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NOVEMBER 16-20, 197 ‘ x

    
       
   
 

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Health and Work
in America

 

{Health and Work in America:
A Chart Book

L’American Public Health AssociationJ
Washington, D.C.

November 197 5

 

 

For uh by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov-mun!
Priming office, Wa-hlngton, D.C. 20402

 

 

This chart book has been prepared exclusively for distribution as a program supplement to registrants at the 103rd Annual Meeting of the
American Public Health Association in Chicago, November 16-20, 1975. Production of this chart book was sponsored by
N.I.O.S.H./C.D.C. through Contract No. 210-75-0045.

 

 

7?€9¢5

'7
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1975
RLljllC
Heafifi
PREFACE

Among the benefits that derive from a theme related annual meeting are the
A.P.H.A. Chart Books. They have been acclaimed by registrants at the annual
meetings as program supplements; and they have proven to be useful reference
sources independent of the meetings. This chart book on “Health and Work”
continues the outstanding record established by its predecessors, The Minority
Health Chart Book and The Women In Health Careers Chart Book.

Preparation of the chart books involves a successful combination of efforts that
characterizes much of A.P.H.A.: capable staff members and expert member-
volunteers. Many colleagues deserve praise for their contribution to Health and
Work; Dr. Harry Rosenberg's leadership is especially appreciated.

C. Arden Miller
President

 

may

 

PROJECT COMMITTEE

Pierre Decoufle, Sc.D.

Chief, Illness and Injury Surveillance Branch

Office of Occupational Health, Surveillance and Biometrics
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Fred G. Dense, (Project Officer)
Deputy Executive Officer
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Ruth Galanter, M.C.P.
Editor, Health Law Newsletter
National Health Law Program

J ayn Graves

Environmental Health Planner
Comprehensive Health Planning
Council of Los Angeles County

Ira Laster, Jr., Ph.D., M.S.P.H.

Program Coordinator

Office of Environmental Affairs

Office of Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety, and Consumer Affairs
Department of Transportation

Harry M. Rosenberg, Ph.D., (Committee Chairman)
Carolina Population Center
University of North Carolina

Helen Wallace, M.D., M.P.H.
Chairperson, Department of Maternal and Child Health, and Family Health
School of Public Health

University of California

M. Donald Wharton, M.D., M.P.H.

Director of Labor Occupational Health Programs
Institute of Industrial Relations

University of California

PROJECT STAFF

Shirlene V. Showell, M.P.A., (Project Director)
Staff Associate, American Public Health Association

Nancy Constantin, M.A.
Staff Associate, American Public Health Association

Valerie Borden
Administrative Assistant, American Public Health Association

 

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to thank Lillian Guralnick, retired from the Office of Research and
Statistics, Social Security Administration, for her assistance in reviewing the
document; Dr. M. Harvey Brenner, Associate Professor, Department of Social
Relations, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, for
his involvement, and Mr. George Taylor, Secretary to the Permanent Committee on
Occupational Health and Safety, AFL-CIO, for his aid in identifying pertinent labor
union data.

We also wish to acknowledge the staff assistance of personnel from the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, the National Center for Health Statistics, the US. Bureau of the
Census, the Social Security Administration, the National Institutes of Health, the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and the Center for Disease
Control.

And to the many business firms, private organizations, and labor unions that
provided encouragement and suggestions, we extend a special thanks for their
cooperation and interest in this project.

 

vi

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ......................................................................................... iii
Project Committee and Staff ....................................................................... v
Table of Contents ............................................................................... vii
Introduction .................................................................................... xi
Section I — Population, Employment, Insurance, Unionization, Earnings
Figure 1. Civilian population of the United States by race: July 1, 1974 ................................. 3
Figure 2. Civilian population of the United States by sex and race: July 1, 1974 .......................... 4
Figure 3. Percent distribution of the population by region: 1974 ....................................... 5
Figure 4. Percent distribution of the population, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan residence

and race: 1974 ........................................................................ 6
Figure 5. Trends in population growth: 1940-1974 .................................................. 7
Figure 6. Population changes by age: 1970-1974 .................................................... 8
Figure 7. Age distribution of the total population of the United States: 1930-1974 ......................... 9
Table 1. Mortality rankings for all major disease categories, United States: 1971 ........................ 10
Figure 8. Mortality ratios, by years of school completed for white population 25 years of age and over,

and sex in the United States: 1960 ....................................................... 11
Figure 9. Relation between employment rate and mortality rate from all causes for persons

aged 55-64 years, United States 1904-1970 ................................................ 12
Figure 10. Labor force and employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population:

June 1974 ........................................................................... 13
Table 2. Labor force participation rates by color, sex and age: June 1974 and June 1975 ................. 14
Figure l l . Employment by occupation group of white, black and spanish workers: 1974 ................... 15
Table 3. Percent distribution of employed persons in various industries by sex and race: 1974- ............. 16
Figure 12. Employment by occupation and sex: June 1974 ............................................ 17
Figure 13. Labor force participation rates for married women, by presence and age of children:

March 1975 ......................................................................... 18
Figure 14. Unemployment rates for ages 16 and over by race: 1967-1975 ................................ 19
Figure 15. Unemployment rates by sex (ages 20 and over): 1969-1975 ................................... 20
Figure 16. Unemployment rates, by family type: March 1974 and 1975 ................................. 21
Figure 17. Unemployment rates of workers by occupation and sex: June 1974 and June 1975 ............... 22
Figure 18. Unemployment rates, by industry and sex: 1974 and 1975 ................................... 23
Figure 19. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, sex, and race: 1974 ....................... 24
Figure 20. Unemployment rates of persons 16-19 years by race and spanish origin: second

quarter averages for 1975 .............................................................. 25
Figure 21. Percentage of unionized wage and salary workers in various industries: 1972 ................... 26
Table 4. Wage and salary workers in labor unions, by industry and race: 1970 .......................... 27
Figure 22. Composition of discouraged workers by reason for believing they cannot find a job:

1967-1972 ........................................................................... 28
Table 5. Composition of discouraged workers by reason for believing they cannot find a job:

1967-1972 ........................................................................... 29

 

vii

 

Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Table 6.

Table 7.
Table 8.

Figure 26.

Table 9.

Table 10.

Table 11.

Figure 27.

Table 12.

Multiple jobholding rates of persons holding two jobs or more, by sex and race:

May 1974 ........................................................................... 30
Percent distribution and median income of families by type of family and race of

head: 1973 .......................................................................... 3]
Gross weekly earnings of production workers on private nonagricultural payrolls,

by industry: June 1975 ................................................................ 32
Employment of workers covered under state UI and UCFE programs, by size of

plant: March 1973 .................................................................... 33
Workmen’s compensation payments: 1965-1972 ........................................... 34
Selected social insurance programs- estimated payrolls of covered employment in

relation to wages and salaries: 1965-1972 ................................................. 34
Percent distribution of social security (OASDHI ) - retirement benefits by age category

and sex: 1965-1972 ................................................................... 35
Social security (OASDHI)- benefits, by type of beneficiary and monthly benefit

payments: 1973 ...................................................................... 35
Percentage distribution of all full-time workers, by group health insurance status and

occupational group: April 1972 ......................................................... 36
Percentage distribution of all full-time workers, by group health insurance status and

industry division: April 1972 ........................................................... 36
Health insurance status of the unemployed population: February 1975 ........................ 37

Beneficiaries of cash payments from selected social insurance and related programs:
1970 and 1975 ....................................................................... 38

Section II — Health and Work: Scope of the Problem

Table 13.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.

Table 14.

Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.

Table 15.
Table 16.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
Table 17.

Figure 36.
Table 18.

Table 19.
Figure 37.
Table 20.
Figure 38.

Data from the “Health Interview Survey": 1973 ........................................... 41
Disability days per person per year for employed by type and industry: 1973 .................... 42
Percent of labor force 18-64, years with work disability by race and Spanish origin:

1970 ................................................................................ 43
Disabled men (ages 18-64) by condition and occupation: 1966 ................................ 44
Percent of labor force, 18-64 years, with work disability by sex: 1970 .......................... 45
Work loss days per worker per year by income and race: 1973 ................................ 46
Disability days per person per year by type and occupation: 1973 ............................. 47
Percent disabled adults (ages 18-64) with severe disability by condition and

occupation: 1966 ..................................................................... 48
Number of persons injured by class of accident, sex, and race: 1973 ........................... 49
Persons injured by class of accident, and selected occupations: 1973 ........................... 50'
Number of persons injured at work by selected industries: 1973 .............................. 51
Injury and illness incidence rates, by industry division, United States: 1973 .................... 52
Incidence rates for reported occupational injuries and illnesses in the private nonfarm

sector for California, by industry and type of case:l973 ..................................... 53
Percent distribution of illnesses by category of illness: 1973 .................................. 54
Number and percent distribution of recordable occupational illnesses in private

sector: 1973 ......................................................................... 54
Occupational diseases by condition for California: 1973 ..................................... 55
Occupational disease rates per 1,000 workers in California by industry: 1973 ................... 56
Occupational injury and illness incidence rates, by industry (private sector): 1973 ............... 57

Incidence rates for occupational injuries and illnesses for the nonfarm private
economic sectors of the U.S. and California by type of case: 1973 ............................. 58

 

viii

 

Table 21.
Table 22.
Table 23.

Figure 39.
Figure 40.

Figure 41.
Figure 42.
Figure 43.
Figure 44.

Incidence rates for occupational illnesses in the private nonfarm sector for California,

by industry and type of case: 1973 ....................................................... 59
Incidence rates for occupational injuries in the private nonfarm sector for California

by industry and type of case: 1973 ....................................................... 60
Occupational injury and illness incidence rates, by employment size and industry

(private sector): 1973 .................................................................. 61
Percent distribution of acute conditions, by type in selected occupations: 1973 .................. 62
Currently employed persons with selected chronic conditions, by occupation:

1969-1972 ........................................................................... 63
Number of physician visits per person per year, by industry: 1973 ............................ 64
Hospital discharges per 100 persons per year by industry: 1973 ............................... 65
Hospital discharges per 100 persons, by occupational category: 1973 .......................... 66
Physician visits per person per year by occupation: 1973 .................................... 67

Section III —— Special Hazards and Risks

Table 24.

Table 25.
Table 26.

Figure 45.

Figure 46.
Table 27.

Table 28.
Table 29.
Table 30.
Table 31.

Table 32.

Figure 47.
Figure 48.
Table 33.

Figure 49.
Figure 50.
Figure 51.

Table 34.

NIOSH recommended standards developed under the Occupational Safety and

Health Act .......................................................................... 70
Common occupational carcinogens ...................................................... 71
Extent of agreement between three major studies on occupational cancer excess for

selected sites and occupations ........................................................... 72
Expected and observed deaths from various causes among vinyl chloride workers,

by number of years since first exposure: 1974 .............................................. 73
Percent meatwrappers with symptoms, by type: 1973 ....................................... 74
Estimated rates of fatality of disease attributed to types of chemical or physical

exposure in the United Kingdom: selected years ........................................... 75
Observed deaths/ expected deaths and standardized mortality ratios in vinyl chloride

workers: 1972 ........................................................................ 76
Deaths from lung cancer among asbestos workers, by years of onset of exposure:

January 1967 - December 1972 ......................................................... 77
Observed and expected deaths and SMR’s for selected causes of death for asbestos

workers: 1969 ........................................................................ 78
Standardized mortality ratios for selected cancers AFL-CIO United Brotherhood of

Carpenters and Joiners of America, New York City locals and rest of state: 1969-1970 ........... 79

Number employed, observed and expected deaths and standardized mortality ratios
for malignant neoplasms of lung, 1953-1961: men employed in subdivisions of coke

plant five or more years as of January 1, 1953 ............................................. 80
Standardized mortality ratios for deaths due to selected cancers of the digestive

system; white male rubber workers, all4 companies: 1964-1973 . . . . . . . . . . . Q .................. 81
Standardized mortality ratios for deaths due to neoplasms of the lymphatic and

hematopoietic system, white rubber workers: 1964-1973 . . 2 ................................. 81
Standardized mortality ratios for deaths due to selected causes among white male

rubber workers, aged 40-84: 1964-1973 . . . . L .............................................. 82
Percent working and nonworking miners with definite x-ray findings of

pneumoconiosis by type of occupational activity: 1965 ...................................... 83
Spontaneous abortion rates for exposed and unexposed females in selected

professional organizations: 1974 ........................................................ 84
Congenital abnormality rates for children of exposed and unexposed females in

selected professional organizations: 1974 ................................................. 85

Number and percent distribution of mothers with legitimate live births, by
employment status and age: 1963 ....................................................... 86

 

ix

 

Section IV — Institutional Responses

Figure 52.
Figure 53.
Figure 54.
Figure 55.
Figure 56.
Figure 57.
Figure 58.
Figure 59.

Table 35.
Table 36.
Table 37.

Table 38.

Table 39.
Table 40.

Table 41.
Figure 60.

Figure 61.
Figure 62.

Appendix

Glossary .

References

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health estimates of the availability and

needs of occupational health personnel: 1973 .............................................. 89

Distribution of physicians practicing occupational medicine: 1974 ............................ 90

Employees provided with nurses’ services, by industry: 1972 ................................. 91

Establishments providing industrial hygienists’ services, by industry: 1972 ..................... 92

Employees provided with industrial hygienists’ services, by industry: 1972 ..................... 93

Status of occupational safety and health training for nonprofessional safety and

health personnel by industry: 1974 ...................................................... 94

Companies employing medical personnel by company type and kind of personnel

(full-time): 1972 ...................................................................... 95

Companies employing medical personnel by company size, and kind of personnel

(full-time): 1972 ...................................................................... 95

Per-employee expenditures for health care services: 1971 .................................... 96

Surveyed firms and organizations by status of safety committees: 1974 ........................ 97

Surveyed organizations by status of written occupational safety and health policies

and industry: 1974 .................................................................... 98

Number of Occupational Safety and Health Administration inspections, by industry:

fiscal years 1974 and 1975 .............................................................. 99

OSHA inspection figures .............................................................. 100

Federal inspection activities of monitored hazardous substances: fiscal years 1974

and 1975 ........................................................................... 101

State inspection activities of monitored hazardous substances: fiscal years 1974

and 1975 ........................................................................... 101

Percent of inspected industries not in compliance with OSHA standards by type of

industry: June 1975 .................................................................. 102

NIOSH budget: 1974 ................................................................ 103

OSHA expenditures for occupational safety and health programs: 1974-1976 .................. 104
..................................................................................... 106

.................................................................................... 109

 

 

Introduction

 

 

INTRODUCTION

The labor force in the United States now numbers over 90 million, or about two-thirds of the adult population. Many
of these people have health problems directly associated with the kinds of jobs they have. Sometimes the type of job
and the place of employment expose workers to blatant hazards such as lead and mercury that result in overt
occupational diseases or hazards that result in other illness or injury. Other times, work-related hazards are more
subtle, but they can nevertheless result in illness or even permanent disability. Prolonged high levels of noise, for
example, can eventually result in partial or total hearing loss; dust can produce fibrosis of the lungs. Beyond these,
exposures to some occupational hazards can cause, promote, or contribute to development of cancer, to the earlier
onset of degenerative disease, and, in general, to a shorter life-span. Studies are just beginning to reveal the true
extent of health consequences for the American worker who spends about one-fourth of his or her adult life at a place
of employment.

Some believe that the scope of health problems among American workers stops at the work-place. But they are
wrong. In fact, it extends well beyond that. We now know that the consequences of work extend as well to the family
of the worker, to the community in which he lives, and to the environment—the air, the water, the resources—that
we all share. For example, the effects of place of work are sometimes transmitted directly to a worker’s family. We
have evidence of diseases among children and congenital malformations that result directly from their parents’
exposure to a hazardous work environment. We know, moreover, that at times the discharge of toxic wastes from
industrial processes has made entire communities ill; in a more subtle but far-reaching fashion, this continues
through industrial pollution of water and air. Pollution exacerbates the problems of those that are already ill,
particularly those with respiratory problems; and it creates new health problems for many who never had them
before.

There are other dimensions of the problem of work and health in America today: When eight million people cannot
find jobs, when another million are too discouraged even to look for a job after repeated efforts, and when millions of
others, working, are forced to work less than full-time, we can expect social problems and we can expect health
problems. While working is often both stressful and hazardous, not working is even worse. Not only are earnings
seriously reduced, but equally important, one’s dignity, self-esteem and worth are undermined. We are a working
society; almost half our adult waking life is spent at the work-place. So when we are involuntarily deprived of
employment, it is at a high personal, social, economic, and health cost.

The relation between work and health in America today does not go unnoticed. Indeed now, more than ever before,
there is an awareness of work-related health problems. Labor unions, management, and government have begun to
take specific actions. These have taken a variety of forms that include occupational safety and health legislation, the
organization of safety committees at the work-place, the provision of employee medical services, plant safety and
health inspections, and improved coverage of social, health, and disability insurance to American workers.
However, compared with the dimensions of the problem of work and health, the actions taken by government, labor,
and management still fall far short of what is required. The purpose of this chartbook is to portray, with available
data, the extent and nature of health problems associated with work in America. We also attempt to show in graphic
and tabular form those corrective actions that have been undertaken to improve the health of the American worker.

This chart book is incomplete for two principal reasons. First, it represents a compilation of information from many
sources, not just one. It includes data with coverage as broad as the U.S. as a whole, or as restricted as one place of
work, such as a hospital or a rubber manufacturing plant; some of this information is published in data reference
books, while some comes from articles and monographs. Some of the information has not been previously published
at all. Still, the data are but a sampling of available information. To rectify this to some extent, we have provided the
reader with a bibliography that assists in identifying other sources of related information. The reader will find that
there are many gaps in the available information on work and health. Some of these are apparent just from scanning

 

 

the chartka itself. For example, the information we have for selected industries should be available for all
industries; the information we have on the consequences of some toxic substance should be available on many more;
and the information that we have for one city or one state should be available for all cities and states.

Second, the data is in many cases deficient. Where we have, for example, reports of “recordable” injuries at work,
we suspect that they may be but a fraction of the total cases. And when we have information on surveys of morbidity,
we know that there are certain problems of reliability and validity of the data.

Nevertheless, the chartbook, with these deficiencies, gives a general indication of the dimensions of the problem; for
that, it should be extremely useful.

 

Population, Employment,
Insurance, Unionization,
Earnings

 

I. POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT, INSURANCE,
UNIONIZATION, EARNINGS

This chapter provides information on the population and the work-force in America. The purpose is to give a general
background in terms of which problems of the workers’ health can be better understood.

The charts and tables show, for example, that, on the average, jobs held by whites and nonwhites differ; the same is
true for employment patterns between men and women. The tables show that the burden of unemployment falls
heavier on some groups than on others and that published unemployment data is, in any case, a serious
understatement of the real extent of the job shortage in this country. We can see, too, that unionization is far more
complete in some industries than in others; and the same is true of insurance protection against the hazards of illness
and disability.

This chapter also gives a general portrait of mortality in America. It shows that certain causes of death are far more
important quantitatively, than others. Some of these, we will later see, are related to occupational exposure.

 

The civilian population of the United States numbered approximately 21.0
million people by July 1, 1974.

Total population
209,689,000

- \\\\\\\\\\\

V Nonwhites
(12.9%)
27,029,000

 

Females comprise more than half of the total civilian populat iiii

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total population

‘

 

 
 

 
    

........................

   

 

 

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

lllllllllll
50

 

 

The total population of the United States is heavily concentrated in the
southern section of the country. More than half of the black population
resides in the South.

 

Figure 3
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION BY REGION: 1974

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100
90 -
80 '-
South
70 -
60 -
H
S
e 50 -
a: \
4o -
East
30 —
North
20 _ Central
10 - J
9 West
0

 

White Black

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, The Social and Economic Status of the Black Population in the United States: 1974,
Current Population Reports, SpeciaI Studies, Series P-23, No. 54, US. Department of Commerce, p. 13.

 

 

 

58 percent of the black population live within the central cities, compared
with 26 percent of the white population.

 

Figure 4

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION, BY METROPOLITAN-
NONMETROPOLITAN RESIDENCE AND RACE: 1974

 

 

 

         

 

 

 

 

 

——
Black White
lnside central Inside central Metropolitan
cities cities _, , rings
Nonmetropolitan Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan
areas rings areas

 

 

 

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, The Social and Economic Status of the Black Population in the United States: 1974,

Current Population Reports, Special Studies Series P-23, No. 54, U5. Department of Commerce,
Washington, D. C., 1975, p. 9.

 

 

 

Even with the increase in the numbers in the population, the net growth rate
of the population has declined since 1955, reaching a low of 7.5 per/1,000
in 1974 compared with 17.6 per/1,000 mid-year p0pulation in 1955.

 

Figure 5
TRENDS IN POPULATION GROWTH: 1940-1974

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

25 a
a’ \‘
/ Birth rate \\
’ \
/
’1 \
-i ’
20 r x \
\

c ‘K
o . O.
4;; . . -. \\
_ 0.. I ..
g; .' Net growth rate 0. \
D. 15 _ .0 .'. \
E ' '.
G.) ‘ o
> ' .
E .' '.
E .' O...
O o 'o .
8‘ v.0 o...
g 10 .0... a L +o. .
o. -,
{'5 Death rate .
cc

5 —

I,."*'_°_.-'-o—.—'_”.-'_.-'—‘—o‘.
ro” Net civilian immigration rate
0 l 1 l I l I
1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1974
Year

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Estimates of the Population of the United States and Components of Change: 1974,
Series P-25, No. 545, US. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., April 1975.

 

 

 

Between 1930 and 1974, the population increased by more than 90 million people.
Between 1970-74, the population under 14 years of age decreased and the

population over 65 years of age increased.

 

Figure 6
POPULATION CHANGES BY AGE: 1970-1974

1 fi
Increase

L—fl Decrease

 

 

 

 

 

All ages

 

 

Under 5

5to 13

 

14 to 17

 

 

 

18 to 24

 

 

 

25 to 34

 

 

35 to 44 1.7

 

45 to 54

 

 

 

55 to 64

 

 

 

65 and
over

 

 

 

 

 

 

I l
0 5 10 15 20

Percent change

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Estimates of the Population of the United States, By Age, Sex, and Race: July 1, 1974
and April 1, 1970, Series P-25, No. 529, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, 0.0., September 1974.

 

 

1....__—U

 

The aged population (65 and over) had almost doubled between 1930 and

 

 

 

 

 

    

 

       

 

  

 

 

l 9 74.
Figure 7
AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TOTAL POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES:
1930-1974
225
200 -
Under 14
175 -
150 '-
In
_5 / 14— 24
E 125 - /
.E
C
.Q /
g 100 -
— /
3% 25—44
a. /
75 -1
/
50 -
/ 45—64
/
25 -‘
‘ , 65 and over
0 5.4 6.8 8-1 7
1930 1940 1950 1960
Year
SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Estimates of the Population of the United States, By Age, Sex, and Race: July 1, 1974
and April 1, 1970, Current Population Reports, Population Estimates and Projections, Series P-25, No. 529,
September 1974, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., p. 1.
Bureau of the Census, Untied States Summary, 1970 Census of the Population, Characteristics of the
Population, Part 1, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1973, Table 53.

 

 

 

The number one cause of death among all people in 1971 was diseases of the
circulatory system.

 

Table 1

MORTALITY RANKINGS FOR ALL MAJOR DISEASE CATEGORIES,
UNITED STATES: 1971

 

 

 

 

 

All Races
Disease Categories Deaths Per 100,000 Mortality Rank*

I. lnfective Parasitic Diseases 7.9 10
||. Neoplasms 168.5

Ill. Endocrine, Nutritional, and Metabolic Diseases 22.7 6
IV. Blood Diseases 2.6 14
V. Mental Disorders 4.1 13
VI. Nervous System Diseases 7.8 11
VII. Circulatory System 508.7 1
VIII. Respiratory System 53.2 4
IX. Digestive System 36.5 5
X. Genitourinary System 13.5 8
XI. Complications of Pregnancy and Childbirth 0.3 17
Xll. Skin Diseases 0.9 16
XIII. Muscular Diseases 2.4 15
XIV. Congenital Anomalies 7.8 12
XV. Perinatal Anomalies 18.9 7
XVI. All Defined Conditions 13.0 9
XVII. Accidents, Poisonings, and Violence 79.4 3

 

 

 

 

 

“Rankings are ordered with the disease categories having the highest mortality rate represented by the
lowest number.

SOURCE: Unpublished Data, National Center for Health Statistics; US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare;
Rockville, Md.

 

 

10

 

ely with level of

d invers

' Figure 8
MORTALITY RATIOS, BY YEARS OF SCHOOL COMPLETED FOR WHITE POPULATION

older) mortality varie

educational attainment.

 

Among adults (25 or

 

 

 

 

 

|:l White females

W White males

 

8
0.
1

 

 

8
.I.
l

 

 

 

 

25 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, AND SEX IN THE UNITED STATES: 1960

 

 

 

 

 

S)

 

inment (year

Educationa atta

 

 

 

Employment levels and mortality rates may be directly related, according to some

studies. The evidence, however, is not conclusive.

 

12

The civilian labor force comprised 61.4 percent of the noninstitutional civilian
population in calendar year 1974. 93.4 percent of the labor force was
employed.

 

Figure 10

LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF THE CIVILIAN
NONINSTITUTIONAL POPULATION: JUNE 1974

 

 

 

 

Not in civilian
> labor force
57,811,000

Unemployed civilian
labor force
6,053,000

 

 

 

\A

  
 

Civilian labor
> force

labor force 91,785,000

Employed civilian <
85,732,000

 

 

 

 

\

Civilian noninstitutional population
149,596,000

 

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Development: First Quarter 7975, News, April 14, 1975, U.S.
Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., Table 1, p. 7.

 

 

 

l3

Between June 1974 and June 1975, the “labor force participation rate

for men decreased while increasing for women.

39*

 

LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES BY COLOR, SEX AND AGE:

Table 2

JUNE 1974 AND JUNE 1975

 

 

SOURCE:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Labor Force Participation Rates
Sex, Age and Color
June 1974 June 1975
Total Males
16 years and over 81.3 80.4
White
16 years and over 81.9 81.1
Nonwhite
16 years and over 76.6 74.8
Total Females
16 years and over 45.9 46.6
White
16 years and over 45.4 46.0
Nonwhite
16 years and over 50.1 50.4

 

 

*Labor force participation rate is the percent of persons in
the total population, age 16 and over, who are working or

actively seeking work.

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings: July 1975, U.S. Department of Labor, Vol. 22,

No. 1, pp. 23, 24.

 

14

 

 

More than half of the employed white workers are employed in white-collar
jobs . Black and Spanish-speaking employment is highly concentrated in
blue-collar jobs.

 

Figure 11

EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION GROUP OF WHITE, BLACK AND
SPANISH WORKERS: 1974

 

 

100

80
V)
8
f 60
o
3
3 Blue—
E 40 ' collar
0
5
n.

20

13,2 120 16.5 SerVIce
\\\ \\\\\
0 2.2 3.6 . 45 Farm

 

Total White Black Spanish
NOTE: Detail may not equal 100 due to rounding.

 

 

Occupation Group Total White Black 58.32:?ng
Total: Number (thousands) 85,936 76,620 8,112 3,609
Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White-collar workers 48.6 50.6 28.9 31.5
Professional and technical 14.4 14.8 8.8 7.0
Managers and administrators, except farm 10.4 11.2 3.4 5.7
Sales workers 6.3 6.8 1 9 3.9
Clerical workers 17.5 17.8 14 8 15.3
Blue-collar workers 34.7 33.9 421 47.6
Craft and kindred 13.4 13.8 9.5 12.4
Operatives 16.2 15.5 23.2 26.7
Nonfarm laborers 5.1 4.6 9.4 8.5
Service workers 13.2 12.0 26.3 16.5
Farmworkers 3.5 3.6 2.8 4.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NOTE: Detail may not add to torals because of rounding.

SOURCE: Manpower Report of the President, U.S. Department of Labor and US. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, April 1975, p. 35.

 

 

15

The service and manufacturing industries employ the largest proportion of

all workers.

 

Table 3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED PERSONS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
BY SEX AND RACE: 1974

 

 

 

 

Sex Race
Industry
Male Female White Nonwhite

Agriculture, forestry, and

fisheries 5.1 1.4 3.6 2.7
Mining 1.0 0.1 0.7 0.2
Construction 8.8 0.7 5.5 4.1
Manufacturing 255 13.9 20.6 20.5
Transportation, communication,

and public utilities 7.8 2.8 5.6 5.9
Wholesale and retail trade 16.8 17.2 17.6 11.8
Finance, insurance, and real

estate 3.9 5.6 4.8 3.2
Service industries 21.3 35.2 26.4 34.0
Professional and related

services 9.7 23.0 15.1 17.6

Total 100% 100% 100% 100%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1974 Annual Average Data on Employment By Industry, (unpublished), US.
Department of Labor, Washington, D. C.

 

 

 

16

Employment in white-collar and service occupations was significantly higher

for females than for males.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 12
EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION AND SEX: JUNE 1974
100 .................... .5 .......
_ —— -— 1.8 Farm
80 _ \ \ \ 21.4 Servnce
Blue-collar
‘5 60 - /
8 /
B / /
n. 40 _4
60.9 White-collar
2O ‘1 39.5
0
Male Female
Sex
Occupation Total Male Female
Total employed (thousands) 87,166 53,788 33,378
Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0
White-collar workers 47.7 39.5 60.9
Professional and technical 13.7 13.4 14.3
Managers and administrators, except farm 10.4 13.7 5.2
Sales workers 6.2 5.9 6.6
Clerical workers 17.3 6.5 34.8
Blue—collar workers 35.3 47.3 15.9
Craft and kindred workers 13.4 20.8 1.5
Operatives, except transport 12.5 12.2 12.8
Transport equipment operatives 3.8 5.9 0.4
Nonfarm laborers 5.6 8.4 1.1
Service workers 13.1 8.0 21.4
Private household workers 1.4 * 3.5
Other service workers 11.7 7.9 17.9
Farm workers 3.9 5.2 1.8
Farmers and farm managers 1.9 2.9 03
Farm laborers and supervisors 2.0 2.3 1.6
“Less than one percent.
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings: July 1975, Vol. 22, No. 1, US. Department of Labor,
p. 34.

 

 

17

During March, 1975, the labor force participation rates for married women
with children was highest for those with children between 6 to 17

years of age.

 

Figure 13

LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES FOR MARRIED WOMEN,
BY PRESENCE AND AGE OF CHILDREN: MARCH 1975

 

 

 

60

 

 

Participation rate

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

No children Children Children
under 18 years 6- 1 7 under
years 6 years

Presence of children by age

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Summary, Special Labor Force Report, July 1975.

 

18

 

In recent years, the unemployment rates were twice as high for nonwhites
as for whites.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 14
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES FOR AGES 16 AND OVER BY RACE:
1967-1975
—-
14.0 .
13.7/ Nonwhlte
I
12.0 — /
I
9.9 10-0 9.9

10.0 - r—
*3
L- 8.0 -
E' White
a:
E
>
2
Q.
E 6.0 ‘
a.)
C
D

4.0 -
2.0 '9
0 l I I I I l l I I
1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975*
Year
*First quarter only.
SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, The Social and Economic Status of the Black Population in the United States: 1974,
Current Population Reports, Special Studies Series P~23, No. 54, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington,
D. C., 1975, p. 64.
I'"I Q

 

19

In recent years, unemployment rates for women were higher than those
for men.

 

* Within one year, unemployment rates more than doubled for husband-wife

families, while increasing approximately ]/3 for all female-headed families.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 16
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, BY FAMILY TYPE:
MARCH 1974 AND 1975
g
I: March 1974
§E§ 3 March 1975
12
‘ 10 -
8 —l
co
‘5
E'
E
> 6 '
o
E.
E
G)
c
D
I 4 ~
6.4
2 _
2.8
Husband—wife families Female-headed families
Family type
SOURCE: US. Department of Labor, Special Labor Force Repon, July 1975.
1 A

 

 

21

 

Unemployment rates for male workers were higher than those for females in

service occupations in 1974 and 1975.

 

Figure 17

UNEMPLOYMENT RATES OF WORKERS BY OCCUPATION AND SEX:
JUNE 1974 AND JUNE 1975

 

 

[:1 Male

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Labor, Washington, D. Ci, p. 28.

 

:55 Female
Occupation 1974 1975
All occupations
White—collar
10.7

Blue—collar
Service
Farm

l I l l l l

0 5 10 15 5 10 15
Unemployment rate Unemployment rate
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings: July 1975, Vol. 22, No. 1, U5. Department of

 

20

 

22

 

Unemployment rates were higher for females than for males in 1974 and
1975. Extreme differences in rates were even more apparent in the

manufacturing industry.

 

Figure 18

UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, BY INDUSTRY AND SEX:
1974 AND 1975

 

 

Female

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1974 1975
All nonagricultural 4-7 9-0 :_
industries 2:115 10.1
M' , 4.1
ming NA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Construction

 

 

 

 

 

 

Manufacturing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Transportation and
public utilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wholesale and
retail trade

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Finance, insurance,
and real estate

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Service industries

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Agriculture

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l l l 1 l I
0 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20

Unemployment rate Unemployment rate

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings: July 1975, Vol. 22, No. 1, U.S. Department of Labor,
Washington, D. C., p. 28.

 

 

 

23

main unemployed longer than females and

d nonwhite workers re

Male an

whites.

 

19
UNEMPLOYED PERSONS BY DURATION OF UNEMPLOYME

Figure

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SEX, AND RACE: 1974

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24

Teenagers have 4 to 5 times more unemployment than other age groups.
Among persons 16-19 years old, unemployment rates for the second quarter
of 1975 were considerably higher for blacks and individuals of Spanish origin

than for whites.

 

4 Figure 20
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES OF PERSONS 16-19 YEARS BY RACE AND SPANISH ORIGIN:
SECOND QUARTER AVERAGES FOR 1975

 

 

W All ages

40

 

 

 

30-

39.0

30.0

20*

 

 

Unemployment rate

 

 

10‘

 

 

OJ

 

Race

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings: July 1975, Vol. 22, No. 1, US. Department of Labor,
Washington, D. C., pp. 61, 63.

 

 

 

Less than ]2’3 of all workers in nonagricultural industries are unionized. The
manufacturing industry has the greatest proportion of unionized workers.

 

Figure 21

PERCENTAGE OF UNIONIZED WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS
IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES: 1972

 

 

 

 

All nonagricultural
industries*

 

 

 

Manufacturing

 

 

 

Mining

 

 

 

Contract
construction

 

 

 

Transportation and
public utilities

 

 

 

Wholesale and
retail trade

 

 

Finance, insurance,
and real estate

 

 

Service industries

 

 

 

Government

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

T l l I
0 1 0 20 30 40 50

Percent of workers
*Less than 1% of workers in agriculture and fishing industries are unionized.

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1974, 95th Annual Edition, US. Department
of Commerce, p. 365.

 

 

 

26

Approximately 16 million workers employed in the civilian labor force are

union members.

 

Table 4

WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS IN LABOR UNIONS,
BY INDUSTRY AND RACE: 1970

 

 

 

 

 

Total (In Thousands)
Industry , ,
All Races White Nonwhite

All industries 15,933 13,984 1,947

Agriculture 46 38 7

Construction 1,948 1,778 170

Manufacturing 7,600 6,655 945
Transportation and

public utilities 2527 2,267 260
Wholesale and retail

trade 1,709 1,535 173

Services and finance 2.103 1,711 392

 

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Selected Earnings and Demographic Characteristics of Union Members, 1970,
Report 417, 1972, U.S. Department at Labor, p. 7.

 

 

 

Many workers have become “discouraged workers” because of job market

reasons. Discouraged workers are those potential workers who are not

looking for work because they think jobs are not available or because of

personal reasons.

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
  

 

 

 

Figure 22
COMPOSITION OF DISCOURAGED WORKERS BY REASON FOR BELIEVING
THEY CANNOT FIND A JOB: 1967-1972
800
ft 0 0 fl
\ _ Total number of
700 - 'o, .' discouraged workers
600 — v. -'
§ 500 - Number discouraged
:3 because of job-
8 market reasons
I
u
E 400 "
300 a \
\ I
\
20° ' . Number discouraged
because of personal
reasons
100 '-
0
I l I I I l
1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
Year
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Hidden Unemployment, Reprinted from Monthly Labor Review, March 1973,
US. Department of Labor, Washington, D. 0., pp. 11, 13.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975, (unpublished) Department of Labor,
Washington, D. C.

 

28

Over half of the “discouraged workers” who were discouraged due to job-
market factors indicated having looked for a job but were unsuccessful in

finding a job.

 

Table 5

COMPOSITION OF DISCOURAGED WORKERS BY REASON FOR BELIEVING
THEY CANNOT FIND A JOB: 1967-1972

 

 

 

 

Reason 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

Total Number 732 667 574 638 774 765
Job-market factors (in thwsam‘s’ 383 371 311 437 537 540
Had looked but could not find job 168 161 161 244 300 300
Thinks no job available 215 210 150 193 237 240
Personal factors 349 297 263 201 236 226
Employers think too young or too old 216 171 139 105 112 111
Lacks education, skills, training 84 74 78 60 85 78
Other personal handicap 49 52 46 36 39 37
Percent distribution 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Job-market factors 52.3 55.5 54.2 68.5 69.5 70.6
Had looked but could not find job 23.0 24.1 28.0 38.2 38.8 39.2
Thinks no job available 29.4 31.4 26,1 30.3 30.7 31.4
Personal factors 47.7 44.5 45.8 31.5 30.5 295
Employers think too young or too old 29.5 25.6 24.2 16.5 14.5 14.5
Lacks education, skills, training 11.5 11.1 13.6 9.4 11.0 10.2
Other personal handicap 6.7 7.8 8.0 5.6 5.0 4.8

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal total.

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Hidden Unemployment, Reprinted from Monthly Labor Review, March 1973,
US. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C., pp. 11, 13.

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1975, (unpublished) Department of Labor,
Washington, D. C.

 

 

 

29

 

 

 

 

 

White

 

 

 

 

Figure 23
BY SEX AND RACE: MAY 1974

 

  

  

\\\\\\\\\
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\&\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

 

 

liiliiililiiiiiiliiiliili

lililliliiiiillliliillili.

 

 

 

 

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDING RATES OF PERSONS HOLDING TWO JOBS OR MORE,

 

 

 

two or more jobs during May, 1974 down from 4.3 million, 5.1 percent in

May 1973.

 

SE 96.28.. 29:22

 

Almost 3.9 million American workers, 4.5 percent of employed persons, held

Nonwhite

Race

y 7974, Special Labor Force Report 177, US. Depart-

\Fema:\\\le
30

Sex

Bureau of Labor Statistics, Multiple Jobholders in Ma

ment of Labor, Washington, D.C., 1975, p. 61.

SOURCE:

 

More than one-third of all Black families were headed by females who
grossed an income less than $5,000.

 

Figure 24

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION AND MEDIAN INCOME OF FAMILIES BY TYPE
OF FAMILY AND RACE OF HEAD: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number
Family type (in
thousands)

Total all families 55,053 100.0 12,595
Male head 48,249 90.1 13,253
Female head 6,804 9_9 6,560

Total white families 48,919 100.0 12,051
Male head 44,066 66.0 12,965
Female head 4,853 34_0 5,797

Total black families 5,440 100.0 7,269
Male head 3,591 87_6 9,549
Female head 1,849 12,4 4,226

I I I I I I I
0 20 40 60 80 0 5 10 15

Percent Amount in dollars

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Money Income in 1973 of Families and Persons in the United States, Current Popula—
tion Reports. Consumer Income, Series P-60, No. 97, U3. Department ot Commerce, Washington, D. C.,
1975, pp. 1, 3, 6, 49.

 

 

31

 

Production workers grossed greater earnings in the construction and
manufacturing industries and less in the wholesale and service industries.

 

Figure 25

GROSS WEEKLY EARNINGS OF PRODUCTION WORKERS ON PRIVATE
NONAGRICULTURAL PAYROLLS, BY INDUSTRY: JUNE 1975

 

 

Industry group

 

 

Total private

 

 

Mining

 

 

 

Contract construction

 

 

 

Manufacturing

 

 

 

Transportation and
public utilities

 

 

 

Wholesale and retail
trade

 

 

 

Finance, insurance
and real estate

 

 

 

Services

 

 

 

 

 

I I I I
0 75 150 225 300 375

Gross weekly earnings in dollars

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings: July 1975, Vol. 22, No. 1, U.S. Department of Labor,
Washington, D.C., p. 91.

 

 

 

32

In state UI*and UCFE**Pr0grams, 4.4 percent of covered workers were
employed in firms with 0-3 employees while 22.6 percent were employed in

firms with 1,000 or more employees .

 

Table 6

EMPLOYMENT OF WORKERS COVERED UNDER STATE UI AND UCFE PROGRAMS,
BY SIZE OF PLANT: MARCH 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

1
Size of Number of Covered Employees
Plant Plant Number P eeeee t
Total 3,770,300 65,741,571 100.0
0- 3 1,916,300 2,900,308 4.4
4-9 960,500 5,574,628 8.5
10- 19 428,800 5,828,690 8.9
20—49 273,600 8,339,224 12.7
50-99 100,000 6,848,010 10.4
100‘249 57,500 8,758,645 13.3
250-499 18,800 6,481,656 '9.9
500-999 8,900 6,132,098 9.3
1,000 and over 6,000 14,878,312 22.6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

      
  
 

   
   
   
  
 

      
 
       

 

 

 

 

 

1,000andover WW ////////////////////////%
500—999 W
250—499 V//////// W I
100—249 W
50—99 W ////////%
20—49 W
10—19 W
4-9 W //////%
0-3 W
”9” '2" __l

 

33

The number of workers covered under Workmen’s Compensation Payment
programs had increased by 11 million between 1965 and 1972.

 

Table 7
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION PAYMENTS: 1965-1972

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Item 1965 1969 1970 1971 1972
Workers covered per month (millions) 51 59 59 59 62
Benefits paid during year 1,814 2,624 3,011 3,548 4,023
Type of insurance:
Private carriers 1,124 1,641 1,843 2,005 2,179
State funds 445 607 755 1,098 1.351
Employers' self»insurance 244 376 413 445 493
Type of benefit:
Medical and hospitalization 600 920 1,040 1,110 1,230
Compensation payments 1,214 1,704 1,971 2,438 2,793
Disability 1,074 1,519 1,741 2,078 2,333
Survivor 140 185 230 360 460
Percent of payroll covered:
Workmen's compensation costs 100 1.07 1.13 1.13 1.16
Benefits 0.61 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.69
Table 8

SELECTED SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS—ESTIMATED PAYROLLS OF COVERED
EMPLOYMENT IN RELATION TO WAGES AND SALARIES: 1965-1972

 

 

 

 

Program 1965 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
Total earnings 416 529 577 609 642 702
All wages and salaries 359 465 510 542 573 628
Civilian 347 447 491 522 554 608
Pavrolls covered by retirement programs 343 455 498 533 562 619
OASDHI ' 309 410 452 483 508 559
Railroad retirement 6 6 6 6 7 7
Federal CIVii service retirement 16 22 23 26 28 30
State and local government 31 44 48 54 60 67
Net earnings in self-employment covered
by OASDHI' 4O 46 47 48 49 54
Payrolls covered by:
Unemployment insurance 283 362 399 420 444 527
Workmen's compensation programs 292 376 414 433 459 497
Percent of civilian payrolls covered by —
OASDHI ' 86.7 89.1 89.6 89.9 89.5 89.8
Railroad retirement 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1;2
Federal civil service retirement 4.7 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.9
State and local government retirement 9.0 9.7 9.9 10.4 10.9 11.0
State unemployment insurance 79.9 79.8 80.1 79.2 79.0 85.5
Railroad unemployment insurance 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Workmen's compensation programs 84.2 84.1 84.4 82.9 82.9 81.8

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

'OId-age survivors, disability and health insurance programs.

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1974, 95th Annual Edition, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Washington, D. C., pp. 295, 277.

 

 

 

34

The greatest percentage of Social Security (OASDHII- retirement benefits are
being paid to retired workers 75 years of age or older with a continuing

increase of benefits being paid to men retiring at ages 62 to 64.

 

Figure 26

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL SECURITY (OASDHI) — RETIREMENT
BENEFITS BY AGE CATEGORY AND SEX: 1965-1972

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Men Women

Age Categories Age Categories
‘Yea Y

r 62 to 64 65 to 69 70 to 74 75 3"“ ear 62 to 64 65 to 69 70 to 74 75 and
Over Over

1965 6.9 29.7 29.5 33.7 1965 12.2 31.6 28.1 28.1
1970 7.5 30.1 26.9 35.5 1970 11.5 30.1 25.4 33.1
1971 8.0 30.7 26.1 35.2 1971 11.7 30.2 24.7 33.4
1972 8.4 31.2 26.0 34.4 1972 11.9 30.3 24.5 33.4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1974, 95th Annual Edition, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D. C., p. 283.

 

 

Table 9

SOCIAL SECURITY (OASDHI) - BENEFITS, BY TYPE OF BENEFICIARY
AND MONTHLY BENEFIT PAYMENTS: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number of Avera e
ggfigiizriniLfs Benefits gzgisflizi‘alricefs Monthly Binefits
(In Thousands) (Current Dollars)
Total 29,872 Retired workers 166.42
Retired workers 15,364 Disabled workers 183.03
Disabled workers 2,017 Wives and husbands 81.28
Wives and husbands 3,190 Widowed mothers 118.16
Children 4,690 Widows and widowers 156.34
Widowed mothers 572 Parents 140.59
Widows and widowers 3,656 Persons with special benefits 57.21
Parents 25
Persons with special benefits 358

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 7974, 9th Annual Edition, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D. C., p. 281.

 

 

 

35

Approximately one-third of all full-time workers were not covered under a

health insurance plan in 1972.

 

Table 10

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ALL FULL-TIME WORKERS, BY GROUP HEALTH
INSURANCE STATUS AND OCCUPATIONAL GROUP: APRIL 1972

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Percent Distribution
Total
Occupational Group Number Not
(In Thousands) Total“ Covered Covered
(Total)

All full-trme workers:
Total 65,527 100 70 29

White-collar workers:
Professional and technical 10,079 100 77 22
Managers and officrals 7,324 100 (39 30
Sales 3,701 100 62 37
Clerical 11,281 100 74 25

Blue-collar workers:
Craftsmen 9,832 100 76 24
Operative 8,936 100 80 19
Transport equrpment operator 2,744 100 74 25
Nonfarm laborers 2,914 100 67 32
Servrce workers 6,543 100 52 47
Farm workers 2,173 100 17 81
Table 11

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ALL FULL-TIME WORKERS, BY GROUP HEALTH
INSURANCE STATUS AND INDUSTRY DIVISION: APRIL 1972

 

 

 

 

 

Percentage Distributed by
Total Coverage Status
Industry Division Number
(In Thousands) Total' Covered caged
(TotalI
All full-time workers:

Total 65,527 100 70 29
Agriculture 2,435 100 20 79
Mining 573 100 88 11
Construction 4,618 100 58 41
Manulacturing:

Durable goods 10,981 100 89 10

Nondurable goods 7,318 100 84 16
Transportation 2,601 100 79 21
Communications and public utilrtres 2,142 100 92 8
Trade:

Wholesale 2,766 100 75 24

Retail 8,493 100 54 45
Finance, insurance, and real estate 3,843 100 75 24
Servrces 19,758 100 65 34

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

'Due to rounding, sums 01 individual items may not equal totals.

SOURCE: Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Ways and Means US. House of Representatives, Basic Facts
on Health Insurance Coverage of the Unemployed, March 1975, Tables above are reprints from the April 1974
Social Security Bulletin, pp. 24, 26.

 

 

 

Among 7.5 million unemployed persons in 1975, approximately 1 in 6 persons were
employed in jobs which offered no health insurance coverage. For those with
coverage, 70 percent had plans with no provisions for continuation after lay-offs.

 

Figure 27

HEALTH INSURANCE STATUS OF THE UNEMPLOYED POPULATION:
FEBRUARY 1975

 

Health plans with
lay-off continuation
provisions

Health plans without specific
lay-off provisions

 

 

 

   

 

{I l
l | |
' l |
l i I
A
V
Unemployed with prior Unemployed without
health insurance coverage health insurance

coverage

 

HEALTH INSURANCE STATUS OF THE UNEMPLOYED
POPULATION: FEBRUARY, 1975

 

Status Percent

 

Unemployed persons whose prior employment
provided health insurance coverage 83

Health insurance plans with specific lay—off
continuation provisions— 25
More than 1, but less than 3 months
3 months to 5 months
5 months to 11 months
12 months or more

AbODLD

Health insurance plans without specific
lay—off provisions 58

Unemployed persons without any prior group

health insurance coverage 17

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Ways and Means US. House of Representatives, Basic Facts
on Health Insurance Coverage of the Unemployed, March 1975, GPO, Washington, D.C., 1975, p. 5.

L___ __

 

 

 

The number of beneficiaries receiving cash payments from OASDHI
disability programs increased between 1970 and 1975.

 

Table 12

BENEFICIARIES OF CASH PAYMENTS FROM SELECTED SOCIAL INSURANCE
AND RELATED PROGRAMS: 1970 AND 1975

 

 

 

 

Programs (In Thousands) (In Thousands)
1970 1975
Retirement and Disability
OASDHI
Retirement 17,096 19,804
Disability 2,665 4,024
Railroad 653 670
Federal Civil Service 697 997
Veterans 3,210 2,215
Survivor
OASDHI 6,468 7,302
Railroad 326 338
Federal Civil Service 308 380
Veterans 2,301 2,256
Railroad Temporary Disability 22 17
Unemployment
State Laws 2,045 *
Railroad 21 25

 

 

 

 

 

*Data not available.

SOURCE: Social Security Administration, Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 8, August 1975, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C., p. 42.

 

 

 

38

Health and Work:
Scope of the
Problem

39

 

ll. HEALTH AND WORK: SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM

Each year, about two million people die in the United States and an estimated 60 million are injured. Another 18
million have chronic conditions that partially or completely disable them. Evidence points increasingly to the place
of work as a major contributing source, or the sole cause for all of this sickness, injury, and death.

The charts in this chapter sketch the general dimensions of the occupational health and safety problem in this
country. They show clearly that working can be dangerous to your health; particularly when safeguards such as
employee medical personnel, health and safety training, and insurance are inadequate, as they so frequently are in
this country. Not surprisingly, the charts show that risks to life and health are associated with the kind of work one
does. And, since the labor market is still segregated with respect to both ethnicity and race, the health risks of work
fall disproportionately on some groups rather than uniformly across the labor force.

Some industries have extremely high rates of accident, injury, illness, and even death. These industries are identified
in the chartbook and are obviously prime areas to which remedial occupational safety and health programs should
be directed.

The costs of occupationally-related disability and death are enormous: half a billion work loss days occur annually,
resulting in human suffering as well as a high social cost in terms of productivity losses for the US. economy, an
estimated $9 billion annually. Investments in preventive and curative measures for disability associated with
employment are not commensurate with the scope of the problem.

 

The data listed below is based on information collected by the National
Center for Health Statistics in a nationwide sample of 41,000 households
and 120,000 individuals in the “Health Interview Survey” of 1973. The
population covered in the survey was the civilian non-institutionalized
population of the United States.

 

Table 13
DATA FROM THE “HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY": 1973

 

 

 

Total Number

Characteristic (ln Thousands)

 

Currently employed population 83,441

Disability days Days Per Person

Per Year
Restricted activity days 978,739 11.7
Bed disability days 330,757 4.0
Work loss days 451,429 5.4

Discharge Per
100 Persons

Hospital discharges 9,684 1 1.6
Visits Per
Person
Physician visits 371,288 4.4
Percent
Distribution
Degree of limitation of activity
Due to chronic condition 83,202 100.0
Limitation in amount or kind
of major activity 5,194 6.2
Limitation but not in maior
activity 3,069 3.7
No activity limitation 74,939 90.1
Per 100 Persons
Per Year
All acute conditons 120,741 144.7
Infective and parasitic 10,532 12.6
Respiratory 63,640 76.5
Digestive 6,354 7.6
Injuries 25,220 30.2
All other 14,996 18.0

Persons Injured
Per 100 Persons

Accidents“ 23,882 28.6
Moving motor vehicle 2,045 2.5
While at work 9,027 10.8
Home 6,117 7.3
Other 8,682 10.4

 

 

 

 

 

”The sum of data for the four classes of accidents may be greater than the total because
the classes are not mutually exclusive.

SOURCE: Data from the "Health Interview Survey," National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Flockville, Maryland.

 

 

 

41

There is little difference in the number of disability days experienced by

individuals currently employed in various industries.

 

Figure 28

DISABILITY DAYS PER PERSON PER YEAR FOR EMPLOYED
BY TYPE AND INDUSTRY: 1973

 

W Restricted activity days
[:1 Bed disability days

 

Work loss days

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

59 ..... A ,
ISZ”§EEI?§“°”

SOURCE: Calculated from unpublished data from the "Health Interview Survey," National Center for Health Statistics,
US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland.

 

 

42

Blacks in the labor force have the highest percentage of permanent and
partial work disability.

 

Figure 29

PERCENT OF LABOR FORCE 18-64, YEARS WITH WORK DISABILITY
BY RACE AND SPANISH ORIGIN: 1970

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

i
W Total with work disability Complete work disability
[:1 Partial work disability
20
15 '
E 14.5
g 10 -
Q)
0.
5 'l
0

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

White Spanish

SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970, Subject Reports, Final Report PCl2)-6C, Persons With
Work Disability, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1973, pp. 1 —3.

 

 

 

43

Farm workers had the highest percent of musculoskeletal disabling conditions, while
white-collar workers had the highest percent of cardiovascular disabling conditions.

Disabled Men

Major Disabling
Conditions Total White-collar ”:2?“ 3&3."
Employed Workers Foreman Workers

Number (in thousands)
Percent
Musculoskeletal
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive
Mental
Nervous system
All other conditions

 

About 12 percent of all men in the labor force had some work disability in
1970 and about 10 percent of all females.

 

Figure 30

PERCENT OF LABOR FORCE, 18-64 YEARS, WITH WORK DISABILITY
BY SEX: 1970

 

 

353 Total with work disability W/ C/omplete work disability

I: Partial work disability

20

 

15-

 

Percent

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Female

SOURCE: Bureau ol the Census, Census of Population: 1970, Subject Reports, Final Report PCl2l-6C, Persons With

Work Disability, US. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 1973. pp. 1-3.

 

 

 

45

than $5,000 annual income had considerably more
days compared with white and nonwhite workers with

s
s
e
l
h
nu
wlo
m.“
kos
rwe
ofm
wow
mam
hcr
wmm
mama
N.mh

 

 

Figure 31
WORK LOSS DAYS PER WORKER PER YEAR BY INCOME AND RACE: 1973

 

 

W White

Nonwhite

 

 

 

  

7.
6

 

 

    

3.
6

 

  

9.
8

 

 

10.0

8.0“

2.0"

 

$10 000 and

000
$ 9,999

I

$5 -

$ 5,000

 

 

The number of work loss days were higher among blue-collar and service

workers than among other workers.

 

Figure 32

DISABILITY DAYS PER PERSON PER YEAR
BY TYPE AND OCCUPATION: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

W Restricted activity days Work loss days
[: Bed disability days
Wh. _ H W //////////////%

Disability days/person/year

-9.

SOURCE: Calculated rom unpublished data from the "Health Interview Survey," National Center for Health Statistics,
U. . Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland.

 

‘* -

have the highest proportion of severe disability.

A higher proportion of other disabled blue-collar workers are severely

disabled*. Those blue-collar workers with a nervous system condition

 

Figure 33

PERCENT DISABLED ADULTS (AGES 18-64) WITH SEVERE DISABILITY
BY CONDITION AND OCCUPATION: 1966

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

—
Total Digestive
Musculo- Mental
skeletal
Cardio- Nervous
vascular system
Respiratory All other
conditions
I I l I F I I I
0 20 40 60 80 I 00 20 40 60 80 1 00

Percent disabled persons
with severe disability
*Unable to work or work regularly.

SOURCE:
Vol. 24, p. 483.

 

 

Percent disabled persons
with severe disability

 

Lawrence D. Haber, Disabling Effects of Chronic Disease and Impairment, Journal of Chronic Diseases, 1971,

 

48

 

Males had a higher rate of injury while at work than females. Whites had a

higher total injury rate than nonwhites.

 

Table 15

NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED BY CLASS OF ACCIDENT,
SEX, AND RACE: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex Race
Class of Male Female White Nonwhite
Accident Number Plate" Number Rate“ Number Rate' Number Rate“
(In Thousands) (In Thousands) (In Thousands) (In Thousands)

Total 34,763 35.03 25,209 23.66 53,108 29.54 6,865 26.41
Moving motor

vehicle 2,265 2.28 1,662 1.56 3 ;_7.« 1.85 604 2.32
While at work 7,493 7.55 1,534 1,44 7,001 4.34 1,217 4.68
Home 10,754 10.84 11,943 11.21 19,938 11.09 2,759 10.62
Other 16,113 16.24 10,672 10.02 24,313 13.52 2,472 9.51

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

'Per 100 persons.

Note: The sum of data for the four classes of accidents may be greater than the total because the classes
are not mutually exclusive.

SOURCE: Calculated from unpublished data from the "Health Interview Survey," National Center for Health Statistics,
US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland.

 

 

 

49

A significantly higher percentage of blue-collar workers than other workers

were injured in accidents while at work.

 

Table 16

PERSONS INJURED BY CLASS OF ACCIDENT,
AND SELECTED OCCUPATIONS: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Occupations
Class of White-collar Blue-collar Service
Accident Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate
(In ThousandS) (In Thousands) (In Thousands)

Total persons

injured 8,737 100.0 11,869 100.0 3,053 100.0
Moving motor

vehicle 725 8.3 826 7.0 * *
While at work 1,579 18.0 6,108 51.5 780 25.5
Home 2,818 32.3 1,817 15.3 940 30.8
Other 3,615 41.4 3,118 26.3 1,333 43.7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

”Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision.

SOURCE: Calculated from unpublished data from the "Health Interview Survey," National Center for Health Statistics,
US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland.

 

 

 

50

Appr0ximately 9 million persons reported having been injured while at work.
The largest number of persons injured at work were employed in the
manufacturing industry.

 

in

Figure 34

NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED AT WORK
BY SELECTED INDUSTRIES: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nationwide, the incidence rates for occupational injuries and illnesses per

100 full-time workers was highest in the contract construction industry.

 

Figure 35

INJURY AND ILLNESS INCIDENCE RATES, BY INDUSTRY DIVISION,
UNITED STATES: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Incidence rate per 100 full-time workers

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US. Department of Labor, (Unpublished data), 1973

 

 

 

52

The contract construction industry in California had the highest rates of

occupational injuries and illnesses for all types of cases and more than twice

those for total private nonfarm sector.

 

Table 17

IN THE PRIVATE NONFARM SECTOR FOR CALIFORNIA,
BY INDUSTRY AND TYPE OF CASE: 1973

INCIDENCE RATES FOR REPORTED OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1973 Annual Incidence Rates per 100 Full-Time Workers
Average Total Nonfatal
Industry Employment Record- "°“ Cases With- Lost
(“1 able Workday out Lost Workdays
Thousands) Cases Cases Workdays
Private nonfarm sector* 6,062.9 11.7 3.9 7.8 58.4
Contract construction 333.4 23.0 8.1 14.9 118.5
Manufacturing 1,648.1 16.1 5.0 11.1 75.1
Transportation, communication,
electric, gas, and sanitary services 429.4 11.5 5.5 6.0 94.6
Wholesale and retail trade 1,719.2 10.8 3.6 7.2 48.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate 443.2 3.0 0.9 2.1 11.9
ServicesH 1,469.2 7.4 2.5 4.9 36.7

 

 

 

 

 

 

'Excludes railroads and mine activities except oil and gas extraction.
MIncludes agricultural services, forestry, and fisheries.

 

Industry

Private nonfarm
sector

 

 

 

 

Contract
construction

 

 

 

 

Manufacturing

Transportation,
communication,
and utilities
Wholesale and
retail trade

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Finance, insurance, 35
and real estate

 

 

 

Services

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I 7 l I
0 ‘ 5 10 15 20

Incidence rate per 100 full—time workers

25

Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Survey, California: 1973,
Department of Industrial Relations, State of California -Agriculture and Services Agency, San Francisco,
California, pp. 8, 11,12, 13.

SOURCE:

 

 

 

53

Nationwide, more than 200,000 occupational illnesses were reported in 1973.

The largest number of reported illnesses was occupational skin diseases.

 

Figure 36

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF ILLNESSES BY CATEGORY
OF ILLNESS: 1973

 

 

 

Category of illness

Dust diseases of the
lungs

Poisoning
Respiratory conditions ’

due to toxic agents

Disorders due to
repeated trauma

Disorders due to
physical agents

Skin diseases and
disorders

All other illnesses

 

 

 

 

l l I T l
0 ‘ 10 20 30 ' 40 50
Percent

Table 18

NUMBER AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF RECORDABLE OCCUPATIONAL
ILLNESSES IN PRIVATE SECTOR: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total Recordable Illnesses
Category of Illness Number
(In Thousands) Percent
TOTAL 200.5 100.0
Occupational skin diseases and disorders 89.2 44.5
Dust diseases of the lungs 1.5 0.7
Respiratory conditions due to toxic agents 11.5 5.7
Poisoning 6.7 3.3
Disorders due to physical agents 27.5 13.7
Disorders due to repeated trauma 23.6 11.8
All other occupational illnesses 40.5 20.2

 

 

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US. Department of Labor, (Unpublished data), 1973.

 

 

—_

54

In California, almost 3 out of 4 cases of reported occupational diseases were

eye and skin conditions.

 

Table 19

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES BY CONDITION FOR CALIFORNIA: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Disease Group Number Percent
lnfective and parasitic diseases 432 1.2
Skin conditions 15,671 40.6
Chemical burns 3,898 101
Eye conditions 11,281 29.2
Respiratory conditions, mainly infectious 317 0.8
Respiratory conditions due to toxic materials 1,759 4.6
Pneumoconioses 13 *
Systemic effects of toxic materials 711 1.8
Digestive and other symptoms due to toxic materials 1,703 4.4
Loss of hearing 170 0.4
Other ear conditions 938 2.4
Effects of environmental conditions 408 1.1
Heart and other circulatory conditions 547 1.4
Other and unspecified 747 1.9
Total 38,595 100.0
*Less than 0.1 percent.
50
40 -'
V)
cu
VI
'0
E
g 20 -
a:
a.
10 -i
4.6 4.4
0 _ W W
Skin Eye Chemical Respiratory Digestive and
conditions conditions burns conditions other symptoms
due to toxic due to toxic
materials materials
Selected disease groups
SOURCE: Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Doctor’s First Report of Work Injury, Department of Industrial

Relations, State of California -Agricu|ture and Services Agency, San Francisco, California, p. 5.

 

55

 

 

In California, occupational disease rates were highest in the agriculture

industry.

 

Figure 37

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE RATES PER 1,000 WORKERS IN CALIFORNIA
BY INDUSTRY: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Industry Industry

Agriculture Trade

Mineral

extraction Finance,
insurance, and
real estate

Construction
Services

 

 

 

 

Manufacturing

 

 

 

 

 

Transportation, 5;
communication ,5
and utilities*

State and local
government

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I l I l I l
0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4‘

Rate Rate

itIncludes privately owned utilities only. Publicly owned utilities are included with local government.

SOURCE: Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Doctor’s First Report of Work Injury, Department of Industrial
Relations, State of California -Agricu|ture and Services Agency, San Francisco, California, p. 1.

 

 

 

Almost “A of the work related injuries result in no work loss days.

 

Table 20

OCCUPATIONAL INJURY AND ILLNESS INCIDENCE RATES,
BY INDUSTRY (PRIVATE SECTOR): 1973

 

 

 

Incidence Rates per 100 FuII-Time Workers

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

'ndustrv Total With Lost Without Lost

Recordable Cases Workday Cases Workday Cases
Private sector 11.0 3.4 7.5
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries 11.6 4.6 7.0
Mining 12.5 5.8 6.7
Contract Construction 198 6.1 13.6
Manufacturing 15.3 4.5 10.8
Transportation and public utilities 10.3 4.4 5.8
Wholesale and retail trade 8.6 2.7 5.9
Finance, insurance and real estate 2.4 0.8 1.6
Services 6.2 1.9 4.2

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US. Department of Labor, (Unpublished data), 1973.

 

57

 

 

Incidence rates of occupational illnesses and injuries were slightly higher
in California than for the total U.S. in 1973.

 

Figure 38

INCIDENCE RATES FOR OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES FOR THE
NONFARM PRIVATE ECONOMIC SECTORS OF THE U.S. AND CALIFORNIA
BY TYPE OF CASE: 1973

 

 

E California
W U.S.

 

 

11.0

 

Total
recordable

 

 

3.4

 

Lost
workday

 

 

 

7.6

 

Cases without
lost

workdays“ WW

 

 

 

 

 

lncidence rate

*Per 100 full-time employees.
**Per 100 man years.
SOURCE: Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Survey, California: 1973,

Department of Industrial Relations, State of California -Agriculture and Services Agency, San Francisco,
California, p. 5.

 

 

 

58

In California, the highest incidence rate of occupational illness was

found in the manufacturing industry.

 

Table 21

INCIDENCE RATES FOR OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES IN THE PRIVATE NONFARM SECTOR
FOR CALIFORNIA, BY INDUSTRY AND TYPE OF CASE: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1973 Annual Incidence Rates per 100 Full-Time Workers
Average Total Nonfatal
IHdUStI’Y Employment Record- Lost Cases With— Lost
(In able Workday out Lost Workdays
Thousands) Cases Cases Workdays
Private nonfarm sector* 6,062.9 0.5 0.1 0.3 2.0
Contract construction 333.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 2.6
Manufacturing 1,648.1 0.8 0.2 0.6 2.7
Transportation, communication,
electric, gas, and sanitary services 429.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 1.9
Wholesale and retail trade 1,719.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.0
Finance, insurance, and real estate 443.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.4
ServicesH 1,469.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 2.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

”Includes agricultural services, forestry, and fisheries.

*Excludes railroads and mine activities except oil and gas extraction.

 

  
    
 

Industry

Private nonfarm
sector

Contract
construction

Manufacturing

Transportation,
communication,
and utilities
Wholesale and
retail trade

   
 

 

Finance, insurance,
and real estate

 

   
 

 

California, pp. 22, 25, 26.

 

 

1.0

- V
I I I I l
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Incidence rate per 100 full—time workers
SOURCE: Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Survey, California: 1973,

Department of Industrial Relations, State of California -Agriculture and Services Agency, San Francisco,

 

3‘)

 

In California, the incidence rate of occupational injuries in contract

construction was twice as high as for the total private nonfarm sectOr.

 

Table 22

INCIDENCE RATES FOR OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN THE PRIVATE NONFARM SECTOR
FOR CALIFORNIA BY INDUSTRY AND TYPE OF CASE: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

1973 Annual Incidence Rates per 100 Full-Time Workers
Average Total Nonfatal
Industry Employment Record- L°5t Cases With- Lost
(In able Workday out Lost Workdays
Thousands) Cases Cases Workdays
Private nonfarm sector" 6,062.9 11.3 3.8 7.4 56.4
Contract construction 333.4 22.6 7.9 14.6 115.8
Manufacturing 1,648.1 15.3 4.8 10.5 72.4
Transportation, communication,
electric, gas, and sanitary services 429.4 11.2 5.3 5.8 92.7
Wholesale and retail trade 1,719.2 10.6 3.5 7.1 47.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate 443.2 2.9 0.8 2.0 10.5
ServicesH 1 ,469. 2 7.0 2.4 4.6 34.2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Excludes railroads and mine activities except oil and gas extraction
”Includes agricultural services, forestry, and fisheries.

 

_ Industry
PrIvate nonfarm
sector

 

 

 

 

Contract
construction

 

 

 

Manufacturing

 

 

Transportation,
communication,
and utilities
Wholesale and
retail trade

Finance, insurance,
and real estate

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Services

 

 

 

 

 

I I I I
0 5 10 15 20 25

Incidence rate per 100 full-time workers

SOURCE: Calculated from unpublished data from the‘ 'Health Interview Survey, " National Center for Health Statistics,
US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland. .

 

 

 

60

Incidence rates, by employment size within industry divisions, help to
identify safety and health problem areas. For all industries surveyed, the
highest overall incidence rate occurred in establishments having between

100 and 249 employees.

 

Table 23

OCCUPATIONAL INJURY AND ILLNESS INCIDENCE RATES, BY EMPLOYMENT SIZE
AND INDUSTRY (PRIVATE SECTOR): 1973

 

 

 

 

 

Incidence Rates per 100 Full-Time Workers
Number of . Agriculture, Contract Transporta- Wholesale Finance,
Employees Private Forestry, Construc- Manufactur- tron and and. Insurance, Services
Sector _and' tion mg Public Retail and Real
Fisheries Utilities Trade Estate

All sizes 11.0 11.6 19.8 15.3 10.3 8.6 2.4 6.2
1-19 5.5 8.5 13.6 10.9 7.4 4.5 1.9 2.6
20-49 10.3 12.1 21.2 16.2 11.9 8.9 2.1 5.0
50-99 13.1 13.6 23.7 19.2 13.7 11.1 2.8 6.4
100-249 14.8 15.3 23.8 20.2 11.5 12.5 2.8 8.4
250—499 13.8 14.3 23.7 17.6 9.9 12.4 3.1 7.7
500-999 12.5 15.6 21.0 14.4 9.1 11.5 2.7 10.0
1,000-2,499 10.9 16.3 16.8 12.2 10.4 11.7 3.3 8.1
2,500 and over 9.7 — 8.6 11.0 8.5 8.8 2.0 6.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US. Department of Labor, (Unpublished data), 1973.

 

 

~61

 

Injuries comprise 27 percent of reported acute conditions among blue-collar
workers.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 39
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF ACUTE CONDITIONS,
BY TYPE IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS: 1973
-
Condition
100 - :
Infective and
parasitic
80 '-
56 49 52 Respiratory
60 -
H
C
a)
o
a“)
O.
40 -4 /
/ Digestive
/
/
27 21 Injuries
20 - 16
All other
0
I
White-collar Blue-collar Service
Occupational groups
SOURCE: Calculated from unpublished data from the "Health Interview Survey,” National Center for Health Statistics,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland.
—_ I 4

 

 

62

Service workers had significantly high rates of arthritis and hypertensive disease while

farm workers had the highest rate of arthritis.

 

Figure 40

CURRENTLY EMPLOYED PERSONS WITH SELECTED CHRONIC CONDITIONS,
BY OCCUPATION: 1969—1972

 

 

Service Total

All occupations

 

W White-collar
C: Blue-collar - Farm

 

 
 
  

 

  
 

   

 

 

 

    
       

 

   

 

 

 

 

C°"d”‘°" W W
Arthritis 87'5
\\\\\\\\\\\ ‘ ‘ ‘\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
\\ \\\\\\\\,9.2-6»\\\\ \\\\\\\\
Chronic
Bronchitis
(1970)
Impairment
of back
or spine
(1971)
Heart
Condition
(1972) _
W
Hypertensive 61.6
disease
(1972)
\\\\\\\\\‘ ‘ ‘ \\\\\\\\
\\\\\\\\\67:1.\\\\\\\\
l l l l l l

 

l l
O 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0
Rate/1,000 persons/year

SOURCE: Calculated fron unpublished data from the ”Health Interview Survey," National Center for Health Statistics,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland.

 

 

 

63

The highest incidence rate of physician visits was found among persons

employed in service and miscellaneous industries.

 

Figure 41

NUMBER OF PHYSICIAN VISITS PER PERSON PER YEAR,

BY INDUSTRY: 1973

 

 

 

Manufacturing

 

 

 

 
    
    
    
 

miscellaneous

   

W//%
$818323“ W/%

 

 

SOURCE:

 

lllll
12345

Rate/ person/ year

6

64

lililr
012345

Rate/person/year

6

Calculated from unpublished data from the ”Health Interview Survey," National Center for Health Statistics,
US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland.

 

The highest rate of hospital discharges was found among persons employed

in the mining industry.

 

Figure 42

HOSPITAL DISCHARGES PER 100 PERSONS PER YEAR
BY INDUSTRY: 1973

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Industry Industry
Transportation
Agriculture and public
utilities
Minin Wholesale and
9 retail trade
Finance,
Construction insurance, and
real estate
M f t . Service and
anu ac urlng miscellaneous
I I l I I I

 

 

 

 

 

0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Rates/100 persons/ year Rates/100 persons/year

SOURCE: Calculated from unpublished data from the “Health Interview Survey," National Center for Health Statistics,
US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland.

_ __I

65

 

 

 

Farm workers had the highest rate of hospital d ssssssssss

 

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY :::::

 

 

 

 

Occupation

   

Wh llllllllll

 
  

lllllllllll

 
  

Service

 
    

 

 

 

SOURCE: Calculated from unpublished data from the "Health Interview Survey," National Center for Health Statist iiii
US. Department of Health Education and Welfare, ockv llllllllllllll

 

Farm workers had the lowest rate of all workers for physician visits.

 

Figure 44

PHYSICIAN VISITS PER PERSON PER YEAR
BY OCCUPATION: 1973

 

 

 

Occupation

 

White-col Iar

 

 

 

Blue—collar

 

 

 

 

Service

 

 

 

 

Farm

 

 

 

 

 

 

l I I
0 I 2 3 4 5

Rate/person/year

-—1

 

 

 

()7

 

 

Special Hazards and Risks

 

 

 

Ill. SPECIAL HAZARDS AND RISKS

Your likelihood of dying from cancer is three to five times greater than the average if you work in some industries.
The risk of permanently disabling respiratory disease is many times greater for some workers than for others.
Congenitally-malformed babies or infant deaths can be expected more frequently by women working in some
occupations. We know these things. and they are reflected in the tables and charts of Chapter IV. which focuses on
special hazards and risks associated with the occupations and industries of American workers.

We are just beginning to appreciate the nature and scope of occupational health hazards. For many years. centuries
in fact. we knew that certain industries posed very high health hazards. The ‘Mad Hatter’ of Alice in Wonderland
was occupationally disabled due to the insidious effects of mercury poisoning on the central nervous system.
(mercury is used in felting.) The ballads of sailors reflected both the desires borne of isolation at sea. as well as the
stolid melancholy of men living constantly with the high risk of occupationally-related death. What was once
folk-lore is now statistical information. And what was once fatalism is now social purpose borne of responsible anger.

The list of carcinogenic agents linked to industrial processes grows daily. The list of occupations with high risks
grows as well. The toll in sickness and death is just beginning to be compiled. This section of the chartbook
documents. in a preliminary way. some of the high risk factors associated with certain jobs and selected industries.
An exhaustive picture cannot be drawn because we do not yet have the information.

 

69

Criteria documents for recommended standards for occupational exposures
have been individually developed and published for the table of hazardous

agents listed below.

 

Table 24

NIOSH RECOMMENDED STANDARDS DEVELOPED UNDER THE
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT

 

 

 

Ammonia July 15, 1974
Arsenic January 21, 1974
Revised June 23, 1975
Asbestos January 21, 1972
Benzene July 24, 1974
Beryllium June 30, 1972
Carbon monoxide - August 3, 1972
Chloroform September 11, 1974
Chromic acid July 17, 1973
Coke oven emissions February 28, 1973
Cotton dust September 26, 1974
Fluorides June 30, 1975
Hot environments June 30, 1972
Identification system for occupationally December 20, 1974
hazardous materials
Inorganic lead January 5, 1973
Inorganic mercury August 13, 1973
Noise August 10, 1972
Silica November 11, 1974
Sulfur dioxide February 11, 1974
Sulfuric acid June 6, 1974
Toluene July 23, 1973
Toluene diisocyanate July 13, 1973
Trichloroethylene July 23, 1973
Ultraviolet radiation December 20, 1972
Vinyl chloride March 11, 1974
Xylene May 23, 1975

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: Office of Research and Standards Development, National lnstitution for Occupational Safety and Health,
July, 1975.

 

 

 

70

Common cancer inducing agents have been linked to various occupational

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

groups.
Table 25
COMMON OCCUPATIONAL CARCINOGENS
Agent Organ Affected Occupation
Wood Nasal cavity and sinuses Woodworkers
Leather Nasal cavity and sinuses; Leather and shoe workers
urinary bladder
lron oxide Lung; larynx Iron ore miners; metal grinders and polishers
silver finishers; iron foundry workers
Nickel Nasal sinuses; lung Nickel smelters, mixers, and roasters;
electrolysis workers
Arsenic Skin; lung; liver Miners; smelters; insecticide makers and
Sprayers; tanners; chemical workers; oil
refiners; Vintners
Chromium Nasal cavity and sinuses; Chromium producers, processors, and users;
lung; larynx acetylene and aniline workers; bleachers; glass,
pottery, and linoleum workers; battery makers
Asbestos Lung (pleural and peritoneal Miners; millers; textile, insulation, and
mesothelioma) shipyard workers
Petroleum, petroleum Nasal cavity; larynx; lung; Contact with lubricating, cooling, paraffin or
coke, wax, creosote, skin; scrotum wax fuel oils or coke; rubber fillers; retort
shale, and mineral oils workers; textile weavers; diesel jet testers
Mustard gas Larynx; lung; trachea; Mustard gas workers
bronchi
Vinyl chloride Liver; brain Plastic workers
Bis-chloromethyl ether, Lung Chemical workers
chloromethyl methyl
ether
lsopropyl oil Nasal cavity lsopropyl oil producers
Coal soot, coal tar, Lung; larynx; skin; Gashouse workers, stokers, and producers;
other products of coal scrotum; urinary bladder asphalt, coal tar, and pitch workers; coke oven
combustion workers; miners; still cleaners
Benzene Bone marrow Explosives, benzene, or rubber cement workers;
distillers; dye users; painters; shoemakers
Auramine, benzidine, Urinary bladder Dyestuffs manufacturers and users; rubber
alpha-Naphthylamine, workers (pressmen, filtermen, laborers);
magenta, 4-Aminodiphenyl, textile dyers; paint manufacturers
4-Nitrodiphenyl

 

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: National Cancer Institute.

 

 

71

 

 

Three major studies of occupation and cancer have shown construction

painters to have a significant excess of lung cancer.

 

Table 26

EXTENT OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THREE MAJOR STUDIES ON OCCUPATIONAL
CANCER EXCESS FOR SELECTED SITES AND OCCUPATIONS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

E a;
D > , ‘ K \
3 :g '2 a ‘2 = g
L“ .k g; k) 2 (u c, m
‘0 S ta, § a a 2 re :
t it”: E 6 ‘5 U CD a; 3‘ 3 E S
<( it In K in H x I: 2 m c
K K o x T; o > \ ~ ac :1
m x k k x a. “I 2 :
Q a K L“ E In o 0 cu ~
.. K m : Q ,2 u q >~
~ in u D , \ o ~r
8 o : L. a S :
. . 3 1
Mine Operatives Axx l Axx i on ‘ ABo aox l 300 Aoc on
‘ i
Glass and Ceramic Operatives XI)X l an ‘ aox L axo ' oox l oox Doc 1 oox
1
Farmers and Farm Laborers xxx ‘ xxx l Aoo ‘ Axo xox ' xox xoC ‘ xoc
. V l 2 l 1 l
Chemical Production Operatives xbx ‘ ahc ‘ aox ‘ 080 1 ooc 000 i Doc l 000
Chemical Production Workers ABx ‘ xBo ‘ x00 ‘ oho i 000 ‘ 000 l 000 i 000
l ’ ‘
Shoemakers ABx ABx l aoC abo 000 000 000 000
r
Leather Production Workers an ‘ abx i aoc 1 xbo oox ooc ‘ 00C oox
Boilermakers ABC ! ABC ‘ aox abo ooc I 000 1 000 000
Machinists ABC ‘ AxC ‘ AoC , Axo l Aoc ‘ A00 ‘ aox on
‘ l
Sheet Metal Workers ABC i ABC r aoC Abo 000 00C i oox ooc
. . I ‘
Construction Painters ABC ‘ ABC ‘ Aoc 1 A80 aoc aoc r aox ass
i l 1
Non Construction Painters xBx ‘ CDC 1 aox .300 00c Aoo ‘ ooo oox
Textile Spinners and Weavers axx ‘ xxx 1 AoC ‘ aho ooo ' 000 i 000 000
Textile Laliorer's ABx r ABx } xox ‘ oBo oox 000 ooc oox
. i
Cabinetmakeis xxc i xBx 1 ago uxo oox l 000 ‘ ooo ooc
i i i
Carpenters xxC l aBC I AoC l axo xoC xox xox xoC
‘ l l i
Woodworkers xxx i oox ‘ x00 ’ ooo ‘ 000 j 000 one 000
i l ‘
Sawyers xxx i xxx xox axo oox ooo ooc oox
Lumbermen aox ‘ oox oox 000 i 00C 000 000 I oox
Significant Non Significant
Excess Cancer Excess Cancer
A a NVSD —- DHEW Report US. 1950
B b Registered Generals Report UK. 1960
C C Social Security Disability Report 19596?

x A not increased
0 — not available or not sufficient data
(significance defined as p <0.05)

SOURCE: Guidotti and Goldsmith, California Health Department and National Cancer Institute, (unpublished data).

 

 

l0

Among vinyl chloride workers, observed deaths from all causes of cancer
were significantly higher than expected deaths for 10 to 24 years since first
exposure. Observed deaths from cancer were more than twice as high as

expected deaths for 10 to 24 years since first exposure.

 

Figure 45

EXPECTED AND OBSERVED DEATHS FROM VARIOUS CAUSES AMONG VINYL CHLORIDE
WORKERS, BY NUMBER OF YEARS SINCE FIRST EXPOSURE: 1974

 

 

S Expected deaths
W Observed deaths

25

 

All causes

20-

15"

10"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AII cancer

Number of deaths
0

 

 

 

 

 

 

15 -
10 -
'5 .-
0
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29
Years since first exposure
SOURCE: Irving Selikoff and E. Cuvler Hammond, Toxicity of Vinyl Chloride Polyvinyl Chloride, Annals of the New

York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 246, 1975, p. 229.

 

 

 

73

A study of meatwrappers revealed that approximately 70 percent of the
workers reported some occupationally related symptoms due to exposure to
polyvinyl chloride soft wrap film and price label fumes. Of those, over half

experienced moderate to severe respiratory symptoms.

 

Figure 46

PERCENT MEATWRAPPERS WITH SYMPTOMS,
BY TYPE: 1973

 

 

 

Symptoms

 

Total
occupationally
related symptoms

 

 

 

Moderate to
severe respiratory
symptoms

 

 

 

Mucous membrane
irritation

 

 

 

 

Systemic
symptoms

 

 

 

lmprovement on
weekends and
vacations

 

 

 

 

 

 

I I I I I I r u I
0 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00
Percent

SOURCE: Dr. Emil J. Bardand, "Results of Current Investigations of Disability Among Meatwrappers in the Portland
Metropolitan Area, ” University of Oregon Health Sciences Center, 1973.

 

 

 

74

Various studies of occupationally related fatalities in Britain give some
indication of unusually high “risks” of cancer mortality among selected

occupations.

 

Table 27

ESTIMATED RATES OF FATALITY 0F DISEASE ATTRIBUTED TO TYPES OF CHEMICAL
0R PHYSICAL EXPOSURE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: SELECTED YEARS

 

 

 

Rate*
Occupation Cause of Fatality (Deaths per Million
Persons per Year)

 

Shoe industry (press and finishing

rooms) Nasal cancer 130
Printing trade workers Cancer of the lung and bronchus About 200
Workers with cutting oils

Birmingham Cancer of the scrotum 60

Arve district Cancer of the scrotum 400
Wood machinists Nasal cancer 700
Uranium mining Cancer of the lung 1,500
Coal carbonisers Bronchitis and cancer of the bronchus 2,800
Viscose spinners (ages 45 to 64) Coronary heart disease (excess) 3,000
Asbestos workers

Males, smokers Cancer of the lung 2,300

Females, smokers Cancer of the lung 4,100
Rubber mill workers Cancer of the bladder 6,500
Mustard gas manufacturing

(Japan 1929-45) Cancer of the bronchus 10,400
Cadmium workers Cancer of the prostate (incidence

values) 14,000

. Asbestosis 5,300
Amosute asbestos factory I Cancer of the lung/pleura 9,200
Nickel workers f Cancer of the nasal sinus 6,600

(employed before 1925) 1 Cancer of the lung 15,500
B-naphthylamine manufacturing Cancer of the bladder 24,000

 

 

 

 

 

”Rates are for death, except for the value for cadmium workers which records incidence.

SOURCE: E. E. Pochin, Occupational and Other Fatality Rates, Reprinted from Community Health, Vol. 6, No. 2,
1974, p. 9.

 

 

 

7S

A study of occupational exposure to vinyl chloride demonstrated that
cancers of the digestive system, respiratory system, brain, and cancers of
unknown sites, as well as lymphomas, occurred more often than expected in

those members of the study population with the greatest exposure.

 

Table 28

OBSERVED DEATHS/EXPECTED DEATHS AND STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIOS
IN VINYL CHLORIDE WORKERS: 1972

 

 

 

 

Cause of Death Observed/ SMR
Expected I
All Causes 352/467.28 75
Malignant Neoplasms 79/77.16 110
Malignant Neoplasms, Buccal Cavity
and Pharynx 5/284 189
Malignant Neoplasms, Digestive Organs
and Peritoneum 19/2167 94
Malignant Neoplasms, Respiratory
System 25/2333 112
Malignant Neoplasms, Genital Organs 3/355 91
Malignant Neoplasms, Urinary Organs 1/3.60 30
Malignant Neoplasms, Other
and Unspecified Sites 17/11.75 155
Leukemia and Aleukemia 3/3.77 85
Lymphomas 6/606 106

 

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: Irving Tabershaw and William Gaffey, Mortality Study of Workers in the Manufacture of Vinyl Chloride
and its Polymers, Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol. 16, No.8, August 1974, p. 512.

 

 

76

A study revealed that the highest risk of lung cancer occurred 25 to 40

years from onset of exposure.

 

Table 29

DEATHS FROM LUNG CANCER AMONG ASBESTOS WORKERS, BY YEARS OF ONSET
OF EXPOSURE: JANUARY 1967 — DECEMBER 1972

 

 

January 1, 1967-December 31, 1972; Relation of Elapsed
Period From Onset of Work Exposure

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lung Cancer

Years From Expected Observed .
Onset Deaths Deaths Ratio

<10 0.55 0 —

10- 14 1.97 5 2.5

1 5- 19 5.87 23 3.9

20 - 24 9.55 34 3.6

25-29 10.70 56 5.2

30- 34 8.20 60 7.3

35- 39 4.68 29 6.2

40 -44 4.84 27 5.6

45-49 4.51 19 4.2

50+ 4.97 22 4.4

Total 55.87 275 49

SOURCE: |. J. Selikoff and E. C. Hammond, Multiple Risk Factors in Etiology of Environmental Cancer: Implications

for Prevention and Control, (unpublished data).

 

 

 

kl
Kl

A study showed that among retired asbestos workers, respiratory cancer
and respiratory disease mortality significantly exceeded deaths due to these

causes in the general population.

 

Table 30

OBSERVED AND EXPECTED DEATHS AND SMR’S FOR SELECTED CAUSES
OF DEATH FOR ASBESTOS WORKERS: 1969

 

 

 

 

 

All Ages
.Cause of Death
Observed Expected SMR
All Causes 754 655.2 115.1
Cancer 167 109.4 152.6
Digestive 53 41.8 126.8
Respiratory 58 21.7 267.3
All Other Cancers 56 45.9 122.0
Stroke 61 77.1 79.1
Heart Disease 326 306.6 106.3
Coronary Heart Disease 250 241.2 103.6
Other Heart Diseases 76 65.4 116.2
Respiratory Disease 67 36.8 182.1
Pneumoconiosis and Pulmonary Fibrosis 29 ~ —
Asbestosis 18 — -
Other Respiratory Diseases 38 36.8 103.3
All Other Causes 112 125.3 89.4
Death Certificates Not Located 21 — -
Person Years Lived 11,091

 

 

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: Philip Enterline and Vivian Henderson, Type of Asbestos and Respiratory Cancer in the Asbestos Industry,
Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 27, November 1973, p. 314.

 

 

 

78

In New York City, mortality from cancer of the stomach and cancer of the

urinary bladder showed high risks for carpenters.

 

Table 31

STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIOS FOR SELECTED CANCERS AFL-CIO
UNITED BROTHERHOOD OF CARPENTERS AND JOINERS OF AMERICA,
NEW YORK CITY LOCALS AND REST OF STATE: 1969-1970

 

 

 

 

 

 

New York City Rest of New York State
Cause Of Death Deaths Deaths Deaths Deaths
Expected Observed SMR Expected Observed SMR
All cancers 182.9 233 127.4 170.8 177 103.6
Lung cancer 55.7 66 118.5 50.6 56 111.7
Stomach cancer 10.7 16 149.5 9.4 15 159.6
Cancer of urinary
bladder 6.9 15 217.4 6.0 3 50.0
Cancer of colon 18.3 27 147.5 15.8 16 101.3
Leukemia-lymphoma
group 17.2 25 145.4 16.6 13 78.3
All other cancers 74.1 84 113.0 98.4 103 104.7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

W New York City [:1 Rest of New York State

 

Major causes of
death

Cancer of W W

urinary bladder 5o_o

Stomach W //////////////%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Calncer of W mm
53513335 W //////////////%

Standardized mortality ratio

SOURCE: S. Milharn, Jr., Mortality Experience of the AFL —CIO United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of
America: 1969-1970, HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 74-129, U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Salt Lake City, Utah, July 1974, Table 1.

 

 

 

79

A study of coke oven workers in a steel plant revealed that the greatest

mortality risk was among nonwhite personnel working full-time topside of

the oven.

 

Table 32

NUMBER EMPLOYED, OBSERVED AND EXPECTED DEATHS AND STANDARDIZED
MORTALITY RATIOS FOR MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS 0F LUNG, 1953-1961: MEN EMPLOYED
IN SUBDIVISIONS OF COKE PLANT FIVE OR MORE YEARS AS OF JANUARY 1, 1953

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Work Area Number Observed Expected SMR
and Race Employed Deaths Deaths
Side oven only 496 6 4.1 146
White 171 2 1.1 —
Nonwhite 325 4 3.0 —
Side and topside (Less
than 5 years full topside) 276 6 2.1 286*
White 202 2 1.3 —
Nonwhite 74 4 0.8 —
Full—time topside 132 15 1.5 1,000"
White 27 1 0.2 —
Nonwhite 105 14 1.3 1,077"
‘1% level.

—Less than five deaths.

SOURCE: J. W. Lloyd, Long-Term Mortality Study of Steelworkers: V. Respiratory Cancer in Cake Plant Workers,
Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1971, 13:53-68.

 

 

 

80

Male workers in the rubber industry had an unusually high mortality rate

from both stomach cancer and lymphatic leukemia.

 

Figure 47

STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIOS FOR DEATHS DUE TO SELECTED CANCERS
OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; WHITE MALE RUBBER WORKERS,
ALL 4 COMPANIES: 1964- 1973

 

 

Age .40-64 [:165—84 .40—84

 

200

 

150 -

 

 

100 -

 

 

148
50 -

Standardized mortality ratio

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

Stomach

 

 

Figure 48

STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIOS FOR DEATHS DUE TO NEOPLASMS
OF THE LYMPHATIC AND HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM,
WHITE RUBBER WORKERS: 1964-1973

 

 

Age .40—64 [365-84 .40-84

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

300
.9
H
E
2:
g 200 -
t’
o
E
‘O
“N’
s 100 -
«‘6
'D
C
S
m
0 . .
Lymphosarcoma and Leukemia“ Lymphatic leukemia“
Hodgkin’s disease
" Includes all leukemias. ** Includes all cell types lymphatic leukemia.

SOURCE: A. J. McMichael, D. A. Andjelkovic and H. A. Tyroler, Cancer Mortality Among Rubber Workers: An
Epidemiologic Study, Presented to the New York Academy of Sciences Conference on Occupational
Carcinogenesis, New York, March 24-28, 1975, Figures 3 and 5.

 

 

 

81

Among workers in rubber manufacturing, deaths due to “all causes” were at

levels similar to those in the general population.

 

Table 33

STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIOS FOR DEATHS DUE TO SELECTED CAUSES
AMONG WHITE MALE RUBBER WORKERS, AGED 40-84: 1964—1973

 

 

 

 

Cause of Death SMR
All causes 98
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases 108
Diseases of blood and blood forming organs 162
Mental disorders 69
Diseases of nervous system and sense organs 98
Chronic rheumatic heart disease 143
Hypertensive diseases 102
lschemic heart disease 95
Cerebrovascular disease 102
Influenza and pneumonia 54
Bronchitis, emphysema, asthma 89
Other respiratory diseases 89
Diseases of the digestive system 79
Diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue 64
Diseases of musculoskeletal system and
connective tissue 99
Symptoms and ill-defined conditions 130
Accidents, poisoning, and violence 82

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: Occupational Health Studies Group, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, D. A. Andjelkovic, J. D.
Taulkee and M. J. Symons, Mortality Experience of a Cohort of Rubber Workers: 1964-73, Journal of
Occupational Medicine, In Press.

 

 

 

82

In 1976, over 10% of those miners who were working had definite x-ray

evidence of pneumoconiosis.

 

Figure 49

PERCENT WORKING AND NONWORKING MINERS WITH DEFINITE X-RAY FINDINGS
OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS BY TYPE OF OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITY: 1965

 

 

W Working miners
E Nonworking miners*

 

3O

 

Percent miners

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total Face activities Underground
transportation

*Retired, disabled and unemployed.

SOURCE: W. S. Lainhart, H. N. Doyle, P. E. Enterline, A. Henschel and M. A. Kendrick, Pneumaconiosis in Appalachian
Bituminous Coal Miners, u.s. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1969, p. 53.

 

 

 

83

The risk of spontaneous abortion was found to be significantly higher
among females exposed to waste anesthetic gases than among unexposed

females.

 

Figure 50

SPONTANEOUS ABORTION RATES FOR EXPOSED AND UNEXPOSED FEMALES
IN SELECTED PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATONS: 1974

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exposed mothers Unexposed mothers
W //////% ASA 15-7
17.0 AANA 14.4
AORN/T
I I l r I I I I
25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25
Rate/ 100 pregnancies Rate/ 100 pregnancies

SPONTANEOUS ABORTION RATES AMONG SELECTED OPERATING ROOM AND
NON-OPERATING ROOM PERSONNEL BY PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATION: 1974

 

Total
Organization Rate Number of
Pregnancies

 

OPERATING ROOM PERSONNEL
Exposed Female

American Society of Anesthesiologists 17.1 468
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 17.0 1,826
Association of Operating Room Nurses and of

Operating Room Technicians 19.5 2,781

Wives of Exposed Male

American Society of Anesthesiologists 116 3,416
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 11.7 1,350
Association of Operating Room Nurses and of

Operating Room Technicians 18.4 237

NON—OPERATING ROOM PERSONNEL
Unexposed Female

American Academy of Pediatrics 8.9 308

American Nursing Association 7.6 1,629
Wives of Unexposed Male

American Academy of Pediatrics 12.6 1,982

American Nursing Association 10.0 54

 

 

 

 

 

SOURCE: American Society of Anesthesiologists, Occupational Disease Among Operating Room Personnel: A National
Study, Anesthesiology, Vol. 41, No. 4, October 1974, p. 331.

 

 

 

Congenital abnormality rates among children of operating room personnel

were higher than those among children of non-operating room personnel.

 

Figure 51

CONGENITAL ABNORMALITY RATES FOR CHILDREN OF EXPOSED AND UNEXPOSED
FEMALES IN SELECTED PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: 1974

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exposed females Unexposed females
7
// % ASA 3.4
9.6 AANA 5.9
AORN/T
I I I I I I I I
25 2O 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 2O 25
Rate/100 live births Rate/100 live births

CONGENITAL ABNORMALITY RATES AMONG CHILDREN OF SELECTED OPERATING ROOM
AND NON-OPERATING ROOM PERSONNEL BY PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION: 1974

Total
Organization Rate Number of
Pregnancies

 

 

OPERATING ROOM PERSONNEL
Exposed Female

American Society of Anesthesiologists 5.9 384
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 9.6 1,480
Association of Operating Room Nurses and of

Operating Room Technicians 7.7 2,210

Wives of Exposed Male

American Society of Anesthesiologists 5.4 2,988
American Association of Nurse Anesthetists 8.2 1,168
Association of Operating Room Nurses and of

Operating Room Technicians 6.4 203

NON-OPERATING ROOM PERSONNEL
Unexposed Female

 

 

 

 

American Academy of Pediatrics 3.0 276

American Nursing Association 7.6 1,629
Wives of Unexposed Male

American Academy of Pediatrics 4.2 1,714

American Nursing Association 3.7 49

 

SOURCE: American Society of Anesthesiologists, Occupational Disease Among Operating Room Personnel: A National
Study, Anesthesiology, Vol. 41, No. 4, October 1974, p. 332.

 

 

 

85

In 1963, approximately l2’1; of women who delivered live babies in wedlock

were employed during their pregnancy.

 

Table 34

NUMBER AND PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF MOTHERS WITH LEGITIMATE LIVE BIRTHS,
BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND AGE: 1963

Lg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Employment Status
Number of B th
M th 0
Age Of Mother olners Total Not Total Full Time Full Time Part Time U k
E lo ed Em loyed Onl and Onl n nown
Thousands mp V p V _ V
Part Time
All Mothers Percent Distribution
All ages 3,797 100.0 67.5 31.0 22.5 2.4 6.1 1.4
Under 20 years 468 100.0 61.4 36.5 27.1 1.8 7.6 2.1
20 — 24 years 1,354 100.0 61.6 36.7 28.6 3.2 4.9 1.8
25 — 29 years 992 100.0 69.3 29.6 20.7 1.9 7.1 1.0
30 — 34 years 583 100.0 76.6 22.8 14.4 2.1 6.4 0.6
35 + years 402 100.0 76.9 21.1 12.9 2.2 6.0 2.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40

 

 

 

35-

 

30-

 

25-

 

 

20-

Percent of total employed

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All ages Under 20 20-24 25-29 30-34 35+
Age

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, Employment During Pregnancy, Legitimate Live Births, United States:
1963, Series 22, No. 7, US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C., September
1968, p. 13.

 

 

 

86

 

 

Institutional Responses

87

 

 

IV. INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES

Work—the activity that gives our lives purpose—is needlessly dangerous for many in the labor force. We have
known this for a long time. Now we are just beginning to marshal] the needed resources to describe more adequately
the true extent and nature of the problem, and more important, to address the problem. That is being done by a
concerted effort of government, labor, and management through provision of employee health personnel, training,
insurance, health and safety regulation, plant inspection, and the imposition of penalties on violators. The efforts are
small compared with the extent and seriousness of the problem.

This chapter shows that shortages of occupational safety and health personnel are in the thousands; there are not
enough industrial and occupational physicians, industrial hygienists, safety engineers, nurses or technicians.

Where institutional responses have been made in the form of personnel, training, or insurance, they have not been
made uniformly across industries. In such hazardous industries as mining, only two out of ten firms offer safety and
health training! The picture is not better in most other industries. Medical personnel such as physicians and nurses
are very rare in some industries.

Regulation for occupational safety and health is still spotty and tentative. About three out of four organizations now
are being inspected by federal, state, and local agencies; and of these about half are being cited for violations. The
process of adjudicating the violations, however, is a long and cumbersome one. At present, many of the penalties are
being challenged, and the transgressions continue in the absence of sufficient personnel or resources to build a robust
occupational safety and health program.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 was a major milestone in responding to the health hazards of work.
Under this Act, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was established in the U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and charged with seeking any evidence of diminished health,
functional capacity, or life expectancy as a result of work experience. In the U.S. Department of Labor, under the
Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was established to regulate, inspect, and penalize
industries in connection with occupational safety and health hazards. The budgets of NIOSH and OSHA in fiscal
year 1974 were respectively $26 and $69 million. Compared with the estimated loss of $9 billion annually in gross
national product associated with occupationally-related work loss, the national investment in this area is still very
small.

 

Serious shortages of all types of occupational health personnel exist.

 

Figure 52

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ESTIMATES OF
THE AVAILABILITY AND NEEDS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL: 1973

 

 

Associations:

AIHA — American Industrial Hygiene Associaiton
ASSE —— American Society of Safety Engineers
AOHA— Association of Occupational Health Nurses

 

Deficit Present census

(board -qua|ified or

Occupational physicians 3
g 500
certified) '

 

Other physicians
(special training)

 

 

 

Industrial hygienists 600
(certified by AIHA) 3

Safety engineers

2,000
(certified by ASSE)

 

Occupational health
nurses*
(certified by AOHN)

1,000

 

 

 

Other nurses

 

 

Occupational safety and
health physiciansH

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I 1 l
20 15 10 5 0 0 5 1O 15 20
Numbers in thousands Numbers in thousands

*lncludes equally qualified physician's assistants.
"Includes those working in safety or industrial hygiene who are not now certified by any

board.

SOURCE: Edward M. Dolinsky, Health Maintenance Organization: and Occupational Medicine, Reprinted from the
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, Second Series, Vol. 50, No. 10, 1974, p. 1126.

 

89

 

Over 1/4 of all occupational physicians never see a patient.

 

Figure 53
DISTRIBUTION OF PHYSICIANS PRACTICING OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE: 1974

 

 

 

Hospital—based practice Teaching, research and other
(35) (152)

4.0% I. 60%
W

/
%

     
  
   
     

Non - primary care

(687)
26.0%

Office based practice

(1,851)
70.0%

Primary care

(1,937)
74.0%

 

 

 

SOURCE: Edward M. DoIinsky, Health Maintenance Organization: and Occupational Medicine, Reprinted from the
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, Second Series, Vol. 50, No. 10, 1974, p. 1123.

 

 

 

Only 1.5 percent of construction employees were provided nurses’ services while

nearly 70 percent of manufacturing employees had these services.

 

Figure 54
EMPLOYEES PROVIDED WITH NURSES’ SERVICES, BY INDUSTRY: 1972

 

fl

 

 

Industry and number
of employees
(in thousands)

 
   

Private nonfarm
sector* (12,1395)

Contract

Construction
(1,178.7)

Manufacturing
((8,381.2)

Transportation and
public utilities
(698.6)

Wholesale and
retail trade
(961.7)

Finance, insurance,

and real estate
(681.6)

Services“ (1,213.3)

 

   

 

 

     

l l | | l l l
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Percent

'lncludes oil and gas extraction, but not other mining and railroad activities.
”Includes agricultural services, forestry, and fisheries, but excludes medical
and other health services.

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses by Industry: 1972, Bulletin 1830,
U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, 0.0., p. 7.

 

 

 

91

Only 3.2 percent of the establishments in the private nonfarm sector provided

industrial hygienists’ services.

 

Figure 55

ESTABLISHMENTS PROVIDING INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS' SERVICES.
BY INDUSTRY: 1972

 

 

 

Industry and number
of establishments
(in thousands)

 

Private nonfarm
Sector’ (43.5)

 

 

 

Contract construction
(2.2)

 

 

 

Manufacturing (13.5)

 

 

Transportation and
public utilities (5.0)

 

 

 

Wholesale and retail
trade (16.3)

 

 

 

Finance, insurance and
real estate (2.1)

 

 

 

 

ServicesH (3.3)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l l l

0 1 2 3 4
Percent

‘lncludes oil and gas extraction, but not other mining and railroad activities.

”Includes agricultural services, forestry, and fisheries, but excludes medical and
other health services.

01-.
a)
\l
on

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Injuries-and Illnesses by Industry; 1972, Bulletin 1830,
US. Department of Labor, Washington, 0.0, p. 9.

 

 

 

92

Only about 20 percent of the employees in the private nonfarm sector had access

to industrial hygienists’ services. 36 percent of manufacturing employees had
such services.

 

Figure 56
EMPLOYEES PROVIDED WITH INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS’ SERVICES, BY INDUSTRY: 1972

 

 

 

Industry and number
of employees
(in thousands)

 
   

Private nonfarm
sector* (9,883.5)

W

Contract
Construction
(240.7)

Manufacturing
(6,745.9)

Transportation and
public utilities
(925.1)

Wholesale and
retail trade
(1,023.3)

Finance, insurance,
and real estate
(306.5)

Services“ (551.2)

 

 

 

I I I I I I I I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Percent

*lncludes oil and gas extraction, but not other mining and railroad activities.
MIncludes agricultural services, forestry, and fisheries, but excludes medical and other health services.

SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses by Industry: 1972, Bulletin 1830,
US. Department of Labor, Washington, 0.6., p. 9.

 

 

 

93

A NIOSH pilot survey in 1974 of 274 organizations indicated that among
different industries, the highest percentage offering occupational safety and
health training to their non-professional safety and health personnel were trade

and service firms.

 

Figure 57

STATUS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING FOR NON-PROFESSIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH PERSONNEL BY INDUSTRY: 1974

 

 

 

 

Training

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0 1 O 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent industries

 

 

 

Government

 

 

 

Manufacturing

 

 

Transportation,
communication
and utilities

Trades and services

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mining

 

 

 

 

 

Construction

 

 

 

 

 

I I I I I I I I I
0 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80' 90 100

Percent industries

SOURCE: NIOSH, Feasibility Study Covering Nationwide Occupational Safety and Health Manpower Survey, US. Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland, February 1975, p. 32.

 

 

 

94

A study of 858 companies with 500 or more employees showed that wholesale

and retail firms employed the lowest percentage of physicians and nurses.

 

 

 

 

   
     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 58
COMPANIES EMPLOYING MEDICAL PERSONNEL BY COMPANY TYPE
AND KIND OF PERSONNEL (FULL-TIME): 1972
100
.5 8° _
g No nurses or
g- 60 - physicians
o
o
E 40 -
a.)
g Nurses only
CL 20 _
.. Physicians
0 , 7 132528.053? 7
Manufacturing Transporta- Wholesale Financial All others
tion and and retail
utilities
Figure 59
COMPANIES EMPLOYING MEDICAL PERSONNEL BY COMPANY SIZE
AND KIND OF PERSONNEL (FULL-TIME): 1972
[:3 Physicians . W Nurses only
100
g; 80 -
'E
3 60 -
E
8 100
u 40..
E) 77
a.)
o. 20 —
35 26 l
16
0 I
50,000 10,000 - 5,000 - 2,500 - 1,000 - Under
and over 49,000 9,999 4,999 2,499 1,000
Numbers of employees
SOURCE: The Conference Board, Industry Roles in Health Care, Conference Board Report No. 610, New York,
1974, p. 23.

 

 

 

95

Annual company expenditures for employee medical services averaged
about $10.81.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 35
PER-EMPLOYEE EXPENDITURES FOR HEALTH CARE SERVICES: 1971
Percent Spending . . . . Percent Spending . . . .
$15 or Less Over $15 $15 or Less Over $15
Company Type Earnings Per Employees
Manufacturing 47 53 $2,000 or less 80 20
Transportation/utilities 66 33 $2,001 — $4,000 82 18
Wholesale/retail 95 5 $4,001 — $8,000 53 47
Financial 67 33 Over $8,000 46 54
Other 71 29
Number of Employees
50,000 and over 33 67 Female Percent of
10,000 — 49,999 53 47 Work Force
5,000 — 9,999 67 33 Less than 25% 53 47
2,500 — 4,999 57 43 25% — 49% 60 40
1,000 — 2,499 55 45 50% — 74% 78 22
Under 1,000 70 30 75% — 100% 85 15
None 0.01-5.00 5.01 -15.00 15.01 - 2501- Over
25.00 35.00 35.00
Per-employee
. 1 8 17
expenditures ($) 11 22 29 3
I I I F l I I l T
0 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00
Percent of companies
SOURCE: The Conference Board, Industry Roles in Health Care, Conference Board Report No. 610, New York, 1974,
p. 21.

 

 

 

96

Only half of the 269 organizations surveyed in a 1974 NIOSH pilot study had

safety committees. .

 

Table 36

SURVEYED FIRMS AND ORGANIZATIONS BY STATUS OF
SAFETY COMMITTEES: 1974

 

 

 

 

 

 

Industry No Committee Committee

G eeeeeeee t 18 (53%) 16 (47%)
Manufacturing 21 (24%) 67 (76%)
Trans/Comm/Util 30 (48%) 32 (52%)
Trades and Services 40 (73%) 15 (27%)
Mining 3 (25%) 9 (75%)
Construction 11 (61%) 7 (39%)
Total 123 (46%) 146 (54%)

 

 

 

 

 
  

Manufacturing

Transportation,
communication,
and utllltles
Trades and
services

 
  

Mining

Construction

   

 

Total W /////////////%
Government W W

 
  

   

    

 
 

    

 

 

I I I I I
O 10 2O 30 4O

 

I I I
50 60 70

Percent

nd, February 1975, p. 30.

I
80

I
90 1 00

SOURCE: NIOSH, Feasibility Study Covering Nationwide Occupational Safety and Health Manpower Survey, U.S. Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Flockville, Maryla

 

97'

 

Of 273 organizations surveyed in a 1974 NIOSH pilot study, 2/3 had written
policies. However, only 1/3 of the trades and services companies had such

policies.

 

Table 37

SURVEYED ORGANIZATIONS BY STATUS OF WRITTEN OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICIES AND INDUSTRY: 1974

 

 

 

 

Industry No Policy Policy
Government 15 (44%) 19 (56%)
Manufacturing 34 (38%) 55 (62%)
Trans/Comm/Util 16 (26%) 46 (74%)
Trades and Services 36 (64%) 20 (36%)
Mining 3 (25%) 9 (75%)
Construction 5 (25%) 15 (75%)

Total 109 (40%) 164 (60%)

 

 

 

 

 

Industry

 

 

Total

 

 

 

Government

 

 

 

Manufacturing

 

Transportation,
communication,
and utilities
Trades and
services

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mining

 

 

 

 

Construction

 

 

 

 

 

l l l I l I l r l
0 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00
Percent

SOURCE: NIOSH, Feasibility Study Covering Nationwide Occupational Safety and Health Manpower Survey, US. Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland, February 1975, p. 29.

 

 

98

 

In fiscal years 1974 and 1975, over half of OSHA inspections were in the

construction and manufacturing industries.

 

Table 38

NUMBER OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION INSPECTIONS,

BY INDUSTRY: FISCAL YEARS 1974 AND 1975

 

 

SOURCE:

 

 

 

 

FY 1974 FY 1975

Industry Number of Number of
Inspections Percent Inspections Percent
Total 78,074 100.0 80,952 100.0
Agriculture 273 0.3 304 0.4
Mining 256 0.3 580 0.7
Construction 27,200 34.8 23,377 28.9
Manufacturing 34,359 44.0 36,764 45.4
Transportation 2,597 3.3 3,713 4.6
Maritime _ 4,666 6.0 2,225 2.7
Wholesale trade 2,716 3.5 3,516 4.3
Retail trade 3,811 4.9 7,038 8.7

Finance, insurance,

and real estate 139 0.2 219 0.3
Services 2,057 2.6 3,216 4.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Compliance
Activity Report, OSHA Report 1N-National Summary, U.S. Department of Labor, July 27, 1974, p. 1.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Compliance
Activity Report, OSHA Report 1N-National Summary, U.S. Department of Labor, July 22, 1975, p. 1.

 

99

 

The number of inspections made by OSHA for the first half of 1975 were larger
than the number of OSHA inspections made for all of 1974. The number of serious

violations doubled, while the number of willful, repeated and imminent danger
violations tripled.

Inspections
Scheduled
Followup
Complaint

Accident

Consequences
Citations 30,883 33,755
Alleged violations 162,981 175,111
Nonserious 160,878 171,174
Serious 1,558 2,358

Willful, repeated,
imminent danger 545 1,579

Proposed penalties 3,579,742 4,389,344

 

Noise, which was not monitored as a hazardous substance in 1974, accounted

for the majority of federal and state inspections in 1975.

 

Table 40

FEDERAL INSPECTION ACTIVITIES OF MONITORED HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES:
FISCAL YEARS 1974 AND 1975

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FY 1974 FY 1975
Hazardous
Substances Number of Percent Number of Percent
Inspections Inspections
Total 1,192 100.0 6,860 100.0
Carbon monoxide 622 52.3 949 13.8
Silica 227 19.0 467 6.8
Lead 199 16.7 466 6.8
Asbestos 122 10.2 308 4.5
Cotton dust 22 1.8 144 2.1
Noise * * 4,503 65.6
Carcinogens * * 23 0.4
*Not monitored in 1974.
Table 41

STATE INSPECTION ACTIVITIES OF MONITORED HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES:
FISCAL YEARS 1974 AND 1975

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FY 1974 FY 1975
Hazardous
Substances Number of Number of
. Percent . Percent
Inspections Inspections
Total 447 100.0 928 100.0
Carbon monoxide 156 34.9 107 11.5
Silica 171 38.3 183 19.7
Lead 75 16.8 67 7.3
Asbestos 39 8.7 32 3.4
Cotton dust 6 1.3 25 2.7
Noise * * 511 55.1
Carcinogens * * 3 0.3

 

 

 

 

 

*Not monitored in 1974.

SOURCE: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Compliance
Activity Report, OSHA Report 1N-National Summary, U.S. Department of Labor, July 27, 1974, p. 5

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Compliance
Activity Report, OSHA Report 1N-National Summary, US. Department of Labor, July 22, 1975, p. 4.

 

 

 

101

Over 3/4 of inspected industries in 1975 were not in compliance with
Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards. 88% of

inspected retail trade industries were not in compliance.

 

Figure 60

PERCENT OF INSPECTED INDUSTRIES NOT IN COMPLIANCE WITH OSHA
STANDARDS BY TYPE OF INDUSTRY: JUNE 1975

 

 

 

Industry

 

Total

 

 

 

Manufacturing

 

 

 

Construction

 

 

 

Maritime

 

 

 

 

Transportation

 

 

 

Retail trade

 

 

 

Wholesale trade

 

 

 

Service

 

 

Mining

 

 

 

Finance, insurance,
and real estate

 

 

 

Agriculture

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I l I I I I I I I

0 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00
Percent

SOURCE: Occupational Safety and Health Administration Inspection Figures: June 1975, (unpublished data), U.S. Depart-
ment of Labor.

 

 

 

102

In FY 1974, the largest share of the NIOSH budget was devoted to research
and services. Ten percent of the budget was expended for establishing

criteria related to hazardous substances and conditions at the place of work.

 

Figure 61
NlOSH BUDGET: 1974

 

 

I: Standards development
W Technical assistance

 

ES Program direction

 

Program direction
$1,204 — 4%

Manpower development

Surveillance

   
 
  
 

Criteria

. . documentation
Technical aSSIstance

    
  

Industrywide
studies

$3,641
14%

  
  
 

   
  

(PL 91-173)

$5,561
21%

  
 

Laboratory research
and services

$9,004
33%

 
   
     

FY 1974 — $26,804 (Thousands of dollars)

 

 

 

SOURCE: US. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, and US. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, The Presidents Report an Occupational Safety and Health, 1973, p. 102.

 

 

 

103

Expenditures for OSHA are budgeted to increase from actual outlays of $69

million in 1974 to an estimated figure of $116 million in 1976.

 

Figure 62

OSHA EXPENDITURES FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH PROGRAMS: 1974-1976

 

 

 

120

 

(Thousands of dollars)

 

 

100 -

80"

 

60‘

Millions of dollars

40"

20-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 974 1 975 1976
Actual Estimated Estimated

Budget Allocations

SOURCE: The Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year: 1976. Budget for the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration, US. Department of Labor, p. 265.

 

 

 

104

 

Appendix

105

 

 

GLOSSARY

Acute Condition — A condition which has a rapid onset, severe symptoms. and a short course.

Aleukemia -~ A type of leukemia in which the total leukocyte count is normal despite certain changes in tissues and
blood.

Asbestosis —— Inflammation of the lungs caused by prolonged inhalation of dust laden with asbestos.

Bed Disability Day — A day on which a person stays in bed for all or most of the day because of a specific illness
or 1njury.

Buccopharyngeal Cancer — Malignant tumor of the mouth and pharynx.

Calculus — An abnormal mass within the body usually composed of mineral salts.

Carcinogens — Substances which cause cancer.

Categories of Workers —

White-Collar worker — Professional and technical personnel, managers and administrators, sales workers,
and clerical workers.

Blue-Collar Worker —- Craft and kindred personnel, operatives, and nonfarm laborers.

Service Worker — Cleaning, food, health, personal and protective service personnel except private house-
hold workers.

Farm Worker — Farmers and farm managers, farm laborers and farm foremen.
Chronic condition — A condition which is long and drawn out in duration and usually incurable.
Civilian Labor Force — Persons employed or unemployed who are not members of the Armed Forces.

Civilian Noninstitutional Population — The civilian population excluding inmates of institutions. members of
Armed Forces living in barracks, and college students in dormitories.

Civilian Population — The residents of the 50 states and the District of Columbia less the Armed Forces stationed
in the United States.
Class of Accident —

Moving Motor Vehicle — At least one of the motor vehicles involved in the accident was moving at the time
of the accident.

Accident While at Work — The injured person was 17 years of age or over and was at work at a job or a
business at the time the accident happened.

Home Accident — The injury occurred either inside or outside the house. Outside the house refers to the
yard. buildings, and sidewalks on the property. Home includes not only the person’s own home but also any
other home in which he may have been when he was injured.

Other Accident — A class of accident in which persons are accidently injured in public places and also non-
accidental injuries such as homicidal and suicidal attempts.

Complete Work Disability — A health or physical condition which prevents a person from working at a job.
Congenital Anomaly — Abnormal form, structure. or location of any organ or part which has existed since birth.

Cystic Fibrosis — A generalized, hereditary disorder of infants, children, and young adults in which there is
widespread dysfunction of the glands which secrete externally by ducts.

Disability — The general term used to describe any temporary or long-term reduction of a person’s activity as a
result of an illness or injury.

Disability Days — Days of limited activity due to illness or injury. Short-term disability days are classified as days
of restricted activity, bed disability days, and work loss days.

 

106

 

Employers’ Self-Insurance —- A program in which cash and medical benefits are paid directly to the disabled
worker by his employer.

Expected Deaths — The number of deaths which would be expected in a study population if it had experienced the
death rates of a control population.

F ull-Time — A category of employed persons who works 35 hours or more per week.

Hazardous Agent — A chemical or other type of substance which is dangerous to the health of a person after a
period of exposure.

Hematopoietic System — The network of elements in the body which forms blood.

Hodgkin’s Disease — A condition characterized by painless and progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes,
spleen, and general lymphoid tissue.

Hospital Discharge — The completion of any continuous period of stay of one or more nights in a hospital as an
inpatient except the period of stay of a well newborn infant.

Incidence Rate — The number of injuries and/or illnesses, and lost workdays per given numbers of full-time
workers.

Industrial Hygienist — A trained professional person who is concerned with assessing and controlling environ-
mental hazards and toxic substances such as dusts, gases, vapors, and fumes; physical agents such as excessive
noise; biological enzymes, and other job-related stresses such as monotony.

Industry — Economic activity including agriculture, forestry and fisheries, mining, construction, manufacturing,
transportation, communication and public utilities, wholesale and retail trade, finance, insurance and real estate,
service establishments, and professional and related services.

Ischemic Heart Disease -— Coronary condition due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood.
Lymphoma — A tumor composed of lymphatic tissues.

Lost Workday Cases — The number of incidences of illness or injury, resulting in lost workdays.
Lymphosarcoma — A malignant tumor of lymphatic structures.

Median Income — The amount of income which divides a given population into two equal groups, one having
incomes above the median, and the other having incomes below the median.

Multiple Sclerosis — A disease in which destruction of nerve sheaths occur throughout the central nervous system.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health — A federal agency, created by the Occupational Safety
and Health Act of 1970, which develops criteria for the establishment of national occupational safety and health
standards, conducts research relevant to occupational health and safety, makes toxicity determinations on the
request of an employer or employee, and conducts educational and training programs.

Nephritis — Inflammation of the kidneys.

Net Civilian Immigration Rate — The rate derived from subtracting the total number of emigrations from the total
number of immigrations.

Net Growth Rate — Rate at which the population grew, after subtracting births from deaths, and adding the
civilian immigration rate.

Nonfatal Cases Without Lost Workdays — The number of incidences of nonfatal illness and injury which did not
result in lost workdays.

Nonprofessional Safety and Health Personnel — Persons employed by a firm who do not have professional
training in occupational safety and health, but who are charged with specified safety and health responsibilities on a
part-time basis.

Observed Deaths — The number of deaths which actually occurred in a given study population.
Occupational Disease Rate — The number of reports of work-related illnesses per given number of workers.

Occupational Health Nurse — A registered nurse or licensed practical nurse whose responsibilities include the care
for illness and injuries occurring at the workplace. Such a person may be certified with specialized training in
occupational health and safety. He or she may also work in an industrial setting, but have little or no specialized
training.

 

107

 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration — A federal agency, created by the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970, which promulgates and enforces the standards established by the Act. To this end, the agency
conducts inspections and investigations of working conditions, equipment, and materials, and issues citations and
proposed penalties. Other functions include the maintenance of a system of collecting, compiling, and analyzing
occupational safety and health statistics, and the establishment and supervision of education and training programs
for employers and employees.

Old-Age Survivors, Disability and Health Insurance (OASDHI) — A social security program which provides
monthly cash benefits to retired or disabled insured workers and their dependents, and to survivors of an insured
worker.

Partial Work Disability — A health or physical condition which limits the kind or amount of work a person is able
to do, but does not prevent him from holding a job.

Part-Time — A category of employed persons who works 1 to 34 hours per week.

Perinatal Anomaly — Abnormal form, structure, or location of any organ or part which occurred during a specified
period shortly before or after birth.

Physician Visit —— A consultation with a physician in person or by telephone for examination, diagnosis, treatment
or advice. The visit is considered to be a physician visit if the service is provided directly by the physician or by a
nurse or other person acting under a physician’s supervision.

Pneumoconiosis —— Chronic inflammation of the lungs caused by the inhalation of dust.

Pulmonary Fibrosis — A condition in which an excess growth of white fibrous connective tissue occurs in the
lungs.

Railroad Retirement — A social insurance program, administered by the United States Railroad Retirement
Board, which provides retirement annuities for aged and disabled railroad workers, wives of retired employees, and
survivors of deceased workers.

Railroad Unemployment Insurance — A social insurance program, administered by the United States Railroad
Retirement Board, which provides benefits for unemployed railroad workers.

Restricted Activity Day — A day on which a person cuts down on his usual activities for the whole of that day
because of an illness or an injury.

Retirement Program — Private or governmental programs which provide cash benefits to retired insured workers.

Safety Committee —— An organization within a firm, composed of employees, management, and occupational safety
specialists, which formulates, implements and monitors a firm’s safety policies.

Safety Engineer — A trained professional person who is concerned with the prevention and control of trauma
arising from accidents as well as with hazard control systems based on environmental and human factors analysis.

Standardized Mortality Ratio — The ratio of observed deaths to expected deaths times 100. A standardized
mortality ratio of less than 100 indicates that a given group experiences a lower death rate than the United States
population while a value of over 100 represents a higher mortality rate than the general population.

Total Recordable Cases — The total incidence rate per given numbers of workers of lost workday cases, nonfatal
cases without lost workdays, and fatalities due to illnesses and injuries. All occupational illnesses are recordable. All
occupational injuries are recordable which result in lost workdays, loss of consciousness, restriction of work or
motion, termination of employment, or transfer to another job.

Toxic Material — Any substance which has a poisonous effect.

Work Disability — A health or physical condition which hinders a person in work activity. Such a disability may be
partial or complete.

Work Loss Day — A day on which a person did not work at his job or business for at least half of his normal
workday because of a specific illness or injury.

Workmen’s Compensation — Federal and state programs designed to provide cash benefits and medical care to
workers injured in connection with their work, and payments to the survivors of those who sustain fatal injuries.

 

108

 

I.

II.

GENERAL REFERENCES

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C.

Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 98, Characteristics of the Low-Income Population: 1973
Census of the Population, Final Report PClll-Dl, United States Summary, 1970 Detailed Characteristics

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
National Center for Health Statistics, Vital and Health Statistics

Infant Mortality Rates :Socioeconomic Factors, Series 22, No. 14, 1972.

Selected Health Characteristics by Occupation: July 1961-June 1963, Series 10, No. 21, 1965.
Work Injuries Among Blue-Collar Workers and Disability Days, Series 10, No. 68, 1972.

Time Lost From Work Among the Currently Employed Populations: 1968, Series 10, No. 71, 1972.

Prevalence of Selected Chronic Digestive Conditions, United States: July- December 1968, Series 10, No. 83,
1973.

Prevalence of Selected Chronic Respiratory Conditions, United States: 1970, Series 10, No. 84, 1973.
Impairments Due to Injury: 1971, Series 10, No. 87, 1973.

Prevalence of Chronic Skin and Musculoskeletal Conditions, United States: 1969, Series 10, No. 92, 1974.
Prevalence of Chronic Circulatory Conditions, United States: 1972, Series 10, No. 94-, 1974.

Current Estimates From the Health Interview Survey: 1973, Series 10, No. 95, 1974.

Physician Visits, Volume and Interval Since Last Visit, United States: 1971, Series 10, No. 97, 1975.
Acute Conditions: Incidence and Associated Disability: July 1972-June 1973, Series 10, No. 98, 1975.
Prevalence of Selected Impairments, United States: 1971, Series 10, No. 99, 1975.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Hospital Occupational Health Services Study: Employee Health and Safety Statistics and Records, (N IOSH
Survey), March 1975.

Job Demands and Worker Health: Main Effects and Occupational Differences, HEW Publication No.
(NIOSH) 75-160, April 1975.

Licensed Practical Nurses in Occupational Health — An Initial Survey, 1974.

Occupational Disease Among Operating Room Personnel, 1974.

Pilot Study for Development of an Occupational Disease Surveillance Method, 1975.

Recommended Standard for Occupational Exposure to Vinyl Chloride,‘March 1974.

Reported Cases of Angiosarcoma of the Liver Among Vinyl Chloride Polymerization Workers, January 1975.
Sources of Information on Occupational Cancer in the United States.

Vinyl Chloride in Air: Physical and Chemical Analysis Branch Analytical Method, 1974.

Social Security Administration

Irelan, L., Retirement History Study: Introduction, Reprinted from Social Security Bulletin, Retirement
History Study Report No. 1, November 1972.

 

109

 

III.

Motley, D., Health in the Years Before Retirement, Reprinted from Social Security Bulletin, Retirement
History Study Report No. 2, December 1972.

Motley, D., Paying for Health Care in the Years Before Retirement. Reprinted from Social Security Bulletin,
Retirement History Study Report No. 7, April 1975.

Murray, J ., Family Structure in the Preretirement Years, Reprinted from Social Security Bulletin, Retirement
History Study Report No. 4, October 1973.

Schwab, K., Early Labor F orce Withdrawal of Men: Participants and Nonparticipants Aged 58-63, Reprinted
from Social Security Bulletin, Retirement History Study Report No. 5, August 1974.

Sherman, S., Assets on the Threshold of Retirement, Reprinted from Social Security Bulletin, Retirement
History Study Report No. 3, August 1973.

Sherman, 5., Labor Force Status of Nonmarried Women on the Threshold of Retirement, Reprinted from
Social Security Bulletin, Retirement History Study Report No. 6, September 1974.

Occupational Characteristics of Disabled Workers, By Disabling Condition, Disabililty Insurance Benefits
Awards Made in 1959-1962 to Men Under Age 65.

Social Security Disability Applicant Statistics, (75-11911), 1970.
Other US. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Publications

Alcohol and Health, 1974.
Accident Mortalilty — Volume II: 1970 and 1971.

Guralnick, L., Mortality by Occupation and Cause of Death Among Men 20 to 64 Years of Age, United States:
1950, Vital Statistics, Vol. 53, No. 3, 1963.

Neuropsychological Dysfunction in Children with Chronic Low-Level Lead Absorption, Reprinted from The
Lancet, March 1975.

Occupational Health Problems of Pregnant Women, A Report and Recommendations for the Office of the
Secretary, 1975.

Pneumoconiosis in Appalachian Bituminous Coal Mines, 1969, Cincinnati, Ohio.

The President 's Report on Occupational Safety and Health, Including Reports an Occupational Safety and
Health, 1975.

US. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Special Labor Force Reports

Children of Working Mothers: March 1974, 1975.

Educational Attainment of Workers: March 1974, 1975.

Job Tenure of Workers: January 1973, 1975.

Marital and Family Characteristics of the Labor Force: March 1974, 1975.
Marital and Family Characteristics of the Labor Force: March 1975, 1975.
Work Experience of the Population in 1973, 1975.

Work Experience of the Population in 1974, 1975.

Other Bureau of Labor Statistics Publications

Employment and Earnings, June 1975, Vol. 21, No. 12.
Impact of Health on Earnings and Labor Market Activity, Reprinted from Monthly Labor Review, 1972.
Injury Rates by Industry: 1966-1967, Report No. 360, 1969.

 

110

 

IV.

Occupational Injuries and Illnesses by Industry: 1972, Bulletin 1830, 1974.
Selected Earnings and Demographic Characteristics of Union Members: 1970, Report No. 417, 1972.

Other US. Department of Labor Publications

Job Satisfaction: Is There a Trend ?, Manpower Research Monograph No. 30, Manpower Administration,
1974.

The President’s Report on Occupational Safety and Health, Including Reports on Occupational Safety and
Health, 1975.

Special Reports

AFL-CIO, Report of the General Executive Board to the 35th Convention, International Ladies' Garment
Workers’ Union, Miami Beach, Florida, May 31, 1974.

American Medical Association, Company Medical Policies for Occupational Health Programs: 1973, Chicago,
Illinois.

Bureau of Economic Research, An Evaluation of the Structure and Functions of Disability Programs: June
1975, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Costello, Ortmeyer, and Morgan, Mortality from Heart Disease in Coal Miners, Reprinted from Chest, 67:4,
1975.

Department of Insurance, The Whorton School of Finance, University of Pennsylvania, Sentry Insurance
National Opinion Study, Businessmen ’s Attitudes Toward Commercial Insurance, 1975.

Division of Research and Statistics, Characteristics and Costs of Work Injuries in New York State, Vol. I-X,
Department of Labor, New York.

F laim, P., Persons Not in the Labor Force: Who They Are and Why They Don’t Work, Monthly Labor
Review, July 1969, Vol. 92, No. 7, p. 5.

Higginson, J., The Environmental Aetiology of Cancer in Man. In: Environment and Health — Proceedings
of the First Meeting, June 23-27, 1974, (meeting held under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture and
Science, Athens 1974), 471 pages.

Higginson and MacLennan, The World Pattern of Cancer Incidence. In: Modern Trends in Oncology, Part
One: Research Progress, Butterworths, London, 1973, pp. 9-27.

Howe, H., Distribution of Occupational Physicians Among Industries, Journal of Occupational Medicine,
April 1969.

Howe, H., Organization and Operation of an Occupational Health Program — Part I, Reprinted from Journal
of Occupational Medicine, June 1975, Vol. 17, No. 16.

Kibelstis, Reger, Lapp, et al, Prevalence of Bronchitis and Airway Obstruction in American Bituminous Coal
Miners, American Review of Respiratory Disease, Vol. 108, 1973.

Lee, D., Environmental Factors in Respiratory Disease, Academic Press, New York, 1972.

Lloyd, J. W., Long-Term Mortality Study of Steelworkers: V-Respiratory Cancer in Coke Plant Workers,
Reprinted from Journal of Occupational Medicine, February 1971, Vol. 13, No. 2.

Luit, H., Socioeconomic Factors, Job Characteristics and Occupational Disabilities, Paper presented to the
New York Academy of Sciences Conference on Occupational Carcinogenesis, March 24-28, 1975, New York,
New York.

McMichael, Spirtas, and Kupper, An Epidemiologic Study of Mortality Within a Cohort of Rubber Workers:
1964-1972, Reprinted from Journal of Occupational Medicine, July 1974, Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 458-464.

McMichael, Spirtas, Kupper, and Gamble, Solvent Exposure and Leukemia Among Rubber Workers: An
Epidemiologic Study, Reprinted from Journal of Occupational Medicine, April 1975, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp.
234-239.

 

111

 

Morgan, et al, Respiratory Impairment in Simple Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis, Journal of Occupational
Medicine, November 1972, Vol. 14.

Morgan, et al, The Prevalence of Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis in U.S. Coal Miners, Archives of Environ-
mental Health, October 1973, Vol. 28.

Morgan, Hondelsman, et al, Ventilatory Capacity and Lung Volumes of U.S. Coal Miners, Archives of
Environmental Health, April 1974, Vol. 28.

Mortality from Lung Cancer in U.S. Coal Miners, American Journal of Public Health, March 1974.

Nagi, S., An Epidemiology of Adulthood Disability in the United States: 1975, Mershon Center Informal
Publications, Mershon Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Nagi and Luken, Childhood Disability: A Social Epidemiology: 1975, Mershon Center Informal Publications,
Mershon Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Ortmeyer, et al, The Mortality of Appalachian Coal Miners: 1963 to 1971, Archives of Environmental Health,
August 1974, Vol. 29.

Ortmeyer, Barer, and Crawford, Life Expectancy of Pennsylvania Coal Miners Compensated for Disability,
Archives of Environmental Health, October 1973, Vol. 27.

Parnes, H., National Longitudinal Survey of the Labor Force, Ohio State University (selected studies of the
U.S. labor force), Columbus, Ohio.

President’s Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, One in Eleven Handicapped Adults in America,
Washington, D.C., 1970.

Riley and Nagi, Disability in the United States: A Compendum of Data on Prevalence and Programs: 1970,
Division of Disability Research Department of Physical Medicine, College of Medicine, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio.

Scheffler and Iden, The Effect of Disability on Labor Supply, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, October
1974, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 122-132.

Selikoff and Hammond, Environmental Cancer in the Year 2000, Reprinted from Seventh National Cancer
Conference Proceedings, American Cancer Society, 1973, New York, New York.

Wagoner, J ., The Role of NI OSH in the Identification and Control of Hazards Associated with Exposures to
Trace Anesthetics, American Society of Anesthesiologists, Annual Meeting, October 14, 1974, Washington,
D.C.

 

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fill. 5. GOVERNMENT nmnuc 0FFI(E; 1975-659-9h4/Iz Region No. 5—H

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Servim

 

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