, in cafe you have a mind to put
one into’it; which you are obliged to do when there are

A Spouts in the Middle of a Piece of Water, to go and unfcrew
the Ferril, or (bill, and to take out the Dirt that hinders the
“7ater from doing its Oﬁice.

You ihould efpecially obferve, in point of Depth, not to
exceed four or ﬁve Foot, tho’ it be a Canal or Refervoir, it
being dangerous when ’tis more, as eight or ten Foot deep ;
fo many Accidents have happen’d to Perions, who going near
fuch Bafons have fallen in and been drown'd, that in truth
it ought feriouﬂy to be reﬂeéted on, and all Endeavours
ufed, that a Thing made for the Delight and Ornament of

a Garden, may not in the, end occaﬁon fo great Vexation and,

Trouble. .

To build a Bafon, the‘Di'menﬁons of it Ihould be very
exactly taken, if you would make it good, and have it hold
Water well *1 You cannot be too circumfpeét in this Work,
the Water always naturally ieeking to run away ; and by
its Weight: and Prefﬁire in a Bafon, fubjeé’t to get out at the
.leaﬁ Cranny, which grows conﬁantly bigger and bigger.
If you fail of performing this Work well at ﬁrﬂ, ’tis very
diﬂicult to repair it; for there are fome Bafons have been
wrought feveral times over, without being fcarce able to
make them hold Water, for want of their being mad}:

we

* TbeConduitm‘
maker: fax} a
Baﬁm ﬂzmld
190M Water
like a Diﬂz.

A: theoﬂan-
gular Baﬁm
upon Ike Par-
terre of the _
Palais Roial.

234 .7723 Family Part-7 CHA P. II.

well at ﬁri’c. This Work, beﬁdes that it requires a great
deal of Care, and experienc’d Workmen, demands alfo
good Materials to be ufed in it, as ihall be explained -
hereafter.

B U T before I proceed to ihew you how Bafons are made,
it will be neceﬂ'ary to diitinguifh the ﬁtveral Kinds that are
in Ufe. Of thefe there arethree Sorts; Bafons that are made
with Clay, with Cement or. Mortar, and with Lead. ‘

I S H A L L begin with Bafons of Clay, as thofe that are moﬁ
in Ufe. ,

TH 13 Place being traced out upon the Ground, you muﬁ,
before you caufe it to be dug, extend and enlarge the Out-
line of it four Foot farther, that is to lay, make the Diame-
ter four Foot bigger on each Side, which makes eight Foot
in all. The Bafon will be never the bigger for this, becauie
the Addition of four Foot will be ﬁlled up and polfeITed by
the Walls and Clay—work of the Circumference. You fhould
:alfo obferve, for the Bottom of the Bafon, to hollow the
Ground out two Foot lower than the Depth you deﬁgn to
give it. The two Foot thus dug out, will be likewife ﬁlled

same PM» by the Bed of Clay, which ought to be 18 ~Inches thick;
ijfw”2:€e:€} and the other ﬁx Inches are for the Gravel and Paving which
,teen rnéae; is laid upon the Clay. For Example; if you would make
gic’m‘f’ ”f a Baion of ﬁx Fathom Diameter, the Ground ﬂiould be
a] at Bot- , g .
tam, though opend feven Fathom and two Foot; and if you would
Efﬁfﬁéﬁéfi give two Foot Depth of Water, it ihould be dug out four
MEMO-tome Foot. 80 the Bafon, when ﬁniih’d, will always come to the
fame of the Sin and Depth required, of ﬁx Fathom Diameter, and two.
f’;§%ﬁ’;§, Foot Cavity.
:zjlae Bonjm of TH E Ground ihould be dug perpendicularly, and be car—
.xgzﬁw’ ried away, as was taught above in the fecond— Chapter of the
lap. ' ’ ’fecond Part. The Digging being ﬁnifhed, and the Earth
. cleared out, you muﬁ: build two Walls, and inclofe the Clay
betwixt them, that by this means the Water may not dilute
it, that it may keep cool, and that the Roots of the neigh-
bouring Trees may not fo eaﬁly penetrate it.

A G A I N s T the Earth raife or back up the Wall 11, Fig. 1.
following, of one Foot thick, from the Bottom of the Dig,—
ging, to the Level of the Ground above, which you may build
with Shards, Rubble, or F lints, no matter which; with Mor—

ttal’

77m Pmﬂzce of Gardening.
tar made of the natural Earth, mixed and beaten u
Mortar. This Wall is called the Ground-Wall, becaufe it is
built only to reﬁft the PreITure of the Ground about it, and
to keep the Clay from drying too faﬁ.

THE Wall being thus built all “round the Work, caufe
the Clay to be brought in, Which is to be thrown into the
Bottom, and made ﬁt for working and handling, by throwing
Water upon it from time to time, and beating it up twice or
thrice, ﬁlﬁbring no Dirt to be in it. ,
pared, let it be fpread and thrown about by Shovels-full, and
afterwards kneaded by little and little with Mens naked Feet,

to a Foot and ahalf high,
and about feven or eight
Foot Wide all round the
Compaﬁ; of the Wall 5

you fpread the Clay fe- I

ven or eight 'Foot wide,
only to lay. on the Floor
and Joiﬁs, upon which
the fecond Wall B, is
to be built, which the
French call Mu? de
'95 rDouve, it being no
way 11ecefTary to fpread
the Clay at ﬁrﬁ over all
the Bottom of the Baton.
Meafure I 8 Inches from
the Wall 1, and leaving
this Interval for the B0-
dy of Clay C, the IV all
B mutt be built Within

it, which ought likewiie to be at leaf’c 1 8 Inches, thick : And
as this Wall cannot be built ihbﬁantially, if it be founded on—
ly upon the? Clay, there is a Neceﬂity of making for it aFloor
Vvith.]oii’ts, which is‘done in this Manner.
TimberaQuarter of three or four Inches thick, or Ship—Plank
of two or three Inches thick, and ﬁx‘ Inches broad, and bury
them level with the Clay at every four Foot DiﬁanCe, to that
they" may a little ’e‘xceed the Surface of the Wall on both
Sides: Thefe. are called Racimux by the Fremb, and do

When your Clay is pre-

The Upright of the/
FIG. I. Walls and Clay, in a
Bafon of Clay.

  
  
  

 

    

______ w __.___.._ _-r~ ref-€727

 

A Plan of the Con—
ﬂruﬁion of a Bafon

  

Take Pieces of

285‘

* Douve, 2'71-
Frcnch, fig-
nz‘ﬁe: a Pipe-
Stave ,- and
rkis I/Vall fttr~
rounding the
Writer of w
Bet/on, a: the
Sm'uer of a
Vejfel do the
Liquor con—
tained in it, is'
therefore ml-
led by the
French, Mu:
dc Douve»

28.6

7776’ Faun/.7 Part. CHA P. H.

the Ofﬁce of Joiﬁs, as 9, Fig. 2~ after which, lay .upon them
long Pieces of Ship-Plank, which joining two together, ihould
be as broad as the Wall, and nailor fpike them down to the ‘
Joiﬁs; and this is what we call the Platform or Floor E, Fi .
2. This Work being done, you let upon it the ﬁrﬁ Courfe of
the Inner-Wall B, which muft be raifed as high as the other
and I 8 Inches in Thicknefs at leaf’c; for in Bafons that are
pretty large and deep, where there is a great Weight of Wa_
ter, and the Sides of the Wall are long, you muﬁ make the
Inner-Wall two Foot thick, as a means to prelérve the Bafon,
as 'well as the Wall itfelf much longer. "

You ihould not raife the Inner-Wall above half its Height
at ﬁrl’t, as fuppofe it ought to have fixFoot, you thould raile
it but three Foot; becaufe it would be verydiﬂicult to throw
in and tread the Clay to the Bottom of the Bed, if the Wall
be raifed its whole Heightvat once. The Space .C, Fig I.
contained between the two Walls, called by the French, [.9
Corroi, muﬁ be ﬁlled with Clay to the Top of the Wall,
which {hould be built level with the other; and the lame
Kneading and Treading muﬁ be continued, till the Body of
Clay C be’raifed eaven with the Ground.

FOR working the Bottom F, Fzg. 2. you are to ﬁll the
whole Extent of the Work with Clay, to make a Bed of
1 8 Inches Thicknefs, beginning to knead it with that you
7ﬁrf’c fpread within the Inner-Wall and Joiﬁs; and uniting
that and the Bottom together, which fhould be cerver’d with
Gravel ﬁve or ﬁx Inches deep, as you fee in G, Fi . I.
which will preﬁerve the Clay, and hinder the Fifh from dig-
ging. Inﬁead of :graveling it, you may pave the Bottom;
but this is vaﬁly chargeable. _

IF the Bafon bein a Wood, or near any great Trees, the
Ground-Wall muﬁ be built with Mortar made ofLimc and
Sand, to ﬂop the Roots of the Trees, which coveting the

' F refhnefs of the Clay to snouriﬂr them, and gathering more

.and more Strength, in the end overturn the Walls into the
Water. You mutt likewife, for the Prefervation of your
Bafons, every ﬁx or feven Years, caufe Trenches to be made
.as deep as the Clay-Bottom, about the Walls, and in the
Middle of the Walks, not going too near the Baibn, or-the

Hedges,

7793 Pmc‘i’z'ce of Gardening;

Hedges, for fear of hurting them; in order to cut of? all the
Roots that may have reached the Bed of Clay.

To build the Inner-\Vall, you .ihould pick out good
Rubble-Stones, that will not fcale and come off in Flakes in
the W'ater, or elfe get Flints and Stones from the Hills,
which make very durable Work, but look not f0 neat as
the Pointed Rubble. You fhould lay here and there Stones
that reach the whole Thicknefs of the Wall, that is to fay,
fuch as make the Surface on both Sides, which Workmen
call making a Tarpz'n: This ﬁiﬁens the Wall, and makes
it much the ﬁronger. The Mortar that {hould be ufed in the
Conﬁruﬂion of this Wall, ought to be made of Sand well
tempered and beat up with Lime 5 the Proportion of which is

one Third of Lime, and two Thirds of Sand, which makes very ,

goodMortar. a
IT may be asked, perhaps, why the Inner-Wall B does
not go to the Bottom, as
the Ground-Wand does.
The Reafon is this: If
, this Wall were fet upon
- the Ground, as the other
Wall is, the Water would
be loft, and the Work _
behind it become ufe- g
lefs, becaufe the Bottom a;
Bed F could not be uni- ‘4
ted to that of C upon the
Sides, and fo the Clay
would not makeone en-
tire Body; which is the
great Buﬁnels of all, and
that which keeps in the
Water at the Corner of
the Wall. ’T is for this
Reafon you are obliged
to build and fecure this -
Wall upon Joiﬂs and Planks bedded upon the Clay, that a
Communication may be left between the Bottom and the
Sides.

‘ I _ The Upright of thc'
' FIG. 1- Walls and Clay, in a.
Bafon of Clay.

  
 
          
     

 

BéL'er-‘lslilsz‘tlﬂé‘jzrtﬁe

FIG. II.

A Plan of the Con-
{lruélion ofa Bafon
of Clay.

v

Pp . THE

“287'

288

“17716170qu Part. CHAP. II.

TH E true Sign of good Clay is, that it be clofe and ﬁrm,
and not fandy, that it draw out in Strings upon breaking,
and that it feem fat in handling. ’Tis no matter whether
it be red or greenifh, the Colour ﬁgniﬁes nothing : Itis bought
in France by the Cubical Fathom, which contains in all 21 6
folid Feet. The Cubical Fathom ought to have a fquare F a-
thom upon every Side, which makes 36 Foot on the Super-
ﬁcies. Clay is not dear unlefs in the Carriage and Tranf—
porting of it: In fome Countries it cofts nothing but the
Drawing, there is fuch Plenty of it; in others it. muﬁ be
fetched from far, and at a great Expence.

B A so N8 of Cement or Mortar, are built in a Manner very
different from the foregoing; theOut-Line of the Bafon is to
be extended, andgthe Diameter enlarged, but not fo con-
ﬁderably as in the Bafons of Clay; there needs no more in.
thefe, than one Foot nine Inches of Work in the Circumfe-
rence, and as much at the Bottom, which is fuﬁicient to hold
the Water. , Thus, for a Bafon ofﬁx Fathom Diameter, the
Digging muﬁ be {ix Fathom three Foot and a half, and mnﬁ:
be hollowed out one Foot nine Inches lower than the Depth
you would give the Bafon. ,

B E G I N with railing and backing, up againﬂ the Ground,

cut perpendicularly, the

The Conﬂruétion of a Bafonof Cement. Wall of Mafonry ﬂ,
Fzg. 3. of a Foot Thick-

FIG. III. nefs, which muf’r go to
the Bottom, and fhould

be built with Shards and

7 ,i ....................... .. Rubble—Stones laid in a

. ' Mortar of Lime and
X: B Sand. This Wall being
made all rOund, you be.
gin the Filling in of the
Bottom B at Foot thick, and work it with the fame Mate-
rials and Mortar, as the Wall A. You then back up, agai‘nﬁ
this Wall, the folid Work or lining of Cement C, nine Inches
thick, including the Plaiﬁering, and inner Surface. This
Solid fhould be made of fmall Flints taken out of Vineyards,
and laid in Beds, with Mortar made of Lime and *6 Cement,

 

 

 

 

 

* Cement in France is mmle wit/7 powdered Tile or Brick—duff. In England we make
156 of Terra/Is in all our Watermarks.
which

The Pmc'fice of Gardening.

which you muﬁ by no means be fparing in, if you would
make good Work ofit. Thefe‘ F lint’s {hould'not lie fo as to
touch one another; on the contrary, they ought to be ata
little dif’tance, and ’r fwim in Mortar on all ﬁdes.

W H 13 N this Solid is about eight Inéhes thick, and is con-
tinued over the whole Surface of the Bottom '2), it muﬂ: all
be plaiﬁered over with the ﬁneﬂ Mortar, that is to fay,
with Cement well ﬁfted, before it be tempered with the
Lime; and then wrought very fmooth and even with the
T rowel. This Work requires great Care, to take out the
Straws and Filth you may meet with in making the Mortar;
the Proportion of which is two Thirds of Cement, or pow—
dered Tile, to one Third of Lime. In making this Mortar,
agreat Qiantity of Water ihould not be thrown upon it at
once, for fear of waihing away the Goodnefs of the Lime;
but it ought to be made up by Strengthof Arm, and good
Beating.

YoU lhould chufe a warm, dry Seafon, for making Ba-
fons of Cement, Rainy Weather being veryimproper for this
Work. When the Bafon is ﬁnifhed, you muﬁ, for four or
ﬁve Days together, anoint the Plaiﬁering over with Linfeed
Oil, or Bullocks-Blood, for fear it crack and ﬂaw; after
which, you ihould let the Water into it as foon as poﬂible,
for fear the Sun crack it. .

C E MEN T has the _Pr0perty to harden f0 under Water,
that Stone and Marble are not harder 5 and makes f0 ﬁrong
a Body, that it never decays. .

B A so N s of Lead are fomewhat more rarely in ufe, by
reafon of the great Charge of them, and the Danger of hav-
ing the Lead l’tole. The Out-Line of thefe muft be en-
larged a Foot of g a ﬁde only, and the Opening lhould he
hollowed out half a Foot more than the Depth you would
give the Bafon: For Example, a Bafon of ﬁx Fathom dia-
meter {hould be dug ﬁx Fathom and two Foot, and at Foot
and a halfdeep, if you deﬁgn it one Foot deep-Tin Water.

ﬂ.

Pp 2' x . You

285» _

1‘ The Form-
miﬁ-maker:
in France
call it laying
Flint: in a.
Pudding of
Cement.

290

77.26 Family Part. CHAR II.

You allow a Foot Thicknefs to the Side-Wall A, Rig. 4.
that it may better refift'the
Earth, tho’ you give but
half a Foot Thicknefs to the
Area, or Bottom. Thefe
Wall's lhould be built with
, Rubble laid in Mortar made
allof Plaiﬁer, becaufe Lime
corrodes the Lead, and up-
on the Walls and Bottom
, which ihould be feamed

The Confiruétion of a Bafon of Lead.

 

 

 

 

one to another with Solder.

WHEN you make a Balbn upon loofe Earth, or that
which is lately brought in, the Ground-Wall fhould be ﬂip-
ported, at every fix Foot, with Buttrelfes, or Spurs of Ma-
lonry; the Foot of which ihould be as broad at Bottom as
the Buttrefs is high, as you ﬁe in the 52‘]? Fig. Without
this Precaution, ’tis to be feared,
the Bafon will be entirely ruin-
ed. If the Bottom be not good,
you mui’c drive Piles, and make
ufe of Planks and N et—works of
Timber, to lay the Platform of
the Bafon upon.

YOU fhould obferve, in making
the Floor of: the Bafon, there
ihould be left a fmall Fall, 01‘
Slope, to one ﬁde, for a Current
to carry CIT the Water from all
Parts, to empty the Balbn entire-
ly, and to cleanfe it when you pleafe, which is done by
means of a Walher, and a ‘Waﬁe—Pipe at the Bottom
of it.

As to the Upper-Edge, and Superﬁcies of a Bafon, it
lhoul‘d be kept very level, that the Water may cover all the
Walls equally, and that it may always keep full; which is
the great Beauty of a Piece of Water, and of great impor-
tance to preferve the feveral Bafons I have been fpeaking of:
For, if in a Bafon of Clay the Water be not high enough,
the Body of Clay that compaﬂés it will dry and chap, mad

t e

 

The Pmc‘i’ice of Gardening.
the Water will be loft, for which Reafon likewife it is,

that all round, upon the Walls and Clay-work, you fhould
lay a Border of Grafs of the fame Breadth, that the Sun

may not f0 eaﬁly attract and draw away the Moiﬁure. If '

it bea Bafon of Cement, the Plaiﬁering of the Sides, will
be liableto be fpoiled by the Froﬁ, and to peel off; if it
be a leaden Bafon, the Sun will be apt to bliﬂer it, and

open the foldered joints, for Lead is hurt more by the Heat C

than by F roll, and the Water will then be loft, which is no
eafy thing to remedy.

F OR the Waite-Pipes of Bafons, whether at Bottom, or
upon the Superﬁcies, you fhould obferve to make them ra-
ther large than fmall, being very fubjeét to be choaked, not-
withﬁanding the Cawls that are put before them. This
Wafte-Water is carried away in Drains, or Earthen-Pipes,
when ’tis only to be loft in Sinks and Common-Shores;
but ‘when it ferVes to play the Batons that lie below, you
muﬁ then make ule of the ordinary Leaden-Pipes.

THESE large Diicharges, beﬁdes , that they ﬁzrve to
keep the Walk about a Bafon dry and in' good Order, are
alfo very neceITary to the Prefervation of a Bafon: F or
when the \Vater runs over at any time, it dilutes the ﬁrm
’ Ground upon which the Area and Foundations of the Ba-
fon are fet, and fpoils the Level of it.

0 F the three ways of making Bafons, which Ihave been
fpeaking of, that which coﬁs leaf’t is doubtlefs the Clay, to
which you muﬁ have recourfe in great \Vater—works, for
faving Expence. But it is that too, which requires moﬂ:
looking after of all, being very fubjeét to dry and chap,
which will oblige you to run it over again from time to
time 1 That which coils moﬂ, is the Bafon of Lead, becaule
of its Weight and Solder; and the third, which is that of
CementorTerrafs, is preferable to all for its Duration, and ma
be faid to keep a Medium, as to the Charge, between aBafon
of Clay and one of Lead: There is nothing but the Plain
ﬁering of them can ever be fpoilcd, this is fo true, thatI
have had Bafons of Cement ﬁtted up again, which had lain
10 or 12 Years without Water, and made very good by
pecking all oil to the quick, and plaiﬁering them over anew.

‘ «You

291

292. m Fourth pm: CHAR II.

, Yo U may farther obferve, not to employ Clay unleis 'in
moiﬁ Places; it keeps much better there than in dry Coun-
tries. Cement is molt proper in dry and barren Ground, and
where Clay is fcarce, becaufe it naturally loves Drought
and Heat. As for Lead, you may employ it any where,
but with as much good Husbandry as poﬂible : It is more
made ufe of for Pipes than for Bafons, unlefs it be in fmall
Bafons upon Terrailes, in Cafcades, and other Places where
you would not dig deep, for fear of killing your ﬁne
Trees. .

THERE are fome Countries where there needs neither
Clay nor Cement to make Bafons, the Earth holding the
Water naturally. T his is akind of free Earth, which needs
no more than to be tempered, and ﬁlled into a Trench of
three Foot broad, after having lined it, upon the ﬁde next
the Water, with a Wall of Maibnry of two Foot thick,
which does the Ofﬁce of the Inner-VVall in the Bafons before

mentioned. ,
Vitruvius , IN Languedoc and Trovmce, they make ufe of a kind of
£23205ng Earth called Tozzolamz, which has the Property of growing
Cari-6; hard under Water, and is extremely durable; ’tis with
:fzjﬁlwrfff this Earth they make their Bafons : They mix it with Lime,
raj}. and ufe it as Cement, with which it may properly be com-
pared, making, in a manner, the fame Mortar.
IN Places where there is much Water, and a great Fall
of Ground, you may, beﬁdes Bafons, and large Pieces of '
Water, contrive alfo Cafcades, * Gullets, and “I. Buffets of
semen“ Water, (Tc. as well in the. Walks, as on the Stairs and

are/mall Flights of Steps : Nothing is more agreeable and convenient,

.CM’W" W for the Bafons above fupply them below, and are made. to
in Stone, or

Marhle, laid play one from the other by the waﬁe Water, either from

Wing f‘" the Water or Superﬁcies.

the Wter to _

run in, which

i: now and then interrupted 5} little Baﬁms, out inform Qf shells, which throw up [mall Spout: of
Witter.

‘ 1- Buﬁ'et d’Eau is commonly a Marhle Table in a Garden; over which are fewer/ll shelve: mifed
ymrrzidall}, fat out with Veffel: if gilt Braﬁ, ohm: which the Water falls, and make: them look,
ike Cry/loll gamzyhed with Vermo' ion. ' ,

2.4

Cas-

The Prnéi’ice of Gardening.

CASCADES are compofed of Sheets, Buffets, Masks,
Bubbles, * Mufhrooms, Sheafs, Spouts', Surges, ,+ Candle—
ﬂicks, “6 Grills, rt Tapers, Crolles, and vaulted Arches of
Water. ’

Scale: on the upper Part, over which the Whter fall: into the Bojim helow.

2-93

* Mttfhroomt
are a fort of
inverted
Bowl-difhes,
cut with

f Candle/lick: of I/lézter are generally where the Spout is rnifed upon a Foot, a: that'ofzz great Balin-
ﬂer, carrying a little Bnﬁm upon the Hemlof it, out of which the Witter fall: into another larger Bm
on. Sometime: they are no more than ﬁvernl fmnll spouts, riﬂng in little [quare or round Bnﬂmsms

in Fig. 11. Plate L.

*fGrill: of Wrer are/eveml Spout: in the fame Ling/lending in a long Bnﬁm very near onennorher,

1: Taper: are the fame as Grills, but more iii/lent one from the other.

T HEY are accompanied with Maritime Ornaments, and
fuch as are fuitable to the \Vater, as artiﬁcial Ice, and
Rock—Works, Congelations, Petrifyings, and Shell-VVorks,
VVaternLeaves, Bulruihes and Reeds imitating the natural,
with which the Surface of the Walls and Borders of the
Bafons are lined. They are likewife adorned with Figures
that naturally belong to the Water, as Rivers, Naiades or
Water-Nymphs, T ritons, Serpents, Sea-horfes, Dragons,
Dolphins, Grifﬁns, and Frogs, which are made to throw
out, and vomit Streams and Torrents of Water. This
is the greateﬁ Part of What enters into their Compoﬁ?
tron.

As to their Situation, and their Diﬂ‘erence; Cafca‘de's can:
.fcarce have other than that of a gentle ﬂoping Defcent,
or a Fall by Steps and Stairs of Stone, or Banks and
Slopes of Turf. Thefe great Cafcades are dif’tinguiihed
from the little ones, which are made either in Niches
of Horn—beam, or of Lattice-work, or in the Middle of
an Afcent of Steps, or, lai’tly, at the Head of a Piece
of Water; as may be feen in the Examples of the follow—
ing Plate, which I am now going to explain.

T HE ﬁrﬁ Figure reprefents a Cafcade as plain as can be,
and one of the moﬁ eafy to execute in a private Gentleman’s
Seat. It is fuppofed to be upon a gentle Slope, at the End
of a Wood cut into a Goofe-Foot, the Walks of which cen—-
ter upon a round Bafon, where there is one large Spout,
and to furniih the more Water to the Head of this Cafca'de,
you have waﬁe Waters from Bafons above, that throw

‘ them-w

294

a Rigole.

Jr Boilillons.

<F I G. H.

* Champig-
non, which
fee explained
above.

7763170511717 Part. ’ ‘CHAP. II.

themfelves with open Mouth into this very Bafon. The
Head of this Cafcade is between two Defcents of Stone:
Steps, adorn'd with four Figures, and it is formed by three
Mask-Heads that difcharge the Water into Shells, from whence
it falls by Sheets into the Bafon, being accompanied by two
large Spouts on the Sides. In the Breadth of this Bafon, and
of that below, ,is made a Bed of Turf, ‘edged with two
Walks, in which are laid Chevrons, or Checks of Grafs in
Zz'g—Zac, to throw off the Torrents on both Sides. There
Walks are planted with Horl‘e-Chelhuts, and Yews between
them; and behind the little Counter—walk, the Wood is
continued to inclole the Cafcilde, and make a Ground of
Verdure to it. The Water, runs from this Head and upper
Bafon through a * Gutter, and comes into a fecond Bafon,
where it makes at Sheet : There are two little Bafons above
with 1 low Spouts, which throw “Sheets alfo into this Bafon.
The Water, after this, runs through another Gutter, at the
End of which is a fmall Bafon witha little Spout, which ad-
vances forward, and makes 9. Sheet into another Bafon be-
low it. The relt of this Cafcade is a Repetition of the fame
Thing down to the great Bafon at the lower End, which re-
ceives all this Water, and is adorned with two large Spouts,
beﬁdes the three little ones above, which fall Sheet upon
Sheet into this Bafon. In the Palifade Hedge there are two
Figures fet to accompany this Fall of Water. '

THE fecond Figure is much more magniﬁcent and com-
pofed 5 it is laid out. upon an eafy Defcent, cut with Steps,
Half-Paces, Reﬁs, and fmall Slopes of Turf. Its Head is a
great Oétangular Bafon, out of which rifes a large * Mulh-
room of Water, making 21 Sheet into the Bafon; and the
Cup or Bowl of it is fullained by Dolphins that fpout Water
out. There are likewife four Bubbling-Spouts regularly
placed in this Bafon, the Water of which is all difcharged
by at Sheet upheld by Tritons, and Dolphins, that adorn
the Head of' this Cafeade. This Water afterwards ﬁnds
certain Reﬁs, or Half-Paces in Bafons, and continues its
Fall by leveral other Sheets doWn to the great one at bot-
tom, which is of the fame breadth as the upper Bafon, and
receives all the Water: In it are three large Jets, two of
which anﬁver the Row of Spouts or Candleﬂicks upon the

Sides,

 
   
 

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77M Pmc‘Zice of Gardening. ‘ 29;

Sides, and the other is in the Middle. As thefe Sheets and
Bafons would look too ﬂat and naked without Spouts, the
Sides of this Cafcade are accompanied by two Rows of
fmalLBafons, called * Candlcﬂz'ckr, which are made upon each * Chande-
Half-Pace. Thefe Spouts do not quite ﬁll the Bafons, but liars, wlfich
in the Middle is a Cawl, a d a Waite-Pipe, to rupp1y the fgoﬂ’m‘
others; that is to fay, the liirﬁ fupplies the third, the 12:—
cond the fourth, and fo of the others, for in furnifhing the
two ﬁrl’t Spouts of each Row, you may make a hundred of
them play all at once. There are little Banks of Grafs be-
tween thefe Bafons, which lie jul’t againf’t the Steps; and
thofe which are marked with a little black Square upon the
Stone Coping, are Plinths to fet Vafes and Flower-Pots on, '
of which there are three Rows on each Side : ’Next the Hedge
is a Slope of Turf continued from Top to Bottom, which
is out where it comes againﬁ the Steps. This Cafcade is
ﬁtuated as the other, in the midﬂ of a Wood, for ’tis there
they are moi’c commonly made: The Verdure of the Trees
and Grafs, the Brightnefs of the Water, and the Ornament
of the Figures and Vafes, making a Medley and Contrariety
extremely agreeable to the Eye.
THE third Figure contains a great Buffet, proper to be FIG. III.
fet at the Head of a Piece of Water, the upperSide of which
lies againft a low T errafs—Wall. You may judge by the
Upright, of the handfome Eﬂ‘eé’ethis Cafcade would make;
and, by the Plan, of the Room it takes up. In the level
Bafon above, which is the ﬁrﬁ Bed, there are ﬁve great
Spouts of about 12. Foot high. This Balon advances in
Form of an oblong Square hollowed out at the Corners,
and the Water of thefe Spouts makes Sheets on the F ore-
Part, which are interrupted by little Rocks fet againf’c the
Intervals of the Spouts. The hollow Corners are likewife
fet with Rocks, and upon the Sides are two Sheets of
Water. T hefe Rocks are put'here only to make a Contrariety,
and to ferve for a Ground to ten low Spouts that are in the
fecond Bafon, or Bed of Water, which differs fufﬁciently
from the former. The Sheet in Front is Continued from
End to End, and throws itfelf into the Water-work. There
are alfo two pretty large Sheets upon the Sides, and no
Rocks but at the Corners. This Buffet is adorned above

Q q with '

295 7%.? Fourtb Pam; CHA p. II.

with two Groups of Boys holding up Baskets of Flowers,
which, ﬁand upon Bafes fet upon the Coping of the Ter-
ra‘fs : At Bottom are two Figures of Water-Nymphs carried
by Dolphins, which fpout Water out at their Noﬂrils.

FIG. Iv. IN the fourth Figure you have the Elevation of a fmall
Buﬁ'et,’or Cafcade of Water, contrived in the Middle of a
Defcent of Steps, Horfe-Ihoe—Faihion. Upon the Flat of
the T errafs is a Bafon rounded at the End, with a large
Spout or Sheaf of Water, which faces another Flight of
Steps above, and a great Walk in a Wood, the Length of
which is ﬁlled with a Canal that fupplies the Cafcade with
Water. This great Spout falls again into the Bafon below, by
a Sheet fuf’tained by two young Tritons, and three Dolphins,
that ﬂabber into the fame Bafon. This Cafcade is accom-
panied by two Spouts upon the Sides : The Walls of the
Terrafs, and of the Horl‘e-lhoe, are adorned with Pannels,
\Courfes of Rock-work, Icicles, and Petriﬁcations cut in Stone.

F1 G. V. THE ﬁfth Figure is ﬁt to be fet at the Bottom of a Walk,
or at the End of fome long Line, and is made in a Niche
or Sinking of 3. Hedge: ’Tis a great Shell raifed at the
End of a Bafon, and fuﬁained by Scrolls and Water-Leaves;
in the Middle is a Figure of Venus, upon a Bafe wrought
with a large Hollow, borne by two Dolphins, which throw
out Water. There are tWo Bubbling-Spouts upon the
Sides of the Shell, from which the Water falls again by
Sheets into the Bafon below.

THE Bafons of' thefe Cafcades may be made with Clay,
or Cement, with a Coping of wrought Stone going round
them; and for the little Bafons of the Candlefticks, they
may be cut and hollowed out of one Stone : The Gutters
and narrow Channels may be alfo funk in Stone, or built
with Flints, and Mortar of Cement. You may likewife
make all thefe Bafons and Gutters with Lead, but that colts
a great deal, and is very liable to be ﬁolen.

As to the Sheets of Water, they lhould'be fupported by
well-built Walls, and that they may make a good Eﬂéé’t,
and not be torn in Pieces, they ihould be made to run
upon Sheets of Lead, or upon Beds of Stone wrought very
fmooth, and fet very level. The Figures wherewith you

adorn

7‘56 Praéi’ice of Gardening. 297

adorn yOur Cafcades, may be of Marble, Brafs, or Lead
gilt, bronzed, or painted of the Colour of Brafs, or elfe of
very hard Stone; but for Works that ﬁand in the Water,
you cannot employ Materials that are too good.

 

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A.
T A B LE

Things contained in this Volume.

A.

Cacia, its Form and its
Merit, I 6 9
A/m‘ermtr, its Leaves, its

Wood, I7 5. How it muﬁ
be raifed. 216
'ﬂlder, its Wood and its Ufe,

17o

'Altbm Fmtex, or Mallows
Royal, its Wood, its Leaves,
its Flower and its Ufe, 221
'ﬂmamntlam, its Seed, 250.
How it is to be raifed, z'éz'd.

- Its proper Seafon, 26 3
Ambrette, or Holy—thiﬁle,» a
lower, 251, 263
ﬂmomum, its Wood, its
Leaves, its Fruit and Seed,
222

ﬂnemamr ﬁngle and tufted,
256. How they are kept
out of Ground, Mid. Of
their Seed, 257. Their

place in a Garden, 260.
Their Seafon, 262, 264.
ﬂnthirimmz, or Snap-dragon,
a Flower, 26 3
Ants, feveral ways of de-
ﬁroying them, 205
ﬂqueduﬁr, 272. Different
ways of carrying Water in
them, 273, and following.
dréors, or Porticos, 86, 87
ﬂrtiﬁcial Arbors, 87. Natu-
ral Arbors, 90. Their Com-
poﬁtion, 87. VVherein they
differ from a Cabinet, iéid.
The we of Arbors, 87, 88.
Examples of feveral Arbors
of Trellis or Lattice-work, .
88, and following.
Arcades, Hedges cut into Ar-
cades, I 8 7'
24/667221? ofTurf, {so

.415»

TABLE.

'Aﬂa—z‘ree, its Wood and its
Leaves, ~ I 6 8
ﬂﬁ), or Afpen-tree, its Leaves,
its Bark, its Wood and its
Pr0perties, 1 7o
Karim/d, a Flower, 2 52.
Very fubjeél to change and
vary its colour, [256.] Its
Place, 260. Its Seafon, 262

B

Bdlfdm-ﬂpﬂe ﬁriped, 250 ,

Baﬂl, or fweet Baﬁl, 2 5o
Bdfom‘, their place in a Gar-
den, 28 I. Their Shape or
Figure, 282. Their Size
and Depth, 282, 283. Ba-
fons of Clay, 284. Railing
the Walls and ﬁlling in a
Bafon of Clay, 284.. and
following. Plan of the Con—
ﬁruétion of a Bafon of Clay,
iéid. The Conﬁruélion of

a Bafon of Cement or T er-
rals, 28 8. The Conﬁruétion

' of a Bafon of Lead, 290
Baﬂinet, or golden Knops, a
Flower, 253, 262
Bdﬂdrd Sena-tree, what it is,
itsWood, its Leaf, its F low-

er and its Fruit, 222, 230
Beet/J, a Tree, its Bark, its
Wood, its Leaf and its Pro-
perties, 1 68
B eds, Plants that. are fown- up-

on Hot-beds, 2 5 o
Bell—ﬂower, 2 5 2, .2 62,
Be/vedere, what it is, 9 5

Bind-weed, a Flower, 2 5.x.

Birch, a Tree, its Wood, its
Bark, and itsLeaf, 169

Borders, their Ufe, 44. Four
Sorts of Borders, 2'5. F low-
ers commonly ufed in the
Borders of Parterres, 245,
and following.

Bowlingreem, the Original
of this Word, 76. Different
kinds of Bowlingreens and
their Figure, 76, 77, and
following. Their Place, 77.
Their Agreeablenefs, iéz'd.
The Manner of tracing out a
Bowlingreen upon the
Ground, I 59, and follow-
mg.

Box, a Shrub, two Sorts of
it, 174-. The Properties of
one and the other kind,
ibid. and following. The
Manner of planting Box,

179,180

,. Bram/yes, of chufing a Branch

ofa Tree, I 9 8. Why there
Ihould be left but one, Mid.
In what Cafe there fhould
be- more left, Mid.
Broom, its Wood and its
Flower,221., 229..Its Cul-
ture, 24.1
Bulés of Flowers, Manner of
planting them, 248.. Their
different kinds, 25 3. The.
belt Bulbs, 253
Burning Bujb, or Pyracantha,
a Shrub, its Wood, its Leaf,
and its Fruit, 223,. 230'-

(5,)

TABLE.

(3.»
Joiner: of Green, 1 87
Camornz'l, a Flower, 2 5 2,

2 6 3
Candy-tuft annual,2 5 1 , 26 3.
Vivacious, 2 5 I , 2 6 3

Cane-W'z'llow, a Shrub, its
Wood and its Leaf, I 7 1
Cant/oarides, fmall Flies, the
way to deﬁroy them, 206
Cafcader, their Situation, (are.
2 9 2. Figures of feveral Caf-
cades, 29 3. and following.

Cafe: of Flowers, 5 95
Caleb-ﬂ}, a Flower, 2 5 1,
263

Caterpillars, the way to de-
ﬁroy them, 20 5

Center, Number of Degrees at
the Angle of the Center,

1 1 6
Chantilly, its natural Gar-
dens, I 8

Cbefnat, its Bark, its Leaves,
its Wood, and its Fruit,

I 66, 1 67

Clorjfantkemnm, or great
Daify, a Flower, 2 5 o, 2 5 9,

2 6 3

Circle, perfeét, 100. To draw
a Circle upon the Ground,

1 1 7
St. Cloud, its natural Gar-
dens, , 18

. Colonades of Greens, 1 86
Colnrnl'z'ne, a Flower, 252,
263

Colntea, aShrub; its Wood,
its Leaf and its. Flower,
222. It ﬂowers in Summer,
2 30. Its Culture, 24-7.

Conﬂanr, its Gardens. 2:
Coppz'cer, or» Coppice-woods,
65

Corn-flower, or wild Poppy, a
double Flower, 251, 262.
Creﬂer, or Indian Creffes, a
Flower, 2 5 1
Crocus, or Saffron-ﬂower,
25 3, 262, 263

Croﬁ of yernfalern, a Flow-

er, 252, 262
Crown Imperial, a Flower,
253, 262

C jelarnen, a Flower, 2 5 3,
260, 26 z, 264.

Cyprefr, a Tree, its Wood,
its Leaf, and its Fruit, 1 7 3

C ytiﬁlr, its Wood, its Flower,
and its Leaf, 221, 229

D. ‘

Ddzﬂ, ﬁnal], 2 5 2. Greater,

259, 263. See Clary-
[ant/oernnm.

@eﬂgn, Manner of tracing all
Sorts of Deﬁgns for a Gar-
den, 1 50, and following. '

Tifpoﬂtion ofa Garden, I 5,
and following. See Garden.
The Rules that ought to
be followed therein, 20, and
following. Of what Confe-
quence the Difpoﬁtion of a
Garden is, 40, 41,

E.
Artn, the Manner of ma:
king, dreﬂing, diggng
and removing it, 121, and.
following.
Elm,

TABLE

Elm, a Tree; its Wood, its
Leaf, and itsDuration, r66
Enzerur or Syturidaca, its
Wood, its Leaf, and its
Flower, 223, 229
Eternal Flower, 251, .263

F.
Fﬂi/oom, what it is, 100
Figures, or Statues of
Brafs, are the ﬁneﬂ, 93. Fi-
gures, of feveral kinds, 94.
Their place in aGarden, 94

Figure, or Difpoﬁtion, to draw
with the Line an Irregular
Figure of four Sides, I 12.
To draw with the Inf’tru-
ment, an irregular F igure.
of four Sides, I 12, 113.
See ﬂ’oljgone.

Fir-tree, its Wood, its Leaf,
its Fruit, its Seed, and its
UIE, 1 72. Its difference from
the Pine, ibiu’.

' Flowers, whence they come,

246. Manner: of raiﬁng

Flowers, 247, 248, [25 6.]

The place fet apart for raiﬁng

them, 247. Time proper,

249. T hole that are to be

fown upon Hot-beds in

Spring, 2 5o. Thofe that are

to be fown in open Ground,

2 5 1. Flowers that Come up

from Seed, 2 50. and fol-

lowing. Thofe that do not,

252. Of the place proper

for each Flower in Gardens,

2 5 8. Flowers of the Spring,

261, 262. Ofthe Summer,

262. Of the Autumn, 263.
Of the Winter, 264. F low-
ers that may be made to
blow feveral Months fuc-
ceﬂively, 264. The Seafon
of each Flower, 229
Flue/ﬁn, a Flower, 252, 262
Fareﬂ-woodr, 64
Fountains, the Ornaments of
Gardens, 92. Their place in
a Garden, 93, 282
Fax-Mil, a Flower, 2 5 I
Fruits, the Time of fowin
them, 214, and following.

G. .
GA/leries, of Green, 187
Gardens, how noble and
agreeable the Science. of
Gardening is, 4. The Ufe of
this Treatife, iéid. Its Divi-
ﬁon, 5, 6. Four different
Expoﬁtions of the Sun in
the .Buﬁnefs of Gardening,
10. Of the Difpoﬁtions and .
Diﬁributions of Gardens, 1 5.
The right Size of a ﬁne
Garden, 18, 19, 20. The
Proportion of a Garden as
to its Length and Breadth,
20. General Rules to be
followed in the Difpoﬁtion
and Diﬁributions of Gar-
dens, 20, and following.
Three different Sorts of
Gardens that may be made,
24. Gardens upon a level
Ground, iéid. Gardens on
a gentle Afcent, iéid. Gar-
dens on Terraﬂes, 25.
3 , Which’

TABLE.

Which are the ﬁneﬁ, 25,
and following. Examples of

_ thefe different Gardens,
graved in ﬁve feveral Plates,
25, 26, and following. Of
the Manner of planting the
different parts of a Garden,
179, P80, (76.
Gnrden-monfe, an Animal,
204,. The way to catch
them, Mid.
Gil/jﬂower, or Carnation ﬁn-
gle, aFlower. 252, 263

. Gil/jﬂower, or Carnation dou-
ble, Mid.
Gil/11707121”, commonly called
the yellow Gi/ZJﬂa-wér, or

Wall-ﬂower, '2 50, 262
Gina's, or Slope in a Garden,
80, 8 3

Grnfting. The Manner of
' grafting Trees, 22 5. The
Inﬁrument ufed in Grafting,
226. The Time of Grafting,
227, and following.
Grdﬁ. Of its Seed, 81, 82.
The Seafon and Way of
fowing it, Mid. The Man-
ner of laying Turf, 81, 82.
The way to have ﬁne Grafs,
Mid. Turf, with a Point
or Tail, that it is, 84.
How Grafs is to be kept,
_ 84, 85
Grc’enlaoufé, for Orange-trees,
93. Its (ﬁnalities, 231. and
following. See Orange-
tree.
Greens, or Ever-green Trees,
172. The Advantage and
Ufe to be made of them,

Rr

17A,. The Properties of

. each kind of thefe Trees
and Shrubs, r77. Their
Chialities to be good, . Mid.

Grills, in a Garden, 95

Gratios, 95

Grover, are the Ornament

' of aGarden, 21, 63. Their
place, 6 3. Their different
Form and Deﬁgn, 6 3, 64.
Groves open, 65. To trace
out a Grove upon the
Ground, I58, and follow-
ing. The Method of plant-
inga Grove, 189, and fol-
lowing.

Gronnd, or Soil of a ﬁne Gar-
den, What it ought‘to be,
7. Its Situation, Mid. and
following. The way to
know if it be good, 10,
and following. How to
mend it, and the Qualities
requiﬁte in good Ground,
I I, and following. 'In the
Choice of Ground, Regard
{hould be had to the eafy
coming at Water, 12. How
to correft the Defects of
a piece of Ground, I 5. The
Manner of making or dref.
ﬁngGround, 121-, and fol-1
lowing.

' H.
HA/él, or Nut-tree, its
Wood, its Leaf, and its
Fruit, 17:

Hedges, their Beauty and
the different Forms that
may be given them, 57,

58.

.TABLE.

5 8. Six Examples of diﬁe-
rent Hedges reprefented in
one Plate, 59, and follow-
ing. The Plants moﬁ e-
ﬂeemed for makingHedges,
176. The Manner of plant—
ing Hedges, I 84.. The Dif-
ﬁculty of making Hedges
grow in a Garden, 1 85.
The Method of clipping
and keeping them, 199,and
following. The Way to
recover them, 20 3
Helioz‘rope, or Sun-ﬂower,
25o

Hemeromlle, or Day-Lilly,a
Flower, 253, 262
.Hepaz’z'm, or Liver-wort, a
Flower, 2 52
Hall , a Shrub, its Wood,
and 1ts Leaves, 1 7 3
Holm, or fcarlet Oak, 173.
How it differs from com-
mon Oak, z'éz'd.
Holj—t/yz'flle, a Flower, 2 5 I,
263
Harry ﬁckle, a Shrub- Its
Wood, its Leaf, and its
Flower, 221. Its Seafon.
229. Its Culture, 241
Horn—beam, its Wood, and
its Properties, 168. Its Me-
rit, 176. How to know
when 1t is good Mid.
Horfe-C/yeﬁmr, 1 67
[ﬂaunt/9:, 253, 262, 264.

I.
Arm, commonly called In-
dian Jacea, a Flower,
2 52, 2 6'3:

jaundice, of a Tree, its
Caufe and 1ts Remedy, 20 03 ,

yeﬂhmine, a Shrub, its Woood,
its Leaf, its Flower, its dif-
ferent kinds, 220. Time of
its Flowering, 229. Its Cul-
ture, 24o

jets, of Water, 275. The

roportion of Pipes with
refpeé’t to Jets, 275, 276.
The way to make one Pipe
ferve feveral Jets, 277. See
Water.

Imperial Elm, its Leaves, its
Wood, its Bark, and its
Seed, I 66

Indmn-Creﬂés, aFlower, 25 [

yonqmlles, ﬁngle and double,

2 5 3
Iris, Bulbous, a Flower, 2 5 3,
262

Judas-Tree, its Wood, its

Leaf, and its Flowers, 222,
230

K.
KNz'fe, made me of in the

Bufinefs of Grafting, 2 2 6

L.
Ark’s—lzeel, or Lark’s-foot,
aFlower, 25I, 263
Laurel, ,its Wood, and its
Leaf, 2 I 9. Six Sorts ofLau-
rel, Mid. Its Culture, 240.
The Seafon when it is in
Flower, 229, 230
Lentisk, its Wcod, its Leaf,
its Flower, and its Fruit,
2.22,

TABLE.

-222, 230. Its Culture,
241
Leonurm, its Wood, its

Leaf, and its Flower, 222,

‘ 230. Its Culture, 241-
Level, w hatit1s, 122. Two
Sorts of Levels, ioid. Its Ufe,
123, and following. The
time proper for Levelling,
I 24. The Manner of doing
it, did.
To ﬁt out a Level Line
upon the Ground, 127. To
make a piece of Ground
according to a Level Line,

, I 2 8, I 2 9
Level, with Vials, 268
Liloeb, its “700d, its Leaf,
and its Flower, 220, 229,
230

Lil/y, Flame—coloured, 2 5 3,
262. White, 2W.
Lilly, of the Valley, 9. F low-
er, 2.52, 262
Lime-tree, its Leaf, its Stem,
its Head, its Rind, its F low-
ers and its Wood, 1 67
Line. The way to draw a
ﬁrait Line upon the Ground
with a Line or Cord, 105.
.Or with Stakes, ioid. The
Manner of prolonging it,
106. To draw a Line with

a Cord, perpendicular to a-
nother Line, ioid. To draw
with the Inﬁrument a Line
perpendicular to a right
Line given, 107. To draw

a Line with a Cord perpen—
dicular at the End of a right

and following.-

er

Line drawn, 108. To draw
with the Cord a Line par~
rallel to a right Line drawn,

ioid.
Liver-wort, a Flower,
2 5 2

M.

Mﬂple, a Tree, its Leaf,
its Bark, its Wood, its
Merit, 1 6 8
More/2 Violet, 252, 262
Marigold double, a Flower,
251, 263

Alortagon, or Mountain Lilly,
a Flower, 253, 262
Maj—lugs, how to deﬁroy
them, 205
Meudon, its Gardens, I 8
(Vignordi e-Tink, a Flower,
2 5 2, 2 6 2

Mills, for ra1f' ng Water, 270
Moles, 204.. The way to
catch them, 204, 205
Monks-500d, aFlower, 25 1
Moﬂr, of Trees, 203

' Motherwort, a Flower, 25 2,

263
Myrtle, a Shrub, its Stem, its
Leaf, its Flowers, 219. Se-
veral Sorts of Myrtles, ioid.
Its Culture, 24.0. The Man-
ner of Grafting it, 22.9.
The Seafon when it is in
Bloom, 230
N.
Ndrezﬂiis' r, common and
double, 253, 262 2, 264.
a——of Con/lantijzople, 253
Niglib

TABLE.

. Night-ﬁade, a Flower, 2 50,
' 263
Nurfémr, the Advantage of
them, 207. Their Place,
ibid. Of the Choice of
Ground for aNurfery, and
the Manner of preparing it,
208. The way to have a.
good Nuriery, 209. To raife

a Nurfery in little time,
210. To fet the Trees of

a Nurfery to rights, 21 I.
What ought to be done be-
fore you take a Tree from
the Nurfery, 2 I I , 2 I 2.
'Nut-tree, a Shrub, its Wood,
its Leaves, its Fruit, I71,

0.

Ale, a Tree, its Beauty,

16 5. Its Wood, and its
Fruit, I 66
Ocular Chri/Zz' orﬂﬂer Alt-
ticus, a Flower, 252, 263
Ox-Ejes, a Flower, 2 5 2, 26 3
Orange-tree, its Stem, its
Wood, its Leaves, its Flow-
er, and its Fruit, 21 8. Se-
veral Sorts of Orange-trees,
Mid. Their Seed andtheir

‘ Duration, Mid. The Me-
thod of raiﬁng them, 223,
224. The way of Grafting
them, 225. and following.
The Time they are in Flow-
er, 230. Of the Culture of

_ Orange-trees, 231. Of the
Greenhouie for Orange-tre es
and its Qialities, 231, 2 3 2.
The Compoﬁtion of Earth

or Mold for Orange-trees,
232, 233. The Method of
New-caﬁng Orange-trees,
23 3. Their Expoﬁtion in
Gardens, 234.. Their Order
and Difpofal, Mid. Their
Pruning, 235. Their Wa-
tering, 236. The Time of
putting them in and taking
them out of the Greenhoufe,
2 3 6. The Method oforder—
ing Orange-trees in the
Greenhoufe, 2 3 7, 2 3. 8. The
way to keep them from Ina
feé’cs, 239. Of the Dif’cem-
pers of Orange-trees, and
thelMeans to IeCOVer them,
242, 243, 244. The Con-
tinuance of their Diiorders,
, 244

0114!, the way to trace out
an Oval upon the Ground,
I I7. To trace out an Oval,
the two Diameters of which
are determined upon the
Paper, I I 8, I I 9. To trace
out upon the Ground an
Oval, commonly called the
Gardener’s Oval, I I9, 120

P.

ﬂlifzzdes, fee Hedger.
‘Pa/ma Clarzﬂz', a Flower, .

2 5 0,2 6 3'.

‘Pamﬂr, Flowers, 2 5 2,262
Tarallel, or Comparifon of the
Paper with the Ground,
with refpeé’t to the manner
of Tracing, 105, and fol—
lowing. ‘Par-

TABLE.

Tarterre, the Original of the
Word Tarterre, 39. The
Place it fhould poffefs, 20.
How the Head of a Par-
terre fhould be adorned,
22, 39. From whence the
Embroidery and Comparti—
ments of Parterres are ta-
ken, 39. The different
Deﬁgns that enter into their
Compoﬁtion, zbid. What
their Embroidery ought to
be, to be handiome, zbid
Four forts of Parterres, 4.1.
Parterres of Embroidery
why fo called, 41. Par-
terres of Compartiment, z'ér.
Parterres after the Englifh
manner, iéid. Parterres of
Cut-work, 42. Of the Dill-
poﬁtion of Parterres, z'éid.
Their true Place, Mid.
Their Length and Breadth,
Mid. and following. Large
Yews and Shrubs are not
now fet upon Parterres, and
why, 43-. Parterres are ﬁ-
ner at their ﬁrfi: Planting
than afterwards, and the-
Reafon of it, 43, 44. To
trace out a Parterre upon:
the Ground, I 5 5., and fol-1
lowing. The Method of
planting a Parterre, I79,
180.1—Iow1tn1uf’r be clipt
and when, :81. Flowers
made me of in Parterres,
24 5 ,and following. Of the
different Decorations ofPar-
terres according to the Sea-

fons, 258, and following.

fPa/Que-Flawer, 2 5 2, 262
Taﬂz‘on-F/ower, 2 5 2
T6072}, a Flower, 253, 262,

263

Terﬁzeﬁiws, and their Ufe,
\ 95
Tbjllerea, a Shrub, its Wood

and its Leaves, 17 3.
Titan, or Pitch—tree, itsVVood,
its Leaf, and its Ufe, 172
Tim-tree, its Wood, its Bark,
its Leaves, its Fruit, and its
Seed, I 72, 1 7 3

Tin/es, of Spain, 252. Poet’s-
Pinks, or Hyacinths, ibid.
Pinks fingle and double,
252, 262. Indian Pinks,

2 5 o, 26 3'

‘Pipe: for conveying Water,
27 3 , and following. Their
Size and Proportion, 275,
and followin -.

Tiara-tree, or Platanus, its.
Wood, its Bark, and its.
Leaf, I 69

Tlanting,the manner ofpl‘ant-
ing all the different Parts of,
aﬁne Garden 179, and fol~
lowing. The Time or Sea-
fon of planting Trees, I 92

Plants, vivacious, 252. The
Care that ought to be taken:
of young Plants, I 94, and.
following,

Toljgone, to defcribe or trace
out with a Line any Poly-
gone whatfoever, 1 13,1 14
To draw the fame with the
Infirument, I 14, 1.1 5, 116..

Names.-

TABLE.

Names of the Polygones,

I I6. Number of Degrees
of the Angle of the Poly-
gone. 7 1 I 6
Tomegrandte-tree, its Leaf,
its Head, and its Stem, 2 I 8,

2 I 9. Two kinds of Pome-
granate-trees, Mid. Its Fruit,
219. Its Culture, 240. The
Manner of grafting it, 229.
The Seafon when it is in
Flower, 2 go
Top/m, a Tree, its Wood, its
Bark, and its Leaves, I70
Top/J], double, 25 I, 26 3
?orticos in Gardens, what
they are, 8 6, and following.
Porticos of all kinds, 86 to
92. See ﬂréaur. The
Trees or Plants moﬁ proper
for Porticos, I 77. TheMan-
ner of planting Porticos,
I86

Trimrofe, a Flower, 2 5 2,262
Y’rz'wt, or Liguﬁrum,a Shrub,
its Wood, its Leaf, and
its Flower, 221,230
Tampr, Hand-Pumps, and
Horfe-Pumps,27o. T hofe
which force,and thofe which
fuck the Water, 270,271
Turple Flower—gentle or Fox-
tail,

U271: or Sockets for form
in g a Water— Spout, how

many iorts of them, 276.,

Which are the beﬁ, iéid.

,szincuncet, 66, 73-

251_

The.

Manner ‘of planting them,

I 90

R.
Rﬂmmczdus of Trip/j,
2 5 3, 262.

Reﬁrvoz‘rs of \Vater, two

forts of them, 27 I, 272
Roots, vivacious, 2 5 2
Roﬂ’r, Indian, 2 5 o, 26 3
Rofé Tremz'ere, 2 5 2

Raﬁ-tree, its different kinds
of Flowers, 220, 230. Its
Culture, 240,2“

Raﬂmm‘], its Wood, its Leaf,

and its Flower, 222,229
Ruel, the Situation of its
Waters, I 3
S.

Szﬁnfoz'n, Spanifb, 2 50,2 5 2,
262

Sand, or Gravel from Rivers
and Pits, 5 7

Sardine, a Shrub, its Wood, »
and its Leaves, 173
Scarlet—Bean, a Flower, 2 5 2
Scarlet-Oak, or Holm, 173.
How it differs from com-
mon Oak, z'éz'd.
Scedux, its Situation, and its
Gardens, 1 8
Sed-t/oriﬁ,a Flower, 2 5 2,2 6 3
Seats, their place in aGarden,
96

Seed, Qlalities required in it
to be good, 2 I 3. The pro-
per Time of fowing it,214.
The manner of keeping it,
‘iéid. Seed to be fown in
the

TABLE.

the Spring, 250. That
which is to he fown in Au-
tumn, 25 I
’emicz‘re/e, what it is, and the
Ufe of it, 99
Shruos, fee Trees.
Situation of a Garden, what

it ought to be, 7, and fol- K

lowing. Five Things re-
quiﬁte in a good Situation,
8, and following to I4. Si
tuation of Walks, 52, 5 3
Slope. To make a Piece of
Ground on a Slope or hang.

ing Level, I 3 2
Slopes, So, 8 3
Snails, how to deﬁroy them,

206
Snap-dragon, or Anthirinum,
a Flower, 252, 263

Soil. See Ground.

S fair: of a Garden,their Place,
14. 3. Of the Steps of Stairs,
iéz'a’. Figures reprefenting
feveral Stairs of Stone,I4. 3,
and following. Steps of
Grafs or Turf, 14.5, and fol~
lowing. ' ‘

Stakes, what they are, 101

Starks-oil] crowned, a Flow-
er, 2 5 2,2 6 3

S tramoniumpr T horn-Apple,
a Flower, 2 50,263

San-ﬂower, 2 5 2

Sjeomore, a Tree, its Wood,
its Bark, and its Leaf, I 69

S jringa, its \Vood, its Leaf,
and its Flower, 221,, 229.
Its Culture, 241

T.
TErraﬂes, different, I 34.
They lhould not be
’ made too frequent, I 3 5,
136. To cut a Hill length— _
wife into Terraffes, fuﬁain-
by Walls of Mafonry, I 37,
I 3 8. To make the whole
Ground of a Hill breadth-
wife into Terraﬂes fupport-
ed by Walls of Mafonry,
I38 139. To cut a Hill
lengthwife into Terralfes,
fupporred by Banks and
Slopes of Turf, I 39, 14.0.
To make the whole Ground
of a Hill, breadthwife, by
cutting it into T erralfes, fup-
ported by Banks and Slopes
of Turf, I40, I4. I
Thom-ﬂpple, a Flower, 2 5o,
2. 6 3
Tom, great Worms, 206
Tracing Stajf, I o 2
Tree: and Shrubs which keep
their Green all the Winter,
_ . I72.
Trees. The Choice that ought
to be made of Trees proper
for Pleafure-Gardens, I 64.,
and following. Of wild or
Foreﬁ-Trees, 165. Of A-
quaticks, told. The Ad—
Vantageovaer greens,1 74..
Obfervations to be made in
the Choice of thefe Trees,
I75, I76. OftheTime of
planting them, 192. Of the
Care to raife them, I 94,,
_ and following. An Expe-
' client

TA

client to fet old Trees to
rights, 199. Of the Dif-
eales of Trees, and the
Means of curing them, 201,
and following. Of the
Choice of Trees to be ta—

. ken from a Nurfery, and
the Method of railing them
with‘their Earth or Clod,

' 211,andfollowing. Of the
Seed and Fruit of Trees pro-
er for a Pleafure-Garden,
213, and following. Of
FloweringTrees andShrubs,
217, and} following. Of
Trees without their Clod,
124,. And with it, iéitl.
The Manner of grafting
’ ﬂowelingTrees and Shrubs,
225, and following. The
Seafon when they are in
Flower, 229, 2 30

- Trefoz'l or Cytifus, its Wood,
its Flower and its Leaf,

- 2 2 1 , 2 2 9
Trellis. See Arbour.
Triangle. To draw with the

Linea Triangle equal to a
Triangle given upon the
Plan, I I o

‘ Tricolor or Amaranthus,white
and black, a Flower, 2 50,
263

Tolerofé, aFlower, 253, 262
Tmllerior, the Difpoﬁtion of
its Garden, 2 3
Tulips, their feveral Claifes,
2 54. The ﬁneﬁ, told.
Their Duration, Mid. Their
Culture and how they are

multiplied, 2 5 5
Tor/es, a lort of Worm, 206

V
Vﬂlerion, a Flower, 252
263
Violet, or March-Violet, a
Flower, 252, 262
V oluoilz'r, Convol‘vulus, or
great Bind-weed, a Flower,
25 r.
W
WﬂlkrinaGarden,theirUfe,
5 I. How they ought to
be made, 22, and following.
The way of makrngAdvan
tage of the Length of the
Ground for a Walk, 35. ’
Several forts of Walks, 36.
Rules to be obferved in the
Declivity of Walks, 5 3. Of
the Breadth of Walks, 5 3,
and following. Of their
Length, Mid. The great
Charge of Walks,5 5. How
to avoid it, zoiol. The way
to make good Walks, 56,
and 1 2 I, and following.
The way to lay and beat
theSand or Gravel, 56. The
Trees generally made ufe
of to make ﬁne Walks, I 74,
and following. The belt
way to raife and keepWalks
of Trees well, 198
Water, its Springs, and the
way to ﬁnd them, 265, 266,
267. The Time to fearch
for it, 267. Different Ma-
chines for railing Water,

270,

,TABLE;

‘ 57o, and following.
Refervoirs, 271. Three
ways of conveying Water,
272. \Vaters that play or
,fpout, 275. The juﬁ Pro-
portion that Ihould be gi-
ven to Pipes, with Refpeé’c
to the Spouts, 27 5 ,276.T he
Diﬁribution of Water in a
Garden, 280. Water, Na-
tural and Artiﬁciat, ibid.
Water fpouting and ﬂag-
nant, ié Quick and ﬂeep-
i,ng 2 .80, 2 8 I
Watering. Of good Water-
ing, and the Time of doing
it, ‘ I 96
White-thorn, a Shrub, its
Wood, its Leaves and its
Flowers, 17 1,

Of Willow, its Wood, its Bark,

and its Leaves, I70. The
Cane-willow, its Wood,
and its Leaf, I 7 1‘

Mods, their Ufe 1n a Garden,

63. See Grover. Six kinds
of Woods, 64., 6 5, 66. Dif-
ferent Deﬁgns of Woods
repreﬁmted in Ten Plates,
66, 67, and following. The
bef’c Method of planting
Woods, I 8 9,
Y

YEllawne/i or Jaundice in

Trees, its ‘Caufe and Re—
medy, - 203

few, a Shrub, its Wood and

its Leaf, 172. Its Ufe, 1 So.
The Place and Time of
planting it, z'ééd, and 5,81,.

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