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THE

NATURAL HISTORY

OF

Northampton-fhire ;

WITH

Some ACCOUNT of the

ANTIQUITIES.

To which is Annex’d

ATraxscrirTof DOOMSDAT-BOOK,
{fo far as it relates to That COUNTY.

 

By JOHN MORTON, M A.
Rector of Oxendon in the fame County, and Fellow of the Rov aL

Society: Formerly of Emanuel-College in Cambridge.

 

Mnddy cmapléy Gi Ocov, x wave alo.

 

L O ND OO N:
Printed for R. KnarLock at the Bifbop’s-Head, and R. Witkin
at the King’s-Head, in St. Paul’s Church-Yard. M DCC XII.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 
 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 
 
  

    
    

 

 

  
  

TO THE

QUEEN.

MADAM,

H O I want not a due Senfe of the Weight of

; Affairs that Y ou Suftain: and of the Afli-
duity with which Y ou continually watch

over Y our Kingdoms; yet, encouraged by that
Goodnefs which has juftly rendred Y o vu ever the Joy
and the Defire of all Y o ur People, I venture to
break in upon Yow rR Majesty Es Time only
while I lay at Your Feet thefe Fruits of the La-
bours of my whole Life; with the utmoft Aflurance,
that, as Y o u have acted in all other Refpects, and
in particular carry’d on a War, fo much to the Glory
of the Britifb Name, and with {fo Surprizing a Suc-
cefs, Y ou will, as {oon as that fhall be brought to an
happy End, turn Y our Thoughts, with no lefs Suc-
A 2 cels,

681341

 
     
     

   
 
 

   
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 

DEDICATION

 

 

 

   

cefs, to carry on the Arts of Peace: and that, along

with Religion and Virtue, Science and Learning will be

taken into Y our Care and Proteifion. This will be
the fure Way to make them effectually flourifh : and,
by Y ou Rr exciting the great Genius of this Nation,
render the Briti/b Name not lefs illuftrious, in this Re-

" {pect likewife, than heretofore under the Reigns of fome

of Youk Majesty Es Royal Anceftors. As
Nothing can conduce more to the Raifing to the high-
eft Pitch, Y o ur Own Honour : and, what You per-
fue with equal Concern, the Felicity of Y o vr Sub-
je&s; fo no Man can defire both the one and the other
with greater Paflion and Sincerity than,

Mapbamwm,
Your MajEsTYES

Moft Dutyful Subject and Servant,

Y. MORTON,

 

 

 

 

T.H. BE

PRET ACE

Have now at length done what I bad all along much at heart : and
acquitted my [elf faithfully of the Engagements that 1 entred into,
[ome Tears ago, of compofrny The Natural Hiftory of NOR-
THAMPTONSHIRE. The Pleafure that every one
abo bas aright Tafle of thele Studies muft take in them, and the Zeal I
had from the firft for this Work, render’d me Jomeawhat too [anguine and
orward : and was the Caufe that I then proposd a T ime much too [bort
for the Accomplifbang of 1. T hat I bave thus far exceeded it, wnlly I
flatter my [elf, be readily pardsn’d by thofe Gentlemen of the Countywwho
bave [o generoufly affifted and encourag'd it, when they con fider of how
oreat an Extent the Undertaking is, and bow various the Subjects bere
‘reated of. Add to this the Numerous Books that were to be confulted
and perusd ; many of awhich were not to be procur’d without great Diffi-
culty, and from very different Parts, both ar home and abroad. T bis was
but necefJary, that I might avoid entring too far into what bad been well
done already 5 my Aim being not to compile what was wrote by others, but
to follows Nature ber [elf with as much Steddine[s and Clofene[s as I could.
Then the Duties of my Profe(fion, all the while, were noty by any means,
to be negle(led. Befides other Avocations : Accidents mmy private Af-
fairs : Impediments in my Health, brought on chiefly by a too clofe Per-
[uit of this Defign : and other Caufes, which 1 muft not trouble the World
‘with bere.

Eo Fancies and Notions of Men, with refpec to the Subjecls bere
treated of, are [o very different, that fuch a Work muft needs find a Re-
ception as different : be approved by [ome, and difliked by others ; anfrzie-
rable to the J arious Guft and Curiofity of each. ~ As this relates chiefly to
the Hiftory of Nature, thofe who have no Relsfb for that, will be apt to
think my Time and Pains not rightly employ'd. But, without entring upon
a general Defenfe of the Ulefulne[s of Natural Knowledge, 1 think I may
fasrly oppofe to the Sentiments of thefe Gentlemen, the Opinion of many
athers, of great Learning, and Judgment, who at the firf} put me upon
this Undertaking, and have continually ever fince encourag’d me init, both
by their Advice, and the Contributions they have made towards the car -
rying ona Work of no [mall Labour or Expenfe.

It may perhaps be thought a Jome who yet are not wholly aver fe to
the Study of Nature, that my Defcriptions, of [everal FofJils, of Animals,
and [uch Vegetables, as are very Small : as alfo my Obervations upon [ome
of them, are too nice and minute, and take up a greater Share of the Work
than they may jufily claim. And withall, that I bave put my [elf to an un-
nece fJary Charge in giving the Figures of [omany of thefe. But they may
be pleas’d to confider, that thofe Defcriptions, and Figures, are chiefly of

(2) Juch
 

 

 

1

The PREFACE.

 

[uch Things as have never been mention'd by any Writer before : or, at
leat, of [uch whereof a very imperfect Account bas been hitherto given.
Befides, the Natural Hiftory of any Subject 1s of little or no Ufeyunlefs that
Subjed be likewife [odefcrib’d as tobe eaftly diflinguifbible from all others.
We bave a remarkable Inflance of this in the Ancient Writers of Phyfick.
In all Difeafes, they have [beson much Induflry in [etting forth the proper
Remedies : and the Effects and Operations of the [everal Drugs and Sim-
ples that they gave. But then they have left us only the bare Names of
many of thefe ; without [ufficient Defcriptions and Characters whereby we

at this Day, might be enabled to diflinguifb and find them out. T borough
which Defect their Accounts are of no Value : and Pofterity is deprived
of the Advantage of all their Experience. Whereas Exact Defcriptions
of Things, however [mall or feemimgly contemptible: and faithful Accounts
of what is obfervable in thems, will always be of Ue tothofe who fiudy Na-
ture, to what End [ocver that be 5 Whether to take a clearer View of the
Infinite Wifdom of the Great Creator. inthe Artful Contrivancef fo vaft a
Variety of Organiz’d Bodies, which appears as remarkable inthe [malleft as

in the largeft Animals and Vegetables: Or to enquire into the Structure

of the Terreflrial Globe, and the Changes it bas undergone : Or laftly, to

ph or apply Natural Productions of any Kind, to the Ufes of A

e.

Of the bigirinsgion communicated to me by others, I bave mention'd
only [uch as I judg dwell artefied, and which bad nothing in them but wha
was reafmable and probable. But befides the Informations and
Affifances I have receiv'd from the Gentlemen of this County, I have
bad, for many Tears, a Corre[pmdence with other Perfons, the moft Emi-
nent in Natural Learning : and particularly with Dr. Woodward, Pro-
feffor of Phyfick in Gretham-College. As, in the[e Papers, there are va-
rious Subjelts that are treated of im bis Natural Hiftory of the Earth

1 have been frequently led to compare, what be bath there deliver’d, with
Nature, and Things ; which that Work every where anfwers with great
Truth and Exadlnefs. On which Account I have bad Occafion to quote,and
refer to it, very often. ?

As to my own Performance, I bave endeavour’d, to the utmoft of my
Power, to anfwer all the reafonable Expeclations of thofe who engaged me
in this Work. I bave [par’d no Pains, or Coft,to make it as compleat as I
could. I have not only vifited every Town and }1llage in the County, ex-
cept Three or Four, of which yet I bad Information from others : but al-
moft every Quarry, Woody Spring : and, to be [bort, every Thing, that, I
could think, merited Remark and Obfervation. As tothe Remains of
Antiquity among us, I have traced the Roman Ways, and view d what-
ever Ancient Works I could bear of, either of that People, or of the
Saxons or Danes, throughout the whole County.

I bave, in [everal Places, attempted to give Accounts of the Caufes of
the Phenomena there reprefented : and hope that thee Accounts wwnll ap-
pear at leaft not improbable to others. But as 1 am very [enfible of the
Difficulty of them, [o the Reader may obferve that Levery where offer
them with due Caution and Modefly.

T be

 

3

 

 

The PREFACE

The Tw firft Chapters are longer than the reft, as they treat of Things
which deferve to be well examin'd : and Ido not find that they have
been hitherto [et forth by any one fo fully or fo accurately as they ought.

1 bave printed the Survey of orthamptonthire from Doomi{day-
Book ; having been often affur’a that it would be grateful to the Gentle-
men 7 the County. Had Inot too far exceeded my Bounds, on other
Heads, I would have endeavour’d to have render’d it [lull more accepta-
ble, by adding Notes of the Alterations that have bappen’d in the Names
of Places fince that Time : and by giving an Explication of the now ob-

Jolete Terms ufed init. But for this, 1 need only yr the Reader tothe
GlofJaries of the Learned Sir H. Spelman, a onfienr Du Frefne.

"As to the Prints, they were engrav'd by Mr. Vandergucht ; who
bas done bis Part with due Care. Only there is an Error, that was
committed unawares, as to the Turbinated Foffil Shells ; which is, that
the Convolutions of all of them, excepting that Tab. 7. Fig. 32. are from
the Right Hand to the Left ; whereas they [bould bave the contrary
Turn.

T be Drawing and Engraving of the Map was committed to the Care
of Mr. Harris ; who, as being well experienc’d in that Art, a Native
of Northamptonthire, and having ormerly refided [ome time there, was
thought the fitteft Perfon we could chufe for that Purpofe. The Map
wh have been embellifb’d with a greater Number of the Aims of the

Gentlemen of the County ; But it was not proper for me, of my Self, to
attempt the Setting forth any that the Proprietars thought not fit, after
[fo many Advertifements and Nitices, to [end me in, to that End. 7 bofe
that 1 have graved, were drawn by Mr. Coats, a Herald-Paintery of
great Knowledge in his Profe(fion.

Ths’ 1am aware I have been too tedious already, I have it not in my
Power to take off my Hand , till I have made [ome Acknowledgment to
the Gentlemen and Clergy of this County , for the frank Alfiffance and
numerous Civilities I bave receiv'd from them, towards carrying on this
Work. Nor can I contain my [elf from making like grateful Acknoze-
ledgement 5 to Jome, who, the no Inbabitants of the County, have not le[s

woour'd and encourag'd this Undertaking. But above all, his Grace the
Lord Archbifhop of Canterbury , the Lord Bifhop of Carlifle, and
the Lord Bithop of Ely ; the laft of which, befides other great Favours,
was pleas’d to permit me the Ule of bis Library, which contains a moft
compleat Collection of Rare and Valuable Books in all Faculties : And 1s
to be equall'd by very few through the whole Learned World.

The

111

 
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I ps

 

The PREVPACE

 

[uch Things as have never been mention'd by any Writer before : ory at
leapt, of [uch whereof a very imperfect Account bas been hitherto given.
Befides, the Natural Hiflory of any Subject ss of little or no Ufe,unlefs that
Subjed be likewife [ode[crib’d as tobe eafily diflinguifbible from oli others.
We bave a remarkable Inflance of this in the Ancient Writers of Phyfick.
In all Difeafes, they have [bewwn much Induflry in [etting forth the proper
Remedies : and the Effects and Operations of the [everal Drugs and Sum-
ples that they gave. But thei: they bave left us only the bare Names of
many of thefe ; without [ufficient De[criptions and Characters whereby we
at this Day, might be enabled to diftinguifb and find them out. T borough
which Defect their Accounts are of no Value : and Poflerity is deprived
of the Advantage of all their Experience. Whereas Exalt Defcriptions
of Things, however [mall or [eemmgly contemptible: and faithful Accounts
of what is obfervable in them, will always be of Ufetothofe who ftudy Na-
ture, to what End [oever that be 5 Whether to take a clearer View of the
Infinite Wifdom of the Great Creator, inthe Artful Contrivanceyf fo vaft a
Variety of Orgamz’d Bodies, which appears as remarkable inthe [malleft as
in the largeft Animals and Vegetables: Or to enquire into the Strufture
of the Terreftrial Globe, and the Chanves it bas undergone : Or lafily, to
improve or apply Natural Produtions of any Kind, to the Ufes of Human
fe.

Of the Informations communicated to me by others, 1 bave mention'd
only [uch as Ijudg dwell attefled, and which bad nothing in them but what
was reafmable and probable. But befides the Informations and
Affifiances I have receiv’d from the Gentlemen of this County, I have
bud, for many Years, a Corre[pmdence ith other Perfons, the moft Emi-
nent in Natural Learning : and particularly with Dr. Woodward, Pro-
fellor of Phyfick in Grefham-Collcge. As, in thefe Papers, there are va
rious Subjelts that are treated of mn bis Natural Hiftory of the Earth
1 have been frequently led to compare, what be bath there deliver’d, with
Nature, and Things ; which that Work every where anfwers with great
Truth and Exaltne[s. On which Account I have bad Occafion to quote and
refer to it, very often. :

As to my own Performance, I bave endeavour’d, to the utmoft of my
Power, to anfwer all the reafomable Expeclations of thfe who engaged me
in this Work. I bave [par’d no Pains, or Coft, to make it as compleat as I
could. I have not only viftted every Town and Jillage in the County, ex-
cept Three or Four, of which yet I bad Information from others : but al-
moft every Quarry, Wood, Spring : and, to be [bort, every Thing, that, 1
could think, merited Remark and Obfervation. As to the Remains of
Antiquity among us, I bave traced the Roman Ways, and view 'd wbhat-
ever Ancient Works I could bear of, either of that People, or of the
Saxons or Danes, throughout the whole County. ]

I have, in [everal Places, attempted to give Accounts of the Cafes of
the Phenomena there reprefented : and hope that thofe Accounts will ap-
pear at leaft not improbable to others. But as I am very Jenfible of the
Difficulty of them, jo the Reader may obferve that 1every where offer
them with due Caution and Modefly.

Tbe

 

 

The PREFACE

The Two firft Chapters are longer than the refty as they treat of Things
which deferve 10 be well examin'd : and I do not find that they have
been hitherto [et forth by any one fo fully or fo accurately as they ought.

1 bave printed the Survey of Northamptonfhire from Doomf{day-
Book ; having been often affur’d that ut would be grateful to the Gentle-
men of the County. Had 1 not too for exceeded my Bounds, on other
Heads, 1 would have endeavour’d to have render’d at flill more accepta-
ble, by adding Notes of the Alterations that have bappen’d 1n the Names
of Places fince that Time : and by giving an Explication of the now ob-
folete Terms ufed init. But for this, I need only refer the Reader tothe

Gloffaries of the Learned Sir H. Spelman, and Monfienr Du Frefne.

"As to the Prints, they were engrav’d by Mr. Vandergucht ; awho
bas dome bis Part with due Care. Only there is an Error, that was
committed unawares, as to the Turbinated Foffil Shells 5 wbich is, that
the Convolutions of all of them, excepting that Tab. 7. Fig. 32. are from
the Right Hand to the Left 5 whereas they bould have the contrary
Turn.

T be Drawing and Engraving of the Map was committed to the Care
of Mr. Harris ; who, as beng well expertenc’d in that Art, a Native
of Northamptonthire, and having formerly refided [ome time there, was
thought the fitteft Perfon we could chufe for that Purpofe. The Map
might have keen embellifp’d with a greater Number of the Arms of the

Gentlemen of the County 5 But it was not proper for mey of ny Self, to
attempt the Setting forth any that the Proprietors thought not fit, after
fo many Advertifements and Notices, to fend me in, to that End. T bofe
that 1 have graved, were drawn by Mr. Coats, a Herald-Painter, of
great Knowledge in bis Profe ion.
> The 1am aware I have been too tedious already, I bave it not in my
Power to take off my Hand, till 1 have made [ome Acknowledgment to
the Gentlemen and Clergy of this County , for the frank Affifiance and
aumer ous Civilities I have receiv'd from them, towards carrying on this
Work. Nor can I contain my [elf from making like grateful Acknoza-
ledgement s to Jome, who, the no Inhabitants of the County, have not les
favour'd and encovrag'd this Undertaking. But above all, bis Grace the
Tord Archbifhop of Canterbury , the Lord Bifhop of Carlifle, and
the Lord Bithop of Ely ; the laft of which, befides other great Favours,
was pleas’d to permit me the Ule of bis Library, which contains a moft
compleat ColleCtion of Rare and Valuable Books in all Faculties : And 1s
to be equall'd by very few through the whole Learned World.

 
 

 

 

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THE
NATURAL HISTORY

OF

Northamptonfhire.

 

A General Defcription of the Coun ry.

1. ORTHAMPTONSHIRE is bounded on the Faft,
by the Counties of Lincoln, Cambridge, and Huntingdon -
On the Swmuth by another Part of Hunting donfbire |
and by Bedford, Buckingham, and Oxford-fbires : On the Weft , it
borders on another Part of Oxfordfbire, and on the County of Way
wick ; From the former it is feparated for a fhort Space by the Ri-
ver Cherwell, from the latter, for a fhorter Space, by the Rives
Leame ; and nigher to its Northern Borders, by the Wailing -fireer,
one of the Roman Military Ways: On the North; it is enclofed
wich the Counties of Leice flery Rutland, and Lincoln 5 the Rivers 4
von the Lefs, and the Weland, are the Boundaries of that Quarter
In the Eaflern Part, it extends as far as Crowland Bridge. 1 mention
this laft Particular, becaufe the Limits of the Counties of Nutham-
pton and Lincaln, after a long Contett, have been lately fettled there,

2. Northampton, the Head Town of it, is feated, according to Mr, _
Comden , near the very Middle and Heart of England ; where, as he sr
obferves, out of one Hill {pring forth three Rivers running t! if:
ferentWays : The Cherwell to the Soutbthe Leame to the J f1, a1
New or Nye to the Eaft. The Hill intended by Mr. Camden
here call’d Hell:don Down ; on which, and the Hills adjoining
the Sources of thofe Three Rivers. "1s calld the Heart of
by a Metaphor that admits nor a clofe Examination. They wlio
vour that Expreffion, explain it thus : That as Blood from the
of Man is convey’d by the Trunks of the great Artery to all Parts of
the Body ; fo, from Helidon Downs y the Heart of the land , iffue
forth thofe Three Rivers, which, running different Ways, water the
Land. Northampton, the Principal Town of the County, thoug

5 more

1

 

 

 
 

A General Defcription of the Coun Ty.

 

more remote from the Northern than the Southern Co nfines of England ;

yet from the Severn Eftuary on the #/eSZ, and the Wafhes, another E-
ftuary on the Eas#, is well nigh Equidiftant.

3. The Figure of the County is Oblong, narrow in the Norzh-
Eaft, and gradually firetch’d out and dilated to the South-Weft, by
fome faid to refemble a Cone. The Length of it is Forty Six Miles,
that is, from Crowland Bridge to Aynbo. But even in the Bafis of
the Cone, (if 1 may thus fpeak) from Aynbo to Lilbourn, or to Dow
Bridge by Lilbourn, (where at one Stone the Counties of Leicefer,
Warwick, and Northampton terminate,) it is not Twenty Miles. And
this is one of the broadeft Parts of the County : One of them, Ifay ;
for on the Stratford-fide, there is a fhort but deep Bend to the South :
And from OM Stratford, to Thorpe Lubenbam in the Northern Part
of it, is above 20 Miles. The Circumference is ufually computed
to be 120 Miles. At the Time of the Conqueror’s Survey, it was of
larger Extent than now, the Northern Part of Rutland being then
reckon’d into it ; as appears by the Ancient MS. called Dosm[day-
Book.

4. At Aynbo, the utmoft Town in the South-Wefi Angle of the
County, the Latitude is 52 deg. 1 min. proxime. Thus itis made off
from the Latitude of Oxford, in Dr. Plot's Map, which is very juft
and accurate. And this agrees very well with the many Years Ob-
fervations of the Curious and Judicious Mr. Gilbert Clerk ; In whofe
Papers which I have now by me, the Altitude at Lamport is 52 deg.
25 min. at Stamford, 52 deg. 40 min. The Latitude at Edon is 52
deg. and 15 min. according to the Reverend Mr. Fobn Palmer , late
Archdeacon of Northampton, in his Book call'd the Planifphere, p.
209. The Latitude of Eaftor Maudmt, 52 deg. 13. min. Ibid.

5. Before we fet about the Particular Defcription of the County,
we are to take a General View of it. And firft, let us go in Search
of the Rivers, their Duts and Sources ; in the way of Planters
on their firft Arrival in an Unknown Region, who ufually make
for the Rivers, and having coafted along their Banks, proceed thence
to obferve and furvey the Land.

6. The Principal Rivers are, Weland, Nyne or Nene, Cherwell, and
Ozfe, which are receiv’d into the Eaflern or German Ocean : Avon,
and Leame, which run into the Western or Irifb Sea. All whofe Sour-
ces are within the Bounds of this County. The Weland wathes its
Northern Borders for almoft the whole Length of its Current : The
Nyne goes thro’ the whole Length of the County, and is indeed
a continual Bleffing by its winding Banks: Both the Weland and
Nye, in an Oblique Courfe, are correfpondent to the Site of the Coun-
ty, and of that doe Bay which condutts both them and the Oufe
into the Eaffern Sea. Of the other Four, the Neighb’ring Coun-
ties partake abundantly more than this. And hence arofe that Ob-
fervation of Northamptonfbire , That her Supplies of Water are all
from within herfelf,, that fhe imparts to many Counties, and receives

Wa-

 

 

A General Defcription of the Coun TY.

Water from none ; many Brooks and Rivers running out of this
County into others, and none out of others into this.

7. That we have not any Rivers running from the Neighbour
Counties into this, is not, as fome may imagine , for this Reafon
folely, that we ftand upon the higheft Ground ; but for fome other
Reafons. Huntingdomfbire and Bedford/bire, in that Part of thofe two
Counties adjoining to this, are feated upon Clay, and are fo far from
affording a River, thac for themfelves they have fcarcely the {mal-
left Springs. The North-fide of the County is furrounded with the
Weland, which receives and terminates the Brooks and Rivers of Lin-
colnfbire , Rutland, and Lewceflerfbire. The Oufe is a Part of our
Southern Boundary ; and that does the like with the Buckinghamfbire
Waters, that make this way. Indeed, the Site of the Western Part
of the County is fo much elevated above that of the adjacent Ter-
titory of Oxfordfbire and Warwickfbire , that there cannot any Brooks
or Rivers pafs to us from thence.

8. The firft Springs of the Weland arein and nigh the Ponds of the
Vicarage Houfe at Stbertoft. It glides with a gentle Stream to Stam-
ford, and is Navigable from thence to Spalding, by the help of feveral
Penns , Locks, or Water-fhoots, fuch as thofe Mr. Ray obferved in
his Journey betwixt Offend and Bruges ; a particular Defcription where-
of he has given in the printed Account of his Travels.+ Colonel t Obfer-
Dodfon is of Opinion, that to make a Navigation on the Weland as mucins
high as Rockingham, that is, Ten Miles above Stamford, is very fea- Joon,
fible* There indeed it is augmented by the Acceffion of a confi- Parts of
derable Riveret which divides the Two Counties of Rutland and Lum,
Leicester. The Benefit "tis certain woud be great, were the thing as '7"'?+
feafible as that Gentleman apprehended. The ancient Chanel of the *ADeign
Weland, was from Stamford to Crowland, where it met the Nyne : The ing che
Cut for the New Navigation which leads to Spalding, and the old Fens, Dy
Chanel, divide about a Mile Eaft of Crowland. According to the above- /7. 1
mention’d Author tis likewife very eafy to make a good Naviga- sa
tion from Crowland to Stamford , to the great Benefit of that Town
and Countrey. From Spalding the River advances flowly to the
Wafbes, a large and famous Bay betwixt the Counties of Lincoln and
Norfolk, and thence into the German Ocean.

9. Several Towns of the County lay claim to the Head.
Spring of the Nene, Neane, or Nyne. At Nafeby tis faid to
be the Spring calld Chapel-‘Well, and another namelefs one not
far diftant, both on the Eaflern Declivity of Nafeb; Hill : By others, in
Draughron Field, a Spring now call’d Blackwell, but formerly in an
Ancient Survey, as tis reported, Nirewell-Head, a Name apply’d to
it on no good Grounds: At Weft Haddon a Spring on New-Moor ;
the Moor has hence its Name ; and to confirm their Pretences they
have there a groundlefs Tradition that the Monks of Peterbmph, a
City feated on the Nene, had in one of their Officials, a Petition thar
the Spring on Nen- Moor might never fail : Daventry, or Daintry, Fa
fley, and other Places, put in for it: But Staverton has indeed the

lairelt

J

 
 

 

 

 

2

A General Defcription of the Coun TY.

ore remote from the Northern than the Southern Co nfines of England ;
from the Severn Eftuary on the Wes#, and the Wathes, another E-
ftuary on the Eaf?, is well nigh Equidiftant.

3. The Figure of the County 1s Oblong , narrow in the North-
Eaft, and gradually ftretch’d out and dilated to the South-Weft, by
forme faid to fefemble 2 Cone. The Length of it is Forty Six Miles,
that is, from Crowland Bridge to Ayibo. But even in the Bafis of
the Cone, (if 1 may thus fpeak) from Aynbo to Lilbourn, or to Dow
Bridge by Lilbourn, (where at ore Stone the Counties of Leicefter,
Warwick, and Northampton termipate,) it is not Twenty Miles. And
this is one of the broadeft Parts of the County : One of them, Ifay ;
for on the Stratford-fide, there is affhort but deep Bend to the South :
And from Old Stratford, to Thorpe Lubenbam in the Northern Part
of it, is above 20 Miles. The Circumference is ufually computed
to be 120 Miles. At the Time of the Conqueror’s Survey, it was of
larger Extent than now, the Northern Part of Rutland being then
reckon'd into it ; as appears by the Ancient MS. called Dosmfday-
Book.

4. At Aybo, the utmoft Town in the South-Weft Angle of the
County, the Latitude is 52 deg. 1 min. proxtme. Thus it is made off
from the Latitude of Oxford, in Dr. Plots Map, which is very juft
and accurate. And this agrees very well with the man Years Ob-
fervations of the Curious and Judicious Mr. Gilbert Cler ; In whofe
Papers which 1 have now by me, the Altitude at Lamport is 52 deg.
a5 min. at Stamford, 52 deg. 40 min. [he Latitude at Efon is §2
deg. and 14 min. according to the Reverend Mr. Fobn Palmer , late
Archdeacon of Nola pa in his Book call'd the Plamifpbere, p.
309. The Latitude of Eaflor Maudut, 52 deg. 13. min. Ibid.

5. Before we fet about the Particular Defcription of the County,
we aré to take a General View of it. And firft, let us go in Search
of the Rivers, their Duéts and Sources ; in the way of Planters
oh their firft Arrival in an Unknown Region, who ufually make
for the Rivers, and having coafted along their Banks, proceed thence
to obferve and furvey the Land.

6. The Principal Rivers are, Weland, Nyne or Nene, Cherwell, and
Oufe, which are receiv’d into the Eaftern or German Ocean : Avon,
and Leame; which run into the Western or Irifb Sea. All whofe Sour-
ces are within the Bounds of this County. The Weland wafhes its
Northern Borders for almoft the whole Length of its Current: The
Nyne goes thro’ the whole Lenpsh of the County, and is indeed
a continual Bleffing by its winding Banks: Both the Weland and
Nyre, in an Oblique Courfe, are correfpondent to the Site of the Coun-
ty, and of that Large Bay which condutts both them and the Oufe
into the Eaftern Sea. Of the other Four, the Neighb’ring Coun-
ties partake abundantly more than this. And hence arofe that Ob-
fervation of Northamptonfbire , ‘That her Supplies of Water are all

.

from within herfelf, that fhe imparts to many Counties, and es
a-

  

 

  

 

A General Defeription of : the C OUNTY.

Water from none ; many Brooks and Rivers running out of this
* County into others, and none out of others into this.
9. That we have not any Rivers running from the Neighbour
| Counties into this, is not, as fome may imagine , for this Reafon
folly, that we ftand upon the higheft Ground ; but for fome other
‘ Reafons.  Hunsingdonfbire and Bedfordfbire, in that Part of thofe two
' Counties adjoining to this, are feated upon Clay, and are fo far from
affording a River, thac for themfelves they have fcarcely the {mal-
leftr Springs. The North-fide of the County is furrounded with the
Weland, which receives and terminates the Brooks and Rivers of Lin-
cilnfbire , Rutland , and Lesceflerfbire. ‘The Oufe is a Part of our
Southern Boundary ; and that does the like with the Buckingbamfbire
Waters, that make this way. Indeed, the Site of the Western Part
of the County is fo much elevated above that of the adjacent Ter-
titory of Oxfordfbire and Warwickfbire, that there cannot any Brooks
or Rivers pafs to us from thence.

8. The firft Springs of the Weland arein and nigh the Ponds of the
Vicarage Houfe at Sibertoft. It glides with a gentle Stream to Stam-
ford, and is Navigable from thence to Spalding, by the help of feveral
Penns , Locks, or Water-fhoots, fuch as thofe Mr. Ray obferved in
his Journey betwixt Offend and Bruges ; a particular Defcription where-

3.

of he has given in the printed Account of his Travels.+ Colonel t Ob

Dodfon is of Opinion, that to make a Navigation on the Weland as

fible* There indeed it is augmented by the Acceffion of a confi-
derable Riveret which divides the Two Counties of Rutland and
Leicester. The Benefit "tis certain wou'd be great, were the thing as
feafible as that Gentleman apprehended. The ancient Chanel of the
Weland, was from Stamford to Crowland, where it met the Nyne : The
Cut for the New Navigation which leads to Spalding, and the old

vations
made ina

high as Rockingham, that is, Ten Miles above Stamford, is very fea- Jouney

hro’'moft
Parts of
Ewrope.
London,
1673+ p-4

*ADelign
for Drain.
ing the

Fens, by
Col. Ded

Chanel, divide about a Mile Eaft of Crowland. According to the above- fiz. 1

mention’d Author ’tis likewife very eafy to make a good Naviga-
tion from Crowland to Stamford , to the great Benefit of that Town
and Countrey. From Spaldimg the River advances flowly to the
Wafbes, a large and famous Bay betwixt the Counties of Lmcoln and
Norfolk, and thence into the German Ocean.

9. Several Towns of the County lay claim to the Head-
Spring of the Nene, Neane, or Nyre. Ac Nafeby tis faid to
be the Spring calld Chapel-Well, and another namelefs one not
far diftant, both on the Eaftern Declivity of Nafeby Hill : By others, in
Dranghron Field, a Spring now call'd Blackwell, but formerly in an
Ancient Survey, as "tis reported, Ninewell-Head, a Name apply’d to
it on no good Grounds: At Weft Haddor a Spring on Nen-Moor ;
the Moor has hence its Name ; and to confirm their Pretences they
have there a groundlefs Tradition that the Monks of Peterbmygh, a
City feated on the Nexe, had in one of their Officials, a Petition that
the Spring on Nen- Moor might never fail : Daventry, or Daintry, Faz
fley, and other Places, put in for it: But Staverton has indeed the
fairelt

? i.

  
   
   
  
  
   
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
    
  
  
  
   
  
   
   
   
    
    
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
    
 
 
 
 
 
  
     
  

 

 

4

A General Defeription of the Cou ny.

faireft Title ; becaufe their Hartwell Spring not far from the Foot of !
Studbury Hill in the South “i Part of the Lordfhip, and the Oozings

about Hartwell in the fame Valley, are upon as high if not the high-
eft Ground, and remoteft from the River's Out-let * and becaufe the
Courfe of its Water is in a more direct Tract or Canal than the reft to
the main Current, which commences at Northampton, at the Confluence
of two litcle Rivers, namely the Northern Water,or the Nafeby Head,
which defcends from the Sourceson Nafeby Hill, and a numerous Com.
pany of collateral Springs : And the Weftern Water, or the Starton Head,
deriving its Water and Name from another Set of Springs in the
Weflern Point, whereof thofe in Staverton Field are the firft.

10. Of the Northernand Weftern Water united y 1s formed a fine |

River, which from A {to Peterborough reaches by its own
winding Courfe,Fifcy two Miles ; tho’ by Land ina dire Line y it is
no more than Twenty Nine. There are Twelve confiderable Bridges
erelted over it: And Three more obfervable Iflands there are formed
by a Branching of the River, and a Reunion of ir. It affords a
Commodious Situation to the Principal Towns of Nortbamptonfbire
Northampton, Wellingborough, Oundle , and Peterborough : and is the
general Rendezvouz of our Rivulets. oi ;
11. Firft of the Ife, whofe Head, as [ have trac’d it, is the Sprin
calld Ife-Well, in Clipfion-Field. Having vificed a pleafant Seat of the
Right Honourable the Lord Cullen at Rufbton , and that Iluftrious
Scat of the moft Noble Duke of Montague at Boughton, where it glo-
ries in {upplying a very neat and fpacious Canal, it pafles thence thro’
a fertile Country into the Nyne , whereinto it falls a Mile below Wel-
lingborough. The Appellation of Ife » tho” now loft and unknown
in the Country through which it paffes » I am willing to retrieve,
That the Name of Ife belong’d to it formerly I infer,from the Name
of the Head Spring, of a Town that ftands upon its Banks , that js
Ifebam, a Village on the Ife , and of that Parc of Irtlingborough-Meg.-
dow that is bounded by this Riveret, which is fill called Ife-Meadow,
About Four Miles Diftance from its Source, betwixt Desborough and
Rufbton, it takes in a plentiful Spring running down from Re[bton
Park, by the Name of Name-Spring-Head, as being a Collection of
Nine litcle Springs which gufh forth y It’s faid , ac as many diftin¢t
Apertures, within a {mall Compafs of Ground,and are now drawn in-
to a Stone Bafin over which a handfome Summer Houfe was built, by
the late Lord Cullen. "Tis an empty Conceit that the River Nex or
Nyne, as we ufually call it has hence its Name ; for we fee this Spring
runs down into the Ife , a Rivuler of different Denomination , and
Original. Secondly, of Harpers Brook, the Head whereof Is in Pip-
well Grounds : Its Influx into the Ayre below flip. Thirdly , of
Willos-Brook which has given Name to the Hundred that it waters,
Its firft Source is in Corby Field. It joyns the Nyze below Fothering-
hay. Befides the Three above-mention’d Rivulets there are feveral lefler
Anonymous Rills which are all concenter’d, as it were, in the Rives
Lyne.

 

  
 

 

 

A General Defeription of the Cou x 1 Y,

 

 

difcharg’d into it, in united Currents, from the f{inaller Valleys.
Some of them enter folitarily there, that is, thofe that run down in-
to it from the next adjacent Hills 5 as do feveral nigh Wellingborough.
12. The River Nye is Navigable no higher above Peterborough
than Allerton Water-Mill. A higher Navigation has been often at-
tempted ; and particularly by Sic William Fleetwd , who caufed the
River to be furvey’d, and the Charges of making it Navigable com-
puted, with pretty great Exaétne(s, Anus 1606. According to that
Survey, the Defcent of the River from Northampton to Allerton is 130
Feet, 3 Inches, 5 Dec. And there fhould be 35 Locks upon it, to
render it Navigable up as high as Northampton. “Whether the Advan.
tages, that being thus Navigable, it will bring up Sea-Coal, Deal, and
other Commodities of Burthen, at much eafier and cheaper Rates ; as
alfo other ufeful Commodities that here we have leffer Plenty of: And
that by this means we fhall have a far more advantagious Vent for
our own more natural Products, Barley, Wheat, oc. Or the Difad-
vantages 5 that hereby the Meadows by the River-fide will be enda-
maged: And the Farmers of Huntingdon and Cambridse-fhires will fend
up Barley, and Oats, and under-fel] and fink our Markets, do over-
balance, with great Submuffion 1 refer to the Gentlemen of the County,
who are the beft Judges; all I offer here, being prompted merely by
a Senfe of Duty and Gratitude.

13. The main Out-falls of Water into the Wafbes, the Bay that re-
ceives this, the River Weland, and the Oufe, are three : one from pals
diag, another from Wisbich, and the third from Lyn. The Nyne
has now its Exit at only the two latter of thefe: The main Part of it
by the Cat cal’d, Morton's Leame, and now the Wa by for that it
has now on each Side of it 3 high Bank about thirty Pole diftant
each from other ; which two high Banks were rais’d for keeping in
the River when it is fwelld to its greateft Height by Land- Floods.
Betwixt thefi: Banks it pafleth to Wisbich. The reff of its Water
which pafles by Whistle Jey Meer, to Lya, altho’ more frequently call'd
the River Nye | yet is only that Part of it which is let thro’ two
great Sluices, at certain times, in {uch Quantity as will ferve for 4
Navigation to Lys. As to the Chanel, which the old River took,
namely, that call’d Cas Water, ( the true Boundary of the County on
that Side, ) which leads towards Crowland, and
It has now deferted it.

14. Of the Four remaining Rivers whofe Sources are in this
County, but whofe Currents are chiefty in others : The Firft, in the
Order I have nam'd them, is the Cherwell, a River that in Mr. Camden's
Time was Famous for Plenty of Fifh*,
little Spring in the Ground called Cherawell Field, lying North-Wef,

thence to Spalding :

Name of Cherwelton,
Hill, in Hellidon Lordthip :

And before it leaves this County becomes
a goodly Rivulet,

It runs by Banbury to Oxford, where it joins the
C

7 hame §

The Cherwell Head 183+,

5

Nye. It flows from at leaft a thoufiand Springs which are ufually

Britann:a
mn Oxfora-

at no great Diftance from a Town, which from the Spring has the pir,
y - ~ ~ 3 - » 7 D 251
It has a {mall but conftant Supply from Rydon Newt

 

 
 
 
 
   
    
   
   
    
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
    
 
 
   
   
 
 
  
 
   
 
  
   
   
    
   
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
   
 
 
  
   
 
  
  
   
   
  
    
 

 
 
 

6

* That
this is the
crueName
of theOx-
ford River,
fee Mr.
Camden's
Britannia,
byDr.Gib-
fon in the
Additions
to Wilts
Jhire,p.99.
1 Dr Plot's
Hiftory
of Oxford-
Shire, p.2g.
+ Mr. Bo
hun'sGeo-
graph.
Dittiona-
ry under
Oufe the
Great

A General Defeription of the Coun Ty.

7 bames * the principal River of Britain, and with it is difcharg’d into
the Eaftern Ocean.

15. Oufe the Great, one of the principal Rivers of the Kingdom, is
originally of this County. Dr. Plot + has erroneoufly afferted it to
Fruwell in Oxfordfbire. ~ Mr. Bobun by a ftranger Miftake to Dasnes-
End in Hertfordfbire +. The firft Rife of it, according to Mr. Leland,
is nigh Stene, according to Mr. Camden nigh Brackly, on a gently rifing
Ground which is full of bubling Springs. It rifes indeed not far from
thence in the Glebe-Ground in Ferningho Lordfhip, from the Spring
called Oufe-Well. The Zove or 7ofe, which, in my Opinion, is only a
various Pronunciation of the Brityfb Tav or Taf , a Name of many
Britifb Rivers, having watered Towgefler, ( Tofeceafter amongft the
Saxons, that is, a Caftle upon the 7ofe or 7af,) after a winding
Courfe of many Miles from its Head, which is the Spring calld
Holywell in Sulgrave Field, is difcharged into the Oufe below Cofgrave.
The Oufe having watered Buckingham, Bedford, and Huntingdon, the
Capital Towns of their refpective Counties, with many other Places
of Note: Having taken in the River Graat, or Cam above Ely, and
below it the Little Oufe, and arriv'd at length to King’s Lyn, has its
Outlet into the Wafbes on the South-Eaft Side, as the Weland has on
the North-Weft Side, of that Eftuary. The Oxfe isa Navigable Stream
fo high as Bedford.

16. We come now to the Rivers that flow upon the Weflern Decli-
vity, the Lefler Avon, and the Leame. The Leame Head is at Hells-

donynear the Town’s End, a Spring continually bubling out of the Foot
of Little Down, a knobbed Hill. ~ At its firft rifing it collects it felf
into a pretty capacious Pool which it gives Name to. Leaving the

Pcol, and being augmented by feveral ether Springs from the Lower
Weftern Parts of Hellidon Field, and from Catesby, and Staverton, it hafts
thence into Warwickfbire, where it names the two Leamingtons,the one
in the Middle of its Courfe, the other a little above its’ Conjunction
with the Leffer Avon ; where it lofes its Name.

17. The Lefler Avon's Source is the Spring call’d Avon-Well within
Nafeby Town. It runs nigh five Miles on the Northern Borders of
this County, and then enters Warwickfbire. A Mile above Warwick
it joins the ILeame. Thefe united Streams, now both under
the Name of Avon, that being the River of fuperiour Note,
having fevered the County of Warwick into Two principal Parts,
have their Current into Warcefter[bire, and thence to the Severn.

18. Mr. Camden has taken Notice of the Winding Banks of the
Nyne : The fame is obfervable of our other Rivers ; they no where
run in an even Current for any confiderable Space, being caft into
various Courfes by the Site of the many Hills and Rifings amongft
which they run. The Wanderings and Inflexions of che leffer Streams
of which the Njyne is compofed, are the moft obfervable. 1 fhall in-
ftance only in one of them, the Rill that comes down from near
Legers Abby, which croffes the Watling-fireet, in no lefs than three
feveral Places at not a Mile’s diftance each of other. Firft it crofles

the

~ the Street at Watford-Bridge with an Eafterly Direction :
been augmented with Streams from Watford, it turns directly Weft
© ward, and cuts the Street again :
\ Faflward, and repafles the Street-way as at the firft, at that called
\ King fbam-Bridge.

 

 

A General Defcription of the County.

 

Having

Then bends its Courfe once more

19. "Tis farther Obfervable, and a natural and vnwrefted Obfer-

| vation, That the Rivers of Northamptonfbire are fo equally and duly
| rangd, and diftributed, as if they ran in Chanels contrived, and cv
. by Art, and Labour, to convey a competent Share of Water unto
- every Part. The Nyne and Weland extend their Courfes, the One
| the whole Length, and in a manner thro’ the midft of the Province -

the Other almoft the whole Length of it ; as was before obferved.
The Spacious Weflern Part is well Water’d with the Avon, Leame,
and Cherwell, the upper Part of the Oufe, and the Tove. The Trad
betwixt the Nyne and the Weland, with the Northern Water, or the
Nafeby Head of the Ayre, with the Ife, Harpers-Brook, and Willow-
Brook, each interfecting almoft the whole Breadth of that Tra&, and
difpofed at well nigh equal Diftances ; fo that there is no Town in
the County five Miles diftant from one or other of the above-mention’d
Rivers or Rivulets; for I take not into this Account the intermediate
Brooks or Rills. From the whole I conclude, that no County is more
conveniently, and amply fupply’d wich Water, than this is.

20. The Divifion of the County may be therefore fitly taken from
the Rivers, as thus into Six Diftricts.” 1. The Territory included
betwixt the Leame and Avoz one way , and betwixt the Staverton and
Nafeby Heads of the Nyze the other way. 2. That included with-
in the Staverton Head of the Nyne and the Cherwell, Oufe, and 7 ove,
and a Line drawn from Northampton, to 7 raocefler. 3. That long and
narrow Lift on the South-fide of the Nyne. 4. The Canton betwixt
the Najeby Head or the Northern Water, and the Ife. 5. That be-
tween Ife and Williw-Brook. And, 6. that extended from the latter
to Crowland. "The Northern Boundary of thefe three laft Tracts is
the Weland : And they are like to fo many Peninfula’s almoft fur.
rounded with Water. “On fome Occafions T fhall perhaps make ufe
of this Divifion. :

21. But [rather pitch upon the following Divifion which is taken
from the Figure of the Surface, That dividing the County into two
very diftinct Tracts, the Fen and Upland : The one a flat, level, and
low ; the other an uneaven, and Hilly Country. The County rifes
from a Level vifibly at Uford, and Upton , and thence the farther in
the Country the higher ; “the Wefiern Part of ic being feated on the
higheft Ground. The Upland, which is far the largeft Tract, is {ub-
divided into three principal Branches, by the Nature of the Soil, or
by its Products: the Heathy, the Woodland, and the Fielden or Arable
Part, with which I join the Pafturage. Thus the Natural Divifion
of the Province is into thefe four Parcels, the Fen, Heath, Woodland,
and 7illage-Land, or Fielden, a Word not uncommon in Neighbour
Counties, and which, for Diftin&tion fake, 1 defire, may be allow’d of

here.

 
 

A General Defeription of the County.

here. In my Defcription of thefe Four Diftricts I intend to give a
compendious View of the State of Things. If in feveral Places I feem
to be more particular than the Nature of a previous and incroductory
Account admits, | hope the Reader will let fall that Sufpicion, when
he comes to the Special Obfervations, under each of the Articles of
ork before him.
ny The Fen-land is Situate in a Bottom, in the uemoft North Eaft
Angle of the County, and is one of the three Parcels of that Great
Level, which is ufually called Bedfard-Level. Its Weftern Boundary
is Car-Dyke or Caer-Dike, a wide Ditch drawn ac the Foot of the
High-lands, on the Skirts of the Fens, a noted Inland Navigation

 

* vid ch. Of the Romans *. The Soil, for the, main, is black, fpungy, and deep,
om in all refpeéts a true Fen-Earth ; the print of one’s Foot remains in
it, and the Surface fhakes and trembles if ftamp'd upon, as Mr. Cam-
tcamie's den has obferv’d of that of Holland in Lincolnfbire +. But fo loon as
Newkdie, yOu have pafsd over Car-Dike, you are {ure of a hard and folid Ground,
Rites, like that of the High-lands. : 1
putic- 23. "['his Tract of Fen-land is of no great Extent, confifting chiefly
froaie of that called Novth-Fen (a Common belonging to three Parithes, No-
ourtate borough, Maxey, and Peakirk,) which was never furveyd, but perhaps
wien may be Eight Hundred Acres: Burrow Little Fen, or Peterborough.-
that here. Common : and Burrow Great Fen, that heretofore fo called, which was
Tur or computed at Nine Thoufand Acres ; whereof Three T houfand were
under allotted to thofe who undertook the Draining it ; The remaining Six
scath the Thoufand are a Common, wherein all the Soke or Hundred of Nafa-
i burgh, excepting Peterborough, and the three Parifhes above-mentioned,
havea Right of Commonage. : 2
24. Thefe, tho’ fill retaining the Name of Fens, have a much
different Confticution and CharaGer from what once they had.
Here are now no filthy Quagmires, unpaffable Marfhes | or indeed

the leaft Spor of Waft and unprofiable Ground. When Mr. Camden

wrote, it feems, thac this, and the adjoining Part of the Plain

Country was wont to be overfpread with Water appearing like a

Sea in the Winter, nay and fometimes the greateft Part of che Year,

»camdens OI want of Chanels thar were capable of receiving and carrying of

ine. the Waters brought down by the River Nyue ¥. Bu fince that time

framers. fuch care has been raken in Embanking and Draining, and particularly

p.+37 upon the A¢t of Parliament made Ano 15 Car. 2. that they are now

feldom or never over-charged wich Water. I'hey are more fearful of

Injuries from Drought than from Extreme We. They account, that

the more they are Flooded, the Richer they are. By the greateft Floods

their Stock is not driven out of chefe Fens: and was never known

that they had a Rot of their own homebred Sheep; buc chofe thae
come thither from the Uplands do not elcape fo well.

25. In fine, is now a good Winter-Earch, as well as a Summer one,

Ir abounds with Herbage, and Feeds great Numbers of large Beeves,

and Sheep. Burrow Great Fen is jftly accounted one of rhe richeft

Parcels of Feeding-Land in the Kingdom. And befides the Riches

' of

 

 

 

A General Defecription of the Cou x 1 v.

of their Commons, they have fpecial Crops of Grain, Oats, Barley,
and Wheat, with moderate Labour of the Husbandman ; whenfo-
ever they pleafe to employ their Ground to thofe Ufps, But the
Ground they break up with the Plough is moftly fow’d withCole-feed,
a Commodity that makes them mighty Returns. The MooryGround,
les fit for Pafturage, is of great Ufe in affording Turfe or Peat, 2
good Sort of Fewel, and eafily digg'd up. Sir Jofab Child, in his
Difcour[e of Trade, obferves, that where Wages are high, and Pro-
vifions dear, it is an infallible Sign of the Richnefs of the Country.
The Obfervation fo far holds good in that Part of Northamptonfbire that
the Servants and Labourers Wages are high, and the Country Rich ;
but Provifions, and alfo Fewel, are Cheap,
26. Hence let us afcend to the Uplands. Our firft Stage is to the
Heaths, which lic in Three diftant Parcels: The Firft of them at the
Rife from the flat Feu-Country » containing Wittering-Heath, which
is about four Miles long, but no where very broad ; and the leffer
adjoining Heaths of Laflon, St. Martin's, Bernack, Helpfion, Thora.
baw, and Ufrd. The Second is more within the County, containing
Hulfton-Heath |, with the fialler ones of Dufton, Dallington, and
Church-Brampton » on the Weft Side of Kingsthorp-Brook : Of

 

yer : =
Northampton, Kingsthorp, Boughton, and Pisford, Moulton, S; wel, and
Ouerflon-Lings, on the Eaflern Side of the faid Brook. Thefe, or

the largeft Part of them, are a hollow, fpringy, or rippling Ground,
that refounds to the Strokes of the Horfes Feet when they are ridden
upon it ; as having naturally many little Cavities within it, and having
never been open'd and difturhd by Plowing ; fo does not lie fo clofe

as does the like fort of Ground that has been plow'd, and which
is therefore without this Property, Gutlsborough, Rainfthorpe, Wefi-
Haddon, and Long-Buckby Heaths may be ranged under this Second
Tract, as being not far diftant from it. The Third Tract of Heath
is in the fartheft Weftern Part of the County beyond Brackly, by
fome calld Bayard’; Green, a heathy Ground of perhaps feveral
Hundred Acres within the Lordthips of Croughton, Fmltey, and Hinton ;
which yet is only a Side of 3 much larger Heath extending Into
Ox for dfbi e. ; R

27. The Heathy Part has indeed a Soi] very different from the ref:
and therefore I make it one diftin& Branch of the natural Divifion of
the County : But the Extent of it is fo fmall, that py feveral of the
Writers of the General Defcriptions of the Counties of £
is faid of this, there are no Heaths but Wittering 3
gett, and che reft it feems fo final] that they were overlook'd.

28. The Heaths, as they are the barrencft Pare of the Counry, fo I
think are the leat: And are pot without their Commodities and Ufe ;
as attording not only a Fewel for the poorer Sort of People, that is
the Sod or Turf with the Heath of Ling upon it, (the common Pro
duct of this Sorc of Land, and from whence a Tract of it has fre-
quently here the Name of Langs, Linches, or Links) but alfo Furze
and Broom in fome Places. and Fern or Brakes, a ver good Sort o

D |

J } .
gland 5 IC

that being the lar.

n

2.

 
  

 

 

 

10

A General Defcription of the County.

Firing for the Bakers, and very proper for the burning of Lime, an
Ufe ic is frequently put to in Suflex, and might be more frequently
here, where in many Places we have both Fern, and Limeftone enough
lying near cach other : And which is alfo of good Ufe in thading and
fheltering the Grafs underneath, which otherwife would be burnt u
by the Sun. It yields a fweet and cleanly Herbage, which feeds a
Breed of {mall Sheep, whofe Flefh is ufually much commended and
efteem’d. The Sheep upon the Heaths, particularly that at Wwefi-
Haddon are obferv’d to efcape even in the moft fatal Seafons, when
the Sheep of other Places generally fall. And in thofe Lordihips
which have both low Ground and Heath, as Long-Buckby: to remove
their Sheep from the former to the Jateer is found a good Prefervative
in fuch Scafons. Thefe alfo are the Places for Warrens ; as confifting
of fucha laxand dry Earth as the Rubbets delight to burrow in, and
affording an Herbage peculiarly fit for chem. And accordingly upon
the Heaths at Watering , Helpflon, Sywell, Moulton, and elfewhere
we have Warrens well ftored. And on the Heathy Tract by Brackly,
they, no doubt, might have Warrens as famous for their Excellent
Rabbets as that of Mixbury in Oxfordfbire, not far from them, which
has much the fame Sort of Ground. If to thefe Obfervations I add
one or two more of not unlike kind, I hope the Reader will pardon it.
The ftrongeft and hardyeft Hares, in the County, perhaps in England,
as by the beft Judges I have been inform’d, are thofe of the fpacious
Fields of Rance. The fineft Greyhounds , according to Mr. Drayton
in his Polyolbion, have been at Kelmarfb, and the Cour ing there of
particular Fame before that Lordfhip was inclofed. ga

29. Now let us ftrike off to the Woodland Pare, which is likewife
in Three main Parcels: The Foreft of Rackingbam in the Northern
Part of the County, of Sacy in the South , and of Whittlebury in the
South-West. :

30. A large Part of the County along the Southern Banks of the
Weland, or betwixt the Rivers of Weland and Nyne, is taken up with
the Foreft of Rockingham ; which, as it now ftands, is difmembred into
feveral fmallerParcels,and thofe in fome Places at confiderable Diftance
from each other, by the Interpofition of Fields and Towns. In all

robability it was anciencly one entire or continued Tra of Wood,
ud a Foreft of far larger Extent than now it is. Yet the prefent
Excent, according to the laft Survey or Inqueft taken of ir, which
was in the Seventeenth Year of King Charles the Firft, Aus 1641. is
well nigh Fourteen Miles in Length, thac is, from the #es# End of
Middleton-Woods to the Top of Wansford Town. The Breadth of
it, in the upper Part, from Brigs#ck to the Bank of the River WW eland
below Gretton is Five Miles: In the lower parr, from the Bank of the
River Nyue below Tarwell, to that of the Weland below Dudington, is
very near as much. And thefe, as the Bounds of the Forcft now ftand,
are the broadeft Parts of it ; but before that Livedes and other adja-
cent Territories were disforefted, it was much broader. According
to that Survey, the following Towns are included in the Three Baily-
wicks

 

 

 

 

A General Defciiption of the Cou x + Y.

Ws > iit great Foreft, Oakly parva, Cor,
ockiigbam Bailywick : Gedinoton. - ’ i Z i
wk cif pd 7 k Gedington, and B; 1§tock in By iostack Baily.
> etr pthorp , Waood-Newiton | Noffington | Yarwell, and
i the Bailywick of (live or Cliff. Almoft encompafs'd with
. 9 4 3 . ” . ®
the Foreftisa very fpacious Plain, called Rockinghampire. . C
to the Four Towns of Cottingham Rockingham, Cory.’ ET ay
The Lawn of Bencfield, one of the | aw < £ hi r 4 0 Ran,
and fair, and a Place, as Mr Drayton in his Plyolbis nn fro
re a fs Deer tac aus Falyocbron rightly obferves,
ens Grafs for the Deer. Of the Foreft in general, it is ufually
ad, and that with great Reafon, that it is one of the I. geft an;
richeft in the whole Kingdom. 1n / Bt
Pa or Ade B) Sy Ci n hy ood, and in feveral other
1S ore; ; ( :
: 2, OY Laff, Aypthorpe, Wosdnewoton, and her
: f 0 7 ( 1C1e-
abouts, is made a confiderable Quantity of Charcoal, of tl

un - 1 1e Tops of
S. Many Waggon Loads of it are fo m ye
Faath ge are fent down yearly to Pete;

# 3 : : red, diftant abou Four Miles Syurh of A
2 : rn of our Three Forefts, a Place, fays Mr, Cumden *
5 v oy r ” ES ’ ‘ Y / .
i if So How parcelld into Three W alks, that call dPiddinm:
ha i ; artwell, and that call’ Hanflip-Walk : and into y
Hr V lic ore cut down in their Turn, each at 21 Years growth. The
oreit 1s about a Mile in Breadth : almoft q Mile and half in Leng h
that is, from North to South. namele ucy-Green to Pridden”
2 3 from ul fi » namely, from Saey-Green to Prddington
e. Hartwe tony, Quinton, Pidding Hon
rang y <LPony Quinton, Piddington, Hackletos
’ que « : C . oO 2 on and Han-
Lp, have a Right of Commonage in the Commonable Parts orit,
3 in Foreft of 1, hittlexond, or Whittlebury, which ftands up
Te top o . NA : . - v 3
higher in t 22 Soy, In vulgar Computation is reckoned to be ho
fi ki Isle ength, and about three in breadth Bur, according to ap
2 ay or Map of it, which I had by me at the Writing of
2 a 3 ; > . *. ‘ 5 >
i ag the longen Part of it, that 13, from the River Oufe on
he : - of to the North-Weft End of Wapenbam-Wood, Nine Miles
that Sg and twenty-fix Perches, In the narroweft Pare of jr.
Jats, trom the North-Eaff Side of Parls-perry Park | to the
Part of Hebourn-Field, ir is AUER deg
Bare TRS 11s no more than five Furlongs and twenty
cight Perches. From the South-Weft Poi fificld. Green, in
ae uth-Weft Point of If ffcld-Green, in a
rth- “aft Direction to the Watling-fireer | which is the Boundary
on all that Side, (excent one {mall Piece of f; 8 Actor oa
at tat Susy (ow one imall Piece of forty-two Acres on the
4 hi olde of that Street ) it is three Miles, one Furlons, and
iy! So which is the broadeft Part of it. "Tis divided into fi
of thofe Parcels, by the W : ao ue
a = by the W ola termed Walks, viz Wakefield
sn boky Hazelowry, Shrob, and Hanoer Wail e ich of thefy
: : bur y nger Walks: And cach of {
ey samelben sy, Shs { Hang Ks: And each of thefe
380 free } oy ices. Fourteen Fowns are allow'd a Right of Com.
vi i tte for theirCows and Horfes, in the open Copices and Ridinss
go account of the Injuries that may happen to be done them by the
eons of the Deer. There are only two Lawns is, P
0 ’ E> . > yO pe , 3: . :
iors fo the Deer, and fecluded by Rails from the Foreft-Cattel
Fn Vakefeld-Lawn, and Sholbroot-Lawn Wakefield. Lawn is a
Acres, a ews fometimes feven or ejohy d Deer, never
Tere nd thews fometimes feven or eight Hundred Deer gene Ay
¢c or four Hundred in any fine Day.” According to that Stirgec

T...
LO) thampton,

that is, Places

cy,
the

 

A ————

by, Gretton, and Dean in

fet * Mr Cam.
den’s Bri
on, tan. New

24 Copi- Ed.p.431,

 
 
 
  
  
 
  
   
   
  
  
 
   
   
 
 
  
 
  
 
   
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
   
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
    
 
  
   
  
  
   
  
   
  
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
   
   

11

 

 

 
 
  

    
ig

 

 

A General Defiviption of the Counry. A Ceneral Deferiptionof the Coun <

the Towns of Whittlebury, Silfton, and Pafenbam, with the Villages rally abundance of Wood, inCountries thiniy Peopled ; as is obferved of
of Denshanger, and Puckfley, are within the Bounds of this Foreft. fome here in Europe: And in thofe inhabited by Savages; ab oo
33. Beflides thefe three Forefts, we had formerly another of large known to all the Weft-Indian Planters. But in a Country full of ivi.
Extent, the Foreft of Nuffaburgh. Its Bounds, the Rivers Weland, Liz’d Inhabitans, tis not fuffer'd to grow : It muft give way to Fields
and Nyne , and the High-way that leads from Wansford to Stamford. and Paftures, which are of more immediate Ufe and Concern to
It poffefs’d almoft the whole Hundred of Naffaburgh. It was Dif- Life.
forefted by a Charter of King Fobu, Auno 1214. But that Part of 37- We were really burden’d and overgrown with Wud in the firft
this Country, to this very Day, enjoys a very competent Share of Ages: And twas but requifice to eafe che Country of that Incum.
Wood. : ; ; Breness the Ground being capable of good Improvements. Accord.
34. The Chafes are two: Gedington-Chafe, in the Hand of His ingly,in many Places here they made room for the Plough, by ftocking
Grace the Duke of Montague ; and that regular and delightful Chafe up the Woods 5, amongft other Ufes, for that, in particular, of the
of Yardley, belonging to the Right Honourable the Earl of Northampton. Iron-W orks which were formerly fet up in the wooded Parcs of the
As to the Parks, which may fitly come under this Head, ’tis obferved | County + And in lieu of the [Woods that were then cut dow 1, We * See the
“Mr. co * there are more in Northamptonfbire, than in any other County in | had 1 ons and rich fertile Fields , and Paflures. 1t wou'd f{carce og
tray” Enoland : And, according to Dr. Helin, there are a greater Number countervail to reconvert the Arable into Woods, tho’ this has forme bk iy
undertor o6 Parks in Fuoland, than in all Europe befides +. Tho’ fome of the | time fince been practifed qt Brampton, the Seat of Sir Era te Nori
nny Northamptonfbire Parks, and particularly fome of thofe that bear that wich 3 as appears by the Ridge and Furrow in + Page nh
tomo.” Name in the older Maps of the County, are now difufed, and retain Yoo But doubtlefs we might expect a grea Advantage trom
gees, only the Name: Yet the Number is rather enlarged than diminifhed 5 ¥ ood-Plantarions on the Heaths , and other barrener Soils. That
275+ many other Places having lately been imparked, and very finely rees will grow upon a hard hilly Ground, the Woods at Badby, Sta-
ftock’d with Deer. There are now above twenty Parks that have vertony, and Norton, on fome of our higheft Hills, are o Pre 0 > The
Deer in them, within this County. And they all lie ata {mall conve- Cldters Country, a chill, feril Tract was anciently full of Wood:
nient Diftance from the Houfes of Noblemen and Gentlemen ; where- | And that Trees will thrive even in the barreneft Soil, whoever has ob-
as fome of the old ones that have been difparked, were remote. That | ferved them growing out of the Cracks and Joints of Stone-Walls
this exceeds the other Counties of England in the Number of Parks, will readily believe. Being once planted, they are preferved with
will be no furprize to thofec who obferve, this County is of diftin- | {mall Labour and Charge, and yield a certain and confisne Revere

 

 

 

FREES

Sra

F

 

I ry) og hi " 1729] + ae : - .
guifh’d Note for its many Noblemen and Gentlemen's Houfes 3 W hich, without Hazard ; as has beeen obferved by a Gentleman of very good
amongft other Delights and Advantages, have that ufually of a Jody in Rural Affairs *, )

. B : J 33.

Park. ; ; : lap Athi HiRa loving ranged over the Fen, Heath, and Woodland, it now in
35. By this Account of the W oods, it appears that [Vos i pn % give a general Account too of the Fielden or ogre em!

fhire is not fo deftitute as ’tis commonly imagined, The J ortke i ahs a on Champaign Tract furpaffing all the other ers as

Part of the County, betwixt the Weland and Nyue, is fufficiently Sto- f 2st " in Extent, This County, as has been truly obferved

red, and feveral Parts of the South are well Wooded. If one Dat of y : “ie ave wrote of it, is of greateft Note for Grain, which is

the County is thin of Wood, another Part of it is copioufly furnithed I mall Commendation that being of all the moft generally ufeful

therewith. The County in the i#eflein Part, and upon hoth Sides Soe pont Product of the Earth. And for this , 1t appears to be

of the Nyne, from Northampton down to Higham, appears the bareit. a oe tted 2 any Country in the Univerfe. The main Bod v.of

Northampton is ufually reprefented by Travellers as the deareft I own i Soy 15 Champaign conveniently rifing into Hills and Eminen.

in England for Fewel. But that is really owing, not fo mech to the os oF mo erate Height. Hills of a higher Pitch are for the moft

adjoiningCountry’s Scarcity of Fire-Wood;as to fome of a pare! i ih An the Tras of flat and level Situation, us being fo

way of managing it. And notwithftanding the Scarcity of Woo inthe a ¢ ores harged with Wet, are ufually lefs fit for this Sore of

Weftern Part of the County, the Smiths of Bromicham do ufually once LL 2 Js fine, our Soil is as fertile every where as can well be

in the Year make a Journey thither for Afh-Timber, for the Doors :'Tis

of Bellows. At Winwickin 1703, they gave i500. for 100 Afhes,

They were clean and ftrait, as ufually here, which are the Afhes fit

uly watered, and very ki dly anfwers the it
Wi ] ed, Yy kindly anfwers the laborious
Husbandman’s Care and Skil]. As it isnot in all Places fo exuberant
as to make the People lazy and luxurious, fo itis no where fp barren
for their purpofe as to damp their Induftry.

OF taeir purport, iW ood. 3b werizhtlv confuder if. 1s Tiot 39. It 1s of different Kind ordi ; :

26. That there are fo few Woods, if we rightly confides , is not nla ’ tL Ainds, according to the different Mixtures
to the Difreputation of the County. [is a manifeft fign that the Rich a TF Clay, Gravel, Sand, Ye. 1 know of no Soil, however
Country is well Peopled, and indeed the Effect of it. There 1s gene: +1 and Fertile it appears, that is really alone or unmixed, a free

. rally
’ and

 

-

 
SA

i

££

 

A General Defcription of the County.

 

and pure vegetable Glebe. The neareft to it, I have any where feen,
is the Mould of our Turfe Grounds near Northbolm. The Ground
at Peterborough, in that they call the Bon-field, is fo rich that they
feldom or never lec it lie fallow : And tho’ tilled Year after Year with-
out Intermiflion, yet produces an excellent Crop, and that with little
or no Help from Manure. The like 1 have heard of at Great Hough-
tony Woollafton, Caresby, and elfewhere. From thofe extraneous Ad-
mixtures the Soil has its Differences in Confiftence, Complexion, and
Name: And from this Variety proceeds its Fitnefs for all Sorts of
Grain in fome one or other Part of the County : as alfo this Advan-
tage, that whatever the Seafon is, we fearce ever fail of plentiful
Supplies, either from the colder clagey Soils, in the dryer Summers ;
or from the warmand fandy, in the wetter ones. And of all the Ad-
mixtures, there are none that like the Minerals of fome Coalpits, and
Mines, impart a contagious, or fterilizing Tinéture to the Soil.

40. Mot of the Lordfhips, befides the Lays of Greenfod which
are left betwixt the Furlongs,and in feveral Places betwixt each of the
Lands, are fo advantagioufly fituate, that they have a Valley of
fruitful Meadow adjoining to a Brook or River, which in Summer
yields them a Stock of Hay, and ferves at other times for feeding
their Cattel, Horfes, Cows, and Sheep. The Mcadows on the Banks
of the Nyne and Weland, are particularly famous, as being Spacious
and Rich, affording yearly great Quantities of excellent Hay.

41. The Towns ftanding generally pretty thick, and confequently
the Fields or Lordthips being generally not large, the better in ail
likelihood they are cultivated and improved. Many of the Lord-
thips, and efpecially of the larger ones, have a Common, or uninclo-
fed Pafture for their Cattelin the Out-skirts of the Fields. Moft of
thefe have formerly been plow'd ; but being generally their wordt fort
of Ground, and at fo great Diftance from the Towns, the Manuring
and Culture of them were found fo inconvenient, that they have been
laid down for Greenfod. And befides this, there are feveral of them,
of thofe in the Clayey as well as thofe in the Sandy Parts of the
County, of fome other Ufes ; as affording Fire-Bufhes, and Sets for
Quick Hedges. Tis very fortunate that the naturally barreneft
Ground is thus at greateft Diftance from the Town and perhaps was
a wife Defign of our Anceftors, who firft furvey’d the Country, and
planted the Houfes and Towns where they now ftand.

42. Mr. Camden obferves *, that the Soil is exceeding fertile both
for Tillage and Pafture. Of our Fielden or Tillage Ground, a con-
fiderable Part is now indeed enclofed, and converted into Paflure.
The principal Reafon whereof appears to be the great Progrefs the
Woodlanders had made in Agriculture, when the Ground was clear’d

tee That we had formerly many of the Wood which was cut down in Plenty for
by the Slags, the Rotate of thot. the Ufe of the many Iron-Works we had * here in
Yon Works, th welled the ancient Woodland Part. Hereupon the County
in vaft Quantities. began to ftand in need of Paflure to balance the

Tillage. They had no Wants of Bread for the many People Bord
about

 

 

 

 

 

 

A General Defeription of the Co un 1 Y.

about the Fields : But there needed a Proportion of Cheefe Butter
and Flefh. This is fuggefted as the Caufe of the Warwichfbire Enclo.
fures *, and was probably the great Occafion of them here,

43. The Enclofures lie difperfedly up and down in the County, Zin. i
In {ome few Places are four or five Lois lying all together ofr ices zo
clofed. None of the fix Diftricts above-mention‘d are without their fio
Share: And yet far the greateft Part of the County is fill o on;
cipecially on the Sides of the Rivers Weland and Nyne, whe 1
great way, are no Enclofures. So that I cannot affent to Mr. Camden +
that 'tis every where ful], and, as it were, over-run with Shee ;
And as to the Depopulation, which is fo much complain’d of u Off Groves
this Account; it appears by feveral Inftances here that as in be
Towns in the enclofed [Lordfh; ps have heen depopulated, fo the nejgh-
bouring Towns that are not enclofed, and efpecially the Market
Towns, have, fince that Enclofure, been impopulated, if I may fo
fpeak , the Number of People in them much increated ar
higher the Rents of the Land and Houfes ; there efpeciall wher the
Woollen Manufactures are encouraged. ? y ie

44. One of the largeft, and I think che richeft Knot of Paflure,
begins in that Angle where the three Counties of Leicefter Warwick
and Northampton meet, namel y the Lordfhips of Stanford upon Avon
Lalbourn, and Clay-Coton , thence going inward to Winwick, Eltinton.
ZYrby, Tburnby, 0 Welford, Sulby, Sibertft, and thence. heb
Nafeby and Clapfton excepted , it extends to Kelmarfp Muidesel Hafel-
bich, and to Hanging Houghton, and Cottesbrook, Of a1] which, the firft
and the two laft are of fpecial Note, for the Strenath and Richnefs of
their Soil. As are likewife fome of the Paftures of Watford Enclo-
fure, and a part of Dadford and Brookhay Lordfhips, where the After.
Mart of fome of their Paftures js of fingular ufe for the Topping up
their Oxen, as they term it, to the London-Markets, Thofe up highs
of Fawley, and Cherwelton, and a part of Gritworth, have alfo excel.
lent Pafturage. For {mail Parcels, it’s thought thae Heyford Park
and that called Flowe I ake, are the prime Pieces of the Oblards ?

45. And here the Reader may divert himfelf, if he pleafes, with
the Famous Mr. Drayton’s Old-fathioned Verfes in favour of our na.

turally Fruitful Soil *,

15

 

* Camden's
Britan, in

re, for a

tMr.Carm-

. den in Nore

?
?

Dn towards the Midlands now the

The Northamptonian Carth ; and % » tle Da, REM
as fruitful ebery-tobere as thofe by Rature which

The Hugbandman With Compoft does enrich.

Thug boating of berfelf, that walk ber Terge about,

And view ber well within, hor Length and Breadth thoughout,
he Woxtk Fe Of ber Carth is equal to their pet |
Qhith molt abundant Stowe that highest think them Blelsd.

 
 

 

16 A General Defcription of the Cou sty.

Mr. Fuller in his pleafant Way has compar’d it to i) Apple White
} Meu either Core, or Rind +. It may be ferioufly and truly a on , that
gn there is as little waft and ufelefs Ground in this, as in any County in
tied of England , no barren Mountains or Morafles, and not much Heath -

Head of i . ter. oil ; Soi)
Norvem- that in the realConveniences of Life, it is fuperiour to many Counties,

pronfbire. : ote | ;
jo 1: pw: the Elements we freely enjoy, Air, Water, and Earth,
and have each of them very good. And as to the fourth, whatever
is complain'd, there is no-where that Defect as to chill and difhearten
even the meaneft Inhabitant. On the contrary, we can {carce ever
undergo a very diftrefling want of Fewel. Set afide our Woods, the
remoteft Part of the County is not Argyl from the Seats of Coal,
eicher of the Juland, or of the Newcafile Sort, which is brought fo nigh
as Stamford, Bedford, and Huntingdon, by Water. But was the County
fo deficient in Wood, as ‘tis vulgarly reprefented, it wou'd indeed be
no great Allay 5 that Defect being rather over-poized by many Coun-
ervailing Benefits,
jt What the chief Commodities of the Country are, may eafily
be learnt from what has gone before. The chief Commodiries, und
the great Riches and Glory of it, is the Abundance of Grain. Here-
of we may take an Eftimate by this, That our Farmers and Corn-
Merchants fend out Corn on all Sides to all Quarters, to Wisbich and
Spalding, Eaftward : to Bedford, Southward : Weftward into War-
wickfbure, tho’ not fo much of late, fince their Woodland has been
turn'd into Arable: And Northward to Derby. This County has

been always famous for its Fields. Mr. Speed has recorded “to the
Honour of it, that no County is better ftored with Grain than

“Mrspeeds this *, :
rch 48. The Sheep and Wadll of many of the Paftures, and particu-
land under larly of fome of thofe above-mention'd, deferve great Commendation.
spre. The following Improvement, with relation to Sheep, is here ufually
pradtis’d in our better fort of Land : The Stock-mafters turn in Sheep
that are in thriving Cafe, upon their warmer and more fertile Grounds
in the latter End of the Year ; and doing this, they can fend them
Fat to London to good Advantage very early in the Spring. They
have formerly made the like Advantage in that Part of the County
that Borders upon Leiceflerfbire, by Feeding them with Peafe and
Beans. In many of the Paftures they have Excellent Wooll, fine, white,
and long-hair'd. A great Part of our Pafture-Wooll is bought up by
Fattors, and convey'd to Sturbridge-Fair, and thence to Norwich, po
to Braintry, Bocking, and Colchefter ; where ’tis wrought into Sr
and Bays: A Part of it is us’d within the County, being comb’d,
and weav’d into Serges, Tammies, and Shaloons, at Kettering, and
other Towns. The Fallow, or fhorter Wooli is ufually fent into Tork-
fPire, and to the Weft, to Cirencefter, and Taunton, for the making of
Cloths. And as there is in no County in England a better Race of
Sheep than here, if you take the whole County throughout ; he

| about 1t here in the Time of King Charles the Fir, at Aldwinkie

 

A General Defeription of the Cou NTY. 5
Prion 0 7

 

Wooll is generally good. That of Brigflock-Park is accounted extra.
ordinary.

49- So that here is a good and fufficient Fund for the Woollen
Manufacture, And it feems to have been formerly carry’d on in this
County with Succefs. Brackly was anciently a famous Staple for
Weoll: Thither the Merchants were to fend it by A¢t of Parliament,
for the Utterance of it by the Great *, Northampton was anciently
of Note for the Woollen-Manufacture 5 asappears by the Traditions, pa,
and fome Footfteps they have of it there: To what Height it arri- Brackly in
ved, and how afterwards it fell, 1find not. In Mr. Furs Time, Forme
it fems, it was attempted in this County with great Application,
yet came to nothing +. However that be, the Attempts, that have...
been made this way of late Years, have really been attended with JW cethiey
fo great Succefs, and this Manufacture has taken fo good Footing in ~~"
the County, efpecially in the principal Towns, that, we may rea-
fonably hope, it will, in due time, increafe and flourith, in a parti-
cular Manner, here,

50. Sir Matthezs Dudley, not long fince, introduc’, and fettled

it at Oundle, to the great Advantage of thar Tow n, and Neigh-
bourhood. And in my Opinion, a Lafting Honour is due to thofe
Publick Spirits, who are Active aud Induftrious in Advancing it,
"I'is true, and we gracefully own it, that there is not that Neceffity
of a Manufaure in this, as in {ome other Parts of England ; the
Cultivation of the Ground employing, and fuftaining the greateft
Part of the People: But yet that of Wolly if fixed in convenient
Places all over the County, and well managed, woud no doubt be
very beneficial. None then need go without Work : None hut the
lazy and rafcaly Sort need want : It wou'd be a Provifion for all
whom Enclofures have turn’d out of their former way of living ,
and might preven the Abandoning and Difpeopling of Towns
enclofed : Children, and the maim’d and fickly Part of the Poor,
that are not quite difabled, may hereby be employ'd, and maintain’d :
And by the Manufacture of the Wall of this County alone, we might
not only ferve our felves, but others ; fo that to carry on, and pro-
mote this Work, will be honourable and meritorious. But | fear |
tranfgrefs my Bounds, and mutt return.

51. The Commodities of particular or inferiour Note, according
to Mr. Fuller, are Pugeons and Salt-petre 3; moft whereof is found
(fays he ) in Dove-Houfes, and moft Dove-Houfes in this great
Corn-Country +. But I cannot learn that any Sale-petre has ever § rus
actually been wrought with us. - 1 have heard of fome who wen Worhien
Where that Author refided : and that it turned not to Account,
And fo far I can affure the Salt-petre Adventurers, that it is in
vain to look for Nitre in Pigcon-Houfes, unlefs the Earth underneath
be naturally fuch as affords it. Woad is a peculiar Commodity of
three or four of the Inland Counties: And of all the Midland
Counties, this, Iam pretty ture, either is, or has been, <wsaded moft,

52. For

 
 

 

A General Defcription of the County. : A General Defcription of the Coun Ty.

~ f the Country Produétions, there are feveral = pretend to fo much as this. From feveral Places in the Mediterranean
$2. Derlfine eee ih py: the County, and others at no Part of England, and particularly in Northamptonfbire , there are
well traded Market-Towns w IH a - sal frie from the = Springs that run in two contrary Courfes, one to the Eaf, the other
reat Diftance. “Lhe Cony hi Lg e fartheft Part of it is not to the Weft, and continue in thofe Diretions till they reach the Sea.
Norih: 1t lies in the Ee fe De City of London. As But from the Tract above-mentioned, befides the Declivities to the
Seventy Miles from the Granc in pory Rive Fmuss the Pick Is faid Eaoft, and Weft, there is a continued Fal] of Ground, if not to the
to the Roads, We cantor iy oF Dn fit To be cut into Thongs Sothern Sea, tor the Space of many Miles that way. But this is
Denn to obferve of Sf 2 ra ed are far from being invi- all I could difcover. Whatever is pretended, there 1s certainly no
of suafird- to make Roads for the reft of Fig ray: - lefs commo- Water that runs out of the faid Tract. fo far as five Miles Nlrth-
fire, C03: Qious at the Charalter. They are neceflarily mor or te : no sor ’
dious, as the County is fandy, ik of rio) Soil pe 55. We are manifeftly over-topped by the Northern Hills, and
clayey, or woodland. = Here Ins CR. oe in general are not much to particularly thofe Mr. Camden calls the Englifb Appenine, which run
pretty much of Clay ; and yet t 12 sade ¢ thro’ the middle of the Northern Part of England in one continued
be comphind of. =~ £ fhe Coudtrs: 1 had ‘dina pafled Ridge, rifing higher and higher, as Mr. Camden obferves *, from one: ,,,
53. In this tranfient View of t Ae ou ey Weaik. on its Weller top to another, as far as Scotland : namely, the Moorlands in Stafford-
by without obferving a {mall pe Ying ly Studbury, [bre the Peak in Derbyfbire, Craven in the Syuthern Part of Jork-
Verge, betwixt Dasmiry, and es 0 Downs of Cheruselion, fbire, Stancmore in the Northera Part of it. and thofe extending
Staverton, and Rydo-Hills, and he 1 : Nei bouring Hills, that of Northward fill, betwixt Durham and We[tmorland, or upon the Bor-
Hellidon, and Byfield. Thefe, ae ord Badby "of Pre- ders of thofe two Counties, to Cheviot Hills in Northumberland. If
Burrow-Hill by Daintry, thls & 4 ”y ay of the whole in the Elevation of the Land from the Sea-fhores to the feet of thefe
fion-Capesy and Hiaton, are the nig we Nafeb 3) but not barren at Mountains or Hills, they exceed us not ; yet doubtlefs the inmed;.
County, (unlefs thofe of Bi on ou es into Fields, and ate Height of their Mountains does vaft] y furpafs that of the higheft
Top, and gently finking and de rt you fo it really is, if com- Eminency in Northamptonfbire. And on the Eaftern and Weftern
Paftures. 1 callit a opnITIno Tie > tho 60 Thore to Appeat- Declivities of that fmall mountainous Tract with us, there may be
pared with the reft of az hie; Ho the mighty Elevati- Hills even there which in immediate Height outftrip the loftieft, in
ance, than 2 Knot of WI he Wloentlin: ty ales. the faid Tra&. We need not go far for an Inftance of this, in cafe
ons of Derbyfbire and 10 ire: Il mountainous Tract, as {mall as the Hill of Nafeby, that fends forth the River Avon to the Weftern
54. Yet the Hills of-om Li Lob Ground in England which Sea, and another River to the Eaftern, be over-topped, as it feems
they are, are conceived to be the 2 i exact we are not to enquire, to be, by Eltmton Hill, a Mountainet that lifts up its Head on that
is built on an Obfervation oF HE yc Rivers that run thro’ Weftern Declivity that carries off the Aun.
Tatoo: of glvButof the Do y take the thing as it truly is. 56. And now we are come upon the Hills, it may not be amifs
all Parts of the Ifland. But 5 oe? vot Tho Som Studbuy y- if I fay fomewhat of the Profpects, which are fo remarkable, that
From Hellzdon- Jowns, there fringe o the Hills on the Nori b West Mr.Comden in his Britannia has taken a particular Notice of them +: Comin’
Hill, or very near it, the Nye Ton Imoft Equilateral I'riangle, And they are ufually one of the Subjelts of Note, amongft Inquifi- rian. in
of Cheroelton, the Cherwell 5 i li Lik ae Studsury-Hil Gre Trauethrs ine al County, Hrshem:
Whole Sides ase shout a Mie gt oe it the Rain-Water that falls 57. To have an agreeable Land[chape, I wou’d with for a Station
alone, and the Grounds at the! oe ive -AParror ielowrd B on Rifing Ground, overlooking a Spacious Champaign, gently
there, runs down to three Si He to the Nyne, and to Cher- thooting into {mall Hills, not terminated too foon, nor extended too
to the Leame, another Part of " in the: Lemme ad Nyne have far, neither narrow and dead, nor wide and glaring, containing all
well Spethward the reft. The Tr the latter to the Eaflern | the pleafing Va riety of Nature, improv'd and cultivated with Addi-
hele Comte, the farmer 0 he gh f.and all along from their § tions of Art A Variety confifting of fruitful Fields, Paftures and
oe: And shat wires be % h : Faflern and Weflern Sides of § Glades, and of Groves and little Woods, or of larger Woods incer-
Sources to the Sea-fhores, on bot 3 i oe : of 2 Roof with Sides § fected by Vifta's and Lawns that the Eye may pafs through: A
this Midland Trat, like to that, | Un it and Defcent of thefe 1 Country enamell'd with Brooks and Rivers, and embellifh’d with
declining to two oppofite Pols : Nhe River Cherwell defcends to © fine well-built Towns, and magnificent Edifices.
two Rivers render unqueftionab R al wk thirty Miles ; But there 58. Northamptonfbire in all thefe regards is well accomplifhed
the Sth, 0 far 98 Orly Sn ¢ ofc Banks iris carry’d into the | And if the Eye coud be fatisfy’d with Seeing, this of any County I
Fain oe the Tunes, Wikio Whole: Yare of England, that can © know, might produce that Satisfaction. It is well furnithed with
aftern Ocean. And 1 k iit

pretend Towns :

 
 

 

A General Defeription of the County.

52. For Utterance of the Country Productions, ope are fre
well traded Market-Towns within the County, ot on a ze
great Diftance. The County is the great iy id os os
North: It lies in the Trade-way : And the fartheft it > i ot
Seventy Miles from the Grand Empory, the City i ik oo.
to the Roads, we cannot fay of this, as King Jomes a i
to obterve of Staffordfbire *, that it is only fit to be ot A oy
to make Roads for the reft of England: And are far io g Gin
dious at the Chara&ter. They are neceflarily hols, or lefs ga ;
dious, as the County is fandy, gravelly Banyo Too
clayey, or woodland. Here indeed a great Part of : of o pene zs
pretty much of Clay ; and yet te Roads in general are not

in’d of.
ji : a tcanfient View of the Country, I had almoft paffed

A General Defecription of the Coun Ty.

pretend to fo much as this. From feveral Places in the Mediterranean
Part of England, and particularly in Northamptonfbire , there are
Springs that run in two contrary Courfes, one to the Eat, the other
to the Weft, and continue in thofe Direions till they reach the Sea.
But from the Traét above-mentioned, befides the Declivities to the
Eaft, and Weft, there is a continued Fall of Ground, if not to the
Suibern Sea, tor the Space of many Miles that way. But this is
all I could difcover. Whatever is pretended, there 1s certainly no
Water that runs out of the faid Tra&, fo far as five Miles North-
ward.

55. We are manifeftly over-topped by the Northern Hills, and
particularly thofe Mr. Camden calls the Englifb Appenine, which run
thro’ the middle of the Northern Part of England in one continued
Ridge, rifing higher and higher, as Mr. Camden obferves *, from one. ,
anh : ertairns Tad its Weflern top to another, as far as Scotland : namely, the Moorlands in Stafford-
by without o berving a imal iia ey or the Peak in Derbyfbire, Craven 0 Southern Part of wy
Verge, betwixt Dasmiry, and By per ils i Downs of Ser ootion Shire, Stanemore in the Northern Part of it, and thofe extending
Staverton, and Rydon-Hills, and he | ; Nei bouring Hills, that of Northward fill, betwixt Durham and Wefimorland, or upon the Bor-
Hellidon, and Byfield. Thefe, an a : a and Badly ? of Pres ders of thofe two Counties, to Cheviot Hills in Northumberland. 1f
Burrow-Hill by Daiatry, thofe o : By ios of ‘the whole in the Elevation of the Land from the Sea-fhores to the feet of thefe
Jirn-Lapes, os Thre Ts they Nafeby 3) but not barren at Mountains or Hills, they exceed us not 5 yet doubtlefs the immed.

S tho 9 J"% . ~
Sofa finking and delivering you down into Fields, and

ate Height of their Mountains does valtly furpafs that of the higheft
4 I call'it a mountainous Tract; for fo it really is, if com- Eminency in Northamptonfbire. And on the Eaflern and Weflern
aftures. ’

Declivities of that fmall mountainous Tract with us, there may be
Hills even there which in immediate Height outftrip the loftieff, in
the faid Tra&. We need not go far for an Inftance of this, in cafe
the Hill of Nafeby, that fends forth the River Avon to the Weflern
Sea, and another River to the £ fern, be over-topped, as it feems
to be, by Eltinton Hill, a Mountainet that lifts up its Head on that
Wefiern Declivity that carries off the Aun,

56. And now we are come upon the Hills, it may not be amifs
if 1 fay fomewhat of the Profpects, which are fo remarkable, that
Mr.Camden in his Britamia has taken a particular Notice of them
And they are ufually one of the Subjects of Note,
tive Travellers into this County.

57. Tohave an agreeable Land|chape, 1 woud with for a Station
on a Rifing Ground , overlooking a Spacious Champaign, gently

19

ne EE EE

* Dr. Plt’s
Nat. Hilt.

of Stafford=
pire, Ch. 3.

rit. P.533

pared with the reft of Northamptonfbire ; tho’ no Gn » fppes.

ance, than a Knot of Ant-Heaps, fet againft the ve hi e

ons of Derbyfbire and Torkfbire, or the Plone jo al FH .
54. Yet the Hills of our fmall mountainous ’ oy ik 2 9

they are, are conceived to be the bigheft Ground in England,

is built on an Obfervation of fome, how exact we are fer to qa
that out of this Part of the County there iffue Rivers that a 2
all Parts of the Ifland. But let us take the thing > ty ;
a
ill, or very near it, the Nyze: fron 1s or OA
WY the Chere] 5 in an almoft Pde Je
whofe Sides are about a Mile in Length. Yea, Gk isn Hi
alone, and the Grounds at the Foot of it, the Rain. SS
there, runs down to three different Points: A Part of i Jao,

1 : 1 Carsden’s
Britan, in
mona lnguih Lin

pronfbire.

to the Leame, another Part of it Euaftward to the Nyne, : ” So rz:
well Southward the reft. The Springs of the Leame an ie ) De
their Courfes, the former to the Weflern, the be to oe i
Sea. And that we have a Declivity of Land all a ong om pe
Sources to the Sea-fhores, on both the Eaftern and 7 ef ? # Sie a
this Midland Traét, like to that, fuppofe, of es y : iy
declining to two oppofite Points, the On 2e e : fe $:
two Rivers render unqueftionable. The River C 2 2! Gene
the South, fo far as Oxford, that is, almoft thirty ! les ge
it falls into the 7 hames, within whofe Banks it is Sains ; jo oe
Eaftern Ocean. And 1 know no other Part of England,

fhooting into {mall Hills, not terminated too foen, nor extended too
far, neither narrow and dead, nor wide and glaring, containing all
the pleafing Variety of Nature, improv'd and cultivated with Addi.
tions of Art: A Variety confifting of fruitful Fields, Paftures and
Glades, and of Groves and little Woods, or of larger Woods incer-
feted by Vifta's and Lawns that the Eye may pafs through : A
Country enamelld with Brooks and Rivers, and embellifh’d with
fine well-built Towns, and magnificent Edifices.

58. Northamptonfbire in all thefe regards is well accomplifhed :
And if the Eye coud be fatisfy’d with Seeing, this of any County I
know, migh: produce that Satisfaction. It 1s well furnithed with

Towns :

 
 

 

A General Defeviption of the County.

: adorned with a great Number of handfome Churches, of
ga and Sites efpecially along the Banks of i i eno of
me : and is graced with many Rately Houfes of Nobility,an on " about which, each Church, or Steeple, is diftant from the faid Hill.

tr ; The Country is varied with Fields, Glades, and P aftures, in- Sp. fignifies Spire, T. Tower. This Catalogue begins at the South
iced with feveral pleafant Brooks and Rivers, befet with light. Side, and goes Weftward, and fo round in the Order wherein the

A General Defeription of the Count y. 21

 

The Figures. in the following Lift, denote the Number of Miles,

fome verdant Hills, and here and there with fhady Dopfes i
Woods ; And the Paftures are agreeably divided to ie ye, y
Quickfet-Hedges and Trees: A very pleafing Variety, ov ro
fee that Nature has confulted our Pleafure, as well as the Relief o
ary Wants. ; :
oo > i that in every Part of it has delightful Pf >
‘tis hard to determine, which of them is beft. T Np { om
the moft of the County is, in my Judgment, to be prefers i; ere
are no naked and craggy Rocks, no rugged and vofightly ! lou
tains, or vaft Solitary Woods, to damp and intercept os Vou ; | ot
a well-proportioned, and becoming Mixture, of Gentle Sn |
Sinkings of the Earth: of Fields and Meadows, an a ure
Grounds : of Woods, and of Streams of Water, through the w hoje
Face of the County. The Profpects down our Rivers are extreme :
Grateful : Along the Banks, of the Weland, in Sir Erafuus No
wiche’s Park at Brampton ; of the Nyne , upon Clifford, or upon
Ecton-Hill. So likewife up the Rivers. From Stamford, up by ‘the
Weland, is a very pleafant Profpedt. As the Eye afcends, fo the
Valley almoft Gradually opens.” T he Courfe of the River Nyne is
fomewhat more bending and uncertain ; Buc the Views it atfords
are not lefs delightful. ~All along its Banks, on both Sides, there is
a Range of handfome Towns well built of Stone, with many neat,
: ly Steeples.
0d goes Co obferves, that in fome Places here, we have
twenty, in others thirty Steeples in view, at a time. In Dodington
Field, we may have a View of Twenty Churches, * or Steeples :
Of Twenty two from a Mount in the Corner of the Hall-Field at
Kettering ; befides a fpacious and extenfive A iew of the Country :
Of Twenty nine in Boziate Lordfhip, in a Place called Dungey Cor-
ner : Of almoft Thirty near Ufford : Of at leaft Thirty upon Hard
Hill-meer, a high Situation betwixt Ring fled and Rance : J Forty,
as ’tis faid, upon that calld Bufb-Hill in Archefler Field. But
of all the Profpeéts of this Kind y that from a Hill betwixt
Great Billing and Overflon, is of greateft Nose.

61. We have there a View of Forty five Churches, or Ste ples :

Twenty Spires, Twenty four T owers, and one other Church. |
have here exhibited a Lift of them.

Churches ftard.

Great Billing Sp. : of a Mile. Hafelbich T. 8.
Hanflip Sp. 8. Quverfton T. :.
Piddington Sp. 5. Sywell T: 1,
Little Houghton T. 3. Mears- Abby T. 2.
Little Billing. 1 . A Spire, 1take it to be Rance,
Great Houghton T. 4. 9.
Cortenball T. 7. Wilby Sp. 3.
Hardingfion T. 4. Higham-Ferrers Spy
Weflon-Flavel Sp. 1. Rufbden Sp. 7.
Archefler Sp. 6,

Blifworth T. 6.
Abington T. a, Spire, ~ probably Newton.
Gayton T. 6. Broomefbold, 10,
St. Giles’s in Northampton, T. 3. Dodington T. 3.
Al-Sants in Northampton, T. 3+ | Puddsngton Sp. 7.
Cold Higham T.4 WwW: oolafton Sp. 5.
St. Sepulcher’s in Northampton , | Earls-Bayton T- 3
Sp. 3. ESm T. 1.
A Tower, probably Stow with | Boziate Sp. 6.
Nine Churches, 9. Grindm T. 5
Boughton Sp. =. Eafton- Mouduis Sp. 6.
Spratton Sp. 5. Whifion T. 4.
Guilsborough Sp. 8. Cafile-Afbby T. 5.
Mouton T. 1, Cookno T', 3,
Brixworth Sp. 41. Brayfield T, 3
Nafeby Sp. g.

All the Forty five may be feen without the Help of a Perfpective-
Glafs. But tis good to make ufe of one for the firft Difcovery of
feveral of them, and to chufe a clear and bright Day ; for fome of
them are fearcely to be feen, unlefs the Sun fhines upon that Part
of the Church which is next the Eye. And from the fame Place
may be feen Buildings, or T rees, near at leaft Twelve Churches of
Chapels more. The fartheft of the F i
about Ten Miles from the Place of View. *N them are in
any Market-Town, except Five. All but Two, namely, Hanflip
and Puidington, are in this County. Some, that have climbed u
into a Tree there, fay, they can fee more Churches from thence,
So that they who particularly delight in a numerous View of
Sacred Srutures, may be fure of jt here in Northamptonfbire.

 

G 62. For

Ela at a a Ba eS

3

 

dr a
EAR we ction oT es maa TS

=
 

A General Defcription of the County.

62. For a large Extenfrve Profpett, there is a gallant one, in
Sulgrave-¥ield, upon Burrow-Hill, a fmall fadtitious Mount, on u
rifing Ground, whereon no fewer than Nine Counties do prefert
themfelves to one View, that is, the Counties of Northampton, War-
wick, Worcefier, Oxford, Glocefler | Berks, Bucks, Bedfird ; and
Hertford 5 and ’tis thought, that a Part of #/iltfbire, or Hampfbire,
is likewife to be feen from thence. The like View of as many
Counties may had at the Top of the pleafant new Houfe of the
Worthipful Charles How, Elq; at Gritsworth. On Eltinton-Hill we
may fee to Barrow-Hill in Laecefler(bire, that is, Twenty Miles to
the North: and to the South-Wefl, thro’ the whole County of #ar-
wick; and thence fo far as Malvern-Hills, on the Borders of Here-
ford, and Worceflerfbires. In our {mall mountainous Tract, there

are many Places of admirable Profpect. On Burrow-Hill by Daintry

is a very entertaining View. We fee there, Eaftward to Brayfield,
that is Twelve Miles: South-Faft to Hanflip, Fifteen Miles: Weft
and North-Weft, into Warwickfbire, beyond Coventry: And North-
ward, to Mount Sore-Hill, in Leiceflerfbire, that is 25 Miles, a
View of great Extent on all Sides, but the South-1#7f} ; and 1 think
the more to be valued, as it fhews fo large a Part of this County.
Rydon-Hill, a Hill near Hellidon, if you take in its feveral Stations,
has the moft extenfive View of all the high Hills adjoining. Thence
you {ee the Malvern-Hills with Eafe, when the Eye is affited with
a Glafs, and, ’tis thought, may defcry the Wrycken in Shropfbire.
63. Inthe Views of Northamptonfbire, we have beheld a County
fet thick with Towns; efpecially the open Champaign Part of it.
‘The Woodland Part, asin all other Counties, is thinner fet ; But the
‘Towns are ufually larger there, by reafon of their large and ad-
vantagious Commons, which invite thither a greater Number of
Inhabitants. Having laid before me Mr. Speed’s Map of the Coun-
ty, I fixed one Foot of my Compafles at Brixworth, a Town al-
moft in the Middle of the County, taking it Length-ways, With
the other I defcribed a Circle, whofe Radius was Five Miles ;
Within that Circumference were Fifty Eight Churches : Fifty three
within the fame Diftance of Canons-Afbby ; but no more than Forty
two within Five Miles of Brigflock; a great Part of that Neigh-
beurhood being plac’d amongft the Woods. The whole Number
of Parifhes, according to general Computation, which is taker
from Mr. Camden, is 326 : But in the Lift of the Regiffrary of the
Diocefe, no more than 284. With the Exempt Churches, the
Number is 290. Of the Towns, with refpeét of their Buildings,

* amdsTi- 1t was long fince obferved by Mr. Leland *, that almoft all the

nerary,

Vol. 1. p. 6.

Mr. Hearne's
Edit.

Towns in Northamptonfbire were built of Stone.

64. Fourteen of them are Market-Towns, namely, Brackley,
T owcefler, Daventry or Daintry, Northampton, Wellingborons by Rothe
well or Rowel, Kettering, T brapflon, Fiobam-Fervers, Rockingham,
Welden, Cliff, Oundle, and Peterborough. 1 {hall here annex a De-

feription, fuch as a Traveller fomewhat curious may be thought to
make,

 

 

 

A General Defeription of the Couw ry.

make, of the Towns of chief Obfervation, and Note. The
ticular Account of what is new or extraordinary as to Art or eH
ture, in any of them, is to be referred to jt proper Place 4
65. Northampton, the Capital Town of the County may, as ou
FEnglifbGeographers obferve, compare for Circuit Beauty ol Build.
ing, with moft Cities in England. Tis curioufly Seated in the Bo-
fom of two little Rivers, whofe Conflux is on the South-Weft Side
of the Town. It confifts of Four Parifhes, and has Four Churcher,
one in every Quarter ; unlefs that of 4 Saints which is nigh the
middle of the Town. [ts principal Streets, which are i
do open to the Four Cardinal Points, and Concenter at or near AI.
hallrws. Before the Fire it was, as Mr. Camden has noted. in fre
Buildings, neat, and fine. And fince that difmal Conflagration upo
September the 20th. 1675. which defolated and confum’d eon
the whole Town, it has been re-edified and nobly improved : And
1s now univerfally own'd to be one of the neateft Hp Kin 4
I'he Buildings of the principal Street, and Market-place re
tall, and of equal Height. The Fronts of many of the Houfes are
of Squared Stone, fome of it of the Red colour’d Kind, whichis a
pleating Variety amongft the other Stone and Brick-Buildings Th
Market-Hill, which is lookt upon as the fineft in Europe i! a fai :
fpacious, open Square, which is fet on every Side Wile Ran e o
hand (ome Houfes. The Structures of particular Ditinétior: 3 id
Note are the Publick Seffions-Houfe, and Alballyzws Church ; b wy
of them erected fince the Fire. The Se(fions-Houfe is a large o d
ftately Building, and peculiarly well contriv’d for the Bufineft of :
fe confifts of two Sides of a Square, in form of a Roman I, - re
that its Sides are of equal Length. “The Doors are adorned”
Corinthian Columns : And Corinthian Pilafters are interpofed betwi
the Windows of the Front, _Alballpus Church has a Greatnefs, ; i
Beauty, both within and without , furpaffing any I have Bon
this fide London. The Dome, or Cupolo, was built from a Model,
as ’tis faid, of that of the Pantheon at Rome. At the Weft End i
a handfome Portico, or Piazza, ereted upon ftrong Columns of
Stenc. The Streets are ftrait, not winding, nor too narrow. + a
paved, and in a_Site declining to the River. "Tis well fup Iyd
with Water. Befides the Pumps, which few Houfes are ono
and the two common Conduits, there is lately contrived a Mill for
fetching up Water to ferve the Town 5 which Water is us'd in finy
of the Beft Houfes. It has feveral Fairs, and a New Market that
1s celebrated for the Beft Horfes of England. The ordinary Markets
are ftored with Plenty of all kinds of Rural, and Marketable Com-
modities. The principal ManufaGure at prefent is that of Shoes
whereof mighty Numbers are, and have been, fent to Foreion Plan.
tations, and to the Army in Flanders. Northampton has for many
Years had the Reputation of the beft Shoes of any Place in England
end ge next to that of the Shoe-makers, is
ofters. ni N
ler Fhe own is alfo of Note for the many Chany.

23

 
 

A General Defeription of the County.

 

66. Asit is the Head- Town, and gives Denomination to the
County, fo it is the moft commodioufly Seated for the Publick Buf.
nefs of it. ~The Roads alfo, the North-Weflern and Northern Roads,
that now lead through this Town, are a confiderable Advantage
to it. For an Inland Town, that has no Commerce by a Naviga-
ble River, it is Populous and Rich. At Queen's Crofs, a Regal Se-
pulchral Monument on the South Side of the Town , It appears in
great Beauty, being Seated on a Rifing Ground, fronting the South ;
and fo affetting the Eye very pleafingly, in that Quarter. It has
many pleafant Gardens, and diverfe other Advantages, that I muft
not ftay here to enumerate. The Soil, the Air, and the famous
Medicinal Water difcoverd there, in 1703, require a more parti-
cular Notice: So I leave this Place at prefent ; {ubjoining only this
general Remark, That fuch is its Agreeablenefs in Situation, and in
other Refpets, that feveral Parliaments of the Kings of England,
and Councils have been held here: and that the Students of Cam-
bridge had once a Purpofe to tranfplant their Univerfity to Northam-
pron; and accordingly the King's Warrant was Iffi’d for it. The
Truth of this, our Hiftorians, the Tradition of the Town, and the
Places to this day called the College, and the College- Lane, avouch.

67. Ofthe City of Peterborough this is the Defcription, in Dr. Hey-
lin's Cofmography * : It is a Town, unlefs for the Church, (that is,
the Cathedral) of no great Efteem, as ftanding out of the way for
Trade, and in no plaufible Place for Health or Pleafure 5 yet ihew-
ing two handfome Streets, a large Market-place, and a fair Parifh-
Church. Hugo Albus+, a Monk of the Abbey of Peterborough, who
wrote in the latter End ot King Stephen's Reign, has far more fa-

vourably reprefented the Site of this City. His Words are as follows,
“ Burch in optimo loco eff extructus, qua in wia parte palude 9 aquis
“ optimus, in alia autem Sylvis, Pratis, © Pufeuss plurtmis Honorasur,

“ Efique in omni parte formofus”, That is, Burrow is built in an
excellent Place ; for on one Side, it is accommodated with a Fen,
and very good Waters: on the other it is adorned with Woods,Mea-
dows, and many Paftures, and is Beautiful to the Eye every way.
As to Trading, I am to add to Dr. Heylin, that tis commodioufly
Seated on a Navigable River : The Navigation is, in a manner, ter-
minated there; and where-ever that Ends, it is always a peculiar
Advantage to the Place : And that the poorer Sort are ufually em-
ployd in the Carding, Spinning, or Knitting of Wooll, and ‘many
others in the Combing and Weaving it; So much the Woollen
Manufactures have of late taken Place in this City. A great Quan-
tity of Barley is here made into Malt, no lefs than Six Thoufand
Quarter in a Year, as I have been very credibly informed. The
Water of that City is frefh and good : And Digging to the Depth
of 17 or 18 Feet, they have very good and lafting Supplies of it.
The River there runs under a Wooden Bridge of Ten Arches. The
Spring-Tides fometimes come up within five Miles of it. It has
the Honour of being a Bithop’s See. The Great Church, or Min-

Jer,

 

4 General Defcription of the C OUNT 1.

, (for fo 'tis ufually called) defeves a more attentive View than

1 can give it here.

* 68. The ancient Borough of Higham is feated, as the Namie im-

3 Joris, upon an Elevation of Ground. It has ah ealy Defcent to the
i

ver Nyne on the North, at no great Diftance. | The late Hifforical

| and Geographical Dictionary has erroneoufly placed it on the Faft Side
~ of chat R

iver. The Town is fmall,and not very populous. From its
Situation, and the Nature of the Ground it ftands upon, it is clean

and dry, and muft needs be a very pleafant Summer-Seat ; as ha-

ving, befides other Advantages, a free and open Air. The Church
is a handfome Struture with a lofty Spire; of which there is a
Draught in the Monaflicon Anglicanum. The Houfes are built of
Stone, whereof there is Plenty round about. Of Archbifhop
Chichely, and his Religious Foundations here, there is a good Ac-
count in the Britannia, and in the Monaflicon Anglicanum.. What.
ever elfe there is in it worthy Notice, and that will come under
any Part of this Defign, hall be mentioned hereafter.

69. The Town of Brackley now only boafts, as is obferved by
Mr. Camden, what it once was, by the Ruins. In Tra& of Time
it has now almoft wholly loft that Trade, it was anciently fo fa-
mous for, It is pleafantly waterd with the firft Sources of the
Oufe.
2 Torwcefler isa Town of fufficient Fame for its Antiquity, and
has not much elfe that is worthy taking Notice of. It owes its Im-
provements to a well frequented Market, and to the Great /#7eff-
Chefter Road upon which it ftands. One of its Inns has the Beft
Cuftom, tis generally faid, of any fingle Inn po the Chefler Road.
It has one large Street, and a Church that’s large and fair. Tis
almoit encompa(s’d with Water : And all the chief Entrances into
the Town are over a Rivulet.

71. Daventry or Daintry, a Baily-Town, is of greater Antiquity
than Beauty. It ftands upon the fame Road with Zowcefter , 1s of
Note for its Good Inns, and has a flourithing Trade ; being reckon’d
a Town of very good Bufinefs. Tis Seated on the Rife of a {mall
Hill.

72. Wellingborough has a clean Situation, on the Swub Side of a
Hill, with very ferale Meadows, and the River Nyne below it, at
the Diftance of about a Quarter of a Mile ; a (mall low Hill inter-
pofing betwixt that, and the Town. Tis fhelterd on the Noth,
by the higher Part of the Hill it ftands upon, and by Orchards,
and Trees, that are in that Quarter. The Foundation of it is chiefly
on a Red-Stone Rock. The Houfes are generally of a kind of Red-
Stone. There is no Scarcity of any Building Materials, unlefs of
Wood ; that indeed is rather more fcarce at Wellingborough than
Northampton. Tis one large and populous Parifh, confifting of
Six Hundred Families or more : And has, befides its Fairs, a well-
traded Market, which has been mightily improved within the laft

H Seventy

 
 

A General Defeription of the County. A General Defeription of the Cou wr Y. 27
Seventy Years ; ‘as the older Inhabitants of the Town relate ; who 75. Rothwell, or Rowell, ftands upon the South Side of a Rocky
alfo add , that it arofe out of the Ruines of igham-Ferrers : ~ Hill, and is copiout] fupply’d with running Springs of ure, and
that as that decayed, this arofe : and that tho’ feveral Attempts had wholfome Water, Tis now of Note for on y the old Market-
beert made to retrieve and bring back the Corn-Market to Higham, — Houfe begun, but not quite finithed, by Sir Lewis Trefbam., ’Tisa
and tho’ Higham was the neareft to Bedford, a 'T own of mighty Square Building of good Afhler: On the Out-fide of it, under the
Ttaifick for Corn ; yet it fill remain'd, and was likely to do fo; Cornifh, are handfomly carved the Coats of Arms of many of the
at Wellingborough. “This is certain, that before the Town was fo . Gentlemen of the County. It has ina manner loft jts Market ; by
much reforted to, and became fo populous, their Field on the Eaft  its"Nearnefs to Ketterin . :
Side of the Town, a Tract of Sandy, and Stoney Barren Land, Wis B® - “76. Welden fhews a fair new Market-Houfe, with a Seflions-Cham.
of little Value comparatively to what it now is. *Tis Seated nan ber over it, built of the beft Building-Stone of the excellent Quarries
open Corn-Country. Befides 4, confiderable Number of People there, by. the generous Encouragement of the late Lord Hatton ; But
which the Farms employ and miinain, there is fuch a Number of = has nothing elfe in it of general Note,
Lare-makers in the Place, as few Towns exceed. The Lace- ‘77. Thrapfion, another of our Market-Towns upon the Nyne, is
making Trade returns, as Iam inform’d, no lefs than Fifty Pounds not ‘to be pafs'd by without Obfervation ; not for jts Trade and
per Week, into the Town, one Week with another, mn moderate Buildings, but for this, that it is furrounded with a moft pleafant
Computation. In fine, for the Bignefs of it, and the Number of © Country, where they have Water, Air, and Soil, that are exceeded
People, I think, it may fitly be accounted the Second Town in by none: It is at due Diftance from the Woods: And in a word,
Northamptonfbire. ; : enjoys all the natural Advantages that can well be wifh’d for by any
73. Oundle is a fair, well-built, pleafant, and Healthy Town, Gentleman, who 15 pleafed to entertain himfelf with the innocent
advantagioufly, and fweetly Situate. "Tis built upott a declining ~~ Delights of a Country-Life.
Ground on the North Side of the River Nyne, which at a {mall 78. King’s-Cliff, and Racking bam, tho’ fcarce thought worthy the
diftance encompafles it, in the figure of a Creicent, and enriches its Name of Market-T ums > Yet are not without their. memorable
frnitful Meadows. On the Weft, and North Side of it; at about a Things: But thefe may be more fitly taken notice of in the fucceed-
Miles diftance, are Woods. A Situation very agreeable with regard ing Parts of this Work,
to Health: and that affords as good Conveniences for Trade. Be- 79- St. Martin's, or, as others call it, Stamford-Baron, is only
fides feveral Gentlemen's Houfes that give a Beauty to it, *tisadorn'd one long Street declining to the great Bridge upon the River Weland
with a handfome Church, and has two neat and well endowed at the Nwrth End of it, built upon the high Road from London to
Hofpitals. To pafs over the River to and from the Town, there Tork, and thence to Edinburgh, ona ftoney Ground naturally paved,
are two fubftantial Stone-Bridges, at about half a Mile’s diftance Lhe Houfes are rot uniform, moft of them being built for In.
each of other, refpeéting the Entrances of the two principal Streets, keepers and I'radefmen, and intermix’d with {ome few Gentlemens
That calld the North Bridge is taken Notice of by Travellers for Houfes 5 yet the whole has this Advantage over many other sreat
the Number of Arches, that fupport it, and the Cawfey leading to 1 owns, that one fees farce a Houfe init, but what has 200d fub-
it. Mr. Leland in his ltinerary (Vol. 1. p.3. of Mr. Hearne's Edi- ftantial Stone-Walls, and is cover'd with Slate : Ap Advatase OW.
tion) obferves of Oundle, that it hada very good Market, and was ing to their nigh Neighbourhood to fome of the beft Slate-pits and
all builded of Stone, and that the Paroch-Church was very fair. Quarries, in England.” In this Street, almoft at the Bridge’ Foor, is
That Itinerary was begun about the Year 1538. : the Gevrge-Inn, which by Mr. Leigh *, and others, is ju bdo fe
74. Kettering ; another of our Firft-Rate Market-Towns, 15a one of the faireft Innsin England ; as being more firmly, and neatly “Mr. Logi
Place of great I'rade, and very full of People ; both which are built, than is ufual in Buildings of that kind - being very well cor. £m de
owing chiefly to the Woollen-Manufaéture, introduced and fettled  triv'd and feated for the proper Bufinefs of ap Inn: and” having fo? i
there, about Fifty Years ago, by Mr. Jordan, whofe Pofterity now great a Number of fit and handfome Rooms, Fofler’s Booth, upon
manage a confiderable Part of it. Their Loom-Work, as they call = the Wefl-Chefler Road, was, as the Name implies, no more, at fir(t
it, confifts chiefly in Shaloons, Serges, and Tammies ; the firft of than a Booth or Hut of one (offer, who was a poor Countryman : and
which three, they are particularly famous for... 1:8 feated in an grew thence, by little and little, to a fair Street of Inns ; in like
Afcent, the Main of it on the Weflern Side of a {mall Hill, Ina | manner, as Market-Har borough, and fome other Road-Towns, ht
dry and fandy Part of the County : and has a free, and pure Air. are now fo confiderable, hud their firft Rife from only a {ingle Inn.
There are no publick Buildings of any Note but the Church, and a 5B
pretty {mall Hofpital.
So. But
75. Rothwell,

 
 

A Geueral Defeription of the County.

it is time to put an End to this general Defcription of
ha AE as ret clofely to the Natural Hiffory of it,
ah Natural Hiftory, that more frdly b ehh 1 Chapter a
of the following Heads. I Of the Earths. This al
ivide i Parts. The Firft is to contain a particu
re of the Earth of the nos Frain, Ghat 55 thelial, oY cge-
: The Second, Of the Earths o he \
i or ja Which Chapter is alfo divided into re Pages
In the Firft, I confider the Stone in Strata, or in larger Ne es:
In the Second, The Stones in Smaller Mafles, or in Balls, Gi
or Notoles. IIL. Of the Sea-fbells , ad afte Harte Boies we
are found buried in the Earth. IV. the Waters. So
f the Plants. VIL. Of Brute 5.
Air, and Heavens. V1. O OX gins
Bodies. 1X. Of the Aris. And, . Of t
hi rt gi oT why I offer what is here about Antiquities,
ina Work of this Kind, will be feen in its proper Place.

 

 

 

 

CH. AP 1
Of the EARTHS.

 

 

PART 1

Concerning the Earth of the Outmoft Stratum, the Soil, or
Vegetable Earth,

 

 

 

 

a —————

gL NDER this Head I intend to {peak of the feveral
Kinds of Terreftrial Matter , “that are natural]

| difpos’d nto Strata or Layers, and of a laxer Confiftence than

Stone : Of the Sul or Under-turf Earth , of the Figuline Earths,
of the Ochres, and all other Earths, within the Compafs of this
County, affording any thing of Obfervation, or Ufe, = And here-
to I fhall annex an Account of the Sunds , and Gravels ; thefe alfo
lying in Layers, and confifting of a Matter not confolidated as is 2
Mafs of Stone. By Ear t Term without any par-

Ex na Terreftrial Body which is cafily broken,
in Oppofition to Sand, ard Stone. All the Kinds of jt may be fit]
diftinguifhed by thefe Two General Names, viz. Vegetable Earth,
and Mineral Farth, By Mineral Earths | mean all thofe that are
unfit for the Formation of Vegetable Bodies, and that ordinari]
lye underneath the fuperficial or outmoft Stratum, that Stratum
which is ufually called the Soil, or the top-Earth,

2. To give an orderly Account of the Earths, T muft therefore
begin with the Sy! ; becaufe that is the uppermoft Stratum enclofing
the interior Strata, and til] that is divefted we can have no View of
the reft : and becaufe that Stratum throughout this whole County
conftitutes the Surface of it : here being no naked Sands, or Rocks,
or the leatt Spot of Ground that js not naturally Productive of Her.

age. This out-moft Stratum of Earth is the” Fund that turnithes
forth a proper Matter for the Formation and Nutrition of the
whole Vegetable Kingdom » and may therefore be fitly called the
Common Vegetable Earth, Such is its Variety here in this County
that it wou'd be an almoft endlefs Task to diftinguith, and enume-
rate each Variation, and Difference.

3. hall firft confider this Earth as it is in it felf, without any

| foreign Admixtures of Clay, Sand, or other fer Matter. Indeed

It is very rare to meet with any of it wholly tree from fuch Ad.
mixtures : But by that which has the leaft of them we learn, that
it isa particular and diftinét Kind of Earth. [ts Colour is black or
appreaching to it: The Matter that Soni it, foft, tender, and

pliant :

 

Sots carom gr SHUR
 

ee HAST ORT

lant. A Mafs of it is lax, fhort, and apt to moulder, a Word
that's probably deriv'd from Mould, one of the Names of this fort
of Earth; other Earths are (aid to moulder as refembling that par-
ticular Property of this. It feems to confit of Elaftick Parts; a
comprefled Mafs of it arifing foorief to its former pitch than other
Earths that have undergone a like Degree of Compreffion. By thefe
and fome other Marks which may more eafily be diftinguifhed by
the Eye, than defcribed by Words ; and particularly by its Degree
of Gravity, which islefs than that of all other Kinds of Terreftrial
Matter, (on which Account it is that it generally lies above them all
in the uppermoft Siratum,) we may gy where very nigh determine
what is, and is not, true pure Vegetable Earth. Our Husbandmen
call it the Heart of the Land, and the Live Earth ; as it is the Sufte-
nance, and Life of Vegetables.
4. This Earth, tho’ the Parts of it feem to be all alike, confifts
in Reality of Particles of different Ranks, Sets, or Kinds ; as ap-
sears by the different Kinds of Vegetables it produces. And as the
copftituent Parts of it, (by the conftituent Parts of any Body 1 mean
the Atoms, or fingle Corpufcles of it, the Parts that it is ultimate-
ly refolyible into) are of various Kinds, fo the Mixtures of thofe fe-
veral Kinds are uncertain, and various. The Soil, in different Pla-
ces, is diferent, according to the Kinds of vegetative Matter it con=
tains, and the Stock or Quantity of each. In this Refpett, there
isa great, and obfervable Diverfity with us. We have bere, a Par-
cel or Tract of Earth that is copioufly ftock’d with one particular
Sort of Vegetative Matter, and thereby peculiarly fuited for pro-
ducing fome particular Plants: There , another Parcel abounding
with another Set of Particles that fuit another Set of Plants.

5. Afbes in the Woods and Grounds at Brampton are obferved to
thrive particularly well : They are tall, ftrait,and of fpeedy Growth,
and of fo clear, eaven, and flexible a Grain, that they are much
fought for by the Coopers, and perhaps would be the fitteft of any
in England for the making of Pikes, were they now fo much in ufe
as formerly. The Town on Account of its Preheminence for this
Sort of Tree has received the Name of Brampton in the Afb. The
Afb alo of Raiuftharpe is diftinguifh’d for its Goodnefs. It pro-
pers the beft of any Treeat Meares-Afbby. At Dalington, the Abele,
of all the various Sorts of Trees, is the moft thriving, and pro-
{perous.

6. The Wyche-Elm in other Places, is found to profper beft. At
Cranford, there are almoft Twenty Groves of this Sort of Tree;
{ome of them of feveral Acres extent. If you enclofe a little Par-
cel of Ground, wherein there grew a Wyche, you will have from the

Roots of that one Old Tree chat has been cut up, a little Grove
grown to a good Height, and fit for ufe in 21 Years. They like-
wife thrive well at Ifebam, Werckton, Burton- Latimer, Grafton-un-
derwond, Great Addington, W vodford by Thbrapflon, Sudborough, Iflip ;

And fo down ta Ouadle, aimoft every Town has its Tufts, or Groves.
There

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR GE

“There are many G
y Groves and Rows of th !
em, at P, rs
CR, and thereabouts. In the upper Ba ells,
farted pL aw cliingborough, Weftward , they are i”
pe a : gr t remember that [ have ever feen fi Hy Jarely
i ey - ™ v
To how i 3: on joel that {pacious Tract, unlefs a >
an ef Te en eftward of Wellingborough : theSoll bein re
er Part of the C e I roduction of them in the upper as i hog fot
i fori ar Unlefs this is the Reafon Ph ow.
it ro Ls 4 : Ee Jo never light of any a
: : e Soil at Cranft :
above-m . anford, Ou
Go Dene in , Which makes that i os a the
affured by the followi > [per Partiof te County, [am ae
ofany Wists, ord a nitances, namely, I Fa
On < nd there are likewife many Groves of e beft
ar grave, and Hemington , Towns in the ; of them, at Clap.
un 9 t are {feated on a cold Clay owerPart of te
. he 0 “ >
ee The So udvufinsran 1s a great Improver of Filberds. and
of the Orchards < fi ele prolper there above any othe ren
2h Nelchborr. O that in this fort of Fruit they alway Ee
fa Neigh oy and outfell the reft of the Market - Th exceed
to the T: a 5 Fe much larger, and alio firmer and . Ryels
mie I: 2 and this without any extraordinary Sab pleafanter
Wd Wi es ; y the Reverend Mr. Birdfmore Minit 30 in
of ol a ll rr ee affures me that the Peach flicce ] Es Je
been fourd tot uit, in his Gardens, at Cole- Afb Ch Sn ag
: ourd to take, and profper more, at Mj y- Cherries have
of the Neighbourhood. The Roval Perm 2 a in any Part
rotper , ; : am has be .
I ! lie of oy Apple, in the Parfonage a 410
Fn verany Vegetable thrives, there, it ard at Paflon.
due and agreeable Supplies of Heat and of Wa SR a
eR ion, not to be favoured in either of the Te :
Fhe Ww he aafesars afcribe the Succefs of the iS Soret Re.
pe! Jewe at Cranford, and fo on, to this, that Te te mpton, of
arly fitted to the Afb, the Wyche, &c. : 4 ole Soils are pec
ot! peculiar Matter which'is proper for ny great Plenty
rifhme 1c , . orm; and Nou.
ment of eich, and fupplying them liberally wich i
of thofe Diterences of i :
i ‘ | our Sous
mb Ha Differences of the Vegeetable
erve their Varieties in anot! YRCT
{fomewh: ot! sin another Regard. That ioht h:
bs Ba vias than a tranfient View oa Nat : L might have
Jdected Exemplars of the moft of the Nature of our Soils |
here in North ; moft confiderable Diftinctions of
nthamptonfbire. They have lain by tions of them
Japon, I have often attentively view’d sk y me to recur to on
ind that what we ufisa ; a ar d examin’d them. and
table Earth, or that 4 Hi oe confifts but in part of on
Street 17. 3 ative Matter of the S ot
ent Is 89 where pure and wlone, but js a EE jp
1 wit . 1 I inros as . inaeq, 1 av
’ 1 many Foreign Ingredients. At Oxendon i 3 Pu
Jxendon ere-

abouts,

County

at proceed from
| now pafs on

ar

TG LAE ae
SE

Ga se i REE

 
 

The Natural HIST ORT

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

33

 

s,it is found intermixed with Clay : about Halfton with Sand :
3 is or of the County, with os Sorts of Steril Terreftrial
or Mineral Matter ; So that inftead of true Genuine Vegetable
Earth there is every where a Mixture greater or lefs of a fteril ufe-
lefs Stuff gnfit for the Compofition of Vegetables.

10. The Matter appointed and fitted by Nature for that Great
End, the Formation of Vegetables is the Vegetable Earth above de-
fcribed in ¢. 3. And that this is the conftituent Matter of V egeta-
bles, peculiarly and univerfally fo, to me is evident. If we look in-

to a Mafs of that Earth whereinto the Bodies of Vegetables return,

upon a perfect Diffolution of their Parts, we find it has all the above-
recited Marks in 4. 3. And that, in a Mafs of rotted Vegetables
of whatfoever Kind, there is not the leaft Admixture of Stoney
Grit or Sand, not any of the proper Marks of Clay, or of any other
of the common Kinds of Terreftrial Matter; however it was with
the Bed wherein thofe Vegetables grew. We fee there is no better
Manure for Land than that of Vegetable Subftances: and that in
the Ground that’s conftantly plow’d and fown, and has not any
Help from Manure, there generally little or nothing remains, in
Tract of Time, but Clay, Sand or the like; the V egetable Earth,
or the Heart of the Land, as the Husbandmen exprefs ir, having
been in a manner quite drawn ofl by the fucceffive Crops : and that
that Soil is of all other the moft fertile, which is the freeft from
thofe I call Extraneous or Foreign Admixtures. Clay indeed is fuch

a ponderous Earth and of fuch a denfe and tenacious Temper as
muft needs render it an unfit Matter for the Formation of Vegeta-
bles. Sand or Stoney Grit, fuppofing any of it fo finall as to enter
the Pores of the Roots and Seeds of Vegetables, yet as it is rigid

and inflexible even in the fmalleft Particles, is fill more unmanage-
able and unfit for this Office. And there is the like Unfitnefs in all
the intermediate Kinds of Terreftrial, or Mineral Matter, thatare
ordinarily found in the outmoft Stratum.

11. The Steril Admixture here, is commonly Cla ¥» Loam or Mor-
tar-Earth, Sand, Gravel, or Keale, that islittle Stones like {mall
Fragments of our Quarry-Stone : one or more of thefe in a greater
or lefler Quantity. Of the Clay, Sand, ¥e. inthe Strata next un-
der the Soil there are many Varieties. And as the Nature of the
fubjacent Stratum is extremely various, fo likewife is the Soil ; ios
it ufually partakes of a like Matter to that of thofe Strata ; 2s wh
appear by the Account of each particular Soil, which I fhall fhortly
TIVE. {

Bul This Intermixture of Vegetable, and Steril, Earth 1 have ob-
ferved every where, in the outmoft Strata of the Hills as well as thole
of the Valleys : in the Ground which never has been plow’d as well
as that which has ; and particularly in our Heaths, and Meadows.
Firft as to our Heaths. Inthe Soil of Halfton Heath, to give one
Inftance of many, in that part of it which atfordsnot the leaft To-
ken or Sign that it ever was open’d or ftirr'd by the Plough, by dig-

ging,

ging, or any other ways, isa vifible and large Intermixture of Sand,
with the black Vegetable Earth of that Heathy Tra&. Then as to
the Meadows : In the Meadow adjoining to the River Nyne, a
Meadow of large Extent, in Situation nigh an Horizontal Level, isa
copious Admixture of Clay, with theVegetableEarth ; and particular-
ly in that Part of the Meadow below Aldwinkle, and in that below E-
{ton,in allParts of thefe Meadows indifferently,in the Middle of them,
and in thofe Parts of them that are remotelt from the next adjacent
Hills, as well as in thofe that are neareft to the Hills; and this too
in Places which have never been opend, or ftirr’d.

13. The Sand, if the Mixture be of that and Mould, is difper-

fedly mingled with it, does not lye in Lumps and Parcels here and
there, but is difJeminated in Grains throughout the whole Bed.
And thusitisas to the Clay that's found mingled with the Vegetable
Earth. The conftituent Parts of the Clay, and of that Earth, ap-
pear to be promifcuoufly blended together ; and of thefe, thus pro-
mifcuoufly blended together » the clayey Soil js chiefly com-
vofed.
; 14. By thefe Obfervations it a ppears, that this fteril Intermixture
was, for the main of it, originally made, that is, at the Time of the
Formation of the Strata of the prefent Earth. As it is fo univerfal itis
not to be accounted for by thePlsughs having gon too deep, and having
fetch’d up Parcels of barren Earth, and intermix’d them with the
Matter of the Vegetable Stratum. Thus indeed it may have hap-
pend in fome few Parcels of Tilled Ground, where the outmoft
Stratum was exceeding thin, or the Tiller more than ordinary care-
lefs. And allowing it, to have more frequently happen’d, yet ‘tis
plain, it will not account for that fteril Intermixture which is found
mn the Heaths, Meadows, and other Places, that have never been
plowed.

15. Neither will that gradual Devolution of Terreftrial Matter,
from the Hills and Higher Grounds upon the Lower, which is occa.
fioned by Rains, any better account for that Admixture, All that
can be done this way by Deterration, as “tis call’d, is confin’d to the
Valleys, and Lower Grounds. So the Steril Admixture with the
Vegetable Earth, on the Tops of Hills, is till wholly unexplain’d.
And that there is a fteril Intermixture in the Soil of the Hills, as
well as that of the Valleys, and this even at the very Tops of Hills
whofe Surface was never opend by the Plough, 1 may appeal to the
Vegetative Stratum of the Plain called Rachingbamjbire , to that of
the Hills nigh Halfton, and to many other Inftances of the like
Ancient Unbroken Greenfod. Then as to the Valleys and lower
Grounds, it is manifeft, there cannot have been any confiderable
Quantity of fteril Matter wath’d down to them from the Hills with
us, which are many of them cover'd over with a grafly Turf, and
appear to have been always thus cover’d 5 from fuch there can be no
Manner of Deterration, And as to the Sand, and other fteril M atter,
which is wafh’d down from the plowd Hills: as it is not in any very

confide=

 
 

p73. ¢« during the Time of the Univerf
Ce

The Natural HIST ORT

confiderable Quantity, fo neither does it move very far from the
Bottoms of the Hills, and therefore cannot account for the fteril
Admixture of our larger Meadow-Plains ; fuch is their level Site,
and their Diftance from the Hills. And farther, the fteril Admix-
ture from the Vegetative Stratum of the Meadows, is, in many
Places, of a quite different Sort of Matter from that of the adjacent
Hills; E. gr. the fteril Matter of the Vegetative Stratum of the
Hills at Ecfon is Sand, that of the Meadows below them Clay ; as
I have found by digging there.

16. But to put an End to this Difquifition. Whatfoever has been
done as to Sterilizing the Earth by the Means above-mentioned, it
is fufficiently plain, they fall extremely fhort of accounting for the
Univerfulity of this fteril Intermixture. The only Satisfaction I
can meet with upon this Queftion, is in the Account given of it, b
the truly Ingenious; and Learned Dr. Woodward, who is certainly a
Gentleman of great Penetration,and very clearInfto bt into Nature, That
Excellent Author, from feveral Obfervations, and particular] y thofe
upon the Animal and Vegetable Remains of the Primitive, or 4x.
tediluzian Earth, evinces *| that the dutediluvian Earth exceeded this
of ours in Fertility ; the outmoft Stratum confifting in a Manner

ofme entirely of that Sort of Matter, as was fit for the Formation and
ap Nutrition of Vegetable Bodies, and by them of Animals: That

al Deluge, that Farth was diflolved,
the Matter of it reduced to its firft conftituent Principles, and affam’d
up into the Water: And that at the Time of the Subfidence of it,
a confiderable Quantity of the Vegetable Matter of that Earth was
precipitated and buried, and that which was left at the Surface, in-
termixed and confounded with fteril Matter, to this End, that there
might be an Earth of a Conftitution more nearly fuited to the lapfe,
and frail State of its Inhabitants.

17. From the like Obfervations which I have made ir thefe Parts,
I cannot but draw the fame Inferences, and particularly this, That
the fleril Admixture, which we now find in the outmoff Stratum, is
not as old as the Creation of the World, neither has it been made
fince by any partial Agents, but was effected at the general Subfi-
dence at the Deluge. Nothing lefs could produce fuch a general Af.
fection as this is, and withal account for all the Circumftances of it,
Furft, The Vegetable, and Steril Earth, we find are commixed each
in their fineft ard {mallet Parts; which agrees exaltly with
Dr. Wosdward’s Account, and is admirably well explain’d by it.
He tells us, that during the Time of the Deluge, the Matter of that
Earth was reduced into its firft conftituent Principles, that the Ve-
getable, and Steril Terrefrial or Mineral, Matter, were affum’d
up promifcuoufly into the Water, and not fo perfettly freed and dif-
entangled 1a the Subfidence, but that a confiderable Part of that
fteril Matter was detained, and mingled with the Vegetative Matter
of the outmoft Stratum. Indeed from the prefent Face of the out-
molt Siratum attentively confidered, we cannot eafily forbear infer-
ring

 

 

 

 

of NorTHAMPTONSHIR E

 

ring that there was {uch a 9; olution , and Inter;
deeibed ff ’ rmixture |
18. Then, that other Circumftance that the fteril M i
Soil is ufually of a like Kind with that of the adh :
may be alfo made out by Dr. Wosdeward's Account. Since the Earth
was diffolved, the Matter of the upper, and that of the lower Sirazs
confounded, and that at the Subfidence they could never get abfo-
lutely free each of other , It is not frange that a Part of the Mat.
ter of that Stratum elpecially which is immediately under the Ve-
getable Stratum, fhould lye fomewhat behind in the main Mag of

as is there

Vegetable Matter, and {ubfiding together with it, es form fuch a &

Mixture as we find the outmoft Stratum to confit of.

19. Asthereis a great Diver fity as to the Kinds and the Quanti-
ties of the fteril Matter intermixed with the Vegetti ve in the out-
molt Stratum ; fo likewife is there in the Situation of this Variety
of Mifcellaneous Matter, with refpect to the feveral Parts of the
County. The lower Part of the County is not all of one Kind of
Soil, neither is that of the Middle, or of the upper Part of it, uni-
form, and alike. There isa Heathy Trac in the lower Part of the
County on the Verge of the Fenland, and another very like it, in
one of the higheft Parts of the County, namely, in the South Weft
Angle: a Parcel of Clayey Soil upon the Lieceflerfbire Side
another on the Huntingdon and Bedfordfbire Side, and another
on the Warwickfbire Side. There is” no where to be found
any very large Parcel, lving together uninterrupted, of one and the
fame Sort of Soil. In the Middle of the Parcels of largeft Extent,
we have not above the Space of about two Miles to a Change of
Soil. In fome Places this Change is gradual, from a laxer and fandy
Soil by Degrees to a denfer and clayey one: and fo vice versa 3
other Places the Change is more fudden. We have here fuppof: a
very Clayey Soil, and at the next Step, or on the oppofite Side of a
{mall Valley, one of 1 quite different Temper, a very Sandy one

20. Few of the Lordthips of the middle Part of the County are
entirely of one Sort of Soil. Some of them have about one” half
of a Clayey or denfer Sort, the other half of 4 fandy or
loofer Kind.” Some of them, in each of their three Fields
for that is the ordinary way of dividing the open-Field Tord.
thips here, have a Parcel of the latter ; which they ufually call
their Rye-Hill, from its elevated Site, and its Fitnefs for that Sort
of Gram. Nay, in fome of our Fields, and particularly that q¢
Cold- Higham, | have taken notice of a fingle Land of no great
Length, at one End of which was fowed Wheat, at the other Rye.
and in the Middle a Mifcellane, or Maflin, of both: on St co
the Diverfity of the Soil. In this variegated State is our Sail, for a
great Part of this County. ® i

21. But tis fit I give a more particular and circumftantial Account
of the feveral Sorts of Soils with us. Such Accounts, we ny y hope
will be of Ufe, not only in Husbandry, but in feveral Philofophical

Dif~

35

 
 

The Natural HI ST ORT

i{quifiticns,and may give Light into the Nature and Temper of the
Pla and ay Shat bet agree with each particular Kind of
Soil. Before 1 enter upon that particular Account, I fhall only pre-
mife this general Obfervation; that the outmoft Stratum here, which
isvulgarly call'd the Soil; of whatfoever Kind it is; is almoft every
where about a Foot in Thicknefs. The Thicknefs of the other
Strata is abundantly more uncertain. Which intimates, that it was
with Defign that fuch a nearly conftant Thicknefs was allotted to
the Soil in all Places: And itisalfo a Proof, that the outmoft Stra-
tum has been but very little altered with refpet of the Thicknefs of
it, by that Devolution of Earth which is occafioned by Rain. Had
there been any great Alteration, it woud have appear'd by Be
greater Thicknefs, of the Soil, or outmoft Stratum, n the Valleys,
than of that, on the Hills. But the Difference betwixt them is not
/ fiderable. ion Lo
Yay on Countrymen with us, when they {peak of Soils, diftin-
guith them ufually by the Names of Moory Land, Hen- Mould,
Wood-Land , Clay-Land , Chiffelly Land , Red-Land , and Kealy ox
Creachy Land. We want more Terms ; but in this Deficiency of
better, I have taken thefe as] wentalong. And indeed thefe do fet
forth the generical and chief Diftinctions of our Soils. I fhall
therefore carefully defcribe all the ditferent Earths intended by thefe
Terms, and fhall likewife offer my Obfervations and "Thoughts con-
cerning the conftituent Matter of them. In Order hereunto I have
collected a Sample or two of each, which I fhall give a particular
and exaét Defcription of, that the Reader may be fure I reprefent
thefe things as they really are. : g ;
23. Their Moory Land is a black, light, and loofe Earth, without
any Stones, and with very little Clay or Sand intermixed. The up-
ermoft Siratum of our Fenland is chiefly of this fortof Earth. "The
Bed that it conftitutes is ufually found to be fomewhat thicker than
the Upland Soils. A Sample of it that I took from the Ground call’d
the 7 birds at Northbolm, where it lay upon a Stratum of Tu fe, 1
defcrib’d as follows. Tis the blackeft Soil I ever faw: of as laxa
Confiftence as old Willow Earth : Intermixed with Water, it can-
not be wrought into a Pafte like Confiftence, without fome more
than ordinary Difficulty. When 1 poured Water upon ir, a part of
the Earth was immediately lick’d up by the Water,and very nimbly
floated therein in Particles, as to me they appeared, of an Helical or,
curled Figure, much refembling that of the Particulz Striatee of
Defcartes. The Surface of it when made up into a Kind of Pate
appeared extremely porous : and when dry again it eafily moulderd.
To the Touch it is foft, till one works it clofely betwixt the Fin-
gers, and then a Grittinefs is difcover’d. The Eye likewile difco-
vers a clear and fpangling Sand in ic ; but the Quantity is very fmall.
There are alfo foundin ita few little Clots of a Bituminous Mat-
ter, or of kin to it, that are not eafily broken.

24. It

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

 

24. It appears by this Defcription, to confift almoft entirely of
Vegetable Matter, which lying in fuch Purity, and in {uch Plenty
too, upon the Surface in thofe Fenland Parts, 1s the Caufe thofe ex-
ceed all other in Fertility. The only Difadvantage of that Moory
Soil is its being fubject to be glutted with Water, by reafon of the
low and level Situation of it ; which Inconvenience of Wetnefs may
in fome meafure be redrefs’d by burning the Soil *. And ro Soil
whatever will burn eafier, and better than this does ; Not that, as
fome imagine, it has the Leaves, Stalks, and Roots of Plants em-
bodied in it, as the Peat cr Turfe-Earth has ; but becaufe the Sur-
face of it confifts very much of a Sedgy fort of Herbage, that kin-
dles eafily when dry, and burns well : And withal , the Bituminous
Matter, that lies fcatter’d in it, is a fit Food for Fire.

25. That Kind of Soil call'd Hen-mould, by our Husbandmen in
the Uplands, is of a much like Conftitution to the Moory-Land above
defcribed, and may well be reckon’d a Species, or at leaft a Variety
of it. "Tis a black, hollow, fpungy, and mouldering Earth, which
is ufually found in a low Situation, namely, at and nigh the Bot-
toms of Hills: An Earth that, for the moft part, is better for Gra-
zing than for Corn, by reafon ( as the Farmers explain the Matter
it will never fettle clofe enough to the Grain to keep it fteady,
whilft it is growing up, without which it can never thrive: or if
it feems to thrive, in reality the Crop that it produces is over-rank ;
there is Straw enough, but the Ear is light and lean. The over-
great Humidity of this Sort of Ground, which proceeds from its
low Situation : and from this, that it has ufually a Bed of Clay juft
under it that retains the Wet, to me appears to be the real Occaiion
of its {lender and unfuccefsful Crops. It has probably the Name
of Hen-mould, as it isa loofe Farth or Mould, fuch as that wherein
Hens delight to flutter, and daft themfelves.

26. There is another Sort of Earth that by fome is call’d Hen-
mould : an Earth that’s black and rich, but of a denfer Conftitution
than the former. It has the Name of Hen-mould from its Streaks of
whitith Mould , fome of which have a faltith Tafte. This, by the
Farmers, is look’d upon as a Sign of a rich and hearty Soil ; but
appears only, or chiefly, in Greenfod-Ground, new broken, and
juft turn’d up, by the Plough. The like Sort of mouldy Stuff |
have taken notice of on the Sides of Hot-Beds, on the Surface of
the Soil of Woods , and on that of the Fens, when any of them
have lain expos’d to the Sun in a dry Air; as alio upon Mud at
the Bottom of a dry Brook. The Appearance of this Mould, upon
fuch rich Earths as thofe I have mention'd, intimates, that ‘ts a
good {ure Indication, wherefoever it is found, of a fertile Glebe.

27. The Wosd-land Soil is fo calld, as it is a Soil confifting of
much the fame Sort of Terreftrial Matter, (as I fhall thew by and
by) with that of our #ods and Forefts, which here grow molt
upon Clay: or elfe becaufe in is Humidity and dark Colour, it
refembles the Soils in Woods, which whether Red-land, or what-

+ ever

* How that
is done with
us, is fhewn
in Chap, 9.
Seq.

Ea

 
 

The Natwal HIST ORT

 

ever it originally was, is, in many Places, made thus Sad-colour’d
and Humid, by the leifurely Droppings of the Trees, the Decay:
ing and Rotting of the fallen Leaves, thofe efpecially of Oaks, and
the thick Cover of the Bofcage interpofing fo between the Surface
of the Earth, and the Sun, and Winds, that they cannot carry off
the Wet, as in open Places. But this is not the Cafe of much of our
Wood-land Soil, as it is called here, which neither has, nor ever had
any Wood, that we know of, growing upon it. The Humidity, and
the blackifh Colour of it, are therefore owing to other Caufes.

28. This Soil has indeed a large Admixture of Clay in it, as ap.
pears by the following Marks. It ufually holds the Water that fails
upon it, as theClay-land does : when wet within, it is not quickly dry
again; and when dry, it is notiquickly wet: Being plow’d when
very wet, it fticks like Mortar to the Plough: ina dry time it chaps :
and being plow’d ina dry time, the Plough fetches it up in huge
Pieces or Blocks, that are all Clay at Bottom. The Situation of it
is ufually low, or however that be, but a little Shelving. Under-
neath it, is a Bed of Clay of mighty depth, which generally rifes
very near the Surface. So that a confiderable Part of the Water
that’s rain’d down, and that of Springs, if it happens there be any
in the Place, muft neceffarily abide, or ftagnate, there. That, in
Fag, itis a wet and fqualid Ground, appears by the Mofs, and the
Ruthes, Rufh-grafies, and fuch like Products of any unplow’d Part
of the Woodland Soil. Now, that ftagnant Water, if the Earth be
not naturally black, will impart that Tinéure to it, is feen in the
Mud of Pools, and old Ditches, and in the miry Earth of Bogs ; they
are ufually black , tho’ the Soil all about them be of quite another
Hue; which thing I have obferv’d particularly in the enclos'd Parr
of the Red-Land at 7horp- Malfor.

29. Thus they have given the Name of #od-land to a Soil that,
tho’ it bears no Wood, is in other Regards, for the main, of a like
Character to thofe thatdo. "Tis a thallower, a moifter, and colde:
Soil than their Hen-mouid: and isa tenacious, that is, a tough, and
fticky, or clinging Earth, which the other is not. "Tis ufually
fomewhat darker coloured, colder and moifter than the Bleck-land ;
of which hereafter in ¢. 43. In other refpets tis very like it. A
oe and dripping Year is extremely detrimental to this Sort of

and.

30. What the Terreftrial Matter is that conftitutes this Soil, |
have already hinted in 9. 28. fupra, and it will fomewhat farther ap-
pear by the two following fhort Defcriptions: One of a Sample of
the Wood-land in Oxendon-Field, the other of the like Kind of Soi!
from Pychely. The Wood-land at Oxendon is for Colour and Con-
fiftence very like the Thingdon, and the Creaton Black-land defcri-
bed in ?. 45. afr. It contains, as it were, a Sprinkling of Sand. That
from Pychely, which I had out of a Ground of Mr. William Nunncley,
about Half a Mile Weflward of the Town, is for Colour like the
Black-land, for Confittence ftiffer, I think, than that is. A dry

Mafs

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

Mafs of it is eafily broken, or cut. Being cut, the Infide of it
appear’d pretty fleek : being broken, very rugged. Many whitith
little Stones of the Bignefs of ordinary Pin’s Heads, and fome few
Particles of Sand, are found incorporated in it.

31. There is alfo with us, in fome few Places, a hollow fuzzy
black Earth, that goes by the Name of Wosd-land. In thofe Places.
there are ufually little gleeting Springs, which having no free Out.
let, render the Earth thus hollow and fuzzy, {welling and elevating
the Surface of it. From the Swellings and Bunchings occafioned by
thefe gleeting Springs, and the Wetnefs of this Sort of Land it is
in fome other Counties, called Gouty, and Weeping Land. di

32. Chifely is a Term appropriated to that Sort of Land. which
breaks when it is turn’d up by the Plough, into Bits or Pieces. in
Bignefs like the Chips that are ufually made by the Chizels of the
Stone-cutters, when they work upon brittle Stone. Tis not of fo
loofe a Confiftence as the fandy Land which immediately moulders
and falls off’ from the Plough-Irons, as if ir were Bran, or Sawdaft
neither does it rife in fuch long Flakes or Wheals, as the Clay-Land ;
but brackles, to fpeak with the Farmers, that 1s, falls with many
little Breaches, into many finall Fragments ; fo that it is of a Con.
futution, betwixt the Clayey, and the Sandy Land, of a middle
Nature, and, as it were, a Compofition of both, in a nigh equal
Quantity ; on which account, it is frequently call'd in the Country,
: haat, or mixd Earth. Some of our Gardeners call it, a 1 oamy

oil.

33. There are feveral Varieties of this Sort of Land. as there
are of the reft. That which has a pretty large Admixture of a
Rofin-like Sand in it, I take to be the Hazel-Mould. or Hazel-Earth
of our Englifb Writersof Agriculture. Such a Soil I have obferved
in Naffington Lordfhip. In fome Places it is pretty full of {mall
Stones of the Gravel Kind. The Chifely Soil at Uxendon is in Co-
Jour little different from the Clay-land ; “but is a loofer and more
crumbling Earth, by no means fo iff : is never fo much chappd in
hot dry Weather as that: and when cut, exhibits a rougher and
more uneaven Surface. One may fee a Hundred little Gravel-ftones
embody’d in a fmall Mafs of it: It has alfo a large Admixture of a
big, coarfe Sort of Sand. Hence it is, by our Farmers, faid tobea
fharper Sort of Earth than the Clay-land'is. The Chifely Earth at
Great Creaton, has a lighter Caft confiderably than our Black-land
and is truly a brittler Earth than any of the Clay-lands. The Duit
of it in the Microfcope appears like a Sprinkling of Meal, amongft a
Company of bright traniparent Pebles. At Chelfton 1 was (hewn a
Variety of 1t of a reddifh Hue, that has a laxer Compages, moul-
dr ing more ea fily, and containing a much greater Quantity of Sand
isa 1s od in the Clayey Soils. As there is ufually a Stratum of

; cath the Chifely Soil, in feveral Places, is a
Stratum

 
i

a

iy
1

 

The Natural HI ST ORY

Stratum of a Mixture of Clay and So fuch as we frequently ufe
i ing Earthen Mounds.

> Lay Term much us’d by the Hae, here,

0 th Neighbour Counties : And tho’ the Name is Oe of

no more than the Colour of theSoil, ’tis intended to fhew the Na-

ture of it too. For they always apply it to a Sandy Soil of . Red-

re En rr
of the fame Colour, or fomewhat deeper. I Sao
‘armers : and in this Senfe 1 make ufe of the
belay i Varieties of this Soil, with ihe i
Matter of each, will be beft known by the Cllow an e bed op :
35. Firft of the Red-Land at Halftmn. Accor ling Eoihe Sao
le T have of it, which was the fitteit I could inipreos i + J ok
Died of Sand, and Hetero 2 Tapropesly wl 3 2 : > oF ps
neverthelefs in Compliance with | Language of our
i Matter in the Lnterflices of
Countreymen, I fhall call it fo. The me
sand feems to be chiefly Vegetable Earth. Undernea 1 is Bo
anh pH Sand-ftone 2] little Pieces, ier an at tow
by the Microfcope is nothing but extremely {mal oe Sey epee,
this Sample were femipellucid, and partook of are Se) on en
this Soil confifting as it does we fee, for the main , = ro
we may eafily account for thofe known Peopertisy oH jsshons,
lax and porous, and its having need of fo muc 7} foot aes
that are round, or of a Figure approaching a ; oun; 8 el =
ufually are, muft, tho’ never fo clofely laid top ee 2 en 3
large Inter ftices or Pores, and then it 1s no ihn th : h Rais,
and the Manure, that come upon this fort of Soil, v i a Vin Rey,
pioufly, are fo freely and freely fed ip (fo the Husbanc
EE GE Hafelbich, : That which I ex-
Ad, I ot of one of the Clofes, from Win the Bon o :
{mall Hill. "Tis of a fomewhat clofer Compagent han t 5 Re 4 3
a
. i swith it ; but has an Admixture of » and not fo
Co Sando it as isufual. Next underneath it is a Bed of City :
a Thing fo uncommon, ed Rover Sem IY any) ye , b
that. Underneath the -land, in all es, is a Bed
f i erfed with Sand ; and indeed this Stra
Sand, or elfe of Stone interfperfed with Sand ; an EE
lay in the Sample before us, had a copiotis Admixture of
oro! o do fill iboepelitivn in 9. 11. fupr. holds good, 1 Warde
fteril Matter of the Outmoft Stratum is generally of a /ike
Jos ee EH at Rowel. Tis of a redder H ue
diet at Halfton, and near as {andy as that is. When it is wet, it

1 irring ; but its Clots are fmall, and do quickly |
lots a little upon ftirring ; but its C all, and do quickly |
hit T re lye fcatter'd in it a great many {mall Pieces of a

reddifh Sand-Stone, and alfo of Iron-Stone, as it is here called.

+ that the Keale is indeed of two or three

a

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

 

Plates, and other Fragments, of Spar. The Moifter this, or in-
deed any Redland is, of the more Saturate Red it fhews. Being
rubb’d upon the Hand when wet, it tinges it with a Dye, like that
~ of Ruddle; only not fo deep. The Pieces of Sand-Stone are of a
~ deeper Red than the Sand, that lies fcatter’d there in Grains ; many
~ of which, in the Microfcope, appear tranfparent, and void of Co-
~ lour. Inthofe Places where there are the moft of thefe Stones, it
is fulleft of Sand, and of the deepeft Red. Hence we may reafona-
bly infer, that the Red Colour in this Sort of Land is owing in part,
if not wholly, to the Sand that it contains. It cannot be owing to
the Vegetable Earth interfperfed amongft the Sand 5 for that of it
felf is black. And farther, in moft of the Red-land Soil, if notin
all, there is more Sand than Earth, of any Kind whatfoever ; fo
confequently the Colour of the Sand, which in thefe Inftances is
generally much like that of common Rofin, always in fome Degree
Red, mutt needs be predominant, In the Sandy Land at Watford,
Byfield, Midleton-Cheney, and fome other Places, there are few or
no Fragments of the Reddith Sand-Stone, or of any other Sort of
Stone. Which Variety of Soil has farce any Rednefs in it ;
| yet tis vulgarly called Red-land. In fome™ other Parts of
the County we have Sandy Land of a fill clearer Sort inclining to
White. But there are only a few fmall Parcels of this: and in all
regards, except the Colour, it agrees fo well with the Red-land,
that I need fay no more of jt.

38. The Kealy Soil is fuch gs is plentifully ftrewed with Keale,
or Kale, that is, a Stone in very {mall Maffes of as uncertain and
irregular Shape, as are the Chips which the Mafons hew off from
their rougher Walling-Stone. Some of them are thin and flat, like
Bits of Slate. They have the Name of Keale, Kale, or Scale, for
that they feem to have been the Scalings of larger Mafles. Whether
they are Pieces or Shreds of the Limeftone, of the Ragg, or of our
ordinary Red Saud-Stone, they have all the Name of Keale ; fo
different Sorts, and confi.
quently fo is the Soil it is blended in, The Keale of the Lime-ftone
Kind in the lower Part of the County is ulually called Creech, or
Crab, and that the Creachy, or Crafby Soil, where it is found.
Which, as to the Colour of it in fome Places, may be call’d White-
Land, as properly, and for the fame Re afon, as the fandy, ftoney
Soil of a Reddifh Hue is called Redland. The Colour of both ap-
pears to be borrow'd of the fandy, or ftoney Matter that lies inter-
mixed with the Earthy Part of them. Our ordinary Sort of Kea!
Land is a Red-land, with a large Intermixture of Reddifh Stones,
which every one here calls Keale. The Keale of the Red-land is al-
ways Red. Thefe Two, the Creachy, or Lime-flone Land: and the
common Kealy, or Red-flone Land,” ave the chief Varieties of this
Sort of Soil. “But 1 fhall now give, as 1 have done of the reft, a

Both in the Pieces of Stone, and in the Earth, 1 obferved broken | more particular Defcription of it, according to the Sper.

Plates,

when

 
 

"Tie Nad HISTOR

when 1 travel’d the County, T took up in fuch Places, as I thought
moft fit for the Purpofe. :

39. The Creachy Soil at Collyweflon according to the Sk I
have of it, has a very large Admixture of foreion Matter. isa
Compofition, of Earth: of Sand: of very {mall Fragments, ( yetas
{mall as they were, they plainly appear’d to be Fragments) of Sea-
bells, Scallopes, Perewinkles, and the like : Of Lime-ftone in fmall
Pieces: and of little conglobated Bodies, of the fame Size, and Form
exactly as are thofe that conftitute the Freeftonc of Welden,and fome
other of our Quarries ; whereof hereafter in Ch. 2. P. I. There were
many of thefe. The bigger Pieces of Stone, that lay featter’d about
in the Soil, confifted, for the main,'of thefe Globules. There were
likewife fome few Splinters of Spar interfpers’d amongft the Earth,
and Sand. 1 met with the like Orbicular Bodies, and alfo Frag.
ments of Sea-fhells, nay, one entire Shell, of the Turbinated Clafs,

in the like Kind of Soil at King's-Cliff.  Alfo Pieces of Sea-fhells of |

different Species, I obferved, in'a Creachy Soil, betwi Xt Wood- New.
tony and Naffington ; but 1 met with none of thofe Globules there,
So for the Scaly Soil at Denford ; where, amongft other Sea-fhells,
there was one that exhibited the Vefiigium of the Tendon that affix’d
the Living Creature to the Shell. But of thefe Things in another
Place. : i

40. The Soil of Wittering-Heath, a large untill'd Tra of Ground,
is of much the fame Kind with that above defcribed in 9. 39. only
darker colour’d : a Difference that may, I believe, be obferv'd in ai]
Places betwixt the Soil which is, and that which is not, ufually till’d.
"Tis a fhallow Bed of Earth , with a large Intermixture of Sand,
and of Grit of Stone, and fome few {mall Pieces of Lime-ftone, of
that Sort which is found in Collywefton Soil. There were fo few of
thefe in this Heathy Soil, which was never plow’d, and fo many of
them in the Cullyweflon Soil, which has been plow’d immemo-
rially, that one may, in reafon, think the greateft Part of thofe in
the Soil at Collyweflon have been plow’d up into it. As to the Grit
of Stone, interfpers'd with the Earthy Part of this Heathy Soil,
and which is of that Sort of which the Lime-ftone in Pieces 1s com-
pos’d : It coud not have been broken off from thofcPieces byPlowing;
this Ground having never been plow'd: neither is it fo likely that
it has been wrought off from them by Rain, or by Froft, as that jt
was originally lodged there in this loofe and incoherent State,

41. "The Tillage-Land upon the South Side of Middleton by
Cottingham, not very far above the Town, is of the Creachy Soi.
The Colour of itisa lighter Sort of Brown. I'he Matter that cop-
ftitutes it, is various. examined with my Microfcope, the {maller,
and loofer, or more dufty Part of it; which tho’ like common Duft
to the naked Eye, in the Glas, appear’d to confift of Earth partly
in Form of Powder, partly in He, or little Clots: of ver
{mall Clufters of the fmalleft Sort of Sand : of the fame Sand in
loofe, and fingle Grains: of other fingle Grains of Sand of a Jorge

12e

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

 

Size than the former, and more clear ang bright : of Stone in ex-
tremely {mall Pieces, compos’d of fuch Sand as that {maller Sort
above-mention'd: Of Spherical little Bodies, fome White, others
Bluith, in Bignefs, as well as Figure, like the Globules {poke of in
0. 39. fupr. and of Frufiula of Spar. The Quantity of thefe twolaft
Ingredients, compar’d with the reft, was fmall. Such like Globules
as I faw lying loofe in the Earth, I found incorporated difperfedly,
in the larger Stones, which that Field was firew’d with. The Fruftula
of Spar I diftinguifh’d from the Sand » not fo much by the Colour 3
as the Figure of them, They were in Dye-like Pieces, in Plates,
and in Splinters, and not of 2 roundith Shape like that of our ordi-
nary Pebles, which is likewife the ufug] ‘igure of Sand. They
were not all fo {mall as to need a Glafs to difcover them; fome of
the Pieces were as large as the fourth Part of 2 common Dye.

42. Of the more ordinary fort of Kealy Land, which as I faid be.
fore in 9. 38. is a Red-land with a large Intermixture of Reddifh
Stones, I have taken only a fingle Sample, which was out of Scald-
well-Field; where they call it Rye-land. "Tis the reddeft Soil I have
any where feen, and very fandy and loofe; and is blended, as thick
as can well be imagined, "with {mall Pieces of Stone, which are all
of the fume Colour with the Earth; except fome few Pieces of
Iron-Stone, that lye featterd amongft them. I never found either
Sea-fhells, or the Globules above recited, in this, or any other of
the Kealy Red-land : And *tis rare to find any Pebles, or Flints jn
it, nor are they common any where, in any fort of Red-Land.
All the Kealy Soil, of whatfoeyer kind, is very lax and dry. Ithas
underneath it a Stratum of Keale, whofe Colour it refembles, The
Interfpaces betwixt the Pieces of Stone that form the Stratum of
Keal, contain the like Earth to that at Top. Beneath the Keale,
or Creach, there are ordinarily Strata of Stone in larger Maffes: of
a Lime-ftone underneath the whiter fort of Kealy Land, of the
Reddith Sand-ftone underneath the Kealy Red-land.

43. The Defeription of the Clay-land, being like to be the longeft,
has been referv’d to the Clofe of all. The Clayey Soil, or the
Clayey-land, as we call it here, becaufe it contains fo large a Mix-
ture of Clay, is in different Places of different Colour, and Conf.
fience. The two principal Varieties of it, are the J, bite-land, and
the Black-land. Thus oar Husbandmen have nam’d them : but they
do, by no means, differ fo much in Colour, as by the Names they
appear todo. In a dry Time they have both of them a whitith
Caft, efpecially in thofe arable Lands that have lain the longeft un-
til’d: And both become Black alike witha Summer Shower. But
when the Ground is wet within, and when thefe two Earths are
turn’d up by the Plough, we may then obferve a manifeft Difference.
That they call White-land, appears of a much lighter Colour than
their Black-land : Slides oft the Plough-fhare with Eafe: and has a
fimooth, fleck, and glofly Surface ; whereas the Black-land being
plow'd in fuch a wet Time, flicks to the Plough-Irons, and the

more

 

SESE a

 

}
|
why

lh

|

if

 

~The Nawal HIST ORT

when I travel’d the County, I took up in fuch Places, as I thought
t for the Purpofc.
a The Creachy Soil at Collywefion , according to the Sample I
have of it, has a very large Admixture of foreign Matter. [isa
Compofition, of Earth: of Sand: of very fmall Fragments, (yetas
{mall as they were, they plainly appear’d to be Fragments) of Sea-
Jhells, Scallopes, Perewinkles, and the like : Of Lime-ftone in {mall
Pieces: and of little conglobated Bodies, of the fame Size, and Form
exa¢tly as are thofe that conftitute the Freeftone of Welden,and fome
other of our Quarries ; whereof hereafter in Ch. 2. P. 1.1 here were
many of thefe. The bigger Piecgs of Stone, that lay featter’d about
in the Soil, confifted, for the main, of thefe Globules. There wen
likewife fome few Splinters of Spar interfpers'd amongft the Earth,
and Sand. I met with the like Orbicular Bodies, and alfo Frag.
ments of Sea-fhells, nay, one entire Shell, of the I urbinated Clafs,
in the like Kind of Soil at King's-Cliff. Alfo Pieces of Sea-fhells of
ditferent Species, I obferved, in a Creachy Soil, betwixt Wood- Neo.
tony and Naffington ; but 1 met with none of thofe Globules there,
So for the Scaly Soil at Denford ; where, amongft other Sea-fhells,

- - « . - < , ; » ; ~ » |
there was one that exhibited the Jefligium of the 7 endon that afhix’d |
the "iving Creature to the Shell. But of thefe Things in another |

1 |

wo The Soil of Wittering-Heath, a large untilld Tract of Ground, |

is of much the fame Kind with that above defcribed in 2. 39: only
darker colour’d : a Difference that may, believe, be obferv’d in all
Places betwixt the Soil which is, and that which is not, ufually till'd.
“Tis a fhallow Bed of Earth, witha large Intermixture o Sand,
and of Grit of Stone, and fome few {mall Pieces of Lime-ftone, of
that Sort which is found in Collyweflon Soil. 1 here were fo few of
thefe in this Heathy Soil, which was never plow’d, and fo many of
them in the Collyweflon Soil, which has been plow’d immemo-
rially, that one may, in reafon, think the greateft Part of thofe in
the Soil at Collywefton have been plow’d up into it. As to the Grit
of Stone, interfpers'd with the Earthy Part of this Heathy Soil,
and whichis of that Sort of which the Lime-ftone in Pieces is com-
pos’d : It cou’d not have been broken off from thofcPieces byPlowing;
this Ground having never been plow'd : neither is it fo likely that
it has been wrought off from them by Rain, or by Froft, as that it
was originally lodged there in this loofe and incoherent State,

41. The Tillage-Land upon the Suh Side of Middleton by
Cottingham, not very far above the Town, is of the Creachy Soil.
The Colour of itis a lighter Sort of Brown. The Matter that con-
ftitutes it, is various. 1 examined with my Microfcope, the fmaller,
and loofer, or more dufty Part of it; which tho’ like common Dutt
to the naked Eye, in the Glafs, appear’d to confift of Earth partly
in Form of Powder, partly in Molecule, or little Clots: of very
{mall Clufters of the {malleft Sort of Sand : of the fame Sand in
loofe, and fingle Grains: of other fingle Grains of Sand of a be

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E,

Size than the former, and more clear and bright : of Stone in ex-
tremely {mall Pieces, compos’d of fuch Sand as that {maller Sort
above-mention'd: Of Spherical little Bodies, fome White, others

1 Bluifh, in Bignef(s, as well as Figure, like the Globules {poke of in
© 0.39. Jupr. and of Fruflula of Spar. The Quantity of thefc twolaft
§ Ingeatips compar'd with the reft, was fmall. Such like Globules
§ as

faw lying loofe in the Earth, 1 found incorporated difperfedly,

in the larger Stones, which that Field was ftrew’d with. The Fruftula

of Spar 1 diftinguifh’d from the Sand y not fo much by the Colour ’
as the Figure of them. They were in Dye-like Pieces, in Plates,
and in Splinters, and not of a roundifh Shape like that of our ordi-
nary Pebles, which is likewife the ufual “igure of Sand. They
were not all fo {mall as to need a Glafs to difcover them; fome of
the Pieces were as large as the fourth Part of 2 common Dye.

42. Of the more ordinary fort of Kealy Land, which as I faid be-
fore in ¢. 38. is 2 Red-land with a large Intermixture of Reddifh
Stones, I have taken only a fingle Sample, which was out of Seald.
well-Field ; where they call it Rye-land. ~ "Tis the reddeft Sojl I have
any where feen, and very fandy and loofe; and is blended, as thick
as can well be imagined, with {mall Pieces of Stone, which are all
of the fame Colour with the Earth > except fome few Pieces of
Iron-Stone, that lye featter'd amongft them. I never found either
Sea-fhells, or the Globules above recited, in this, or any other of
the Kealy Red-land : And ’tis rare to find any Pebles, or Flints in
it, nor are they common any where, in any fort of Red-Land.
All the Kealy Soil, of whatfoever kind, is very lax and dry. It has
underneath it a Stratum of Keale, whofe Colour it refembles. The
Interfpaces betwixt the Pieces of Stone that form the Stratum of
Keal, contain the like Earth to that at Top. Beneath the Keale,
or Creach, there are ordinarily Strata of Stone in larger Mafles : of
a Lime-ftone underneath the whiter fort of Kealy Land, of the
Reddifh Sand-ftone underneath the Kealy Red-land.

43. The Defcription of the Clay-land, being like to be the longett,
has been referv’d to the Clofe of all. The Clayey Soil, or the
Clayey-land, as we call it here, becaufe it contains fo large a Mix-
ture of Clay, is in different Places of different Colour, and Confi-
fence. The two principal Varieties of it, are the White-land, and
the Black-land. Thus oar Husbandmen have nam’d them : but they
do, by no means, differ fo much in Colour, as by the Names they
appear todo. In a dry Time they have both of them a whitith
Caft, efpecially in thofé arable Lands that have lain the longeft un-
til’d. And both become Black alike with a Summer Shower. But
when the Ground is wet within, and when thefe two Earths are
turn’d up by the Plough, we may then obferve a manifeft Difference.
That they call White-land, appears of a much lighter Colour than
their Black-land : Slides oft the Plough-fhare with Eafe : and has a
finooth, fleck, and glofly Surface; whereas the Black-land being
plow'd in fuch a wet Time, flicks to the Plough-Irons, and the

more

 
 

|
i

i
§

ed |

1d

i

 

The Natural HIST ORT

more it is wrought, the muddicr and darker colour’d it appears.
They differ from each other no farther , as to Colour, than what
have noted here: The one approaches a White, the other a Black,
fo near, that the Farmers, who are feldom very nice in diftinguifh-
ing, have thought fit to denominate the one I, bite-land, the other
Black-land ; tho’ after all, the former is of the common Colour of
Clay, that is Yellowifh, or Gray with a Caft of Yellow 3 and it is
fometimes vein’d with Blue : the other, tho’ fomewhat darker, is very
far from a true Black. :

44. The Clay-land difcovers its felf in the Roads in Winter, by its
Stiffnefs and Depth : In Summer,, by its Hardnefs, and its Cracks.
The Red-land never chaps, or cracks ; or if it does, its Cracks are
immediately fill'd up, it is fo lax, and fo apt to moulder. The
Clay-land, of whatfoever kind, is the tougheft, or moft tenacious,
and the moft denfe of all our Soils; upon this Account, on the
Thrapflon Side, they call it Sad-land. "Tis alfo one of the richeft of
them. The Whiter Clay-land is look’d upon as the warmeft Earth of
the two; ’tis certain its Crops are ufually the earlieft ripe. Inadry
Time it does not chap fo much as the Black-land, is not fo hard and
rugged, moulders fooner, and confequently plows eafier than that
does. In both, there isa little Sand ftrewed about in fingle Grains.
This Defcription is taken chiefly from the Parcels of thefe two Soils
in the Fields about Oxendon.

44. The Black-land, as they call it at Thingdom, and the Neigh-
bourhood, is fomewhat different from that above deferib’d : and the
Farmers there will fcarcely allow it to be called Clay-land ; vet it
really partakes of Clay, tho’ in a lefler Quantity than do the Clay-
lands of the Northern Part of the County, where it borders upon
Leiceflerfbive. “Tis indeed a pretty clofe, and tenacious Earth, and
to the Eye appears fomewhat Clayey ; butyet it islaxer, and apter
to break and crumble than is the Black-Land at Oxendon. It hasal-
fo a larger Admixture of Sand, and together with it, a fcattering as
it were of whitifh Stones. The Black-Land at Lamport and thatat
Creaton is till fomewhat laxer, and nearer approaches the Chifely
Soil above defcribd in 9. 32. :

45. Inthe Field at Caweste isa certain Furlong remarkable amongft
the Husbandmen there for its glutinous and untractable Temper.
"Tis indeed the fliffeft, and tougheft Earth, ( for an Earth of the
outmotft Stratum ) that [ ever examin'd. Its Parts are fo coherent,
that, ina dry Mafs, it’s fcarcely to be crumbled with the Fingers,
and any other way it is not to be broken without Difficulty. It con-
tains fome few Lapilli, which are very clofely impacted in the dried
Mafs of it, and hasa little Sand init. Bat notwithitanding the
Stiffnefs of the Earth, if they can but get their Grain into it, in
fuch manner as juft to cover it, they have fertile Crops. It has real-
ly much of the Colour and Temper of the Black-Land, at Oxendon.

46. Not only a great Part of our Zillage-Land , whether at this
prefent Time in Tillage, or fome Time fince open'd by the Plough,

and

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

and now having been laid down again, cover'd with Herbage, have

* a Clayey Soil ; but alfo far the greateft Part of our Meadows, and
of all the other Land in general that has never been plow'd ; except-
ing the Heaths. That which has been plow’d, may, by its lying in

Ridge and Furrow, be immediately diftinguifh’d from’ that ‘which

has not. The latter, if 1 may judge of the whole by the Samples
1 have of fome Parts of it, vz. of Iflipy and Wielbarflm Meadows,
“and of a Plainat the Top of a fmall Hill in Oxendon Lordthip, differs
i very little from that of the adjoining Fields which have been plowd ;
except in this refpect, that it contains a greater Quantity of Vege-
table Earth. That it really contains a larger Share of that Earth,
appears by the darker Colour of it, and alfo by the greater Returns

it makes, upon its being new broken up by the Plough. As to the

Tillage Land, where there is Crop after Crop of Grain: the Vege-
table Earth is expended and drawn out of it in a greater Proportion,

than it is in this; which is the true Reafon of its having a leffer
Degree of Fertility.

47. The Soil of that Part of the Fen-Country, called Burrow
Great Common, is in many Places Clayey , and of a very dark Black.
And as it is the Blackeft, {o it is the Richeft of all our Clayey Soils.
The black Colour, and the Richnefs of it, we may reafonably be-
lieve, are chiefly owing to the Vegetable Earth, fo copioufly convey’d
thither by the Land-Floods; which do now fometimes overflow,
and abide a while upon that Flat, and Low Country, and have for-
merly done fo much more than they now do. The Smell of it when
it is wet and dirty, 1s like that of the Mud of Pools, or of Bog-
Earths : And at fome Diftance, it affects that Senfe in a Traveller,
It confifts for the main of Clay. When dry ’tis very firm and hard,
and being cut exhibits almoft as fmooth, and oyly a Surface, as un-
mixed Clay. Not fo much as one fingle Grain of Sand could I dif.
cover init, no not by the Microfcope. But here and there we may
fee a Parcel of it befprinkled with Specks of Reddifh Earth. Some
few Pebles are likewife found in it. Underneath the Soil is a Stia-
tum of a heavy, ftubborn, and untractable Clay. Under all the
Clayey Soils, there is a Bed of Clay ; which is generally found to
be more or Iefs denfe, or clofe, according to the Denfity of the Soil
above it,

I have by me an Account of the Soils of all the feveral
Lordfhips in the whole County, drawn up upon my own and others
Obfervations ; but it being not fo full, accurate, and juft, in all Parts
of it, as I could wifh it was: and being under Apprehenfions of this
Volume’s increafing beyond its due Extent, I here content my felf
with this more general View of them.

48. Having given a Defcription of all our moft confiderable Va.
rieties of Soils, with refpet to their Colour, Confiftence, and the
Matter that conftitutes them, as alfo of the Stratum underneath
them, 1 fhall now proceed to fome farther Obfervations upon the
Nature and Temper of each; more particularly with refpect of the

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The Natwal HIST ORT

 

fteril or mineral Matter they contain : Of the Effeéts of Rain, of
the Sun’s Heat, and of other the like external Agents, upon each :
And of the Vegetable Productions they beft agree with. ~ To begin
with the Clayey Soil.

49. Of all the Soils of this Kind, that I have examin'd, or look’d
into, excepting only that of Burrow Great Common defcribed in
0 47. there is a Mixture of Sand. This Sand feems very little and
inconfiderable, as to the Quantity of it, as it lies Silay in the
Clayey Earth ; but a fharp Shower, by diffolving and wathing off
the Earthy Matter that furrounded, and conceal’d the Sand, difclo-
{es and exhibits it in a more confiderable Quantity. Soon after fuch
a Shower we may fee 10000 Grains of Sand lye glittering, and ex-
pos’d almoft quite naked, on the Surface of the till'd Cla y-Lands. If
the Shower was violent, and of long Continuance, we may then
fee little Heaps of Sands in the Land-Furrows, efpecially in the
lower Part of them: And the like in the Brooks , and other Water-
Courfes,, whither it was born down by the Land-Floods ; which
ufually carry off a great deal of Earth into the Rivers, but leave
moft of the Sard behind in the Land Furrows , and fmaller Brooks ,
and Water-Courfes ; that being more crafs and ponderous. In

the Chanels of fome of our Rills, particularly that call’d |

Isbell-Brook in Oxendon Lordfhip, 1 have feen a Shoal, or Heap

of clear and pure Sand, five or fix Inches thick; a great part of |

which, no doubt, was thus born down into it by the Land-Floods ;
there being ro where elfe in the whole Lordfhi , fo much Sand to
be found, in a colleéted Quantity. And that there was not a Natural
Bed of it there, is plain enough by this, that in the Banks on both
Sides of it, there was nothing but Clay, or Clayey Earth, like that of
the Neighbouring Fields ; but in that very Earth, with an attentive
View, one may indeed obferve a pretty copious Admixture of Sand.
And no doubt the Sand-Heap was in part driven down thither by the

Land-Floods : in part wafh’d out from amongft the Clay, and the |
Clayey Earth, at the Bottom, and in the Sides of that Chanel, by the |

Current of Water there.

50. An Ingenious Perfon *, obferving fuch Shoals of Sand | ing
at the Bottoms of fome high Hills in the Northern Parts of Englind,
was incautioufly led into an Opinion, that the Top-Stratum of the
Earth, at leaft in that part of the World, if not all over the Globe,
was originally Sand, and that in Tract of Time, it was wafh’d oft
from the Hills into the Valleys, like as there in Torkflure, and there-
abouts. I am much more inclinable to believe, that the Qutmoft
Stratum of thofe Hills was of an Earth that had a Mixture of Sand
in it, like that in our Clayey Fields: That a Part of that Sand had
by Rains been roll’d down to the Bottoms of thofe high Hills,
where, theDeclivity being fmall, it lodg’d : and that the Earth which
came down along with it was carry’d quite off, and fo nothing but
Sand remain’d, as in the Rills above-mention’d. But this by the by.

51. The

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.
51. The Sand which we find thus collected in the Clayey Coun-

try, is not a little ferviceable in a Lordthip, or Country, wholly
~ deftitute of that Commodity, to thofe who knew how to ufe it to
the beft Advantages. As itisa pretty clear or pure Sand, ’tis the
 fitteft of any to mix with Lime, for Mortar for Stone, or Brick :
- And when it is laid upon a Clayey Soil in the Manner of Compoft,
- which has fometimes been practis’d here, tis a great Improvement
of it. Not that it bears any part in the Compofition of the Vege-
tables growing there ; but as it contributes to the opening, and

loofening the Lumps, and concreted Parts of the Clayey Earth,
wherein it is incorporated : as it renders them brittler and readier to

- moulder ; for the laxer and more open the Soil, the more extenfively

the Roots of the Corn that grows there will fhoot ; by which means
they fetch in a larger Supply of Nourithment, and confequently the
Crop is the better for it.

52. In all our Clayey Fields there are Stones incorporated with
the Earth ; which are likewife ferviceable there, provided they are
not fo broad and heavy as to hinder the coming forth of the Grain.
They do fervice there, as well the Stones that impart not any quick
ning Salts, fuch as the common Flints and Pebles, as thofe that do;
and this barely by rendering the Earth, that is about them, fomewhat
more open and pervious ; whereby it is the better fitted for the En-
trance of the Roots of the Corn : The Roots have a freer Space to
fpread in: And the Soil is more thoroughly and freely vifited with
kindly Influences of the Seafons. So likewife the Stratum of Clay,
which lies underneath thefe Clayey Soils, has in moft Places a Mix.
ture of Sand, and Pebles, in it, which do much the fame Service to
the Grain that fhoots down thither with its Roots, as do the Sand and
Pebles, in the Soil above.

53. Pebles, and Flints are by fome , 1 know, accounted in the
Number of thofe Stones that are Improvers of Land by the Sults
they hold. But I cannot admit, thac either thefe, or any other, that
will not break and crumble with Froft and Wet, as thefe will never
do, are of any Ufe that way. It is a certain Sign that they contain
no confiderable Quantity of Salt; becaufe no Weather will make
them fall afunder, and ditfolve , as it does to thofe otherwife very
hard Stones, that we know contain it. Or if the Pebles and Flints
do contain any Salt, I fee not how the Land is like to be much the
better for it, fo long as they continue whole, and their Parts un-
open’d.

54- So in like manner for the Sulphur, which, as others imagine,
thee Stones, the Flints efpecially, do contain, and in that regard are
fo ufeful and ferviceable in the Fields. Frofts, the Sun's Heat, and a
humid Air, that work upon many other hard Stones, never in the
leaft obfervably affect thete. But admitting their Sulphur be unlock’d
and emitted, be it as copious as they pleafe, it can be of no other
Ufe in the Work of Vegetation, than by the Heat that ufually at.
tends it, and by the Vitriolick Sel that it in part confifts of.

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The Natwral HI ST OR Y

As it is a mineral, it is unfit to be an Ingredient in the Com-
yofition of Vegetables of any Kind whatever. 1 now {peak of the
Mineral Sulphur : As to the Vegetable Sulphur, a Term much us'd
by fome, they mean, if any thing, only Vegetable Oyls ; which are
very improperly and unfitly called Sulphurs.

5. Inall the Red-land Fields, atleaft in all thofe that have plen-
ty of Keal, we may fee, tho not many Flints, and Pebles, many
Tron-colour'd Stones , whereof 1 fhall give a more particular Deferi-
ption hereafter in Chap. II. Part 2. They lie difperfed upon the
Ground, and incorporated alfo in the Kealy Earth, amongft the com-
mon Keal. We likewife find them in the Clay-land tho’ more rarely.
‘Thefe tho’ they probably contain fome Sulphur, have fo little of
it, that ’tis not difcoverable by any common Trials. But tis
likely they hold, or have formerly held a more confiderable
Quantity of Vitriol ; for fome of them being expos'd to Froft or
to a Humid Air are wrought upon by them: "Lhey {well tll they
break and crumble, and emit vitriolick Sprouts ; as do our other or-
dinary Purite. Which Vitriol is certainly of good ufe in theClayey
Fields, efpecially when it comes to be incorporated with the clotted

«spr. Partsof the Earth; becaufe it muft needs open and loofen them, and

wadswrds give them a Tendency to crumble, and fall into Mould, in like man-

Vguuion DET, 8S do Nitre, and other Salts*. In fome few Places, and particu-

Taf N.253. larly nigh Paflon, and Marbam, we find a laxer, and coarfer Sort of

par Lime-Stone in {mall Pieces, interfperfed in the Clayey Soil: And a
Bed of the like Lime-Stone, only firmer and finer, underneath it.
The {mall Lime-Stone by Reafon of the Earth, and of the Nitre,
or other Salt, that lies intermixed with the ordinary Matter of it,
is eafily broken by the Plough and Harrows, as alfo by the Showers
of Rain, and eafily moulders after Froft: And being thus diffolved
is ferviceable to the Soil wherein it lies.

56. 1 have treated of all the moft confiderable Mixtures of fo-
reign Matter with the vegetable Earths, anlefs that of Sea-fbells, and
have mentioned fome Inftances of this fort of Admixture; But ought
not to difmifs this Subject, without obferving fomewhat farther of
it. In all the feveral forts of Soils we meet with Sea-fhells of the
Scallop, Perewinkle and other Kinds, fome whofe Cavities are
empty, others that are filPd with Clay, Sand-Stone, that which we
call Iron-ftone, or other mineral Matter : And with regularly figur’d
Stones of the fame Shape, and Size, as is the Cavity of thefe Shells ;
the Shells wherein thofe regularly figur’d Stones were included and
moulded, having been either in part or entirely moulder'd away, or
broken off from them, by the Injuries of Weather, by the Plough,
the treading of Horfes, or other Accidents.

"OF this fort of Stones, and of Shells, and Fragments of Sea-
hells, I have feen a mighty Number, as well as a great Variety,lying
difperfedly upon the Surface of the plowed Lands, and the like en-
cod in the Tillage Earth, in the Fields of Claycy Soil, e. gr. at
Clipfion, and Marflon-Truffel = Stones of the like Origin (more rare-

ly

 

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

ly Shells) in the Fields of Sandy Earth at Thorp Malfor, Rowell, &c
Fy ’ .

I'here is fcarce a Field in the County, I am well affured, that d
3 ces

or ee To le Sh ee
ne . ould produce, if th :
pret ery Jrpiances out of hs Hundred, 2 I Occasion, b
i 3 on EP any 2 i Coney, thofe remoteft from A
s areft to it ; but let thefe at 7
SB Fl A tT
: ) ’€ fo thick, that th oo 9 nus
he od have given then the N on gy have obeyed
4 ot sho the Barrennefs obferved where their Porn -Shells 1
Turth 0 whi : ne ways owing to thofe Shells ; but to og) ft cl Je
Surth lav) i hey are enclofed, and by which indeed e Clayey
hvals e b ong. For the Shells being Anima) S bio, eTegpre-
fine ya go fort of Manure to the Land, whe oo rs
Pou 8 i are, while entirey of the fame or — cometo
oy ’ hs ie Stonesthat, on a like Account, are confider’ etoa fff
bil e Land it felf is barren, and without th ger d, in ¢. 52
e fh Toi barren than it is. ele Shells, would
59- 1he Sea-fbells that we no
were 4 Hginelly haga within ae
um, there efpecially where it
of Barth, oral fis yA ed Sh of a denfer and compacter fort

theinterionr Saree. fic wd till of late Years: the veft :
, from whence they h 1e reft in
Plough, or the Earth that cover'd thon a fea tl SY
atie been

wafh'd away by Rain: w
bre upon 3Y yen ; whereby thefe Shells have been expos’d thus
o. Of the fevera] Speci
: I Species of thefe Sea
kg in Hie: And of all the obfervable Circumft
Tog Ae il ghey particular Account, in dye Place. ee
OWE a WF ia County I have found not only Shells, Be

p ifbesy and many oth 1 1
the plow'd Lands: And that tho’ fome y oe sring Bodies, upon
y as alfo of

the Shells, are fc
Sy omewhat alter'd and difguis’
Jaz Sheths re fn ] nd difguis’d, by a fton i
. - : e
Mister infra od to their Pores ; yet fill fo eh of eo Si
unwed y once really belong’d to Annimals of the S ey
Wem Yo0p Cotes the Differences obfervable in Seti al
ots of So) Spe Lf be of Rains, the Sun’s Heat, &c Tos
) : of. df y &¢. hat i
poe the Cay Sol y for the moft part, abounds with Wat 1, § d
CR With; whereas tho’ there fell the mee Je
all to be feen 2 thats dy Land, yet there is fearce any Water a
eRe thats | iy the Clayey Soil, when Rain falls a .
A 28 the andy: and that when onceit is Wt
le all owing to the greater Denfity, or Cl -
on ® Lhiyey > » and of the Stratum aaderoet’ it ny
ER os, A 3 impofible, Water fhou’d rn
fe Jot 5 drain down, and pafs off fo fudde
y through that, as it does through Suns, a a
y and the like laxer Mat-

ter,

pon the Surface of the E
of them in the Outmoft 5

+fbells : Of the Stones that

49

 
 

 

 

The Namal HIST ORT

ter, whereof the Strata underneath the loofe fandy Soils do ordina-
rily confit. And ’tis manifeftly a like Cafe as to the Sun's Heat on
a Clayey Soil.

62. The Clay-Land is ufually, and not untruly, faid to be the
coldeft of our Soils ; which is chiefly grounded upon this Obferva-
tion, that its Productions, compar’d with thofe of the Sandy and
other Soils, are later in the Year e’re they come to Perfection. = This
is a Difference that cannot proceed from a different Difpenfation of
the Sun’s Heat ; for that is imparted indifferently to both: And
tho’ it isa longer time €’re it gets within the Interftices of the Clayey
Soil, it compenfates that, by the Stays it makes there ; ifit does not
enter fo early in the Morning, it continues there longer at Night.
But indeed there is a manifeft Difference in the Difpentation of the
Subterraican Heat. Was that fo freely, and copioufly admitted |
and imparted to the Clayey Soil, as it is to the Sandy, there’s no
doubt to be made but its Produ¢tions wou’d be as early; but that, its
certain, it is not *; by realon of the Denfity of the Matter it con-
fifts of, and the greater Denfity of the Stratum underneath ; which
the thicker it is, the colder fll is the Soil above it. Thus for In-
ftance, there is {carcely a colder Soil in the County, that that where
the Brick-Earth is dug in Marflon-Truffel-Field ; where, underneath
the Soil, there is a Bed of Clay a great many Feet in Thicknefs.

63. Some imagine the Wetnefs of the Clayey Soil is the Caufe of
the Coldnefs of it; which is fo far true, that the Ground that is wet
within, is more fufceptive of Impreflions from a cold Air, than a dry
Earth is. Froft, after Rain, we find is always moft detrimental to
our Gardens, and Fields. But then for the fame Reafon that the
Earth is fometimes the colder for the Water in the Interftices of it,
‘tis at other times the warmer for it, that is, ina warm, or a hot
Air. As the Ground that is wet within is more fufceptive of Im-
preflions from a cold Air, than a dry Earth is, fo likewife is it of
Impreffions from a warm Air. And as the Vegetation of the Plants
that ftand in a moift Earth, is impeded, or retarded in the colder
Seafons, by means of the Water in the Pores of it ; fo tis generally
forwarded, and advanced in the hotter Seafons, by the fame Medzum.
Water, as being more porous, does fooner receive Heat, and Cold
likewife, from the Air, than Earth does: and as being a lighter Body
is more eafily moved by them.

64. There are the like Diftin¢tions betwixt the Clayey, and Sandy

sess RMR GR a

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Clayey, and denfer Soils. ’Tis a well known Obfervation, that Froff
and Snow go away firft in the Red-land, and other laxer Soils. :

65. Froft, and Sww are of particular Ufe and Advantage in the
Clayey Fields. The Clods, and concreted Parcels there, are of no
Ufe in Vegetation, unlefs their Parts are loofen’d >» and disjoind.
Much of this is effeCied by thofe two Diffolvents. In the Sandy
Soil, which is naturally a mouldering Earth, there is lefs Occafion
for them. Thus the Clayey Earth, tho’ much deprived of one of
the Inftruments of Nature for relaxing and diffolving a concreted
Earth, by the Bed of Clay underneath it ; that intercepting many
fubtie, warm, watry Vagus: which by degrers would open and
diffolve its Clods: Asa Ballance of this Defott partakes of the Be-
nefit of Froft in a greater Meafure ; that exerting it felf with greater

; Intenfenefs there,

66. For the Clayland , Wheat | and Beans, or a Mifcellany of

. Beans and gray Peufe, are the proper Grains ; not but that Barley
| too in fome Years is very fuccefsful in the Clay-land. Beans will

bear, and do require the greateft Quantity of Water ; for which,

| amongft other Reafons, they are fitted for this fort of Land. Wheat
| 1s not able to bear fo much. ~ Barley is ftill lefs able : And according-
ly, in a very wet time, it is never fo good upon the Clay-land, us 1s
| that upon the loofer Sort of Land, which does not hold wet. Some
of the Lordthips in the Northern Part of the County, of the deeper
and clofer Clay, produce fuch Crops of Beans, as are no way Inferi-
| our to thofe in the Southern Part of Leiceflerfbire, which is Famous
| for this fort of Grain. No Soil is fo proper for them as the Clay-

Land.
67. The Situation of our Three Forefls of Whittlebury Sacy,

and Rockingham, or of much the larger Part of them, is on this kind
| of Land ; which is particularly fit for the Growth , and Improve.
| ment of the beft Englifb Oak. ~ The Growth is flow by Reafon of
| the Coldnefs of the Soil ; but the Wood is firm, hardy, and dura-
ble. Whereas the Oaks of the laxer and warmer Soils , tho’ they
- grow fomewhat fafter, and are perhaps of a ftraiter Grain , err

d ge and more brictle Timber, and decay fooner than this.
58. But notwithftanding the Coldnefs of the clayey Soil, it is or-

a the fremmeft, as our Farmers exprefs it, that is the Richeff
| fey ng badd welizve. It is not neccffary to fuppofe that the Clayey
Soil was originally made of a Richer Nature than the Sandy , much

Soils, with relation to Fyofts, as there are with relation to Water, ||

and Heat. It is but {lowly that a Froft obtains Admiffion into the |
Pores of the clofe Clayey Earth ; but when it has thoroughly enter’d |
it, and is impacted there, it is more permanent. This too is plain- |

lefs that the Clay is an Ingredient in the Compofition of the Vege-
tables that it produces. For had the Sandy Land been originally en-
dowed, with an equal Quantity of Vegetable Matter , there are fe-
veral ways whereby it is annually depriv’d of it, that do not concern

a

“is

.

ly from the Denfity of that Earth, and becaufe it is lefs vifited with the Clayey Land ¥. Asthe Clay-Land retains a greater Quantity of vids. ss.
Heat.  Froft is admitted more readily in the laxer Sandy Soil; but || Rain-Water, which isalways copioufly ftock'd with Vegetable Earth ;
then the warm Subterranean Streams that are conftantly paffing up || @lmoft this alone will Account for its greater Degree of Fruitfulnefs,
into it, do refift the Froft, and will not admit it to go down to that || 69. Our Meadows which have likewife a Clayey Soil are fill
Depth, or at leaft to fix and continue there, fo long as it oe the || Richer than the ordinay Paftures of the Clay-land’; "not that they

yey, have

A

CRESS

— a as ba

ln rE 2

*

.

 
 

Wiig) |

Lp

 

“vid § 75,
infr.

The Natural HIT ST ORT
ter, whereof the Strata underneath the loofe fandy Soils do ordina-
rily confift. And tis manifeftly a like Cafe as to the Sur's Heat on
a Clayey Soil.

62. The Clay-Land is ufually, and not untruly, faid to be the

coldeft of our Soils; which is chiefly grounded upon this Obferva-
tion, that its Productions, compar’d with thofe of the Sandy and
other Soils, are later in the Year e're thiey come to Perfection. This
is a Difference that cannot proceed from a different Difpenfation of
the Sun’s Heat ; for that is imparted indifferently to both: And
tho’ it isa longer time €’re it gets within the Interftices of the Clayey
Soil, it compenfates that, by the Stays it makes there ; ifit does not
enter fo early in the Morning, it continues there longer at Night.
But indeed there is a manifeft Difference in the Difpenfation of the
Subterranean Heat. Was that fo freely , and copioufly admitted ,
and imparted to the Clayey Soil, as it is to the Sandy, theres no
doubt to be made but its Productions wou’d be as early; but that, its
certain, it is not*, by reafon of the Denfity of the Matter it con-
fifts of, and the greater Denfity of the Stratum underneath ; which
the thicker it is, the colder fill is the Soil above it. Thus for In-
ftance, there is fcarcely a colder Soil in the County, that that where
the Brick-Earth is dug'in Marflon-Truffel-Field ; where, underneath
the Soil, there is a Bed of Clay a great many Feet in Thicknefs.

63. Some imagine the Wetnefs of the Clayey Soil is the Caufe of
the Coldne(s of it; which is fo far true, that the Ground that is wet
within, is more fufceptive of Impreflions from a cold Air, than a dry
Earth 1s. Froft, after Rain, we find is always moft detrimental to
our Gardens, and Fields. But then for the fame Reafon that the
Earth is fometimes the colder for the Water in the Interftices of it,
tis at other times the warmer for it, that is, ina warm, or a hot
Air. As the Ground that is wet within is more fufceptive of Im-
preflions from a cold Air, than a dry Earth is, fo likewife is it of
Impreffions from a warm Air. And as the Vegetation of the Plants
that ftand in a moift Earth, is impeded, or retarded in the colder
Seafons, by means of the Water in the Pores of it ; fo ’tis generally
forwarded, and advanced in the hotter Seafons, by the fame Medium.
Water, as being more porous, does fooner receive Heat, and Cold
likewife, from the Air, than Earth does: and as being a lighter Body
is more eafily moved by them.

64. There are the like Diftintions betwixt the Clayey, and Sandy
Soils, with relation to Frofts, as there are with relation to Water,
and Heat. It is but {lowly that a Froft obtains Admiffion into the
Pores of the clofe Clayey Earth ; but when it has thoroughly enter’d =
it, and is impacted there, it is more permanent. This too is plain- |
ly from the Denfity of that Earth, and becaufe it is lefs vifited with |
Heat.  Froft is admitted more readily in the laxer Sandy Soil; but|}
then the warm Subterranean Streams that are conftantly paffing up
into it, do refift the Froft, and will not admit it to go down to that
Depth, or at leaft to fix and continue there, fo long as it does in the

Clayey, |

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

~ Clayey, and denfer Soils. "Tis a well known Obfervation, that Froft
E and Snow go away firft in the Red-land, and other laxer Soils,

65. Froft, and Sww are of particular Ufe and Advantage in the

g Clayey Fields. The Clods, and concreted Parcels there, are of no
© Ufe in Vegetation, unlefs their Parts are loofen’d >» and disjoin’d.
© Much of this is effeCted by thofe two Diflolvents. In the Sandy
3 Soil, which is naturally a mouldering Earth, there is lefs Occafion
+ for them. Thus the Clayey Earth, tho’ much deprived of one of
4 the Inftruments of Nature for relaxing and diffolving a concreted
i So by the Bed oF Giay underneath it ; that intercepting many
~ lubtie, warm, watry Vapours, which by degrers w o

| diffolve its Clods: Asa Ball a oad opet, ad
? nefit of Froft in a greater Meafure ; that exerting it {olf wi

; ob Fr ¢ I exerting it felf w

* Intenfenefs there, ’ ge vag

allance of this Defect partakes of the Be-

66. For the Clayland Wheat | and Beans, or a Mifcellany of

i Beans and gray Peafe, are the proper Grains ; not but that Barle

| too in fome Years is very fuccefsful in the Clay-land. Beans will
| bear, and do require the greateft Quantity of Water ; for which
| amongft other Reafons, they are fitted for this fort of I and. Wheat
J not able to bear fo much. Barley is fill lefs able : And accordins.
hE a wih et time, itis never fo good upon the Clay-land, as 1s
| that upon the loofer Sort of Land, which does not hold wer. Some
of the Lordthips in the Northern Part of the County, of the deeper
and clofer Clay, produce fuch Crops of Beans, as are no wa Infor.
our to thofe in the Swuthern Part of Leicefierbire, which ir

for this fort of Grain. No Soil is {; 2 S
land. 0 1s fo proper for them as the Clay-
67. The Situation of our Three Forefts of Whittlebury , Sucy,
)

| and Rocking bam, or of much the larger Part of them, ison this kind
‘of Land ; which is particularly fit for the Growth ) and Improve-
| ment of the beft Englifb Oak. ~ The Growth is flow by Reafon of
| the Coldnefs of the Soil ; but the Wood is firm, hardy, and dura-
' ble. Whereas the Oaks of the laxer and warmer Soils , tho’ they

[3 2 y » r ” » - *, Y { :
grow fomewhat fafter, and are perhaps of a ftraiter Grain , have

| a laxer, and more brictle limber, and decay fooner than this.

68. But notwithftanding the Coldnefs of the clayey Soil, it is or-

| dinarily the fremmefl, as our Farmers exprefs it, that is the Richeft

feeding Land we have. It is not recellary to fuppofe that the Clayey

| My ies Sigal made of a Richer Nature than the Sandy , much
| ‘cls that the Clay 1s an Ingredient in the Compofition of the Vege-
o

Des that it produces. For had the Sandy Land been originally en-
dowed, with an equal Quantity of Vegetable Matter , there are fe-

 veral ways whereby it is annually depriv’d of it, that do not concern

the Clave , * lav 1 )
ie On ey Land +. Asthe Clay-Land retains a greater Quantity of vids. 7.
ain-Water, which isalways coptoufly ftock’d with Vegetable Earth : /
< _ »

| almoft this alone will ; it Sor He aves Ss :
1 ne will Account for its greater Degree of Fruitfulnefs,

Lo Our Meadows which have likewife a Clayey Soil are fill
icher than the ordinay Paftures of the Clay-land ; not that they
have

 

By di Sh as Sh aa a ATT

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| Bain
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The Natwal HI STORYT

have naturally a Richer Soil than thofe ; fo far from it, that by all
the Views I have made of it, it appears to be much more clogg'd
with Clay than thofe are. And ’tis impoffible they fhou’d produce
fuch Abundance of Herbage, as they Yearly do, was it not that the
upper Parts of them are fo nobly enriched by the Vegetable Earth,
the Rain-Water every Year wafhes down upon them from the ad-
jacent Hills : As the are by the Overflowings of the Rivers
and Brooks.

70. Of our Wood-Land, which is really a Species of Clay-Land,
I have not much to add to what I have faid in 9. 27, 28, fupra. "Tis
obferved there, that it holds wet; And here I may Note, that like
other Clay-Land, ina dripping Spring, and efpecially , if there be
much wet in May, it is clos’d and fodden’d, and its Wheat , and
Barley, are apt to turn Yellow, and be check’d or hinder'd in the
Growth. The greater the Quantity of Rain that falls that Month,
the more it ufually is difcoloured and ftunted. Of Grain , it agrees
the beft with Wheat : And does well with gray Peafe.

71. As the Chifely Land is for Colour, Confiftence, and other
Properties of an intermediate Nature, betwixt the Redith Sandy
Land, and the Blackifh Clay-Land ; that particular Account which
1 give of them, will afford fo much Light into the Nature of this,
that I need not fay much about it. We find by the Produtts of it,
that it is warmer than the Clay Land, and of a cooler Temper than
the Sandy Land.  Asit is of this middle Temper , it feems to be
peculiarly fitted for Maflin, that is a Mixture of Wheat and Rye.
And accordingly our Husbadmen fow it with this Sort of Mixture
in feveral Places : And have very good Crops of it. Of the two |
Sorts of Wheat, the Gray, and Lammas, as it is nawrally a leaner
Sort of Land, it is fitter tor the Lammas-Wheat. This is warranted
by the Practice and Succefs of the Farmers, at Kingfthorpe, and in
other Lordfhips. For the fame Reafon, as it is a leaner and lighter
Sort of Land, they fow it in the Peafe-Field Year with a greater
Mixture of Peafe (which they call the lighter Sort of Ware) with
the Beans, than theydo the Clay-Land.

72. As to the Varieties of the Chifely Soil. A gravelly Chifel,
{uch as that at Welford, is accounted fitteft for Oats, and Peafe : A
fharpifh Sandy Chifel, {uch as that at Hanging- Houghion, is very good
tor Woad: The Sandy Kealy Chifel-Earth at Duflon is efteemed for
its Barley : The brittle Chifel-Earth, intermixed with a Lime-ftone
at Barton-Segrave, wou’d fuit Saint-forn.

73. The Red-land is naturally a warmer Soil than the Clay-land. |
The Strata next under the Soil, confifting generally of Sand, or the |
like laxer Matter, under which are Strata of Sand-ftone divided by
Fiffures, there is a free Paflage for the Subterranean Heat: And the
Soil it felf being loofe and porous, it very readily, and freely receives
that Heat which is continually ftreaming up into it, and that in far
greater Plenty than in the Clay-land; where neither the fubjacent
Strata, nor the Soil it felf, are fo lax and pervious, as they here are.

74. Hence |

ws

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

 

74. Hence it comes to pafs, that the Sandy Soil is ufually as warm

| in Mareb, as the Clayey Soil is in April: And fo on in like manner

in May, and the Summer Months ; or however, in every Month, it

‘has a Warmth {uperiour to that of the Clay-land. This appears by
' comparing the Vegetable Produés of each. The Grafs, and other
- Herbage, of the Paftures: the Hyacinths, Violets, Primrofes, and

other Herbs, of the Woods: the Water-creffes, and other Aquaticks,

 

in the fandy Soils, are always more early and forward ; fome of
them appear, and continue to advance fome Weeks before the fame
Kind of Vegetables, in the Clayey Soils. And as they peep forth
of the Ground, and ripen firft, {o they firft dye away and difappear.
‘Wild Tyme, an Herb that grows almoft every where in the Sandy
‘Grounds, and almoft covers the Surface in fome of then, grows

only on Mould-Banks, at Hardwick, Listle Oxendon, and elfewhere,
in the Clayey Paftures ; the Mould-Banks having accidentally a loofer

‘and warmer Earth than that about them is. Ordinarily the North

Side of thefe little Banks is overfpread with Mofs, as the South Side
ig Type ; fo Shes » Wi this by the by, Had a Traveller loft
1s Way, he might by this Obfervati i i
0s } a, Fa 2 . by Shi ation alone dire himfelf as to
75. The Redland; tho’ a warmer Soil than the Clay-land, is ge-
nerally leaner, and lefs fruitful. The Husbandmen term it a greedy
and hungry Earth ; the Manure that is laid upon it, being eaten u
as 1t were, that is, quickly {pent and gone. The Herbage in the fandy
Paftures is comparatively lean and fcanty. The Paftures are proper
for a feeeding Stock ; but to to ufe the Graziers way of Expreflion,

| they cannot well make up a Sheep. This indeed is to be fuid in Fa-

vour of them, that the Sheep, as alfo the Hares, upon this fort of
Land, are lefs lyable toa Rot, than are thofe in the colder and moifter
Soils: And that a {maller Quantity of Feeding, in thefe warmer
Layers, will ferve as well as a greater Quantity, in a colder Layer.
Of the Wheat, and Barley fown in their Fields, there are not fo
many Sprouts, or fo manifold, and ample a Return, from each fingle
Seed, as there ordinarily is, in the Clay-land. v
76. That tis fo much barrener than the Clayey Soil, proceeds
from feveral Caufes. 1. This of all the Soils undergoes, in the De-
terrations that are made by violent Rains, the greateft Wafle of the
Vegetable Matter it contains. This agrees with Obfervation : and
the Reafon of the thing is plain. 2. A greater Quantity of its Ve-
getative Matter is drain’d off with the Rain-water, which foaks down

| into the lower Strata, and defcends together with that into the Fifi.
| lures of Rocks, and into Springs, and Wells*. For this Reafon, 7Yid$
2.

in the fandy Ground at Wittering , and fome other Places here the
Husbandmen never plow their Ground any more than once. for one
Year's Crop, that is, juft before their Sowing Time: and manure
Juft before they plow. ~ Upon plowing it oftner, and manuripe it
fooner, they find a great Part of their Soil is wafh'd down into the
Gallies, and Seams, as they “J them, of the Rock underneath.

3. By

53

 
  
 
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
   

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54

  

The Nawal HIST ORT

3. By reafon of the Laxity of the fandy Soil, and that greater De.
gree of Heat that affefls it, there muft needs be a greater Quantity
of Vegetable Matter carry’d off from it, in Vapour, than is ufually
from the Clay-land, that is, fuppofing it had an equal Stock of Ve.
getable Matter with the Clay-land, to be thus carry’d off.

77. In the awetteft Years it produces the richeft Crops. In very
dry Years it ufually produces a Crop beyond what might be expeéted
in a Soil {o lax, and dry, as this ordinarily appears. Witnefs the
Crops of the Red-land, in the dry Summers, Ann. 1701. and 1705,
Nay, there want not Inftances that this Sort of Land has produced
a good Crop of Barley, with fcarce any Rain at all, from the time
it was fow’d to mowing time. Insthofe dry Years there was fcarce
any vifible Supply of Water to the Barley, ye, and other Produéi-
ons, of the Sandy Fields: And yet that they really had a Supply, and
that a pretty copious one, thofe Productions fufficiently thew. ~ Now
fince it came not from the Heavens, it muft neceffarily come from
within the Earth. And to convince us, that it was derived thence
we need only look upon the Springs, on the Sides of the Sandy Hills,
in a dry Summer. In fuch Seafons they are always low ; a confide-
rable Part of the Water that was otherwife to have fupply'd them,
being borne up towards the Surface, in Vapours, by that intenfe Heat
that is then in the exteriour Part of the Earth. The Water thus
brought up to the Vegetable Stratum, refrefhes, and nourifhes the
green Corn; as carrying along with it a good Supply of Vegetable
Matter into the Veflels of it. Without thefe Recruits, the Grain
muft needs have withered, and decayed ; notwithftanding what.
foever Helps it had from the Dews.

78. Barley, Rye, and Peafe, are the beft, and fureft Crops of the
Red-land. For Beans, the Sandy Light Land is fo unfit, that at
Middleton-Cheney a Lordfhip that has much of this fort of Soil, they
proverbially fay, He that trufts to a Crop of Beans [ball never make bi
Rent. In this Sandy Soil there is, no doubt, a Vegetable Matter
that is proper for the forming and nourifhing of Beans ; but it hys
not a fufficient Stock of it : For Peafe it has, and accordingly they

fow them, and have good Returns of them, in the Sandy Fields,
The Clayey Soil will produce them too, but being to maintain a
Crop of Beans, which will turn to better Account, the Farmers {ow
no Peafe upon that ; unlefs a Mixture of Gray Peafe with Beans,
Peafe being fow'd alone, upon the Clay-land, are apt to grow too
rank, to run much into Straw, efpecially if there comes a wet Spring,
and then they yield little. '

79- Rye is aGrain that fuits, and thrives exceedingly well, in the
Sandy Soil {uch as our Redland,or Rye-land is ; for "tis call d indifferent.
lyRed-land,or Rye-land, by reaton of its Fitnefs for that {ort of Grain:
A Grain whichis found fo peculiarly fit for the laxer, and unfit for
the denfer Soils, that we never fo much as think of {owing it on the
Clay-land. Becaufe the Clay-land is moft kindly to Beans, the Sandy
Land to Rye, that therefore Clay is one of the Ingredients , in the

Compo-

Compofition of Beans, and that Sand or a Sandy Matter is the like
in Rye, isby no means to be imagined. Why Beans fucceed {op well
in the Clay-land, has been already intimated. As to Rye: perhaps
the Clay-land contains as large a Stock of proper Matter for it, as
the Red-land does. The true Reafon why it does not profper in the
Clay-land , and does in the Sandy Land, I take to be this, that in
the Sandy Land, there is a fufficient Degree of Heat for the raifing
and fupplying fo much of that more ponderous fort of Matter, which
is proper for the Formation, and Increment of this fort of Grain,
that it arrives to due Perfection there : But in the Clay-land there js
not. Rye is a Grain of a clofe, clammy, and heavy Subftance :
And is of greater fpecifick Gravity than Beans, the Grain the Clay-
land is duftinguifh’d for. Rye is in Gravity to Water, as about 1 * to
1. Whereas Beans are but as 1 st0 1. or 13to 1. And as it con-
fiftsof Parts more ponderous than thofe of Beans, it evidently requires
a greaterDegree of Heat to bear them up from theEarth, into the Seed
Roots, and Body of it. Ir is fitted accordingly in the Sandy Soil.
But being fow’d in the Cla yey Soil, it either ripens not at all, or not
fo kindly and well ; the Staik is faint, and the Ear is licht and feanty :
there not being Heat enough in the clofer colder Soils, for elevating,
and delivering to the Rye, a due Supply of that more ponderous
Nourilkment.

80. The fpecifick Gravity of Barley, a Grain which likewife de-
lights in the loofer and warmer Soils, is the fame,
fame, with that of Rye, wz. as about 1 : 0 1. This is the fpeci-
fick Gravity of decorticated Barley; that of Barley in the Husk is
lefs. The Barley 1 weighed was {0 far cleared of the Husk or Rind
that it looked with a Skin for Thinnefs like the Skin of Rye. The
fpecifick Gravity of Gray Wheat, which is likewife chofen for the
laxer Soils, is, in like manner, as 1 2 1. 'That''of ‘Lanmas
Wheat, which profpers better in the Clayey Soil, is lefs ; being little
more than 1 {to 1. Thus we fow fome of the heavieft Sorts of
Grain, and with good Reafon » upon that which is vulgarly called
the lighteft Land.

81. The Stoney or Kealy Soil, as tis here called, is of all, the
leaneft, or leaft Fertile 5 which whoever obferves what fort of Mat-
ter itis conftituted of, and the Circumftances of it, will eafily ac-
count for. Our Husbandmen call ita lean, and husky Earth. That
of the Heaths, nigh Wittering, and Bernack, is very fhallow , little
more than a Coat of lean, low, Greenfod overfpreading a Lime.
Stone. "Tis fuch a lax, and hollow Earth: and the Rain that falls
there, is fo fpeedily imbibed, that they lay the Tillaze-Part of jt
without any Ridge or Furrow, aseavenasa Floor,
8a, This fort of Land is as arm, or warmer than the ordinary
Sandy Soil. The Crops of Rye, ©e. ripen as early, or carli r, on
this, than on any other Sort of I.and : And the Sus that falls upon
it is fo fuddenly melted off, and gone, that our Husbandmen ufual-
ly fpeak of it, as the hotteft Lan we have. The Snow melts off

as

of NoRTHAMPTONSHIRE
I
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or very near the

   

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The Natural H I ST O  NorTHAMPTONSHIRE 57

as faft from the common Kealy Land that lies ies our Red Sand- TT dri
ftone, as it does from the Kealy Lime-ftone Soil, that lies clofe up- | is of little Ufe, except to the Plants that thoot down fo low. And
on Lime-ftone ; which fhews that this fpeedy going off of the Snow hence 3 Sores fo pats that Saint-foin, a Plant that naturally delights
is not owing, as fome have imagined, to warm Sulphureous Effuvia, 9 fen nn its Roots to a more than ordinary Depth in the Earth,
arifing from the Limeftone ; or to any innate Heat in that particular y's 5 we fuited here, and thrives fo much in a Soil, where fearce
Sort of Stone. I'he Caufe of that greater Degree of Heat in both I any other Grafs, or Herbage, arrives to half the Bulk, that it has in
is the famc, vz. their lying fo clofe upon the Strata of Stone, that | ous i wy :
have Fiffures {0 large and open as to give a freer Reception and Paf- - That a Soil may be diftinguifhed by the Vegetables it naturally
fz : oi hich, in all Places, is found afcend- produces, is obferved even by the Vulgar. There y
age to the Subterranean Heat, which, inall Places, is found a cend I Ee y the Vulgar, ere where the Corn-
ing up towards the Surface ; and more efpecially there, where it is ee 4 i y ich they ca Golding, grows, they obferve it to be,
leaft obftructed. This is thewn at large in the latter Part of the | and that truly, a loofe and Sandy Soil: And it is a fure Mark with
Fourth Chapter, that of the Watess. The Soil that lies upon Beds them % 8 ro that is fit for Rye. Belflower, Blewbottle, and
of Free-ftone, is obferved to be lefs warm than the Lime-ftone Soils ; pe cr Herbs, are as fure an Indication of it. The Stoney Soil,
which is a Confirmation of what is faid above ; for the Free-ftone elpecially that of the Creachy, or calcarious Kind, has its Dwarfe
Fiffures, which are ordinarily {maller and narrower than thofe of Ahonen, Little-Throatwor t, and other Herbs peculiar to it felf,
our ordinary Lime-ftone, and Sand-ftone, can admit that fubterra- ny 2p that the Corn-Marigold, and the reft of the Peculiars of
nean Heat, but in fmaller Quantity. t $ Pe Y Soil, do find there, which eng 1ges them to grow there
83. The Stoney Redland, at Scaldwell, Great Creaton, and elfe- | ©F y : 2c o for the Peculiars of the Stoney Soil: And why not
where, fucceeds with nothing fo well as Rye. Blue Peafe, and Outs, ne : hefe Is to be found growing naturally in the Clayey Soil ; tho’
that thrive well enough upon the lefs Sandy and Stoney Redland, do | * i! : Jensen of, it be the fame with that of the Sandy and Stoney,
more feldom make a good Return on this. The Barrencft Sort of if ¢xpos’d in the fame manner to the Sun’s Heat, to Rain, and
Creachy Fieldland will produce Dills, or Lentils, and Vetches : And Hp a io eather, isa Quettion worthy our Confideration. The
when it will yield nothing better, it is fow’d with them. I he com- oy 8 ou will, I hope, give Light into it.
mon Kealy Soil, that lies upon the Redftone, tho’ as full of fmall f re fo iffcrent forts of Vegetables do require different forts of
Stones as the Creachy that lies upon Lime-Stone, yet is ordinarily pi or Of thelr Formation, and Nourithment *, fo likewife do the "Vid. 5. 4,
more Fertile, and will yield a heavier and better Crop, than that ; Wy egrees of Heat to adminifter to them that proper Matter Sve
does ; which feems to be owing to this: That the Stones that lye in- he disso conftitute each. This has already been obferved of fome
termixed withit, are lefs firm, and more cafily broken, as containing : our ; Fodnctions here at home : And will yet more plainly appear
a greater Mixture of Earth ; which Earth, as being in part of the | °¥ on er ing the different V egetables of diftant Climates, Admit-
108 bons Vegetable Kind, and fo eafily let loofe, is the Caufe of that greater tng that the Lnglfb Soil was poffefs’d of a fufficient Quantity of the
sem, Degree of Fertility, in the common Kealy Land. proper conftituent Matter, for Inftance, of the Nutmeg-Tree | yer
i 84. Our Lime-ftone-Land, be it never fo barren, hasthis Advan- a % an of the Heat of the Seventh Degree of Latitude, we of this
tage, thatit fuits extremely well with Saint-foin, a fort of Grafs, as sna i Dever hope to obtain it to Perfetion. And thus jt is with
the Grafiers call it, which is found to be fo great an Improver of our | '“531¢ v that Quantity, or Degree of Subterranean Heat, or of that
Limeftone-Paftures, that, tho’ but lately introduced amongft us, tis 1 arm opus, which 1s fent up to the Soil from beneath. In diff.
now fown, and that to very great Advantage, in almoft all Parts of re Soi D tho in the fame Climate, there are, as we have fhewed,
the County, at Aynbo, and Ferningho, in the South-Weft : At Hough- a i egees of Heat, Our Clayey Soil obtains but lower De.
ion Magna, and Efton- Neston, in the Southern Parts of the County : 2 a that Heat: the Sandy Soils have a greater Degree of it: the
In the Lordfhip of Pychely, in the Middle Part of it : In that of Dex 4 ofits 1d Limeftone Tracts, a ftill greater. By thefe different
Funfbed, and Upton, in the lower Eastern Parts. And without doubt Noro or | Teafures of Heat, and a due Stock of proper Vegetable
the like Improvements might be made upon the like fort of Ground fa a the ordinary Concourfe of the Seafons, they aie qua-
clfewhere ; and particularly at Barton-Segrave, Gretton, Sioke-D'uile, 2 Ro 4 fod for producing different Sorts of Vegetables : the
and Chelston. : . bonny % Jo its wild Marigold » Spurry, Birdsfoot- Vetch , and
85. There is lodg’d a confiderable Quantity of Earth, that’s pro- f ©! as the Calcarious Soil for its Dwa fe sun-flower, Pafch-flower
per and fit for the Formation of Vegetable Bodies, in the Interfpaces © OIE ;
of the Creach, that is, of the Pieces of Lime-ftone that compofe the f . 2° Each of thefe Soils has its proper, or pecudiar Degree of Heat
fubjacent Stratum : as alfo in fome of the Fiffures of the Strata of a 1s furnithed in proportion thereunto, with thofe proper Sorts of
Lime-ftone lying in larger Mafles, underneath this Soil ; which Earth | 'cgctative Matter, which require that particular Degree of Heat,

is J © make them ferviceable in producing their refpective Kinds of Ve.

 

 

 

 

getables.

 

 
 

The Natwal HIST ORT

getables. Had not fuch Funds been lodged, and fettled there, by
the Hand of Provident Nature, we had been deprived of a great
Variety of Vegetables, which we now enjoy. Thofe different De-
orees of Heat, that of the Clayey : that of the Sandy : and that of
the Calcarious Soil, wou’d be fent up thither in vain ; or however

they could not, it’s certain, execute, each its proper End and Office,
in producing divers Sets, or Kinds of Vegetables, was there not a
due Quantity of proper Terreftrial Vegetative Matter repofited, in
cach of thefe Soils. ~ Of proper Matter, 1 fay, that is, Matter of
fuch a certain Proportion, in Bulk, and Weight, as that particular
Degree of Heat was well able to anfyer,and deal with, in the Work of
Vegetation. For the Vegetable Matter above that Proportion, that
15, that of heavier, and groffer Particles, it wou'd be too feeble,to bear
it up, into the Vegetables of that Conftitution : For that of fmaller,
and lighter Particles, it wou'd be too ftrong and boifterous, and
won’d hurry them quite off into the Air. And therefore the Vege-
table Matter, and the Heat that is to excite, and manage i*, is ad-

jufted and duly proportioned, in all Places. From hence, the Sandy |

Soil receives that particular Faculty, or Power of producing its par-
ticular Kinds of Plants: The Calcarious and other Soils, the Pro-
duttions proper to each. An AL 8
89. The Heat of the Clayey Soil, when in its greatef trength,
even in the hotteft Months, wou’d not then be fufficient for ripening
the Seeds of feveral of the Vegetables of the Sandy, and Stoney
Soils. Indeed the Vegetables of thofe warmer Sandy Soils that feed

in Fuly, wou'd perhaps bear Seed, in Augufl, in the Clayey; the
Heat there, in Auoufl, being nigh equivalent to that of the Sandy,

in July. But then for the other Vegetables of the Sandy Soils,
which do not feed till Auguft which is the Cafe of moft of the
peculiar Plants of the Sandy Soil: they cou d never come to Per
fection in the Clay-land ; becaufe, in September, the Sun's Power
diminifhed. The Sun’s Heat, the Sandy Stoney Soils enjoy in com
mon with the Clay-land : It increafes, and decreafes alike to both.
But the former, by Reafon of the Laxity and Pervioufnefs of the
Strata there, partakes, as has been obferved, of a larger Share cf
the Subterranean Heat ; which is nearly uniform and conftant, in all
Months of the Year, tho’ not inall Places, alike. And tis this Ad-
ditional Heat, together with that from the Sun, that entitles them
to their proper Orders, and Sets of Vegetables.
go. And likewife to a greater Variety of Species, than can natu
rally be produced in the Clayey Soil. For the Plants that requir
only a fimaller Degree of Heat, the Sandy and Stoney Soils are as
well fitted, as the Clayey. There is only this Difference, that the
Plants of thofe two Soils, appear, {pring forth, and ripen carlicr,
than do thofe of the fame Species in the colder Clayey Soil. And
befides thefe, the Sandy and Stoney Soils are enabled to produce ano-
ther Set of Plants, which can never fucceed fo well in the Clayey
ould,

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Soil, by reafo:. there is not a fufficient Degree of Heat, in that, to
carry on their Vegetation to Perfection; as has been thewn above.

91. Since my Coming into this County, it has been my Fortune

to refide fome Years, in a Lordfhip of Sandy Soil, and after that for

many Years, in another of Clay-land. 1 have, all this time, been

particularly curious in obferving the feveral Sorts of Plants produc’d

in each: And do not remember | have ever feen fo much as one fingle
Plant fpontaneoufly growing in the Clayey Soil, that was not obvious
enough in the Sandy. But in the Sandy Soil, there are very many
Species of Plants that I could never meet with in the Clayey. 1
know not what to afcribe this unto, except that comparatively greater
Degree of Heat, which we are affured, is imparted to the Sandy
Soil.

92. "Tis a like Cafe as to the Herbs of the Sandy, and of the
Stoney Soils, as it is with thofe of the Clayey, and of the Sandy.
In the Sandy, there are, as we have obferved, feveral Species of
Plants that are proper to it, fo far, that they no where grow wild
in the Clavey. But almoft all thefe are to be found wild, upon the
Stoney Soil. The lefler Scabious, fmall Bournet, white Horehound,
Rubia Repens, and other Herbs of the Sandy Soil, altho’ they are
altogether Strangers to the Clayey Soil ; yet in the Stoney, occur
very frequently. It is not thus with the proper Herbs of the Stoney
Soil, the Pafch-tflower, fmall Sun-flower, ©¥e. They are not to be
met with in the Sandy Soil ; unlefs perhaps in, and about, the
Hollows of ancient Delves of Stone that are fworded over , and no
where clfe in the whole Sandy Country throughout. Which is a
farther Proof of what I have here laid down.

93. 1 have not yet got below the Outmoft Stratum. Befides its
more confiderable Produtions and Ufes, in which refpect 1 have al-
ready confider'd it, ’tis put to inferiour Ufes in fome Places: "Tis
us'd as Fewel, where it is good for little elfe.  Halfton-Heath is, for
this fort of Fewel | the principal Place. Tis alfo a Common for
their Sheep, and the dry Cattel, that is, Stears, and Heifers; but a
Cow being put upon it, it will in time dry up her Milk. The Earth
ot Halfton-Turf, I mean of the Sod, which the pare oft from the
Heath, is a black Earth, of a blacker Colour than the Vegetable
Earth ordinarily is ; but in all refpects extremely unlike our Fen-
Turfe ; which 1s alfo ufed for Fewel. That is a Bituminous Sub-
ftance inclofing Vegetable Bodies, or the Parts of Vegetables, that
are dead, and is digg’d up out of the Earth: Whereas this is only
the Skin, as they call it, or the fuperficial Part of the Outmoft Stra-
tunty and is compofed of the creeping Roots and Branches of Heath,
or Fiica, and other of the ordinary Productions of Heathy Ground,
together with a {mall Mixture of that black Earth, And “tis doubt-
lefs from the Heath, and other its Produttions, that it is {o fit for
Fewel. The Red-land Sod, or Turf of the Leas adjoining to the
Heath, as there rarely or never grows any Heath, or Erica, in it,
fo neither will it burn like this black Earth, which is generally full

of

59

 
 

 

The Natural HI ST ORT CR of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

of it. Befides its Ufe for Fewel, hey oops an ordinary Fence Wall
vith it, and it ferves as a Capping for Bee-hives.
Ww i There isanother a Black Earth of the Outmoft hry
Stratum, which therefore L ea enion here h as b en
tally, not originally, of that dark Colour. Ou 5 7
Plates, and ie at Bulwick, Laxton, and elfewhere, upon Ofthe EARTHS
the Borders of Rockingham-Foreft, are fcatter'd over very thick with
Slags, or the Refufe-ftuff of the Iron-works, which we had hereto-
tore in this County. Of thefe Iron-works 1 fhall give an Account in PART &
Chap. 10. [ub finem. The Slags are now found in Pieces, from :
twenty Pound to a Grain in Weight, of a Jet-like Colour, and ufu- Concerning the Farths of the Lower Strata.
ally hollow , fomewhat like to Bla¢kfmiths Cinders ; but far more
glofly, folid, and poneror ; In hee Plages er J any
F them he g < nd reduc’d to Powder g gh, : :
> psi em a fable Hue. There is a Furlong nigh ¢. I. I fhall now proceed 2 the Earths of the Lower Strata. And
Kirby, but in Bulwick Field, that exhibits an obfervable Inftance of firft of Marle; that in the Laxity of it approaching nigh
this black Earth. to Vegetable Earth. To treat of Marles, in the Hiftory of a County
95. Whether it be owing to fome accideatal uncommon Property never reputed to have any, may be thought fomewhat ftrange. But
in the Soil, that the Teeth of certain Sheep, and Cows, are tinged | that the Caeey i darjtute of this ufeful Earth, becaufe there is not
with a Golden, or rather Brazen Colour ; whereof they have had Lo 0 ines lige < pie it y 18 ny Cee
“NacHit. of Inftances in Staffordfbire *, as alfo here in this County, and of which Se os el cigh Dy Dine namely, Oxfordfbire, Buc ktng.-
cis. s5. 1 have now by me a pretty remarkable Sample that I met with at | bambi ¢, Warwickfbire, an Leiceflerfbire, afford it in Plenty. Tis
ht Oxendaon : or whether it be owing to the feeding of the Cattel upon | true, this has almoft every where fuch a felf-fufficient Soil | that it
yellow-flowerd Plants, or to fome other Caute, 1 fhall not now ftay has lefs need of being enrich'd by adventitious Earths, than fome
to examine. Neither thould 1 have mentioned a fmall Obfervation, others of its Neighbourhood have : But yet thi s thould Sot make i
that I made in the latter part of Fan. 1700. that 1s, that all the negligent In our Searches after it; fince that tome few not very diffi-
Hollows in the old Stone-pit, by the Guide-Poft, in the Road betwixt i Iryals may perha be Sic an ineftima ble Treafure, to one or
Barton-Segrave, and Kettering, ‘were as dry as the Hills; onconly ex- § ot ieplof the barrener Pyrts o y e County. | =
cepted, which was well nigh Brim-full of Water; had it not been a 3. hat this fort of arth has formerly been found, and digg’d
parallel Inftance to that of Occamfley Pits in the Natural Hi my of up for Uf, In many Places gr or thamptonfbire, is very probable.
+ Dr. pis Otaffordfbire +, which is there related as avery remarkable, and almoft I'he Pits, or Hollows in the Field at Crick, calld Marlow} its, have,

Nat Hitt. of accountable Thing. One of thofe Pits, the Door tells us, was dry, as by the Name is reafonubly fuppos’d, been dug for Marke; (fo
i and that after a Month's Rain, and the reft all about it Brim-full. Marlow in Buckingbambire has its Name from the Marle that Place
2%. TothisInfience of ours, I am fatisfied the whole Myftery was no § affords: ) as alfo becaufe the Inhabitants, and Neighbours are unable
more than this, That the Pit that was dry had a porous Bottom of to give any other Account of thofe large Hollows, There are the
Sand, Gravel, or the like laxer Matter, that woud not hold Water, | like large old Delves in the Lordhip of Winwick, which , as their
that the reft had a Bottom of Clayey, or the like denfer, or imper- Fathers have told them, had been digg a for Marle, or the like Kind
vious Earth that woud. But of things fo trivial, 1 have faid of Earth for improving Land. I'he like old Delves are to be {een in
enough. Watford, Kilsty, and other Lordfhips nigh Crick, But how much

5 toever this fort of Husbandry has been praétifed amongit them in
paft Ages, it is now difufed ; perhaps becaufe the Stocks of Marle
were exhaulted, or becaufe the Return, they thought, was too little
for the Trouble. Alfio in fome Lordfhips in the South-Weftern Part
of the County, there are the like old Delves, and the like Account js
given of them there. There was probably a Marle-Pit in the Ground
called Coflow in Marflon St. [Laurence Lordthip. The Reverend
Mr. Wanwright of Thrup-mandeville informs me, that Sir William
Pargiter woud often fay he ied by his Deeds, that he had in the

{aid

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sh ¥ fo
1 ing

ie +

 

 

 
  
 
 
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
   

  

 
  

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Ti ar Sa

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62

The Natwal HISTORY Chap. .

faid Ground, Unum Marlarium, which he knew not how to Englith
unlefs it was a Marle-Pit,

3. The Gentlemen and Farmers of the County will, I hope, be
induced, by this fhort View of that induftrious Husbandry of their
Anceftors, to attempt the like Improvements. | fhall now give fome
Account of what Difcoveries, and Attempts have been made this
way of late, by Ingenious Perfons: and of my own Obfervations
upon this Earth. The Trials that were not long fince made by
Mr. Lee of Cole-Afbby , with a Marly Earth that he found there,

( an Earth that flaked like Marle, tho it was not altogether fo fat
and rich, ) upona Piece of the Clay-lgnd in that Lordfhip, tho’ they
did not fucced there, yet had they been made upon the Red-land in
the fame Lordfhip, wou’d very probably have proved well. There
was difcovered a Marly Earth at Adflon, in a Ground of the
Worthy Dr. Thomas Weft of Loudon, by the Reverend Mr. Weft
of Prefion-Capes, as he was fetting Abele-Trees there, about 20
Years ago, an Earth {o I'kely to have been a good Improver of Land
that it wou'd certainly have been ufed by Mr. Weft to that Purpofe,
had not Death prevented him. There 1s a Clayey Earth at Desbo-
rough, which, as Mr. Poulton, a Curious Gentleman of that Town,
informed me, flakes like Marle, and which he intended to try upon
the Sandy Land in that Lordfhip.

4. They have a Clayey Marle at Prefton-Capes, which, tho’ it is
pot fo fmooth, and {oft to the Touch, asare the purer forts of Marle,
yet it being laid upon Land has greatly improv’d a Crop of Clover
Grafs ; and I would therefore recommend it to farther Trials. “Tis
found in Plenty on the Sides of the Stone-Pits there, and in feveral
other Places thereabouts. I have taken notice of an Earth in a Ditch-
Bank in Little Oxendon Lordfhip, of a Yellowifh Colour, with fome
Streaks of Blue, that expos'd to the Air, moulders, and falls into
Dye-like Pieces, is fmoother and finer than common Clay, diffolves
in Water almoft as foon as Fullers Earth, and is abfterfive like that.
In the Brick Pits at Eaft Farndon there is digg'd up a Slatty Clay, or
Marle, which naturally {plits into thin Plates, and that readily upon
being expos’d to the Weather, or upon being a little wetted, falls
into fine Powder. A Piece of it being thrown into the Fire crackles;
which is look’d upon as another of the Properties of Marle. There
is great Plenty of the like mouldering and foluble Earth, in many
Places in this County. And I may fafely recommend it as a proper
Improvement of the dry Sandy, or Stoney Land. For even com-
mon Clay, being mix’d with that fort of barren Land, is of fervice
there. Thefe Marles, and Marly Earths, lie ufually next under the
Vegetable Stratum.

5. The Reverend Mr. Hillfden, Retor of Castle- Afbby, thew'd
me, in a Ground nigh his Houfe at Chadfton, a very white Earth ,
which I take to be the Steino Marga of Geargius Agricola, in his Traét
De Natura Foffidium, L. 2. p. 578. only that was found in the Fiffures,
and Clefts of Stone, this of ours is not. Tis foft, fungous, light,

infipid,

Farth: and underneath this a reddith Mortar-Ear

 

{Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,
infipid, and without Scent ; being apply’d to the T ongue, fomewhat
harth, rough, and aftrictive: diffoluble in Water, and fupline it of
a milky Colour, and fometimes raifing a kind of Ebullition 1n it; in
moft of its Properties agreeable to the white Earth defcribed b Dr
Plot *, under the Name of Lac Lune. But as to the Ebullition : fo is
common to it with many other Earths. Pieces of Loam, of Brick-Cla
‘and of Potters-Earth, being put into Water, occafion a finall bublin
and hiffing Noife. Both an Ebullition and Hiffing enfue, on affufin
Water upon Marle, and yellow Ochre. Only an Ebullition with he
like Experiment upon F ullers-Earth,and T obacco-pipe-Clay. Which
are Effects proceeding from the Water ruthing into the Pores of the
Earthy and driving out the Air enclofed therein, and along with it
the fmaller and loofer Parts of the Earth,

6. Spirit of Variol being dropt upon the white Ear) above-
mentioned, occafion’d a Bubling and Hifling. With Oy! of Tartar
there was no Alteration. Being put upon hot Coals it neither crack’d
nor lam’d. To two or three Drops of a Solution of it in Water I
added a Drop of Syrup of Vales, which turn’d the Solution ereen
By thefe and other Trials I have made of it, I cannot but think jt
woud be of good Ufe in all thofe Diftempers, wherein Alkaline Pow-
ders are ufually adminiftred ; and particularly in ftanching Blood
"Twill alfo ferve inftead of Cerufs in excoriated Cafes, and in d ing
up of Ulcers. Dr. Plot pronounces his Lae Lune, together with a
Lacca, a good Cofmetick. This Earth of ours is certainly a good
Abfterfive : and for polifhing and brightning Silver will ferve inftead
of Tripela. Tt lies amafs'd together in a pretty thick Stratum. next
under the Soil in the forefaid Ground at Chadjion. ?

7- Near Wood-neswton, in Brougbton-Field, and i
here, 1 have met with a «white Earth that differs
of Chadftmn. The Earth from Wood-neaston, &e. is not fo fungous as
that 1s, and is not quite fo white: But in all other Regards they
gree fo well, that this without any Scruple, may be accounted a Stein).
ga ye ; In the Banks of Willowbrook | nigh Wood-newton, 1
Rin Sam of i Is a light, foft, and mouldering Earth.

: ts of at very readily diffolve in Water, and are
aly crufh’d to Powder. The Powder is almoft impalpably fine.
Not the leaft Sand or Grit to be difcoverd it it, even with the Micro-
cope. "Tis to outward Appearance fo like to Lime that had I not
teen it thus difpofed in the Earth, and taken it out from thence with
my own Hands, 1 had certainly fufpected it was really Lime. On
the broken Bank of alittle Brook, at the Bottom of Broughbton-Field
on the Kas? Side of the Town, I efpy’d the like Sort of Eseth to that
Jult now deferibed, and alfo forming an entire Stratum, as that does
I'he Outmott Stratum is 4 Sandy Soil : next under that this white

arth: and | th, or Loam.
Lhis white Earth gives as good a Glofs to Silver, as any Whiting
or Tripela. | have the fame Sort of Earth from Wellingboroush,
Tis fo exaltly like the former, that I peed not defcribe it. “Tis

found

n many other Places
not much from that

 

63

"Nat. Hit, of

5 Oxfordfbirs .

Ch. 3.6 20,

  
  
 
   
     
         
   
         
    
      
       
       
  
  

  

   
     
   
    
   
    
     
     
    
    
         
      
      
       
       
      
    
     
     
 
  
 

  
 
 
  

  
    
    
    
 

 

* Dr. Plot’s
at. Hit. o

Oxfordfhire

Gs

§. To.

The Natural HIST ORT Chap. 1.
found in feveral Places in and nigh the Town, when they dig for
Mortar-Earth, and on other Occafions.

8. Another Variety of this white Earth, with a {mall Mixture of
Sand in it, I have found nigh Cranford, and at Woodford by 7 brap-
flor. In a Stone-pit bewixt Cranford, and T wywell, it is found inter-
mixed with a Keale of the Lime-ftone Kind, here a Mafs of the
white Earth, and there a Parcel of Keale, uncertainly and promif-
cuoufly, at the fame Depth, and in the fame Stratum. This is ver
like, if not the fame with the Marga Candida arenofa friabilis Kent.-
mani, and with the Marle Dr. Plot fpeaks of, that was difcoverd by
Mr. Pudfey at Elsfield in Oxfordfbire *.

9. Io the Fiflures of the Lime-flone, in the Pits affording
both Lime-ftone, and Slat-ftone, at Eafton by Stamford, 1 have
obferved a confiderable Quantity of much the fame Sort of
white Earth, which is there called Male. T he fame Sort
of Earth I have found adhering to the Sides of the Fiflures, in the
Stone-pits at Sprotton, Hafelbich , Cofegrave , Wittering, Thornbace,
and elfewhere. In the Colour, Lightnefs, and Softnefs of it, itis
like that of Broughton, HW nd-newton, and Wellingborough; but differs
very much with regard to its Difpofition in the Earth. = 7 hat is al-
ways found collectively in a Stratum, or Bed, and conftitutes an entire
Stratum, or a Part of it. This in the Fiflures of the folid Strata,
either loofe or flightly affixed to the Sides of them ; in which refpet
it exactly agrees with the white Earth of Dr. Plot, in his Natural
Hiflry of Oxfordfbire, Ch. 3. 3.20. ec. which he tells us is found
in the Lifloms , or Seams of the Rocks, or fticking to the hollow
Roofs of them: And which he takes to be the Lac Lune of Gefner,
and other Authors, and the Agarico Minerale of Imperato, as well as
the Steino-marga of Agricdla. .

10. As to that Opinion, which Dr. Pist has out of Olas Wormius,
and Daniel Major, that this Earth is the Effect of Metallick Vapours,
and a Sign of Ore, I fee not any Foundation for it any where with
us. Neither is our Quarrier’s Obfervation, that whereever this white
Earth is found, a good Lime-ftone is at Hand, to be much depended
upon ; fince it is found in the Fiffures of Sand-ftone, as well as in
thofe of Lime-ftone ; and particularly in the Fiflures of the Sand-
ftone digg'd up on the Aaft Side of Northampton.

11. To the Earths of a laxer Confiftence, I fhall add a Sort of
Unibre, whereof 1 found a pretty large Streak, or Vein, within one
of the Upper Strate of a Stone-pit at Rance. According to the
Sample of it I have now by me, ’tis an Afh-colour’d, heavy Earth,
in Form of a mealy Powder. "Tis fo heavy that a great Part of it
finks down directly to the Bottom of a Veffel of Water ; yet tis very
little gritty to the Touch, and that Grit it has, is not hard. That
Part of it fuftain’d in Water gives it a bluith Tin@ure. As it has
a {mall Mixture of Sand in it, fo perhaps it has the like Admixture
of Metallick Matter, and from thence the bluifh Colour, and a greater
Weight than is in ordinary Earth. It gives a good Afh-colour to the

Hand

 

 

 

Part 2.

of NorRTHAMP TONSHIR E.

 

Hand if rubbid upon it: and might be of Uf to the Glovers, and

other Workmen, = A light-brown Umbre, Meal-like as the former
but not fo foft, I have found difperfedly lodged in Beds of Gravel ;
in feveral of our Gravel-pits, ?
12, Having done with the Earths that are, or may be, ferviceable
as to Rural Ufes, I am now to confider thote of Mechanic Ufo in
the firft Place, Zoam. Loam isa T. erm of ne fixed Signification
According to fome Authors, the Earth that ordinary Earthern Walls,
and the rougher or inmoft Coat of Walls are made of, is to be calle]
Loam : With others, the Earth that Tiles and Bricks are made of:
With others, any Sort of Clay whatever, has the Name of Loam,
Whatfoever it is, it has not hitherto been wel] diftinguithed. 1 jp.
tend by it an Earth of a brittler and laxer Confiftence than common
Clay: Of a coarfer and rougher Sort of Matter than is that of
Marle. The Laxity of it isa Property which is owing either to
he pecufier Configuration of the Parts of that Sort of Earth, or to
Sand intermixed with it. In all the Loams of this County there is
a Mixture of Sand difcoverable by a Glafs, if not by the Touch
To me indeed it appears to be nothing elfe but Clay, with a greater
or lefler Mixture of Sand in it, Tis needlefs to mention the many
inferiour Ufes that this Earth Is put to with us ; there being dothing

-~ ’ . . . >
fingular or uncommon in them, But it may be worth while to note
that this is the only Earth for a )

tha Mould for the Bel-founders

1f it does not confift too much of Clay, nor has WA 5
it; for the former is too ftiff, the latter is too brittle for their Ufe:
And that there is 2 Loam of this Sort with us at ZL hrup or Ro
therfthurp. Its peculiar Fitnefs for the Belfounders was firft difcovered
by the late Mr, Baggely of Eon, a Man very Famous in that Trade
who commended it to me much, and always ufed it. tho’ it was 6 or 7
Miles diftant from his Work-Houfe, and tho he might have had other
Loams much nearer Hand. 2

_ 13. Next after the Loams | more properly fo called, I may men-
tion a Sioney Earth digg’d up in a great many Places here, which is
ordinarily put to feveral the fame Ufes as is the common Loam It
owes its Hardness toa Mixture it has of Stoney Matter. There arc
many Varieties of 1t. Amongft thefe, that here call'd Penny- Earth, a
Stoney Earth with a great Number of Sea-fbells in it, is of greateft
Note. Some of thofe Shells being flat and roundifh refembling
fome of our ordinary Pieces of Money, or imagind to do fo Fave
occafion’d it that Name of Penny-Earih. So the common’ Crifle
Galli lutea, yellow Coxcomb; is vulgarly called Penny. Grafs with i
from the round and flat Form of jes Seed-Veffels. “The Shells are
chiefly thofe of Oyfters of q fmaller and thinner Sore. In
Places, there is no more of the Stoney Earth betwixt Shel! and Shell
than juft ferves to compact them together. "Tis not to be diga’d out
of its Bed without Dithculty, The Diggers afually undermine it
vis Fick-423, whereupon it colts or coltches, as they tpeak, that
15, lallsdown in large Maffes. a to the Air, the Stoney I.oam

which’

 
 

 

 

 
 
  
  
 
   
 
  
   
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
   
 
  
  
    
 
 
  
 
  
   
 
 
 
  
   
  
 
 
    
  
  
 
   
  
  
   
  
  
    
 
  
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 1.

ich is the Cement that unites the Shells, is loofen’d, and the
a Lumps are divided into lefler, and thofe at length into fingle
Shells. The very Shells are made brittler by Froft, and in Tract of
ime are diffolved.
5% “The ordinary way of preparing the Peuny-Farth is by beating
it {imall, mixing it with Water, and working it very well. That
which is fulleft of Shells, and has been well frofted, is beft for Ufe.
Very binding and durable Floors, and Jarfey-Combers Comb- ots
are here made of it. The Sides or Whiffoms, and the Roofs of
Ovens are phifter’d with it. Being rightly order'd 1t combines into
a Mafs almoft as folid as a Floor of Plaifter of Pays: and endures
the Fire fo well, that it feldom or’ never cracks. But the Ovens
that have this Sort of Roof muft be large, or they are apt to {corch,
Alfo moulded Chimney-Stocks are here made of it, with no finall
Art of the Country Workmen. "Tis {pread upon the Ridges of the
thatched Houfes, and upon the ordinary Copings of Earthern Walls,
or Mounds : "Tis alfo laid upon Stone-Walls for a Covering, and de-
fends them very well from the Injuries of Weather. Walls fo cover'd
have feen at Achurch, Cafile-Afbby, Grindon, and elfewhere. T he
ordinary Loam, or Mortar-Earth thus ufed, is apt to be wafhed oft
by Rain, as having a large Admixture of Sand: This is render’d
harder and ftiffer by it. The Shells being feparated and freed from
the Earth that enclofes them, a Thing that might be eafily and
quickly done, wou’d, 1 doubt not, do handfomely and well inftead
of Gravel for Garden-Walks. They muft neceffarily bind together
well: And when new broken by the Roller, and wafh'd by Rain,
appear almoft as bright, and pretty in a Garden-Walk, as do the
Shells that are juft taken off from the Sea-fhores, and are {o managed;
as is not unufual, in the Gardens nigh the Sea-Coafts, j
15. The Fields or Lords 9 Bessa], Ting,
Denfe belfton, Grindon, Cafile- y Denton, anc RQuinton on
a ” the Rr Ne Of Qakly, Corby, Brigflock, Stoke
@oile, Pilton, Wadenhoe, Lilford, Aldwinkle , Lownck, Great Addin
ton Cranford, Grafton-Underwwood, Thingdon, Burton-Latimer, Weekly,
Werckton, Ifbam, Pychely, and Hardwick, on the North Side of that
Riverjaftord thisEarth, if we may call it an Earth, in greater or efor
Plenty. It has been, or may be, digg’d up for Ufe in all thefe Lad
fhips, and in fome others thereabouts that I have not named. i$
goes out, if 1 may thus fpeak, at Hardwick. I'here is not fo ie 1
as one fingle Lordfhip in all that large Tract lying IWeflear, of
Hardwick, that affords this Eerth: On the Eaft Side of it, fe
great Diftance, there is fcarce a Lordfhip that does not. On i
South-seflern Verge of the County it appears again, and is digg g
up in that Part, at Ferningho, Hinton in the Hedges, Sulgrave , anc
Gruzvorth.  Alum-Earth it is there called, upon what Account 1 Wo
not imagine : But in the Matter that conflitutes it, which is a i
Sort of Loam and Shells, in the Species and Plenty of the She S,
and in all other Regards, it is like the Penny-Earth of the Gust

 

 

 

of Nowruamrronsurre

Parts of the County, and is
Alum-Earth at Fer
Flooring of a Barn.
16. It is found dif
Kinds of Earth.
the Strate of it Ij
there is, 1. The Soil
Lime-ftone-K

 

» Or may be, put to all like Ufes,
§ accounted an excellent Earth for

posd into Strata or 1a
The following Inftances
In a Pit where it is
ace-Earth, on
ind, one Foot. And

yers, as are the o
will ferve to fhe

2. Keal of the
is placed ini the

other Places, it is found
Stratum. In Nicholas
Kettering Road,
Penny- Earth, which in one P
Part of it, two Foot in Thickn
Sort of Clay of no Uf
redith Sand-ftone.

Road, in which the i
confiderable Space, tl

ppear'd a Stratum of
as one Foot, in another
€ was a fhff
underneath that »
le oppofite Side of the fame
View fora pretty
y-Earth, or more
Six Feet in Thicknefs,
he Oyfter-kind :

&, which they

In the Pits ont}
nteriour Strata lye
tere is, 1. The Soi

And, 4. Sand. The
Here are a few Cockl
Golt underneath ir,
as are thofe in the Stra
of Lime-ftone, under
obfervd it in any Pits,
or whereever they dig

17. The whitifh Ear
and thereabouts, which
is alfo a Stoney Loam,
of Lamb- Earth
of that Sort of

¢, and Mufcle-fhells in that

there are fome few Shells of the fame Species

ces there are Strazq
But I have never yet
the Red-land Tradts,

Penny-Eartl
or Places of Digging, in
up a gritty Sand-ftone.
wick, Oundle, Wadenhoe
ame of Lamb. Ear),
of the Vulgar
Tisa Clay witha M
conflitutes Lime-frope : of
d of many lefler Stone

e Colour with
ng Water to them: And
s 10 hard it is fearce to be
and ’tis much
y and diffolve
d from it, and
much firmer and
t a Stoney Mat.
firmer, “as the
urity , and Finenefs,
y Denford , Pychely

s here. 1tis ufually

y White-Stone, but

» With them, has the N
or Loam-Earth, where
is perha psa Corruption,
Stoney Matter,
as it were of Li;
1 Concretion, of a lik
and moulder uy
ed with Sea-fh
arthern Floors gre ma
The Stones that do not fal]
ep'd in Water, being fever
wrought , it fetles into a
s that have no

which eafil y break
tis thinly inter{perf
cut with a Spade.

efteemed for that Ufe
upon the Earth's being fte
the reft well tem pered and
tompacter Mafs, than
ter in the Compofition
Stoney Matter is in

The like Sort of Ea
Cranford, C. ortenball, Cy
found next under the
in fome Places undern

do other [Loam
of them: A Mafs fo much
greater or leffer Plenty, P
rth is digg’d up at Lalford
grave, and many other Pla
Soil, and above the ordinar
cath a Stratum of Pendle-fto

  

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

The Natal HIST Q RYT Chap 1.

18. The conftituent Particles of Clay, by the Properties of the
Body they together conftitute, appear to be of nigh a middle Na-
ture betwixt thofe of Vegetable Earth, and thofe of Stone : that 1s,
not fo tender and pliant as the former, nor fo rigid, and inflexible as
the latter. Of al! the Varieties of this Earth, the Cla whereof
our Bricks are ordinarily made, comes firft to be confider’d. It is of
a Body more clofe and campaét than cither Marle or Loam, and
loofer than Tobacco-pipe-Clay, and Potters Earth. Marle, or a
brittle Sort of Clay like to Marle, 1s unfit for Brick, becaufe it can
never be wrought to a due Confiftence, and is fo apt to moulder, and
flake in Baking. A ftiff ftrong Sort of Clay, the Brick-makers fay,
they cannot temper or blend, and Jere pitch upon a Clay of a
Jaxer and milder Sort, which has ufually a Mixture of Sand. Fer
their Tiles, they make ufe of a clofer, and finer Sort of Clay; as
it abides bending beft , a Quality very requifite in the Clay whereof
Ridge, and Gutter-Tiles are to be made : And as it will endure, and
hold out the longeft againft hard Weather ; whereto Tiles that are
commonly usd in the Covering of Houfes, are more exposd than
Bricks which are ordinarily made up into Walls.

19. And no doubt, of the fineft Clay they might make the beft
Bricks. The true Reafon why our Brick-makers do not ufe it for
Brick, is this: it requires as much more working as the common
Brick-Earth, and few will'come up to the Price of fo much Work.
Unlefs they work it as much as they do when it 1s for T ile, that is,
twice as much as they ufually work thecommon Brick-Earth, it wou d
in Baking fhrink fo much from the due fratutable Size of Brick,that’s
sivenit in the Mould, that it would never fell: Nay, the Bricks that
are made of that finer Earth not duly wrought, wou d, without more
than ordinary Care in the drying it, crack, and burft, before they

the Clamp or Kiln. :

we the Pits Pb open for Brick-Earth, there are ufually feveral
Sorts of Clay of different Colour, and Confiftence. Thefe the
Workmen mix together in fuch Proportion as will give the Conf
frence above defcrib’d in 4. 18. The Colour of the Clay they ufe,
is as various as that of Marle. We have not much of that red, or
redifh Brick-Clay , which is fo common in other Countries. A blue,
and a Yellow Clay intermixed, is our ordinary Brick-Earth. This
Mixture becomes Red with Baking, that is, with a middle Degree
of Heat. With a leffer Degree of Heat, it has a paler Hue: With
a greater or intenfer Heat, it becomes Blue, or Black. At Heathen
core is made a white, and yet very hard Sort of Brick, of a pale-co-
lour'd yellowifh Clay. The Confiftence of the Brick-Clay 1s mots
or lefs firm and hard, as it has a leffer or greater Admixture of Sand.
In Sir §obn Langhbam’s Brick-pit, in one of Cottesbrook Grounds, there
is a yellow Clay of the tougher Sort very hard to foak, that has but
little Sand init : a blue Clay with fome Specks of Yellow, partaking
more of Sand : and a bluer Sort inclining to black of a Marly Na-
ture ; thefe the Workmen mix all together for Brick. In Clipfion

Brick-ptt

 

 

Parte. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

Brick-pit there is a yellowith, or redifh Clay interfperfed with glit-
tering Specks: and another Sort of a bluifh Colour, which are
mingled together for Brick, in like manner as in the former Inftance.
At Kettering Brick-pit is a yellow Clay, the Top of whofe Bed is
ufually Red ; this is of the laxer Sort: and a blue Clay fo tough
(tenacious ) that it makes as ftrong a Tobacco-pipe as any Earth

whatever, and, but that it burns Red, woud be as fit as any for

that Ute. Of thefe Two they make their Brick.

21. In the Clay of feveral Brick-pits, and particflarly thofe at
Clipfln, and Kettering, there are found included Iron-flones, or
Stones refembling Iron-ftone, and Marcafites. Thefe and all other
Stones that will not endure the Fire, or the Weather, but break and
fhatter upon being expos’d to them, are to be fever'd from the Clay
defign’d for Brick, or Tile, or they much endamage the Work ; that
of Tile efpecially, as it is fo much thinner than the Brick. The
Kettering Marcafite, tho’ no bigger than a Nutmeg, will fwell, and
burft the Brick that enclofes it, when the Fire in Baking comes to it.

As to the Lapis Selemtes, which is found in our Brick-Clay in many

Places, e. gr. at Kettering, Hafelbich, and Caflle- Afbby, it does lefs
Harm, by Reafon it only burns to Powder without burfting the
Brick.

22. The Brick-Clay lies in Strata, as do the Loams, and Marles
above-mentioned. It will not be amifs to give an Inftance or two

(as I do for the reft ) of the Manner of its Difpofal in the Earth.

In Kettering Brick-pit there is, 1. The Soil about half a Foot deep.
2. A Kealy Earth one Foot and half. 3. Yellow Clay three Foot.

| 4. Blue Clay three Foot and half. 5. Black Clay to the Bottom,

and below the Bottom of the Pit. In Eafl-Farndon Brick-pit, there
is, 1. A Clayey Soil, one Foot deep. 2. The Brick-Clay Stratum
confifting in part of a yellowifh Clay of the Sandyer and milder Sort,
in part of a bluifh Clay of the ftiffer Sort. Thefe two are difpofed
uncertainly in Blocks , as the Diggers call them; both in the fame
Level, and conftituting the fame Stratum, which is Six Foot deep.
3. A Fiffile laminated Marle of a blackifh Colour , extremely unfit
for Brick. In moft, if notall, of the Clay-pits I have look’d into,
in cafe they have Beds of Clay of thefe three different Colours, Yel-
low, Blue, and Black : the Yellow lies uppermoft, then the Blue,
and the Black the loweft of all. This is che ufual, if not the con-
ftant, Situation of them.

23. In thofe Parts of the County which are ftored with Building-
Stone, and which have confequently lefs Occafion for Brick-Clay, they
have lefsof it, or if a greater Quantity they cannot foeafily getatit. ln
the Clay-land Tracts,where little or no Stone is digg'd, and particularly
in that nigh Mar ket- Harborough, there isnota Lord(hip but whataffords
good Plenty of thisufeful Earth ; which is now more frequently wrought
into Brick than it has been heretofore. No Part of the County, not
one of its Twenty Hundreds, is wholly without it. At; or very near
to moft of our great Towns, Daintryy Toweefter; Nortbam-

Pp ony

 

 
 

The Nawal H I ST ORT Chap. 1.

pion, Wellingborough, and Kettering, there are Pits affording a very
good Sort of Brick-Clay. At Syfam in the South-W eftern Part of the
County isa Brickery , whofe Brick is articularly efteemed. The
like Commendations are given to the The at Silfton.

24. There are larger Vacuities, or Interftices, in the Body of
Brick, which is only a confolidated Earth, than in that of ordinary
Sand-Stone ; which accounts for feveral well known Properties of
Brick. A Brick-Oven is fooner hot, than one of Stone of the fame
Dimenfions. *A Floor of it is drier, imbibes any wet that falls upon
it, more fpeedily than a Floor of Stone of the firmer Sort, and is
not fubjet to Sweating in damp Weather as that is, Lime-Mortar,
and Sand-Mortar fet fooner on Brick than on any Sort of Stone, un-
lefs it be Free-ftone ; which is likewife very poreus, and by fucking
up the Moifture of the Mortar makes it fet fo foon.

25. OF Zobacco-pipe-Clay an Excellent Sort, and the only noted
Tobacco-pipe-Clay of England, except that from the Ile of Wight,
and that from Pol in Dorfetfbire, which are usd at London, is digg’d
up in Northampton Field, on the Eaft Side of the Town ; where jt
lies, or has formerly lain, under a Trac of Ground of many Acres
Extent ; not in one continued Stratum , but in feparate Parcels, or
in Benches, as they there are called. It feems to have been difcover-
ed, digg'dup, and wrought for Tobaceo-pipes , even fo long fince as
there began to be much Occafion for a Clay of that Finenefs, and
Tenacity, as wou'd endure Baking in fuch thin flender Pieces, It is
of two Colours, Black, and Gray. Both of them, even the Black
burns very white. By fome the Black : by others the Gray Clay is
preferr’d. It has a Smoothnefs to the Touch, and a Glofs like that
of Unctuous Bodies. Tis a denfe, and weighty Clay, very clear
and free from Stones, and Sand, and all extraneous Admixtures what-
foever ; unlefs fome few glittering Particles impalpably fine, and not
difcernibly imparting the leaft Inequality, or Roughnéfs to the Clay.
Todigit, ’tis fo hard, that the Diggers are forc’d to make a Notch,
or Chanel, on the Surface of the Bed, and to pour Water in the Cha-
nel to {often the Clay, elfe they cannot get it up. In fome Places it
lies but two Foot deep, in moft Places Six. That which lies the
fhalloweft has for the moft Part fuch a Mixture of Sand, as injures
the Clay. There where it lies at Six Foot depth, is, in fome of the
Pits, a Vein of redith Clay, which almoft quite fpoils the Working
of the Tobacco-pipe-Clay amongft which it lies.

26. The prefent Places of Digging for the Clay, are vpon the out-
molt Eaftern Part of Northampton Field, almoft under Abington Wall,
in the Lands of the Worthiplul Francis Armdel, Efq. In the two
Pits that were about Thirty Yards Diftance of each other, which |
examined in September 1705. the Strata were as follows. In the Pit
that lay Northerly there was, 1. A Sandy Soil one Foot deep. 2. A
white or yellow Sand uncertainly : or a Variegation of lefler Parcels
of white and yellowifh Sand, Six Foot. This Sand has a {mal} Mix-
ture of Clay. 3. Tabacco-pipe-Clay of the blacker Sort, Ten In-

ches.

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR &,

Part 2.

 

 

ches. 4. A gray Sand almoft as foft as Afhes,
Clay-pit was; 1. The Soil about one Foot. 2. Such a white and
yellow Sand as the above-mentioned, fixteen Inches. 3. A fhallow
Stratum of a bluith Clay which is not ufed, about halfa Foot. 4. A
brownith Sand, fix Inches. 5. The gray Tobacco-pipe-Clay, from
fix to ten Inches. 6. The gray foft Sort of Sand. The Clay in
digging flips pretty clear off from the Bed of Sand underneath it.

27. The Diggers cut the Clay into rectangular Maffes, which are
fold either by Meafure, or Weight. If the Block of Tobacco-pipe-
Clay be ten Inches thick, then about thirteen Inches Square will make
a Hundred Weight of it. The Men who carry Coal out of Wor-
wickfbire, and Leicefterfbire, to Northampton, do frequently load back
with the Clay. The like is done by the Waggoners that bring us
Sea-coal from Bedford. It is, as am credibly informed, the main
Ingredient, if not the only Clay that’s wrought up in the Brown
Ware of the Notingham Potteries. It is ufed at Osford for making
Pipes, being mixed with a white Clay from Shotover Hill *, Tis
ufed in every one of the Neighbouring Counties, and from thence is
fent into other more diftant Counties. So much of it has been digg’d
up at Northampton in the laft Thirty, or Forty Years, that, as the
Workmen fay, there is not above a Bench or two of it lefr. | There
isa fhiff Sort of Clay at Pisford, the like at Holmby, Clay-coton, Bug-
brook, in the old Delve intended for a Coal-pit at Hansford, and in
fome other Places of the County, which, according to fome of the
Inhabitants of thofe Places, will affuredly ferve for the fame Works,
as does this of Northampton.

28. Clean Tobacco-pipe-Clay calcin’d to a Whitenefs, being tem-
perd with fair Water which has been glutted with Gum Arabick,
rubbd upon white Paper, and dry’d, you may write upon the Paper
thus glazed with a Silver Bodkin, and may rub out the Letters with
Water, withoutany Damage to the Paper. Two Pieces of Tobuc-
co-pipe upon Attrition emit a rank Odour. By a violent Fire a To-

acco-pipe may be in fome meafure melted, as appears by its berg
brought to bend. From thefe two laft Experiments the Honourable
Mr. Boyle infers, that probably this Sort of Clay containsa Sulphur,
and a Salt. Tobacco-pipe-Cla Ysis the Comolia alba Officin. or the white
Lumber-flone , and according to Mr. Dale y 1s us’d fometimes in the
Shops inftead of Terra Sigillata +. "Tis us'd by our Potters here to
paint, or anneal their Wares.
ter, as juft tinges it.

In the Southerly

* Dr. Plot's
Nat. Hift. of
Oxfordfhire

p. 65.

t Mr. Dale's

They diffolve fo much of it in Wa- Prarrsenls
With this blue Slip, as they call it, they paint rire sig.’

their Wares, either with this alone, or elfe it is the Ground of their “*

other Golours.
king it is white.
29. Argillay or Potters-Larth, is alfo found and digg’d up here.
The Potteries of greateft Note are at Potters-Perry, and Oakly- Bank.
A particular Defcription of the Clay there ufed, will give farther
Light into the Natural Hiftory of this Earth. In the Clay-pit at
Qakly-Bank, in the Liberty of Plumpton, out of which the Potters
Earth

Being wafli'd over their Ware by it felf, upon Ba-

 

 
 

The Natwral HI ST OR? Chap. 1.

 

 

Earth is digg'd, the Strata lie as follows. 1. The Soil, a Sandy light
Earth, about a Foot in Thicknefs. 2. Yellow Clay, one Foot and
half. This isa very fine and tough Sort of Clay, and very free from
Stones, and Sand. Of this by it felf are made Mugs, and other
Drinking Pots, Dithes, and all the thinner and finer Sort of Ware ;
the Clay being fine and ductile, and the Glazing lying well upon it.
"Tis a Clay of a yellow Colour interfperfed with Specks of blue ;
but having been wrought, or temper'd, tis yellow all over alike.
"Twill not endure the Weather. 3. A fhorter,and mellower,or more
friable Clay, with a fmall Mixture of Sand in it, ene Foot and half.
This alfo 1s a yellow Clay interfperfed with Specks of Blue. Of
this are made their Flower-pots, Panfhions, Cloughs to falt Meat in,
and the like coarfer Sort of Ware. 4. A foft and fomewhat Marly
Clay, of a blue Colour, copioufly interfperfed with {pangling Par-
ticles. Its Depth unknown. Of this is made a fill coarfer, and
grofler Sort of Ware, viz. Tiles, and ordinary Garden-pots. This
laft Earth, when it is wrought vp, will endure any Weather, but
will not take a handfome Glaze, by reafon it cannot be wrought to
a due Smoothnefs, as having feveral Knobs of a harder Clay than
the reft, interfperfed in the Body of it.

30. The Yellow, and the Blue: The more tenacious, the more
friable, and the Marly Clays, lye there, we fee, in much the fame
Order as they do in our common Brick-pits. Neither do they differ
from the ordinary Brick-Clays in their Colour. Thefe are Yellow
and Blue in the Pit: With the Fire in the Kiln, or Oven, they are
Red ; as are alfo the Brick-Clays. So that the only Difference is in
the Confiftence of them. That of Potters-Earth is firmer, and clo-
fer than that of the Brick, and Tile-Clays ; as the former is a purer
and more homogeneous Mafs.

31. The Earth of the Potteries at Potters-Perry , is found in Cof-
grave Field nigh Goldsbury-Mill. In fome Places there, it lies next
under the Soil, and is fometimes turn’d up by the Plough. The
Depth of the Bed is uncertain ; ’tis {carce above two Foot at moft.
It isa yellowifh Clay, denfe and firm, and free from Mixture. Yet
notwithftanding its Denfity, the Ware made of it is of a brittler, and
lefs enduring Nature, than that of Zicknal in Derbyfbire ; tho’ equal
Care and Skill have been ufed in the managing it: An Effet, which
we may therefore reafonably fufpeét, proceeds from fome Salt embo-
dy’d in the Clay. The Garden-pots made of it, tho’ never fo well
baked, are very apt to {cale, and be broken in Pieces, by foul Wea-
ther and Frofts; but beingSiz'd, that is, laid in Oyl, willabide the
Weather, as well as any whatfoever ; as the Sellers of them fay.
But others, who made that Experiment, have found it fail them.
Neverthelefs it is the largeft, as well as oldeft Postery in all thofe
Parts. Its Antiquity appears by the common Appellation of the
“Town, its Name being chang’d long fince from Eafi-Pury, to Potters-
Pury, on this Account.

32. Of

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

 

32. Of a Clay that’s digg’d at Eafon nigh Stamford, is made
a good Sort of ordinary Garden-pots. The like at Aynho ; where
there feems to be an Earth very fit for that Ute. = The fame
Sort of Clay I have obferved in divers other Places in this County:
And particularly at Stoke- Bruerne isa blue Clay, that, according to
good Judges, woud be Excellent in Pottery. But indeed that Ma-
nufacture, were our Materials never fo good, is never likely to flou-
rith very much with us ; becaufe the way of living here is more ex-

enfive than in Derbylbire, and Staffordfbire : And the Potters of thofc
revo Counties, who bring hither their Wares upon little Horfes or
Affes, ufually begging their Victuals, do on that Account afford their
Wares at fuch Under-Rates ; as our Potters here cannot live {fo well
upon the Trade.

33. Ihave nothing more to note of this Earth, than that as the
Stetno-marga, or calcarious Earth above defcribed, is in fome Places
found difpofed into Strata, in others is found adhering to the Sides of
the Fiffures of Sandftone, ¥e. So likewife is Argilla, or Porters-
Earth ; and particularly in the Fiffures of the Strata in Desborough,
Crick, and Winwick Stone-pits. That of the Fiffures of the Stone-
pit in the old Warren nigh Wiwick, is a Clay of a glofly yellow
Colour, tenacious, exceeding fine, and very clear of Sand.” By the
Face and Guife of it, it plainly appears to have beenconvey’d into
thofe Fiffures by Water. It is not apt to crack, tho’ fpread very
thin, and dry’d againft a fierce Fire. ’Tisus’d by the Stone-diggers
asa Salve, when they have wounded themfelves with their Tools.

34. Which is all I have to, obferve about the Figuline Earths: 1
proceed to thofe that are Abflerfive. As to the Smeclick Earths, or
thofe that are Abfterfive: I cannot fay we have here the true Fullers
Earth, Cimolia purpurafcens ; but we have in feveral Places a Clu
that has much of the outward Appearance of that Earth, diffolves
in Water almoft as entirely, and eafily as that, and takes Spots out
of Cloaths very readily. Particularly, there is a Clay of a variega-
ted Colour, yellowifh, and blue, to be feen in the Ditch Sides, in
that call'd the Meadow-Ground, in Little Oxendon Lordfhip, that has
all the above-mentioned Properties. But it is fomewhat heavier,
harder , and lefs fryable than Fullers-Earth. And altho’ it is fo far
Abfterfive as to fetch out Spots of Oyl, or the like, in Cloaths ; yet
unlefs it has ftill a more penetrative Faculty, it is unfit for the Fullers
Ufe. However, its diflolving fo readily in Water, and that with
great Ebullition, gives fome Hopes that it has. As to what it does
upon {potted Cloaths, that indeed is as well perform’d by many other
Earths. Marle, Lac Lune or Steino-marga, Brick-Clay, Pipe-Clay,
Potters-Earths, and perhaps any Earth whatever, being made into
a thin Mortar, fo fpread upon the Spots, and dry’d by Fire, willdo
as much. But the St«ff that comes into the Fullers Hands requiresa
more thorough fearching, and fcowring ; and to this End an oily
Earth impregnated with Salt, isadmirably fitted: Such is that alld
Fullers-Earth, a kind of natural Sope.

u 5: Ink

 
shi
1

rere

i

    
 

FEmaTS aus a
& TIL 5 i

}

Rs bi

 

 

The Natural HIST ORT Chap 1.

 

 

35. In fine, as to the Earths we have here refembling that of the
Fullers ; for 1 fhall not as yet prefume to call them Fullers-Earths : If
they do nor ferve for Fulling; they in all probability will for impro-
ving barren Land ; as having fo much of the Nature of Marle, (an
Earth in fome meafure impregnated with Salt ) that they fall afun-
der, and are diffolved in Water, and in the Weather too. 1 have
found upon Tryal; that they diffolve in Water much fooner than
any other Sort of Clay.

36. Tam now to confider the Earths that are of Ufe in-Colorring,
and Painting 5 of which Kind of Earths I have met with feveral,
tho’ ‘tis generally fuppofed we have nothing of them here. Two
different Sorts 1 have found at 7hbimgdon, in a Mortar-pit on the
North Side of the Vicarage Clofe, namely, an Earth of a purplifh
Colour,of the Subftance of Ochre, and a yellow Ochre. The Purple
Ochre, if I may fo call it, has a {mall Quantity of Sand incorporated
in it, and is interfperfed with {lender Streaks of a bluith White. But
as to the fmall Admixture which it has of Sand, that does not make
it inferiour to other Ochres. They almolt all when they come forth
of the Earth are as Sandy as this, and are not to be ufed till they are
fteeped, and wafh’d. And in this Method our Purple Ochre may be
eafily cleared. Indeed the Sand this Earth contains is fo foft, thar
‘tis fit for colouring with grinding only. Mixed with Water, 'tis a
paler : with Oyl, an intenfer Purple. By the Tryals that have been
made of it, it appears to be as fit for Priming as any Ochre whatever,
For the Colouring Leather Gloves, it has been ufed with very good
Succefs for feveral Years, by a Glover at Kettering. Laid on upon
the Gloves, of it felf it gives a Copper Colour: together with Lamb-
Black, an excellent Sad Colour. Rubb'd upon the Hand it gives fuch
a Stain to it, as can hardly be got off. The hardeft Lump of it put
into Water is, by little and little, diffolved. Put into the Fire it
crackles, and {putters much, and will hardly endure the Fire at all ;
by which it feems to be plentifully faturated with Salt. In the Fire
it lofes its Purple, and obtains a Red.

37. The Yellows Ochre is fomewhat different from the former in
Confiftence, as well as in Colour: 7 hat is rather a Clayey, and this
is rather a Chalky Earth. It is a dryer, and harfher, or rougher Earth
than Clay, that however of the finer Sort ; in which refpect it is more
properly called an Ochre. Being ground it mixes well with Water,
or with Oyl: and givesa good Body, as the Painters fpeak. With
Water it gives a Straw-yellow : with Oyl a fomewhat deeper Co-
lour. This, as all other Ochres, burns Red; this toa brisk Colour
much like Venetzan Red. Thus burnt and intermixed with Water,
it makes a handfome Red, and has upon Tryal been found of good
Ufe in Painting a lively Fleth Colour. Both the Red, and Yellow
Ochre, either burnt or unburnt, being mixed with Cerufs, where-
with they mingle well, make a good Wainicot-Colour ; and particu-
larly a Cedar Colour for the finithing of Wainfcot Painting.  Befides
the Ufes of this Yellow Ochre in Oyl-Painting, it has, upon long

: Experi-

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

 

Experience, been found of advantagious Ufe in the Glovers Trade,
It diffolves in Water with Ebullition, and Hiffing; but does not
fputter in the Fire like the Purple Ochre. In the fame Mortar-pit
at J luingaon, there 1s found a Variety of the Yellow Ochre of a fome-
what intenfer Colour, and of a purer and finer Grain: An Ochre
without wathing as pure as the Spruce Ochre of the Shops, and of a
brighter Colour than that. In that Part of the Mortar-pit, where
we find the Ochres, the Strata are as follows. 1. The Soil. 2. Pen-
ny-Earth, about three Foot. 3. The Purple Ochre, five or fix In-
ches. 4. The Yellow Ochre, eight Inches. 5. Sand, fuch as is
ufed in Mafon-Work.

38. A Yellow Ochre, very much like that which is found at Thing-
don in fo much Plenty as to conftitute an entire Stratum, or a good
Part of one, in other Places I have found enclofed in the Middle of
Stones of the Nodule-Kind, and particularly of the Lapis Geades,
which Sort of Stone we ufinally find difperfedly repofited not in a Stra
tun of Ochre, but of a quite different Sort of Matter, e. or. in the
Strata of Sand, and Gravel, at Oxendon, and elfewhere.

39. Other Ochres have been difcovered at and nigh Kettering, by
7 bomas Cautell a Glover there, and were ufed by him in Colouring
Gloves, and are now ufed by his Son, a Glover there. From one of
the Stone-pits on the North-Weft Side of Kettering, they have had
2 light Pale-coloured Earth,clear, and unmixed, which dyes a Straw-
Colour, that is, a Pale Yellow, and wasufed by them in Colouring
women's Gloves, and Buff-Belts. From the Sand-pits at Weekly, a
Sandy Earth, that being ground well, gives a hish Yellow. The
above-mentioned inquifitive and curious Glover , difcovered alfo a
fine Sort of Yellow Ochre in iaderoft-Lane in Kettering, It work’d
out of the Ground in a rainy Time, when the Ground was glutted
with Wet. It gives a lively Yellow upon Gloves: and makesa good
Olive Colour, intermixed with other proper Ingredients.

40. In one of Afbly Stone-Pits, 1 have found a Yellow Ochre con-
ftituting a Stratum in fome Places Six Inches thick, jult above the
Stone. 1 have now a Sample of it by me; as I have of allthe other
above-mention'd. The like fort of Ochre to that of Afbly is fome-
times found in that called Hore-Stone-pit at Desborough, adhering to
the Iron-coloured Marcafite. Thatof Afbly ftrikes a fair Olive Colour.
The concreted Parts of it upon Affufion of Water are reduced to Pow-
der, without Heat, tho’ with great Commotion and many Bubbles
Inan old Stone-pit upon Clipfise Common, in 1701, | obferv’d a
Clayey Ochre that colours a handfome Yellow : and by good Judges
15 believ'd to be a proper Earth for the Glovers Ufe. In the fame
oStone-pit 1 have alfo found a fort of Rubrica, Ruddle, or Red Ochre
which gives a good Red. In its Bed, without any Preparation, tis
as fine as if it had been ground with a Painter's Muller. But it is
in too {mall a Quantity to encourage the Digging for it. In the Quar-
ries called High-delves at Mears-Afbby, the Seventh Stratum is a
Redifh Earth that gives a Cinamon Colour:

41. Having

   
 
    
  
  
   
   
 
 
  
   
  
  
   
  
  
  
   
   
   
   
    
  
  
  
   
   
      
        
        
     
     
     
      

  

  
 

+6 The Nawal H IST ORT Chap. 1.

41. Having treated of the Earths that ferve for Rural, and Me- Part 2. of NorTHAMPTON SJIIRE "
chanical Ufes, 1am now, according to ns Py SN a, 2 By Art and Pains than I then ufed to extract jr. However this be, the
Account of thofe thatare, or may be, or wi a a: d I Earths certainly not unfit for improving Barren Land.
I may as truly affirm of Nissogmsatfiney A ! ks 44. Several Clays of the clofeft Confiftence, and particularly the
of Oxfordfbire , that we have ere fome Earths at are Sigi hey Potters-Earth of Qakly-Bank: expos’d to the Weather, moulders in
as worthy of the Stamp and Title of the Terre Sigillate, as any of a much fhorter Time than might be expe ted from its clofe and tight

. J - - . . . AO. Y, L - 4 at iit DC CC) ic tl 1s C101 § 2Nt
the Foreign ones.  Prpe-Clay, helinniiy 280g ies Contexture. Which Effet we may therefore reafonably infer, is
mn no County exceeds us, has been o on We Bra ¥ we d th owing to fome Sort of Salt ¢ mbody’d in that Earth. Sal Incorpora-
or the true Sigillata of the Spey er he J Re ) vied a EE ted in Stone produces the like Effect: And a Body of that Solidity
as good Succes. The Purple Ochre 0 ig on J Kind fo being thus broken by means of Salt, this its Power upon Earth
its Colour it belongs not to the Earths of the Bo e-Kind,, for thofe ales folid Body, isthe lefs (urprizing. )
are Red ; yetin its Aftringency it does. Apply’d to the Teg it I

en: : 1S ably as o a he : : ~ i J
adheres to it as does the Armenian Bole A pig) y as Sou and Noife, upon being thrown into Fire, as do the Purple Ochre of
Sudorifick. However, Iam pretty well attured that hone of our { bingdor, and fome Se 21s of Clave wit] 2 particalarle one

/b Boles d it in virtue. The Medicinal Virtues of the nr, Lo Ooty OF Lays with us, particularly one 1 had
Englifp es exceed it 1n virtue. Places bere. hive been Noten from Dedford, which was brought out of the karth, in boring there
Stezno-marga of Chadfton, and other aces here, adve Deen voted, for Coal, have a Salt embodv'd in them. All the feveral Sorts of
in 4. 6. fupra. The Blue Clay of the common Clay.piss have been Salty, viz. Varioly Salt-Petve, and Common Slr do fputter or crise] ]

fog St i er i seding: £r es. Odll, Z. Ly Dail ey ane 0 oakley 10 1putte rackie
often fuccefsfully apply’d to Tumours proceeding from Bruifes. e in the Fire; and I know of no other Mineial in Grains, or in finole

2. 1 muft not conclude this Section without taking Notice of Corpufeules befide thefe, that do. Spe being. eaft into the Fire in

LTT AE te Corpufcules be yl 10. Spar being caft into the Fire in
the Earths obfervably containing Salt, Zale, or other Nery Mat Form of Powder does not crackle, tho’ in Pieces it docs. Trl
ter, in fingle Corpufcles or Grains. Of Earths that to the 7 afte are hy nar

 

 

 

 

 

45. And alfo the Earths that crackle, and fly with Impetuofity

x

 

: :C : tod. . i articular Kind of Salt it is, that thefe and the like Earths contain
brackifh, or faline, we have few or no Inftances. The Loamy Earth, 4 not fo eafily known ; thers being fo {inall a Ln Ra)
nixed with fo mnch Earthy Matter. "1's moft likely that It is
Salt-Petre , or Common Salt, one, or both of them, in oreater
lefler Quantity.  Alfo Vitrwl is found incorporated in featter’d (

a part of whofe Stratum is expos'd to view at the Foot of an Elm-
Tree in Thengford, is of any here the moft difcernibly fuch. I made
[»} - ~ . 3 al
a Solution of it in ordinary fimple Spring Water, and defir’d a Feta , Of
acquainted witl ign in the Experiment, to try the Solu- oy ay : ; ! : or-
unacquainted with my Defign n P Ey eo y ; 4 pufcles in fome Earths with us; and particularly in that Soot-like
tion on his ‘Tongue. He did, and told me he believd I had put Farth diga’d up at Thrup- Mandesile s 1 ey a
pe . , . pre | Od at Dyun- anaeyile * ‘here A om . he
fome Salt into the Water. “Tis obferv'd that Pigeons, who are known A Dh Muni  —, 4 hs
to be much delighted with any thing that’s Salt, do refort particu- Ta are immediately diftinguithable from all other by
larly to this Earth : and that forgetting the Nature of their Kind ih Cl Svat + lamps ruli Soerare. mE . sant
this Ea Ne 7s overit. + Th 46. Clay very plentifully interfperfed with Particles of Zale T
they will fometimes fit upon the Elm-Tree that grows over it. e have found on Ditch Sides, in Overton paren Lordiiin ard abi re,
Earth contains a multitude of fmall glittering Corpufcles : But that Arana? & " iS S 5 ia en pare pri igen ee
thofe are not Granula of Salt appears from their not diffolving in | WL “1 ie Hg G rl Tike je im xray 2 3
: i > Fire without any Crepitation, or a t 5 ig (ArK-ike Lodies that do much refemble
Yel and their enduring the F y Lire ’ thef= ; but that thefe are Laminul ey Corpufcles of a flat, or
yp a Moory Common at Maidford is a very Black Earth, brateated Form, by which, and by their Softnefs, I judge they are
43. Ina y L : freotiedt ih & particu] Particles of Zale. "Whereas thofe amor git the Sand have a rounder
feemingly rich, that Pigeons are obferved to frequent in a particular 20d Dhtter Pos alr rs aongh tae EB :
: avid: 1 difolvd vo blunter Form, and are really no other than final tranfparent
Manner, as they do that above-mentioned, at 7 bheagford. ifloly Grains of Surd. The Softnels of thefe little Bodies diftinaui
¥ : he : " : “ a hd AEriEL. I» > l eC little bodies inoutthes
fome of this Moory Earth in fimple Spring Water, filtred the Solu- thet ole iE voitnels of thew atte Bodies diflinguithe
C or, ; Edits the: Refrainderd '‘m alto from the Corpufcles of Spar, which are frequently found
tion, and evaporated about a Third Part of it ; the Remainder embodied in Stone ; ant ‘ts likely Lotscet rs Bates eo dt
fet to cool in an Earthen Veflel ; which having ftood thus about we may add that th io re ey eabilv i ol si 3 ha bs
Eight Hours I found a fmall Quantity of Swine Matter adhering to rent Ru Poirder oN oe C. 3 a CEE Joa 3 to an
the Sides of the Veflel juft above the Surface of the Liquor. In Wn Ee rice Td not leit rian: or i A 4 or pL in
) e a p . rel l Opi Ce 0 mean it ds dIe gle ¢ imal
Boyling the Solution I obferved fuch a Skin upon it, as appears in I er rh. I ae Inean Iucniasare ples br the Onl)
the rr Earth ai £iggregates of fome few of the Simple ones. At Dadford 1 was
the Purification of Salt-Petre. "Tis probable the Earth contains a ee or : , < ones. /
i It than that I obtained by the faid Ex- thewn a Clay that had a Mixture of Sulphur in It; as was eafily
far greater Proportion of Salt t an that I obtained by oe difcoverable by the Smell
periment, if we confider that this isa Fat Earth, that Hhirefore he 47 Riviog lone with the Earths, 1 fhall now give an Account
Salt is in i ntly may require more o 3 SIEVING Sone with the Larios ail now give an Account
Salt is much entangled in it, and confequently may req Art of the more remarkable Sunds, and Grawvels. W hy I {peak of thefe
in this Chapter hasbeen already intimated in 3.1. Part |. What is vul-

garly

1

 

 
 

 

28 The Nawadd HIST ORT Chap

garly called Sand is really no other, as Dr. Woodward has well ob-
“Pe Wd ferved *, than very {mall Pebles, as may appear to any one who
item hall carefully examine and obferve it, efpecially witha good Micro-
SSE fcope. Every Grain of Sand is an extremely {mall Peble, ir Shape
agreeing with the ordinary larger Lime-ftone Pebles, but of a finer
Grain, and a fmoother Surface. There are feveral Varieties of it, with
refpect of the Colour of the Grains or Corns : and of the Bignefs
of them.

48. As to the Colour of the Sand : it is ordinarily here either Tel-
lownfb, White, or Redifp. The Grains are all of them Diapha-
nous ; fome of them with Colours, fome without. The Tellvwifb
Sand confifts for the main of Yellowith Tranfparent Grains: the
White of fuch asare White and Tranfparent : and fo for the Redifb
Sort. Amongft thefe coloured little Pebles are ufuaily fcatter'd fome
that are Diaphanous and without Colour, refembling fo many glit-
tering Spangles. "Twas fuch like glittering Sparks as thefe that
Dr. Ploi took for Particles of the Specular Stone, or Englifb {ale in
the Yellowifh Earth adorn’d all over with them that they have at

tDepws 1 eynton in Oxfordfbire 1; as I found upon a View of a Sample of that

Ju 108 of Earth in the Mufeumat Oxford. Thofe fpangling Particles that we

Ch. 3.5. 5 fee upon the Sides of fome Urns, and other Ancient Vetfels, which

as Sir T bomas Brown, in his Difcourfe of Urn-Burial, inclines to be-

lieve had been filver’d over, and that thofe are Remains of the Pig-

ment, to me appear to be only Cryftalline Granula of Sand intermix'd

with the Earth the Pots were made of. Thus in our Potters Earth

at Oakly-Bank there are the like gliftering Particles confpicuous

enough. And that thefe are, generally fpeaking, Pebles, fuch as Sand

confifts of, that I mean of the finer Sort, I am afiur’d of, not enly from

this, That we frequently find the like gliftering Pebles intermix’d

with the common ones of the Arenaceous Sort ; but froma clofer

View of the Figure of them, which in the Microfcope one may

lainly fee is like that of ordinary Pebles. The Sand that is full of

thefe Cryftalline little Pebles, and is white, fine, and pure, fuch as

is that digg’d up in the Warren-Ground at Desborough, is a fit Ma-

terial to make Glafs of. That of Desborough has been try’d with
good Approbation at a Stafford/bire Glafs-Houlfe.

49. In feveral Inftances there are Grains of different Colours con-
ftituting the fame Stratum of Sand. The Sand dige’d up in Geding-
ton Chafe confifts, for the main, of the Yellowith Sort : Amongft
thefe are fome that are White, fome that are Redifh, and others as
Clear as Cryftal ; all of them more or lefs tranfparent. “Thele are
Grains of as large a Size as any ordinary Sand confifts of. And |
think the Obfervation generally holds, that the White Sand very
feldom, or never is fogrofs, asis that of the Yellower Sort. The
Colour of thefe colourd little Pebles, we may reafonably believe is
accidental, and owing to a fmall Admixture of Foreign Matter, which
concreted into the fame Mafs with the Cryftalline Matter, if 1 may
fo callit, of which the main Bulk of the Peble is compofed, at the

Time

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 79

 

Time of its Coalition ; in like manner as the Colour of Agats, Cor-
nelians, and other coloured Stones is owing to adventitious Matter *. 025
The Matter that gives the Tincture to thefe little Pebles is probably Hitt of the
an Earth ; whereof a {mali Admixture tinges Yellow or Redifh : a Epa
ill fimaller Admixture, White. The Strata of White and Yellow
Sand do not always lye in diftarit Places, We frequently meet with
them lying one upon another in the fame Pit.

50. As to the Bulk of the Peble, or Grit, that conftitutes what
we ufually call Sand : that likewife is various. “Tis fomewhat vari-
ous and uncertain with refpet of one and the fame Stratum, which
has ufually a Mixture of Grains of different Bignefs, as well as of
different Colour, from that which compofes the main Body of the
Stratum : But tis much more fo with refpeét of the different Strata in
diftant Parts of the Country. The Sand which is dug up in Ge-
dington-Chafe, is of any here of the largeft Grit, and comes very
near in the Colour, as well as Size, to that called Callice-Sand : and
to give a Glofs to Pewter ferves as well. "Tis ufed by the Stone-cut-
ters at Welden in polifhing their Rag-Stone, tho’ the Pit is three Miles
from them ; it being the fitteft for that Ufe, atleaft in all that Part
of the County. Next to this in Bignefs of Grit, is the Sand which
our Plumbers ufe, as being the fitteft for a Spaud to caft their Lead
apon. The finer and lighter Sort of Sand is accounted unfit for
that Ufe, as it is apt to be driven on before the melted Lead, when
it is poured uponit. There is digg’d up a redifh Sand at Mar flon-
Truffel, which is proper for this Ufe. ‘The White Sand of Hund-
Hill-Pits at Meares-Afbby , is ftill fomewhat finer. It is carry’d
about the Country by poor People to be fold : And is bought for {cou-
ring Boarded-Floors, and any ordinary Veflels of Wood. Mix-
ed with an Earth of the denfer Sort, or with Lime, they lay their
Stone in it, in Building: with Lime and Hair, they plaifter with it.
The finer and the whiter the Sand, the lefler Quantity of Lime will
ferve to mix with it for Plaftering ; or Painting. At Stoke- Albany
is found a fomewhat whiter, and fmoother Sand than that above-
mentioned. The finer and clearer Sort of Sand, fuch as this is, is
us'd by our Blackfmiths in their Welding Work. The fineft Sand 1
have any where feen, is that digg'd up at Clipfien, in a Pit on the
North Side of the Town. In the Pit itis Yellowifh, but whitens as
it dries. "Tis us'd alone in Parging, or Plaftering, and in Pointing:
makes a durable Plaifter: drawsalmoftas fine and true a Joint as Lime:
and will bind very near as well.

51, The Sand in that calld she Home-Clofe at Prefton-Capes, is
alfo of Note, as being fit to be us'd alone in Plaftering, or Pointing.
This tho’ not quite fo fine, is fomewhat purer, or has a fmaller Ad-
mixture of Earthy Matter; than the above-mentioned Sand at Clip-

fon. And in general, the Sand of the larger, or coarfer Grit is more

free, or has a lefer Quantity of Earthy Matter in the Interftices of
it, than that of the finer Sort. That of the finer Sort; as it confifts
of a fmaller Grit, it lies more clofely, and is of a firmer Confiftence

than

 
 

The: Nawal HIST ORT: Chap 1,

 

than that of the larger Sort. The Sand at Clipfion in Conliftence ap.
proaches that of the laxer Sorts of Stone, and in its Bed in the
Earth is not to be broken without Difficulty. The Compactoefs of
the Sand in the Pit, tho’ a thing that has not been noted by thofe
who give us Marks of proper Sands for Mortar, is a certain Sign of
its Goodnefs. And as the finer, {o the purer the Sand, the fitter it
is for a Mortar, or Cement, in Building with Stone ; for if it be the
fineft Sort of Sand, ( fuch as that at Clipflsn , which in this refpect
refemibles, Lime, and is therefore us'd alone in Building) it {ets more
* clofely tan if it had a Mixture of Earth: If the coarfer Sort of
Sand, th® more Earth in the Interftices of it, the lefs Lime, which
1s a-ftronger Cement, will it receive. And therefore the Sand of
Brooks, as being fo clear and free, is fo much efteemed. Under the
* Inftances above recited, 1 have given Account of all the Varieties of
* Sand we meet with here: And by the Samples of them, which |
have now by me, we may judge of the Sands in other Places, of
their Fitnefs, 1 meany for’ this or that particular Ufe; which we
may obferve, is variable according to the Bulk of their Grit. :
52. In thofe Parts of the County that have Plenty of the ordina-
ry Sorts of Building-Stone, there efpecially they have Plenty of Sand
of that Kind that’s fitteft io be ufed in a Mortar or Cement for that
particular Sort of Stone, which they ufe in Building. “The Mortar
1s always to be fuited to the Stone. The fineft Stone, or that of the
{malleft and narroweft Interftices, is to have a Mortar of the fineft

Materials, vz. of the fineft Sand intermix'd with a due Quantity

of Lime, or of Lime alone. For the coarler and more porous Sand-
ftone, a Sand lefs fine will do. At Thingdon they build with a
porous Stone, and in laying it ufe a Sand fo clean and fine
that. the Mortar is more durable, and lefs difficult to be cut,
or broken, than the Stone it cements, that is, after it had
lain fo long as to acquire its utmoft Compactnefs. This has been
obferved by the Mafons upon the taking down a part of their Stee-
ple, and in other Tryals upon Walls, where the Mortar had lin
but a very few Years. That the belt Mortar will acquire its utmolt
Compagtnefs in a much fhorter Time than that affigned by fome ex-
periencd Mafons, whofe Opinion Mr. Boyle has fomewhere taken
notice of, wiz. in 25, or 30 Years, 1 am well affured, by feveral In-
ftances. So foon as the Parts of the Mortar are well fcttled, it ob-
tains its utmoft Firmnefs : and ’tis not to be imagin’d that they are
fo longa Time as even one or two Years in convening as clofely, as
they can convene. : :

53. It only remains, that I give an Account of the Strata of Sand,
in like manner as I have done of thofe of Clay and other Earths.
The Strata of Sand with regard to the particular Kind of Terreftri-
al Matter that lies above them, are as uncertainly difpofed, as are
any of the Terreftrial Strata of whatfoever Kind. In fome Places,
for Inftance, in the Sand-pits at Pisford we meet with a Bed of Sand
next under the Soil, or outmoft Stratum. In other Places, as in the

Sand-

it, for the Depth of about two Feet.

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

81

 

Sand-pit at Elon, underneatha Stratum of Chy. In other Parts of

the County, e. gr. at Ch ftom, under Strata of Lime-ftone, orelfe a

Lime-ftone-Keale. And in many Places.it lies next under a Stratum
of Loam. In feveral Places the Strata of Sand of the clofer and fir-
mer Confiftence are found interrupted by perpendicular Fiffures in
much the fame Manner as are thofe of Stone.” And ’tis likely that
the other Strata of Sand of a laxer Compages, or in a lefs coherent
State, have been broken or divided in like manner : But the little
Pebles that conftitute the Sand of thefe, having no Cohefion, they
flid down into, and filld up thofe Breaches fo entirely, that they do
not now appear. In the Stratum of Sand, in a Sand-pit that lay open
at Pisford, Anno 1703, 1obferved feveral very narrow perpendicular
Fiffures, ‘or Breaches, like to thofe of the Strata of ‘Sand-floze.
They did not divide the whole Stratum, but only the lower Part of
The wideft of them was
three Inches in Width. In a Sand-pit on the North Side of Eon,
the Strata are as follows. 1. The Soil of a Loa my Nature. 2. Clay
generally bluifh, here and there befpeck’d with a very black, or footy,
and friable Earth, very like to that called Urry, or Smut, in the
Coal-Countries. 3. Sand for the moft part White, but in fome Pla-
ces interveined Horizontaly with Sand of a Yellowith Hue. This
Stratum 1 found diametrically interfected, here and there, at uncer-
tain Diftances, by a Lif, if I may fo call it, of Black Sand that lay
much loofer than that of the Stratum. There where the Lifts are
now, it is likely there had been perpendicular Fiffures, fuch as thofe
1 obferv'd in the Stratum of Sand at Pisford ; which were filled by
the common Saud of that Stratum mouldering down into them,
which of a White became Black, being ftained by a Black Earth
drain'd down upon it from amongft the Soil, and Clay, of the In-
cumbent Strata. Which is all I have noted about the Strata of Sand,
but this, that they are not always found in the Form of an Earthy
Sediment fettling leifurely, and gently down from Water, that is,
with a pretty fmooth, and eaven Surface, as are generally all the
Strata of Earth ; for in fome Places here, we find them in an unequal
Wave-like Form. This is particularly obfervable in the Sand-pit at
Bok amin where we may have a View of Strata upon Strata thus
waved.

54. Gravel is compofed in part of Sand, that chiefly of the coar-
fer Sort: and in part of larger Pebles and Flints. For Inftance, the
Gravel at Owendon is only Flints, and Pebles, of the larger Size, with
Sand, that is, Flints or Pebles, of the fmalleft Size, in the Inter-
fpaces of the larger. The Sand, or filler Pebles of the Gravel,
are tranfparent, as are thofe that conftitute entire Beds: the larger
are opake. “This Defcription belongs to that more properly called
Gravel. 1 mention this, becaufe we have here fome other Sorts of
Matter, or of Bodies, that are vulgarly, tho’ lefs fitly, fo called.
The Gravel, as ’tis calld at Eaft-Fornib, confifts as much of Sand
as of the larger Pebles, and has a Mixture of many very little flat

X Picces

 
 

  

 

82

 

rn,

Title of Gravel at Desborough, confifts of little Sea-fbells, fome entire,

i refembling the Fragments of Slate-ftone , that are
Pan le drefs A Slate. The Gravel, as they call it at
Upton nigh Peterborough, that at Caflor, and in fome other Places, is
on pos'd of little flat Pieces of Stone, very like to thofe in he Ps.
don Gravel, only bigger : and has not any Flints, or Pebles. ) t
E&on, and elfewhere, is a redifh Earth vay full of Keal, which t o
Lifter fo much from real Gravel, yetisfocalled. That under the

in Fragments, and of other {mall Marine Bodies, with
A] of Sand. Tis digg’d up on the Eaft Side of the Town.
Thus much of the Gravels lefs properly fo called. I may now pro-
ceed with the Account of that whichis more fitly fo ftiled.
5. Firft as to its Colour. There are much the fame ii 9

it this regard, as there are of Sand. That at Oxendon in the Be
is Yellowith: That at Staverton, Iflip, Bulwick, and fome iby Pla.
ces, is Redifh: That at wd-newton of a Brownith Hue : atat
Heyford Adfin, Meares- Abby, Brixworth, Cortenball, and Coli.
Afbby to name no more, is White ; and particularly that at Caf e-
Alby. The Gravels of lefs lightfome Colours exposd to the &
ther, become almoft White. And in many of thefe, ar ary
in that at Oxendon, there are feveral White and Refplendent hs,
and Flints, of a pleafing Brightnefs in a Garden-walk ; more efpe-

cially after it has been well wafh’d with Rain. angst

56. There arealfo many Varieties of the Gravel, with refpe I
the Sharpnefs, or Hardnefs of it. That we call a {harper Osos)
which has more of the larger Pebles and Flints, and lefs of San 5
as alfo that which has not fo many of the larger Pebles, if it be a
ure Gravel without any Mixture of Earth. The Gravels that
Fak very much of Sand,do not bind fo well in a Garden-walk, and
are more yielding to the Tread, than thofe that are lefs Sandy Pe
Pebles in thofe that are lefs Sandy being forc'd into, and depeasd ie
the Sand, with the Ufe of the Roller, and fo forming an inartificia
Sort of Paving. The Gravel that has a Mixture of Clay, Loar, or
other Earth in it, is fill lefs fit fora Walk, it is fo dirty and House.
fome in wet Weather, and withal is apter to be grown 39es i
Mofs ; and this tho’ the Walks that are made of it,do lie roun ww
upon a drier Bottom. But in this County,there is fcarce a Lordf ip
oe fo much as three Miles Diftance from a Stock of Gravel fit for a
Garden-walk. And in every Quarter there is one or other of them
that afford a Gravel of Note, e. gr. Oxendon in the Narthern pores :
Peakirk in the Eaflern: Wood-Burcote, and Cafile- Afbby in the Sout oo
Althrop and Staverton in the Weflern : Brixworth in the Middle of t 1e
ey dig up Gravel even intheClay-land Traéts,and at Srey
Town and Village in the Fen-land, as well as elfewhere. i ’
thofe efpecially of the bulkier and firmer Sort, and fome oA 5 or
traneous Bodies, alfo Belemaite, and other regularly Pane Efi Zs
are found lodged in almoft all the Sorts of Gravel, in all Places.
But the Account of thefe does not belong to this Subject,

57. 1

  
 
 
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
   
  
 
   
 
   
     
   
   
 
 
  
  
   
  
  
   
   
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
   
    
  
  
 
  
 
   
   
  
   
  
  
 
   
 
  
 
 
  
   

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap.r}

 

Part 2. of NORTHAMPTONSH1RE,

 
 

A

57. Tam in this Chapter to treat of all the Terreftrial Matter di-
{pofed into Strata, and not confolidated.

we here ufually call it, that Bituminous Earth, which is dug up in the

The Peat or Turfe, as

Eaftern Part of Northamptonfbire, belongs therefore to this Head ;
for altho’, when it has lain for fome time expofed to the Air, it ob-
tains a Firmnefs, or Solidity approaching that of Stone; yet within
the Ground it is foft, and as eafily cut as Clay, or other ordinar

Earth. The Turfe of our Fens is indee
with the Pear- Earth of the Hilly, and more Inland Parts of England.
The only difference is, that this of ours is found in a flat and level
Tract : That, at the Tops, Sides, or Bottoms of Hills. They dif-

fer in no other obfervable Circumftance, as I have found b
ing the Turfe and Turfe-Pits here, with the Peat, and Pea

dof the very fame Kind

y compar-
t-pits of

Oxfordfbire, Staffordfbire, Derbyfbire, and other Inland Parts ; and
particularly with that of the Mountainous Part of Derb ire. The

Turfe or Peat with us confifts, as that does, partly of

tiumen, part-

ly of vegetable Bodies impacted and preferved in the Bitumen. = And
not only in the Matter that conftitutes it, but in its Colour and Con-
fitence, in all its Affe@tions and Properties, it is exactly like to that
of Derbyfbire ; as 1 have fatisfied my felf by a careful Obfervation of
them both, and by making the like Experiments on both. And I
have now by me Samples of each, that

my own Hands, to give the like Satisfa

I took out of the Pits with

&ion to any one who defires

it. And as the Peat-Earth of thefe two Counties agree, fo likewife
do the Vegetable Earths, that inveft thofe of Peat-Earth. In both

a very lax Earth. Why I
have been fo particulary accurate, and careful in collating the Peat-
Earth of the Hilly and more Inland Parts of Englaud with that of our
Fens, a Tra& of Ground of a low Situation, and of a flat and eaven
Surface, and continuing thus to the Sea-Shores, will be feen here

Inftances, they confift of a black, and

after.

58. But to proceed toa more particular

Turfe with us. The Place of greateft N
North-holm. Many Hundred Wagon Loa

out of the Grounds adjoining to the Fa

larly out of thofe called Eye-Cramere. 1ikewife Eye-Edgerly
Fen affordsit. As does alfo Burrow Great Fen in fome Par

Account of the Peat or

ote for it in our Fens is
ds of it have been taken

rm of Northholm ; particu-

or Eye-

ts of it:

that part of the Fen-Land nigh Singlefole : and thofe Parcels of Land

they call the Severals or Adventurers i.and

Hundred Acres, in great Plent

)

the Lots, and the Four

Y5 as appears by this; that whereever

they dyke in thofe Grounds, they generally light of it ; fo that the
very Fencing of them, which is by Ditches, is a prefent and real

Advantage. There are a fow Places, more inward in the

County

amongft the Hills, thatafford a Turfe fomewhat like to this: But I

fhall firft defcribe that of the Fens.

. 59. "Tis a Black, Light, Tenacious, and Fungous Mafs, contain-
» and fome few Flaggy fhri-

Ing a great many Fibrous Roots of Herbs
vel'd Leaves, and hollow Reed-like Stalk

S.

"Tis far more confiftent
than

 

83

  
 

 

 

The Natural HI ST O R 7 Chap. 1.

: it ; Which, if any
le Earth that lies over it; 1.
than She COmnan Vo TE out Tris, they are laying up
of 0 JiRBpee a Pile, glides off from it. In the Tur op eR
os i, it cuts like Butter. A Picce of it dry, He) t difficulty.
or en crumbles, and is not ig hi ee ata
naps, a: f the Mafs are as h: ers leas
The mors Bru oes Docs Fire it yields a fonenhal Semin
Oo Fe turer defiuce of a broken Piece of it, P 1 es
Sirah for a Colour and Glafs like that of Sous: Blober
as The reft has a lefs lofly ll d Softer, the
. etter tds:
ond fietie fw LL has a Mixture of Clay or they Bag
worfer es well. It eafily kindles , and is ufed to ~ iad ope
i "Twill give a lafting, rong snd stn ee feat a Flame
aa : ’ no diftan > ;
Te Ti Wa men het te vor
ik ’ - with them in their Boats a Piece vi Tur % fel Piece
: ; h ok hted, the other End juft dipp’d in oy. hth
wr thus Eder will eto ani Fi isi 3 ordinary Houfes
igs : {mell’d in the Air .
es yim ben io of
[Fess i deceas’d, was of Opinion that 1t i” as ares 4
i vw Ng ad ufually burnt in his io LF For Heat.
a : tisincin . /
h Afh, and every part of 1 eis ,
Jolgton : ss good Ufe. The Peat-Earth or Dn
je (t Stratum of Mould has been try'd fo in the Turfe-
He Crop of it. The Husbandmen in P owing hl
A he are Dt to gage their Ploath : er “ied it Patt it
00 : ing up any of that, th wil re bu
the I ufe os Sey Cn va fown upon a ay
om of Turfe underneath it, cfpecially there A dwindle
a : . at n yeliow
" high, is apt to turn ye 9 i
os 2 lsh iels T ey In a word, is good for nothing
away ) :
wy to a. ufually cut the Turfe in April yd May : SM
a March or in any of the Winter Mose, yo end May,
La Mornings would injure it. In the Mots 0 ye ina dry
b Ey always Water in the Turfe-pits. Nay he Pervioufnefs of
in ya obferv’d Water there. Sia 5 he nd ) By
u ) . y urie J
Ted . - fo the Stratum of 1 : : a.
® 3 is A Bodies enclofed on, os aes
Ron they have ufually enough i ie 9 i it nto
a intoit, faturates the whole, Mas od io RN
N ‘fe-Pit, as they cut the 1urte. ® 'eaetable
Gio A And asthe Water, by means of Do yese he
B : is admitted more eafily and copioufly ould in the Strate
Bits Uetain'd a longer time in that, than it woul

; ans of the
: "a lax ervious Matter, by me X
entirely confifting of a lax and p denfe,

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

denfe, Bituminous Part of the Turfe.
neceflarily fwell, and heave that mix
getables ; there efpecially

85

And being thus detained muft
’d Mafs of Bitumen, and Ve.
where it lies upon a clofe Stratum of Clay;

as it always does with us. This is the Reafon that the Places of

Turfe, or Peat, as well thofe on the Si
at the Bottoms of Hills, and in Flats, th

latter, are for the moft part {pungy, boggy Ground.
the Fen-land here

that the Ground, under which it lies
yielding under ones Feet, and its fha
Diftance, as you ftamp or tread upon it.

And the Turfes,
call the oblong Pieces of Turfe that are cu

les or Declivities, as thofe
0" more confiderably in the
The Turfe in
is fo much fated, and {well’d with the Water ,

, 1s diftinguifhable by the Sod
king all about, to many Yards

fo they
t for Sale, which are ufu-

ally but 24 Inches long, in drying will thrink both in the Girth, and

End-ways, almoft one Part in Four.

61. Lhe Strata, in the Places where the
rally lye as follows. 1. The Vegetable
or Soil, a very Black and extremely loofe Earth, affording naturally
a coarfe Sort of Grafs: in fome Places 18 Inches thick, in others
fcarcely Eight. The nearer the Place isto the Uplands, the thicker
‘tis ufually faid is the Outmoft Stratum. ». Turfe-Moor, in fome Pla-
ces fix Foot, in others fearcely one. “Tis intimated by a late Inge-
nious, and Learned Writer 4, as a Confirmation of his Conjecture ,
that the Turf-moor of thefe Fens was entirely contracted by a long
Stagnation of frefh Water, which had overflow’d thefe Parts, that
the Breadth and Depth of the Water, that, for divers Ages, as he
fuppofes, overfpread this Fenny Trad, may be known by the Breadth
and Depth of the Mooi : That fo far as the Stagnation extended
there was Moor, and according to the greater or lefler Depth of that

stagnant Water, the Moor was of greater or lefler Thicknefs: and
that the nigher the Place affording Turfe is to the Uplands, the
thinner is the Stratum of Turfe: But I am affured by Obfervations
made by my felf, and others, that this is no univerfal and conftant
Rule. In feveral Places of a lower Situation than the Northolm
Turfe-Grounds

thamptonfbire Fen-land, and of a lower Situation than
that, to go downwards along the QId Dike ,
Foot River, on the Borders of th
of Turfe-Moor, one or tw
is a Stratum of Clay ne

y gr. in T horney-Fen, a Fen adjoining to the Nr

any Part of
or the Taweity four
at, there is only a hallow Stratum
o Foot thick : and downwards ftill; there

xt under the Soil, and no Turfe-Moor at all

3. In all the Northamptonfbire Turfe-Ground , underneath the Turf.
Moor, there isa Stratum of clofe Clay not of Silt or Sand.

62. This laft Particular 1 mention, as it may be of Ufe to thofi
who have been led into Miftakes by an Hypothefis of the above-
mentioned Author, which is this: That fome Time before thefe,
and the adjoining Fens were made, as he exprefles it, one great Lake
by the Frefhes overflowing them, and ftanding there, and before the
Turfe-Moor grew, as he fuppofes it did out of the Stagnant Water,
and became {uch a thick Cafe, or Covering, as we now find it is to

1
’ the

Turfe is found, do gene-
Stratum, the Black Mould,

"Cee Sir
William Dug
dale’s Hifto-
ry of Im
banking and
Drainining,
P1718, &
360

 
 

 

 

 

86

 

The Natwral HIST 0 RT Chap. 1.

 

“Vid. p. 174»
175. Ibid.

the firm Earth underneath it, they had been overtlow’d i olen
Manner by the Sea : that the Sea at that time brought in fo ge a
Proportion of Silt, that it cover’d the Ground ‘i eo Sister josry
Depth, not only for divers Mies next towards t ay = en, 0
the remoteft Parts upen the Verge of the High-lands, t os ¢ Tides
did for fome time continue to flow over it: and that this County oy
at length the Gift of the Sea*. That this Foner: i A e
grounded, appears from the Obfervation in the Bon 0 : oh y
ragraph. There is generally,if not aiways,Clay,and not w W they i
Silt.at the Bottom of the Turfe-Moor, not only in this, butin o er
Parts of that large Trad of Fen-land extending from us ino) i”
colnfbire one way, nto Cambridgefbire the other, I hows. are 0 ht 5
at all of the Sea’s having anciently poflefs’d that Tract in the Man.
ner Sir William Dugdale imagines. As to the Silt i in pine
lar is fuppos’d to be a Mark of this: Lhe Tontnyalh atter which
generally pafles under that Name 1n that Part of the ounty, i ge:
ally no other than Sand, fucha Sand as 1s found as frequently in dig-
ging into the Hills, and at greater Diftance from Sea, asitisin that
Tow Traét at leffer Diftance from it. And in that low Tract tis found
difpofed in the fame natural State as it is in the Bigh fans. Io
for Inftance in a Part of Thoruey-Fen : There is, 1. A Clay ey Soi :
2. A Siratum of Clay. 3. A Stratum of Sand, White, Harc yo
Moift. This is what they call Siltat T horney, and what is fuppos’
to have been brought thither by fome Inundations of the Sea. Bat
the Manner of its Difpofal evidently thews that tis of the fame
ftanding with the reft of fe Terreftrial Sirata. But to return to the
of the Turfe with us. 0 Tra
4 iy the Turfe-pits at Northholm, tho’ the Stratum of T in is fix
Foot thick , they feldom take out any morc tian 2bout two ’ oot of
the uppermoft Part of it; the lower Part of it Wi WL a !
fofter Turfe, and not fo ferviceable Fewel. The lower ot : Te
Turfe-Moor in many Places in the Fens, adjoining to t oe Se
Northamptonfbire , is by the Turfe-cutters cut nto Pieces , they ca A
Hods , which ditfer from thofe called Turfes in we i cing
cut into Quadrels, thofe into Paralelipides: as alfo in Smell; Hk
emitting an offenfive Sulpbureous Smell as they are by ; ¥
they rarely cut any fuch with us. In feveral Places, and particu wily
there where the lower Part of the T urfe-Stratum is GC
with Sulphur, the upper Part of it confifts of a foft anc fs €
Earthy Matter, with only a {mall Mixture of Bisa, The
Roots and Stalks of Vegetables are found included bs os Shyer i
well as in the lower part of the Stratum. I is_callec 3 ts bythe
Turfe-cutters, who count it but a mean fort of Fewel, compar
ith the hard Turfes. :
bi From this Account of our Fen-land Turfe it appears how
groundlefs is that Conceit of fome otherwife Ingenious i
ing Perfons, that the Turfe or Peat with the Stratum of ! ¢
Top of it are only a Sediment of certain Inundations that former

ly

   

i Part 2. .

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

 

 

ly cover’d this low and level Tract: or in part a Collection of the
- Slutch or Mud born down thither in Times paft by Land-Floods
and depofited there by the ftagnant Water, in part a Putrefacti-

on of the Plants that grew upon thofe Places. Thefe Obfervations
fhew that it is not Mud, or any fuch Earthy Matter as is ufually
born down by Land-Floods that together with the Roots and Stalks
of Herbs, ec. formsthe Turfe-Stratum : but a real Bitumen. Nei-
ther does the outmoft Stratum with that of Turfe underneath it ap-
pear at all like the Sediment of a large Pool or Lake ( as fome ima-
giue the Fenswere formerly ) or the Remains of Inundations ; For
whatever were the Contents of thefe, they would fall and fettle pro-
mifcuoufly, all in one and the fame Mafs : and would not conftitute
two fuch diftinét Sirata as we there behold. But to put this Que-
ftion beyond all Difpute, I need only refer the Reader to what has
been noted in 9. §7. fupr. wiz. that the very fame Sort of Peat or
Turfe that we here find in a flat low Traét that has been fubjett to
Land-Floods, is elfewhere found in as great Plenty at the Tops and
Sides of Mountains or High Hills which were never thus overflown ;
and that with fuch a Black Earth lying uponit,as is here in our Fens.
And as the Strata in this Low Countrey and upon thofe Hills are
in the Matter they confift of, and in all other regards, except the
Site, the very fame ; fo we cannot but conclude that they (the Sira-
ta of Peat ) were formed at the fame Time, that is, at the General
Compilation of the Strate, and have not been produced fince,
either here or there, by I know not what Inuadations, or Deterra-
tions.

65. As to Deterration, that is, that Devolution of Earth and
Sand down from the Hills and higher Grounds upon the Lower, oc-
cafioned by Rains: ’tis even in this Low Tract of Ground that lies
at the Foot of a Hilly Countrey and has frequently been overflow’d
by Land-Floods, not very confiderable. The Surface in the upper
Verge of the Fen-land, or in that part of it that lies neareft to the
Upland Hills as they are called, as alfo in that, adjoining to, or lefs
remote from the Chanels of the overflowing Rivers, and likewife in
that part of it, at and near the Bottoms of the {mall Elevations of
Ground within this Diftrict, appears to have been fomewhat rais’d
and augmented by Earthy Matter wafh’d down to it from the Hills
and higher Grounds by Rains and Land-Floods. But in the more
remote and ftill more Level Parts of this low Tralt, there has fearce
been any fenfible Addition of Matter made to the Surface. This I
have learn’d from Obfervations made in feveral parts of this Fen-land,
fome of them by my felf, others by Perfons of fufficient Curiofity
and Exaétnefs. wid cutting that call'd the Zawelve Foor Dyke which
divides Burrow Great Common from Adventurers Land twas obfer-
ved of the Soil on the Sides of it, that it was of a Redder Hue, and
nigh Six Inches deeper at the upper End of that Dyke, which is that
towards the High-lands, than it was at the Diftance of about a Mile
upon the lower part of it: and that the Decreafe in its Depth was

gradualy

 
 

 

 

 

86

“Vid. p. 174,
175. Ibid.

 

The Natwral HIST 0 RT Chap 1.

the firm Earth underneath it,

Manner by the Sea : that the Sea at that ti

Proportion of Silt, that 1

they had been overtlow’d in a violent

me brought in fo greata

t cover'd the Ground to an extraordinary

Depth, not only for divers Miles next towards the Sea, but even to

the remoteft Parts
did for fome time
at length the Gift

upon the Verge of the H
continue to flow over it:

igh-lands, that the Tides
and that this County was

of the Sea*. That this Hypothefis is not well

grounded, appears from the Obfervation in
generally,if not always,Clay,and not what they call
of the Turfe-Moor, not only in this, but in other
Parts of that large Tralt of Fen-land extending from us into Lin.
nto Cambridgefbire the other. There are no Marks
having anciently poflefsd that Tra& in the Man.

ragraph. There is
Silt,at the Bottom

colnfbire one way, 1
at all of the Sea’s

ner Sir William Dugdale imagines.
lar is fuppos'd to be a Mark of this:

the Clofe of the laft Pa-

As to the Silt which in particu-
‘The Terreftrial Matter which

generally pafles under that Name in that Part of the County, is re-
ally no other than Sand, fuch a Sand as is found as frequently in dig-
ging into the Hills, and at greater Diftance from Sea, as it is in that

low Traét at leffer
difpofed in the fame

Diftance from it. And in that low Tract’ tis found
natural State as it is in the High-lands. Thus

for Inftance in a Part of 7 horney-Fen : There is, 1. A Clayey Soil.
2. A Stratum of Clay. 3. A Stratum of Sand, White, Hard, and

Moift. This is what they
to have been brought thither by fome 1

call Silt at Thorney, and what is fuppos’d
nundations of the Sea. But

the Manner of its Difpofal evidently thews, that ’tis of the fame
ftanding with the reft of the Terreftrial Strata. But to return to the
Account of the Turfe with us.

63. In the Turfe-pits at Northholm,

Foot thick , they
the uppermoft Pa

tho’ the Stratum of Turfe is fix

feldom take out any morc than about two Foot of

rt of it; the lower Part

of it being a moifter and

fofter Tutfe, and not fo ferviceable Fewel. The lower Part of the
any Places in the Fens, adjoining to that Part of

Turfe-Moor in m

Northamptonfbire , is by the Turfe-cutters cut into Pieces, they call
Hods , which differ from thofe called Turfes in Figure, thefe being

cut into Quadrels,

emitting an offenfive Sulpbureous
they rarely cut any fuch with us.
there where the lower Part of the

thofe into Paralelipides:

with Sulphur, the upper Part of it con
with only a fmall Mixture of Bitumen. The

Earthy Matter,
Roots and Stalks

of Vegetables are found

well as in the lower part of the Stratum.

Turfe-cutters, w

ho count it but a mean

with the hard Turfes.
Account of our Fenland Turfe it appears how

groundlefs is that Conceit of fome otherwife Ingenious and Know-
ing Perfons, that the Turfe or Peat with

é4. From this

.

Top of it are on

ly a Sediment of certain

as alfo in Smell ; thefe

Smell as they are burning. But
In feveral Places, and particularly
Turfe-Stratum is impregnated

Gifts of a foft and friable

included in this upper as
"Tis called Sefs by the
fort of Fewel, compard

the Stratum of Mould at
Inundations that former-

ly

 

 

Parte. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

 

 

| ly cover’d this low and level Trac: or in part a Colleftion of
 Slutch or Mud born down thither in Totton paft by an. Floods
and depofited there by the ftagnant Water, in part a Putrefatti-

on of the Plants that grew upon thofe Places. Thefe Obfervations
fhew that it is not Mud, or any fuch Earthy Matter as is ufuall
born down by Land-Floods that together with the Roots and Stalls
of Herbs, Ue. formsthe Turfe-Stratum : but a real Bitumen. Nei-
ther does the outmoft Stratum with that of Turfe wnderneath it a
pear at all like the Sediment of a large Pool or Lake ( as fome TY
giue the Fenswere formerly ) or the Remains of Inundations ; For
whatever were the Contents of thefe, they would fall and fettle pro
mifcuoufly, all in one and the fame Mafs : and would not onli
two fuch diftinét Sirata as we there behold. But to put this a
ftion beyond all Difpute, I need only refer the Reader to what has
been noted in ¢. §7. fupr. wz. that the very fame Sort of Peat or
Turfe that we here find ina flat low Tract that has been fubject to
Land-Floods, is elfewhere found in as great Plenty at the To and
Sides of Mountains or High Hills which were never thus i ;
and that with fuch a Black Earth lying uponit,as is here in our yg
And as the Strata in this Low Countrey and upon thofe Hills Are
inthe Matter they confift of, and in all other regards, except the
Site, the very fame ; fo we cannot but conclude that they (the Sra.
ta of Peat ) were formed at the fame Time, that is, at the General
Compilation of the Strata, and have not been ’ produced fince
her here or there, by I know not what Inuadations, or Deterra.
ions.

_ 65. As to Deterration, that is, that Devolution of Earth and
Sand down from the Hills and higher Grounds upon the Lower, oc-
cafioned by Rains: ’tis even in this Low Tract of Ground that lies
at the Foot of a Hilly Countrey and has frequently been overflow’d
by Land-Floods, not very confiderable. The Surface in the upper
Verge of the Fen-land, or in that part of it that lies neareft to the
Upland Hills as they are called, as alfo in that, adjoining to, or lefs
remote from the Chanels of the overflowing Rivers and likewife in
that part of it, at and near the Bottoms of the final] Elevations of
Ground within this Diftrict, appears to have been fomewhat rais’d
and augmented by Earthy Matter wafh’d down to it from the Hills
and higher Grounds by Rains and Land-Floods. But in the more
remote and {till more Level Parts of thislow Trad, there has fcarce
been any fenfible Addition of Matter made to the Surface. This]
have learn’d from Obfervations made in feveral parts of this Fen-land
fome of them Hy my felf, others by Perfons of fufficient Curiofity
and Exa&nefs. Upon cutting that call'd the 7welve Foor Dyke which

divides Burrow Great Common from Adventurers Land "twas obfer-
ved of the Soil on the Sides of it, that it was of a Redder Hue, and
nigh Six Inches deeper at the upper End of that Dyke, which is that
towards the High-lands, than it wasat the Diftance of abouta Mile
upon the lower part of it: and that the Decreafe in its Depth was

gradual;
 

 

Tle gE HISTORY Chap. 1.

 

 
 

   
 
   
  
 
   
   
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
  
  
   
  
   
 
  
  
  
   
 
 
  
   
 
   
  
  
 
     

gradual, that is, it was fhallower, by little and little, according to
the Natural Defcent of the Ground. )

66. There are fome other Places of the County befides the Fens
that afford a Turfe very little if at all inferiour to that already de-
fcribed.  Mears-Afbby is one of thefe. Iwas firft told of it by the
Reverend Mr.Guetieres : and having compar'd it with theTurfe of the
Fens, I find it has the Colour and Confiftence of that, is contftituted of
a like fort of Matter, and makes as brightand laftinga Fire. "Tis
found in a Moory Slade, on the Eafl fide of the Town. The Piece
I made Tryal of lay at a Spit’s Depth, within the Ground. They
can hardly find any Bottom of the Moor, fo that it feems to abound
with Turfe, a Fewel that, however mean it may appear elfe-where,
muft needs be acceptable in that Neighbourhood, by Reafon of the
Scarcity of all other Fewel thereabouts. In the Lordthip of Grafion-
Underwood is a Moory Place, affording, as [ have been informed, a
like fort of Turfe to that at Mears-dfbby.

67. In a Moory Place, almoft at the Foot of a Hill, not far from
Cold-Higham, has been digg'd up a Stuff, fo far as 1 remember of it,
fomewhat like to the Sefs already noted in 9.63. fupr. but unlike to
that which is truly and properly Peat-Earth or T'urfe; its Biumi-
nous Part being very {mall and inconfiderable. So that the Roots,
thofe of the bulkier Sort efpecially, and other Vegetable Bodies en-
clofed in it, even thofe at a- Yard depth in the Earth, are much de-
cay’d, and many of them perfectly rotted. And yet perhaps thefc
Vegetable Bodies, particularly the Nuts that are found included in
this Earth, were repofited there not many Years fince; a Wood as
the Neighbours relate having been formerly grown upon that Place,
I fuppefe they mean, before ir wasa Bog ; for as ic now 1s, “tis whol-
ly unfit for the Growth of Trees. Little Springs, it is true, do fome-
times arife upon the Sides, and at the Feet of Hills where were
none before : And the Water of fuch Springs obftructed do make a
Bog of the Earth about them. And if this was formerly the State
of that Place, it will give fome appearance of Probability to that
Account of theirs, of the Nuts, Oc. enclofed there. But indeed 1
have not yet fufficiently inform'd my felf of the Condition of this
Moory Place at Cold-Higham : Nor do 1 certainly remember whe-
ther it be the Earth of the outmoft Stratum, or of that underneath it,
that has been tried for Fewel there. If it be only the outmolt Sira-
tum, be it never fo full of Roots, as indeed the Vegetable Stratum of
Bogs is ufually throngd with them (the Water that thofe Boggy Pla-
ces are fo plentifully fupply’d with, occafioning a more than ordinary
Plenty and Luxuriancy of that fort of Herbage that delights to grow
in Bogs) yet, as I have found by Tryal, it will never burn like
Turfe, tho as dry and well ordered as that.

68. I the rather mention this particular to rectify a Miftake of fome,
who think that our Peat or Turfe is no more than an ordinary Bogg-
Earth. Whereas of the Bogs 1 have feen, 1 dare affirm, there 1s not
one ina hundred that is fuch a combuflible Earth, if 1 may 7 g?

arth,

 

 

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

Earth, as that is. Tis true, the Earth, the Turf, or Sod of com-
mon Bogs will burn ; but ’tis only in fuch manner as will any dry

| Sod whatfoever. The Earth of the ordinary Bogs agrees with the

Turfe or Peat in nothing, unlefs in containing a great many Fibrous
Roots ; but the greateft Part of thefe, even thofe of them that are
found at the greateft Depth belong to living Vegetables: whereas the
Roots that are found enclofed in Turfe, are every one of them dead,
and ordinarily lie in more uncertain Directions ; not fo generally ina
Perpendicular one, as do the other. Farther , the Colour and Con-
fitence of ordinary Bog-Earth is like that of the Terreftrial Matter
adjoining to it. The Bogs in the Clay-land have an Earth of the
Colour and Confiftence of the Clayey Soil, and under that a Clay
like that of the more folid Ground adjacent to the Bog ; except that
they both are fomewhat blacker, and loofer than the Clay upon the
Verges. So likewife for the Bogs in the Red-land Seil. * Now how
different thefe are from that called Turfe in our Fen-land, may be
{een by comparing the Defcriptions of each. The Terreftrial Mat-
ter of ordinary Bogsisa Mixture of Vegetable Farth, with Clay or
Sand : that of Turfe a Bitumen.

69. The Turfe-pits, or Turfe-dykes, as they call them in the Fens,
that have had all the 7urfe taken out of them to the ufual Depth,
are ag fil’d with the grafly Earth of the Turfe-dikes next to
them. hen they open a new one, the old one next to it is fill’d.
One of thefe filld Dikes that had lain undifturbed about Twenty
Years, has been try’d for Zurfe ; but there was none: The Eart
that had been thrown into it was ftill the fame as at the firft. There
is ufually left at the Bottom of thefe Pits, about two or three Spits
Depth of the Turfe-Moor that was never open'd. Upon fuch a
Foundation as this, it has been thought the 7uife- Earth will again
grow in about Twenty Years, by Virtue of the ftringy Roots that
are always found in it *; but here we are affured there is no fuch
thing. Indeed it is altogether as unlikely as that dead Roots fhould

 

* Dr. Pler’s
Nat. Hift.
of Oxford-

grow : or admitting they did, this wou'd not convert a’ cgetableEarth, 2 Ch. 5.

as that is, into one that’s Bituminous, or into real Bitumen.

70. Some there are who incline to think, that in the Earth it felf
there is a Vegetative Faculty: that the Turfe-pits in thefe and the like
Morafly Grounds, have grown up and been replenithed with like
Sort of Terreftrial Matter, as was taken out of them, by means of
that Vegetative Faculty : and that thereby the Surface of the Earth
is in fome Places augmented and raid. How this Vegetative Fa-
culty is to be explain’d, I know not. Certain it is, that Earth ; of
whatfoever Kind, is of it felf a fluggifh inactive Matter : and moves
only asit is moved by the Agency of Water, and Heat. If a Diften-
fion, or Intumefcence of a Maft of Earth, by means of Water infinu-
ated into its Pores, is to be called a Vegetation of it, then I own
there is fuch a thing. And indeed this is all the Myftery in the Cafe
of Bogs, of thofe where the Earth's natural Surface ts fomewhat
taifed into a piked Knob, or Eminency; whereof we have feveral

Aa Inftances

1. - And
Nat. Hift. of

Staffordfbire,

Ch. 3. §.12
Is...

 

The Nawal H I ST OR T Chap. 1.

. on the Sides of our Hills. In all thofe Places there are la-
i of fo flow and languid a Motion, that they i Vo
throush the Mafs of Earth intervening betwixt them and t Sur-
face. and make their way forth ina Stream or Current: Butt » i"
able to do that, they, by ‘inceflantly infinuating into the PEs = e
fuperincumbent Earth, diftend and elevate it, in the Manner obferved.
‘['hat the Earth of thofe Bogs 1s abundantly charg d with Water, 2p
pears by their trembling, and {quathing upon being jogged, oF prefs
by the Foot. Nay, at the Tops of feveral of thofe Bogs there are
little Iflands, if I'may fo call them, that are furrounded with a miry
Jduskith Water, and that altho’ they do not float of themfelves, may
be pufl’d toand fro by a fmall Impulfe. And that the Water Sth
only Caufe of thefe {mall Elevations is plain by this, that the I 5
being open'd by Trenching, and the Water having thereby i
a free Outlet, 1ubfides by little and little to a natural or orc uke
Pitch. So that in fhort the Earth of Bogs has in reality no nis
a Vegetative Faculty, than has that of Ant-Hills. In both itis raifed,

in one by Water: in the other by thofe little Animals. Sk
1. Some areapt to imagine, that the Bogs are augmented in Bu
and Subftance, by a great deal of new Matter [uperadded to the
old. by an Aunual Putrefadlion of the Vegetables that grew thereon.
But this too is a Miftake. When the V egetables that grew there,
come to die and perifh, that Part of them which does not go off in
Vapour, is only reftored back to its original Bed of Earth. From
that Bog-Earth it was drown, and to that it returns again ; fo Koa
not augment the Bulk of it. And at leaft fo much of Earthy A oe
ter afcends in Vapour from the Plants alive and dead, as was fhower ;
down upon the Place in Rain. In Fact, of all the Bog. Earths
have view’d, I have not feen fo muchas one that exhibits any FR
Marks of fuch a Tearly Putrefaction, than the common Vegetable
Earth elfewhere exhibits. Was the uppermoft Part of thefe Bogs,
a Compilation, as has been imagined, of corrupted Vegetables je
Tearly Series, there woud doubtlefs have appear’d fome Signs of it.
Indeed the Elevation of thefe Bogs above the ordinary Surface isfo
inconfiderable, that in the moft obfervable Inftances, 1 have never
feen them furmounting the folid Ground about them, above es
five Inches in Height; which is no more than may be afi y
accounted for by the Earth’s being glutted, and {welled on
Water. Parhaps in fome particular Bogs there is fome fddidon
Earthy Matter made to them, by the rotting of the Vegetable
Bodies that have accidentally been trodden down into thofe Bogs by
Cattel : and the like by other the like Accidents ; but this 1s a ditfe-
rent Cafe from that of that fucceffive Annual Encreale, which fome
fancy’d.
i) To this Account of Turfe, and of the Earths fuppos'd to be
like to it, I may add the Defcription of a Bituminous Earth that was
found in digging of a Well at 7 brup- Mandeville. It does not con-

ftitute an entire Stratum, but is found in pretty large Parcels ip
C

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

fedly lodg'd in a Stratum of very black Clay. Tis a friable or brit-
tle Earth of a Soot-ltke Hue. It enclofes feveral finall Pieces of
Coal : has a Coal-like Scent : and being laid on the Back of a Fire
burns well. The Flame of a bluifh Colour. It differs but little
from that black Earth which is ufually found above the Coal, in the
Coal-Countries, and is there called Coal-Smut, and Urry. The little
Pieces of Coal that the Earth, I am now defcribing, contains, are
of a Glofs and Colour like to Kanal, rather than common Coal. There
are alfo found enclofed in it a great many {mall Sea-fbells, and innu-
merable very fmall Fragments of the like Shels. They lie as thick
in this Earth, as do the Roots and other Parts of Vegetables in the
Turfeabove defcribed. Infomuch that from the Refemblance they
bear to the white Part of Pigeons Excrements ; the Earth thus in-
termixed is there called Pidgeons- Earth. The more entire Shells are
fo thoroughly rotted, that in the {lighteft Touch they moulder.
The like Earth is met with in digging in feveral other Places in the
Lordthip of Thrup- Mandeville.

73. Of the feveral Sorts of Earthy Matter that are naturally dif:
pos'd into Strata, Ihave already given an Account: What Altera-
tions have been made in the faid Strata by Deterration, as tis call'd,
I fhall more particularly confider next. The Mutations made in the
Earth’s Surface by Deterration being fo inconfiderable in that low
Fenny Tract *, it cannot well be expected they fhould be more con-

fiderable in the higher or hilly Part of the County. There are two fo. =

or three Inftances with us that have been frequently made ufe of, to
fhew that theHills, by the Means aforefaid, have been much deprefs'd
and lower’d, and the fubjacent Plains and Valleys as much augmented
and rais'd ; but upon no good Grounds, aslam well affur’d, having
causd thofe Places to be open’d by digging : Having look’d into and
examin’d them, and carefully noted all the Circumftances of them.
One of thofe Inftances Dr. Plot happen'd to hear of, and has pub-
lifh’d an Account of it +. He had it from Mr. Wheeler then Vicar

. . . - te - ra In his Nat.
of Sibertoft in this County. The Account of it is to this Effect . bin ig
That there is a Hill betwixt Sibertoft and Hazelbeech that obftrusted #7

the Speftator’s View from a Station at Sibertoft, fo much, about 8o
Years fince that not any part of Hazelbeech Steeple could be then
difcerned from that Station : And that in Eighty Years Space the
interpofing Hill became fo much lower, the Earth of the Top of it
being walh'd away by Rain, that now the whole Body of the Stee-
ple may be feen from thence. All the Parts of this Relation I have
diligently enquir'd into and examin’d, and find it is all over a Miftake :
that there is now not above a Yard or two of the Top of Hazelbeech
Steeple to be feen : and that very near as much of it ftood exposd to
view on the afore-faid Station a Hundred Years fince as there does
now.
74. Mr. Wheeler's Station was at the top of the Ground calld the
Long-Would, about ; of a Mile S. E. of Sibertoft. A Perfon now
ftanding there, may fee as 1 have faid, about ‘t'wo Yardsof the Stee-
ple

 
 

 

02

3 The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 1.

t Hagelbich. The Hill interpofing betwixt the Spectator and
pe ret of the Objed, is in Nafeby Field, particularly that call'd
Serorge Hill, a Hill which has a pretty broad Plain at top of it. That
I might fee how much that Hill was actually decreafed, I examin dit
in feveral Places by digging, and efpecially at the top, in the mid-
dle, and nigh the bottom of it. 1 causd it to be diggd into chiefly
in the Grafly Part, on the North fide of it, thar appearing to have
been the Particular Place that interpofed betwixt the Spectator and
the Object. It had formerly been plow’d, and now lies in Ridges
and Furrows defcending with the Hill ; which being now cover'd
with Grafs, are called Layes or Leas. In the firft digging , which
was at or very near the Top of the Hill, there appeard a fandy Soil
Nine Inches Yo underneath that a fandy Gravel ; both the firft
and fecond Stratum of a reddifh Hue. About 80 Yards lower in
the Hill, the Soil is but four Inches deep. That part of the Hill be-
low the fecond place of digging had a fteeper Defcent than that a-
boveit had. The Soil, and the Stratum underneath it, were like
thofe in the firft Inftance. In the third Place of digging, which was
80 Yards ftill lower in the Hill, at the lower end of the Leas , the
Soil was Eight Inches deep. Twenty Yards below the End of the
Leas, ina hill fteeper Defcent than any of the former, it was no
more than Seven Inches deep ; fuch a kind of Soil as the former,
but the lower part of it was fomewhat ftiffer, and by degrees be-
came a Clayey Earth. Sixty Yards below this, was fuch a fandy Soil
as the reft, Eleven Inches deep, underneath it a not tough Clay.
The Declination of the Ground to this laft Place of digging was ob-
fervably greater than of that defcending into the Valley below 1t 5
for from this Place was a leifurely Defcent into a Grafly Valley. All
the way downwards from the bottom of the Leas is a Grafly Ground
that has never been Plow’d. i

. Some part of this Hill is now plow’d, and there is the fame
Valley with a like Declivity below that, as this. The Craffer and
Heavier Terreftrial Matter that is now wafh’d down from that plow’d

art of the Hill, even that which is borne down by the ftrongeft and
fharpeft Showers, is, in a manner, all of it ftay’d and lodg’d upon
the Greenfod in the Grafly Valley below it, at or near that Part of the
Valley which is at the fame Diftance from the top of the Hill, and
has a like Declivity with that very Part of the Valley whereupon
we made our laft Tryal by digging. And we may therefore
reafonably conclude that the like Matter devolv’d from the
Top of the Hill in that Part of it which was formerly plow’d,
but is now Greenfod , wasalfolodg’d, in like manner, in that very
Part of the Valley, or very near it. As to the lighter Earthy Mat-
ter which is chiefly that of the Vegetable Kind , which is carry d
down fill lower, and paffes off in part into the Brooks and Rivers,
and fo on: Weare affur’d by good Obfervation, thatan equal Quan-
tity of the like Matter is generally refunded back upon the Surface

of the Hills in gentle Showers, as was devolv’d from them by the
more

 

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

more violent Rains. Now fuppofe the outmoft Stratum of this Hill

- was from Top to Bottom, all over it, originally of equal Thicknefs,

which may reafonably be fuppos’d, then all that the upper Part of
the Hill has loft , and the lower Part of it has gain'd in Height, is
really not above five Inches; notwithftanding the outmoft Straw
of itisa Soil of the laxer Sort, and had been difturbed by Plowing,
no doubt, for many Years.

76. The Decrement that has been fo much talk’d of by fome, of a
Hill betwixt Earls-Barton and Cafile- Afbby, is not more confiderable
than is that of the Hill in Nafely Field. And fo likewife for that of
a Hill betwixt Would and Holcat. The Relations of thefe are much
of the fame Authority and Tenour as the former : and are no better
grounded , as I have found by the like Enquiries and Searches, as
were made about the former, For my part, upon thefe and fome
other Obfervations I have made upon this Head, I cannot but readily
confent tot, that the whole Company of Reports of Hills that are
lower, the Meafure of a Church-Steeple, or the like, than they
were about a 8o or 100 Years ago, may be put into the Lifts of
vulgar Errors; they appearing to me to be really fuch.

77. The Summ of our Obfervations here, with relation to this
Head, 15 as follows.

1. Of all our Hills, thofe only whofe Surfaces are ftire’d and di-
fturb'd by Plowing, and the like, have the fuperficial Parts of them
by little and little wail'd away by Rains, and by that means fuffer 2
gradual Decrement; the reft of them being cover’d over with Grafs,
or other Herbage, (or, as we call it, with Greenfod ) and having
thereby their outmolt Stratum {creen’d, and fhelter’d, the Rains do
not wath off any Earthy Matter thence.

2. The Decrement cof the Hills that are plow’d, fuppofing the
Surface is in all of them yearly difturbed by Plowing, and that at
the fame Time, and in the very fame Manner, is not mall the fame;
being greater in thofe whofe Declivity is greater , and in thofe that
have a Sandy Soil, or whofe outmoft Stratum confifts of a laxer and
more moveable Sort of Matter.

3. Of the Terreftrial Matter wafh’d down from them, that of
the heavier Sort, the Clayey Matter, {mall Pebles, Sand, and the like,
is lodged at or near the Foot of the Hills upon the fubjacent Planes ,
where there any fuch, and does not move far upon thofe grafly
Planes, thofe efpecially whofe Defcent is very {mall and leifurely ;

which is the Cafe of almoft all the Hills that ftand on the Sides of

our larger Brooks and Rivers. There is generally a Plane betwixr
the Foot of them, and the Chanel of the River : and in the uppe:
Part of that Plane, near the Roots of the Hills, that heavier Matter
is lodged.

4. The lighter Earthy Matter thus devolved from thofe Hills by
the Water of Rains, accompanies the Water ftill farther; but yet
where the Plane 1s of large Extent, and withal has very little Dech
nation, there is only a finaller Part of it that reaches the Chanels of

the

93

 
 

  

The Natwal H I ST ORT Chap. 1.

the Brooks and Rivers:the:main of it is depofited upon the Planejand
appears to be chiefly that of the Vegetable Kind by the more than
ordinary Fertility of thofe Planes. But it being fpent in this man-
ner upon the Herbage there; the Surface of the Plane is not at all
augmented by it. I am fatisfy'd by Diggings I have caus’d to be
made into the forefaid Planes or Meadows, in divers Parts of the
County, of the Truth of this Obfervation. The Soil or outmoft
Siraium of them, which is by fome believ’d to be five or fix Foot
thick, is really fcarce any where more than a Foot. The Soil of
Earls-Barton, and of Caftle-Afbby Meadow, upon the Bank of the
Nine is but fix Inches thick: that of Aldwinckle Meadow in the
richeft Part of it, Eleven : that of Ecfon Meadow Ten Inches: that of
Gretton upon the Weland nigh the Water-Mill, was but fix Inches.
Below them all was a Bed of Clay.

5. Asto the Hills which have a fteeper Defcent to the Brooks and
Rivers, and no fuch intermediate Plane; (which is the Cafe efpeci-
ally of thofe above our {maller Brooks and Rills ) the Terreftrial
Matter devolv'd from them, is in great part carry’d down into the
Chanels of the Rivers and Brooks that are fo near the Roots of them ;
but even the main of that does not move far. The coarfer Sandy
and Gravelly Matter finks down next way to the Bottom,and is lodg'd
in the Holes, and in the little Creeks or Sinufes of the {aid Chanels.

6. The Terreftrial Matter that’s fuftain’d in the Water of our
Brooks and Rivers, and moves along with it, even that of the Rivers
that are much augmented by Land-Floods, that flow with great Ra-

idity and Violence, and have a very foul and turbid Water, is all
of the lighter Sort: or elfe a heavier Matter in very {mall Parts.
This I have found by Experiments purpofely made upon that Water,
as allo by the Contents of it, that have been left upon Bufhes, and
the like Obftacles, that chancd to lie in the dirett way of its Cur-
rent. To give one Inftance by which we may form fome Judgment
of the reft. The Terreftrial Matter thus intercepted and lodg’d on a
Bufh that lay in this Manner in the Chanel of the Rivulet Ife, in that
Part of it that had Clayey Fields on both Sides, confifted of common
Vegetable Earth, with a {mall Mixture of a finer Sort of Clay, and
fome few exceeding {mall Arenule, or Grains of Sand, fo {mall that
they were but juft difcernible by a Microfcope.

8. We may inform ourfelves of the Meafure and Quantity of
Earthy and Sandy Matter thus devolved from many of our ordinary
Fielden-Hills, by the following plain Obfervation. There are in
many of our Hilly Fields, both mn thofe of a Clayey and more clofe,
and 1n thofe of a Sandy and laxer Surface, certain Plats, Parcels, or
Strips of ancient Greenfod , that have never been open’d by the
Plough, or other ways ; but are now, and havea!l along continu’d in
the fame State, as they were in at firft ; as appears by feveralCircum-
ftances of them, and particularly the Form of their outmoft Stratum ;
there are no Marks at all of Ridge and Furrow, not the leaft Foot-
fteps of the Plough, or of the Spade upon it: and by the Color of

it,

  
   
 
    
   
  
   
  
 
     
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
   
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
     
 
   

 

  

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

it, which is generally, it not always, blacker than is that of thead.
joming Tillage-Land. And thefe in feveral Places lying intermixed

with the Parcels of Lands that have been, or are now, in Tillage:

defcending as thofe do from the Top, to the Bottom, of a Hill: and
having in all other Regards a like Situation with thofe, we may, by
comparing thefe with thofe, be pretty certainly informed of what
has been done upon the faid Hills by way of Deterration. This in fe-
veral Places 1 have done: and can no where find the Difference in
Height, betwixt the Tillage Part of the Hill, and the other that has
never been till'd, to be more than Eighteen Inches.

=9. As to that other fo much talk'd of Alteration, which is call'd
a Converfion, or 7ranfmutation of Earthy Matter into Stone, and
which, by fome Perfons, not fufficiently acquainted with Nature,
is fuppos’d to happen almoft every where, and occafionsgreat Amufe-
ment : I cannot find by my Obfervations here, there is any thing at
all init. This Tranfmutation, they imagine, is perform’d, by lit-
tle and little, in a long Procefs of Time ; but by what Agent or
Means they fcarce pretend to thew. “Tis true we, in fome Places,
meet with an Earth that approaches the Solidity or Confiftence of
stone ; fuch is the Slay Clay at Eaft-Fardon , and elfewhere, and
more efpecially the Stoney Loam , and the Lamb-Earth, whereof in
¢. 13. and 17. fupr. as alo the very hard Clay call’d Stone-Batch at
Peaturk : And which therefore thofe Gentlemen wou'd offer as a Proof
of their Hypothefis ; this Work of 'I'ranfmutation being in a man-
ner perfected, fay they, in fuch Inftances, and for this Reafon the
Earths of this fort are ftil’d by them, femiconfoliadted and fometimes
petrified Earths. But indeed we may upon as good Grounds affirm,
that “tis as ufual a Procefs of Nature to convert Stone into Farth:
And that the Bodies in thefe and the like Inftances had been formerly
Stone, or more confiftent and folid than they now appear, and that
they are now turning into Earth.

8o. Was it ufual with Nature to convert Earth and Sand, or a
Matter that before was lax and incoherent into Stone, was there
really any Agent appointed by Nature to produce this Effet, we
might reafonably expect, it would always act in fome Order or Me-
thod ; more particularly, thatof the various Sirata that compofe this
Superficial Part of the EAR T H, fo far as it is laid open to our
View by Digging, we fhould find the loweft to be Stone of the ut-
moft Compactnefs, thofe above them fomewhat lefs folid, or of a
middle Temper betwixt Sand and Stone, thofe fill higher in the Pit,
or Quarry, of a ftill laxer Body, and at length no other than mere
Sand or Earth: or elfe the Gradaation inverted, the folideit Strata
lying uppermotft, thofe lefs confiftent next underneath them, and
mere Barth or Sand at the Bottom. But indeed there is nothing cer-
tain or conftant, as to the Place or Situation of the Strata with
refpect of their Solidity or Confiftence. In fome Places we have
Strata of laxer Matter lying under thofe of a more folid Body: in
other Places the Reverfe of this. In fome of our Nuarries there are

Beds

95

 
 

 

The Natwral HI ST OR T Chap. 1.

Beds of Clay, Sand, or other laxer Matter, as well underneath as
above thofe of Stone. Thus in the Slate-pits at Eafton, and Colly-
weflon, as there are laxer Strata in the upper, fo likewifein the lower
Part of the Pits. Ina Pit at Eafton, next underneath the Strata of
Slat-ftone, is one of concreted Sand, or of Sand in a firmer and
more confiftent Mafs : Next this Stratum, or adjoining to it under-
neath, is a Stratum of the common Sort of Sand. ’Tisalike Cafe as
to the Balls, Lumps, or Nodules, that are found included in the
Strata: Some of them, and particularly the Geodes in Oxendon Gra-
vel-pits, have an Earthy Matter in the Central Part, their Outfide
is Stone: other of them, for Inftance, the Marcafite, in the Bey of
Clay in Kettering Brick-pit, is exceeding hard in the Interiour Part
of it, and by Degrees becomes lefs folid, or ftill laxer or laxer, to
the Bxteriour or Surface, which is almott wholly Clay. Lumps or
Nodules thus remarkably differing one from another, we fometimes
meet with in one and the fame Pit; which aloneisa plain Indication
and fufficient Proof, that there is no real Ground in Nature for that
Doérine of Tranfmutation.

$1. But to come to a Conclufion. My Obfervations here have
fhew'd me, that the different Degrees of Confiltence or Solidity in
Earth and Stone are really owing to the natural Properties of the
Matter they confift of : That thofe Earths that have a Mixture of
Stoney Matter have a greater Degree of Confiftence, or nearer ap-
proach the Solidity of Stone ; of this Kind is the Slaty Clay, and
the Loam above-mention’d : ‘That thofe Stones which have an Ad-
mixture of Earthy Matter, efpecially if in greater Quantity, fuch as
the Stones that lye fcatter'd in the Fields, and have here the Name of
Keal and Creach, have a lefler Degree of Solidity ; all Earthy
Matter whatfoever being naturally incapable of Coalition: That
that fort of Stone which confifts more entirely of Stoney Mat-
ter, has a greater Degree of Solidity ; which is the Cafe of our or-
dinary Quairy-Stone : and that therefore there can be no Tranfmu-
tation of Earth into real Stone, unlefs the Earthy Matter be remov’d,
and a Stoney Matter placed in the room of it. Now there being no
Ageni or Power within the Earth, that is any way likely to effect
this, we may reafonably believe , this T ranfmutation is all a Fancy
and never really happens.

82. Nothing has fo much countenanced that Opinion as
thofe Relations of Toads being found included in Stone. But not-
withftanding the many Stories 1 have read and heard of Toads en-
clos’d in the Subftance of folid Stone, I could never yet meet with the
Perfon who would aver to me he himfelf faw the Toad thus enclo
fed, and had examin’d all the Circumftances of the Thing fo far as
to afTure himfelf that the Toad was on all fides included in Stone:
that it did not lie in a natural Cavity of the Stone : and that there
was no vifible Paffage by which it might have got in there, howe-
ever when younger and fmaller than it was at the Time of finding it.

CHAP

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

C.H A 2 RH
Of STONES.

 

PART 1}
Of the Stone in Strata.

 

. Hw in the foregoing Chapter given an Account of all
B the Terreftrial Matter that is naturally difpofed into Stra-
ta and of a Laxer Confiftence, in this I defign to treat of the Strata
of Confolidated Matter ; efpecially thofe of Stone. I fhall divide the
Chapter into Two Parts. fn the Firft, I hall give an Account of the
Stone in Strata , or in Larger Mafles ; defcribing the feveral Varieties
of it. And under this Head 1 fhall take the Opportunity that here
offers it felf, of confidering the Inward Constitutim and Strudure of
the FART H in a more particular Manner than I have yet
done : 1 fhall likewife here lay down my Obfervations of the Te
ral Matter repofited in the Bodies of the Strata ; and particularly of
that difperfedly lodged there in fingle Particles or in Grains : it
of that contained in the Intervalls of the folid Strata. In the Second
I fhall {peak of the Stones in Lefler Mafles , or in Balls Lumps or
Nodulesy as well of thofe of uncertain and Irregular Shape fuch 2 the
Pyrite : as of thofe that are of a more Regular, fuch as the Sele-
nites, Belemmtes, &c. ii :

2. Moft of the Obfervations that this Second Chapter confifts of
have been made upon the Interiour Parts of the Earth exposd to
view in the Quarries. My Method in taking them has been ufuall
this. Firft 1 noted the Species, Thicknefs, Order, and other Cn
ftances of all the Strata, beginning with the uppermoft and fo pro-
ceeding downwards to the Bottom of the Pit ; particularly the feve-
ral Kinds or Varieties of Stone, the Ules of eich and how etch is
affected or wrought upon by Water, Froft, or Heat : the Number of
the Strata into which by means of Horizontal and Parallel Fiffires it
is divided : and the Eavenne[s or Inequality of the Surface of the
Stratum : As alfo the Foreign Matter and Heterooeneous Bo lies elise
cially the Sea-fbells, enclofed in the Stone. 1 then confi tered he Pr A
pendicular Fiffures * , firlt taking notice of the $i ei
Larger ones, the Gulfes or Qulfe-Foints as
our Quartiers call them, if any {uch appeared
that is, fuch Interruptions or Intervals as ox.
tend through the whole Pile of Strata, dividing

+ pa si Pas x 3 =
it into fundry Pa cels or Stacks, which are called Pofts or Benches

C c by

r. Woodward's

ry of the Earth,

 

* What is meant by Perpend.
rand Horizontal Fillures
 

The Natural H 1ST ORT Chap. o.

arriers : the Number and Dimenfions of thele Stacks of
Ye hy Diftance, the Capacity, the Extent, and Tendency of the
Gulfe-Juoints ; a Reprefentation of which I have fometimes taken in
a Diagram. In the next place I took notice of the Lefer Perpend;.
cular Breaches or Intervals that divide only fome of the Strata of the
oforefaid Stacks or Parcels of Quarry-Stone ; cbferving the Correfpon-
dency of the two oppofite Sides or Walls of both the Larger and Lef-
fer Perpendicular Intervals. As Itook a particular Account of the
Mineral Matter repofited in the Strata, fo likewife I did of that con.
ain'd in the Fi ffures.
et hy and the like Obfervations, which to fome may feem
to be too particular and minute, are really of confiderable Ufe, will
appear to any one who fhall duly perufe Dr. Woodward's Excellent
Difcourfe of the Earth and Terrestrial Bodies ; where he will find
fome very smportant Inferences drawn from Obfervations of this
kind ; and that with great Clearnefs, and Strength.

And no County in England atfording a greater Variety of Quarry-
Stone than this, or exceeding this in the Goodnefs and Plenty of it,
upon that account it deferves a more particular Confideration. To
my own Obfervations of the Natural Properties of the different
Kinds of Quarry-Stone I have added the Experiences of the Mafons
{fo far as 1 thought they were material, and might be rely’d upon.
The Honourable Mr. Boyle, 1 remember, has fomewhere told us,
that he has learned more this way of one or two Mafons, than of

I liny, or their Commentators.

AR 4. But before I give an Account of the Quarry-

0 FS a i cg a

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR EL

Part I.

Lumps in the Gravel-Pit at Efon, and is there ufed fometimes for

Foundation-Siones , and endures thus for many Years without the .

leaft Decay. Cemented Mafles of Gravel as hard almoft as Flintare
alfo dug up in the Gravel-Pits at Norboroagh and in that Neighbour-
hood. The like are to be feen ftanding out above the Surface on the
Sides of the Street at Welford ; which are there call’d the Gravel.
Rock. Inthe Gravel-Pit South-Eaft of Desborough is a Stone which
for Hardnefs, the Bulk of its Gritt, and its not being given to fweat-
ing, as tis call'd, ina moift Air, would do excellently well, “tis fup-
posd, for Mill-§tones, did it rife in Maffes of fufficient Bulk. As they
are, they perhaps may ferve well enough for Quera-§tomes. They
confift of a like fort of Matter with that of the loofe or inconcreted
Gravel there.

6. Of the common Sund-Stone, which isa Species of Quarry-Stone
of the largeft Grit of any of the more common Sorts, there is a great
Variety as to Colour, and other Properties. Tis compofed chiefly
of a Grit or Sand very like to that of the loofe or incoherent Sand of
a middle Size, fuch as that which is mentioned in Chap. 1. Part 2.
9.50. Lin. 17, 18. in the Account of Surds. But becaufe the
Name of Sand-Stone is here very feldom made ufe of ; and when it
is, is not ftrictly applied to the Sand whereunto I was willing to have
reftrain’d it: and becaufe the Stone of this Sort has ufually with us
the Name of Free-ftone, I fhall therefore place it under the Head
of Free-ftone ; which I may the more fitly do, by reafon moft of the
Varieties of it are really a Stone of the laxer Sort, are wrought
more eafily or freely, and are fufceptive of any regular Shape ; from

99

which Properties the Mafons feem to have borrow'd the Name of

* By Quarry-Stone I mean the
| that fort of Stone ; for they call the Stone that has thefe Properties,

Stone we find difpos'd into Stra-
ta, or in Larger Maffes.

Stone * as it is difpos’d into Strata, and interrupt-
ed by Fiffures, 1 thall enter a Defcription of the

feveral Kinds of it, without any Regard to the
Manner of its Difpofal and Situation in the Earth. The feveral
Kinds of it here in this County are, Sand-§tme or Saxum Arenarium :
Freestone : Saxum Calcarinm or LimeStme : RaggStone : Lapis Fiffilss
or Slate : and Marble ; for fome we have that deferves that litle
well enough. Thefe 1 have placed according to the Bulk of their
Gritt or Grain ; beginning with that of the coarfeft, and going gra-
dually on to that of the fineft Grain ; in the Order they are diftribu-
ted by Dr. Woodward in that Account of Foffils which is publithed
in Dr. Harriss Lexicon Technicum. The more confiderable Varie-
ties of cach of thefe ht this County affords I fhall fpeak of in the
Jer above-mentioned.
oe (hall only firft defcribe an uncommon Sort of Stone which |
call Gravel-Stone for the fame Reafon that the common Sand-Stone
has its Name. It confifts for the main of Sand and Pebles of the lar-
ger Size, fuch as thofe of ordinary Gravel. : They are united intoa
very firm and folid Body by means of a Natural Cement of a finer
Sort of Matteg which appears to be compofed partly of a fine Arena-
ceons or Stoney Matter, and partly of Spar. Thisis the Defeription
of the Gravel-Stone which is found lying in Strate, or elfe in huge
= Lumps

a Free-flone, whatfoever it 1s as to the Coarfenefs or Finenefs of its
Grit or Grain. And I the rather do this,becaufe in this Work I fhall
fometimes have occafion to make ufe of that Term of Sand-flone in
another, and that a more general, Senfe, wz. to diftinguith all the
Stone that’s compos'd of a vifible Grit or Sand, from that which has
a fmoother Grain, fuchas Limeftone, Ragg, and the reft ; as all the
Stone of a fmoother Grain I have fometimes comprized under the
general Name of Ragg-flone, When thefe two Terms are mention-
ed in oppofition to each other, they are always to be underftood in
this more general Senfe.

7. Under the Name of Fieeflone we hall therefore take in at leaft
two obfervable Varietiesof Stone , one which is compofed of Sand ;
fuch is the Freeftone of Halfton, Eydon, and fome other Places : the
other a Stone that to outward view confilts but very little of Sand.
Inftead of Sand, by which 1 here mean an uneaven angulated Grit, it
is conftituted for the main of a fpherical Grit, if 1 may call it a Grit :
or of {mall Bodies that appear perfectly round, thofe whichare found
inthe fame Mafs, ufually of the fame Magnitude, and that exactly
refemble the Ova of feveral Fithes in their Roundnefs, Size, and other
Properties. But of thefe hereafter in Chap. 3. Such is the Freeftone

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f00 =r Nawd HISTORY Chap 2

se — LT. . .
d the Ancient Quarries of Barneck. The Stone of
eas is only a Pile or Heap of _thofe Orbicular Ds
( fome if not all of which are of as bigor a bigger Size than oe y
that ordinarily conftitutes the other Sort of Freeftone ) with a Cos
Mixture of Shells, and with juft fo much of a fine arenaceous ie
ter. as ferves to hold all together. Upon breaking the Sloss, a
tler piece of it efpecially, the orbicular Bodies feldom fplit or bia :
They come out of the Cement entire, leaving behind them only an
Impreffion of their Bulk and Figure: +iibh 2obed
3. The Colour of this fort of Free-flone , wherefoever 1 1
found with us, is chiefly white. The Matter of th Bh anc
its Texture®, or Confiftence fo lax, that 1t Is eafily bro 0 85 or
hii fawn afunder ; in the Pit efpecially. The Stone 1s {o open, an
wreuponthis hat in Pavements it never fweats (a valuable Property, above

Subjeé of . : : +i Pi it that are cas’d
Qurrrsiomen 41) in a Moifter Air) excepting only certain Pieces of it that are

\ .

Le Com over with a Cafe of Stone of a clofer Texture. A i of it 80
pegs or Coe Inch or two thick , with a little Water upon Ih be iim
Sone’ through in an inftant ; on this Account it is not fo fit or I pi
of Walls, and for Water-Tables, as it is for Flooring a ol er U-
fes, where it lies lefs exposd to Rain and Snow. 4 : t 5 ie
coped with it are apt to decay in a fhort time, as may be Joes | i
veral Infrances. But ifit be well feafon d, as the Mafons : pea 3 that
ie, perfectly clear’d of that Humidity which 1s gins our ‘. it
when tis juft newly drawn out of the Earth, by being Pr os a
due time toa dry Air, it becomes more clofe and firm, and is of Ser-
vice even for Water- Tables, and the like. Tis more fubject to be
crafted over with Mofs, having ftood fome time in Walls, than a
Stone of clofer Subftance. But this 1s prevented if the Walls are
wafl’d over with white Lime, a Method that has been practifed up-
on the Free-ftone in the Front of Boughton Houfe, a truly noble
Struéture. It is a durable Weather-ftone if duly feafon’d : Other-
wife it is apt to flaw, break afunder , and moulder in Froft. Put
into the Fire it burns away, by little and little, and will feldom fly
or fhatter ; unlefs it be fome of thofe Pieces that are full of Sea-
thells. The more homogenous and uniform the Matter that this Free-
{tone confifts of ; and particularly the freer it is from a Mixture of
Shells, and other Extraneous Things of Bulk, the fitter 1t is fo Coe
ving. In thefe Regards the Free-ftone of Ketton in Rutland, is ex
cellent : And I cannot forbear to mention it, tho belonging to ano-
ther County. The admirable Sculpture 1n the Front of Dray: o-
Houfee ; and efpecially that of the Eagles, the Soppones i the Arms
of the very Ancient and Honourable Family ot the Mordants , that
ftand with their Wings expanded upon the Piers at the Entrance to

that ftately Strufture, are a Proof of this. ; :
Of the Free-flone at Welden, which 1s of this round-gritted fort,
are Two confiderable Varieties differing in the Compofition or Con-
fiftence of the Stone, according to their different Situation In the
Earth. That of the Stratum above the Ragg is compos'd of Ou,

Like

 

 

 

Parti. of NORTHAMPTONSHLIRE.

 

like that of Ketton, intermixt with a thoufand little Sea-fbells, and
Fragments of Shells. This the Quarriers call a baftard Freeftone.
The nigher it lies to the Surface, the fofter and hollower (‘more po-
rous) is the Stone. That of the Stratum below the Ragg , for thus .
it is difpos’d in the Earth, hasa whiter Caft, is} lefs full of Shells ,
Has a clofer Texture , and is a better Weather-ftone than the for-

mer. “Tis wrought into the Squares or reftangular Solids that the
~ Stone-Cutters call Afbler ; Which are placed in the Fronts of Hou-

fes. Not only the Grofs of Buildings. but Door-Cafes with their Pe-

~ diments,Window-Frames and Cornifhes, Chimney-Shafts, Water-Ta-

bles, ic. are made of it. Tis alfo usd for paving Rooms and Paffages.
Pipwell and Wakerly Stone-pits do, or have afforded fuch a Free-
ftone as this of Welden. The Freeftone of Staman which I have
{een in Ancient Buildings, by its Softnefs difcovers it is rather a Free-
ftone than a Limeftone or a Ragg ; But yet ’tis unlike that of Wel-
den, as having only a few of thofe orbicular Bodies inter{perfed
amongft the ordinary Matter of it, which is like that of Limeftone
only of a coarfer Grain, and it has a laxer Compages. The Free-
frone of Co[zrave , and fome other Places are of this fort of Matter
with farce any Admixture of fuch Spherical little Bodies as compofe
the main Bulk of the Welden Freeftone.

Some of my Readers may here expect an Account of that calld
Kettering-frone by Dr. Hook in his Micrography, and from him by
other Authors: A Freeftone compos’d, as is there obfervd, of Gan ;
Kettering being a noted Town in this County. But the Stone that
Dr. Hook defcrib’d was from Ketton Quarry in Rutland ; as appears
by a Sample of it preferv’d in the Oxford Mufeum. Kettering in Nor-
thamptonfbire affords not any of that kind of Stone.

10. Our other fort of Freeflone confifting chiefly of Sead, or of lit-
tle Bodies refembling Grains of Sand, is a rougher and harder Stone
than that above defcribed : And in working dulls and wears the Tools
of the Stone-Cutters fooner than that does; yet its Texture is al-
moft as lax. They have a Freeftone of this fandy fort at Eydon.
The Colour of it is reddifh. Hiuton Houfe, the neat and pleafant
Seat of the Courteous and Ingenious F. Hastimgs, Efq; is built of it.
"Tis ufed alfo for Window-Frames, Water-Tables, and other like U.-
fes: And is a lafting Weather-Stone. One or more of the Courfes
of Halfton Quarry are of this fort of Stone, calld indifferently ei
ther Redflone or Freeftone by the Stone-Cutters : The Former for its
Colour, the Latter torits Texture. Itis wrought intoall the fame
forts of Work as is that of Eydon ; but is not fo good a Weather-
frone. In the fame Quarry there are two Varieties of Stone, which
may be fitly taken into the Head of Freeftone of the Sand-like Gru.
Firit, that calld the /#beaten Grit, from its working fomewhat finer
than the ordinary Red-ftone, or as fome would have it, from its
being of a Colour betwixt the Red-ftone and the white, as the com-
mon Wheaten Bread of the Country is of a Colour betwixt the white
and the brown Bread ; this, becaufe itis finer and not fo knotty as

: Dd the

 
 

    
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
   
  
 
   
    
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  

 

102

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 2.

the Red-ftone, is us'd for making Balls for the Tops of Piers. The
other Sort is call’d the Willen-flone , and is us'd for Cornifhes and
Chimney Pieces, and isa good fort of Paving Stone.

11. Northampton Field affords a Freeflone of a like Kind with that
of Eydonand Halfton, but of a lighter Colour. It is neat and dura-
ble, and of a clear and uniform Matter. Moft of the New Buildings
of that Town are made of this fort of Stone. One of the Strata in the
Quarry called High-Delves at Mears- Afbby has the Name of Free-
{tone, by way of Excellency, as it does not fret a Tool, like their
ordinary coa rter Sand-ftone. Both its Colour and Texture is betwixt
that of Weldon, and that of Halften. Tis a Weather-ftone : And is
wrought into handfome Afhler, Window-Cafes, Piers, &c. The
ordinary Red-ftone of this, and Hundbill Quarry in the fame Lord-
fhipisa Freeftone too, fuch as that of Eydom and Halflm. As is like-
wife that of Litchborough, Edm, Brixworth, and a great many other
Stone Pits, of one or more of the Courfes there. But the vulgar
Name of them is Redftone from their Colour, without any Regard
to the Grit or Texture. Thus the Soil of that Colour has the Name
of Redland, neither of them Names that are very expreflive of the
Nature of the Thingsthey ftand for. The Redftone of High-delves
never fails in the Weather, and is therefore usd at all the Water-
Mill Heads from Billing down to Dodington.

12. Sometimes we meet with a Stratum of Sandftone of different
Colours irregularly and uncertainly mix’d in the fame Body. There
is of this variegated Sort at Brixworth, Spratton and elfewhere. That
of Spratton confifts, as it were, of Gray and Reddifh little Lumps uni-
ted or conjoined into one common: Mafs. That of Brixworth of Iron.
colour’d and Redifh Pieces thus united. Tis there called the fpeckled
Stone. The Stone tho’ differing thus in Colour, yet differs not in the
Size or Shape of its Grit: and in all parts of it hews alike ; which
fhews that the Colours of this particoloured Stone are owing only to
a [light Tin&ure of fome other Matter.

13. The Limeflone, as the Grain of it is finer, and its Texture
firmer and clofer than that of Freeftone, comes next tobe confider’d.
By Limeftone I do not mean any Stone whatever that will burn to
Lime, but that only of common Ufe. The Stone ofa finer Grain than
this, viz. Raggftone, Slate, and Marble will, with a ftrong and intenfe
Heat, all burn into Lime, and do indeed make a finer and ftronger
fort than this. Inthe Weftern Parts of the County the Lime made
of Wodford Limeftone is of Note. The Lime made at Wood- End

nigh Blaxly is preferr’d to that of the Neighbouring Lime-Kilns.
That of Cortenball, that of Castle- Afbby,and that of Rancejre efteem-
ed much in the Southern Parts ; as that of Maidwell, and that of
Stanjan, are in the Northern. That of Eafton nigh Stamford is of
greateft Note in all the Eaftern Parts of the County. At Eafton they
throw by the meaner fort of Limeftone there called Rammel, which
in other Places would be burnt for Lime, and burn only the cheiceft
Limeftone of their Quarries. Such is the Goodnefs of the Stone
and

 
 
 

 

Parti. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

and the Cheapnefs of the Fewel there, and confequently of the Li
as prevents the fetting up of Lime-Kilns at Na/Jington eo fome fer
of the Neighbouring Parts that have a good fort of I.imeftone Ai
14. The ordinary Colour of our Limeflone is White or Gray. We
have fome that is Blue and of as hard a Body as the Noted Litt 2
of Barrow in Leiceflerfbire. The Reafon they fo feldom burn iri ion
the Dearnefs of their Firing. For the harder the Limeftone the | ¥ 2
Quantity of Fewel is requir’d to burn it. Some of the Limeftone on
Clay-colour or Yellowith as it lies in the Earth; But it whitens in Che
Air, and in the Fire. Asto the Texture or Compofition of the I £4
flone : itis firmer, as has been noted, than that of the Quarr hs
above deferibed. Lis not to be broken and cut like thofe. In HT
is apter to fly in Pieces like Glafs than to moulder into a Duft-like
Matter as thofe do: So that the Mafons when they ufe it for Wall.
ing, as at Wilbar flon, Gretton, Maidwell, Rode, and in manv oth :
Places, do feldom more than hammer it {o as ’ make it I Oy oy :
true and eaven ; the hewing it is fo very tedious. But in build; 4
with this fort of Stone there is ufually this Advantase. thar it WY
rally has a flat and eaven Bed, as the Mafons exprefs it By Bed tl ry
mean the Horizontal Surface of the Stone as it lay in the Earth “T
this be very eaven, they will frequently build up a Wall with tI
Limeftone without any Mortar. UE
3 5. The hardeft Limeflone, as they find by Experience at Corre,
hall ( a Place affording great variety of Limeftone ) and indeed in all
other Places, burns to the firongelt Lime. The folideft Lim oft we
that which confifts of the fineft fort of ordinary Stoney Miteer Ey
out any Mixture of Earth ; which as when alone and unmixed is
incapable of Coalition, and never naturally obtains the Solidity ¢
Stone; {fo when intermix’'d with Stoney Matter, it renders the Coh % 2
of that Matter more or lefs weak and infirm, according to the
or lefler Quantity of it fo intermix’d. Thus the Limeftone he i
dirty Clay-colour within as well as without, which has of all, 0
largeft Admixture of Earthy is of all the laxeft, and the leaft t pe
efteemed for Lime. And as the greater Solidity of Limeftone i :
ing to the greater Finenefs and Purity of it: fo, no doubt. the J
the Lime and the finer the Parts of it, the more clofely th oo
combine, and the more folid and durable is the Mortar ” Co
that they ferve to make; as has already been obferved in the like
Cafes as to Loam and Sand. And thus we find it to be in Fatt : , 5
Limeftore. Soin like manner for Alabafter and Marble wii ) ®
they exceed the ordinary Limeftone in the Finenefs of Gazin ne 4
Hardnefs, fo likewife does the Calx or Lime that is made of tl a
exceed that of common Limeftone. The Calx of Alabafter or Mx ble
having been prepar’d and orderd as is ufual, becomes Shin
aving par . es a Concrete
well nigh as folid as the Alabafter or Marble it was made of. The :
Jess Roan than a clofe Aggregation of the Parts of that Aluba.
er or Marble for producing that Effe&t. Which Aggregation is ef-
feéted

103

  
 

Tie Newadl HIST ORT Chap2

fected by the mixing and tempering the Lime very well with Water;
fo that there remain no Molecule, oF hard undiffoived little Parcels :
and that being done, permitting it to dry and fettle, or toSett as we
vulgarly exprefs it. And this we find it will do when it has been per-
fectly diffolved; and its Pores are again free of the Water, toa Mafs
almoft as folid as the Body it originally conftituted.

16. Some of our Mafons affirm this asa Mark of a fpecial Lime-
Stone, thatis, if when it is broken perpendicular to the Bed, there
appear black or bluith Streaks on the Infide of it. And 'tis an Ob-
fervation of Ufe. The Streaks they mean are the Edges of Sea-fbells ;
which of whatfoever kind will calcine very fine and white : And the
Stones that enclofe them are ufually firm ; which is a ftill farther
Commendation of that Sort of Stone for Lime. Dr. Wallace in his
Hiftory of Orkney (P. 461.) fays, that whole Countrey is ferv’d no
other way with Lime than by Cockle-Shells burnt ; which he tells us
makes a very fair Lime, and does very well in Plaifter. Thofe flat
and very hard Stones which we here call Pendle , efpecially thofe of
them that are fet thick with Shells muft needs be very fit to make

Lime of : ard are indeed of no great Ufeany other way. The Pex-
dle-Stone is of fo clofe a Body that it has preferv’d fome of thofe
Shells unalter’d and in their Native Colour, altho’ they have lain
there now above Four Thoufand Years.

17. Spar in little Lumps incorporated in the Limeftone is thought
to bean Injury tot. Indeed in our ordinary Lime-Kilns it only burns
black, and does not calcine : but with a ftronger Heat it might
doublets be reduc’d to a Calx. And a Calx it would be of Value

not only for a white and fine, but a ftrong and durable Cement.
Pieces of vitrified Limeftone I have met with in fome of the Lime-
Kilns here. They were thus vitrified by an accidental Intenfenels
of the Fire in one or more places of the Kiln ; which was it every
where equally intenfe would turn all the whole Kiln of Limeftone

into a coarfe Glafs. The Pieces thus alter'd by the Fire had not any
thing in them that was different from the reft of the Bed ; fo that
this Effect can be owing only toa more than ordinary Heat.
18. The ordinary Diftinétion of the Lime-§tone with the Country-
men here is this, that there is a fatter and a leaner Sort: And fo for
the Lime that is made of them.” The Crop or Kealy Lime-ftone of
Wilbay §ton for Infkance is accounted of the fatter : That of the lower
Syrata of the fame Stone-Pit, of the leaner and harder Sort. That
they call the fatter Sort is ufually lefs white : Is ordinarily found in
(maller Mafles and nearer to the Surface than to the other: Appears
to have more or lefs of Earth intermix’d and incorporated with the
Stony Matter of it: And does not make the beft fort of Lime. The
{ime that is made of itis more fubje¢t to cracking, fo requires 3
greater Mixture of Sandin outward Work where it liesin the Wea-
ther , and is fitter for plaftering within Doors than it is for Build-
ing. But amongft the Husbandmen, for liming their Seed-Wheat the
fatter or milder fort of Lime is in moft Efteem. The ftrongerLime,
unlets

 

Parti. of NORTHAMPTONSH1RE.

unlefs it be kill’d : i Slak’ i
a as they fay, that is thoroughly Slak’t, being apt
19. LimeStone in cafe it contains fuch a Quanti tis
generally fuppos’d it does, is unlikely to be a ys
All I can fay of it from my Obfervations here, is, That in this Re.
gard it is like the other forts of Quarry-Stone: Some of it bears the
Weather very well, and fome of it does not. In feveral Places,and :
ticularly at Gretton, is a Limeftone that has ftood a great man Yous
in Fence-Walls without any fenfible Decay : And being us’d for ly
ing endures as well as the Pebles in the fame ie Ep
Limeftone at Culworth, if we may judge by the Offal of it i : ”
with they mend their Highways, endures not above three or ” re
Years, and then moulders. As to the Agua Caleis which is dot
common LQuick-Lime infus’d in Water, whofe Virtues are aferib'd
a Salt that it contains : 1 have diligently fought after its Salt b ,
could never yet difcover any there. Mr. Lemery avers h uld "
ver find any Saltin Quicklime *. 3 PH ol

Limeftone is not fo conftantly and univerfall impre a
with Salt as fome have a : That the Sl ios ]
Murale, as it is call’d by an Ingenious Writer, Dr. Lifer. who i bo
pofes it to be an Efflorence of Limeftone, is indeed of another O 4
gin: And that the Saxum Calcarium is no more impregnated with
Salt, however one of a peculiar Species, than the Suvum Arenari
or other common Quarry Stone. ii
20. This fort of Stone, the finer Pieces of it efpecially, ferves well i
the Fire-Hearth of an Oven. But if any Water is fprinkled upo it
whilft the Oven is heating, it is apt to fly; in like manner as d i :
when ey oe red bot being fprinkled with Water a
21. The Ragg§tme exceeds the common Limefto in Fi
nefs and Solidity. The finer fort of Ragg is the Se i
our Workmen cut, and is not to be wrought but with a Mallet —
Chifel, or the narrower Tools. But indeed all the Stone of ordi
ry ufe for Building, which is not Freeftone, or fo foft as to be cut
wreught like that, in fome Places here is calld Rago, as well ! i
Stone of a much finer Grain, and a firmer Texture “that is Ee
perly fo called. ~ Almoft all over the Weftern and Middle Part one
County there is fcarce a Lordfhip without a Pit of the owe :
rougher Sort of Raggflne. The common Colour of it is Reddifh,
In many Places there 1s a Red and Blue Raggfioe in the fame Qu >
ry. The Strata of blueifh Colour ufually ye loweft. Some of
Strata confift of a Mixture of Red and Blue, and fometimes an Ir .
colo’d Matter all in the fame Mafs. In the Stone Pits Welt of Def.
borough there are Inftances of this. The Blue is generally harder oe
the Red : The Ironcolour'd Raggftone than the Blue The R in
frequently found vein'd with an Iron-colour’d Marcafite The Sto ’
diggers feldom give the red Ragg-ftone any other Name than SE

¢ Red-

 

Was there any Salt i i
! i e : in the Lime- - '
ftone it would doubtlefs be difcoverable in the Lime that is made of Go of Ch.

it. And therefore thefe Experiments will induce us to believe that an
 

 

  

 

The Nawd HIST ORT Chap =.

Redflone, on Account of the Colour of it, ot Ryelod Stone u sing Pp
frequently found underneath that fort of Soil. So Jie e : Gi
have here called a Blue Raggftone they call only Blue-Stone. 0 n the
Faftern Part of the County this fort of Blue and Red Ragg ons is
feldom found. ‘The ordinary Raggftone digg’d up there, partis ar-
ly in Naflabungh Hundred, partakes more of the Colour snd Cob
titution of our common Limeftone. In fome Places in the oe
Part of the County, ¢. g. at Crick, is a Grayifh Raggftone, olour
not fo common as the others are. The Stone in its Grit an ii
nefs is of Kin to that cal’d Pendle ; of which Oe Iflone,
Caucote, and many other Places, efpecially on the Ss Je of the
River Nyne, afford an ufeful White Walling Stone ; oh | may be
Jlaced either under this Head, or that of Limeftone. hefe as they
are Stones of ordinary Ufe 1 fhould pafs by without any farther No-
tice. was it not for the Sea-fbells, and other extraneous Bodies of
Vegetable as well as Animal Extratt, that are found included in this
as in other of the harder Kinds of Quarry-Stone. But of thefe in
i Place. : :
hy The Ragefime we have here of the finer Grain and firmer
Texture, and particularly the Rance and Welden Raggftone are ex-
cellent in their Kind, furpafling alll have elfewhere feen of fo mean
an Appellation, and well deferving the Name of Marbles for their
Beauty and Luftre, when wrought to the Smoothnets they are capa-
ble of. ‘The Ragg at Welden Quarry, for the Grofs or Ground of it,
is Gray : The lotermixture it has 1s chiefly Blue. Many Sea-fbeils,
efpecially thofe of the larger and more taper Turbinated Sort are
found included therein ; tho not fo many as in the Rance Ragg-
ftone. With thefe are inclofed here and there a Belemmites, a Conical
Stone thus intit'led by the Naturalifts : Asalfo Balls and Plates of a
pellucid Spar. In the Church at Dean there is a Noble Sepulchral
Monument of this #Welden Stone. I he Window Soils, and Chimney-
Piece, in one of the Rooms in Mr. Bruges’ Houle at Barton, are of
Welden Ragg, and indeed the beft Picces of it I have any where
feen. They have a bright and beautiful Glofs like that of the fineft
Marble. Befides the pleafing Variety in the Colour of the Stone
which is Gray fpotted or vein'd with Blue, it has yet another and that
a greater Ornament , as enclofing a multitude of Turbinated Shells
of the fmaller fort, fome with a broader, others witha narrowerand
fharper Spire, as alfo Spikes and Teeth of Sea-Urchins, and Afterie
or Star-Stones, ina Situation that fhews them to the belt Advantage.
All of which have receiv'd a Polifh as elegant as can be wifh'd, the
Shells as well as the reft ; the Cavities of them having been com-
pleatly fil’d with the fame Stoney Matter as that which conftitutes
the Body of the Straium, and which 1s fo firmly accreted to the
Outfide of the Shells. The Shells enclos’d in this fort of Stone do
fometimes fly outas they are cutting it ; But the Hollows they leave
are fo neatly fill'd up by the Stonecutters with an Artificial Paft that
they are {carce any Blemi(h to the Stone.

 

 

 

2 3 Rance

 

i
7

 

 

 

 

Part 1. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

23. Rance Ragg, a Stone very much efteem’d in this Countrey,
contains a beautiful variety of Shes, of both the Bivalve and Tur-
binated Sorts : as alfo Fluors of fo firm a Texture, that they flaw not
in the polifhing. Of the Foreign Bodies enclofed in it, the Bivalve
Shells are moft numerous. They ufually lye flat-ways in the Bed.

" The Sparry Balls, the Cockles, the T urbinated Shells, and other re-

. gularly figur’d Bodies promifcuoufly blended as they are with the or-

dinary Matter of the Stone, do make a very agreeable Mixture. Se-
veral of the Beft Houfes of this County have this Sort of Stone for
Chimney-Pieces and Window-Tables. There is a Chimney-Piece
with elegant Columns of it at Stoke-Park Houfe, the Seat of the Wor-
thipful Fr. Arundel Efquire. The like in the Honourable Lord Fames

b Ruflels Houfe at Maidwell. In Mr. Ayris’s Houfe at Adfion, at
the Diftance of Twenty Miles from the Quarry, there are handfome

Pieces of it : And ithas been fent for to a much greater Diftance; tho’
the Carriage isall by Land. There isa very ftately Monument made
of this Stone at Weekly, and in fome other Churches. Out of Stan-
wick Quarries they get a Raggftone not inferior to that of Rance, if
we may judge of it by the Monument of the laft Stafford of Blother-

\ wick, an ancient and honourable Family, whichis of this Stanwick

Stone, and is indeed a very beautiful Piece.
Dr. Plot's Defcription of Rance Marble* |

107

That it is of a * or Plot:

. . » ~ a . . . Natural Hi}.
white and fhining Grit, and firiped red: And the Name which is o Stirs
given it in the Catalogue of the Rarities of the Afbmolean Muje- ™?'7+

wm. viz. Marmor albo-rubeum Anglicanum, do not agree with this of
Northamptonfbire. And from what other Place that Rance Marble,
of which there is a Pattern in that Mufeum, fhould come, 1 know
not.

24. If the Stonedigg’d up at Charlton in Cxfordfbire, which by Dr. Plot
is faid to be a very good fort of Nephirs, that is, a Marble fet thick
with Shells, which the Italians have intituled Nephir: , merits that
Name: Then that of Welden, and that of Rance with us are indeed
very noble ones of the Nephir: kind ; not for their Glofs only, but
their wonderful Variety of Shells, in the Elegancy and Regularity
of their Figure, exceeding any thing that can be done by Art. In
that of Charlton is included only one fort of Cockle-Shell, and that
of the coarfer and bulkier Kind : Thefe of ours are embelithed with
feveral Species of Sea-fbells , and particularly the neat ones of the
Wreathed fort : Not to mention the Star-flones and other Elegancies
they exhibit.

25. In Sir Robert Clerke’s Houfe at Watford is a Chimney Piece of
Marble, (‘tis {uch at leaft as wou'd have been admitted to the Name
of an imperfect Marble by the ancient Naturalifts) that was digg'd
up in one of Watford Grounds. In the Variety of the Figures it ex-
hibits, and in its Glofs and Arris it may be faid to equal if not fur.
pafs all other Englyb Marble. The like kind of Marble has been
digg’d up in Drayton Park. There was only a fingle Courfe of it
which lay underneath an ordinary gray Stone. It takes a handfome

Polith
   

 

 

 

 

+06

7% Nawd HISTORY Chap 2.

Redftone, on Account of the Colour of it, 0 Ryelart Stone as ns P
frequently found underneath that fort of Soil. So likewife :
have here called a Blue Raggftone they call only Buena a nt e
Faftern Part of the County this fort of Blue and Rec Rage, Si is
feldom found. ‘The ordinary Raggftone digg’d up there, pen ar-
ly in Naffabugh Hundred, partakes more of the Colour WY Co
fHitution of our common Limeftone. In fome Places in the Fes
Part of the County, e.g. at (rick, isa Grayith Raggftone, Pilone
not fo common as the others are. I'he Stone in its Grit aed yu
nefs is of Kin to that call’d Pendle 5 of which CE a Ufone,
Caucote, and many other Places, efpecially on the Sout : ide of the
River Nyne, afford an ufeful White Walling Stone; may be
slaced either under this Head, or that of Limeftone. hete as they
are Stones of ordinary Ufe 1 fhould pafs by without any farther No-
tice. was it not for the Sca-fbels, and other extraneous Bodies of
V egetable as well as Animal Extract, that are found included in this
as in other of the harder Kinds of Quarry-Stone. But of thefe in

i Place. :

i T Pe Ragafime we have here of the finer Grain and firmer
Texture, and particularly the Rance and Welden Raggftone are ex-
cellent in their Kind, furpafliag alll have elfewhere feen of fo mean
au Appellation, and well deferving the I ame of Marbles for their
Beauty and Luftre, when wrought to the Smoothnels they are capa-
ble of. The Ragg at Welden Quarry, for the Grofs or Ground of it,
is Gray : The Intermixture it has 1s chiefly Blue. Many Sea-fbells,
efpecially thofe of the larger and more taper Twrbinated Sort are
found included therein ; tho” not fo many as in the Rance Ragg-
fone. With thefe are inclofed here and there a Belemmites, a Conical
Stone thus intit'led by the Naturalifts : As alfo Balls and Plates of a
pellucid Spar. In the Church at Dean there isa Noble Sepulchral
Monument of this Welden Stone. I'he Window Soils, and Chimney-
Piece, in one of the Rooms in Mr. Brudges’s Houle at Barton, gre of
Welden Ragg, and indeed the beft Pieces of it I have any where
feen. They have a bright and beautiful Glofs like that of the fineft
Marble. Befides the pleafing Variety in the Colour of the Stone
which is Gray fpotted or vein'd with Blue, it has yet another and that
a greater Ornament , as enclofing a multitude of Turbinated Shells
of the fmaller fort, fome with a broader, others with a narrowerand
fharper Spire, as alfo Spikes and Teeth of Sea-Urchins, and Aerie
or Star-Stones, ina Situation that fhews them to the belt Advantage.
All of which have receiv'd a Polifh as elegant as can be wifh'd, the
Shells as well as the reft ; the Cavities of them having been com-
pleatly fil’d with the fame Stoney Matter as that which conftitutes
the Body of the Straium, and which 1s fo firmly accreted to the
Outfide of the Shells. The Shells enclos’d in this fort of Stone do
fometimes fly outas they are cutting it ; But the Hollows they leave
are fo neatly fill'd up by the Stonecutters with an Artificial Paft that
they are {carce any Blemi(h to the Stone.

 

 

23. Rance

RR A

  

sin

skies

   

 

Part 1. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

107

23. Rance Ragg, a Stone very much efteem’d in this Countrey,
contains a beautiful variety of Shells, of both the Bivalve and Tur-

binated Sorts : as alfo Fluors of fo firm a Texture, that they flaw not
in the polithing. Of the Foreign Bodies enclofed in it, the Bivalve
Shells are moft numerous. They ufually lye flat-ways in the Bed.

| The Sparry Balls, the Cockles, the Turbmated Shells, and other re-

gularly figur’d Bodies promifcuoufly blended as they are with the or-

= dinary Matter of the Stone, do make a very agreeable Mixture. Se-

i Rufel's Houfe at Maidwell.

veral of the Beft Houfes of this County have this Sort of Stone for
Chimney-Pieces and Window-Tables. There is a Chimney-Piece
with elegant Columns of it at Stoke-Park Houfe, the Seat of the Wor-
hipful Fr. Arundel Efquire. The like in the Honourable Lord ames
In Mr. Ayriss Houfe at _Adfton, at
the Diftance of Twenty Miles from the Quarry, there are handfome
Pieces of it : And ithas been fent for to a much greater Diftance; tho’
the Carriage isall by Land. There isa very ftately Monument made
of this Stone at Weekly, and in fome other Churches. Out of Sian-
wick Quarries they get a Raggftone not inferior to that of Rance, if

| we may judge of it by the Monument of the laft Stafford of Blather-
| awick, an ancient and honourable Family, whichis of this Stanwick

Stone, and is indeed a very beautiful Piece.

Dr. Plot's Defcription of Rance Marble* , That it is of a
white and fhining Grit, and firiped red: And the Name which is
given it in the Catalogue of the Rarities of the Afbmolean Mue-
wm. viz. Marmor albo-rubeum Anglicanum, do not agree with this of

\ Northampion/bire. And from what other Place that Rance Marble,

of which there is a Pattern in that Mufeum, fhould come, I know
E not.

24. If the Stonedigg’d up at Charlton in Oxfordfbire, which by Dr. Plot
is faid to be a very good fort of Nephiri, that is, a Marble fet thick
with Shells, which the Italians have intituled Nepbir: , merits that
Name : Then that of Welden, and that of Rance with us are indeed
very noble ones of the Nephirz kind ; not for their Glofs only, but
their wonderful Variety of Shells, in the Elegancy and Regularity
of their Figure, exceeding any thing that can be done by Art. In
that of Charlton is included only one fort of Cockle-Shell, and that
of the coarfer and bulkier Kind : Thefe of ours are embelifhed with
feveral Species of Sea-fbells, and particularly the neat ones of the
Wreathed fort : Not to mention the Star-flones and other Elegancies
they exhibit.

23. In Sir Robert Clerke’s Houfe at Watford is a Chimney Piece of
Marble, (‘tis fuch at leaft as wou'd have been admitted to the Name
of an imperfect Marble by the ancient Naturalifts) that was digg'd
up in one of Watford Grounds. In the Variety of the Figures it ex-
hibits, and in its Glofs and Arris it may be faid to equal if not fur-
pafs all other Englyb Marble. The like kind of Marble has been
digg’d up in Drayton Park. There was only a fingle Courfe of it
which lay underneath an ordinary gray Stone. It takes a handfome

Polifh

* Dr. Plot's
Natural Hiff,
of Stafford-
thire, p. 174.

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap.2,

 

Polifh ; as appears by a Chimney Piece that was made of it, in one
of the Rooms in Drayton Houfe. And underneath the Slate-Stone at
Wefton-Flavel has been lately difcovered a Stone of fo fine a Grain as
to be capable of a Polifh. ~ It has a dark Ground near black, {potted
with Gray. Urchin Spikes, and other extraneous Bodies, are incorpo-
rated in it.

26. The Stone of greateft Note as to Finenefs of Grain in all the
Weflern Part of the County, is that from Culwsrth Quarry, which is
White : and that from Byfield Quarry, of a dark Colour, almoft
Black. Both of thefe may be wrought to a confiderable Degree of
Smoothnefs, {o as nearly to approach a Polifh. The Halls of moft
of the Gentlemens Houfes in that Part of the County are paved with
thefe two alternately fet in Squares, in the ufual manner of paving
with Black and White Marble ; which thefe, thus ordered, very well
refemble. The Byfield Stone of the two has the firmeft Texture ,
And is of a more equal Temper. Denford , Ringfled, and Caucote
afford a white Stone for paving, not unlike that at Culworth. We
have at Halfton a fine blue Ragg, the larger Pieces of which are usd
for Tomb-ftones : the fmaller for Pavement of Rooms. There are
alfo made of it Whetftones, for Chifels, Plane-Irons, and the Tools
of a like Edge. tice

27. The Stone here known by the Name of Pendle is a very hard,
irregular, lumpifh Stone, that does not hew well, but fhatters with
the Tool. The Colour of it is generally a Bluifh Gray. It has a fhi-
ning Grain : and ufuallya great many Sea-fbe/ls immerfed in the Bo-
dy of it. That it willtake a pretty handfome Polifh, appears by fome
Pieces of it that I have now by me. In the Slate-Pits at Collyweflon
they fometimes dig up a hard broad Stone, there called Pendle, which
does not cleave as their Slate does; but is fit for the Painters Ulfe,
for the grinding their Colours, and has been thus ufed at Stamford ;
being levigated firft with Water and Sand inthe fame manner as their
Mullers are prepared.

At Midleton nigh Cotingbam, at Carlton, Wilbarflon, and elfewhere
in the County are digg’d up Slab-Siones, as they call them, that is,
Stones very thin for their large Extent, and as hard as Pexdle, by
which Name they are alfo called. In fome Places here they are found
very near the Surface. We make ufe of them for Fences for Grounds,
being fet Edgeways. Some of the faireft and largeft I have feen of the
Kind are thus fet for a Mound to a Green Place below the Hall
at Mudletm. And at Chiff there are of ’em very large. One 1
meafur'd there that was Nine Feet in Length, Four Feet Eight
Inches in Breadth ; and yet only Five inches in Thicknefs.

In the Stone-Pit at Pusford is dug up a broad Stone that rifes, as
the Diggers exprefs it, with a Head and a Bed, that is, an eaven
Side or Edge, and an eaven Surface : Infomuch that they lay pretty
handfome Floors of it; which was it not naturally thus caven they
could not do, the Stone is fo hard tocut, It alfo bears the Fire el
anc

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Part 1.

and is us'd for Oven-Hearths. Some of thefeare nigh Eight Feet in
Length, and Four in Breadth.

28. The Slate of this County is found either in thicker Strata,
which being, {prinkled with Water and expofed to Frofts, do readily
cleave into fuch thin and eaven Plates as are fit for covering the Roofs
of Houfes : Or in thinner Strata which as they come out of the
Earth are immediately fit for that ufe, without the Preparation a-
bove-mentioned. Of this laft fort there is digg'd at Pisford, We-
§ton-Flavel, and Pichely. That at Pichely is Sound, neat, and dura-
ble. The Houfe belonging to the Vicarage there, is flated with it;
at the Direction and Expences of the truly generous Gentleman Wil-
liam Wafbbourne, Eg; the Proprietor of a beautiful Manfion, and a
fair Eftate in that pleafant Place.

29. For the other fort, Colly-WeSton is of great and ancient Fame.
When Mr. Camden compild the Britannia, that is, about one hundred
Years fince, this Place was reforted to for Slate , and a great Store of
itdigg’d up by the neighbouring Inhabitants ; as appears by his Ac-
count of it : And perhaps the proper ufe of the Stone we now call
Slate-Stone was difcover’d not long before that time. For in taking
down a part of the fine Houfe that was built there by Margaret
Countefs of Richmond, King Henry the VIlth’s Mother, there were
found built up in the Walls fuch thick Pieces or Cakes of Slateftone
as they now cleave into Slate for covering ; whence it’s inferr’d they
had not the ufe of preparing it as now they have. The natural Slate
(if 1 may focall it) of which above, was probably put to that ufe
of Covering, a long time before the Artificial ones were thought of.
And Tiles, by what remains of the Roman Buildings, appear to be
of far greater Antiquity, as to that ufe, than either of them.

30. The Lordfhip of Collyweflon has afforded, and is ftill capable
of affording, a great Quantity of Slateflme. They dig the like Slate-
ftone in good plenty at Eaflon , and might do the fame at Dudington,
which are the Towns next adjoining to Collyweflon. So that this part
of the County is plestfolytockd withit; fo plentifully, that even
the meaneft Houfes of the T'owns and Villages thereabouts are {lated.
A fafe, ftrong, and durable Covering it is, and fo white and fine,
when new efpecially, that in a bright Day it very pleafingly affects
the Eye of a Traveller that has one of the Towns thus flated in his
View. The Slateftone digg'd up at Eaflon has] think a finer Grain than
that of Collywefton, and is not fo tender : But that of Collyweflon, as
alfo thatof Kirby, a place affording abundance of excellent Slate; do
cleave into thinner Plates than that of Eaffon. The thinnefs of the
Slate is a valuable Property in this Refpect, that it is lefs burdenfome
to the Roof that it is laid upon. Up higher in the County on Duflon
and Halfton Heaths, at Brackly and Aynbo, they do, or may, dig Slate-
ftone ; fo that no part of the County is far diftant from it.

31. I have anticipated the Account of the Aarble of this Coun-
ty having plac’'d it under the Head of Raggflone in compliance with

J the

 
 

 

* Iden in Mr, Lelond's
dor w' Years {ince was
dly Quarry of Stone where

a goodly
appeared

Jtin. Vol. 1. p. 9. of Mr. Hearne's

Edit.

The Natural HIST O RT Chap 2.

i i better
Name of it here ; tho’ it certainly deferves a

le of Welden, Rance, &c. the Reader

the cuftomary
Title. The Ragg, or Marb

i ibed in 9.22, 23, and 25, fupr. ]
pi. ice a “te ne of Bete Note with us, are thofe

: Welden, and Rance. But heretofore we have
o flops bri a that have now little left but i Nott
hits “Thofe at Barmeck where we wl fe mary large 3 ow Be

1 $ loubt the a al
Ke or ee King Walfere fetch'd Stones for the Din Pe-
il AGA as Mr. Gunton has obferved upon good Authority

fore that
FO AS, hurch of Peterborough, p. 4. There

in Johhaon. a. on the Carmen phaleucium, F. Selden. that
Relation in the o England 1 cannot allow ; Me-

1 ought Building Stone into £ i1ca
Be os ra Abbey, being built with Se by fling
ot the Year 664. whereas pox a i fog i
[ immenfe Weight and Bignels o
ton Be WARE pen Fouedarion of that Monaftery, as Hu-
oil : early Writer of the Affairs of that place, acquaints us,
& Low = ne Boum vix unum traberent , that eight Pair of Oxen

cond {carce draw one of them. The Abbeys of Ramfey , St. Ed-

ultures of ancient Magnificence all there-
vii Bie, o ERR were built of Barneck Freeftone ; for
A titled 5 King Ldward the Confeffor’s Charter to Ranfey
to! : y od that it was really a Freeftone appears by the ki that
till Aw of it. The Tradition that at Pll a om
% Parith on the River Weland,there was formerly a Haven, ;
Barvec to Pillfsate Hill Foot, is fo far true, that a great Quantity 9
ey ¥ up in Barneck Quarry was in former times broug t
hic W; be Bred off by Water ; {o that as long as that Quarry, or
Ri i for it lafted, it was a confiderable Frefh-Water Haven.
ar Quarry PA probably i to this ia vig 1 us
lo the Marks of great Age in its fpacious Hollows : And in t
rr the Churches thereabouts oo built.
The Pasith Church of Stanjan, as allo thofe of Velden , Ge ] inglon,
Tapuell Deon, Weck Corts Be Le wie
1 tanjan .
st a o iF: ae built of , come, I muft own [
nh know not ; there being no Quarries now open afford-
ing thole very Kinds of Stone. * The Cs ot
moft ancient Note in all the Southern Parts of i
County are thofe at Cofgrave, which have been digg C
under Ground in the form of Caves or Vaults ; large
Stacks of the Quarry-Stone being left ftanding at due Dinyes is
vort the Roof. At Hal§#on was the Quarry of ancient a }
L Midland Parts. The Hollows of the old Delves are large : An ;
wo T wn's Name, as {ome would have it, implies the ve
fe Qui ; Halfim or Harleflone, for thus it is anciently wrote , de-
PJ

ivingits fi axon word to draw, and Stane,a Stone,
rivingits felf from Harle the Sax ' Sees

greatDiggings Leland’s

 

Part 1. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

 

a Name alluding to the Bufinefs of the Quariers, than ge ape the

principal Inhabitants of that Place. On the Suthers
Nye, from Eafln- Manduit to Tichmarb,
1

les, is a Range of handfome Churches,

nk of the
for the Space of many
each with a lofty Spire.

Thefe we my reafonably believe were built out of Quarries in that
which is fill well ftored with good Building-

part of the County ;
Stone.
34. I'fhall now lay down fome General Obfervations which {hall

clofe this Account of Quarry-Stone. All the Varieties and Kinds of

LQuarry-fone, the White, the Red, the Blue, and the reft : Thofe
that have a Grit, or are compos'd of Sand, and thofe of a fmooth
Grain, altho’ fo different in Colour, and in internal Form, yet are con-
ftituted of the fame common Matter, which I call Arenaceous, or or-
dinary fioney, Matter, the fame that Sand, that vulg, “ly call'd fo,is com-
posd of ; only not fo pure and fo clear. This 1 infer from {everal
Properties that they have in common ; and particularly from the
Jpecific Grauity of common Sand, which isas 2 * to 1, and that of the
fevcral forts of Quarry-Stone, which, as Dr. Wasdward has obferv'd
of them under the Name of Swndftone, taking it in the largeft Senfe,
are little different,being generally to Water as 2 * or 2 ** to 1 *,where-
with my own Obfervations do very well agree. The Red, the Blue,
and the other Colours approaching thefe, feem to be owing to a {mall
Mixture of Earthy, Mineral, or Metallic Matter, with the Arenace-
ous. The Difference in ternal Form is owing to the different Man-
ner of the coming together, and combining of the Arenaceous or
Stoney Particles. There appears to be no greater Difference, as to
Form, betwixt Stone and Sand, I now fpeak of the more common
forts of both, than there is betwixt Water in a collected Body, and
Water in Drops, or in {mall feparate Parcels : Or a Metal y € gr.
Lead, in Plates or Sheets, and the fame in Corns , fuppofe of {mall
Shot. Thus the Stoney or Arenaceous Matter, whichis, in fome
Places here found formed into a continuous or fmoother Mafs which
we call a Stratum of Limeflone, or of Ragg, is in other places found
formed, by a different manner of Concretion, into many extremely
little Pebles lying loofe and only contiguous to each other, which is
what is vulgarly, called Sand: And in fome other Places, 1n the like
little Pebles joyn'd together, and confolidated by a Stoney or Arena-
ceous Matter of a like Form with that which compofes the main
Body of the Limeftone and other Stones of a {moother Grain 5 this
is what we more ftriétly call Sandfione.

35. The general Colour of the KQuarry Stone with us is either Red.
difh, or a Grayith White. In the Places affording Red-Stone there
is feldom any that is White ; in thofe affording White-Stone not oft-
en any Red : But Blue-Stone is common to both. As the Sand
digg’d up here is for the moft part of a Yellowith Red or of a Red.
dith Hue, fo likewife is the Sand-Stone. But we more frequent]
meet with Strata of White Sand, than we do with Sand-Stone of that
Colour.

36. The

* Dr. tod.
ward's Natu.
ral Hift. of
the Earth, p.
29.

 
a

“7% Netwd HIST ORT Chapz

36. The Stone of a Smoother Grain is generally of a Firmer Tex-
ture than that which has a Grit or is compos'd of Sand. And where-
as it fometimes happens, the Stone of a large Grit is as folid or fo-
lider than that of a fmooth Grain, it owes that its Solidity to the
Mediation of a fine Arenaceous or Stoney Matter which, as it were,
agglutinates the feveral Grits or Corns of Sand. Of this the large-
gritted Stone defcribed in ¢. 5. is a Proof. Some of the Strata of

Sand-Stone and Ragg-Stone here have fucha Mix-

* ‘That there is really an Admixture * 1 .
of pres Matter in fome of our Quarry- ture of F erreous* Matter as has given them a great.

grove, will beads very srobable whey: EF degree of Solidity than the Stones of a like
the Domantured mente + 1! Kind without that Admixture : Others of them

the Iron-coloured Marcafite.

have Earthy Matter in a confiderable Quantity
intermix'd with the ordinary conftituent Matter ; which gives
them a lefs folid Texture than others of a like Kind and Deno-
mination, that have little or no Intermixture of Earthy Matter.
Thefe, tho’ they bave really a lefler Degree of Solidity, yet to out-
ward Shew have as fmooth a Grain and as clofe a Texture as fome
that are more folid. So that here is another Inftance of Stones of a
{moother Grain thatare not fo firm as fome that are lefs fmooth. This
is particularly obfervable in the Kealy Limeftone defcrib’d in 9. 18.
Jupr "The Solidity of one and the fame Stone is not always the fame in
all Parts of it. In fome Pieces I have feen of Barneck Freeftone,e. gr.
in an old Stone Coffin of this fort of Stone in Caftor Church-yard : in
others of Sand-Stone, and particularly that of Creator in a Wall ot
one of the Houfes there ; Such is the difference in the Solidity of the
feveral Parts of the Stone, that, the laxer parts of them having been
diffolved and worn away by Frofts and Rain, and the firmer part of
them only remaining, they look as if they had been fcoop’d or bur-
row d, in like manner almoft as the Ground is in a Coney-Warren.
37. And here alfo it may be noted, that tho’ [ have {poken of the
Sandftone, Raggftone, and the other, as diftinct Species of Stone, yet
we muft not expect to find fo exact a Diflinion between the feveral
Species, as we do betwixt the Species of Animals or Vegetables.
Thefe have certain and conftant Characters belonging to them, by
which one Species is diftinguifh’d from another. But fuch diftinét
Notes are not to be found in Stones. Thus, for Inftance, our ordinary
Limeftone and Raggftone are not to be diftinguifh’d by the Colour ;
both being often of the fame Colour. Then as to the Bignefs of the
Grit, or the greater or lefler Smoothnefs of the Grain; there being
innumerable intermediate Variations of the Grit or Grain betweena
coarfer fort of Limeflone and a finer fort of Ragg, ’tis indifferent un-
der which of the Denominations fome of the Varieties are placed.
Whereas in the feveral Species of Animals or Vegetables, there are
not fuch intermediate Variations, and the placing of them may be
eafily alcertained.

38. All the Kinds of Quarry-Stone above-mention’d, whilft they
lye in the Earth are moiff, that is, have their Pores or Interftices
fated or fil’d with Water. The Fr€cftone confifting of orbicular

Bodies,

 

 

Parti. of NoRTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

 

Bodies, and therefore having the greateft Interftices. is of
the mafles? in the Earth. Whilft they as thus moift they hh Eig
and cut more eafily : As they dry,they grow firmer and harder to cut.
For which Reafon our Stonecutters work them, the Harder Kinds of
them efpecially, upon the Spot, as foon as they are taken from the
Quick Rock, to {peak with the Quarriers 5 and whilft they are moift
The lower Part of the Stratum is generally moifter , and fofter than
the upper Part of it. The Workmen in fawing the Blocks of Free-
ftone, are wont to enter the Saw upon the lower Surface of the Stra-
tum ; as it goes the moft eafily on in that Direction. And by this
Softnefs, the Mafons can in many Quarries diftinguifh the nether
Side of the Stratum from the upper, tho’ they did fot fee it lying in
the Earth. One may indeed, by comparing the Softnefs. or Hard-
nefs of the upper and nether Side of the Stratum, difcover which of
them lay uppermoft many Years after the Stone's being taken up.
39. Whiltt this Humidity remains in the Stone, the Stone is more
fubjett to break afunder and diffolve in the time of Fos and of its
going away, than itis when that Humidity is evaporated, On this
Account it is, that the Stone digg’d up in any of the Autumn Months
and immediately built up into Walls, is in fo much Danger of being
fpoil’d by Froft : That dug up in the Spring Months, and built up
dry in Summer, is more fecure. Or if it be taken up in the Sn
or Wanter- Months, and is fo fpeedily and fafely thelter’d all the freez-
ing Seafon that the Froft fhall not invade it, it may be ufed as
fecurely in Building, as that which is dug in the Spring, or Summer -
Months. It is certainly not the digging the Stone in one particular
Seafon of the Year, as fome have imagined, but the time of Buildin
with it, or rather the Temper it is then in, as to Drynefs or Mot-
fture, that renders it more or lefs durable in Structure, Here it is
a general, and indeed a commendable Practice to dig all fort of
Stone for Building (excepting only Slateftone ) in the Spring or Early
in the Summer ; that being the likelieft way to have it thoroughly
dry, and to efcape the Injuries of Frofl. But as to SlateiFome which
is of little or noufe without the help of Froft that is therefore digg’d in
Avtumn.And any Stone, long after 1t hasbeen taken out of theQuarry
if it be expofed to Water,and is of fo loofe a Compofition as eafily to
takeit in, will be apt to flake, or moulder, after Froffs. For Wa-
ter when frozen, being rarified and extended to a greater Dimenfi-
on than it had before, ’tis not at all ftrange, that Stones, even very
hard Stones,whofe Pores are fill’d with Water, thou'd upon the freez-
ing of the Water within its Pores, be, by degrees, loofen’d, broken
in pieces, and diffolv’d. ?

40. Some very Hard Stones we find are diffolved upon being ex-
poled to a Humid Air only, without any Froft. Thefe are fuch as
have one or other Kind of Salt difperfedly intermix'd amongft the
Sand or other Matter that conftitutes them : Some of them, in this
manner diflolv'd, difclofe fo much Salt as to be fenfibly perceiv'd.

Gg And

a i I, E vo

 
 

 

 

 

14 The Natural HIST ORT Chap. 2. Part 1.  Norruamrronsping

And ’tis owing to that faline Intermixture that they are thus diffolv’d. Jouiier of ie Water 5 and that from fome particular Pores inceffant.
& Thurs uv Min bu muft obferve bow apt all [ores of Salts are to be 4 e we as held it there, which Was nigh a quarter of an Hour.
« aerought upon by Moisture : How eafily they higuate ard run with it ; 5 i 2 - if T may fo call them, 1t emitted very copioufly and
“ and <when thefe are drazom off and have deferted the Lumps where. | l Ha y: \n J the fame time many Pieces moulder’d off from jr
“ outh they weve incorporated, thofe muft moulder immediately, and fall n Fla il ged gleaned to the bottom of the V eflel. 1 the rather
Se br & funder of Courfe * ”. This Account Dr. Woodward gives of the | epian i ma Obfervation ; becaufe perhaps It may be found a
isin diffolving of the clodded Lumps of Earth that have Nitre, orother J it Lrya 2 pons, with Refpett to their mouldering awa y, or endu-
ie Phi. Salts incorporated in them. And “tis 4 like Cafe as to Mafes of Stone ring in foul Weather and Eroph. ;
Tani. fir that have Nire or any other Salt imbodied in it. Tis alfo a like 43. It muft needs be chiefly owing to a Salt embody’d in the Stone
June 1695. Cafe as to Stone that is not naturally or originally impregnated with that the Harder Stones diffolve upon being expos’d to a Humid Ajr -
Salt ut becomes fo afterwards. In the Walls of many Larders | Po Sa tathe Jofter Stones that fo readily crumble to pieces and diffolve,
and’ Dayries, on the outfide of them a little above the Ground, I ving ain WC is the moift Air of Winter, fuch as are fometimes
have frequently obferved the Mortar of the Joints of the Stones, to iow : up mnt 3 1e 3.00 the North-fide of Blather wick, which in a
a good depth within the Wall, almoft quite gone, and the Stones worn or Je fou or and become like Dirt; thefe in all likelyhood have
away and eroded, as it were, into feveral Cells or Cavities , there ope J age Quantity of Sorel intermixed with the Stoney Mat-
only where a bry or Jaltifb Liquor > from the falting Tables and $2 tot i he Sing that they diffolve fo foon. The Laxity of
Cheefe-prefies within, had drain'd down into the Wall.  Thefe pla- t e one, anc the ey Colour of it within, as well 1s without, do
ces are reforted to much by Pigeons , for the fake without doubt of a | a ge oh, ! he Earthy Mater it contains I take to be par
Salt which they find there, But that they pick out the Mortar from four A lat o oe J egetable Kind, becaufe the Land » the finer as
betwixt the Stones, and alfo make thofe Hollows in the Stone is a > ¢ hy the Bore lotty fort, 1s fo much tmproved upon a Solution of
Miftake. This is effected chiefly by the Saline Liquors that have ih oe, e Stone we here call Creech, and alfo Keal, the upper-
foak’d into the Wall ; thefe relaxing the Mortar and the Stones : at Sm 9 apr our Quarries, 1s indeed all of it very like
And by Froit and Rain diffolving and bearing off the relaxed Parts fo that of Blatherwick in the Properties above-mentioned ; however

lot : $ has a Jaxer Testure, and is more difpofed to moulder than is the
41. Dr. Plot informs us, that the Stone about Tetfworth in Oxford- tone of the lower Strat, » 4nd by other Marks It appears to have a

s fo common a thing

as

 

 

 

t Nae. Hitt. fbure, there called Maume +, and that alfo called Glum-metal about confiderable Mixture of Earthy Matter. Tj;
at. Hult, y

of Osprdb. “B oadl in Staffordfbire ||, a Stone as hard to dig as any Rock ; are or z San of hy y and al] other Earths in Styata, to partake of
| No Filo yet fo mollify'd with the Air, Rain, and Froft, that they run as if a 4 bol Ind of Matter to that which conftitutes the Strata next above
ne they were a natural Lime : And he would have them laid upon the 5 A ow i at It cannot be thought ftrange that thefe Syyazg
4.5.4 Fields, and employ’d in improving and mending them, much Foley o he a rays lye next under the Earthy Strata fhould,
than in the Highways. This very Ufe we have fometimes here o e ge Se ae of them, have a mixture of the like kind of Mat-
of the hard rugged Stones at Caucote called Hubs; which pon Delay on " : 1 e fonse of, and particularly of the lame Vegetable
expofed to Wet and Froft, do break and moulder, as do the Maume . orth He 5s Jon here unmixt in the Superficial Stratum, 6
and Glum-metal above-mentioned. For the Highways, it is plain, § al si : 1s Vegetable Intermixture, See Dr. Woodward's Na.
they would not be very proper. : But in the Fields they Hout needs ura hf ory, h 238, &e. ; ;
be very near as ferviceable as Lime : And have this A i Bob and Ae ewan, 5 1 fome meafure explained, the Effeéts of
them, that diffolving of themfelves, as it were, nto Lime, they 2 furs, In the Quarry-flone : 1 {hall pow relate whit d
fave the Charge of being burnt to it. The like Ufe 1 prefume may noe pore % er ved of the Nature of the Luarry-flone in general with
be made of the hard rough fort of Stones that lye above the Slate- Th, Ye or Heat, Thisas It 1s an Agent of more tubtle Parts,
ftone at Kirby, which are now only ufed for the Highuers Wars Jina nes Coli univerfal DifJolvent than Water i% And thee
having lain a Year or two they are, as ‘twere, rotted, and in theWin- et Wily it be wie Relation to Stone. _ Even the firmegt
ter do Slake, as they fay, like Lime. hE of Kot op eB withftand the utmf) Force of Fire: Whereas no
42. Such a mouldering Stone as that at Cancote and Kirby is fome nyo $ one is diffoluble in Water except fuch as are impregnated
part of the Stone of Cofgrave Quarries, particularly that of the fourth wi g ; or have a pretty large Admixture of Earthy Matter.
Stratum, there called the Hard Ragg. It waftes very much in Wa- 5 Re oe riagObfervation may fcem to contradict what is {aid above,
ter, as I found accidentally in an Hydroftatick Trial of it. _Corpuf- I he = Y coeenot. Wehave here a fort of Stone we call Fir eftone ; for
cles went off from it fufpended ina Veflel of Water, in Lines like attance, that of the firlt Stratum of the Stonepits belonging to the
Threds, and ended direétly ; fome of them Jettedup Stove She Paic

EEE ae EL e Er Skier i B
i ie aii alan Agi ian :

 

 
 

7% Nawd HISTORT Chpr

it, abide the

. — ich will, as we commonly exprefs it, a
Tak ge iia oo the W. ha decays nye a, By

ie, bu B Stone is 0 :
abiding the Fire is not sy he ks meant, that it will foe Pn
made ios men like Ufes, without Damage there i 2 > ies
Be ae, in this Inftance, is fitted by its great Solidity }
Ufes the Stone k tie fo great, that the Fire entring the Interfhices o
Firmpefs: A So Side only, does not, be it never {o vehement, Ten
Delorean a Stone. And yet notwithftanding this its a
iQue) ar time diffolves and crumbles all to Pieces, he i
dity, it in a fhort tim in Mill-dam Walls, as having in all like Boot
for Borer Stone x body’d in it, whichbeing unlock’d and loo Sid
fompkind 94 5 ¢ Water, and thofe of Froft, on almoft every I e
by the Particles n Stone ’the Stone of courfe diflolves and crum 2%
jiiosnugiine dl nou h fuftain the Efforts of Fire, but it ay
The Salt will wel e Wi off along with that, tothe Ruin of t i
feel Nota rob’d of a Part of its conftituent Matter, an
Stone, whic

: aken'd and deftroy’d.
Py Whe, 3 this means weaken'd anc Y 4, iia
whofe oe By are for Oven-Hearths, as alfo thofe that
430:Lat

stref: ther, be fet Edge-ways, or Sur-
are to undergo a Sha a of Yom the Pofition they had os
i ne they lay in the Earth with their Broad Sic es
Earth inverted ; w 3¢ ntal Plain, be they now placed the y
in or near an Poti beft endure, we obferve, the Fire and Wea-
yey Le there be no natural Tendency in the Stones iy
fiehi290) oe in Coal, or Slate-Stone, to cleave or break Serax X
A broad Pat of the Stone. The Reafon Ww hy 1
Pgso hep IW ther fo much better in that Pofition, {feems to
peas Pe la Se the Earth there was a fubtle Vapour ig
% a us ; lin Ys that Vapour, whereot more at large £ &
Shy pe, 3s wa up directly thro’ the Strata of ean
Where jist frskes re raecally to the Earth’s Surface, diametrica .
the reft, the ee greater or lefler Quantity. Jus Vion
1¢ paffing thefe affing the Interftices of the Strata, particu af yo :
i pty pe {peaking of, has by little and little ¢ ctache
of the ons eri iy loofe and moveable Matter occur ing in
faborees En Interftices of the Stone have De
its Paflage, byw I is, as | have faid, is diametrical to fete oF! 1e
enlarged. Is fay ’the nether to the upper Surface of the Jia
Frais wi rvious Duéts or Tendences than occur the
A Eg > Direction parallel to the Site o the
To it aor the Stone being fe Sgr ar ove
trasum; | ! glee Than
mentione ge Besides Ra admitted into it, as they
& Fa 5 Ra hoe had a contrar Popul: ; and confequently
aE afting, and ferviceable.
is Bo iA both for Fire-flme and Weather-
46. :

7 conta no Tay cajiie 1 ‘on ke J eli. or other Ex-
W t ] i § 7 i ’ j :
S ome, that they nt in VU’ fi 7 trancous

 

 

Parc 1. of Norrramrro

traneous Bodies : Or if they contain any fuch, that the Sand or o-
ther ordinary Matter of the Stone be clofely accreted to the Sides of
them. A Fire-Hearth of the fofter Sandftone; e. gr. that of Maid.
welly and that digg’d up in Desborough Town, if of a clear uniform
Matter, endures as long as a much harder Stone that has many of
thofe Iron-like Veins in it not very clofely cemented to the reft of the
Stone. But the harder Stores, fuch as the Slabs at Pisford, are for
molt part the moft lafting Fireftones,

47. There is a great Variety of Foreion Bodies enclofed in the
Strata of Quarry Stone in fome Places. For Inftance, in the loweft
Stratum of one of Halfton Quarries I have obferved the Pyrite there
called Knots and Pins, {mall Pebles, Lumps of Spary Belemmite, as
alfo Fragments of Wosdy and the Shells of Sea-thell Fith | all thefe
diverfe Kinds of Bodies, incorporated in one and the fame Stratum of
Stone. Of all thefe the Stone-Cutters make the greateft Complaints
of the Pyrite, and the Pieces of Wood: The former for their Hard-
nefs, the latter for their leaving fcurvy Hollows in the Sone L
working it.

NSHIR EL.

ipon
48. 1 have here and there in the foregoing P:
mention’d fomewhat about the Grain of S

-

tragraphs occafionally
tone, and in). 4.7. [upra, of
certain Koes, as they are called, that are fometimes found enclofed
therein : But | hope no one will from hence make fuch an abfurd In.
ference that the Formation of Stones is analogous to the Growth of
egetables.  Asto the Grain of the Stone (as it is termed ) accord-
ing to which it more readily cleaves or runs : In thofe that have fuch
a Grain (for fome have none) its direction is ufually parcllel to the
Plat or broad fide of the Stratum. Such is the Grain of the Slate-
ftone at Kirby, and elfewhere: As alfy of the Raggftone in feveral
places 5 the Strata of it, dividing into two or more broad Pieces in
certain obfcure Horizontal Clefts, which fometimes are vifible, the
Stone having been raifed and taken outof the Earth :
fo before. The hard Red Ragg at Madwell, will cleave that way
with Wedges, the other way it will not. In the Freeftone at Eydon,
and that at Welden, there are none of thefe natural Tendencies, or
Runs : In that of Mears-Afbby thereare. Dr. Plot in bis Natural
Hiftory of Staffordfbire , ch. }. 3. 31. mentions a reddif]
Stone that had a Grain

perpendicular to the plain of the
But this Stone, | fuppofe, was a Stratum,

but were not

} building
> Horizon.

Or a part of a Stratum
whofe original Pofition in the Earth had been mverted, that is, from

an Horizontal it had been forced into a perpendicular Pofture, at
the time of the general Defruption and rflocation of the

cannot fay that I ever met with the like Inftance in
Jhire,

Strata, |

AT ry
AN thampton-

49. The Stone here called Rammel or Keal, has a very uncertain
and irregular Grain, if one may call it 2a Grain ; I mean that Variety
of it which at the firft appears an entire Skratum : but having lain
for fome tim: expoled in the Front of the Pit, or h
and fhaken by the Tools of tie Ro

1h

aving been ftruck
ggers, difcovers a great ma-

ny

ig.

ea a iB

&
od

!

 
 

The Natal H IST O RT Chap. 2.

ny Cracks or Flaws running this way and that, with all imaginable
fncertainty. And hence the irregular Pieces that the Stratum breaks
into upon being raid. This is the State of the Kealy Stone of a
Stonepit 1 have view’d at Brixworth, and of fome other Stonepits.
But for the moft part it is found in {mall and irregular Maffes , lying
Rubbifh-like, confufedly and at random, which together conftitutea
Stratum : not in one entire Sn as is the Sandftone and Ragg.
so. Even the meaner Houfes of the more ordinary Towns for fe-
veral pretty large Tracts of the County , At Aldrington and there-
abouts, ail about Northampton , and Wellingborough , at Wansford,
Kings-Cliff, &c. in that Part of the County, From Oundle on both
fides of the River up to 7 hrapstm, have Walls built all of Stone: a
neat, fecure, and commodious way of Building , deny'd to fome o-
ther Counties. All the way from Aynbo to Paflon, that is, from one
end of the County to the other, the Fens only excepted, we meet
with Quarries ; here of White Stone, there of Red © Here of Free-
ftone, there of Ragg. By which itappecars how plentifully we are
frord with Quarryltone. Jut uncovering the Earth in fome Places,
they take up Stone that’s every way fit for Building without almoft
any Labour of the Mafon ; the Stone being naturally in the Earth as
if it lay in a Wall. Thus the Limeftome which they fome-
times build with at Maidwell lies, and fome of the Stone at
Quer flon. Some of the Lordfhips are fo far from a Scarcity
of Stone, that they have Pits at a thort Diftance of each other, af-
fording Stone of two very different Colours, White and Red ; which
are laid interchangeably, a Courfe of one, and a Courfe of the other
in the Walls of their ordinary Buildings, and appear there pretty
enough. In fome Plices we fee a White and a Blue Stone thus inter-
changeably placed : 1n others, all the three, a white, a blue, and a
Red ftone, in three Rows, alternately placed in the Walls. They are
the eafieft fupply’d with Materials for Building in general at Fait
juxta Stamford, at Colly-weflon, and thereabouts, of any Part of the
County, perhaps of the whole Kingdom. They have building-
Stone, Lime, and Slate at hand, and plenty of Wood too, juft by them.
51. Were there any fure Indications of Stone: Could there be gi-
ven, I mean, any certain Rules and Directions where to find a Stock
or a Crop, as the Stone-Diggers call it, of ufeful Quarry-ftone, in
like manner as is pretended, with regard to Coal, yet in this County
there is fuch plenty of it almoft every where, that therc’s no great
need of fuch Directions. And indeed Iknow of none that are much
to be depended on; tho’ ’tis certain theSigns whereby we may dif-
cover Stone are full out as infallible as are thofe of Coal: And par-
ticularly the Springs will be fure to difcover to us as much of one as
of the other. ~ Firft therefore we may look into them : And {hall
find a great many of them here containing a confiderable Quantity
of Stoney Matter. As this County is ftored more abundantly with
Quarry-Stone than perhaps any other ; fo likewife is it with thole
called petrifying Waters, whofe Contents are chiefly a ftoney Matter
which

 

 

Parti. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

which they brought along with them out of the Bowels of the Earth
Butas to thisIndication I fhall onlyat prefent fay this,that we find fi h
Springs in thofe parts of the County too, in which we no where or
with any thing but Clay, Loam, or Gravel, to the greateft De oa
we ever dig ; fo that this can be no very conclufive one. Ne n
may look upon the Surface or a little below it, for that fort of Store
we here call Creach or Keal ; which is as certain a forerunne of
Sandftone, or other Stone for Building as the black Earth call’d U "
isof Coal. And ’tis certain that in many Places there lies good b id
ing Stone next underneath this fcaly Stone : But again in er / " :
Places there lies only Clay or Sand underneath it .. fora ital oy
52. Tam not to put an'end to this Section of the Stone in Strat
or in larger Maffes, until I have given fome Account of the Ho ,
ftone , and of the Chert or Croa-flone, found here ; thefe here with
us being found in larger Maffes than are ufually the ftoney N I *
defcribed in the fecond Part of this Chapter ; tho’ not fo ia g re
conftitute entire Strata, as in fome other Counties. The Honefl y
as I call it, which we meet with here is ufually found in Gravel oh
particularly at Oxendon, tho’ nat very frequently there either fF)
nearly agrees with Hone in the extreme Finenefs of the Grain. 1
in Hardnefs ; which are the principal Marks whereby we diftin, aith
that fort of Stone. It has as fine a Grain as any Englifb Marbl,
and equals it in Solidity : And would, I believe, be as fervice: ble
for fetting Razors and other fine edged Inftruments as any Tore
whatever. The Stone calld Chert or Crowflone in Ssaffordbire and
Derbyfbire, where it is found in entire Strata, or in vaft huge Pieces
is here more rarely to be met with, and in fmaller Maffes onl " ©
rare it is here, that we have no Name for it. But comparing 1 de :
that I have found lodg’d in Clay at Oxendon, Crick oe “eliSwhe HH
this County with the Chert of Derbyfbire 0 I perceive it has he
Marks and Properties of that, tis a’ whitith, {mooth, and very hard
Stone. It feems to confift of a flinty Matter that hao a fmall n
tity of craffer and darker Matter intermix’d with it - which is ied
bably the Reafon that it is feldom or never found conereted into k ch
Balls or Nodules asis the purer flinty Matter. [It ftrikes fir i
Steel as Flint does ; but it falls fomewhat fhert of the Flints To
fparancy and Smoothnefs. Dr. Plot in his Hiftory of Staff hire
tells us that this Stone will polifh well, and that he
Rings. 1 have now by me feveral Pieces of it including Font nn
thefe were plow'd up in the Clayey Field at Oxendon Bs
53. To this Account of the Stone in Strata may be fitly fubjoined
what I have noted here concerning Coal, becaufe it confiffs of Ap
folidated Matter, and is ufually found digefted into Strata a the
Quarry-ftone above deferibed ; yet, I know not upon Wier Or ic :
Coal has been taken in under the Head of he by moft of po
Writers on that Subject ; as appears by Dr. Pls Adon of tin
the Natural Hittory of Staffordfbire *. Tho’ what has hitherto b
aifcovered of Coal in this County : .

ford
tys.;

ig

is inconfiderable as to the Quanti- Hi or o..

hire,Ch

 

 
 

}J20

* See Chap.1:

The Natural HIST 0 RT Chap. 2.

: _— I
ty of it; yet 1 muft not wholly pafs it by. Barings i oy Ae
to further Tryals that may difcover a large and in Jukes 3
Coal in fmaller Maffes has been found wr us w vest phage jo

loing for Pits g, it : li in digging for Brick- 5
digging for Pe ay t Welle at Pye Set Enns.
a Ground nigh Cosbroo) : In fc Ee

0 afile-Afbby y Tiffield , Stokepark-Houfe .
Houghton magna ; Cafile- Abby , 11, y Stokepa Janene
elfewhere 'mpts have began made for it by digging or by
and elfewhere. Attempts hav ; Hor ie 1 gory
ing at Funfbed, in iW orthorp Lane cflon, ;

boring at Finfbed, in iV orthorp Lane, at Colly-cveflo yy Dns

ville, Farninghoe, Warford, and i, ied And Bo 3 is 2 Place 3
1 chin ro |; hey met with Coal ; fome
unlefs I think the two laft, they ith C foment ey
i Vorthorp, of h 1 have feen a Trya
3 I at at Worthorp, of which J

a Joe So oe Te a Coal-like black Moifture
in the Fire. Anc me of tl : 02 ch Mou
wo obferved upon the Boring-Rods newly i > agg ib

re were only a few finall Mafies of Coa -

But at the beft, there were only Cn

i of Clay, or a very thina tle Stratum
fedly lodged in a Bed of Clay, or a very thin anc

of it. rhs :
: 4. In digging a Well for the Reverend Mr. Wainwright roe
Ar brup-mandeville, where the greateftand moft li cly
Attempts have been mde, there occurred the following Sons or n
dications , as they are commonly thought to be, ol Co r k: A
Sooty Earthy and a Stratum of a Black Sort of Clay having Parce

f i at Sooty Earth, and fome Specks of a Yellow Marcafite, en-
ofed in ir hie Sooty Earth 1s the fame with that which in the
Coal Countries is called Coal-Smut. 2. The Metalophytum of Olaus

Wormius, according to Dr. Plot, in Nat. Hit. of Oxfordfbire, hips
$.43:a "Black Euuminous Subftance burnt as Firing by fome in Ox-

fordfbire, as the fame Author WAR 1 his of rie Rises
: t : e C f Wedgebury, Will King g
or fooner than the Coal of Wedyebur kin
Coie and Flame. 3. A Bituminous Body {fomewhat i to Gravy
ht ill allo A Vuvioick Marcafite. 1efe
Wood, which will alfo burn. 4. 2 thick Moyeofie
three lat were found in fmall Matfes in the Sirarum of Coy 57
| alled Pudgeon-Earth, which as Mr. Waunwright told
Earth there called Pudgeon-Earth, which as Mr [hat
i od a Sign of Cea! in his Native Country , near the
me, is accounted a Sign of Coal in his Nat Contry, tear t
Coal-pits in Warwnckfbire. A Defcription of this Earth 1 have given

Part 2.6. 72. €liewhere *,

Jub imum,

55. Thefe by fome have been looked upon as plans Sons of
Coal : But to {peak my Mind with Freedom upon this 3 Je j they
are not fo much to be depended on, as fome have gine. 2 ne
State of Coal, according to my Obfervations, with refpeé} Te
Terreftrial and Mineral Matter that liesabove yiotn in i
Places, tho’ buta few Miles afunder, fo much ali et ewes By
certainty infer from that Terreftrial Matter there is Sosy er
neath it. Within fome Hills there is Coal, he Bat anys i 84 Fre
call’d Coal-Smut, e.gr. in fome of the Hills afforc 5 oul ne 10
nor in Derbyfbire. In others there is Sod-Sougons Vala se y a
to it, e. gr. in the Banks of a little Torrent hig Eu8 elo, ge
Peak of Derbyfbire, and notany Coal ; laa af ol yt £ Work.
ers in the Lead-grooves there. It is fo like ntoal

 

 

 

Part 1. of NorraamMrroNnsar o

 

above-mention’d. To be fhort, the State of Coal with refpect to the
Terreftrial Matter that lies above it, is no more conftant than that of
Sand-ftone and Ragg, whofe Situation in the Earth is here under
one, there under another fort of Matter 5 and confequently the Indi-
cations above-recited, are abundantly more uncertain and conjeétu-
ral than is vulgarly believed,

56. Thofe who by certain Signs would difcover the Places of
Mines and Minerals, ‘have alfo amongft the reft the following one '
that the Barrener the Hill, the Better the Sign. If this be a certain
Rule, then we of this County are to give to others, efpecially the
Northern ones, the Preeminence in this Regard ; as having few or
no fuch Barren Hills, as they have. For my own part, I incline to
think, that Things are thus order'd by the Wife Difpofer of the feve-
ral Parts of the Natural World: That the Counties of a Barrener
Soil are enrich’d with Cal and Metals, that this is deftitute of that
Subterranean T reafure, but endow’d with a more Fertile Soil, With
a Defign that we might Mutually fupply and affift each other, in the
Produéts of each: And thatas to Chal in particular, altho we fome-
times meet with {mall Maffes of it, in digging into the Earth ; yet
there are no confiderable Beds of Coal, neither will the County any

i e digging for ; any more than it
1 we likewife find here and there,
in little, poor, and featter’d Parcels,

57- We find that Bituminous Subftance, the Metallsphylum of
Dr. Plot, not only in the Pit above-mentioned, but in feveral ‘others :
and this being no improper Place for the Biiumens of whatfoever
Kind, Ifhall here give a more particular Account of it. With ys
there are Three or Four Varieties of it. 1. That whofe interior Sur.
face is of a darker Colour, not fo refplendent as Kanal, or Native
Jet. It appears to have a Grain y for inone Direction, which is ufu.
ally according to the Length of the Pieces, it cleaves or parts pretty
readily into Plates or Splinters: the other way it {naps into fhorter
Pieces, and will not cleave at all. The Outfide of it is ufually of a
Grayifth Brown : and has vifibly a Grain like that of Wood; in
which refpect it refembles fome Pieces of Native Jet. This V ariety
is fometimes found in Clay in digging for Ponds and Wells, as alfo
in Gravel at Oxendon, Wefion fuper Weland, and elfewhere. 2, To-
gether with the former is found another Variety not differing from
it, except in Glofs or Splendency, which in this is little inferior to
that of Piffafphalton or the Bitumen Fudaicum. 3. A Third Variety
there is, which, if at all, does not fo readily part into Flakes as do
the former T'wo. It has the fame Bright Glofs as the Second, and the
Colour of Pi fJafphalton as well without as within, This is that fort of
Metallophytum which was found in digging for the Well at 7 brup-
mandewille. It occurs alfo in digging for Wells at Long-Buckby, and
other Places, ufually in Clay. In Clay on a Bank-fide at Sulsrave it
is fometimes found adhering to a Pyrite; : and is impregnated with
Vitridl, as alfo with a little Sulphur. None of the Three Varieties

1 are

 
 

 

a = = Part 1. of NorTHAMPTONSHIR E, 123
The Natal HI ST ORT ap. 2. : ¥ |
the Pit. There was, 1. The Outmoft or Perctotle Strats sare
are found in any large Maffee. “They are all more or lefs 712 Selly half a Foot thick. 2. Stiff Clay almoft four Foot. 3. Shatter , as
Bl: cx : and have a Denfity and Smoothuefs within like that of Bi they there call it, that is a fhattering Stone, two Foor. 4. A coarfer
rs and Fet. “They have all near the fame degree of Sali: In Soft of Frrecflone, fix Foot. 5. Ragg-flone, two Foot. 6, A finer
tha Ifo they refemble the true Bitumen and Piffafphalton. They are Fretlore,; Son my al od cl Adie
i, fer #hd hard as common Coal : and are much i Pit was about 22 Foor, OF the Freeh {ssa pth of the
K nal and fet. They likewife all of? them agree pretty nearly in Srirn, Contin, ord, a Or iaslagn the Rag were our
fore other Properties. In Water they Li They ou lama of them, two Foot and an half : the thinneft, not quitea Foot. Of
ba me 05 | he og Ho cng Cot ty mt gies For
a hn; hy hich has the Grain Dugg pete wee Courtes, the thinneft twenty Inches : the thickeft
58. To thefe we may add a Fourth ¥ EL i ro Tle Hers three Foot four Inches, _ The Clay was diftinguifhable from the Ve.
and Caft of Charcoal. In other Particulars it differs very litt'c from getable Stratum by the Difference in the Matter of each. The Free-
wy former Three. "Twas found together with that Ne 2. in digging tone from the Ragg : as alfo the {everal Courfes of Freeftone, each
ro the Well at Tbrup. Hither alto may be referr S i oy Li from other, by means of Horizontal Fiflures. The feveral Strata of
HN a De Hd Tie A Earth : and thofe of Stone, and other folid Matter, are diftinguifhed
of the Loweft Stratum of Stone digg’d up WT serif, 2 peding every where in thi ek a Matter, are ditinguthed
to the Sample of it, which was fent me by N te 1 ufiall lour, Confiftence, or conflituent Matter “of them : the other b
fits of a Bituminous Matter nearly wi w He Sa Fiffures. 1 fe hore 1 rs Sy Eo Dy
compofes Coal, intermix’d with great Plenty o Sp 3 pop wh i: Hift. of the Earth, P. 12. So that I néed not mention this Parti.
account it crackles in the Fire, and does a a i Ty cular any more hereafier. ;
the Piecesof it have large Veins of Spar : Goi oF Pariiti , Toes. 61. In the Space of 22 Foot of the Horizontal Extent of the
as it were into divers fall Cells, by Sn Clas lot od little Front of the Quarry, there were two very narrow Perpendicular
fefting each other at right Angles. In thefe Cells are lodg Fiffures, the Sides of "them well igh contiguous, interfecting al the
Pieces of Coal. " Signe $i Sve. Hovine | Strata of Stone, the Ragg as well as the Freeftonc, tho’ fearcely vi,
59. But to return to the Account of the Stone in Strata. 8 fible in the Stvatum of Ragg-ftone, till it had been raisd by the Work.

already given a Defcription of the fev eral Kinds of it, with refpe men, and then it might be feen plainly enough that they were conti.
already g ; § {

y the Quarriers called
les of Freeftone above

: Rady * Dox . + . pi
to the conflitnent Matter, and the Properties of each, ig 1 art o nued quite thro’ that Siratum too. Thefe are by
my Task being over, I fhall now proceed to thew, in what Manner it Cricks, or dry Joints. In the two lower Cour

The Srtuati Order of the Strata into y Rago. was ot of | yet Roa Tonk sndicudar Fife
is found in the Earth: The Situation and Order bi the Ragg, was another of thefe narrow Perpendicudar Fiffures, about

. ae + wml ec rnb ofe Strata A 1d other obfey- . vddie 1 Vifiamre Featost a io Nd al eda C12 i
which it is formed : The Fatervals of thofe Strata: Ai a middie Diftance betwixt the two for mer, 1ateriecting only thofe two

vable Circumftances of them. This 1 ne Samus uk Ri Strata, and dying, as they term it, at the Ragg. This was {till mar.
ting down the Notes I have taken in the i, he & rower than the two above deferibed Fidures. The Horizontal Ten-
of digging, where I had Opportunity of Gers W victtiorden. dency of thefe narrower Perpendicular Fiflures 18 ulvally North and
Subterranean State of thefe 1 hings. That 1 Ry ? vs en Sorih. On the fame Quarry, on the Suh Side of the above-defri.
fome to the Reader, I thall give an Account of ar Lbsye ol ¢ i bed Parcel of Strata, there appeared another Fillure of a much
of the Condition of the Stone in only fome few of or Fit. OF ye greater W idth than the before- mentioned, running welnigh Faff
other Places where the Earth has been laid opel : a 2 Lar and Weft. 1 he Fiffures of this Kind, as much as they exceed the
the Quarries, thofe efpefcially which are a vn Soak former in Width, they fall hort of them in Number ; there occur-
have prefented to View. 1 have inter hpi oT rial ring ten of thofe to one of thefe, as the Quarriers Inborm me. That
which I {hall refer to another Place, concertiing pie 2 gd 1 ne , Te which I faw and examined was two Foot Wide, dividing the above-
in the Strata, and in the Fiffures: likewife of Joven hd Lk Ie to defcribed Parcel of Strata, which lay open and exposd to View, from
ions included in the Strata: as allo ie Ey A po oy Redes another Parcel which had not been thus laid open. This wider one
not any of them direétly belong to this Head ’ X wi ere isaner had interrupted all the Strata, as well thote of Earth, asthole of Stone,
may the better fatisfy himfelf about all the a SATCUMItANCes for the whole Depth of the Pir. I'he fmaller Perpendicular Frflures
of thefe Phenomena, when 1 come to reafon upon t ot 1 ine asy were empty. This was filled with Clay.

6o. At prefent I fhall only give a plain Refution S ne hr 62. This above defcribed, and all other the like wide and deep
have feen them, without any Remarks. Of one of ra ne Perpendicular Feffures, the Quarriers here call Guils, Gullies. or
Quarries at Welden, 1 took the following Areas in J a e of 1 Gudfe-Foimts. The two Walls or Sides of the larger, as well gs of
Firft, Of the Strata from the Surface downwards to the Bot 2 the

 

i ts pp S39

#4 AF

 
 

The Natwral HIST ORT Chap 2.

the fmaller ones, corre[pond to each other. Where there was Free.
ftone on one Side of the Fiffure, oppofite to it on the other Side there
was alfo Freeftone, confifting of the very fame Sort of Matter, and
in a Stratum of the fame Depth. And fo ior the other Strata. The
Situation of the Strata was almoft Horizontal, as was alfo that of
the Surface of the Ground where they were digg’d up. Several little
Shells, and Pieces of Shells I found enclofed in both the Upper and
Nether Courfes of Freeflone : Several Mufcle, Cockle, and other Sea-
fbells, with here and there a Belemmita in the Ragg. But of thefe
more largely in a fitter Place. ;

63. The Quarry at Kings-Cliff that was open in 1703, with re-
gard to the Strata it exhibited (‘a Stratum ot Clay lying there next
under the Soil, and a Courfe of Raggftone betwixt two of Free-
ftone, the Upper of a coarfer the Nether of a finer fort : as alfo
in the larger and fimaller Perpendicular Intervals) {fo much refembled
that of WW elden that] forbear to fay any more of it. The Freeftone
at Helmdon lies next underneath a Stratum of Clay, as does that at
Welden. But this is not the conftant Pofition of that Sort of Stone;
for in one of the Quarries at Kings-Claff it lies next under a Bed of
Send.

64. At Halfton, in Fames Whiting’s Stone-pit, Anno 1703, the Stra-
ta then expos’d to view in Front were as follows. 1. The Sul, Eight
or Nine Inches. 2. Stiff Clay, Three Feet Eight Inches in Thicknefs.
3. Gravel as they call it, ( tis like the Sand intermixed with {mall
Pebles in Water-courfes ) a Foot. 4. Whire Sand, Thirteen Feet
Four Inches. In all Eighteen Feet, Eight Inches, to the Strata of
Stone, which lay in the following Order. 1. That calld the Ryeland-
§tme, a Red and very hard Sandftone, Four Foot and half. =. A Soft-
er Red-flone there called Freeftone, Eight Feet Ten Inches. 3. That
called the Wheaten Courfe, a Red-ftone of a finer Grit than the former,
Three Feet Four Inches. 4. That call’d the Smaller Wheaten
Courfe, or the Willen-flone 5 of which in 9. 10. fupr. Three Foot and
half. 5. Blue-§tone, a Kind of Ragg, Four Foot and half. In all
24 Feet, 8 Inches in Stone. Of the Ryeland Stone there were
Four Courfes. The Thicknefs of the Single Courfes is different, the
Thickeft of them about Twelve, the I hinneft about Four Inches.
Of the Freeftone, Ten; fome of them Thirteen Inches thick, others
but Eight : Of the greater Wheaten Stone Two Courfes : and of
the lefler one alfo Two, near of equal Thicknefs. Of the Blue Ragg-
ftone were Three or Four Courfes. Spar, asalfo Pieces of Wood ,
Conchitee, and Belemmitea, are found enclofed in the Subftance of the
Raggftone. : ;

65. In the Space of Twenty Nine Feet of the Front of the Quar-
ry, according to the Horizontal Extent of it, were Six Perpendicular
Fiffures or Intervals, running from South-Weft to North-Eaft, at un-
equal Diftances: the Wideit of them Four Inches, the Narroweft
with almoft contiguous Sides. Two of thefe interfeted the whole
Pile of the Strata of Stone : the other Four interfe¢ted only fome of

the

 

 

Part 1. of NoRTHAMPTONSK IRE

the loweft Sirata, extending from the bottom of the Pi

Height of Eight Feet. The former with the er ht fe
Name of Upright-Foints and 7 borough-Foints : the latter of Cricks or
Loofes. ‘The Sides of thefe Fiffures correfpond exaltly each to other
in the Number and Thicknefs of the Strata, in the Species of the
Stone, Ic. T hefe were empty. But the like Fiffures in other of Hal-
[lon Pits have fome of them Spar affixed to the Sides of them : others
have their Sides invefted with a fine and pure Clay. Spar in exceeding
thin Plates is fometimes met with in the Horizontal Fiffures of thefe
Strata.

66. TheFiffures I have laft mention’d are not of that Kind which
the Quarriers here call Gutters and Gulfe-Foints ; By which the
mean only the larger Perpendicular Fiffures, which are ufually Three
or Four Foot wide, reaching quite up to the Surface of the Earth
and fometimes gradually wider from the Bottom to the T op. Some
of thefe are roo Feetin Length. The Longer ones have for the moft
parta Row of Rocks, there here called, 2. e. Stacks of Stone, on each
fide of them ; in each Row Three, Four, ora greater Number of Rocks.
Upon thefe,there fallin other of the like Larger PerpendicularFiflures
atallAngles Right, Acute, orObtufe, uncertainly ; fome of them ending
or terminated there: other of them interfecting thofe longer Fiffures
and going on fill farther in the fame Direction > having a Stack or
Stacks of Stone upon the Sides of them, as thofe have. The Num-
ber and Direction of the Fiffures being thus uncertain and irregular.
tke Bignefs and Figure of the Rocks muft needs be fo too. Whether
they have Three or Four Sides, thofe Sides are feldom or never of
equal Length. The biggeft Rocks in this Place are about Thirty
Foot in Length, upon the longeft Side : upon the fhorteft perhaps
Fiftcen. The fmaller Stacks of Stone have ufually fewer Perpendi-
cular Intervals, (I now fpeak of the Intervals of the {maller Sort )
interfecting the whole Pile of Strata, than the larger ones have.
Befides the fmaller Perpendicular Intervals, that appear in the Front
of a Stack of Stone, as it ftands expofed in the Quarry, fuch an one
asis defcrib’d above, there are for the moft part, in the larger Stacks
efpecially, other the like Perpendicular Fiffures, that run tranfverfely
to thofe thro’ the Body of the fame Stack, dividing it as thofe do
tito fmaller Parcels. * Thefe alfo prefent themfelves to View, as
thofe do, when a Stack has been uncoverd, and laid open by digging
on all Sides of it. The Site of the Stacks or Rocks upon the Sides
of the wider Gulfe-Joints, is generally more declining to one or other
Point, than is that of the Rocks on the Sides of the narrower ones,

67. The Two oppofite Sides, or Walls of the Gulfe- Joints, or
larger Perpendicular Fiffures, ufually anfwer each other Stratum to
Stratum ; thofe on one Side only lying fomewhat higher or lower than
thofe on the other, in fome Places: And in fome Inftances there isa
harderStone on one Side,and a fofter Stone on the other Side of them.
But generally {peaking the Stone on both Sides is the fame, as well
in the Matter and Texture of it, as in the Number and Thicknefs

vk of

125

EL

 

€ oaells

- hea he Ey. ib

+ de

 
 

The' Nawal H IST ORT Chap.o.

 

of the Strata. So for the Surface of the Two oppofite Sides: As
ofie is more or lefs rugged and uneaven, fo is the other ; except onl
that Part at the Coriter of fome of the Stacks whereat Two of thele
Fiflures meet, which is ufually mote than ordinary rugged, and bro-
ken. Thefe larger Fiflures in the Pits at Halfton are fill'd with Clay ;
which by the Incompaétnefs, and other Marks of it, appears to have
fallen down into them from the Swratzin of Clay, that here lies next
the Outmoft Stratum. ;

68. Beneath the Nethermoft Stratum of Ragg-ftone, which in
thefe Pits is the loweft that the Stone-diggers dig up for Ufe, is ufu-
ally a hard rough Sort of Stone with many Clefts in it, much like
the Rammel defcrib’d in 9. 49 fepr. The Sides of thefe Clefts or
Fiffures are of a Blackith Colour; and in thefe Clefts, and at the
Bottom of this Stratum, there is ufually a little Current of Wager,
The Stone-diggers when they fee the Sides of the Fiflures, or Joints,
thus tinged, do take it for granted they are near the Water. No
Water ever iffues forth of the Joints in the Front of the above-de-
ferib'd Quarry.

69. At Eydm in William Tex's Stone-pit, Auguft 1705. The
Strata then in View were, 1. A Reddith Sandy Sul, one Foot.
2. Sand with a {mall Mixture of Earth in it, about four Foot.
3. Ordinary Reddith Walling-Stone, in feveral thin Courfes, three
Foot. 4. Freeftone, fix Foot. It lay in five Courfes. The inter-
mediate Courfes were the cleareft and beft for Walling. In many
Pieces of the Stone there is a great Intermixture of the Marcafite
here cali’d Iron-flone, fometimes in Veins, fometimes in thicker Par-
cels. Pieces of Wood with a Mineral Matter intruded into the Pores
of it, are found enclofed in the Subftance of the Freeftone ; but no
Shells in thofe, or any other of the Strata.

70. The Pit was Four-Square, each of the Sides of near equal
Length, wiz. about twelve Foot. There were fix Perpendicular Fif-
feres running E. and Weflerly, three only to the contrary Points.
Their Diftances from each other unequal. The {malleft of thefe
were well-nigh clofe, and contain’d a very fine Sort of Clay. The
largeft were about two Foot wide. The Sides of feveral of them,
of both the larger and the middle Sort, are, as it were, plated over
with the Body, here called ITromftone-Vein. The Strata decline the
fame way with the Side of the Hill wherein the Pit is digg’d, that
is Faflward, and the Declinations of each were well-nigh Parallel.
The greateft Declination from an Horizontal Plain of the Strata of
this Stone-pit, was almoft twelve Inches. Below theFreeftoneStrata
is one of hard rugged Iron-ftone, as ‘tis here called, fo hard and apt
to thatter, that ’tis ufelefs. When the Loweft Stratum of Freeftone
1s taken up, there flows in Water into the Pit.

71. In that called Highdelve Stone-pit at Meares-Afbby, 1. A
Clayey Suil, fixtéen Inches. 2. Clay with Spots of a Sandy Matter in
itof a different Colour, three Foot. 3. Yellowifh Sand, about three
Foot. 4. Whiter Swnd, a Foot and Half. 5. Reddifh Szudflone one

fingle

 

Parti. of NORTHAMPTONSHLRE.

 

fingle Courfe; nine Inches. The upper Part of it, for about five In-
ches, is conftituted of the common fron-colowred Marcafite. 6. Ano-
ther Courfe of Red Sand-flone , like the Freeftone of Eydon, two
Font. 7. A Reddifb Earth euclofing heavy Nodules of Stoney and

ineral Matter, twelve or thirteen Inches. 8. Freeflme Ragg, as
they here call itfix Inches, 9. Gray Freeflone, a fofter Stone than the
Courfe above it, three Foot, in five Courfes ; the uppermoft Couirfe
the thinneft, the intermediate ones gradually thicker to the loweft
which is the thickeft of them all. There is in fome Parts of the Pit
a coarfer Sort of Marble, at the Bottom of the Freeftone Couifes,
and interceding betwixt that and the fubjacent Stratum, which is,
10. Their Hard-Sione Ragg interfperfed with many Bluith and
Yellow Spots, and containing Spar difperfedly in Grains. It lies in
two Courfes, about five Inches each. At the Bottom of this Stratum
is a very hard Iron-coloured Marcafite. 11. Another Hard Raggy:
floue, four Foot. Sea-fbellsy and other Marine Bodies, 1 found incly-
ded in fome of the loweft Strata.

72. The Diagram, in Tab. 1. Fig. 1. reprefents the Condition of
the Strata there. “I'he continued Lines are the larger Perpendicular
Fiflures, there called Gulfe-Joints, and fometimes Damps. The Spa-
ces inclos’d within them are the Pofls or Stacks of Stone, that are
thus fevered from each other by means of thofe Gulfe-Fonts. The
Numbers on the Sides of them, are the Length of each in Feet
Two of thefe larger Fiffures, that N°. 17. and that Ne. 14. were
difcontinued by a Stratum of Stone intervening and lying acrofs them
in the lower Part of the Fiflure. Thefe larger Fiffures or Intervals,
and particularly that of twenty Foot long, running Haft and Wefi,
reached up to the Superficial Stratum, interfeéting not only the Strata
of Stone, butalfo thofe of Sand and Clay, that lay above them. It
was fill'd with a Sandy Clay of a more uniform Colour than that of
the Second Siratum 5 which, as it were, in a Lift extended directly
upwards from the Bottom of the Fiflure to the Top of it, dividing
the feveral Strata of Stone, that alfo of Sand, and that of the fpeckled
Clay. The wideft of the larger Fiffures in this Quarry were not
above eight Inches wide. Into fome of them an Iron Rod has been
thruft down above four Yards deep from the Bottom of the Pi,
The Rod went down without much Difficulty ; fo pervious and open
was the Matter in that Part of thofe Fiflures. Water foaks down
from thie Surface into all thofe Gulfe-Fuints, and goes quite away.
The lefler Perpendicular Intervals, which are fuch as inter{ect either
one or more of the Sirata of the Stacks of Stone; whereof the more
confiderable ones are in that Diagram mark d out by pointed or thaded
Lines, are feldom above Half an Inch wide: and have nothing in
them. Almoft every Stratum of Stone has a {mall Joint, as they call
it, that is, one of thefe finaller Fitfures to it felf. The Joints of the
Red Sand-ftone and Freeftone, are very feldom directly one under
another: The two Courfes of the Ragg and Freeftone do frequently
Joint together, 7. e. their Joints are continued one into another : the

loweft

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORY Chap. 2.

fes feldom or never do. The Pitis in the Eaflern De-

oer Te vi Hill, The Pofts or Stacks of Stone were all but one in
Horizontal Level, or very near it. : teil

on io Glen-Fil So towards the Top of the Hill, there is
ufually, 1. A Kealy Reddifb Earth ina Stratum, one Foot thick. 2. A
Red Eth with a great many Pieces of a lighter Iron-coloured May-
cafite difperfedly lodged in it, almoft three Foot. 3. A Soars Sort
of Reddifp Ragg-fime, five Foot, in as many Strata gradually
thickening from the uppermoft to the loweft, whofe Thicknefs, in
that I meafured, was eighteen Inches. And thus the Stones are gra-
dually thicker as they defcend in the Stone-pit at Lodington, and in
thirty other Places 1 might inftance in here, as wellasat... ... in
Staffordfbire ; which in the Natural Hiftory of that County is rela-
ted by Dr. Plat *,asa Thing extraordinary. We meet with Sea- bells

* Dr. pss « included in the lower Strata of the Stone-pits at Glen. The Stone

Nat. Hift. of

Seaffordfbire,
Ch 4.

in this, as in other Places, is found in Pofts or Stacks. The Interval
betwixt Poft and Poft is ufually two or three Foot wide. Some of
the Pofts are fixteen Foot Diameter one way, and near as many the
other way: But the Figure of them is for the moft part very irregu-
lar. They nigher they dig to the Top of the Hill, the larger and
thicker they find are the Pofts of Stone: and that the Stone wears
out ( as they exprefs it ) by Degrees, as one defcends to the Foot of
the Hill ; fo that at and nigh the Foot of the Hill there is no Stone
at all, no not at a much greater Depth, than they had at the Top.
The larger Perpendicular Fiffures that divide the Stone into thofe
Stacks, are filld with an Earth of the Colour, and with fuch a Mix-
ture as has that, of the uppermoft Strata. The fmaller Perpendicu-
lar Fiffures are about an Inch in Width : general empty. The Sue
of the Strata is in an almoft Horizontal Plain. ;

74. In that calld How Stone-pit near to Desborough, which 1 next
examin’d, Things appear'd after much the fame manner as in the laft
defcribed Pits. So that I fhall only mention fome few Particulars ob-
ferved in this that were not obferv’d in thofe. It has been already fre-
quently noted, that the Sides of the Fiffures do ufually corre[pond ex-
actly each toother in the Number, in the Matter, and in the Con-
ftitution of the Strata, as alfo in the Form or Figure of the Surfaces
of them. In the Fiffures of this Pit 1 particularly obferved that
where there was an Eminence or Abruptnefs ftanding out, for in-
france, an Inch on one fide, on the other fide directly oppofite to it
was a Cavity proportionably deep. Lhe like I have noted of the Fif-
fures in the Stone-pits at Stanwick, Culworth, and elfewhere. ~ Some
of the fmaller Fiflures of this Pit were filled with a moift, foft, tena-
cious, and very fine Earth, that, being dried, crumbled all to Pieces. In
others there was only a lefler Quantity of that Earth invelting the
Sides of them, in Figures refembling thofe of the Spar we find in-
crufted on the Sides of the like Fiffures in other Stone-pits. I'here
drains down Water from the Surface into thefe Fiffures in great Plen-
ty in a Time of much Wet: and the fame Earth that is found in

them,

 

Part 1.

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

 

them, is alfo found above them in the fuperficial Strata ; only that
has a greater Admixture of Sand. The Pit was digg’d in the Side
or Declivity of a Hill : The Strata likewife; the lower as well as the
upper, declined, and to the fame Point with that Part of the Hill ;
lying conformably to the Earth’s Surface above them, as well as to
each other. Upon removing the loweft Stratum of Stone, we meet
with Water running the fame way as the Surface there declines.

75. The Reddifth Sand-ftone at Eon is alfo found in Stacks or
Benches, as is that of Desborough, that of Glen-Hill | ic. Some of
them in a fomewhat Sloping, others in an Horizontal Plain. The
Pit is in the Side of a Hill. “Here alfo, the nearer to the T op of the
Hill, the larger and thicker are the Stacks of Stone. The Gulfe-Foint 5
that encompafs the Stacks ot Stone at Edom, dividing Stack “from
Stack, are from three to twelve Foot wide. The largeft Stacks are
about ten Foot Square, fuppofing the Irregularities of them to be
taken off. "The Number of the Strata that conftitutes them, is not
always the fame. So foon as they remove the Bottom-Courfe of
Stone, there rufhes in Water into the Pit, both in Summer and
Winter , in a dry Time as well as in a wet. The exteriour Part of
the Stone of thefe Stacks, that Part of it I mean which lies next the
Gulfe-Joints, is always moift and foft : The interiour Part of the
Stone, the remoter it is from the {aid Gulfe-Joints, the harder it is.
Indeed the Humidity that arifes in the Gulfe-Joints appears to have
diffolvid, and , as it were, eaten away a confiderable Part of
the Stone on the Sides of them, efpecially in the lower Part of the
Stacks. The Nether Part of the Bottom Courfes of the Stacks has
been fo much relaxed by that Humidity, that it ufually breaks off,
fhatters, and crumbles upon taking them up.

76. In a Quarry affording Lime-ftone and Sand-ftone on the /7/%/}
Side of Eaflm nigh Stamford, the Strata lay as follows, 1. A
Stoney Soil, about a Foot and half. 2. Rammel, a Stone unfit for
Building , becaufe in the raifing it cleaves or fhales into many {mall
uneaven Pieces. It lay in Sandy irregular Lumps or Maffes. The
whole Thicknefs of the Rammel, five Foot. 3. Sand in three or
four Layers, or Compartments divided from each other by thin Par-
titions of Stone, there called Rings. The Sand with its Partitions
was in all about fix Foot in Thicknefs. Above the uppermoft of
thefe Partitions was Sand : and underneath the loweft of them Sand
again. The loweft of them was a broad and very hard Sort of Stone.
4. Lime-fione in feveral Courfes, there called Lifts or Floors, about
fix Foot. The middle Courfes were the hardeft Lime-ftone.
5. Slate-flone a Yard, fometimes a Yard and half. There were {eve-
ral Courfes of it: The loweft of them was the fofteft Stone, and
had the coarfeft Grain.

77- The Perpendicular Fiffures of the wider Sort in this, as in other
Places, had interfected all the Strata in View , the whole Depth of
the Pit. Thofe here are ufually found filled with fucha Stoney Earth,
as the Top-Stratum confifts o hey are wider at Bottom, and

grow

129

2b

§  iae3 a er

»

ES

 
 

130 The Netwrdl HISTORT Chapa.

grow narrower by littleand little, as they advance nearer to the Sur-
face. The like | have obferved of the larger Perpendicular Fiffures
of the Strata of Brixworth Stone-pit, and in fome other Places.
Thofe I obferved in the Eaflon Quarries were about three Foot wide
at the Bottom : The Stacks of Stone that ftood on each Side of them,
and the Strata of a loofer Matter which lay above the Stone, #nclin’d
one towards another, till at length they met in an Angle at the Top.
‘The Surface was a Plain at the Top of a Hill. One of the larger
Perpendicular Fiffures in this Hilly has been knowh to extend at leaft
the Eighth Part of a Mile in a ftrait Dire&tion. The Strata of
Lime-ftone were interfected by other Perpendicular Fiffures of the
narrower Sort. In thefe 1 found a confiderable Quantity of a White
Earth, refembling fifted Meal in the Finenefs, and in the Form of it.
Gefnery Olaus Wormius, and others have intituled this Sort of Earth,
viaDr.pies Lac Lune *. There was the like Earth in the Fiffures or Interfpaces
FahncC. of the Rammel, that lay above the Lime-ftone. :
3.80 As 98 The Strata expos'd to View in the Slate-pit at Kirby, were
pare: 5.9. ranged in the following Manner. 1. The Sul, fix Inches. 2. Keale
i with Earth in the Interfpaces of it, tliree Foot. 3. Fine White
Sand, three Foot. 4. Rammel, {uch as that at Eaflon, fix or feven
Foot. 5. Slate-flone in feveral Courfes, each about ten Inches in
Thicknefs, three Foot in all. To the Bottom of the loweft Stratum
of Slate-ftone, adhered a {lightly concreted Sand. Some of the Slate-
ftones of the loweft Stratum were almoft Hemifpherical in Figure,
like the Grind-ftones of a Quern.  Maujcle-fbells, and others, 1 toupd
enclofed in the Slate-flone,

79. The Clefts or Fiffures of the Rammel Courfe were exceeding
diforderly, few of them directly Perpendicular, moft of them bend-
ing and crooked : The Shape of thofe Stones is as irregular. The
Fiffures of the Courfes of Slate-flme were nearly Perpendicular.
They were generally about three Foot diftant each of other. Thefe
are the narrower Perpendicular Fiffures, there called Welts or Seams.
In the lower Part of thefe there arifes Water inceflantly, in the Sum-
mer as well as in the Winter Quarter. It bears up the Sand at the
Bottom of the Fitfure in little Parcels or Streams, like thofe we fee
running in an Hour-Glafs. Here were allo thofe that 1 have called
the larger Perpendicular Fiffures. The Slate-ftone with the Rammel,
Oe. at Top of it, lies in Piles that are fever’d, *and diftinguifh’d
from each other by thefe, juftas the Ragg and Free-ftone are in other
Places. Thefe Piles by the Slate-Diggers are called Heads of Stone.

80. To know whether the Strata, fuch as thofe in the foregoing
Inftances , are difpofed in any regular and conftant Manner in the
Earth, with refpect to the Specifick Gravity of the Matter that con-
ftitutes them, that is, whether that confifting of the heavieft Matter
lay loweft : that of lefs heavy Matter upon that : and fo on in order, I
have taken in feveral Places, fuch a Piece or Parcel of every Stratum,
as 1 thought might well ferve for a Pattern of the whole Mafs of
that Stratum. Each of thefe Pieces I weigh'd with great Care and

Exaétnefs,

The Oyfter- fhells {eparated from

 

Part1. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

~ Exa&nefs, according to the Rules laid down in the Do&rine of Hy-

droflaticrs. But indeed I feldom took a Pattern of the Vegetable
Earth of the uppermoft Stratun, being well aflured by many Ex-
periments, that its Specifick Gravity was always lefs than that of the
Matter of the next {ubjacent Stratum, whatfoever it is ; unlefs where
there had been Sand, or fome Mineral Matter wa(h’d down upon it,
or intermixed with it by Digging, or thelike : And in fome Places
1 took no more than a Pattern of the feveral Sirata of the Piles of
LQuairy-Stone , having fatisfied my felt that the Earth that lay upon
them, were Specifically lighter than the Stone.

81. The Mould or Vegetable Earth of the purer Sort, according
to the Trials | have made of it, isas 1 Ito 1, or very near that
Number. This is the Spectfick Gravity particularly of a Piece that
I had from Noriholm, which I chofe tor this Bufinefs, it being as free,
or freer from Intermixture of Clay, Sand, or other Steril Matter ,
than any | cou’d find. This therefore might well be prefumed to ex-
hibit the Specifick Gravity of that Earth, the neareit to what it re-
ally 1s, and may fairly pafs for a Standard of it. The Variations in
the Specifick Gravity of the common Vegetable Earth that is mixed
with Clay, Sand, or other Steril Matter, may be accounted for by
the different Gravities of the feveral Kinds of Matter intermixed
with it, and by the different Quantities of them.

82. The following Table reprefents the Weight of the Pieces in
Air and in Water, and their Proportion in Weight to an equal Bulk
of Water ; By which means the Specifick Gravity of each is known.
From the Tobacco-Pipe Clay-Pitfhay, vase Difle- ) Specifick

at Northampton. Grains (in Gr. 7
Tobacco-Pipe Clay , ac-
1. The Soil or common vegetable cording to Mr. Boyle, is

Earth. as 2310 1. But where
2. The Sand of the fecond Stra- that Piece, that was
tam, C weigh'd in that Experi-
3. The Tobacco-Pipe Clay,which ment, was dug up, we
was the Third Stratum, 3 | 21 are not told.

From the Brick Clay-Pit at Eaft-

Farndon.

1. The Soil.
2. Brick-Clay. The more Clayey
Variety | 207 Sto f
The more Sandy Variety, which >
together with the former com-
posd this Second Stratum, 7lr gto
3- A Slaty Clay. 213t0 1

From the Mortar-Pit adjoining to
the Vicarage Clofe at Thingdon,

1. The Soil.

2. The Loam there called Penny-
Earth, witha {fma'l intermixture
of thin Oyfter-fhells amongft it.| 76. sis] x

. Ochre the purplifh fort. 74] 529] 1 Lox

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

the Loam above-mentioned. 00) 446] 1150 x

 

3

a SLL

rs pei

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 2.

by wis lial i wily
How it comes to pafs that
that Body which I call
Jeon colour Maral: is
: Soil. cund at fuch different
ay. Depths in the Earth,
3. Sand. 1201 may be feen in §. gg.
4. Sandftone inter{perfed with the . infra.
Iron-colour’d Marcafite,in Veins. 2:50 1
5. A Piece of Iron-colour’d Mar-
cafite , which was broken off
from the hard Redftone that
lay below, N. 4. 3:01

From that call'd Hund-bill Pit at
Meares-Afhby.

From High Delve Quarry at Meares-
Afhby.

The middle Number of
1. The firft of the Strata, whofe ihe fi See fartviies oF
{pecifick Gravity 1 examined, ee ¢ a aig WX
was the common Red Sandftone fON€ 1 his Quairy, is
of the sth Statum. See§. 71. fup.| $94 177020 ¢ Frm iON OL
2. The loweft Stratum of Red feré ki oD n na >
Sandftone, N. 6. in the Account very neat lr, #oodward's
; pl Account of the fpecifick
of that Quarry, §. 71. 966 4502501 Gravity. of Sandit
3. The reddifh Earth wherein are | oe Hp 3 San Dong,
lodged Nodules of Ironftone. 109 482.2 tox . Y 2 ¢ Earth,
4. The Freeftone Ragg. 1260 §372 dior P- 29. Lait, 2.
5. The gray Freeftone. 1054 4552.2 tox
6. Coarfe Marble. 13425 §210'2,2t01
7. Hard Stone-Ragg interfperfed |
with many Particles of Spar. 1189 406

 

2:30 1

From Eafton Stone-Pit.
1. The Limeftone. 1390] 833] §77i2:8t0 1
2. The Slateftone. 1081" 656] 4252 tox

 

 

 

83. By thefe and feveral other Tryals I have made of a like Kind
concerning the Spectfick Gravity of the Matter that conftitutes the
Strata that are difplay’d to View in Places of Digging in divers other
Parts of this County, which Experiments I need not here infert, the
Refult of them being very nearly the fame, as was that of thefe, it
appears that the Terreftrial Strata have been arranged, and compiled
according to the Specifick Gravity of the Matter conftituting each.
Things I can truly affirm are generally thus with us, that is to fay,
the Matter of the loweft Stratum has the greateft Degree of Gravity :
that which lies above it has a lefler Degree: and fo upwards for all
the feveral Courfes to the Top of the Pit. I have now by me the
Pieces on which the above-recited Tryals were made: And if any
Perfon doubts of the Truth or Accuracy of the Tryals, they may,
if’ they pleafe, make them after me. ;

84. Indeed in fome few Places I have found it otherwife. Thus
for Inftance, the Freeftone above the Ragg at Welden is as 2 22 to 1.
The Ragg-ftone as 2 ,2to 1. The Freeltone of the Stratum under
the Ragg, is no more than 2 2 to 1. Yet that the Freeftone below
the Ragg, that the Stone of this Stratum in particular, had originally
a greater Degree of Gravity than now it has, and this fo great as to

exceed,

 

 

 

Part 1. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

exceed that of the Ragg-ftone, and the reft above it, I am very in-
clinable to believe, as for other Reafons, fo particularly for this that
follows. As there are feveral Strate of Sand-ftone, and of Ragg:
ftone, thofe efpecially of a clofer Texture, that nw have Mineral
Matter, particularly” Spar, difperfedly lodged in Grains, or fingle
Corpufcles, amongft the Sand , or other common Matter of them :
So no doubt there are other Strata, fome of thefe of Freeftore. or
of the like laxer Conftitution, as well as others, that have formerly
had Spar in particular, difperfedly lodged in them, but have it not
now ; it having been removed by Water ftraining thro’, or perva-
ding their Interftices, diflodging and bearing off the Particles of
Spar that lay in its way , and that were loofe and moveable ; as moft
of them in the Interftices of Strate, confifting for the main of fo
coarfe and large a Grit, as that of Freeftone is, muft of neceffity be.
Spar we find in Plenty in the Fiffures of the Strata of Stone in man

3%.

Places, in which Fiflures, tis certain, it was not originally lodged 1: t SeeDr.

as alfo brought forth in great Plenty by the Water of our Springs in

Waodward's
Nat. Hift. of

a Hundred Places; and this not only by thofe called Rock-Springs, the are

but by the Land ones too. Now whence thou’d the Spar , that found
in the Fiffures, and that brought forth by the Springs, be derived and
educed, but from the Bodies of the Strata. And it being drawn out
thence muft neceffarily make an Alteration in the Gravity of the
Matter of the Stratum thus deprived of it. The Spar of the clearer
Sort with us, isas 2 7. to 1. So that whilft it continued intermixed
with the ordinary conftituent Matter of the Freeftone,, it muft ne.
ceffarily augment the Gravity of it: and when remov’d, muft as
certainly leffen it. This I take to have been the Cafe of the Free.
ftone, whofe Specifick Gravity is lefs than that of the Ragg-ftone
lying above it, in the forecited Inftance at Welden. There isa Paral-
ell Inftance in the Gray Freeftone in High-delve Quarry, 9. 82. Jupras
Its Specifick Gravity we found was fomewhat lefs than that of the
Freeftone Ragg above it; which, fince it may be eafily accounted for
by what has been already obferved, I need fay no more of it.
85. I fhall clofe this Account of the Strata and their Fiffures with
a few Conclufions, that are grounded upon the foregoing Obfervations
and on fome others, I have made,that have Relation to the fameHead.
The Shells of Sea-fbell Fifb , and other Marine Bodies that are
found in great Variety and Plenty here at Land, evince, that the Sea
has formerly been here. Their being found included in the Strata
particularly thofe of Stone, and that in the Strata of greateft Depth,
as well as inthofe lying near the Surface, evinces that the Earth, and
particularly the Stone, and other folid Matter of it, has been Di ffole
ved and put into a Fluid State, at leaft to the greateft Depth we ever
dig. The Earth, Sand, and the reft of the Matter difpofed into
Strata according to the Order of the Specifick Gravity of each, fug-
gefts, that thefe various Kinds of Matter have been” arranged thus
by fubfiding from a Mafs of Water of that extraordinary Depth, that
i it each might obtain the Place to which its proper Degree of Gra-
Mm vity

i |

BE aE Es

 
 

} 7id.§. 79.

Jupr.

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 2.

vity directed. But of thefe Things more fully, when I have laid
down the particular Obfervations of the Marine Bodies found in the
Earth.

86. Farther, from the foregoing Obfervations, it appears that there
has been a general Difruption of thofe Strata: And that before this
Difruption, when they were continuous, their Site was more uni-
form , eaven, and parallel to each other, than it now sry is.
Whoever attentively views the mutual Correfpondence of the Two
oppofite Sides, or Walls of the Perpendicular Intervalls, may obferve
fuch manifeft Marks and Tokens of their having been broken each
from other, as will leave no room to doubt of the Truth of the for-
mer Part of this Pofition. And that by means of this Difruption
the Original Site of the Strata has in feveral Places been altered, ap-
pears by the different Pofture thofe on one Side of fome of the Fiffures
have, from thofe on the oppofite Side of them. The Difruption of
the Strata of Stone in fome Circumftances, feems to agree with what
is commonly obferved of the Difruption of any folid Bodies what-
ever. They feem to have broken generally in thofe Places that were
eafieft to break. Thus for Example, the Sirata of Freeftone in the

. Quarry at Eydon*, appear to have broken where there were Plates

of the Iron-coloured Marcafite lying crofs the Body of the Stratum
Perpendicularly. The Sides of the Fiffures of thofe Stones that
cleave with a very uneaven Grain, fuch as thofeat Kirby, are more
uneaven, or have Surfaces more unequally prominent or deprefled,
than thofe of the Fiffures of the other Strata, that have no {uch na-
tural Tendencies to cleave fo irregularly.

Parti. of NorTHAMPTONSHIRE,

88. The Situations, in which the feveral Strate ine the
Difruption, are different in fome Places from het ge hig
At flecrsos Jol, and at Edm, the Strata on one Side of the Per.
vendicular Fiffure decline very much from an Horizontol Pla :
Fhofe on the other Side do not, but are nearly Horizontal, In oe
Places, e. gr. in Glen-Hill, and at Welden, on both Sides the Fifi, 7)
their Pofition is Horizontal, or nearly fuch. Ina Stone-pit I oe
viewd at Stanjan, the Strata on one fide of a Perpendicular Fifi
declin'd to the South-Eaft : thofe on the other to the North-Weft
that is, to quite contrary Points. The like I have noted in divér
other Places. Ina Stone-pit in Sir St. Andrew St. Fobn’s Back-yard :
Woodford obferved the Strata of Stone in an Horizontal Potion ; :
one part of the Pit: inan Oblique one in another (adjoining) Por
of the Pit ; and fo on alternately for the whole Extent of the Strata
there in view. In fome Places the Strata on one fide a Perpendicula
Fiffure have funk down very low : whilft thofe on the other fide
ftood aloft, and ftill continue to do fo. Thus itis in the Strata oe
we fee franding above the Town-Spring at Staverton. In other Pla.
ces the Strata on both fides the Perpendicular Fiflure bend toward
each other till they meet in an Angle at Top. In the Account of the
Quarry at Eaflon, 3. 77. [upra, there is an Inftance of this,

89. That the Hills, or elevated Parts of the Earth, were formed
and are now upheld by the Sirata of folid Matter rearing againft,and
fupporting each other in the Pofture whereinto they were put, b J the
breaking up of the Sphere of the Earth, is not without good Reafon

afferted in the Natural Hiflory of the Earth *. In this Pofture thus Dx. Wind

actually leaning againft each other, I have never obferved them here Nee Hig. of
in this County ; tho’ they advance near to it in fome Places : But fue ors
here with us, the exteriour Srrata only are difplay’d to view. Were Cont
we let into the Earth at the Foot of our Hills, A) could travel thence

87. The Strata of laxer Matter, as appears by many of the fore-
going Inftances, have been broken , as well as thofe confifting of folid
Matter: An Event indeed that muft neceffarily attend the Difruption

of the folid Strate, upon which the Strata of Earth, or other laxer
Matter , are expanded ; there efpecially where the Perpendicular
Fiffures of the Strata of Stone were large, and the Strata on one Side
declined much from thofe on the other Side the Fiflure. The larger
Perpendicular Fiffures are ufually full of Earth, or other Matter, of a
like Kind with that of the upper Strata: And from thence without doubt
it wasdevolv’d into them. “1'is what would certainly befall the Fiffures
that were thus open to the Surface, where there lay fucha lax Earth
at Top of the Strata of Stone as wou'd give way, and enough of it
to fill a Space of that Capacity the Fiffare was of. Whoever has
attentively confider’d Dr. Woodward’s Account of the General De-
luge , will find good Reafons to believe, that thefe Fiffures were moft,
if not all of them, thus filled, at the Time of the Water’s withdraw-
ing again from off the Earth. The Argilla, Spar, and Mineral
Matter, which is found affixed to the Sides of the f[maller FifJures,
that did not open to the Surface, has by little and little been convey’d
into thofe Fiffures by Water paffing into them, fince the Difruption
of the Strata ; as fhall be fhewn more particularly in another Place.
It muft neceffarily have been brought into them fince that Time, the
Fiffures not being exiftent till after the Difruption. 88. The

 

into the inmoft Part of them, fo as to take a view of their Strudure
there, fuch a View as we have of fome of the Mountains in Derby-
Jbire, and particularly that near Buxton, whereinto we enter almoft
at the Foot of it, by means of that natural Spelunca or Cavern, there
called Pools Hole, we might doubtlefs difcover here the like to what
we there behold, efpecially nigh the Entrance into that Cave, that is
the Strata of Stone rear'd up againft and fupporting each other and
by that means forming a mighty Elevation of the Earths Surface
go. By fome Obfervations that have been already mentioned, and
by the Account I have taken of fome other of our Stone-pits, ( which
that I might not be over-tedious, I have omitted here ) it appears,
that the nethermoft Stratum of feveral of our Rocks or Stacks of Quar-
ry Stone, (efpecially where that loweft Stratum is, as tis ufual. of a
very denfe and folid Confiftence) ferves to intercept, and collet on con-
denfe, the Water that arifes up from the interiour Part of the Earth
in form of Vapour, upon the lower Surface of it: And that the
Perpendicular ¥iffures ferve to receive and colle the Water which is
found paffing on in the Earth, from the Horizontal Intervalls that
open

3 a i A

 
 

The Nawal HI ST O RT Chap 2.

open into them, and to difpenfe it forth to the Surface , where there
is no Obftacle, in Springs. But of thefe Things more largely after-
wards when | come to treat of the Springs.

91. There is flill another Advantage that we have from thofe Fif-
ures or Breaches of the Strata of Stone. Was it not for them, there
would be no raifing the Stone that is fo ufeful tousin Building : No
getting it out of the Earth ; except it was all fo foft that it might be
cut as the Freeftoneis. And as there was leffer need of fuch Inter-
ruptions in that fofter fort of Stone, fo accordingly we find there are
ufually fewer of them there. The Freeftone at Welden is a remarka-
ble Inftance of this. This, of all the Varieties of Quarry-ftone we
have here, is found in the largeft Maffes ; its Strata not being divided
or interrupted by fo many Fiffures as the other are.

Why the Stone is difpofed into feveral Sirata lying each upon other
in certain Natural Stacks or Piles : And why thofe Piles, the larger
ones efpecially are interrupted by Perpendicular Fiflures interfeting a
greater or lefler Number of their Strata, is plainly for thisend and
purpofe, that they might be the more ufeful and ferviceable to Man-
kind. And thisis the general State of the exteriour Strata of Stone,
that is, fo low as we have occafion to dig for it for Building, and o-
ther Ufes. Where it lies ftill lower, at fuch a Depth that we cannot
dig down to it, or if we cou’d have no need of doing fo, there,
probably, it lies in much larger Maffes.

92. The Strata of Clay, Loam, and other inconfolidated Mat-
ter, do, we have obferved, ufually lye upon thofe of Stone, and next
under the vegetable Stratum : Which, with refpeét of that particular
Situation are of great Ufe , as they atford a faft footing, if I may fo
exprefs it, to the Roots of Trees, and the taller fort of Plants. Had
the Clay , Loam, Je. been plunged down underneath the Strata of
Stone, fo that there was nothing but Stone next under the vege-
table Earth, we could not have been fupply'd with Trees, in that
great Number, and withall of that Stature and Goodnefs, as we now
are, or may be, by means of the Clay, Loam, or the like laxer Mat-
ter, in that intermediate Pofition.

93. There would have been another, and that a greater Inconve-
nience, had there Stone in Strata lain next under the Vegetable Stra-
sum, in the Valleys thro’ which our Brooks and Rivers run, and not
a Stratum of Clay or other Earth, of confiderable Thicknefs, as there
now ordinarilyis. The fecond Stratum all along the fpacious Valley
that draws down our Principal River the Nyne is generally Clay inter-
mixed with Sand or Gravel. Thro’ that, the River has cut its Paf-
fage, and by that on both fides it is bounded in a Chanel of due
Width and Depth. Now had there been a continued Stratum of
Stone next under the Soil, in the place of that of Clay , it muft needs
have been diffufed in a much wider and lefs ufeful Stream than now
it has : it would have conftantly overflown , and depriv’d us of a
confiderable part of that Valley which is now fo famous for its rich
Meadow and Pafturage.

94. The

 

Part 1. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

 

d. 94. * HE Mineral Matter which we meet with here, being

chiefly found, either in the Strata of Stone, or in the
Fiffures of thofe Strata, may be fitly treated of, in the next Place,
Of the Mineral Matter, under which Head Itfhall here put Spar and
Zale, we in this County feldom or never meet with a ny Parcels, of
any Kind whatfoever, that are fimple and pure : We have it ufually
intermixed with Plenty of Sand, or other common Matter. It is
found either conftituting a Part or Portion of the main Mafs of the
Strata of Sandftone or Ragg, being of a Piece with thofe Strata ; in
which manner the Marcafites are found : Or enclos’d in the Body of
the Siratum, in Plates or Veins ; of which fort is the Veuofe Spar
Or is found incorporated in the Strata difperfedly in Grains and fingle
Carpufcles : Or elfe amafs’d or concreted into Balls, Lumps or No-
dules ; which is the Character of the Py ite, and fome other mineral
Bodies.

95. To begin with the Marcafites. By Marcafiteya Term of hi-
therto uncerta:n Signification, I mean a mineral Body of like Con-
ftitution with fome of the mineral Nodules, in particular the Pyrite,
and differing chiefly in Form ; this being fome Part or Frasmen: of
a Stratum and of no certain Shape : Thofe of a more determined
Shape, and ufually roundifh or oblong. 1 have alfo given the Name
of Marcafite to fome other mineral Bodies, that we fometimes find
in the Fields, and in the Sirata of Earth: And that do not appear
to have been really Fragments of any Strata of Stone ; yet are of
much the fame Complexion, Conftitution, and Shape allo, with
fome of thofe ; and have therefore that Title too.

96. I have pretty often occafionally made mention of an Iron-co-
lowr’d Marcafite, which is found with us in many Places. This with
refpet of its external Form may not improperly be calld a Marca-
fire. But indeed the Matter it confifts of fecms to be chiefly that |
call Arenaceous, which at the time of its Concretion had
this Tron-colour’d Tinlture given to 1t by a flight intermixture of Mi-
neral and Metallic Matter. It is found almoft every where, where
we dig up the reddifh Sandftone, and Raggftone of the fame Colour ;
and this, whether each of which lies beneath a fandy Soil; as at
Desborough : ora clayey one, as at 7 bingdon. Inthe Sirata of Stone,
it is found either in Jems; which when of a flatter and more ex-
tended Form, a Variety not uncommon, we may call them Plates :
Or theStone 1s at it were plated over with it; fometimes witha fingle,
fometimes with a double Plate : Or elte it conflitutes a confiderable
Part of the Budy of the Stratum ; particularly thofe of the ordinary
red Raggftone, and of the Iron-colour’d Raggttone ; in fome Places, of
the upper Part, in others, of the lower Part of it, as at Eydon,
where they call it Carle. have never yet obferved above Two or
Three Inftances of its being found in Stone of a white , or whitith
Colour. The Pendle-[lone at Cofgrave is one of them. The like Iron-co-
lour’d Marcafite is allo found, in great Plenty, lying fcatter’d for the

N n ntofk

 
 

_138

The Natural FF IST 0 RT Chap. 2,

moft part amongft Keal, in the Redland Fields at Desborough, Rowel,
Thorpe, and thereabouts, for a pretty large Extent of Ground. In
many of thefe Fields, there is a Stratum ot Keal, or of Stone in {mall
uneaven Mafles, next under the Soil, amongft which this Marcafite
is likewife found. Underneath the Soil in that call’d Qlen-bill nigh
Rowel is a Stratum canfilting almoft entirely of it.

97. The Colour of it refembles either that of found, or that of
rufty fron ; from whence it his its Name.\ Several Pieces of itare of
both thefe Colours ; thofe efpecially that are newly taken out of the
Earth: The outfide of them is of a ferruginous or rufty Hue, the
inner part of them is of a darker Colour. Thofe that have lain long
upon the Surface,or at the Bottoms of Brooks, are for the moft part of
only one Colour,uz. that of Iron not rufted ; which intimates that the
rufty Colour which the reft of them ufually have in the Superficial
Part, is adventitious, or only a flight Tinéture ; it being fuchas ma
be wafl’d out by Rain, or a Current of Water. The Colour of the
Interionr Part of it is not exaltly the fime in all.

98. There is great Juconflancy in the internal Compofition of it, as
well as in the external Form. In that which conftitutes a part of the
Strata, there are ufually Cawities which are, for the moft part, of ve-
ry irregular Figure. Some of them are empty, others almoft wholly
filld, with an Ochrous fort of Earth ; fuch is the Iron-colour’d Mar-
cafite in the Stone-pitat Spratton : With coarfe Sand ; as in the Mar-
cafite at Creaton : Or with a Stoney Kernel ; as in that at Northam-
pton and Meares- Afbby Pits. But the Earth, Sand, and Stone , in-
cluded in thofe little Cavities are all of a reddith Colour. The con-
taining Part, or that which encompafies the Cavities, and the Hete-
rogenous Matter, is either one entire continuous Subftance of
greater Thicknefs: Or is a thinner plate.like Body: Or
elfe it confifts of feveral thinner Pieces or Plates invefting one ano-
ther, feldom of above four fuch Plates which ufually lye parallel
each to other, and cohere firm and clofe together, as do thofe of the
mineral Bezoar. The interiour Surface of it, in fome Pieces, fome-
what refembles the emtpy Cells of an Honey-comb. The exteriour
Surface of fome of them is pretty finooth and even: Of others em-
broider'd, as it were, with waved and odly convoluted Lines, and
Streaks : Of others of them rais’d into Bulle or Knobs, lik= thofe of
the Lapis Stalagmites. ‘The Stone-pits at Eydon, Desborough, and
Meares- Afbby, 1 believe, will furnifh any one who is fo curious as to
fearch, with Samples of all thefc Varieties. Where it lies inter-
fperfed in a Stratum of Keal, or conftitutes entire Strata of its felf,
itis found in the like Variety of Figures,

99. On Account of its Colour, and of its Hardnefs and Weight, it
has ufually the Name of frons#uue in this Country ; tho’ improperly
enough ; for it has but a very little Iron in it. A Mafsof it of ma-
ny Pound Weight, did not, upon Tryal, afford fo much as a Graia
of Iron. It chiefly confifts, as has been already obferied, of an
Arenaceous Matter, And tis very likely the {ime Sort of Ochre,

which

 

Parti. of NorRTHAMPTONSHIRE 139

 

which is found in a Mafs, or colleted Quantity, within the Body of
fome of thefe Marcafites, is one, tho’ a fialler, Part of the confti-
tuent Matter of the Body it felf, being mixed difperfedly with the
other common Matter. The Reddifh Colour of the Superficial Part
of the Marcafite, is fo much like to that of the included Ochre, that
in all likelihood ’tis owing to the fame Ochre thus intermixed. And
’tis probable the Reddith Stone in and amongft which this Marcafite
is found, received its Colour from the like Intermixture : And that
the Red Water which fometimes iffues forth of the Blocks of Red
Stone, e. gr. that of Half, as ’tis fawing afunder, has thence the
Colourof it. The interiour part of the Marcafite which has more of
the Natural Colour of Iron, we have fome Reafon to believe owesthat
Colour to a Ferreous Matter ; there being really a little Iron incorpora-
ted with it. Befides the little Iron this Body contains, it has alio
fome Vutriol. Several of the heavier Picces of ir, that I have kept
by me, have difcovered, upon being exposd to a humid Air, a }7r:-
olick Salt, upon the Surface of them. One of my Samples of this
Body has Spar intermixed with the other Matter of it. There is a
great Variety in the Weight, and in the Hardnefs, as well as in the
Figure of them. The Specifick Gravity of thofe of tlie middie
Sort, is as 2 i, to 1, or very nearly thercabouts. Thofe, | fay, of
the middle Sort, becaufe fome are heavier, others are lighter ; as
they have a greater or lefler Admixture of the Mineral and Metal:
lick, with the common Arenaceous, Matter. The Matter that
conftitutes them, tho’ to outward Appearance much the fame, yet
is really fo various, either in the Kind or Quantity of it, and fo con-
fequently is the Specifick Gravity of the feveral Kinds or Varieties
of them, as may well account for their being found at fuch different
Depths in the Earth, as they are now found at. There is the like
Variety in the Hardnefs of them. The founder Pieces ftrike Fire
with Steel, and are harder than any of the Kinds of Quarry-Stone :
The fofter only foul a Steel with a Reddifh Earth. i :

100. In the Stone-pits at Thingdon, Cottingham, Riagfled, and cife-
where, 1 have met with a Marcafite of a Spungy Civder-like Sub-
ftance. "Tis very like the Iron-colour’d Stone of Dr. Plo *, which nue Hi
he inclines to think is the Siderites of Pliny. In the Pits at Ring fled 307%,
is another Variety that is found formed into thin, Fes-like, glittering
Lamellee , lying Parallel to each other. The Stalagmites cruflacens
Sulpbureus of the Lithopbylacium Brut, N. 45. which 1 found in a
Stone-pit nigh Finfbed in this County, and tran{mitted to Mr. Lhzwyd,
was a Fragment of a Stratum of Stone: And does thereby belong to
the Head of Marcafites. It had an Admixture of Sulphur, diftin-
guifhable plainly by the Smell; the Mareafite having been broken,
or batter'd by a Hammer , or other hard Body, and then held to the
Nofe.

101. Ina Piece of Quarry-Stone dug up at Telverioft, that was
fent to me by Mr. Scattergood, there are Plates or Veins of the Iron-
coloured Marcafite, and of Spar, in a mixed Mafs. The Plates are

cons

 

 
 

{| See Dr.
Woodward's

The Natural H I ST OR YY Chap. 2.

contiguous, but inno certain or regular Form. “Tis not unufual for
Spar to be found in like manner, as is that Iron-coloured Marcafite,
in Plates or Veins in the Body of the Strata of Sand-ftone, and of
the other Sorts. Tisalfo found in larger Parcels of a very uncertain
Form, that are concreted or grown together with the common Mat-
ter of the Stone. We fometimes ineet with Pieces of Quarry-Stone,
that confift as much of Spar as of Stone. , The Spar and the Stone in
Parcels of inconftant Shape and Bignefs, being promifcuoufly and
confufedly blended and mixed. The Spar when in this State, has
ufually a Dafh or Tin&ure of the Colour of the adjacent Stone. By
its Coarfenefs it appears to have a large Admixture of Arenaceous
Matter.

py I have already given fome Account of the Mineral Matter
repofited in the Strata of Earth, or of laxer Matter, in Grams or
Corpefcles, lying difperfedly intermix'd with the ordinary Matter of
thofe Strata. ~The Mineral Matter, which is found in like manner
in the folid Strata, thofe of Stone, comes now to be confidered.

103. The Nitre we fo frequently meet with affixed to the Walls
and Cielings of feveral Ground-Rooms, both in the Clay-land Part
of the County, asat Oxendon : and in the Sandy and Stoney Parts of
it, as at Lodington, and Thorpe-malfor, was, no doubt, originally lodg-
ed in fingle Corpufcles in the Strata, whether of Earth, or of Stone,
underneath thofe Places. It was educed out of thofe Strata (wherein
it lay in Particles that were fo eafily moveable ) and was raifed up
by the Heat which is almoft continually paffing the Strata,and fteam-
ing out at the Surface : And its Diffipation being in thofe Places pre-
vented by the Coverture of the Buildings above, the Nitre it bore
along with it became affixed in the manner as we now find it. I his
is clearly made out in that Excellent Difcourfe 1 have fo often referr d
tol. ‘The fame fort of Salt 1 have found in Stables, in the Joints of

Nu ii of the Pebles and other Stones wherewith thofe Stables are paved ; and
theBarth, pars particularly in Sir Matthew Dudley’s Stables at Clapton. This alio

ticularly, p.
203, 204.
11bid. p.zc3,

203.

was educed forth of the Earth underneath by Heatt. “The Surface of
our ordinary Red-ftone I have not unfrequently found o’recatt with
a Saltith Mould ; for Inftance, that in the Sides of a broken Bauk in
the Town.Street at Madwell, and in the like Places at Overfim
and Rowel. Some, I know , are of Opinion, that the Salt thus
found upon Walls, ©e. is of a different Kind from Nitre: thatit is
only an Efflorefcence of Limeflone or of the Lime made of it: and
have diftinguifh'd it by the Name of Sal Calcariwm and Nitrum Mu-
rale ; imagining it was a diftint Species from Nitre. But a little far-
ther Search would have fhewn them their Error ; for this Salt when
it is freed from the Earthy and Stoney Matter that is ufually found
intermix’d with it, appears to be real Natre, by its Tafte, by its Fi-
gure,and all other Properties. Tothe Fafte, when it hasbeen well pu-
rified, it isas harp and pungent as is that of the Nutrum Officin. and it
alfo fhoots into the like Figures. Indeed upon the Walls, Oe. that ex-
hibit it here, it is commonly found in a tmall Hawr-like Form ; but

we

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

Part i.

 

we can by no means hence infer, that it is not Nitre ; Nitre, that
inconteftably fuch, being frequently found in this very Form. Be-
fides, it is found affixd indifferently to the Walls that are not plai-
fter’d with Lime , nor built up with Lime-flone , as well as on thofe
that are. As there are many Places with us, that have this Salt thus
colletted to View : So without doubt in many other Places here, the
Earth fends forth the fame Salt as copioufly and freely, as it does in
thofe: but thefe being not under Buildings, or the like Coverture, as
thefe are, it is carry’d up into the Air, as it had lain in the Earth,
that is, difperfedly, fo is not vifible to the Eye.

104. The finding of Niutre, as we do, in the Water of many of
our Springs, is another Proof of this, that the Terreftrial Strata do
contain that Salt in feparate Particles, lying fcatter’d amongft the or-
dinary coarfer Matter that conftitutes thofe Strata. 1 fay, in fepa-
rate Particles lying fcatter’d amongft the coarter Matter, becaufe tis
very probable, it 1s only thofe thatlye fo loofe, and fo eafily moveable,
that are capable of being diflodged, and born off by the Water of
thofe Springs pervading the Strata. Tis a like Cafe as to the Vitriol,
which 1s found in our Acidule. The fame Reafons there are to affure
that the Strata do contain a Vitriolick Saltin like Manner and Form
as they do Nitre ; tho, probably, it is chiefly the Lower Strata that
contain this Salt, this being heavier than Nitre is. “Tis true, there
is Purl in coofiderable Quantity incorporated in the Pyrite
that we meet with here; But 'tis impofhble that the Vitruwl of
our Springs fhould be derived from any fuch hard and clofe
Bodies.

105. And that in fome Places there is really Vutriol, and alfo Sul-
phur thus inter{perfedly lodged with the common Matter of the Strata,
we may be farther affur’d, if we diligently examine the Matter that
conflitutes thofe Strata. 1 have already given fome Inftances of
Earths, that tho’ they do not exhibit Vitriol or Sulphur to View, yet
are plenteoufly faturated with them: And in feveral Places, parti-
cularly at Kettering, 1 have met with Stones appearing not unlike to
large Fragments of Strate of Stone, but lodg’d in Clay that have
evidently fome Admixture of the fame Mineral Matter ( of Vitriol
and Sulphur in particular ) which is found more copioufly in the
Pyrite, that ufually lye together with them in the fame Bed. Ha-
ving broken one of thefe Stones it exhibited in the Central Part of it,
a Mafs or Parcel of exactly the fame Matter with that which the
Pyrite Argente ordinarily confift of. And the fame Matter was vi-
fible to the Eye but in a till leffer and leffer Form, the nearer it lay
to the Outfide of the Stone. In fome of them is a }utrdl difcovera-
ble by the Tafte. In moft, if not all of them, a Sulphur diftinguitha-
ble by the Smell ; the Stone being ftruck with a Hammer or thrown
into a Fire. The common conftituent Matter of this Stone is of that
Sort that conftitutes the Sexum Calcarium, or Lime-ftone; only this
appears to have fome Intermixture of Clay. The Brick-makers call
them Lime-flozes , becaufe they burn to a Lime-like Powder. In a

Oo word,

 
 

142

* Vid. pr

The Natal HIST ORT Chapa.

word , there is nothing more plain to me than that the fame Sort of
Mineral Matter, which in fome of the Strata prefents it felf in an
Aggregate of fuch a Bulk, as to be vifible to the Eye, is, or has been
in other of the Strata, and more efpecially in the fame Strata , dif
perfedly lodged in fingle Corpufcles, or in thofe fo {mall that the
Eye can fcarce at all difcover them. The Clay there at Kettering,
and the Reddifh Sand-ftone, wherein we fo frequently find the Pyrite
Ferrei, and the Iron-colow’d Mareafite , 1 may refonably pitch upon
as Inftances of this. Is, or has been, 1 fay, becaufe the Water fo con-
tinually pervading the Strata, thofe efpecially of a laxer Conttitution
muft needs have already detached, out of fome of thofe in particular,
all, or the greateft Part of the Mineral Matter thatlay thus intermixed
with the ordinary Matter of them. But thisArgument will be more clear,
when I come to treat of theOrigin of Sprengs and their Contents.

105. 7alc is another of the Minerals that is found in Grains or in
Particles difperfedly lodged in the Strate ; and with us particular]
in thofe of Sand or Gravel, more efpecially in parcels of Sand of
{uch Confiftence that with gentle Ufage they keep entire: Asalfoin
thofe of Sandftone, and likewife in Pebles. The Grains that are
tranfparent and glofly, and withal are compos’d of parallel Flakes or
Plates that are tender and pliable, we are well aflured are thofe of
Tale. The fmaller Gliftering Particles, which perhaps are fingle
ones, that lye intermix’d with thefe , we may reafonably prefume
are alfo Zale, if for no other Reafon than this, that they are found
in Company of thofe. The faireft Specimen I have, of thofe [park-
ling lununated little Bodies immerfed in Sand, or a fandy Concrete,
was prefented to me by the Ingenious Mr. Weltden of T hurnby, who
found it ina Gravel-pit there. One part of it is affixed to a little
Mafs of Spar. The Surface of it is almoft quite cover’d over with
pretty broad, confpicuous Plates of Talc: The Body of it is inter-
fperfed with fmaller ones. Parcels like to thefe I have fometimes
met with in the Gravel-pits at I. fin fuper Weland, Bowdon para,
and elfewhere: As alfo, in a Clay-pit at Whittleborough. Other
Parcels enclofing only leffer Sparkles, fuch as thofe in Oxendon Gra-
vel-pits, are more frequently found. Some of them confift of a
greater Quantity of Zale than of Sand. The Foffils of this
fort, 1 have now been defcribing , are ™ Dr. Grew entitled
white Daze, Ghfl, and Ammargos *; the Sparks being all of a

Crew's Mis refplendent Silver Colour and immersd in Sand. The like

feum, Regal.

Socier.P. 320.

glistering filver-like Sparks I have found immerfed in Sandftone at
Cofgrave. Little Plates of the like Kind of Zale are alfo fo found
included in Pebles, both in the coarfer and gritty Pebles, and in
thofc of finer Grain, as well as in the Sandy Concretes,in the Gravel
at Oxendox.

106. Semipellucid white Pebles very prettily fpeckled with a
fplendent Gold-like Tale are fometimes found in Halfton Field : The
like in Gravel at Crick. 1 had from Clapton a blackifh ponderous Pe-

ble

 

 

 

Party. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

ble containing, amongft other Mineral Matter, Jron-colom’d Plaree or
Tale. Twas found in Clay. Bn Sor Piel
In fome Pieces | have found in Gravel at Crick. the Grai
| ! nave h ains of 7 al
are difpofed into Stiri like thofe of Antimony. So likewwife De fo
Grains of Sand that conftitute the fame Mafs,
In feveral Parcels of Glift, as ’tis calld, which are fo 1
. 2 und i
don Gravel-pit, the Grains are fome of 2 Steer, others of a Om.
lour. Thofe in fome other Maffes of that concreted Sand are of a
Gold-colour wholly. This laft is the Ammochryfos of Boetius efal-
pons, and Kentman. The mica argentea, [eu alba, and the vie au-
rea of Agricola, are Foffils of the fame Kind with thofe above defcri-
bed. This Glifl, as glorioufly as it looks, is yet of fcarce any other
Ufe than for ftrewing upon Letters inftead of ‘common Sand.” But if
any On was Se Tisap in of feparating the Zale ; that aloe and
unmixed would doubtlefs be of as good ufe in Medicine >
Ee g edicine as the beft
107. Fluar or Spar is found in like manner in Grains and in finole
Corpufeles incorporated in Mafles of common Matter, particularly in
the Sandftone and Raggftone , that efpecially of a clofer Texture.
I'he Reafon why we find it more efpecially in the Stone of a clofer
Texture has been already intimated *.

T brup-mandeville , in the Raggftone of the eighth Stratum mn High.
delve Quarry, and elfewhere. In feveral of the Strata of Stone ot
exhibit thofe I call fparry Particles, and particularly in one of the
Strata of the Stone-pit at Hafelbich, whereof 1have a Fragment as
a Pattern,there is Spar in Parcels of all magnitudes, from that of bulk
Pieces to that of Specks and Grains, included in the fame Mafs of
Stone. The larger Parcels I am affured are Spar ; and have therefore
great Reafon to think that the finaller ones, and the almoft invifible
Grains, are fo too. Indeed we cannot with fo much Certainty affirm
from the Colour or outward Appearance of thofe Particles that the
are really Spar. y
108. 1 fhould in the next place confider the Mineral Matter that
is found included in the Strata, in Balls, Lumps , or Nodules ; but
that for feveral Reafons I think fit to wave it for a while. until I have
laid down what I have noted of the Mineral Matter, which is found
contained in the perpendicular Fiffures of the Solid Strata: and to
treat of thofe Mineral Nodules in the fecond Part of this Chapter
under the Head of Stonés in lefler Maffes. One of the Reafons is
this, that the Mineral Matter of the Fiffures beins form’d of that
which was originally lodged in feparate Particles in the Body of the

Strata, it will give the Reader a clearer View to confider it now im-
mediately a:ter what has been obferved concerning that Matter.

109. The Mineral Matter which is contained in the perpendicular
Eiffures or Intervals of the Strata, with us, 1s either fuch as is there
accumulated into a rude Heap without any particularForm or Order
being only included betwixt the two oppofite Walls or Sides of the

faid

; : Particles of Spar thus em. * v
bodied I have obferved in the ordinary gray and bluifth Br or

143

id. §. 84,
a,

 
 

 

144

* See Dr.
Woodward $
Nac. Hift.
of the
Earth, p.177.

The Natural HIST 0 RT Chap. 2.

{aid Intervals, which it wholly or partly i there is wa
lefs Nuantity of it : Or elfe {uch as is formed into bins roby
Figure *. Of all the various Kinds of Mineral Maners Stars ged
in the perpendicular Intervalls of the Strata in ne obs, or
is the chief tho not the only one of the Mineral i that's fous
the like Intervalls here. But before | scigopiten er a tis pee
mife, that the Subject Tam here to treat of is t : : beh fe i
that has been gradually convey d into the perpendicu RE ne s by e
Paffage of Water toand froin the Earth, and is Se ys i on
always, found affixed to the Sides of thote ser ; s Bo at-
ter, be it Mineral, or whatfoever it be which os % per
Strata down into our wider Intervals that open’d to the Surface ;
‘hereof in § 87. fupra.
i # fot Li meet with Spar in the he Fires
of the Strata of Stone : And fometimes tho rarely in the oreionta
ones ; there efpecially where the Surfaces of the Strata are Pues
ven that they touch one another only here and here) ina fou Places
In thefe Horizontal Fitfures, itis neceffarily formec i ii ates,
which are generally fingle, but rarely double. Of ’ is laf hey
I met witha Sample, in the old Stone-pit in Clipfton C SEA i ift-
ing of an upper and nether Plate, the upper Seheniniin he Jove:
Surface of the uppermoft of the two Strata betwixt which t . nter-
val was: The lower to the upper Surface of the hha Inglis
The oppofite Surfaces of both the Plates, were Beiet wi Cryftall-
like Shoots of Spar, pointing diretly one again giothel. 5
111. TheSpar in fome of thePerpendicularIntervalls of t $5 one) or
Inftance, in Halfton and Cofgrave Quarries 15 found peor ated in a
(hapelefe Mafs : In others, there and elfewhere, in obfervable Figures.
Such 1 do not reckon thefe of the Spar, that has only the bare Form
of that Part of the Fiffure-wall, which it invefts, is eaven as at is
caven, or unequal as that is ; which is the Form of the thin eu
[lations on the Sides of the Fiffures of the Red-ftone at 7hingdom.
But under this Title, I fhall place the Sparry Stirie, or Striated Sta-
ladite : The Bullated Stalachite, called Stalagmit by fome fushors
1 mean the Sparry Incruftations in Form of {mall Bubles or, Booey i
ftinétly concreted : The Ramous Efflorefcencies or Sprigs of oe Efe
Mineral : as alfo the Cryflalized Spars of the Perpendicular Fiflures.
112. Firft, Of the Sparry Stirice, Stalactite, or Lapides Sli
Stones fo called, becaufe they have found in Shape of hegelesy ci
hang down from the Roofs and Sides of the Intervalls, as thofe a
from the Eaves of Houfes: and are fuppos'd to have been produc
in much the fame manner as thofe are, that is, by a gradual Defcent
and Congelation of watery Drops. We not unfrequently meet with
them here. In a Stone-pit at Hafelbech , both Sides of one of the
Intervalls of the Stone Strata, 1 found incrufted over with Spar :
and alfo two or three Stalacfite hanging down from the Top of it,
that is, from the nether Surface of a Stratum of Stone, which lay
‘Thefe were of a Conic Shape. In another of the Fiffures

acrofs 1t. iy

 

Part 1. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

there, 1obferved a flender Cylindric Stiria, or rather a little Column
of Spar, whofe Bafis was fixed upon one of the Strata that fiood
out into the Fiffure fomewhat farther than the reft: as its Top, or
Head reach’d up, and was accreted to another of the Strata ftanding
out in like manner. At the Bottom of the Fiffure, from whofe
Roof the Cylindric Stirie hung down, was a roundifh bulky Knob,
all over fmooth, unlefs at its Root, that is, in that Part whereby it
adher’d to the Floor of the Fiffure. This feems to have been formed
of the Corpulcles of Spar brought down with the Water which di-
ftill'd from the Stalaclite Drop by Drop.

113. Thefe Sialathite are folider, and confift of a coarfer Spar
than thofe we fometimes find fufpended, fo as thefe are, in the Fife
fures of the Quarries at Cofgrave. The Extremities of the Cs grave
ones are paunted, not with one but with feveral Points; for all the
interiour Part of them is compos’d of Trigonal Shoots of Spar , with
their Points directed all the fame way, wz. from the thicker to the
flenderer End of the Body. Ihave another obfervable Variety taken
out of a Fiffure in Rowel Stone-pits, which is flriaed for Three
Parts in Four of the Circumference of its Bafis, in much the fame
manner as the Belemmte are, tho’ more obfcurely: as alfodiftinguifh’d
with much {uch a Hoop or Ring, as are fome of the Belemmnita.

114. The Magnitude of them is uncertain: and fo is their Figure ;
tho’ they ufually agree in thefe Two Particulars, in growing narrower
and narrower as they defcend , I fpeak this with regard to their Po-
fition, in the Fiffures: and in having a fmooth Surfice. Some have
a more round : others a more flat and depreffed Body; fo much they
differ in their Shape. And when, I fay, they have a fmooth Surface,
I only mean that it is not rough or fcabrous, for there generally are
feveral Irregularities in it, very like to thofe we ufually fee upon the
Surface of the Stirie made by Froft.

115. Ihave now been defcribing the Solaire that hang down
from the Roofs of the Fiffures, or from fome Prominency of a Stra-
tum: and thatare not accreied to theWalls of the Fiffures. ~ As to thofe
that arc: There muft needs be a fill greater Inconftancy in their
Figure. For in one Part of the Intervalls the petrifying Water, as’tis
called, trickles down the Sides of them more obliquely and {lowly :
In another Part of them it glides more dire@tly downwards, and
with a quicker Motion. Here the rugged Walls of them direct the
Courfe of the Water one way : there another way. And according-
ly the Figures of thefe Sialacdlita are uncertain and various. Some of
tbefe have, with a Strain of Fancy, been compared to Organ-Pipes:
and to the ruffled Vallance of a Bed: Others to the filtering Bags,

145

called Manice HKippoeratss by the Chymifts *. In which and many _ Dr. rhs
Pp y y \

other the like smaginary Shapes, 1 have feen them here.
anternal Form : That in fome is Plain, in others is Striated.
laft are compofed of Sirie, making right Angles with the Sides of
the Fiflures whereunto they are fixed,

Pp 116. The

~ Nat, Hift. of
As to their oxfirdpire,

Thee S++

 
 

146

———————

* Vid. Litho
phylaciumBris
pannicum,
Lhuidii, N.
65, &¢.

+ Lythophyl.
Britann.
68.

Tab. 1.
Fig. 2.

"minute admodum Coagulatus +.

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap. 2.

116. The Bullated Staladfite, the Stalagmitae of Dr. Plot, and other
Authors, which are found affixed to the Sides of the Fiflures in like
manner , as is the latter Variety of the Striated ones, appear alfo
in great Variety of Forms. For under this Title, allowing it fome
Latitude, as it is ufual with the Naturalifts to do in this and all like
Cafes, we may take in all the Fiffure-Incrustations exhibiting any
Manner of Refemblance of {inall Bubbles, or Drops. The Stalagmite
that do the moft of any here, refemble Drops or {mall Bubbles, are
found in the Fiffures of the Quarry-ftone at Irslingborongh , and at
Qundle. Thofe 1 have from Irtiingborough are not unlike to that witht
{maller Drops, delineated by Dr. Plot in Tab. 3. Fig. 8. Nat. Hift. of
Oxfordfbire. Thofe from Oundle, to the Stalagmites with larger ones,
in the Nat. Hift. of Stafford/bire, Tab. 11. Fig. 11. From another
Fiffure in the fame Store-pit at Irtlingborougb, 1 took out one with
fill larger Drops, than have thofe from Oundle. “I'hey are indeed as
large as ordinary Grapes, and do fo much refemble a Clufter of them
immers'd about half way in Stone, that this Body may be fitly ac-
counted a Variety of the Lapis Botroides, five Racemofus of the
Naturalifts. :

117. The Spar we find in the Fiffures in Form of Ramous Efflo-
refeencies, is intituled Stalagmites Coralloides by Mr. Lbwyd *; as it
fomewhat partakes of the Figure of the Stalagmutes, and alfo that of
the Foffil Corallsnd Bodies. Tis either of a whiter Hue, confifting of
Spar, with a pretty large Admixture of Lac Lune : or elfe is more
entirely confhituted of our ordinary Spar. This latter Sort of Slalag-
mites Coralloides we meet with in the Fiffures of the Stone-pits at
Cofgrave, Denfbanger, and elfewhere. There are feveral Varieties of it,
too many for me to defcribe. The former Sort which has that Ad-
mixture of Lac Lune, we frequently meet with affixed in like man-
ner, as the other is, to the Sides of the Fiffures ; and particularly in
a Stone-pit at Oundle ; near the Woods ; from whence Mr. Lbwyd
had that Variety, which he calls Stalagmites Albus Corallondes

I have given a Draught of it in
Tab. 1. Fig. 2. Its Efflore[cencies have pretty much of the
Colour and Shape of the little Buds at the Head of a common Coly-
flower. One of the Intervals of the Strata in a Stone-pit at Polbrook,
which was about half an Inch wide, I obferved almoft wholly fill’d
with a Body of this Kind. By the Fafhion of it, it {feems to have been
formed of Matter accreting to the two oppofite Sides of the Intervall
by little and little, till at length the Accretion on both Sides met; yet
not fo clofely but that there were fome little empty Spaces betwixt
them. The Interiour Surface of thefe T'wo Accretions in thofe Parts of
them that are not fo clofely conjoined to each other, exhibit Effloref-
cencies like thofe of the Stalagmutes Corallndes which we find in the
Oundle Stone-pit.

118. The eryflalized or angular Spar of the Fiffures is generally
clearer or more pellucid, and confequently purer, than is, that
whichis not thus cryftallized. There 1s great Inonftancy and Vaiie-

ry

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHI1RE.

Part 1.

 

ty in the Figure of its Cryftalls. 1 have found it formed, into Shoots
or Cryflalls with three pretty broad Plains that do not terminate in a
fharp Point in the Limeftone Pits at Stanjan : Into trigonally pointed
ones with three narrower Plains in the Fiffures of a Pit of Redftone,
nigh Lodington : Into larger Cryftals, of a Tvigonal and fometimes
of a pentagonal Form, a Variety by fome called Dogtooth Spar, in a
Stone-pit nigh Paflm. The Cryflalized Spars of an Hexagonal and
pointed Figure, tho’ frequent in other Parts of England, yet are ve-
ry feldom found in this. The [parry Cryflals which we find in the
Fitfures of the ordinary reddifh Sandftone and Raggftone have for
the molt part a {light Tincture of the Colour of the Stone to which
they are fix'd ; which wemay reafonably believe is owing to a {mall
Intermixture of reddifh arenaceous Matter , fuch as that which con-
ftitutes the Stone. In fome of the Cryftals of the Fiflures of the
white Limeftone, there appears to be a {mall Admixture of a purer
and whiter arenaceous Matter with the Cryftallin. The latter are
ordinarily clearer and harder than the former. 1 have now by me a
Piece of Spar that by the Shape of it feems to have come out of one
of the perpendicular Intervals which confifts of bluifh Cryftals whofe
Bed or Matrix is white. It was found in a Stone-pit nigh Ketter-
ng.

1 19.In 9.109. fupr. 1 obferv'd that Spar was the chief tho’ not the
only Mineral Matter that was found in the perpendicular Fiffures of
the Strata with us. In the Intervals of the Strata of the ancient
Quarries at Cofgrave 1 have met with a Lac lune ( the very white
Earth fo called) whereof in Ch. 1.Part 1. 4. 9. and in ¢. 77. fupra, that
had a Mixture of Particles of Sat. This I could difcover
by the Tafte. ‘To what I have already noted about the Lac
Lune found in the Fiffures, I may, in this Place, fitly add,
that ’tis ufually found upon the Sides of the Fiffures in form of u fine
white farinaceous Powder ; Which feems to have been dropp’d and
deferted there by a watery Vapour in its Paffage upwards thorough
thofe Intervalls to the Surface ; in like manner as Soot is in Chimney
Tunnels, by Smoke : That ’tis never found in any regular or obfer-
vable Figures except when it is intermixed with plenty of Spar : And
that we fometimes meet with it thus intermixed in the Fiffures of
the Stone at Hafelbich and Welden. “I'hat Anonymous white Earth
difcovered in the Seams of the Quarries at Teynton in Oxfordfbire, by
Dr. Plot *, and by him commended as very fit for polyfbing {mall

Silver Veflels, is only a Lac lune, witha Mixture of [parry Matter. ' Ne Hit.
. . ~ . y - v of Oxfordfbire,
120. In the foregoing part of this Work | have feveral times upon Ch.3. § ss.

one or other Occafion, intimated, that the Mineral Matter of the
Fiffures has been convey’d into them by Water. This indeed is fo
plain a Truth as it is made out by Dr. Woodward in the Natural Hi-
Story of the Earth, p. 187, Oc. that we cannot but affent to it. Tis
certain from Obfervation, that the perpendicular FifJures or Intervals
are only Breaches of the Strata, and did not exift till the Strata were
formed, and all the Mineral Matter lodged therein ; and confequent-

ly

 

 
143

* Dr. Wood-
ward's

Nat. Hift. 0
theEarth, Par?
2. Conf. 3.
and 6.

15.107. fupra.

{| Dr.
Woodward's
Nat. Hift.
of the
Earth, Part
3.6. 1, Conf.
8

* Ibid.

 

 

 

Chap. 2.

ly that the Mineral Matter we now find in thofe Intervals was edu-
ced out of the Strata, and tranfmitted thence into them X : I hatthere
were various Kinds of Mineral Matter, and particularly Spar , ori-
ginally lodged in the Bodies of the Strata, in fiagle Corpufcles inter-
fperfed amongft the Sand or other Matter whereof thofe Strata do
chiefly confift + ; in which feparate State amongft coarfer Matter,
they muft needs be capable of being cafily flirred and removed : That
Water enters and pervades the Bodies of the Strata, thofe
efpecially of a laxer Conftitution |: That it paffes through the Bodies
of the Strata into the Intarvalls of them ; and thence where there 1s
a free out-let, to the Surface wm Springs * : And that it brings along
with it the Particles of various Kinds of Mineral Matter and of Spar
in particular. “Tis ufual for the Water of feveral Springs to depoftt
and thereby difcover to the Eye, in the Chanel wherein they pafs, the
Particles ot Spar that it brought with it out of the Bowels of the
Earth, there efpecially where 1t paffes on witha {lower and more
languid Motion ; we may thercfore upon good Reafons believe, that
the Water that runs along thefe Intervalls containing Spar ( which
Water had the fame Paffage thro’ the Bodies of the Strata, as had
that of the Springs, and does perhaps fupply fome= of thofe very
Springs, which fo vifibly depofit Spar ) that this alfo is charged with

 

‘a Sparry Matter, and when it glides on lefs forcibly, defertsit in the

Intervalls, in like manner, as does that in the Chanels of Springs up-
on the Surface. Water 1 have feen gliding down the Sides of fome
Intervalls that have Spar affixed to them. Indeed we meet with a
great many others including Spar, wherein we fee no Water ; But it
does not thence follow that there never did any pafs into them.

121. Many Writers of NaturalHiftory have imagin’d,that the Sparry
Incruflations of the Fiffures,and the StwiaLajidesyare only Water con-
verted into Stone 3 or were produced by 1 know not what Lapid:fick
Virtue of the Water : But we can no more fuppofe this, than that
the Argilla , which we find in fome Places adhering to the Sides of
the Intervalls, in much the fame manner and Form, as is the Spar in
others of them, is Water converted into Clay: or was produced by
fome Generative Faculty of the Water,which vifits thofe Intervalls. A
little farther Infpection into Nature will convince thefe Gentlemen,
that the petrifying Faculty, they imagine the Water is endow’d with,
is a wholly groundlefs and imaginary Thing. As to thofe who are
apt to fancy that the Water of the Springs and that found in the Fif-
fures which contains a [parry Matter became charg'd with it by At-
trifion or Abrafim, by its fretting or rubbing off of [parry Particles
from off a Mafs or Body of Spar that happened to lye in its Patfage
under Ground : was there no other Reafon againft that Opinion, this
alone might fatisfy, that Spar of it felf, ina Mafs or Body, is {0 clofe,
folid, and indiffoluble, that ‘tis impoffible it fhould have any of is
conftituent Matter taken off in fingle Corpufcles by the Action of
Water paffing on as it does in its fubterrancun Chanels.

122. By

 

Part 1.

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

 

122. By the above-mentioned Obfervations, Iam well fatisfied
that the ese Matter we here find included in the Tntervalls, was
by little and little educed out of thofe Strata wherein it lay fcatter’d
and loofe, either by the Water that afcends up out of the interiour
Parts of the Earth towards the Surface of it, permeating the Pores
of the Strata, and paffing thence into their Intervalls: or elfe by the
Water which falls upon the Earth in Rain finking down into the
Strata which lye nearer the Surface, and bearing along with it fuch
moveable Matter, as occurr’d in the Pores it pafs’d thro’: And that
from thefe, either from the lower or the upper Strata, or from botb, it
was by this means educed forth, and convey’d into the fatervalls.

123. The Stoney Incruflations that are found upon the Surface on
the Banks, and at the Bottoms of the Chanels of feveral of our
Springs, and of our Rivulets, are fo much like to thofe I have lately
been defcribing, that are found in thofe Subterranean Chanels of the
Water in the Intervals of the Strata, both in the Matter that con-
ftitutes them, and in the Manner of their Produclion, that 1 cannot
treat of them in a fitter Place than this. Indeed they properly be-
long to this Chapter, and to this Part of it; as the principal Bodies
of this Kind confift for the main of Spar, which is not improperly
call’d a Mineral Matter. 1 fhall therefore now proceed to the Hifto-
ry of thefe Bodies ; taking notice of their more remarkable Figures :
Of the feveral Varieties of them with refpect of the Matter that
conftitutes them: Of the Mamner of the Water's Motion that’s
charg’d with this Matter, both at its Source and afterwards in thofe
Parts of the Chanel wherein it precipitates, or lets fall its Contents,
and thereby forms thefe Incruftations: And of all other obfervable
Circumftances of them.

124. The Stoney or Sparry Bers ands (the Petrifattions, as vul-
garly called ) of the Springs and Rivers, do never exhibit any fuch
angulated Cryflalls, as does the Spar that incrufts the Sides ot fome
of the Intervalls ; otherwife they may, with refpet of their more
obfervable Figures, be diftinguifhed in the fame manner, and by the
fame Names, as are the Sparry Incrustations of thote Intervalls.
With refpect of the Matter that conftitutes them, they may be fitly
diftributed into the Three following general Varieties or Kinds. The
Firft are fuch as confift of ordinary Stoney Matter, with a larger In-
termixture of Earth, are of alaxer Compages, and do not difcover
to the Eye any Mixture of Spar. The Second Variety confift of the
{ame Stoney Matter with a {maller Admixture of Earth, and of a
little, tho’ to outward Shew but a very little; Spar, and are of a
clofer and folider Texture. The Third of Spar, and a coarfer’ Mai-
ter more difperfedly and fparingly mingled with it; which have of
all the clofeft and folideft Texture. Sand, that vulgarly calld {o, is
not any Part of the Matter of thefe lncruftations. Indeed the Cruft
being broken, and rubbd betwixt the Fingers, feems to be gritty,
and to confift of Grains of Sand ; But in reality they are only rough

Q q and

 
 

“The Nawal HIST ORT Chapa.

and angulated Fragments of the Cruft, and not of the Shape or So-
lidity of common Sand. ;
125. Thofe of this Firft Variety or Kind, are moft frequently
found in Trenches that have been cut in Boggy Grouud, where little
leeting Springs arife: and in the Chanels of little Rivers or Brooks.
here is a Moory Piece of Ground in Watford Enclofures : another
in Oxendon Field, call'd Crowdale-Bog : The like in one of the Glebe
Clofes in Winwick Lordthip: As alto nigh to Quarry-Bridge in Cof-
grave Lordfhip, that may farnifh any curious Perfon with Samples of
this Kind of Incruftation. In the uppermoft Stratum of that Boggy
Ground at Oxendon, we meet with it in many Stoney {mall Maffes of
a friable Subftance, but hardening, as alfo growing whiter, as the
reft of thefe Bodies do, upon being dry’d. They confift of a great
many Roots of the fmaller Vegetables inclos’d in Crufts of Stone.
We find them in moft Parts of this uppermoft Stratum : and alfo a
Stoney Matter flightly concreted, intermixed with the ordinary
Matter of the Stratwm, in a manner all over it. Bur in that under-
neath it, which is of Clay, there is no Appearance at all of any fuch
thing. Neither were there any Incruftations in the Trenches, that
the Water drains down into in this Bog, at my firft Searching them,
which was in 1707. when they had been cut but two or three Years:
But fince that Time, the Mofs,the Equifetum Fatidum,and other Herbs:
the Sticks, and every thing there, have been incrufted, and are now
found cover’d over with a thin Stoney Integument.

126. The Fatid Water Hor[eta:l, a Plant that delights to grow in
Boggy Places, in ftanding Springs and Pools, begins, I have obferv'd,
to be crufted over before any other Herbs that are found together
with it, in the faid Trenches. Almoft where-ever it grows in the
Upland Parts of the County, it is found with a gritty Matter colle-
&ed about it, and crathes when it is rubbed or bruifed. So that, in
my firft Searches into Botany, I thought it might be natural to this
Plant to be thus ftoney and brittle : and fufpeéted it to be the Hippr-
ris Coralloides Ger. Emac. p. 115. an Equifetum, which, as’tis there
defcribed, is effentially of a Stoney or Gravelly Subftance ; But I
quickly chang'd my Opinion, having obferved that the Grafs, and
all other Vegetables that grew where that did, had the like Accre-
tion : as alfo that this Herb at its firft coming up, and in the Fen-
ditches, and fome few other Places, when at its full Growth, was
found without any fuch Stoney Matter affixed to it. There is a na-
tural Rougbnefs on the Stalks and Leaves of this, as of other Sorts
of Equifetum : And ‘tis probably owing to thofe Afperities {topping
and detaining in a particular Manner the Stoney Matter brought along
with the Water which glides over the Herb, that this of all other
Herbs is ufually the firft ancrufled : And that this, the firft of any of
them, difcovers, there is a petrifymg Property, as ’tis called, in the
Water wherein it grows.

127. But to proceed to the Incr uftations of our Brooks and Rivers,
which are generally of this Furfi Variety or Kind; as having a
pretty

 

Parti. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

 

pretty copious Admixture of Earthy Matter. Such are thofe which
are found in Everdon Brook, and in the {mall Rill betwixt Broughton
and Pychely Lordfhips. In this laft mention’d Place there were fe-
veral thick and large Ledges, if 1 may fo call them, confifting of this
fattitious friable Sort of Stone: they cover’d all the Bottom of the
Chanel in feveral Parts of it, appearing thro’ the Water as if the
were Strata of Sand-ftone. The like Ledges I obferved ftanding out
a little way from the Sides of other Parts of the Chanel, and a great
many Fragments of thefe : as alfo Pebles and Sticks incrufted for the
moft part either with a Granulated, or a Bullated Cruft, fuch as that
of the Stalagmites, ¢. 116. [upry, in the middle Part of the Chanel.
The Hills on the Sides of this Part of the Rivulet, fend down into
it feveral fwnft Springs, all which I fearch’d for Incruftations, as alfo
all upwards to the firft Sources of it, but found none ; excepting on-
ly fome flight ones , where the Water dribled down a fmall Dam or
Bank, that was made to hold 1p the Water of that call’d the Lodge-
Clofe Spring in Pychely Lordfhip.

128. The Ingenious Charles Kirkham, Efq; acquaints me, that
there are the like Kind of Tucruflations in the Chanel of the River
Weland, betwixt Wakerly and 7 ickfover: That he himfelf faw a fal-
low Branch, which was drawn out of the Water there, incrufted
over with a Reddifh Stoney Cover, not fo clofely affix’d but that it
might be {lipt clear off from the Twigs, which were fill frefh and
green. In 1703. there was drawn out of a deep and broad Place in
the River Avon, not far from Welford, a Bunch of Eight Horfe-Lack
Keys ty'd together with a String, all both Keys and String incrufled
over with a friable Earthy Stone of a Red Colour, fuch as that of
our common Red-ftone, but fomewhat deeper. Being broken and
crumbled, it colours the Hands like Red Ochre. The Cruft in fome
Parts of it is} of an Inch in Thicknefs. Several {mall Pebles ftick
therein. This tho’ a very uncommon and extraordinary Incruftation,
is properly placed to this Fort Variety or Kind, as appears by the
Defcription of it.

129. Thefeof the Frfl Variety or Kind are alfo fometimes, tho’
more rarely, met with, at a nearer Diftance from the Sources of the
Brooks and Rivers, in the Chanels of clear and limpid Springs. Of
this there is an Inftance in the Chanel of the Spring that rifes in
Mr. Gray's Clofe at Wellingborough. There where the Current is
fomewhat check’d, and hinder'd in its Motion, particularly on the
Sides of its little Purling Natural Cafcades, and juft above its En-
trance into Afbby Brook , the Incruflations are found. Heretofore
when there was no artificial Chanel for the Water of the Nine
Springs, in the Summer-Houfe in Rufbton Park there were many In-
cruflations there: The Colour of them almoft as White, and their
Figures near as various as thofe of Sww, upon Bank-fides and
Bufhes : But now the Paffage of the Springs being free, and without
any Check, there is no Precipitation of the Stoney Matter they
contain, about the Heads of the Springs. About Two or Three

Hundred

 
 

The Naural H 1ST ORT Chap. 2.

Hundred Yards below them, there is found a flight Incruftation on
the Wheel of a Mill, that's turn’d by this Water. But that is of 2
dirty Subftance and Colour, compar’d with thofe we had formerly at
the Spring Heads. The Mofs und other little Plants, that grew at
the Bottom on the Out-fide of a Stone Ciftern in one of the Gar-
dens at Finfbed, 1 found, when I was there in 1702. incrufted over,
where the Spring of Water trickled down upon them, with a Stoney
Cafe, confilting as it were of a very fine Sand not firmly concreted.
Some of the Incruftations were very white : and anfivered the Figure
of the Mofco Petrofo of Imperatus. Others of them in Shape re-
fembled the Artificial Work call’d Frofl-work. A Piece of Lead un-
derneath the Ciftern was incrufted over with a like Kind of Matter.
The Mofs that grows upon fome Planks on the Sides of that call'd
the Redwell at Wellingborough is incrufted over with fuch a lax fort of
Stoney Matter as the above-mention’d Incruftations confift of. But
this in Colour differs from moft of them, it being Reddifb ; which is
owing to an Intermixture it has of Ochre. "Tis probable, the very
White Incruftations of this Kind have fome Admixture of that White
Earth calld Lac Lune, which is found fo copioufly in the Fiffures of
the Strata of Limeftone. ;

130. The Second Variety of Tacruflations, viz. that confifting of A-
renaceous Matter, with a {maller Admixture of Earth, and none or
very little, to outward Appearance, of Spar, no lefs frequently occurs
than the former. Thefe are fomewhat clofer and firmer Concreti-
ous, and have a fmoother Grain than the former have. The Spary
Matter they contain, as it lies fo much involved and concealed by the
ordinary coarfer Matter, is perhaps not immediately difcoverable by
the Eye: But a firicter and more accurate Infpection will in all of
them difcover fome {mall pellucid gliftering Particles, which are thofe
of Spar. Anda much greater Number of the like Corpufcles appear,
when the Mafs that contains them has been pulverized, and the Pow.
der of it wafh'd, and clear’d of Earth: or when it is look’d upon
thro’ a good Microfcrope. The Incruftations in a Spring in Kette-
ving Field: Thofe in a Ditch or Gutter carrying down a {mall Spring
betwixt Longthorp Common and a little Grove: Thofe upon a Bank
on the North-fide of the A/eft-Lane nigh Qverfion: thofe alfo found
upon a Rocky Bank by Chelfion Town Side: and thofe on the Sides
of that called Spence-Pit nigh Barnwell, to mention no more, are of
this Sort. Of all the great Variety of Incruftations as to Colour,
Form, and Matter, that I have Samples of, thofe of the Spring nigh
Kettering, according to the Samples 1 have of them, are the whiteft :
and of fuch a compaét Subftance, that they feem to be composd en-
tirely of avery White Arenaceous Matter, and a little Spar : without
any Mixture of arth. In the Place above-mention d not far from

[ongthorpe, amongft other Incruflata : the Roots of Plants, the Grafs,
and other Vegetables lying in the way of the Current, are found in-
clofed in a Stoney Sheath. The Sheath or Cafe is eafily broken: and
when it is dry may be flipt up and down the Rootsand a

CNCIOICS,

 

 

 

 

Part 1. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

153

enclofes. This is the Freth-Water Adarce of Dr. Plot *, which Dries

however rare it is in Oxfordfbire, is no great Rarity in this County. Oxfrdf
: , 4 .5. 9.139.

The Grafs, Ge. in this and the like Inftances, 1 find, is no way de-
cay’d, but rather preferv’d by the Incruftation. ;
131. 1 took a particular Notice of the Incruflatisns in that calld
Spence-pit near Barnwell; fome of the Circumftances of them bein
fingular. On one Side of the Pit there are Strata of Stone with their
Fiflures expos’d to View, in like manner as they are in a Quarry.
The Earth and the {mall Stones that are found in the Perpendicular
Fiffures there, which interfetted two or three thin Strata of Stone,
which were all that appear'd: as alfo the Roots of Plants that had
ftruck down into the Fiflures, are all involv'dand cover’d with this
Crufty Sort of Stone. The Mofs that grows upon the Sides of the
Pit in the lower Part of it, that is, upoa the Edges of the Strata of
Stone, particularly juft beneath their Horizontal Fiffures, is incru-
fted over with the fame Sort of Stoney Matter. But that which
grows to the Sides of the Pit, in the upper Part of it, above the
Strata of Stone, ( the uppermoft of which lies three Foot deep from
the Surface ) is not incrufted, nor any thing elfe all the way down
from the Surface to thofe Strata. There was not a Drop of Water
to be feen in the Fiffures, when I took this View of the Pit, in the
Summer, 1705. By this and other Circumftances, it appears that
thefe Incruftations were not effected by the Water of a Perennial, or
Rock Spring, as we call it, that was wont to pafs the faid Fiffures;
but by Water draining down into them thro’ the uppermoft Strata,
ina Time of much Wet.

132. The Tucruflations of the Third Variety , are fuch as confift
more entirely and perceptibly of Spar. The following Account of
fome few of them will yield usa View of all that is obfervable under
this Third Head. Thofe of the petrifying Water; as tis called nigh
Broughton in Weekly Parifh, are compofed of a coarfe Spar. call it
To as being much overcaft and clouded with a Mixture of coar-
fer Matter. In fome Pieces which have more of Spar, and lefs of that
Admixture, it glifters much. The Water precipitates this Sparry
Matter upon the Sticks, Straws, Weeds, and every thing elfe that
happens to lye in that Part of its Chanel where its Motion is lei-
furely and gentle : as alfo upon the Verges of its Banks in thofe Pla-
ces which 1t has fometimes wafh’d upon or overflow'd, and has foak’d
into; forming a Rock, as it were, of a Spungy and Friable Sort of
Stone on both Sides of it. Many of the Sticks and Straws, that
have been thus incrufted, or cafed over, are now perif'd and gone
out of their Stoney Cafe: and there remains nothing but Holes of
the fame Shape and Size, encompafled, fome with a fingle, others
with a double Cafe of Stone. As to that Relation in Mr. Fuller's
Book of Worthies , p. 280. and recited out of that Author in the
New Edition of Camden, p. 442. of a Skull preferv’d in Sidaey-Col-
lege in Cambridge, brought from this Place, all over Stone both with-
inand without: “[is wholly a Miftake, The Skull, which this Re-

Rr lation

at. Hift. of
xfordfbire,

 
 

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap. 2.

lation refers to, preferved in the Library of that College was brought
from the Ifland Candy ; as a Paper repofited together with it teftifies.
And whoever is pleafed to compare the Skull with thefe Incruftations,
as | have done, will be fill further affur’d that they never both of
them came from the fame Place; {fo much do that , and thefe Incru-
frations differ in the Matter that conftitutes them.

133. The Incruflations of that call’d Mofes’s Spring at Weekly,
confift yet more of Spar than do thofe of the Broughton Spring. One
of my Samples of the Incruflata, from this Place, is a Stalagmites,
I mean, has the fhape of the Body fo called, which is fometimes
found within the Earth in the Intervalls of the Strata.

134. Upon the Side of a fteep Bank, a little below the Grove

call’d Start’s Spiney in the Lordthip of Preflon-Capes, where the Wa-
ter of a Spring, or rifes in the Spiney, glides down, I obferved
feveral of the Stiriated Stalacite (or Sparry Iceycles ) hanging down
from the Bank-fide. The exteriour Dart of one of thefe, which I
have now by me, confifts of Three or Four Orbicular Crufts or Coats,
involving one another. The like Iceyclesare or have been produc’d
by a Spring, call'd Rafb- Bank Spring, in one of Harrington Grounds.
In a Trench that carries off a Part of that Spring, I once met with
a Clufter of fimall Pieces of Sticks encompafsd each with a Stoney
Cruft, and fet for the moft part upright in a Bed of the fame Stoney
Matter ; in fuch manner that they much refembled the Bottom of a
Clufter, or Stool, as it is here called, of large Rufhes, which, as
fome woud fay, had been petrified.

135. The Sr of that call'd Shotwell Spring nigh Rowell,
which are alfo of this 7hird Varety, are remarkable for their extra-
ordinary Thicknefs and Bulk, confidering the Shortne(s of Time in
which they are produced. They are produced by a Spring that iffues
forth of its Aperture, and defcends for the Space of Thirty or Forty
Yards with more than ordinary Rapidity. At that Diftance from
its Outlet it is collected into a Pool, which ferves a Water-Mill. In
this Place the Incruftations begin to appear. Ifay, begin to appear,
becaufe above this Place there are few or no Incruftations to be feen,
unlefs juft about the Mouths of the Spring. The Walls of the Pool,
fo far as the Water ordinarily reaches, have in fome few Years been
overfpread with a Cruft of Stone nigh Two Inches thick. In the
Space betwixt the Head-Wall, and the Water-Wheel, where the
Water ufually drops down, there was form'd, in no long Traét of
Time, a Mafs of this Stoney Matter , above a Foot in Thicknefs.
It was of fuch a Bulk and Solidity, that i# almoft blocked up the
Wheel; fo that Workmen were employ’d to hew it in Pieces to make
more Room. Alfo below the Mill in and on the Sides of the Chanel
of the fame Spring, there are found Incruftations. The Stone that’s
form’d by this Water, bears the Weather better, as the Mafons fay,
than any Stone. They call it Cinder-flme. That Part of the Hill
that {inrounds the Mill feems to be wholly made of it.

136. There

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

Part 1.

136. There is a hollow Place in the Ground underneath the Root
of an Afh-tree, growing at the Foot of a fteep Hill, in that calld
the Dale-clofe in Maidwell Lordfhip, whofe Sides and Roof | found
very finely plated or ‘plafter’d over with Spar, and adorn’d with
Sparry Sririe, as alfo other Sparry Bodies of obfervable Figure. The

lafler if 1 may fo call it y the Stirie, and the reft, are compos’ of
the cleareft and fineft Spar 1 have ever feen brought forth upon the
Surface by Springs. The Sparry Plafler, which is about i of an Inch
in Thicknefs, is fpread upon a Spungy Friable Stone confifting of a
little Spar, and Plenty of that Earth, which we call Jac Lune, in-
termixd with the Reddifh Earth of the Place. Tis not in ever
Part of it, of the fame Clearnefs. I have by me a Piece of ho
Sparry Plafter, whofe interiour or middle Part confifts of a clearer
Spar, than the upper and nether Side of it ; fo that it feems to be
compofed of Three feveral Plates. The Stirie are generally hollow
within: Thofe of ithe Springs at Harrington and Prefton, folid
Here alfo 1 met with Effore[cencies of Spar, fuch as thofe of the
Fiffures: with a Mafs of thin Sparry Laminule, fo placed as to form
many little irregular Cavities: and with the Manice Hippocratis of

155

Dr. Plot *. The fmaller Roots of the Tree that grows above this * Nu mit
hollow Place, Mofs and other Vegetables, as alfo fome Infocts and ghofngiin,
«5.9177.

Snail-fhells lying there, 1 have found invefted all over. ver reteil

with Spar. Juft below the Place affording thefe Inerletiood
reft, is a {mall Rill, whereinto feveral of thefe Bodies have fallen
down from the Place where they were form'd. The Stalagmites Flu.

1 Mr.Liwyd’s

viatilis, Plurifariom effigiatus, ex Rivulo Maydwellenfr, N. 62. Lh. + Lyin:

came originally thence.

One of the more obfervable Pieces of this a

Spar-work, 1 have causd to be engrav'd in Tab. 1 fl This hollow Il 72. x.
ig. 3.

Place is always dry in Summer : and only fome few Drops of Water ©

defcend from the Roof and down the Sides in fome Parts of jit in
Winter.  Juft above it isa Bog, where there rifes a conftant Spring

which no doubt had a Paffage here at the Time the Incruftations We,
were formed, but has fince been obftruéted or diverted. From ano.
ther Part of this Bog there now dribles down a {mall Spring, which
incrufts the Mofs, Lichen, and other Bodies occurring in its Paffage

with a thin Cruft ; but of a much coarfer Matter than that which
the Incruftations above-defcribed confift of. Near to the Place where
thofe are found, is a Quarry of ordinary Ragg-ftone, fome of whofe
Strata have a fcatter'd Intermixture of Particles of Spar. The like
I have obferv’d at a fmall Diftance from feveral other the like Incru.
fting Waters,

137. The Incruflations that we find in the Chanel of a little bubling
Spring, in one of the Right Honourable the Earl of 7: orrengton’s
Grounds in Pichely Lordthip, doalfo belong to this laft Head. Oak
Leaves I have found enclofed in fome of the bulkier Maffes of Stoney
Matter depofited by this Spring. In others of them one may fee

the exact Form or Impreffion of an Oaken Leaf upon the Surface of
the Stoney Matter to which it had been affixed ; but the Leaf ir {elf

1S

 
 

 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 2. Part 1.

136. There is a hollow Place in the Ground underneath the Root
of an Afh-tree, growing at the Foot of a fteep Hill, in that calld
the Dale-clofe in Maidwell Lordfhip, whofe Sides and Roof | found
very finely plated or ‘plafter’d over with Spar , and adorn’d with
Sparry Sririe, as alfo other Sparry Bodies of obfervable Figure. The
lafler if 1 may fo call it, the Stirie, and the reft, are compos’d of
the cleareft and fineft Spar I have ever feen brought forth upon the
Surface by Springs. The Sparry Plafler, which is about i of an Inch
in Thicknefs, is fpread upon a Spungy Friable Stone confifting of a
little Spar, and Plenty of that Earth, which we call Jac Lune, in.
termixd with the Reddifh Earth of the Place. Tis not in ever
Part of it, of the fame Clearnefs. I have by me a Piece of i
Sparry Platter, whofe interiour or middle Part confifts of 2 clearer
Spar, than the upper and nether Side of it ; fo that it feems to be
compofed of Three feveral Plates. The Stiri are generally hollow
within: Thofe of tthe Springs at Harrington and Prefion, folid.
Here alfo I met with Efflore[cencies of Spar, fuch as thofe of the
Fiffures: with a Mafs of thin Sparry Lammule, fo placed as to form
many little irregular Cavities: ‘and with the Manice Hippocratis of
Dr.Plot*. The fmaller Roots of the Tree that grows above this * Nu mig
hollow Place, Mofs and other Vegetables, as alfo fome Infects and gon
Snail-fhells lying there, 1 have found invefted all over, very prettily ip
with Spar. Juft below the Place affording thefe Incruftations and the
reft, is a {mall Rill, whereinto feveral of thefe Bodies have fallen
down from the Place where they were form'd. The Stalagmites Flu.
135. The Incrufiations of that call'd Shotwell Spring nigh Rowell, viatilis, Plurifariam effigiatus, ex Rivuly Maydwellenfi, N. 63. Lh. + Lyiwiyr
which are alfo of this 7hird Varety, are remarkable for their extra- came originally thence. | One of the more obfervable Pieces of this 5's
ordinary Thicknefs and Bulk, confidering the Shortnefs of Time in Spar-work, 1 have causd to be engrav’d in Zab. 1 ll. This hollow Il 74%. x.

of NORTIIAMPTONSHIRE, 155

 

lation refers to, preferved in the Library of that College was brought
from the Ifland Candy ; as a Paper repofited together with it teftifies:
And whoever is pleafed to compare the Skull with thefe Incruftations,
as | have done, will be ftill further affur’d that they never both of
them came from the fame Place ; {fo much do that, and thefe Incru-
ftations differ in the Matter that conftitutes them.

123. The Incruflations of that calld Mofes’s Spring at Weekly,
confift yet more of Spar than do thofe of the Broughtor Spring. One
of my Samples of the beputas, from this Place, is a Stalagmites,
I mean, has the fhape of the Body fo called, which is fometimes
found within the Earth in the Intervalls of the Strata.

134. Upon the Side of a fteep Bank, a little below the Grove
call’d Start’s Spiney in the Lordthip of Preflon-Capes, where the Wa-
ter of a Spring, that rifes in the Spiney, glides down, I obferved
feveral of the Striated Stalallite ( or Sparry Iceycles ) hanging down
from the Bank-fide. The exteriour Part of one of thefe, which I
have now by me, confifts of Three or Four Orbicular Crufts or Coats,
involving one another. The like Iceycles are or have been produc'd
by a Spring, calld Rufb- Bank Spring, in one of Harrington Grounds.
Ina Teoh that carries off a Part of that Spring, I once met with
a Clufter of fmall Pieces of Sticks encompafsd each with a Stoney
Cruft, and fet for the moft part upright in a Bed of the {fame Stoney
Matter ; in fuch manner that they much refembled the Bottom of a
Clufter, or Stool, as it is here called, of large Ruthes, which, as
fome woud fay, had been petrified.

which they are produced. They are produced by a Spring that iffues
forth of its Aperture, and defcends for the Space of Thirty or Forty
Yards with more than ordinary Rapidity. At that Diftance from
its Outlet it is collected into a Pool, which ferves a Water-Mill. In
this Place the Incruftations begin to appear. I fay, begin to appear,
becaufe above this Place there are few or no Incruftations to be feen,
unlefs juft about the Mouths of the Spring. The Walls of the Pool,
fo far as the Water ordinarily reaches, have in fome few Years been
overfpread with a Cruft of Stone nigh Two Inches thick. In the
Space betwixt the Head-Wall, and the Water-Wheel, where the
Water ufually drops down, there was formd, in no long Traét of
Time, a Mafs of this Stoney Matter, above a Foot in Thicknefs.
It was of fuch a Bulk and Solidity, that # almoft blocked up the
Wheel; fo that Workmen were employ’d to hew it in Pieces to make
more Room. Alfo below the Mill in and on the Sides of the Chanel
of the fame Spring, there are found Incruftations. The Stone that’s
form’d by this Water, bears the Weather better, as the Mafons fay,
than any Stone. They call it Cinder-flme. That Part of the Hill
that funrrounds the Mill feems to be wholly made of it.

136. There

 

Place is always dry in Summer: and only fome few Drops of Water 7 *

defcend from the Roof and down the Sides in fome Parts of it in

Winter.  Juft above it isa Bog, where there rifesa conftant Spring
which no doubt had a Paffage here at the Time the Incruftations We,
were formed, but has fince been obftruéted or diverted. From ano.
ther Part of this Bog there now dribles down a {mall Spring, which
incrufts the Mofs, Lichen, and other Bodies occurring 1n its Paffage
with a thin Cruft ; but of a much coarfer Matter than that which
the Incruftations above-defcribed confift of. Near to the Place where
thofe are found, is a Quarry of ordinary Ragg-ftone, fome of whofe
Strata have a fcatter'd Intermixture of Particles of Spar. The like
I have obferv’d at a fmall Diftance from feveral other the like Incru.
fting Waters,

_ 137. The Incruflations that we find in the Chanel of a little bubling
Spring, in one of the Right Honourable the Earl of Torrington’s
Grounds in Pichely Lordfhip, do alfo belong to this laft Head. Oak
Leaves I have found enclofed in fome of the bulkier Maffes of Stoney
Matter depofited by this Spring. In others of them one may fee
the exact Form or Impreffion of an Oaken Leaf upon the Surface of
the Stoney Matter to which it had been affixed ; but the Leaf it (elf

is

 
 

The Nawal HIST @ RY Chap. 2.

is gone. The like I have met with in feveral other Places. The finer
the Stoney or Sparry Matter, the exatter is the Impreflion of the Leaves.
"The following Experiment, concerning the time wherein the Incru-
fixations of the above-mention’d Spring at Pichely are produced, was
made by the Reverend Mr. Markes of Welford. On Fantary 3.
1704. he puta Bunch of Ruthes, fome Sticks, and other Bodies, in-
to the Chanel that conveys this Spring, at about 200 Yards diftance
from the Source. The very next Day a flight Incruftration was ob-
ferved upon the Sticks, over the whole Surface of fo much of them
as the Water had coverd. uly 23.1705. he took out the Bunch
of Rufhes which had been in the Spring near feven Months, and
found it incrufted all over with a coarfe brown Spar. He flung it
with his whole Force againft an hard Stone, without being able to
break it. ‘The Rufhes being feveral of "em broke, the interiour Tex-
ture of them the Cells and Lamine, fhew themfelves as in the
Natural Conftitution of this Plant.

138. There are the like Incruflations to one or other of thofe al-
ready defcribed, tobe met with, on the Banks or in the Chanel of a
Spring, betwixt Stean and Hinton in the Hedges : In a Clofe in Mar-

on St. Laurence Lordfhip : In that call’d Chappel-clofe in T brup- Man-
deville Lordfhip : In one of Faucote Grounds : At Culwarth : At
Dadford, in the Ground calld Lefmore : In the Town of Dadford,
upon the Side of a Bank: In that cal’d Hoe-pit Slade nigh Norton :
In Scot-bill Gutter at Brixworth : In a Ground call'd the Micks in
Would Lordthip : Near Hardwick: In a Ditch-Bottom nigh Brad-
win: Ona Side of the Town-ftreet at Rode : At Rance nigh Smith's
Bridge : In Higham-Ferrers Field: At great Adington: Near Wool-
lafton: Ina Farmer’s Yard at Lowick: At Dingley: On the Sides of a
Ciftern nigh Rockingham Caftle : In the Court-Yard at the Right
Honourable the Earl of Weftmorland’s Houfe at Aypthorp: and in
many other Places. Thefe, as they may be referr’d to one or other
of the Three Varieties above-defcribed, 1 only barely mention the
Places wherein they are found. Some of thefe are perhaps as re-
markable as thofe : But I do not ftay to defcribe them, having alrea-
dy noted all the material Circumftances that relate to this Subjet, in
the fore-mentioned Inftances which were felected for thatvery Purpofe.

139. Water where it happensto fink down into the Joints of Stone,
or of Brick-walls, whofe Stone or Brick is laid in Mortar made of
Lime, [ and fo for the Roofs that are made of the fame Materials |

roduces oftentimes Tncruflations and Stiriee of a like Shape with thole
above-defcribed. An Inftance or Two 1 fhall give of thefe, becaufe
by the Manner of their Formation they fhew fo plzinly how the other
analogous Bodies have been formed. Several light, hollow, and
rous Stiri, confifting of Lime, witha {mall Mixture of Sparry Par-
ticles, fome of the Stirie compos’d of Two or Three Coats or Crufts
enclofing one another, 1 found (Anno 1705.) hanging down in Forni of
Iceycles from the Roof the Paffage betwixt the dry Mote, and the
great Garden at Alirop. The Paflage is under a Terrafs-Walk.
The

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

Part 1.

The Roof of it is of Halfton Stone. The Stone was laid in Kings-
thorp Lime which is made of a Stone that in feveral Pieces of it
hibits a {mall admixture of Sparry Matter. The like Staladite 1
have in other Places obferv’d hanging down from the plaifter’d Ciel-
ings of Cloifters or Piazzas ; the Plaifter of the Cieling not broken
or crack’d.  Stalaclite {uch as thefe, and alfo varioufly figured Tern
[lations of the fame Matter, thatis, chiefly Lime I have feen affixed
to that part of the Wall of a Wafh-pit a little way diftant from the
Medicinal Water at Welingborough, where there drains down Rain
Water into the Pit, through the Joints of the Stones which were laid
in Lime-Mortar. "Tis certain and plain that the Stirie and the fcru
flasions in thefe and the like Inftances were form’d by Water fran
ing thro’ the Lime-Mortar, bearing off thofe Particles of Lime hat
lay loofer and were finer than the reft, deferting them when it had
got freer Patlage, and dropping or gliding down from the Roofs and
Walls, to which the Particles of Lime being not fo {mooth and glib
as are thofe of Water, affix’d, and thus by little and little i
them over, and alfo formed thefe Stiri. The intelligent Reader will
without my Directions apply this to the Cafe of the Iucruflations
and the Stalaclite that are form’d by Water in the nterells of a
Strata, and at the Outlets, and in the Chauels, of Springs. i
140. Why the Incruflations in the Trenches in Bog gy Ground, and
thofe in Brovks and Rivers at a farther diftance from their Sourc a
do for the moft part confift of a coarfer Matter, or have a larger i,
termixture of Earthy with the Stony or Sparry Mater of them thier
the reft of them have, the Reafons are obvious, and I need not m 2
tion them. In cafe the Incruftations are compos’d of two fovea
Layers as it were, the one of a coarfer, the other of a clearer Spar, ;
Variety 1 have fometimes met with : thefe two were probabl on :
ed in two different Seafons, the former when the Spring a fone
only its ordinary Water unmixed : the latter when its Re vik
rent had been foul'd by Rain-water, draining down from the vin
thro’ the upper Strata and intermixing with it. Ai
141. By the Account that has been given of the Conflituens M
ter of thefe Fuci uflations, we fee that their different Deatets of of
lidity are owing to the different Proportion of Barthy. Mat: f S0-
termixed with the Sparry and Arenaccous: That thofe herofins I
which have the largeft Intermixture of the former are the lax " ny
the fofteft, and that thofe which have the leaft nr of
are the folideft. 1 here 1s not the leaft Indication that they owe La
Solidity to fome fort of Salt intermixing with their other More
as fome have imagined. This alone, that thefe Bodies Senn
folved in a humid Air, is Proof enough that they have at mot ”
an extremely {mall Admixture of any Saline Mineral and not nea ys
much as will ferve for explaining the above-mention’d Hy wt
Indeed if they were never fo much fated with Salt; a Salt ot had
{he Powar imagin'd in 1t, of giving Solidity to loofe and incoherent
ter ; yet is there no need of fetching the Solidity of thefe Bodies
St front

 
 

Tt Nawad HIST ORT Chapa.

 

from thence ; it arifing fo manifeftly from nothing more than a
bare Appofition of the Stoney Particles. ’

142. The Lightne[s, Spungine[s, and Friability of thofe larger Maf-
fes of this facitious fort of Stone which we find in feveral Places on
the Verges of the Chanels of thefe Springs , and on Bank-fides
where the Water of them trickles down, is owing to this that the fto-
ney Matter there depos'd by thefe Springs, which it felf is often of
the laxer fort, infinuates into and intermixes with the Earth of thofe
Places, and incrufts over the Roots and other parts of the Vegetables
growing there. Thefe, the Earth, the Roots, &e. intervening in
this manper, ‘tis impoffible the Stoney Matter fhould combine into
a clofe, folid, and compact Mafs : And then the vegetable Bodies in
tra of Time decaying and rotting quite away; the Earth alfo be-
ing in part wafh'd away, or by one means or other a little wafted and
gone, the Maffes they have thus deferted muft needs be light and po-
rous, [punge-like, and of fuch a Texture in all Regards as has been
defcribed. The {pace of Time wherein thefe Incruftations are pro-
duced muft neceflarily be uncertain ; that depending upon feveral
uncertain Circumftances, namely, the Quantity of Stoney Matter
contain’d in the Water : its quicker or flower Current : and the
Smoothnefs or Roughnefs of the Surface of the Body it meets with
in its Paffage.

143. It can hardly be expeéted that a Stone of fuch a lax and po-
rous Subftance as this generally is, fhou’d ever be of any ufe in Build-
ing. Inow fpeak of the larger Mafies of this Faditions Stone, fuch
as are often found at theSides of the petrifying Springs and Brooks,
And yet there are fome of them, thofe in particular that confift more
entirely of Stoney Matter, and that have been harden’d by lying a
due time expofed to the Air, which have been thus ufed, and do bear
a Weight and endure well. The moft remarkble Inftance I have feen
of this Kind is at Brixworth. The upper part of the Pillar that the
Stairs of the Steeple are fixed to, the arched Roof of the Stair-Cafe,
and the Sides of the Door-place of the middle Loft, are really built
up of this fort of Stone: and in feveral Places of the Stair-Cafe
Wall, it is interlaid with the ordinary Quarry-ftone. The fame fort
of Stone have feen made ufe of for mending the Highway ina Lane
that leads from Deanthorpe towards Bulwick.

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

CH A P Nn
Of STONES

 

PART 1
Of Stones in lefJler Males.

 

0.1. HIS Second Part is allotted to the Stones in lefler Males,

1 or in Balls, Lumps, or Nodules, that are found included in
the Bodies of the Strata, either in thofe of laxer, or in thofe of {olider
Matter. Of which Stones thofe that are now found upon the Sur-
face were originally lodged in the Strata, and have been fetch’d up
thence, by the Plough, by Digging, or other Means. They may be
fitly ranged into the Three following Clafles. 1. Thofe that are of
an indeterminate and uncertain Figure and Texture. 2. Thofe that
are of an uncertain Figure Externally : but have their Internal Tex-
ture determinate and regular. 3. Thofe that are of certain regular
and determinate Figures.

2. Firft, Of thofe that are of an indeterminate and uncertain Fi-
gure and Texture. To this Clafs belong the coarfer or gritty Pebles,
as alfo thofe of a finer Grain: Flats: the Stoney Lumps or Niudules
of a {quarer or more angulated Shape which have a nearer Refem-
blance of Fragments of Strata of Stone, than have the Pebles and
Flints : And hither alfo all the Pyrite may be referred ; 1 {hall only
except the Pyrite Siriatz, which as having a regular internal Texture,
do belong to the Second Clafs. Here likewife we may place fome
Sorts of Sparry Nodules.

3. The coarfer or gritty Pebles, confifting of a Grit or Sand, are
in the Size or Bulk of the Grit, as various as Sand-ftone is. Some
have a Grit as large as that of the Lapis Molaris, and as flinty and
hard as that is: Others, one like that of Sand-ftone more (trictly fo
called: Others, one of a ftill fmaller Size, or a Freeftone Grit.
They are compos’d of a nearly Homogeneous Matter : or elfe have
an obfervable Intermixture ; fome of mall Ova, fuch as thofe of the
Freeftone of Welden already defcribed, as alfo of Sea Urchin-Spikes :
Others of Grains or Corpulcles of Spar, or of Tale: Others {rem-
ingly of fuch Mineral, and Metallick Matter, as that the Iron-colour’d
Mareafite has its Colour from. The Colour of the Grit isas various.
as is the Size of it. In fome, it is White or Gray : In others, Red-
difh : In others, a gliftering Red. In fome, itis Opake: In others,
Semipellucid : In others, Tranfparent. The Grit in fome is of dit-
ferent Bulk: In others of different Colour: Ii others of both a dif

ferent

59

 
 

The Natural HIST ORY Chap. 2.

ferent Bulk and Colour, in different Parts of the fame Body. “Tis
not unufual to meet with Pebles of this coarfer Sort, whofe Exte-
riour Part is of one Colour, the Interiour of another; in like manner
as it often is in the Mineral Nodules more ftrictly fo called. Our
Mowers ufe thefe Grits, the fider ones efpecially, for fharpening
their Sithes. : ; !
4. The Pebles of a finer Grain are fuch as do not confift of a vi-
fible Grit or Sand : but have the Smoothnefs or Finenefs of Lime- one,
or of Marble. The former, which I call the Lime-flme Pebles, as
confifting of nearly the fame Matter as does the ordinary Lime-ftone,
are coarfe and opake, compared with the latter, that i, the Marble-
like Pebles. Thefe are generally Semipellucid. “They appear in as
great or greater Diverfity of Colour, than do the gritty ones above-
defcrib’d. Some are fimply, Black, Brown, Yellow, Reddifh, Gray,
or White. Of the Black ones I have {een I'hree or Four
with Mr. Seattergood, found in Telvertoft Field, that if polithed might
well fupply the Place of the Touchfione, or Lapis Lydius. Others
are {potted lineated , or vein’d with different Colours from that of
the Ground ; particularly, the Black or Livid ones are vein d with
White and other Colours ; which Veins or Plates are ufually extended
quite thro’ the Body of the Peble. "The White Veins in fome of
them confift of a Cryftalline Matter. At Oxendon, Telvertorft, and
T horpe-malfor, 1 have met with Pebles both of coarfcr and finer
Grain, confifting of feveral Parallel Plates, which are gradually nar-
rower and narrower from the middle Plate on both Sides of it out-
wards. Other Pebles we- find adorn’d with Lines, or rather with
Lifts furrounding, but not entering deep into the Body of the Peble,
of Two Colours, Black and Yellow, alternately placed.

. Out of Arthing worth Field, 1 have an uncommon Peble of the
finer Grain, obfervable for this, that ‘tis fruff’d , as it were, very
full of fmall Cylinders of a different Colour from the Body of the
Stone ; fome of which appear to be jaumted in like manner as is the
Medulla of the Belemnites. The Body of the Stone is of an Hepa-
tick Colour: The Cylinders are White ; yet they feem to be both
very near the fame in Subftance. Moft of the Cylinders lye the
fame way : but do not go quite through the Body of the Stone. : In
Gravel, in the Parfonage-Yard at Crick, I once found a very curious
Peble, whofe Interiour Part is compos’d of Strie, nearly refembling
the Cryftals of Tartar, in External Form. I'he Strie appear to be
conftituted of a Sparry and Pebly Matter intermixed ; particularly
Two or Three of them that are brittler than the reft. They are
arounded on a coarfer Matter of no regular Texture, that conftitutes
the exteriour or cortical Part of the Peble. They all tend towards
the Center of the Stone. Thefe are only accidental Varieties of the
Peble-Kind. In Two or Three Places here, 1 have met with a
Peble uifcribed, as it were, with a Spirally Convaluted Liue. Upon
examining them, 1 found it was nothing but the Shell of a Cochlea
Marina immers'd in the Subftance of the Peble ; which beirtg eck

aentally

 

Part 2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

 

dentally worn or cut with an Horizontal Setion, that is, Tranfverfe
to the Axis of the Shell, exhibited this uncommon Figure.
6. Flints have a ftill fmoother and finer Grain, and are compos’d,
if 1 may thus fpeak, of a finer Flower or Pafle, than are even the
Pebles of the latter Set: and exceed them in Hardnefs; and in
Tranfparency ; whichin common Flints, as well asin Agates, which
are only Varieties of the Flint-Kind, is ufually very much like that
of Han, Pebles we fee do not ordinarily break into fo many, fo thin
and fo /barp Splinters or Pieces, as the Flints do: and are more eafily
Ground or Cut. “Tis not ftrange that a Stone with thefe Properties,
fhou’d be fo fit an Ingredient for the Glafs-works, as we find it is.
The more clear and tranfparent the Flints, the more valuable they
are for that Ufe. Not to mention any thing farther of the common
ones of a White, a Yellowifh, a Blue, or a Black Colour, which
are Semipellucid : I have met with fome in this County that are Dia-
phanous with a Green Colour, or partaking of it: Others Diapho-
nous, and without Colours. In Clipflon Field, by a Gentlewoman
of FEaft Farndon, was found a Traniparent one, which was of as
clear a Water, and as free from Flaws, as the belt Bohemian Diamond ;
as appears in a Piece of this Stone, which was cut and polithed, and
fet ina Ring, now in Pofleffion of a Daughter of that Gentlewoman
at Stoke- Albany. Such another one of this Sort, I am told, was
found at Watferd : Another of them at Newton nigh Gedington, and
cut into the Form of a Table-Diamond, which it nearly refembles in
Luftre too, now in the Poffeffion of Mrs. Aue Trefbam of Pilton.

7- 1 thought to fay no more of the more common Stones of this
Tribe: but 1t may be convenient to note, that they are found formed
in like manner, as are feveral of the Nodules of the other Kinds
hereafter defcribed. Some of a Shel or Cruft that has a Cavity in the
Central Part of it: Others throughout, and entirely of [oid Flint.
The Cavity of the Cruflated ones, which are ufually of the rounder
Sort, is feldom empty. The enclofed Subftance in fome is as eafily
feparable from the Cortex, as is the Kernel of a Nut from its Shell.
But yet it does not lye fo loofe in thefe, as to be capable of Agita-
tion, as does that in the Cavity of the Atites, and the Geodes. [he
Kernel, if 1 may fo call it, in moft of them feems, by the Colour and
Guile of it, and by its Degree of Solidity, to confift of a Flinty
Matter with a Mixture of Lac Lune, or of Chalk, and perhaps of a
fineWhiteArenaceousMatter,ina littleQuantity. Other of thefeKernels
arecompofed principally of an ArenaceousMatter ina gritty Form. And
yet the Cruft thatencompafles them, has the fame Tranfparency, asis u-
fually {een in Flints. 1 havea Flint from Kilséyinclofing in the middle of
itaCongeries of Cryflaliz’d Fluors,which in Hardnefs equalsat leaft the
Briflol Diamonds : Another out of Oxendon Gravel-pit vein'd with
Spar in a double Vein or Plate, or with Two Parallel Plates, whofe
interiour Surface are befet with CryRalls almoft meeting each other
with their Points: Another from the fame Place, including a featter’d
Parcel of the {mall Ova, whereof 1 thall give an Account in Cb. 3. It

t 18

 

 
 

The Natural HIST ORT Chap. 2.

ferent Bulk and Colour, in different Parts of the fame Body. "Tis
not unufual to meet with Pebles of this coarfer Sort, whofe Exte-
riour Part is of one Colour, the Interiour of another; in like manner
as it often is in the Mineral Nodules more ftrictly fo called. Our
Mowers ufe thefe Grits, the fier ones efpecially, for fharpening
their Sithes. : .
4. The Pebles of a finer Grain are fuch as do not confift of a vi-
{ible Grit or Sand : but have the Smoothnefs or Finenefs of Lime- one,
or of Marble. The former, which I call the Lime-flme Pebles, as
confifting of nearly the fame Matter as does the ordinary Lime-ftone,
are coarfe and opake, compared with the latter, that is, the Marble-
like Pebles. Thefe are generally Semipellucid. They appear in as
great or greater Diverfity of Colour, than do the gritty ones above-
defcrib’d. Some are fimply, Black, Brown, Yellow, Reddifh, Gray,
or White. Of the Black ones I have feen I'hree or Four
with Mr. Scattergood, found in Telvertoft Field, that if polithed might
well fupply the Place of the Touchflone, or Lapis Lydius. Others
are {potted, lineated , or vein d with different Colours from that of
the Ground ; particularly, the Black or Livid ones are vein'd with
White and other Colours; which V eins or Plates are ufually extended
quite thro’ the Body of the Peble. The White Veins in fome of
them confift of a Cryftalline Matter. At Oxendon, Telvertorft, and
T horpe-malfor, 1 have met with Pebles both ol coarfer and finer
Grain, confifting of feveral Parallel Plates, which are gradually nar-
rower and narrower from the middle Plate on both Sides of “+ out-
wards. Other Pebles we. find adorn’d with Lines, or rather with
Lifts furrounding, but not entering deep into the Body of the Peble,
of Two Colours, Black and Yellow, alternately placed.

5. Out of Arthing worth Field, 1 have an uncommon Peble of the
finer Grain, obfervable for this, that ’ts ftuff’d, as it were, very
full of fmall Cylinders of a different Colour from the Body of the
Stone ; fome of which appear to be jaunted in like manner as is the
Medulla of the Belemuites. The Body of the Stone is of an Hepa-
tick Colour: The Cylinders are White ; yet they feem to be both
very near the fame 1n Subftance. Moft of the Cylinders lye the
fame way : but do not go quite through the Body of the Stone. In
Gravel, in the Parfonage-Yard at Crick, once found a very curious
Peble, whofe Interiour Part is compos’d of Strice, nearly refembling
the Cryflals of Tartar, in External Form. : [ he Strte appear to be
conftituted of a Sparry and Pebly Matter intermixed ; particularly
Two or Three of them that are brittler than the reft. They are
srounded on a coarfer Matter of no regular Texture, that conftitutes
the exteriour or cortical Part of the Peble. They all tend towards
the Center of the Stone. Thefe are only accidental Varieties of the
Peble-Kind. In Two or Three Places here, 1 have met with a
Peble inferibed, as it were, with a Spirally Convoluted Line. Upon
examining them, 1 found it was nothing but the Shell of a Cochlea
Marina immers'd in the Subftance of the Peble ; which being gece

aentally

 

Part 2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

 

dentally worn or cut with an Horizontal Setion, that is, Tranfverfe
to the Axis of the Shell, exhibited this uncommon Figure.

6. Flints have a ftill {fmoother and finer Grain, and are compos’d,

if 1 may thus fpeak, of a finer Flower or Pafle, than are even the
Pebles of the latter Set: and exceed them in Hardnefs; and in
Tranfparency ; whichin common Flints, as well asin Agates, which
are only Varieties of the Flint-Kind, is ufually very much like that
of Horn, Pebles we fee do not ordinarily break into fo many, fo thing
and fo /barp Splinters or Pieces, as the Flints do: and are more eafily
Ground or Cut. "Tis not firange that a Stone with thefe Properties,
fhou’d be fo fit an Ingredient for the Glafs-works, as we find it is.
The more clear and tranfparent the Flints, the more valuable they
are for that Ufe. Not to mention any thing farther of the common
ones of a White, a Yellowifh, a Blue, or a Black Colour, which
are Semipellucid : I have met with fome in this County that are Dia-
phanous with a Green Colour, or partaking of it: Others Diapho-
nous, and without Colours. In Clipften Field, by a Gentlewoman
of Eaft Farndon, was found a Tranlparent one; which was of as
clear a Water, and as free from Flaws, as the belt Bohemian Diamond ;
as appears in a Piece of this Stone, which was cutand polithed, and
fet ina Ring, now in Poffeffion of a Daughter of that Gentlewoman
at Stoke- Albany. Such another one of this Sort, I am told, was
found at Petfeed : Another of them at Newton nigh Gedington, and
cut inte the Form of a Table-Diamond, which it nearly refembles in
Luftre too, now in the Poffeffion of Mrs. Aune Trefbam of Pilton.

7- 1 thought tq fay no more of the more common Stones of this
Tribe: but 1t may be convenient to note, that they are found formed
in like manner, as are feveral of the Nodules of the other Kinds
hereafter defcribed. Some of a Shek or Cruft that has a Cavity in the
Central Part of it: Others throughout, and entirely of [oid Flint.
The Cavity of the Cruflated ones, which are ufually of the rounder
Sort, is feldom empty. The enclofed Subftance in fome is as eafily
feparable from the Cortex, as is the Kernel of a Nut from its Shell.
But yet it does not lye fo loofe in thefe, as to be capable of Agita-
ticn, as does that in the Cavity of the ites, and the Geodes. The
Kernel, if 1 may fo call it, in moft of them feems, by the Colour and
Guile of it, and by its Degree of Solidity, to confit of a Flinty
Matter with a Mixture of Lac Lune, or of Chalk, and perhaps of a
fineWhiteArenaceousMatter,ina littleQuantity. Other of thefeKernels
are compofed principally of an ArenaceousMatter ina gritty Form. And
yet the Cruft thatencompafes them, has the fame Traniparency, asis u-
fually feen in Flints. 1 havea Flint from Kilstyinclofing in the middle of
itaCongeries of Cr yftaliz’d Fluors,which in Hardnefs equalsat leaft the
Briflol Diamonds : Another out of Oxendon Gravel-pit vein'd with
Spar in a double Vein or Plate, or with Two Parallel Plates, whofe
interiour Surface are befet with Cryfalls almoft meeting each other
with their Points: Another from the fame Place, including a featter’d
Parcel of the {mall Ova, whereof 1 fhall give an Account in Cb. 3. It

Te 3
1 t 1S

 
 

The Namal HIST O KT Chap 2

 

is elegantly {potted with them. Here alfo | have met with a com-
mon Flint, as to outward Shew, compos'd, as, according to Dr. Grew,
the Onyx is*, that is, of feveral Balls lying one within another, and
reprefenting a Spot in the Center with feveral Zones about it. But
* all, the moft remarkable Variety 1 have feen of the Flint-Kind, is
that which is fometimes found in the Field at Cofzrave. It is of a
glofly White : and has feveral {maller Flints or Pebles of the Colour
of the Red Carnelian or Sardius, and nearly approaching it in Hard-
nefs, immerfed in the Body of it. The Flinty Matter is very clofely
and finely accreted to the Pebles. Of this 1 have an elegantSample
EE | me by the Ingenious Mr. Manfel of Coforave.

8. Both Pebles and Flints are fometimes, tho” more rarely found,
included in the Strata of Sand-flme and Ragg-flone ; particularly in
the Ragg at Halflon. ‘They are likewife found enclofed fometimes
apart, {ometimes together, in the Iron-colow’d Maacafite | or in a
Mineral Concrete of Kin to it. Sand alfo in little Parcels is fome-
times included with them in the fame Mafs. The Sandy Parcels fo
eafily crumble away, that the Stone is ufually found with Hollows in
it, appearing then not unlike a Cinder ; efpecially where it lies in
the Fields, or in the Brooks ; as at Oxendon.

9. “Tis not uncommon to meet with Pebles and Flints, fometimes
in Clay, more frequently in Gravel, which have feveral {mall {mooth
Holes upon the Surface of them, appearing as if they had been pr wkd
or pouncedall over. 1 firft obferv’d thefe pounced Stones upon the Sca-
fhores, and was then of Opinion, the Holes were made by an Ero-
fion of Salt. But having found them fince far enough from the Sea,
and enclosd in the Strata, 1 incline to think it is their Native Con-
dition: or however that they were not thus hollow’d or pitted by
Salt ; becaufe that indeed did it corrode at all, wou'd equally cor-
rode the other Stones of the like Kind in the fame Place; whereas
we fee only a few of thefe amongft a Thoufand of this Sort of Pebles
that are not pitted. This is the beft Account I can give of them;
unlefs we fuppofe that all Parts of them were not of a like Subftance,
+ that where thefe Holes are now, was originally a laxer Matter, or a
Saline Intermixture, fuch as was eafily diffoluble, and being fuch, has
by little and little been drilld out by achumid Vapour, or other ways
wrought out by Water. [am well fatisfy’d that the little Holes, of
fuch a Bignefs that one may lodge a Pin’s Head in them, which we fee
in the Outfide of the old Glafs of feveral of our Church Windows,
are to be accounted for in this Manner.

‘10. Sometimes, tho’ more rarely, we meet with Pebles and Flints
with many fuch {mall Holes paffing thro’ the Body of them. Thofe
that are perforated with only a fingle one of a larger Bore, the Vulgar
here are wont to ufe as Amulets, hanging them up in Stables, and
at their Beds Heads, imagining they have a ftrange and wonderful
Efficacy againft the Powers of Witchcraft. At Marflon-truffel I have
feen a Flint with a Hole quite through it, that was fil'd with an
Apple-tree Root that had grown into it, and fix'd it {elf there. ’ Lis

not

 

Part2. of NOR THAMPTONSHIRE

16 2

 

not to be imagined that the Flint grew round that Part of the Root;

tho Dr. Plot inclines to be of that Opinion in a fomewhat Parallel +
Nat. Hift. of

Inftance in Staffordfbire +.

11. 1fhall only mention one more Accident attending the Stones “hs ©»

of this Kind, which I doubt not befell them fince their being lodged
in the Strata, which is, that there have been formed, and do now
appear, upon the Surface of feveral of them, Black or Dusky De-
lineations rteprefenting Mofs, and the little Branches of Shrubby
Trees ; fome of them an Inch in Length. In the Gravel at Oxendon,
we fometimes meet with Flints and Pebles thus odly delineated ; but
much more frequently there and elfewhere with Pebles, whofe Sur-
face is befpecked all over one Side of them with little Black Spots that
feem to be radiated. The like Ramufcular Delineations appear upon
{everal of the Chalk-like Nodules, and on fome of our Foffil-thells.
They feem to have been formed by a Fuliginous Exbolaiion, that hap-
pend to fix it felt here and there in thefe Shapes upon the Pebles, ©e.
that happend to lye in its Paffage upwards. Much the fame Sort of
Figures we often {ee upon the Infide of Windows in a Frofty Morn-
ing. The Delineations there, and thofe we now {peak of, are of the
like accidental and inconftant Figures. Some of the Delineations in
the Embofchata, Landskip-Agates, or Mocho-Stones, are not unlike
to thefe; but that thefe are only Superficial : thofe in the Subftance of
the Stone.

12. 1 fhou’d have thought it fcarce worth ‘while to take notice of
the Pebles and Flints, refembling in Figure one or other of the Parts
of Plants and of Awimals, as alfo things of Art ; but that fome
Writers of Stones and Minerals have been fo curious about them, that
for me to have mention’d nothing of them wou'd have looked like a
confiderable Omiffion. Be it therefore noted here, that feveral Stones
and particularly Pebles and Flints of thefe Figures have been found
in this as in other Counties. Of the Phutoides asthey are called, One
reprefenting an Apricock in the Rima, and other Refpects : Another
a Spanifb Olive : another a Wallnut = others Pears and Botle-Goards,
Of thofe refembling the Parts of Aumals , one that imitates the
round Head of the Thigh Bone of a Child, witha Mark as it were
of the Abruption of the Ligament that ties it into the Socket or Ace-
rabulum of the Coxendix : Another the Sinus’s and Apoplifes of the
Ancle-bone: Another of the Shape of the Diorchis of Aldrovandus :
Another like the Tip of a Sheep’s Tongue 5 to which I may add ano-
ther, that | have, very nearly of the Size and Shape of a Lark's Egg.
Of thofe that mimick Things of Art ; one the Laft of a little Shoe :
Another a Tobacco-pipe Head : Another a Makerom-Bisket : Ano-
ther a Wafb-ball ; to particularize no more. The Reafon why I
mention thefe fo lightly is, becaufe they are nothing but Pebles and
Flints, the Matter whereof accidentaly light into thefe Forms. We
can never meet with two exally alike : And if we nicely examine
them, we find they do not any of them in every part of their Figure
refemble the Bodies they are compared to ; and yet I have by me

a8

 

 
ob
oN
r
i

 

The Natwral HIST O RT Chap. 2.

 

as exact ones of thofe imaginary Shapes as any I have feen in Dr. Plot’s
Collection, or in the Cabinets of other curious Perfons, who have
pafs'd by nothing of this Nature. So very unlikely they are to have
been the Bodies they are faid to refemble, petrified, "tis ftrange to
me that any one who views them accurately fhoud in the leat enter-
tain fuch a groundlefs Fancy.

13. The Stoncy Lumps or Nodules of a [quarcr or more angulated
Shape, are found difperfedly lodged in the Strata as the former are :
They differ from them chiefly in external form ; which in thefe is not
{fo round and fmooth as is ufually that of the Pebles und Flints. Of
this Kind are the Stoney Maffes that are found ina Bed of blueClay at
Oxendon, Kelmarfb, and Kettering. Thefe have nearly the fame Colour,
and almoft as {imooth a Grain, as is that of the Clay wherein they are
enclofed, but confit of a quite different Matter, wiz. of a Stoney
Matter ; which yet appears to have fome Intermixture of Clay , and
in the more ponderous ones of this Kind, of Sulphur and Vitridl.
Some of thofe in the Clay at Kettering contain a great many flaky
Grains, and alfo Veins, of Tale or of the Lapis Selenites. Some Pie-
ces of ‘them which I had left at a neighbouring Gentleman’s Houfe
were miftaken by the Servants there for that Stoney Earth call’d
Rotten-flone , and us'd by them as that is, in brightening their Brafs ;
which it did very handfomely. The Out-fide of them is fomewhat
Earthy and foft : The Infide harder and harder the nearer it is to the
Central Part. In which Regard they are quite the Reverfe of fome
other Stones; particularly of fome Flints that I have met with.
Much the fame Sort of Stoney Nodules for Shape, but of a Reddith
Yellow Colour, and a gritty Subftance, I have fometimes met with
in the Sand-pits here. They are both in Colour and Confiftence
fomewhat like the friable Stone that Dr. Plat {peaks of, which 1s

 

Part 2. of NCRTHAMPTONSHIRE 165
called Pyrite Aurei. The Pyrite Ferrei are the barreneft of Mine-
ral Matter of any of them. Some of thefe hold Vitrisl, and a little
Irm. The Pyrite Argentei feem to be chiefly impregnated with;
Vitriol : The Aurei with Sulpbur. Some have Vatriol, Sulphur, and
Spar alfo, in the fame Mafs. Thefe Minerals lye intermixed with
the cominon coarfer Matter of the Nodules; which, in the Pyrite
Ferre: that with us are ufually found in Stone , is of the fame
Sort with that of the Strata of Stone wherein thee Bo-
dies are inclos’d. Some of the Pyrite Argentei that are found in
Sand, have Sand incorporated with them in Grains. But the
Things will appear more clearly by particular Defcriptions of tho

15. The Iron-colowr’d Kind or Variety of Pyrite is the firtt |
mentioned. In the Strata of Stone in feveral Places here, and pa;
ticularly in thofe of Glen-Hill Stone, is frequently found inclofed

Pyrita of this Colour, of the Bignefs of a Walnut, or thereabouts.
It may be taken clear out of the Body of the Stone ; being much
harder than that is. So Hard, that it quickly blunts the beft Steel:
Tools of the Mafons who attempt to cut it. On their firft Stroke
there is Fire flying all about it in Flathes. It has been usd for Fire.
locks. Others of a like Colour and Subftance , we fometimes find
in the Fields. Out of Weekly Field 1 had one in Size, in Shape,
and in Smoothnefs, very like to a Musket Bullet : One out of Oxen-

don Field of an almoft Conic Figure, nearly refembling a little Pear :

Others with a Granulated Surface from the fame Field: One from

T borpe-malfor fo like to a Nutmeg, that it has been often taken for

one. In Oxendon Gravel-pit I have met with a yet more remarkable

Variety of thefe. The Surface of them is Echinated, or befet very

thick with fhort Spikes, of a Pyramidal Form, confifting for the

moft part of Four Sides. In Tab. 1. Fig. 4. is as fair a Reprefentationt 7.5 5.5.4

of it, as cou'd well be exhibited. In Reddith Earth ina Quarry at >

Meares-Afbby, is found a Variety with a knobby Surface. A weighty
Nodule of a Cylindric Figure, with a fmooth Surface, and bor’d as
it were at one End of it, in Colour and Hardnefs not much diffe-
rent from thefe, was found nigh 7 horpe-malfor. Tis mentioned in

===

a
Famers

-
w—

wr 2s found Sparfimyin Lumps,amongft the Marles at Eardly in Staffordfbire ;
Stafirdfire which are therecalled Rofemary-flones *. And to this Head we may
C459 refer the Chalk-like Nodules, or Chalk-flones, as we may call them ; for

they feem to be only Lumps of a harder fort of Chalk: or elfe of

TTC

Se

a foft Sort of Lime-ftone, whiter than ordinary, in the Shape of
ordinary Pebles. Some of them fall in Pieces when expos’d to the
Air. The fofter ones of this Kind will draw a Line almoft as well
as Chalk. They are found in the Fields, as alfo enclofed in Gravel
at Oxendom : in Clay at Cranfly, Pichely, and elfewhere.

14. To this Firft Clafs, which confifts of Stones in {inaller Mafies
of uncertain Figure and Texture, I refer the Pyrite, which are like-
wife found in Balls or Nodules, as various and uncertain in Shape,
as are the Pebles and Flints: But differ much in Subftance. For
thefe are Minerals moft ftrictly and properly fo called, that is, Bodies
that have fome Relation to Metalls, and Properties in common with
them ; being particularly ponderous aud fplendent. Some in their
Colour refemble fron ; thefe we may intitle Pyrite Ferre: Others
have a Gliftering Silver-like Colour ; which have therefore the Name
of Pyrite Argentei: Others, that ot Brafsor of Gold ; which gre
calle

the Lithophyl. Britan. Cap. 23. under this Title, Belemnite Congener
Cylindraceus Lapis Magufculus Volgiolum Terebratum didtus.

16. We meet with other Iron-colow’d lefs ponderous Bodies, in no-
thing diftereut from the Iron-colour'd Marcafite, except in their Fi-
gure, and thereby belonging to this Head of Stones in leer Mafles
or Nodules. I call them Pyrite Ochreo-Ferrei, for Reafons occurring in
the Defcription of the Iron-colour’d Marcafite. There are Two Va-
rieties of them, the Craftated: and the more Solid. The former
are compos’d in like manner as are the Flints defcribed in 4. 7. fupra)
that is, of a roundifh Shell or Craft encompaffing a Stoney Kernel, or
elfe an Earthy Matter, particularly Ochre. And in nothing do they
differ from the Ferruginous Cruftated Bodies hereafter mention’d, but
in this, that the Matter in them is not {o Joofe and difengag’d, as to
be capable of Motion or Agitation, as is that in thofe. In fome of
them is contaiu’d a Stoney Matter, wholly filling the Sphere, if I may

fo

 

 
 

Tte Natwal HIST ORT Chap.2.

 

 

fo call it, which is form’d by the Shell: In others, only a Part of it
is thus filled : In others, there are Two or Three little Stones divided
from each other by thin Partitions. This Variety with a Stoney
Kernel we not unfrequently meet with in Gravel at Oxendon , asalfo
lodg’d in Sand-ftone at Meares-Afbby. The Kernel is ufually cither
a glofly Bluifh Pyrites befinear’d with Ochre, and fometimes having
Lecad-colour’d Specks in it: or an ordinary Stone of a Lime-{tone
Grain. The like Cruflated Pysites is fometimes found in an Oblong
Quadrangular Form. ;

17. Of the more folid Ocbres-Ferreous Pyrite, fome of the fmal-
ler ones incline to a Cylindric Shape, either Plane, or Helically con-
voluted. Others are fomewhat Conic. Moft of them of very irre-
gular Figures, and of as various Size. Many of the flender Cylindric
ones have been perforated, as it were, with a fine Needle drawn thro’
the Middle of them Length ways. Samples of thefe I have from the
Brick Clay-pit at Clipflon, and from the Stoney Field at Thorpe-malfor.
1 have not unfrequently met with Sea-fhells, and in an old Stone-pit
nigh Clipflon, witha Piece of Wad , embody’d in this Sort of Stone.
In fome Pieces of the Ragg-ftone diga’d up at Telvertoft, is included
an Iron-colour’d Pyrites, that in Track of Time is diffolv'd, where
it lies expos’d to a moift Air, by Reafon of the Salt it contains. A
Piece of the Stone inclofing one of thefe Pyrite, may be feen built
up in the Wall of a Gentleman’s Houfe at Yelvertoft. The Salt of
the Pyrites having been diffolv’d, and carrying down a Ferruginous
Matter along with it, has obfervably ting'd that Part of the Wall
underneath it, fo far as it ran. Thefe are called fron-Keracls by
fome Mafons. To thefe we may join the Pyrite found in the Red
Sand-{tone at Halfton, which are {mall Balls of the Size, and fome-
what of the Figure of Hazel and Wall-nuts: The Colour of them
White or Bluith throughout. They are ponderous: and fo hard,
that, like the reft of the Pyrite, they will not hew. With a flant-
ing Stroke they leap out of the Bed of Stone.

18. I have alfo met with many Varieties of the Pyrite Agente,
with fome, in Sand or in a Sandy Loam, at Oxeadon, befet all over
with clear, tran{parent, fparkling Sand in Corns about the Bignefs of
Muftardfeed : and containing the like in the fame difperfed Mannef
in the Body of it. With others, in Gravel at Crick, of a Ferruginous
Colour without, of a fhining Silver-like Colour withiu: containing
Vitriol in Plenty , and tho’ very hard Stones, diffolving quickly in a
moift Air. One only of feveral Samples, that 1 happend to lay in
a moift Place, remain’d entire and undiffolv’d. And yet this like-
wife has Vitrid in it, as is difcoverabie by the Tongue, if the Body
be apply’d toit. It has a vifible Mixture of Spar: and contains
little Sulphur. Being ftruck againft Steel or Iron, it has plainly a
Sulphureous Smell. The Pyrutes Argenteus is alfo found in Clay. 1
have a Sample of it adhering to a Picce of a Namlus-fhell , that
was found in Clay in digging a Well at Peakirk. Upon its Surface
there are Shoots of White Vutriel. There have been Nodules of this

Sort

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHLIRE,

 

Sort from a Quarter of a Hundred to Half a Pound Weight, digg’d
out of Blue Clay, in finking of a Well at Kelmarfb. As well the Fi-
gure of them, as their Weight and Size, is various, They lay difper-
fedly from the Top to the Bottom of the Clay-Stratum, which is
many Yards in Depth. The Surface of them is uneaven with a great
many little Knobs. In fome of them there are Patches of a Gold-
Colour. ‘They are ftored with /7uriol. Being caft into the Fire they
{tink of Sulphur.

19. From Mr. Peck of Welford I received fome others of this Sort,
which, he told me,were found in the Banks and Chanel of the River
Avon there, that in Figure refembled the Kidney of an Human
Embryo. Expos'd toa Humid Air they emit a Capillary White /%-
triol. © The Outfide of them is Blackifh: The Infide of a Silver Co-
lour. 1 have from Oxendon Field a Pyrites in Colour and Subftance
like thofe from Welford, but of very different Shape. One Side of it
is flat and plane : The other the fame, but that in the middle Part
of it there rifes a roundith Knob. It confifts of Five Parallel Plates.
The Middle one is the broadeft , and has a ftriated Edge. Indeed
it feems to be a Cornu Ammonis,with a Pyrites,in this Plate-like Form,
growing to each Side of it. The Reader will the better judge of it

by the feon. * Thefe are only accidental Varieties of the Pyri- «p51 To,
te Kind ; the like whereto we fometimes meet with in the Peble- 1. Fig.s.

Kind.

20. The Pyrite | have now by me which were found in Clay at
Arthingworth, thofe alfo from 7 brup-mandeville and Sulgrave, are of
this Kind ; but a good Part of their Silver Colour is now tarnifhed,
and turn’d Black, by their having lain long exposd to the Air. Thofe
from Sulgrave have fomewhat of the Grain of Wood. Thefe Py-
rite broken to Pieces, will, with Gals and a proper Gum, make as
good Iuk,as that which is made with Coperafs, in the common Man.
ner. The Vitriol, they emit, appears at firft in Form of a Snow-
white Hairy Down : In Traét of Time becomes a Greenifh Yellow,
like that of Coperafs, which is fuppos’d to have its Colour from a
Tincture of Iron: And at length in a very moift or pluvious Air, Li-

uates and runs, leaving a Black Humidity on the Surface of the
Body. The Silver-colour’d Pyrite here are generally ftor’d with /72-
triol, that particularly of the Coperas-kind 5 and this fo copioufly, that
was there found a fufficient Plenty of them, the Proprietors of thofe
Places might fafely venture upon fetting up a Coperas-work. 1 have
compar’d them with the Coperas-flones of the fle of Shepey, and
fome other Places out of which they extra their Jurwl, and can-
not find that thefe are any way inferiour to them.

21. But to proceed to the Pyrite Auer: or thofe in Colour and
Splendency refembling Brafs or Gold. A remarkable one of this Kind
was found in Clay in digging a Well at Oundle. The Body of it for
Colour is much like that of fome of the Copper-Ores in Cornwall.
The Surface of it is adorn'd with Studs, that in Figure and Colour
refemble the Body called Ludus Helmontsi; which, according to Hel-

mont

 
 

168 The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 2.

mont, is always found in Form of Dyes. * But the lower Part of thefe
elmo, DENS hid, as it were, within the Body of the Stone, they do not
de Lithia, appear perfectly Cubic. I'hey are compos d of Plates in like manner
Ch.7- N22 ols that call’d the Potters Lead-Ore. Yet we cannot thence conclude,
that it holds either Copper or Lead. It is manifeftly impregnated
with Vitriol and Sulphur. This feems to be the Tabulated Mar ca-
t or Grew fite of Dr. Grew +. The Mineral Subftance that fhone like Gold,
jun R, difcover’d in digging a Well at Caftle- Afbby, belongs to this Set of Py-
rite. Being tryd if it would melt in a Crucible, it emitted fuch
firong Steams “of Sulphur, that the Perfons prefent at the Tryal
coud fcarce endure the Room. The Metal, had it really been pof-
fefs’d of any, cou’d not eafily have been difcover’d by Fufion ; by
Reafon of that plentiful Admixture of Sulphur. Lis a know: Pro-
perty of that Mineral, that it carries off the Particles of Metalls
that lie mixed with it, in the Time of Fufion.

22. Pyrite of a like Colour with that at Oundle, but not quite fo
bright: and containing Vitriol and Sulphur, as that does, have: been
found in Clay at Mears- Abby, and near’ the Medicinal Well at Nor-
thampton. But thefe having nothing in the Figure of them, or in
other Refpeéts particularly obfervable, 1 fhall fay no more of them.
And have only this to note in general of the Pyrite Auer, thatis,
that few or none of them fend forth Vurwl in Form of an Efflore|-
cence, upon being laid in a moift Place ; as do almoft all the Pyrite
Argentes above defcribed. Yet a flight Application of the Tongue
difcover that they really contain that Salt. :

23. And in this Firft Clafs we may place the Spar, that is found
in the Bodies of the Strata in Mafles of a more compact Form, than
is that defcribed in 4. 104. Part 1. fuprj; but yet of no certain and
determinate Figure externally : nor of any regular Internal Texture.
Sometimes in a Mafs of very [mooth Grain, but tarnifh’'d with a dirty
Yellow or Red : fometimes in one a little refembling a Lump of Su-
gar refin’d, in Colour and in Texture too: Sometimesin a Mafs of
irregularly fbaped Spangles : Sometimes in one of very rudely and
confufedly Cryflaliz’d Figures. "Tis very rare to meet with it here,
in that Plane Quadrangular Tabulated Form, wherein it frequently
occurs in the Lead- Mines at Haddon in Derbyfbire. The Spar of
this County is moft commonly found in a very irregularly Cryflaliz’d
Shape.

24. 1 now come to the Stones of the Second Clafs, thofe that are
of an uncertain Figure externally : but have their internal Texture
determinate and regular. In this Clafs are comprehended the
following Subdivifions. 1. Of thofe that are compofed of Pa-
rvallel Strie or Filaments. 2. Thofe that confift of Parallel Plates
or Flakes. 3. Thofe that are formed into Tali, or angular
Bodies, by means of Partitions of Spar, or other Mineral Matter.
4. Thofe that are compofed of Crufts, or Coats including one ano-
ther. 5. Thofe that have a Cavity in their Center, which is cover’d
or roofed over with Cryflalliz’d Spar.

 

25. To

 

Part 2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 169
25. Tothe Firft Subdivifion belong the Pyrite Striati : The Sparry
Nodules of finer and [moother Strie: Sr hofe with coarfer and rougher
Sirie: And fome other Mineral Bodies, which I do not mention
here, becaufe we do not find them in this County. In the Gravel-
pits at Weflon fuper Weland, we find a Cylindric Pyrites, whofe In-
teriour Part from the Periphery inwards, about a Quarter of an Inch,
is composd of Parallel Striee like to thofe of the Pyrites 4 Peri-
pheria ad Centrum Striatus, found in Hinton, and other Chalk-pits in
Cambridgefbire, which when almoft diffolv’d, or in a mouldering
State, I take to be the Terra Lapidsfa Ferruginofa, or Iron-moulds,
of Dr.Plot*: The Ruft-Balls of Dr. Lifter +. The inmoft Part of * Nae. mia.
this of ours is a Granulated Mafs : for the Matter of it, a Mixture, 2 974
as it were, of Copper and common Salt. In the Striated Part, it , } Téa
has the Colour and Face of Spelter. The Surface which is befet with Medicatis
1 ubercules ||, much refembling thofe upon the Surface of our Rufbron 7%'5 ©**"
Trufles, is Brown or Blackifh. A Piece of this Pyrites that was 173d. Tab.
crack’d, diftended ; and almoft burft into Splinters, I examined in shih Snr
my Microfcope. It appeared there in Ridge and Furrow like a 43 of
Parcel of Clay-land newly turn'd up by the Plough: The Strie or
Ridges of it broken into Lumps, like thofe of the Lands that have
been plow’d, but not harrow’d. In the Furrows, and at both Extre-
mities of the Strie, there lay Particles of White Vitriol. The Strie
were attenuated gradually towards the Center of the Body.
26. One Variety of the Sparry Nodules of finer and fmoother Strie
we not unfrequently meet with in the Gravel-pits at Oxendon, Thurn-
by, Wefton, and elfewhere, lying in the Gravel. They are wholly
compofed of feveral Parallel, Fibre-like, Sparry Sirie clofely con-
creted. The Colour of them is not clear. They fplit according to
the Duct or Tendency of the Strie; but not near fo eafily as does the
Gypfum Striatum, or Englifb Talc. The Bodies of this Variety do
nearer approach a Cylindric Figure. Another Variety of them, but
a far more uncommon and obfervable one, 1 have fometimes met
with in Clay at Oxendon. The Sparry Sirie in thefe are difpos’d
into a Comic Figure, or one nearly fuch ; as appears by that Sample
of this Stone Engraved , Zab. 1. Fig. 7. Thefe Striate Cones are 7.1.5; -
{cldom found fingle : There are ufually feveral of them, fome bigger,
fome lefler ones, concreted into the fame Mafs, in no certain Order.
Many, if not all of them, are compofed of feveral Conic Cups or
Boxes ftanding one within another. The outmoft the largeft, the
enclofed ones gradually f{imaller from the outmoft to the inmoft.
Examining them more nicely, each Cup, the inner ones efpecially,
appears to be composd of Parallel Ring-like Joints, one leffer than
another, from the Bafis to the Apex: The Joints, of Strie fet tran{-
verlely to the Rim or Circumference of the Joint, and according
to the Length of the whole Cone. In fome Parts of the Surface of
the Nodule, we fee Segments of the Ring-like Joints: The Segments
likewife in a Parallel Order. On the Infide of fome of thefe Cups,
from Top to Bottom, appear Tmpreffions, as it were, of the Joints
l X that

 
 

70 The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 2.

that conftitute the enclofed Cup. The Bafis of fome of the Cones
is incrufted or plated over with a planer Spar. The Cones, as to
Figure and Texture, do in feveral Regards refemble the Lapis Be-
7ub.1-Fig8, lemmites 3 but are every way lefs regular. Fig. 8. Tab. 1. will give
Light to this Defcription. The Colour of the Body within, as well
as without, is very like to that of the Clay wherein it lies. It appears
to have a Clayey Matter incorporated with the Spar : as alfo an In-
termixture of Stoney Matter. In the fame Gravel-pits, wherein we
find the Firft Variety of Sparry Nodules of fmoother and finer Strie,
there occur, tho’ more rarely, others of much the fame Figure and
Texture, but confifting in part of Zalc ; asappears by the Strie being
fomewhat pliant and flexible, which thofe entirely of Spar are not.
27. The Sparry Nodules of coar[er and rougher Sirie, with us, are
fuch as confift of irregularly Cryflaliz’d Spar. So irregularly Cryftal-
lizd is the Spar, that the Strue of it appear, as do the chapp’d and
; broken Strie of the above-defcribed Pyrites, when view'd mn a Mi-
is gos crofcope *. Nodules of this Kind we fometimes meet with in the
Stone-pits. Thefe are of a rounder Shape, and more refembling
Balls, than are any of thofe of fmoother Strie defcribed above.
The Sirie are found extending or directed from the Periphery to the
Center of the Nodule. The whole Clufter of them is enclosd in 2
Cruft of Stone. A Sparry Ball in Shape and Texture not unlike to
thefe, but not erufted over, and of finer Strie not difcontinued, 1
once found in a Stone-pit at Irtlingborough. This I might more fitly
have plac’d in ¢. 26. fupra.
a8. In the Second Subdivifion, viz. of thofe that confift of Pa-
rallel Plates or Flakes, we may place the Mica Argentea: and the
Mica Aurea of Agricola. But having already given fome Account
of thefein 0.103, 106, Part 1. of this Chapter, under the Head of
Mineral Matter found in Grains, 1refer the Reader thither.
29. The Third Subdivifion of Stones in leffer Mafles that are of
an uncertain Figure externally, but have their internal Texture deter-
minate and regular, comprizes thofe that are formed into 7ali, by
means of Partitions of Spar, or other Mineral Matter. By Tali, I
do not intend exactly Dye-like Figures, but fuch as fomewhat refem-
ble that of a Dye. Of this Kind is the waxen Vein of Dr. Grew,
a Stone, that, as the Doétor defcribes it, is compos’d of Two diftinct
Bodies, one, and the far greater Part, of an Afh-colour, in Subftance
not unlike Lime-ftone: The other runs through it in Veins or Plates
{ or Grew Of the Colour of Yellow #Wax+. The likeft to this Waxen Vein of
youn R any 1 have met with, was found in Gravel at Crick. The Veins
which are of Spar, do in Colour refemble that of Yellow Wax.
Another Variety of this Kind, of which I have a Sample by me of = )
obfervable Shape, was found in Clayat Clipflon. The ali confift of We themor( Reverend Sathorn Go. LHOMAS
much the fame Matter, as do the Stoney Nodules defcribed in ¢. 13. Lire Irih Bhp of CAN TERA BEN etropclitian
Th em es J : . J ¢ 3 ol ENGLAND er Flaten premery of hic Grace
Jupré: The Partitions are of Tale, with at leaft an equal Quantity of £2) cal Faron io mst heambly  srabpully Oper
ordinary Craffer Matter mix’d with it. The Sample 1 haveby me, (or lly UA 1 SERS
in the Figure of the Stone, and in the Difpofition of the Plates, is SP La ligne dt QR 5
not

 

Py

 
 

 

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHLIRE,

not unlike a Human Skull with its Three Sutures, the Coronal,
Lambdoides, and Sagittalis.

20. But of all, the moft remarkable Stone belonging to this Head,
is that I am now about to defcribe. The Tali confift of a Stoney
Matter, fuch as that of Lime-ftone. Being fcrap’d it has a weak
Smell of the Lapis Belemmites. Gliftering Particles, feemingly of
Tale, are difperfedly enclos'd in it. Some of the Partitions are only
a fingle Plase : Others confift of Two that are Parallel and Contigu-
ous: Others of Three; whereof the middle Plate is plainly Zale.
Of the reft of the Plates above-mentioned, fome have the true Co-
lour : Moft of them the Striated Texture: All of them when rubb’d
or fcrap’d, the peculiar Smell of the Belemuites moft exactly ; and
that as ftrong a Smell as the Belemnites in its ufual Conic Figure af
fords ; which is fo peculiar to that Foffil, that I might from thence
alone conclude, that thefe Plates are compos'd of the very fame
Matter with the Lapis Belemnites. To one Part of this Nodule
there adheres a {mall Parcel of Spar. Its whole Circumference about
Sixteen Inches. lt was found in Gravel at Oxendon. In the fame
Gravel-pits 1 have found a lefler Nodule of this Kind, whofe Parti-
tions are entirely of Zale.

21. The Fourth Subdivifion takes in thofe Stones that are compos'd
of Crufts, or of Orbes, including one another. Thefe are either fuchas
have the Crufts cohering firm and clofe to the Center of the Body ;
of which Sort is the Bezoar Minerale : or fuch as have a Cavity in
their Center, and the Matter therein loofe and difengagd, fo as to
be capable of Motion and Agitation. Thefe have either a Solid or
Stoney Kernel in their Central Parts, by Play called Calimus ; of
which Sort is the /Etites Siliceus, and the Aiites Ochreo Ferreus: or
a Matter in them lax, e. gr. Sand or Ochre ; which is the Charater
of the Geodes : or a Fluid or Watery Matter in their Central Parts;
which is the Diftinétion of the Enhidros. All the above-mentioned
incruflated Nodules, all of them I mean that we meet with here,
excepting only the Aitites Siliceus, in Subftance and in External Form,
agree with the Pyrite Qchreo-Ferres Crustain defcrib’d in 0. 16. [upra:
and are ufually found together with them. Indeed I might not un-
fitly have placed thofe: And alfo the Cruflated Flints, whereof in
3. 7. [upra, to this very Head. But thefe, as they are more taken
Notice of by Writers, 1 have, in Compliance with them, diftingui(h’d
in a more particular Manner.

32. The Mineral Bezoar confit; of feveral Crufts or Cats invefting
each other, in like manuer, as do the Coats of a Tulip Root or
Onion ; but of far lefs certain and regular Figure. The Name of
Mineral Bezsar has been given to it, as, in its feveral Coats, it re-
{embles the Animal Bezoar, a Stoney Body, which is fometimes found
in the Stomachs of Goats, and of fome Animals of the Deer-kind.
The Mineral Bexoar with us, is ordinarily found lodged in Gravel,
and particularly at Oxendon. Thefe are utually of a roundifh Shape,
and have Three or Four Inwlucra.  Onel have out of Oxendon Gra-

vel-pit,

171

 
 

 

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHLIRE,

not unlike a Human Skull with its Three Sutures, the Coronalis,
Lambdoides, and Sagittal.

20. But of all, the moft remarkable Stone belonging to this Head,
is that 1 am now about to defcribe. The Zali confift of a Stoney
Matter, fuch as that of Lime-ftone. Being ferapd it has a weak
Smell of the Lapis Belemnites. Gliftering Particles, feemingly of
Tale, are difperfedly enclos'd in it. Some of the Partitions ave only
a fingle Plaie : Others confift of Two that are Parallel and Contigu-
ous : Others of Three; whereof the middle Plate is plainly Tale.
Of the reft of the Plates above-mentioned, fome have the true Co-
lour : Moft of them the Striated Texture: All of them when rubb’d
or ferap’d, the peculiar Smell of the Belemuites moft exactly ; and
that as ftrong a Smell as the Belemmnites in its ufual Conic Figure af-
fords ; which is fo peculiar to that Foffil, that I might from thence
alone conclude, that thefe Plates are compos'd of the very fame
Matter with the Lapis Belemnites. To one Part of this Nodule
there adheres a {mall Parcel of Spar. Its whole Circumference about
Sixteen Inches. It was found in Gravel at Oxendon. In the fame
Gravel-pits 1 have found a lefler Nodule of this Kind, whofe Parti-
tions are entirely of Zale.

21. The Fourth Subdivifion takes in thofe Stones that are compos'd
of Crufts, or of Urbes, including one another. Thefe are either fuchas
have the Crufts cohering firm and clofe to the Center of the Body ;
of which Sort is the Bezoar Minerale : or fuch as have a Cavity in
their Center, and the Matter therein loofe and difengag d, fo as to
be capable of Motion and Agitation. Thefe have either a Solid or
Stoney Kernel in their Central Parts, by Ply called Calimus ; of
which Sort is the Etites Siliceus, and the Aiites Ochreo Ferreus : or
a Matter in them lax, e. gr. Sand or Ochre ; which is the Charaéter
of the Geodes: or a Fluid or Watery Matter in their Central Parts;
which is the Diftinétion of the Enhbudros. All the above-mentioned
incruftated Nodules, all of them I mean that we meet with here,
excepting only the Aiites Siliceus, in Subftance and in External Form,
agree with the Pyrite Qchreo-Ferrei Crustais defcrib’d in 3. 16. [upra:
and are ufually found together with them. Indeed I might not un-
fitly have placed thofe: And alfo the Cruffated Flints, whereof in
3. 7. [upra, to this very Head. But thefe, as they are more taken
Notice of by Writers, 1 have, in Compliance with them, diftingui(h’d
in a more particular Manner.

32. The Mincral Bezoar confifts of feveral Crafts or Coats invefting
each other, in like manuer, as do the Coats of a Tulip Root or
Onion; but of far lefs certain and regular Figure. The Name of
Mineral Bezsar has been given to it, as, in its feveral Coats, it re-
{embles the Animal Bexsar, a Stoney Body, which is fometimes found
in the Stomachs of Goats, and of fome Animals of the Deer-kind.
The Mineral Bexoar with us, is ordinarily found lodged in Gravel,
and particularly at Oxendon.  Thefe are ulually of a roundifh Shape,
and have Three or Four Inwlucra. Onell have out of Oxendon Gra-

vel-pit,

171

 
 

“Tse Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 3

vel-pit, that has no fewer than Seven, all lying Parallel to each other,
and cohering clofely in every Part ; which fome of the more com-
mon ones do not, but have little Cavities betwixt Coat and Coat,
containing Ochre. In the Central Part of fome of them, is found a
Yellowifh, or elfe an Afh-colour’d little Stone :. Of others, a Stone of
much the fame Subftance with that of the Crufts: Of others, an
Ochrous Earth ; all which adhere to the inmoft Cruft, fo clofely as
to be incapable of Agitation. In this and in the Numbser of Crufts,
but in no other Regard, do they differ from the Aitite, and the
Geodes Ochreo-Ferrei. 1 find them from Two to Twenty Inches in
Circumference: The Crufts from } to i of an Inch in Thicknefs.
One of my Samples of the Mineral Bezoar found in Gravel at Oxen-
don, having been laid in a moift Ground-Room, there appear’d Vi-
triolic Shoots upon the Surface of it. The fame Ferrugmous Crufta-
ted Body, but differing in Shape, is found lodged in Sandftone at
Meares- Abby. Thefe in Figure refemble fhort Cylinders, about
Two Inches in Circumference. They confift of Three, Four, or
Five Coats or Crufts including a {lightly concreted Sand. I havea
Sample of one of them included in a Pyrites Ocbreo-Ferreus, from
the fame Place. The included Matter in thefe is fix’d, as in the
former. . :

33. The reft of the Cruflated Bodies belonging to this Head: The
Atites, the Gevdes , and the Enbydros, confift, for the moft part, of
only a fingle Cruft: and have the Matter inclos’d in them, loofe and
moveable. Of the Aitites or Eagle-flone, a Stone having a loofe and
moveable Stone within it, there are 7 wo Varieties, one whofe Cruft
or Shell is Flint; which is therefore called the ties Stliceus :
Another that has Ochre,and a little Iron intermixed with the ordinary
conftituent Matter of the Cruft; which has therefore the Name of
Atites Ochreo-Ferreus, Of the tite Silicei, 1had one from Bowden
Parva, of the Bignefs and Shape of a Musket Bullet, that has a
loofe little roundifh Stone within it ; as appears by the Noife which
is heard upon any fmall Agitation of the Flint. Of the Auite
Ochreo-Ferrei, 1 have not met with fo much as one in this County ;
notwithftanding we fo frequently meet with the Pyrite Ochreo Fer-
veus Cruflatus, with a Stoney Kernel, and in nothing different from
thefe Autite excepting this, that the included Stone in thefe is not fo
loofe, as to move upon fhaking the Body that enclofes it. But in
fome of thefe the Stoney Kernel adheres fo lightly to the Cruft or
Shell, that were they kept for fome time, 1n a very dry Place, and
the Moifture that is ufually found within them thereby evaporated,
tis likely the Kernel wou'd be as capable of Agitation as is that of
the Aiites, or that of a common Nut that has been throughly ripen’d.
1 the rather think this, having found by Experience, that the Earthy
Matter in the Geodes, a Stone of the fame Kind with thefe, is not

always loofe and moveable when the Geodes is firft taken out of the
Earth, but becomes fo afterwards by having been perfectly dry’d.

 

34. Of

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

Part 2.

34. Of the Geodes, a cruftated Stone that has a moveable Earthy
Matter in the central Part of ir, there are alfo two Varieties, the
fame with thofe of the Atites, viz. the Geodes Siliceus, and the O-
chreo-ferreus. The former 1 have not met with here. The latter is
not unfrequently found in Gravel, with the Mineral Bezoar above
defcribed. The enclofed Earthy Matter is ufually Ochre : Sometimes
a Stoney Earth of an Amber Colour : and fometimes a Sandy Clay,
as in the Geodes 1 have found in the Brick Clay-pit at Clipfion. Dr.
Plot in his Natural Hiftory of Staffordfhire *, mentions a Stone of a
dark Reddifh Colour brought out of Northamptonfbire, and prefented
him by Dr. Pitt that has a firm Coat without, yet is fil’'d up within,
with nothing but loofe Sand. It was found, as I am inform’d, nigh
Kettering. By the remains of that Stone in the Mufeum Afbmoleanum
the Cruft of it appears to be compos’d of the fame Matter as is that
of our common Ochro-ferreous Geodes ; only this has fome Admix-
ture of a Reddifh Sand. The like Kind of Stone for Subftance, and
alfo Colour, I have fometimes met with in the Fields, at Cofgrave,
and at Damrey. But the Shape of them is very uncertain. That
of Daintrey, in Figure, refembles the Sheath of a Spring-Knife.

35. The Enbydros , a cruftated Nodule, with a Fluid or Watery
Matter in the Central Part of it, is alfo to be met with here, that]
mean of the ferruginous Sort , together with the other ferruginous
cruftated Bodies ; tho’ morerarely. The Fluid Matter inclos’d in
the Enbydros with us, appears to be fimple Water. Tis without
Colour : and without any obfervable Tafte. The like clear and in-
fipid Water we likewife find now and then in hollow Lumps of Spar,
particularly of that in the Ragg at Halfion. lndeed, not only the
Body which is ufually diftinguifh’d by the Name of Enbydros, but
many other Mineral Nodules that are form'd with an internal Cavi-
ty, have Water within that Cavity. The exteriour Surface of the
Enbydros, and fo for the Geodes and the cruftated Pyrites, is either
{mooth : or {cabrous, being rough caft, as it were, with Sand. The
Concave, or interiour Surface of the Cruft, in fome is {mooth : in
others wrought, fomewhat like a Honey-comb : In others odly fur-
row’d : In others rais'd into drop-like Prominencies juft like thofe of
the [parry Stalagmites. In many, I think in moft of them, itis lin’d
with yellow Ochre.

36. The Fifth Subdivifion of Stones of uncertain Figure ex-
ternally , but of a determitate and regular internal Texture, is
of thofe that have a Cavity in their Center, which 1s roofed
over with a Cryftallized Spar. To this Branch belong all the
Varieties of the Concave Sparry Balls. The exteriour Part of
the Roof or Cruft of the Concave Sparry Balls, with us, is ufually
of a coarfer Matter,much like that of Limestone with fome Admixture
of Earth, asalfo of Sparry Particles : The Interiour Part of it is Spar
ina rude or irregularly crySfalized Mafs, with more regular Ciyfals
proceeding from it, and pointing inwards. The Cryftals are either
of a Pyramidal Form confifting of three Sides, fometimes, tho’ ve-

Yy ry

173

 
 

 

The Nord HISTO RT Chap, Part2. of NorRTHAMPTONSHIRE.

ry rarely of Five; which in fome of them are as fmooth and fine, veral Bris tie Prominencies like thofe of one Variety of the Stalag-
asif they had been cut or polifhed : In others more unequal, being Pies he whole Nodule exhibiting this Diverfity of Figures, con-
conftituted of feveral Plates lying one fhorter than another : Or of a d s of a coarfe Spar. The Parts of it, tho thus different in Figure,
rounder or more depre[Jed Shape; but yet having ufually Three Sides b Ao differ in the Matter that conftitutes them. I found it amongft
or Planes. The Planes of the fame Cryftal are feldom of exaltly the Rubble Stone of a Stone-pit at Hafelbich. In the fame Stone-pit
the fame Dimenfions. The Interiour Part of fome, is Spar in Spiked I have met with another Varie ty of this laft fort of hollow Nodules
Vid. Tub. or Echinated Knobs ; the Spikes of a Triangular or Triedrous Figure: (or Stones, ) the Surface of whofe Plates is on all fides befet or armed
Fit. Of others, much the fame Spar in Knobs or Balls of the Shape of a with fharp Prickles of Spar, extremely like the Thorns or Prickles
{mall unripe Pine-Apple ; the Cryftalls that together conftitute the ot Oe on Guts or Furze-Bufb ; particularly in this, that they
Ball, exhibiting the like Protuberances, as appear on the Surface of Jive ji; of ickles growing out of the Sides of them, juftas thofe
the Pine-Apple. There is ufually a perforated Piece of Lime-ftone ave. ; tere is a Reprefentation of it in Zab. 2. Fig.

enclos'd in the Center of them. The Surface of fome of thefe Sparry 39. In fome Places, and particularly in 7wyzwell Stone-pit, and in
Concave Nodules, is found adorn’d with Aftetifes : Of moft of them | the vaulted ones at Coferave, amongft the Earth, and the {mall Stones
lain and rude. With us they are found for the molft part in the of the Upper Strata, there are lodged Lumps or Parcels, like to thofe
Quarries of Lime-ftone, or of the whiter Sort of Stone; and parti hig that we find on the Bank-fides of thofe called Perrifying
cularly thofe at Grafton-Underwood , Cortenball , Colgrave, and Cul- i oe 5 both in the Matter they confift of, and in the Spunge-like
worth. They ufually lye enclos’d in a Stoney White Earth : or elfe o] picts of them. They are conflituted for the main of a very
amongft the {mall Lime-ftones that conftitute the Stratum next above oars a : or of a Sparry and Arenaccous Matter com.
the Quarry-ftone. Here we very rarely light of Spar in angulated pounded, Within fome of thefe Mafles we may fee litte thort Els.
Columns that terminate in a Point.In the Quarry atGrafton,] once found iefcences, as it were, proceeding from the fhapelefs Spar, as from a
a Pentagonal Column of Sparincluded in the Body of a Sparrj Nodule. Grong or Bed: In others, Echinated Knobs of a purer Spar than is
7. Balls of Tale of a like Shape and Manner with thofe of Spar, pat of ns Bed. Thefe Parcels, tho they fo much refemble the In-

I have fometimes met with here, particularly in Clay at Kelmarfb. cruftations that are now made by the Water of fome Springs, and
The Exteriour Part of the Roof of thefe is Clay fomewhat harder legm. (0 have been form’d by much the fame Means ; yet “tis reafo-
than ordinary ; wherein are difperfedly lodged a few little (hort Sele- nable to infer from their being found thus enclofed in the Strata,
nite of theufual Hexagonal Shape. ‘The Interiour Part is Tale, or that they were formed at the fame Time, as was the Body of the

Stratum that enclofes them. .

4%. 1 he Spar we meet with here, reduc’d to fine Powder, has
nearly alike, if not the ver fame) in Cryflalls, if 1 may fo cal | Deen us d with Succefs upon Ulcerous Excoriated Places: And has all
them, confifting ufually of hree Sides, and in Figure refembling 5 othey Properties of the Alkaline Powders of the, Earthy and Te-
the Second Variety of Cryflaliz’d Spar defcrib’d in the Paragraph ] faces Kind. "Tis fuch a Diuretick as the reft of them are: and
above ; fome of which arefound difpos’d into a Star-like Figure. Vid. 10 104k We Owe Us Succefs in fome Nephritic Cafes. For Medicinal

7ib2!  Tab.2. Fig. 2. There is found a little Clay within the Cavities of Ufe that Spar is to be chofen which is freeft from all Admixture of
Fig.2. {ome of thefe hollow Balls of Zale. Foreign Matter. That which is not clear: or tho clear is heavier
38. Hither we may refer the Sparry Nadules that are compos'd of than ordinary, is not to be trufted to. Here we have little Occafion
feveral fmooth or elfe Echinated Plates, fo irregularly piled that they for it in the Fufion of Metalls ; for which alfo it is of Ufe.
form many diftin& Concavities of all Manner of Figures; fome of vo A length 1 am come to the Laft Clafs of the Stones in leffer
them opening to the Surface of the Stone. This Variety I have found Males, io thole of certain, regular, and determinate Fi-
amongft the Rubbifh of the Quarry at Kings-Cliff, at Pi sfird, and gues. ] 0 this Clafs belong the Selenite : Belemmte : Mycetite':
clfewhere. Others of thefe Sparry Nodules, with many irregular little Pon poe; Afton. : the Coralloid Foffils : and the Fchinated Sparry
Cavities, have a Company of Striated Stalaclite ( Sparry Ieeycles ) Balls, with the Bodies related tothem. But before I enter upon a parti.
affixed to the Roofs of their Cavities. In fome of the Cavitics they cular Defcription of them, I'muft premife this, that thefe are call=d
grow fingly : In others there are feveral of them contiguous, grow- i of asin and regular Figure, in Oppofition to thofe of the
ing together as it were into a Shieaf, in like manner as the Mera pi wig ECOG Clats, which have not fo certain and regular Figures,
+ br. wena. Ferri Stalaica fometimes does *. In others there are {lender Cylandiric a3 tele. Rie Ret Unease have near fo Regular and Specifick Fi-
pads Nat. Sire extending acrofs the Cavity, and affix’d at their Extremities to Bt > oe Sh e2 oi which have been form d and moulded in the
buts 17. the Two oppofite Sides of it. In fome other of the Cavities, or in avitics of Shells; whereof in the following Chapter.
different Parts of the fame, the Roof is fwell'd, as 1t were, into {eve-
veral 42. The

the Selenites (1 here ufe thefe Two Names Synonymoufly ; the con-
fituent Matter of the Bodies defign’d by thefe Names being very

 
 

The Nawal HIST 0 RT Chap. 2.
: resi y Thin, Flexible
The Selenites is a Body compos'd of Smooth, Thin, ,
peltucid, and Parallel Plates, inte which J oo Gs Si inde
tender they ma very eah ’ :
piv Thete ar alfo the Cm pale
is therefore nothing left to ifcriminate it from hs iy Us Figure :
which I fhall give an Account of by and by. : is a nly nd
“+ us: and particularly at 7 bornbacw, Worthorpe, Dorgbion,
Cin in, eS
i tratum of Clay, inno 1 Pe . .
Sy oa a tio it has here, in fome Places, the Name
e oT oo of theSelenites with us is generally either Rhomboid,
os like that of the Vitriolic Rhomboids : or an Hlosegont) Pri®
( if I may thus exprefs it ) fuch as thatof the more reas iy als
of the NitrumOfficin. The more common Selenites Rbombaidalis,as it
is called, confifts of Ten Planes, that is, of Four Shorter ones, oe
on each of the two fhorter Sides of the two Rhomboid or prioe
Planes, and Four Longer ones, one on each of the two Jonges y es
of them. So that according to Dr. Plot they make up a there 4 rum
Paralelipipedum. But an acurate Infpection of this Sues e eulss
will very quickly difcover that they are not Paralelipipeds proper y
fo called, that is, every Plane of them is not equal and para 3 to
that oppofite to it : but there are differences betwixt them a their
Angles, and in the Extent or Dimenfions of the Planes. dhe two
rincipal Planes are feldom truly Rhomboideal, that 1s, thelaoope.
fite Sides and Angles are not equal: And thefe, tho ul ly Ses
and more deprefled than are theintermediate ones on the longer ge
of them, yet are not always thus. Selenite of a quite contrary ki-
gurein this regard, do frequently occur at Kettermg. Nay, we ee
with fome of the Rhomboideal Sort, confifting of no fewer than
Fourteen Planes : that is, with Eight fhorter or {maller ones, oe
on each of the two fhorter Sides of the two principal or Rhomboida
Hoe : Many of the Rbomboideal Selenite feem to be composd of fe-
veral fmaller ones, or rather of Halves of larger ones, that hd pol
were been {plit lengthways, pretty aptly clapt together, and boa .
Thefe feveral Pieces are fo congruoully adapted to each other, that
the Plates lye all the fame way, and all of them fplit with a Gg
running Parallel to the principal Planes ; but are ufually fomewhat
longer or fhorter one than another uncertainly. Lis not uncom 1%
tomeet with fmaller Selenite immerfed about half-way in fe 0 y
of the larger ones, in the middleof the longer Planes efpecially, a
franding at almoit Right Angles with them. Some 1 have met we 1
fuck about in this manner with a fingle Round of the {maller Se e-
nite. One Exemplar] have of a Smaller one enclos’d in the Gensel
of a Larger one which is as it were pregnant withit. The Louth
Author of the Hiftory of Oxfordfbire has already given fo comp fe
an Account of the Texture of this Body, that is, of the Posten of

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

the Plates, and of the Threds that compofe thofe Plates, that thither
I ought to refer the Reader *.

45. There are alfo feveral Subordinate Variations of the other

general Variety of the Selenite, that is, the Prifms, fuch as the Ni-
trous ones, confifting of Six Sides or Planes, in Form of an Hexae-
drous Paralelipiped, or rather of a Column of Six Sides, with
broken Ends. Thefe, according to Dr. Plot’s Defcription, have Two
Planes more deprefled and broader, (as in the former) than the
other are. And indeed it generally holds thus in thefe. Iam only
to except fome few Selenite found with the reft, that have the Shape
of Cryflalls: Are Columns of Six Sides, all of them nearl y equal, as
are thofe of the Sprig or Rock-Cryftall, tho’ never terminating fo
regularly as do fome of thofe. The Ends of almoft all of them of
the Hexagonal Sort appear, as if a Piece had been fnapt or broken
off from them. The like Abruptnefs appears fometimes, tho’ very
rarely, atone End of the Rbombod Selemt, 1 have other Exemplars
belonging to this Second Variety, growing gradually fmaller almoft
to a Point: Others without any Diftinétions of Planes, in Form ra-
ther of SparryStria than of CryftallizZd Selenite. Thefeare manifeftly
compofed of Parallel Filaments extending the whole Length of the
Stone. Others there are in my Colletion of the Selemte of this
County, that are naturally jagg’d or notch’d upon the Sides: One
that is Forked , and has a {maller Hexaedrous Selentes inferted End-
ways betwixt its Tines, and conjoin’d with it. indeed all thefe
Notched ones feem to be compos’d of divers Selenite, fome of a
more perfet, others of a lefs perfect Form, fome of them Prifms,
others Rhomboids, concreted into an oblong Body of Six Sides, fo
unequal and notch’d, as may well be fuppos’d wou'd happen upon
fuch a Concretion. The fmaller Hexagonal Selenite, in the Blue
Clay at Worthorp are often found lying in a Circular Form, fo that
each is, as it were, the Radius of a Circle.

46. In or near the Central part of the Selenite, thofe efpecially of
this Second Variety, is ufually included a little Clay, in fome very
prettily difpos’d, in the Shape, as at firft Sight onc wou'd imagine,
of a Bent, but not of the Gramen Segetum panicula [par |i, Far paini-
cled Corn, or Bent-Grafs, as Dr. Plot hath iinagined +, any more to

my Apprehenfion, when I ftrictly view it, than of any other Species Nr toh of
Imagine, if you pleafe, any one of thofe Paincles 0
with their Locufielle divefted ot their Attire, and you have here a

of Panicled Grafs.

Reprefentation of itin Clay. Thefe Selenite are always found with-
in a Bed of Clay, and for them to include a little of the fame Mat-
ter is no ways ftrange. The Form of it is in no Two exactly alike,
which fhews it is meerly accidental. In fome of them there are
Twoof thefe Clayey Panicles, one included at one End of the Body,
the other at the other End of it, and pointing at each other.

47. The Selemt.e found at Worthrop in the Lane leading to Stam-
ford, there called Wotirop-Diamonds : and thofe at Caflle- Afbby, are

the cleareft and moft tranfparent I have any where feen. But ’ts

Z rare

177

*Ch. 5.8.
Nat, Hift, of

Oxfordfbire,

fordfbire

 
“The Naural HISTORY Chapt 2.

find them perfedtly clear and free from Stain. Th a
BS re {ome is partly of an Emerald Green, 1n mo Ph.
La ther Difference betwixt thofe thus ftained, and t : :
—. oC) : or other Earthy Matter in a Panicle-like Form, *
pL lies exceeding thinly interfperfed amongft he fii :
te f the Selenites all over the Body of the Stone : in 2 biny
eed Parcel in the Center of I Nt Be Hr ip . Ba Ais
ain’ the others are. :
i) BO the lefs fmooth and svenus i
Th leareft of them have Planesas clear as the fine > 5.
Rs fh wd here have put an End to my Obfervations upon : hs
oe A it may be an Akfgle gs A fo nie bind
t tes 1 h ame Nk 3,
ot es Hp oo and therefore we 4] ey
gr the Selenites our Country affords in Da i o
HRY of Tialy, and other Foreign Countries. Tis 3 2 2 bey
Te Toft Td impalpable Powder; that of ca cin’ Soe
Hor : doe not exceed it in Finenefs: And being fly I iw
chink it preferable, for relieving thofe i ga aa
are of Ufe, to the Teflaceous De je ee
oi Bh a a 0 win Ropying exceflive Bleeding, has Mo
iA good Succefsat Kettering ; on which Account it has
pu She le Third Clafs, the Bellies, ory
deta, a Stone of a Conic Shape, I a ig
Species. Tis often found entirely cover d, i e y ch
Jed in the Strata of Stone, e. gr. 10 the hard Ragg- jt jpn »
ad, tho’ more rarely, in the Bitigire Be “iba
‘arietie Stone rata. nerally :
i the Ee nie dnote that enclofes 1t , fn x
On uprisht Pofture. It occurs yet more frequently in 3
pr Ln From whence it is fometimes plow’d up is the
Fields. In that adjoining to Suly Bangin Ga Sen
{ ; ixte round, lying :
Fa 8 En oth in the Stone, and i Se cht,
ave) they are found not unfrequently in Comprnyol Pe i
Some have Picces of fuch Shells adhering to them Ou fe
Marks of fuch an Adhefion. They are not all of 2 Ce Shape: Done
are of a Cylindric one or near 1t: Others of a os igo
“ioures : 1 have one almoft Orbicularly form d. ery fev 3
De es are exa&ly round in the Girth. Some have one je ;
Conse hi . and flat : Others on both Sides are fomewhat flat. : ome
my eh and very neatly taper'd: Others have a more {u oe
= Te » Jo e. and a blunter Point. Some are pls ba The
Middle, or, ally, towards the pointed End, 2a ly
dually, as well towards the Bafis, as the Point. ‘Thote o ’

 

sari

 

Part 2.

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

of’ them, very nearly refemble the Piflillum of the Herb Arum, or
W akerobin 5 and have therefore the Name of Belemnites Ari Piftillum
referensy very fitly aflign’d them in the Litbopbyl. Britan. N. 1703,
This Variety of them we find at Oxendon and Mar fion-truffel lodg’d
in Clay : as alfo lodg'd in Stone at Crick. Some few are found em-
bow'd or bended : tor the generality they are ftrait.

50. The Magnitude of them is as various. Some of thofe that
terminate in a Point are in Length no lefs than Four Inches and Half:
Others fcarce the Third Part of an Inch. The Circuit of the Bafis
of the Conic ones, in the biggeft I have feen, is Three Inches and
Half, which is equal to the Length of them: In others not Half an
Inch. Of the Cylindric ones, I have one nigh Four Inches about.
Some have a fingle Rima, as ’tis called, that is, a Chink or Gutter,
like that of a Date-flone, the whole Length of the Stone: Others
have Two: and others Three of them ; But thefe laft begin at the
{mall End of the Stone, and feldom reach fo far as the Middle of it.
Moft of them have no Rima or Chink at all. Some have a erack’d
and comprefs'd Bafis, appearing as if it had been bruis'd or {queez’d
with Violence: Others, tho’ very rarely, are found with little Holes
in the Surface of them, fuch as thofe of the pounced Pebles.

51. There is as great Diverfity in their Colour, asin Figure ; tho’
they are generally indeed either of a darker Colour approaching
Black : Or elfe of a Cinerous one, both within and without. Be-
fides the Varieties of thefe Two Colours to be feen in different Stones
of this Kind, ’tis not unufual to meet with one and the fame Belem-
aitesy in different Parts of it, of different Colours ; fo that it is varie-
gated, e.gr. with a Pale White and a Bluith Dye, or with other Co-
lours. 1 have one of the common Colour interfperfed with Streaks,
ai it were, of Blood. We often find them of the Colour and Tran-
fparency of the Yellow Amber. Thefe are the Lapides Lyncurii of
Dr. Lifter, Tra&. Animal. Angl. p. 227. and of Dr. Plot, in Nat.
Hitt. of Oxfordfbire, p. 94. The Exteriour Surface of them is ufually
{mooth and glofly like to polifh’d Marble. But there are fome that
have a coarfer Matter accreted to the Outfides of them, in Form of
a thin Rinde, of a lighter Colour than the Body of the Stone;
which being fcrap'd has not the Smell of the Belemnites: neither is
it radiated, as that is. In fome Exemplars, 1 have by me, ’tis fo
very like in Colour, and in the Thicknefs and Bore of it, to fome of
the Tubult Marini , that 1 formerly thought I was potfefs'd of Two
or Three fuch Shells with their Cavities fill’d up with the Matter
that ufually conftitutes the Belemmnites, till I came to obferve, that
fome of them had a Chink or Crack refembling that in the Belemmt.«
above-defcribed : That the very fame, feemingly Zeftaceous, Matter
is accreted to the Belemmte of all Sizes and Shapes promifcuoufly :
and that even Flints and the like common Stones are fometimes in-
vefted with the like Coat. The Smell of the Stone upon being
fcrap’d or bruis’d, is peculiar to that Sort of Matter which conftitutes

this Body. “Tis fuppos’d by fome to be like that of burnt or rafped
Horn, or of the Urine of Cats. 53. The

 
 

 

180 rd HI 5 TORT Cups.

~. The Bafis of the Conical Belemmite is ufually Rodiated, as are

alfo both Ends of the Cylindric ones. The Strie or Radi are rigid

and inflexible. They concenter, not in the middle Point of the Bafis,

but towards one fide of it almoft always. In this manner the Conic

ones are radiated all the way up to the Cufpis. And indeed all other

Belemnite, even thofe that are {mooth at the Ends, have their inte-

riour part thus ftreaked or radiated. The Bafis of feveral of the Co-

nic ones appears in Rangs encompaffing each other ; which if they

are continued to the mucronated End of the Stone, as they generally

if not always are, they are fo many hollow Cones, one enclofing ano-

ther, or fo many Belemnite differing only in Bignefs, one within ano-

ther. Only the exteriour part of fome is annulated with three or four

thin concentrick Rings : others are annulated fo far inward as to

leave only a very {lender Axis. The Rings alfo are radiated : the

Rays of eachare coincident, and the Direction of them all the fame

way, viz. from the Circumference of the Body, to the Axis, as It is

in the entire and continuous ones that are not thus diftinguifhed into

Anand. 1 have fometimes met with a Cylindric Belemnites enclos’d

within a fingle Ring or Coat confifting of the fame Matter, ; of an

Inch thick; from which it may be eafily parted. The Body of the

ep common Belemuites*, by the Pieces it breaks into, feems to be com-

y the Bo- . . A ;
d of the ne. pofed of round and parallel Joints : that of the Bafis the largeft , and
lenin 1 having fometimes a Ring-like Hole in the Center of it : that next to
Ho fmelt fomewhat fmaller : the fucceeding ones fill fmaller and fmaller the
onlythet  pearer they approach the Apex of the Cone. :

tind theme 53. Some of thele, efpecially the Conical ones , have a Cavity
“, from the Bafis inward, of the fame Figure with the Stone, but feldom
reaching half the length of it, terminating in a Point as the Stone

does. This Conical Cavity is always in the Center of the Rays
wherefoever that is, whether in the middle Point of the Stone, orat a

Jdiftance from it, Tis found empty in fome, thofe efpecially of the
Gravel-pits: In others Ald. The enclofed Matter which isufually call’d

the Madulla, in fome is entre without any Divifion : in others jomted.

"The Joints are ulually fmooth, bright, and glofly : In Figure round ;

one lefler than another, from the Bafis inwards, according to the Shape

of the Cavity : and on one fide excavated, on the other Convex ; fome-

what refembling the Cap of a Clock. 1he hollow fide of the Second
Joint admits the Convex one of the firft, and fo on to the Apex of
this jointed Cone. ‘The A fedulla of the unjointed Sort is
ufually Sand, in thofe we find in Gravel-pits : is Stone, in thofe we

find embodicd in Strata of Stone : is Clay, in thofe that are lodged
in a Bed of Clay. The Clay in fome of them being fcraped or
pounded yields the proper (mell of the Belemnites. That of the
jointed Sort does not always confift of oneand the fame Sort of Mat-
ter. Some of them confift of a finer and harder Sort of Clay: O-
thers, for the {maller Joints, of the yellow Wax-like Talc ; for the
larger, of Clay : and others of both promifcuoufly. The Belemnite
with thefe jointed Cores arecommonly found together with the former.
The

 

 

 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

The Clay in the Cavities of fome of the Belemmite we fee is jointed
in others not : And fo oy the Talc ; which intimates the Articula-
tion is not owing to any Peculiarity in the M: i
Medulla, but a De Caute. iL
54. Around the Infide of fome of thefe hollows Cones, have been
drawn, as it were, divers Parallel Circles, a Ridged one , and a
Bs sksgarely. Huh of oi Ridged Circles exaétly an-
bra bo g, pace, I mean, betwixt Joint and Joint of the
Mec ula: and each of the Furrow’d ones, the Body of each
Joint. 1 find, that the more prominent thofe Ridges are
the more diftin¢t are the Articulations of the Medulla : That whete
the Ridges are more prominent, the Medulla may more eafily be
parted into fingle Joints: Where they are low and obfcure, there
are juft the Marks of fuch an Articulation upon the Surface of the
Medulla, but fcarce to be difcerned within, Neither will it break
or part into fuch clear and entire Joints, as the former will: And
that where there are no fuch Ridges, but the Infide of the Cone
is fmooth, the Medulla or enclos’d Subftance is alfo fmooth, and does
not appear to be at all jointed. ?
55. The fame Body for Colour, for Shape, and for the Matter of
it, with the Conic Jointed Medulla above defcribed , but not enclo-
fed in a Belemnites, as that is, and ufually of a bigger Size, we
fometimes meet with included in Sand-ftone , as at Afbly: more fre-
quently in Clay, as at Boughton, Clipfton, and Yelvertoft. Mr. Lbwyd’s
Alveolus major abeneus, &c. from Boughton, Northamptonfbire *, 1s a
fingle Joint of one of thefe. He calls it Alveolus, as in its Form it 3 ri
refembles a Bee-bive, as do the reft of the fingle Joints. This has a Nine ™
Splendency like that of Brafs. Some of thefe Jointed Naked Cone-
flones are furprizingly large. The Bafis or biggeft Joint of one
of them, which I have now by me, is no lefs than Four Inches in
Circumference. And I have feen One or Two ftill larger than this
and very much exceeding in Bignefs the largeft Belemutes 1 have
ever feen.

56. From the Belemnitee, and the Bodies related to them I pafs
on to the Myceiuie, vulgarly called Fungite, fo nam'd from a {mall
Refemblance they bear to fome Sorts of “Maufbromes. In a Stone-pit
at 7 bornbaw, 1 have met with a coarfe Spar in Form of a {mall
Mufhrome, fhooting out of Lime-ftone. The Mufhrome it moft
refembles, is the Fungus infundibuli-formss of Mr. Ray t. A very
{mall Mpycetites of a Conic Shape, and fo Striate as the Mycetite 13ynopt.
ufually are, viz. from the Circumference at the Top, down the Sides N-* Bn
to the Apex of this Conical little Stone, 1 have found in Clay in an
old Stone-pit at Clipflen. Tis of a Bluifh Colour. Mycetite of the
very Shape with this, but of different Colour, I have feen accreted
to the ordinary Red Coral of the Shops. Another of this Figure
and thus Striate, but ufually of a bulkier Size, confifting wholly of
Spar, we have found in Towcefler Stone-pits. This is the Columel
lus Turbinatus Albidus, Lb, Lithop. Brian. N. 124.

Aaa 57 The

 
 

 

182

¥ Tab. 2.

Fig. 4.

7.2.F%.
T.2. F.6 Ines; as In

Zz F7 Fig 'Orif it has a more

{ Mafeum R. to Dr. Grew’s Pla
, p. 180.

7.2. E.3.1 have given a Cut of it.

7 Nawd HISTORT Chap

7. The Porpites or Button-flone of Dr. Plot, isa Stone of a de-
prefled Orbicular Form, and very rely ftriate or ftreaked from the
Top, as are fome Hair Buttons. We find them at Helmdon and elfe-
where in the Stone-pits. The Sirie generally meet in a hollow’d
Center. Thefe in their Figure and Radiation do much refemble the
Nous Vomice. In Tab. 2. Thave given a Cut of one of thefe *. There
are many Varieties of the Porpite, if 1 may fo call ther, one
whereof is fo remarkable that it well deferves to be particularly
deferib’d. One, and that ufually the flatteft Side is curioufly Striate
from the Circumference to the Center, either with high Prominent
Siri, or rather very thin Plates, with a fhorter one betwixt Two
longer ones ; all of them reprefenting continued Lines : Vid. Tab. 2.

.. Fig. 5. or elfe with the lower Strie reprefenting pricked or pointed
Tab. 2. Fig. 6. The other Side appears to be com-
pos’d of Three or Four Annulets one encompafling another, in this
refpect refembling the Belemmite defcribd in 8. 52. Jupr. Vid. 7. 2.

elevated Surface, it then exhibits, as it
were, a Pile of Three or Four Circular Plates, the uppermoft of
which is the fmalleft, the lower ones gradually larger. This Side
too in fome Exemplars is radiated, tho’ but obicurely. They are of
a darker Colour than the Parpites of Dr. Plot. The inner Surface
of one of them, and I examined no more, has the Face of Bluifh
fime-ftone interfperfed with Particles of Spar, and thinly vein'd
with the fame. We find them fometimes in the Sand-pits and Gra-
vel-pits Oxendon.

8. The Bronchiale of Mr. Lbwyd in Litbop. Britan. N. 115. a
Stone fo call'd, becaufe it fomewhat refembles the Gills in Fifh, 1
have found enclos'd in Lime-ftone at Midleton juxta Cotingbam. Like
ted Fungites *, it is compos'd of Plates, all of them
thin and fharp, and difposd in fuch Order as to refpeét one common
Center, after the Manner of thofe ina common Mufhrome ; except-
ing this, that there they ftand underneath, but here above. The
Plates confift of Spar: The Bed or Root of them of Spar alfo, but
in no regular Shape. For the Satisfaction of the curious Reader,
Vid. Tab. 2. Fig. 8.

59. The Aftroites or Starry Stone, is a Stone of as uncertain and inde-
terminate Shape as are any of the Balls or Nodules of the firft and
fecond Clafs: But has its Surface diftinguifh’d ina particular manner;
it being adorned with Afferifcs or Star -like Figures, refembling thofe
upon a Celeflial Globe. Upon which Account it has the Name of
Aftroites : and is placed amongft the Stones of certain and regular
Figures. There are three more noted general Varieties of it, with
Refpeét of the Figure of its Stars: That with the Concave: That with
the Plane : And that with the Comvex Stars. Of each of thefe there are
fubordinate Varieties with Refpect of the Figure: Or of the confti-
tuent Matter of the Stars: Or of fome other obfervable Circum
ftances of them. In this they pretty nearly all agree, that the Stars
they exhibit are compos’d cf Rays or Strie, refpeting one common

Center :

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR EL

Part 2.
a 18
Crnjunpgalio in this,that theStars are fet fo clofe as totouch each other :
Pe , Torte 5 igh Variety of AS#roites are generally (as Dr.
dt crib’d em) deeply engraven like a Seal, and firisted
; m . prominent Ridges above(which are for the moft part Hexa Net ho
gos , fometimes Pentagons ) to a Center in the Bottom This Tr
ay De me with in he Stone-pits at Culworth, Cortenball, Irt he
borough, and Rance. But however agreeable the S he A.
flraites of the above-mention’d Place, arei nu
; , are in Figure, they differ con-
fseanly in other Circumftances. Thofe of 5 CD a oo a
i feats are ufually found engraved upon Concave Balls of § "
They con it of a Lime-like Matter intermixt with Spar The Lor
wh ua is of ase Figure, not only in different Bodies ry
; e Concave Balls of this fort, do mor %
Le e fitl
ie Hise of Aflroite, than to thatof the Concave Sine Fee:
Jer which general Name I have mention’d them . 36 y r The
pars of Se Irtlingborough AStroites are inferiour to the Toes : :
Ne : 95s YP] te in Clearnefs und Luftre, being com fa
ar with little or no Admixture of coarf i
opar v ; er Matter;
Be Sedy Vihn fof puch Gourley Matter, being chiefly a
h a few little Parcels or Lumps of Spar in it. This i ;
froies Cryftalinns Artleburienfis, Ge. Lb. Hath, Brit. Ls 61 ei
2 EE any Cavity in the interiour Part of i
The S ; ance Aftrotes are not {o clear as i ,
forefaid Varieties. The Bod it is Li ars
| ; of 1t is Limeftone i i
Be tien Bi y s Li ne interfperfed wit
. Upon a piece of plain Limeftone that had
creted to one of thefe Affroite, i um eo
, in that Part of it that had grow
he Sarry Body, there appeared, I obferved, Impreffions as : wor oF
! ers Stars. Thefe of the Limeftone are Convex.fo feem to have
es Joule in the Cavities of the Stars of that Affroites
Teco Res likewife ee Shier Varieties of the Arie with
: ars, asto their Figure. Whereof is thi
defcend ina Concave asd am Ls Ss
o thofe of the more comm :
to a prominent Center, which thofe do AR
; not. Another this: | Pa
confifting of little Eminencies or Poi ane
r Points do refemble prick’ i
ed Lines ; whereas thofe of th 1 plea
d Lin ; e other are continu'd witho
oes ols Both thefe 1 have met with in the Stone-pits Hee ayn
ts he AStyoties with the Plane : and that with the Comoe Stars
oe Se fo aly with us as do thofe with the Concave onies.
"he is laft are prominent ; the Strie defcendi "
Center at the Top.One of this ft vi i Se
, is fort with Stars confifti i
Matter I have found at Irtlis ; yn
! 7 rtlingborouch. The e
lucid : and of a coarfer Ma Tc thel an ayn i
7 tter. Tothefe]l amto add i
therto undefcribed Kind of A§froite fi i aw nal
hert ed Kind raite found in a Limeftone Pit ni
& Sewbal Its Surface is adorn’d with round radiated Holes yh h
8 J refteobiing thot of fome forts of Starry Coral and fo hi!
ex 1 . ‘ " y ; “ - 2
on 1 ie) in fu 2. ‘Fg. -9. that I need not defcribe them 1.5
: y farther. 1 f ould have calld this Stone a Coral, without i %
any Scruple, did it not confift almoft entirely of Spar. Some- |
times

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chapo

times we meet with Sea-fbells affix’d tothe outfide of an Arates, as
alfo enclofed in the Body of it.
65. The Foffil Coralloid Bodies are fuch as do in Shape refemble the
Coral generated at Sea, either the Simple, or Branched Sort of it.
But however nearly they agree in Shape: they do not, thofe of them
at leaft that we meet with here, in the Matter of them. They are
none of them compofed entirely of a Coralline Matter, fuch, I mean,
as ordinarily conftitutes the Sea-Coral, and which feems to be peculiar
toit. Some of them confift chiefly of Spar. Neither can it be
thought ftrange, that that Mineral which we have already feen ap-
pearing in fo many different Shapes, fthou'd fometimes appear in that
of fome Sorts of Coral. + Others are mainly compos’d of the fame
Matter with the fineft Sort of Lime-flonc. ‘I'hefe are the Two prin-
cipal Varieties of them with us. ~The former are ufually larger than
the latter. Both of them are fometimes Simple or Unbranched : and
fometimes Branched. 8
63. The Corallord Bodies of the Sparry Kind are for tse moft part IF
found immerfed in Stoney Nodules: and having their Eads that ter- & ale fo
minate at or near the Surface of the Nodule radiated, they caufeit to | ht a
refemble an Aftroites.: We may therefore call thefe Nodules, Afira- A
te compos'd. of Coralloid Bodies. . But to come to the particular Va- [
rieties of them, which are chiefly Two : the one is Simple, the other
Branched. The Firft of them confifts of Simple Corallnd Stems,
that are round, - ftrait, {lender, ( about the Size of a Turkey Quill)
almoft Parallel, and at a very little Diftance from each other, im-
mers d forabout three arts in four of their lengthina Limeflone- Nodule,
ftanding out above the Surface of it, about half a quarter of an Inch.
The Z op of each is form'd into a fingle Concave Star. In that part cf
the Nodule whence the Stems arife, there are Ranges or Streaks of
plain, not radiated; Spar: and others of Limeftone, alternately
placed. This Variety 1s found in Culworth Quarry. The like in Co»
grave Stone-pits ; but that in them the Stems are thinner fet : are more
obfcurely radiated : confift of a darker and craffer Spar : and have
fometimes a Core of Limeftone in the Top-part of them *. Another
Variety of the imple Coralloid Stems I have met with, that are
round and ftrait as are the former ; But in other Particulars they
differ. Thefe are immerfed in the Body of an Afh-colour’d Peble,and
extended quite thro’ it, fo that both Ends appear, and exhibit Stars
upon oppofite Sides of the Peble. And which is ftill a more ma-
terial Difference they appear to be compofed chiefly of Zale. This
Variety fometimes occurs in Gravel at Oxendon. lt feems to be near-
. minln ly related to the piped and Starry Waxen Ve ein of Dr. Grew *. The C
s.p.32. Second Variety of Sparry Corallnd Bodies which at the Ends have the > PPL retin os SP)
Appearance of a Star, confifts of Branched and wrinkled or geni- Te C. Ce Br i,
culatedCorallnds, and are not smmers’d in a Stoney Noduleas the former ef er

 

“I'L . - . Ly beernnd de & aratorinddond a2

are. 1hefeare accreted to the outfide of one, and extend the whole WW Lcid Pr oH arr

Length of the Platt of it. L'his Second Variety is likewife found R(X - Zr

at Culworth, )+/
é4. The

 
 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 185

64. The Corallnd Bodies of that I call the Limeftone Kind which
are generally of a fmaller fize, are in like manner, either Simple or
Branched. Of the fimple or unbranched fort, 1 have met with feve-
ral Picces in the Gravel-pit at Desborough. They are feldom more
than half an Inch in length : and not thicker than a Goofe-Quill.
Some of them are finely Striated according to the length of the Piece :
But have not that Radiation at the Ends of them as have the Sparry
Coralloids. Mott of them are plain and not at all ftriate. Sometimes we
meet with divers of thefe {mall ftrait Cylindric Stems, united into a
Sheaf-like Column. The other fort is either branched 5 or has the
Marks of Branches as it were broken from it. We find itenclos’d ina
lax Stone at Wakerly: And alfo in the Gravel at Desborough. The
Thicknefs of the main Stem of the thickeft I have met with here is
fcarce fo much as that of an Oaten Straw. Some are only Branch’d
or rather fork’d at one End : Othersare ramous asa Plant is. Firft
the main Stem divaricates into Two : And each of
thofe is fubdivided into two lefler Spurs or Bran- | Fig. 11. Tab. 2. isan exad
ches||. And this is all the Diftinction in the Shape J ePrecriarion of the Second
of them. They are not ftreaked. The Corallium §. 63." fupri. Fig. 12. Tab, 2.
Foffile exalbidum minimum N. 16. Lith. Br. which 2 0% Seemd, LS the Branched
we find at Defborough, is one of this Branched fort. geapn, + = this Paras
‘The Surface of fome of them appears to be full of
Pores.
65. The Body as well as the Surface of fome others of the branch-
ed Sort, which with the reft we find at Desborough, is really porous.
This particular Varicty 1 take to be the Porus minimus Reticulatus,
Lith. Brit. N. 95. A porous Body very like to this in almoft all Re-
{pets I have not unfrequently found accreted to, and incrufting over
the {mall red Corall of the Shops,amongft many other Pieces that had
not that Incruftation. The Foffil Alcyonium, or Bastard Corall, a Bo-
dy agreeing, in its Subftance and Texture, and particularly in its
Spunge-like Poroufne[s, with the Marine one, we find accreted to Pebles
in the Gravel-pits at Doflborp , Longthorpe, and elfewhere. Tis of
no very conftant or regular Shape.
66. The Echinated Sparry Ball is eafily diftinguifhable from all o-
ther Stones of this Clafs, by the Characters exprefs'd in the Name of
it. They differ not from the Spiked or Echinated Knobs, whereof
in . 36. fupr. But that thofe are found adhering, as by a Root, to
the Infide of the Concave Sparry Balls : Thefe are lodged in the Bo-
dies of the Strata, being interfpers'd amongft the Matter whereof
they confift, and have not that Root which the other have. ’Tis
a like Cafe as to the Sparry Knobs or Balls of the Shape of a {mall
unripe Pine- Apple, which are found affix’d as are the echinated ones
to the Infide of the Concave Nodules of Spar *. The like little. yyy
Balls we fometimes meet with in the Strata, fingle and loofe. Thefe fir Lin. :
are the Morites of Dr. Plot +. t Dr. Plor's
67. In this Clafs of more regularly figur'd Stones, 1 might have J, Hit of
placed all the Sparry Bodies sotided Staladlite and Stalagmite by Au- © 58 us
b thors.

 

 
 

Part2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

64. The Corallud Bodies of that 1 call the Limeftone Kind which
are generally of a {fmaller fize, are in like manner, either Simple or
Branched. “Of the fimple or unbranched fort, 1 have met with feve-
ral Picces in the Gravel-pit at Desborough. They are feldom more
than half an Inch in length: and not thicker than a Goofe-Quill.
Some of them are finely Striated according to the length of the Piece :
But have not that Radiation at the Ends of them as have the Sparry
Coralloids. Moft of them are plain and not at all ftriate. Sometimes we
meet with divers of thefe {mall ftrait Cylindric Stems, united into a
Sheaf-like Column. The other fort 1s either branched , or has the
Marks of Branches as it were broken from it. We find itenclos’d ina
lax Stone at Wakerly: And alfo in the Gravel at Desborough. The
Thicknefs of the main Stem of the thickeft I have met with here is
{carce fo much as that of an Oaten Straw. Some are only Branch’d
or rather fork’d at one End : Others are ramous as a Plant is. Firft
the main Stem divaricates into Two: And each of
thofe is fubdivided into two lefler Spurs or Bran- _ || Fig. 11. Zab. isan exag
ches||. And this is all the Diftinction in the Shape yshiensgtion of, the Second
of them. They are not ftreaked. The Corallium §. 63." fupri. Fig. 12. Tab. a.
Foffile exalbidum minimum N. 16, Lith. Br. which 4 he Send, Le the Branched
we find at Defborough, is one of this Branched fort. geapy this Para:
‘The Surface of fome of them appears to be full of
Pores.
65. The Body as well as the Surface of fome others of the branch-
ed Sort, which with the reft we find at Desborough, is really porous.
This particular Varicty 1 take to be the Porus minimus Reticulatus,
Lith. Brit. N. 95. A porous Body very like to this in almoft all Re-
{pects 1 have not unfrequently found accreted to, and incrufting over
the {mall red Corall of the Shops,amongft many other Pieces that had
not that Incruftation. The Foflil Aleyonium, or Bastard Corall, a Bo-
dy agreeing, in its Subftance and Texture, and particularly in its
Spunge-like Poroufnefs, with the Marine one, we find accreted to Pebles
in the Gravel-pits at Dofthorp , Longthorpe, and elfewhere. Tis of
no very conftant or regular Shape.
66. "The Echinated Sparry Ball is eafily diftinguifhable from all o-
ther Stones of this Clafs, by the Charaters exprefs’d in the Name of
it. They differ not from the Spiked or Echinated Knobs, whereof
in 9. 36. fupr. But that thofe are found adhering, as by a Root, to
the Infide of the Concave Sparry Balls : Thefe are lodged in the Bo-
dies of the Strata, being interfpers'd among(t the Matter whereof
they confift, and have not that Root which the other have. Tis
a like Cafe as to the Sparry Knobs or Balls of the Shape of a {mall
unripe Pine- Apple, which are found affix’d as are the echinated ones
to the Infide of the Concave Nodules of Spar *. The like little. yy ¢
Balls we fometimes meet with in the Strata, fingle and loofe. Thefe fur Lin.
are the Morites of Dr. Plot +. } Dr. Pier’
67. In this Clafs of more regularly figur’d Stones, 1 might have ju, Hit, °f
placed all the Sparry Bodies entitled Stalacite and Stalagmite by Au- hs us
Bbb thors.

 

 
 

* pid. Part 1.
S. 117. fuprs

Th Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 2

thors : But having already given an Account of the Chief of them
under another Head, that of the Mineral Matter of the perpendicu-
lar Intervalls of the Strata; in which Intervalls they are found :
have nothing farther to note with Relation to them, than that the La»

is Stalagmites,or a Sparry Concrete,nearly refembling the Stalagmites
of the Intervals is fometimes found in the Bodies of the Strata, and
particularly with us amongft the {mall Stones we here call Creach or
Keal, which conftitute whole Strata lying next above the Quarry-
fone, in many Places. Several of thofe {mall Stones are found
crufted over with a coarfe Spar, and befet with ot y Drop-like little
Bodies ; on which Account we may call them talagmite. Another
Variety of that coarfe Spar, with Refpett of its Figure, we find af-
fix’d in like manner to A {mall Stones. This appears in Shape of
fhort Sprizs as does fometimes too the Spar of the Fr eteall *' [hat
fort of it with lumpy little Branches is the Stal aymites majufcule coagu-
latus, Lithop. Brit. N. 69. Both thefe Varieties of the Stalagmite 0

the Strata, efpecially the latter, we meet with in the Stone-pits at
Wittering, Eafton,and Burton : As alfo in the Fields. The like I have
{een accreted to Pebles lodg’d in Gravel at Pafenbam. Some of the
Stones of the Kealy Sort are coated all over with an Echinated Spar.
Such 1 have met with in Hafelbich Stone-pit. Thee more regularly
figured Sparry Bodies are mentioned under this Head, and not under
that of the Sparry Bodies, they fo much refemble, of the Intervalls ;
bécaufe they are found in the Strata as are the other Stones belong-
ing to this Head : And by that and many other Circumftances do
appear to have been form'd at the fame time, viz. at the Compilation of
the Strata: And not fince, or by the fame means, as were thofe of
the Intervalls.

63. Having now made an End of defcribing the Stones in lefler
Maffes : Having given an Account of the various Figures of them ;
and particularly of the Mineral and other Matter that conftitutes
them, 1 (hall here offer a few Remarks upon the whole, (1.) Dif-
ferent Kinds of Mineral Matter obtain the fame Form : and the Jame
Kind of Matter is found in different Forms, Of this the Curious
Reader cannot but have obferved feveral Inftances as he went along.
The Matter that ufually compofes the Belenmites, is found fometimes
in Veins or Plates. So likewife for that of the Selenites. Selenite
have fometimes the Shape of Cryflalls: and common Spar the angu-
lated Figure of Diamonds. The Belemnite, Mycetite, and Stirie La-

idee, tho’ confifting of very different Sorts of Matter, have, in fome

Varieties of them, a near Agreement in their Shape ; which is fome-
what Conic, and are radiated all in the fame Manner. 1 need in-
ftance in no more. So that of what Kind the Mineral Matter is, is
not to be known by its Figure. Neither is its Colour any furer Mark
of Diftin@tion. Some of the Pyrite have the Colour of Gold : others
of Silver 3 and have nothing elfe of them but their Colour. Some
of them have the Appearance of Pebles, yet are plentifully charged
with Sulphur. (2.) "Is very rareto meet with Mineral Matter of any of
the

 

| traneous ones, the Sea-(bells,

 

 

Part 2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
the Kinds in a fimple, and unmixed Mafs
tures, it has ufually 2 T nhize of os :

a’ ame Matt t i

Ie a where it lies. Spar has for the moft his hin wi
2 — o he Pe So Matter. The Selenite are ro —
e nd difcolowr’d all over within, as well i :
ithe Coal Admixtureof Clay. There is fill a a
Sous Ware of the Nodules of lefs obfervable Shi ")
5 a Bi Siphun, 2 a {mall Quantity of Lron Onin
ome of the Pyrite: In others Vitri A

phur, and Spar, and perhaps Metaliick M et

atter,. Ti )

Sy found in fome Parts of England, that nother

A ra 3 nny of Arfenic ; but I have not as yet met tt

ay i Sort in this County. (3.) The Condition of

Mf Ta, 3 Reed o fhgle Situation in the Earth.

a Tongs, Shi 33 ao In the bodies of the Strata, and in

Tnservalls : as alfo in the Ghanels of thofe

Peering Springs. (4) That fome Sorts of Ferrefirial joa

fo ok oat oF Miners), others fome other peculiar Sort of Mineral

iftake. There is no fuch Accord or Congruity betwixt the

Mineral Body, and the Matter of the Strata in which it is lodged, as
)

fome have imagined ; e. gr. the Belemnites is found included, as well

i Sond fos as in Clay and Gravel. Talc or Selenites is found both
n di : ne if 5) is ufual to meet with very different Kinds
i Fi e fame Stratum. There are Inftances of
Ho fn fe bfecvations made by Dr. Woodward, in his Natural
Fears) 5 el a, 5 hs Be of oe Inconftancy in the Colour
a oe witures, of all Tervefirial Bodies whatever, 1
y agreeable to the State of Thi i :
hore ole 10 of Things with us: And
it fully Ee es farther Satisfaction, as to thefe Particulars, may have

Having done with all the Native Foffi

Amongft other Intermix

Is, I now proceed to the Ex
’ Sea and the reft of th e
bury’d, and enclos’d in the Strata of Earth, tense found

187

ER a

AN
NG

 
AN ‘ISNOVAAS (0)
ns Sosy bl a Clo |

 

Tre Nawal HIST ORT Chap 3.

 

CH AP. I

Of the SEASHELLS and other EXT R A-
NEOUS Bodies buryd inthe EART H.

9 1. YN this Third Part of my Work, I fhall give an Account of
the Shells of Sea Shell-Fi/b, that are found here buryd in

the Earth, in great Number and Variety, with their Cavities for
the moft part fil’d up with Clay, Sand-ftone, Spar, or other Matter :
As alfo of the Bodies confifting of Sand, Spar, &e. that were origi-
nally formed in the Cavities of the like Shells as ina Mould, and have
taken the Figures of them; but are now found divefted either whol-
ly or in Part of the Shells in which they were moulded. Likewife
of the Vertebre, Teeth, and other Parts of Fifbes, and of Beasts
which are found in like manner lodged in the Strata of Earth, and of
Stone. And laftly of the Firrs, Oaks, and other Vegetable Bodies in-
cluded in the Peat-Earth, Loam, and other Terreftrial Matter. This
is a Subject of that great Variety and Extent, and withal of that
Importance to our Knowledge of the Alterations which have been
made in the Earth, that it well deferves to be particularly confider’d.
1 thal be the more particular and prolix in annumerating and defcrib-
ing the various Kinds of Fulfil Shells ; becaufe this, tho a very enter-
taining and ufeful Part of natural Learning, has been fo much neglect-
ed, that fcarce one of this great Variety of Shells was ever taken No-
tice of in England till of late : And becaufe I believe , no one Coun-
try in England exceeds this in the Number and Variety of them.
In my Defcriptions, I take care to note, efpecially thofe Circumftan-
ces of thefe Bodies that evince, they are what they appear to be, that
is, real Shells: And of the fame Extract and Origin with them we
now find at Sea. I havealfo diligently noted the Form and Marks
imprefs'd upon the Stoney and other like Matter wherewith their
Cavity is generally filled. In defcribing the Stones that bear a Refem-
blance of Shells, but are not now found enclos’d in any Shel, 1 take
particular Notice of thofe Marks of them that demonftrate, thefe
too were originally moulded in the Cavities of Shells. The Stones
originally formed in the Shells, of Oyfters, Cockles, Echini, &c. and
now uncover’d and without their Shelly Mould, are by Authors en-
titled, Os?racite, Conchite, Echinite, &c. As are allo by fome Au-
thors the Shells of Oyfters, Ee. enclofing Stone, or the like: Nay,
and fometimes the meer Shells without any Stoney or other ltke Mat-
ter included in their Cavity ; a particular loftance whereof we have
in the Foffil Shells of the Oyffer-kind. But as thofe Names of O§tra-
cite, Conchite, &c. belong properly and truly to only the bare Stones
that bear the Form of thete Sort of Shells, as having beer moulded
in them, 1 have, in the following Work, aflignd thofe Names only
to

 

Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHLRE,

 

to the Stones, ©c. form’d in Shells, where the Shell it felf is moul-
der’d away, and gone.

2. Almoft all the various Sorts of Shells that occur at Sea, belong
to thofe Two general Kinds; one of which is calld by Naturalifts
the Bivalvular, the other the Turbinated. So likewife are the Shells
we find at Land. To begin with the Foflil Shells of the double-valvd
Kind , thofe of Oyfiers , Mujcles , Scallops, Cockles, &c. Of the
Onfler-kind there are feveral fubordinate Species; which [ fhall de-
fcribe, having noted, that I make all thofe to be Bivalves of the
Oyfter-kind , that have Two unequal Shells, the one of 2 more
gibbous, the other of a flatter Shape: and that are rough and un-
eaven on the Outfide, in like manner as is the common Opyfter-fhell ;
being compofed of feveral Lamelle extending the whole Breadth of
the Shell, but, as to the Length, lying ufually fo as to cover one
another in part only ; fo as Slates do in the Roof of a Building.
The feveral Species are as follow.

3. (1.) The large, round, and Convex Oyfter-fbell. "Tis the Ostracites
yugofus maximus in Dr. Lafler’s Trad. Animal. Angl. p.236. The Cftra-
cites maximus Conglobarus. Lb Lith. Brit. N.471. Engraved by Dr. Plo
in Nat. Hift. Oxf. Tab. 4. Fig. 19. This we find frequently in Gra-
vels at Oxcndon, Thumby, Welt-Haddon, and elfewhere : In Clay, at
Singlefole and at Clzpston: And in the Clayey Fields in many Places.
"Tis composd of the fame Sort of Matter, and has a like Conftitu-
tion and Texture with the Shell of the common Oyffer. Of all the
Foffil Oyfter-fhells, this ufually is the moft bulky and ponderous,
The largeft of them, in my Collection of the more remarkable Fof-
fils of this County, is 13 Inches in Circumference, being meafured
from the Head according to the Rim or Margin of the Shell. Thofe
in Clay are ufually found fill'd with the fame Sort of Clay with that
of the Stratum, fometimes with Stone. Thofe in Gravel have either
Joofe Sand , or a Stoney Matter in their Cavity. Thofe found in the
Fields, into which they have been turn’dup by the Plough, or elfe ha-
ving had the Earthy Matter that coverd them born off by Rains they
bythat means became thus expofed, are generally found empty: Of a
great many now before me there are only three that have their Shelly
Valves fo join’d together as are thofe of the live Oyster at Sea. Thefe
are fil’d with Stone ; fome of the fingle Shells have likewife their
Cavity filld with Stone. In both, the Stone having been parted from
the Shell, appears of the fame Size and Shape exactly, as is that of
the Cavity of the Shell that enclos’d it. Some of them have yellow
Ochre : Othersa Stoney Matter intruded into the Joints or Intervalls
of the Lamine that conftitute the Shel. Some of thofe included
in the Strata appear to have been crufb’d or bruis’d by fome external
Force. Of the fingle Valve the larger and thicker ones are far the
moft numerous and moft entire. The {fmaller and thinner Ones, when
we do find them apart, ’tis there ufually where we find their Mates.
"The outfide of the fmaller Shell is fomewhat hollow and deprefs'd :

Ccc In

 
nd

AN ‘asndva, .
. pS [Os] hii sak di ud

 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 3.

 

C.H A.2. INR

Of the SEA-SHE LLS and other EXT R A-
NEOUS Bodies buryd inthe EART H.

¢ 1. Y N this Third Part of my Work, I fhall give an Account of
I the Shells of Seu Shell-Fifb, that are found here bury'd in

the Earth, in great Number and Variety, with their Cavities for
the moft part fill’d up with Clay, Sand-ftone, Spar, or other Matter :
As alfo of the Bodies confifting of Sand, Spar, &e. that were origi.
nally formed in the Cavities of the like Shells as in a Mould, and have
taken the Figures of them ; but are now found divefted either whol-
ly or in Part of the Shells in which they were moulded. Likewife
of the Vertebra, Teeth, and other Parts of Fifbes, and of Beas;
which are found in like manner lodged in the Strata of Earth, and of
Stone. And laftly of the Firrs, Oaks, and other Vegetable Bodies in-
cluded in the Peat-Earth, Loam, and other Terreftrial Matter. This
is a Subject of that great Variety and Extent, and withal of that
Importance to our Knowledge of the Alterations which have been
made in the Earth, that it well deferves to be particularly confider’d.
I thall be the more particular and proliX in annumerating and defcrib-
ing the various Kinds of Foffil Shells ; becaufe this, tho a very enter-
taining and ufeful Part of natural Learning, has been fo much neglect-
ed, that fcarce one of this great Variety of Shells was ever taken No-
tice of in England till of late : And becaufe 1 believe , no one Coun-
try in England exceeds this in the Number and Variety of them.
In my Delcriptions, I take care to note, efpecially thofe Circumftan-
ces of thefe Bodies that evince, they are what they appear to be, that
is, real Shells: And of the fame Extraét and Origin with them we
now find at Sea. I havealfo diligently noted the Form and Marks
imprefS'd upon the Stoney and other like Matter wherewith their
Cavity is generally filled. In defcribing the Stones that bear a Refem-
blance of Shells, but are not now found enclos’d in any Shek, 1 take
particular Notice of thofe Marks of them that demonftrate, thefe
too were originally moulded in the Cavities of Shells. The Stones
originally formed in the Shells, of Oyfters, Cockles, Echini, &c. and
now uncover’d and without their Shelly Mould, are by Authors en-
titled, Ostracite, Conchite, Echinite, &c. As are allo by fome Au-
thors the Shells of Oyfters, Uc. enclofing Stone, or the like: Nay,
and fometimes the meer Shells without any Stoney or other like Mat-
ter included in their Cavity ; a particular Inftance whereof we have
in the Foffil Shells of the Oyffer-kind. But as thofe Names of Of#ra-
cite, Conchitey &c. belong properly and truly to only the bare Stones
that bear the Form of thele Sort of Shells, as having beer moulded
in them, I have, in the following Work, affign'd thofe Names only
to

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Chap. 3.

 

to the Stones, ©c. form’d in Shells, where the Shell it {elf is moul-
der’d away, and gone.

2. Almott all the various Sorts of Shells that occur at Sea, belong
to thofe Two general Kinds, one of which is call’'d by Naturalifts
the Buwalvelar, the other the Turbinated. So likewife are the Shells
we find at Land. To begin with the Foflil Shells of the dovble-valy'd
Kind , thofe of Oyfiers , Mufcles , Scallopes Cockles, &c. Of the
Osfler-kind there are feveral fubordinate Species 3 which I fhall de-
fcribe, having noted, that I make all thofe to be Bivalves of the
Opyfter-kind , that have Two unequal Shells, the one of a more
gibbous, the other of a flatter Shape: and that are rough and un-
eaven on the Outfide, in like manner as is the common Oyfter-fhell 3
being compofed of feveral Lamelle extending the whole Breadth of
the Shelly but, us to the Length, lying ufually fo as to cover one
another in part only ; fo as Slates do in the Roof of a Building.
The feveral Species are as follow.

3. (1.) The large, round, and Convex Oyfter-fbell. "Tis the Oftracites
rugofvs maximus in Dr. Lafter’s Tract. Animal. Angl. p.236. The Ofira-
cites maximus Conglobatus. Lb Lith. Brit. N.471. Engraved by Dr. Ply
in Nat. Hift. Oxf. Tab. 4. Fig. 19. This we find frequently in Gra-
vels at Oxcadon, Thumby, Weli-Haddon, and elfewhere : In Clay, at
Singlefole and at Clips#sn: And in the Clayey Fields in many Places,
"Tis composd of the fame Sort of Matter, and has a like Conflitu-
tion and Texture with the Shell of the common Oyfer. Of all the
Foflil Oyfter-fhells, this ufually is the moft bulky and ponderous,
The largeft of them, in my Colletion of the more remarkable Fof-
fils of this County, is 13 Inches in Circumference, being meafured
from the Head according to the Rim or Margin of the Shell. Thofe
in Clay are ufually found fill'd with the fame Sort of Clay with that
of the Stratum, fometimes with Stone. Thofe in Gravel have either
loofe Sand , or a Stoney Matter in their Cavity. Thofe found in the
Fields, into which they have been turn’d up by the Plough, or elfe ha-
ving had the Earthy Matter that cover’d them born off by Rains they
bythat means became thus expofed, are generally found empty. Of a
great many now before me there are only three that have their Shelly
Valves fo join’d together as are thofe of the live Oyffer at Sea. Thefe
are fill'd with Stone ; fome of the fingle Shells have likewife their
Cavity filld with Stone. In both, the Stone having been parted from
the Shell, appears of the fame Size and Shape exactly, as is that of
the Cavity of the Shell that enclos’d it. Some of them have yellow
Ochre : Others a Stoney Matter intruded into the Joints or Intervalls
of the Lamune that conftitute the Shel. Some of thofe included
in the Strata appear to have been crufb’d or bruis’d by fome external
Force. Of the tingle /7alve the larger and thicker ones are far the
molt numerous and moit entire. The fmaller and thinner Ones, when
we do hind them apart, ’tis there ufually where we find their Mates.
The outfide of the fmaller Shell is fomewhat hollow and deprefsd :

Cc In

 
‘AN ‘38ND

a...

VIAS

 

* Vid. phil.
Tran[.N. 12.
p. 203.

The Natwrdl HIT ST ORT : Chap. 3:

In the Gravel-pits we fometimes meet ie a a by . =
at an Impreflion and Refemblance of that fide oF } ® o Po
fhews it had formerly been moulded in it. Severa oF 8 hie
fill their native Colour. One 1 have whofe Surface oF J iy a ig
Pearl-colour in the flatter Valve ; its Exteriour roug oy hy vs
ing been almoft quite worn off. In all I have gram. I Xe
the fame Veftigia of the 7 endons, whereby the fri ie ks 9 :
its Shell, and in the fame Place in the hollower Shel of ¥ Se
in the hollower Shell of the common Oyfter. 1 here is the like /e-
fliginin on the Infide of the fmaller Valve. The hinge or! vit of
‘the Shell is like that of the common Oy er. hee within ie ep ;
ed Beak of the more convex Valve is a Sinus flightly ridg' and fur
row’d wherein the Head of the oppofite alve isadmitted. )
4. In one of my Samples the Convex Part of the bigger Shell, ap-
ars Al. as it were, by Worms. Out of Oxendon Gravel-pit, 1
pears eroded, as it were, by s of Simi gre pa
have a Fragment of another that’s very full of orm-by ” B A
may fitly call them, becaufe they are exactly like thofe imal ; 1) =
which we may obferve in feveral of the Oyfter-fhells that a os
at Sea, which have been really burrow d thus by Worms ; as Mr. in
zou’s' Difcoveries inform us *.  Thefe Holes in fome of the Fofli
Oyfter-Shells are found fill'd with a coarfe Sort of Spar. 1 his alone
is to me a fufficient Proof that they were made when the Shell Ly iy
the Sea, or elfe upon the Shores, before ever it was convey'd to L and,
and thus lodged in the Earth. And hereof we havea like Confirma-
tion from the Marks or Impreffions that are fometimes feen of fome
of thefe Holes upon the Earth, Stone, and other Matter, inclofed in
the Cavity of the Shell. The outfides of fomeare almoft as fmooth
as their Infides naturally are. Two of thele in my Collection are in-
crufted over with a Coarfe Sparry Cover. I his is another plain In-
dication that thefe Shells originally came from Sea ; it being not un-
ufual to met with the fame Kind of Shell thus {mooth upon the
Shores, a Smoothnefs that they owe to their being continually beaten
and rolled up and ¢..:wn by the Waves. We fometimes find enclofed
in the Strata only the Head of the Oyfter-Shell, the reft having been
broken from it. The like we frequently meet with upon the Sea-
Shores ; the other as being the thinner and lefs durable Part of the
Shell having been by little and little worn away and broken off by
means of Stones and other ponderous hard Bodies, agitated by the
Tides and Storms. That we more frequently meet with the longe:
and thicker than we do with the {maller and thinner Valve of this
Shell , and fo for divers other Sorts of Foffil Shells, of the Ofer
Kind, is probably owing to this, there were fewer of the latter than
of the former born forth upon Land by the Sea , there being not fo
many of them there ; they having been broken and wafted away
upon the Shores in greater Number than were the thicker and ftron-
ger Valves. 7 ubult marim vemiculares are often found accreted or
grown to the Ou'fide of thefe Foflil Oyfter-fbells ; fometimes { he
) nhdae

 

Chap. 2:

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

In(ide as well as Outfide of the Shell ; which fhews that fome of the
Shells were brought from the Sea thus fingle and apart ; for ’tis cer-
tain the Zubul: cou’d never have fix’d to the Infide of them
they not lain thus disjoin’d at Sea.

5. (2.) The Oyfter-fbell of a longer and narrower Shape with a very
booked Head or Beak. The Conchites anomius rugofus, Qe. Lift. p. 238.
The Gryphites Latiufculus Longiroster, Lh. N. 473. Engraved Zab. a.
Fie. 18. Nat. Hift. of Oxfordfbire. We meet with it, not only lying
loole in Clay, Gravel, and Sand, but included in Limeftone-Pe bles,
and other Stoney Nodules, and alfo expos’d in the Fields almoft
every where. 1 have feen them in great Number in a Stratum of
Stoney Earth next above thofe of the uarry-Stone at Denfbanger,
the like in other Stone-pits: but we feldom or never find them en-
closd in any of the Strata of Stone. They are here call'd Kite-fhells :
And being burnt to a fine Powder, are us’d by the Country People as
a Medicine for the Chin-cough. ~Thefe Shells, with refpect of the
Matter contain’d in their Cavities : their being ufually found with
fingle Valves, and the Accidents attending them, agree with the
above-defcribed. As alfo in the Marks of the Infertion of the Liga-
ments that tied the Creature to the Shell. Of the Gibbous Valves
we meet with feveral, whofe Outfides have been worn or wrought
down to a Smoothnefs, and their Gibbofity thereby much abated ;
and this enclos’d in Pebles, and other hard Stones with the Stoney
Mutter adhering clofely to them on all Sides, as well as in Gravel
and the like laxer Matter. So that ’tis plain, they muft have been
thus worn before they were enclofed , and that in the fame manner
as is mentioned in the foregoing Article. Dr. Woodward, from the
like Obfervations upon Shells thus worn, enclos'd in Stone, has in-

genioufly and rationally drawn a very confiderable Inference, viz.
that before the General ‘Deluge, the Sea was agitated with Tides, or
Flux and Reflux, as it now is *.
the Truth of thofe Obfervations,
grounded.

, had

191

I have now by me many Proofs of « p, ,,,.
upon which that Inference is =»
of the Eartn

d's Natu
Hiftory

6. That Variety of this Species, whofe larger Valve is more than * **

ordinary Gibbous: The Grypbites Ventricofior , N. 495, and 497.
Lb. Lith. Brat. we find not only in the Gravel-pits at Daintrey and
Charleton, the Places where Mr. Lbwyd obferved it, but in feveral
others. "Tis ufually of the fmaller Size. Some there are, belong-
ing alfo to this Species, yet inftead of the crooked Beak, have a flat
and deprefled Head ; the Beak having been, as it were, cut off,
Thefe are of a larger or {maller Size, uncertainly. This is the Va-
riety diftinguifh’d by the Name of Grypbires Plamiceps in Mr. Lhwyd’s
Lithoph. Brit. We tind it together with the other in the Gravel, ©c
here. The liregularity in 1ts Shape appears to have been occa-
fiond by its adhefion in that Part to the Rocks or fome other hard
Bodies, whilft it is growing; as is generally obferv’d in the Spondyli,
and fometimes in other Kinds of Shell-fith. Some of the Shells
of the common Oylfter taken out of our Oyfter-pits ; have

the

 
 

Tle Natwral H I ST O RT Chap. 3;

 

the like flatand depreffed Head. And as’tis not unufual to find the
common Oyfter-fhells adhering and growing to each other, as alfo
adhering to Scollopes and other Shells,orelfe the Marks of that Adhe-
hefion .“So likewifk is it with the Fulfil ones. [have now by me one
that has the Impreffion of a part of a Cornu Ammons, or Nautilus-
Shell, which, no doubt, it receivid from a Nautilus it happen’d to
v to in the Sea. :
grow 2) The Shell of the common Oyfter: The O8treum vulg. Laff. p.
176. which occurs amongft other Sorts of Foffil Shells in the Gravel
digg'd up at Peakirk. ‘Thefe are plainly real Oyfter-Shells of the
common Sort : have their Subftance, Texture, Shape and Size ; only
moft of thefe are fmaller than thofe ordinarialy are. [hey are found at
about three Foot depth in the Earth, in fingle V alves ; not a clos’d
Opyfter-Shell amongft them. The Gravel they arelodg’d in, is found
in a natural State: difpos’d into fuch a regular Stratum, as is the
Gravel and other ordinary Terreftrial Matter elfewhere. Sonte of
them have a Stoney Matter accreted to their Sides. ; Thefe, and o-
ther, Circumf{tances of them which 1 need not mention, thew, that
they were lodg’d in the Earth at the fame time, as were the reft of
the Foffil Shells. The fame fort of Shells are found inclos’d in like
in Gravel at Eye.
ts 7 he common ty Oyfter-Shell : The Offracites oblongus vul-
gatior, Lb. 461. "Tis a maller fort of Shell, and of a narrower Shape
‘than the laft. This of all the Sorts of Foffil Shells with us is the
moft frequent. That here call’d Penny- Earth, confifts in a manner
of nothing elfe. Ina great many Places, there are Strata of large
Extent compofed wholly of thefe Shells intermix'd with a few of
other Sorts, and with a little Stoney Earth. A more particular De-
fcription of thofe Strata the Reader will find in Chap. 1. Part 2.
¢. 13. &e. That Stoney Earth has affix’d it felf to feveral of thefe
Shells : and has entered and fill'd up the Cavities of fome of them.
They are alfo found difperfedly, fometimes in Gravel, as at Peakirk:
fometimes in Clay, as at Marflm Truffel : and fometimes in Strata
of Stone; efpecially of thofe next under the Penny Earth, in the
uppermoft part of thofe Strata. The Shells of this fort are of vari-
ous Sizes. Their Valves lye feparately for the moft part. Theyare
generally of a long and narrow Shape: But fome of them are well
nigh round. Amongft many of the common Sort Ihave met with two
or three, that froma pretty broad round Rim are gradually contract-
ed to a fharp pointed Head. Thefe perhaps are fpecifically diftinct
from the reft ; buthaving met with only two or three of them, I
chufe at prefent to place them with the accidental Varieties of this
Species. Several of the common fort are odly diftorted and mifha-
ped. Some appear as if they had been bruifed by fome Accident be-
fore they came into the Earth. They are frequently found growing
each to other in pretty great Clufters. We fometimes meet with
broken Pieces of Shellsof this fort enclofed in the fame Stratum with
the whole ones. Some of the Convex Valves are more than ordinary
rais’d.

 

 

 

Chap. 3. of NorTuHaMPTONSHIRE

raig’d. The Edges of the Lamelle in others are very prominent,
The Accident of a flat deprefled Head is alfo feen in fome of thefe.
In which and many other Regards ; particularly in the Hinges of
the Valves, and in the /efligia of T endons, they agree with the
Shells above-deferibed, as alfo with the Shells of the fame Kind we
now find at Sea. 1 fhall only add here this one more Remark, that
is, that tho’ they are found in great Number, efpecially in the Strata
of denfer Matter, all about the Traéts of Sandy Land, yet zz the
Sandy Lund they are feldom or never to be met with. And fo
indeed for almoft all the other Sorts of Shells. [i the Sandy Land
I mean, which has only the laxer Strata thofe of Sand, and a lax Sort
of Sand-flone, as at 1 borpe and Rowel, underneath. Tis not to be
imagin'd but that they were originally lodg’d in both promifcuoufly
and indifferently. The Reafon therefore is this : Such the Laxit
of the Strata they were lodged in, as alfo of thofe above and below
them in the Sandy Tras, that they could not be preferved, as have
thofe that happened into clofer and compaéter Strata. As to the
Shells we do fometimes find in the laxer Strata: We ma y obferve ’tis
generally thole of the firmer Sort, and that the Sand and Gravel
enclofing thefe, have for the moft part a Stratum of denfer Matter,
particularly Clay, next underneath them ; which muft needs fome.
what fcreen off and abate the Force of that fubtle Subterranean Va.
pour, which is the chief Caufe of the decaying and perifhing of
thefe Shells *. > De, ivi
9. (5.) The [maller Hooked OySter-fbell: The 0trenm minus falca- rl Hitory
tem, Lh. N. 451. A Species fo called, becaufe it is generally crooked, ;' = Grn
fomewhat like a Weeding-Hook. The Crook in this is on one Side, 7. 3. Pr.
and in both Valves alike. "Tis ufually of the Size of the foregoing
Oyfter-fhell : and is found where that is ; but not fo frequently : And
in moft other Refpeéts and Circumftances agrees with that. That
Variety with a lightly Striate Surface, which Mr. Lbwyd obferv’d
at Rance in this Eonty 1, is almoft as common here, as the other ; Lich a
that has not thofe Sirze, The Offreum tenuiffimum minus Salebrofum ® >>
Lh. Lith. Brit. N. 44. found in a Stone-pit nigh Wellingborough, is
not, I think, fpecifically diftinct from this Fifth of mine.
to. (6.) The [mall Ear-like Oyster-fbell : The Lapis Auricalarss of
Dr. Plot ||. ‘This, tho’ call'd a Stone, in the ufual way of that Au- jn. ria of
thor, yet is really a Shell of the Oyster-kind: and has the general oefrdbie,
Characteriftic Notes of them, and is found attended with feveral ey
the fame Accidents, as are the other Foffil ones of the fame Genus.
"I'is not always of this Ear-like Shape: Some few are of almoft equal
Thicknefs in every Part. On that Side of it that anfwers to the
thickeft Part, thatcalld the Ala, of the Human Ear, the upper La-
mune reach very near as far as the lower ; whereas in the other Sorts
of Oyfter-thells, the upper Plates of the Shell are |, Cr anFd i. terre
much fhorter than the lower *, And this is the free er vis pe
furelt and moft material Diftin&tion of this Species. Fig. 3. the Concave or In
We find them in Gravel at Charlton, and elfewhere jp mer Side of this Shel

Ddd that

 
AN ISNDVIAS

 

 

oN |] HIST ORT Chap 3 Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
The atura 3

z : : th in Clay at Oxendon : in the Stone-pits on the 2 Side of Peterbo-
that Part of the County : and fometimes with the Shells of the Four rough, to i Fn Thtrssis oh Fequsndy, rh Cc
ies. . 1 erculo feveral Shelly Plates, as is the common yiter-fhell.
iy The [mall Echinated pre 1s, ok yer rows and high fharp Ridges, that are drawn from fe leac
externé concavo 9 aculeato, Lh. iE ed in the Smallnefs of it, it, to the Margin of the Shell, fufficiently C itinguift _1t from that
fhells is remarkably diftint fom 8 ne Tochand half: and on the and all the other Species. The Ridges omstimes 11% fot Hooks,
its Circumference being felon 2 iy atter Valve, which Mr. Lbwyd that little Hollow along the Back of the poe 7 $0 the
ie ie i Aman hoe he pe | igs ih Seb nh ed
calls the o Sol ike Kin aften’d to it; w ; : i
a te be Convex Valves Here Al pf iin Knobs Dr. Lifer, Ostrea Dor fo uncato *, The largeft of ng Get
i Fig. 5. of but not fo Somiyicamm om the Head to the Rim of the the Foffil ones in my Collection, 15 14 Inches about. cies that is moj ths hotly
DT as Jefe iy Rows reaching fo in that call’d the Quincunx Nine Inches is the ordinary Sige. This Sort of eT
Sort of Oyfter. Shell. Ie in the Infide of the Boi Sh is ntituled, Strigofula major , by Mr, Lbwyd in Lith.
ier, here are Two obf Slog! inus’s rat. N. .
i of a flatter Valve, which are ive oe : {3} 7 3 Smaller and more lightly Striate Tree Oyfter-hell ¢ The
of the oppofite Valve. We meet ii Il Brook not far from Marflon ; Strigofula echmnata munor leviter Striata, Byfeldia Northamptonienjfum,
and in Clay on the Bank-fide 92 frat other Sorts, as alfo Aflerie Lh. N. s40. Tis of near Kin to the former ; only lefler by half :
whence a great Sk Shelret 8 By by the Current into the Cha- 0k pen Aang Species, | ; have found’it in Clay in a
in great Number have > : x ank above the Medicinal Spring a if.
as Ey They are alfo found Io Byield ig longer and narrower (3.) The Strigofularaflellata, Lh. N, 550. ww 40 is a
12. (8.) A Species refembling Wo dasker and Lf gliftering : and and by the Shape of it appears to be one of the Tree )y
Shape, and more tumid. It is No more, I have met with amongft Its Ridges in their Figure and Pofition, bear fome \ :
has no Spikes. Two of thefe = ia Me Brook nigh Marston. Refemblance to the Iecth of a Raket. T hey are ail 2 I
great Numbers of the other Pe differs from that NN. 7. fupr. not fo much raisd, as are thofe of the foregoing of this Sorc of Tree 0p:
And 1am not pofitive that it Pe - Sphondyliz, Lb. N. 450. Shells. The Circumference Three or Four Inches. ’T
{i 5 Jae i Seed of the Cow piri i Sets = 4 fy Gravel at De
calle o : d i .
i the Flatnefs and Rh ti aor Shell: and 14. The Oftracitee properly fo called are Sto
at Helmdon in this County. ny of the Species above-recited. : Form to fome fort of Oyifter-fhell ;
occurs lefs frequently than a y ut an Inch inCircumference,of a roundifb in their Cavities 5 in the fame mann ; :
(10.) A [mall Sort of fiers 2 found combin'd inClufters,one grow- have not loft their Shelly Covering as thefe have, but are found fill
and very gibbousShape. “Lhe Ee in Rufbton Park, alfo fingly in Def attually invefted with it. We do not often meet with 0)st r-fbells
ing into another, ina Grave TH Heeretula forma rotundiori,LLh.N.503. of any of the Kinds including Hard Stone ; and therefore tis the lefs
borough Gravel. It feems to be t * lately difcover'd in Oxendon Gra- ftrange that we fo feldom meet with thefz Offracit.e.
To thefe I may add an 0) rofl ecies in all the foregoing. Tis ufual to meet with an Offracites reprefenting ]
vel that fren to beof Rn a ftrong and hardy Shell fter clos’d, than ’tis to find one refemblinga fingle Valve, Neither'is
of a roundifh Shape : moderately g much exceed the Oyfter N. 7. this at all ftrange ; the Oyfter-fhell having generally come from Seq
for its Bignefs ; wherein it does 3, I met with only Four of them. in fingle Valves, Of thefe Oftracite or Stones refembling Oyfter-
In Shape it is like that in V. 1. Joe, ‘dine anguflive, &c. List. Traék. fhells, thofe of the fineft Grain and firmeft Texture, with a Mixture
Perhaps it is the Ofracties nm Se Ses of Spine hive of te fags, do hea reprefent the Inds Fe
imal. Angl. p. 238. : ch external- Shel ould ; the fineft Matter always receving the exaGeft Iin-
i The Ten above detieibal 8 P go tan re Genus, rn and do the longelt retain that Shape they borrow'd from the
ly the common Oyfter. Of the ver  THect vith Oyfter-thell. Some of this Kind I have feen that do bear a moft
whofe Marks I fhall by and by gi he 03% en arluva dorfo uncato, exact Refemblance both in Size and Shape, of the Cavity of the
(1.) The Shell of the Tie Of 7 ima. It has the Name of the Shell, and particularly of the /e#igia of Tendons that appear on the
Ia Per - Cone) id 3 BR it is frequently fond afin Infide of it,
4 “ 2 i” Branches of Trees, that happen to lye in thofe Pa

A ] :
the Sea wherein it breeds, The Foffil Shells of this Species are fd : 15. We

195

ompos’d of
Its deep Fur-
Head or near

Shell,
$er-kind,

is
eping-gate , and at Desborough : in Stone nigh
nes that owe their

having been originally moulded
cr as were the like Stones that

And tis lefs
both Valves of the Oy-

 

 
 

The Natwal HI ST O RT Chap. 3

15. We may next confider the Foffil Shells of the Mufcle-Kind.
By the Mu/cle 1 mean a Bivalve of an Oblong Form, the Hinge of
which is at the Narrow End, and the Valves are clofe to each other
in every part. The different Sorts of them here, are thefe.

(1.) The Shell of the Mufculus ex eeeruleo niger , or the common
Mufele. Lift. Tra&. Animal. Angl.p. 182. The Shells of this Spe-
cies we ufually find in double Valves fo clos’d and hasp’d as are thofe
of alive Mufcle. Some are half open : others have their Valves as
it were forced off one from another, but yet not quite parted ; and
in thefe Poftures were fill’d with a Stoney Matter. have one whofe
Valves are preternaturally comprefsd. The Cavity of this alfo is
full of Stone, the Matter whereof has adapted it felf to the com-
prefs’d Shape of the Shell ; which fhews that its Figure was thus ir-
regular before ever the Stoney Matter ran into it, and it became
lodg’d in the Earth. Thofe with clofed Valves of the Natural
Shape are ufually found including Stone. The Shell being taken off
from theStone, the Lineaments on the Infide of itare found exactly
lrawn upon the Face of the included Stone, We meet with them

G
fometimes in Blue Clay : more frequently in the Stoney Earth, or

elfe amongt the Keal that lies above the Quarry-Stone ; for Inftance,
in the Stone-pits at Pychely and Werckion : in thofe at Rance, Stan-
wick, and Cheiston: in thoie in Toweefler Parifh;and nigh Cofgrave. In
Shape and Subftance they all agree exaétly enough with their Fellow
Shells at Sea : but not in Colour , that of thefe being generally much
faded, and fometimes chang’d from a bluith Black, the natural Colour

of the live Mufcle,to a pale Yellow. Alfo feveral of the Mute refem-
bling this particular Sort of Shell are to be found together with the
former in the fame Strata. By Muites I mean a Stone originally
moulded in a Mufele-Shell, and now uncover'd. In the like Earthy
and Stoney Strata, but fomewhat more lax and pervious, only thefe
are found, and not one of thofe. And yet in the very fame Strata we
meet with the Conche trilobai fill actually including Stone of the
fame Form as they are of ; tho with no more than the bare Forms of
the Mufcle-fhell in Stone, or fome flight Remains of it, on the Stones
it gave Form to; this being a tenderer and lefs durable Shell than is
the {aid Cmcha. Thefe Stones in Form of Mufcle-fhells, tho they
are not now found enclofed in their Shelly Mould, had, affuredly, the
fame manner of Formation as had the Stones of the fame Shape we
now find thus enclofed. Perhaps they do not reprefent the Cavity
of their Shells fo exactly as do thofe I have been {peaking of above,
which are newly divefted of the Shell : Neither is it to be expected
they always fhoud ; the Stone of Neceflity becoming in Tract of
Time, defaced and decay'd by the fame Injuries , that by little and
little decay’d , rotted and diffolv’d the Shell that cover’d it , and elpe-
cially the laxer and fofter fort of Stone, fuch as that of the Mule,
in the Pits above-mentioned. In a Stone-pit of Redftone at Welling-
borough | have found a Muites, which feems to have been form'd in
the mufeulus parvus anguftus leviter firiatus, Laft. Hiftor. Conchyl. Lib.
3. N. 365. 16. (2.) The

 

 

Chap. 3+ of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
16. (2.) The Mufcle Shell of a long
{fel wer and narrower S) 1
Seino Stone of the fame regular Form as is that of a on
s fe i e thus regularly formed Stone difclofed and uncover'd is he
Gin ates Mytuloides, Lift. Tra&. Anim. Angl. P2335: T he M :
obs, Ingen angufliory Lb. N. 896. Shells of this Sort we Tad
tn digging inte Cy, at Catesby and Mar fin Truflel : Alfo oe
anels of Brooks, particularly that of Bowds
Banksare Clay. T hefe ha Ct as darts Woks
ay. ve their Cavities quite fill'd ith i
Clay, or with Stone. In i na
ay ; a part of one of them now :
i Ippes fhe ie natural Colour of the common Heh
ells of the fame Sort and enclofing Stone 1 h i :
hells : Ort : nclofi ave fon
w ith in the Stone-pits nigh Wittering. The Muites i.
re :: tothis Mags Shell more frequently occurs than does the Shell
iielt. In an old Stone-pit at Werckion 1 have fi i i
{mall Mute of this Sort, witl eir E Ee ny
! : , with both their Ends broke off, and in thi
state and Form a little refembling the Dentes Canini or SH
fome Animals ; but in Subftance meer Sand, fuch as the Mafs of
our ordinary Sandftone is compos’d of, BY
i 7: ; Fo ue Mujcle Shell with plaver or more deprefled Valves
- Lab. 3. Fig. 10. Each of the Valves of the two former Sorts

rife up into a Ridge running lengthways of the Valve : Thefe tho’ iy »

they hase otherite the Muicle Shape are as plane as are the Valves
of the fmoother Sort of Cockles. | h
) . wave only one of theft
{ent by me, and that not entire ; Savi Re
; re; But the Cavity of it havi
fll’d up with Stone, and the S 0 i iam vy be,
y 1e Stone being frill entire, w
Id, : 8 e ma
ef alone, ay here nothing of the Shell remain’d, make 7 fo
dgment of the Shape of the Shell. Tw i
oA I Shell. "T'was found in Helmdom Quar-
18. (4.) The Mufcle Shell fbap'd almost like the Pinna marina. |
" 3 e gle Yalvs * one of thefe, which was found in a Stone-pit
at Grafton-Underawood, of a blackith Col ( {
e Bytom ) olour externally ; to the Infide
of 1t1s affixed a hard Stone of tl C 4 on
) 1¢ Colour of blue Clay. Th
Shar oui Mufculus major lati(fimus ex caftaneo oes #
Jiftar. Cone yl. Lib. 3. Fig. 203. according to Dr. Lifter’ Draught
and Account of it, feems to agree in Shape. i ineati Fits
Jie Scconn ots fears 2 gels Sues in the Delineations of its
Surface, our alfo, with this Foil Shell. The S i
Sutticey Jolour : ) . tones ori-
ginally moulded in the Shells of this Speci ; {

! : species are far more fr i
the Stone-pits here than are Shell § SI
: an are the Shells themfelves ; ar 1

Stone-pits: In 1d particularl
i Se oops thas Jove been digg’d on the North ie of Oundle,

1e Muytulodes atus major ad ‘Pin i :
y ¢s [poliatus major ad Pinnam accedens, juxta Market Har-

197

borouo bh in North : T .
} ai Lorian) ] - Biv . .
% mptoma. Lb. N. 895. is really one of thofe from 73 F 11

Quudle.
19. Three Sorts ¢ ia : ~
oi J Thess ( of Dons Marie, Shells that form a broader
“ « a ‘A or, y ‘ are .
AH v gra ually u a narrower one or to a fharpe point,
av d with us ; fo bury’d in the Earth as are the S p
the Unters od Mfilen y arth as are the Shells of
(1.) The Pinna marina f
. ; ua marina , or Sea Nacr a thinner SI
Ay ’ re i )
Smallest of the Kind poy: 4 thinner S| el ’ the

5 the

I'his 1s freaked lengthways *, It appears to be Vid 7.1
« I2

F,

ES

 
AN 3SNOvaAs :
ng diss ]

 

The Natal HI ST ORT Chap. 3

the Pinna of Dr. Lifter’s Hiftor. Conch. Lib. 3. N. 212. 1 found it
enclos'd in a Stratum of whiteith Earth with a Mixture of {mall
Stones, the Second Stratum from the Surface, in a Stone-pit nigh Ir-
chefler. It enclofes Stone.

(2.) That of a thicker Shell, and a larger Size, Four Inches in
Length, anlnch and half in Breadth in the broadeft Part. One of
the Valves of this fecond Pinna was found adhering to a Peble-like
Stone taken out of Clay at Clapton. 1 take it to be a Valve of the
Pinna, N. 212. Lib. 3. Lift. Hit Conchyl.

(3.) That of a flill greater Thickue[s and Size, FivelInches in Breadth
at the broader End.  Thisis firiated on the Outfide, as are alfo the
former, according to the Length of the Shell; this in a particular
Manner, for each of its Strie or Ridges gently rife and fall at certain
thort Diftances for the whole Length of them : And fo in like man-
ner do each of the Furrows betwixt the Sirie. Its Texture alfo is
obfervable. Tis compos’d of Glofly, Parallel, Teftaceous Fibres fet
tranfverfely to the Plat of the Shell , which manner of Texture is
found in the Pinne marine taken out of the Sea, and feems peculiar
to this Genus of Shells. The Specimen from whence I take this De-
[eription was imparted to me by Mr. Lbwyd, who found it in By-
field Stone-pit+. In a Stone-pit nigh Doftharpe, in Oxendon Gravel-

 

+ Lith. Bris,

N.sss. pit, and elfewhere, 1've met with Fragments of a Pinna marina, that
I doubt not is fpecifically different from all the foregoing ; tho in its
Texture it agrees with the laft. Thefe Fragments fhew that its Infide

and Outfide too are {mooth : And that 'tis confiderably thicker and
larger every way than thofeare. But a particular Defcription of it
I cannot give till light of a more perfect Sample.

20. The Foffil Shells of the Solen-Kind are fo very rare, that in all
my Searches here, I could never meet with fo much as one that |
could afluredly fay wasa Solen. An entire Solenites 1 have found in a
little Rill that runsinto the Weland not far from Marstm. It has its
Name on the fame Account as the Muite have theirs, for that it
bears the Shape or Refemblance of the Shell of the Sulen or Sheath-
Fifb, as thofe do of Mufecle-fbells: and had its Figure in like manner
from the Cavity of its refpetive Shell. Tis toobulky to have been
form’d in the Cavity of the Concha fufca longiffima of Dr. Lifter, the
common Englifb Solen ; otherwife has fuch a Relation to it as isinti-
mated in the Title of this Stone in Mr. Lhuwyd’s Lythophyl. N. gor.
In the fame Place together with the former 1 found the Solenites Stria- ae
tus Quadrivalvis, N. go8. Lb. Lith. there remains upon it only a SL2- Aon Cronary
fmall Piece of the Inveftient Shell. If we may judge of the whole by NL Yonomy
this, it is a thin and tender Shell juft fo firiated as is the firft of the HR fit,
Pinna above-mentioned, and confifts of two Lamelle, not fo thick as WI Ie
Parchment, one invefting another. My Sample is fo imperfeét, that 7 OAT) ON 1
sewn R. 1 C20 Only fay it feems to be the Square Mufeulites of Dr. Grew. * SX ist ars SG pf
s.N.26. The Name affign'd by Mr. Lbwyd to this Solenites intimates that the | \

Shell that form'd it had four Valves: But indeed it appears to me to

have

Ee bse

EL

 

 
 

 

Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

 

 

have had only two, each of which had two Sides, and not to be real-
ly Quadrivalvous. {ul

21. Iam the more inclin’d to this Opinion, having by me a Foil
Sileny if 1 thay fo call it, of the fame Ruadrilateral Figure, and fo
entire, that Iam fatisfied it confifts of only two Valves, having each
of them Two Sides, whofe Angle is well nigh the fame as is made by
the Commiffure of the two Valves ; whence it feems to be Quadri-
valvous, tho it truly is not. "Tis not Striate as the former, but exhi-
bits much fuch Lineaments on the Outfide of it as are feen upon the
common Suen. The Colour of it, for the main, is White : its Cavity
fill d with the common Reddifh Sand-flone. 1 found jt ina Stone-
pit at Desborough. This and the foregoing Species are here placed to
the Solen-Kind ; but perhaps fome more perfect Samples of them will
thew they more aptly belong to the Tribe of Pine Shells.

Here alfo I may mention the Pholas,&c.N.877. Lb. which we do meet
with ; tho but very rarely in the Stone-pits here : As alfo a Variety
or another fort of Pholas Shell, of a broader Sha pe ; which becaufe
of the Imperfection of my Specimens of it, I forbear to deferibe.
22. I now proceed to the Foffil Scallope-Shells. As thefe Shells are
found with their Valves a-part, in fome Places: in others, with them
join’d together or in Pairs.” So the Ctenite, vulgarly called Peclinit e,
Stones that owe their Form to Scallope-Shells, are found, either bear.
ing the Form of the Cavity of a fingle Valve: or of that of the
pair’d entire Scallope-Shell. “1 fhall here give fome Account of the
more obfervable Sorts both of the one and the other that have oc-
curr'd to me in my Searches in this County. The Chara&eriftic
Marks of Scallope Shells are chiefley thefe two. Theyare ear’d, or
have two earlike prominences at the Head of each of the Valves: and
have two unequal Valves, one a flatter, the other a more convex one.
Of the Scallope-Clafs or Tribe there are three more confiderable Sub-
ordinate Kinds, 1. Thofe that are alternately ridged and furrow’d:
and have their Strie defcending from the Hinge or Head of ‘the Shell
in ftrait Lines to the Rim or Margin of it. 2. Thofe that have a
[month Surface without any Strice. 3. Thofe that are firiated from
one fide of the Shell to the other, with Semicircular Siri that are
parallel to each other, having the Head of the Shell for their com-
mon Center. Thee, for Diftinction may be call'd the Fufciated
Scallope Shells.

23. Of the firft of thefe, the Striated Scallope Shells, our Quar-
ries and Fields afford us the following Species. (1.) That of the
largeft Size exhibiting nigh twenty large Ridges, and about as many broad
Furrows which are finely and clofely firiated overthwart with Hair-like
Striz. The Ears alfo are fometimes ftriated. OF the hollower Valves
of this Species I have two fair Exemplars, each almoft 16 Inches in
Circumference, the one from a Stone-pit at Dadford * : the other *Vid. 7. 4
from Preflon-Capes. “To the hollow Side of both adheres a Lump of #% 13:
Stone that fills the Cavity. The outmoft inveftient Membrane of the
Shell is naturally fomewhat Redifh : that underneath it White. The

; Sample

 

 
 

The Natural H I ST ORY Chap. 3

Sample from Dadford exhibits both thefe Colours ; the outmoft Mem-
brane being here and there worn off and gone. 1 could never find
an entire Specimen of the flatter Valve, but have met with many
Fragments of them. This Sort of Foflil Peden is the Pedinites am-
phiotis maximus, &e. Lb. N. 592.
24. (2.) The Peclen Subrufus Striis vigini quatuor ad minimum dona-
tus, Laff. N. 17. Lib. 3. Hiftor. Conchyl. This Reddith Peden of
Dr. Lister, with at leaft 24 Stiie, we find in the Red Stone-pits
near Rowel and 7 borpe-malfor. Whether this be the very Pellen
Subrufus of Dr. Lifter, I am not fo well affur’d *: Bnt’tis I am fure fo
exaétly like to one Sort of Scallope-Shells, in my Collettion of Sea-
fhells, that it cou’d not be known to be a Foffil Shell by thofe who
did not take it out of the Earth, but that there ufually fticks a Piece
of the Red-ftone to the Infide of it. In its whole Shape, in the
Number, and in the Tendency of its Strie, and in all other Refpects
it agrees with the faid Sea-fhells.
25. (3.) The Peclen tenuis maculofus eirciter viginti Striis donatus 3
. Lift. p. 185. Tract. Animal. Angl. or one very near of Kintoit: A
#7 Scallope of a fomewhat fhorter and broader Shape than that in N. 2.
Jupr. The Shell like this, and 1 think the very fame, is one of the
moft common Scallop-fbells of the Euglifb Shores, as this is very fre-
quent in this Inland County far enough from Sea. We find "em en-
clos'd, as well in the Strata of Stone, as of thofe of Earth ; and par-
ticularly in the Stone-pits at Bugbrook. As the Shells of the above.
mentioned Species are ufually, if not always found, in parted Valves
upon our Shores : So likewife are the Fofiil ones of the fame or like
Species in the Bowels of the Earth. Thus fepzrate, they are found
enclos'd in fome Sorts of Stoney Nodules in Gravel, as at Oxendoy :
And in Clay, as on the Side of a Water-Courfe in Bowden Field.
The Pedinites Lh. N. 565. which we find in Byfield Stone-pit, the
Place he mentions, is a Scallope Shell with Stone adhering to it, It has
an indented Margin ; otherwife is very like if not the fame with the
Pecien 1 have now been defcribing. In the Water-Courfe at Bowdon
I find a Variety of this fort of Scallspe Shell , that’s feven Inches
about, and has at leaft 24 Strie. Tho’ it be much bigger than the
above defcribed Pecfen of this third Species of mine, and exceeds
it in Number of Strie ; yet Icallita Variety of that, till I fee bet-
ter Reafons for its being reckon'd a diftinét Species. Indeed the In-
dividuals of the Sea Scallope Shells of the fame Species to me appear
to differ as much from each other, as do the Fulfil Scallope Shells 1
have now been comparing.
26. (4.) A Species in the general Form of it re[embling the Second
.. fupra; but having a far greater Number of Strie, and narrower Fur-
rows thon that bas. We find them in feveral Places ; particularly in
Mar fion-truflel Field. There they were formerly lodg’d in Clay, and
have been turn’d out upon the Surface by Plowing. ~ Some of thefe
Ne in of have clofed Valves 5 fo that ’tisa Miftake of Dr. Plot, that the Foil
Oxferdjbire, Ejfcallopes are always found with their Valves apart +,

hss ve 27. (5.) The

 

 

Chap. 3. of NoRTHAMPTONSHIRE, 201

27. (5.)T be [mall echinated Seallope Shell. "Tis engraved, if | may fo - ,
fpeak,with deeper Furrows for its Size than areany of thereft: and has = =~
only 16 or 17 Streaks or Ridges, which, at Jeaft in the Convex Valve,
are befet with thort Spikes.” Tis not quite two Inches inCircumference
1 have found it in the Stone-pits at Crick : Mr. Lhwyd in thofe at
Byfield, Northamptonfbire *. Mr. Lbwyd’s Sample of it, is only its
flatter Valve, which if it ever had any Spikes, is defpoiled of them. 7 Ni
Neither is it certain from the flatter Valves of it I have found, that’tis
fpiked in this as well as the convex ones. Neverthelefs the Name |
haveaflign’d it, may fillbe allow’d of. It feems to me to be a {fmal-
ler Variety of the muricated Pecines of Dr. Lifter +. t Hiftor.

28. (6.) The rough Efcallspe Shell of Aldrovandus, or one nearly ype
refembling it. This Species is already exaly defcrib’d and figurd N15. ince
by Dr. Plot ||. 1have found it in a Stone-pit in Rowel Field, andin
fome other Places here. ? Ie La.

(7.) That distingusfp’d with 10 or 11 rugged Streaks or Ridges, and? 1° 4
[omewhat broadly furrow'd | three Inches in Circumference or therea.
bouts. This Seallope too is defcribyd by Dr. Plot in Nat. Hift. of Ox-
fordfbire, Ch. 5. 9.74. and figurd Tab. 4. N. 13, 14. We meet with
it in the Stone-pits nigh Fumfbed and Wakerly. Some of them have
loft their Native Ruggednefs : and are found worn down to fmoother
Ridges. This Shell with Stone affix’d to the Infide of it, is the Pe-
mies Amphiotis, &e. Lb. N. 579.

(8.) The very finely and clofely Striate Scallope Shell *. Tis of nigh *Vid.7. 4
je] fame Size with that N. 7. and is found together with it at Fig 72 5-
fhed.

(9.) The Scallope Shell with [ome more depre Jed Ridges, with others

more prominent 5 not always alternately placed.” Tis of various Sizes, T4- F. 6
The {malleft of about two Inches: the largeft above five Inches, in
Circumference. We find them enclos’d in the Strata of Reddifh
Sand-ftone and Ragg-ftone at Afbley, Thor p- Malfor, and elfewhere :
In thofe of a Whiter Sort of Stone of the Free-ftone Kind, in a
Stone-pit in Finfbed Lordthip. The Peclinites Imginfeulus, &c. Lh,
N. 600. isa Shell of this Sort with Reddifh Stone adhering to it. I
have by me a Crenites belonging to this Species of Scallope Shells, as
it took its Figure from the Cavity of one of them, that’s compos’d of
White Flint. It was found at Crick.

29. (10.) The very finely rue Scallope Shell, broader from me Side
to the other, than from the Head to the Margin. 1 have not yet 7 +
met with an entire Shell of this Species ; But ‘by Pieces of it which
1 have found enclos’d in that Sort of Stone calld Cher: And by the
Impreflions that are taken of the Infide of the whole Valves upon
the fame Sort of Stone, feveral Samples whereof, 1 have met with
in Oxendon Field, the Figure of the whole Shell may be exaltly
known. Mr. Lbwyd’s Peltinites capillaris figura plufquam dimidiuwm
orbiculum exprimente. Lh. Br. N. 203. is a Stone that was moulded,

I think, in the flatter Valve of this Sort of Peden,

 

F

Fff 30. (11.) The

 
 

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap 3

30. (11.) The firiated Scallope Shell with an unequally extended Mar-
gin. ~The Margin is not circularly turn’d, as in the other Scallope
Shells ; but is farther extended on one Side than the other ; fo the
Shell is longer on that, than on the oppofite Side. And the Head
of it does not anfwer the Middle of the Shell, as in the reft of the
Shells of this Clafs, but declines towards the fhorter Side. The
Ridges of this Shell, tho’ pretty high, yet are much narrower than
the Intervalls between them. The Shells of this Sort that we find
enclos'd in the Red-ftone at Crick, are about Three Inches in Cir-
cumference, and have 13 or 14 Strie. One of the Auricule is lar-
ger than the other. The Infide of them is of a Reddith Hue and
Glofly, and is ridg’d and furrow’d in much the fame manner as the
Outfide is. 1 have by me a Piece of the harder Blue Stone of the
fame Stone-pit that exhibits a moft exact Impreflion of the Outfide
of one of the Valves of this Scallope Shell. We fometimes meet
with {mall ones of this Species, that are not Two Inches about, yet
exhibit as great a Number of Sirie, as do the larger ones.

31. Thefe are all the Sorts of Striated Scallope Shells, I {peak as
to the Foffil ones of this County, that I fhall venture to fet down for
really diftint Species. But I have here met with Ctenite, whofe Fi-
gure plainly indicates that their inveftient Shells, which are now
quite worn off and gone, were Specifically diftin& from all the fore.
going ; particularly one, a pretty weighty Iron-colour’d Stone, that
in the Form of its Head and Margin reprefents the Eleventh Species
Jupra ; but is widely different from it in 1ts Strie ; which for its Bulk
are broad and few. ’Twas found in Wellingboroush Red-Stone
Pits.

32. Of the Foffil Scallape Shells wrth a fmooth Surface, we meet with
Four different Sorts.

(1) The [mooth Scallope Shell with [ome Appearance of Semicircular
Stric, and of a roundifb Shape. Its Circumterence is from Five In-
ches to Two. We find it in the Red-Stone-pits at Zhingdom, and
Rowel, enclosd in the Strata of Red-Stone, and fometimes in the
Iron-colour’d Marcafite, whereof in thofe Pits there is ufually Plenty.
The Pedinites, N. 568. Lb. is a fingle Valve of a Shell of "this Spe-
cies with Stone adhering toit. The Pedinites, N. 570. Lb. appears
to me to be only a lefs perfect Sample of the fame Shell.

33. (2.) The largest , month, Scallope Shell, with a Marble-like
Surface. Tis nigh Fifteen Inches in Circumference, in Figure ap.
proaching toa Round. Its Auricule of yee] Size. We find it not
unfrequently in the Stone-pits at Crick. Tis found not only with its
Valves apart, but with them clofed together. The Pefumites (or
rather Pecten) Circinatus Marmoreus, Lh. N. 570. is a Shell of this
very Shape, but Two Thirds finaller than this is. Itagrees very
well in the whole Shape and Bignefs with a Scallop, in Mr. Stane-
fireets Curious Collection, which came from China. ;

34. (3.) The [mooth Saloni with unequal fides. Its Margin

proceeds circularly from the ead onone fide, and in a Strait Lane on
j BL forme /
the lt ota me dod

 

7.4 F 12.

 
 

Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E, 209

 

the other, on which Side it is extended fomewhat farther than
on the other. In the general Form of it, it agrees with the §#ri-
ate Scallope-fbell of the Eleventh Species fupr. Mr. Lbuwyd in Li-
thoph. Britan. N. 637. entitles it the wrytouth'd Peinites, On
its Margin and Sides “tis ufually lightly firiated ; otherwife js {mooth
like polifh’d Marble. We meet with it filled with Red-ftonein Rowe!
Red-ftone Pits : with Limeftone in the Limeftone-Pits at Stanjan. In
this laft Place I have found it very fairand perfect; not the leaft de-
cay’d, not fo much as in its Colour.

(4.) Thelarger fmooth Scallope-fbell, of the [ame Figure with the fore-
gong, but the Valves more convex. This allo js found with us, tho
more rarely. I have by me a Crenites whofe Figure is fuch as affures
me it was originally moulded in this fort of Pelen* Tis an Iron-co- #0. Faz.
lour’d Mareafite thus thap'd. "Twas found in the Field at 7 bor pe- :
mal[or,

ge Of thofe I call the fafciated Scallope-fbells, we meet with only
Two different Sorts.

(1.) That having higher Ridges, and its upper part ador’d as it were
with Lattice-work. At and near its Head jt has feveral fmall Lines 75 F t-
that at certain Diftances are drawn directly crofs the Furrows, or In-
tervals betwixt Ridge and Ridge 3 and hence that Lattice-work, as
I call it, which particularly diftinguithes this fort of Shell. The
Sample I defcribe it by, is Eight Inches in Circumference : has its
two Valves clofe joind : and nigh 50 Fafcie upon each. At and
nigh the Margin of the Shell they are more numerous than nearer
the Head. Tis fill'd with Stone ; as are generally all of this Sort
we meet with here ; whether in the Gravel-Pits, as at Oxendon : or
in the Stone-Pits, as at Paflor. The Shell thus filled is the Peinites
amphiotis inferiis rugofus. Lb. N. 576.

(2.) The fafciatcd Scallope with lower Ridges, and Huaur-like, conti- T6F
guous, and Parallel Lines mterceding between Ridge and Ridge. Tis
about Five Inches in Circumference, and has fewer Fafcie than the
former. I found it in a Stone-pit in great Houghton Lordfhip.

36. Shells of Cackles in very great Variety and Number we meet
with here, included, as are the Shells of the other Kinds, in the Bo-
dy of the Earth. By Cackles I mean Bivalye Shells without any 4u-
ricule : of a more Convex Shape than Scallops = and of a reundifh
Circumference, which diftinguifhes them from the Telline. 1 fhall
give a Delcription of the various Sorts of them in the following Me-
thod. 1. Of thofe that are Jfiriated from the Head to the Margin,
2, Of thofe that are Jmooth , with fome few that are ftriated tranf-
verfly, 3. Of thofe that dre differently ftriated in different Parts
of the fame Shell The firft Clafs 1 again divide into two
{fmaller Clafles. The firft Subdivifion takes in thofe with a ftrait
Head or Beak, and with a round or equal Margin; the Shell
from the Head downwards being equally extended on both fides,
The Second thofe with a Margin unequally extended. Firft
of the Striated Shells with a firait Head or Beak, and a round

Margin;

2,

 
 

The Nawd HIST ORT Chap 3

 

Margin. The Striz in thefe defcend from the Head, as from the
Center, to the Margin of the Shell. The Subordinate Species are
thefe.

37. (1.)T he Cockle-fhell with roughor imbricated Striz. The Writers
of Shells have called them Imbricated Striee, as feeming to be com-
pos'd of many fmall Lamelle that in form refemble thofe called Gut-
tter-Tules : and that are placed one under another in like manner
as thofe are in Building. Upon each Valve there are 34 of thefe
Striz. The Circumference ufually nigh Five Inches. Shells of this
Sort including Stone we meet with in the Stone-Pits nigh Peterborough.

38. (2.) The Shell of the Pelunculus vulgaris albidus rotundus
Lift. Animal. Ang. p. 189. The common Cockle-fbell of our Englifb
Shores. This fort of Shell very frequently occurs in the Gravel digg’d
upat Eye, Smglefole, Peakirk, and other Places on the Border of the
Fen-land. In thofe Places it is found in fingle Valves ; fome few of
which have their Cavity filled with a much more compact Matter
than is that of the Pit. The outmoft Coat of the Shell in feveral of
thefe Foflil ones is either wholly or in part worn off and gone. The
fame Sort of Shells is alfo found, tho lefs frequently, in Places of
Digging in the Uplands; for Inftance, in the Gravel-Pits at Oxen-
don. There, they are found together with other Shells and a little in-
tervenient Arenaceous Matter concreted into Nodules or Lumps. The
Cockle and other Shells that are found in the Gravel at Eye and there-
abouts, are really lefs disguis'd and alter’d with lying in the Earth,
than the Foffil-Shells in other Places generally are :” Yet that thefe al-
fs were brought to Land and lodged in the Earth at the fame Time
and by the fame Means as were the reft of ‘em, appears from feveral
agreeable Circumftances of thefe Shells ; this in particular, their
being lodged in a regular Stratum, and the Strata above them being
found as regularly dispos’d as are the Terreftrial Strate ina Natural
uudifturbed State elfewhere ; and particularly in the Gravel-Pit at
Eye. Where there is, 1. The Soil. 2. A Stratum of Reddith Earth,
witha pretty large Intermixture of Pebles, 3. A Stratum of {mall
Pebles, about the fize of the larger fort of Bird-fhot, without any
Sand or Earth amongft them. 4. Fine and pure Sand. 5. Another
fuch a Stratum of Pebles as is that above the Sand. 6. Thena pure
unmixed Sand again. And 7. A Stratum of the like little Pebles a-
gain ; at the bottom whereof are lodged the Shells of Cockle , and
together with them fome other fort of Shells, particularly the Oyter-
Jbelly N. 2. [upra, that were inconteftably not brought on Land by
any particular Inundation, as fome may imagine thefe were; this
Part of the County being les remote from Sea. But how weakly
that Imagination is grounded, has been already hewn.

39. (3) Tbe finely firiated [mall Cockle-fbell, of a [barter and rounder

“4 Body than the comman Cockle. The Size that of a Black-Cherry. A

Clufer of thefe enclos’d ina Lump of foft Limeftone, and alfo fill’d
up with the fame, was found nigh Dingley, and prefented me by the
Curious Mr, Bland. A great part of the [iriate or outmoft Coat in

thefe

 

 

Chap. 3. of NorRTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

thefe isgone : that next underneath this, which is fill remaining en-
tire, is {mooth or without Strie.

40. (4.) The flatter and larger Cockle-fbell , with more numerous fib

Strie. Inits Shape : in its Size , it being Six Inches in Circumfe-
rence : and in the Number of its Striz, there being Fifty of them
at leaft, it differs from the common Cockle-fbell. 1 have never found
fo much as one of this Sort with clofed Valves. The Cavity of the
fingle ones is generally fill’d with Stone. In a Stone-pit nigh Finfbed,
they are found filled with Matter of that Sort that compofes the
Hammates of Pliny.

(5-) That of a longer Shape, and a Jbarper Beak or Head. This Sort

is about Five Inches in Circumference : and exhibits about 38 Strie. 7 +. F 6.

Shells of this Sort occur in the Quarrics at Colgrave, Culworth, and
in many other Pits of the like Kind of Stone. They are found both
with clos’d and fever'd Valves: lodg’d for the moft part in a fofter
Sort of Limeftone: and fill’d with the fame Matter.

41. The Second Subdivifion of the Striate Cochle-fbells,comprehends
thofe with an unequal Margin. The Shells of this Second Subdivifion
are ftriate, in the fame Manner as are thofe of the Firft ; but differ
from them in the Form of their Margin; which in thefe is obferva.
bly longer, or more extended on one Side of the Shell, thanit is on
the other, and which is therefore call’d an unequal Margin.

(1.) That with Fifty Strice defcending firait down from the Head ]
having generally Twn or Three tranverfe Strie, near the Margin. The
Infide of the Shell is ftriate in like manner as the Outfide is. Tis al.
moft Five Inches about. We meet with it in the Stone-pits at Def.
borough, Cliff, and Oundle ; only in fingle Valves, whofe Cavity 1s
fill'd with Stone. So filled, it is the Pedunculites convexior creberyime
firiatus, Lh. N. 654. 1 have by me a Stone, in Subftance the fame
with the Iron-colour’d Marcafite, originally moulded in this Sort of
Shell ; as Linfer from its Size and Shape, and its having fuch Streaks
upon the Surface, as we fee on the Infide of the Shells of this Sort.
It was found in Wellingborough Field.

(2.) A [mall Species, [earce Three Inches in Circamferenee , of a

flatter Shape, and exhibiting about Twenty Strie*. It hasa piked Head. « TF. 8.

We find it with clofed Valves fill'd up with Stone,in a Stoge-pit nigh
Peterborough. In my {mall Colle@ion of Sea-fbells, 1 have one that
nearly matches this.

42. (3.) A [mall Species, about Two Inches in Circumference, of a

more Convex Shape. In other Regards it agrees very much with that 77 F %

N. 2. fupr. "Tis found both in double and fingle Valves. Some of
the double ones are found half open: others of them clofe: All of
them full of a Stoney Matter harden’d. The Shell thus filled is the
Pectunculites Plagiofiomuz, &c. Lb. N. 626. We find it in the Stone-
pits at Werckion, Irilingborough, and elfewhere, in the lower Part of
the County: and no lefs frequently in the Stone-pits in the upper
Part of it.  Thefe Three are of a longer Shape. To thefe add,

Ggg (4) The

 
 

206

The Natwdl HIST ORT Chap. 3

 

7.5. F.10

(4.) The very finely and clofely firiated Cockle-fbell of a fborter Body.
This Shell appears to be compos’d of feveral Lamince, one lying upon
another, the Edges of which crofs the Shell, and are very vifible. The
Shape of this is near Three-fquare. Its Circumference Two Inches
and half. This elegant Cockle-fhell is found filled with Stone in
Marfim-truflel Field, tho’ but very rarely, always with coupled

Valves.

43. To which we may fubjoin Two Sorts of Ribb’d Stones form’d
in large Shells of this Second Clafs. The Firfis about 6 or 7 Inches
round, and on each Side ribb’d with 8 or 9 Ridges *. We find it in
the Stone-pits and Fields at Caffor, and thereabouts. A Shell of that
Sort that gave Form to it, I have never yet feen entire. The Second
much refembles the former; but runs out farther on one Side. It
has as many ftrait Strie as that has, and is alfo lightly but clofely
ftriated overthwart. This is the Bucardites Cuncatus, Lh. N. 650.
I have found it in a Rill at Wimwick, in Stone-pits at Cofgrave and
Greens-Norton: Sometimes in Halves, if I may fo exprefsit ; which
appear to have been form’d in the Cavities of fingle Valves. 1 once
found it cover’d with the Shell in which it was form'd. The Infide
and Outfide of the Shell: and alfo the Surface of the Stone, that
owes its Form to it, are ftriated much alike.

44. Having done with all the various Sorts of Cockle-fhells that are
firiated from the Head tothe Mragin : our next Step is to the Smooth-
er ones. Thefe are only lineatedor lightly freaked overthwart ; ex-
cepting a very few that have pretty deep tranfverfe Strie. They fub-
divide themfelves in the fame manner asdo the firiate ones. Subd.r.
Thofe with a ftrait Head or Beak, and an equal Margin. 2. Thofe
with a wry Beak, and unequal Margin. Firfl, Of thofe with a flrast
Head, and an equal Margin,

(1.) The flatter fmooth Cockle-fbell, [omewhat broader and rounder on
one Side than on the other, and lightly fireaked acrofs the Body of the Shell,
The Concha craffa ex altera parte comprefJa, ex altera [ubrotunda, Lift.
Tral. Animal, pugl . 174. A Species that occurs upon our Britifb
Shores. The Foffil Shells of this Species are found filled either with
Earth, as in the Morter-pits at Pychely: or with Stone, as in Oundle
and Ifebam Stone-pits : ever, fo far as has been obferved, in Pairs
or with clofed Valves. Alfo Stones originally moulded in this Sort
of Shell, entirely or in part uncover’d, we meet with in the Stone-
pits here. Mr. Fol Circinata from Rance, N. 41. Lith. Brit. 1
take to be this Sort of Shell; tho indeed it is fomewhat flatter and
thinner than this ufually is.

45. (2.) The little roundifb fmooth Cockle-fbell, with higher or more
elevated Valves. We find it bury'd in Gravel at Eye, Singlefole, and
Peakirk : In Gravel alfo at Oxendon, tho’ but feldom: And enclos'd
in Stone, atPipwell, Irtlingborough, and elfewhere, for the moft part in
fingle Valves. “Tislefs by Half than is that N. 1. fupr. being gene-
rally but Two Inches in Circumference. Some of the Foffil ones are
finely filleted or ftreak’d tranfverfly : others are perfectly fmooth :

others

 

Lola Vogue dol

ihe of MONTAGUE Nayuys of VVlcntlermier.
Ke hi flit: ar aunt dh eonidbdooment sy bor Grime

- . pf pe to
SHavoury tr mort hum dedeated fp Ol

 
 

 

Chap.3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 207

 

others fomewhat fretted and worn. Some of them are longer from

Side to Side than others. So that I fufpect there are Two diftinét

Species of them. The longer of which * agrees very well with a Sea- +y;4 7 ¢
thell in Mr. Stoneflreet’s Collection. The rounder Variety + with Stone Pn

in it, is the Cireinata prope Pipwell in Northamptonia, N. 765 Lb: 175. Fs.

46. (3.) That approaching a Triangular Figure ; it defcending on both

Sides in a preity frait Direllion from the Head to the Margin. This T-5-F 14.
Sort of Foffil Cockle-fhell fill'd, as we ufually find it, with Stone, is
the Trigonella Subrugofa media, Lh. N. 815. The Head is to be
fuppos’d to be one of the Angles: The End or Termination of the
Margin on each Side, the other Two ; tho’ indeed the Margin is cir-
cularly turn'd, and does not terminate in an Angle on either Side.
"T'is of the more gibbous Shape : and is finely lineated overthwart.
Its Circumference Four Inches. We find it in a little Rill at Win-
wick: and in the Stone-pits nigh Burton and Werckton, with clofed
Valves ; but ufually much decay'd, and almoft perifh’d and gone.
The Stones that owe their Form to this Shell, are either {mooth or
lightly delineated overthwart, as is the Infide of the Shell,

(4.) The [maller Cockle-fbell of a longer Shape from the Head to the T.5.F. 15.
Margin. Tis fo delineated as the former is ; but a far more uncom.
mon Shell. I found it only in Chelfion Stone-pits, fill'd as the other
are with Stone.

47. To thefe T add Two Sorts of Stones moulded jn Shells of a
Triangular Shape or near it.

(1.) That of a larger Size, Six Inches round: The Trigonella Lh.

N. 113. which he found at Towcefler. This has only fome few
Wrinckles in the Marginal Part of it.

(2) That of a fmaller Size [carce Three Inches round : The Trigo-
nella minor [poliata alba Lh. N. 822. Tis found very frequently in 7.5. F. 56.
the Pits of Limeftone, or of the whiter and fofter Sort of Stone ;
fometimes enclos'd in the Stone, as at Chelfton 5 generally loofe
amongft the Rammel , or in the Stoney Earth that lies above it. "Tis
either very {fmooth : or obicurely ridg’'d and furrow’d overthwart.

It feems to have been moulded in the Peunculus triquetrus albus Lift.
Hift. Conchyl. Lib. 3. N. $6.

48. The Second Subdivifion of the Smoother Cockle-fbells comprizes
thofe with a 2ery Beak and unequal Margin. Tis called a wry Beak,
becaufe it bends towards one Side of “the Shell. The Margin is
fomewhat more produced on one Side, thanitis on the other. The
Head inclines to the fhorter Side; as is ufual with the Shells of an
unequally extended Margin. The different Sorts of them are,

(1.) The [mooth wry Beak'd Cockle-fbell of the larger Size, tranf- T.6 Fx;
verfly lincated, but wot deeply: The Peunculus maximus Lit. Hi.
Couchyl. Lab. 3. N. 108. which is found frequently on the Northern
Shores of England. We find it in the Red-ftone Pits at Rowel.

(2.) That of a middle Size, about Three Inches round, either perfectly
Jmooth or with very fine tranverfe Lineations. Tis generally found
with its Two Valves clofed. The included Matter various. In

fome

T.6. F. 2.

 
 

The Nawd HIST ORT Chap. 3

 

fome it is that of Lime-ftone: in othersa coarfer arenaceous Spar.
And by the Stones that owe their Shape to this Shell, it appears that
others were fill'd with the Matter that conftitutes the Blue Ragg-
fone: and others with that of the Iron-colour’d Marcafite. Both
the Shell enclofing Stone : and the Stone difclos’d or uncover’d, the
latter efpecially, are very common. We meet with them in the
Stone-pits at Werckion, Chelfim, Aldrington, and Brackley; to name
no (more.

49. (3.) The fbarper wry Beak’d Cockle-bri, finely flreaked or line-

. ated overthwart, in Figure appoaching that of the Tellina. Tis an Inch

*Vid. 7. 6.
Fs.

in Length, an Inch and , in Breadth, Three in Circumference. In
my Collection of Sea-fhells, 1 have fome that pair very well with the
Foffil ones of this Species. In the Gravel-pits at Oxendon they are
found together with a great many Shells of other Sorts, and with
Fragments of the like Shells in cemented Mafles. So I call them,
there being nothing betwixt Shell and Shell, but juft fo much Stoney
Matter as ferves to conjoin them into one Mafs.

(4.) The leaft wory-beak’d Cockle-fbell, approaching the Tellina Form,

lineated ufually with Four or Five, fometimes a greater Number of tranf-
verfe Streaksar unequal Diflances. Tt isfearcely Two Inches in Circum
ference. The native Colour of it a glofly pale Brown. Its Valves
in the ufual jointing Place of the Bivalve-Shells, are indented as a
Saw is, and are join'd together future-wife. Tis theCurviroflra minima,
&ec. Lb. N. 733. We find it both with clos’d and parted Valves, in
great Number, in an old Stone-pit in Clipfim Field. Thefe Shells
were lodged in the Clay that lies above the Stone. Some of the fingle
Valves are empty : The join'd ones always full either of Clay, or of
a Stoney Matter harden’d.
1 59.(5-) Tothefe we may join the wry-beak'd fafciated Cockle-[bel] *
this agreeing with the Shells of this Subdivifion, tho’ not in Smooth.
nefs, mn the Site and Pofture of its Head. Tis of a roundith Shape.
The Circumference about Three Inches. The Ridges ufually fome
number betwixt 20 and 30. The Infide of the Shell is ftriated in
like manner as the Outfide is. "Tis frequently found enclos’d in the
lower Strata, in the harder Sort of Stone of Halfton Quarries : Fill'd
up with that Sort of Stone, or elfe with a clear Spar ; which is alfo
found infinuated in great Plenty, into the Pores of it. The included
Spar bears an exact Impreffion of the Infide of the Shell. Mr. Lbwrd
entitles this Body Cirvirofira rugofa compre(fior, &c. in Lith. Br. x.
718. As alfo,

(6.) A (mall fattifb fafciated Cockle-fbell running out a little to one
Side. The longer Side is fomewhat depres'd in both Valves, We find
it in the Stone-pits at Burton.

A moth Conchites with a Margin on one Side , depre[s'd

By oY exiended day a harp Lhugle, is alfo to be placed here.” The

Shell in which it was form’d was very convex. The Stone

is {imooth without any Furrows : About Three Inches. in Circum-
ference. 1 found it in the Stone-pits at great Addington,

51. I now

 

 

Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

 

51. 1 now proceed to the Shells that are Striated different ways, in
different Parts of the fame Shell ; which I add to this Head, be-
caufe moft of them are really of the Cockle-kind. The Charate-
riftick Notes of them are thefe , One Side is fomewhat longer than
the other : the fhorter Side of a rounder Shape, the longer is ftraiter
and depreffed : the main Body tranfverfly ftriated: the ftraiter
and deprefled Side firiated too, not with a crooked Strie, as is the
Body of the Shell, but with ftrait Sirie defcending from the Head
to the Margin: The Head has a wry Turn to the longer Side. Of
thefe we find the following Species.

(1.) That of a [maller Size , almoft an Inch in Length, and about 7. ¢. 7.5.

the fame in Breadth. The longer Side is divided by a high and
ftrait Ridge from the reft of the Shell. We find it, in the Mortar-
pits at Pychely, in a Stoney Earth or Loam: In the Stone-pits at
Oundle, Wakerly, and thereabouts ; In fome of them, enclos'd in a
Shattery Sort of White Freeftone. Seldom or never with joined
Valves. Sometimes we find Impreffions of it on the Iron-colour’d
Marcafite in the Sandy Red-ftone Pits ; as at Draughton. This Shell
with Stone in it, is the Curvirofira Rugofa, &c. Lh. N. 711. The
Curviroflra rugofa longiufcula compreffior Lh. N. 721. which that Au.
thor had from Pipwell, Nor thamptonfbire to me appears to be only
a {maller Variety of this Species.

(3.) That of the larger Size, with tranfverfe Ridges obfervably ,. , 7

bending downwards into an obtufe Angle in the middle Part of them,
and befet with Tubercula, little Knobs, or Studs. "Tis found in fingle
Valves in the Stone-pits at Burton and Pipwell.

52. In feveral Places we meet with the Body, by Dr. Plot * enti-

tled Hippocephalondes ; which is only a Stone that owes its Figure to fe

a Pair of Shells of this Kind, tho’ of a different Species. At the
Head of thefc Stones there is a large Sinus between Three Prominen-
cies of the Stone, one on each Side, and the other format the very
Junéture of the Shells in which this Stone was moulded. ‘Some of
thefe Prominencies are ftriated tranfverfly, anfwering the like Strie
in the Shell; as 1 have found by comparing them. ~ Stones of this
Sort, 1 have found at Boughton and Rowel. They are of various
Sizes, asarealfo the Shells that gave Form to them.

Before 1 go any farther it will not be amifs to note, that perhaps
fome few of the Shells that 1 have plac’d under the Head of Cockles,
may hereafter by more perfect Samples of them, appear to belong
to the Scallop-kind. The Shells in my Samples being none of em
ear’d, 1 have ventur'd to place them where they now ftand. ;

53. The next Genus ot Bivalves is that of the 1 ellme. Thefe
are diftinguithable from all the Sorts of Cockles by their longer
Shape , from one Side to the other ; where the Diftance is much
greater than from the Head to the SPhole Margin. The Head in
all of them is fet not exactly in the Middle, but nearer one Side of
the Shell. In all Regards they have the general Form of the River
Mufecle-fbells. And yet as gi” is ie refemble the Mele dell

1 0

 
 

 

 

The Natwral HIST ORT Chap. 4 Chap.3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE ort

of the Rivers in external Form , they differ from them fo much in 54.(5.) That of a more Convex or Elevated Form, but fireaked as are 7.6.5. 12.
Subftance, that for this and other Reafons, particularly their being the former. The Beak is a little turn’d to one Side. "Tis almoft
found bury’d in the fame Strata with Sea-Shells, thofe of Scallopes, Two Inches in Length. The Colour like that of the Fourth Jupr. as
Cackles, ge. I take thefe to be fo too. The feveral Sorts of them j is alfo the included Matter: Tis found in Clay in finking of Wells
obferved here, areas follows. : at Kettering.

(1.) The [moother T ellina of the larger Size: From its Head in a (&.) 7 be rougher Tellina of a more convex Shape , retty deeply +
ftrait Line to the Margin, an Inch and half; from Side to Side in 1 v1dg’d and furrow’d tranfverfely, or according to the Length of the Shell.
the longeft Part, = and half. "Tis not a thick Shell, of a "Tis of various Sizes. The middling ones are about an Inch and half

Yellowith Colour, finely lineated tranfverfly in like manner as are in Length, and an Inch in Breadth, almoft Four in Circumference.
our River Mufcles, and agrees particularly in its Size and Shape We feldom meet with it entire. Stones moulded in this fort of
with the Mufculus Aunguflior, Tat. Hift. Conchyl. p. 2. N. 2. Lis Shell we more frequently meet with ; and particularly in By
found in a Stone-pit at Burton, and in others thereabouts, with its Jield Field, in the Woad-Grounds at Dingley, and in the little Rill
Cavity fil’d with Stone. ; at Winwick. Moft of them have taken an exat Imprefs of the In-
T.6.F.1r.  (2.) That of a middle Size, above an Inch in Length, ftreak’d as fide of theShell ; being ridg’d and furrow’d juft as that is.

the other is. This Shell with join’d Valves, and fil’d with Stone, is (7.) The laminated Tellina of a narrower Shape, and running into a 7. 6, £16
not unfrequent. The Stones that owe their Figure to thefe Shells, Jharper Angle on one Side. Tis compos'd of feveral flat Lamell.e, each
but have loft their Shelly Moulds, are yet more frequent. They the Length of the Shell, covering the greateft part of each other.
occur in almotft all the Stone-pits, thofe efpecially of the firmer Sort "I's a flatter Shell than that N. 6. Jupr. We find it enclosd in Stone
of Stone : und in the Fields in many Places. Mr. Lbwyd has given at Telvertaft : lying loofe in the Gravel, and in the Fields at Oxendon
the Name of Mufculites vulgaris to this Sort of Stone, whether with and elfewhere ; for the moft part in join’d Valves, and with its Ca-
or without its Shelly Mould, Lith. Brit. N. 785, 9c. In the fame vity filled either with Stone or Earth. So flI'd it is the Curvirofirale-
Stone-pits we fometimes meet with a Variety, fo at prefent I chufe wis deprefla Lb.Lith. Brit. N. 725. I have by me one of this Sort, that
to call it, of this Mufcle-like Stone, in Dimenfions agreeing with the exhibits the Hinges of the Shell, and has Spar included in Plenty be-
Shell N. 1. fuprs, but of a flatter Shape. twixt its Lamellee.

(3.) That of the [mallef} Size, about an Inch in Length, more finely (8.) The laminated Tellina of alomger Shape. Tis fill more de-
lineated than either of the former. The Colour of thofe we find in prefsd than the former. In Shape it refembles the 7 elina Rbomboi-

 

 

6.F 1g.

T.6.F.14.

the Earth, is ufually Whitith. Tis a tender Shell, and often found dalis Lift. Tra&. Animal. Angl. p. 190. more nearly than do any of
decay'd; fo that the Stone or hard Clay wherewith it is ordinarily the Shells of this Clafs. "Tis found in Clay at Telvertoft and Bowdon,
found filled, lies almoft bare in moft of them. We find them chiefly in like Circumfiances as is the former.
in Clay, for Inftance, in Clay in an old Water-courfe in Bowdon (9.) The laminated Tellina of a broader and flatter Shape. This is 7-6.F. 18.
Field. ®* the Chamutes, &ec. Lb. Lith. Brit. N. 768. It is found in Byfield

(4.) A Species about the [ame Bigne[s with the former, but whofe Stone-Pits. ‘The Tellinites expoliatus rubefcens Lh. N. 806, Lith. Br.
Articulation by many Jmall Teeth. This is of the fame Kind with which is there {aid to be found in Pits at Pipwell, Artleburgh, &c. to

thofe by Dr. Lister call’d Polyleptoginglymoi. And perhaps feveral me appears to have been form'd in a different Shell from any of the
other of them may be jointed in this Manner; But the Manner of 7 ella Kind. Till I meet with more perfect Samples of the Body
the Articulation not appearing in Foffil Shells fil'd with Stone, I am {0 call'd, I cannot afcertain the particular Species it belongs to. Smal-
forced to difpofe them according to their outward Shape. The Shell ler ones of the fame Species we meet with in the Fields and Gravel-
is pretty thick for its Bignefs: White without, within of a gliftering Pitsat Oxendon : and in the Woad-Grounds at Dingley, both in part-
Silver Colour : Delineated as the former are. Tis generally found ed and joined Valves. The Cavities of them, ufually hlP’d with Stone.
with joined Valves. The Stone form’d within it has Two little The Conchites major rugofus ad figuram triguetram accedens Lift. Track
Knobs or Eminencies near the Ends of each Shell. Thefe I have not Animal. ng. p. 329. is one of thefe Shells enclofing Stone.
met with any where here, but in the Blue Clay digg’d up below 55. he lafl Head of the Bivalves is of thofe which are call’d by Fab,
Boughton Houfe. And even there thefe Shells are rare : But in that Columma, Concha Ansmie ; as having Valves of unequal Extent. The
Blue Clay, there are many Bluifh Stones of the fame Shape, as is that Head or Beak of the longer of which Valves is crooked, and lies
of the Shells of this Sort, and that affuredly ow’d their Form to over the Top of the other Valve. Of thefe there are two General
them. This from Boughton is the Mufculites Lh. N. 774. The Four Divifions, the Smosh, andthe Striated. The Smooth have general-
Species above-defcribed are of a more deprefled Shape. ly a rounder and blunter Beak ; the End of which in moft of them
is as it were bor’d; from whence the feveral Shells of this Kind are

54. called

 
212

 

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap 3,

 

T.6.F 19.

7.4. F.20

r. 6, Far.

calied Terebraivle by Mr. Lbwyd in his Lithoph. Brit. Some of thefe
have a ro :aded Margin : others a flraiter Margin that’s corner'd on
each fide, in fuch manner that it reprefents the Bottom of a Bag or
Satchel. The different Sorts of them witha rounder Margin, are,

(1.) That of alower or flatter Shape with a thinner and more expand-
ed Margin. The Shells of this Species vary much in Bignefs. The
largeft are Four Inches round, the {mallet about an Inch. Some of
them have a planer, others asit were a finuated Margin, They are
generally finely ftreaked overthwart. The ufual Colour of the Out-
fide is White : the inner part of it is glofly, Silver-like. We fome-
times meet with them in the Red-ftone Pits enclos’d in the Red-ftone
and in the Iron-colour’d Marcafire, particularly at Desborough : more
frequently in thoft of Limeftone, and the whiter fort of Ragg. They
are frequent and numerous in the Stone-pits at Rance, Stanwoick, and
Chelfion: in thofe at Deyuton, and in all that part of the County : as
alfo up higher in the Countrey in Stone-pits nigh Marflon St. Lau-
rence, at Helmdon, and elfewhere. They generally lye'in the Strata
of Ruble-ftone. Some have Stone of that fort within their Cavity:
Some few are fil’d with Spar. This Species is the Terebratula Fla.
belliformis Lh. N. 827.

(3.) The more gibbous fort, in Figure approaching an Oval, with a
thicker and more contracted Margin: The Concha Anomia vertice roffrato
Fab, Column. de Purpura, Cap. 12. The Shells of this Species, 1n re-
fpect of their Magnitude, and Colour : the Planenefs, or Inequality,
of their Margin : their Place and Situation in the Earth : and the
Matter they are fil'd with, agree very nearly with the former. They
are found in great Numbers;not only iu this Ifland almoft every where,
but in divers other parts of Europe ; and particularly in the Moun-
tains of Switzerland, together with other forts of Sea-fhells; as ap-
pears by the Learned Scheuchzer’s Account of them in his Lithographia
Helvetica, p. 24. Withus they frequently enclofe a cryftallizd Spar ;
which in fome of them, particularly thofe at Coserave, is loofe, and
may be (haked up and down within the Shell. The Shells both of
this and the foregoing Species are of fuch a durable Conttitution,
that tis very rare to meet with any of the Stones, that are moulded
in them, uncover’d or defpoil’d of their Shelly Mould. Sometimes
its Valves are found diftorted, and mif-fhap'd.

56. The different Sorts of them with a corner’d Sachel-like Mar-
gin, are,

(1.) Lhat whofe Rim or Margin is more elate, or thicker than ordi-
nary. Mr. Lbwyd's Terebratula margine quafi biatulo rugofo. Lith. Br.
N. 852. which he found at Aftrop, in the Gaping, as he terms it, and
in the Wrinkles, of its Margin, agrees with this ; but the Aftrop one
1s fomewhat more circularly turn’d, and nearer an Oval. We find it
together with the former N. 1. and 2. fupr. but far more rarely. The
Size uncertain. In the Stone-pits at Desborough we meet with a Va-
riety of this (if it be not a diftin¢t Species ) whofe Ma rgin is more
fimooth, and is fomewhat deprefs'd in the middle part of it.

(2) T hat

  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

 
Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 213

2.) That with a narrower Shell gradually depre[s’d in each Valve T.6. F. 24;
from the muddle part to the [pace betwixt the Angles. Its ufual Circum-
ference Three Inches. It has a thinner Shell than any of the former.

We find it in Desborough and Byfield Stone-pits.

(3.) That with a fuller Margin and two peaked Corners : the Saccu- 7.6. F. 23
lus vulg. Lh. 873. The largeft | have found of thefe was Three In-
ches in Circumference. They are frequent in the Stone-pits nigh
Wellingborough. 'Thofe at Higham afford abundance of them. And in
the fame Stone-pits we meet with,

(4) That of arounder and fuller Body with tw peaked Corners : the
Capfularial h.N.869. This is alfo of a fmaller Size than thatN.3. fupr.

(5.0 bat whofe larger or booked Valve is raifed into a. Ridge along the 7. 6. F. 5.

middle of it : whofe [maller Valve is proportionably depre[s’d or hollow,
The Circumference Two or Three Inches. Some Pieces of the By-
field Stone are full of Shells of this Species. All the Species of the
Corner’d anes are found including Stone : and in other Circumftances
agree with thofe of a rounder Shape.

57. 1 proceed now to the other Divifion of the Comche Anomi.,
namely the ftriated ones ; which have generally a tharper Beak than
the former have. Of this Kind we have the following Species :

(1.) The Concha Trilobos of Fabius Columna *. In this Species 77; Ex.

the middle Part of the longer Valve is deprefs’d down to the Margin, = de purpu-
and runs fomewhat farther than the Two Sides of that Valve: As ="
the middle Part of the fhorter Valve, whichanfwers to it, is fhorter
than the Sides. This Sort is deferib’d and figur'd by Dr. Lifler, in
his Tract. Animal. Angl. p. 249. With us itis of various Sizes, the
largeft Three Inches, the fmalleft fcarce } of an loch in Circumfe-
rence. They are frequent and numerous in the Quarries of Lime-
ftone, and the Whiter Sort of Ragg; in thofe efpecially that have
a Stoney Earth: that cal’d Penny-Earth: or elfe a Stratum of Keal
or Shatter, above the Stone. In one or other of thefe they are gene-
rally lodg’d. And from thence they are fometimes plow’d up into
the Fields in great Plenty. We meet with a great many {mall ones
of this Sort in the Shelly Gravel at Desborough.  Thefe laft are White,
as are moft of the other Marine Bodies in that Pit; they partaking,
as is ufual, of the Colour of the Terreftrial Matter in" which they
are lodged. Not one of a Hundred, in any of the Places, but has
both its Valves conjoin'd. As the Matter of the Strata they are
lodg’d in is various: fo likewife is that included in the Shells. Some
are found filled with a Stoney Earth: Others with a fofter Sort of
Limeftone : Others with a Bluifh hard Ragg-ftone: And others with
the fame Matter as ufually compofes the Iron-colour'd Marcafite.
Some have Spar within them, either wholly filling up their Cavity,
or adhering thinly to the Infide of the Shell. Some few are found
empty. “Lis not unufual to meet with Shells of this Sort ftrangely
diftorted.

58. The fame Sort of Stones that are found invefted with thefc
Shells, are often found naked, or at hout the Shelly Covering. And

11 as

 

 

T.6.F. 24.

 

 
 

 

“214 The Nawd HISTORT Chap 3

as the Infide of the Shells is ftriated, fo likewife is the Surface of
thefe Stones. On each Side of the Beak in fome of them, is a nar-
row Sinus ; which was probably formed by Two Tooth-like Pro-
minencies, Part of the Hinges of the Shell, that hinder’d the intru-
ded Matter from coming clofely together in thofe Two Places. The
Pectunculites, Nitidus, Oxyrrynchus Aftrapenfis Lh. N. 675. is a Stone
of this Sort, of a Reddifh Colour, cover’d here and there with a
{mall Fragment of the inner Part of its Shelly Mould ; which is of
a ghttering Silver-like Colour.

59. LThereare particularly Two Parieties, as to Figure, of this
Sort of Shell. Some are bulky ones of a rounder Shape , the Mar-
gin of whofe Valves is lefs unequal, of which Variety we meet with
many without any of the common ones amongft them, particularly in
Sulgrave Field: Others of a much flatter Shape, which are ufually
found together with the common ones. Thefe Two that 1 here call
Varieties, may perhaps be each a diftintt Species ; but I cannot fo
{urely warrant them for fuch, as I can the enfuing :

(2.) That whofe middle Part is much farther extended, and having
bigher and [barper Ridges. Its Circumference almoft Three Inches.
This Species 1 have met with in Desborough Stone-pit.

(3.) A [maller Species with only a fingle Ridge running down the
Maddle of the Lacuna of the peaked Valve 5 whereas all the reft of
them have Two, Three, or more. Thisalfo we find at Desborough ;
but ’tis extremely rare.

(4) That of a broader Shape, and of amore circular Margin, having
deeper Strice, and a broad tranfver[e Sinus underneath the peaked Beak.
By the Sinus alone it is diftinguifhable from all the other Species. 1
found it in a Stone-pit nigh Burton.

(5.) That of alonger Shape, with [mall Strie, and the Margin [carce
at all finvated. 1 found it at Rance. Molt, if notall, of thefe Conche
Anomicz are of that Kind of Shell-Fifh by Writers called Pelagice 5 as
having naturally their Abode at Main-Sea, and which therefore are
feldom or never flung up upon the Shores by Tides or Storms.

60.And thefe are all the Sorts of Foffil Bivalves 1 have met with in
this County, that are perfect enough to be defcribd. I have by me
Pieces of others that feem to be of different Species from the fore-
going ; But as they are imperfect, 1 fhall pafs them all by ; except
only one found in Gravel at Oxendon, which is fo remarkable it well
deferves to be deferibd. By the Subftance, and Outfide, it feems to
be of the Oyffer-Kind 5 but with a Head about Two Inches broad,
and flattifh. The Infide of which Head is fluted or chanel'd, for about
*vid. 7. ». the Length of an Inch, in the Specimen I have by me.* The Ridges
F.6. that pals between each Chanel, being Eight or Nine in Number, are

flat, a little hollow’d along the middle of them, and at that End
towards the Cavity of the Shell obfervably notched. This chanel’d
Head exhibits the manner of the Arisculation of this Sort of Shell ;
there being inall likelihood the like Chaneling in the oppofite Valve.
So that I am willing to call this Shell, Ofireum Polyginglymon, not

+ knowing

 

7.7.F. 2

T.7.73

77. Fs

7.7.5.3,

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Chap. 2

knowing a fitter Name, and it appearing to me to be 2 Genus per-
fectly new ; tho I have feen a Sea-thell, in the very Ingenious
Mr. Stonefireer’s Colleton of Sea-fbells, from the land Timor in the
Eaft-Indies, with the like Articulation ; Only the Chanelling is much
fhorter. In the fame Gentleman’s Colleétion of Foffils, Thave feena
more entire Shell of the above-mention’d Species which was found in
Queynton Stone-pits in Buckingbamfbire : as alfo Stones, from the
fame Place, moulded in the Cavity of this Shell, and repreferiting
the whole Form of it ; the Headsof which are indented, asenterin
into the Notches of the Ridges deferib’d above. Dr. Lifter has fi-
gur’d the Stone form’d in this Shell in the Appendix to the Third
Book of his Hifl. Cinchyl. intitled De Conchyliis, Tab. 77.

_ Which is all 1 have to obferve of the Fuffil Shells of the Bivalve
Kind, having added this one Note, That all the feveral Sorts of Bi-
valves, or at leaft the broader Sorts of them generally lye flat-noays
or with their flat Sides in the fame Pofition with that of the Stratim
wherein they are lodged. The Pofition of the Turbinated Shells is
more uncertain.

61. lamnow to givean Account of the Turbinated Shells + and of
the Stones of the like wreath’d or Turbinated Figure. Thefe are u-
fually diftributed into Two Claffes. In the Furft we comprize all
thofe that are fpirally turn’d, and of a longer Shape ; the Wreaths
running one higher than another. In the Second, thofe that are {pi-
rally turn’d, and of a flat depre [Jed Shape. In thefe the fmaller End
of the wreathed Shell or Stone, is always in the Center. Thofe of
the Firft Claffis may be fubdivided into,

(1.) The Nerita-kind. For thefe I know no Englifbp Name. The
Clavicula of this Kind of Shell, I mean its Spiral Convolutions, are
very little exerted. The Ending of the fmalleft Wreath is uftially
flat. 1 hefe have but a few Wreaths, feldom more than Two.

(2.) The Snail, or Perewinkle-kind. Thefe have a round or
roundifh Aperture: and are much of the Shape of the common Land
Snail-fhells. The Clavicula in thefe is fomewhat more exerted than
in the former.

(3-) The Buccina or Whilks. The Clavicle or Convolution in
thele 1s ftill longer and more pointed. The Aperture of em is fome-
what longer than in the former, and does not join with the Head of
the Shell directly ; there being a finall Sinus between the Lip,and the
oppofite Part of the Shell.

(4) The? rumpet-fbells. By which Name I diftinguifh thofe Shells
which are much longer in Proportion to their Thickaefs, and more
gradually taper’d than any of the foregoing. , Of the Sea-fhells of
this Shape , thofe which "have a rounder Appeatanee, and no Sinus
are referr’d by Dr. Lifler to the Cochlew , being call’d by him,
Cochlew clavicula productiffimé : The others which have a Sinus at the
Head of the Shell, are reckon’d among the Buccina. But the Mouths
of thefe Foffil Shells being feldom entire, 1 could not diftinguith ’em
fo nicely, and have therefore placed them all under this Head.

(5) The

 

215
 

The Nawwral HIST ORT Chap. 3.

(5-) The Trochi. Thefeare nearer the Figure of a Cone than any
of them. From a broader and flatter Bafe they are taper’d to a Point,
with Wreaths in moft of them lying flatter and clofer to each other
than in any of the former. :

(6.) The Cylindracee. Thefe are of an Oblong Shape, with a lon
and narrow Mouth. The Twirls in thefe are but a little exerted, an
appear only at one End.

62. Of the Foffil Shells of the Nerita-Kind, we have here no more
than only a fingle Species ; which is found in Plenty in Stone-Pits
nigh Tewecfler, and frequently in Desborough Gravel-Pit. They
agree in Figure, and in the Number of their Spiral Convolutions,
with theNerita vig. Lift. Tract. Animal. Angl. p. 164. and are of the
Size of the {maller ones of that Species ; fo that I conclude they are

*Vid. 7. 5. all of the fame Species and Origin *. We find them fill’d with a Stoney
£7." Matter. Thefe are the Neritite Lb. Lith. Brit. N. 316.

63. Of the Snail or Perewinkle- Kind 1 have met with the Four fol-
lowing Species ; Of which the two former are of a more compact
and deprefled Figure, with the Clavicula lefs exerted: the two latter
have a longer Shape, and a more exerted Clavicle.

r.7.E8. _ (v.) That of adepreffed Shape exhibiting Three [month Wreaths. The
z Circumference an Inch and half. It hasa hollow Sinus in the middle
of its Bafis ; in that, asalfo in Shape, agreeing with the Cochlea Ter-
reflr. figura compres; Lift. Tract. Animal. Angl. p. 125. The Colour
of it Yellowith. "Tis found fill'd with Stone in feveral of our Stone-
Pits. Wefind a Cochlites in Desborough Gravel-Pit that was formed
in a Shell of this Sort : But the Shell is quite gone, even out of the
Intervals of the Wreaths of the Cochlita ; which are therefore not
contiguous as in the Cochlea. And amongft other Marks, by this of
not contiguous Wreaths, the Turbinated Stones of whatfoever Kind,
are for the moft part diftinguifhable externally from the Shells where-
in they were moulded. oe

T.7.F.9. + (2.)F be Cochlea compreffa umbilicata clavellata. Thus I name an ele-
gant Species which has ufually four Wreaths, each of them befet with
a {ingle Row of Pointed Protuberances agreeing with the former in
Size, and in having a round Hole in the Middle of its Bafe. This
alfo is found fil'd with Stone, and is not unfrequent in the hard Clay
of an old Stone-pit at Clipfion. Both this and the former have an

exactly round Aperture. : ;
Ty Fao 64. (3.0 A Species of a longer Shape, with a more exerted Clavicle,
baving Five Wreaths : and alternately ride’d and furrow’d. The Ridges
and Furrows run according to the Duct of the Wreaths. Each of
the Ridges is ftudded or purld. The Aperture not fo exactly round
as is that of the former. The biggeft are about an Inch an half in
Length. We find it in the fame Place with thofe N. 2. Jeep. and
fill'd up as they are with Stone: or elfe with Clay that had fo much
Stoney Matter intermix’d with it, as ferved to harden it. In May-
fin Field, not far from that Stone-pit, we meet with a fine wreath’d
Cacblea, that feems to have been moulded in this Sort of Shell, Nay,
there

 

 

 

 

Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 217

there are Pieces of this very Sort of Shell ftill in being upon fome of
them. The finaller Cochiitee, 1 am now {peaking of, are in Figure
not much unlike the Cochlea Turbinata Fab. Column. and are the 770:
chite Turbinatiores Lb. Lith. Brit. p- 499.

In a Gravel-pit on the Eaft Side of Desborough , there are Shells
that feem to be of this Thirc Species. They are ftriated as thefe are,
and about the fame Size, but are not ftudded, and have not fo fharp
a Point; which is probably owing to their being lodged in a laxer
Matter, viz. in Gravel. “They are found fill'd with an harden’d
Arenaceous Subftance. There’s enclos’d a {mall Afteria in that Are-
naceous Matter, in the Mouth of one of them in my Collection.

(4) A [maller and more taper Species of the Five Wreath'd ones - 7

.~

with a very fmooth Surface : and of a Yellowith Colour. They are
found together with the lat mention’d Shells, in the Gravel at Desbo-
rough: And are filld as thofe are. The Trachites lewis Turbinate aper-
turd [effili Lh. N. 390. is an imperfe Specimen of thefe. ?

65. The Stones that owe their Sha pe to Shells of the Cochlea-kind,
we call Cochlitee.

Of thefe I have out of Desborough Gravel-pit , a very [mall 7.5. F. 1a.
one With a large Aperture: A Clavicula not much more exerted than Jregut
is that of the Nerite : and with Three Wreaths. The Firft or out- Srsisee
moft whereof is at leaft twice as broad as the other Two. Befides
thisof a lefs exerted Clavicula, we have Two Sorts of Cichlite that
owe their Shape to Perewinkles with more exerted Wreaths - But to
what particular Sorts of them, Tam yet to learn.

One, the Cochlites lews vugatior Lh. N. 325. Some of which 7. & 1

“are Two Inches long, others not an Inch. They have ufually The Se-

Four Wreaths ; whereof the Firft is broad and high, ftanding out bond ge:
confiderably beyond the reft. 1 have found them in the White Stone-
pits at Thingdon, and elfewhere. In the fame Stone-pits is found
another Species with a more exerted Clavicle, and with Wreaths not
fo unequal as are thofe of the former *. Thefe alfo have Four *vid. 7 ~.
Wreaths. Out of Desborough Gravel I have Two Sam ples of a Coch- A
lites, which is perhaps a Variety of this laft; it agreeing with it, in Gorcies
the Number and Fathion of the Wreaths ; but ’tis much finaller. ~~ Coclire.
66. The Buccinites albidus altioribus fafeiis circundatus Lh. N. 338.
which is found, as that Author tells us y in the Stone-pits nigh 7 ow.
cefler, is a {mall Buccinum or W, hilk-fbell, filled with a Stoney Matter.
ft has Five Spire or Wreaths : a long and fharp beak’d Aperture : and
is fomewhat more than an Inch in Length. And this is the only
Species of the Buccinum or Whilk-kind, 1 have met with here.
67. The Fourth Article of the Turbinated Shells of the Firft Clafs,
confifts of thofe by me called Tvumpet-fbells. Thefe are as follows :
(1.) That of Nine or Ten Wreaths: about Two Inches long.
That part of the Shell between theWreaths is flat: And it hasa thort-
beak’d Aperture. It is found fill'd up, as the others are with Stone ;
and particularly in a Stone-pit in the Nether Field at Finfbed. nthe
fame Stone-pits 1 have found this Sort of Shell worn down to its very

Kkk Newel

T.7.F. 1¢

 
 

 

The Natwal HIST O RT Chap. 3.

 

   

Newel or Axis. Sol beg leave to call that inner part, about which
the feveral Wreaths of the Turbinated Shells are turn’d. This was
done in all probability when the Shells lay expos’d upon the Shores,
before their Removal to Land. For upon the Sea-fbores 1 have fre-
quently met with Whilk-fbells , and others of the Turbinated Kind,
fo much broken and worn away by means of the Tides, that nothing
of them remains but their Axes ; the Axis holding out the longeft,
as it is the inmoft and moft defended part of the Shell, and perhaps
of the ftrongeft and firmeft Make. The T urbinite Trochlea intertor
Lb. N. 381. is the Newel or Axis of one of the {maller Shells of
this Sort. Tis very frequently met with in the Gravel-pit at De[bo-
rough. The Turbinites Cinereus medius [piraruminterordiniis depre(fis Lh.
N. 354. which that Author had from Pipwell, is a wreathed Stone
originally moulded in a Shell of this Sort, in cone of the {maller Size.

68. (2.) A Species of Five or Six Wreaths, of a fborter and lefs

27. P17. : : : :
T7837 fender Make. The Intervalls betwixt the Wreaths are deprefs'd. I

have only a fingle Sample of this Shell. Its Cavity is filP'd with Stone :
and the Shell it felf difguis’d by Spar intruded into its Pores.

(3.) One of the fame Number of Wreaths that are flatter than the
former, and that have narrower Intervalls I mean the deprefs’d Spa-
ces betwixt Wreath and Wreath, In the Slendernefs of its Shape,
and in the Fafhion of its Bafe and Aperture, it agrees with that
N. 1. fpr. This is found at Pipwell , with Stone in it as the reft
are ; but for the moft part decay’d and broken.

(4.) One of Seven Wreaths, a [borter and [lenderer Species than either

T.7-Fx9 of the Two former. Tis not unlike the Buccinites levis Laft. Anim,

Angl. Tit. 15. We find itin a Stone-pit at Burton. The Turbinites
breviufeulus exalbidus [poliatus Lh. N. 361. is I think the Stoney Nu-
cleus of one of the Turbinated Shells of this Species. In fome of
thefe Stones, in the Intervalls of their Wreaths, there fill remains
fome part of their Shelly Mould : In others it is quite worn off and
gone even out of thofe Intervalls; fo that the Intervalls appear, as
if they had been cut down into the Stone.

5.) A Species of Six Wreaths very elegantly flriated, according to the

(
T.7. F.20. yf of its Wreaths. In Length an Inch, the Circumference of its

Bafe the fame. ’Tis very like the Buccinum Striatum Salpinx, Fab.
Column. only fmaller. They are pretty numerous in the Gravel digg’'d
up in Eye Common. Seldom any thing enclos’d in their Cavity but
loofe Sand.

ro Far (6.) A Six-wreath’d Species [omewhat [lenderer and fborter than that

N.s. with eminent Wreaths and depre[led Intervals. The Wreaths
in this are fmooth, or not ftriate. Tis found in the Gravel-pit at
‘Desborough, and in the Stone-pits in fome Places. This is the 7 urbi-
aites fuftllatus, N. 365. Lb. Lith. Brit.

ry. Fax (7.) A Trumpet-fbell generally fomewhat larger than the former : with

plane or [carce at all eminent Wreaths. The Turbinites Complanatus
h. N. 353. we find it in moft of the Whiter Freeftone Pits, and in

the Shelly Gravel at Desborough.

(8) That

 

 

  

 

 

 

Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

 

a . : ! : :
(8.) T hat of Seven Wreaths, each elegantly miched or indented aecord-7.7.F. 23

ing to the Length of the Shell. The ordinary Length of it ; of an
Inch. This 1s a fomewhat thicker and fhorter Shell than the Sixth
and Seventh ; but is found in the fame Stone-pits, and in the fame
Circumftances with them. There are mighty Numbers of them in
that Gravel-pit at Desborough. Indeed the Gravel, as tis called, is
compos'd. almoft wholly of thefe and other {mall Sea-fhells. The
Turbinalusy ¢ Lapidicitns Runcianis in Northamptonia, Lb. Lith. Br. N.
371. feems to be a fmall one of this Species.

“(9.) A longer and flenderer Species (than that N. 8.) of Seven

rounder Wreaths, each of them friated according to the Length of the 7.7. F.24.

Shell. Shells of this Species I have found enclos'd in the Body of a
Peble, that has Spar incorporated with it, in Crick Gravel-pits. The
Cavity of the Shells is full of the fame Sort of Matter. | havealfo
found them together with a great Company of Tubult marin: immersd
too in a Peble, in Oxendon Field.

(10.) The [malleft Turben, with Seven Priated Wreaths, and very
taper. Tis fo ftriated as the Salpinx of Columna. We find it in the
Stone-pits nigh Wakerly.

69. We as frequently meet with certain Turbinated Stones, that
owe their Figure to Shells of this Fourth Clafs , as we do with the
Shells of thofe Sorts that gave Form to them: Not only with feveral
little Turbinated Stones without any inveftient Shell, that took their
Form from fome of the immediately above-defcribed Shells, but
with many others that have plainly been formed in fome other un-
deferibed Shells of this Clafs ; tho’ they are feldom or never found
enclos’d therein. "Tis with thefe Turbinated Stones, as it is with
411 the other Stones that have taken their Figure from Shells, they
are of the fame regular and Specifick Shape, as are the Shells that
form’d them. Thofe that belong to this Fourth Clafs, and are not
already mention’d, are recounted here as follows:

(1.) The Turbuites levis maximus Lh. N. 339. The Buccinites
Litt. Zit. 14. p. 216. Animal. Angl. This is found in the Stone-
pits nigh Caftar 5 but that very rarely and feldom entire.

(2.) A Stowe of this Kind of Six or Seven Wreaths. That part
which anfwers to the Shell betwixt the Wreaths has Three very
{mall Ridges, running fpirally the Length of the Stone. The
whole Stone about an Inch and half in Length. In the Stone-pit at
Stamford St. Martin's they occur very frequently. Thefe are com-
pos’d of a calcarious Spar.

(3.) A [mall Stone of Nine or Ten Wreaths, a narrower and a
broader one alternately. ts Wreaths are rather more round and
tumid than are thofe of the Stones of the Second Species. The
Intervalls are deeply excavated in fo much that the Wreaths do
not touch each other. The Length about half an Inch. In that,
and in its Slendernefs like the wreathed Stone mentioned inN.4. fupr.
I found it lodg’d in the loofe Freeftone at Welden.

70. We are row come to the Ti ochi. And of thefe alfo we meet
with fundry Sorts. {v.) A

Z.7.F. 2,
 

 

220 The Natural HISTORY Chap. 3.
L.7.826 (1) A Species of Six Wreaths, of alarger Size than the reft. It is
f ftriated according to the Dut of its Wreaths. One of the middle
hs Striee in each Wreath is o bfervably higher and thicker than are thofe
a on the Sides of it. "Tis a pretty thick Shell : and is found fll'd with

hy i a Stoney Matter ; particularly in digging into the Sand-Pits at Ox.
endon.

its Wreaths. An Inch in Length, thatis, from the Point to the Bafe -

At its Bafe Three Inches in Circumference. I have only a fingle

Sample of this, and that fomewhat worn and imperfe&, and filled

with Stone. So can only fay it feems to have been alfo tranfver [ely
ftriated.

7.7. E28." (3.) A Trochus of Four Wreaths finely fiviated in a Spiral Manner as

the former are. ‘The Length an Inch and half: the Circumference

Two. Each of its Wreaths rife up into a fharp Ridge. I found it in

 

a Stone-Pit at Burton. Its Cavity tilld up with Limeftone.

pa 7.7.F.29.  (4.) That of Four Wreaths befet with Prickles ; in the fame man-
bi ner as is the Cochlea of the Second Species [upr. The broad Wreath
ih that conftitures the Bafe, which for a Shell of this Kind is confidera.

bly larger than the reft of the Wreaths, is both circularly and tranf-

hos verfely firiated. The Studs ftand upon the Ridges, or the raifed

- Lines of the Wreaths. This Shell is of the Trochus Shape, but in all
i other Regards agrees with the Cochlea above-named : and is found in

Ba the fame Place, viz. in the Clay thrown out of the old Stone-Pit in
: Clipflon-Common.

Z.7.F30. (5.) The fmaller [pirally firiated Trochus, with obfcure tranfverfe
Siri, and with low Studs. This alfo in Figure approaches the Cochlece:
and has not. near fo flata Bafe as the Two firft defcribed Trachi. It
feems to have beenStriated and Echinated in much the fame Manne;
asare thofeof N. 4. [upr. But the greateft part of thefe with us have
only fmall, if any Remains of fuch tranverfe Striee, and of fuch a
Set of Studs, as are confpicuous in the former. We find it in the
Gravel at Desborough.

7.0. Fy. (6.) The [maller circularly firiated Trochus with wider or more di.

 

{1p [tant Strice than are thofe of the laft = witboat any tranfverfe Striz: and
a with a fbarp Point. This Shell is fometimes found empty in the De/-
a borough Gravel. From the fame Place we have,

Bh

he 7.7. F320. (7.) The Trochus Heteroftrophus, i.e. having the Turn, or Convo-
oe : lution of it quite contrary to that of the generality of other Shells. It
has Three Wreaths, andappears to be naturally fmooth.
(8.) The Trochus Albdus, &c. Lift. Anim. Angl. p. 166. Tit. 14.
This Shell is common in many Parts of the Eaftern Shores of this
Ifland. ~ And 1 have fometimes met with the very fame Sort of Shell,
enclos’d, together with other Marine Bodies, ina Shattery Stone in
the Stone-Pits nigh Clzff : as alfo in the Gravel at Desborough.
(9) The Trochus Striis erebris, &e. Lift. Tit. 15. Ibid.” So I call
that Body by Mr. Lbwyd entitled Trochi Siriat: Lif. frmulachrum
ih ris, Foffile *. It agrees exactly with that Trochus of Dr. Lifter in Size, in
pr Shape,

 

 

 

T.7.F27.  (2.) One of Three Wreaths, finely fiviated according to the Dud of

 

  

 

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Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

 

Shape, in the Number of its Wreaths, in every Particular, unlefs
thefe Two, wiz. Thofe we now find upon the Shores are ufually of a
bluifh Brown , thefe of a darker or dirtier Hue : thofe are lightly
ftriated, and thefe are {mooth ; which are inconfiderable Variations,
and fuch as may be eafily accounted for. The Zrochus N. 8. fupr.
has a fharper Apex than this has. Shells of this Sort in pretty great
Number are found bury’d in Clay in Places of Digging in Clipfim
Field ; as alfo in Gravel at Crick and Desborough. Thefe laft are ge-
nerally of a fmaller Size.

(10.) A [mall, [mooth, and [smewhat comprefled Trochus of Three 7.3.F.1,
Wreaths: The Trochitellus compreffus biatulus Lh. N. 414.” Thefe
alfo are found lodged in Desborough Gravel.

(11.) A [mall elegant Trochus of Five Wreaths, indented in the fame
Manner as is the Trumpet-lbell N. 8. fupr. And is not to be diftin- 7:8 F 2
guifh'd from it, but by 1ts fhorter Form: by the Figure of its Bafe
which is flat, as are the reft of the Z7ochi : and by that of its Aper-
ture, which is rounder and not fo much produced. We find it at
Desborough together with that Shell N. 8. ie.

To thefe I fhall add a Trochites, that feems to have been moulded
in a Trochus of the Eighth Species fupr. and is found together with
it. It has Four Wreaths: an ere&ed Shape: and is about half an
Inch in Circumference at the Bafe. Its Wreaths are of fo round a
Shape that it looks like a {mall Worm thus regularly convoluted.

71. Of the Cylindraces, the Shells of the laft Divifion of this Fir
Clafs, we have only thefe Three Species. ;

(1.) A Cylindroid Shell with a Four-wreath'd Clavicle, [carce at all T.8.F 1.
exerted. So that the convoluted End is almoft plane and flat, being or
of that Kind of Shells entitled Cylindro-Pyramidales, by Dr. Lifter in
his Hiflor. Conchyl. The Size that of ‘a Barley-Corn, or near it.
"Tis the Cuchlew turbinate exigua imago foffilis Lh. N. 41 9.

(2.) The larger Cylindroidywith a more produced Clavicle. This Shell
is almoft as long again as is the former. Twas found by Mr. Lbwwyd
at Towcefter: and is the Cochlites Cylindroides, &c. N. 422. of that
Author in his Lithoph. Brit.

(3.) Tbe fmaller Cylindroid, with « more exerted Clavicle. This has
only Three Wreaths. We find it in the Desborough Gravel with the
Firft. Thefe Three Sorts we generally find fill'd up with Stone.
Upon this laft Mr. Lhwyd has conferr’d the Name of Cochlites Cylin-
droudes Plagioflomus, Lith. Brit. N. 424.

72. Proceed we now to the Turbinated Shells and Stones of the
Second Clafs, that is, thofe that are fpirally turn’d, and of a flat de-
prefled Shape. Thefe are of Two Kinds: In the Firf#, the {maller
Convolutions do not appear externally, being fwallow’d up, as it
were, by the largelt, that is, the outmoft Wreath. Thefe are called
Nautili or Sailers. In the Second, the whole Number of Wreaths
appear plainly : And the Shell is generally of a more depreffed Shape.
To thee 1 fhall affign the Name of Conche Ammonie, and to the
Stones form’d in them of Ammonite ; ae Names are given by Na-

L1 turalifts,

 

 
Ea Ee RS
: ng

F
E—

 

The Natural HIST ORT Chap. 3.

 

turalifts, as in fome manner they refemble thofe wreathed Horns
which are ufually feen upon the Heads of the Images of Fupiter
Ammon. Moft of thefe of both Kinds, I now fpeak of the Foffil
ones, have their Cavitity divided into fundry Cells or Apartments,
by means of traufverfe [belly Partitions, as in the Sea Nautilus : And
have thefe Partitions placed at certain {hort Diftances one from ano-
ther, as in that. The Foffil Nauti, and fo for the Ammonie with
us,are always found filled with a Stoney or other like Matter. The
Shells of this Second Sort that are found enclofing and covering a
Stoney Matter : as alfo the Stones originally formed in them, that
are now found difclosd and uncover’d, are generally called in Eng-
land Snake-flones and Serpentine Stones ; becaufe in the Fafhion of
their Wreath-work they fomewhat refemble a folded Swake. To
many of the Stones thus formed there adhere fome Remains of the
Shell that form’d them ; efpecially in the Intervals of the Strie, and
in the Central Part of them; thefe, as being lefs prominent, being
lefs expos'd to Injury. But with us, tis not very ufual to meet with
any of the Ammone entire. Some of them have quite difappear’d ;
excepting only their Shelly Partitions, by Authors ufually called Dia-
phragms, which lying enclos’d, and as it were, wedged in Stone,
have been generally well preferv’d from thofe External Injuries that
deftroy’d the Exteriour Part: and fo the Stone is left bare.

73- Of the Nautilus-kind 1 have but one, which was found in Clipflon
Stone-pit. It has the Smoothnefs and Shape of the common Variz-
gated Nautilus of the Sea ; but is not fo large. The Diaphragms in
this Species are plane, in like manner as are thofe of the common
Nautilus, not at all jagg’d or engraild, as in moft, if not all, the
Ammonie. Of Nautihite, that is, Stones form’d in the Cavities of
Nautili, the Shell being gone, 1 have alfo one fingle Species which
was form’d in a Nautilus of a different Kind from that above-menti-

+vid. 7. 8. oned. Lcall it the Striated Nautilites *. The Strice proceeding fingle

Fg.

7.8.F. 6.

from the Central Part of the Stone, foon after divide into Two
Branches, which are continu’d to the like Branches, proceeding from
the Strze on the oppofite Part of the Stone. There is a Hole on each
Side of the Central Part of this Shell, but fo fimall that none of the
inward Convolutions appear.

74. Of the Conche Ammonice, and Ammonite, we have feveral
Sorts. They areas follows,

(1.) The greater and thicker Ammonia of Four Wreaths, with
tranfver [e waved Strie, that do wot extend the while Breadth of the
outer Wreath. Along the Middle of the Back of the outmoft Wreath,
there runs a Creft or a harp Ridge, which in fome has a pretty deep,
but narrow Chanel running all along on each Side of it: In others
none or only a very fhallow one. Both the Ridge and the Chane!
appear as plainly, if not more plainly, on the Back of the outmoft
Wreath of the Ammonites of this Sort, as of the Ammonia: And of
the inner Wreaths, when the outmoft has been broken off from them,
as of the outmoft. The largeft in my Collection is Thirteen Inches in

Circum-

 

 

Chap.3. of NorTHAMPTONSHIRE

Circumference: The fmalleft fcarce Six. This Sort of Shel] is
found filled, as are many of the Foffil Bivalves, with various Sorts
of Matter. The Shell, by a Part of one of its Wreaths that 1 had
out of Clay at Boughton, appears to be naturally White. It confifts
of the fame proper and peculiar Sort of Matter, as do other Sea-fhells :
And in this Sample is not at all difguis’d by Sparry or other Mineral
Matter intruded into its Pores. The Cells or Boxes that are form’d
by the forefaid Shelly Partitions or Diaphragms, are generally found
fil’'d up with Stone ; the Partitions being naturally perforated, as are
thofe 1n the common Nautilus of the Sea, and thie Stoney Matter
having pafs'd thefe Holes into the Cells. The Stoney Matter by
means of thofe Partitions, became concreted in fundry diftin¢t Par-
cels. And accordingly, the Ammonite including Stone, are fometimes
found divided and parted into fundry Pieces of a regular Figure, that
we ufually call the Fonts of the Stone; Which are only Stones that
have been moulded in the Ce/s that are made by the Partitions ;
whofe Form they exaétly reprefent: or elfe the Stones thus formed,
witha fhelly Partition orDiaphragm ftill adhering to one or both Ends
of them. Thefe Bodies for the moft part break more eafily there
where the Diaphragms are, than in any other Part. The Diaphragms
of the Ammonia of this and the other Sorts, entire and unbroken,
appear of an elegant Figure; the Edges of them being regularly
jagg'd or engrail'd ; in not unlike manner in fome of them, as is an
Ouken Leaf. And fo likewife for the Stones that have taken the
Imprefies of them. Mr. Lbwyd by the Title of Nautilites Rhbombel-

223

latus Suberafus maj * , defigns either this Sort of Shell enclofing « , 5.1.5
Stone : or the bare Stone without the Shell in which it was formed. N- 235.
Dr. Lifter the fame by his Ammonis Cornu Spird in ambitu emnente, 1 Animal,
&e. + Next to this I thall place an Ammonia of Three Wreaths with #&-»->*:

iranfver fe waved Stiie that extend very near the while Breadth of every
Wreath; it appearing to have been form'd in a Species of Ammonie
very nigh of Kin to that above. Befides the diftinguithing Marks that
are intimated in the Title of it, its outmoft Wreathis thicker than is
that of the Ammonites originally formed in the Ammonia of the Firft
Sort. And it is not fo large a Stone ; being fcarce at moft Five Inches
in Circumference. In other Regards it agrees with it. Tis found
in Parts invefted with the Shell that form’d it: But I cou’d never vet
meet with the Shell entire. We find it in the Stone-pits at Clipfion
and at Byfield. Tis the Nautilites Rbombellatus Suberaffus minor Lh.
N. 245.

75. (2.) The thinner or more deprefled Ammonia of three Wreaths, 7. r.

wnth tranfverfe undulated Sivie that are lower, and clofer fet. It alfo
differs fromthe Ammonia N. 3. [up.in that theCentral Partof it is fome-
what hollower or more comprefs'd. It has a fharp Ridge running along
the Back of it, but not ina Gutter, or Channel, as ufually in that.
"T'is of various Sizes. The larger ones about ‘Three Inches in Dia-
meter : the {fmaller fcarce one. We find it fill’d with Srone in Clap-
fion and Byfield Stone-pits , in the Sides of Ditches in Eltintos

Grounds;

 
 

224 The Natwral HIST ORT Chap 3

Grounds, and elfewhere : asalfo the Stone originally moulded in it,
in part or wholly uncover’d. The Nautilites compre Jus umbilicatus
&c. Lh. N. 250, agrees with this Sort : As does alfo his Ammonites
difcoides minimus &c. N. 265. which he makes a diftint Species,
with the fmaller ones of this.

26. (3.) The largeft Three<coreath'd depre[s’d Ammonia with tr anf-
verfe undulated, low, clofe Striz, with a bollower Center and a crefted
Back; whofe outmoft Wreath is very broad, in comparifon with that
of the inner ones. “Tis found in Clipflon Pity fill'd up with the fame
Stoney Matter as conftitutes the coarfer Redifh Ragg : with Frag-
ments of other Sea-fhells and of the Tubuli mar: vermiculares af-
fixed to the outfide of it. In the like Circumftances, in Bugbrook
Stone-Pit. “Tis found in Clay at Winawick, in the Bank of the little
Rill. Mr. Lbwyd entitles it Nautilites compre(fior undulatus maximus
Lith. Br. N. 257. The Nautilites acuminatus frve Difcoides &c.N.261.
which he had out of Clay digg'd up in Boughton Gardens, is I think
an imperfect Specimen of this Species, which varies much in Mag-
aitude.

77. To this I may fitly fubjoin an Ammonites of Three or Four
Wreaths, that has the general Form of the Ammonia N. 3. fupr.
but by the middle or interiour Part of its fhelly Mould , which ftill
remains in fome of them, feems to have been moulded in an Ammo-
nia with ftrait Strie. Not only the greateft part of the Shell, but
of the Impreffes of it, is worn off and gone from moft of them.
Yet in thefe as in the reft of them,the Diaphragms remain. ln one of
thefe that I had out of Arthingwworth Field, appear very curioufly
wrought Diaphragms and Joints ; the Fonts, that is, the Stones in
the Cells or Intervalls of the Diaphragms being form’d in like manner
as thofe are. There are 13 or 14 of the Diaphragms, and the fame
+ Thisstone, Number of the Joints in the Length of Three Inches and half *,

rably reguisr 1 he Stone confifts of different Sorts of Matter, in different Parts of

Rusfve fit, The inner Part of ordinary Stoney Matter intermix’d with Spar:

pi Fg The middle Part, which is that that exhibits the Joints, of Spar:
7.8. F.9. Lhe outmoft Part, or that which was formed in and near the Mouth
of the Shell, of the fame Matter that ufually conftitutes the Iron-
colour’d Marcafite. This Part which extends about Four Inches from
the Mouth inwards, has not the leaft Sign or Footfteps of Diaphragms:
And in all likelyhood the Shell of that Sort that gave Form to it, is
not divided by Diaphragms in this, as itis in its interiour Part. 1
the rather think this, becaufe the Cavity of the common Nautili that
we have from Sea, is without Diaphragms for a pretty way inward
from the Mouth of the Shell. And ’us probably a like Cafe as to
all other Ammonie of whatever Kind. In that Part of the Stone
defcribed above, are enclofed Two or Three little Shells of the
Cockle Kind.
In all thefe ‘Three Sorts of Ammonmie, the Strie terminate at the
Ridge on the Back of the outmoft Wreath,

 

7.8. F8.

28. (4) The

 

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Lae Co he Sree

: 7

 
 

 

 

7c Nawal HIST ORT Chap 3

Grounds, and elfewhere : asalfo the Stone originally moulded in it,
in part or wholly uncover’d. The Nautilites compre[Jus umbicatus
&c. Lh. N. 250, agrees with this Sort: As does alfo his Ammonites
difcoides minimus &c. N. 265. which he makes a diftinét Species,
with the fmaller ones of this.

26. (3.) The largeft Three-wreathd depre[s'd Ammonia with tv an|-

" yerfe undulated, low, clofe Stria, with a bollower Center, and a crefted
Back 5 whofe outmoft Wreath is very broad, in comparifon with that
of the inner ones. “Tis found in Clipflon Pit, filP'd up with the fame
Stoney Matter as conftitutes the coarfer Redifh Ragg : with Frag-
ments of other Sea-fhells and of the Tubuli marin: vermiculares af-
fixed to the outfide of it. Inthe like Circumitances, in Bugbrook
Srone-Pit. Tis found in Clay at Winawick, in the Bank of the little
Rill. Mr. Lbwyd entitles it Nautilites compre(fior undulatus maximus
Lith. Br. N. 257. The Nautilites acuminatus five Difcoides &e.N.261.
which he had out of Clay digg'd up in Boughton Gardens, is I think
an imperfect Specimen of this Species, which varies much in Mag-
nitude.

77. To this I may fitly fubjoin an Ammonites of Three or Four
Wreaths, that has the general Form of the Ammonia N. 3. [upr.
but by the middle or interiour Part of its fhelly Mould, which ftill
remains in fome of them, feems to have been moulded in an Anmo-
sia with ftrait Strie. Not only the greateft part of the Shell, but
of the Imprefles of it, is worn off and gone from moft of them.
Yet in thefe as in the reft of them,the Diaphragms remain. In one of
thefe that 1 had out of Arthingworth Field, appear very curioufly
wrought Diaphragms and Joints ; the Foints, that is, the Stones in
the Cells or Intervalls of the Diaphragms being form’d in like manner
as thofe are. There are 13 or 14 of the Diaphragms, and the fame

: ThjsSegne, Number of the Joints in the Length of Three Inches and half *,

rably regular 1 he Stone confifts of different Sorts of Matter, in different Parts of

Senge of it, The inner Part of ordinary Stoney Matter intermix’d with Spar:

awdtwbe The middle Part, which is that that exhibits the Joints, of Spar:

engravidin  ,o. . :

5% Fo. Theoutmoft Part, or that which was formed in and near the Mouth
of the Shell, of the fame Matter that ufually conftitutes the lron-
colour’d Marcafite. This Part which extends about Four Inches from
the Mouth inwards, has not the leaft Sign or Footfteps of Diaphragms:
And in all likelyhood the Shell of that Sort that gave Form to it, is
not divided by Diaphragms in this, as it is in its interiour Part. 1
the rather think this, becaufe the Cavity of the common Nauti: that
we have from Sea, is without Diaphragms for a pretty way inward
from the Mouth of the Shell. And ’us probably a like Cafe as to
all other Ammonie of whatever Kind. In that Part of the Stone
defcribed above, are enclofed Two or Three little Shells of the
Cockle Kind.

In all thefe Three Sorts of Ammonie, the Strie terminate at the
Ridge on the Back of the outmoft Wreath,

 

78. (3) The

 

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Chap.3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 225

 

78. (4.) The Frve-wreath’d Ammonia, with pretty bich [rat Strie 7.8. F.10.
paffing over the Back or Rim of it. Thefe Striee run fingle till they
come near to the Back of the Shell, where each divide into Two:
And in the Middle of the Back join with the like Sire running from
the oppofite Side. The Central Part of it is not much hollow’d :
the Back of it is not crefted : its Wreaths of rounder Shape than are
thofe of the Three laft. ’Tis found from Eight or Nine to Two
Inches in Circumference. The few Shells that occur of this Sort
have their Cavity fill'd, as have generally the reft, with Stone which
is of the fame Size and Shape, as is that of the Cavity. We much
more frequently meet with the Stones originally moulded, as appears
by the Size and Shape of them, in this Sort of Shell, and now un-
cover’d, than we do with the Shells enclofing the like Stones. They
occur in the Stone-pits, fometimes included in the Stone, at Bugbrook,
Clipfton, and elfewhere : in the Gravel, and in the Clay at Oxendon,
and other Places. One of this Sort, with fome Remainder of the
Shell upon it, was found Forty Yards within the Ground, in a Pit
funk in Expectation of Coals at 7 brup-mandevill. Twas lodgd at
that Depth in Clay ; as the Ingenious Mr. Torke, who himfelf found
it there, has inform’d me. This of all the Ammonic is the moft
common and obvious.

79. (5.) The Frve-wreath’d double [firiated Ammonia , befet with a T.q. F.1.
Row of fbort Studs upon each Side of its Back. It is not unfre-
quently found with us in digging into Clay at Oxendon, and there-
abouts, and appears by its Prominencies to be a different Sort of
Ammonia from that above-mentioned ; there being no Footfteps of
any fuch Spikes in that. Befides, it is too thick,the outmoft Wreath
efpecially : and too much deprefled in the Central Part, to be an
Ammonia of the Fourth Species ; however nearly it agrees with it
in other Particulars.

80. (6.) The Four-wreath'd [lightly firiated Ammonia. The Strie 7.9.F. 2
are finer than in any of the other Ammon. Befides the longer Strie
that encompafs the outmoft Wreath, there are ufually fhorter ones in
the Intervals of thefe, that only crofs over the Back of the Wreath.
Its Wreaths are of the rounder Shape. The outmoft as it approa-
ches the Aperture, becomes much, yet gradually, diftended. The
Diameter of the Shell about Three Inches. We find it including a
Stone of the fame Shape with it ; but vfually imperfect.

81.(7.) A [firiated Ammonia of the flatter Shape, with a bigh [barp T.9. F.3-
denticulated Creft upon the Back of it. The Strie as they approach
the Ridge, bend towards the thinner Ending of the Shell. The Dia-
meter about Three Inches. There feems to be fomething very fingu-
far in the Shape of its interiour or middle Part : but what that is |
cannot defcribe diftinély by reafon of the Imperfettion of my Exem-
plar of it. 1 found it on the Bank of a Pond at Oxendon enclofing a
Ragg(tone-like Matter with a mixture of Spar.

82. Some other Sorts of Ammonia we have bad here, as appears by
the Figure of the Ammonite 1 am now about to defcribe. The Am-

M mm mont &

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 3.

monita not yet deferib’d, and that appear to have been form'd in _Am-
moni of different Species from any of the foregoing, arethefe :
(v) 4 Five-wreathd Ammonites of a flatter Shape, with [flrait
sravfoerfe Strie fomewbat thinly plac’d. Tt feems to be the Ammons
Corvu «Lil. “Fitig. p. 208. Tradl. Anim. Angl. The Back of the
outmoft Wreath is form’d into an Edge, to which the Strie reach,
but donot crofs it. The inner Ends of each of the Strie, in the fair-
er Samples of it are knob’d : there are alfo the like little Studs up-
on each of the Strie at the oppofite End of them, on the Edge of
the Rim. ' Tis ufually about Twe Inches over. | have from Tel-
yertoft out of blue Chay a fair and entire one of this Species that has
a Splendency like that of Metals, particularly Brafs. The like we
find in Clay, at Braybrook, and at Marflon-truflel.

83. (2) A Forr-woreath’d Ammonttes le[s flat, and more thinly flria-
ted, thas iv the former : with firart Strie or Ridges that terinmnate each
in a litle Knob upon the Edze of the Rim : with a pretty broad Rim :
and a Crest drawn along it, betwixt the two Rows of Knobs. The
Diameter about an Inch and half. We find itin Clay at Mar flon-
truffel, and elfewhere.

(3.) A [mall and thin Ammonites whofe Rim is rado’d with tranfver[e
Ridges defcending on each fide of it 1m depre[s'd and undulated Strie. “Tis
found at Telvertoft. The Central Part of it, in thofe I have feen, is
hid by a Stoney Matter adhéring infeparably to it.

(3) A Three-wreathd Ammonites of rounder Wreaths tranfver [ely
firated with low waved Strie that terminate each wn a little Knob upon
the Fidyesof anarvow Backor Rim: and witha fhallow Chanel drawn
along the middle of the Back. Tt was found at Clapton.

(5.) The Ammonites modiolaris : a Species fomewhat of the Shape
of the Naveof a Wheel, on that account call'd modiolaris. It is ftria-
ted crofs the Back in much the fame manner as is the Fourth Am-
monia fupr. The Central Part in this is much hollower than in any of
the foregoing. The Circumference about Eight Inches. The Dia-
phragms of the Shell that form’d this Sort of Stone do fill remain
and appear with their Edges upon the Surface of feveral of the Stones.
In fome of them, the Intervals betwixt the Diaphragms are fill'd in
part only by a Stoney or Sparry Matter. One I have met with that
had its Diaphragm lin'd witha cryfalliz’d Spar : the Intervals be-
twixt them empty. We find them, tho but very rarely, in Oxendon
Gravel-Pits. A confiderable part of one fide of the laveftient Shell
of this Sort of Ammonites 1 once found affix’d to the Waxen Ven of
Pr. Grew.

(6.) An Ammonites re[embling the former, but of a flatter Shape.
This is ftriated as is the Fifth, but the Sirie are much higher and
flarper. We find it in the Stone-Pits nigh Gunwade Ferry, and in
the Gravel-Pits at Badsy. The Central Cavity on each fide this Spe-
cies is fo generally fill'd with a Stoney Matter, that I never yet could
difcover the Convolutions. This is the Nautilites modiolart accedens
of Mr. Lhwyd. Lith. br. N. 293.

 

 

(7.) 7 he

 

God JotonL” (8

Wosler.on Wom

Spr

(

/

 
 

Tte Nawal HIST ORT Chap 3.

 

 

monita not yet deferib’d, and that appear to have been form'd in Am-
somie of different Species from any of the foregoing, are thefe :

(v) 4 Fve-wrcathd Ammonites of a flatter Shape, with fra
travfverfe Strid fomeswbat thinly plac’d.- It feems to be the Ammons
Cornu < Lil. “Fitigep. 208. Tra. Anim. Angl. The Back of the
outmoft ‘Wreath is form’d into an Edge, to which the Strze reach,
but donot crofs it. The inner Ends of each of the Strie, in the fair-
er Samples of it are knob’d : there are alfo the like little Studs up-
on each of the Strie at the oppofite End of them, on the Edge of
the Rim. Tis ufually about Two Inches over. 1 have from 7%el-
yertaft out of blue Chy a fair and entire one of this Species that has
a Splendency like that of Metals, particularly Brafs, The like we
find in Clay, at Braybrook, and at Marflon-truffel.

83. (2.) A Forr-wreatl’d Ammonites le[s flat, and more thinly firia-
ted, than is the {omer + with firait Strie or Ridges that terimnate each
in a little Knob upon the Edze of the Rim : with a pretty broad Rim :
and a Crest drawn along it, betwixt the two Rows of Knobs. The
Diameter about an Inch and half. We find itin Clay at Mar flon-
truflel, and elfewhere.

(3.) A [mall and thin Ammonites whofe Rim ts ridg’d with tranfver[e
Rudges dejcending on each fide of it in depre[s'd and undulated Strie. “Tis
found at Telvertofi. The Central Part of it, in thofe I have feen, is
hid by a Stoney Matter adhéring infeparably to it.

(3) A Three-wrcathd Ammonites of vounder Wreaths tranfver [ely
flriated with low waved Strie that terminate each in a little Knob upon
the Edvesof anarrow Backor Rim: andwith a thallow Chanel drawn
along the middle of the Back. It was found at Clapton.

(5.) The Ammonites modiokaris : a Species fomewhat of the Shape
of the Nave of a Wheel, on that account call'd modiolaris. It is ftria-
ted crofs the Back in much the fame manner as is the Fourth Am-
monia fopr. The Central Part in this is much hollower than inany of
the foregoing. The Circumference about Eight Inches. The Dia-
phragms of the Shell that form’d this Sort of Stone do ftill remain
and appear with their Edges upon the Surface of feveral of the Stones.
In fome of them, the Intervals betwixt the Diaphragms are fill’d in
part only by a Stoney or Sparry Matter. One I have met with that
had its Diaphragm lin'd with a cryftallizd Spar : the Intervals be-
twixt them empty. We find them, tho but very rarely, in Oxendon
Gravel-Pits. A confiderable part of one fide of the Inveftient Shell
of this Sort of Ammonites 1 once found affix’d to the Waxen Jen of
Pr. Grew.

(6.) An Ammonites refembling the former, but of a flatter Sh

waape.
This is ftriated as is the Fifth, but the Sirie are much higher and
flarper. We find it inthe Stone-Pits nigh Guawade Ferry, and in
the Gravel-Pits at Badby. The Central Cavity on each fide this Spe-
ciesis fo generally fill'd with a Stoney Matter, that I never yet could
difcover the Convolutions. This is the Nautilites modiolari accedens

of Mr. Lbhwyd. Lith. Br. N. 293,
(7. 7 be

A)

a

DN

\\\

 
 

 

Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

(5.) The Studded Animonites Modiolaris. There are on each fide
of this Stone Two Rows of 7 ubercula or Studs. From each Stud of
the exteriour of which Rows on both fides there run two Strie crof-
fing the Back of the Stone. It was found righ 7 vwcefler,and is pre-
{erved in Dr. Wosdward’s very Curious and Compleat Collection of
Foffils.

(8.) A [mall [mooth Ammonites of about Two Wreaths. 1 have feen :
no more than one of this, and that not perfect ; that Part of it that
was form’d in the Aperture of the Shell being gone. By what re-
mains of the Stone the Mouth of the Shell appears to be round,
large, and diftended. The Termination of the Convolution fhews
one of the Diaphragms very elegantly.

84. Befides thefe more entire Ammonia, 1 have met with fingle
Wreaths, and Arches of others, that are not referable to any of the
above-defcribed Species. If 1 may judge of the whole Ammonite
by thefe Fragments of them, there are notewer than Five or Six Sorts
to be defcribed hereafter, when we light of more perfect Samples of
them. By thefe Pieces they appear to ditter as much from each
other as they do fromthe foregoing. One of thefe Pieces which was
found in Oxendon Field is fo large that I cannot but think the whole
Ammonites, and fo for the Ammonia that form’d it, wasat leaft a Foot
Diameter. Which yet is much fhort of the Size of an Ammonites digg'd
up in the Right Honourable the Lord Hatton's Gardens at Kirby ;
which, as the late Lord Hatton told me, was as large as the {maller
Wheel of a Coach. In Mr. Ray's Travels, p. 115. tis obferv’d
that there are Cornua Ammonis or Serpent-Stones to be found at Brix-
worth in Northamptonfbire, and nigh Daventry ; but this is fo far from
being peculiar to thofe Places, or rare, that we really meet with one
or other of the Species in all Parts of the County. I have found
them in great Number in fome Places here ; particularly ina Stone-
Pit at Clipflony and in one at Norton © no fewer than three or four di-
frinét Species in the Stone-Pit at Clipfton. Thofeembody’d in the Strata
of Stone do generally lyeflatways mn it.

8s. The Nautilite terfe Articuli, Nortbamptonienfibus Grubfiones
didi Lh. N. 305. are {inooth Arches of fome Sort of Ammonia,
moft probably that of the Fourth Species [upr. and have been brought
me from Marflon-truflel, where they were gather'd, by the Name of
Grub-[lones.

The Articuli Felino capiti Melitenftwm fimiles 1h.N.304. which are
found, asthat Author obferves, at the fame Place, belong not to the
Clafs that Mr. Lbwyd has placed them in, as I (hall {hew hereafter.

The Nawuilite cupufdam mmoris propla[ma, mention’d by the fame

Author under N. 206. as a Stone found in Northamptonfbire, is only
the Imprefs of the Outfide of a Concha Ammonia, upon a Stone that
was formerly affi<d toit. 1 have by mea great Variety of Pebles,
Pyrite, and oth: r Stones that bear very fair Imprefhions of the Out-
les of feveral Sorts of Ammonie. Some of them 1 broke off from
Shells, whofe Effigics they have taken : Others 1 found apart in

elds and Gravel-pits. S6. From

eb
Li

 
 

228

 

The Natwral HIST ORY

36. From the Sea-fhells that are regularly Wreath’d or Turbinated,
1 proceed to the T ubuli marini vermiculares , hat of which are
Wreath'd, but not regularly ; both the Fafhion and Number of their
Convolutions being various and inconftant. ‘The Wreathed Sorts of
the Tubuli Vermiculares are fmall, hollow, Pipe-like Shells, that in
Bianefs : in External Form : and in the Inconftancy of their Con-
volutions, do refemble Worms; but in Subftance do not differ from
other Sea-fhells. Whenfoever they are regularly convoluted, ’tis
accidental. The feveral Sorts of them are as follows.

(1.) That of the largeft Size, about as thick as the little Finger ;
agreeing with the Sipbunculus Scaber, &c. Lh. N. 1201. Only this
of ours is generally {mooth. For the moft part it advances gradually
from a {lenderer to a thicker Ending : and is found filled with Stone.
It occurs fometimes in the Stone-pits: fometimes in thofe of Gravel,
as at Oxendon: more frequently 1n the Clayey Fields, at Oxendon,
Telvertoft, and the reft of them. "Tis often found adhering to the
Foffil Shells, particularly thofe of the Oyfter-kind. The Cylindric
Tubuli that are found together with it in fome Places, by their Guife
and Thicknefs, appear to be only Fragments of this very Sort of
Tubulus 3 tho’ this indeed is ordinarily found bending either more or
lefs in every Part of it. $310

(2.) That of a middle Size: The Vermicularia glomerata, 1214.
Lb. With us it is ufually found wound up, as it were, nto a Clue or
Ball lying loofe in Gravel, asat Artbingworth and Tburnby : feldom
affid to Sea-thells. The largeft of the Balls about the Size of a
Walnut with its Rind upon it. By the Bignefs of thefe, one may
well fufpeét they confift of more than a fingle 7 ubulus. Sometimes
we find it immers'd in Stone. Inthe Shelly Gravel at Desborough
we meet with this Sort, ora Variety of it, in fingle Curles.

(3.) A Species of the [malleft Size, {carce ever thicker than a Crow-
quill, not twirl’d fo much as are the Two former: The Vermicularia
minus tortilis denfe flipata Lh. N. 1213. "Tis not fo frequent as are
the foregoing. I have found it in a Stone-pit Weft of Wercktonin pretty
great Plenty : Sometimes in Gravel. The fame Sort of 7ubuli are
found affix’d to Oyfler-fbells, and others that are ftranded by the Tides
upon the Sea-{hores in Lancolnfbire. :

87. Befides thefe, we meet with Three Sorts of Tubules of firai-
er Shape.

(1 3 The common Quady angular Tubule : the Tubularia Quadrangula
Lb. N. 1228. Some of this Sort are perfectly ftrait : moft of them
a little bent : few or none above an Inch in Length. They arenear
4s thick as that of the Second Species [upré, when the Angles are worn
off : of a like Thicknefs from one End to the other. The Angles
are fomewhat prominent : the Sides deprefs’d : TheCavity or Boreis
round. The Cavity, commonly fill'd, as is that of the reft of them,
with Stone. Some of them are {mooth : others annularly wrinkled.
We find them in our Gravel-Pits, and oft-times in the Fields at Oxen-
don and elfewhere : for the moft part immers'd, a mighty pms of

them

Chap. 3.

 

 

 

Chap.3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

-

them all together, in the fame Stone ; and this fometimes in compa-
ny of various Sorts of Sea-fbells, of Afterie, and Tbunder-flones.
‘I'he Pofition of them in the Stones is uncertain. The Ends of them,
and nothing elfe, appear upon the Surface of fome of the Stones:
Upon others the whole Tubules in mezzo relievo 3 and that as thick as
they c2n well lie: And upon others they appear in both thefe Po-
{tures.

( 2.) The Pentagonal Tabule: The Tubularia pentagona, Jfrve ad
Afteriam paulatim accedens N. 1234. Lb This agrees with the laft
in Size, in Length, and all other Properties but the Figure. I never
found them but in Desborough Gravel-pit, and in Marflon-truffel
Field ; where they gencrally lye loofe, or not enclos'd in Stone.

(3) The Cylindric Tubule : The Tubularia teres Lh. 1221. This
in Figure, which is long and round, is apparently different from the
Two former, but in all other Regards they agree; excepting this,
that thee are ufually fomewhat tapering. They lye loofe and fcat-
ter’d in a Brook nigh Marflon: but aggregated and included in Stone
in fome of the Gravel-pits. This with us is a far more rare Sort
than the Second : And the Second than the Firft of the fraiter Tubules.

To thefe I may add the Pertufilla tetragona, N. 1235. Lb. found
with us at Mar§ton, which as that Author has entitld it, fhou’d be
a diftiné Species ; but by its Figure, Subftance, and Bore, it ap-
pears to be the Head of a Tubule of the Firft Sort fupr. 1 have met
with no more than Two of thefe, one now in Mr. Lbwyd’s Colle-
&ion, which was found at Marston amongft the ASterie: Another
in the Gravel-pit at Oxendon.

88. I have now made an End of defcribing the Foffil Shells of the
Bivalve and Turbinated Kinds. There are fome other Shells that do
not properly come under either of thefe Denominations ; and parti-
cularly thofe of Ech: Marini, or Sea-Urchins. The moft diftin-
guithing Marks of thefe Echini are their Spikes or Prickles: and their
Softnefs or Tendernefs ; which is fuch that fore Authors have pla-
ced them to the Shells of the Crusfaceous Kind, thofe of Lobsters,
and the reft. Shells of Echini are found very frequently lodged in
Chalk in the Counties affording that Earth. In this County where
no Chalk is, they are far lefs frequent. Yet we meet with them
fometimes in the upper Strata, feldom or never atany great Depth;
as they often are in the Beds of Chalk. Thefe, when they are found
fild with Stoney, Flinty,or the like Matter,are by fome Authors enti-
tled Echinitee : as are alfo the Stonesand other like Bodies that were
moulded in their Cavities, when defpoil'd of their inveftient Shells.
The latter, to which the Name of Echmite more properly
belongs , with us occur more frequently than the former; at leaft
upon the Surface in our Fields. Stones that owe their Form to Shells
of other Kinds, or thofc efpecially of a hardier Conftitution, are not
unfrequantly found upon the Surface fill cover’d with their refpeltive
Shells: Thofe that owe their Form to the Echin:, to them in par-
ticular, which we call Pileati, Galeati, and Cordati, {eldom or never

Nnn are,

 
 

The Nawal HIST O KT Chap. 3.

are, by Reafon of - the more than ordinary Tendernefs of thofe Sorts

of Shells.
89. ‘The Shells of Echini, of whatfoever Sort, are all of very

regular and elegant Figures. The various Sorts of the Foffil ones
with us may be ranged according to the following Scheme.

{with Fwe Rows of Papila running
from the Center of the Top, tothe
"with a fingle Aperture; Aperture. This is called by Naturalifts
‘lin the Middle of the | Echinus OV A RIU 8.
Bottom of the Shell. iss
| ‘having none or fcarce difcernible Papilie:
with Five double Lines proceeding
from the Center of the upper Surface
of the Shell. The Bafis of -thefecis
flat, and generally a little Concave:
The upper Surface is Convex, but docs
not rife very high. This Genus, as re-
fembling the Difeus or Quoit of the
Ancients, I call DISCOZID ES.

ECHINUS 4

i fone in the Center of the Bafis, the other

in the Margin. The upper Part is ei-
{ther of a Conical Shape, or near it. P I-
{LEATUS.

 

: fthe Bafis fome-
with Zwo Apertures. what oblong, and

 

the upper Part
raifed high. G 4-
LEAZIUS.

one ix the Margin, broader at one End
the other near the jthan the other |
Margin on the op- | with a Sinus in the
pofite Side. broader End refem-

 

Chap.3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

their Form , and in being furrounded with a fmall Circle or Aredla ,
they refemble the Nipples in Human Paps. Of this Firft Clafs we
meet with Four Sorts in much the fame State and Circumftances, as
are the reft of the Foffil Shells. They are as follows.

91. (1.) The Echinus Ovarius of the flatieft or moft depre[s'd Shape , Prd. 14

with the [malleft Papille. ’ I's ufually adorn’d with juft Ten Equi-
diftant double Rows of them. To meafure them by the Rim, the
Circumference of fome is Three Inches and half: of others fcarcely
Two. We find them, tho’ but feldom, in the Stone-pits nigh Pip-
wel, Finfbed, and Wakerly, either in the Rubbith, or elfe enclosd in
that Sort of Freeftone which conlfifts of great Numbers of fmall Or-
bicular Bodies: and allo fill'd with it. Thefe have all loft their
Spikes.

(2.) One of a lefs deprefled Shape: and with bigger Papille. The
Shells of this Sort are adorn'd with Five Equidiftant double Rows
of larger Papille, and as many of very fmall ones, alternately. We find
them 1n the Stone-pits at Helmdon, Cold- Higham, Werkton, and elfe-
where : ufually filled with a Stoney Matter intermixed with Earth,
or with Spar, or both: lodg’d in a Stratum of Stoney Earth, in
Company of the fmaller Sorts of Oyfter-fhells. "Tis far more rare
to find them enclos’d in the Strata of Stone. Yet at Helmdon 1 once
met with them in great Number in the upper Part of one of the upper
Strata of theQuarry Stone. So clofe they lay to each other,as to cover
the Surface of the Stratum almoft wholly. The lower Part of them
was faften’d in the Stone: their Poftures moltly on one or other of
their deprefied Sides. Some of theie had their Sprkesabout them fill ;
not actually join’d to the Papille, but within a very little of it; the
thicker End of the Spike, or that wherein is the Cavity that admits
the Paprlla, pointing towards its proper Papilla, and being only {funk
about the Breadth of a Hair or Two below it. The fame Sort of
Spikes 1 faw lying here and there difperfedly in the Superficial Part
of the {ame Stratum

ata greater Dittance from the Shells *. Spikes "Wid T rc
of this Sort occur not uncommonly in feveral other of our Stone-pits, r. .

a Heart, as figur’d : : , ices : : A ap
Pe there efpecially where we find the Eebinus of this Second Sort, which Which

on Cards. CO R- . py SHAT 3 Shews 2
WD ATUS. is that they originally belong'd to. The Shelly Gravel at Desborough <i. of

; : Thal wy Al affords them in Plenty: and alfo Fragments of the faid Aehimz. At this Sorc
90. The Firft Clafs is of the Echini, with a fingle Orifice in the the Head or thicker Fund of the Spike, isa Circular Cavity that fits
Center of the Bafis. As to the Shells of the Firf! Subdivifion of this exaétly with one or other of the Papille of the Shell. A little above
Firft Clafs , the Echim Ovariz, tho’ thefe found at Land have gene- that, the Spike is encompafs’d, as it were, witha Ring: The reft of
rally a Hole at the Top, as well as the Bottom , yet thofe found it is finooth, flender, and tapering , much about the Length and
at Sea in the Natural State ; have no Hole at the Top: Shape of a {mall Pin. As the Paptil.e are not all of a like Bignefs, {fo
But shar Part of the Shell which is the Middle of the. Top, neither are the Spikes. The Second Hiflricitcs of Dr. Plot *: The «xo nit
is fo eafily feparable from the reft, that a Hole is often found even grOsfendpine
in the dead Shells that lic expos’d upon the Shores. Thele Shells

bling the Shape of ]

 

Echwmites orbiculatus laticlavius minor Lb. Lith. Brit. N. 930. are the cu. 5.5 ¢-.
I fo : \ Shells of this Sort of Echinus ill’d with Stone. The Fibularis minor

are fet with Papille difpos’d in Parallel Rows reaching from the Aper- ;

ture in thé Bafe, to the Center at the Top. The larger Papill.e are

in the Middle Part of the Rows ; from thence they are gradually

of the fame Author, N. 945. if | may judge by his Specimen of it
from Burton Field, which is quite defpoil’d of its Papille, and worn
fmooth, isan Echmita of the very fame Sort. And indeed his Eehiiu-

{maller to the Ends of them. 1 call thofe curious round Eminencics
to which the Spikes are faften’d, the Papille of the Shell, becaufe in

their

tes Fibularius major, N. 944. from a Stone-pit nigh Zowcefler in this
County,

 
PPE
sew ® NF

TF HERI OW

232

4 10. F.§.

* Vid. Litho.
phyl. Britann.
N. 1078, &.

T. 10. F.6.

Tac. F7

Tre Namral HIST ORY Chap 3

A eens
County, which is olfo the Shell of an Echinus fil’ld with Stone,
to me appears to be onlya larger Sample of the forefaid Echinites la-
ticlavius manor.
92. (3.) A Species awithT en equidiflant Rows of large Papillc. In one
of thefe Shells that 1 have now by me, {everal of thofe Bodies by
Mr. Lbwyd calld FEchinodontes, and thought by him to be the Teeth
of Echint * ftand out of the Orifice in the Bafis. Mr. Lhwyd in-
forms me that fome of the Ech we now findat Sea, have Six Teeth
which ftand in Pairs. We feldom find the Pairs entire ; but the fin-
gle ‘Teeth often ; particularly in Desborough Gravel-Pit. They are
firait, [riangular, and one of their Three Sides is hollow’d the
Jength of it. ThoMr. 1.hwyd found but Three Pair of Teeth in
the Ecbini he examin’d ; yet in this of mine there appear Four Pair
and were probably Five, there being a Place vacant for another Pair.
In the fame Gravel at Desborough we find the Bidentula Lh. N. 1089.
2 little forked and notched Body belonging alfo to Shells of this Kind,
and naturally placed at the Roots of their Teeth. The Reader will
fee the Shape of the Single Teeth in 7 10. F. 6. Of this notched
little Body in 7.10. F.7. The Mufiricula Lh. 1105. from that
Gravel-Pit at Desborough, a Body fo called as refembling the Laft of
a very {mall Shoe ; tho placed by that Author among the Echini, as
if it had been of Kin to them in Subftance and Origine, is really no
other than a Stoney Matter accidentally thus form’d: and has indeed
no nearer a Relation to the Echini, than the common Limeftone Pe-
bles have. This is likewife the Cafe of a {mall roundifh Foffil : the
Orbiculus Lb. 1103. from the {ame Place. The Matter of it is the
{ame as is that of the Muftricula. And it does not at all appear that
it owed its Form to any Shelly Mould.
93. (4.) The Echuns Guarinsof a flill higher or more elevated Form, ap-
roachmg nearer 10 that of an Ord, and having larger Papille than
the Third. It feems to have Five double Rows of Papille : 1 fay feems
to have ; for 1 could never yct light of an entire Sample of it. Its
Circumference nigh Five Inches. "Tis found fil’d with Stone in the
Store-pitsnigh Towcester. Thus filld it is the Echinites orbiculatus
laticlavius medius Lh. N. 916. Mr. Lhbwyd’s Sample of it from T ow-
cefler appears preternaturally comprefs'd, and bruisd. Single Pa-
pill, as alfo larger Fragments of this Echinus, 1 have often found in
the Gravel at Desborough. Sometimes we fee the Form of one or
mote of its Papille very fairly imprefs'd upon Flint. Of this | have
Two Samples out of Oxendon Field. “Tis not very unufual to have
other Shells, {mall Scallope Shells for Inftance, adhering to the Sides
of this and the other Sorts of Echini recited above.
g4. In the Rubbith of the old Stone-pit at Clipsten, I once found
a Papilla too large to have belong’d to any of the above-defcrib’d
Fichini. With its Areola it was no lefs than Two Inches in Circum-
ference : And feems to have been a Fragment of the Shell of the
Fiehimita (or rather Echinus ) Laticlavius maximus Lh. N. gro. We

more frequently meet with the Spikes of theEchin, Laticlav. maw. than
we

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

Chap. 3.

we do with the Papille, or any other part of it, i

Cucoprerinns Lh. N. roo2. is Jd he Sin of ne o yd
wy a LT i Rts fan Refemblance of a Cuca
that Author. Tis ridg’d To py
Jets juft at the Head or Bottom, which is pe Lonel
Spikes already deferib’d. The Ridges of it are purled with little
Knots, difpos’d in the Quincunx Order, as Dr. Plot has obferv i in
whom the Reader may find a farther Account,and an exact Desi "

hs Bed 5 nase Te Sage of the Oxfordfbire Lapis Judaicus *. Ours +
> SY 1© ’ . - . * A "
g y maller ones of thisSort. We find them in the Gravel- efosinihr

it at Desborough : and in fo ‘the F i
p gh : me of the FreeftoneQuarries. G
’: . 16> :
Spier I have out of Oxendon Gravel Pit one, worn ee
at’s near as large asany of Dr. Plo’s : and not much inferi in
aes lng . Plot’s : uch
Fa Poh 2 hy ee and thofe from Palefline, re
alled Lapides Fudaici. In the Gravel at Desborough Ses
meet with a Variety of Triangul: EE
¢ angular Teeth, that by their Bi
pear to have belonged to this Sort of Echinus. The a
befet with little fpiked Studs. am
0 95 Z he Second  Disifion of the Echini with one Aperture, is that
» aides. which fome have a Smus running f 1
aes rom their
Center at the Top, to the Margin : Others have none Of thofe eit
a Sinus we have the following Sorts. Eo
Ei Yi x thy Inge See, In thefe there are Five double Rays
oints, or rather of very fhort tranfverfe Li
5 . - . n i ® -
ending fon hen Li nigh the Top of the Shell to the tree
¢ middle of the Bafi. Upon the Convex Part of Shell i
drawn a Smus or little Chanel fr i WE
dr the upper Cente i
[he larger Shells of this fo aT LIER
:r Shells of this fort of Echmus we have had in gre
bit ioe LJ pelt nel i Halfton Lord(hip. They re Ser
Ameftone in a Bed of Whitith Earth with a mi Fo]
 Limefior 4 Bed of i a mixture
dor Lamehons) The (Salles ones are no lefs frequent in a
: ackly, Helmdon, Rance, and elfewhere. To one of thi ]
that I have now by me, there no
hat | ) »adheres a Tubulus Vermicular: his
Species of Echur fill'd up wi SUR us
s of Echur p witha Stoney Matter, as we uf i
here, is the Echimtes Cl me
s Clypeatus Lb. N. 971. the Echinites ib’
by Dr. Plot, Nat. Hift. of Oxfordfbire, Chap. 5. 9. phil ign

5-9. 136,

(2.) Alefler and [omen - Sort, diftinguith’d i
) [Je [omeawhat flatter Sort, diftinguith’d in iike man- 7, rg

i ii win, Yi: Supls Rows of Lines. We find it frequent
-pits at Higham, Chelfton, and elfewhere i £

the County. This 1 take to be GO
. to be the Fchinites inter Cly 9 Clum
i IE chinites inter Clypeatum & Cluni-

(3.) A Third Sort of a more rais’d Shape. This Shell including

Stone, or the S rm’d in it, i
$ 1e ichuntta Clunt
y Stone form’d in it, is the Echumita Clunicularis Lh. Lith, 7-1 F-9

Br. N. 988. 1 have found it in the Stone-pits ni
y FE; or i of itin the Earth is ro ay:
yn and fo li ewife for the Echim N. 1,& 2, [upr.) enclos’'d
traium of Stoney Earth above the Quarry-Stone feldom in a
Ooo ) pi!

 
 

234

 

Sere Neral HISTORY Chap 3

of the Strata of Quarry-Stone, never in thofe of the fine hard Ragg-

ftone that lye at the bottom of fome of thofe Pits, particularly of
the Quarries at Rance. In thofe of the Rance Ragg, in the very
Subftance of them, are enclofed great Numbers of thoft wreathed
Shells that I have called Trumpei-Shells , of them efpecially of the
heavier Kinds : as alfo fome Sorts of Biwalves 3 but no Echmi. In
the many Chimney-pieces I have view’d of that Sort of Stone, I
could never difcaver fo much as one of thefe Echini. But in the upper
part of thefe Stone-pits, particularly in that Stoney Earth, Ech
are near us frequent and numerous as are the Turbinated Shells in the
Raggftoneat bottom of them. Asthe Echini are lighter Shells than
are thafe wreathed ones: So likewife theStoncy Earth in which they are
lodged, is lighter than the Stone that enclofes the wreathed Shells.
Both the ane and the other agree very nearly with their refpective
Strata in Specifick Gravity. “Tis a hike Cafe as to the Site of the
Foffil Oyfter-fbells. Thefealfo are Shells of the lighter Kind : and
are generally found in the upper Strate, feldom or never enclos’d in
Stone ; as are frequently the heavier Shells.

96. Of the Echini with one Aperture, and without any Sinus , we
have only ane Sort ; which is of a more rais’d Shape than any of the
former, and more exactly round *. The double Rays in this pafs from
the Center in the Top, to that in the Bafis, as in the former. The
Stone-pits at and nigh Peterborough afford us very fair and entire
Samples of this Sort of Echinus. The largeft 1 have met with of the
Sort was found at Barnawell. It is Six Inches and half about. The
ufual Size is Three or Four Inches. The fmaller ones we find toge-
ther with the fmaller Echini of the Firft Species at Rance and Higham.
Mir. Lbwyd has entitled it, including, asit ordinarily does, a Stoney
Matter, Fchinites Umbonatus in Lithop. Br. N. 981. Of this, and
the Three laft defcribed comprefs’d Sorts of Fchiar, we never meet
with any but what are difarm’d of their Spikes or Prickles. Upon
moft of them we fee many very fmall Eminencics, whereunto their
Prickles were ty’d: And by the Smallnefs of thefe, it appears that
their Prickles alfo were very {mall, and confequently lefs able to keep
their ftanding at the Removal of their Shells to Land.

97. I now pafs on to the Echini with Two Apertures, beginning
with them that have one Aperture in the Center of the Bafis, the
other in the Margin, Thee are call’d Pileati. Of which, as alfo
of the Galeati and Cordati that follow, 1 think it proper to obferve
here in general, that tho’ in the Counties affording Chalk, particular-
ly in the Chalk-pits in Kent and Effex, the Shells of all thefe Sorts
are found entire, yet with us the Shells themfelves are feldom or never
found. This premis'd, I proceed to defcribe the Echuite Pileatt, of
which we have Two Sorts. :

(1.) That of a Conical Shape : The Cap-flone of the Chiltern Cotin-
try. In this, as alfo in the Second, there are Five double Rows
of Points defcending from the Top of the Stone to the Center of its

Bafis,

 

Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Bafis, and dividing the Surface of the Stone into Five equal Parts
It is found in the Fields in feveral Places ; but not commonly.

23%

.

(2.) That of a lefs elevated Shape. In all other Refpells it agrees 7.10, ir4.
with the former. This Sort occurs, tho’ but very rarely, in fome of

our Fields.

98. The Echinites diftinguith’d by the Name of Galeatus, becaufe
it is fafhion’d fomewhat like a Helmet, is form’d in a Shell that has
Two Apertures, one i the very Margin, the other near the Margin
in the oppolite Side. The Stones of this Sort that are in my Colle-
&ion, which I have out of Welford, Eafi-Haddon, Oxendon and Bow-
don Fields, are mere Flints, either Black ones, or of the Whiter Co-
Jour. They are radiated with Five double Rays, that defcend from a
Center at Lop of the Stone, and are continu’d to its Bafis ; where they
meet in that Aperture zear the Margin; which is fo much on one Side,
that the Rays upon this Account being fome longer,fome fhorter,and
croffing the Bafis in a much different Manner, make a Figure refem-
bling a Flower-de-lis *. There are feveral Varieties of thefe Helmet-
flones (as they are called ) with refpect of the Fafhion of their Rays.
All of them indeed are double Rays: But in fome they confift, for
the main, of Annulets including either a fingle, and that a larger
Point, or a Pair of fmaller ones: In others of Points, fome fingle,
others double, without any Annulets. The Points in both are un-
certainly either hollow or prominent. Nay, every one of thefe Va-
rieties I have fometimes obferved in the Rays of one fingle Stone.
They are all more or lefs perfect Reprefentations of the Marks of
the Infide of the Shells in which the Flints were caft. And indeed
“tis impoffible that the Flinty Matter that enter’d thofe Shells, a
Matter that was not truly Homogeneous, being coarfer, as we fee,
in fome, and finer in others : And alfo fubject, as without Doubt it
was, to feveral Contingencies at the Time of its being moulded,
thould take the Imprefies of the Infide of the Shells with always the
{ame Exacinefs and Nicety. Thefe Stones are of various Sizes, the
largeft in my Collection is Eight Inches in Circumference at the Bafe:
the fmalleft Five. Some have a fomewhat higher and fharper : others
a lower and flatter Top ; which yet I take to be all of the {ame Species.

g. The laft Head of the Second Clafs, is that of the Corda: ;
which in Shape are the neareft to the common Echinus Spatagus, the
Marmaids Head, or the Sea-Egg of the Enghjb. Of the Stones
form’d in which Kind, we have Two Species. They both agree in
this, that they are {omewhat broader at one End than the other: and
have a Smus trom the Center in the Top of the Stone, to an Aper-
ture near the Margin of the broader End of the Bafis. The other
Aperture 1s on the upper Part of the Margin in the narrower End.
The Sins above-mentioned has Two Rows of Points running the
Length of it. Befides that longer Sinus, there are Four fhorter ones
proceeding from the fame Center, the Length of each of which there
runs a double Row of the like Lines, which are continw'd beyond
them to the very Margin, and thence, as appears by the Remains of

them

T.10.F.12;

* Nat. Hift,
of Oxfordfbire,
Ch. 5.5.37

 
 

236

Tao. F13.

The Natural HIST OR 7 Chap. 3:

them in the fairer Samples, along the Bafis of the Stone, to that
Aperture near the Margin ; where all the Rays are concenter’d, as
int the Galeated Echinite. "The Two Species we have here, are,

1.) That of amore raifed Shape. I have only one of this Sort, 2

Flint which was found in the Field at T hor p-malfor.

(2) That of a [somewhat flatter Shape : "I'he Echinites cordatus [po-
Jiatus Lb. Lith. Brit. N. 968. A very fair one of this Species was
found in digging in the Parfonage-Garden at Clay-Coton.

Joo. Befides the Two Sorts of Spikes deferib’d above, that of the
Second, and that as we fuppofe of the Fifth Echinus Quarius fupr.
our Quarries and Gravel-Pits afford us fome other Sorts that do not
fo exadtly fit the Paprlle of any of the Foflil Echini. The Shells they
originally belong’d to were probably transferr’d to Land at the fame
Time as were their Spikes, and might be lodged in or near the fame
Place ; but being thin and tender Shells are fince perifh’d and loft.
Yet that thefe are Sea-Urchin Spikes, we cannot doubt ; they having
the plain Marksand Characters of fuch. Of thefe we have the fol-
lowing Sorts. 125

(1.) The larger [mooth Urchin Spike : the Aeuleus levis major Lh.
N. 1049. This isa fmocth Sort, and the longeft of them all, being
about 'Lhree Inches in Length. We find them in the Shelly Gra-
vel at Desborough, in the Stone-pits at Rance and elfewhere ; butals
ways broken.

(2.) The comprefJed Urchin-Spike. Lb. N. 1036. This is ridg’d
and channeld length-ways, as is the Spike we deferib’d in ¢. 94.
[upr. but more flightly. This indeed is ufually a lefs Sort of Spike.

(3.) The firiated round Ur chin-Spike with Purles or [barp Kuobs of a
bigger Size, and mo ethinly fet. In Size it equals the fmalleft of the
Spikes in ¢. 94 fpr. ln what Regards it differs from it, has been in-
timated in the Title.

(4) The ragged Urchin-Spike : the Radiolus torofus major Lb. 1044.
It fomewhat relemblesa fmall ragged Staff : And feems to be of the
{ame Species with thofe found at Malta; which are there called
Bacoli di S. Paolo. “Tis of a middling Size. All the Four Sorts we
find in the Gravel at Desborough. The Laft 1 have found in Clay in
Clipflon Stone-pit.

Both the Spikes and the Shells of the Echim do all agree in Sub-
(tance and in ‘l'exture. They are all composd of brittle polite gli-
ftering Plates placed all one way: in the Spikes obliquely to the Axis
of the Spike : in the Shells in like manner Edgeways.

101. | fhall now give an Account of another Set of regularly fi-
our’d Foffils , the Afferie that we meet with here. By Afterie |
tend the Columns confifting of feveral Star-like Fonts, as the Entro-
chi, whereof hereafter, do of round ones : as allo the Single Joints of
the like Columns. Thefe, tho commonly paffing by the Name of
Stones, and diftinguifh'd in particular by the Name of Star-Stones ;
yet are really not Stones, or of Mineral Origine. They differ from
211 the Native Foflils of what Kind foever, both in the Regularity

ol

 

 

 

Chap. 3.

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

of their Form, and in Subftance. They bear along with them fix’d
and conftant Marks of Agreement one with another, and of Diftin-
&ion from all other Bodies ; in like manner as all Sorts of Animals
and the Parts of them do. Whereas in the Mineral Foffils there are
no fix'd or conftant Charatters of Agreement or Difagreement. 1
have placed them next after theShellsof the Echinus- Kind; becaufe they
agree together in Subftance,as alfo inTexture,and in Specifick Gravity.

102. Three or Four Specifically different Sorts of Aflerie, 1 have
met with here. ?

(1.) The Firlt I {hall mention, is that with Five btufer and fborter 1,
JC. 1.14

Rays or Angles ; in which chiefly it differs from the common Afleria
of Dr. Plot; for that has fharper and longer Rays. The Aralos
are fo fhort in this Afleria, that at a Glance it appears to be rather
of a round than of a Pentagonal Figure. We as frequently meet
with fingle Joints of it, as we do with Columns of thofe Joints. In
this, in Variety of Colour, and in moft other Circumftances, it agrees
with the common Sort; amongft which it is ufually found at Marston.
truflel and Telvertoft.

(2.)The Second,in the Sample defcribe it by,is but of Five Joints, 7.10. Fas

It has fbarper Rays in that agreeing with the common Afferia ; but
differing from that and the reft of them in this refpect that the
Middle Joint of it is thicker and more promument than ars the other
Joints. This uncommon Sort is fometimes, tho’ very rarely found
at Marfton in Blue Clay , together with the Afierie of a Bluth Co-
Jour, of which in ¢. 107,zfr. : And is of near the fame Size and
Colour with them. ;

103. (3.) The comnon Afteria defcrib’d by Dr. Plot *. This Sort 7-16. £16
of Afteria we find in great Numbers in feveral Places ; particularly Nie Hift.

of Oxfordfbire,

upon Two or Three of the plow’d Lands in Marflon-truffel Field, ch.s.s.1s.

betwixt the Town and the little Wood. Upon that call’d Bram’s-
Hill Furlong in Crick Field, and in Telvertoft Field nigh a common
Watering Place for Cattel on the Weft Side the Town. Hereabouts
the People call them Peter-flones. In thefe, and indeed in moft other
Places they are found together with feveral Sorts of Sea-fbells, and
the Stones refembling Shells. Tis not unufual to meet with Afri
that have Pieces of Sea-fhells accreted to their Sides. Upon fome of
thefe Pieces being broken off from the Afterie they adhered to, there
appear the Imprefhions and Marks of thofe Afterie. Thofe oe now
find upon the Surface in Marflon Field, have been plow’d up out of
a Bed of Clay; wherein, upon fearching, we may now meet with
Afferice lying loofe in the Clay : or elfe embody’d in thin Stones that
are lodg’d difperfedly in that Stratum. “Tis far more rare to find
them in Gravel than in Clay. Yet out of the Gravel at Oxendon , 1
have many Aflerie of this Sort. But thefe of the Gravel-pits are
ufually much defaced. Some of them are fo much worn, that one
may plainly fee the Manner of the Commiflure of their Joints;
which is Suture-wife. : ?

Ppp 104, The

 
 

228

1.10. Fa8.

te Nowa HISTORT Chap 3

104. The longeft of the Column- Afterie, in my Colleltion, is
(omewhat more than an Inch and half in Length. The Number of
the Joints in Afferie of the fame Length is uncertain; the Joints in
fome of them being thicker than in others: Nay, oftentimes thofe
of the fame Afleria are of different Thicknefs. But the Number of
Joints of an Afteria an Inch in Length, is u(ually more than Twenty.
From Marflon 1 have one, whofe each other Joint is thicker and
more prominent than the intermediate ones.

105. They have not always Five Equdiflant Rays. Some of the
Columns are comprefs’d according to the Length of them, and confe-
quently their Rays or Angles ftand at unequal Diftances. Frequent-
ly one End of the Column is found finely engraved upon the Edges
of its Rays with an indented Suture: the other is found almoft
fmooth. And fo for the fingle Joints. Sometimes one End of the
Afteria has the ufual Engravement or Hatching : The oppofite End is
engraven with Five Equidiftant Lines or Rays proceeding from a very
{mall bollow-pointed Center direétly to the Intervalls, betwixt the
main Rays or Angles of the Afferia. A Sample of this Variety was
found in Gravel at Oxendon. Some of thefe quinquangular Columns
may be parted fo cleverly Joint from Joint with a lucky Blow, that
on each of the parted Joints there appears the proper Engravement
of the Aftersa.

106. Some have longer Rays or Angles: and others fhorter ones.
Of the longer Angles, and fo for the fhorter ones, fome have fhar-
per: and others blunter Points.

1. I have one with fuch fkarp Angles, and fo deeply chanel'd be-
twixt Angle and Angle, that it much refembles the Rowel of a Spur.
Yet even this 1 take to be of the fame Species with the common
Afteria.

2. Another remarkable Variety of this Third Sort, I received from
Telverioft. One of whofe Rays is not fharp pointed, as the other
Four are, but branchd into 7 wo blunt Angles: And was the Inter-
vall betwixt thefe Two fomewhat deeper than itis, it might be calld
an Afteria of Six Angles or Rays.

3. At Crick amongft other Afterie, 1 found one that had only Four
Rays. Tis a fingle Joint of a Quadrilateral Figure, with fomewhat
Prominent Angles. I have exhibited an Icon of this uncommon
Afteria in Tab. 10. And leave it to the Readers Choice to call it a
different Sort or a Variety. Itagrees with the common ones in the
Manner of its Engravement: and is of the fame Yellowith Hue.

107. The Afterue that we ufually find upon or near the Surface,
are of a Yellowifh Clay Colour. Others of the fame Sort, but of a
Cinerous or Bluith Colour, we find enclofed in Blue Clay; particu-
larly in digging of Wells at Marflon-truflel ; where they are found
very well preferved. This Variety, for fo I call it, fince I cannot
difcover it differs any way from the commoner Sort , except in Co-
lour, is the Afteria cinerea mucronatis Radiss Lh. N. 1192. As we
meet with larger and fmaller ones of the common Yellowifh, fo like-
wife of this Bluifh Colour. The

 

 

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Chap. 3.

The {mall Afferie, nigh as White as lvory, which we find in the
Shelly Gravel at Desborough, in Finfbed, Ufford, and other Stone-pits,
fometimes embody’d in the Stone, but ufually loofe amongft the Keal
or Shatter: The Afteria minor elumea Lh. N. 1182. 1s not Specifically

different from the former, as I verily believe: only varies from them
in Colour ; which in thefe as in the reft, is agreeable to that of the
Terreftrial Matter they arc lodged in, and is manifeftly owing to a
Tincture of it. Few or none of thefe have the proper Engravements
of the Afleria, fo fair as thofe in the Clay. The Altera is of an
Alkalious Nature : and upon Ignition is apt to crackle and fly ; where-
in it agrees with the Shelly Bodies. A Drop of Sp. Nur. fort. in-
fiil’'d upon an Afteria, a long and brisk Ebullition enfu’d : and a vi-
fible Fume arofe. Tis erodible by .deids : but does not change at
all with Alkalzes.

108. Both the larger and fmaller Aflerie have thofe round-jointed
Appendicule, by Dr. Lifter entitled the Wyers of the Star-flone ; be-
caufe fomewhat of the Shape and Size of a Wyer *.
ever faw of them was enclos’d in a Slab-ftone that lay on the Side of
[ubenbam Brook. It confilted of at leaft Sixteen Joints. One End
of this Appendicula is affix'd to a Joint of the Afleria ; which Joint
is ufually fomewhat broader than the reft. Their Infertion is always
in the Intervalls of the Rays. They lye clofe to the Sides of thofe
Intervalls: or elfe hang off from them obliquely. From cach In-
tervall of the Joint there poceeds an Appendicula: that is, Five Ap-
pendicule from the Five Intervalls. In the larger Afferie there feems
to have been feveral Orders of them: one Order above another at
equal Diftances. But upon the Afterie with us, there feldom remains
any more than the Bafis or loweft Joint of the Wyer-like Appendicula,
and only the Footfteps of it on fome of them. That Joint of the
Apperdicula,, which iffues immediately from the Af#eria, is the lar-

oft: From thence they are gradually {maller to the other Extremity.
The End of each Joint is, as it were, obliquely cut, is fomewhat
excavated, and has a fmall Eminency in the Center of it. We find
them far more frequently loofe and feparate, and in fingle Joints,
than we do affix’d to the Afleria,, and entire; particularly in the
Blue Clay at Marfion : as alfo enclos’d in Pieces of common Stone in
the Field adjoining, where we meet with the After.

109. "Tis ufual to meet with Alfterie, one of whofe Endsappears
to have been broken off from fome other Body that was of a Piece
with the Asteria. 1 at length obtain’d fome farther Knowledge of
the entire Picce, by a curious Afferia imparted to me by the Reve-
rend Mr. Howard of Marflon-truffel ; which by one End of it til
actually adheres to a Body in Subftance agreeing with the Afteria:
but not at all in Form ; as appears by the Icon.” It is jointed indeed:
but the Figure of the Joints is as ditferent from that of the Joints of
the Afferia, as is the whole. The Body this Afteria adheres to, 1s
only a Fragment of fome larger Body. The Afiropodium imbricatum
bifidum Lb. Lith. Br. N. 1129. found in Marton Field together

with

232

The longeft 1 * Phil. Tranf.

112.p.274

 
 

 

 

241

240 The Natwal HIST O RT Chap 3

Chap. 3. { 1 ! :
with theYellowifth Afteria, is a like Fragment without any Asteria ad- P:3 of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
hering to it. ‘That Ingenious Author is of Opinion, that all thofe the {maller Afteri« in Bulk, and in its arched Shape. And this is the
«vid wow. Foflils he has there called AStropodia, are Arms or Rays of Sea-flars *. beft Account I can at prefent give of it.
pie. But that this of ours is really a Ray, or a Part of a Ray of any Sort 111. The Eatrochi as agreeing with the Afferic in Subftance, and
"7 of Sea-§tar, 1am not yet convinced. By the Sample I have here being Columns confifting of Parallel Joints as thofe do, tho’ differing
given a Draught of, it appears to be rather a Fragment of a Shell of in Form, come next to be confidered. Thefe occur in great Variety
the FEchinus- Kind, or very nearly related to it; whereof the Afleria and Number in the Northern Counties of England. With us they
is a Branch. The Rays of all the {everal Sorts of Sea-flars that I are far lefs frequent ; and I have therefore the lefs to fay of them.
have viewed, which are not a few, are comparatively, light, tender; Here in this County 1 have met with only one or two of the com-
and porous Bodies, differing very much from thofe AStropodia in mon Sorts: and with the Imprefles of Two others that feem to be
Texture ; For thefe are folid throughout, and confift entirely of of the more common Kinds of Authors. But befides thefe 1 have
hard, inflexible, glittering Lamelle put together very clofely. met with Two uncommon Sorts, not yet, or but imperfectly deferib’d.
110. (1.) The Astropodium imbricatum wuinus Lh. N. 1130. from (1.) The Firft of my undcferib’d Sorts is mention'd indeed under 7, £,
Moar fton, is only a {maller and more imperfect Sample of his Astro- | the Title of Afteria Pentaphyllodes vimine circundata in Mr. Lbwyd’s hy
od. bifid. N. 1129. whereof have already given an Account. Lithophylacium * : But its Joints being round, not angular, as are «via ri
1.) The — imbricatum minimum coloris cineret, 1131. ibid. occurs i thofe of the Afleria, it fhould rather, in my Opinion uo ced be lL
amongft the Bluifh ASterie 3 whereof in 9. 107. [upr. This is ufu- | the Entrochi. It has no other Right to the Name of Afleria than Fain
ally found in fingle Joints ; which by Miftake, Mr. Lbs yd has pla- ] this, that at each of the Joints it exhibits the Figure of an Aflerifm
eed amongft the Joints of his Nautilite, entitling them drticuls feli- much like that of the AsZeria; only in this the Rays are meerly Su-
no capitis Melitenfrum fimiles +. The Joint inclines to a Square, but is perficial, whereas in the Aferia they are divided from each other by
fomewhat broader one way than the other. Two parallel little pretty deep Jatervalls. In the Spaces betwixt the Rays there arc ge-
Ridges run along the Middie of it. Almoft in the Middle of the nerally Two Rows of {mall Prominent Points, or of fhort .rais'd
Reverfe Side, there’s one or two {mall peaked Protuberances, which | Lines fo difpos’d as to reprefent the Letter V, with its open Part to
are ufually fomewhat excavated at Top. the Margin of the Entrochus. This elegantly Figur'd Body is fome-
(3) The AStropodium minimum Gatapbraclatum, feu Brachiz Stelle times found in the Blue Clay at Mar fion.
Marine levis Rondely &c. fragmentum, N. 1132. Lb. Lith. Bri. from | 112. (2.) The Second is an Enirochus of the fmalleft Size, not much
the fame Marston, in External Form agrees well enough with the § bigoer than a fmall Pin’s Head: The Entrochus inflar Capitelli Aci-
Ray of the [mooth Star of Rondeletius , but is alike firm and folid cule, &c. Northamptomenfium Lh. N. 1159. But notwithfranding

 

 

throughout : Not hollow within, as that is, neither has itany Marks its Smallnefs, it is really radiated from a Central Hollow in like man-

of ever being thus hollow. ner as are moft of the common Entrochi : and in all other Regards

) So likewife for the {mall AStropodium, to make ufe of Mr. agrees with them. In Oxendon and Braybrook Fields we fometimes

Lhbwyd’s Title, which I have out of DesboroughGravel-pit, refembling meet with ordinary Stoney Nodules that are ftuck extremely full both

a naked Ray of the Stella lutea vulg. ‘This alfo has the Subftance Infide and Outfide with this little Entrochus , moftly in fingle Joints.

and Solidity of the Afferie. It confifts of Six or Seven {mall Joints. § [hey appear to be fomewhat depreffed around the Center of the

One Side of it is fmooth and fomewhat hollow'd: The oppofite Side Joint: and to rife a little higher towards the Edges of it where it
exhibits Two Angles like thofe of the Column- Asteria. is jointed. ; 7

5.) In this County we rarely or never meet with the ncn of 113. (1.) Amongft thofe fmall Eutrochi, in the fame Sort of Peble,

Lachmund : The Astropodium multijugum Lh. N. 1106. entire and there now and then occurs a larger one, almoft an Inch in Circum-

perfect; but often with fingle Joints of it; as has already been ob- ference, of the common [mooth-fided Cylindric Kind, with a Hollow alono

| Lich. ri. ferv’d by Mr. Lbhwyd ||. The #§tropodivm manus Lh. 1116. 15 one of the Central Part of ut. ™ "AVA.
the Joints of that Encrinos. The Ingenious Author fo often cited (2.) An Entochus of thicker Foints than ordinary for its Bulk, and © **

“mid p-19% upon this Subject, aflures us ¥ that having collated the Body he calls with a folid Center, otherwife the fame with the foregoing, 1 once

Aftropodivm maltijugun with the Ray of the Magellanic Star, he finds found, not enclos’d in any Peble, but loofe in the Gravel at Oxendon.

they agree as exactly with cach other, as the Gloflspeire do with the In fome Stones as hard as Flint, that I have from the fame Place,

Teeth of Fifbes : That only the Figure of the Joints is fomewhat there appear Cylindric Cavities wherein this Sort of Eatrochus had

different: ‘That in all other Things they agree. The Trochleare formerly ftood, as alfo Imprefles of the Rays of the loweft Joint of

arcuatum Lh. N. 1200. found at Byfield in this County, 1 have men- tne Entrochus upon the folid Stone.
tion’d here, becaufe, as Mr. Lbwyd obferves, it fomewhat refembles (3.) Ina Gravel-pit too, nigh Newwenbam, 1 met with a Limeftone-
the Peble where there had been an Entrochus, as appears by the Imprefles

Qqq on

 

 
 

 

 

The Nawal HIST OR T Chap. 3. | Chap.3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Of thefe indeed there has never yet occur'd to me,in mySearches here
any more than a fingle Joint of a Crabfifb Claw, which in Mr. Lbawyd’s
Lith. Brit. N. 1252. 1s entitled Carcinopodium exiguum ait bracinnm
It was found in a Heap of digg’d Gravel in the Pit at Oxendon: But
whether “twas originally lodged in the Stratum of Gravel, or in that
of Clay, which lies above the Gravel there, 1 am not able to fay; “tis

 

on the Sides of a Cavity within the Flint. ‘The Entrochus it felf is
gone, and has left onlya Hollow where it lay, and fome 1mpreflions
of ite Form. Thefe Impreflions fhew, that it confifted of Joints of
different Figure and Size the Middlemoft of them being much more
prominent and rounder, Bead-like , than the reft, wherein it differs

from all the former. The like Impreflions have been obferv'd in le I rr
Chert-ftone, at Crick, by the Ingenious Mr. Layne. moft like y mn the atter, Tis of a Coal-black Colour: and was found

(4) Add to thefe the Entrochus interior [et [poliatus , &c. Lb. N. full of Stoney Matter. ;
© 1136. which indeed is the fame Sort of Entrochus with the common 113. My next Step is to the Teeth, and other Bones of Sea-fifl
fmooth-fided Cylindric ones of the larger Size, but has its outer Coat which are found with us, amongft other Relicts of the Sea. Thefe
or Cruft worn off. Thus defpoil’d it appears with a quite ditferent are MOTE NUMETOUS than are any other of the Foffil Bones; the Tecth
Face from what it did at firft, being more like to a Pulley-Wheel of Sea-fifbes, as of all other Animals, being generally of a more folid
with fharp Edges, than itis to a Pile of fuch equally flat little Wheels, Subftance than are the reft of the Bones, and fo more likely to be
4s are thofe of the perfect Entrochus. OF thefe 1 have in Oxendon preferved down to this Time: and there being generally a greater
Field found a great Number enclos’d in one fingle Stone of that Kind, Number of thefe than of any one Sort of Bones befide, in the fame
call’d Chert in Derbyfbire, which is almoft as rare with us as the Animal, of whatfoever Kind. The Foffil Teeth are of Three ge-
Butrochi 418. vs iz neral Kinds with refpect of their Figure, namely, thofe of a broader
114. We have here one or Two Sorts of the regularly figur'd Foffils, and thinner Make, which are ufually called Incifores or the Cuters :
entitled Valwole by Mr.Lbwyd. Thefie are Bodies of Kin to the Entro- Thole that are longer and rounder, which are what we call Eye-
chi in the Roundnefs of their Shape, and alfo jointed as thofe are: 1 eth: And thofe that a" ter and blunter, which are named
But in thefe, the Commiffure of the Joints is fcarcely vifible, neither the Volares or the Grinders.
are they radiated from the Center to the Periphery as the Entrochi are. 118. Of the Firft Sort are all the Glaffopetre, Bodies fo called, as
Ivo. Fay. Of the Vilvola Utriculata Lh. N. 1164. a Species of the Shape being commonly found about Racks, by the Givers of that Name,
of a litte Bottle, 1 have only a fingle Specimen, and that withont and being fomewhat of the Shape of the Toague. For the fame
the Mark of an Asferifm at the Bottom, as there is in that particular Reafon they have the Name of Serpents Tongues with the People of
Malta, in which Ifland they are plentifully found *. Tho’ after all « ar. rays

they are really the Teeth of Sharks, and other Sea-fifbes. Of thefe Travels,
f P. 294, 311

Afteria. In the fame Place has been found the Polwola Doliata of the LI have met with only Two Sorts.
« Lith pir. fame Author *, or one not much unlike it. It is fwelling in the (r.) I'he Gloflopetra Zyvene pifcis dentem referens Lh. N. 1286.
Nuss. Middle, and tapering towards both Ends. The Joints, which in a Tooth refembling the Tooth of the Zygena, a Sea-fith, for which
this are fomewhat more confpicuous, are marked at each End, in the 1 know no Englifb Name. 1 1s not quite Half an Inch long. The
{ame manner, as are thofe of the “Apendicule of the Afferia, upon whole ['ooth with its Root is almoft of the Figure of the Letter T.
which Account it is calld Appendicula Doliata in Lith. Br. N. 1197. We find this Sort in the often mention’d Gravel-pit at Desho-
but in my Opinion unfitly. rough and in fome other Places here, Mr. Lbwyd mentions Siivefton
115. I have now done with all the Aferie, and Entrochi, and the for one of them. 3 t #id. Loc
Foffils related to them, excepting only one that 1 had out of Clay (2.) A Tonb, as it feems, of fome Fifb of the Shark-kind ; and a
at Telvertsft, a Body confifting of Three Joints, whereof the Middle particularly that Sort of Tooth, entitled Gracyrrynchus cerauns by
one is moft prominent: And ha ving fuch an Afterifm at one End of Mr. Lbwyd |. 1fay, au eems, my Samples of it being imperfect, 1. 5,
it efpecially, as has our Firft Enirochus ; but the Sides of the Body both at the Root and at the Point. 1 found it at Desborough with N oh
approach an Oval wherein it is fingular.* The Colour of it is Yellow- the former.
ith, like that of the Telvertsft Afterie amongft which it is found. 119. OF the Second Sort are thofe that refemble a Cock’s Spur ;
116. Having done with the Echuui, and the Parts of them, and which are therctore called Plectronari and Pleclronite by Mr Lbwyd
with the analogous Bodies. 1 am now in Order of Nature to pafs on to in Lith. Brit. but to what Sort of Fifth they belong’d 1 have not
the Shells, that are ofa {till more tender Make than the Echmi : and found. Of thefe we have only a fingle Species, viz. the Plelironita
that are more properly call’d Cruftaceous, and to the Parts of thefe vulg. feu firiatus Lh. N. 1331. "Tis clofely ftriated with Hair-like 71g. Fas.
that are found bury’d in the Earth, in like manner as are thofe and Strue according to the Length of it. Its Root is fomewhat exca-
J vated. We find it at Cooknoe. That Variety of it, as ’tis calld by

the reft. But of thefe we feldom or never meet with any more than ig / ‘
the Claws, or the like hardier Parts, and with them but very rarely. Mr. Lbwyd, N. 1332. ibid. more elegantly ftriated, and with a Point
Of a little

Sample of it, Mr. Lbwyd has figur’d, which was found together with
this of mine in the Blue Clay at Maijton, that affords the Cinereous

 

 
 

 

 

The Nawal H IS TORT Chap. 3. | Chap.3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 245

a little edged on both Sides, found together with the Two formerat | made in the Texture of them, during the Time of their being lodg’d
Desborough, to me appears to be only a lefs worn and injur’d Sample in the Earth. Whatever their Colour is, they allappcar very finooth
of his Pleclronites vulgaris. and bright, and reflect the Image of an Object prefented to them.
120. Of the Third Sort of Foffil Teeth, the Grinders, we (4.) A [mall Sort of Bufonitee of a more vais’d Shape , found among
Hive 2.1 : : | the reft: and agreeing with them in Colour, and other Circumftan-
(1.)The Bufonites Scapboides,(c call’das in Figure a little refembling ces. That the Foffils which in Authors have the Name of Bufonite
a Boat. Some of thefe are broader at one End than the other ; which and 7 vad-flones, and have formerly been reputed Gemms and meer
Variety is the Scaploides extrem lieve latiore Lb. N. 1384. Lith. Br. Stones, are indeed the 7 eeth of Fifbes, fome of them the Molares of

 

 

 

There is an Icon of it in the Philof. Tran/. for May 1693. N. 200. the Lupus pifcis , Others of other Sort of Fibes, is now generally
We find them in the fhelly Gravel at Desborough: and in the Stone-pits ~~ § agreed upon by the Naturalifts. I fhall only add > that 1 have now
nigh Grafton-Underwood, in them at Oundle, and in feveral others; by me a Part of the Jaw of the Lupus pifcis, or Sea-Wolf, wherein
efpecially in thofe of W hite-ftone on the South Side of the River Nyne; BR there is one Sort of Tooth that matches with the common Orbicular
fometimes in the Middle of a Bed of Stone, more frequently affixed Bufonites in Size, Shape, and Subftance. : =
to the upper Surface of it. The Infide of the Tooth, which is na- | RE The Foffils by Mr. Lbwyd *, entitled Siliquaftra, becaufe + Lin ss
turally hollow, is found filld with the fame Sort of Stone. The § fome of them in their Shape refemble the Siliqua, or Pod of a Lu-
Colour of them moft commonly Black, or near it. Sometimes they pine, or of fome other Sort of Pulfe, or rather a fingle Shell of
are variegated with a Bluif or a Greenifh White. Ihe largeft L have | thote Pods, with its Cavity fill'd up, are of a Boney Subftance.
ever feen or heard of, of this Sort, I had out of Helmdon Stone-pits.  § In Colour and Brightnefs they refemble Gloffopetre: and perhaps
wid 7 10. Tis no lefs than Two Inches in Circumference. * were originally Bones in the Palates of fome Sors of Eifbes ; for itis
F. 26. (3.) The Bufontes Orbiculatus [en vulgatior Auglicus Lh. N. 1363. ] certain there are flat Bones in the Roofs of the Mouths of fome
Thefe are generally of the Shape of an Acorn-Cup, and are hollow Fifhes, particularly of the Lupus pifcis, befides the Teeth above-
as that is. They vary much in Size. Some in my Colletion arean  § mention’d. However this may be, they fitly fucceed the Foffils that
Inch in Circumference at the Root: Others fcarce half an Inch. As we know to have been really Teeth of Sea-fifbes. Of this Kind of
alfo in Colour. But the Colonr of them is ufually either Black, or [mall Bones there are feveral Sorts or Varieties with refpet of their
a pale Hepatic. Out of the Rubbifh of a Stone-pit on the Weft Side Figure, that have been already defcribd by Mr. Lbwyd in Philof.
of Werckion, 1 have one of the pale Liver Colour that has a long Tranfadt. N. 200. or in his Lithophylacium Britannicum, under the
Furrow, as it were, eaten down into it on the Outfide. In the Fur- § Name of Siliquastra: a Name I fhall fill retain, till I know to what
row it is White. 1 have met with another Variety of it here, 1f it Sort of Fifth, and to what particular Part of it they truly belong’d.
may be call’d a Variety, marked with a little Bed or Aresla upon They are moft of them found with us; but having been before de-
wid Tro. the more Convex Side* This is the Bufonites orbiculatus rugofus, &e. B feribed, 1 {hall do little more than recite the Names they are now
F273. Lh N.1382. “This Second Sort we ufually find together with the ufually known by, and the Places where we find them, referring the
Firt: As alfo Reader for the reft to Mr. Lbzwyd’s Account of them.

(3.) Another Sort of the fame Shape and Size with the -<---Or-  § 122. (1.) The Siliquastrum phafeolatum Lb. Lith. Brit. N.1gq0.a_
biculaius, fcarce at all excavated at the Root. Likewife thefe are of Bone in Figure foisewhat like to a fingle Shell of a Kidney Bean- ED
various Colours. 1 have Two very curious Samples of them , one Pod. A fair and entire Sample of this Sort of Bone, 1 have now
of a dark Colour elegantly dappled with a pale Yellow edged with by me, from a Stone-pit in Grafton-Underwood Field.

White : Another that on the Convex Side has a pale Spot in the (2.) Siliguaftrum latiufculum [en Lupin: valvulo emulum Lh. N. 1448.
Center, encompafled with a Circle of a darker Colour, which again A Bone of the Shape of a Lupe Shell. This Sort is more frequent
« furrounded with another Circle of a paler Colour. All this in the than the former, in the fame Stone-pit. We find italfo in the Quar-
Compafs of a Pin’s Head. The Outer or Marginal Part of it, isa ries at Rance, Stanwick, and Culworth, and in feveral others.  Frag-
dark Black, as fine, or finer than the like Colour in the beft Fapan- ments of them, of a {moother, finer, and brighter Surface, we
Work. Mr. Ray mentions a Sort of Petrify'd Teeth, as he calls them, fometimes meet with in the fhelly Gravel at Desborough. There is
that are found in Malta, and by the People there call’d Serpents- Eyes: a fmaller Variety of it almoft as frequent. In Mr. Lhwyd's Colle-
© rays Tae and that are frequently fet in Rangs *. By his Account of them they ¢tion there are Samples of it from the Stone-pits nigh Sylveflor and
vels, p. 311. appear to be of this particular Sort of Bufomtes. I'hofe with us are Stoke- Brewerne.
certainly as valuable, and as fit to be fet in Rings, as are thofe of § (3.) Siliquaftrim munimum vibrasum Lh. 1466. from Race Stone-
Malta. This Variety of Colours in thefe,, and fome other Sorts of pit: The {fmalleft of all the rau Siliquastra-kind.
Bufouite, {cems to be not native, butowing to fome fmall Alteration
made Rrr (3.) The

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The Nawral HIS 7 ORT Chap. 3

 

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(4.) The Sil wastro congener Ricinus, [ev Stliquaflr. minus inflar
[eminas Phafcols Lh. N. 1493. @ Species of the Size and Shape of a
Kidney-Bean, We find it in Oundle Stone-pits.

(5) The Siliquafirvn mines gibbolum, Lh. N. 1467. This Arched
or Gibbous Sort is of the fame Matter or Subftance with thofe
above-mention’d. “Tis found at Oundle, Grafton, Denfbasger, and
elfewhere in the Stone-pits.

(6.) Siliquaftrum tortile gibbofum mipuiis punulis eonfper fem Lh.
N. 1482. a more gibbous or bended Sort than that N. 5. fupr. and
for the moft part very finely prick’d or pointed all over the gibbous
Side of it. In Rance, Stanwick, and Rufbden Pits: and in moft of
thofe that have the Second and Fifth Species fupra, we meet with
this. Some of them are ftain’d, as it were, with Yellowifh and
Bluifh Spots.

(7.) Siliquaftrum minus triangulum 1h. 1488. In Oundle, Grafton,
and Stanwick Quarries, this occurs with other of them. The Spe-
cies intended by this Name, is of a Triangular Figure : and indeed
unlike the Siligua or Pod of any Sort of Vegetable ; but agrees with
the Siliquaft. Phafeclatum, &ec. in all other Regards.

(8.) The Siliquaftrum Silo condilum Lh, 1476. This in Figure is
the moft like to a Tosth of any of them. lt has feemingly Two
Roots or Fangs: and is of a Shape betwixt that of the Denies Inci-
[ores and the Molares. There runs a Ridge on each Side of it from
the Root to the Point. We find it in the Gravel at Desborough, and
in the Stone-pits nigh Grafton. Thole from Desborough are of a
Damfon Colour. 1 have never yct obferv'd fo much as one fingle Si-
liqua§trum of this, or of any of the Sorts in the Sandy Red-[lone Pits :
but in others they are frequent nough, in all Parts of the County.
They are generally lodg'd in the Body of the Stone: and are of a
bright Blackifh Colour.

123. Together with thefe we frequently meet with Pieces or
Fragments,of the like {mooth and refplendent Surface ; fome of which
appear to be of different Sorts from any of thofe above-mention’d :
but being fo imperfect “twill be of no great Ui to deferibe them.
Some of them feem to be Teeth or Bones, worn down to a rounder
and fmoother Figure, in like manner as {everal of the Sea-fhells have
been. We can fcarce diftinguifh fome of them from Pebles, but by
their Boney Subftance. Somew hat more perfect is the Epbippiaria
Lb. 1309. a Sort of Bone that has fome Refemblance of the Shape
of a Saddle or Saddle-tree, which was found enclos’d in the Lime-
ftone at Staujun: and is now in my Collection.

124. From the Foffil Teeth and other Bones that probably belong'd
to the Heads, I proceed to the Vertebr , that is, the Spine-Bones, of
Fifbes. Thefe we meet with in digging inta the Earth in feveral
Places ; gerferally fingle, not one Vertebra conjoin’d to another, as
in the living Animal. The more remarkable ones of this Kind 1
fhall now defcribe.

(1) A

 
a §
if og
od il
13

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ig

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Ae SS

 

Chap. 3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

-

247

 

(1.) A Vertebra, or Jingle Foint of the Back-Bone of a large Fifb. 1.1:

"Tis Two Inches and half in Length, and near as much in Breadth
at each End. Each Endisa little hollow’d in the Middle Part of it.
From the Sides there plainly proceeded Two Ribs: but only the
Roots or Bottoms of them remain, about Two Inches diftant of each
other. The Ribs have been broken off and are gone, not only from
this, but from all the reft that I have feen of the fingle Vertebre of
Sea-fith found at Land. In the Intervall betwixt the Ribs there are
Two obfervable Sinus’s, which ferv’d, no doubt, for the Infertion of
Nerves, or elie the Ingrefles of Bluod-ve [Jels. In the Vertebre of
live Fithes isa Hole paffing quite thro’ the Middle of them, by which
the Spinal Marrow defcends. The Marks of a like Paffage appear
in this. The Outfide of itis {fmooth, and appears of a clofer and
finer Texture : The inner Part of it of a laxer, and full of Pores.
Into thofe Pores has intruded a ponderous and fomewhat gliftering
Mineral Matter. Two of this Sort have been diga’d up at Peakirk.
They lay in Gravel amongft the Oyfter and Cockle-fbells, whereof in
9. 7. and 38 fupr. almoft Four Foot deep in the Earth. One of them
was broken by the Diggers, who imagin’l it to be a Joint of the
Back-Bone of a Horfe.

(2.) In Gravel at Oxendon 1 found a Verbetra of {maller Size, but
of much the fame Shape with the Precedent, and in other Regards
agreeing with it ; only the Ends are plane, there being no other
Cavity but a very {mall one, where the Spinal Marrow pafs'd thro’
the Bone.

15. (3.) A Vertebra broader than the former, but not near fo

long. "Tis Two Inches and half in Breadth: but an Inch and } in
Length. To meature it round the Rim, as it may fitly be called,
for tis much of che Shape of a little Wheel, it is Eight Inches and
half. There's a deeper Hollow in the Middle of each End in this,
than in the former. The Hollow of one of the Ends is almoft
quite fll’d up with a Stoney Matter accreted to the Bone. The op-
“ofite End is incrufted all over, except the Middle of it, with a
rough-caft coarfe Spar. There are Vejtigia of the Ribs in this, but
not fo plain as in the tormer. In Subftance and Texture they agree.
*Twas found in Oxendon Field ; having been torn’d out of a Clayey
Earth by the Plough. Another Vertebra of very near the {fame Shape
and Size with the laft, but with a more con{picuous Cavity on each
Side, from the very Margin to the Center, has been found in Holcot
Field, and is now in Dr. iVordward’s Curious Cabinet.

To this I may fubjoin a Pertebra, in Shape agre eing with the laft,
bat of a much lefs Size. Tis almoft an Inch and ! over, § of an
Inch in Length. Itwasfound ina Blackifh Clay that had been digg’d
out of the Pit, intended for a Coal-pit at 7b up-mandeuille ; where
twas lodg’d at leaft 16 Yards deep in the Earth. Its Colour a dark
Black. The Edges of itat one End has the Glofs of Metalls. There
is a {mall Piece broken off from one Side of it: and in that broken
Place the Subftance and Texture of the Bone appears, as alfo glifte-

ring

 
 

 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 3

 

¢ Lith. Brit.
N. 1655.

t Plin. Nat.
Hift. Ed.
Delph V.s.
P. 415.

 

 

 

ring Metall-like Particles in the Inter(tices of the Bone. Thefe Three
laft Vertebre by their Shortne[s , wherein they obfervably differ from
the Two Firft, da feem to have belong’d to fome Fifh of the Dog-
kind, or to fome other of the Cartilagineous Fifhes.

(4+) A Vertebra in Shape not unlike to that N. 3. fupr. but for
Size it is not much bigger than a Parfnip Seed. Mr. Lbwyd had a
Veriebra of this Sort out of Rance Stone-pit, Northampton bire, and
entitles it I&Zhyofpondylus albidus minimus compre[Jus *. 1 have found
it together with fome of the Foffil Teeth above-defcrib’d, in the
Gravel-pit at Desborough. To what Kind of Fifh it belong’d 1s un-
certain.

126. Befides thefe I have now in my Collection of Northampton-
Jbire Foflils, a Body, which I incline to think, is a Part of a Spuue-
Bone of a {inall Fyb.* It was prefented to me by Sir Matibew Dudley,
who curioufly examining a flaty Clay that was thrown up in digging
for a Canal nigh his Houfe at Clapton , in one of the Pieces of it,
which eafily fplit, as this Sort of Clay naturally does, difcover’d the
Spine upon the Infide of one of the fplit Pieces, and adhering to it.
On the other Piece there is a fair Impreffion of 1t. What remains of
this Body is but an Inch and } in Length ; yet exhibits Eightor Nine
of its orebre conjoin’d : and the Two Ribs proceeding from each,
one oppofite to the other. The Vertebre are gradually fomewhat
fhorter and fmaller from that part, which by all Circumftances appears
to have been neareft the Head of the Fifth. The Rubs lye flat: are
about half an Inch in Length : and fomewhat crooked, which having
not obferv'd in any of our Fifbes, I cannot be fo pofitive that it be-
longs to this Clafs. Pieces of Sea-/bells, and allo Impreflions of the
like, appear upon the inner Surface of the fame Piece of Clay.

127. The Reverend Mr. Williams, lately of Helmdon in this
County, affures me, that in one of the Stones of the Quarry there,
he faw the Impreffion of a Fifb about 15 Inches long. By that Im-
preflion, he tells me, he coud plainly difcern the Figure of the Fifh,
of the Head, the Fins, the Tail which was forked, and of the Body
of it: But was at that Time fo incurious, as not to preferve this
extraordinary Rarity, neither wou'd his Obfervations afford me a
more particular Account of it. He only adds this, that an Earthy
Matter moulder’d off from it upon being touch’d.

128. 1 have only one more Particular to add to this Account of
the Shells, and other Parts of Marine Animals lodg’d in the Earth,
that is, that thofe Orbicular Bodies , which compofe the main
Part of the Freeftone of Welden, and fome other of our Quarries,
which very much refemble the Gua or Spawn of Lifes, dif
fer obfervably in Size. Some are of the Bignefs of Muftard-
feed: Others no bigger than Poppy-feeds. “Ihe Stones com-
pos'd of thefe laft Orbicular Bodies Dr. Scheuchzer, in his Lithol.
Helvet. takes to be the Meconita of Pliny ; tho’ Pliny {ays only, Me-
conises Papaver exprimit +. By which Scheuchzer underftands the
Seeds of the Poppy. Tis farther to be obferved of thefe round little

Bodies,

 

Chap. 3- of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

Bodies, that the Exteriour Surface of all of them is fmooth , when
the Sandy or other like Matter that is found accreted to it, is taken
dear off: That they appear perfectly Spherical to the Eye, even
when affifted with the beft Glaffes : That “tis chiefly the fmaller Sort
of them that conftitute our Welden Freeftone: And that thefe Orbi-
cular Bodies are not peculiar to that Sort of Stone, or always full of
the fame Matter. We fometimes meet with the like lying featter’d
and loofe in the Soil at Midleton, Collyweflon, and elfewhere , as alfo
difperfedly lodged in Clay, and immers'd in Lime-ftone and Ragg,
in Pebles and Flints ; nay, even in Marcafites. 1 have now by me
a Flint, that was found in Oxendon Gravel-pit, interfpers’d both with-
in and without, with the larger Sort of them. On the Surface of
it, we may fee fome of thefe Bodies, as it were, diffeted or cut into
Halves, and exhibiting one little Ball within another. Thefe are
filled with a Flinty Matter.

129. The particular Obfervations are difpatch’d. 1 fhall now
draw them into a few general Heads, that the Reader may with one
View more briefly inform himfelf of the true Nature, State, and Ori-

in of the various Bodies defcribed above.

(v.) The Foffil Shells agree in every Particular, wherein it may
reafonably be expected they fhould agree, with the Shells of Sea
Shell-fifp.” They have moft exactly the fame Subftance and Texture:
the fame Magnitude and Shape: the fame outward and inward Ap-
pearance ; excepting only fome few of them that are difguisd and
alter’d by Sparry or other Mineral Matter intruded into their Pores:
The fame Manner of Articulation : The fame Marks and Appenda-
ges : The fame Properties and Affections with their refpective Fellow-
Kinds at Sea: and are found attended with the very fame Accidents.
So likewile for the Fafii Teeth and other Bones ; fuch is their Size,
Figure, Texture, and Conftitution of Parts, that no one can doubt
of their being really what they appear to be.

The Substance of the Foffil Shells is effentially different from that
of the Stratum in which they lodge , whether Clayey, Arenaceous,
Calcarious, or whatever is the conftituent Matter of the Stratum.
Neither do any of them, of thofe however in this County, confift
folely of Spar, Sclenites, or Pyrites; fo great a Miftake is that of a
late Ingenious Writer, that they all confitt entirely of one or other of
thofe Three Minerals. The Hiftory of the Foflil She/s of the Oyjler-
kind alone, affords, we have feen, Abundance of Proofs, and fuch
as are beyond Exception, that they are Shells indeed. iis true
there is frequently Spar and other Mineral Matter affix’d to the Sides
of the Shells, as alfo to the Roots of the Foflil Teeth, and to the
hollower Parts of the Vertebre, and fometimes the like Matter is
found intruded into their Pores : But tis all manifeftly adventitious ;
the Mineral Particles being plainly to be diftinguifh’d from the Te-

taccous, as alfo from the Offeous ones, by good Glaffes , if not by
the naked Eye *. And indeed we meet with Bodics refembling Shells
in Shape, yet confifting entirely of Lime-ftone, of Flint, and divers

0 | il
51 other

* Ses Dr

Woodw
Natural

Hf

of the Earth,

Pp 2°

 
 

Tr Nawd HIST ORT Chap 3

 

other Sorts of Terreftrial or Mineral Matter. But thefe, the Obfer-
vations thew, were originally moulded in the Cavities of the Shells
they fo refemble, and have taken their Form from thence. :

The Shells themfelves that are free from Mineral Contagion, as
the generality of them are, have the very fame Subftance with that
of the Shells at Sea: A Subftance as Specifically different from that
of Minerals of whatfoever Kind, as is that of the Sea-fhells: And
being fo proper and peculiar to them, ’tis fitly call’d a Zeflaceous
Matter.

130. Of the Accidents that the FyfJil Shells, and thofe at Sea are
found attended with in common, 1 thall only reccunt fome few.
Shells we frequently fee growing both to the Infides and Outfides of
other Shells at Sea, as well to Shells of their own, as to thofe of dif-
ferent Species : And tis very ufual to meet with fuch at Land. We
often find the lefler Shells in the Cavities of the larger upon the
Shores: And here at Land we meet with Inftances of the fame thing.
As well little Pieces and Fragments of Shells, as entire ones, are
found enclos’d in the Beds ot Stone, as alfo in Stoney Nodules:
Heaps of fuch Fragments as thefe occur upon our Shores in many
Places. Tis not uncommon to find enclos’d in the Strata of Stone
and in Pebles, Shells that have been worn down to a Smoothnefs,
{ome almoft quite to nothing ; By the fame means it appears, as are
many of the Shells we now find upon the Shores, namely, by the
Agitation of the Tides.

131. To be brief, "Tis as certain that t/sfe Shells are real : That
they were once the Covers of Shell-fith, and had their Origin at Sea,
as that our Senfes are capable of making a true Report of any thing
whatever. For my part, 1 cannot fo far miftruft my Reader’s Judg-
ment, as to think there is any farther Occafion for proving that thee
and the Foffil Teeth, Ge. are not natural Foflils, the Things {peaking
for themfelves : And to thefe the foregoing Obfervations, and Dr.
Woodward's Account of them in his Natural Hiftory of the Earth,
p. 14. ec. 1appeal; It being not to be doubted that thefe will be
perfectly fatisfactory.

132. This Firft general Remark concerns the Reality of the Foffil
Shells, ©¢. and has left that Point inconteftable. The reft of them
relate to the prefent State and Circumftances of thefe Marine Bodies ;
to which I now proceed.

(2.) Thefe Marine Bodies, particularly Sea-fbells, are found bury’d
in the Earth, from near the Surface downwards, to the greateft
Depth we ever dig or lay it open. They are found at the very
Bottom of our deepeft Pits, even of thofe that have been (unk above
a Hundred Foot deep. The Shells of the heavier Kinds, thofe of
fome Sorts of Cockles, and others of a like Gravity, lye for the molt
part in the Lower Strata, or deeper in the Earth ; thofe of Ech
and of Oyfters, which are Shells of the lighter Sorts, in the Upper Strata,
that is,fhallower or nearer the Surface : both thofe and thete amongft
‘Terreftrial Matter, which is of near the fame Specifick Gravity that

they

 

Chap.3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

 

they are, the heavier Shells in Stone, the lighter in a Stoney Earth.
)) We tind them included in the Bodies of the Strata, not only
in thofe of Clay of whatever Sort, but in thofe of Stone, even in the
Subftance of the hardeft Slate-ftone and Ragg-ftone ; particularly in
that of the fine Sort of Ragg, called Rance Marble : as alfo incor-
porated with Pebles, Flints, and other very hard Stones. They are
found with us in all Sorts of Terreftrial Matter whatfoever, thatare
clofe and compaét enough to preferve them. Tis rare to meet with
Sea-fhells in the Places of digging in the Sandy Parts of the County,
thofe that have only Strata of coarfe Sand, or other lax and pervious
Matter from the Surface downwards to the Bottom of the Pit: But
ir thofe Parts of it where we dig into denfer Strata, they occur very
frequently. That they have been more frequent in the laxer Strata,
appears by the Footfteps and Imprefles of them upon the Stones in
thole Strata. The Cavities of many of them are found filled up
with Stoney, Flinty, Sparry, or the like Matter confolidated : and
of the fame Size and Shape exaétly, as is that of thofe Cavities.

(4.) They are found thus included in the Strata, as well in the
higher as in the lower Parts of the County : as well in the higheft
Hills, and in thofe that are remoteft from Sea, as in the lower ones,
and in thofe that are nearer to it; particularly in the Hills at and
nigh Hellidon : Hills of as high Situation as any in the whole Ifland ;
as appears by the Springs and Brooks running down from them, one
way into the Weftern Sea , the other way into the Eaftern or Ger-
man Ocean,

(5.) We meet with vaft Multitudes of Sea-fhells in many of our
Stone-pits and other Places of digging; and this in the higher, or
lower, Parts of the County, indifferently. In fome Places they lye
accumulated in large Heaps or Beds for a large Extent of Ground.
And as with very great Numbers, fo with many various Sorts
of Shells , fome of which are found upon our Britfb Shores: But
the greateft part of them have not yet been difcover’d upon our own
or any other Shores. Tho” ’tis probable that feveral of thefe belong’d
to Shell-fith that inhabit the deeper and remoter Parts of the Ocean,
and are never caft up or ftranded by Storms or Tides, as are the other
that live near the Shores. Of which Kind, we may reafonably be-
lieve, are the Conchee Anomie ; whereof in 9. 59. [upr.

(6.) We likewife find the Bones of Sharks, and other Fifhes in-
terr’d in the Bowels of the Earth in fome Places, at confiderable
Depth, and at great Diftance from any Seas.

133. Having confider'd the Number and Variety of thefe Ma-
rine Bodies, with the Depths they are found at, and other Cir-
cumftances of them, it may be expected Ifhou’d thew by what mearrs
they became thus lodged in the Earth. This Subject 1 intended to have
handled at large ; But upon farther Confiderations fhall do no more
at prefent than refer the Reader to the Account given of it in Dr.
Woodward's Natural Hiftory of the Earth, which being in the Hands
of all who are Curious in this Part of Learning, 1 need not here
tranfcribe. 134. Of

 
 

 

The Natwrad H I ST 0 RT Chap. 3.

134. OF the Bones of Land Ammals, that I can be well aflur’d
were lodged in the Earth at the fame Time with the Sea-fhells, and
the like Extraneous Foffils, I have met with only Teeth ; excepting
the Stag's-Bones in the Peat Earth ; whereof I fhall give an Account
in the Clofe of this Chapter. The Teeth, as I have intimated al-
ready in a parallel Cafe, are of that Solidity and Weight, with
refpect of the other Bones, that we may reafonably expect to light
of them, if of any, thus bury’d in the Earth.

The Firft I fhail mention of thefe is an Elephan’s Tooth, one of
thofe which grow out of the upper Jaw ; which for their Magnitude
and Length have, by fome Writers of Animals, been accounted
Horns. An extraordinary one of this Kind was lately taken out of
the Earth by digging in Bowdon parva Field. Even the native Colour
of it, has been in a great Meafure preferved ; but it is become
brittle with lying in the Earth: And was broken into Three or Four
Pieces tranfverfly by the Diggers in taking it up. The Two larger
Pieces of it, which happily came into Mr. Halfords Hands , were
prefented to me. One of them is fomewhat abovea Yard : the other
is Two Foot in Length ; But the whole Tooth muft needs have been
at leaft Six Foot long ; as will appear to any skilful Perfon who {hall
view thofe Two Pieces. The thickeft Part of the biggeft Piece in
my Pofleffion is Sixteen Inches round. The Tooth lay buryd above
Five Foot deep in the Earth. The Sirata from the Surface down-
wards to the Place where the Tooth was lodged, as follows. 1. The
Soil, 13 or 14 Inches. 2. Loam, a Foot and half. 3. Large
Pebles with a fall Mixture of Earth amongft them, Two Foot and
half. 4. Blue Clay. In the upper Part of this Straizm the Tooth
was found. : |

135. Northawards about Fifty Yards fron: this Place, was alfo digg’d
up one of the Molares or the Grinder-Leeth of an Elephant 5 per-
haps of the fame Elephant that the 7 usk above-defcrib’d belong’d to.
The Grinder whole, or however all the Picces of it I could find,

for it was broken into Three or Four in taking up ) being put to-
gether as they grew, exhibit 13 or 14 parallel Lamelle ; each of
which extends the whole Length, and almoft the whole I'hicknefs
of the Tooth: And of thefe, for the main, it is compos’d. But in
the live or perfect Tooth, thefe Lamelle do not appear fo plainly,
being in part crufted over with a White Offeous Cruft or Integument ;
which in this Foffil Tooth is almoft wholly perifh’d and gone; info-
much that the Lamelle are more expos'd to View. From the Root
to the Top in the longeft Part, which is near the Middie of

 

it, ‘tis jult Seven Inches long. Its Thicknefs in the thickeft Part of

the Root, which is alfo near the Middle of it, is almoft Three
Inches. And ’tis a little above Eight Inches broad ; Meafuring it this
way we take in the whole Pile of Lamelie. None of the Lamelle
are contiguous : There interpofes betwixt thema thinner Plate of a
whiter Colour, and a laxer Texture. Three or Four of the outmolt
at one End of the Pile, appear undulated at the ‘Lop of the Tooth,

are

 

Chap.2. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

 

are near as broad at Top as at the Root; and have a blunt Ending,
“I'he reft of them are by degrees contratted to a Point; are gradually
thorter and fhorter to the other Extremity of the Pile, and alfo bend
a little one over another. And cach of them, as it approaches the
Top, divides, as it were, into feveral fmaller Teeth : And with thefe
the Lamelle of this Figure terminate. The above-defcribed Tooth
was lodg’d at almoft Twelve Foot Depth in the Earth. Above it
were the following Strata. 1. The Top-Earth: A Blackifh Clayey
Soil, about 16 Inches. 2. Sandy Clay intermix'd with Pebles, Five
Foot. 3. A BlackithSand with {mall White Stones in it, one Foot.
4. A Loamy fofter Sort of Gravel, a Foot. 5. A fharper Gravel,
about Two Foot. The Tooth was found a Foot and ; deep in this
Stratum of Gravel. Below this Fifth Stratum there was Blue
Clay.

136. The Reverend Mr. Shortgrave of Halffon tells me, that about
‘Twenty Years fince certain Bones, appearing io be thofe of fome
Land Animal, were found included in the Middle of a Stone inHalfton
Quarry : and prefented to the Publick Repofitory at Grefbam-College.
I have fearch'd that Repofitory ; but cou’d find nothing of them
there.

137. Not only the Teeth, but the Horus of certain Land- Animals
have been found bury’d in the Earth, in fuch Circumftances, as thew
they were lodged there at the fame Time that the Foffil Shells, and
other Marine Productions were entomb’d in the Strata. Some time
fince there occur'd a memorable Inftance of this Kind at Boughton,
the Duke of Montague’s Seat. The Labourers in digging of the Canal
there, digg’d up feveral Pieces of Stags Horns: und being furpriz’d at
fo unufual an Accident, carry'd them to Mr. Vandertmeeulen , his
Grace's Head Gardiner, a Perfon curious in Nature, and of known
{ntegrity, who gives me the following particular Account of them,
viz. That tho’ he faw only fome Pieces, there was in all likelyhood
an entire Pair of Stags Horns, or at leaft one whole one bury’d there ;
the Pieces coming all out of one Place, appearing to be different
Parts of the fame Horn, and with Ends juft newly cut and fhatter’d
by the Workmen’s Spades and Pick-axes: That "twas lodg’d in Blue
Clay Seven Foot and half beneath the Surface: And that the Earth
that cover’d it had never been broke up before. There was, 1. A
Moorifh Black Mould, about a Foot. 2. A Stratum of Sandy Earth,
in Colour and Form much refembling the Saw-Duft of our White
Free-ftone, Four Foot in Thicknefs. 3. Gravel, about Two Foot
and half. 4. Blue Clay ; wherein near the Surface of the Bed, they
found the Stag’s Horn. Even the thickeft and ftrongeft Pieces
whereof appear’d very much decay’d by lying in the Earth. The
Place where it was digg’d up is on the Side of a Hill, a Falling
Ground, about Forty Yards from the Antient Natural Chanel of the

138. The Trunks and Roots of Trees, and other Vegetable Bodies,
that are found enclofed in the Strata, remain fill to be treated of.
Trt And

 
 

 

   

The Natwral HIST ORT Chap. 3

And having given an Hiftorical Account of thefe, with fome Refle-
ctions thereupon, 1 fhall conclude this Chapter.

Of Herbs, the fmaller and tenderer Sort of Vegetables, there are
found a great Number and various Kinds included in Cole-flate, in the
Countries affording that light and clofe Sort of Stone. But in this
County where there is no Cole-flate, we have no Foffil Herbs, but
thofe that happen'd to be bury’d in the Peat-Earth in our Fenland,
and elfewhere. Indeed of thefe Herbs, or rather the Stalks and
Roots of Herbaceous Plants, the Peat-Earth or Tufe, as we call it
here, is in great Meafure compos’d,, and that from the Top to the
very Bottom of the Stratum. Thefe tho’ embalmed, as it were, in
that Bituminous Earth are generally much fhrivel'd and wafted.
Many of them lye in a hollow Cafe or Cell of near the fame Size
and Shape with the Vegetable Body enclos’d therein, when it was
frefh and green; the Earth about it being confiftent and tenacious,
and not having crumbled down into the Hollow made by the wafting
Vegetable. Of all the innumerable Company and Medly of Her-
baceous Vegetables amafs’d together there , 1 could never find one
fo plain and entire, that I could affuredly tell of what particular
Species it was. Only this Tam affur’d of, thatin all our Peat-Earth
at Northbolm, and in the Fenland therc-abouts, there is ordinarily
contain'd a great Number of the Roots, Stalks, and Leaves of the
watery Flag-leav'd Herbs; of their Roots efpecially. But none, not
{fo much as one of thefe Herbs have any Seeds, Spikes, or Heads,
that ever I coud difcover, tho’ I have diligently fought for fuch.
Which Particular will give us Light into the Time of their being
lodged there.

138. 1 have alfo diligently fought for Sea-fbells in our Peat-Earth,
but never met with any there. My Worthy Friend Mr. Lbwyd,
the Author of the Lithoph. Brit. informs me, that he once found a
light Echinus-[bell inclos'd in the Peat-Earth on one of the Mountains
in Wales ; which as being a very obfervable Particular, 1 have, with
that Gentleman's Leave, inferted it here. But tho’ I have never
met wite Sea-fhells enclos’d in the Turfe or Peat-Earth , with Land
and River-bells 1 have ; particularly in a Moorifh Pafture in Mears-
Abby Field. Caufing one to dig into that Moorifh Ground, found
a great Number of Sail-fbells of various Kinds buried there. At
about a Foot in Depth they lay very thick ; and finking ftill down-
wards the Number rather mncreafed till we came to the Depth of
about Three Foot. “Twas troublefome to fink deeper on Purpofe ;
but we made Tryals for a confiderable Extent of Ground, wiz. about
150 Foot in Length, and 130 in Breadth. Befides, the fame Shells
were caft up in feveral Places, at Diftance, by Moles. What we
principally obferved in this Search was, 1. A moift Moorilh black
Earth, in fome Places a Foot and half, in others fomewhat above
Two Foot in Thicknefs. The lower Half of it is blacker and den-
fer than the upper Half, of a Bituminous Nature, and has all the
Chara&ters of Peat-Earth. Befides Shells we found Stalks and Leaves

of

  

 

Chap.3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

of Grafs, and alfo of many Kinds of other Vegetables repofited as
ufual in like Bituminous Moors, in other Parts of this Ifland.
a. White Earth ; fo at firft I call’d it : But upon clofer Infpettion it
appear’d to be a Mafs of fmall Vegetables fomewhat decay’d and
waited, in Colour refembling Hay. So deep as we funk into it, we
found it every where copioufly interfpers’d with Shells.

The finding thefe Shells under Ground made it very reafonable to
enquire, whether there were any of the like at this time living upon
the Surface. diligently fearch'd this Place, but cou’d not meet with
anv Live ones of any Kind whatever there.

The Foffil Shells were fome the Exuvie of Land-Snails, the reft
of River or Frefh Water-Snails: Of the former there were the Three
following Kinds. 1. A fall Buccinum of Five Wreaths, the Buc-
cinum exiguum quingue anfraciuum, Tit. 7. Laft. in TraStar. de Cochless
Terrefir. Angl. A Kind obferv’d by Dr. Lifter to live in Mofs upon
old Garden Walls at Eftrope in Lincolnfbire ; by my felf, at the Mofly
Roots of Old Trees in many of our Woods, as alfo amongft Mofs
upon the Boggy Sides of feveral ftanding Springs.

2. A Cochlea of the comprefied Kind, but not fo much comprefied
as fome of them are. It has Five Wreaths and a {mall circular Siu;
in the Center. This, if it is not the Cochlea umbilicata, ioc. N. 75.
Lift. Hit. Conchyl. Lib. 1. has not hitherto been mention’d by any
Writer; tho common enough in theWoods with us : 1 found a greater
Number of them, for the Compafs of Ground, enclos’d in the Earth,
than ever 1 have done in any of the Places where they naturally
breed.

3. The Cochlea citrina, Tit. 3. Lift. de Cochl. Terreft. Ang. The
Common Strip’d Snail-fhell. But moft of thefe in the Moor are
White, of the Colour of the Shells that have been a long time dead.
In fome I faw faint Footfteps of their former Stripes. Mott of the
Shells of this Kind were lodg’d about Four Foot deep.

We met with only Two different Kinds of River Shells. 1. A
Perewinkle Shell of Three Wreaths, generally lefs than the Buccinum
trium Spirar. Tit. 34. Lift. de Cochless Fluwatil. Ang. There were a
greater Number of thefe buried in the Moor, than of any of the
former Kinds.

a. A Perewinkle Shell of Five Wreaths, much {maller and more

srominent than thofe of the Buccinum minus [ex Sprerum Tit. 22.
Lift. de Coch. Fluviar. Tis otherwife very like that Buccinum in the
Fafhion of its Wreaths. It has not yet been defcrib’d by any Author.
We find the Kind now living in the Ife.

‘The whole Face of the Moor is plain and eaven, conformable to
the reft of the Hill not thus Moory of the fame Declination with it ;
and appears to be in a Natural, and Undifturbed State, as much fo,
as any of the Sladesin the Neighbouring Fields ; excepting that 3 or
4 Trenches have been cut through it of late. But to return.

139. Great Numbers of Trees, particularly Oaks and Firrs, we
find bury'd in the Peat-Earth at Northbolm, Eye-Edgerly, Burrow-

Great-

259
  

 
   
 
  
  
  
   
  
 
   
   
   
 
 
   
   
 
  
   
  
 
 
  
  
 
   
 
  
  
     
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
 
   
   
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
   

 

 

The Nasmal HIST ORT Chap. 3:

‘Great-Fen, and in all other the like Bituminous Moors, in all the

‘Twrfe Moors, as we call them here, in all the lower Part of the

-

County. The Oaks digg’d up in fome part of the Turfe Fen, are
found diffeverd from their Roots. But where we find the Trunks of
Oaks, there are ufually Oak Roots too at no great Diftance from them.
Thofe digg’d up in fome cther Parts of the Fen are entire ; only the
Extremities of the Roots, as alfo of the Branches, are perifh’d and
gone : and the Bark and great part of the Sap is rotted off in moft
of them. That Side of the Tree that lies uppermoft is always the
moft decay’d. They are generally ting’d all over, within as well as
without, of a bright Black, efpeciaily the Heart of the Tree. The
Sap of fome of them, when itisdry, is White. The Black Ink-like
Colour of thefe Oaks is a fhrewd Indication that there is fome Ad-
mixture of Vitriol in that Bituminous Earth. "Tis well known that
a Solution of Vitriol infus’d upon Oak-Wood, produces juft fuch a
Colour. Had the Firr-Wood been ting'd in like manner as the Oaks
are, 1fhou’d have fufpected that the Tincture in both was only owing
to the Bitumen , but the Firr-Wood is of its Native Colour. Many
of the Oaks are as tall and large, or larger than any of the Oaks
now growing in our Foreit. One of them very remarkable for its
Tallnefs and Straitnefs was fet up for a May-Pole in Eye, on King
Charles's Reftoration Day, fome Years ago. The Wood is harder
and tougher than is that of other Oaks not thus bury'd. It {plits
the eafieft juft at its coming out of the Earth, whilft the Tree is
moift. When it is dry it fwims in Water. “Tis put to all the fame
Ufes with our common Oak : and is more durable than that is.

140. In the fame Peat-Earth we not unfrequently find Firr-trec
Stools with their Roots adhering ftill to them: as alfo difmember'd
Branches of Firr-trees: and fometimes Trunks of Firrs without any
Roots to them; feldom or never any whole Firr-trees. Together
with the Subterranean Oaks and Firrs, we fometimes meet with
Sallow and Hafel Roots: and fuch Remains of the Bodies of thefe
Two Trees, as fhew that thefe alfo have been formerly repofited in
the fame Place. Nuts too are found difperfedly lodged under Ground,
particularly near Singlefole, at the fame Depth with the Hafels: often
times at {uch a Diftance from the Trees, that it appears they were
not rotted off from them, as they lay in the Earth ; but were parted
before they came there.

141. The Oaks are generally found about Four Foot deep in the
Earth. The Firr-tree Roots and the reft of them at about the fame
Depth. The Terreftrial Matter in this Tract, where the Trecs are
lodged, is diftinguifh’d as in all other Places where the Earth has not
been open’d and difturbd, into Strata, which are here as follows.

i. The Soil a Black and very lax Earth, one Foot thick. 2. Turfe
or Peat-Earth (whereof as of the Soil, we have {poken elfewhere
at large ) about Three Foot. 3. A very denfe and tough Sort of
Clay. The Trees are lodged at or near the Bottom of the Peat-
Earth. They point in Length North-Eaf? , and Soutb-Weft. The
Ouk

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

Chap. 3.

  

257.

 

Oak aud Firr-Roots that are found disjoin’d from the Trunks, for
the moft part ftand upright, as when they grew. Some few of them

lye Sideways. Moft of the upright ones have ftill about a Foot of
the Trunk proceeding from the main Root. The Stool or Bottom of

the Trunk, from whence the Roots extend on all Sides, is eaven
with the Surface of the Bed of Clay, or is not much above it: and
a downright Spurn defcends directly from it, fometimes above a Foot
Depth in the Clay ; fo that they feem to have grown out of the Clay
immediately; but that in reality they did, I cannot admit for Reafons
I fhall give afterward. The End of thefe Stumps appear broken
and fhatter’d : as does alfo the But-End of the Trunks. Amongft
other Oaks in the Turf-Ground at Northholm, the Turf-Cutters took
up one that had plainly been cut tranfverfly into T'wo Pieces. They
met with only one of thofe Pieces which lay at the fame Depth, and
in the fame Pofition with the whole or uncut Trees.

142. And here in this Place I defire leave to take notice of the
Bones and Horns of Stags, that have fometimes been found lodged
in the Peat-Earth in Company of the Oaks, Oc. thefe from the Cir-
cumitances of them appearing to have been bury’d there at the fame

Time, and in the fame Manner as were the Trees. Stags Heads
fome of them broken: others entire, have been found thus bury’d in
feveral Parts of the Fen, particularly in digging the Ditches belong-
ing to the Paftures adjoining to Burrow-Great-Fen, and in Nortb-
holm Turfe-Grounds. They lay enclos'd in the Turfe-Stratum, at
or near the fame Depth with the Trees. And indeed I am of Opi-
nion that the Stag’s Skeleton, which was found amongft the Oaks, or
but juft above them, in a Turfe-Ground in Eye-Crumere, in the Year
1705. came into the Earth at the fame Time with the reft of thefe
1 call Extraneous Foffils; the Condition and Circumftances of it
afferting as much. And for that Reafon I mention it here. Some
of the Bones of that Skeleton 1 have now by me; particularly the
Scull with the Horns fill adhering to it ; the Antlers as entire as the
Beam it felf. Molt of the Bones were decay’d, and a little perifh’d,
They were found, each in its proper and natural Pofition with refpett
of one another, beneath the Surface Three Foot. Above them
were, 1. The Soil. 2, About Two Foot of the Turfe-Stratum. In
this Stratum they were lodged.

143. 1 fhall now enquire, how it comes to pafs that Oaks and
Firrs, Two Sorts of Trees that do not now, and that in all likely-
hood never did, grow there in that Part of the Country, are fo fre-
quently found in digging there: And by what means the Trees, and
other Vegetable Bodies that are found in great Plenty together with
the Trees, were bury’d and difpos'd in the Manner we now find
them.

Sir William Dugdale, in his Hiflory of Imbanking and Draining *,
is of Opinion that they grew out of the Clay, the firm Earth, as
he calls it, at the Bottom of the Moor: That that was once the
Outmoft Straium, the Surface of this Part of the Countrey in Times

Uuu paft:

. 2
Pag171.8
 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

Gl

Peterborough ) gives this Account of Peterborough. *“ Burgh in Reg:-
“ one Gyr viorum eft fundata. Eft autem eadem palus Hominibus maxime
“ necefJaria, qnia 1b: accipiunt Ligna 9 Stipula ad Ignem ; &c. By
Ligna, tis moft probable the Author intends the Subterranean Trees.
And that much earlier than this it wasa Fen, and not Woedland, is
imported in the Antient Name of its Inhabitants, who were ca ted
Gyruii by the Saxons *, a Word derived from the Saxon Gyran, or
Gyrav, which fignifies Limo[cc Paludes, miry Fens. © Sunt autrm
146. "Tis true that fome Part of that Fenny Level was formerly tra’
within the Precinéts of the Foreft of Kefleven, and another Part OF Inde baba
it within the Spacious Foreft of Huntingdomfbire, and that the In-juiiw;
habitants thereof were obliged to pay the ufual Duties belonging to 7
Forefts. But it does not follow thence that thofe Parts had any ( )1ks TR of che
or other Foreft Trees then aGtually growing upon them. No from joie a ay
) Jo

258 The Natwal HI ST ORT Chap 3

paft: That the Peat-Earth and the Soil are of later Date ; having
been produced out of the Water ; which before the Draining of
that large and low Traét of Fenland, call'd the Great Level, whereof
the Fens in Northamptonfbire are a Part, was wont to ftagnate there :
And that the Trees which a great many Ages ago grew upon that
firm Earth, having been overthrown by violent Winds or other Ac-
cidents, became at length thus bury’d by the aforefaid Means.

144. How little this Hypothefis of that otherwife Ingenious and
Learned Perfon, agrees with the true Nature and State of thefe
Things, has been already fhewn in part in Ch. 1. Part 2. $. 59, oe.
It has there been obferved and evinced, that the Peat or Turfe con-
fifts of a peculiar Sort of Terreftrial Matter, a Matter that cou’d not
have been brought thither by Land Floods, namely, of Buumen,
with a great Number of Vegetable Bodies impacted therein: That

 

 

* Dr: Wood-
ward's Nat.
Hift. of the

Earth, p. 112

the Earth above it is of another Kind : And that they form as diftinct
Strata, as do the Soil, and the Sand, or the Clay underneath it, on
our Hills ; and confequently are of the fame Standing and Date with
thefe. And I dare to fay, had that Ingenious Gentleman entertain’d
himfelf as much with the Study of Nature, as he did with that of
Antiquities : Had he examin’d and confiderd the Nature of this
Turfe : And had he obferv’d there was the fame Sort of Bituminous
Earth, ©e¢. compofing the Second Stratum upon the Mountains in
Derbyfbire, and other of the higheft Hills in other Parts of England,
in like manner as it does with us in our low Trac, he wou'd then
have been convinc'd, that as this of ours agreed in every thing, but
in Place and Situation, with that, fo it had the fame Origin: And
that, as 'tis certain, that did not grow, as he exprefles it, out of a
long Stagnation of Water, fo neither did bis.

145. It has been, I perceive, the general Opinion of the Inhabi-
tants of that Fenny Tra, that it was all coverd over in Times paf
with Weeds: And that the Trees which are there found under Ground,
grew formerly in the very Moor wherein they now lyebury’d. They
feem to have grounded it chiefly upon the Trees that are fo often
digg'd up there. Thefe they imagined muft have formerly grown in
the Moor, becaufe they are now found init. But this can beno Proof
of that Opinion ; there being Trees in fome Places found included in
the Stone of Quarries and Rocks: as alfo bury’d in Iflands where no
Trees at all do or will now grow *. And we might as well affert,
that the Sea-fbells which occur in great Numbers in the Bowels of

the Earth, enclos’d in Limeftone, Slate, Ic. are Exuuie of Shell-
fith that formerly bred there. For my part, I can find nothing either

in Hiftory, or in the Nature of the Country, to countenance or fup-

port that Opinion : But the quite contrary appears from both. Ac
cording to the moft Ancient Defcriptions of that Part of the Coun-
try, it was in Times paft, fo high as our Hiftories reach, a Fen, asit

isnow. Twas certainly in the fame Condition as at prefent, when

Hugo Albus wrote, which was Six Hundred Years ago. ‘Lhat Au-

thor in p. 1. of his Hiftry ( now in MS. in the Chapter-Houfe at
Peter -

the very Accounts that are given of the Afforefting and Difaffo- nual E-
refting of thofe Parts of the Level, I coud thew ut large, was jt£x: Inthe

Coztomian Lie

needful, that all that Intervall of Time they were Fens, as they are brary.
now; only not enclos’d with Banks and Ditches: and drain’d fo
effectually as they have been fince. Fens they were called both before
and at the Time of their Afforeftation and Difafforeftation. And it
appears by feveral Paffages in ancient Charters, Prefentments, and
other Records relating to thefe Parts, that they have been all along
in much the fame Condition as they now are, that is, Marfh
Grounds abounding generally with Water, full of Haffocks, Reeds,
and Rufhes, and yielding Turfe ; as alfo Alders, Willows, and the
other Trees that affect a Marfhy Soil, but no Timber Trees.
147.And indeed, fuch is the flat and low Situation of that Part of the
Country,and fuch the mighty Quantity of Water that defcends upon it
from the Uplands,that till the general Draining,which was not effett-
ed till after the Year 1653. it muft neceflarily have always lain for a
great Part of the Year under Water. Now ’tis certain fuch Trees as
thefe will never grow where Water for the moft part ftands: orina
watery Level. Suppofe the Flaggy and Arundinaceous Herbs, which
are now found in the Turfe or Peat-Earth, to be the Product of the
Country ; thefe agreeing well enough with the Nature and Situation
of it: This very thing is an Objection not eafy to be anfwered againft
that Opinion of the Trees having formerly grown there. Indeed 1
fee not how it is poffible that the Oaksand Firrs, the latter efpecially,
and thefe Aquatick Herbs fhou’d all grow together in the fame Place.
Wou'd the Firr-trees grow in a Moorith Earth, ina watery Flat, to-
gether with Flags and Reeds, with Willows, Alders, and other Aqua-
ticks, I fhou’d then incline to think they were Natives of our Fenny
Traét ; but they naturally grow upon Hills and Mountains, or in a
Country differing much from this in all Regards. In fine, there's
repos’d fuch a Mifcellany of Bodies in the Peat-Earth, Some that
will grow only in Poolsand Rivers, or in a Marthy Ground, for In-
ftance, thofe of the Arundinaceous Kind : Others that delight in a
higher Station, and do not naturally grow in a Morafs ; fuch are the
Oaks

 
 

258

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap 3.

 

* Dr: Wood-
ward's Nat.
Hift. of the

Earth, p. 112.

 

paft: That the Peat-Farth and the Soil are of later Date; having
been produced out of the Water ; which before the Draining of
that large and low Tra& of Fenland, call'd the Great Level, whereof
the Fens in Northamptonfbire are a Part, was wont to ftagnate there:
And that the Trees which a great many Ages ago grew upon that
firm Earth, having been overthrown by violent Winds or other Ac-
cidents, became at length thus bury’d by the aforefaid Means.

144. How little this Hypothefis of that otherwife Ingenious and
Learned Perfon, agrees with the true Nature and State of thefe
Things, has been already fhewn in part in Ch. 1. Part 2. %. 59, Ic.
It has there been obferved and evinced, that the Peat or Turfe con-
fifts of a peculiar Sort of Terreftrial Matter, a Matter that cou’d not
have been brought thither by Land Floods, namely, of Buumen,
with a great Number of Vegetable Bodies impacted therein: That
the Barth above it is of another Kind : And that they form as diftint
Strata, as do the Soil, and the Sand, or the Clay underneath it, on
our Hills ; and confequently are of the fame Standing and Date with
shefe. And I dare to fay, had that Ingenious Gentleman entertain’d
himfelf as much with the Study of Nature, as he did with that of
Antiquities : Had he examin’d and confiderd the Nature of this
Turfe : And had he obferv’d there was the fame Sort of Bituminous
Earth, Ue. compofing the Second Stratum upon the Mountains in
Derbyfbire, and other of the higheft Hills in other Parts of England,
in like manner as it does with us in our low Tract, he wou'd then
have been convinc'd, that as this of ours agreed in every thing, but
in Place and Situation, with that, fo it had the fame Origin: And
that, as 'tis certain, thar did not grow, as he exprefles it, out of a
long, Stagnation of Water, fo neither did this.

145. It has been, I perceive, the general Opinion of the Inhabi-
tants of that Femry Trad, that it was all cover'd over in Times paft
with Weeds: And that the Trees which are there found under Ground,
grew formerly in the very Moor wherein they now lyebury’d. They
feem to have grounded it chiefly upon the Trees that are fo often
digg’d up there. Thefe they imagined muft have formerly grown in
the Moor, becaufe they are now found init. But this can beno Proof
of that Opinion ; there being Trees in fome Places found included in
the Stone of Quarries and Rocks : as alfo bury’d in Iflands where no
Trees at all do or will now grow*. And we might as well affert,
that the Sea-fbells which occur in great Numbers in the Bowels of
the Earth, enclos’d in Limeftone, Slate, ec. are Exuvie of Shell-
fith that formerly bred there. For my part, I can find nothing either
in Hiftory, or in the Nature of the Country, to countenance or fup-
port that Opinion : But the quite contrary appears from both. Ac
cording to the moft Ancient Defcriptions of that Part of the Coun-
try, it was in Times paft, fo high as our Hiftories reach, a Fen, as it
isnow. Twas certainly in the fame Condition as at prefent, when
Hugo Albus wrote, which was Six Hundred Years ago. That Au-
thor in p. 1. of his Hiftmy ( now in MS. in the Chapter-Houfe at

Peter -

 

Chap. 2.

Peterborough ) gives this Account of Peterborough. *“ Burgh in Reg:-
“ one Gyrviorum eft fundata. Eft autem eadem palus Hominibus maxime
“ neceflaria, quia 15: accipiunt Ligna © Stipula ad Ignem ; &c. By
Ligna, ’tis moft probable the Author intends the Subterranean Trees.
And that much earlier than this it wasa Fen, and not Woedland, is
imported in the Antient Name of its Inhabitants, who were called
Gyrwvii by the Saxms*, a Word derived from the Saxon Gyran, or
Gyrav, which fignifies Limofe Paludes, miry Fens. sunt autem
146. "Tis true that fome Part of that Fenny Level was formerly ral gl
within the Precinés of the Foreft of Kefleven, and another Part of Podge
it within the Spacious Foreft of Huntingdomfbire, and that the In- ji 7i we,
habitants thereof were obliged to pay the ufual Duties belonging to 7 Gar.
Forefts. But it does not follow thence that thofe Parts had any Oks Ti of che
or other Foreft Trees then actually growing upon them. No, from (or 5 5)
the very Accounts that are given of the Afforefting and Difaffo- ase
refting of thofe Parts of the Level, 1 coud thew at large, was it» Inthe
needful, that all that Intervall of Time they were Fens, a they are ini ke
now; only not enclos’d with Banks and Ditches: and drain’d fo
effeCtually as they have been fince. Fens they were called both before
and at the Time of their Afforeftation and Difafforeftation. And it
appears by feveral Paffages in ancient Charters, Prefentments, and
other Records relating to thefe Parts, that they have been all along
in much the fame Condition as they now are, that is, Marfh
Grounds abounding generally with Water, full of Haflocks, Reeds,
and Rufhes, and yielding Turfe ; as alfo Alders, Willows, and the
other Trees that affect a Marfhy Soil, but no Timber Trees.
147.And indeed, fuch is the flar and low Situation of that Part of the
Country,and fuch the mighty Quantity of Water that defcends upon it
from the Uplands,that till the general Draining,which was not effett-
ed till after the Year 1653. it muft neceffarily have always lain for a
great Part of the Year under Water. Now ’tis certain fuch Trees as
thefe will never grow where Water for the moft part ftands: orina
watery Level. Suppofe the Flaggy and Arundinaceous Herbs, which
are now found in the Turfe or Peat-Earth, to be the Product of the
Country ; thefe agreeing well enough with the Nature and Situation
of it : This very thing is an Objection not eafy to be anfwered againft
that Opinion of the Trees having formerly grown there. Indeed 1
fee not how it is poffible that the Oaks and Firrs, the latter efpecially,
and thefe Aquatick Herbs fhou’d all grow together in the fame Place.
Wou'd the Firr-trees grow in a Moorifh Earth, ina watery Flat, to-
gether with Flags and Reeds, with Willows, Alders, and other Aqua-
ticks, I fhou’d then incline to think they were Natives of our Fenny
Traét ; but they naturally grow upon Hills and Mountains, or in a
Country differing much from this in all Regards. In fine, theres
repos’d fuch a Mifcellany of Bodies in the Peat-Earth,, Some that
will grow only in Poolsand Rivers, or in a Marfhy Ground, for In-
ftance. thofe of the Arundinaceous Kind : Others that delight in a
higher Station, and do not naturally grow in a Morafs ; fuch are the
Oaks

of NORTHAMPTONSHI1RE.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

260

 

fub Ann.

The Natural H I ST 0 RT Chap 3

Oaks and Firrs, that ’tis manifeft enough that they cou’d never all
grow together in the Place where they now lye. One or other of
them muft of Necefhity be Strangers or of diftant Growth.

148. Some perhaps will imagine, that the Herbs which from
Time to Time are produced upon the Surface there, fend down their
Roots into the Turfe-Bed, and that the Herbaceous Roots we now
find therein got thither in that Manner. But ’tis a groundlefs Piece
of Imagination. There is no Intercourfe at ali betwixt any of thefe
Roots and the Herbs that are now growing upon the Surface. Nei-
ther does it appear that ever they belong’d to any Herbs that here-
tofore grew upon the prefent Surface ; none of thefe Roots reaching
farther than the Top of the Turfe-Bed > motft of them not near fo
high : and feveral of them being found in an inverted Pofture, that
is, with their thicker End upwards. Befides there are found as well
the Leaves and Stalks, as the Roots of Herbs, included in the Turfe-
Stratum ; and therefore they muft have come thither by fome other
Means than what thefe Gentlemen imagine. That they formerly
grew in the very Places where they are now found, is not to be ima-
gined, unlefs by thofe who can imagine that Stalksand Leaves will
grow under Ground. a, ail,

149. 1 fhall now confider that Opinion fome others are inclinable
to favour ; namely, that thefe Trees, particularly the Firrs, Oaks,
and Hafels, did indeed not grow in the Moor, but in fome of the
firmer Ground on the Borders of it: That they were born down by
violent Winds, by impetuous Land Floods, or by great Inundations
of the Neighbouring Eaflern Sea: And were convey'd by the Land
Floods, or by the Sea in its Retreat, from the Places where they
grew, to thofe where they are now found bury'd. It muit be own'd,
that in the firmer Ground adjacent to our Fens, there were formerly
great Store of Woods. This, Ingulphus, Hugo Albus, and other
Hiftorians affure us of : And that we have alfo feveral Inftancesof
the Eaftern Sea’s overflowing the adjacent Country, particularly in
the Year 1236.* and more lately in 1671. But it does not appear

 

fb An that ever any Firr-trees grew in thofe Woods. Nay, tis certain they

do not now grow naturally ( [ua [ponte ) in this or any other Part of
England ; which is a fhrewd Intimation that they never did. And
et we meet with Firrs, as well as Oaks, interr'd mn that Peat-Earth.
Neither does it appear that any of thefe Inundations ever reach’d fo
high up into the Land, as the Places wherein the above-mention d
Woods are faid to grow: or indeed fo far as thefe Fens of ours where
they aww (as thefe Perfons fuppofe ) lye bury’d ; which are Places
fiill nearer to the Sea. Sea-fhells woud be found lying fcatter’d upon
or near the Surface, or other Marks of the Sea’s having been in thefe
Parts, had the Inundation really come fo far: but there are not the
Jeaft Signs or Marks of any fuch thing. Befides, the W ater which
is thus violently pour'd forth upon the Land in fuch Inundations as
thefe, returns we know fo gently and leifurely back again, that it
leaves even the Shells and other things that it brought along we it

rom

 

Chap.3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

from the Sea, behind upon the dry Land; and therefore tis not
likely it fhou’d be capable of diflodging thofe great Trees. which it
is fuppos’d to have thrown down at its Accefs, or that had before
been caft down by Winds or other Means: much lefs of carrying
them along with it to Places fo diftant from their native Stations, as
are many of thofe wherein the Subterranean Trees are found; and
that in {uch a Level Country where there is fo finall a Fall for the
Water.

150. As to Land Floods: may we judge of thofe that have hap-
pen’d a long while ago by them of frefher Date, which ’tis but rea-
fonable to do, ‘tis apparent they cou’d never convey fuch a great
many large Oaks and other Trees, fuppofing them to have all lain in
the Water's Way, ( tho’ how they fhou'd do fo, I know not) to the
Places where we now find the Subterranean ones, viz. ina very level
Country where there is {carce any perceptible Current , or however
no {trong Current of the Water that happens to overflow in our
Land Floods ; and that in fome Parts of it, (1 now fpeak of the
whole Level extending it {elf through this, and the neighbouring
Counties) feveral Miles diftant from the Foot of the Uplands, and
from the neareft of the Places where thefe Trees muft be fupposd
to have grown. And as the Currents were not ftrong enough, neither
cou’d they be deep enough for this Purpofe, for removing thofe huge
Oaks with their large and fpreading Heads.

151. I fhall only mention one more Circumftance of thefe Subter.
ranean Trees: which evidently (hews they could not be brought
thither by any of the ways propos’d above. Tis that of their Po.
fition in the Earth: They generally lye pointing North-Eaft, and
South-West ; whereas the natural Defcent and Current of the Water
within the Nortbamptonfbire Fens is Siuth- Eaflzard.

152. Having, for {everal Reafons, rejected the ConjeSiures that
have been proposd about the finding of thefe Trees in a Moory
Ground, wherein none of the Kind do, or will now, grow: and
about their being bury'd together with various other Vegetable Bo-
dies in a Bituminous Matter, at thar Depth in the Earth; it now
remains that I propofe a better way of accounting for theie things,
a way that does not thwart Obfervations and Hiftory of Fact, as all
the other ways we fee do. And to be fhort, itis this : They were
bury’d in the Manner we now find them, by means of the univer(a!
Deluge, at the fame Time as were the Sea-fhells and other Marine
Bodies *,

153. I now proceed to fome other Vegetable Bodies, that hap-
pen’d to be lodged in the laxer Strata, where there was not a Bita-

munous Matter to preferve them ; in which, we fometimes, tho’ but #77

12, #13

very rarely, find the Remains or Ruins of ‘I'rees, and no more than
the Ruins of them. And fhall alfo confider thofe that are found en-
closd in the clofer and firmer Strata, particularly thofe of Stone ;
wherein we fometimes meet with Pieces of Wood, and that at a
confiderable Depth in the Earth : Thefe having been augmented in

X Xx their

*Dr.y

261

oes

 
 
 

The Natural H I ST O RT Chap. 3.

 

their Weight by a Stoney or Mineral Matter intruded into their
Pores, become precipitated to that Depth, at the Time of the Com-
pilation of the Strata. But to proceed to the Obfervations. ]

154. Mr. Stephens of Pisford, a Gentleman of great Curiofity,
and of too much Integrity to impofe uncertain and falfe Relations
upon any one, has aflur’d me from his own View of the Thing
that in digging into unbroken Earth at or near the Top of a Hill in
Pisford Field, on the South- Eaft Side of the Town, the Diggers ha-
ving pafs’d thro’ Three diftinct Courfes or Beds. I. The Soil, which
was almoft Eight Inches in Depth. 2. Blue Clay, about a Foor.
2. Clay of a lighter Colour, a Foot: And having digg’d about Two
Foot deeper in a Fourth, which was a harder Sort of Clay, at that
Depth in the Fourth Stratum there was found enclos d a flender Tree
very much decay'd, yet its Bark in fome Places fo well preferved as
to thew it was Maple. Its Pofition in the Earth he obferved was with
its Ends North-Eajt and South-Weft. The Difpofal of the Terreftrial
Matter above into Strata, prove that the faid Terreftrial Matter was
in an undifturbed natural State, and confequently that the Tree was
bury’d there at the Compilation of the Sti ata.

155. This was likewife the Cafe of a Mafs of black and rotten
Wood , which 1 found in a Morter-Pit on the North Side of Clipfton.
The Earthy Matter above it was difpos’d into the following Strata.
1. A Clayey Earth almoft Two Foot. 2. A coarfe Sort of Stesns-
Marga, Six Inches. 3. Loam, a Foot. 4. Clay , Six Inches.
4. I.oam again. 1 found the Wood enclos’d in this Stratum.

We meet with Pieces of Wood ledg’d in like manner in Gravel,
in the Gravel-pits at Oxendon. The Wood by the Grain of it appears
to be that of Oak. The Pieces feem to have been all much larger at
the Time of their Lodgment, than they now are.  Moft of em are
black and rotted. Above the Gravel there is, IL The Soil or ordi
nary Top-Earth, a Foot. 2. Clay with a Mixture of Pebles, al-
moit Five Foot. In the fame Gravel we hnd fome Pieces of Wood
with a Butumen in the Fiflures and Interftices of it. The like 1
have had from the Gravel-pits at cfion fuper iWeland, and fome
others.

156. The Wood we find entomb’d in the folid Strata, thofe of
Stoney is not always found and uncorrupt. We frequently meet with
Pieces of Wood of a {fmooth and ftrait Grain included in the Bottom
Courfes of Stone, in the Quarries at Halflon : but fo much decay’d,
that we cannot tell to what Sort of Tree it belong’d. "Tis of fuch
a black Colour, as is ufually rotted Wood : being touch’d it moulders
and falls into Duft; yet 1t lies enclos’d in a pretty clofe Sort of
Stone. The Pieces are of different Sizes, the largeft about a Yard
in Length. Some of thefe are lodged almoft Fifty Foot deep in the
Earth. They lye ufually according to the Plat of the Stone, in an
Horizontal Plane or near it: and in the Middle of the Stratum.
There are no Paffages, or Inlets, or any Marks of fuch Inlets from
the Qutfide of the Stratum to thofe Picces; but all about them is

folid

 

Chap.3. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

folid Stone. Neverthelefs fome have a Fancy, that they are the
Roots of Trees which grew down thither from the Surfice : And
the Workmen generally call them Roots: and the Holes that are
made by their mouldering away when the Stone is wrought, Root-
Holes.

157. Of the many Quarries wherein I have met with firm Wud
included in Stone , I fhall mention only a few. Several Pieces of
found Oaken Wood have been found enclos’d in the hard Ragg-ftone
digg’d up fome time fiece in Clipflon Common. By the Grain : and
by the Knots upon fome of the Pieces, itappears tobe Oak. Ihave
now by me a firm Piece of it, that has Part of the Siratum of Stone
out of which it was taken, ftill adhering thereto. There is alfo a
Stoney Matter intruded into the Spaces betwixt its Fibres, both thofe
of the Knots and of the main Wood. The Wood has a ftrait : the
Knots a curling, Grain. There are the Marks of Branches broken
oft upon fome of the Pieces. The like Picces we find enclosd in
Stone in the Quarries at Crick, in thofe at Bugbrosk, and in feveral
others. They are found, as well with a Ferruginous Matter, fuch
as that the Iron-colour’d Marcafite confifts of, as with the ordinary
Stoney Matter intruded into their Interftices, in thofe Strata of Stone
wherein we meet with the Marcafita Ochreoferreus : And re found
incorporated as well with one as the other. I have Samples of
Wood in Pieces, thus altered and incorporated from the forefaid
Stonepits at Crick and Buglrook. One of them has very much of the
Colour of Yellow Ochre.

158. From A/bley Stone-pit I have a remarkable Piece of Foffil
Wood , that was prefented me by the Ingenious Mr. Amb. Sayer. lt
feems to be a part of a pretty large Branch of a Thorn or Crab-tree
fplit into Two Pieces Length-ways. My Sample is only one of
thofe Pieces. It has feveral Knots on the Outfide of it: and by the
Number, Size, and Pofition of thefe, it appears to have belong’d to
one or other of the Trees I mentioned. 'I'here are Two or Three
Breaches or Wounds on the Infide of it; particularly one acrofs the
Grain, that feems to have been made by fome fharp edged Tool.
Theyareall of them hll'd with Spar. None of ’em go quite through
the Piece. Betwixt the Bark and the Wood there was fo much Spar
infinuated, as has form’d a Sparry Plate encompafling the Wood. A
curious Obferver may difcover feveral Particles of Spar intruded into
the Pores or Interftices of the Wood, and of the Bark; but efpeci-
ally into thofe of the Knots. The Bark in fome Parts of it is fill
vifible, but even there is thin: and in other Parts of it feems to be
quite worn away, and to have left an Impreffion of the Lineaments
of its Infide upon the Plate of Spar. Its Outfide is in part invefted
with a Reddith Cruft confitting of Sand with a finall Mixture of Spar.
This Cruft is cafily broken and peel'd off. Thus far of the Earth
and the Bodies of whatfoever Kind contain'd in it,

263

 
 

 

 

1
i

 

 

 

 

264.

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 4.

Cg AP) EY
of the W AT E RS.

 

bons AT E R being of it felf a Simple and Homogeneous
Body, and all the Differences we obferve therein ari-
fing from the Terrefirial and Mineral Matter intermixed with it, the
Exacnefs I have uted in examining the different Kinds of Earth and
Minerals, which are met with here (‘whereof in the foregoing
Chapters ) has been very ferviceable to me for the Difcovery of all
the Contents of our Waters, and enables me to write of em with
the greater Clearnefs and Accuracy :
2. In the Firft Place, I fhall briefly {peak of our Waters of ordi-
nary Ue 3 which in almoft all Places with us are fupply’d by Springs ;
which are either fuch as are profluent , running forth upon the Sur-
face: Or fuch as fland, whether confin’d in Wells or not. - The bet
or wholfomeft Water for common Ufe is ufually defcrib’d to be that
which is Pere, Colourlefs, and T ranfparent, without any 7 aft or Sel,
and the motft eafily fufceptive of Heat or of Cold. "To which is gene-
rally added, that tis, of all Water, the lightefi. And no doubt, a Wa.
ter which is wholly pure and wnmixed will have all thefe Properties,
that of Lightne[s with the reft. But indeed this laft, tho” tor the
moft part a good Criterion, yet 1s 1t not always to be rely’d upon.
We are to have regard to the Quality, as well as the Weight of what
the Water is charged with. And fuppote a Water that contains a
fmall Quantity of Arfene, (as we ar¢ aflured fome do) this, by
reafon of the little Quantity ot that Mineral 1n it, may weigh lets
than a Water that has Plenty of Sparry Matter 3 yet the latter is cer-
tainly much the fitteft for common Utes. Now tho’ we have no Ar-
[fenical Waters in Northamptonfbire , nor any others that are impreg-
nated with noxious Minerals , yet I cou’d not but give this Caution
with regard to that too generally reccived Maxim.

2. My Opinion of the Water for ordinary Ules, is, That the moft
Simple Water, or that which is freeft from Terreftrial Intermixtures
of what Kind foever is the beft. 1 fay, the moft Simple Water, be-
caufe there is really none that is truly and perfedly imple and pure.
Whatfoever fome have imagined, the molt accurate Oblfervations
that have hitherto been made *, give us juft Caufe to believe that even

wos DI the cleareft Water is far from being pure, and wholly defecate.

ward's Dif-
courfe of
Vegetation,

Dr. Wodward, who had Opportunity of examining it over a good

piilf. anf: Part of England, tells us, he never met with any, that however frefh
. 253. <

P- 295,

¢e and newly taken out of the Spring, did not exhibit, even to the naked

Eye, great Numbers of exceeding {mall Terreftrial Particles diffemi-
nated through all Parts of it. And my own Obfervations that have
been purpolely made upon the Water of our cleareft Springs, in al-

molt

 

 

Chap. 4.

“ri
of NORTHAMPTONSH IR E.

Fol} sve: Village and Town over all this County, do confirm the
4. Not but that the Water of our Springs is as clear, and lim id
as [weet and well-tafled as any 1 have met with in any ther Pa ge f
England. I'he more conftant the Springs, or the lefs the ae o
upon Rains, and the more confiftent and folid the Sider ot oe
Ducts and Chancls are, the purer they are likely to be And in
thefe Regards this County is exceeded by none. As in alinoft al
Parts of 1t, it yields great Plenty of Sand-ftonc Lime-ftone, a d
others Kind of Stone, that are ufually found dispos'd into Stras ;
Pile, or Parcel of which is here called a Rock: So it abounds he
thofe called Rock-Springs, that is, the lafting or perennial or
whofe Ducts or Chanels are in the Fiffures or utervalls of thofe
Rocks. The very Towns in that which is vulgarly called the Peliy
Pose 3 the Colne: them : mean iE hoider on the Fenland, sid
10t without their running Sprinss. anc © as be refh as
Bf, tyes 4 gs, and thofe as clear and frefly as
5. The Terreftrial Particles that are found difperfedly fuftained
in the Water of our Springs, are either of the Veoerarive Kind tho
is, fuch as ferve for the Formation of Veoetables - or of a Mine
Nature. The former, whereof there is generally the greater N : y
ber, are no farther differviceable to the ordinary Domeftick Ules of
the Water, than as they contribute a little to the filling its Peters
which, at fometimes, it may be wifhed, were more open and free.
But where the Water is fo clear as with us, it’s plain they can do little
or no Differvice in this regard. And as to the latter 2
that is, the Mumerai Particles * : Thofe are chiefly
either of Lime-ftone and Spar, which are of a fofter

265

* By Mineral Particles |
here intend all fuch as are
not of the Vegetative Kind 3

and milder Nature; or of Ochre with an Admixture in which general Sens

of Vaurwl, which tho’ of a harfher Kind, yet the DF Fedward ufes

the

Eu; Init : Word in his Dif: > OF
Quantity of it in our common Waters is ufually very AE Difeourts of

fmall, and therefore whatfoever Inconveniencies attend N 253-
it, they cannot be great.

6. That the Water of all our Springs is always charged with th
Terreftrial Vegetative Matter, in a greater or lefler Quantity, | ae
venture to afhrm ; having after many Obfervations and Tryals hid
yet difcovered any without it.  Thofe green Nubecul.e or little Clouds
which appear, as I have often noted here in this County in the
Spring-Water that has ftood fome Days without ftirring, in a Ghats
Viol clofe ftopped, are formed chiefly of Particles of this Sort of
Earth. This is plain by their being fuftained on the Surface. orel(e
in the Body of the Water, which they cou'd not be, did the ) confift
of meer fteril Mineral Matter , whote Specifick Gravity is Z i
greater than than of the Vegetable, that it muft needs fubfide to the
Bottom *. That Tryal alfo of fetting Mint, and fome other

Plants « vig 54.

in Water, which 1 have frequently made upon the Water of the mf Nass.

Springs with us, of div » noted Miner: eft Be 18

| Se - hy iy of the more noted Mineral ones, efpecially ©’

thole of Kung's-Chfy kafi-Farndony and Dean, as well as thofe of
yy common

 
 

266

The Natural HI ST O RT Chap. 4

common Ufe; in all which the Plants have grown and increas’d
confiderably , fufficiently evinces, that there is a Vegetable Matter
in all of them ; for the above-mentioned Excellent Difcourfe of /%e-
getation inconteftably proves, that it is not to the Water, but to the
Earthy Matter fuftained therein, that the Vegetables that are fet in
it and grow, do owe their Growth and Augment.

7. There is alfo a Stoaey Matter in very {mall Particles, contain’d
in the Water of many, not to fay moft, of our ordinary Springs :
An Obfervation none need be furprized at ; the like Kind of Matter
having been fo frequently obfer ved by the Curious, in the ordinary
Spring-Water in many other Places, as well in this Kingdom as Abroad.
It difcovers its {If {everal ways, and particularly upon Boyling the
Water, at which time it is caft off, and is affixed to the Sides of the
Veflel. It alfo fhews its felf in the Chanel of the Spring it felf,
where the Water glides on lefs fwiftly, and in the Troughs, Pipes,
or Trenches that are made ufe of for conveying the Water from its
Source to the Houfes, Gardens, or Grounds of thofe who ufe it.

8. Thefe Obfervations I have had Opportunity enough of making
here: Dut it is not neceffary to give the particular Inftances. 1 {hall
only give this one Caution with relation to the Husbandmen, who
happen to have a Spring of this Nature in any of their feeding
Grounds. They may perhaps be invited to draw it over the Ground,
in Hopes of enriching it: But it had much better be let alone ; for
in Tra& of Time it woud cover the Soil with a Stoney Cruft, and
not only difappoint their Hopes and Pains, but make the Earth lefs
fruitful than it wou’d otherwife have been. There was once an In-
france of this in one of my Lord Zorington’s Grounds at Pichely.

9. Thofe who wou’d prevent the Mifchiefs that may probably at-
tend the Drinking of fuch Water, which in thofe Conftitutions that
are inclinable to the Stone and Gravel, is not without good Reafon
fupposd to adminifter a confiderable Part of that Matter, which con-
fritutes thofe Stoney Concretions in the Body, need not be at much
Expence or Pains about it ; fince the Water is fo eafily difcharg’d,
and freed from that Sort of Particles. We fee it deferts them of it
felf, and they fall from it in feveral Parts of the Chanel of the Spring,
there efpecially where it does not run with a fulland rapid Stream ;
And therefore the Water intended for Drinking, may be taken up be-
low thofe Places in ftill lower Parts of the Chanel: Or it may be
colleéted in a little Pool or Ciftern fomewhere in or near the Chanel,
by which Means it will be ftill more furely and effeGtually freed, the
Stoney Particles always fettling to the Bottom, where the Water is
at reft: Or if this is not fufficient, it may after all be boyl'd, and
then being cool'd and fettled, it may doubtlefs be drank without any
Fear of Danger. Which laft is the Method of an Ingenious Phyh-
cian of this County, who himfelf has fometimes been fubject to the

Stone.
to. Many Sparry Particles are found intermixed with the common
Matter of this Stoney Cruft ; fome of which, when the Cruft is fet
againit

 

 

 

Chap.4. of NoORTHAMPTONSHIRE
againft the Light, the Eye may immediately defery by the Spang-
ling Brightnefs of them. Buta more particular Adcoune both i =
conftituent Matter of thefe Incruftations, asalfo of the Manner h ne
they are formed, I give elfewhere in a more proper Place Hoe I
fhall only note this one thing more under this Head, that is, if Sr
is {uch an effectual Remedy for the Stone, as forte who Have aa
riencd it, tell us it is, then the Perfons fubject to this Diftemper.
have Caufe to entertain a fomewhat more favourable Opinion of ih
Springs above-mentioned, which contain a Stoney Matter : finc I
can affure them there are Sparry Particles, commonly, if not hin
intel mixed with it. As to the Nitre, which inall probabilit fey y :
of our ordinary Springs do in leffer Quantity contain, 1 hol ro
der it more fitly in another Place. % andl Ae
11." The common Springs that havea little flight Tincture of Pitris!
which with us are ufually called Hard and barfb Waters are vul arly
known to be fuch by their not taking fo fpeedy or fo lafting a I Be A
with Soap : by their turning and curdling of Milk, in cafe a frraller
Quantity of Milk is infus’d upon a much larger Quantity of the Bo I
ing Water : by their requiring a larger Quantity of Malt to make he
Drink,that’s brew’d with it, of equal Strength to that which is wn
with fofter Waters : and by their not boyling Peafe, and other Gar.
den Stuft fo quickly or fo foft and tender, as do thofe of a milder
Nature. A Perfon of a nice Palate may diftinguith them b re
: aft: Baus one Yates with them whofe Skin is of a finer
"exture, they are fenfi arfhy and i >
Tene ye y , and leave a little Roughnefs on the
12. Not only in the Water of different Fountains, there are diffe-
rent Degrees of Softne[s or Hardnefs: But the Water of the [ame
Spring, as to that Quality, is not always the fame. One of the
harther Kind in a dry Seafon, when little or mo Rain-Water in-
termixes with it, is fenfibly harder than at other times. The fame
Thing is obfervable in the Water of feveral Pools, and of the Rivers
alfo. The Water of the Pool in Mr. Scattergood’s Garden at Telver-
toft, “tis obferved, lathers worft in a dry Seaton. The Weland Wa-
ter by Rockingham, in dry Summers, when the River is low, is fome-
what hard ; as being then no more than what the Springs fuppl
Neither is the Water of the fame Brook or River alike hard or ok
in all Parts of them. The higher One goes, or the nearer to their
firft and chiefeft Sources, the harfher generally is the Water ; as has
been obferved in the River Cherwell, and other of our Rivers;
which 1s partly owing to this, that the Water in the lower and re.
moter part of the River, has by little and little, as it run alon
let down that Mineral Matter that occafions this Harfhnefs : a,
it is found fuftain'd in the upper Part of the Brook or River, of thofe
eipecially that run {wift. Thus the Water of the little Brook at
Dadford , which defcends with a rapid Current from its Sources on
Burrow and Neweubam Hills, and the Hills adjoining, is there fo
much charg’d with this Mineral, that it will not lather With Soap at

all;

Fa

267
 

268

The Natural HIST ORT Chap 4.

all ; nay, and will tinge Steel or Silver that has lain a while in it, in
like manner as the Aerdule do, viz. of a Copper-like Colour. ;
13. The Villages and Fields with us, as with refpect of the Sul
and other Earthy Matter, they differ from each other, and in fome
Places one Part of the fame Village and Field from another Part of
them ; and that difperfedly and uncertainly : So likewife is it with
regard to the Springs. The Springs of fome of our Villages are all of
them [oft, or however all the profluent ones, as at 1 bor p-malfor : Of
others hard, as at Eaft-Haddon : Of others, as at Corby, there are
fome that have a [off Water, others a bard, and others that of a
nuddle Nature. In the Parfonage-Yard at Maidfird, 1s a Well with
a Pump in it that has hard Water : About Forty Yards from this, in
a lower Part of the fame Yard, another without a Pump in it, that
has a very foft Water. In the Field at Stoke-Bruerne, there is ope
of the Acidul.e which has a Spring of common Water, about Twenty

Yards diftant from it: The like upon Wittering Heath. The Springs -

at Rowel, in the upper part of the Town, are all of the harfher
Kind : in the lower part of it, comparatively foft ; and yet to appear-
ance, there is little or no Diverfity in the upper Strata, through which
they pafs ; fo that thefe Two different Qualities, in this Inftance, are
owing, it is likely, to ftill lower and remoter Caufes. ax

14. But as to the Cafe of the Tyo Wells, one with a Pump in it,
which is conftantly cover’d up, the other without a Pump in 1t, which
is not fo conftantly cover'd : "Tis likely the former woud have as
{oft a Water as the latter of them, were it not for the different Cir-
cumftances I now mentioned. For I have met with divers Inftances,
and particularly one at the White Horfe-Inn at Braybrook, of Wells
that till the fetting of a Pump within them, had a foft Water. Not
that all Pump-water,as fome imagine, is harfh ; but yet it is the more
likely to be fo, 1. Becaufe it is not {o much expos'd to the Air, as
is that in other Wells, and confequently there is in it a greater Degree
or Quantity of Heat, which by its continual Aétion upon the Water,
does not permit it to let down the Viriolate Matter it contains, fo
fpeedily or freely, as it wou'd have done, had it not been thus moved ;
fo by this Means that Matter is ftill fuftained in the Water, efpecially
in the lower Part of it. And then, 2. It is the lower Part of the
Water in the Well, that is drawn forth in Pumping, and the irs,
lick Matter refiding chiefly there, it muft necefarily pats forth with
the Water upon Pumping, That there is really a greater Quantity
of Mineral Matter in Pump-water, than in that of the open Springs
that ftand in Pools, appears by many I'ryals 1 have made of the
Weight of them by the Hygrobarofcope. “By thefe 1 am affured,
that the Water of Pools, tho’ lefs clear to ihe Eye, is generall
lighter than that from Pumps : And it can be only the Mineral Mat.
ter in the latter, that makes this Difference.

15. The Well-Waters that are hard, are moft of them curable for
Half a Year or more by only throwing into the Well about Half a
Load of Sand, Gravel, or Lime. Some of them indeed do not fo

cafily

 

 

 

of NoRTHAMPTONSHIR I.

Chap. 4

 

eafily admit of a Cure as others, for Inftance, the Pump-Water at
that called Serjeant Buckby's Houfe in Northampton: The common
Method of expofing it to the Air, and even that of warming jt
the Sun, or on a Fire. wil] never render it fit for Lathe

tll able, that the Soap when blended ig it; only runs into
Flakes, which tho’ broken by frequent Agitations, yet the feparated
Parts of them unite again, and are not to be diffolyed in fuch manner
as to form a Lather. ~ And which is a ftill more difficult Cafe. Ar
Faofl-Haddon , the Water belonging to fome of the Houfes there,
when brew’d, is not to he put into a Ferment with Balm ig the ufual
Manner, unlefs they put a little Ginger into the Wort. Whether
ever they practis’d the Method of letting the Water ftand a Day or
Two before it was ufed, 1did not enquire. This Luft in many Pla-
ces is the ufual Method, and feldom fails, Op if that be thought too
longa time, they may put ina {mall Quantity of Salt-petre into the
Water they intend for Brewing or for Wathing; and it wil] yet mose
fpeedily take off that harfh Quality.

16. How it comes to pafs that fome Waters, fuch as thofe in the
above-mentioned Inftances, retain their Harfhnefs fo long and fo
obftinately , to me feems to proceed from this, that the Fitri) in
thefe is more free and pure, and is not attended with fo great a
Quantity of Ochre, or other of the heavier Kinds of Earthy Mat-
ter, as it ufually is in thofe other harfher Waters; which Ochre and
the like is wont to fink down to the Bottom of the Water, when itis
taken from the Spring , and has ftood a while - And when it falls
bears along with it the Vitrjol that it lies intermixed with; by
which means the Water becomes mild aud foft with ftanding. The
Salt-petre that you put in, precipitates the Vitriol in like manner ag
does the Ochre: And I doubt not but a due Quantity of Chalk or
powder’d Spar wou'd produce the fame Effect.

17. That Reddifb Earthy Matter, which we meet with in the
Chanels of all our Acidulz, and fometimes in thofe of the ordinary
harfher Springs, which have not the Taft of thofe Aeidule ; parti-
cularly in that of Coppy-moor Spring in Grindon Lordthip , and at
the Mouth of a little Spring flowing gently out of a narrow Perpen-
dicular Fiffure upon a Rocky Bank by Chelfion Town-fide, in the
Way from Caucote to Rance , is what here call Ochre. It is true,
this Sort of Ochre does not appear to View in many of the ordinary
Springs: But neverthelefs, as it is the conftant Companion, and the
Vehicle, if I may fo exprefs it, of the Vitriol in al] thof- Waters
wherein that Mineral does moft abound, it is reafonable to believe
that all, or however the greateft Part of the ordinary har(her Springs
that have Vitriol ip them, have Ochre too; tho’ when the Contents
of them are precipitated, they do not appear in the ufya] Hue of
Ochre. The Reafon whereof js probably this, that the Quantity
of it to the other Ingredients of the Water, and particularly to the
Vegetable Matter in it, is but fmall, and that it is fo mixed and
blended with them, that the proper Colour of it is not feeq.

ZZ 18, Apd

cer

26g

 
 

270

* Vid. Cam-
dain Log,

The Natural HIST ORT Chap 4

18. And this is all 1 have to obferve in this Place, concerning
the Water of our ordinary Springs, that are colourlefs, and tran-
fparent. We have fome other that belong to the fame Head, as be-
ing of ordinary Ufes too; but they are of a Bluifh Colour ; fuch is
that of Spelwel] upon Burrow Hill by Daintrey, and that of the
lower Town-Well in Nafeby. Which” Colour is thought by fome
to be an Indication of a Coal-Mine not far diftant ; becaufe the like
Waters are obferved where the Coal-Delves are. If this Opinion
was true, we fhou'd have Coals enough in Northamptonfbire ; for we
frequently meet with Water of this Complexion ; and that not on]
at the Mouths of feveral of our profluent Springs, but in fome Wells
and Pools, and in the Chanels allo of our {maller Rivulets, in thofe
Places where the Water, during a dry Summer, ftagnates, So that
this Colour to me feems to be owing to Particles of the fame
Kind with thofe that conftitute the Bluifh Oyl or Cremor we fo fre.
quently find upon the Surface of Stagnant Water ; which having
fome at one time, fome at another, difentagled themfelves from the
other ordinary Vegetable Particles that they lay intermixed with,
emerge, and by little and litde form that Oyly Cremor which we
fee floating upon the Surface of ftanding Water, and particularly
that which has till a flight Tincture of Blue.

19. As tothe Spring call'd Scarlet-Well, upon the North-Weft Side
of Northampton, which a Stranger by the Name might fuppofe was
fo called from its being of a Scarlet Colour; it isnow diftinguithable
only for its Ancient Fame. Hither, according to the Tradition of
the Town, the Londoners fent their Cloaths to be dy’d a Scarlet ;
wherein this Spring excelled, as they fay, all others in the Kingdom :
And from thence had its Name. But upon Difcovery of the Scarlet
Grain it became neglected, and has been fo ever fince, Was it really
fo well qualified for Dying, what it thou'd be owing to, 1 cannot
learn : Whether as a fofter Sort of Water, as indeed it is, it took
the Dye more fpeedily and freely, or to fome other Caufe, Thus
at Stroud in Gloucefter fbire, there is a Water, that, according to Mr,
Camden, has a peculiar Quality of Dying Reds *.

20. I come now to give an Account of thofe Waters that are more
copioufly faturated with Mineral Matter, and therefore lefs fit for
common Ufes. Such are the Lapide[cent or Petrifying Waters : and
the Aeudulie or Medicinal Springs; both which occur very frequently
in moft Parts of Northampion/bure.

21. Firft, Of thofe called Petrifying Waters ; which tho’ reckon’d
amonglt the ftrange and Stupendous Things of this Ifland by our
Monkifh Writers, and fome others fince, are really fo far from being
what they were then thought to be, that is, ftrange or uncommaa,
thit we have Hundreds of them in this fingle County. Neithe; is
there any thing very ftrange or furprizing in the Nature of them.
They come out of the Earth impregnated with a Sparry or Stoney
Matter, this they let fall in thofe Parts of their Chanel “where they
run more leifurely and gently, and therewith incruft the Sticks

Straws,

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHI1RE,

Chap. 4.

Straws, and other Bodies occurring in the way. Thatany of them
really turn thofe Bodies into Stone, as fome, who therefore called
them Petrifying Waters, have imagined, does not appear by any
Inftances of it in this County.

271

22. Thele Waters are by Dr. Plas 4, diftinguithed into the Three Nii
following Kinds, 1. Such as purely of themfelves are petrify d, the of Oofirke
very Body of the Water being turned into Stone as it drops from thes. =: *

Rocks, which are therefore called Lapides Stillatitia, 2. Such as
petrify by Incrustation , and are only fuperficial. And, 3. Such as
petrify per minima, or totum per totum. As to his Firft : The Lapides
Stillatitu, and other Bodies of a like Kind, are not, as he conjectures,
form’d of the Water turn’d into Stone, as it drops from the Rocks,
but of the Sparry Corpufcles convey’d by the Water into the Fiffures
or Grotto’s of thofe Rocks, vid. Ch.2. Part 1, §.1 22,&c. fupr. His Se-
cond Kind of Petrifying Waters are fuch as we fo frequently meet
with in this, and fome other Midland Counties. His I hird, that
is, fuch as petrify per minima, converting, as ! underftand him, the
very Subftance of the Boly into Stone, I have never yet met with,
either here or elfewhere. And indeed the Samples of this Kind of
Petrifaclion, that is, the Lignum LQuercinum per minium petrificatum,
Oe. which that Author repofited in the Afbmolean Mufeum, and
which I have carefully viewed there, appear to me much different

from what they are reprefented in the Natural Hiftory of Oxfordfbire *. Nae mit.of

I was by the Sight of them fufficiently convinced, they have been
always what they now are, meer Stones. Indeed they have fome
Refemblance of the Grain of Wood : But we cannot conclude from
thence, that they had formerly been Wood, any more than that
Dr. Plot’s Tuberodes lapideus was originally a Mufbroom, and his Fi-
bule Fulcimentum , a Button-Mould +; becaufe they fomewhat re-
femble the Bodies he has named them from.

Oxfordfbire,
0h. 2. 8. 31,

t Nat Hift.
of Oxford-

4 3 : , * . hire, Ch.
23. The Contents of thefe Waters being dropt and left behind in

their Chanels, where they form a Crufty Covering upon the Bodies
occurring in their Paflage, we may, by ‘examining thofe Incruftati-
ons difcover all or moft of the various Kinds of Matter, that were
contained in the Waters at their Sources. Tho’ tis ufually called by
one common Name, that is, Stoney Matter, yet there really are dif-
ferent Kinds of it, not only in different Springs and Brooks, but in
the fame. What thefe are may be known by the Reader, if he
pleaies to look back to Ch. 2. Part 1. [ub finem ; where I givea par-
ticular Account of the conftituent Matter of the Incruftations, i
24. And as the various Kinds of Mineral Matter contain’d in thele
Waters, may be pretty well difcovered in the Sediment that they let
down, fo likewife may the different Ruantaties of it. We have fome
Springs of this Kind that have cover'd every thing in the way of
their Current with a Stoney Crult, and that of a confiderable Bulk
and Thicknefs: Others of the fame Kind, that flow with a like Pace
as thefe do, and differ not from them in any material Circumitance
except this, that they have formed only {light Incruftations ; wi
if-

 
 

 

 

272

* Dr. Lifer
de Font,
Medicar,
Angl. p 38.

 

The Naw HIST ORT Chap 3

Difference therefore is owing to their being lefs copioufly ftored with
Stoney Matter.

25. From a Quart of the Water of Shotwell Spring near Rowel,
a particularly noted Spring of this Kind, taken up at the Spring
Head, and gently evaporated in the Month of May, 1710. in a dry
Time, 1 had Six Grains of a Farinaceous Powder of a Saltith Taft.
To the Eye and to the Touch it refembled Wheat Flower, but wae
much more ponderous. The Salt, that of Nitre, witha very {mall
Mixture of common Salt, as 1 have found upon Tryal. Dr. Lifler,
from a like Quantity of Knaxborough Petrifying Water, had about
Forty Grains of a like Kind of Powder *. From the fame Quantit
of Shotwell, evaporated in the fame Manner in Mu ch 17%. after
much Rain and Snow, not quite a Grain. "Tis fo {oft a Water, that
it bears Soap. Notwithftanding the Stoney Matter it contains, ‘tig
clear and limpid.

26. Thereare fome who imagine, that the Stoney Matter which
forms thefe Incruftations, does not fubfide and fall down of it felf
fo foon as the Water has obtained a more fettled State, as we have
aflerted above; But is precipitated or thrown down by Vitriolic
Waters intermixing with thefe. Which Hypothefis by no means
agrees with any Obfervations here. We have many Petrifying
Springs (if 1 may thus exprefs it} and particularly one at Rowe]
another at Pichely, which are fo far from intermixing with Vitrioljc
Waters,they never come near any {uch Indeed at Harrington there are
Springs of thefe Two different Kinds, that do mix with each other
at a little Diftance from their Sources : But even in this Inftance, the
Petrifying Water is found to let down a Stoney Matter, as freely and
copioufly before it intermixes with the Vitriolic Water , as it does
do afterwards. And as to the Vitriolick Waters, fuch as thofe at
Eaft-Farndon and Wellingborough, which are Petrifyers too, depofin
a Stoney Matter together with Ochre, ‘tis far more likely that the
Stoney Matter, fuch is the Quantity as well as Weight of it, fhou'd
precipitate that,

27. Thefe Waters are apply'd to by many of our Countrymen,
for curing the Fluxes of their Cattel ; which they commonly fto
with Twice or Thrice drinking. This Styptick Property no doubt
is owing to the Stoney Particles in the Water, which by mixing with
the Acid, or other Morbid, Matter that occafions the Flux, reftrain
and break the Force of it. The common Oftescolla, or Bone-binder
of our Shops, to me appears, both by the conftituent Matter and
the Figure of it, to have the very fame Origin with the Incruftations
here : and I queftion not but the fineft of thefe Incruftations, prepar’d
and adminiftred in the fame Manner, as their Oftcocolla, woud prove
as valuable an Aftrilive as that is.

28. Having done with thofe called Petrifying Waters, I now pro-
ceed to the Aeidule, or the Medicinal Springs, which in this Count
are near as numerous as the former ure. A Spring of this Kind is
here commonly known by the Name of the Red-Well, or the Red.-

Water -

 

Chap.4. of NorTHAM PTONSHIR E.

Water: the Iron-Water : or by way of Excellency, the Mineral of
Medicinal Spring. By thofe who have wrote of them, they are
frequently called Patrick Waters ; as Vitridy according to them, is
the chief of all the Mineral Ingredients of the Water, and that to
which it principally owes its Virtues, On a like Account they have
the Name of Chalybeate, Steel, or Iron-Waters, among(t other Wyj.
ters. We meet with them in the following Places, thatis to fay, at
Eaft-Farndon , Spratton Halfton , Long-Buckby Winwick Crack,
Watford, Barby, Dadford, where there are Two or Three of them,
at Everdom, Prefton parva, Hinton nigh W. oodford, Eydon, 1 beng ord,
Aftrop , Aynbo, Sulsrave | St. Loys Wedon, Lachborough Parefbul,
Bugbrook, Colgrave, Stoke Brewern, T, brup or Rother fiborpe, Northam.
pony Moulton, Harrington, Walgrave, Meares- Afbby, Wellingborough,
Taoywell, Brigftock, Lichmarfb, Aldwinkle, Stoke a’Oiley Dean, and
King’s-Cliff. And nigh the Water-mill on Wiutcring Heath, there is
alfo one of the fame Kind, tho’ not very ftrong ot the Minerals.

29. There are Twenty of them at leaft in that Diftrick included

within the Helids:: Head of the Nyne, and the Cherwell, Oufe, and
Tove. Scarce a Lordfhip there, in that South-Weflern Part of the
County, that is without one or more of them, And I have heard of
many other Waters in this County, which belong, as ’tisfupposd, to
this Clafs ; and particularly of one at Addington magna, of another
at Suthwick, another at Oundle ; but having not had the Opportunity
of trying them my felf, they are not inferted in the foregoing Cata-
logue. By that Catalogue it appears, there is fcarce any part of the
County wherein they are not to be found : And that thofe whofe
Healths are to be treated with Water of this Kind, need not go far
for it. And a little Time and Skill will it’s likely difcover divers
others, that may prove as ferviceable in the Cure of Difeafes, as
thofe which are now of the higheft Efteem.

30. Many of thefe Springs have been found out by Accident,
That in Bugbrook Field, abouta Quarter of a Mile South-eft of the
Town, was firft taken notice of by the Ingenious Mr. Kyneton, on an
Information he receiv’d from a Shepherd of the Town, of one of his
Sheep accidentally lodged and mired in or nigh the Place of the
Spring, and the Wool thereby tinged of a Yellowith Hue, | have
had the like Account of the firft Difcovery of fome other Aid).
with us. And wholoever is for making Difcoveries of this Kind,
will do well, in the firft place, to mark the Colour of the Earth,
Stones, Oe. that lie in the Chanel of the Spring, which if they are
ting'd of a Yellow or Reddifh Colour, or if there be a confiderable
Quantity of Ochre-like Earth in the Cha el, itisa pretty {ure Indj-
cation of one of thefe Medicinal Springs: And if herewith he finds
the Water hasan Irony Tafte, and will firike a Red or Purple in the
ufual manner of Tryal with Gals, he may reft atfur'd he has found
out fuch a Kind of Fountain as he tought for,

31. But to return ; for my Bufinefs at prefent is to give fome Ac-
count of the Aeidule already known. Among thofe that are men-

Aaaa tioned

273

   
   
  
  
 
  
   
    
    
    
    
 
  
   
     
 
  
  
   
   
 
 
  
 
   
     
  
  
  
   
  
   
    
    
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
    
  
 
  
   
  
  
 
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
 
 
  

ol
 

The Natwral HI ST ORY Chap. 4.

ticned in ¢. 28. Jupr. 1 fhall chiefly take notice of the moft famous
ones, and more efpecially of the Four following, namely, that at
Chaff, that at We Hung borough, that at Northampton, and that at Aftrop.
Of which, that we might the better compare them one with another,
and with other Medicinal Waters in other Parts of the County, and
of the Kingdom in general, I thought fit to make my moft material
Obfervations and Experiments upon them fucceffively in the fame
Year, the fume Seafon of the Year, and in the fame manner of Try-
al, as near as was poflible.

32. I began with the Medicinal Spring at King's-Cliff, Fuly 28.

03. The Mineral Water at Cliff, or the Spaw, as it is there called,
arifes at the Foot of a Clayey Hill in a pleafant Wood , about a
Mile South of the Town. Whether this Water exceeds all others of
the County in Virtue, the Experiments that have been made, or ra-
ther the Experiencies the Drinkers have had of them, may decide.
However that be, ’tis certain there can none be more pleafantly fitu-
ate than this. The Reverend Mr. John Boughton, formerly Fellow of
St. Job's College in Cambridge, was the firft who obferv’d it to be a
Mineral Water. In 1670. or thereabouts, it was approvd of, and
publickly recommended by the Learned Dr... , . . Brown, a Phyfi.
cian, then refiding at Cliff: And has ever fince been much apply’d
to, and defervedly celebrated , for the real Services it has done the
Drinkers of it in divers Diftempers ; and efpecially thefe arifing from
Obftructions. It has likewife been fuccefsfully ufed externally in the
way of Bathing or Lotion. And there is a fit Ciftern of Stone at a
convenient Diftance from the Spring , to take in Water for the Ufe
of thofe who have Cutaneous Difeafes or Ulcers.

33. The Sides of the chief Ciftern, and of the Stone Chanels
where the Water runs along, are tinged of an Irony Rufty Colour.
The Water is clear and colourlefs ; but not without an Admixture
of many very minute Terreftrial Particles, which being cembin’d
into little Parcels, are precipitated and form that Ochreous Earth,
whereof here are great Quantities ; and particularly upon the Grafs
and Herbs that a little obftruét the Paflage of the Water, which are
covered over with it; In like manner as the Grafs, Oe. in the Cha.
nels of thofe called Petrifying Waters, are invefted with a Stoney
Matter. Wherefoever the Water’s Motion is check’d,it depofes this
Ochre, and alfo fends up that Blue Oyly Subftance, which we fo fre-
quently find upon its Surface. Some Oak-Ieaves that lay in the
Chanel of the Water, were turn’d of an Inky Colour. The Tafte of
it 1s Ferruginous, or refembles that of rufty Iron: and fo likewife
does the Smell. A common FEarth-Worm that was put into this
Spaw Water endured it as well, and liv’d as long as another, that
at the fume time was put into ordinary Spring Water.

34. It refufes to lather with Soap. A Piece of Soap broken and
blended in it is forc’d into Flakes of a Curd-like Subftance. An
equal Quantity of the Water and cold unboil’d Milk being put to-
gether, it did not curdle the Milk : neither did it coagulate it when

infus’d

 

|
1

 

Chap. 4. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

 

infus’f upon the like Quantity of boiling Milk ; but upon putting
double the Quantity of Water to that of boiling Milk , and the
Mixture having flood a while upon the Fire, a Coagulation enfued ;
the Coagulum was like ordinary Cheefe-curd.

35- “Three or Four Ounces of the Water infufed on Three 0zk-
Leaves that had been bruis'd , it turn'd to a Blue refembling that of
Peafc Blooms, but with a fainter Caft. The fame Quantity of
common Water infus’d on the fame Number of Ouak-Leaves well
bruis’d produc’d no Change. Infufing Four Ounces of the Water
upon the Eighth Part of a Grain «7 powder d Gals, it yielded 1 good
Purple. Half a Pint of the Water being put upon the Eighth Part of a
Gram of Oak Galls in Pcwder, it ftruck forthwith of a Violet Colour ;
which, the Water having ftood a while, became of a deeper Blue, more
near to Purple : But witha littleQuantity of Sprit of Vatridl dropt into
the Water, the Powder, and with it the Purple Colour, was preci-
pitated, and the Water reduced to its former Clearnefs. With Oy
of Tartar it became a Blue again as before, but fomewhat more tur-
bid. Indeed any of the Acid Spirits of the Shops, nay, even Vinegar,
if good, will do as much as the Na of Vitridl in this Inftance :
And any of the Alcaline Spirits will do the fame as did the Oyl of
Tartar, tho’ not quite fo cleverly. And as to the Spuree of Vutrol’s
precipitating the Powder of Galls, ’tis no more than it will do to Sy-
rup of Cloves, or any other Syrup in a watery Vehicle. One Drop
of a Tunclure of Galls, which l had made as directed by Mr. Boyl
in his Effay upon Mineral Waters, being put to Tv elve Drops of
the Water, immediately gave a deep Purple. Two {mall Drops of
that Tincture gave a pale Sky-colour’d Blue toa Quarter of a Pint of
the Water: Adding Two Drops more, it became of a deep Azure.

36. Twelve Drops of the Water, and Six of Syrup of Violets being
intermixed and ftirred, there arofe a lovely Grafs-Green. Fifteen
Drops of a Solution of Green Vutriol cx Coperafs being put to as many
more of the Water, there was no Alteration. With Oyl of Tartar
per delig. Twenty Drops of the Oyl inftill'd upon Thirty of the
Water, turn’d it of a Milky Colour, and produc’d a {mall Quantity
of a White Coagulum (as fome would call it ) confifting of Molecule,
little Flakes or Mafles,here and there difperfed ; yet both the Water
and Oyl before their being mixed, were {eemingly clear and tran{pa-
rent. Thirty Drops of the Water and Twenty of Spirit of Urine
gave the fame Coagudum, as did the Water and 0y! of 1 artar; but in
that, the Mixture having ftood about an Hour, the Curd was pre-
cipitated, in this it was not. Fifteen Drops of Spartt of Vatriol in-
termixed with Thirty of the Water, nothing obfervable enfu'd.

37. As tothe Weight of thefe Waters : For the greater Exactnefs
I took along with me from one Acidula to another, a Glafs Vial,
which held within a very little of Half a Pint, and having fill'd it
with cach of thefe Waters jut freth from the Spring, with the fame
Quantity of each as near as poffible, 1 then weigh’d them as exactly
as poflibly 1 cow’d. The Weight of that Quantity of the Cliff-IVa-

ter

 
 

The Natwral H IST ORT Chap. 4.

ter in my Glafs Vial, was Eight Ounces and 22 Grains. A full
Half Pint of the Water weighed Half a Pound, Two Drachms,
and Four Grains, when newly brought from the Spring to King’s-
Chiff. The fame Quantity of Water having ftood a Nighr, and be.
ing poured gently off into another Veflel, weighed only Half a Pound
and 40 Grains, that is, 84 Grains lefs than the former. Having put
the fame Water again into the Bottle, where it ftood all N ight, and
then thaking the Bottle, there arofe a great Number of Terreftrial
Particles, that were larger and more confpicuous than thofe in the
Water at the Spring Head ; good part of which, fo foon as the Wa-
ter was ftill and at reft, I could fee fubfiding. Half a Pint of their
River Water weighed alfo Half a Pound, 1 wo Drachms, and Four
Grains, exactly as much as the Spaw Water in the Firft Inftance ;
But it is likely the fharp Rains that had fallen the Day before, had
made an Addition to the Weight of it. i mention this Particular,
as it may be of Ufe when I come to reafon upon this Subject of the
Weight of Waters. a - ;

38. The Water having frond a Night in an open Glafs Bottle, it
had quite loft its Ferruginous Taft, and almoft loft its tinging Pro-
peity with Galls. For upon infufing a Part of this Stagnant Water
upon powder’d Galls, it became much clouded, and of a milky Co-
lour with only a very fall Inclination to Blue. 1 obferved a great
Number of {mall Bubbles floating to and again in the Water whilft
within the Bottle, and the like affixed to the Infide of the Bottle, as
alfo to a Piece of Silver that was laid at the Bottom of it. There
was no Sediment to be difcern’d ; yet the Silver feemed to
have a flight Tincture of Yellow. Some little Specks or Patches
of the Bluifh Oyl appear’d upon the Surface of the Water. Upon
pouring off the Water, the Bubles, which it 1s likely were formed of
that Oyly Matter and included Air, immediately broke and vanifh’d.
It did not fo obftinately refufe to lather, as the frefh Water : and
turn’d more {lowly to a Green with Syrup of Vidlets. In a Glafs
Bottle of the Water that was clofely ftopped, and had ftood the
fame time with the former, there was no Sediment: nor any Bubles,
or but very few. Neither did any of the Bluifh Oyl appear , until
1 made an Infufion of the Water upon Galls. The Effects with
Galls, and with Syrup of Violets, were not quite fo weak, as in the
Tryals with the Water that flood open. Its Taft was fomewhat
flat and decay’d. bot Sled §

39. Upon evaporating the Water in an Earthen Veflei, witha Co-
ver upon it, I obferved a confiderable Quantity of that Ochrous
Earth adhering to the Infide of the Cover. g 1 fcraped off as much
as weighed a Grain. Inftilling a Drop or Two of Sprit of Juri,
it {welld and arofe in Bubbles: With Oyl of Lartar there was no
Colluftance. Having evaporated, of a Quart or 1 wo of the Water,
about Half a Pint of it, 1 found a great Quantity of Ochre caft down
to the Bottom of the Veflel, before I removd it from the Fire. The

Remainder

 

 

 

Chap.4. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Remainder of the Water woud bear Swap; but woud not firike
with Galls, and wou'd fcarce turn Green with the islet Syrup.

40. Having boil’d away Three Quarts of the Water in an Earthen
Veffel well glazed, the dry Refidue weighed 54 Grains. We wrought
it off from the Sides of the Veflel with a wooden Knife ; which for
feveral Reafons we thought the fitteft Inftrument for this Purpofe.
"The Refidue thus feparated appeared to be only a light Earth , OF
Earthy Powder. The Colour Gray, much like that of Fulup pul.
Tothe Touch it was foft, withoutany Grit or other Hardnefs. No
Particles of Spar or other Minerals were to be feenin it. Yet the Tafte
of it was briskly Salt,but without that Bitterne[s,which is obfervable in
the Refidence of fome other Mineral Waters. Spirit of Vitriol in-
ftill'd upon it occafion’d a brisk Ebullition. A Drop or Two of 5)-
rup of Pwlets, and alittle of the Powder mixed, made a deep Green,
With Oyl of Tartar there was no Alteration, nor with Spirat of Urine,
nor with my Twdlure of Galls. What Efteéts the Fire woud have
upon the Powder, were tried by cafting a Part of it upon a Red-hot
Iron, and the like upon a burning Coal : Upon both of them it pre-
fently became of a Black Colour; but it neither crackled as Salis do,
neither did it take Fire, nor emit any fuch Odours as do Sulphur and
Bitumen in a like Cafe.

41. From King’s-Cliff 1 went to Wellingboroush to make the like
Obfervaticns upon the Medicinal Water there. This was on Fuly 29.
1703. The Medicinal Spring, which is there called the Red-Well,
isabout Half a Mile diftant from the Town, on the North-Weft
Side of it, almoft at the Foot of a Hill in an open Field. What the
Strata the Water paffeth thorough confifts of,is hard to be difcovered -
But in fome Parts of the Hill above the Spring , there are Strata of
a Reddifh Sort of Stone with Iron-like Veins in it, underneath a Bed
of Clay. In the extreme Hard Froft, 1683. it was fo far from be-
ing frozen, that it ran then more briskly than ever.

42. When or by whom it was firft apply’d to upon a Medicinal
Account, I cannot learn. Certain it is, that a Hundred Years ago
it was very Famous. Mr. Drayton , a Cotemporary with Sir Philip
Stdney, fuppofes, that the Town of Wellingborough was fo called *

——

277

Drayton's

from its Wells *: And we know of none that ever was confiderable Polssaion

thereabouts but this. And by the Obfervations of Mr. Fobn Goodyer, |

an Ingenious Botanift +, who mentions it by the Name of Red-wwe i, Herbal by

it appears to have been a Water of fome Diftinction and
Year 1626. About which Time, according to a Tradition they
have there, it was honoured with the Prefence of King Charles the
Firft, and of his Queen, who, for the Benefit of thefe Waters, were
pleafed to refide here a whole Seafon, in Tents that were erected,
if we may credit common Fame, on the Side of the Hill above the
Spring; where it is likely Sir Theodore Mayern, their Majefties Phy-
fician, who in his Writings recommends this Water, did then attend
them. Dr. Merret, in his Pinax Rerum Nat. Brit. has alfo mention’d
it: He places it with the Purging Waters of Enoland. From which
we may obferve it has been formerly of far greater Fame than now

Bbbb it

1 by

Note, in the Dr Jen
p. 56.

 
 

2708

* In his Hi-
flory of the

The Natural HIT ST ORT Chap. 4.

itis. Not that the Virtues of it are at all impair’d: But the true
Occafions feem to be the Mifmanagement of the Water in the Courfe
of Drinking, and the great Encem Men naturally have of new
Things; In which Number this indeed is not. But it is fit 1 fhou’d
haften tothe Obfervations and Tryals] have made of it my felf.

43. The Herbs and Stones that lye within the Reach of the Wa-
ter, are tinged in like manner as are thofe of the Spaz above-defcri-
bed, of a Refly Red. It alfo leaves a Stoney Matter of the fame
Colour, which is formed into a oo. Covering upon the Planks,
on the Side of a watering Place for Cattle, where the Water trickles
down. And in feveral Places juft underneath the Joints of thofe
Planks, there appears that Sort of Oyly Matter, mention'd in ¢. 33.
fupr, in great Plenty. The Scentand Tafte were like that of other
Aeidule. In a Night's Time it gives a Reddifh Tin&ure to a Piece
of Silver laid in fome Holes by the Spring Head, wherein it almoft
ftagnates. Mr. Allen * calls it a cold quick Spring. The fame Per-
fon farther informs us, that with a few Drops of Tindure of Log-

Miersl War 200d it gives a Black, with Syrup of Cloves a blackith Colour. Being

ters of Eng-
land, p. 82.

i'd with Milk it did not curdle it. ui
es Four Ounces of the Water, with the Eighth Part of a Grain
of Galls in it, exhibited a pretty deep Purple. "The fame Quantity
of the Water, with Five Drops of my Tincture of Galls, gave as in-
tenfe a Purple, as that in the Tryal with the powderd Gals. In
the Four Ounce Vial, wherein 1 made the above-mentioned Iryal
with the Eighth Part of a Grain of powder’d Galls, the Powder in
a Night's Time was precipitated, and the Water became Colourlefs as
before : But upon fhaking the Vial, the Powder arofe and refln’d the
fame Colours refpetively, as defcrib'd above ; only fomewhat darker
and moreintenfe, as was likewife the Sediment. ‘I he Cafe was much
the fame with the Water in the Four Ounce Vial, whereto I
put the Five Drops of my Tinflure of Galls. This laft had the
duskieft Sediment of all, and accordingly the Water upon fhaking
the Bottle became of the darkeft Colour. The Powder of Gals,
which of its felf isa Light Brown, one might plainly difcern ha
been every Particle of it changed to a Blue or Purple: And that thefe
upon fhaking the Bottle,and being difperfedly fcatterd in the Water,
were the Caufe of the Blue or Purple Colour. So for the like Co-
lours which appear in this Water, when we put into it {mall Frag-
ments of Galls, Oak-Leaves, Balaufa, and the like, they are owing
to the Particles that are ftruck out of thefe Pieces of Galls, Oc. by the
Aion of the /uriol in the Water, which are tinged of a Blue or
Purple by the Vuridlick Spirit, and do fo fully faturate the Interfti-
ces of the Water, that they change the Colour of it. One of the
Four Ounce Vials of Water, with Gals in it, 1 kept by me from July
to Janay, 1703. At which time it was broken by the Froft, and
a Black Powder found at the Bottom of the Vial. = Another fuch a
Vial of common Spring Water, which 1 kept by me the fame {pace
of Time,and in the fame Place with the former, was not broken nor
fo much as flawed by the Froft. 45. Twelve

 

 

Chap. 4.

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

45. Twelve Drops of the Water and Six of Syrup of Violets be-
ing intermixed, the Mixture exhibited an Emerald Green, like to
that arifing from a Mixture of 0yl of Tartar , and the fame S up.
Thirty Drops of the Water, and Fifteen of my Solution of Green J/i-
trul having ftood a Night intermixed, had a copious Sediment of the
Colour of common Ochre : And the Surface of the Water was al-
molt quite covered with a thin Skim, refembling Myaficht’s Anima
of /Zuriwl. With Fifteen Drops of Spirit of Vitriol, and Thirty of
the Water, there was no Alteration : Neither was there any with
Spirit of Urine, or with Oyl of Tartar, any more than what is ob.
fervable on the like Admixtures with common Water. The Quan-
tities I ufed of them were the fame as in the Tryals with the Cleff-
Water.

46. Half a Pint of the Water, that is, fuch an Half Pint as my
Glafs Vial wou'd hold, weighed Seven Ounces, Six Drachms, and
32 Grains. Having ftood a Night, and being put into a freth Vial,
it weighed 66 Grains lefs than before. The {ame Quantity of the
River Water at Wellingborough weighed Seven Ounces, Five Drachms,
and 35 Grains, that is, lefs by 57 Grains than the Red-well Wat
when frefh from the Spring. According to Mr. Allen *

cr,

275

, 1t weighs *InhisTrea-

t ee . . . - . puis : - ; € Mice.
18 Grains lighter than common Spring Water 5 but which of our if of Mine
common Spring Waters he compard it with, and in what Quantities » ¢*

he weigh’d them, he does not tell us.

47. The dry Refidue of a Pint and Half of the Water totally
boil’d off, weigh’d Four Grains; which if we take it for a Standard
of the Weight, then the Weight of the Refidue of Three Quarts
evaporated, wou'd be 21 Grains, and ! of a Grain. But indeed it is
no fit Standard, neither can we draw from it any juft Comparifon
of the Weight of the Refidence of this, with that of the other Wa-
ters here decribed ; this having been evaporated in an Earthen Vef-
fel without any Covertoit. Had the Manner of the Operation been
the fame, it is not to be doubted but that the Refidue of this Water
wou’d have been heavier than that of the Northampton Water, (where-
of hereafter ) in near the fame Proportion, as the Water it felf was
heavier than that of Northampton. "1am the rather of this Opinion,
becaufe of the Stoney Matter that’s found fo copioufly in the former,
and not in the latter. And according to the Experiments of the Cu-
rious and Inquifitive Mr. Shu tgrave, late Rector of Halflon, it con-
tains a greater Proportion of Minerals than either Thrup or Aftrop
Waters.

48. We now come to the Famous Medicinal Water at Northam
pron, called there the New-IWell, which on Fly 31. 1703.1 beganto
make the like Obfervations and Tryalsupon,as were before made upon
Clef and Wellingborouoh Waters. “Its Source is on the lower Part of
a gently rifing Hill ; which has very pleafant Meadows, and the
River at the Foot of it; diftant about : of a Mile from the Town,
and on the Zaft Side of it. Tho’ but of late Difcovery, wiz. in the
Year 1703. yet has it already acquired great and deferved Fame :

Has

 
280

“The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 4.

kilful Phyficians there, and is very
Bs oo Iyd Hr dis it has certainly performed
pr Eh andinty Cures, and, as i er obi ived by farecsl of
i is particularly fuccefsful in Cafes of the Stone.
te 1 mores for Drinking of Wate oe
is neatly adorned with a broad Stone Pavement, Walls an Se 5
The Fountain at the Time I was there, fent forth the Quantity
HE IS rs © .
i a ar “: Red Earthy Sediment and Ogl, as the
oe Mined Waters. For a while it refutes to lather with Soup
ve being boil’d with Milk, did or edly it. hand vg 4 th
BE Wit Po rt italfo ftruck;
infufed upon one fingle Balauflium. With a Sark, als Bones
but of not fo deep a Colour as with Gells. Four O pn ofish.
i i f a Grain of powder’d Galls, gives a
i i Lk of my Tindlurs tai the Fume Qua iy
: light Purple : Five Drops of it to a deep
Puy Ne Fes het Ben the Water look’d like Las
p “The Water with Syrup of Vlets, an equal Quantity, is 0 oy
Eleoant Willow Green ; which increafes or becomes Sore intense
with ftanding. The Ciftern Water in Northampton is a 8 grey w X B
Syrup of Violets; but not fo fuddenly and intenfely asis t 2 0
or Solution of Vitriol does nothing upon it. No mote’ oes pe
vit of Vitridy or Aqua fortis. Twelve Drops of the W ater, dn ] ou
of the Urinous Spirst produc’d no greater a Change, than is made by
an Admixture of ordinary Water and the like Alkalzes. Prin
1. The Weight of it is as follows : Half a Pint of it, meas the
FR Quantity as was weighed of Wellingborough Water, Spon 4 ge Xi
weighed Seven Ounces, Four Drachms, and 39 a, w ig , wa
lighter by 19 Grains than the fame Quantity of River ; i i 5
by the Town Side, which we weigh’d at the foalisk 2 " Fume
lighter than the Conduit Water by 38 Grains. Half Hib ot
EE ra
’ 1 1t ha 00(¢ ¢
po fon Sou Ounces, Four Drachms, and Thirty Four
Co that is, lefs by Five Grains than that we weighed the Sere
oin Day. But upon returning it to the Veflel in which it tad 0 A
on oh fhaking it in fuch manner 2 0 raife on Sedimean,
reighing 1 in, we found it heavier
Ba there had not above a Grain of it been
wiih ftcod a Night, it gave but a very flight Tinclure with
the Powder of Galls. Having been upon the Firea very host dpe,
it loft its Tafte, and its tinging Faculty with Galls, and J S Stes
well ; yetit fill changed Green with Syrup of Violets. ; Ie Rgfidne
of Three Quarts of the Water totally evapor ated, w S48 R + wi i
and an Half of a foft, Yellowith Bowast of Bitte $is%, steps
fomewhat bitter, A Drop of Spirit of Vitril being pu =

 

ou

Chap. 4. of il
Wi Srap it, there was a brisk Ebullition with a hiffing Noife.

With

mon

 

Bini cmt: guam Ms 3, amr

NorRTHAMPTONSHIR E

Whitin.

a8

up of Vitridl it became an Olive Green: Diffolvd 11 com.
ater, the Solution never chang’d at all with either the pow-

der’d Galls, or my Gall-Tindure ; tho’ I put in fufficient Quantities

of each.

53. Our next Stage was the Well at Aftrop ; which lies at the

Bottom of a {mall

Hill : and has been of Note now above Forty

Years. The Mineral Quality of the Water was firft obferved by the

Learned Phyficians

Dr. Willis and Dr. Lower, who upon farther Ob-

fervations and Experiments, recommended it in the Neighbouring

County : And upon the Succeffes it had there

the Scurvy, Afthma,
fhort time extended

» particularly upon
Chlorofis, and other like Difeafes, its Fame in a

it felf over the Kingdom. Dr. Plot {peaks of it

asa Water purely Vitrulic. By the Ingenious Mr. Dereham itis 1 opie,
annumerated amongft thofe that contain a Metall, and particularly fice © his

that of Steel; which that Writer i

. \ . J Treatife of
magiqes, is owing to an Efurine the timingien

Salt that preys upona Minera of Iron. Mr. Dale, in his Pharmaco. **™ * 5:
logia, has placed it amongft the Metallic or Diuretic Waters. The
following Notes will, I hope, give fome farther Light into the Na-

ture of it.
54. It covers the
ged Fur of a very lig

Earth in its Chanel in fome Places. There is alfo the Blue

Oyl very plentifully

Side of the Ciftern where it rifes, with a rag-
htand Pale-colour’d Ochre, and depofes the like
gliftering
fent up to its Surface. Some of which bein

fcimmed off and put into a Glafs, upon moving it to and fro it adhe-

red to the Glafs Sides, in the manner of Quick-

Water to it, it was

Silver : Upon putting
formed into little Bubbles. At the Bottom of

the Ciftern there were feveral Pieces of Slate of a Black Ink-like Co-
lour, which they had received from the Water. The Dye was fo
clofe impacted in the Slate-ftane, that it cou’d not be wafh’d off.
The Water has an Irony Smell and Tafte. With Soap, and with

Milk, it had the like

Succefs as the Northampton Water.

55. Having poured it on the Eighth Part of a Grain of powderd
alls, it appeared of a Claret-colour’d Purple, or like a Mixture of

Claret and Water in

the Gall Tindure , it exhibited a deeper Colour
former. The Quantity of Water I usd in all the

Four Ounces. With

equal Quantities, With Five large Drops of
than any of the
) Tryals was juft

rit of Vitriol, and an equal Quantity of the

Water intermixed in a iy an Olive Green was produced Upon

aper, a Verditer Green. There were not any confiderable Altera-
tions made in it by the Acid and Alcaline Spirits.

56. Half a Pine of it, ( the fame Meafure as we all along ufed )

werghed Seven Ounces, Four Drachms, and 26 Grains.

feeth’d a while upon

Having
a gentle Fire, it appear'd very full of Terre.

ftrial Particles, concreted into little ragged Parcels, which, when the

Water was cool and in a quiet State, {ubfided.

It had quite loft its

tinging Property with Gall : Nay, when unboil’d, it had almoft

loft it upon ftanding,

tho” well corked up, about Ten Hours.
Cccc 57. Three

 
 

 

282

The Natural HIST ORT "Chap. 2.

 

57. Three Quarts of the Water evaporated to the fame Drynefs, as
near as I could judge, with the Cliff, Wellingborough, and Northam-
pton Waters in the above-recited Tryals, afforded only Thirteen
Grains of a Powder, for Lightnefs refembling Flowers of Sulphur,
and a little like it in Colour, only fomewhat paler. It had plainly
a Salsijb Tafte. Spirit of Vatril being put to fome of it, it-arefe in
Bubbles with a hiffing Noife, and fermented very briskly. Syru
of Vidlets, with a Part of the Powder, became a lovely Green. i
that time about Half a Pint of .the Water was evaporated, it had
let down an obfervable Quantity of Ochre. Thefe Waters do all of
them communicate a Black Tinéture to the Excrements of thefe
who drink them: And as fome have obferved, do blacken their Lips
gud Fo They purge very well by Urine: but feldlom by
otool.

8. We have here fome other Medicixal Waters, which the’ of
lefs Note and Efteem Abroad, and not fo commodioufly fituate ; yet
in Strength are little, if at all, inferiour to any of the above-defcri-
bed. Of this [ am pretty well affured byfeveral Experiments I have

 

Chap. 4. of NORTHAMPTON SH1R E.

 

Powder , became almoft as high colour’d as Mum. The Water of
this Spring, at a due Diftance from its Source, has been lately form’d
into a Cold Bath, which has been made ufe of with great Suc-
cefs.

6o. For Ancient Fame, that called St. Loy’s, or St. Lewis’s Well
at St. Loy’s iW edun, 1 take to be the chief of all the /¥eflern Part of
the County. Even Blind and Leprous People, as Tradition tells us,
it infallibly cured. It had lain neglected a long time, in fo much
that it was almoft covered over with Filth: But by the Care and
Direction of the Reverend Mr. G. Tew, it was not long fince cleansd
and opened , and the ancient Ciftern and Pavement difcover’d ; fo
that all may now have free Accefs again unto this Healing Water.

61. St. Laurence’s Well at Peterborough was of {till greater Fame,
at leaft in all that Eeftern Part of the Countrey in the Neighbourhood
of the Famous Monaftery of Burgh. The Place of the Chapel of
St. Laurence, and of the Infirmary, are ill well known: But of the
Well there ave no Footfteps ; that, as is reafonably fuppofed, having
been ftopp’d up, upon an Inhibition of the Bithop of Lincoln, about
the End of the XlIth Century, to reftrain the Superftitious Refort to

made of them my felf, and particularly by that of Gals, svhere-
with they are tinged as readily and deeply as the Northampton Water
it felf. Such is the Mineral Water at Aynhr, by the Name of
Puck-well : That at Prejion-capes : That at Halfton: That at Thrup :

it *. This and the like Wells in thofe ignorant Times were believ’d * unos
to be tinGturd with Holinefs, inftead of Mineral Qualities and Vir- Chuishivia,

tues. The fame Holy Reverence appears to have been given todivers 7x » ©

And that at Eafl-Farndon.

59. The Medicinal Water at Eafl-Farndon, formerly known by the
Name of Caldwell Spring, has the fame Smell and Tafte, as have
the ftrongeft of our Acidule: Has the fame Qchrous Sediment, and
Oyl , as they have, and agrees with them as to the Properties of re-
fufing Soap, the Lofs of its Tafte upon ftanding, Oc. la Fune,
1701. 1 boil'd away Half a Pint of it in an Earthen Vefiel, and at
the Bottom of the Veflel had Three Grains of a Whitifh Powder of
a mildly Saline Tafte. The Powder having ftoad a while, exhibited
a few Hair-like Stiri, {uch as thofe of the Nitrum Murale. Several
gliftering, clear, colourlefs Corpufcles, or little Spangles, lay inter-
{pers’d with the common Matter of it. The like 1 obferved in the
Rofidue that remain’d of about Three Pints of this Water, that had
been drawn off by a Filtre of Woollen Cloth. The gliftering Cor-
pufcles, 1am fatisfy'd, were thofe of Spar. The fame Sort of Cer-
pufcles we find intermixed with the Stoney Matter that this Spring,
in fome Parts of its Chanel, depofites. In Febr. 1705. 1 diffiid off
Three Quarts of the Water in a Glafs Retort, that had a Recipient
very clofely luted toit. The Diftill’'d Water had neither Odour nor
Talte, unlefs an Empyreumatical one. 1 took fome Grains of the
dry Mafs, of an Amber Colour, that remain’d in the Bottom of the
Retort after Diftillation, and having try’d it with Qyl of Tratar, and
Spirit of Urine, not any thing obfervable enfu'd : But with Spirit of
Vitriol a brisk Ebullition arofe. Another Part of the dry M»* or
Powder, 1diffolv’d in fome of the Water that had been diftill’'d off,
which was very clear before, but upon adding and Sd the

owder,

other Fountains with us, and particularly thofe that ftill retain the
Name of Holy-Wells: that at Longthorpe, that at Caftie-Afbby, that
at Tardly-Haflings, that at Creaton, that at Brixworth, and that at
Hellidsz ; to name no more. They were chiefly apply’d to for re-
lieving external Diforders of the Body. And in cae they us’d them
by way of Bathing or Lation, they no doubt woud be frequently of
good Advantage: As are now the Waters of a Spring at Rowel, of
one at Twywell, of another at Heyford, and of feveral other of our
Springs, particularly for Sorenefs of the Eyes , recent Ulcers in the
Legs, and other Parts ; that yet have not had any Holine[s, that 1
know of, attributed to them. The Waters of thofe Holy Wells
have none of them any greater Virtues, than has that of our ordi-
nary cold Springs, that have a leffer Charge of Spar, Viriel, and
Niire, whether feparately or jointly. And if they perform any
greater Cures, than wou'd have been perform’d by cleanfing the Sore
by wathing with any fimple Water, tis very probably owing to a
flight Tincture that they have of one or the other, or of all the
afore-mentioned Minerals; which , as being gently aftrittive,, may

romote the fame Ends, as do the Lotions of Artificial Lime-Waters
in like Cafes. That Spar externally apply’d, is of Ufe in this Re-
gard, appears by the Inftance in Ch. 2. Part 2. %. 40.

62. Thus I have given an Account of all our more Famous Medi-
cinal and Sanative Waters ; and particularly of the Celebrated Acidule
at King’s-Cliff, Wellingborough, Northampton, and Aftrop, according
to all the ufual Methods of Tryal. Not that I believe the Tryals
will all give that Light into the Nature of thofe Waters, as is gene-

rally

 
 

284

*Dr Grew

in his Tralt

of Epfbam
Water.

“The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 4.

 

rally expected from them : But that it may be feen I have neglected
nothing, which fome Ingenious Men have imagined may be of Ufe
this way, and that the more Skilful may make a better Ufe of thofe
Experiments than I have made.

63. My Reflections upon the foregoing Obfervations and Experiments,
fhall be placed in the fame Order as thofe are: and to them I fhal}
here and there add a few more Obfervations and Tryals, that belong
to the Head I am now upon, and are likely to give farther Light into
it. And Firft, as to the particular Part of the Hill from whence the
Water iffues forth. The Four Springs above-defcribed, do all arife
at the Roots of Hills, or not far from them. But that all the Springs
of this Kind do flow forth, as thefe do, at or near the Foot of Hills,
is a Miftake of a certain Writer of our own*. To give one or two
Inftances of many: At Moulton here with us, there are Two of the
fmaller Acidule , one of which arifes near the Top of a {mall
Hill. Neither are the Acidule at Crick, Harrington, and Meares-
Afbby, fo near the Bottoms of Hills , as to favour that Obferva-
tion.

64. And as thefe Waters do not always iffue forth of the fame
Part of the Hills, fo neither do they all of them pafs thro’ the fame
Sort of Terrefiral Matter. What the Terreftrial Matter is that
conftitutes the interiour Strata, which the Water that fupplies thefe
Springs pervades in its Paffage to its Outlet, is very little known, as
being feldom or never laid open, or expos'd to View : But if we may
judge of it by the Matter of the uppermoft Strata, that lie open to
Sight, about and near the Outlets of the Water, it is not in all Pla-
ces the fame. To give fome Inftances, On the Sides of the Spring
at King’s-Cliff, there appears a pretty thick Stratum of Clay: The
like, with fome Vitriolick Pyrite enclofed in it, about the Medicinal
Water at Northampton. The Hill above the Spring at Wellingborough,
where it is digg’d into, exhibits, firft, what they call a Chifely Soil,
with a laxer Sort of Clay underneath it, and then a Reddifh Sort of
Quarry-flme. The Mineral Water at Walgrave iffues forth of a
Fiflure of a Red-flone Rock ; and not far from it, where the Earth
is open’d by digging, one may fee this Red-ftone in feveral Strata
one upon another, vein'd with our ordinary Iron-colour'd Marcafite.
We have Medicinal Waters at Eaft-Farndon, Spratton, and elfewhere
in the Clay-land: Others of the very fame Kind in the Red-land, in
the Sandy Part of the County. About Everdom, Litchborough, Far-
thingflony and divers other Places here, where we meet with Acidulee,
there are Beds of a Red Sard-Stone which has many of thofe called
Iron-Vewnsin it. The Mineral Spring at Harrington comes forth of
a White Calcarious Earth that very much refembles the Scim or Re-
fufe of the Soap-Boylers.

65. The Ochre which all our Acidule depofe in a greater or leffer
Quantity, is ufually of a Rufty Colour, or a Red and Yellow mixed.
That of fome Acidule inclines more to a Red, of others to a Yellow.
"Tis this that gives that Rufty Colour to the Sides of the Cifterns

where

Chap.4. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

where thefe Springs arife : And that tinges a Piece of Silver laid ih
the Water , of a Yellowifh or Reddith Hue. It differs in Weight
alfo, as well as in Colour; for in fome Springs, and particularly
that in the Meadow at Stoke-d’Oile, it is found at the Top of the
Water, or a little below the Surface of it; but in moft of them, it
lies at the Bottom. And indeed itwou’d always fink down to the Bot-
tom of the Water, was it not {uftained by a lighter Terreftrial Mat-
ter intermixed with it, or by Vegetable Bodies that are lighter than
it is. Thus in the Inftance before us, it is entangled and buoy'd up
by a Vegetative Terreftrial Matter ; of which Kind of Matter there
is in this Spring a more than ordinary Quantity ; as it arifes int
one of the richeft of Soils, and has a fmall Current of common Wa-
ter running down upon it, and intermixing therewith, which as all
other Riveret Waters, thofe efpecially which are made chiefly by
Rains, has a great Charge of Vegetative Matter.

66. Nor is this the only Matter that the Ochre is found intermixed
with. In fome other Springs we may find it copioufly mingled with
a Stoney Matter; which then appears of the fame Colour with the
Ochre.” Of this there isan Inftance at the Red-well nigh Wellingbo-
rough. 1cannot affert, that Vitriol is always found in the [ame Spring
where Ochre is: But that they generally accompany each other, is
certain. Neither can I with certainty affirm, that the flronger the
Fountain is of Pitriol, the greater is the Quantity of Ochre contain’d
in it: Yet, according to my Obfervations, itfeems to bea Rule that
generally holds true. We cannot but obferve of the Water of all
our Acidule, that as it gradually, by little and little, parts with the
Ochre it contains , fo likewife with the /itriol : and that according
to the fame Degrees, the Property it had of being chang'd with Gals,
which was owing to the Vitriol it contained, grows lefsand lefs ; As
if the Vitriol and Ochre were infeparably combined and united.

67. We may make this more clear by an Inftance or Two. As
the Water runs along in its Chanel, it depofes its Ochre: The farther
it has ran from the Spring Head, the greater Quantity of Ochre we
ufually find depofed by 1t, and in like manner it appears to have
parted with the Vitriol too; for ordinarily the more remote or farther
trom the Fountain Head the Water is taken up, the weaker it is
found to be. So for the Mineral Water that’s fet to ftand in any
Veflel, whether open or ftopped, the longer it ftands, the more of
its Ochre is caft down to the Bottom, and proportionably the weaker
or more vapid is the Water ; as being ftill more and more depriv’d of
that Vutrieic Spirit, which with Galls imparts that Tincture to the
Water, and the lighter or l:fs intenfe upon T'ryal the Tinéture is.

68. 1 do not fay that the whole Quantity of Ochre, and fo for the
Visriol, which is feparated from the Body of the Water, is entirely
precipitated : "Tis likely that fome Part of it exhales, or goes off in
Vapour from the Water that’s exposd to the Air; which Halitus’s
are in greater or leffer Quantity, according to the greater or leffer
Degree of Heat, at that time, in the Water, and in the Ambient

Dddd Air:

WEP IOD WD et dnd

285

 
 

“The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 4.

 

Air: But that a great deal of it, even in thefe Inftances, fubfides, is
evident to Senle, And then for the Water that has ftood in Bottles
clofely ftopped : So much as it has loft of its Charge of the above-
mentioned Minerals, muft needs be lodged at the Bottom of the
Bottles ; for how cou’d it exhale from Vetlels that are fo well clofed.
The Cafe is plainly this: when the Water ftands, I mean, is in a
calm and undifturbed State, the Particles of Ochre, that were before
difperfedly f{uftained init, do by little convene and unite, and being
in this manner combined into larger Parcels, fubfide ; and the Vitrs-
dlick Particles being conjoined with thofe of the Ochre, fink down
together with them. “Tis reafonable to believe, that only a fmall
and inconfiderable Part of the Vuriol goes off into the Atmofphere
in Vapour, even when the Water is ftanding, and expos’d to the Sun’s
Heat in Summer ; for the Water that pafies the Helm upon diftilling
it, in Glafs Veflels clofely luted, does not turn with Galls, is [oft, and
admits of Swap: Certain Indications that there’s little or no Vutridl in
it. An Inteftine Motion of the Water, whether by Heat, by Ri.
ding or Walking, as when it 1s remov’d from Place to Place, occafi-
ous a more {r.edy Subfidence of the Ochre, Ye. The Terreftrial
Mineral Particles in the Pores of the Water being in this manner agi-
tated and difturbd, they hit upon each other, unite, and fall. The
heavier, craffer Matter carries down with it the lighter and more
Spiritous.

69. Half a Grain of this Ocbre of our Medicinal Waters , inter-
mixed with Three or Four Drops of Syrup of lets, turns it a Grafs
Green. Four Drops of Spirit of Vitriol, inftill’'d upon a Piece of the
Ochre of the ordinary Confiftence of Honey, about the Size of a Field
Bean, diflolv’d it into minute Particles that were quickly receiv’d in-
to its Pores; and yet the Mixture appear’d not dark or cloudy in the
leaft, but as pure and tranfparent, as if not impregnated with any
Earthy Matter. Which Experiment may render it lefs ftrange, that
the Water of fome of thefe Acidule fhou’d be clear to the Eye, and
yet {o copioufly charged with fuch a denfe Earthas Ochre is.  Ordi-
nary fimple Water with this Ochre macerated and difiolved in it,
will not turn with Gals ; notwithftanding the Vutriol that in all pro-
bability fubfided, and is ftill intermixed with the Ochre. That Effect
of the Vutriol upon Gals being not to be produced, unlefs the Vitriol
was more perfectly extricated and clear’d of the Ochre than it is, or
is like to be in fuch Experiments.

70. As to the Blufh Gliftering Oyly which is found floating upon
the Surface of the Mineral Waters, more particularly where they
ftagnate : The Truth is, we meet with it on the Surtuce of all our
ftagnant Waters indifferently, as well on thofe that are not Mineral,
as on thofe that are; and this as well in the Sandy Part of the County,
as in the Clay-land. That of the cdcidule, and that of our ordinary
Spring Water to outward Appearance ditfer, if at all, in Colour only:
“I'he tormer I have thought inclines more to a darker, the latter to a
lighter Hue, ’Tis ufually found in the greateft Plenty there where

the

 

Chap. 4. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

287

 

the Water, whatfoever it is, is the moft quiet and fill, and has ftood

the longeft ; as for Inftance, on the Water in old putrid Boggs. It
emerges from the Body of the Water at the fame time that the Ochre;
or whatever are the Contents of the Water, are precipitated ; the
heavier and lefs Vifcous Matter difentangling it felf from the Oily
or more Vifcous, and making downwards to the Bottom, when that
does to the Top. Spirit of Vuriol or other Acids dropped into the
Water, by fevering the Oily Particles from thofe of Ochre, and the
reft that were buoy’d up by them, occafion a more {peedy Subfi-
dence.

71. "Tis properly call'd an Oyl or Oily Matter, not only becaufe it
bas a Softnefs and Smoothnefs to the Touch like that of commori
0yl, and floats as any ordinary Oy! wou'd do on the Top of the Wa-
ter : but for that the Particles of it being once difengaged from the
Pores of the Water, and collected into Homogeneous Parcels at the
Surface thereof , are not to be mingled with it again without fome
Difficulty, as in the mixing common 0y/ and Water ; neither when
they have been thus intrrmixed will they long continue fo, but when
the Water is ftill, they return to the Surface of it. That the con-
ftituent Parts of it are, tho’ lighter, yet more grofs than thofe of
Water, and in this Regard too, like to common 0yl, appears by feve-
ral Inftances, and particularly by this, that whilft the Water of thofe
we call Bogg-Springs, is ftraining thro’ the Earth into the Trenches,
that are ufually cut into thofe Boggs, the Water indeed drops down
into the Trenches, but a good Part of the 0y/ that it had gathered,
remains behind, and fticks to the Sides of the Trenches ; befmear.
ing them all over with this Bluifh Oyl.

72. 1 have never feen any Reafon to believe, shat this Oyl is a
Mineral Recrement, and particularly that of Sulphur or Bitumen.
To me it appears to be chiefly, if not wholly a Pegetable Oyl, ex-
traéted by the Water from the outmoft Stratum of Vegetable Earth,
or ¢lfe educed forth of the lower Strata, where, together with other
Vegetable Matter educed in like manner, it had lain difperfedly in-
termixed with the common Matter of thofe Strata. The Standing
Water on the Sides of Dung-Heaps, and the like Places, is feldom
without fuch an Oily Subftance as this at Top of it; which Oily
Subftance proceeding from Vegetable Bodies diffolv’d and rotted,
and {o nearly refembling the Oyl upon the Surface of our Mineral
Waters, we may reafonably believe they both confift of much the
fame Kind of Matter. Any one may fatisfy himfelf, that there is
an Oyl in Vegetable Earth like that of the Acidule , and that it may
be drawn forth of that Earth by Water, as this, we fuppofe, is ; if
he puts fome rich Mould into Rain or Pond-Water, and having
ftrain’d it thro’ Paper, lets it ftand foe Weeks. He will then find
much fuch an Oy! at the Surface of the Water above-defcribed.

23. That Property of the Water, that it will not take Soap, is
owing, to the / url, or elfe the Alum contain’d in it. Common Sali
or Niure diffolved in any foft Spring Water, do not hinder its La-

thering.

 

4

 
 

 

he Namal HIST OR?T Chap 4

thering. But the greater the Quantity of Vuriol or Alum put Se
it. the more obftinately it refufes Seap. Thus the Acidul With 8;
which hold a greater Quantity of Vitriol than the Semon path
Spring Waters, are ftill more unfit for the Ye of Lan ref = iy
i aforefaid heavier Sor -
operty appears to be owing to the afore
i Mer iofating it felf into the Oily Parts of the Soap, % the
Hand is blending and diffolving 1t in the Was gad wi pring
intimately mi ith the Water in fuch ma
hem to be intimately mingled wit in ;
nl form a Lather, but driving ngs dom in y 3 Ye Token
: 1 2: ‘hiti ittle S,
here they form many incoherent, whitilh, S
ettlitt A soy as it were , a Coagulatzon of the Sor. Wes
this Effect produced by the Incifive Quality of the Vitrio ic o ty hed
certainly Salt-petre, whofe Particles are Incifive too, wou'd have the
“me Etfect, which we fee it has not.
ine According to the Tryals 1 made, only one of the Fa boss >
defcribed Mineral Waters, wiz. that of King 5-Cliff wou is e
Cow’s Milk ; and that not without double the Chany of the Water
being put to that of Bailing Milk. The Tryal I made of it was in
Ful : 7 mention this , becaufe in the Autumn Months, and particu-
farl , in 0&ober, when the Cows do fometimes eat of the fallen Leaves,
A Milk of it felf, however if mix'd with harfh Water, in the
Boiling will be quaild, (as the Good Women call it) vice is a
fighter Sort of Coagulation, the Milk thus altered , looking fome-
what like to Whey with Meal in 1t.

Chap.44+ of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Alum it felf appears to be a Compound Mineral confifting of Spar,
Vitriol, Iron, and a little Earth : But the Vitriolick Part in the Alum
is fo fmall, or elfe is fo much entangled with the other Mineral Mat-
ter, that when Alum is diflolved in fimple Water, there is no Change
in the Colour of it, upon adding Galls. Neither is cher: any Change
upon the like Tryal of a Solution of common Sais. And therefore

289

the Salt Springs, that Dr. Lifler mentions *, that turn'd with Gals, * De Font:
in Cafe there was no Miftake in his Experiments, muft neceffarily ,'; #*"

have fome Admixture of }Vitriol too. How the Blue Purple Colour j

of thefe Waters, upon putting powder’d Gas into them, is producd,
1 have fhewn above in 9. 44. ’Tis really owing to the Powder,
whofe Colour is chang’d to a Blue or Purple ; which being difperfedy
fuftained in the Pores of the Water, a tranfparent and colourlefs
Body, muft needs reprefent it of the fame Colour.

77- Upon intermixing the Water of thefe Acidule with Syrup of
Pulets, is produced a Green Colour ; as in the like Tryals with this
Syrup and Oy! of Tartar, or other Alkaline Oyls, not a Red or Cla-
ret Colour, as with this Syrup and 0yl of Vitriol ; From whence fome

erhaps may infer, that there is nothing of /utridl in thefe Waters.
Bur this Experiment does not contradiét the Pofition in the foregoing
Paragraph, tho’ to fome it may feem to do fo. There may be, and
I doubt not, there is really Vitriol in all our Acidule ; yet fuch the
more prevalent Quantity of the other Ingredients of the Water of
thofe Acidule, that with Syrup of Violets it changes not to a Red or

75. We need not doubt, but that that Effect of the cy Yao

TD Milk, was produced by the fame Na ny 2 J as

fore-mentioned Tryals upon Soap, wz. either by Co

oi had i ne Milk, will inftantly change it

Hither Ee SRE Salt and Nitre will not do. 78. Whatelfe is to belearn’d from Tryal with this Syrup, will be

into Cut ye tl Oy rrity of Vitriol or Alum is no greater than feen by and by. It is certainly not fo diftinguifhing a Tryal as fome

Bu in ¥ wi ; dle oN us, they will not produce this Change. have imagin'd it to be. For whether it be made upon the common

I ye) 4 he " [ am not ofured that there is any of it in the more fimple Spring Waters , upon the Petrifying ones, or upon the

Idee) Se Beitr there is Vitriol in it, is manifeft from the Al- Acidule, with us, the Effet is much the fame: that is, if you put

5 Water I is ade as to its Colour by Galls ; and therefore its Two Drops of the Water to one of the Syrup, or in the like Pro-

an which lk roof in all likelihood be owing to this very Mine- portion, and intermix them well, there arifes a Green. So likewife

Power 0p Th q 4 other Experiments , appears to have been in if the fame Experiment be made upon Rain or River-Water : or upon

ly whith this, than in any other of the Northamptonfbire a Solution of common Salt, of Nitre, of Alum, or of Coperafs in any

greater Quantity In this, fimple Water. 1 made all the forefaid Tryals with the fame Syrup,

er the Trvals with Galls we know of a Certainty, whether prepared of the Blueft #ulets, fuch I mean as were perfectly ripe ;

! wy y Titi ol 4 any confiderable Quantity in the Water, or not ; which I mention here to obviate an Objection fome may make, that

De ther Mineral, that upon an Addition of Galls, gives the Syrup 1 ufed was almoft a Green of it felf, as really that is which

ie hs let o¥ Purple Colour to Water, as that does. Put pow- is made of unripe Flowers. Indeed the Green that was produced in

B Re: wo Rye 3 as you pleale of a Tinéture of Gals into a the Tryal of this Syrup, upon all the above-mentioned Waters, was

go Bh lu oy of Alum made in Water, and there is no fuch Change not exa¢ily and indiftinguifhably the fame: In fome of them it was

Songs De therefore it may be fufpeted that the Alum-ftone on more, in others lefs, intenfe: And in fome of them it arofe more

“Dr se eho Bank, which being feraped into fimple water, forthe {lowly than in others; but yet in all of them there appear'd a Green
rN with ftruck of a deep Purple with Galls*, contain d joras / yw Se Colour ; and that with no great Variation,

mnibat i d that this Purple Tinéture was owing to that Jurwl. Indee
Cnayshorough, 105 311 Alum

Claret Colour, but a Green. And all we can reafonably infer from
what we have here been obferving, isonly this, that there is a {uf
ficient Quantity of Vatriol in the Water to ftrike with Gals, and not
enough of it to produce a Red with the Sy zp.

 

 

 

Ecce 79. So

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap g.

"So that 1 am inclinable to believe, the Green, in almoft all
ao i. is owing chiefly to the Veoetative Terreflrial Matter
we fo conftantly meet with in all thefe Waters; which Vepemnk
Matter, by the Colour it wears when a&ually conftituting Vegetables,
we fee inclines fo very much to a Green *. Tis owing, I fuppofe, to

"De Wd Particles of this Kind of Matter involving and fhading thofe, which
ute don, before the Mixture gave that Blue Colour to the Syrup. And the
p76. greater the Number of thofe Green Corpufcles in the Water , the
greater and more fudden is the Change in the Colour of the Syrup.
{ faid in almoft all the Infrances, for that “tis likely the Ochrous Par-
ticles in the Water of our Aeidulee, as alfo thofein a Solution of Green
Vitriol, have the chief Hand in Sp that Greenifh Colour,
/ e {fame Experiments are made on them.
i T a with the Acid and _Alkalime Spirits, and Oyls, were
wholly made in Compliance with the common Opinion and Praétice
in the like Cafes; not that I expected much from them. And the
Succefs was accordingly, as appears by the Refults of thofe Tryals.
There was not made the leaft Alteration by Sprit of Vtril, by
Corrofive Spirit of Nitre, or by any other of the Chymical Acids upon
any of thefe Waters. And the Change that was made in Chiff Wa-
ter, and in the reft of them with Oyl of Tartar, and the Alkaline
Spirits, which chang’d the Water toa Milky Colour, and occafion’d
a flight Kind of Coagulation in if, 1s indeed no more than what may
be at any time produced by the like I'ryals, upon any of the common
or more fimple Spring Waters. Then as to the Effelts of the Solu-
sion of Green Vitriol upon Wellingborough Water, they are no ways
ftrange. The copious Ochre-like Sediment that the Mixture of them
exhibited upon ftanding a Night, was doubtlefs real Ochre ; which
one might well expect to meet with at the Bottom of fuch a Mixture ;
not only the Water of it felf having Ochre in it, but this Sort of
Vitriol having alfo an Admixture of that Earth. : And the thin Skim
refembling Mynficht’s Anima Vitrioli at Top of it, was certainly no
other than the Bluifh Oyl we fo commonly meet with, as well on the
Surface of Waters that have no Vari in them, as on thofe that
ws, Of the Four Waters above-defcribed, that at King's-Cliff is
the heavieft : that at Aftrop is the lighteft. The Weight of all of
them is as follows. My Half Pint of Cliff-Water weighed Eight
Ounces, and 22 Grains, The fame Quantity of Wellingborough
Water Seven Ounces, Six Drachms, 32 Grains. That at Northam-
pton, in the fame Meafure, Seven Ounces, Four Drachms, 39 Grains.
The fame at Afirop, Seven Ounces, Four Drachms, 26 Grains.
And doubtlefs the Weight of the Refidue of thefe Waters differs alfo
in the fame Proportion with that of the Waters, in cafe it be obtain'd
by the fame Degrees of Heat, and in all other Regards in exadtly the
{ame manner ; which indeed I cannot fay of the Refidues obtain'd
by my Tryals. Notwithftanding, 1 fhall here fet down the Weight
of each, as I happen’d to find them. I'he Weight of the Reganect

290

f| vid. §. 72
Jupra.

 

 

Chap. 4.

Three Quarts of Cliff-Water was §4 Grains: Of a Pint and Half of
Wellingborough-Water, 4 Grains ; and according to this way of Tryal,
the Refidue of Three Quarts of it would weigh 16 Grains. The
Refidue of Three Quarts of Nortbampton-Water weighed 44 Grains
and . Of the fame Quantity of Afirop-Water, 13 Grains.

82. Upon this Head I need only farther note, that it is not to be
expected that the Weight of the Water, and fo confequently that of
the Refidue of it, upon Evaporation, fhould be found always the
fame, by Reafon it is fo ufual for the Rain-Water, when it falls
plentifully , to fink down thro’ the uppermoft Sirata , and intermix
with that of the Spring ; bringing down with it fuch Terreftrial
Matter occurring in its Paflage, as was lax and moveable ; which
muft needs alter the Weight of the Spring. And then farther, the
ordinary Water of the Spring cannot always flow forth with the
fame Charge of Mineral Matter ; the Mineral Matter that lay in the
Strata through which it pafies, being daily more and more exhaufted
and {pent. By which Means that which was heretofore, fuppofe, a
Vitriwlate Spring, may, in Traét of Time, be no other than a com-
mon more imple Water ; unlefs its former Paflages being accidental]
ftopped , 1t betakes it felf to fome new Paths, in which it lights on
freth Supplies of Vitrioic Matter ; and then indeed it may flow forth
with a greater Charge of that Matter, than it formerly was wont
to have. Or inftead of Virrwl, it may take up, either in its old or
in the new Paths, fome other Kinds of Mineral Matter. All which
Cafes will incline us to believe, that the fame Spring, with refpe&t
of the Mineral Matter it contains, is by no means likely to be al-
ways the fame: And fo likewife with refpect of its Weight.

¥3. How much is abated in the Weight of the Water, when re-
moved from the Fountain, and admitted to ftand fill for a time,
may now be a little farther enquired into, upon the feveral Inftances
belonging to this Head, in the foregoing Account of Waters. A full
Half Pint of Cliff-Water having ftood a Night, weighed 84 Grains
lefs than it did when freth from the Spring *. Half a Pint (fuchan.
one as 1 generally weighed ) of Wellingborough-Water, in the fame fir.
Manner of Tryal, weighed lefs by 66 Grains in the Morning, than
it did the Night before +. But the fame Quantity of / orthampton-

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

vid. §.37.

Water, in the like Experiment, had loft but Five Grains: And only $e 58,

One of thofe Five was exhaled, altho’ the Water was fet in a pretty
warm Room ; the other Four had fubfided to the Bottom of the
Vefle! ||. By which it appears, that the chief Abatement in the ¢
Weight of fuch Water upon ftanding , is from the Precipitation of
the Terreftrial and Mineral Matter it contaia'd.

84. The Weight of the Water, after having ftood fome time, de-
pending thus upon the Precipitation of the Contents of it, and this
being various and uncertain, not only in different Waters, but in the
fame Water at different Seafons, and under different Circumftances,
fo likewife is the Weight of the Water that has thus ftood. There
are fome Waters that have in them an Ochre partaking much more

of

SL, fupr

 

 
 

 

292 The Natural HISTORT Chap. 4. Chap. 4. of NORTHAM TONSHIR & 2973

 

of Iron, than does that of other Waters; which, as it increafes the occafioned by thofe Rains, Hig the more than ordinary Agi-
Weight of it, muft needs occafion its {peedier Precipitation. So like- tation that the Water of this little River had ; as have all others, at
wife, if a Stoney Matter be intermixed with that Mineral Earth, as the time of Floods, which muft needs bear up a greater Quantity of
there is in many of the Acidule, that alfo will haften the Fall of it: that Matter, and by that means make an Addition to the Weight of
As the lighter Sort of Vegetable Matter, and particularly fuch Oily the Water. Then, as to the Weight of the River-Water at Northan-
Particles as the Bluith 0y/ confifts of; intermix’d in Plenty with the pron, which exceeded that of the Medicinal Spring : It is to be con-
Ochre, will retard its Subfidence. And the greater the Quantity of filered, that the Water we made Tryal of, was taken up out of that
the Ochre, the more fpeedily will the Particles of it, in the ftanding Part of the River that runs under the Town; which is always more
Water, hit each upon other, and joining together, form fuch Parcels Impure and tur bid than that in the remoter Parts of the River, as
as can be no longer fuftained in the Body of the Water. Alfo the having the Sinks of the Town difcharg’d into it, and what had fettled
different Temper of the Ambient Air, that Night the Water ftands, to the Bottom more frequently rais’d by the wafhing of Horfes, by
may caufe the Contents of it to be precipitated more or lefs freely at the Trades that are exercis'd in it, ©. By which means it becomes,
fome times, and in fome Places, than in others; and by this means as more impure, fo more heavy, than that of the Spring ; for tho’
may occafion a Diverfity in the Weight of the Water, in fuch Expe- the Matter which is thus added to the Water, be tor the main of
riments as we have now been {peaking of. the Vegetable Kind, and confequently fpecifically lighter than the
85. The Conduit Water at Northampton, which is fupply’d by a Mineral Matter in the Spring , yet as it faturates the Pores of the
common Spring, we found to be heavier by 38 Grains in Half a Pint, Water more fully, it gives a greater Weight to it than that does.
*§.su.fur than that of their Aeidula *. Preflon Acidula 1 found to be heavier 88. The Contents of the Four Waters above-defcribed , #. 40, ©
by 6c Grains in Half a Pint, than their ordinary Well. Water, Jeq- which had been obtained by evaporating theWater in the Manner
Which may give us Caution in paffing Sentence on the Virtues of above-mentioned, I laid up in my Cabinet, each in a diftin& Paper,
Waters from the Weight of them. Nay, their River-Water at Clef intending to examine them farther, particularly by Filtration and
t s.37-fu" we found + weighed as much as that of the Spaw. And that of the Chriftallization, at my firft Opportunity and Leifore.” But this being
River Nyne at Northampton, outweighed the Medicinal Water there not done till the Year 1710. almoft Seven Years after I had feparated
by 19 Grains ||. 3 them from the Waters, I found that the Saline Parts of the Contents
lis.sife Q6, Now fincea confiderable Part of theMineral Matter,that’s found of Cliff-Water, and of that of Northampton , tho’ carefully put up
in the Water of Springs at its Source or Outlet is dropt by thatWater ] ( as were alfo thofe of Aftrop and Wellngborough-Waters ) in Two
as it paffes along in its Chanel, Ochre in the Chanels of the Acidule, or Three Doubles of ordinary white Paper, and tho’ laid ina Cabi-
a Stoney Matter in thofe of the Petrifying Waters, and other Sorts of net that ftood ina dry Room, had pafs'd thro’ the Papers that enclos'd
Terretnial and Mineral Matter in the Chanels of other Springs: And thofe Contents, in a confiderable Quantity. There appear'd a Saline
as it pafles on fill farther, there is ftill more and more of this Matter Efflorefcence ( as we call it ) on the Outfide of the Papers in a Hair-
depofed : and fince by fo much as the Water parts with of its Earthy like Form. The Hairs were fhort, and irregularly difpos’d. The
or Mineral Contents, it muft needs be fo much the lighter ; it necef- Colour of them White with a flight Tincture of Yellow in the lower
farily follows, that the Water of Brooks and Rivers, whofe ordinary Part of em. The Taft the moft like that of Salt-petre, ( Nitrum
Current is fupply’d by that of Springs, is allo accordingly lighter Officin. ) only not fo pungent. In the Tafte, as well as in the Form
than the Water of thofe Springs. And thus in Fault we find it to be of it, it very nearly agreed with the Aire, which in many Places
generally. we find affixed to the Walls and Cielings of Ground Rooms. This
87. We are therefore to enquire, How it comes to pafs that in the is the Salt Dr. Lifter {o often {peaks of in his Tract de Fontibus Med;-
Two Inftances before us, the Water of the Rivers is not lighter than catis Angle, by the Name of Nitrum Calcarium, which he looks
that of the Springs. As to the Inftance at Cliff , the Cafe. as has upon as the main Ingredient, and the only Salt of fome, if not all
been already intimated, is this: Their River-Water had an Addition the Acidule ( Atramentous Waters, as He calls them) of England *. , Tud.s
made to its Weight by the Rains that had fallen there the Day before It is nothing but Nitre more or lefs intermixed with other Mineral Font. Med.
the Tryal. Not that the Water which then fell had of it felf fo Matter, fometimes with Ochre, that efpecially which hasa Yellowifh 2%; +"
much augmented the Weight of that of the little River ; for Rain- Hue, but generally with an Arenacesus or Stoney Matter ; as will
Water is found to contain even lefs of Mineral Matter, than that of appear to any one who will be at the Pains of purifying it.
Rivers, efpecially when at Diftance from their Sources; and is 89. The Infeription I had written upon the Paper of the Contents
therefore the molt likely to be the lighteft of all. But the chief In- of Cliff-Water, fpecifying what was enclos’d within, was vanith'd
creafe in the Weight of this Water was owing, I fuppofe, partly to and gone ; that Saline Excretion having quite eroded and taken off
the Terreftrial Matter that was wafh’d down into it by the Flood all the Letters, The Paper had fome Ferruginous Stains upon it,
occafion’d Ffff that

i

 

 
 

 

204 The Natwal HIST ORT Chap. 4. Chap. 4. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR

Sort of Salt as impregnated each : So I doubt
that were owing, no doubt, to fome of the Ochbrous Part of the en- y Caf alls yobs the pave Foe had they Pe as copioufly faturated
clos’d Powder here and there paffing off along with the Saline Par. ners ye of wov Kind whatever; and had they been fo free from

rid §. 40. ticles. The Powder, which at firft was a Gray *) 1 now found iy an of Fry or of Mineral Matter, which is not natu

for. turned to a darker Colour, with a Caft of Yellow: And it exhibited EY ‘0 Cryftallize , as were thofe. But the Refult of the
a few Spangling Particles, tho’ we coud not difcern any fuch in it | 4 y t Tryals was only this. Thefe Solutions having ftood till all
at the firft. The Contents were lighter by above Twenty Grains, | ire fui | Por of them was gone off in Vapour, there appeard at the
than they were when firft enclos’d. “There were the like Accidents J he in! each of the Vefiels, a flightly granulated Sediment of a
attending the Contents of the Nor thampton-Water, in all the Particy- o Latte but no Cryftalls ; only one or two {mall ones of no
lars abovementioned, excepting the Colour, which in this was onl Se ne Figure, in the Sediment of the Solution of the Refidue of
a more intenfe Yellow than at firft jt appear’d with. Upon the Pi. ! TCM a ) The Sediments were not clear and pure: Each of
pers enclofing the Refidue of the Aftrop, and that of the Wellingbo- Lets pao of the Colour of their refpective Powder that was
rough Waters, which were fomewhat drier when enclofed than were jae Gt in the Filtre; which thew'd the Saline Matter had {till
thofe of the former, there were no Ferruginous Stains, no Erofion ] eit Barth Ytermisitare As did alfo the Tafteof it, for that was
or Decay of what was written upon them, nor any Saline Efflo. ; Pome | oy in comparifon of that of clearer Salts of whatfoever
refcences, But in the Weight of thefe, there was a confiderable Dj. at on AT the DiftinitionT cond perceive in the feveral Sediments,
minution, tho’ not near {o great as in thofe, Png. as only, 1. That the Sediment of the filtredSolution of the
90. Notwithftanding that Diminution in the Contents of the Wj. AE fiers Aftrop-Water had together with the Saline a butterifb
ters, efpecially in the Saline Parts of Two of them, 1 thought fit to afl He fsdeet Tro ali the relt of them, but not fo fenfibly as this.
purfue my intended Tryals; hoping fill that fomewhat of Ufe wou’d TH Tafte was very like to that of the Sal Catharticum amarum, (as
occur in them. 1 intermixed a frated Quantity of the Refidue of | a {ually called ; which is drawn from Epfbam-Water, and which
each, with what I thought a due Proportion of one of our moft re r " Sk aiefly Niire, intermixed and entangled with a fmaller
fimple Spring Waters, that had been filtred thro’ feveral very clofe C fe 8 of the other Ingredients of that Water. 2. That each of
Filtres, to make it as freefand clear as poffible. Of the Refidue or Sanu Salis efpecially that above-fpecify’d, had a little Vitriol
Powder from Aftrop-Water, 1 intermixed Ten Grains, with Five me. S rs Palate, upon blending any Part of the Se-
Spoonfuls of that Simple Water: I did the fame to the Refidue of % hey while ‘op the Tongue : And upon letting it down into
the Northampton-Water. Of each of the Powders from Wellingho. Ja h, it inclind to Vomiting in like manner as does ordinary
rough and from Cliff, 1 put Eight Grains into Four Spoonfuls of the Be Te Thefe Afettions: However it nad on me, who have
faid Simple Water. = The Powder having been well mingled with the I A a. minted with the Tafls of thie: {evera) Sorts of . Mineral
Water, by as much Agitation as fremed requifite for the diffolving Sh eH acd
and difentangling what remain’d of the Sule Pare of it, I put the 4 =. From thefe finall Tryals, together with the foregoing Obfer-
Mixture into a Filtre of thick Paper, that the Water might pas off : a for thy. oattaih fatisfy’d that there is really Nitre and Vi-
with the Saline Corpufcles, and leave the Earthy Matter behind, as Yeap, FOIL F a larger, the latter in a fmaller Quantity, in all
it does in the Filtrations of ordinary Saline Solutions. And accogd. hea E Hie: 3 Waters, And had 1 had the Opportunity
ingly, the Warer that pafs’d the Filtre, I found by the Tafte, had the x v earlier Tryals, of a bigger Quantity of the Contents of
drain'd off a Saline Matter: And at the Bottom of the Filtre there of a I io I 5 OE I of any {ure Method where-
remain’d an Earthy Powder with little or no Salt in it, to be difco- Te Por Two Sal ; lying intermixed together in thofe Contents,
ver'd by the Palate. But yet, by after-Obfervations and Tryals, 1 Y the er'd.and sarted eaclt from other , fo as to form Houmuoge-
learned that the Earthy Matter that was left behind in the Filtre, had cote M. ox At Re tis certain they cou’d not be thus feverd in
not parted with all its Salt : And that together with the Saline, fome He ovals Io thos above-recited. for the Nure and Vitriol muft
Earthy, Matter had alfo pafsd the Filtre. Sor oth YE the Filtre together at the fame time : and in Cryfiall:-
91. Each of thefe Solutions ( for fo I fhall now call them ) being feed > od BE its hoot, 25 they call it, into Cryfialls confifting of
put into a {mall EarthenVeflel, (fuch as are commonly ufed for drink- er Sa i AE and incorporated one with another.
ing Coffee and the like) I fet them all in a Row, in the fame Window es p it his Hiftory of Mineral Waters, has told us, that he
where I had formerly placed Solutions of common Salt, Vitriol, Alum, : Sr iy determine the Species of Salt, in any Mineral Water,
and Nure, ( that is, certain Parcels of Water well impregnated, | Whi TE the Cryflalls A So that gitar all, the fureftCriterion
mean, very fully fated with the fiid Salts ) in the fame Sort of Ve y he LD ears to be that of the 7 afte.
fels, and difpos'd in every Regard in the fame Manner, as thefe were. i
And as thole Solutions of common Salt, we. afforded me a Set of

¢3. That
Cryftalls

 
 

“The Nawal HIST ORY Chap 4.

 

93. That there is alfo a little Tron in fingle Particles contain’d in
all thefe Mineral Waters, the Smell and Tafte of them, which is
very like that of a Tindure of Irm extratted in hot Water, is to me
of it felf a fufficient Proof. And ’tis not unlikely, there is alfo a
{mall Quantity of common Sa/t in fome of them. From the whole
of thefe Obfervations and Experiments, 1 conclude, that what Vir-
tues are affignable to this Sort of Waters, we call Acidulee, which do
not belong to the Water as fuch fimply confider’d, are owing chiefly
to the fubtil Particles of Vutriol, Nitre, and Iron, that are contain’d
in it. Whatever the Minerals in the Waters are, we have certainly
the utmoft Efforts of them in our Bodies upon drinking the Water ;
they being contained there in the {malleft and fubtileft Form, that is,
in fingle Particles. : i

94. Hitherto we have had little more than the Natural Hiftory of
the Springs of this County, with refpect of the Properties and Con-
tents of them. 1 fhall now proceed to the Obfervations , that have
here been made, relating to the Origin of Springs: The Paffage of
the Water from under Ground: The Apertures by which it flows out :
The Manner of the Water's Exit; and particularly of thofe that
break forth with Ebullition and Noife : The Number of our Springs:
The Height of their Sources: The Quantity of Water they refund,
and the Differences therein, in different Seafons: And laftly, with
relation to the Origin of the Contents of the Water of Springs, or
the Means whereby they become thus impregnated with Terreftrial
and Mineral Matter. The Obfervations upon moft of thefe Heads,
relate as well to the Temporary Springs, that is, thofe that owe their
Origin to Ram and are not conftant, as to thofe of a more lafling
Stock ; to the flaguant ones in Wells and Pools, as well as to thoie
that run forth upon the Surface. : 52

95. Wherefoever the Ground has been laid open by Digging to
any confiderable Depth, and particularly in the Wells with us, there
is always found a warm watery Vapour. We find it afcends in all
Places, where the Earth is fo open and pervious as to give Admiffion
to it, and this inceffantly: That it paffes thro’ the Fiffures of the
{olid Strata, and the Interftices of the laxer ones: That it alfo pene-
trates the Interftices even of the denfer and firmer Strata, tho’ more
flowly, and in lefler Quantity : And that when the watery Particles,
which form the afcending Vapour,are advanced nearer to the Surface,
where the Heat that bore them up is ufually lefs powerful, and are
intercepted by a Stratum of Stone, efpecially that of the denfer Sort,
they convene, and are collected into Drops and {mall Mafles of Wa-
ter, which glides along the Nether Surface of that Stratum, and along
the Pores and Fiffurcs of the adjoining Strata, the neareft or readieft
way to an Outlet. All which Obfervations are really evident to
Senfe, and do manifeftly thew us, how the Water of Springs, for
the main of it, is {upply’d. :

96. To

 

    

 

 

 

Chap.4 of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

96. To give fome Inftances and Proofs of what I have laid down

only in general , in the preceding Paragraph. Our Pump-Makers
and other Workmen, who are employ’d about Pumps in Wells, do all
affirm, that in all the Wells they go down into, and more particu-
larly in fome of the deepef | they perceive a warm, watery Steam
arifing and tending upwards, and this fo copioufly and fenfibly in
fome Wells, efpecially in the Winter Seafon, that it refembles the
Smoke or Reek of a Caldron of Boiling Water : And inclines them
to Sweating and Faintnefs, and occafions fome Difficulty in Refpira-
tion. They feel it at the firft entering the Pit or Well, and as the
go down lower, they perceive a fill greater Warmth. The Wells
as they all affirm, that lie in Sand are warm, altho’ they do not fic
low ; and that to whatever Depth they are digged, they are hotter
than any other of a like Depth: And that the next Degree of Heat
in Wells; is in thofe that are cutinto a Rock. In digging the Reve-
rend Mr. 7ally’'s Well at Hellidon, the Labourers having funk thro’ a
Rock of hard Stone, Eight Foot in Thicknefs, there appeard a
Spring, and together with it, there immediately came forth from a
Fiflure of the Rock, a warm Reek or Vapour ; fome Part of which
affixing it {elf on the prominent Sides of the Rock, became collested
into Water, and ran down in Drops : the reft of it mounting ftill up-
wards, went forth at the Mouth of the Well, and might be eafily
perceiv’d there. >
97. The Famtings and Swwonings that have feized the Workmen in
going down into fome of thefe Wells, and particularly one at 7 gee.
cefler , about Twelve Years ago, are owing meerly , {o far as
I can difcover, to the Greatnefs of the Heat, and the Thicknefs of
the Vapour in thofe Wells ; and not to a ftifling Sulphureous Smell
or to any other ill {fcented or otherwife noxious Mineral Halsrus’s in
any of them ; tho’, no doubt, where there are really fuch Halitus's
they are apt to produce as bad or worfe Effects. Tis the fame thick
and humid Vapour that extinguifhes the Lights, tho very large and
ftrong ones, that are fometimes let down into thofe Wells for the Ufe
of the Pump-Makers. Of this there was not long fince a remarkable
Inftance, in one Widow Batifon’s Well at Quinton ; which, tho’ not a
deep one, yet the Vapour in it was fo grofs and humid, that it put
out the Light of feveral of the largelt Sort of Candles lighted all
together in a Bunch. And thus in the Delve defign’d for a Coal-pit
at Wansford , the Diggers having gone about Sixteen Yards deep in
a Bed of Clay, and arrivid at a Stratum of Stone, they met with
fuch a motft and denfe Vapour, attended with Heat, as quite extin-
guifhed their Lights. And by the way, where a Well is fufpected of
thefe watery Damps, to let down Lights into the Well, is a fure
Method of ‘I'ryal; for in fuch as are fo clear, that the lighted Candles
or Torches do not go out, the Workmen may defcend with Safety.
And a Well that is not fo clear as it fhoud be, may be freed from
all Danger, by leaving the Mouth of it open, and allowing it a free
Intercourfe with the Air for fome Hours ; which generally renders ali

Gggg fafe

~

Bh

    
   
  
   
    
  
  
    
 
 
 
 
  
   
   
   
    
    
    
  
 
   
   
  
   
  
   
   
  
   
 
  

 
 

The Natwal HI ST ORY Chap. 3.

 

fafe, by ventilating and cooling them : by withdrawing , convey-
ing forth, und diffipating, both that over-great Heat, and over-grofs
Vapour, which are the Caufes of thefe Mifchiefs. But to return.

98. Thofe who are not inclinable to believe, upon the above-reci-
ted Relations of the Pump-Makers, Well-Diggers; and other Work-
men, that there is fuch a Heat and Vapour under Ground, may them-
felves, if they pleafe, obferve it, by only puttingiin their Hand at
the Mouth of a Well, that has one of the lafting Springs int, efpe-
cially in a very cold Day. Nay, there are feveral Wells, and par-
ticularly one at Fafl-Farudon, out of which in Frofty Weather, there
iffues forth a tepid Steam or Mift ; and that fo plentifully, that one
cannot fee the Water for the Vapour ; tho’ the Water does not lie
deep in the Earth. The like crafs Vapour, or Mift , may be ob-
ferved at and about the Apertures of fome of our profluent Springs,
and particularly of that in the Town of Greas- Houghton, and of all
other Springs that pafs, as that does, to the Surface thro’ fuch open
Fifures, as can more freely admit, and carry off that warm Va-
pour. Why the like Vapours, which no doubt fteam forth of thofe
Wells and Springs, aswellin Summer as in Winter, are not to be feen
in the Summer Seafon, is owing plainly to that greater Degree of
Heat, which is atthat time in the Air, and in the Exteriour Part of
the Earth, which immediately takes up and diflipates that watery
Vapour in infenfible Parcels ; whereas in the colder Months, when
the Heat of the Sun alts lefs ftrongly, if at all upon it, it in a man-
ner flagnates, if 1 may fo exprefs it, at the Surface, and by this
means faturates the Air about the Mouths of thofe Springs and
Wells, in fuch manner, as to become difcernible therein.

99. "Tis from this under-Ground Hea: , that the Water of our
Rock-Springs, as we commonly call them, is never frozen, no not in
the kneeneft Frofts : And that the Herbs which grow on the Borders
of the Chanels of them, thofe efpecially near their Sources, are per-
petually Green. And as for the Water of Wells, that have Springs
of a like Origin, itis fo far from being frozen, even by the fharpeft
Seafon of Cold, that in fome of the hotteft of them, it is at fome
times, and particularly at the time of fevere Frofts, fo perceptibly
warm, that one may feel the Warmth of it, upon putting a Hand
into a Bucket of the Water, as foon as drawn up: It fends forth a
copious Steam : And wili thaw any frozen Water, if but thinly iced
over, that it is poured upon. When the wet Earth in all other Pla-
ces 1s frozen, there 1s not the leaft Appearance of Ice about the Mouths
of fome of thefe Wells ; and the Snow that falls there, melts more
fuddenly than in Places at a Diftance.

100. We meet with the like warm watery Vapour, as well in Cave,
and in Grottos, asin Wells. In the Month of Fune, 1703. 1 went
into an old vaulted Quarry in Cofgrave Lordfhip ; out of which had
formerly been taken great Quantities of Stone, whereby the Farth
was excavated for a great many Yards in Horizontal Extent. 1 call
it a vaulted Quarry, as being cover’d at Top by the uppermott Strata,

which

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR EL,

Chap. 4.

which had never been remov'd or difturb’d. 1 went onwards about

Thirty Yards from the narrow Mouth that now lets into the Quarry
In which Walk, and efpecially in the farther Part of ir. | obferved a
fenfible Warmth, and a pretty crafs watery Vapour, which affixing
it felf to the Roof of the Quarry, and to the Nether Surface of the
broken Sirata of Stone, that ftood jutting out on the Sides of it. be-
came condenfed into Water, which here and there drop’d down.
There was no other vifible Quantity of Water in the Place: And
upon the Surface above it, all had been dry for a long time. | men-
tion this laft Particular, that none may imagine that the Water that
drop’d down here, was derived from above. In the Grot underneath
the Banqueting Houfe at Longthorpe, 1 likewife obferved g fenfible
Warmth, as alfo Dew-like Drops upon the Nether Surfice of one
of the Strata of a little Rock expos’d there to view. This was on
the Fifth of March, 1702. There are alfo fome Obferyg tons in
the Accounts I have taken of the more common Quarries, that will
ferve to thew that ’tis ufual for the Water , which afcends fi om the
inner Parts of the Earth in Form of Vapour, to be intercepted in its
Paflage upwards, by a Stratum of denfe and folid Stone, and to be
colletted on the lower Surface of it *,

tor. In like manner, as this Afcending Vapour is found inter-
cepted and collected upon the Nether Surface of Strata of Stone, fo
likewife is it found upon the Nether Side of the Covers of feveral
Wells, efpecially in a very cold Seafon. I have met with Inftances
of this in feveral Places, where the Cover over Night was dry, and
the next Morning befet on the Infide with a Multitude of Drops of
Water. In thefe Inftances it is plain, that the Water found upon the
Infides of the Covers of thofe Wells, was formed of the Afcending
Vapour intercepted in its Paflage upwards.

102. From the above-recited Obfervations, about the warm watery
Papours in Wells, it appears that this warm Vapour is wont to enter
thofe Wells by any Path whatever. It comes in not only by the Fif-
fures, but the Interftices of the Strata on the Sides of the Wells, in
cafe thofe Strata are fo porous as to admit it to pafs ; and the more
porous they are, as for Inftance, thofe of Sand +, the more copioufly
it pafies them. That it permeates the Interftices even of the Strata
of Clay, which is the denfeft Sort of Earth, and of Rag-.ftone
which with us is the irmeft Sort of Stone, appears by the inward
Humidity thatis found in them, at whatfoever Depth they are lodged
in the Pit or Quarry. This watery Vapour pafies alfo by the fame
Fiffures, as does the Water of the Spring, and together with it,

"

* See Chap,
a. Part 1.
of the Stone
in Strata

t §. 96. [apr

there efpecially where the Fiflures are large And in fome Wells |

it in part proceeds from the Water it felf, which is in thofe Wells :
the Particles of Heat that are in the Water giving Birth to it *,
Now by the fame Agent as this Vapour is raifed, by the fame Paths
that it pafles , and in the fame manner as it is collected into Water
in Places open to our Views and Searches : by the very fame Agent
it is raifed,, by the like Paths it paffes, and in the fame manner it 15

reid
collected,

iS. 99. Jupr

* $5.99. fupr

 
  

 

 

 

   

 

The Natwral H I ST 0 RT Chap. 4.

collected we may reafonably believe,in thofe Parts of the Earth which
lie concealed ; the Earth, to whatfoever Depth we dig, being every
where found to have the fame Difpofition and Structure. a
103. The Tryals1 have made with the 7 hermometer, do. hy e
undeniably atteft the Truth of this Propofition, that wi is be 22
Quantity or Degree of Hear within the Earth, as 1s fu gle or
raifing up Water in Form of Vapour : They alfo how Wg i
Places it is actually accompany’d with a watery Vapour. le rye
als 1 now {peak of, have been made in a/ Parts of this Cony | 3
I might the better fatisfy my felf and others, that what lin i
from them was well grounded. The 7 bermometer we ufed for ho
ie, in all the Parts of it, like to the common ones ; only not above
one Foot long, and graduated accordingly. Thirteen Degrees in
this Thermometer make an Inch in Length. When let down jn
the Earth, in thefe Tryals, it wasalways included in a prattyeints
Cover or Cafe. 1 ufually fufpended it by a Thread, about o a
Foot above the Surface of the Water in Wells. Having ores a
what Degree the Spirit in the Thermometer ftood, when 1 let it 4 i 2
and having continu’d it there as long as I thought fit, tos ws
up with a very quick Hand, and at that Inftant 1 note = ick
Height the Spirit then ftood. I need not trouble the Gh with
an Account of all the Tryals. The following Inftances wil pe
fume be thought enough. The moft obfervable Circumftances rela-
ting to them, were all exactly and carefully noted upon Tholipee :
104. The Thermometer was let down into the Well, in the Par 4
nage Yard at Oxendon, Febr. 15. 1702. at Nine in the Mepoing: : t
continued there fufpended, at Nine Foot and Half in Depth; he
Space of an Hour. The tinged Spirit in the Phonic, i et
down, was at Hard Froft, when taken again out of the Lk a :
sth Degree above Hard Froft ; having rifen Five Degrees in t fons
Hour’s Space. The Glafs being remov'd to the Place kt flood ao efore
the Tryal, and having continu'd there about an Hour, [hes pirit
fubfided to very near Hard Froft. I mention this Parteanss and |
might do the like for all the following Inftances, to fhew t BEETS
not from any Change in the Temper of the Ambient Air, 0 rom
a Heat within the Earth, that there was that Elevation of the Spirit,
above-mentioned. wh
x i ei called Tomkin’s Well at Oxendon, Feb.16.1702. at Nine s the
Morning, the Thermometer was fufpended 25 Foot deep. ihe Spirit
when let downat Five Degrees below hard Froft. When the G oh as
drawn up,which wasabout an Hour after,we found the Spe oy en
inthat Hours Space almoft 14 Degrees. The String by which the or
mometer was {ufpended very mot : The Brafs Phe Span 4
the Degrees are marked, and the Glafs, altho’ incluc ed in Bante)
betet with Drops of Water like thole of Dew upon rhs [here
had not any Water been drawn up out of the Well all that Morning.
I mention this Particular, becaule the drawing up of i Water -
cafions the difperfing of that Vapour ; which in this anc (note

 

 

 

 

 

Chap.4. of NORTHAMPTONSH IR EL

Inftances, having penetrated the Cafe of the Thermometer, is found
colletted therein, in Drops. OF what Kind the Terreftrial Matter is
that lies above, and in the Way, to the Spring which feeds this Well,
will occafionally be mention’d in another Place.

In one Robert Braines's Well at Rowel, Febr. 25. 1702. at Nige.
It continued there, fufpended 21 Foot deep, about Half an Hour ;
when let down at 2 Degrees below juft Freezing : When taken forth
at 3 Degrees above it; having rifen 5 Degrees in that Half Hour.

In the Town-Wellat Hafelbich, Febr.27. 1702. at Nine. Sufpended
there almoft Half an Hour, at Forty Foot deep. When let down
at 2 Degrees below Hard Froft: When taken forth at 8 Degrees
above it ; fo that in that time it had rifen Ten Degrees, that is, al-
moft an Inch.

In Mr. Wyckes’s Well at Hafelbich, the fame Day, at Ten.
Sufpended there almoft Half an Hour, at 36 Foot in Depth. When
let down at Four Degrees above Hard Froft : When taken up at the
Ninth Degree above it ; fo that in this Well it had afcended only 5
Degrees.

In Thomas Sturgis’s Well at Great Oakly, March 1. 1702. at Eight
at Night. Sufpended Thirty Foot deep in the Well. It continu’d
there till 7 the next Morning. The Spirit, when the 7 hermometer
was let down, at Hard Froft: When taken again out of the Well,
the next Morning, at 12 Degrees above it.

In that call'd the Drumming-Well at Oundle, March 3. 1702.
Sufpended at 21 Foot deep in the Well. When let down, which was
at Ten at Night, the Spirit ftood a Degree below Juft Freezing :
When taken again out of the Well, at 6 the next Morning, it was
found to have riftn 4 Degrees.

In Mr. Fleetwood’s Well at Northampton, March 10. 1702. at Se-
ven in the Morning. ‘The Spirit at that time, as in the former In-
tance, a Degree below Juft Freezing: When taken up again at 8
the fame Morning, Seven Degrees higher than before. Above Twen-
ty Buckets full Water had been drawn up that Morning. ‘I'he Ther-
mometer was fulpended Sixty Foot in Depth.

In the Well at Watford Gap, Febr. 24. 1703. at 11 in the Morn
ing, where it continued ! of an Hour, fulpended at about 40 Foot
Depth in the Well. When let down, the Spirit ftood at Half a De-
gree below Hard Froft: When taken forth, at the 16th Degree above
it; having rifen 16 Degrees in a Quarter of an Hour.

In Mr. Kuightley's Well at Byfield, Febr. 26. 1703. Sufpended
about Half an Hour, at 29 Foot'in Depth. In which time the Spi-
rit had afcended at leaft Ten Degrees above its former Station, which
was betwixt Cold and Temperate.

In Joba Bigges’s Well at Meares-Afbby, Decem. 9. 1704. Sufpended
at 18 Foot and ; in Depth, a Quarter ‘of an Hour. The Spirit in
that time had afcended at leaft Six Degrees. The Under Surface of
the Cover of the Well, when we firft took it up, was found befer, as
thick as it well could be, with Drops of Water.

Hhhh In

   
 
  
   
  
  
 
  
  
  
    
     
   
  
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
   
    
   
       
        
       
     
     
       
       
  
 

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap 4.

In a Well in the Garden on the North Side the Vicarage Houfe at
Brixworth, Decem. 13. 1704. Sufpended 23 Foot, 2 Inches deep,
the lower Part of the Glafs within the Water : Continu’d at this
Depth about a Quarter of an Hour. The Spirit in the 1 bermometer,
when let down, ftood at Hard Froft : When taken again out of the
Well, at the 16th Degree above it. The Under-fide of a Wooden
Cover, which was put over the Well, whilft the 7hermometer was
within it, was found befet with a Multitude of Dew-like Drops ;
which is the more obfervable, becaufe the Well for fome time before
the Tryal, had been open or uncovered, and the Under-fide of the
Cover, when we plac’d it there, was dry. The Infide of the Cafe
of the Thermometer was made moift with the Vapour in the Well,
and the Glafs befet with Drops. When the Cover was removed from
the Well-Mouth, there came forth a thick Vapour. From fome of
the Water drawn up ina Bucket, one might plainly perceive a Steam
arifing : And it continud to emit the like Steam, tho’ in lefler Quan-
tity, for fome time after it was taken up. The Strata from the Sur-
face, quite down to the Floor of the Spring that feeds this Well,
are chiefly Keal and couarfc Rag-ftone.

105. All which Obfervations thew, thereis a [ufficient Quantity of
Heat within the Earth, to raife and bear up Water in Form of Va-
pour ; for even in thofe Inftances at Oxeidon and Brixworth, wherein
the Spirit of the 7hermometer was not elevated above that Degree
which is marked with Cold Air, there was neverthelefs a fufhcient
Degree of Heat to buoy up the watery Vapour ; as appears by the
Dew-like Drops upon the Glafs, and upon the graduated Plate of
Brafs, which undoubtedly were form’d of a watery Vapour within
the Well, which having enter’d the Cafe of the 1 bermometer , be-
came condenfed upon the included Glafs, Ce. And not only the
Air, in the Cavity in the upper Part of thefe Wells ; but even the
Water it {elf, in fome of them, was warm, as appears by that lait
Inftance at Brixworth, and by divers other Tryals | have made with
the Thermometer immers'd in the Water in Wells.

106. It may feem very ftrange to fome, that there (how'd be a
Quantity of Heat in the Earth, fo great as to produce fo confide-
rable an Effect, as that of evaporating Water, and to be perceptible
even to the Hand held within the Well, as it truly was in almoft all
the above-mentioned Inftances, at the Time of Tryal ; and yet that
in fo few of the Inftances, the Spirit was rais’d above that Part of the
Plate, which is mark'd with Cold Air. But itis not fo ftrange to mc,
who have often obferved, that Vapours have been rais’d in the open
Air, when in the fame Thermometer the Spirits ftood at the fame
Degree of Cold Air, asit did in the Wells above-mentioned.

107. Thus by the above-mentioned Tryals we learn, that in the
Colder Part of the Year, even at the time of Hard Frofls, and when
the Ambient Air is very fenfibly Cold, there is neverthelefs that De-

gree of Heat within the Earth, as is fufficient for the mounting up of

watery Vapours to the very Surface, in thofe Parts of the Earth
where

 

 

Chap. 4. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

 

where they may have free Paflage ; we may therefore very reafonabl
expect, that in the warmer Part of the Year, there is By a ore 4
Degree of Heat to be met with under Ground. And hs i ro
found it to be by feveral other Tryals, in the fame Places wherein he
former were made, and with the fame Inftrument. In fome f
which Experiments, and particularly one that was made in ie
Month of Auguft, in a deep Well at Culworth, 1 have found the Le
fide of the Cafe of the 7 hermometer , when taken out of the Ww il,
bedew’d in like manner as in the Tryals in Winter Ta > ]
Air in the upper Part of thefe Wells, feems fomething cold 2 the
Hand held in it, in the Summer Seafon, by reafon of great " De.
gree of Heat at that time in the Ambient Air, and of ote Senfes I
ving been accordingly difpos'd and affeéted by it ; Tach thas
what feems cool to us then, is the quite contrary i the Water ’ But
FT Umthsevnlyn grates
: of | “ar : ¢ of the Year, than in the
Winter Seafon, a Degree fo much greater, as the Subterranean Heat
has been more or lefs augmented and enforced by the Sun’s Heat
which then fo copioufly enters the Exteriour Part of the Earth.
) 108. In this County the Earth being no where laid Open to a
greater Depth, than that of 70 or 80 Foot, I was obliged to content
my felf with fuch Sort of Tryals, as the Place allow’d me to A
At a full greater Depth in the Earth, there is generally {fo much a
greater Heat, as appears by the Obfervations that have been made
in other Places, and particulatly in the Wells at Modena : where f
we have an Account trom Ramazzini. In like manner here by f
much the greater the Depth the Thermometer is {ufpended at ; in oe
Wells, the higher the Spirit in the Thermometer is dially rio
efpecially in the Winter Seafon.  Ufually, 1 fay, becaufe the Corn
dition of the Circumjacent Strata, the “Openn fs of the Paffage
whereby the Water enters the Well, and alto fome Accidental co
cumftances are to be confidered, with relation to the greater or 1 A :
Rife of the Spirit in the 7hermometer, as well as the De ith %
{ufpended at in the Earth. For Inftance, where a Well is ry to
a thick Bed of Clay: Bethe Depth of it never fo great yet n C oe
it be not funk below that Stratum of Clay, and have no other S ol ;
but what drains down into it from the Surface the Heat he,
never fo great, as in thofe Wells, tho’ of lefler Depth that are digg
through Sand and Stone, as that is in the Vicarage Garden at Biers
worth 3 which as they have larger Pores, and alfo Breaches or Fiffures
that are not in the Clay Strata, fo confequently the Subterranean
Heat, as well as Water, is admitted to pats them more {peedily, and
in much greater Quantity. is
109. And as the Heat in the lower or more inward Part of the
Earth, is ufually more ztenfe than in the Exteriour or more Super-
ficial Part of it; fo likewife is it more conflant and uniform Thi
alfo the 1 bermometer witnefles to. And indeed the Reafon of te
hing is fo plain, that none can doubt of the Truth of it. For as
the

 
 

The Natural HI ST ORT Chap 4

the Superficial Part of the Earth is nearer to the Ambient Air, it
muft needs partake in greater Meafure of the like Alterations which
that is fubject to. Jib 3

110. Thefe Obfervations do by no means fuit with the Opinion of
thofe Gentlemen, who acknowledge there is indeed a Heat within
the Earth ; but imagine, it is to be found in only the decper Mines ,
or in fuch Places as are ftored with Bitumen, Sulphur, and other Jy.
neous Minerals: And thac it is generated of that Kind of Matter ;
For there can fcarce any where occur a Traét of Ground, that has
in it a letler Quantity of that Kind of Mineral Matter, than this
has; and yet in all Parts of it, where the Strate are open and per-
vious, there is a manifeftly perceptible Heat. :

111. As to the Calorifick Calluflance, as it is called, which fome
others, for I know not what Reafon, fuppofe to happen betwixt the
different Kinds of Minerals in the Earth; we meet not, for our
parts, with any Minerals there, that are at all likely ro engage in
fuch Maoner : or if they did, to produce and occafion Heat, Was
there any fuch Colluétant Mineral Matter to be met with, one might
well expect to find it, or fome featter'd Remains of it, if any where,
in the Water of our Wells, which do fo abound with Heat. But
upon examining the Ingredients of the Water of feveral of thofe
Wells, I cou’d never difcover that it contain’d any other than inactive
Terreftrial and Mineral Matter. The Contents of it, for the main,
are either Earth of the more common Kinds, or a Sparry and Stoney
Matter : Of any of which, even the warmeft of the Chymifts do not
affert that they are of a Fermentative Nature.

112. {hall only add this one Reflection more under this Head, that
is, that from the Experiments made with the T bermometer, we may
probably receive much Light, as to the Origin of Winds ; the Li.
quor or Spirit in it arifing, as I have obferved, confiderably, when
the Glafs is let down into the deeper Hollows in the Earth, at the
firft Accefs of Great Winds, or juft before a Storm. 1 have alfo ob-
ferved a fenfible Wind to ifiue forth of the Fiflures of the Strata in
Nuarries, and particularly in that Vaulted one at Coforave. Which
Obfervations I leave to others to reafon upon and improve.

113. From the foregoing Obfervations and Tryals, relating to
that Head of the Origin of Springs, has been already fully thewn,
that there is fuch a Quantity or Degree of Heat within the Earth,
as is fufficient for the raifing up Water in Form of Vapour: And that
it is almoft every where altually accompany’d with a watery Vapour;
which pervades as well the Bodies of the Strata, as their Fifiures.
It has been alfo thewn, that the Heat that bears up this Vapour, is
ufually lefs intenfe in the Exteriour, than in the lnteriour Parts of
the Earth ; by means of which Remiffion of the Heat, the watery
Particles which it brought up with it, are difpofed to affemble and
combine : and that the watery Vapour being mn _fundry Places impe-
ded in its Paflage upwards by the Interpofition of Strata of Stone, is
collected or condens’d into Water upon the Nether Surface of them.

So

 

 

 

   

Si ven vy

Chap.4. of NorTHA MPTONIHIRE 3 | 2 306

 

So that now we may proceed to enquire, how this Water or Collected
Vapour is afterwards difpos’d of, and what becomes of it.
114. The Account of this, in Dr. Wosdward’s Natural Hiftory of
the Earth, agreeing exactly enough with my Obfervations here, I
fhall give in the Words of that Accurate Writer *.  “ Where the Va. |
y pour is thus intercepted wn its Paflage, and cannot penetrate the Stratum Gor. oy
diametrically , fome of at glides along the Nether Surface of it, per- $i, of oe
 meating the Horizontal Interval, awhich is betwixt the Jad denfe Stra- ns
“tum, and that which lies underneath it. The refl pafles the Inter-
« flices of the Mafs of the [ubjacent Strata , whether they be of laxer
«“ Stone, of Sand, of Marle, or the like, with a Dirediom parallel ts
““ the Site of thofe Strata, till it arrives at their Perpendicular fe
From which Intervalls the Water, where there is an Outlet for it,
flows forth upon the Surface, and if there be no Obftacle without,
forms Brooks and Rivers +. According to this Account, the Perpen- thid.p. san,
dicular Intervalls ferve to receive and collet the Water , both from
the Horizontal Intervalls, and the Interftices of the laxer Strata, that
open into them, and that lead that way, and to difpenfe it forth to
the Surface. And thus we find it to be here.
115 The Paffage of the Water from the Horizontal to the Per-
pendicular Intervals, is, or has been vifible in feveral of our Stone-
Pits, and particularly thofe at Stanjan and Helmdon: And at the
Mouths or Apertures of feveral Springs, of thofe efpecially in the
Hills in the more Stoney Part of the Connty. Thus for Inftance,
there is one in Rowel Field that glides along an Horizontal Interval,
which is betwixt Two Strata of Stone, and having enter’d a Perpen-
dicular Fiffure, iffues forth thereat. The Strata in this Place lie fo
bare and open, that one may plainly fee the Progrefs of the Water
in their Intervalls, which is in the manner above-defcribed. There
is another at 7wywell, the Name of it Little Fobu’s Well, running
forth of Three Perpendicular Fiffures very near each other, that are
all of them fo much expos’d to View, that one may fee the Water
pafs the Horizontal Intervalls into thefe. In Febr. 1704, I obferved,
amonglt other little Springs proceeding out of a Rocky Bank nigh
Chelfton, one, a Part of whofe Water diftill’d down from the Roof
of a narrow Perpendicular Fiffure of Rammel-ftone : the other Part
of it flow'd gently forth, at the Bottom of this Fiffure, in a little
Stream. At Staverton is a Cliff that gives us a fill clearer View,
both of the Struture of the Earth in the Stoney part of it, and of
the Paffage of the Water there. The Cliff confifts of feveral thin
Strata of Stone. Upon the Front of it, which has an almoft Per-
pendicular Defcent, appear both the Horizontal Intervalls, and the
Breaches of the Struta, from which there flows out a conftant and
plentiful Spring. It iffues forth of the middle Part of the Cliff,
from a Perpendicular Breach or Fiffure, about 2 Inches wide, and &
deep; which receives the Water from the Horizontal Fiffures opening
intoit.

Iii 116. In

   
   
   
 

 
 
 
 
 
  
   

    
   
   
    
     
   
  
  
 
   
  
   
 
   
  
    
   
  
   
  
   
   
   
   
   
 

The Natwral HI ST ORT Chap. 4.

 

 

the Superficial Part of the Earth is nearer to the Ambient Air, it
muft needs partake in greater Meafure of the like Alterations which
that is fubjett to. re 2

110. Thefe Obfervations do by no means fuit with the Opinion of
thofe Gentlemen, who acknowledge there is indeed a Heat within
the Earth; but imagine, it is to be found in only the deeper Mines
or in fuch Places as are ftored with Bitumen, Sulphur, and other Jy-
neous Minerals: And thar it is generated of that Kind of Matter ;
For there can fcarce any where occur a Tra& of Ground, that has
in it a leflfer Quantity of that Kind of Mineral Matter, than this
has; and yet in all Parts of it, where the Strata are open and per-
vious, there is a manifeftly perceptible Heat. ;

111. As to the Calorifick Callullance, as it is called, which fome
others, for I know not what Reafon, fuppofe to happen betwixt the
different Kinds of Minerals in the Earth; we meet not, for our
parts, with any Minerals there, that are at all likely ro engage in
fuch Mavner : or if they did, to produce and occafion Heat. Was
there any fuch Colluctant Mineral Matter to be met with, one might
well expect to find it, or fome fcatter'd Remains of it, if any where,
in the Water of our Wells, which do fo abound with Heat. But
upon examining the Ingredients of the Water of feveral of thofe
Wells, I coud never difcover that it contain’d any other than inaétive
Terreftrial and Mineral Matter. The Contents of it, for the main,
are either Earth of the more common Kinds, or a Sparry and Stoney
Matter : Of any of which, even the warmeft of the Chymifts do not
aflert that they are of a Fermentative Nature.

112. l{hall only add this one Reflection more under this Head, that
is, that from the Experiments made with the Thermometer, we may
probably receive much Light, as to the Origin of Winds ; the Li-
quor or Spirit in it arifing, as | have obferved, confiderably, when
the Glafs is let down into the deeper Hollows in the Earth, at the
firft Accefs of Great Winds, or juft before a Storm, 1 have alfo ob-
ferved a fenfible Wind to iflue forth of the Fiflures of the Strata in
uarries, and particularly in that Vaulted one at Coforave. Which
Obfervations I leave to others to reafon upon and improve.

113. From the foregoing Obfervations and Tryals, relating to
that Head of the Origin of Springs, has bten already fully hewn,
that there is fuch a Quantity or Degree of Heat within the Earth,
asis fufficient for the raifing up Water in Form of Vapour: And that
it is almoft every where actually accompany’d with a watery Vapour;
which pervades as well the Bodies of the Strata, as their Fitiures,

It has been alfo thewn, that the Heat that bears up this Vapour, is
ufually lefs intenfe in the Exteriour, than in the Interiour Parts of
the Earth ; by means of which Remiffion of the Heat, the water
Particles which it brought up with it, are difpofed to affemble and
combine : and that the watery Vapour being in fundry Places impe-
ded in its Paflage upwards by the Interpofition of Strata of Stone, is
collected or condens’d into Water upon the Nether Surface of them.
So

um nn

 

Chap. 4. of Norn

AMPTONSHIR E

So that now we may proceed to enquire, how this Water or Collected

Vapour is afterwards difpos’d of, and what becomes of it.

114. The Account of this, in Dr. Wodward’s Natural Hiftory of
the Earth, agreeing exaétly enough with my Obfervations here, I
fhall give in the Words of that Accurate Writer *.  “ Where the Va.
“ pour is thus intercepted in its Paflage, and cannot penetrate the Stratum
“ diametrically , [ome of it glides alg the Nether Surface of it, per-
“ meating the Horizontal Intervall, which is betwixt the Jaid denfe Stra-
“tum, and that which lies underneath it. The reft paffes the Inter-
« flices of the Mas of the fubjacent Strata , whether they be of laxer
« Stoney of Sand, of Marle, or the like, with a Direion parallel to
“ the Ste of thofe Strata, till it arrives at their Perpendicular nd 5.
From which Intervalls the Water, where there is an Outlet for it,
flows forth upon the Surface, and if there be no Obftacle without,

——

00,

* Dr. Weds
ward's Nat.

Hitt. of the
Earth, p.1at.

forms Brooks and Rivers +. According to this Account, the Perpen- thid.p. sss.

dicular Intervalls ferve to receive and collect the Water , both from
the Horizontal Intervalls, and the Interftices of the laxer Strata, that
open into them, and that lead that way, and to difpenfe it forth to
the Surface. And thus we find it to be here.

115 The Paffage of the Water from the Horizontal to the Per-
pendicular Intervalls, is, or has been vifible in feveral of our Stone.
Pits, and particularly thofe at Stanjan and Helmdom: And at the
Mouths or Apertures of feveral Springs, of thofe efpecially in the
Hills in the more Stoney Part of the Connty. Thus for Inftance,
there is one in Rowel Field that glides along an Horizontal Interval,
which is betwixt Two Strata of Stone, and having enter’d a Perpen-
dicular Fiffure, iffues forth thereat. "The Strata in this Place lie fo
bare and open, that one may plainly fee the Progrefs of the Water
in their Intervalls, which is in the manner above-defcribed. There
is another at 7wywell, the Name of it Little Fobn’s Well, running
forth of Three Perpendicular Fiffures very neat each other, that are
all of them fo much expos’d to View, that one may fee the Water
pafs the Horizontal Intervalls into thefe. In Febr. 1704, 1 obferved,
amongft other little Springs proceeding out of a Rocky Bank nigh
Chelfton, one, a Part of whofe Water diftil’d down from the Roof
of a narrow Perpendicular Fiffure of Rammel-ftone : the other Part
of it flow'd gently forth, at the Bottom of this Fiffure, in a little
Stream. At Staverton is a Cliff that gives us a fill clearer View,
both of the Structure of the Earth in the Stoney part of it, and of
the Paffage of the Water there. The Cliff confifts of feveral thin
Strata of Stone. Upon the Front of it, which has an almoft Per-
pendicular Defcent, appear both the Horizontal Intervalls, and the
Breaches of the Strata, from which there flows out a conftant and
plentiful Spring. It iffues forth of the middle Part of the Cliff,
from a Perpendicular Breach or Fiffure, about 2 Inches wide, and 8
deep; which receives the Water from the Horizontal Fiffures opening
intoit.

liii 116. In

 
 

306

The Natwal HI ST ORT Chap. 4

116. In feveral Places we may fee Two, Three, or more Hori-

zontal Intervalls opening into, and conveying Water to one fingle

icular Fiffure. Where divers Horizontal Intervalls, that are
Pr of tranfmitting a greater Quantity of Water, open thus into
one fingle Perpendicular one, there the Perpendicular Fiflure is of
greater Capacity and Extent, than that which has only one Horizon-
tal Intervall opening into it. And for the moft part, the Perpendi-
cular Intervalls or Apertures of greateft Extent, as they are capable
of receiving and difcharging, fo they actually do receive and fend
forth the greateft Quantity of Water. Thus the Spring called Mickle-
Well in Wel:on Field, which comes forth of a Perpendicular Fiffure,
Four Inches in Depth, and 12 in Width, is proportionably large.
The Inhabitants report, that the Spring was formerly much larger
than now it is, and that of it fclf it formerly drove a Mill, at a fmall
Diftance, near a Place fill call'd the Mill-Dam : But that in digging
the Stone-pits above the Spring, the Water of this Spring abated,
and feverall {mall ones that never appear’d before, broke forth not
far from it, where there now are Bogs. However that be, the fore.
going Inftances do thew us the Paffage of the Water from the Hori-
zontal to the Perpendicular Intervalls: And ’tis not to be doubted,
but that this is the ordinary Manner of the Paffage of the Water of
Springs, 1 fay the ordinary Manner, becaufe the Water, ’tis very
likely, in fome Parts of the Earth, before it reaches its Outlet, paf-
feson from one Perpendicular Interval to another, either immediately,
or by the Horizontal Intervalls of the Strata, that lie betwixt the
Two Perpendicular ones. This I take to be the Manner of the Wa-
ter’s Paflage, that fupplies the Spring in that called the Drumming -
Well at Oundle ; whereof in fome of the following Paragraphs.
117. The few profluent Springs that occur upon the Clayey Hills,
for the moft part, arife immediately out of Gravel, or the like open
and pervious Matter, which is found in Parcels here and there inter-
fecting the whole Diameter of the Clay Stratwn. But that the Wa-
ter of thefe alfo proceeds, tho” not immediately, out of one or other
of the Perpendicular Fiffures of the folid Strata, which lie more in-
ward in the Hill, and from thence pafs on to the Surface thro’ the
intervening Gravel, oc. we may reafonably fufpec, becaufe it comes
forth of only one particular Part of the Gravelly Parcel, and does
not ooze out difperfedly in all Parts of it ; which inall likelihood it
wou'd have done, had it not been collected by a Perpendicular Fif
fure, as by an Artificial Chanel, and by that directed in a more col-
letted Stream to its Outlet at the Surface. For a Confirmation of
this, I may here take notice, that the very Fiffure which ferves to col-
let the Water of one of thefe Clay-Hill Springs, may now in fome
Places, and particularly where the Spring breaks forth of a freeper
Part of the Hill, bedefcry’d, if with Attention and good Day-light,
we look into the Hole that has been made there, at the Mouth of
the Fiffure, by the Stream iffuing forth of it; hat having forced oft
the Incumbent Terreftrial Matter , and thereby formed that Hey or
avity,

 

 

Chap. 4. of ROSTHAMITON oy AE

Cavity, which it now paffes through to the Surface. The Mouth of
the Fiffure that difcharges the Spring, is in moft, if not in all Places
of greater Diameter than the Strearn that ordinaril paffes it.

118. The Subterraneous Paflages of the Rain-Water into Springs,
differ from thofe of the Water condenfed from afcending Vapours,
chiefly in this, that the former runs along the upper Side of the Stra-
tum, whether of Stone or other denfe Matter, which hinders their
finking farther ; but the latter in the Horizontal Intervalls beneath the
like Strata, which intercept the afcending Vapour through which
thy both glide into the Perpendicular Fiffures. and from thence iffue
out of the Earth. It may withal be allow’d, that the Vapours, as
confifting of a finer and more fubtil Matter, agitated by the Heat,
will pervade more folid Strata, than Rain-Water can.

119. So in like manner the Water of fome of thofe called 7 empo-
rary Springs, which proceed wholly from Rain, never appearing but
in a wet Time, having made its way thro’ the laxer Strata, that lie
above thofe of Stone, and arrived at a Perpendicular Intervall of the
Stone Strata, iflues forth thereat, as does that of the Perennial or
more lafting Springs, whofe main Supply is from beneath. Thus I
have obferved it to be in feveral Places. “In a little Stone-pit betwixt
Blake(ly and Maidford,theWater which had funk down thro’ the Inter-
ftices of the laxer Strata, lying upon thofe of Stone, might be feen ina
Time of much Wet, Awio 1703. to pafs on thro’ the Horizontal In-
tervalls of the Sirata of Stone, to a Perpendicular one ; whence it
flowd forth in a collected Body into the Hollow of the Pir. The
Stone that appear’d thus to View, was a Pile of feveral thin Courfes,
This Perpendicular Intervall interfected only Three of them, and
was not continu’d either to the Top or Bottom of the Pile ; fo had
a Stratum of Stone at the Top or Roof : the Ends or Edges of others
on the Sides: and another at the Bottom of it. And this was the
Chanel of the Water. So likewife for the Water that foaks down
into Wells: It ordinarily paffes thither, either immediately by the
Interftices of the laxer Strata, or elfe by them thro’ the Fiffures of
the folid ones. In the Well at Watford Gap, in that at the Green
Dragon Inn at Higham-Ferrers, in one at Orton, and in feveral others,
I have feen the Water gleeting forth of the Horizontal Intervalls of
the Strata of Stone, that appear upon the Sides of thofe Wells, and
dropping down from them into the Ciftern of the Well. Tis likely
that the Water which pafles down in this Manner into Wells, isnot
all of it deriv'd from Rains ; however that be, thefe are the ufual
Paffages of the Water from the Superficial Strate down to thofe
Wells.

120. Thefe are the ordinary Paths by which the Water that falls
upon the Surface in Rain, defcends into the Earth. Befide thefe, it
has fome other Paffages, efpecially in the Clayey Part of the Coun-
ty, that are not fo common and obvious, that is, the Land-Spring
Gurters , as we vulgarly call them, which are Lifts of a laxer and
more pervious Kind of Terreftrial Matter, that have the like Dimen-

fions,

—

37

 
 

308 “The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 4.

fions, and a Parallel Direétion, to thofe larger Perpendicular Fiffures
or Breaches of the Stone Strata, by our Stone-Diggers here called
Gulfe-Foints, interfeCting as well the Diameter of the Stratum of
Clay or other Matter, which lies above the Stone, as of the Strata
of Stone. Through thefe there generally pafles down a more than
ordinary Quantity of Water ina wet Time, as appears by the Land-
Spring Gutters in the Sides of feveral Stone-pits, and particularly of
thofe in the Clay-land at Crick.

121. Thofe Chinks or little Chafms in the Surface, which are here
called Swallow-Holes from their Swallowing up of Water, are alfo
confiderable Inlets of Rain-Water, which having fallen upon the
Surface of the Higher Ground, runs off into them in pretty large
Streams in fome Places. There are fo many of them in this Couaty,
that I need not trouble the Reader with particular Inftances. As
to the Gulf in the River Nye, by the Soh Side of Peterborough,
which, as Swafbam ( or rather Hugo .4lbus ) fays, is fo deep and
cold withal, that no Swimmer, even in Summer, is able to dive to

‘The MS. the Bottom of it, yet is never frozen in Winter * , and which has
called Swaf- v ' \ J ‘ . i

sam, pre- been fo often mentioned by our Englyb Hiftorians fince Swafbam :
a nae The Learned Editor of the Hiftory of the Church of Peterborough,
church, 2-1 fays exprefly, there is no fuch deep Pit in the Rivert. And Mr.

t Gunton's

Church Hitt. Gunton, a Native of that City, tells us, that the Properties of that

rugh,p. 226. Gulf or Well are now loft, together with the Well it telf; only Tra-
dition has preferv’d a dark Memory thereof, adventuring to fay, It

g Church js a little beneath the Bridge that is now ftanding ||.

HES 122. Moft of thofe {mall Hiatus’s are indeced no other than the

Pt larger Perpendicular Fiffures or Gulf-Fonts, fuch as the above-
defcribed, lying open to the Surface. The upper Part of many of
thefe Chafms, and particularly of thofe that pafs thro’ a Stratum of
Clay, as that at Corby, that by the Road-fide betwixt Maidwell and
Cosbrook, and that in the Lordfhip at Faxton, feem to have formerly
been filled with a like Kind of Terreftrial Matter with that which is
now found in the Land-Spring Gutters above-mentioned : and to
have been made thus hollow and open by Water finking down into,
and by Degrees relaxing, and bearing down, all the Earth that fili’d
them, into the hollower Part of the Fiffures underneath. Which I
take to have been the Cafe of thofe efpecially that have a Chanel like
that of a more conftant Rill, as has that in Faxton Lordfhip, tending
downwards to the Fiffures from the higher Ground , and conveying
Water into them, in a wet Time, in great Plenty. The Gulf-Foin:
or Fiffure in the Rock underneath, is fcarcely to be feen inany of
thefe : But in thofe in the Stoney Part of the Country, e. or. that
in Dudington Field, where the Rock is not invefted with a thick Stra-
tum of Clay, nor with any other of confiderable Thicknefz, one may
fee the upper Part of the Breach or Fiflure of the Rock, itis fo near
the Surface. They are ufually all much wider at the Top, than in
the lower Part of them. The Circumference of the wideft of them
I have met here, is not much wider than that of the Mouth of a com-
mon Well. 123. The

 

~y RR

Chap.4. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.
p as

 

123. The Water engulfed in fome of thefe Chafms, and particu-
larly in one of them near Whittleborough , is difcharg’d again upon
the Surface at fome Diftance below the Indraught, in a Stream of
much the fame Form and Bignefs, as it had when it enter’d the
Earth. And ’tis not unlikely that it happens in this mander, where-
foever the Direction of the Gulf. Joint favours fuch a Paffage , and
the Sides of it are fo clofe and impervious, that the whole Mafs of
Water is thereby determined to that one Chanel. But of this we
have not many fureInftanceshere. The Water taken in by the Chafm,
at the Foot of a Hill near Newenbam, pafles down into the Neigh-
bouring Wells; as was obferved, fome Years fince, by the Elder
Mr. I then refiding at Newenbam ; who having caufed great
Quantities of Chaff to be thrown down into that Chafm, the next.
Day there were drawn up fcatter’d Parcels of the {ame Chaff from
moft Wells in the Town ; the Water having forc'd the Chaff along
with it thro’ the feveral Fiffures by which it pafs’d into the Wells :
I fay, by the Fiffures, becaufe it cou’d not poflibly convey fo grofs a
Body, as that is, by any fmaller or lefs open Paflages. And in like
manner, as the Water thus receivid into the Earth, paffes on in
fome Places into Wells, that is, in feparate Parcels thro’ the Hori-
zontal and Perpendicular Intervalls of the folid Strata: So, no doubt,
in other Places, it paffes forth by the like Intervalls to the Surface,
where it was not long before. As to that Part of it which ftagnates
in the Earth for Want of an Outlet: this in time is remounted up
again in Vapour ; as is likewife all the Water whatever, that finks
down into the Earth, and cannot thus make its way to Wells, to the

Dr. Weod-

ordinary Apertures of Springs, or the like Exits *. TN

124. The Interflices of the laxer Strata, and the Fiffures of the
folid ones, are the only Subterranean Conveyances or Chanels of the
Water of Springs. Thofe who imagine, as fome have done, that
they might the better defend that Hypothefis of the Origin of Foun-
tains from Rain, that there are Pipes or Burrows in the Bhan
ferve to convey the Water of Springs, as the Veins and Arteries in
Animal Bodies do the Blood, have no Grounds for it from Nature
or Obfervation. The real State of the Earth, to the greateft Depth
we ever dig, which is oftentimes below the Heads of Springs, and
of the Paflage of the Water in it, is as is here reprefented. And as
to the Subterrancous Cifferns or Repofitories referving a fufficient
Quantity of Rain-Water to fupply the Springs in Times of Drought ;
which have been fo much talk'd of : thefe are imaginary too, and
are not to be found in Nature. The Perpendicular Fiffures are the
principal Places that can be propofed as any way fit for this Bufinefs ;
which, how fhort they muft neceffarily fall of what thefe Gentlemen
may expect from chem, I leave to the Judgment of any one, who
has duly weighed the Account of Things that’s given in this Chapter.

125. I thou’d not have taken notice of fo frequent and obvious an
Appearance, as that of Springs bubbling up at their Outlets, (tho’
perhaps that of Kingflhorn Spring nigh Green’s-Norton, and fome

Kkkk others

{ift. of the

Earth, p.18g.

 
 

The Natwal HISTORY Chap. 4.

 

others that we meet with here, are as remarkable as any wherefoever)
but that it may not beamifs to mentiona Word or two of the Caufe of
it ; having noted that the Springs that exhibit this Phenomenon with
us, are for the moft part fuch as break forth of the Sand and Gravel,
that in fome Places lie at the Mouths of the Perpendicular Intervalls,
which convey the Water to that Sand and Gravel through which it
thus oozes, The Caufes of it are plainly either one or the other of
thefe Two. Either a Vapour or Air comes out along with the Wa-
ter ; which ifluing forth of the Intervalls of the Strata, and of the
lnterftices of the Sand or Gravel together with it, buoys up not only
the Water, but the Sand too, to a greater or lefler Height, according
to the Strength of the Vapour : Or elfe this Ebullition, or Bubblin
up of Water, as if it boil'd, is owing to its being forced through a
narrow Aperture by the Preffure of the {ubfequent Water, which
endeavours to make its way forth, as foon as poffible, by the fame
Ext.

126. This laft appears to be the Caufe of the fudden and impetu-
ous Eruption or Spouting up of Water, which has happened in feveral
of our Wells ; and particularly at Oxendon, Harpole, Woollaflon, and
Oundle, upon the Workmen's breaking through a Stratum of Stone,
underneath which was a Fiflure fil’ld with a Current of Water,

afling on with a parallel Declination to that of the Strata. But a
Hole being made in the Stratum of Stone that lay next above that
Current, and the Water having thereby a Vent or Outlet from its too
ftrait Paflage below, it rufhes thro’ that Hole or Orifice with great
Violence ; bearing up along with it, in fome of thefe Inftances, even
huge Lumps of Clay and Pebles, to a confiderable Height in the
Well. A Vapour pent up in thofe Fiflures may teo, in fome Mea-
fure, occafion thofe violent Jrruptions.

127. By the fame Caufes, either feparately or jointly, we may
account for the uncommon Sounds and Noifes, that are fometimes
heard at and nigh the Outlets of fome of our Springs. That inward
hollow Noife refembling that of a hollow Wind, which has been
heard at the Outlet of a Spring in Ortos Field, ina dry Time, is pro-
bably owing to the firft of thefe. But of all, the moft remarkable
Spring upon this Account, is that of a Well at Oundle , entitled the
Drumming -Well, from the Noife there is fometimes heard in it, like
to that which is made by Strokes upon a Drum. The Well is digg’d
on the Side of a Hill. The Depth of it 39 Foot, 3 Inches; but in
common Computation about 40 Foot, The Spring that fupplies the
Well, comes in thro’ Sand, which is found in a Fiffure or Interval,
on the Side of a Stratum of Stone, at the Bottom of the Well.
This Fiffure feems to be about 12 Inches in Depth, a Spit that was
thruft into the Sand having gone down to that Depth. When the
Well was empty'd and cleansd in the Month- of November, fome
Years ago, the Spring came in very flowly : Sometimes it arofe in
Bubbles. The Water is commonly thought as clear, and reputed as
wholefome, when the Spring is attended with that Drumming Noife,

as

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Chap. 4.

as at other Times. The Noife is fometimes fo loud, as to be heard

in Places Sixty Yards diftant from the Well. Its Beats or Strokes
as to Space of Time, are generally well nigh Equidiftant one of ano.
ther. How many Beats there are in a Quarter of an Hour. or in
any other determinate Space of Time, Iwas not fo curious as to ob.
ferve. The Noife or Sound at firft is lefs loud, becomes louder by
Degrees, and then abates again to a fofter Noife, as at the firft.

128. The Water in the Well, at different Times, is of different
Height. According to the Obfervations and Tryals I have caufed to
be made, this Noife was never heard when the Water was lefs than
Six, or more than Eleven Foot in Depth. I caufed the Depth of the
Water to be frequently taken, and that at thofe Times when no
Drumming was heard, as well as when there was, with Hopes that
it woud give fome Light into the Caufe of the Drumming Noife.
There had been no extraordinary Alterations made in the Depth of
the Water, by drawing it off with the Bucket, at fuch times as thefe
Tryals were made. Odober 2. 1700. the Water was no more than
12 Inches in Depth. November 4. 1700. it was 24 Inches. No
Drumming heard at either of thefe Times. On Fanuary the 18th
17.;. the Well, as they exprefs it, drumm’d; the Water Six Foot
and Half in Depth.  Fune 4. 1701. it drumm’d again. The Depth
of the Water was not then taken. In Avuguft, September, Odober
and November, 1701. the Water was never {o much as Six Foot deep.
In thefe Months it did not drum: And it has feldom or never been
known to drum in any of the faid Months. Decem. 7. y70%, it
drumm’d; the Water almoft 11 Foot in Depth. In the following
Marck, it did not drum at all ; the Water on the 4th of that Month
was above 17 Foot deep. Fune 4. 1704. it drumm’d again, and
continu’d to drum about 10 Days fucceflively without any Intermit:
fion. This was the longeft Period of its Drumming, as was ever
obferved. April 7. 1707. it drumm’d : the Depth of the Water at
that time juft 10 Foot. Again, on July 9. 1708. it drumm’d : the
Depth of the Water the fame, as in the laft Tryal.

129. The Caufe of this uncommon Noife will be better under-

JI

ftood by the annex’d Diagram. * A. The Drumming-Well. B. The *via.z 1:
Stratum of Stone at Bottom of it. C. The Perpendicular Intervall, F: 5.

fill’d with Sand on the Side of that Siratum , thro’ which the Water
pafles into the Well. D. The Horizontal Intervals opening into C.
and conveying the Water to it, from the larger Perpendicular Fiffure
E. tho’ at fome times not fo copioufly as E. receives it from the Per.
pendicular Fiflure F. whence it happens, that at thofe times there is
Stagnant Water in greater or lefler Quantity in E. E. The Gulf.
Font or larger Perpendicular Fiffure, into which the Water pafles
trom the narrower Perpendicular Fiffure F. In this Fiffure is pro-
duc’d the Sound or Noife by the Water falling down into it from F.
F. The narrower Perpendicular Fiffure, with fo frat an Aperture
(the Aperture G. ) that the defcending Water in its Struggle to break
forth, pafies thro’ it, not in one continued Stream, but interruptedly,

in

 
 

312

wr

The Natal HI ST O RT Chap. 4.

rt Wenn hg nna

in fuch manner , that there is an Emotion or Efflux of the Water,
and a Check of it alternately fucceeding each other ; as when Water
is haftily pour’d forth of a Bottle: And fo falling down into Ta lar-
ger Perpendicular Fiffure E. it occafions not a continu'd Noife or
Sound, but one difcontinu'd in like manner as is the Fall ; there be-
ing alternately a Sound and a Space of Reft.
130. When the Fitlure E. is nigh quite full of Water, then the
Paffage of the Water into it from F. occafions no Sound, or how-
ever none that's audible ; the Fall, if any, being fhort : And fo the
Water in E. is not dafh’d or beaten by it, or if at all, fo lightly,
that there’s none, or no confiderable Rebound of the Water, and
confequently no confiderable Percuffion like to be made by it, upon
the Air included in the Fiffure, that Part of it, I mean, which is
above the Surface of the enclos’'d Water. And alfo when this Fiffure
E. is in a maoner empty ; the Horizontal Fiffures D. taking off the
Water as faft, or almolt as faft as it defcends from F. there is no Sound
to be heard, becaufe the Water at that time paffes the Aperture G.
not in a full Current, but in one of leflfer Circumference than the
Aperture has, and fo flides down more gently. The Air alfo in fhe
Fiffure E. being not confined, as when the Aperture G.and the In-
tervalls D. have a full Stream running through them, and fo giving
little or no Refiftance to the Water that then glides into the Fiffure,
is another Reafon, why little or no Sound is produced by it. And in
cafe there was, it’s plain, it cou’d not be fuch an interrupted Det:
like Sound, as that this Well is diftinguifh d for ; the Water at That
time pafling thro’ the Aperture G. not with Starts or Gufhes, as when
there is a full Stream prefling thro’ that Aperture, but in one Sond
nued Current, fuppofe of about Half the Diameter of the Aper-
a 1. But when there is fo large and full a Stream preffing thro’ the
Aperture G.: And the Fiflure E. is filld with Water to about Half
the Length of it, or to fome of the intermediate Spaces betwixt the
lower and the uppermoft Part of it, then this Drumming Noife iy
produced by the Water falling down from F. upon the ee in E.
and dafhing it with a greater or lefler Violence, as the Fall is ongse
or fhorter, and by that Dafh occafioning fuch a Rebound or Refi J
ency of the Water as ftrikes the Air, which is then pent up ine e
Concave Part of that Furs in a like foreible Manner. And hence
d Drumming Noife. Jen
a iy Air open or. at large, as my Lord Bacon obferves in his Ne
tural Hiftory, maketh no Noife, except it be fharply pestafisy : But
where Air is pent and ftraighten’d, there even Breath oF | op
which carry but a gentle Percuffion, fuffice to create Sound *. Now

 

Chap.4. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

Fiffure: And in part to the Form of the Concave wherein the Sound
is made, and to its paffing from the Plice, where it was produced,
to the Far of the Hearer, thro’ a round Well of fo many Foot in
Length ; which by enclofing and preferving the Sound, is’one of the
Caufes that it’s heard at the Mouth of the Well, and alfo reaches
farther. Thus the Sound which is made by a Bucket in a Well;
when it firikes upon the Water, or on the Sides of the Well, is
deeper and tuller than if the like Percuffion was made in the open
Air.
133 We may now compare this Scheme with the Obfervations

above, and particularly thofe of the Depth of the Water in the
Well, when it did, and when it did not drum. Of. 1. 1700, the
Depth of the Water in the Well 12 Inches. At that time the Fiflures
D. and C. couvey’d the Water from E. to A. as fit as it came in
from F. There came in but a {mall Quantity from F. and fo but a
{mall Quantity was found in A. Nw. 4. 1700. the Well 24 Inches
deep in Water. Since the Tryal on the Second of Oclober, there
came in a fomewhat greater Quantity of Water from F. and fo a
greater Quantity was tranfinitted to A. There was no fuch thing
as the Drumming at either of thefe Times, for the Reafon affign’d
ind. 130. fupr. Famuary 18. 1701. Six Foot and Half of Water in
the Well. By little and little the Water had increafed to this Height.
A greater Quantity of Water came down from the Fiffure F. in No-

vember than in Oclober, and a fill greater Quantity in the Month of
December, than in either of the former ; and thence that {till greater

Height of Water in the Well. But’ the Horizontal Fiffure D. not

being capable of taking off the whole Quantity of Water that came
down from F. in the Month of December, and in the Beginning of
January, a Part of it ftay’d behind in the Fiffure E. which bélng ir

part fill'd by it, at that time the Drumming was heard. On Decem-

ber 7. 1702. the Water was almoft 11 Foot deep in the Well, and

no doubt had been raifed to that Pitch in like manner as before,

And at this time much the fame Drumming was heard, as on Fanu-
ary 18. the Fiflure E. having been in part filld with the Water flow-
ing down into it from F. as in the former Inftance. But in the fol
lowing March, when there was 17 Foot Depth of Water in the
Well, it did not drum at all ; the Water that came down from F.in
that Space of Time, betwixt the 7th of December, and the 4th of
March, having fill'd the Fiffure E. to that Height, that there cou’d
not poffibly be any fuch Drumming Noife producd in it, for that
plain Reafon alledged in the latter part of 4. 130.

134. That the foregoing Account fhou’d be exaltly true in all the
Parts of it, is fcarce to be expected, where the Caufe is fo profound,
and fo much hidden : Butas it agrees fo well with the real State and
Difpofition of the Strata, and the ordinary ways of the Water's Paf>

iene in this Fiffure, ’tis plain, the Air that is at that time in it, mult oy
Hi p-33- be pent up, there being little or no Egrefs for it, at the Bfage }
and D. which then are filled with Water. So the Loudnefs and iy -
nefs of the Sound is in part owing to the Strength of the Percuffion

of the Water upon Air, enclosd and ftraighten’d, as it then Hy ithe

fage in thofe Places where the Earth is open to View, and fo clearly
explains the moft confiderable Circumftances of the Cafe before us,
there can none more likely be propofed.

Lill 135. Ha-

 
 

34

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap. 4.

 

135. Having given an Account of the Origin of our Springs: Of
the Paflage of the Water under Ground : Of the Apertures by which
it flows forth : And the Manner of the Water’s Exit, and particular-
ly of thofe that flow forth with Ebullition and Noife ; 1 thall now
proceed, according to the Method I laid down, to the Obfervations
relating to the Number of Springs.

136. "That a Country be {upply’d with profluent Springs, it is ne:
ceffary that it has thefe Three Qualifications. 1. ‘That at or near
the Surface there be Strata of Stone, or other denfe and folid Mat-
ter, to arreft and collect the Water, which in Form of Vapour arifes
inceflantly out of the Interiout Part of the Earth, for the ordinary
Supply of Springs. 2. That thefe Strata be divided by Fiflures thro’
which the condenfed Water may pafs forth in a collected Body.
3. That fome of the Strata be elevated, and others depreffed, as we
now find them in Hills and Valleys; by which means the Water,
that is thus let forth, may have a Defcent to flow upon, withont
which it cou’d not flow at all, but muft all have ftagnated at the Sur-
face.

137. Now that this is a County exceeding well water’d with
Springs and Rivers, even one who has not feen it, wou'd readily
enough infer, if he duly confiders what has formerly been obferved
of the Make and Structure of it, both External and Internal. The
Surface of it, in a manner, every where rifes gently into Hills,
which within have Plenty of Stone difpos’d into Sirara, that are di-
vided by Horizontal and Perpendicular Fiflures, of fufficient Num.
ber and Capacity to receive and difpenfe forth ‘whatfoever Quantity
of Water is collected by the folid Strata.

138, Not only the Extent or Capacity, but the Number of the
Perpendicular Fiffures is to be confidered with regard to the Quan-
nity of Water difcharged by them. The Perpendicutar Fiffures, that
are the Outlets of the Springs with us, are really moft of them
{maller, than are thofe in the Mountainous Parts of this Ifland, and
accordingly the Springs of this County are generally {fmaller than
thofe are: But then both the one and the other are more numerous ;
and therefore 'tis not unlikely that the Water of fo many leffer Springs,
being taken all together, amounts to as big or bigger Mafs, for the
like Compafs of Ground, than that of thole larger Fountains that
are not {o numerous.

139. However that be, ’tis certain we have here a fufficient Sup-
ply of Springs. There are not above Six or Seven Villages in the
whole County , where we do not meet with Springs either running
forth upon the Surface ; of which we have great Numbers in all
Quarters : or at a little Diftance below it.

We may obferve, that the Number of them in the feveral Parts
of the County , and the Quantity of Water refunded by them,
is greater or letler in the fame Diver fity, as that Part of the County
15 drfpos’d and qualify’d with relation to the Three above-mentioned
Particulars. In the Fenland, a flat and almoft Horizontally level

Trak,

5

Chap. 4. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Tract, there are no running Springs, and upon the more immediate
Borders of it, only Four. In the Lordfhip of Clay-Coton, and fome
other Lordthips, wherein, next under the Soil, they have one con-
tinued thick Stratum of a very clofe Sort of Clay, they have neither
Temporary nor Perennial Springs. In the Fields at Oxendon, a
Lordthip of about a Thoufand Acres, where, underneath the Soil,
there generally lies a Stratum of Clay of great Thicknefs, generally,
1 fay, for it is not thus all over, they have only Three or Four Springs
that are pretty lafting. At Winwnck, which has alfo a fpacious fub-
jacent Stratem of Clay, but in fome Parts of it of a laxer Confiftence,
in others interrupted by Veins of Gravel, they have ftill a greater
Number; but their Springs are fimall.  Pisford, Brixworth, Rowel,
Lodington, Thorp-malfor, Middleton, and Cotingham, Barneck, and the
other Towns that are feated upon Strata of Sand and Stone ; and the
Fields of a like Situation, that have a Sandy and Stoney Soil, under
that a Stratum of Keal or Creach , and the Strata of Stone in larser
Mafles which are divided by Fiflures, are of all the moft plentifully
watered with Springs, which both for Number, Swiftnefs, and
Quantity of Water, do generally exceed the Springs of all the other
Situations. In Pusford Field, a Field of about 1200 Acres, there
are at leaft 300 Springs: and no fewer than 25 little Rills, which
are form’d of the Water running down from Four or Five little Val-
leys that open into greater, and that have feveral Springs upon the
Sides of them. The Soil is very dry: and in dry Summers their
Cattel woud be ruin’d ; the Grafs upon the Hills being parch’d up,
was it not for that plentiful Supply of Springs, and for the Moifture
of thefe Valleys. So that in that little Tract, we have one of the
many Inftances of the Care and Wifdom of the Great Creator, in
fupplying the feveral Parts of the Earth with fuch a Share of Water,
as was {uitable and requifite.  Brixworth, the Town alone, is waterd
with about Twenty Springs that arife within it,

140. This Difference betwixt the Clayey and the Stoney Parts of
the County, the Clay-land and the Red-land, as we ufually call
them, with refpect to the Number of Springs, is no where more
apparent and remarkable than in thofe Lordfhips, that in one Part
of them have a Clayey, in the other a Sandy or Stoney Situation ,
as at Mears-Afbby, where on one Side they have feveral Running
Springs : on the other, that is, in the Clay-land, none at all.

141. On the Brows of many of our Stoney Hills, as in the Red-
land Field at Wellingborough, and in that at 7horp-malfor, there are
many Springs breaking forth in a Line or Row, at a little Diftance
one of another. And ’tis not unlikely there wou’d be the fame Ap-
pearance of Springs upon the Hills in the Clay-land too ; for it’s cer-
tain there are Strata ot Stone, Marble, or other folid Matter, rearing
one againft another, as well within thefe as other Hills, or elfe they
could not be Hills, 1 mean, be fupported in that elevated Pofture’;
And if fuch a Difpofition of the Sirata, then the like Qualifications
for Springs : But that thofe Strata lying deeper, and being covered

with

315

 
 

The Natwal HIST OR? Chap. 4.

 

with a greater Thicknefs of Earth, and that of the denfer Kind,
there is by this means a Stop put to the Water, that woud other-
wife have iff’d forth of the Fiflures or Breaches of the faid Strata,
in like manner as it does from thole of the Strata of Stone, that in
other Hills lie nearer to the Surface.

142. That in Faét there really wou'd have been a far greater Num-
ber of profluent Springs upon many of the Clayey Hills, and that
they wou’d have been arranged too in much the {fame manner, as are
thofe upon the Stoney or Rocky ones in fome Places, had it not been
for that thick Mafs of denfe Earth, which impeded the free Egrefs of
the Water, appears by the Lifts of Rufhy, Queachy, and Boggy
Ground, that lie acrofs the Defcent of feveral of the Clay-land
Hills; thofe Lifts having been produced or occafioned by Water pro-
ceeding from the Interiour Part of thofe Hills, and in its Paffage
onwards, entering into and faturating the Pores of the Superincum-
bent Earth, which yet, fuch the Bulk and Weight of it, the Water
was unable to force its Paffage through, in the Form of a Running
Spring, I fay, a Running Spring, in Oppofition to the Gleeting or
Weeping ones. Such as thole indeed that Sort of Ground is feldom
without.

143. And as there is a fmaller Number of Perennial or lafting
Springs in all or moft of the Clay-land Hills, fo likewife is there of
the 7 emporary ones, fuch, 1 mean, as are fupply'd wholly by Rain
and Snow, and are never feen but in the Winter, or wetter Sealons.
And the Caufe of both is the fame, that 1s, the Compa&nefs of the
Clay Stratum underneath the Soil ; which, as it does not permit the
Water that is fent upwards from the lower Part of the Earth to pafs
thro’ it fo freely, fothe Water of Rain and Snow, that comes down
upon it, is impeded in like manner, and can no where, or only in a
few Placesbeudmitted to pafs that Stratum, in fuch a Quantity as to
form a Running Spring. Whereas upon the Sandy and Stoney Hills,
the Water there being far more copioufly and freely receiv’d into the
Earth, and no Want of free and proper Outlets for it, they have
Plenty of fuch Springs. ‘The Stoney Parts of the Lordfhips of 7 bura-
by and Rowel, compared with the Clayey Part of them: And the
Clay-lands at Clay-Coton and Oxendon,will atford us Inftances enough to
confirm thefe Obfervations.

144. Our Springs arife, at or nigh the Foot, upon the Declivities,
and at or near the Tops of the Hills, differently and uncertainly ;
as the Water meets with Strata to collect it, and ht Outlets for it. In
many Places here, out of one and the fame Hill, there come forth
Springs from the Top or near it, from or nigh the middle Part, ard
from the lower Part or Bottom of the Hill. The Hill that 7 horp-
malfor ftands upon, has Springs arifing in this manner, all on the
fame Side of the Hill, zz. in the Eaftern Part of it. In fome Pla-
ces there are Springs in the lower Part of the Hill, and none in the
upper Part of it. Thus in the lower Part of the Hill that Welling-
borough ftands upon, they have feveral Springs that run forth pes the

urface :

 

 

Chap.4. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR EL

Surface: Whereas in the upper Part of that Town they have not
any profluent Springs ; and the Springs in the Wells they have there
lye fo deep, that the Floors of them, if 1 may fo exprefs it, ap-
pear to be well nigh Horizontally level with the Surface of the lower

art of the Hill, where the forefaid profluent Springs break forth.
In other Places it is quite the contrary.” They have profluent Springs
in the upper Part of the Hill, and none in the lower Part of it. At
Woodford gusta 1 brapflon, nigh the Top of the Hill, which they call
the Green, isa flufh and lafting Spring, call'd Walcot. Well, that flues
forth out of a White-ftone Rock upon the Surface: But at and nigh
the Bottom of the fame Hill they have nothing of a Spring, except
they dig for it deep in the Earth. The Firft Spring that appears in
the Reverend Mr. Dell's Garden, nigh the Foot of this Hill, iffues
into it thro’ the Fiflures of a Red-ftone Rock, from underneath a
Strium of Clay above 20 Foot thick. And in the Town of Ijlip
there is an Inftance very like to this.

145. So for the Springs in Wells. In digging for Wells, it is uncer-
tain in what Place, and at what Depth we fhall meet with Water;
there being in fome Places Clay, in others Sand or Gravel, in others
Stone ; in Parcels here of greater, there at a leffer Diftance from the
Surface. Sometimes in digging for Wells, we find a great Diverfity
as to the Height of the Springs, I mean, their Nearnefs to the Sur-
face of the Earth, in Places at a little Diftancc one from another ; the
Terreftrial Matter in thofe Places, tho’ fo near, having happend to
be confiderably different. Thus for Inftance, at Mears- Afbby there
are Two Wells, upon very near a Level , and not Thirty Yards di-
ftant of each other ; yet the Spring that fupplies the one lies hallow,
the other low and deep. Nay, in fome Places they have Springs
running forth upon the Surface at a {inall and inconfiderable Diftance
from fome Wells, whofe Springs lye beneath the Surface feveral
Yards. Thus at Maidwell, the Spring they have there of the fame
Name, breaks forth above Ground: The Currents of thofe that feed
the Wells in the adjoining Yards are not to be found at lefs than Four
or Five Yards Depth in the Earth ; and this indifcriminately, as
well in that Part of the Hill that lies below, as in that which lies
above the profluent Springs.

146. And yet as great Uncertainty as there is, as to the Height of
the Sources of Springs, there are thefe Two general Obfervations
relating to this Head, that, I believe, will, for the main, hold true.
Firft, That in the Clayey Hills there are profluent and lafting Springs
in the upper Part of them, and in the lower, few or none that are
fo confiderable, unlefs fome Stagnant ones in Wells that have been
digg'd very deep for them. Secondly, Thaton the contrary, in the
Stoney Hills, ( thofe more properly fo called ) the profluent Springs
that are lalting , do generally lie lower or nearer to the Roots of
them, and that the lafting Well-Springs lye lefs deep in the lower,
than in the upper Part of thofe Hills. Our Husbandmen in the
Clay-land, being to dig a Pit or Pool for the watering their Cattel,

Mmmm do

317

 
 

The Nawal HIST O RT Chap 4.

 

do it ufually at or pretty near the Tops of the Hills ; in which Part
of the Hill; upon opening the Ground to no great Depth, they have
Plenty of Water, and a lafting Stock of it : Whereas when they dig
for the like Waterings in the lower Part of the Hill, as in fome Pla-
ces they have done, it is to little or no Purpofe ; there being no other
Supply to thofe Pools than what is made by Rains ; fo in a dry Time
they fail. Tis much the fame Cafe with their Wells, which are only
fomewhat deeper Pools of a lefer Superficial Extent.

147. Amongft the Well-Diggers here, ’tis a general and not un-
true Obfervation, as to thofe called Land-Springs, which are Tem-
porary ones, and them they call Rock-Springs, which are of a more
lafting Stock , that in digging only into the Clay that lies upon a
Stratum of Stone, or upon a Rock, as here in many Places it does,
they never have any other than Land-Springs, which have a fouler
and more impure Water, as well as lefs lafting : But having digg’d
quite thro the Bed of Clay, and alfo made their way thro’ the Sira-
tum of Stone that lies at Bottom of it, which in fome Places has
other Strate of Stone, in others Gravel. in others Sand next under-
neath it, they have then a clear and lat. - Spring. In fome of our
Wells, and particularly that of Fobn Wills’s at Halflm, which was
digg’d on the Side of a Rocky Hill, there is vifibly a running Stream
of Water at the Bottom of the Well, which has always very nigh
the fame Depth, viz. Two Foot of Water. But this by the by.

148. This is the State of our Hills, with relation to Springs: And
it gives us occafion to admire the wife Contrivance of the Author of
Nature, as having difpofed the Strata of Stone, that ferve to intercept,
to collet, and to convey the Water of Springs, in fuch manner as
they generally are. In the Clayey Hills we fhou’d not have had any
profluent Springs, and only poor and hard Supplies of Water, had
there not been Strata of Stone to collect the Water in that Part of the
Hill, where it may have fo near and ready an Outlet. In the Stoney
Hills, had not the Strata that ferve for that Office there, been placed
below the Strata of Stone that are fo copioufly digg’d up for Building
and other Ufes out of thofe Hills, had they lain the uppermoft of
thofe Strata, the Water that glides along the Nether Surface of them,
muft needs have been very incommodious and troublefome to the
Quarriers and Stone-diggers : and it wou’d have mightily leflen’d the
Advantage we now enjoy, of having our principal Supplies of Stone
difposd fo near the Surface, and fo eafily acceffible, as they ufually
are, in the Stoney Hills.

149. To the above-mentioned Obfervations, I may here fub-
join this, that in feveral Places with us, and particularly at Orton,
Noafeby, and Thengford, there are Springs fo very near the Tops of
Hills, that tis impoffible the Water they refund thou’d be all deriv’d
from Rains. But the true Origin of Springs being now fo clearly
made out, and there being fo many Arguments to be gathered from
the foregoing Obfervations againft that Hypothefis, that Springs
proceed trom Rain, there is no need of enlarging upon this,

150. We

 

 

Chap. 4. of NORTHAMPTONSHI1RE.

150. We may now go on to confider the Quantity of Water re

funded by our profluent Springs. Te me it does not appear, that
the Springs in the Clay-land do in Quantity of Water exceed thofe in
the Stoney Land, tho’ ’tis what fome might expect from the Fewnefs
of them. However, at all times it is certain they do not. For as
in the drier and hotter Seafon, thofe in the Sandy and Stoney Hills
difcharge, for the moft part, a fmaller Quantity of Water, than do
thofe in the Clayey : So thofe in the Clayey, in ‘the wetter aid colder
Part of the Year, fend forth a fmaller Quantity of Water, generally
fpeaking, than do thofe in the Sandy. e y

151. The Caufe whereof is obvious. In the Sandy and Stoney Hills
the uppermoft Strata, or thofe that lye from the Surface downwards
to the Floor of the Spring, being laxer and more pervious than thofe
of the Clayey Hills, the Sun’s Heat pervades them in a greater Quan-
tity, and with greater Force, than it can do thofe of Clay. and of
denfer Earth, which are not fo lax and pervious ; and confequently
a greater Evaporation is made by it, of the Water that wou’d other-
wife have fupply’d thofe Springs. And for the fame Reafon. the
Laxnefs and Pervioufne(s of the uppermoft Strata there finks down
into them from the Surface, a much greater Quantity of Water
than there does into the uppermoft Strata in the Clayey Hills; which
Water joining it {elf to that which ordinarily ferves thefe Springs
makes that Enlargement or Augmentation we obferve in them in the
colder Seafons. ° :

152. And even the Springs in the Clay-land do generally undergoe
fome, ‘tho a lefler Decrement in Droughts, and alfo receive fome
tho a leffer Augmentation in Winter, or in Times of much Wet »
Some of the Water that falls upon the Surface, paffing down to them
by tuch Gullets or Gulf Joints, as are defcribed above. Some of
it by the larger Parcels of laxer Matter, that are found here and there
interpos’d in the Clay Stratum: and fome of it, tis likely by the
Interflices of the Clay it felf, tho’ in much leffer Quantity and far
more leifurely than it paffes the laxer Strata. But tho’ the Springs
both in the Clay-land, and in the Stoney Land, do generally de
go fome Decrement in a Time of Drought, and tho’ fome of them
do indeed totally fail : yet we have fome few, as for Inftance, that
called Burfled Spring in Tichmarfb, and one at Dadford, that accord-
ing to good Obfervation, are the fame in all Seafons, fend forth the
fame Quantity of Water in Summer as in Winter, ina dry Time as
in a wet, and are never fenfibly either diminithed or augmented.
153. As fome of the old or more conftant Springs do even tszall
fail, in a Hot and Dry Time, fo ina Cold and Wet Time there rit
fome new ones, in Places where before there never were any. or
however only in fuch Seafons as thefe. This more frequently "hap-
pens in a Frofty Winter,when the Earth has been hollow'd and loofen’d
by Froft. We have had Inftances of it upon that called Lone- Hill in
Ladington Lordfhip, and elfewhere. Upon that Hill, in Fan. 1703.
I took notice of I'wo Springs of the Temporary, and one of the

Perennial

 
 

The Natural HI ST O RT Chap. 4.

eaki Declivity, and
>erennial Kind, all Three breaking forth on the fame ty,
ole he Height in the Hill. As to the Peranpial ogy
thot had not known it before, it might fly have brea di ee
| d Clearnefs of its Chanel, |
to be fuch by the Depth an SO aly incl bn
en made by the conftant Current of the Water there. :
Te, Sth of that wet Seafon, on imighs i Aarne
into i C i bove. As to the -
down into it from the Kealy Stratum a frst Tele
rary Springs, tho’ their Streams were pretty full and brisk, yet y
hed Spo Chanels than what they had made upon the Grafhy Ia
. s not had Time, if Force, fufficient, to wear and garry of t iy
And by this Mark the Temporary Springs may, for the moft part,
ittiugnifhed from the Perennial ones. i
be fr the colder Seafons , and particularly in Time of long ad
Sh our Springs in general are augmented, altho’ there has
i i any confiderable Quantity of Wee pon ip Surface i
any ks before; and confequently this Augmen
bs os finking down fe thence, i i Ration
: mutt { Tn us by Dr. ;
> ft be fought for elfewhere. is given
AF Neon Hiftory of the Earth, p. 126. *“ A great Part
«of the Water, which afcends to the Surface of the Earth m Vapour,
Y ) ing there at that time for Want of Heat to mount it thence up hy
« on rir and [aturating the Superficial 9 apgerini Suks wil
“WW ater by Degrees drains down fe Holt Springs, nd i 4
’ re " : Ayn ;
ddition unto them. nd it may be |
” ? fe WL ufually more flufh of Water in anary, Z.
> and March, than in September, Oclober, and November ; for
a we have much colder Weather in thofe Months, than in
nk i fi f our Sorings, and
. It feems to be for this Reafon, that fome o Soeings, and
at Pisford, are always thie Jovieh WE
mas and Martinmafs ; unlefs it happen to be a lime o
as 3 rl Marsinmafs, ( band, I ) ostondan. Day,
: b) they for the moft part increafe :
Sicily Lady-Day to about the Middle of Fune.
and continue pretty full from Lady-Day to at Sle of Fuse.
uft, when the Sun’s Heat is fo powerful, they
: on Tu gh do not increafe again, till the Heat fhe Son
4 ol to the Superficial Strata is {pent and gone : an =) »
Raun-Water, that finks down from the Surface, has defcended fo
intermix with them. :
ig” y “9 sat forgot to mention a {mall Spring of the Term
ne Kind, of great Note with the Vulgar, that call d Morse pk
§ $id in Boyrbive Field, about Two Bow’s Shoot from ya oe
Bridgs nigh “King ftborp Road. It never runs but in igiey Glu ¥
Jet: and whenever | i ht ominous by the
Wet : and whenever it does, is thoug Sip by Be Sony
ho from the Breaking out of that Spring, a
A Dearth, the Death of fome Great Perfor, 3 very
hae T imes. It did not run when 1 cid there, oa w . :
17¢3. But the forgoing Winter it did, and had not rus $0]

 

 

Chap. 4. of NoORTHAMPTONSHIR E 321
Two Years. That Winter, it is well known, was a very wet one,
and obfervable for the Breaking out of fuch Springs as thefe,
Amongft the Vulgar, in other Places, we likewife hear of fuch por-
tentous Springs. And the like little Tales we have told us of Wen.
mer, a {mall Brook in Hartfordfbire *. * Vid. Case
157. And now I am upon the Head of wonderful Springs, I hope jis sei,
the Reader will pardon ‘me, if I do add to the foregoing, another
Relation of the like Stamp and Credit, which is found in a Book,
with the Worthy Title of Triumphs of Mercy, wrote many Years
ago by one Samuel Lee, who, in p. 89. of that Book, reports, that
the Waters at Watford, in Northamptonfbire, make Men bald at the
Age of Thirty +. A Relation fo groundlefs and filly,
as this is, wou'd not have been fo much as mentioned {i Skat Candirenf, has
here; but that it may not be amifs to fet fuch a Mark Soi, ors gn
upon Errors, as may hinder the Propagation of them, & prefently maketh them
even amongft the ~ommon People, who are too aptto yo) Ln oh
liten to {uch Traditional Falfhoods. :
158. The Wonder of the Bome-well, whereof we have an Ac.
count 1n Dr. Plus Hiftory of Staffordfbire, is alfo met with here, at
the Mouth of a Spring in Rowel Field. Thefe little Bones, as
Dr. Plot has obferved of thofe of the like Shape and Size, brought
forth by the Well in the Wall in that County ||, are indeed no other
than thofc of Frogs. At this Spring, near Rowel they are found Ne in 3
moft plentifully in the Month of March. But tis time to have done gifs#
with thefe Mattcrs. 102.
159. Having already fhewn in what Manner the Springs are fup-
ply’d with the Water they refund, it willnot be difficult to fhew, how
the Water is fupply'd with that Terreftuial and Mineral Matter
that’s found in it.” It has already been obferved, that the Afcending
Watery Vapour , in its Paffage upwards, pervades not only the Fif-
fures, but the very Bodies of the Sirata, permeating the Interftices
of the Earth, Sand, and other Matter whereof they confift ; as does
alo the Water, which pafles down from the Surtace, with this only
Difference, that this pafles none but the Superficial or uppermoft
Strata, whereas the other permeates alfo thofe that lye lower and
deeper. Now the Water thus pervading the Interftices of the
Strata, muft neceffarily take off, and bear along with it, all fuch
Mineral and other Corpufcles, as lye loofe in its way, and are withal
fo fmall as to be able to pafs thofe Interftices, and alfo force them
along with it, to the Intervalls of the Strata, and thence to the
Surface, where there is a free Outlet, and the Motion of the Water
fo ftrong, that it continues to fuftain thofe Corpufcles.
160. And by this means it is, that the Water of Springs becomes
charged with that Variety of Terreftrial and Mineral Matter, the
Water of the Springs in Wells, and indeed of all others, with Particles
of Vegetable Earth: That of the Petrifying Springs with a Stoney
and Sparry Matter : That of the Acidule with Particles of Ochre,
Vitrioly and other Minerals ; thefe Particles being educed forth of
Nnnn the

 
 

The Natural H ISTORYTY Chap 4

 

* Dr. Wood-

ward's Nat.

Hift. of the
Earth, p. 88,
89, &p.238,
239.

the Strata, where they lay loofe and moveable, by the Paffage of
the Water thro’ the Interftices of thofe Strata, and convey’d along
with it to its Exit.

161. That the Earth, I call Vegetable Earth, thou’d be found in
all our Springs, as well in thofe called Mineral ones, as in thofe that
are not fo called, as well in the Perennial, as in the Temporary ones,
and that fo copioufly, is not at all ftrange ; this Sort of Earth occur-
ring in a manner every where, even amongft the Sand, and other
Mineral Matter of the laxer Strata *, tho not in fo great Plenty as in
the upper, and it being fo light and eafily moveable by the Water,
that in its Paflage to the Springs pervades thofe Strata where it lies.

162. No doubt, a great Part of the Vegetable Earth, which is
found in fuch Abundance in almoft all our Springs in a wet Time, is
convey’d thither by the Water finking down from the Surface thro’
the uppermoft Strata, that lye above thofe Springs. But there being
alfo the like Vegetable Earth, tho in leffer Quantity, in the Water
of thefe Springs, as well in the Summer Seafon, and in very dry
Weather, as in the wet, as I have lcarn’d by feveral Tryals, I cannot
but infer from thence, that there is really a Vegetable Matter, tho’in
{maller Quantity, difperfedly intermixed with the common Matter
of the Strata that lye below the Spring Head, thofe, 1 mean, that
the Water, which is ordinarily refunded by the Spring, pervades in
Form of Vapour: And that fome of itis drawn forth of thofe Strata
by that Afcending Vapour, mounts up with it to the Place where it
is collected or condens’d, and fo pafles on with it to its Outlet. For
it is not likely that the Vegetable Matter I found in the Springs, in
the forefaid Tryals, thou’d be conveyed thither by Rain-Water inter-
mixing with the ordinary Water of the Spring ; there having fallen
no Rain at all for fo long a time. ;

163. As to the Stoney Matter that’s found in many of our Springs,
in fome of thofe that feem to have their whole Supply of Water from
the Surface, as well as in thofe of the more lafting Kind : This alfo
is derived from the Bodies of the Strata, where it lay in loofe and
moveable Corpufcles, fuch as by Reafon of the Intermixture of the
Matter with them that was Earthy, lax, and incapable of Coalition,
had not been confolidated, but ever lay loofe ; and lying thus loofe,
is diflodged and carry'd off by the Water that pervades thole Strata.
There are feveral Strata of Earth, and particularly thofe that lye
next above the Strata of Stone, which in fome Parts of them have
plainly an Intermixture of the Grit of Stone, and of Matter of that
Sort of which the Strata of Stone are compofed. There are others
here of Stone, whofe whole Compages is fo lax, by Reafon of an In.
termixture of Earthy Matter, that Water paffing its Interftices, eafily
bears off the lefs firmly concicted Corpulcles of it, as well thofe of
Stone as of Earth. This being the Condition of many of the Strata
here, both thofe of Earth and Stone, it’s no wondertul Thing that
we have here fo many of thofe called Petrifying Waters, that are plen-
titully faturated with a Stoney Matter. And there being a Roney

Matter

 

Chap. 4 o N ORTHAM I SHIR an

 

Matter in loofe and moveable Corpufcles to be found, as well in the
upper , as in the lower Strata ; it is not ftrange, that the Water
which ftrains thro’ thefe upper Strata, and fupplies thofe called Tem-
porary Springs, fthou’d in fome Places bear off that Sort of Mat-
ter.

164. The Sparry Particles which are found intermixed with the
Stoney Matter of thefe, and other Petrifying Springs, are alfo de-
tached in like manner, as lying difperfedly in the fame Strata, and
not more firmly compacted than that is.

165. It may every where be obferved , that few or none of the
Terreftrial Strata here, and particularly thofe of Stone, ate compofed
entirely of only one Kind of Matter, and that befides the Foreign
Admixtures of Sea-fhells, and other Marine Bodies, and of Mineral
Matter in Lumps or larger Parcels, they have frequently Spar and
other Minerals lying thinly f{catter'd in Particles, amongft the Sand,
and the like common grofs Matter, which they mainly confift of.
Now in thefe whofe Pores are fo wide and open, as confifting thus
for the main of crafler Matter, the permeating Water has Scope and
Power fufficient to diflodge the Corpufcles of Spar, and the like,
that lye in thofe Pores, and are fo laxly conjoined with the ordinary
Matter of the Stratum, and to carry them off with it.

166. And this fuggefts to us the Reafon, why in this County, tho’
when we dig and fearch into the Earth, we feldom meet with }utriol
in any confiderable Parcel, we notwithftanding have a far greater
Number of Acidule, that are fo copioufly charged with that Mine-
ral in this, than in fome otherCounties,and particularly thofe that have
Iron- Mines in them, where there appears to be far greater Plenty of
it. The Caufe is plainly this: The Main of the /itrisl we have
here, lies fcatter’d thinly in the Body of the Strata, (thofe chiefly, as
it feems, of the Stone of a Red or Ochrous Colour, and that has an
Ochrous Earth, and the ron-like Veins in it ) and confequently rea-
dier and apter to be born off by the Water pervading the faid Strata,
than in thofe Places where the Vitrislick Matter is found not difper-
fedly in Corpufcles amongft Sand and Earthy Matter, as here ; but
impacted in the Bodies of the Strata, that confift very much of Mi-
neral and Metallick Matter, without any great Intermixture of Sand,
or of the other common Terreftrial Matter of larger and groffer Cor-

ufcles.
167. And what other Kinds of Mineral Matter we meet with in
our Springs, we may reafonably believe were originally lodged in the
Strata, and are educed forth of them, in like manner as are thofe
we have already given an Account of. No doubt, there are many
latent Particles of thefe and other Minerals, in the lower Strata
efpecially ; which yet, as lying in the way of the Afcending Vapour
in its Paflage upwards through thofe Strata, may be diflodged, de-
tached add born off with it.

168. Thofe who confider, how the Water that fupplies Springs,
pervades, as has been fhewn, the very Bodies of the Strara, and that

in

>
=-=%

oy
=

ee a =

age = ot

3 i I :

wf

 
 

The Natural HI ST ORT Chap. 4.

in its Paffage through divers of them, there occurs fuch Mineral and
other Matter, as is found in our Springs ; and this in Particles fo

{mall and loofe, as to be mov'd off by the Water, will have no need:

to imagine, as fome have done, that the Mineral Springs become
thus impregnated by Aitrition , as they fpeak, that is, by the Wa.
ter’s wearing and rubbing off that Mineral and other Matter from
the Sides of its Subterranean Chanels, as it paffes along in them.
Thefe Subterranean Chanels, that they fpeak of, are for the main no
other than the Horizontal and Perpendicular Intervalls of the folid
Strata. And it does not appear by any of thofe I have examined ,
that the Sides of them had ever been confiderably worn by Water,
Befides, fuppofe that thofe Parts of the Rock afforded the fame
Matter, and in like Plenty, as is found in the Springs, and that it
was fo loofe, as to be thus forced off by the Water, what the Wa-
ter took off this way, woud be moitly found in {mall Fragments,
like fuch as have moulder’d after Froit, or have been beat off from
the folid Strata by Rain, not in fuch {mall fubtile Corpufcles, as is
that which is found in the Water of Springs. i

169. Helmomt and other Chymifts, having no Notion of this
plain way that Nature takes of impregnating Springs with their
refpective Minerals, have recourfe to a faltitious Agent. They fup-
pole there is a certain powerful Diffolvent or Menftruum, which the
cali an Efurine Salt diffufed through the Earth , which unlocks the
Bodies of }urislick, and other Mineral Glebes, and by this means
the Mineral Waters are impregnated. But of this Agent, which
has no other Exiftence than in the Fancy, I have faid enough,

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

 

Chap. 5:

C-'H A py
Of the ATR and HE AV EN &.

 

 

0. 1. "J HE Aw, if we confider it firictly, is in all Places the

T fame; a peculiar and Homogeneous Fluid. The diffe-
rent Affetions of it proceed from the Watery and Earthy Corpufcles
interfperfed therein. And therefore in confidering the Temparature
of the Air of any particular Country, weare always to have regard
to thefe; which as in different Places they differ in Quantity, or Qua-
lity, or in both, the Temperature of the Air of thofe Places is ac-
cordingly varied. What we have before obferved of Water, is like-
wife true of Air: It is no where (at leaft that Part of it wherein
we breathe) abfolutely imple and pure. That which is of a compe-
tent Purity or Thinneis, and is free from all Kind of noxious Mineral
Particles, is undoubtedly the beft, the moft ferviceable to Health,
and the moft conducive to the Prolongation of Life.

2. One of the Effential Properties of a Healthful Air, is, that it
be of a competent Purity or Thinnefs, that is, of a middle Nature.
That there may be too denfe an Air, whoever happens to breath for
a long time together in any very clofe Place, will fufficiently experi-
ence. And that there may be too thin an Air, appears by many Ob-
fervations and Experiments, that occur in Mr. Boyle, of the Spring
of the Air. No one can accufe the Air of Northamptonfbire for either
of thefe Extremes, it having all the Advantages of a friendly and
benign Climate, fuch as is that of this Ifland in general, and of the
Midland Situation of it in particular. Then as to the other Property
of a good Air, it's plain by the Account we have had of the Minerals
of this County, we can never be in any great Danger from un-
wholfomeMineral Halitus’s of our own Growth(if I may fo {peak) in-
termixing with the Air, there being fo {mall a Quantity of Mineral
Matter to be met with in the Earth, and that chiefly of the milder
Kinds. Did any fuch in any confiderable Quantities come forth
of the Earth, the Grafs, and other Vegetables difcolour'd and im-
pair’d thereby, wou'd betray them. But we never meet with any
more than here and there a Vegetable blafted, as we think, with a
Sooty Mineral Vapour, not a whole Traét or Parcel of Herbage
difcolour’d or blafted by this Means, as it is in fome other Countries.
As to the Mineral Effiuvia that are fometimes wafted hither from
diftant Parts by Winds, it does not often happen, that they are detri-
mental here. Neither is the Damage confiderably great to either
Vegetable or Animal Bodies, when it does happen.

3. The Ar in the higher Part of the County, that is, Suab-Weft,

is like to that of Oxfordfbire whereon it borders, which has deferved. .

. . - . * ay Dr. Plot's
ly the Character of a clear, fharp, and Salubrious Air *, the Country Nuc Hit of

Oooo being 0

xfordfbire,

D. 1

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 5

 

being agreeable to Cardan’s Rule, as the Do&tor there obferves ; © So-
“ Jum ficcum cum aquis fluentibus [alubritatem Aeris efficiunt. And fuch
are the Soil and Waters in that Part of Northamptonfbire, the former
dry, the latter running : And accordingly the Air in all that Part, is
frefh, healthful, and lively. The Temperature of the Air in the
Midland , is much the fame with that in the Higher Part of the
County. We fhall the better judge of it, when, according to the
Rule laid down above, we have confidered the Properties of the
Water, and of the Ground, in that Midland Part. As the Soil of
that Tract in general, is neither too Cold or Wet in Winter, nor
too Hot ot Dry in Summer, but is of a middle Temper, fo likewife
isthe Air. As it is free in the Production of fragrant and well-
fcented Plants, Wild Calamint , Marjoram, Bafil, Wild Tyme of Two
or Three Sorts, Sweet Horehound, and others, which yield, efpeci-
ally when crufh’d and trodden upon, a pleafant Odour in the Air:
fo no doubt the Air is not only more {weet and grateful, but the
healthier on this Account. And nearer to Oundle, nigh to Stoke-

oile, and in other Places, fuch is the Plenty of wild Vislets , which
of all other wild Flowers, fend forth the fweeteft Odour in the Air,
that the Air in thofe Places where they grow fo plentifully, is in a
manner perfum’d by them.

4. Neither are the Waters here in the Midland Parts, without
their commendable Properties, with relation to the Air. The Cur-
rents of the Brooks and Rivers fo free and quick, and fo {mall a
Quantity of Stagnant Water, that ’tis never likely the Air fhou'd be
grofs or over humid there. And as a farther Commendation of the
Water, wherein the Air is in fome meafure concern’d, it is to be
obferved, that it breeds but few Frogs (in Comparifon with that of
the Fen-land ) or other fordid Reptiles of a like Kind ; fo quick and
limpid is the Water, or fuch the Coldnefs of it. This has been ob-
ferved particularly at Woodford, Thrapfion , and thereabouts. Then
as to Snakes; and the like Animals, I have enquired of feveral An.
cient Inhabitants, and thofe inquifitive and obferving Perfons, who
aflure me, they never faw a Snake or Adder about Brixworth, Pis.
ford, Northampton, Eon, Mears-Afbby, and the adjoining Part of
the County, in their whole Lives. And indeed the Animals of this
Sort are fo rare with us, that we fcarce any where meet with them in
any of the Upland Parts, unlefs fome few in the Woods. But in
Huntingdonfbire , Bedfordfbire, and Oxfordfbire, where they border
upon us, they are more frequent. Some others have added this as a
great and fure Proof of the Wholfomenefs of the Waters, that the
Crey-fifb found in them, are, when boil’d of a ftrong Red Colour. If
this is of Weight we may fitly apply it to the Ife and Nyze, where
the like Obfervation has been made of the Crey-fifb they afford.

5. That fmall Tra& we call the Fen-land, which is in the North-
Eaft Part of the County, not far from Peterborough, is fuppofed to
have a foggy, foul, and unwholfome Air ; This Part being low and
Fenny of 1t felf, and alfo lying upon the Confines of the larger Lin-

colnfbire

 

Chap. 5. of NORTHAMITON SHIRE

colnfbire and Cambridgefbire Fenns. But ’tis certain the Air about the
Famous Crowland, to which this Fenny Tract extends, is now alter’d
and amended with the Soil , that being now converted to firm, ufe-
ful, and habitable Land, which heretofore was cover’d with Water
or ¢lfe a Quagmire. And we may with greater Reafon affirm
the fame of this Part of Northamptonlbire, where the Fall of the
Water is naturally fomewhat greater, and fuch due Care has been
taken by the Inhabitants,that theWater which comes thither from the
Uplands, though it overflow fome Parts of it, yet never ftays there
long, no not in the Winter Seafon. Pope Imwcent the 1Vth was
pleasd to grant his Indulgence, Amo 1250. to the Monks of the
Monaftery of Burgh, to cover their Heads in Time of Divine Ser-
vice, it being built in fuch a cold Place, 2: they alledged, that they
could not be at Divine Offices without grievous Hazard of their
Health, (as is fpecify’d in the {aid Indulgence, a Copy whereof is
given us in Gunton’s Church Hiftory of Peterborough, p. 161.) But
in whatfoever State the Air about Peterborough was in that Age: in
this, the Inhabitants neither complain, nor have any Need of com-
plaining of the more than ordinary Coldnefs of it. ~

6. Not only the City of Peterborough, but indeed all the other
Towns in the Lower Part of the County, which by fome are thought
to be fituate in the Fens, are really not within that Trac . tho’ on
the Borders of it, but ftand upon Gravel, Stone, or the like common
Matter with thofe in the Upland, having alfo as clear and wholfome
Water, and have therefore the like Air ; except in this Refpect, that
it is fomewhat more liable, by Reafon of its Nearnefs to thofe Fenns,
to be overcharged with Humid Vapours, as the Fenn-Air often is.
And yet Agues, the Diftemper the Fens have peculiarly been diftin-
guithed for, are, I think, not fo frequent in thefe, as in fome of the
Towns of the Higher Partsof the County, thofe, 1 mean, that tho’
their Situation is up Higher in the Contry, have, notwithftanding
on Account of their being plac’d in Valleys, or ona Flat at the Bot-
tom of a Hill, an Air as Humid, or almoft as Damp and Foggy, as
is that of the real Fenland. Certain it is, that Agues, and fome
other Fevers are frequently at Evilden, Tielding, and Shelton, Towns
of alow Situation, when they efcape them at Newton-Broomfbald
which as it has a higher Situation , has al{o a freer and clearer Air
And that Agues are more frequent, and the Air lefs Healthy in the
lower Part of Tuchmarfb, which is feated in a Valley, than in the
upper Part of the faid Town. And fo likewife for Thorpe-W. ater field,
which has a low Situation by the River Side: the Air there is found
to be lefs Healthy than at Achurch, a Town not far from it, which
is feated above upon an Hill.

7. And tho’ the Inhabitants of the muifler Air are fomewhat more
inclinable to Agues and Colds, than are thofe in the drier and warmer
Air : Yet in another Refpect thefe feem to have the Advantage, as
being not fo liable to Infetion from that noxious Mineral Matter
which being diffeminated in the Air, and tranfmitted into the Body,

creates

327

 
i

0
=

Tw

ha

 

326

The Natwral HIST ORT Chap. 5

 

being agreeable to Cardan’s Rule, as the Doctor there obferves ; « So-
“ Jum ficcum cum aquis fluentibus [alubritatem Aeris efficiunt. And fuch
are the Soil and Waters in that Part of Northamptonfbire, the former
dry, the latter running : And accordingly the Air in all that Part, is
freth, healthful, and lively. The Temperature of the Air in the
Midland , is much the fame with that in the Higher Part of the
County. We fhall the better judge of it, when, according to the
Rule laid down above, we have confidered the Properties of the
Water, and of the Ground, in that Midland Part. As the Soil of
that Tract in general, is neither too Cold or Wet in Winter, nor
too Hot or Dry in Summer, but is of a middle Temper, fo likewife
isthe Air. As it is free in the Prodution of fragrant and well-
fcented Plants, Wild Calamint, Marjoram, Bafil, Wild Tyme of Two
or Three Sorts, Sweet Horebound, and others, which yield, efpeci-
ally when crufh’d and trodden upon, a pleafant Odour in the Air:
fo no doubt the Air is not only more {weet and grateful, but the
healthier on this Account. And nearer to Oundle, nigh to Stoke-
Dsile, and in other Places, fuch is the Plenty of wild Violets , which
of all other wild Flowers, fend forth the {weeteft Odour in the Air,
that the Air in thofe Places where they grow fo plentifully, is in a
manner perfum’d by them.

4. Neither are the Waters here in the Midland Parts, without
their commendable Properties, with relation to the Air. The Cur-
rents of the Brooks and Rivers fo free and quick, and fo {mall a
Quantity of Stagnant Water, that tis never likely the Air thou'd be
grofs or over humid there. And as a farther Commendation of the
Water, wherein the ir is in fome meafure concernd, it is to be
obferved, that it breeds but few Frogs (in Comparifon with that of
the Fen-land ) or other fordid Reptiles of a like Kind ; fo quick and
limpid is the Water, or fuch the Coldnefs of it. This has been ob-
ferved particularly at Woodford, Thrapfion , and thereabouts. Then
as to Snakes, and the like Animals, I have enquired of feveral An-
cient Inhabitants, and thofe inquifitive and obferving Perfons, who
aflure me, they never faw a Snake or Adder about Brixworth, Pis-
ford, Northampton, Edon, Mears-Afbby, and the adjoining Part of
the County, in their whole Lives. And indeed the Animals of this
Sort are fo rare with us, that we fcarce any where meet with them in
any of the Upland Parts, unlefs fome few in the Woods. But in
Huntingdonfbire , Bedfordfbire, and Oxfordfbire, where they border
upon us, they are more frequent. Some others have added this as a
great and fure Proof of the Wholfomenefs of the Waters, that the
Crey-fifb found in them, are, when boil'd of a ftrong Red Colour. If
this is of Weight we may fitly apply it to the Ife and Nyre, where
the like Obfervation has been made of the Crey-fifb they afford.

5. That {mall Tra we call the Fen-land, which is in the North-
Eaft Part of the County, not far from Peterborough, is fuppofed to
have a foggy, foul, and unwholfome Air ; This Part being low and
Fenny of it {elf , and alfo lying upon the Confines of the larger Lin-

colnfbire

 

Chap.5. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

colnfbire and Cambridgefbire Fenns. But tis certain the Air about the
Famous Crowland, to which this Fenny Tract extends, is now alter’d
and amended with the Soil; that being now converted to firm, ufe-
ful, and habitable Land, which heretofore was cover’d with Water
or elfe a Quagmire. And we may with greater Reafon affirm
the {fame of this Part of Northamptonfbire , where the Fall of the
Water is naturally fomewhat greater, and fuch due Care has been
taken by the Inhabitants,that theWater which comes thither from the
Uplands, though it overflow fome Parts of it, yet never ftays there
long, no not in the Winter Seafon. Pope Imwcent the 1Vth was
pleasd to grant his Indulgence, Ano 1250. to the Monks of the
Monaftery of Burgh, to cover their Heads in Time of Divine Ser-
vice, it being built in fuch a cold Place, 2: they alledged, that they
could not be at Divine Offices without grievous Hazard of their
Health, (as is fpecify’d in the faid Indulgence, a Copy whereof is
given us in Ganton’s Church Hiftory of Peterborough, p- 161.) But
in whatfoever State the Air about eterborough was in that Age : in
this, the Inhabitants neither complain, nor have any Need of com-
plaining of the more than ordinary Coldnefs of it.

6. Not only the City of Peterborough, but indeed all the other
Towns in the Lower Part of the County, which by fome are thought
to be fituate in the Fens, are really not within that Tra& . tho’ on
the Borders of it, but ftand upon Gravel, Stone, or the like common
Matter with thofe in the Upland, having alfo as clear and wholfome
Water, and have therefore the like Air ; except in this Refped, that
it is fomewhat more liable, by Reafon of its Nearnefs to thofe Fenns,
to be overcharged with Humid Vapours, as the Fenn-Air often is.
And yet Agues, the Diftemper the Fens have peculiarly been diftin-
guithed for, are, I think, not fo frequent in thefe, as in fome of the
Towns of the Higher Partsof the County, thofe, I mean, that tho’
their Situation is up Higher in the Contry, have, notwithftanding
on Account of their being plac’d in Valleys, or ona Flat at the Bot-
tom of a Hill, an Air as Humid, or almoft as Damp and Foggy, as
is that of the real Fenland. Certain it is, that Agues, and fome
other Fevers are frequently at Euvlden, Tielding, and Shelton, Towns
of alow Situation, when they efcape them at Newton-Broom/bold
which as it has a higher Situation , has alfo a freer and clearer Air
And that Agues are more frequent, and the Air lefs Healthy in the
lower Part of Tichmarfb, which is feated in a Valley, than in the
upper Part of the faid Town. And fo likewif for T horpe-Waterfield
which has a low Situation by the River Side : the Air there is found
to be lefs Healthy than at Achurch, a Town not far from it, which
is feated above upon an Hill. )

7. And tho’ the Inhabitants of the moiffer Air are fomewhat more
inclinable to Agues and Colds, than are thofe in the drier and warmer
Air : Yet in another Refpect thefe feem to have the Advantage, as
being not fo liable to Infection from that noxious Mineral Matter
which being difleminated in the Air, and tranfmitted into the Body,

creates

 

Cn

EE

m

=

 
 

 

 

328

* Dr. Wood
ward's Nat.
Hift. of the
Earth, p.210.

The Natwral H I ST OR?” Chap 5

creates Diforders therein, and lays the Foundation of Peftilential Di-
ftempers * ; this thicker Air, which has its Pores {o fully faturated
with ordinary Terreftrial and Aqueous Particles, being by this means
made more incapable of entertaining thofe malignant Mineral Cor-

ufcles, as alfo more confiderably impeding and breaking the Force
of thofe which are admitted. And to the fame end, it is likely, the
Halitus's and Smoak of the Turfe or Peat-Earth, of which there is
fo much ufed for Fewel in the Fen-Country, is not a little ferviceable.
However this be, ’tis grounded upon good Obfervation, that here
in Peftilential Seafons, the Plague is more rare : the Contagion is
later ere it gets in: and when admitted, not quite fo fatal, as in
fome other Places of a purer Air.

8. It may likewife be obferved under the fame Head, that in the
Fenland they have feldom or never experienc’d fuch ill Effects from
a lafting and exceffively sntenfe Heat in the Air, as they not unfre-

uently have in the Upland-Fields. To give onc or two Inftances.

1n 1638. in the Time of Harveft, which was an extreme Hot Time;

many People then at Work in the Fields at Adington, in the Upper

Part of the Country, fell fick, and fome of them dy'd. So remark-

able was this Accident, that the then Minifter of the Parifth thought
fit to note it in the Regifter. But the moft remarkable Inftance of
that Kind was upon Aug. 6. 1701. for the extreme Heat of it, vul-
garly called the Hor Wedne[day, which ended in much Thunder and
Lightning. Upon that Day a great many People in the Higher Part
of the County, fell fick, and fome fell down dead, particularly in the
Fields at Rugfled and Dodington. And upon or immediately after
that Day, there fell fick above Twenty Children, and others of
Acute Diftempers in Rowel ; which was the moft univerfally fickly
Seafon, as was ever known there. But in the Lower Part of the
Countrey we have no Inftances of fuch Injurious and Fatal Heats.
That Heat where it was fo detrimental, had fomewhere thereabouts
exhaled a Mineral Matter, which whilft it floated in the Lower Part
of the Air, occafioned thofe Diforders. Whereas all that the like
Heat is able to effect in the Fenland, is only the clearing the Earth
and the Air of its over-great Charge of Water.

9. Befides, it may fitly be enquired, whether thofe Diftempers that
are ufually thought to be caufed by the Fenland Air, be not partly oz
chiefly owing to the Badnefs of the Staguant Water there, and of the
Malt-Drink which is made of it, as alfo to the Steams that proceed
from the Flax and Hemp, the great Commodities of the Fen-Country,
and particularly at the time of their being prepar'd by Stceping in
Water, which they mightily difcolour, killing the Fifh, if any in it.
"Tis well known how ungrateful the Smell of them is. That alfo of
the Sod, whilft it is burning in Heaps, a Praétice fo common there,
in orer to improve their Soil, is as much complain'd of, being per-
ceiv’d fometimes when the Wind is Eaferly, as tar upwards as Oundle.
So that even the Smells of the Mud, @e. that are perceiv’d at fome

times in that Part of the Fenland, will make fome Strangers fick.

But

 

Chap.5. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
But thefe are fmall and inconfiderable Inconvenienci i
who live as agreeably, and as healthily in that a
Aizoides, and other Plants of the Fenland do in the Water ther.
10. For a farther Proof of this: Thofe who inhabit the Middl
arts of the Fenland are not without their Inftances of the Li
fome of the Inhabitants extended to a very great Ase. Ho oro
that be, tis certain that in theTowns with us which Poder u gd
Fens, there are few, if any more frequent Inftadces of Health old
Age in any of the T owns of the Uplands, than are there, At P
fton, Northborough, Peakirk, and other of thofe Towns as ma ”
live to 80, as in other Places. In the Parifh of Pafton that is th
Town of Paflsn with the Villages appendant, viz, Gunthor Wis :
and Warrington, where have been immemorialy 130 or y to Fa #
lies, for Three Years fucceffively, that is, the Years io 1 Wo
and 1593, there was not {o much as one fingle Burial, as 1s ot 2
the Parifh-Regifter by the Hand of the then Incumbent ; and the
Regifter appears to have been well and faithfully kept, In the fine
Regifter there is frequently noted a fingle Year without any Burial in
it. In the City of Peterborough have been feveral Inftances of Per:
fonsa Hundred Years Old. 7Jutes, the publick Crier of the Town
and bis Wi Were ene 202 ; the one being 104, and the other
wo of 100. Dx ; :
ark % Iwo, ame Baxter dy'd 100 Years of Age. To
_ 11. The Air of the Towns in the Wasdland Part of thi
is very little, if at all to beaccufed of exceffive Hominy. the ufo]
Difadvantage of the Air of fuch Situations ; there being fuch a con
venient Diftance betwixt them and the Woods , that it is not confin'd
and imprifon’d there, as where the Woods ftand over clofe. and con-
Bauectly where the watery Vapours fo copioufly exhal’d from the
rees and other Vegetables are not fo readily and quickly diffipated ;
there being fo little Scope and Liberty for it. Nay, fo far fiom a
Difadvantage is this Situation, that it certainly is advantagious to the
Air of {ome of our Wosdland Towns, and particularly that of Brig-
flock, which is feated on a rifing Ground, and all encompafled with
Woods at a due Diftance 5 fo that the Air there is lefs expos'd to the
Rage of Winds, is of a mild Nature, and moderately dry and warm
Fazfley, Kirby, and fome other Places that in like manner are fur.
rounded either with Woods or with Hills, at a convenient Diftance
have the like Advantages. Whereas the Town of Nafeby, and fome
others, in the Clay-land efpecially, that ftand at the very Tops of
Hills with little or no Fence or Shelter from rough and fevere Wea.
ther, have fo cold and piercing an Air, that 'tis obferv’d of the In.
habitants of thofe Places, that they “are more peculiarly fubjet
kis 0 y eh Confor rin: as are attended with a (har
ough ; but if they e i
30d ds o % ig! hg But it 5 cape thefe till they are paft F orty, they
12. To give any Verdict in the Queftion, which of
or Seats in [Northamptonfbire have the beft and nd _ Tors
be

Pppp

 
 

 

The Natwal H IST OR T "Chap. 5.

 

be too afluming ; fince as the Conftitutions and Opinions of Men
are various with relation to Meats and Drinks, they are fo likewife
with regard to Air. And far be it from me to fet forth my own
Conftitution and Tafte, as a Standard for others. But indeed I look
upon the Situation of fome of our Towns, with regard to the Air,
as {ingularly fortunate. Northampton I may name the Firft of them.
"Tis feated ‘on a Rifing: Ground, which fronts the Swuth on the
Northern Baok of the River Nywe, upon a Soil which is fandy, loofe,
and dry. By Means of this Difpofition the Town is dry, clean,
and warm, and the Air alfo Partoker of the like Advantages. The
Situation of fome of the Towns in the Sandy and Champaign Part
of the County, not far from Nurthampton, is alfo extremely Pleafant
and Healthy. Such is that of Lamport, the very pleafant Seat of
Sir Fuftinian Ifbam, Baronet; Brixworthy Scaldwell, and Guisborough.
They have not only Health themfelves, but, as has been often ob-
ferved, do frequently give it to others too, i. e. to the Strangers whom
they invite into that Air. How ferviceable it is in promoting the
Cute of Confumptions of the Seorbutick and Aftbmatick Kinds, has
been experienc’d by feveral. The Succefs of the Air at Halfion, and
of the Heaths in the Neighbourhood, in curing Coughs that are not
to be abated by the Force of ordinary Medicines, I my felf have ex-

erienc’d more than once, and fhou'd chufe to recommend it in the
like Cafes, as Dr. Lifer, in his Journey to Paris, has done the drier
Air of Frauce.

13. 'Tis farther to be obferved, that in this County there are fe-
veral Advantages in general with regard to the Air. All the Rivers
running in their general Courfe North- Faft, and many of the Towns
being feated upon the Banks of thofe Rivers, they lye more open to,
and have greater Benefit from the Winds of the North- Eaftern and
South-1¥eftern Quarters. So that altho’ a greater Quantity of Vapours
arife in thofe Valleys, yet the Winds being always brisker there, as
in an Alley or Lane, and the Valleys that are fo difpos’d lying thus
open to the /lrong and frequent South-Weft Winds, the Vapours and
Bue Dit; as we call them, are by this means more {peedily difpell’d,
and the Difadvantage of an over-moift or Humid Air is thereby pre-
vented. The Towns that are feated on the North Side of a River,
have this well known Advantage, wiz. that they are not fo much an-
noy’d by the Vapours arifing thence, as are thofe on the other Side ;
the Vapours being drawn by the Sun not over the Town, but the
contrary way. And fuch is the Situation of Northampton, Welling-
borough , Oundle, and Peterborough, Four of the moft confiderable
Towns in the County. And upon more particular Enquiry, I believe
it will be found, that Two Thirds of the Towns in Nortbamptonfbire,
or the principal Part of thofe Towns, are built in Streets, whofe Ends

“are open to the Eaflern and Weftern Quarters, the Jaums of the
Houfes ftanding to the Eaft and Ie, and their Sides to the North
and South. Whether this was Accident, or Defign in our Anceftors,
it is certainly of Ufe and Advantage ; the Houfes thereby wajoyiog

the

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Clap:

the full Influences of the Svuthern Sun, and either Fruit or Flower
Gardens, if they pleafe, before a Southern Front, and their Streets
efpecially if ftrait, do readily admit, and are fufficiently ‘cleanfed
ot all Impurities of Air, by the frequent Gufts of Wind which blow
from one or other of the faid Quarters.

14. Wind being only Air extended or dilated (according to the
Definition of my Lord Bacon * ) by which Extenfion or Dilatation

————

33!

other Air is impelled in the manner of Waves of the Sea, we fhallin $94 pacts
the next Place offer what has been thought obfervable with us in the Winds, .s.

Nature and Properties of Winds. No Part of the Hiftory of Na-
ture being lefs compleat than that of Winds, 1 intend to fet down
our Obfervations upon that Head, fomewhat more fully than I fhou’d
otherwife have done. I cannot fay , that thefe Obfervations are all
of them new : If they ferve to rectify, to confirm or improve thofe
of others, itis of Ufein the Hiftory of any thing, when the Matter
of Fact relating to it is as yet but imperfectly or dubioufly related.

15. Of the Eaflern Winds it hath been obferved here with my
Lord Bacon, p. 26. that they are ordinarily fharp and drying, and
that of all other thefe do moft frequently bring Infettions Fxhala-
tions ; and hence our Country Proverb, When the Wind is in the Eafl,
Ue. In the Month of Nowember, 1703. there was at and nigh
Wellingborough a remarkable Inftance of the Difagreeablenefs of an
Eafterly Wind to Human Bodies. In the firft Fortnight of that
Month, whilft the Wind was in the North-Eaft or Eaft, a great
many People fell fick of Aoues or Intermitting Fevers ; in the Third
Week, the Wind then in the oppofite Quarters, above Half the
Agues abated : But immediately upon its re-entring that Quarter in
the Fourth Week, when the Wind was again in the North-Eaft, the
old Agues were as bad as at the firft, and feveral others were feiz’d
with the like. How far the Eaflerly Winds are concernd in occafi-
oning thofe Blafis upon Trees, which is ufually attributed to a Red
Wind ( as it is vulgarly called ) from the Eaff, 1 {hall now enquire ;
Fit fetting down my Obfervations relating to this Sort of Blaft,
and then offering my Thoughts concerning the Caufe of it.

16. The Blaft that I am now about to fpeak of, is that which fo
frequently happens here in the Month of May, or in the Beginning
of Sune, when the Leaves of Trees are young and tender, and
when the Days are warm, and the Nights are cold ; infomuch,
that in fome of them there is frequently a Rime upon the Grafs, and
fome Ice upon the Water. Tis frequently preceeded by a cold and
dry North-Faft, or Eaflerly Wind. = At and about the Time of the
Blaft the Air 1s thick and dusky ; which Opacity of the Air is fome-
times fo great, that there feems to be a general Mift, and ’tis here
vulgarly call’d the Black Blighting Mift. In the Morning and Eve-
ning the Mift is thickeft. This was the State of the Air for Three
Weeks together in May, 1705. about which Time there was a re-
markable Blatt of this Kind. It more particularly affects the Leaves
of Afbes, changing them on the fudden from their natural Green to

a deep

 
 

 

332

Th Nawd HIST ORT Chap 5

a deep Black, upon which they fhrivle up and perith, Ihave feen an
Afb encompats’d with Willows, whofe Leaves were wholly blafted,
whillt the Willows that grew about it were not at all endamaged.
Alfo Elms and Walnut-trees are pretty frequently blafted thus. And
upon the Extremities of the newly difplayed Buds of the Oak,
Maple, White and Black Thorn, there not unfrequently appear
fome Strokes of this Malady. The Leaves of Apple-trees, and other

ruit-trees that are blafted at that time, are affected in a fomewhat
different Manner ; they are not changed Black, as are thofe of the
Field-Trees, but become Pale or Reddifb, as if they were fcorched,
and fo wither and decay. The young Beech-Hedges growing upon
the Grand Refervoire at Boughton, in that extenfive Blaft that hap-
pen’d on May the 17th and 18th, 1705. were turned Red, not
blacken’d. But the Hops in fome Places were chang’d toa Sooty Co-
lour by that Blaft.

17. For feveral Years 1 have obferved the Blafl upon the Afhes
growing in the Valleys, and not upon thofe on the Hills. This was
particularly obfervable in the Years 1704, 1705, at Grear Oxendon,
Little Oxcadon, Clipfion, and Kelmarfb, and thereabouts, the Afhes in
the Valleys in thefe Lordfhips were generally blafted, and none of
thofe upon the Hills, not fo much as the young Afhes of 10 or 12
Years Growth, nor the lefs thriving I'rees, which in the Valleys
were ufually firft flricken. And thus in the Valley betwixt Catesbrook
and Hanging- Houghton, in May, 1704. the Afhes there were blafted,
their Leaves look'd as Black as Ink, and were fhrivel’d up or gone,
whilft thofe on the Hills all about the Valley were fill frefh and green.
In thofe Years wherein I tcok a particular notice of it, it aflected
the Field-Trees in the Valleys running Eat and Weft, and in thofe
running North and South indifcriminately, as alfo all Sides of the
Tree indifferently, and thofe Afhes that ftood a little defended on
the Eaft, as well as thofe that did not. But of Fruit-Trees in Or-
chards it has frequently been obferved, and parrticularly of fome at
Maidwel in 1704. that thofe ftanding open to the North-Eaft have
been blafted, and had no Fruit, whilft thofe that were fenced on that
Quarter have efcaped. On May 26. 1705. in Flitwell Grounds nigh
Braytrook, 1 obferv'd of Two Afhes, one growing on the Side of
one Hill, the other on the Side of another Hill, the Hills fronting
each other with a {mall Valley betwixt them, the Afhes cach about
30 Yards from the Foot of the Hills, that thefe were blafted , and
that Two other Afhes, which grew one oppofite to the other upon
the fame Hills, as thefe did, but about Twenty Yards up higher,
were not at all hurt. And of the taller Afhes we may frequently fee
the lywer Part of them blafted , the upper frefh and green. Some of
the Trees that are thus blafted put forth a Set of new Leaves from
the Blafted Branches, others do not recover it.

18. From feveral of the above-recited Circumftances, it appears,
that this Blaft is occafioned generally and chiefly by the great Coldnefs
of the Air in the Nights fucceeding thofe warm Days, which great

Coldnefs

 

Chap. 5. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

Coldnefs is owing to the North-Eaft, and Eafierly Winds ; generally
and chiefly, fay, becaufe, 1 think, a noxious Mineral Vapour may
fometimes have fome, tho’ a leffer Share in producing that Effect,
The Air of the Valleys, as being more fully fated with watery Va-
pours than that upon the Hills, is more fufceptive of Impreflions
trom cold : And this feems to be the Reafon, why the Afhes in the
Valleys were blafted, and not thofe on the Hills. As to the Infedls,
and in particular the glofly Black Flies refembling Ant-flics, only
{maller, which are found fo commorly upon the Leaves thus blafted,
as foon as ever the Blaft appears, I do not look upon them, as fome
have done, as the principal Caufe of the Decay of the Leaves, tho’
in fome Trees they further and promote it. It may every where be
obferved, what vaft Numbers of thefe and the like Kind of Flies are
bred in moift Places, and efpecially in the Stagnant Water, in the
hotter Days of this Month, and come forth of it fometimes in
Swarms, which having fcatter'd themfelves abroad in all Places, in-
vade the Leaves, which happen at that time to be blafted ; thefe
whilft they are fading and decaying, yielding them perhaps a fuitable
Nourifhment from that clammy, fweet, Honey-like Juice, which is
fo frequently found upon the Leaves that are newly blafted, upon
thofe of Fruit-Trees efpecially.

19. It is more rarely that the Weflerly Winds with us occafion a
Blaft, and then only or chiefly upon thofe Orchards or Fruit. Trees
which lye fo much expos’d to'them. On the contrary, ’tis generally
Arr that the gentler Winds from that Quarter are advantagious
and falutary, efpecially in the Spring time, both to Vegetable and
Animal Bodies. So that how to make out that Affertion of Dr. Plor*,
that the Weflern Winds are moft pernicious, I do not know. Perhaps
in Staffordfbire, and in the Weft of England, they are ordinarily the
Harbingers and Occafion of Blafis, as the Eaflerly Winds are here.
But however mifchievous they be, I fhould fcarce approve of what
the Dolor there affigns, their being fated with a crude Sulphur, as
the Reafon of it.

20. That there is more frequently a Wind in the Weftern, than in
any other Points, appears by the growing of fo many Afhes, and
other of our Field-Trees, with their Heads inclining and bending to
the Eaft in particular, above all other Quarters. And this not onl
at and nigh the Tops of Hills, as for Inftance, in Winwick Clofes,
but allo in the Valleys ; and particularly thofe whofe Direction is
Eoft and Weft, or South-Eaft and North-Weft, as in that below Pis.

ford ; which fhews the Power of the efterly Winds above that of

the Eaflerly ones, notwithftanding that in many Years we have an
Eaft or North- Eat Wind, which blows for Two or Three Months
without Intermiffion, efpecially at or foon after the Vernal Equanox.
21. This Effe& upon Trees 1 attribute rather to the Frequency,
than the Violence of the Weflern Winds. Not but that the moft
and the greateft Storms or T empefts are from that Quarter, and
from the South-Weft. This is fo well known, that I need not {pend

Qq qq Time

333

* Dr. plots
Nat. Hift. of
Staffordfhire,
P- 844.

 
TN
np

fs

i
i

erat

Te

 

Th Nard HIST ORT Chaps.

 

Time in fetting down Inftances, as I might do many, to confirm it.
Neither need I burden the Reader with a particular Account of the
great Devaftations made here by the Tempeftuous Wind, Alovem. 26.
1704. there having been the like Effects of it in other Parts of the
Kingdom. Butit will not be amifs to mention Two or Thrée Things
relating thereto, viz. that it began with us about Ode in the Morn-
ing, and continued very Boifterous ; now and then breaking out in
moft fudden and vehement Jirks, until almoft Sun-Rifing the next
Day: That the Weather for feveral Weeks before the Storm, had
been very open and wet, without either Froft or Snow: That in the
Evening immediately preceeding that Stormy Night, the Sky was
more than ordinary Red, and we perceiv’d a troublefome Warmtti
in the Air, and divers Flathes of Lightning not accompany'd with
Thunder : That at Ten that Night were Three or Four Flafhes,
with Two lound Thunder-Claps: That ‘twas aétually attended
with Thunder and Lightning in fome Places, and particularly
nigh 7 borp- Mandeville: And that at Six the next Morning, the
Mercury in the Barometer was not 28 ;. This was the moft furious
and deftrutive Storm, that ever was known or felt in all thefe Parts;
except perhaps that on November 4. 1636. whereby, befides other
great Damages done by it, the Steeple of Cranford St. John’s was
broken down to the Battlements; which with the Fall of it broke
down a good part of the Church. This happen'd in the fame Month
with that above-mentioned, in the Night-time alfo, by a Weflerly
Wind as that was.

22. But to paf$ on to the violent Winds of a lefler Extent , ufu-
ally called Hurricandes, that have happened here, which we may
more properly confider, as being terminated in fome particular Parts
of this County. Such was that at Afbley, on Ofsber 30. 1669.
and that at Braybrosk, on Offober 13. 1670. both which are defcri-
bed in the Philofophical Tranfattions, N. 71. by the Ingenious
Mr. Templer, Reétor of Ba That at Afbley, which Mr.
Templer calls a Formidable Hurricane, began, as he relates it, be-
twixt Five and Six in the Evening, the Wind Weflerly; bearing
{carce 6o Yards in its Breadth, {pending it felf in about Six Minutes
of Time. It took a Milk-Maid’s Pail from off her Head, and car-
ry’d it many Scores of Yards Diftance. This was the firft Affault.
In the Yard of one Sprig of Wefl-Thorp (a Name of one part of
the Town ) it threw off a Waggon-Body , broke the Wheels and
Axletrees in Pieces, and blew Three of the Wheels, fo fhatter’d, over
a Wall. The Waggon ftood crofs to the Paflage of the Wind. At
Mr. Maidwell’s, [en. it forc'd open the Door, march’d through the
Entry, and then mounted the Chambers, where it blew out Nine
Lights. Thence it proceeded to the Parfonage, whofe Roof it more
than decimated. Many other notorious Exploits it play’d. The
Site of that Part of Afbley thus molefted by the Wind, as Mr. Tem-
pler obferves, is confiderable. About Half a Mile diftant from the
Town, on the Weft, is a fmall Wood on the Top of an Hill, and in

part

Chap.5. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

part defeending into a Vale encompafs’d by North and Suh Hills. fo
‘that the Wind f{eems to have been confin'd to the Valley, asina Chart.
nel; before it uffaulted the Town, and thereby enforc’d to {pend it
felf only in that Glade. That at Braybrook began about 11 a Clock
the Wind North-Eaft. Of two Peafe-Ricks in the Field within 20
Yards of each other; one it ftript, the other it did not touch. Thence
it proceeded to the Parfonage, where it carried not above 8 Yards in
Breadth ; as appears by the Mifchief it did there. Thence it pafs'd
over the reft of the Town without any Damage, it being low in Si-
tuation, and went on to a Place call’d Zoot-Hill, where it uncover’d
fo much of a Malt-Houfe as lay within its Line anJ Breadth. Bray-
brook ftands in a Valley environ’d by Hills on Three Sides, and is open
only to the North, and a little to the North- Eaft.

23. Thefe Two Relations are from Mr. Templer. The like | have
had from very good Hands in divers other Parts of the County.
The Reverend Mr. Shorigrave informs me, Thaton---- a Sunday
in 1703, there wasa Hurricane at Halfton that pafled on, as it were,
in a Glade of a Hundred Yards in Breadth. Within this Space it
tore off huge Branches of Trees, twifted a Maple like a Faggot-
Band , {wept off alinoft every Tree in Jobn Mannings Orchard in
Halfton , fiript fome Houfes, and committed other Outrages. It
reach’d from Halfton to Northampton. In Sepulchres Church at Nor-
thampton they obferved i juft expiring. The Reverend Dr. Pargiter
of Gritworth acqudints me, That the Wind has fometimes been ob-
ferved to rife up in a Valley below that Town as it were a large ex-
panded Sheet, and to roll on as an Eddy, or in the manner of the
Tuffoons, whereof we have an Account in Captain Dampier *. To
thefe Relations of Local Storms or Hurricanes, I may add that of an
extraordinary Whirlwind that happend at Wirrington on Auguft 1.
1694. It exerted it felf chiefly on the Shocks of Corn in that part of
Aerement Clofe which is in the Poffeffion of Mr. Holt. It took up into
the Air about Fourfcore or a Hundred Shocks of Corn, carry’d many
of them out of fight, the reft it fcatter’d about the Field, or on the
Tops of the Houfes and Trees which were thereabouts. At leaft
Three or Four Waggon-Load of Corn all at once were whirl’d about
in the Air. Some of the Corn was carried a Mile diftant. It be-
gan betwixt One and Two in the Afternoon, and continued in that
Clofe about Half an Hour. *

24. Which is all I have to Note in this Place concerning Winds,
except the following Particulars :

(r.) That contrary Winds have been frequently obferved here,
efpecially before a Storm. This is fo well known in thefe Parts of the
Country wherein there are Wind-Mills, that there fcarcely need any
Proofs of it. But to fatisfy thofe who are lefs acquainted with the
Obfervations of this Kind, I fhall mention one or two Inftances.
On April 6. 1705. the Mill at Oxendon was carry'd with a South-Weft
Wind : thofe of Great Bowdom, a Town Three Miles diftant, at the
fame time with a North-Eaft Wind ; as appeard by the Mill-Doors

ftanding

* Dampier,

Vola. p. 36.

* Vid. Philef,
Tranf. Vol.

18. p. 213,
& 192.

y

Go a

 
 

3

The Natural HIST ORT Chap. 5.

 

franding oppofite each to other, whilft the Sails were going. This
was about Three in the Afternoon. But in about an Hour’s Space
thefe Two Winds became concentred, as it were in a Stormy Wind
that blew from the Fafl. The like has been often obferv’d of Gret-
ton Wind-Mill; and that at Luddington, juft before a Thunder Storm.

(2.) That the Mills that ftand upon the Edge of a Hill with a Valley
underneath them, are wont to go when the Wind has a Dire&ion
parallel to that of the Valley over which they ftand, with a much
{fimaller Gale than the Wind-Mills that have not fuch Situation.
This is particularly obfervable of the Mill at Pisford. When the
Wind is in tie North-Weft or South- Eaft, the fame way as their Val-
ley runs, it will go, they fay, with a Wind from the North-Weft,
when neither that nor any other Wind is to be perceived by any
other Mark or Token than the going of the Sails.

(3.) That the Mills on the Tops of Hills, as for Inftance, that on
Starton Hill, does frequently want a Wind in the midft of a hot
Summer Day, which the Mills in the Valleys, or thofe of lower
Situation, do not fo often want. But at Night, or in the Evenings
of thofe hot Days, the Wind-Mills on the Hills fcarce ever fail of a
clear and good Gale, whilft the lower Mills have none : the Air
about them is ftill, and they are furrounded with the Mift, which
from its not reaching up fo high as the Tops of the Hills, is here
called a Dale or Polley Mift.

(4.) That the Winds with us do frequently rife with the Sun, and
go down with it: that in particular the Weflern Winds do not un-
ufually ceafe foon after Sun-fet : and that when after a Lithe, (a fill
Time when there is no Wind ) an Eaferly Wind arifes with the Sun,
that whole Day proves windy.

25. 1 {hall now proceed to the more obfervable Occurrences in the
Kingdom of Meteors, to Firft, thofe of the Watery Kind.

At Sea’tis an ufual Obfervation, that the Clouds veer to the
Land. In the Maritime Parts about this Ifland, ’tis obferved, that
they make efpecially towards the Hills in the middle Part of it.
Which our Obfervations here in this Midland County do in fome
meafure confirm. That there really falls a greater Quantity of Rain
upon and about that Hilly Tract with us, which fends off the Wa-
ter on one Side of it Eaflward to the Eaflern Sea, by the Weland,
Njyne, and other Rivers : on the other Weflward to the Weflern Sea,
by the Leam, Avon, &c. than there does in the lower Part of the
County down towards Stamford and Peterborough , appears by this,
that whereever they have any confiderable Rains in the lower Part,
they have had at the fame time as great or greater in the upper, as
is plainly feen by the Rife of the Rivers that defcend from that Hilly
Tract. But in the #pper Part of the County, particularly in and
about that Hilly Tralt, they have frequently great Quantities of
Rain falling down in mighty Showers, efpecially in the Summer
Seafon, and occafioning very great Inundations of our Rivers in that
Partot the Connty, which is lower and more remote from thofe

Hills,

 

Chap.5. of NORTHAMPTONSHI RE.
Hills, without fo much as a Drop of Rain having fallen there, ir
that lower Part. This is fo well known, that it {carce needs any
Proof, and I fhall only mention a few of the moft confiderable In.
frances of it.

In the Month of April, 1640. was a fudden Overflowing or In-
undation of the River Weland to an incredible Height. On the Wall of
a long Entry in the Bede-Houfe, on the Southern Bank of that River.
in St. Martmn's-Stamford, is the Mark how high it rofe, which is Five
Foot, Eight Inches above the Ground. This was called the Enfler-
Flood.

At the fame time was as great and fudden an Overflowing of the
River Nyne. "Tis noted in great Adington Regifter *, that in 1640.
April 8. Wedne[day in Eafler-Week, was the greateft and fuddencft
Flood that ever had been. It overflowed the lower Rooms of the
Houfes on both Sides the Bridgefireet in Peterborough. The Rains
that occafiond it, were all, I am credibly inform’d, above in the
upper Part of the County.

‘There was another as remarkable an Inundation of the River
Nyne, in the Month of May, 1664. In the lower Part of the
County, nay, fo high upward as Northampton, tho’ the Flood was fo
great, they had no Rain; or not fo much as woud make a Mower
puton hisCoat. ~The Rain was only upon and near that Hilly Tra&
above-mention’d, where it fell in vaft Quantities. The Rain that
occafion’d this Flood fell at Damtrey, and thereabouts, on Ma
At Dadford the Water in a fhort Space arofe at leaft Eight Foot above
the ordinary Surface of the Rill, that runs thro’ that Town. The
Flood either on that or the next enfuing Day, broke down the Two
middle Arches of the South Bridge at Northampton, and overthrew
many Hundred Yards of Walling, befides other Outrages. On
May 5, or 6. at Peterborough Two Men who went out thence in the
Morning, upon their returning homeward at Night, knowing

nothing at all of this, impetuous, and unexpesed Flood, were
drowned. Another, tho’ les Tragical Inftance, of the Greatnefs
and Suddennefs of the Inundations of the Nyne, 1s that well-known
and not unpleafant Story of a Man, who, as he was faft afleep on a
little Haycock in a Meadow on the Nye, nigh Wansford, never
dreaming either of Floods or Rain, was carry’d off by one of thefe
Floods with his Haycock under him. The poor Man at length
awakes, and looks about him with all the Surprize imaginable. He
had laid down to fleep on a Haycock, ina dry Meadow nigh Wans-
Jord 5 but finds himfelf afloat in the midft of Waters, for ought he
knew in the wide Ocean. And as their Story goes, one efpying him
in this Condition, calls to him, and enquires where he lived : The
poor Fellow, in a pitcous Tone, reply’d, At Wansford in England.
However, the Memory of the Accident is preferv’d on the Sign of
the chief Inn at Waasford: And thence the Proverbial Saying, Of
living at Wansford in England, fo frequent all thereabouts, that I ad-
mire it efcap’d Mr. Fuller in his Collettion of Local Proverbs.

Rrrr 26. "Tis

———————

337

* ATown
upon the
Nyne below
Welling how
rough,

 
 

 

 

The Natural HIST ORT Chap. 8. ! Chaps) of NowruaMmrron SHIRE, 337

g fallen there, ir,
known, that it fcarce needs any
only mention a few of the moft confiderable In.

| : ilft the Sails were going. This Hills, without fo much as a Drop of Rain havin
franding oppapss ah ie often, WHI 1 in about an La Space that lower Part. This is fo well
RS Winds became concentred, as it were in a Stormy Wind Proof, and I fhall
thele 2 the Fafl. The like has been often obferv’d of Gret- 1 {tances of it. ]
that blew X1hat at Leddinaion juft before a Thunder Storm. In the Month of April, 1640. was a fudden Overfl
ds: WM ’ Mil we ftand upon the Edge of a Hill with a Valley undation of the River Weland to an incredible Height. On the Wall of
{2 Jibs 2 hs e wont to go when the Wind has a Direction | along Entry in the Bede-Houfe, on the Southern Bank of that River.
yndesaeth fe oh Valley over which they ftand, with a much in St. Martun's-Stamford, is the Mark how high it rof-, which is Five
paral ans hs Wind-Mills that have not {uch oadon. . Foot, Eight Inches above the Ground. This was culled the Eafler.
3 ane laelv Ghiorv: the Mill at Pisford. When the Flood.
1 his Bp pial Sg el Eaft, the fame po as their Val- . At the fame time was as great and fudden an Overflowing of the
Wind isint “1 y they fay, with a Wind from the North-Weft, River Myre. Tis noted in great Admgton Regifter *, that in 1640.
ley runs, i w 20 nor ye A Wind is to be perceived by any April 8. Wednefday in Eafler-Week, was the greateft and fuddenc(t so Tow
when refer fhat | 2) ing of the Sails. Flood that ever had been. It overflowed the lower Rooms of the dm below
- Mark or Token than the going of s . ; . Fe . Welinglom
other That the Mills on the Tops of Hills, as for Inftance, that on . Houfes on both Sides the Bridgefireet in Peterborough. The Rains rough.
3.) Ho eS frequently want a Wind in the midft of a hot that occafion’d it, were all, I am credibly inform’d, above in the
i I Ps which the Mills in the Valleys, or thofe of lower upper Part of the County.
Si ion do not fo often want. But at Night, or in the Evenings There was another as remarkabl
of doh hot Days, the Wind-Mills on the Hills {carce ever fail of a Nye, in the Month of May, : !
ar and good Gale, whilft the lower Mills have none : the Air | County, nay, fo high upward as Northampton, tho’ the Flood was fo
i - n is fill and they are furrounded with the Mift, which great, they had no Rain, or not fo much as woud make a Mower
Spot | igus reaching up fo high as the Tops of the Hills, is here | puton hisCoat. The Rain was only upon and near that Hilly Tra&
if ph or Valley- Mf. above-mention’d, where it fell in vaft Quantities. The Rain that
hi Fie the Winds with us do frequently rife with the Sun, and B  occafion’d this Flood fel] at Darntrey, and thereabouts, on May 4.
(+) ith it: that in particular the Weftern Winds do not un- At Dadford the Water in a fhort Space arofe at leaft Eight Foot above
ee Aly of oon after Sun-fet : and that when after a Lite, (a fill the ordinary Surface of the Rill, that runs thro’ that Town. The
Sh he ers is no Wind ) an Eaflerly Wind arifes with the Sun, Flood either on that or the next enfuing Day, broke down the Two
ioe i SE roves windy. i middle Arches of the Swuth Bridge at Northampton, and overthrew
we 1 hall A roceed to the more obfervable Occurrences in the many Hundred Yards of Walling, befides other Outrages. On
Kid ar 5, to Firft, thofe of the Watery Kind. May 5, or 6. at Peterborough Two Men who went out thence in the
Fi Sen fi an ufual Obfervatien, that the Clouds veer to the Morning, upon their returning homeward at Night, knowing
Land the Maritime Parts about this Ifland, ’tis obferved, that nothing at all of this , impetuous, nd unexpected Flood, were
they make efpecially towards the Hills in the middle Part of it. drowned. Another, tho’ lefs Tragical Inftance,, of the Greatnefs
Which our Obfervations here in this Midland County do in fome and Suddennefs of the Inundations of the Nyne, is that well-known
meafure confirm. That there really falls a greater Quantity of Rain and not unpleafant Story of 4 Man, who, as he was faft afleep on a

upon and about that Hilly Tract with us, which fends off the es little Haycock in a Meadow on the Nye, nigh Wansford, never
ter on one Side of it Eaflward to the Eaftern Sea, by the Welan > § dreaming either of Floods or Rain, was carry’d off by one of thefe
Njyne, and other Rivers: on the other Weflward to the Weftern 5%, Floods with his Haycock under him. The poor Man at length
by the Leam, Avon, &c. than there does in the lower Part of the awakes, and looks about him with all the Surprize imaginable. He
County down towards Stamford and Peterborough , appears by fhis, had laid down to fleep on a Haycock, ina dry Meadow nigh Wans-
that whereever they have any confiderable Rains in the lower Part, Jord ; but fi ids himfelf afloat in the midft of Waters, for ought he
they have had at the fame time as great or greater in the Pe ite knew in th wide Ocean. And as their Story goes, one eipying him
is plainly feen by the Rife of the Rivers that defcend from that Hi J in this Cendition, calls to him, and enquires where he lived : The
Tract. But in the upper Part of the County, particularly in ad poor Fellow, in a pitcous Tone, reply d, At Wansford in England.
about that Hilly Tract, they have frequently great Quantities 0 However, the Memory of the Accident is preferv d on the Sign of
Rain falling down in mighty Showers, efpecially in the Simmer the chief Inn at Wansford.: And thence the Proverbial Saying, Of
Seafon, and occafioning very great Inundations of our Rivers in t 1 living at ansford in Eigland, fo frequent all thereabouts, that I ad-
Part ot the Connty, which is lower and more remote from Sak mire at efcap’d Mr. Fuller in is Collection of Local Proverbs, 7

» Err 26. "Tis

owing or In-

e an Inundation of the River
1664. In the lower Part of the

 

 
 

338

The Namrll HIST ORT Chap. 8

"Tis needlefs, after what has been obferv'd above, to give a
i Account of the like Inundations of the Njyne, in jo
1696. and in July 1704. In a word, in the Countrey np t $
Jower Part of the Rivers Weland and Nyne, particularly in oh nig
Stamford and Peterborough , they have frequently had great oe a-
tions, in no more than i Fioms Space; yet not fo much as a

in in many Miles about.
DR An? and To, the Cherwell, the Leam and Zit, ol
overflow at much the fame time, and in the fame manner; : i
Sources being near, or not far remote from one Shes Oo : Ie
Cherwell Dr. Plot, in his Nat. Hift. of Oxfordfbire, p. 29. relates : is
unufual Accident, as he termsit. In 1663. fays the Daten, wie out
one Drop of Rain, or any other vifible Caufe at Oxford, but us
great and fudden Showers that fell in Northampton/bire, the Chere
fwelld to that vaft Height, that in Two Hours Time, not only the
Meadows were overflow d, the rais'd Water-Walks at Magdalen-Col-
lege cover’d, Ic. but the River Ifis driven back as far as fvy-binkfey,
at leaft a Mile from the Conflux of the Two Rivers. An Aeebnpt
of a fudden and very detrimental Inundation of the Riveret at fe
cefter, on June 7. 1573. the Reader has at large in Mr. Stow’s An-
gi Here alfo of the Rains which are uncommon and extraordi-
nary, even toa Prodigy ; fuch it will be granted are thofe of Pros,
of Blood, of Wheat, Injeds, and the like. Yet even fuch, Sccorling
to common Opinion, have happened here. My Defign in taking
notice of thefe things, is only to thew what a {lender Foundation
there is for them. The extraordinary Rains that are talk’d of moft
with us, are thofe of Frogs. That {mall Frogs have come down from
the Air in the manner of Rain, or that, as they ufually fpeak, it bas
rained Frogs, is afferted by many grave Writers ; and the fame has
been affirmed to me here by fome otherwife fo credible Perfons , as
woud almoft tempt one to believe the Reality of the thing. ~~
28. From an Ingenious Gentleman, who formerly livid in this
County, I receivid the following Account of a Shower » 8 twas
imagin'd ) of this Kind, at Sir William Langham's of Wa Spar
That walking out one Evening, he obferved a great Noes 0
real and perfect Frogs upon the Ground : That they lay fcarce a Foot
diftant each from other in the Court, Kitchen-Garden, and Coppice-
Clofe : That it had rained juft before, the Air not darker fhe In
ordinary Showers: That the Frogs were a little larger than ad.
poles, and when he faw them, alive, in Motion, and without ay
Mark or Appearance of having been ftunn’d, bruis'd, or in the i
endamaged by any Fall, ( which by the by is a good Arpurison at
they did not thus defcend out of the Air ) and that nev er any Togs
had been obferv’d before in thofe Places. The like Account 1 ave
had of the Raining of Frogs in Rowel Streets, and in divers other
Places in this County. But here it muft not be omitted, that not
one I have met with would aver, that he ever faw them Re

Chap.5. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR I

falling down from the Clouds, or that he found them in fuch great
Numbers on the Leads of Houfes, or the like high Places.

29. This vulgar Error, for fuch I cannot but call it, of Frogs ha-
ving been rained down, is owing to the Inad vertency of fome who
have found them in great Numbers in thowery Seafons, or imme.
diately after Showers, in Places fomewhat remote from Water ;
which are Circumftances, however ftrange they feem at firft, that
may eafily be accounted for with a little farther Scrutiny , and do in-
deed thew plainly enough, how it comes to pafs that we meet with
fuch Appearances. It is never long after the time when the Tad-
poles, of which we in moft Years fee fuch great Shoals in the Brooks,
Ponds, and other Places of Water, are chang’d into little Frogs, that
thefe imaginary Showers are faid to happen.  Thefe little Frogs are
invited from the Brooks, and Ponds, and out of their Latibula, in or
immediately after the warmer Summer Showers, by the kindly and
grateful Humidity which is then in the Air and Earth: And {fome-
times perhaps a little before a Shower, they as well as Worms and
other Infects, having a quick Senfe of an approaching Change of
Weather. Thither therefore they come marching on from Place to
Place, and refrefhing themfelves with the agreeable Moifture, which
is then found on the Herbage, and on the Earth ; and this is the pro-
per Seafon alfo for their getting little Worms, and other Infect,
which, as appears by the Diffeétion of them, is a great part of their
Food. Being thus enticed abroad, they travel up and down into the

Neighbouring Parts, into Gardens, into the Streets and Roads, and
whatever other Places lye in their way, and they can creep into.
Such a Sight of thefe little Animals I have feen not long after a Show.
er, in and near the Road that leads by my Lord Ferrar’s Ponds at
Afiwell. There were many of them, fome of which were Sixt or
Seventy Yards diftant from the Pond. The Ingenious Charles Rok.

bam, Efq; has obferved them crawling forth, immediately before a
Shower, out of his Ponds at Finfbed, in numerous Troops all of the
fame Magnitude, and with the ‘Tadpole Tails, a fure Mark of their

Original. Mr. Stephens and Mr. Rofe of Pisford have obferved
great Numbers of little Frogs lying thicker and thicker, as they went
onwards from a Bufh in Boughton Field, tothe great Pond at the Bot.
tom of Sir Fobn Brifcoe’s Park, which is about a Furlong and a Half.
At other times Mr. Stephens has obferved Thoufands of them fitting
on the Sides of the faid Pond, begirting it like a Fringe, ard thruft-
ing each other forward ; and whofoever duly examines and looks into
any the like Inftances to thefe above-mentioned , 1 queftion not but
that either he will find either Ponds, Ditches, and other watery Pla-
ces, or elfe thick Turfs of Grafs, Weeds, or other fhady Coverture,
whence, as from Seminaries, thefe little Animals have difperfed
themlelves : And that the Frogs fupposd to be raind, are never at
greater Diftance from fuch like Places, than it may reafonably be
fupposd their Legs wou'd carry them, and their Food or other Con-
veniencies invite them. In fome certain Places they are found thus

affem-

339

 
 

340

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 3.

I d almoft every Year, about the fame Time of the Year, up-
his the very re Parcel of Ground: A firange Sort of
Shower to fall thus fucceflively within {uch precife Limits, in one

ame Place! J
at of Wheat being rained, are like the reft. There
was fome Years ago a great Rumour of a little Shower of Wheat at
Brookball, which upon due Examination appear’d to be nothing but
the Seeds of the Tew-tree. And they now have, and then had, "
large Yew-tree growing in the Church-yard , whence it is likely
thef Seeds were taken and difpers'd up and down by Birds, or by
Winds, particularly thofe called Whirl-winds, Wheat and the Seed’
of the Yew-tree, ’tis true are not much alike; But fuch the Eafine y
of the Vulgar, and their Pronenefs to believe any ftrange Thing ;
that they are not very nice in diftinguifhing upon fuch Subjects.
That which looks like Truth is oftentimes as paffable with them as
that which really is fo. Daily Proofs we may have of this from the
more ignorant and idle fort of People. :

31. From the Mufeum Afbmoleanum, by the Favour of the late
Keeper my Worthy Friend Mr. Edward Lbwyd, 1 received the
Tranfeript of a Paper giving a Relation of certain Seeds being ge
at the Houfe of the Lady Wotton, now belonging to the Worthipfu
Family of the Batburfls at Pauls-Perry in Northamptonfbire, with
fome of the very Seeds which were fent with it. From what Hand
the Relation comes is not exprefs'd : Itisas follows. [cannot affirm
thefe Seeds did fall from the Skies, becaufe I faw them not defcend.
But the firft time I faw any of them was on Wedne|day Evening the
asth of May 1636, upon the broad Stone-Steps at the Kitchen-
Door and other Places thereabout ; whereat I then made no great
wonder, thinking that the Sparrows, and other Birds might bring
them ; but afterwards in the Whit[un-Week they were alfo found vee
ry thinly difperfed here and there one, in the Court, Orchard, Gar-
den, atthe Conduit Head, in the Chimneys and Half-Paces of the
Great Chamber, of the beft Chamber, and of the White Chamber.
And the Tyler being at Work found them likewife in the Gutters
on the Houfe-Top, and upon the Leads of the Chancel. So far the
Relation. The fuppofed Seeds are of the Size of a Grain of Wheat,
or rather fomewhat larger, and partly of that Form, roundifh on
one fide, and almoft plain on the other. Not halfa Grain in Weight.
Each is loofely invefted with a very thin, white, and almoft Dia-
phanous Membrane not continuous to the Body it enclofes. The
enclofed Body is inclined to a Reddifh Brown on one fide, and a light
Brown on the other. The fharper end is tipt with Black. The Intor-
mer aferts not that he faw them rained. And whoever is converfant
in the Natural Hiftory of Infets will immediately pronounce them
the Nymph of one or other fort of them. The thin Pelicula agrees
toa hair with the Cafes of the Nymphe of fome Infects of the Wafp
or Bee-kind, in the Matter, which is like to that of White Paper,
and in the 1 exture, which 1s fine and yet tenaceous. The Nyghe

 

Chap. 5. of NorTHAMPTONSHIRE

of fome of that Second Kind of Infeéts, are involved fingly in finale
Membranaceous Cafes, as thefe are, ¢. £- the dpesSilv. Ady, the Vee
Solitarie Manuf. which make their little Nefts of Sand, Clay, oc. in
Walls, Heaps of Earth, or the like, whofe Bodies are contracted to
a round Form, when of little Worms they become Nymphe, and fo
thefe appear to have been ; in Confiftence like to that of Cocheneal, an
Infelt, whofe Form in the State we have them, they likewife fome-
what refemble, tho’ far larger. To what particular Species of In-
fects thefe belong, I have not yet difcovered. 1 take them by their
Size, and other Marks and Circumftances, to be of the Tebneumon,
2.e. of the flenderer and fmaller Wafp-kind that neft in Clefts of
Trees, in Holes of Walls, or in Boroughs which they make there.
And from thefe and the like Receffes thofe fuppofed Seeds were pro-
bably ferreted out by the Winds, and being very light were blow'd
about and thinly difperfed in the Court, Orchards and Garden, and

likewife on the Leads of the Chancel, and the Gutters of the Houfe 3

perhaps they were drop’d down into the Chimneys by Sparrows and

other Birds: or rather thofe on the Hearths were brought down by

Weather. But enough of thefe imaginary and fititions Rains.

32. The next Head to be treated of, to take them in due Order
1s that of Haz. Hail-ftones confit either wholly of an Ice-like Sub-
ftance, or have a little Snow, or a Body refembling Snow enclos’d
in the Middle of them; the Internal Part of them being frozen,
whilft the Water was in Form of Vapour ; and hence its Levity and
loofe Conhitence like that of Sum: The External Part when the
Particles of Water were collefted more clofely, or in Form of Rain.
This Sort of Hail-ftone is nct unfrequent, and has been obferved
particularly at Thengford, in the Hail-Storm in July, in 1701. As
to the Figure of Hail-ftones ; This is either more fimple and uni-
form, approaching that of a Globe, of a Cone, or Iceicle, or of ob-
long Plates ; of which laft there was an Inftance at St. Martin’s-Stam-
ford, in 1693. the Lamelle about Two Inches jn Length, about
Half an Inch in Thicknefs, and appearing to have been form’d thus
flat and plane, by the bearing Preflure of a Wind in the very Inftant
of the Congelation of the watery Corpufcles: or elfe the Fiffure of them
is more compounded and irregular, each Hail-frone being form’d as it
were of divers Hail-ftones, ley Strie or Lamelle, conjoin’d in the
Atmofphere. ‘Thefe alfo in fome Inftances are more regularly fafhi-
oned ; as in a Hail-Storm that fell at Would, in 166 - - - which, ac-
cording to the Reverend Mr. Jeremy Bullyvant, at that time refiding
there, were in Shape like to the Fruit of the Rafp or Mulberry-tree,
confifting of feveral fmall and roundifh Hailftones, asdo thofe Fruits
of feveral Aeini or Grains. The Size of them that of ordinary Wal-
nuts. They feem to have had both their Bulk and Form in a Cloud
fo calm and undifturbed, that the Aci, if I may fo call them, con-
vened, and became concreted equally on every Point of the Cone.

33. Upon Auguft 8. 1705. about Two in the Afternoon, there
happened an extraordinary Hail-Storm at Meares- Afbby, and there-

SIff abouts

341

 
 

The Natural H I ST O RY Chap. 5.

abouts. The Hail-ftones, if they may be fo called, appeared to be
petfect tranfparent Ice. They confifted for the moft part each of a
olobulous Body, an Inch or more in Diameter, with Spikes or Iceicles
about a Quarter of an Inch thick, and Three or more long, proceed-
ing from it in fome at unequal, in others at near equal Diftances.
‘The Stones of this laft Figure refombled the Rowel of a Spur.
Mr. Cox of Albby, who took an exact Account of thefe Hail-ftones,
tells me, that he obferved one that had juft Five well-nigh equidiftant
Iceicles inferted in a folid Central Body of Ice. Some other of the
Hail-ftones confifted of an Hemifpherical Body thus branched round
with Iceicles ; the flat Side of the Hemifphere generally fmooth.
Some of the Iceicles were firait, others of them a little crooked.
Both the Central Bodies and Iceicles had for the moft part an unea-
ven and ragged Superficies ; which no doubt was owing to the Accre-

tion of {maller Pieces of Ice to the larger before they were quite fro-

zen. This Hail-Storm came with a firong Guft of Weflerly or

North-Wefterly Wind, and did great Damage in fome Places to the

Standing Corn, and to Windows. It was attended with a moderate

Thunder and fome Lightning. The like Hail-Storm was obferved

at Thorp-Waterfield, about Three the fame Day: The like at Ap-

thorp, at Five that Afternoon. The largeft Hail-ftones I have heard

or read of were thofe that fell in a Hail-Storm at Peterborough, on
Auguft 24. 1649. fome of which were Nine Inches in Circumfe-

rence, as was found upon meafuring them by Mr. Auflin, then Pre-
centor of the Church at Peterborough. This he left attefted in a Note
under his own Hand, that was found in his Study at his Death,

34. What has been here obferved of the Figure of Hail, may
probably yield fome Light into the Manner of that elegantly figur'd
Snow, which has feveral little Teeth, as it were, or Points orderly
fet like to thofe in the Wheel of a Clock ; as it is ingenioufly defcri-
bed by M. Defcartes, in his Book of Meteors. The greateft part of
the Snow that falls is indeed of no regular Shape. It ordinarily falls
in Flakes, or little Heaps of Hair-like Iceicles, confufedly and loofely
plac’d upon each other in fcarce fo much Order as are the Hairs of
"Thiftle-Down, which we {ee whisk about in a windy Day in Autumn.
But yet amongft thefe we fometimes meet with a great many of the
above-defcribed little Star-like Spangles of Snow, and at fome other
times, tho more rarely, the Snow that falls is-in a manner entirely
of this radiated Sort. The Air at thofe times is generally calm and
fill. On December 22. 1702. it fnow’d very much at Oxendon : and
there fell many Thoufand of thefe Star-like Spangles. Some fingle,
fome in Clufters. The Rays of them a little jagged and uneaven.
On December 30. the fame Year, the Snow that fell at Lodigton, 1
obferved was almoft wholly Star-Fafhion. The Radi: of thefe were
flat, and by little and little dilated from their Center, not unlike the
laft, if you fuppofe them inverted. “Lhis is a Variety Defcwrtes has
not noted The following Day, in the Thawing Air, was a Flight
of Snow in the Form of the Star-like Bodies, which the afore-nam’d

Inge-

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Chap. 5.

Ingenious Gentleman has compar’d to Rofes. The Extremity of the
Radu were roundifh and obtufe.

35. Upon March 4. 1704. we had another Flight of Smww at
Oxendon, which 1 judged worthy of Obfervation. For the main it
was in Flakes of Snowy Hairs irregularly put together, fome of it
was in the Form of Afferisks with divaricated Rays refembling the
Arms of the Crofs Flowry in Heraldry. Amongft them were other
Afterisks whofe Rays were notched or jagged exatly in fuch man-
ner as are the Sides of the notched Selemte, defcribed in Chap. 2.
Part 2. 9.44. And alfo others with Rays refembling the Feather-like
Delineations upon Glafs-Windows in fome Sorts of Frofts. There was
not much Wind at that Time,theWind there being North- Eaft. By the
foregoing Account, we fee that the Figure of this Radiated Snow ,
altho’ fo regular that-it generally pretty well refembles little Stars or
Afterisks , yet is far from being certain and conftant. Befides the
Varieties above-mentioned, I might have noted a vaft many more.
For indeed the Star-like Snow of the fame Flight is very rarely, if
ever, all of the fame Shape. It differs ordinarily in the Figure and
Size of its Rodi, and fometimes in the Number of them too, tho’
that I think is generally Six. I have met with one Inftance, namely,
on March 20. 1704. of Hail and Snow falling together at the fame
time, and exhibiting among(t other more common Figures, fome
that were radiated. That 1 call the radiated Hail, in Shape pretty
much refembling the Nuts of Clocks and Watches, with feveral
fhort and blunt Tooth-like Eminencies that were orderly fet. One
of them had exactly Five of thofe Teeth, and the reft at a more
tranfient View appear’d to have much fucha Number. Thefe were
not Plains like the radiated Snow, but fhort Columns composd, as it
were, of feveral fuch Aflerisks asare defcribed above, The radiated
Snow that defcended at the fame time, was in Afferisks of Feather’d
Radu. Atthat time the Thermometer wasat 3 Deg. and ! above Hard
Froft, the Barometer } of an Inch above Rain and Snow.

36. Having done with the watery Meteors, 1 now proceed to thofe
we call fgneons ones, which are form’d of Mineral Exhalations.
And Firft, of Lightning and Thunder. The Caufe whereof is efpe-
cially Nure and Sulphur raifed out of the Earth by a confiderable
Degree of Heat, and thence born up by the like Heat into the At-
mofphere, where they conftitute a Kind of Aerial Gunposuder *.
And what the Dottor {peaks with fo much Clearnefs of the Fiuluui-
natzng Damps +, 1s fitly applicable to this Sort of Meteor ; the Mat-
ter of both being the fame; and that differing from this, in this Re-
gard only or chiefly, that the Matter of the Fulmmating Damp is
fuftained in the Air of the Mine or Cole-pit by a leffer Degree of
Heat: “This of Lightning is taken up into the Atmofphere by a
greater Degree of it.

343

* Vid Dr
Woodward's
Nat. Hift. of
the Earth,
207, 208

tp. of, 208,

37. This Mineral Matter which arifes in feparate Parcels from |

the Earth, and tn a confderable Ruantity aflembling more clofely in the
Atmotphere, becomes, upon being enkindled by the Heat that then

 
 

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap. g:

 

accompanies it, a quick , ative, and forcible Fire, which firiking
through the Ambient Air, or through the Cloud that encompafsd it,
with great Celerity, is what we call Lightning, as the Cloud and
great Noife that ufually attends it has the Name of Thunder.
Whereof the Caufe is the Difcharge or Explofion of this Fire from
a Cloud ; which asitis more or lefs Sm and the Fire breaking
forth of it is more or lefs forcible, the Noite is accordingly greater
orlefs. When a great Quantity of this inflamable Matter is affem-
bled, and takes Fire at once, it occafions a Noife like that of feveral
Great Guns difcharged at one and the fame time. Such a Clap of
7 bunder, as is here defcribed, was heard at Owadle at the time the
Steeple there was feton Fire by Lightning,on March 20. 1692. where-
of we have an Account in Philo. Tranfadt. p. 199. When it lies in
a thinner and more difperfed Collection, or in feparate Parcels, and
is by little and little, or fucceflively accended, 1t occafions a Noife
refembling that of the Peals or Volleys which are made by a running
Fire, as they term it, of feveral fmaller Guns difcharg'd in a Train
one after another. When the Cloud is of fuch large Extent, and
withal fo compat that the Fire tho’ ftrong is unable to break through
it, it occafions a deep and rolling Noife not attended with Lightning,
the Fire being {pent by Degrees in the Bofom of the Cloud.

38. Such is the Force and Power of Lightning, and withal the
Suddennefs of its Attacks, that nothing upon Earth is a {ure Fence
againft it. Indeed we do not meet with many Tragical Effects of it
in the colder and more Northern Climes : But yet that its Power even
here is furprizingly great, will appear by the following Inftances in
this County : Firft, with refpect to Vegetable Bodies, and particularly
Trees, and of them above all other the firmeft and ftrongeft. Upon
July 16. 1708. Two Oaks in Sir Erafmus Norwich’s Wood at
Brampton, the biggeft about 10 Foot in Growth at the But-end, were
fplit by Lightning, and alfe disbark'd quite round from nigh the
Top ot them to the very Bottom, for about 28 Foot in Length each.
The Bark hung down trom the Top of the Trees, whereto it ftill
adher’d, in feveral Slips or Lifts of feveral Foot in Length, that
downwards were fever'd from the Body of the Tree; fo that they
hung looofe like the Skin of a Hemp-ftick half peel'd : And in the
lower Part of them the Bark was quite broken off and gone. Upon
the {maller Tree, for almoft the whole Length of it, appear'd a
pretty deep Furrow drawn, as one might imagine from the Bignefs
and Form of it, by the Grazing of a Musket-Ball betwixt the Bark
and the Wood. The Diameter of the Furrow was almoft an Inch.
Its Direction according to the Grain of theWood. At the Place where
ore of the Splits in the upper Part of the Tree ended, this Furrow
began. It was continued down to the Bottom, nay, to the very
Root of the Tree within the Ground, as 1 found upon tracing it.
Not unlike Inftance: of Oaks thus ftricken by Lightning, I have met
with in Farning Wocds, in thofe at Finfbed, 1 Yarawel | ordfhip, and
elfewhere. “I'he wooden Studs of a Studded Chimney of one Clark

of

 

Chap. 5. of NORTHAMP TONSHIRE + seme SUE:

 

of Desborough, altho’ covered with a Tiering of Earth, were {plit
into fmall Shivers by the Lightning, April 30. i700. And not only
the dry Straw of Houfes, and the like; but alfo Wood has been fot
on Fire by it, and particularly when it lies high, as ( e.g.) one of
the Beams in the Steeple at Daventry, in Fuly 1683. anda Board in
the Steeple-Window at Oundle, on March 20. 1692. :

39- Secondly, with refpect to Animal Bodies. Upon Auguft 18,
1704. in Long-Buckby Field a Shepherd’s Boy had almoft all one Side
of him fphacelated, and his Dog juft by him kill'd outright by Light:
ming. “The like Effelts of it we have fometimes had upon Horfes,
Sheep, and Cows. But it is very rarely. And I cannot find, that in
the Space of 40 Years above Seven Perfons have been kill'd here b
Lightning, take the whole County throughout : And thofe only fuch
as were abroad, and had plac’d themfelves under or near to Trees
for Shelter. Upon May 8. 1679. a Shepherd at Winwick, who
fled to a great a from a Storm which he faw approaching,
was {truck dead by a Flath of Lightning ; the Tree he ftood under
not being at all affected ; it had only torn off the Mofs that grew upon
one Side of it. His Hair and Beard on one Side of his Face were
finged off. ~The Crown and Brim of his Hat, and alfo his Coat and

Shirt on the fame Side ftricken clear off, and in Pieces. The Out.
fide of the Heel of his Shoe on the Right Foot, and the Infide of
his Left Shoe were likewife ftruck off. He was found with his
Breeches burning, and nigh him a Hole in the Ground about Two
Foot Square, which feemed to have been made by the Lightning.
40. But of all the ill Accidents that have happened here by Light-
ning, that at Everdm, Fuly 27. 1691. was the moft difmal. Of
Ten Perfons who upon the Approach of a Storm removed from their
Harveft-Work to a Hedge in the Field for Shelter, Four were kill'd,
and Six wounded. One of the poor Men that was kill'd had a little
Dog on his Lap : His Hand upon his Head, and with Bread and
Cheefe, or one of them in his Hand, as if juft ready to give the Dog
a Bit. And thus in that very Pofture he continued as {iff as if the
Lightning had fuck’d up all his Moifture, or had coagulated and fix’d
it. A Steel Tobacco-Box in the Pocket of one of them was ftruck
quite through by the Lightning in twe or three Places: The Holes
like thofe made by {mall Shot, exaétly round, and the Metal on the
Edges of the Holes melted into {mall Blifters. In feveral Parts of
the Waftcoats of fome of thofe that were not kill'd, and in a Pair of
Bodice of one of the Women the Lightning had alfo pierced feveral
little Holes like thofe in the Tobacco-Box : And in the Parts of their
Shoulders and of their Bodies anfwerable thereto, were likewife many
little Holes that were very vifible, fome about halfan Inch deep to the
Probe.  Thefe alfo were round as Shot-Holes, and as thick in fome
Places, as if the Perfon had been fhot by a well-charg’d Fowling-
Piece. The Flefh efpecially in the Pares about thefe Shot-Holes, ap-
pear’d to have been burnt. * It was ftiff and dry, and had a Red In-
tlammation upon it. Which (pread it {elf more {peedily than is ordi-

ttt nary,

 
Bi
{

LA
Wo

 

 

344

7% Nowd HISTORY Chaps:

accompanies it, a quick , attive, and forcible Fire, which ftrikin
through the Ambient Air, or through the Cloud that encompafs'd it
with great Celerity, is what we call Lightning, as the Cloud and
great Noife that ufually attends it has the Name of Thunder.
Whereof the Caufe is the Difcharge or Explofion of this Fire from
a Cloud ; which asit is more or lefs compact, and the Fire breakin
forth of it is more or lefs forcible, the Noife is accordingly greater
orlefs. When a great Quantity of this inflamable Matter is affem-
bled, and takes Fire at once, it occafions a Noife like that of feveral
Great Guns difcharged at one and the fame time. Such 4 Clap of
7 bunder, as is here defcribed, was heard at Oundle at the time the
Steeple there was feton Fire byLightning,on March 20. 1692. where-
of we have an Account in Phulof. Tranfad. P- 199. When it lies in
a thinner and more difperfed Collection, or in feparate Parcels, and
is by little and little, or fucceffively accended, it occafions a Noife
refembling that of the Peals or Volleys which are made by a running
Fire, as they term it, of feveral finaller Guns difcharg'd in a Train
one after another. When the Cloud is of {uch large Extent and
withal fo compat that the Fire tho’ ftrong is unable to break through
1%, 1t occations a deep and rolling Noife not attended with Lightning
the Fire being {pent by Degrees in the Bofom of the Cloud. ®
38. Such is the Force and Power of Lightning, and withal the
Suddennefs of its Attacks, that nothing upon Earth is a {ure Fence
againftit. Indeed we do not meet with many Tragical Effe&ts of it
in the colder and more Northern Climes : But yet that its Power even
here is furprizingly great, will appear by the following Inftances in

this County : Firft, with relpelt to Vegetable Bodies, and particular]
I'rees, and of them above all other the firmeft and ftrongeft. Hoo
July 16. 1708. Two Oaks in Sir Erafmus Norwich’s Wood at
Brampton, the biggeft about 10 Foot in Growth at the But-end, were
{plit by Lightning, and alfo disbark’d quite round from nich the
Lopot them to the very Bottom, for about 28 Foot in Length each
I'he Bark hung down from the Top of the Trees, whereto it ftill
adher’d | in feveral Slips or Lifts of feveral Foot jn Length, that
downwards were fever'd from the Body of the Tree; fo that they
hung looofe like the Skin of a Hemp-fick half peel’d : And in dt
lower Part of them the Bark was quite broken off and sone, Upon
the {maller Tree, for almoft the whole Length of it appear’d a
pretty deep Furrow drawn, as one might imagine from the Bignefs
and Yorm of it, by the Grazing of a Musket-Ball betwixt the Bark
and the Wood. The Diameter of the Furrow was almoft an Inch
Its Direétion according to the Grain of theWood. At the Place where
os of fs Splits in the upper Part of the Tree ended, this Furrow
gan. It was continued down to the B / very
Ron of the Tree within the a Don i it
, s ] in t nd, a und upon tracing it.
Not unlike Inftances of Oaks thus ft; icken by Lightning, Ihave met
with in Farning Woo Is, in thofe at Frafbed, in Tarwel ordthip and
elfewhere. “I'he wooden Studs of a Studded Chimney of one Clark
of

 

 

Chap.5. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

of Desborough, altho’ covered with a Tiering of Earth, were {plit
into fmall Shivers by the Lightning, April 30. 1700. And not only
the dry Straw of Houfes, and the like; but alfo Wood has been fot
on Fire by it, and particularly when it lies high, as ( e.g.) one of
the Beams in the Steeple at Daventry, in Fuly 1682. anda Board in
the Steeple-Window at Oundle, on March 20. 1692.

39. Secondly, with refpect to Animal Bodies. Upon Auguft 18,
1704. in Long-Buckby Field a Shepherd’s Boy had almoft all one Side
of him fphacelated, and his Dog juft by him kill'd outright by Light:
ning. “The like Etfelts of it we have fometimes had upon Horfes,
Sheep, and Cows. But it is very rarely. And I cannot find, that in
the Space of 40 Years above Seven Perfons have been kill'd here b
Lightning, take the whole County throughout : And thofe only fuch
as were abroad, and had plac’d themfelves under or near to Trees
for Shelter. Upon May 8. 1679. a Shepherd at Winwick,, who
fled to a great Elm-tree from a Storm which he faw approaching,
was {truck dead by a Flath of Lightning ; the Tree he ftood under
not being at all affected ; it had only torn off the Mofs that grew upon
one Side of it. His Hair and Beard on one Side of his Face were
finged off. The Crown and Brim of his Hat, and alfo his Coat and
Shirt on the fame Side ftricken clear off, and in Pieces. The Out-
fide of the Heel of his Shoe on the Right Foot, and the Infide of
his Left Shoe were likewife ftruck off. He was found with his
Breeches burning, and nigh him a Hole in the Ground about Two
Foot Square, which feemed to have been made by the Lightning.

40. But of all the ill Accidents that have happened here by Light.
ning, that at Everdm, Fuly 27. 1691. was the moft difmal. Of
Ten Perfons who upon the Approach of a Storm removed from their
Harveft-Work to a Hedge in the Field for Shelter, Four were kill’d,
and Six wounded. One of the poor Men that was kill'd had a little
Dog on his Lap : His Hand upon his Head, and with Bread and
Cheefc, or one of them in his Hand, as if juft ready to give the Dog
a Bit. And thus in that very Pofture he continued as fiff as if the
Lightning had fuck’d up all his Moifture, or had coagulated and fix’d
it. A Steel Tobacco-Box in the Pocket of one of them was {truck
quite through by the Lightaing in twe or three Places: The Holes
like thofe made by {mall Shot, exactly round, and the Metal on the
Edges of the Holes melted into fmall Blifters. In feveral Parts of
the Waftcoats of {ome of thofe that were not killd, and in a Pair of
Bodice of one of the Women the Lightning had alfo pierced feveral
little Holes like thofe in the Tobacco-Box : And in the Parts of their
Shoulders and of their Bodies anfwerable thereto, were likewife many
little Holes that were very vifible, fome about halfan Inch deep to the
Probe.  Thefe alfo were round as Shot-Holes, and as thick in fome
Places, as if the Perfon had been fhot by a well-charg’d Fowling-
Piece. The Flefh efpecially in the Parts about thefe Shot-Holes, ap-
pear’d to have been burnt. = It was tf and dry, and had a Red In-
tlimmation upon it. Which (pread it felf more {peedily than is ordi-

Tree nary,

&
i

is

A ship

$

BY a 8

FEY
=

a.

ew

 
 

The Natrral HIST ORY

Chap. 8.

 

 

nary, to the Parts adjoining, and’ quickly turn’d black. The Parts
were alfo foen fwelld, and much inclin’d to a Gangreen, and far
more hard to cure than common Burns; yet by God's Blefling, and
the kind'and skilful Care of the Reverend Mr G. 7 ew, from whom
[have this Account, the Wounded all efcap’d with Life. An Afh-
Tree in the Hedge under which they fat, had its Leaves immediage-
ly blafted and dried up by the Lightning. and feveral Slits as it were
cut or furrow’d in its Bark for almoft the whole Length of the Tree.
‘The Top or Head of one of the Slits I obferved was jut underneath
a pretty kirge Grain of the Tree. The Scars or Marks of thofe
Wounds were fill remaining, when I faw them, in 1704. Another
Afh-Tree growing very nigh to this was not at all hurt. Both be-
fore and after the Thunder-Storm, which was fhort, was a bright
and glaring Day. The Reader may {ce a more particular Account
of this Accident in Phils]. Tranfalt. N. 2 26.

41. Thirdly with refpeét to Metalls and Metallick Bodies. The
penetrative Force of Lightning upon thefe appears by that above-
mention’d Inftance upon the Box of Steel, and by many others no
lefs furprizing. By the furious Storm of Lightning and Thunder at
Daventry in July 1682, fome of the Lead of one of the Windows of
the South fle of the Church was melted; and the Lead that cover’d
the Tower was in feveral Places perforated by it, as if it had been
ftruck through with the Tines of a Fork. And the greateft part of
the Wires of the Chimeswere burnt by it to fuch a Cinder as might
be crumbled by the Hands. On March 20. 1692, the Wires of the
Chimes in the Steeple of Kettermg , were twifted by a Stroke of
Lightning which ftruck in at one of the Windows ; and it melted a
little Hole in the owtward Surface of one of the Bells. May 1
1704, was yet a more terrible Stroke of Lightning upon the fame
Place. The Chime-Wires were melted into many Pieces. The Pie-
¢es look’d black and burnt, and had Scales upon them like to thofe
of the fron that’s newly burnt in a Smith’s Fire. Upon the Ends of
them were pliin Marks of their having been melted. The Warning-
Piece and the lron Stay that belongs to it were melted in fuch a
mater that they became welded together. Alo a finall Hole was
found melted on the Surface of one of the Clock-Wheels. This was
in the Clock-Loft. In the Chime-Loft the moft remarkable Acci-
dent was this : A Part of the Iron belonging to the Frame of the
Chimes, which had been melted oft’ by the Lightning, was found up-
on and near the Frame in the Form of little round Balls very like to
fmall Bird-fhot : Several of thefe little Balls 1 pick’d up from the
Floor and from the Frame foon after the Accident had happen’d, and
have them now by me,

42. The more than ordinary penetrative Power of the Aerial Fire
to me feems to be owing in part to the Purity of it, to its being freer
from Intermixtures of all fuch groffer Terreftrial Matter as is wont
to damp the Action of common Fire : and in part to the greater Fine-
iefs and Subtilty of the Matter that properly conftitutes it ; and par-

ticularly

 

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

Chap. 5,

 

 

 

ticularly of the Nure. The Nitre that enters the Compolfition of
Gunpowder, 1s that extracted by Art, which is comparatively of a
fix’d, groffer, and heavier Kind. That which when intermix’d with
Sulphur is the Caufe of Lightning and Thunder, is that exhaled by
the Sun’s Heat, which is fubtiler and lighter, as being born up
wholly in Atoms, or in fingle Corpufcles. And hence the wonder-
ful Power of Lightning in entring and diffolviug even fuch firm and
denfe Bodies, as Mettalls are, fo very fuddenly as it does. There
are fome other Circumftances relating to the Accidents which have
happened here by Lightnings, that are not to be omitted, becaufe
they ferve to give us a yet farther Infight into the Nature of this Aerial
Fire; and do particularly indicate, that the Caufes of it, as we be-
tore alerted, are chiefly Nire and Sulphur. As

(1.) With relation to the Houfes that have futfer’d, we may obferve
theiv Circumftances of the Force of Lightning. The | ightning, accord-
ing to the Obfervations of the standers-by, and by the Effects of it,
appears to enter the Houfe for the moft part by the Funnel of one or
ather of the Chimneys of it, and having gotten thus within the
Houfe, to exert it felf there in all refpects as a large Quantity of
fired Gunpowder would do, difcharging it felf at thofe Parts of the
Houfe, where it finds the readieft Exit; breaking and fhattering the
Glafs of the Windows, and driving the Pieces of it outwards, ftrain-
ing the Stanchels or Lintels, and fometimes forcing them quite out
to many Yards Diftance, fplitting the Walls. or elfe making its way
through them in Holes, there efpecially where they are the weakeft,
and driving out the Earth or Stone which they are made of, in like
manner as the Glafs and Stanchels. The faid Circumftances were
particularly obfervable at the Houfe of one 7 home Clark of ‘Desbo-
rough, and that of Fobn Atkins of the fame Town, The firft of
which was fet on Fire, the Second, though not fet on Fire, vet {uf
fered confiderably on April 30. 1700. as allo at one Mr. Baoly’s
Houfe in Chalcomb, which was affected in much the fume Manner by
Lightning. “T'was obferved of the Fire at 7 humus Clark's Houfe,
that it began in the Infide of it. We have already taken notice of
the ftrangely penetrative Power of Lightning: Thefe Circumitances
fhew that it hasalfo an explofive Power, fuch as that of Gy powder,
upon Accenfion, and fo point forth to us the conftituent Matter of
It.

(2.)AnotherCircumftance to be taken notice of,is theSul phurousSmell
which is perceiv'd wherefoever the Lightning is ftrong and great. Io
mention only two or three Inftances. A Man who was {truck dead by
it under a Tree at Heyford being prefently brought into a Houfe,
his Cloaths almeft poylon'd the People there with the Smell of Su
pbur. The Lightmng that fi'd the Steeple at Oundle, whereof in
Philof. Tranf. p. 199. was extraordinary Blue, and of a Sulphurous
Smell. The Miichief at the Church at Daventry by the Lightning,
1652. was done about One or Two in the Morning ; a very ftrong

Sulphu-

34

~
/

 
ORIGINAL DEFECTIVE

 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chaps

Sulphurous Smell might be perceived there till Eight the fame Morn.
ing: And it had formed upon the Infide of the Stone-Walls of that
Part of the Tower above the Bells, certain Streaks or Lines of a
Sooty Hue, and of much the fame Sha pe as are thofe whereby Light-
ning is ufually reprefented in Draughts and Paintings.

43. Of the Lightning and Thunder that has happen’d in the #7iy-
ter Seafon, which though always accounted a great Rarity, yet in
the {pace of a few Years in my Memory has feveral times happen’d
here, 1 have obferved that it is ufually, if not always, preceded or
attended by High Winds. About the middle of October 1703, the
next Day after a great Wind, there was a terrible Thunder-Storm,
in which an Afh-Tree nigh Towcefler was fplit and broken by
Lightning. The Lightning and Thunder on November 28. 1704,
was attended with the moft tempeftuous Wind that was ever known.
Before the Thunder-Storm at Qundle on March ao. 1692, the Wind
was very bluftering, and continued fo fome time after. What was
farther remarkable in that Thunder.Storm is this, that at the fame
time there fell a mighty Storm of Hail intermix’d with Rain, and
as it feem’d with fome Snow too.

44. In the Summer Aww 1704, which was a remarkably Hot and
Dry Summer, we had in this County more Lightning and Thunder
than ever I have known before or fince. On one and the fame Day,
vz. on Fuly 19. 1704, a Barn was fet on Fire by Lightning at Hol-
cot : This was a little after Five in the Afternoon. About an Hour
after that, another was fet on Fire jin the fame manner at Flower :
And nigh the fame time a tall Oak at Cortenball was {plit and (hat-
ter'd by it. But the Storm of Thunder and Lightning on Auguft 18,
the fame Year, was yet more extenfive, and that with great Vio-
lence. The violent and fad Effects of jt appear’d at no fewer than
Six of our Towns, viz, at Long Buckby, Winwick, Fickmarfb, Pos-
brook, Benefield, and Coll -Wefton. In all which Places, though con-
fiderably diftant each from other, efpecially the firft and the laft of
them, they had either fome of their Catrel kill'd, or mortally affect.
ed by the Lightning, or elfe a Dwelling-Houfe, Outhoufes, or Ho-
vels fet on Fire by ir,

45. That there are fome previous Alterations in the lower Part of
the Air upon the Approaches of aT hunder-Cloud, as there are be.
fore Rain and Snow, tho’ we have not a¢ yet any Weather-Glafles
invented to difcover them, we are affured by the nicer Senfe and Sa-
gacity that is in fome Brute Animals, and particularly in fome of our
Horfes, which before a Thunder-Cloud difcharges, will often hake
their Heads, and turn about with great uneafinefs: But when the
Clap is over, they are eafy as before.

46. There are other more harmle(s Meteors of the Fiery Kind,
which are not to be pafs’d by without fome Remarks. On Septem-
ber 20. 1676, about Seven of the Clock at Night, or foon after, was
feen an unufual Meteor, by fome calld a Dyacy wlans, in thisand the
Neighbouring Counties : Whereof we have a fhort Account from

Dr

 

 

 

 

Chap. 5. of NoRTHAMPTONSHIR

Dr. Wallis in the Philof. Tranf. for May, 1677. Ina Storm of
Lightning and Thunder, 1699. Mr. Gibbon of Peterboronsh obfer va
a Fiery Meteor in the Figure of a Dart. The Stem at a Diftance
appear'd about a Foot and Half in Length , and with a narrow
Stream of Light, as it were a String or Cord affixd to it. |t had a
wav’d or vibrated Motion. Its Duration about a Minute. Mr. Gib-
bon obferv’d it at a middle Height in the Air over St. Ma bin’s-Stan-
ford, whence very nimbly cutting its way, it darted towards Uffington
Fields. This in’its Forpr refembled the Fiery Dart, a Sort of Me-
teor that Pliny {peaks of, and in refpect of its Motion the I'rajicient
and Shooting Star, : vig]

47. In September, 1693. was cbferv’d by fome of Bozodon Parva
a Meteor deferibed, to me as follows: The Top of it was in Form of
the LettgwW: And had a Lift or String of Light appendant to the
lower Part of the W, about a Yard and Half in Length. It conti-
nued {ome time, and was feen by feveral round the Country. Inthe
Month of Auguft, 1698 or ---g9, was obferv’d a Globe of Fire of
furprizing Brightnefs and Magnitude in the Weftern Part of the He-
mifphere, a little after Sun-Setting. It ftruck downwards in an Ob-
lique Line, and difappeard, when it came almoft as low as the Ho-
tizen. In or near the Place of it there fucceeded a narrow Lift or
Stream as it were of Fiery Smoak, about 35 Degrees in Length, which
continued compaét and unbroken the Space of almoft Two Hours.
Towards the Clofe of it, it became fomewhat winding or curled.
At length it was broken or difpers’d by Clouds that pafs’d that w ay.
This Account I have from the Honourable Sir William C; aven, and
the Worthy Mr. Scattergod, who then attended Sic William Craven at
Winzench

48. From thefe and the like Relations we fo frequently mect with
of the Igneous Meteors of the fame Family, may be learnt, that tho’
this Kind of Meteors hath been diftributed by the Ancient Meteoro-
logifts into feveral Species with the Names of Fiery Darts and Spears,
of Flying Lances, Fire Dragons, Burning Beams, Pyramidal Pillars,
and the like, as if they really were of determinate Forms, yet in
truth, the Figures of them are very uncertain and irregular, as irre-
ular and various as the Motions of the Air, and the Quality or
Quantity of the Matter they confift of : And that with the like In-
dulgence of Fancy we may conftitute feveral new Species almolt
Yearly, as for Inftance, that with the Head refembling a W, may bs
ftiled the Fiery Trident, and fo for others of them.

49. Somewhat more obfervable are thofe feeming Buraings of the
Ary or very bright Illuminations of it, which the Two following
Relations inform us of, At Hig barm-Ferrers, on Fan. 28, 122. about
Half an How pift Five in the Morning, appeard on a {udden a
more than ordinary Light, like a Flafh of Lightning, but of longer
Continuance, much out-thining the Light of the Moon, which till
then was clear. It continued over Higham, as the Reverend Mr.
Willis, from whom 1 have the whole Relation, informs me, about the

Huuu Space

¥
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1

AH

a a
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Baad at

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= -iie

wath
*

 
 

The Natal HIST ORT Chap. 4

Space of a Minute, and feem’d to move from Eaft to Wefi. And
the Letters of Publick News at that time dated from Plymouth, ( as
Mr. Willis obferved to me ) relate, that about Fivea Clock that very
Morning they faw there a prodigious Light in the Firmament, of
which perhaps this in Northamptonfbire was a Part.

50. The other Relation is from the Hands of the Worfhipful
Charles Kirkbam Efquire;, December 18, 1707. About the Hour of
Eight at Night, the Wind being Weftward (a Brisk Gale) and
the Sky ferene and clear, there appear’d at Finfbed a Brightnefs in
the Air which made an Arch from North. Ii, oft to North-Eaft, equal
to that which the Sun makes at the Winter-Solftice, extending it
{elf from nigh the Bottom of our Hemifphere to nigh the two Poin-
ters of Urfa major. The Light was pale and of a Silver Colour, fo
light that all the Stars within the Compafs of it, unlefs one or two
of the Firft Magnitude, were not to be perceived; being overcome
by the greater Light : Which as far as it extended, was equal to that
of the Day. There wasa Dark Cloud which lay, asit feem’d tous,
along the Horizon from one End of the Brightnefs almott to the
other, and about Half a Degree Diameter. There was another long
dark Cloud of a Cylindric Figure which lay Horizontally, and feem’d
todivide the Brightnefs into Two almoft Equal Parts. It had little
or no Motion, tho’ the Wind blow’d brisk. But on a fudden there
appear’d a {welling Brightnefs in that Cylindric Cloud, which broke
out into Flames of a pale-colour’d Fire, that fpread themfelves very
far Southwards, and very nigh the Bottom of the Northern Part of
our Hemifphere. The Flames lafted not longer than Half a Minute,
and then were carried Eaftward and foon vanifh'd. The Cloud from
whence they proceeded ftill keeping its firft Pofition, and not dimi-
nifh’d. It was wonderfully frightful and amazing. The Brightnefs al-
fo was very firange, and continued til] nigh Eleven. 724. 11. Fig. 6.
is a true Reprefentation of this Phenomenon, 5

1. The Lucid Part.

2. The Bank of Clouds upon and belo the Horizon.

3. The Cloud in the Middle of the Lucid Part, being Cylindrical,

4. Stars of the Eirft Magnitude ; the reft being overcome by the oreat-
er Light. Pani

51. Somewhat parallel hereto Mr. Stow, the Judicious Old Chro-
nicler, relates from his own Obf{irvations, About Midnight Alsverm-
ber 14. 1574, Fire and Smoke were {een to proceed forth from a
Black Cloud in the Nuth, The following Night the Heavens
feem’d to be all on Fire ; and over our Heads, fays Mr. Stow, the
Flames from the Horizon did meet, and there roll one in another as in
a Furnace, in a marvellous raging manner. There is no room to
fufpelt the Credibility of the Two former Relations, that from
Higham and that from Finfbed. All T would farther enquire, is, Whe-
ther thefe Extraordinary Splendors in the Air do not ufually happen
ator nigh the Time of Tempeftuous Winds ; the Agent that pro-
duces them, perhaps, bearing forth from the Earth a confiderable

Quan-

 

Chap.5. of NorTHAMPTON SH1R E.

Quantity of a fubtiler and purer Igneous Matter, as the Heat which
is difcharg’d out of the Earth at the Time of Earthquakes educes
and bears up along with it fuch a Quantity of feveral Kinds of Mine-
ral Matter, as to thicken, difcolour; and darken the Atmofphere. #
That thefe unwonted Iuminations appertain to the Igneous Tribe of

Meteors, appears by feveral Circumftanees, and particularly by that

of the Eruption of Flames from out of the Black Clouds.” And to
me they feem conftituted of a thin and difperfed Collection of the
Parts of Fire, of Quantity and Strength fufficient to enlighten the
Air, efpecially if ferene and clear ; tho’ not to heat it fo, that the
Senfes can difcover any more than an ordinary Warmth “in ity tho’
perhaps a Thermometer might.

52. As to the Reports we have had of ftrange Appearances of Mi;-
itary Skirmifbes in the Air, or of Armies of Aerial Warriours difpu-
ting in Battel-Array for Victory, and particularly that in the Fen-
Countrey nigh Peterborough the Year before the Revolution; | fhould
lcarce have taken notice of them, had they not been fo ferioufly men-
tion’d by fome of our Old Hiftorians; and had they not of late im-
pos'd upon fome of better Rank than the Vulgar. Thofe in the Fen-
Countrey, who fay they were Spectators of this ftrange Prodigy, per-
adventure fiw a great many fmall Clouds of uncouth Shapes, from
which there flafh’d out Lightning, and now and then they heard a
Thunder-Crack. This tis likely was the whelz of the Matter, and
all the reft the Product of their own Superftitious Imaginations. ‘T'hat
Relation in Tnoulphus of the miraculous Cloud about the Sun, that
appear’d as they were carrying the Body of Alsford the Bayliff of the
Church of Crowland to be buried at Buroh, that is, Peterborough, 1
take to be of much the fame Stamp and Authority with the above-
mention’d.

53- I now pafs on to the Toneous Meteors of a yet lower Elevati-
on in the Atmofphere, fuch as pafs by the Name of Igunes Fotui ;
which are not unfrequently feen with us in the Meadows on the
Banks of the River Nyne; alfo in the Valleys on the Sides of our
leffer Brooks, and over Moory and Boggy Places ; fometimes Three
or Four at once. They ufually ftart up as it were on the fudden
from the Meadow, Moor, or Bog ; and as fuddenly difappear. The
Form of them is various and uncertain. Some of them are compo-
fed in a conglobated Form. Others are bracteated, or appear like
Sheets of Flame. Several fuch have been feen to iffue forth of the
Bogs in Nufeby Field, and to roll away very {peedily and fwiftly.
Others of them are of a Cylindric Shape, or approaching to it.
One of this Figure about Four or Five Yards in Length, a Foot in
Diameter, Mr. Kirkham obferved at Calvey-Bridge not far from Chif
They are generally in Motion ; the Motion of them very quick and
very irregular. The Duration of them is alfo uncertain.” Sometimes
they are broken as it were, but without any noife, into a Thoufand
little Parcels like to Sparks of Fire, and fo'go out. Sometimes they
are almoft fevered in the middle, and unite again, and rife and fall

rom

————.

351

* Vid. Dr.

Woodward's

Nat. Hift. of

the Earth,

pr

ay

ik

a
WL

vA 5

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# wwe

 
sii

 

 

The Natural HIST ORY Chap. 8.

 

 

from the Moor or Bog, as it were the Light of a Candle that is gli-
ding up and down the Wieck and jult expiring. Sometimes they go
out with an offenfive fetid Smell. ~ Oftentimes they are feen to arife
from moift Moory Grounds by the Sides of our Brooks and Rivers,
and glide down with the Stream, as for Inftance, that of the River
Nyne 5 and this for feveral Miles; the Air which touches the Surface
of the Water having ufually a Motion directed the fame way as the
Current is, and carrying the ones Fatui along with ir.

54. The Places where thefe Meteors ordinarily appear, do pretty
plainly indicate that this Meteor is form’d of a Fat or Oleofe and In-
flammable Matter of the fame kind with what we find in form of a
little Skip or Cream upon the Surface of little Watery Puddles in al-
moit every Bog, and in Moorith Meadows, if any Holes of Stand-
ing Water are there. They moft frequently appear in the Autumn
Months, the Heats at that Time of the Year being not fo great as
to hurry the Matter that forms this Meteor up into the Atmofphere,
as it does in the Hotter Months. For the fame Reafon it is that this
fort of Metcor appears only in the Night. No doubt the fame fort
of Igneous Matter arifes from the Moor as well in the Day-time as in
the Night; but in the Day-time the Heat is fuch, that it is diffipated
and born off, and is not permitted to affemble and convene, asin the
Cool of the Night.

55. As to the Lambent Laghts or Fires, as they are called, which
are fometimes feen upon the Bodies of Animals, and particularly of
Horfes, and which moft Writers have plac’d under the Head of Me.
teors, 1 my Opinion they do not belong to it. They appear to me
to be conftituted of the Igneous Effluvia, may I fo exprefs it, of Ani.
mal Bodies, which upon a particular Difpofition of the Ambient
Air become vifible in form of Light or Flame. That there is a Lu.
minous Matter in the Blood and the Recrements of the Blood, par-
ticularly the Urine, the Phofphorus diftilld from thence evinces,
The Sweat of fome Scorbutical Perfons, of thofe elpecially who have
drank very freely of ftrong and fpirituous Liquors, has been fre-
quently attended with the like Luminous Affection : And that fuch
fort of Lights or Fires have exhald from the Bodies of feveral Ani
mals, efpecially upon rubbing or chafing them, is a known Obfer-
vation.Upon Horfes,which are fat and foggy,being curried or rubbed
after hard working, there has often been obferved a faint fleeting
Flame, and efpecially about their Hanches. A Gentleman of el.
lingborongh in a fhowry dark Evening 1702, as he was returning
homewards from Caftle- Afbby, had his Horfes Ears as jt were tipp’d
with Fire, which continued “there the {pace of a Furlong’s Riding.
He frequently drove off the Light with his Hand, but this would
not quite extinguifh it. "Tis only fuch as thefe that the Writers of
Meteors have antituled foues Lambente i, and have plac'd under the
Head of Meteors. They are feldom or never oblerved, but upon
fome brisk Agitation of “the Blood of the Animal Body upon which
they hover : Upon that Agitation, the fubtiler and lighter Parts of

the

 

 

Chap. 5. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

 

the Blood difengage themfelves, and are fecreted and fent forth by
Perfpiration. They bear along with them as many of the Fat and
Oleous Particles lying in their way as they can well deal with, If
a confiderable Quantity of this Luminious Matter be peripird, as the
Cafe is likely to be, when the Animal abounds with ity and the Fluids
of the faid Animal Body are difturbed by more than ordinary Mo-
tion ; And if it happen to be perfpir'd in a cooler and clofer Air,
the Effluvia are collected or comprefs’d in Form of Light or of Flame.
In like manner as the ordinary Halitus’s from the Pores of the Bo.
dies of Horfes and other Animals are fo far condenfed in the colder
Seafons, as to appear in the Form of a vifible Reak or Steam, but in
a warmer Air are carry’d off forthwith in infenfible Parcels.

56. By way of Appendix to this Section, 1 fhall here fet down my
Remarks upon that gelatinous Body call’d Star-Gelly, Star-fbot, or Star-
fall’n, fo named becaufe vulgarly believ’d to fall from a Star, or to be

the Recrement of the Meteor which js called the Falling or Shoot-

ing Star, or rather the Meteor it felf thot down to the Earth. Tis
generally a clear, almoft Sky-colour’d, tremulous, vifcid or tenacious
Gelly ; but in Water glib and flippery. To the Hand it is as cold
as we ufually fay a Frog is: and is apt to ftrike a Chiluels into it.
"Tis found 1n Lumps or Mafles of uncertain Size. The largeft I
have feen was about the Bignefs of a Goofe-Egg. Thofe that are
found fieth and new, are generally entire, very little if at all broken
or difpersd: Some of the Mafles are curl’d or convoluted fomewhat
like the Zlium, or as a Garden-Snail appears when the Shell is broken
off from it. In Confiftence and Colour it pretty much refembles
boil'd Starch, or rather a Solution of Gus: {rapacanth. 1 {et fome of
this Gelly on the Fire ina Silver Veffel : It did not diffolve, as does
cold boil’d Starch when tis fet again upon the Fire; but became
more thick and vifcous ; the more fuid or water: part of it having
gone off in Vapour. 1 let it ftand till the Humidity was all evapo-
rated. To the Bottom of the Veffel adher'd very clofely certain Skins
and Veflels, like thofe of Animal Bodies. The Infide of the Porrin-
ger upon this Operation exhibited a Gliftering like that of linglafs :
and there proceeded from it a kind of grealy Smell. Another Expe-
riment I made of the Gelly broken and put into Spring Water, which
I fet to feeth upon the Fire ; but not much of it difiolvd. A Piece
of Muflin being dipt into it and fo manag’d as with Starch, was
ftitfen’d as with that. The Glofs that it gave to the Mullin might be
rubb’d off. The Gelly being put into Water, fome of it fubfided :
fome did not. In the Pieces that floated I obferv'd feveral Bubbles
which I thought were form’d by the Water intruded into and retain’d
in the Pores of it.

57. "Lis fometimes found with Patches of a dirty Yellow in it :
fometimes with Black Specks refembling little Pellets of grumous
Blood. Breaking one of the Lumps, 1 difcover’d and took out of it
everal Picces of tough Skin, and of long tenacions String-like Bo-

X xxx dies.

 
 

The Nawd HIST 0RT Chap.

 

dies; Macerating another of thefe Mafles that 1 might clear the
Sttings, as I call'd them, from the fofter or more Pulpy Part of the
Gelly, I found them branch’d and diftended through the whole Mafs.
The fmaller Branches in Size and Figure like Capillary Blood- Veflels:
of a blackith Red. With thefe were broad Pieces of a very thin Film
or Membrane. The Mafs, tho’ a large one of the fort, might be
drawn up and fufpended by thefe Strings. The Gelly when it has
been kept for fome time, becomes putrid, and has a ftrong Smell,
like that of a dead Carcate in a putrid State. Chickens will eat it.

This Star-fhot, as ’tis calld, is very rarely to be met with on the
Tillage-Lands. “At O~endon and in moft other Places we find it
chiefly in the lower and moifter Ground , particularly on the
Ledges of Sod, upon the Sides of Trenches in Meadows, upon and
near the Banks of Brooks and Pools : on Ant-Hills and Mould-Banks,
now and then in great Plenty. It occurs fometimes in dry, barren,
and Heathy Ground. It does not appear for any number of Years
fucceflively in one and the fame Place, At Pisford in January 1702,
was thewn me a Mafs of Star-Gelly lying upon a dead Hedge, that
Tam well affur'd had its firft appearance there. The like has been
found upon a flat Board at the T op of a Cherry-Ladder in Mr.Cours-
man’s Garden at Thorpe. The laft in as compact a Mafs as thofe upon
the Ground are ufually found in.

"Tis chiefly feen in Mifty Mornings, and in Wet Weather, in Au-
tumn, in Winter, and early in the Spring; feldom or never
any thatis frefh and new in time of Froft, or in the Summer Months.

In 122, there was no Star-Gelly to be found about Oxendoy till a
Wet Week in the End of February, when the Shepherds brought me
above Thirty feveral Lumps or Maffes of i.

Applyd to the Running Heels of Horfes, it has been found to be
of Ue: as alfo for pafting Paper to Paftboard, Glafs, and the like.

58. As to the Origin of this Body, it has in many Particulars a
near Analogy with Animal Subftances 5 as the Defcription of it plain-
ly fhews. And by feveral other Circumftances that are not men-
tion’d, it appears to me to be only the Difgorge or Cafting of Birds
of Three or Four Sorts ; of thofé Sort of Fowl in particular that at
certain Seafons do feed very plentifully upon Earth-Worms and the
like ; and efpecially of the Sea- Maw, and the Winter- Me or Coddy-
moddy ; Birds of the Gul Kind, which are very Ravenous. The Cod-
dymoddies come up into this Countrey in great Numbers at the time
this Star-thot is generally found, vz. in the Autumn and Winter
Months : frequent thofe very Places where it ufually occurs, viz.
moift Meadows, and the Banks of Brooks, more rarely plow’d Lands:
and greedily devour Earth-Worms, which in thofe Places, and about
that Time of the Year are very numerous. They generally come up
the Valleys, where our Brooks and Rivers run, very early in the
Morning , even before the Shepherds or any Body elfe are abroad in
the Fields ; efpecially in Foggy Mornings, and before a Storm, in
fuch Seafons, and in fuch Sort of Weather, as in a particular manner

invite

Chap.5. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

invite the Earth-Worms out of their Holes or Recefles, up upon the
Surface: And the Birds return again at Night to Seaward. In the
Morth of September, 1708. Haw a Coddymoddy thot down to the
Ground, that on her Fall upon the Ground, when almoft half-dead,
difgorg’d a Heap of Half-digefted Earth-Worms, much refembling
the Gelly call’d Star-fhot. : v

In fine, having compar’d the Notes or Marks of that Difgorge or
Cafting, with thofe of the Gelly, call’d Star-fhot, I found them fo
much alike, 1 am fatisfied the latter is for the main of the fame Ori-
gin as is the former. Some of thefe Mafies 1 take to be difgorg'd by
Herons andBitterns after having fed upon Frogs,which they fometimes
do. Sic William Craven once thot a Bittern by one of IV. mick Pools,
which aftergreat heaving and working of her Breaft,at length difchar-
ged a great Quantity of this Sort of Gelly. The Worthy Mr. 7 bo.
Clerke of Watford aflures me, that he has feen a Mafs of Star-gelly,
wherein appear’d the Head and other Parts of a Frog almoft diffolv’d
into a Gelly, like to that, which encompafs'd it. Having kept a Par-
cel of Frog’s-Spawn fome time by me, it had a Smell very like that
of corrupted Star-thot. Others of them, it is not unlikely, are dif-
gorg’d by Crows, when they feed over-abundantly upon Earth.
Worms. ~ The Carrion-Crow will likewife feed upon Frogs, and
Toads too, pecking them into Pieces, and fo devouring them ; where-
as the Herons, Uc. {wallow them whole. The Gelly upon the Dead-
Hedge, and on the Cherry-Ladder, in the Inftances above-mention d,
I am apt to think came from Crows or Rooks. Dr. Merret in his
Pinax, p. 219. {peaking of this Star-Gelly, fays, Inteflines Ranarum
in uno loco 3 Corvis congeftis orire Regie Societati palam offend. :

"Tis ufual with Birds, the more ravenous Sort of them efpecially,
to caft up what is uneafy and burthenfome to their Stomachs. This
is well known to thofe who are ‘converfant and experienced in the
Bufinefs of ordering and managing of Birds, particularly Hawks,
We may reafonably fuppofe, that all other Birds that have a Mem-
branous Stomach, and Voracious Appetite, do the fame upon any
the like Occafion ; thefe in particular I have now mentioned, namely,
Herons and Bitterns, which have a Membranous Stomach, as haveall
the Carnivorous Birds: and the Winter-Mew, and the Ca rrion-Crow,
whofe Stomachs are not furnithed with fuch thick Mufcles, as are
thofe of Granivorous Birds. Thefe, the Winter- Mew particularly,
having glutted and overcharg’d their Stomachs with Earth-W orms,
or the like cold and vifcid Food, they caft it up again not duly dif-
folv’d; then efpecially when the Earth-Worms, &c. are a néw or
more uncommon Sort of Food to’em. We have a parallel Inftance
in fome Sorts of Fithes, according to the Curious and Judicious Mr.
Ray*, who takes the Balle Marina, which are little round Lumps
(fome of them as big as Tennis-Balls ) of Fefluee amafied together,
to be caft out of Fifhes Stomachs. +

The above-recited Oblervations, which have been carefully made,
and are truly related, will by no means admit of either of thofe Hy-

pothefes,

355

* Mr Ray's
Travells,

? 157

 
 

“The Nawal HIST ORT Chaps,

dies. Macerating another of thefe Maffes that 1 might clear the
Strings, as 1 call'd them, from the fofter or more Pulpy Part of the
Gelly, I found them branch’d and diftended through the whole Mafs.
The {maller Branches in Size and Figure like Capillary Blood- Veflels:
of a blackifh Red. With thefe were broad Pieces of a very thin Filni
or Membrane. The Mafs, tho’ a large one of the fort, might be
drawn up and fufpended by thefe Strings. The Gelly when it has
been kept for fome time, becomes putrid, and has a ftrong Smell,
like that of a dead Carcafe in a putrid State. Chickens will eat it.

This Star-fhot, as tis call’d, is very rarely to be met with on the
Tillage-Lands. At Oxendon and in ‘moft other Places we find it
chiefly in the lower and moifter Ground, particularly on the
Ledges of Sod, upon the Sides of Trenches in Meadows, upon and
near the Banks of Brooks and Pools : on Ant-Hills and Mould-Banks,
now and then in great Plenty. It occurs fometimes in dry, barren,
and Heathy Ground. It does not appear for any number of Years
fucceffively in one and the fame Place. At Pisford in January 1702,
was thewn me a Mafs of Star-Gelly lying upon a dead Hedge, that
1am well affur’d had its firft appearancc there. The like has been
found upon a flat Board at the Top of a Cherry-Ladder in Mr.Cours-
man’s Garden at Thorpe. The laft in as compact a Mafs as thofe upon
the Ground are ufually found in.

"Tis chiefly feen in Mifty Mornings, and in Wet Weather, in Au-
tumn, in Winter, and early in the Spring; feldom or never
any thatis frefh and new in time of Froft, or in the Summer Months.

Tn 192, there was no Star-Gelly to be found about Oxendon till 2
Wet Week in the End of February, when the Shepherds brought me
above Thirty feveral Lumps or Maffes of it.

Apply’d to the Running Heels of Horfes, it has been found to be
of Ule: as alfo for pafting Paper to Paftboard, Glafs, and the like.

58. As to the Origin of this Body, it has in many Particulars a
near Analogy with Animal Subftances ; as the Defcription of it plain-
ly fhews. And by feveral other Circumftances that are not men-
tion’d, it appears to me to be only the Difgorge or Cafting of Birds
of Three or Four Sorts ; of thofe Sort of Fowl! in particular that at
certain Seafons do feed very plentifully upon Earth-Worms and the
like ; and efpecially of the Sea- Maw, and the Winter- Mew or Coddy-
moddy ; Birds of the Gul Kind, which are very Ravenous. The Cod-
dymoddies come up into this Countrey in great Numbers at the time
this Star-fhot is generally found, wz. in the Autumn and Winter
Months : frequent thofe very Places where it ufually occurs, viz.

moift Meadows, and the Banks of Brooks, more rarely plow’d Lands:
and greedily devour Earth-Worms, which in thofe Places, and about
that Time of the Year are very numerous. They generally come up
the Valleys, where our Brooks and Rivers run, very early in the
Morning , even before the Shepherds or any Body elfe are abroad in
the Fields ; efpecially in Foggy Mornings, and before a Storm, in
fuch Scafons, and in fuch Sort of Weather, asin a particular manner

invite

Chap.5. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

invite the Earth-Worms out of their Holes

Surface: And the Birds return again at A Pew 2 giv i
Morth of September, 1708. Haw a Coddymoddy thot dois " ! :

ean i i i fl oped the Ground, when almoft hali.dead.
ifgorg’d a Heap of Half-digefted Earth- tb ybline

bo 2 Fis pera gelted Earth-Worms, much refemb]

In fine, having compar’d the Notes or Marks of that Dif:
Cafting, with thofe of the Gelly, call’d Star-fhot J i Ds os
much alike, I am fatisfied the latter is for the main of the eo ;
gin as is the former. Some of thefe Mafles 1 take to be dif; oe d 8
Herons andBitterns after having fed upon Frogs,which they om) :
do. Sic William Craven once thot a Bittern by one of Winwick P A :
which aftergreat heaving and working of her Breaft at length dif; ‘i .
ged a great Quantity of this Sort of Geily. The Wor Mr Tho.
Clerke of Watford aflures me, that he has feen a Mafs of Yes ell .
wherein appear’d the Head and other Parts of a Frog almoft difiol 1
into a Gelly, like to that, which encompafs'd it. Having kept 2 P: :
cel of Frog’s-Spawn fome time by me, it had a Smell ver fike ot
of corrupted Star-fhot. Others of them, it is not elke are dit
gorg’d by Crows, when they feed over-abundantly id Earth.
Worms. The Carrion-Crow will likewife feed upon Frogs d
Toads too, pecking them into Pieces, and fo devouring them i Sh
as the Herons, Ue. {wallow them whole. The Gelly upon the Dead.
Hedge, and on the Cherry-Ladder, in the Inftances above-mention’d,
I am apt to think came from Crows or Rooks. Dr. Merrer in his
Pinax, p. 219. {peaking of this Star-Gelly, fays Inteflines Ronarom
in uno loco 3 Corvis congefhis orire Regie Societati palam oftend: :

I'is ufual with Birds, the more ravenous Sort of them elpeciall
to caft up what is uneafy and burthenfome to their Stormecin, Tha
is well known to thofe who are converfant and experienced in the
Bufinefs of ordering and managing of Birds, particularly Hawks
We may reafonably fuppofe, that all other Birds that oe a Mem-
branous Stomach, and Voracious Appetite, do the fame u on an
the like Occafion ; thefe in particular 1 have now mentioned J
Herons and Bitterns, which have a Membranous Stomach as re
the Carnivorous Birds: and the Winter-Mew, and the Carrion-Cro ,
whofe Stomachs are not furnithed with fuch thick Mufcles, as Wt,
thofe of Granivorous Birds. Thefe, the Winter- Mew particularly
having glutted and overcharg’d their Stomachs with Earth-W orm,
or the like cold and vifcid Food, they caft it up again not dul dif:
folv’d; then efpecially when the Earth-Worms Se. are a “ R or
more uncommen Sort of Food to’em. We have a parallel Inftance
in fome Sorts of Fifhes, according to the Curiousand Judicious Mr

ing

355

* , rf > ' 1 1
Ray *, who takes the Balle Marie, which are little round Lumps = Mr. Rays
sells,

ps Tra
to be caft out of Fifhes Stomachs.
The above-recite ervations, whi
IE ji ¥ Wh Oblervations, which have been carefully made,
ad are truly related, will by no means admit of cither of thofe Hy-
pothefes,

vell

{ome of ‘thei as big as Tevnid. Balls TE :
( fome of them as big as Zennis-Balls ) of Fefluce amafied together,» +s7

 
 

The Nawral HI ST O RY Chap. s.

 

pothefes, that the Star-Gelly defcends out of the Air, which is the
Opinion of fome: or that it {prings out of the Earth; which others
have imagin’d. But to return.

59. We may next take a fhort View of thofe Appearances in the
Atmofphere, which owe their Production to certain Reflections or Re-
fractions of the Celeftial Luminaries. And,

1. Of Halos, thole relucent Circles, Rings, or Coronets of Light,
wherewith the Sunand Moon now and then appear encompafs'd.
Several Halo’s of the Moon have been curioufly obferved by Mr. Gib-
bon, and other Ingenious Gentlemen with us : But having nothing
in them entraordinary or uncommon, I hall pafs by the Defcription
of them in this Place. 1 fhall only note, That Halo's of the Moon
do not unfrequently occur at the Time when that Luminary is eclyp-
fed ; as my own and the Obfervations of others here have informed
me. At that Eclypfe of the Moon on Ocfeber 19. 1697, was a Halo
very confpicuous here ac Oxeudon. The Ingenious Charles Kirk-
ham Efq; obferved about Eleven of the Clock in a Lane nigh Fothe-
ringbay, a Remarkable Hals of the Sun. It was of a dark Copper Co-
lour to appearance, about Forty Yards in Diameter, with a Chafm
or Breach 1n it to the South-Weft, yet the Wind in the following
Part of that Day was not in the South-Weft Point, as it fhould have
been, according to the ufual Expettations of the Curious upon the
like Phenomena.

6o. Secondly, Of Par-Helii, or Mock-Suns. From Appearances of
this Kind that have been obferved here, to give an Account of which
at large would be too tedious, may be deduced,

1. That the Pofition of the Falfe Suns with refpect to the True
one is uncertain. As is,

2. The Time of the Day as well as of the Year when they appear.

3. That they generally happen in a fhowery Time, or when Dewy
Clouds are about.

4. That the true Sun, at the Time of this Appearance, is not un-
frequently encompafs’d with a Halo or Circle of Light.

5. That the Par-beliz feldom or never have fo ftrong a Light, as
that of the true Sun,

6. That almoft every Year we have one or more of thefe Pheno-
mena.

61. The following Account of a Phenomenon of this Kind being
very obfervable in feveral Particulars, 1 fhall infert at large, as I re-
ceived it from the Hands of the Curious Obferver, the Reverend
Dr. Pargiter of Greetworth.

Fuly 28, 1678. being Sunday, as 1 was riding to my Living at
Greetworth, 1 dil in the Way between dynbo and Farthingho fee this
Celeftial Phenomenon. The Beginning of it was after Seven of the
Clock in the Morning, the Perfection of it near Eight, and the End-
ing of it a little after Eight, as near as I could guefs. There ap-
pear’d a great Circle of Light about the Sun, which was Concentri-
cal to the Sun: It was fomething of a Rainbow Colour, and a little

mnter-

 
 

The Natwral HIST O RT Chap s.

 

 

 

 

pothefes, that the Star-Gelly defcends out of the Air, which is the
~ Opinion of fome: or that it fprings out of the Earth; which others
have imagin’d. But to return.

59. We may next take a fhort View of thofe Appearances in the
Atmofphere, which owe their Produétion to certain Reflections or Re-
fractions of the Celeftial Luminaries. And,

1. Of Halos, thofe relucent Circles, Rings, or Coronets of Light,
wherewith the Sun and Moon now and then appear encompafs’d.
Several Halo’s of the Moon have been curioufly obferved by Mr. Gib-
bon, and other Ingenious Gentlemen with us : But having nothing
in them entraordinary or uncommon, I fhall pafs by the Defcription
of them in this Place. I fhall only note, That Halos of the Moon
do not unfrequently occur at the Time when that Luminary is eclyp-
fed ; as my own and the Obfervations of others here have informed
me. At that Eclypfe of the Moon on Ocfober 19. 1697, was a Halo
very confpicuous here ac Oxeudon. The Ingenious Charles Kirk-
ham Efq; obferved about Eleven of the Clock in a Lane nigh Fothe-
ringbay, a Remarkable Hala of the Sun. It was of a dark Copper Co-
lour to appearance, about Forty Yards in Diameter, with a Chafm
or Breach 1n it to the South-Weft, yet the Wind in the following
Part of that Day was not in the South-Weft Point, as it thould have
been, according to the ufual Expettations of the Curious upon the
like Phenomena.

6o. Secondly, Of Par-Helii, or Mock-Suns. From Appearances of
this Kind that have been obferved here, to give an Account of which
at large would be too tedious, may be deduced,

1. That the Pofition of the Falfc Suns with refpett to the True
one is uncertain. As is,

32. The Time of the Day as well as of the Year when they appear.

3. That they generally happen in a fhowery Time, or when Dewy
Clouds are about.

4. That the true Sun, at the Time of this Appearance, is not un-
frequently encompafs’d with a Halo or Circle of Light.

5. That the Par-beluz feldom or never have fo itrong a Light, as
that of the true Sun,

6. That almoft every Year we have one or more of thefe Ph.eno-
mena.

61. The following Account of a Phenomenon of this Kind being

Sn : 1 5
very obfervable in feveral Particulars, I fhall infert at large, as I re-
ceived it from the Hands of the Curious Obferver, the Reverend
Dr. Pargiter of Greetworth.

Fuly 28, 1678. being Sunday, as 1 was riding to my Living at
Greetworth, 1 did in the Way between Aynho and Farthingho fee this
Celeftial Phenomenon. The Beginning of it was after Seven of the
Clock in the Morning, the Perfection of it near Eight, and the End-
ing of ita little after Eight, as near as I could guefs. There ap-

ard a great Circle of Light about the Sun, which was Concentri-
cal to the Sun : It was fomething of a Rainbow Colour, and a little

mnter-
 

Chap. §. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

 

interrupted in the lower Parts of it. There appear’d alfo Two Par-
belia, or Mock-Suns, one on each Side of the true Sun, a little with-
out the great Circle of Light, and fomething higher than the true
Sun : They were alfo fomething of a Rainbow Colour, and were
not {o well defined, nor fo exaétly Orbicular, as the true Sun; but
yet the Light of them was very ftrong and dazzling to the Eye.
There appeared likewife a very long Circular Stream of clear White
Light, which paffed through the Disks both of the Mock-Suns, and
of the true one. I faw alfo fomething of a leffer Circle of Light,
interfecting the great Circle of Light, in a Part of it above the Sun,
which alfo was fomewhat of a Rainbow Colour: But whether this
Jefler Circle was entire and compleat, I coud not difcover ; for when
[ firft fpy’'d it, my Eyes were fo much dazzled and weakned with
long and earneft looking upon this furprizing Phenomenon , that 1
could no longer hold them up againft the Light.

63. Thirdly, Of the Rainbow. A Rainbow of the Mean, (which
how greata Rarity it is, may be learnt from Dr. Plat, in his Natural
Hiftory of Oxfordfbire ) 1 had the Pleafure of oblerving on 0fob. 14.
1700. The Moon wanted then Three Days of the Full. The
Bow was entire. The Colour of it faint and dim, as that of the
Lunar Iris always is. ‘The Place of it in the North North-Weft.
The Night was Rainy and Stormy, with Clouds driving onwards
very {wiftly. The Moon at that time was of confiderable Meridio-
nal Altitude, a Circumftance uncommon in this Phenomenm. The
Ingenious Mr. Cowmrtman of Draughton aflures me, he has obferved a
Lunar Rainbow form'd upon that call’d a Dale. Mift, the Moon being
very bright.

63. Dr. Plot in the Clofe of his Chapter of the Heavens and Air,
in Nat. Hitt. of Oxfordfbire, p. 7. ec. having given usa very enter-
taining Difcourfe of the Echos he obferved in Oxfordfbire ; and there
being one at leaft in this County that is truly Worthy of Notice, I
fhall conclude this Chapter in like manner as the Doctor has done his,
with an Account of that Echo ; the Subject properly belonging to this
Head of the Air, ©c. The Echo fo remarkable with us, is one of
thofe the above-mention'd Ingenious Gentleman has entitled Polyfyl-
labical, which are fuch as return many Syllables, Words, or a whole
Sentence. The Objet of this Echo, or the Centrum Phonocumpticum,
is the fquare Steeple or Tower of Oxendon Church, and particularly
(as I have learnt by many Tryals) the uppermoft Room or Story
where the Bells are plac’d, whofe Root or Covering rifes in the Shape
of a Cupolo, only fomewhat fquar’d.

It repeats diftinétly Thirteen Syllables to a Perfon that ftands at
right Angles with the Object, on the Weflern and more rifing Part of
the Hill, on which the Church is built, 673 Foot diftant from it;
which, for returning fo greata Number of Syllables, was, of all we
try’d, the moft proper Place : We may therefore call it, as Dr. Plot
has done in a like cafe, the Centrum Phonicum, or the true Place of
the Speaker. The moft obfervable Return of the Acbo, is to a

Yyyy Speaker

 
 

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap. g:

 

 

Speaker that ftands at due Diftance upon the Hill, I now mention'd,
Weflward from it. There is alfo a Return, but not of fo many Syl-
lables, from the South Side of the Steeple, to a Perfon that {peaks to
it from the Top of an adjacent Hill which fronts the Church-Hill on
the South, a {mall Valley interpofing betwixt them. But in that
Valley there is no fuch thing as an Echv to be found, neither is there
any, or only a low, faint, and almoft undifcernible Return to a Per:
fon that fpeaks tot, on the Eaff and on the North Side of the Steeple;

 

Chap. s. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. :

any precife Space to be pitch'd upon in this Affair: But thar it is va-
rious according to the Figure of the Object that returns the Voice ;
and alfo the Quantity of Time wherein the Syllables or Words are
fpoken. And the Seafon wherein the Tryal upon the Echo is made.
is to be confider'd too, there being a greater Number of Syllables re.
turned by moft, if not ail the Polly[yllabick Echo's in the N ight, than
in the Day-time, in a clear and fil Air, and in the Time of Frofts

than in a foul or Windy Day 4

—————

359

the Ground declining from the Steeple to both thofe Quarters, We
try’d the Echs with the fame Hemiftich Dr. Plot made Tryal of on
the Famous Woodflack Echo: Nec prior ipfa logui, &c. But having
found that the Word didicit in that Verfe was inimitable by the Echo,
we fubftituted a Word of a more clear and open Sound, viz. refonat ;
and having fpoken to it thefe Words, Refonat, refonat refonabilis Echo,
that is juft 13 Syllables, it repeated them articulately, and diftinély,
and with the fame Voice and Tone, as that wherewith we {poke
them.

On March 15. 1703. a brisk Gale in the North-Weft, 1 made the
following particular Tryals of it.

At the Diftance of go Foot it returns any open Sounds of fingle
Syllables, the Syllables that terminate with a and ¢, and the Letters
a and o, the moft readily, they being the moft open Sounds. Nigher
to the Steeple, it return’d them that very Inftant wherein you {poke
them, juft as when you {peak in a Room that has an Echs. 105
Foot trom the Steeple, it returned Two Syllables diftinétly.

Thenceall the way to 160 Foot from the Steeple, it repeated Three
Syllables, e. g. refonat ; but more diftinétly the farther you went,
molt diftinétly at the full 160 Foot Diftance.

182 Foot from the Steeple, it repeated Four Syllables, e. g. fona-
bles, in refonabilis.

204 Foot, that is, 22 Foot farther than the former, it repeated
the whole Word refonabulis. We cou’d not perfuade it at any Diftance
whatfoever to fay didicit ; cit it return’d but very faintly.

At 673 Foot Diftance from the Tower, it returned jut 13 Syllables,
e. gr. vefmat refomat refonabilis Echo. The laft 11 Syllables were re-
turn’d in a Bar of common time, the Two firft excluded.

A Monofyllable or Diffyllable that ended with an s, it did not re-
turn {o readily, as one that began with the fame Letter.

(| Bncani According to Blancaaus ||, no one Syllable will be returned clearly
Tras: under the Diftance of 24 Geometrical Paces, or 120 Foot. The
Nuc Hittof ECP at Woodflock, Dr. Plot tells us*, returns 19 Syllables at the Di-
odiripp1e- {tance of 2280 Foot from the Centrum Phonocampticum, which upon
Allowance of 120 Foot to each Syllable, is agreeable to the Return

tid. p12. of 1g Syllables.  Merfewnus, as Dr. Plot has cited + him, allows to
each Syllable but 6g Foot. Ours at 673 Foot Diftance returns 13
Syllables, which is not much above st Foot to a Syllable ; admitting

an equal Number of Feet to the Return of every Syllable. So that

to me it does not appear, that there is any fet determinable Diftance,

any

I am informed, That there is one of thofe called Zuntologick Echo's

at Thengford : And that it returns High Hoe; or the like Diffyllable
3 or 4 Times. :

 

 

 
 

The Natal HI ST ORT Chap. 6.

Cl gw pn: YW,
Of the PL ANTS.

 

0Y Aving already confidered the Produ&s of the Iuteriour

: 1 Part of the Earth, the Foffils both Native and Extra-
neous, | now proceed to the Exteriour or Surface, to note what is ob-
fervable there ; beginning with the Vegetable Kingdom. This Sub-
ject 1 fhall treat in much the fame Method as the Learned Dr. Plot
has done in his Natural Hiftories of Oxfordfbire and Staffordfbire.
For amongft the Plants of the County, whether Herbs, Shrubs, or
Trees, 1 fhall only mention

I. The Indigenous ones not yet defcribed ; the undefcribed Exoticks
I leave to another Pen.

II. Some which have not been obferved or believ’d by Mr. Ray in
his Synops. Stirp. Britt. to be of Englifb Natural Growth , that yet
do really grow fpontaneoufly here.

III. Thofe that are pecubar to the County , with the reft of the
more rare Plants.

1V. Give a particular Account of thofe which have unufual
Accidents attending them.

2. Firft of thofe unde[cribed. The Number of thefe is fmall. And
yet to my own Obfervations and Searches have been added thofe of
fred Perfons of great Curiofity and Skill in Betany , Inhabitants of

erent Parts of this County, particularly my worthy Friend Mr.
Edward Gibbon of Peterborough, who for many Years has been very
curious in fearching all the Eaflern Part of it: The Ingenious Mr.
Reynolds, formerly Phyfician at Oundle : the Inquifitive Mr. Leak of
Preflon, Gentlemen no lefs Curious in their refpective Neigh-
bourhoods : and the Reverend and Learned Mr. Manfel , Re-
&or of Colgrave, who has very diligently noted the Plants of the
Southern Part of this County. So that did this County really yield
any other Kinds of new and undefcribed Plants, befides thofe here.
after mention’d, they could fcarce have efcaped us.

3. Thofe that I take to be undefcribed Plants are all of inferior Rank,
which being naturally deftitute both of Flower and Seed are ufually
calld by Botanifts, Plante imperfedle. Of the more perfect Plants
I have not found or heard of fo much as one fingle Species fpontane-
oufly growing in this County but what has been defcribed already ;
which will not be thought ftrange, if we call to mind that there are
{carce any Differences betwixt this Climate and Soil, and confequent-
ly betwixt the vegetable Productions of this and the neighbour

Coun-

 

Chap. 6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

. 361

 

Counties of Oxford and Cambridge, two Counties that have been
thoroughly fearched by feveral of the moft Eminent Botanifts of the
Age and Nation: And that thofe we call more perfed Plants have
been fought after by them with the greateft Induftry ; tho’ indeed
thofe called Imperfect Plants have not been fo curioufly examin’d,
and diftinguifh'd till within thefe few Years.

4. But to come to Particulars. The undefcribed Plants we meet
with, are either of the Fungus, or of the Lichen-Kind. I {hall here
take the Freedom of conferring fuch Names upon them, as the Wri-
ters of Plants have done in like Cafes. They are thefe that follow.

, Fungi peice [pecies, pediculo praelongo, Juperficie exteriore corrugata,
Malz Per fic: Officulum referens. This unufual Sort of Cup- Mufbroom
was found by Mr. Leak of Preflon, growing at the Foot of an Afh-
Tree, nigh Sea-well Pool, in one of Fawley Grounds. 1 took the
following Defcription from a Sample of it, which he had carefull
preferv’d for that very Purpofe, From a hollow Foot-Stalk, Three
Inches in Length, it ‘expands into a hollow Cup-like Head, about
the Size of a Hens Egg, and of the fame Oval Shape; only it is
open at the Top. The Exteriour Surface of it is wrinkled or fur-
row’d all over, in much the fame Manner as a Peach-ftone. The
Interiour is {mooth, and turning its Infide outwards, it fomewhat
refembles a raw Hide. Its Subftance truly Fungous. I forgot to
enquire about the Original or Native Colour of it, which in this
Sample was plainly faded and gone.

5-Fungus albus concavus corrugatus,pilei forma, fine pediculo utriculis vi-
tress mucore quodam obdudis, WE This White, Hollow Fungus,
as it is of different Shape from any yet defcribed, fo tis as fingular
as to the Place of its Growth. 1 found it adhering to the Side of a
Glafs Bottle, that had ftood for a long time upon a raw Earthen
Floor, in a dark Corner of a Ground-Room, in the Parfonage Houfe
at Oxendon, and was cover’d over with a Sort of Mould, in the lat-
ter End of March. In Shape ’tis not unlike a fmall Linen Cap ga-
ther’d up on all Sides in little Pleats ; only the Pleats in the Fungus
are not fo uniform and regular: And at the Top of it is a {mall
Hole or Aperture, a Quarter of an Inch Diameter. By the Mar-
gin or Edges at the Bafe or Bottom of it, which is juft an Inch over,
it was affix’d to the Bottle. °Tis lin’d with a Biuith Mould. It
feems to confift of a like Fungofe Matter with the Mufbroom above-
defcribed.

6 Fungus Petr aus Lichenoides Cruftrae modo Je expandeus, vari coloris.
[ found it growing in good Plenty upon an old Stone-Wall at the
Head of a Spring, calld Fleet-well, nigh Braybrosk. It has a foft
and fomewhat Spungy Subftance. Tt is generally much thicker than
the Mujci Lichemformes [en cruflacei Raij, p. 23. Synops. The
thicker Pieces of it are composd of Two or Three Parallel Plates,
or Crufts. ln which refpect it agrees with fome Sorts of Fung: Ar-
bores 5 but it is expanded upon the Stones, and divided into irregu-
lar Segments, in like manner as the Mufci Licheniformes ufually are,

Zzzz I bave

 
362 “The Natwd HIST ORT Chap 6.

1 have therefore given it the Name of Fungus Licheniformis. 1 can-

not find that it ever produces any Scypbuli, or Cups, as do many of

the other Lichenes. Perhaps it is the Funous cruflaceus ex albo ru-

befeens D. Doody, which, he tells us, is found in Timber and Walls

« seethe frequently about London in Winter *. It continues all the Year. In
Jafar >. the Summer, when the Water of the Spring is low , and it has lain
Synop i fomething expos’d to the Air, it is of a Reddifh Hue: In the Winter
ui it is cover’d with Water, and then it is of a dark or dirty Green Co-

 

 

Chap. 6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. | 253

not at all likely, that thefe {mall Fung: fpring from See in.
conteftibly all the perfecter Kinds Dg Thefe EE bo . .
ceed immediately from the Leaves of the Oaks. Neither P it
ftrange, that the Vegetables, which have fcarce any greater Diftin-
ction of Parts, than have the Belemnite Mycetiie, and various other
Foflils, which is the Cafe of thefe, and almoft all other Sorts of
Fungi , {hould be formed without a Seed , any more than that thofe
are fo formed. But to proceed to the reft of the undefcribed V ege-

lour. tables.

7. Which are all the undeferibed Fungus’s 1 have met with in this
County, unlefs I may mention here a certain {mall Sort of Fungus,
( 1 know not what other Name more properly to give it ) which}
have fometimes found upon the Leaves of Oaks, whilft freth and
areen upon the Tree. “Tis of vatious Sizes, viz. from that of a lar-
ger Pin's Head, to that of a {mall Lentil. “Tis {hapd much like a
Ring. In the Middle at the Top of it is a round Hole. The Rim
is prettily firiated tranfverfly with fine Hair-like parallel Lines very
clofe fet. The Bottom flat, and lies clofe to the Leaf. It feems to be
affixd to it by a Foot-Stalk, like that of the common Pleated Fungi,
only infinitely fmaller. It confifts of a White Subftance, folid as
that of the inner Part of a Cheftnut, enclos’d ina pretty thick Skin,
which is of a lively Reddith Colour. ‘Tis fonnd only upon the
Backfides of the Leaves. Some Leaves are as full of them, as they
can well be. They occur upon the Leaves of Oaks about Mor/ly
Wood, and in feveral other Places with us. 1 have no Reafon to
think, that they are effected by Infecs, in like manner as are the
Blifters bearing Fungus’s of various Shape, ( fome in Figures not un-
like the Mufcus Py~idatus apicibus coccimeis Raij upon their Tops )
which occur upon the Backfides of the Leaves of fundry Sorts of
Herbs, e. g. upon thofe of Primrofe, Smallage, Coltsfoot, and Dog’s
Mercury: and as are alfo Ock- Apples, and other Excrefcences of like
Kinds, whereof hereafter ; becaufe 1 have never yet obferv'd an
thing like to an Egg or a Worm within them, as we do in thole
other Excrefcences, nor any Holes in the Sides of them, (fuch as
thofe we fee in the Oak-4pples , which are made by Infects eating
their way through them, ) neither when they are upon the Tree,
nor afterwards ; tho’ I have gather’d Samples of them at all times,
when they were to be found, and have kept them by me for many
Years.

8. Upon the fame Tree, and fometimes upon the very fame
Leaves, | have alfo obferv’d another Sort of fmall Fungi, differing
from the former in Colour, which in thefe is a dark Brown, with a
Spot of a lighter Colour in the Middle of it: as alfo in Figure, be-
ing flatter and thinner, and not at all firiated ; but in other Regards
agreeing with them. “Thefe Two Sorts of Fungus’s, as 1 have ven-
tur’d to call them, have as conftant and Specifick Figures, as any of
thofe that are vulgarly fo called, and fo have on that Account,
amongft others, as much Right to that Denomination. Indeed tis

not

9. Lichen terrefiris Gelatinus fubflavus, crifpatus. This curl’d Ge-
latmous Lichen 1 have found not unfrequently in old Stone-pits and
Gravel-pits that are cover'd over with Grafs , and more particularly
in Oxendon and Clzpfitm Lordfhips ; alfo upon Mole-Banks in the Pa.
ftures of Clayey Soil, and in the Joints of Stone-pits in fome moiit
and folitary Gardens, in good plenty, in no other part of thofe Gar.
dens but juft upon the Steps, and there only in the Joints of them :
where they did not lye loofe as ufually in the Places above-mention’d
but were fixed, tho’ {carce fo firmly as other Lichens are unto their
refpective Subjects. 1do not remember that 1 ever found it in an
other Months than thofe of Apri and May: in the latter end of
May we find it fhrunk and wafted, infomuch that nothing but the Skin
of 1t remains. It feems to confift entirely of a light tenacious Gelly
enclofed in a thin and not tough Membrane. Tis of different Ex-
tent and Thicknefs : has an earthy Smell, a Colour exaétly like that
of Cherry-Tree Gum, with the fame Degree of Tranfparency, and
isinfipid. I could not difcover any Fibres or cirrb: that it had or
any Footfteps of fuch Cirrbs, as are vifible in other Lichens, and by
means of which they adhere to the Earth, to Stones, Trees, and o-
ther Subjects. Nor indeed cou'd I be fatisfied that it was produced
in like manner as Vegetables are, or was of vegetable Extract, till
I found it faftend in the Joints of thofe Stones-fteps out of which
Joints it had apparently fprung. Corr: tis very likely it has, but
thofe fo fine and tender, that they are very eafily broken, which is
probably the Reafon we feldom or never find it fix’d to the Ground
mn Places expos'd to Winds. Several of the common Heath Lichen;
that have ftronger Curr: we fee are frequently fever'd from the Sur-
face whereto they grew, and are driven to and fro by the Winds.
As to the Subftance of it, ’tis not {o fingular and extraordinary that
it cannot be matched in the vegetable Kingdom. The Heads of fome
forts of Mufbrooms are befmear’d with a great Quantity of a yellow-
ith fplendent Slime. The Viva at the bottom of the Fungus Phallsi-
des contains a pellucid Gelly of an Amber Colour. Thefe Inftances
I mention here to fhew that this Body which I call a Lichen, notwith-
ftanding the Singularity of its Subftance, may really belong to the
Family of Vegetables: Indeed the Account of it above fufficiently
evinces that itis truly Vegetable, although of fuch unufual Shape
and Subftance.

10. Lichen

 
ae

¥
oh
a
i Ea
Gv
fo
Sm
i

Se EN
Ra | |
a
isi i

RB &

i

=
a

§

a

=

FE RG

 

The Natural HI ST O RT Chap. 6.

10. Lichen exiguus Arboreus flellatus albus. This little white ftarry
Tree Lichen is compos'd meerly of fmall Leaves, about a quarter of
an Inch in length, fomewhat bluntly pointed, fo difpofed as to re-
{pect one common Center, therein reprefenting a Star ; every Leaf
being asit werea Ray of it. Many of thefc Stars I found adhering
to a dead Haw-thorn-branch at Brigflack. ]

11. To thefe I know not whether I fhould add a Lichen wich I
found in the River Nyne nigh Peterborough. It feem’d to agree in
every particular, the Place ony excepted, with the Lichen marinus
Ger. or Oyfter Green, we may therefore call it Lichen marinus Jeu flu-
vialilis, the Sea or River Lichen. But having no Sample of it now
before me, I cannot affirm for a Certainty, that ithad all the Marks
of the common Oyfler Green, and fo muft leave it to farther En-
= Alfo two confiderable Varieties, if not diftin¢t Kinds of Ls-
verwort, have been found in this County , One of them by my felf,
upon the Sides of the Trenches, in a Bog on the Weft-fide of Crick
with veficule or little Bladders in its Leaves, like thofe of a com-
mon broad leav’d Sea-Wrack : The other by the Reverend Mr. Man-
fel, in Bogs near Cofgrave, with fcarlet Heads ; which perhaps is on-
ly a Variety of the Lichen minimus, &c. capitulis nigrs lucidss, Raii
Hift. Plant. p. 4. But having never feen the latter, nor as yet accu-
rately enough obferv’d the former, I fhall pronounce nothing deter-
minatively of them here.

13. In my Collection of the feveral Species of Mofles that our
Heaths, Woods, ©. produce, are two or three, which I fufpect are
not in Mr. Ray's Synopfts flirp. Brittanicarum ; but till the Hiftory of
this minute Tribe of Herbs is fet in a clearer Light,which we great.
ly hope for, from the Labours of that accurate Botanift the Reve-
rend Mr. Buddle of London, 1 hall not give my {elf or Reader any
farther Trouble about them.

14. But to the new Plants above-defcribed I fhall here add one’of
a more perfect Kind ; though indeed I cannot well warrant it a di-
ftinct Species. The Ingenious Mr. Manel of Cofgrave, who favour’d
me with the following Defcription, and that exact Draught of it,
exhibited in Zab. 12. F. 2. entitles it Cotula [peciofa petalis marginals-
bus Fiftulofis.  1t differs from the comon ftinking May-weed only in
the Figure of the pale or out-Leaves of the Flower , which in this
are hollow and piped, like thofe in the middle Part of the Flower ;
whereas in the common Sort they are flat and plain, like the out-
Leaves of a Dayfy. Mr. Manfel found it amongft the Peafe in the
Arable Fields at Colgrave, Amn 1702.

15. Of the Plants defcribed by Botanifts, but not known by Mr.
Ray to be Natives of our Ifland, and therefore not noted in his Sy-
nopfts, we may be aflur’d the following is one, wiz. Hieracium Apu-
Lum flore Suave rubent: Col. The Hieracium annuum Anmugdalas amaras
olens D. Bobarti. This Herb Mr. Bobart, the worthy Profeflor of
Botany at Osford, informs me, he himfelf found in Nort bamptonfbire

fome-

 

Chap.6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

fomewhere betwixt Towcefler and Whittlebury Foreft; the particu-
lar Place he could not recolle&. I am not fo well affur'd, that the
Dracontivin majus Gerardi, or Dragons,grow S ontareoufly here, tho’
I have been often told that it does, in a {mall Wood call’d Rouborough,
near Little Creaton; but having not had any Opportunity of fearch-
ing the Place my felf in the proper Seafon, I muft leave this Matter
in Sufpenfe; tho’ indeed I fufpeét that Herb, in Rouborough Wood,
to be fome uncommon Variety of Arum, rather than any Dracon-
thm.

16. The Mentha Romana Ger. Spear Mint, a Mint not hitherto
obferv’d to grow wild in England, { have found upon the Banks of
the Ife , in an enclos’d Piece of Meadow Ground » about a Furlong
Eaft of Clipflon, ina Place where, in all Appearance, it is originall
native: And Iam told, that it grows wild in Thengford Field.

17. As to the Plants that are peculiar to this County, there are
Two fet down by Mr. Ray in his Synopfis : Lyehnis Saponaria diSa
foto convoluro, and Tubera Terre, Trubs or Truftes ; both of them fo
peculiar to the Places there mentioned in Northamptonfbire, that they
have never yet been found growing wild in any other Part of Eng-

365

land. But the former, call’d by Gerard * Gentiana Concava, or Hollow + gerera

Felwort, and firft difcover'd by him in a {mall Grove, call'd the
Spinny , near Lichorow in this County, is now quite loft there,
I my felf, and feveral of my Friends, have fought for it at and near
Licborow with great Diligence , yet all in vain. No doubt but jt
was found formerly by Mr. Gerard, in the Place he mentions, And
in all likelihood, Dr." Lifer, one of the Phyficians to King Fames 1.
who fent this Plant to C. Baubine, received it from this very Place.
That C. Baubine took it to be a Plant peculiar to our Country, ap-
pears by the Name he gives it in his Prodromus, p. 103. viz, Sapo-
nario Concava Anglica (i. e.) the hollow Englifb Soapwort. Toa Query
I formerly tranfmitted to my Worthy Friend Mr. Ray, concerning
this Plant, 1 had the following Reply. “Iwas fo wel affured by
“ thofe who [earched the Spinney Gerard mentions , that it was there,
“that 1 thought it net worth my Time, when in thofe Parts, to make an

« farther Scrutiny, Iam of Opinion, that all the Plants of that Kind,
“cultivated at this Day in any of the Gardens of Europe, owe their
“ Original to the Plants that Gerard and other Herbalifts , about that
“Time, dug up at that Place at Litchborow,till they bad quite extirpa-
“ ted it.

18. The Tubera Terre Ger. Trubs or Trufles, which, as Mr. Ray
rightly oblferves, were difcovered at Rufbton in Nor thamptonfbire, by
that Learned Phyfician Dr. Hatton of Harborough, are ftill to be found
in the pleafant Paddock, or Wildernefs at Rufbton, particularly in
that Quarter next the Park, and in Two or Three Places in that
call'd the Upright Walk. I know fome Perfons have furmifed, that
thefe Zrufles are not the Spontaneous Production of that Soil, but
{pring from the Seeds of 7rufles, which, as they imagine, ha pened
to be mix'd with the Earth, that was brought into this Wildernefs

Aaaaa toge-

Em
Jom,

aculated
Dr. Johne
P- 435.

 
* Philof.
Tranf. N.
202. p. 824.

le Naural H IST ORT Chap 6.

together with certain Hornbeam Plants, which came originally fome
‘Time ago from France. “To this I reply, 1. It does not yet appear,
that? 7ufles have any Seed. 2. Suppofing they have Seed,t ye pies
Trufles, according to Dr. Mo rifon, who is a proper ge ge e
Cafe, to be found on this Side of Paris, but Plenty enough o 7:
bean: So that, no doubt, the Plants which were, as ’tis opps 3
{ent over hither from France, were fuch as grew on this Side o a
ris, where there are £9 Trap, and confequently no 7rufle See

( 21 with them.
a Cw ay and fitly call’d Subterraneous Mulbrooms
Sebronenin becaufe they grow wholly under Ground, Mufbrooms,
as being in many Refpects Analogous to the common Mufhrooms.
"This will appear bp the Defeription of them, which I bere give ;
this Sort being fo very rare, and fo little known in England, andt :
Defcription of them in other Authors, not agreeing exactly, in i
Particolar, with the Zrufles of this County. They have Seirag
Leaf, Foot-Stalk, or Flower, nor any Seed, that I can any way ie
cover. ‘They generally approach pretty near a Globous DA an
have very fmall and fine Fibrous Roots proceeding from the be
Part of them, which appear upon the younger ones, efpecially when
they firlt are taken up out of the Ground. The Surface of them is
ufoally uneaven, with here and there a large Extuberance, in no
"Two exaltly alike; and in all of them tis thick fet all over with
{inall Eminencies, of a Brown or Blackifh Colour, in Figure refem-
bling the Seed-Veflels of fome Mallow or Alcea, us the Ingenious
Dr. 7. Robinfon has obferved in his Account of them *. Thefe Emi-
nencies are continuous with the Interiour Part of them, which is of
a Similar Yellowifh Subftance, only vein'd here and there thinly with
White, a more firm and durable Subftance, than that of the Upper
Part of the Head of the common Efculcat Mufbroom ; and in this
Refpect approaching the Fung: Arbores. They are of different Sizes.
The fmalleft are not much bigger than Crow-Shot: The biggelt
near as large asa Turkey's Egg, and weigh about Four Ounces.
They feem to me to finell much like to new Milk. ne Mice eat
them greedily. Ina Night's I'ime they arrive to their full Growth.
In thofe Places where were no 7rufles to be found over Night with
the diligenteft Search, feveral large ones have been found the next
Day. They are tound from May to November, efpecially in Augufl,
if the Weather is moift and warm. In the dry Summer in 1701.
we had very few, or nore. We find them only, or chiefly, in the
Walks of the Wildernefs. They lye very near the Top of the
Ground, and are difcoverable there by a roundifh i Pogep)
nency, ( ufually bigger or lefs proportionably to the Size of the
Trufle) which they occafion on the Surface.

20. Befides thete Two Plants above-mentioned, the Lychns [apo-
aria Dilla , &e. and the Tubera terre, which may be truly faid (fo
far as the Difcoveries yet made inform us ) to be folely the Produ-
ctions of Northamptonfbire. There is another Plant fo peculiar 5

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

Chap. 6.

the County, that it has never yet been found in any other Part of
Eingland, unlefs in fome few Places upon the Sea Shore 5 that is, the
Eryngium mediterraneum [eu campeflre,Park. the Mediterranean orField
Ermzo. This ufetul Herb Mr. Ray tells us, was fent to him by Mr.
Thornton, who obferv’d it not far from Daventry in Northamptonfbire,
befides the old Roman way called Watling-fivecs near Brook- Hall.
"Fis now found only in one or two pretty large Parcels almoft in the
very midft of the Watling-fireet Bank in Alorton Field , not far from
the Gate that leads into Brook-Hall Grounds. Tis calld Hundred
T'huftle by the common People.

21. I fhall now as I have promis'd exhibita Lift of all the more Rare
Plants which have occur’d co me in my Travels and Scarches here 5
pointing forth the native Places of them as I go along, as well of
thofe, that tho common enough in other Countries , are but ver
rarely met with in this, and of thofe produced pretty freely in this
County, and not fo copioufly in others, which may therefore be term-
cd rare, with refpect to the whole Ifland , as of thofe that take the
Kingdom throughout, are really rare and uncommon. In doing this,
I hope I fhall not do an unacceptable Piece of Service to the Curious
in Plants, and particularly to thofe who make ufe of them in Medi.
cure. They cannot be more fitly ranged in this Book than in the Of.
der they are already put into by the Judicious Mr. Ray in that very
nigh compleat Mutter-Roll of Britifb Plants, his Synopfis methodica
fui pim Brittanicarum, Lond. 1696,

——————

367

22. To begin with the Plants belonging to this Firft Head , that Genus pri.
is, the Plante Imper fete, p- 1. & feq. The more unufual ones of this ™® XJ

Clafs are thefe.

Spongia fluviatilis vamofa fragilis, or the brittle branched River
Spunge. "Lis found with us in the River Nyne, in feveral Places ;

particularly under Barnwell-Bridge at the Weft End of Oundle , and
jult below 7 brapfton Water-Mill.

Fungus favaginofus Park. The Moarilles or Honey-comb Muthroom
found upon heathy Banks near Walcot Houfe : and alfo nigh Bough-
wa and Weekly.

Fungus Phallsides, J. B. in a Grove of Afhes South-Eaft of Thorp-
Malfor.

The Ramofus candidiffimus ceranoides, [eu digitatus minimus, D. Plot.
Hift. Nat. Stafford. or white finger'd clufterd Mufhroom , is com-
mon here in many places ; particularly in Hedge Bottoms, in Little
Oxenden Lordfhip.

OpbioglofJoides niger, or black Adders Tongue Mufhroom. I found
it growing at the bottom of a Window at Sir Matthew Dudley's Houfe
at Clapton, on the infide of an upper Room.

Fung: calyciformes [eminiferi, Mentzel. or the feeding Cup Mutfh-
rooms: upon the Eaves of the Earthen Walls at Oxendon.

Fungi pezicee altera [pecies, Raij, a fort of Cup Mufhroom : in the
Reverend Mr. Heward’s Orchard at Marfton Truffel,

To

Pp.

i.

 
 

363 The Natural HIST O RT Chap 6.

; To thefe I muft add the Fungellus Gramineus Northamptonienfis *.
* Vid. Mr. ’ i. ‘Le
pervers Dr. Sloan obferv’d this little Mafhroom fpringing from the Leaves of
Ceoniti. dead Grafs about September lat on Shepberds- Hill near Altrop, the
re & Adis. Seat of the Earl of Sunderland in Northamptonfbire.
& 2 Mufcus arboreus nodofus C. B. Knotted or Knee’d Tree-Mofs, up-
on an Oak in Sholbrook Lawn in Whittleborough Forett.

Mufcus faliss crifpss Licheniformus fuperné ¢ flavo viride[cens, &c. Raii
p. 23. on Wittering Heath.

Conferva Reticulata Raii 5 the Netted Marfh-Thread, in a Spring
in the old Lime-ftone Pitat Clipflon, and very plentifully in our Fen-
Ditches.

Lenticula aquatica trifulea, C. B. Ivy leav’d Ducks-meat. "Tis fre-
quent in the Ditches and Pools betwixt Peterborough and Crowland :
And I have found it in a Pool in Little Oxendon Grounds.

Genus se. 23. Of the Second Clafs, containing the Herbs with a very {mall

cndum Seed and no Flower, or an imperfect one, I think fit to take notice

*#P* of thefe that follow, for the Uncommonnefs of them in one or
other of the Refpects above-mentioned.

Adiantbum awreum perpufillum, pileolo extindlorii forma emulo, Raij.
Mr. Petiver’s Extinguither Mofs. It grows upon the Fence-Walls at
Stoke-Doyle and Oundle, and ac the Roots of Trees nigh Suly Lodge.

Mufcus trichorides fontanus manor, Raij p. 32. on the Walls of a
Fountain at Drayton.

The Lichen verrucofus , D. Doody, ( Raij Synopf. p. 41.) Wart-
Liverwort, or one very likeit, I have found on the Sides of a Spring
encompafied with Stone juft below Dean-T borp.

Equifesum  Sylvaticum , Ger. Wood Horfe-tail, in a Moorifh
Ground in Nafeby Field.

Lunaria minor, Ger. or Moonwort. ’Iis found in the higher part
of Would Field, and on Hal§#sn Heath, in fome few Places.

Phillytss, Ger. Harts-Tongue, in a Well at Caflr Church-yard.

Louchitis afpera , Ger. Rough Spleenwort , in a rocky Ground
near Kings Cirff.

Filix pumila [axatilis altera, Clufij,orMale Stone Fern : upon a piece
of a fmall Rock on the Sides of a Spring in Badby Downs.

Felix mas ramofa pinulis dentatis, orGreat branched Fern with indent-
ed Leaves: In one Hayward’s Well at Brampton at the end of Sir
Erafmvs Norwneh’s Park.

dant hum album, white Maiden Hair or Wall Rue, under Lalford
Bridge, upon the Sides of one of the Arches. :

Adranthum nigrum Officinarum, common black Maiden Hair, or
Oak Fern: on the Side of a Lane called Birchen Lane at Halflon.

Genus eerie 24. OF the Third Clafs comprehending the Herbs with an imper-

um Rai, felt or ftamineous Flower, the following : Lapathum Antho-xanthon,

~~]. B. Golden Dock, on the Banks of Caer-Dyke nigh Pafton , and
elfewhere in our Fenns.

Biflorta major, Ger. Greater Biftort or Snake-weed, in the Mea-
dows near the Oufe, not far from Cofgrave. All the Pond-Weeds

men-

 

Chap. 6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. 369

 

mention'd by Mr. Ray, p. 6, and 62. unlefs his 6th and the two laft
are found, as I remember, in the River Nyne; a little above Peter.
borough.

Blitum fetidum vulvaria dium, Raij. Stinking Orach. In i
St. Sepulcher's Church-yard at Noir . is fuffcientiy “Ly
mon.

Blitum erectum, J. B. Upright Blite or Allfeed : On the I
the Banks of the Ife, betwixt Clipton and Kelmar fb Lane, By det
plenty.

Sed area; Ger: In a Ditch, on the Side of a fall Wood
near Litchborow. 2

Alchimilla, 1.adies Mantle. In the Ridings in Whittleborough Fo-
reft ; particularly in Shrob-walk, and in fome of the Woods near Clff.

Puszonm tft ion meanum, Oe. Raij. Hoary Knawell, with
a larger Flower: in and nigh the ol¢ -pi - i
a rg Shion g I Stone-pits by Highgate-Houfe in

25. OF the Fourth Clafs, comprizing the Herbs that have a milky Genus quar.
Juice, and a compounded or aggregated Flower, confifting of many p.ég.
fmall Flowers, call’d by Tourafourt, Semiflofculi, which are tubulogs
toward the bottom, but the greater part of them flat like Leaves of
Flowers :

Sonchus Levis muralis, Ger. Ivy-leav’d Sow-Thiftle, or wild Lettuce
On the Tops of Willow-Trees by the -way, i ;

i oxy y Foot-way, betwixt Weekly
actuca [ylveflris major odore opis, Ger. The or
wild Lettins : ps ms frame

Hieracium latifolivm Pannonicum primum, Clufij. Broad leav’d Hun-
garian Hawkweed. According to Mr. Ray it 1s found in Bernack-
Heath in Northamptonfbire ; but I could never find it there.

Hieracivm fruticofum latifolium bir futum, C. B. Bufhy Hawkweed
with broad rough Leaves. ~ In Waorthorp Grove.

Hieractum  fruticofum anguflifolium magus, C. B. Narrow-leav’d
buthy Hawkweed. "In a Heathy Ground call’d the Kippon and the
Links nigh Kettering, very frequently.

Pulmonaria Gallica feu aurea latifolia, Ger. French or Golden Lung-
wort. On the Sides of the Road under Weorthor pe Grove.

Hyoferss mafcula, Ger. Small Swines Succory: in the Sandy Fields
at Saito ey

26. Of the Fifth Clafs, containing the Herbs with a enus qui
Difcoid Flower , that is, a Flower Er co of ye am
tle Flowers, digefted as it were into one and the fame Superficies 9
with a pappous and downy Seed, having no milky Juice : ?

Jacabaa montana lanuginofa angufbifolia non Laciniata, C. B. Moun-
tain Ragwort with an undivided Leaf: upon Wittering Heath.

Conyza carulea acris, C. B. Blue flowerd fiveet Fleabane. In the
Sandy dry Paftures nigh Kettering and Cranfley,

Helenium Ger. Elecampane. In the home Clofes at Rance ; but now
very rarely: and in the Grounds nigh the Church at Newiom Broom
[bold. Bbbbb Virga

 
 

470 The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 6
2 g—

rvianres, G 1 In Badby Wood.
Viroa aurea, Golden Kod. :
Graphlivom montanum alin, a Cudweed or Catf.
” ittering Heaths. )
oot. Upon Berrack and Wittering Heaths. :
gi in sdoratum flove albo eleganti pulfilla planta, {weet fmelling
whi doer Cudweed of Dr. Bowles in Phyt. Brit. which he
dire fry is found upon a goodly Heath by Bernack, is either the pre-
“of unknows her Botanifts.
sdent of unknown to all ot et kh,
T Baceharis Monfpelienfrum, Ger. Bitar s Spikenard. In the fha-
ear Fin, “that leads to Dudington.
ly Lane near Funfbead, that gion
% Finpatovium cannabinum, Park. Hemp Agrimony. On the Banks
¢ the pleafant Rill at Dadford. ; :
g Fl Arglicwm, Ger. T.ong-leav’d upright Cullweed. A-
mongft the Gust mn the {andy Ground at 7 borp- Malfor , and in the
andy Part of Nafeby Field. :
nines minimem, J. B. The fmalleft Cudweed : Upon Holy-
awell Heath. : ;
i's Po the Sixth Clafs, p. 85. viz. the Herbs with a Flower com-
: ! Ver vail’ 7 :
Genus Sex ee of Fiftular little Flowers, commonly call'd Herbe capitate ;
comes, | taining the Seed being round and tumid, belongs the
is the Cups containing i
dg Carduus ficllatns, Ger. Srar-Thiftle ; which be it never fo com-
mon in other Counties, is very rarein this. 1 have found it only
in the Eattern Partof the County by the Road Sides, near Oundle,
ford and Peterborough. ;
i i he more choice ones here, belonging to the Seventh Cit
: ? rip in Br Oe. containing thofe ca
Genus Sep- . Ray's Synop. Strip in Brit. p. go. Oc . g call
mam A A et that is, the Herbs with a Compounded Difcoid
> 7 i HH Wh L :
be Fiomet having folid Seeds, or fuch as have no Down adhering to
3 i.
them, are only thefe that follow: yo ae
ne acetim Ger. Tanty. 1 found it in the Corner of a Gorfy
Clofe, upon the Swuth-W eft Side of 7 horp- Malfor, in a Lane that
leads trom Upton into Alfworth Field, and on the Area of the old
Fortification in Stbertoft Wood. ; Hiei
Rr Of the Eighth Clafs, which contain all thofe with a perfect
Uncompounded Flower with naked Seeds, and only one fingle Seed
as to a Flower , 1 have noted only one, wx. Laduca Agmna Ger.
Bp Lambs-Lettuce, or Corn-Sallet, an Herb which is not very common
dn where. unlefs in the Lime-ftone Grounds at Culworth. ek
Je The more rare Sorts of Herbs of the Umbelliferous Kind, in
Genus oo- , the Ninth Clafs, p. 101. U feq. Raij Synop/. are thefe : Selinum Siz fo-
pron Jit Ger. Honewort or Corn-Parfley. In Oxendon, on a Bank on the
pe North Side the Street, a little above the bite Horfe Inn. :
Cancalis temnifolia flofenlis [ubrubentibus Raij, Fine-leav’d Bam
Parfley, with a fimall Purplith Flower : Near a Lime-ftone Pit a
3 anrer, copioully. h
Det Of "he “Tenth Clafs , the Herbs whofe Leaves encompafs
Genus deci- the Stalks at certain Intervalls, after the Manner of a Radiating Star,
mm ta therefore called Herbe Stellate, the following :

Afperula

 

————

Chap.6. of NoRTHAMPTONSHIRE, 371

Alperula Ger. Woodrooff. In Suly Woods, upon the Tarwel Side
cipecially.

P Rubel arvenfis repens cerulea, C. B. Little Field Madder. |
the Sandy Fields at Wittering.

Rubia Cynaachica, J. B. Squinancy-wort. Op Ufford Heath, par-
ticularly upon and nigh Long-dike Bank.

32. Of the Rough-leav’d Herbs in the Eleventh Clafs, p. 118. Ca
Rai Gems we

Conoglof folio virenti, J. B. The lefler Green-leav’d Hounds- poe **
Tongue. In Geddingion Chafe by the Road Sides.

Buglofla Sylveftris minor, Ger.” Small wild Buglfs. In the Fields
betwixt Aynbo and Brackley, copioufly.

Litbafpermum [ew milium [olis, J. B.” Gromwell or rather Gromill
Ina Lane nigh the Hermitage Houfe in Brampton Parifh.

33. Of the Herbe verticillate in the Twelfth Clas, p. 122. Rai Genus duo.
Synopf. Herbs fo called, becaufe their Flowers furround the Stalks zs, p. 12s.
in the Fathion of Verticilli, or little Whirls, the following :

Serpillm vulgare bir[urum Raij, Hoary wild Thyme. In divers
Places ; particularly nigh King’s-Cliff.

Serpillwm catratum, Ger. Lemon Thyme. In the dry barren Pa-
frures nigh Zhorp and Kettering,

Mentaftrum , Ger. Round-leaved Horfe-Mint. In Geddington
Church-Yard : And in the Channel of the Rill running down from
the Firft Head of the Weland, juft below Mr. Sunder’s Houfe in Si-
bertoft.

Pulegiym, Penny-Royal. In w
Common calld Rockingbambire.

Orig anum vulgare Spmtaneum, J.B. Wild Marjerom, nigh Finfbed,
in great Plenty.

Hor mum Sylvefire, Ger. Englifp wild Clary, in King’s-Thorp
Church-Yard, abundantly.

Mentha Cattaria, Cat-Mint, In the Lower Part of the County at
Stamford St. Martin's: In the Upper Part of I brup- Mandeville.

Sederitis bumilis lato obtuf, folio, Ger. Small Iron-wort, with blunt
Leaves. In the Turnip Grounds nigh 7 hornbaww: And in t
Wood-Grounds betwixt Rowel and Desborow,

Chamepitys vulg. Park. Common Ground-Pine. In Ufford Field
nigh Helpfiou Stone-pits.

Scordium, J. B. “Water Germander. In fome Ditches on the
Borders of the Novthamptonfbire Fens. It gives a Garlick-like Tafte
to the Milk of the Cows that feed upon it.

34. Of the Herbs with feveral naked Seeds fucceeding every Genes deci
Flower , which conftitute the 13th Clafs, p. 134. &c. Ray. Thefe: nim

Millefalivin aquaricrm foliss  Feeaicul , ®c.” C. B. Fennel-leav’dd ~~
Water Crowsfoot. In the River OQufe nigh Cofgrave: And in the
Nyue juft above Peterborough,

Ranunculus flames major, Ger. Great Spearwort. In the River
Ozfe, near Stratford,

n

.

atery Hollows in the fpacious

he plow'd

Viorna,

 
eh

¥ Ems FN

 

372 The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 6.

Viorna, Ger. Travellers Joy. Nigh Finfbed plentifully.
fs dn purpurea, Park. Paradis. Pafque Flower. Upon
Bernack Heath, and the Heaths adjoining, in great Plenty.
Pulfatilla rubra, Ger. Red Pafque Flower. This, as’ Dr. Bowles
tells us in Phyt. Br. grows on a Heath towards Bernack, where
there are Ten Thoufand of thefe Plants. I could never find it there,
and {ufpect the Doctor miftook the common one for this. :
deci. 35. OF the Herbe Baccifere, or Berry-bearing Herbs, in the
rom gue Fourteenth Clafs, p. 145. &c. Raj, thefe that follow:
vase” Lilium Convallium, Ger. Lilly Convally, or May Lilly. Some of
the Woods on the North Side of King’s-Cliff are full of it. ;
Herba Paris, Herb Paris : True Love or One Berry. In Whit-
tleborow-Yoreft : and in Brampton, and Cranfley Woods, though rare-
. Alfo in Hardwick Wood. : :
y Slate tr Ger. Dwale or deadly Night Shade. Nigh Peter-
borough. 5
Mofcatellina foliis Fumaria bulbofe, J. B. Tuberous Mofcatell. By
ae AE at Preflon : and on Mantles Heath in Farthingfion
{thip. Mr. Leake. ;
Genus decie Lota he Herbe Multifilique , Or the Herbs with feverai Pods
mum ui or {eperate Seed-Veffels fucceeding each o te Flowers which con-
tum Raf, ps rr : vs :
ise, itute the Fifteenth Clafs, p. 157. Raij, Thefe: :
Rp in vulgare , Orpine or Live-long. In Farthingfion Hayes:
alfo in Preflon Woods : and amongft the Rubbifh of the Ancient Ca-
le at Caftle-Dikes.
g AL vera radice tuberofa, J. B. Wall Penny-wort, or Navel
wort. Upen an old Wall at Peterborough beyond Almoners-Gate :
and in a Clofe upon a Sandy Bank nigh Church-Brampton , by the
Road to Chappel-Brampton. Mr. Gerard * tells us, it groweth plenti-
Emic.g 5-5. fully in Northampton, upon every Stone-Wall about the Town. Now
i fince the Fire and the rebuilding of the Town it is more rare ; but
on the old Walls about the Delapre nigh Northampton is enough
it.
g Blea, Ger. Bears-Foot or wild black Hellebore. In
the Clofes by Whitilewood Foreft. Mr. Manfel. 0
Aquileia flove fimpliciy J. B. Columbines. Sometimes on old Wil-
low Trees at Oxendon and Braybrook. :
Genus decie Ry OF the Sixteenth Clafs, p. 155, &c. The Herbs with a Mo-
mm Sex talous Flower, the following : \
nr pe fugax minor, Ger. Dwarf Autumnal Gentian. As well
on the Sandy; and Stony Hills with us, particularly nigh Eaflon jux-
ta Stamford, as on the chalky ones in other Countries.
Gentwanella fugax Autumnalis Elatior , 9c. Raij , The taller Au-
tumnal Gentian, with Centaury-like Leaves. In fome old Delves
igh Cranfly and Lodington, :
Aa pratenfis flore conglomerato, C. B. Little Throat Wort,
or Canterbury Bells. In the Lime-ftone Grounds at Culworth : 30d
nigh

 

Chap. 6. f NORTHAMP TONSIRIR = 373

nigh Worthorp, Barneck, and all thereabouts , efpecially upon the
Heaths and by the Road-Sides in great plenty.
Rapunculus Efculentus, C. B. Rampions. In Badby Wood, and in
fome Places in Whittlewood Foreft
Pinguicula Gefneri, Butterwort or Torkfbire Sanicle. In Northam. * Vid. ie
ptonfbire,plentifully according to the Phytologia Britannica *. It real Brit. fub vo.
grows in plenty in the mountanous and boggy Countries s Which. js i Foren
not the Character of this, And yet we find it here in feveral of the
little Bogs, upon the Sides of our Hills 5 patticularly nigh Harring-
ton and Wellingborough.
Both the Female Fluellins or Elatines of Parkinfon. In a plowed
Ground below Cranfly Wood,
Linaria Antirrbinum dicta, Reij: The leat Snap-dragon. In the
old Slate-pits, nigh Colly-I¥ efton.
Melampyrum Cri§tatum J. B Crefted Cow-Wheat. In the
Woods near Yarwell and Wosd- Ne wion, and iu Worthorp-Grove : As
alfo in a buthy Common, South-Weft of Braybrook.
38. Of the podded Herbs » With an uniform four-leav’d or tetra. Genus docs
petalous Flower, in the Seventeenth Clafs of Mr. Ray, p- 164, Le. a
Barbarea muralis, J. B. Wall Crefs or Tower Muftard, with ? "+
Daify Leaves. I found it in one of the old Slate-pits now cover’d
with green-Sod at Colly-Weflon ; but *tis an Herb extremely rare in
all the Eafternand Southern Parts of England.
Sinapi [ativum fecundum, Ger. Common Muftard. In the Clay-
land at Oxendon, and in fome of the neighbouring Fields of thel jke
Kind of Soil, in great Plenty and Perfection : infomuch that it is ga-

.

2

ther’d and fold about the Country by the poor People.

Nofiwrtivm aguativm amarum, Park. Bitter Creffes in a Bog in
Maydwell-dale Clofe, abundantly.

Cardamine impatiens altera birfutior, Raij. The leffer hairy impa-
tient Cuckow Flower , or Ladies Smock. At Lilford Water-Mill,
upon the Wall at the Head of the Mill-dam.

Raphanus aguatius alter, C.B, Water Radifh. In the Drains of
the Adventurers Land nigh Burrow-Fenn, it is frequent.

Myagrum, Ger. Gold of Pleafure. In this Countrey tis call’d
Dutch Flax and Cheat. It grew in a Flax-Ground in the bottom of
Dingley Lordthip nigh the Welland in 1705. !

Nafturtium Petreum, Tab. The Leffer Shepherds Purfe, or Rock
Crefs. Upon the Banks of the Stone-pits or Sand-pits nigh Little
Creaton.

I blafpi Diofcoridss, Treacle Muftard. On the Brink of a Stone- pit
in Wadenhoe Field, by the Way to Bilton.

39. In the Eighteenth Clafs, p-177,8c. containing the Tetrape- Genus decis
talons Anomalous Herbs. a:

vum Raj,

Both the Argemone’s or rough Baftard Poppies of Ger. as well that P 77
with a rounder as that with a longer Head, occur in our Red-land
Fields: The latter efpecially at Scaldwell,

Ccccec Tithy-

Wa ur ne woe Sw

i
wa

le dE RN

ori

 
i

374

Genus deci.
mum nonum
Raij, p. 186,

Genus vicel-
fimum Raif,
p- 198.

The Natwral HIST ORY Chap. 6.

Lithymalus Characias Amygdaloides, Ger. Wood-Spurge, grows
opioully in Sulebey or Suly Woods. Foon ; ;
Eis en Longifolius, Raij ; is fom in Cofgrave Field,

y 3orders of Oxendon Field, tho rarely. -
os . on ge det Herbs , or thofe with a Papilionaceors
Flower, the Nineteenth Clafs, p. 186, i feq. The following are
rf N ti >, :
0, Sylueftris Dodoner , the other great wild Lathyrus, or
E verlaiting Peafe of Mr. Ray. This is found at Cofgrave, and on
the South-Eaft Side of Bus row-Hill, as alfo in Brampton and Siber-
Is. % ;
Has Leguminofa , Crimfon Grafs Vetch. About a Mile from
Oundle, in the Clofe on the Right Hand the Road to the Church-
I)

‘ield near the Gate. » : :
Dr radice nodofa,Park. Bird’s-foot Vetch. Plentifully inthe
Sandy Part of Spratton and Creaton Fields, upon the Balks and Las.

Glycyrrhiza Sylvest. Park. Wild Liccorice. In Rowel and in

mg fled Fields. : Xp
Re Sari bir futum, &c. N. 8. inter Trifolia Raij, Footed
Trefoil with fofter Heads. On the Road-fide betwixt Brixworth an

Lamport. To thefe we may add that Variety of the greater Bird’s-
foot Trefoil, if it be not a diftinét Species, which is found with us,
in fome Copfes and open Woods, particularly in a Part of Sowernefs
Wood near Great Qakly. 1t is lower, more upright, and has more
Hoary Leaves, than the Common Greater Bird's-foot Trefoil.

41. Of the Pentapetalons Vafeuliferons Herbs of the Twentieth
afs Ibidem, p. 198. Oe. the following :

pi Sila alba 9. Clufii, Wild white Catch-Fly. In the Corn be-
twixt Harringworth and Wakerly. :

N Cwniin vulgaris luteo flare; C. B. Dwarf C RI or Little Sun-
Flower. In the Grounds nigh Fmfbed, and on Ufford and Wittering-
Heaths : on the Sandy Heaths of that re of the County as fre-

ently as on the Chalky Hills in Cambridg/bire. :

rn prdebram rags: Small upright St. Fobu's-Wort, On
the Links nigh Kettering, and the Furzy Groundsat Thorp-Ma or:

Hypericum munus fupinum , Park. The leaft Trailing St. Fobn's-

Wort. With the former.

Androfemum_velgare, Park. Tutfan Or Park-Leaves.

Woods about the Mineral Spring at King's-Cliff.. :

Anagallis lutea, Ger. Yellow Pimpernel o the Woods. In a moift

Wood or Grove on the North Side of Pychley. ;

Alfie tetrapetalos caryophilloides , Raij : The leaft Stichwort.  A-
mongft the Gorfe in Thorp- Malfor Lordfhip. : ;

Caryophillus Holofteus Arvenfis medius, Raij : The Middle Stich-
wort. In one of Fleetwell Grounds betwixt Oxendon and Braybrook.

Caryophillus Holofteus Arvenfis birfutus, Yc. C. B. Long-leavd
rough Chickweed, with a large Flower. In Brixworthand Boughton

Fields, particularly near the Highways. "

In the

 

Chap. 6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

Alfie tennifolia, J. B. Fine-leav’d Chickweed. Near Finfbed and
Duddmgton by the Road Sides,

Alfine  Paluflris folus  tenuiffimss y Jeu Jaxifraga Paluflyis al fine
folie; Ger. Small Water Saxifrage. This Plant was unknown
and undefcribed , till Mr. Goodyer | a very Curious Botanift
difcover’d it, as he tells us *, growing plentifully on the Boggy
Ground below the Red-Well of Wellingborough in Northam tonfbire,

oO

in 1626. Since that Time it has been frequently obferv’d in Enoland
I have found it in the Place above-mentioned, and in F
the like Bogs in the Sandy Part of the Country.

Alfine parva Palufiris tricoccos, &e. Raij: Small Water-
Upon Badby Downs.

of Parnaffus. On the little Bogs in

fundry other
Purflain, by

fome called Blinks.

Gramen Parnaffi, Ger. Grafs
Thorp and Rowel Lordfhips.

Vila Martia Purpurea, Ger. Purple Sweet Violets.
the Glebe Clofes at Maidwell: and at Stoke-Doile.

Viola irachelii folio: Violet with Throat-wort Leaves. At the Bot-
tom of an old Stone-pit nigh Walcot, Mr. Bletfoe : Alfo in Brampton
Woods.

Refeda vulgaris, C. B. Bafe Rocket. In a Ground nigh Finfbed.

Luteola, Ger. Wild Woad, or Dyers Weed. This for its Ufeful-
nefs in Dying, was formerly fown upon moft of the Stone-pit
Grounds about Kettering by a Glover there 5 So that ’tis very com.
mon all thereabouts.

Geranium lucidum, J. B. Shining Doves-Foot, Cranes-Bill.
the Stone-Walls at Barneck, and at Stamford St. Martins.

Linum Sylvefire ceruleum perenne erelius, &c. Raij : Wild Peren-
nial Blue Flax, the Larger. On the Balks of Corn-Fields about
Barneck and Wittering Heaths : alfo in W. orthorp Lane.

Plantagmella Palufhis, C. B. Baftard Little Plantain. In Kelmar(b

Lane.

Clematis Dapbuoides major,
North End of Suthorp, und
near no Garden. Mr. Blet oe.

Centaurium luteum perjoliatum, C. B. Yellow Centory. In the bar-
rener Paftures at Thorp” Malfor, with the common Centory, tho far
more rarely,

Verbalcum mgrum, Ger. Sage-leav’d and Black Mullen.
nigh the Lane betwixt Wosdeock- Hall and Loddington.

Nummularia minor flore purpurafcente , Ger. Purple flower’d Mo-
ney-wort. In the Bogs on the Side of Halfton Heath,

Ros [lis folio rotundo, Ger. Rofa Solis, or Sun-Dew, with round
Leaves. Upon fome of the Bogs at Halfton.

Millefolium aquaticum dium Viola aquatica, J. B. Water Violet.
In our Fen-Ditches, particularly thofe ar Sir Fobn Shaw's Decoy.

42. Of the Herbs with a B
P- 224. Fc, thefe that follow are wirh us obfervable.

In one of

Upon

C. B. The greater Perewincle. At the
era Stone-Wall, in great Plenty, and

In and

———

375,

*Vid. Gor.
Emac. p.s68.

ulbous Root in the 21ft Clafs, bid. Genus viet.

imum pri.

mum Rai,

Allium ® *+

 
 

-
——————————————

376

"The Nawal HIST ORY Chap. 6.

sarli he Fence-
Park. Crow-Garlick. It grows upon the
i wa : and in the Meadow nigh Poddock’s Spring be-
twixt Thorp and Kettering. . fd
ium Sylvefire latifolium , C. B. Ramfons. Tr ;
ie ia Wi at Foreft: And in the Woods at the South Side
iff: igh Suly Lodge.
“ Sn a C. B Meadow-Saffron. In the Meadow
nigh Kingfiborp. 1 have found it alfo in Cranfly Wood. oy Clk
icf 43 Ot the Herbs related to the Bulbous ones in the 2 5
Genus vicel- .
fimum fecun- *7 15e. thefe. ; ;
on Sag, Hn Be. Quarta Clufii : Little Por fone 4 eh,
di ‘ Stoney Ground by the Road betwixt Duddington am-
a And on the Borders of the Neighbouring
9)
Heaths. ; ;
or [piralis alba odorata, J. B. Triple Ladies From oy
Way from Werckton to Weekly Wind oihudie ry Soy] en
bis pufilla odorata, Park. 1354. The Yellow Sv
Ghat ier Place Two Miles from Stamford, in the Way to
. rret's ton. ¥ J
Er Mpyodes, &e. J. B. The Sena Fly-Orchis. In Rufbton
Pp 7 ~ . . . ’
‘ildernefs, within the Thickets or Groves.
i mellitias, Ger. The Bee-Orchis. gon a Bufhy Common,
setwixt Blathersuick and Finfbed, in great Plenty. ]
ee or Spider Orel of be Bonthes 10 Heh
4t. which he tells us there, p. 82. is a brave Plant, and flows -
gh in it grows upon an old Stone-pit Ground, itch How
G een, hard by Walcot, a Mile from Barneck, as fine a Place o >
i h . of rare Plants , as ever he beheld, is, 1 doubt not the Ore is for
Bs re Sphegodes bir[uto flore, J. B. or Humble-Bee Satyrion, i"
aL Wirgs, which it’s likely grows nigh Walcot and 1 have {een
it growing upon a Stoney Ground nigh King s-Claff. Wr
Tr he Celis palmata minor flore lute wirids, Raij, or the Frog- Pe
his, has been found in the Stone-pits by Fofter s-Booth, upon the
hus fide, by Mr. Aylefworth ot Wellesburn in Warwnckfbire.
To fre a In the Bufhy Common South-weft of Braybrook.
jens vicef g Of the Grafs-leav’d Herbs with an imperfect or Stamineous
fm er fia and a Stalk or Blade like that of Corn, Vid.Claffem [ex Ge-
Sr nus Vcc finn 1 eruum, Raij, Ibid. P- 244, @c. the following are
more obfervable: Fe
came Arundinaceum panicula [padicea, &c. C. B. Ree
hg a Pa at Panicle. By Wilmore Park-fide, and in
sorfy Grounds nigh Radflon. I
Oot Tint oriing [pica longsffima, Ger. Capon’s-Tail Grafs. Upon
sarden-walls of 7 bor - Malfor.
En rn panicula purpurea Argentea, D. psy:
Out-Grafs with purplith fhining Panicles. At the bottom of Little
Osendan Hedges, below the Old Mill-Hill in Osendon Field.

Gramen

 

 

Chap. 6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR B

377
Gramen nemorofum bir [utum latifolium maximum, Raij, The Great-
eft Broad-leav’d Hairy Wood Grafs. In fome Old Stone-pits now
o’re-grown with Wood, about a Mile Southwards of Cliff.
45. Of the Grafs-leav’d Herbs with an Imperfect Flower

that Genus vicef.
have not a Blade like that of Corn, comprizd in the 24th Clas, fin qu.
Vid. Raij Synop. Stir. Brit. p. 261, 9c. the following : j

p. 261,
Gramen Cyperoides Polyfiachion majus Jpicis teretibus erectis, Raij.
Great Cyperus Grafs with round upright Stalks.

In a Pool by the
Way from Hafelbich to the Stone-pit Clofe in the fame Lord (hip,

Gramen Cyperoides angufiifolium [picis paris [effilibus in Joliorum Alis,
Raij , Narrow-leav'd Cyperus Grafs, with fhort feffile Spikes. In
a Ditch in the Vicarage Clofe at Brigflocky very near Harper's
Brook.

Cyperus Gramineus, J. B. Millet Cyperus Grafs. In a {mall Brook
on the Right Hand of the Road from 7 borp-Malfor to Kettering.
Juncus montanus palufiris, Raij, Mofs-Rufh, or Goofe-Corn. Upon
the Links nigh Kettermg.

Gramen junceum capfulis triangulis cauliculis temubus, foliss ad nodss
prelongis, Raij. Upon Budby Downs.

ramen juncexm clavatum = minimum , Ue. Raij: Marfh Rufh-
Grafs with Fleawort Heads. In a {mall Gutter in Moorith
Ground on the North-fide of Badby. This Rufh-Grafs is the fame
with Juncus Equifeti minor ¢o fuitans, C. B. Raij Syn. 278. as ’tis

agreed by all our Botanifts at 7.ondyn,

T 46. Of the Anomalous Herbs of the 25th Clafs, Ibid. 278, 1c. Genus vicer
hefe :

fimum quin-
tum Raj,

Nymphaa lutea minor flare fimbriato: The | «fler Yellow Water Lil- ? 7+.
ly witha fringed Flower. In the River a little above Peterborough
plentifully.

Millefolium aquaticum minus, Park. Small Water Millefoil. In the
Nyne nigh Peterborough, together with the Millefolium aquaticum
equifeti folium, &c. Raij, or Horned Water Millfoil.

Millefolium palufiye galericulatum, Ger. Hooded Water Milfoil. In
the Ditches by the River-fide, betwixt Longthorp and Peterbora

Militaris Aizoides, Ger. Frefh-water Soldier, or Water Aloe. In
the Fen-Ditches, together with the leaft Water Lilly, or Frog-bit.

Potamigitoni affinis Graminifilia aquatica, Raij: Water Grafs with
fmall crooked Pods. In St. Helen's Well at Oxendon.

Myo[uros, J.B. or Moufe-Tail. In the Gardens and Fields at
T bor p- Malfor.

Cufcuta, Ger. Dodder, or Hell-weed. Upon Beans and Nettles at
Cofgrave : Upon Beans at Oxendon,

47. Of the Trees and Shrubs in Mr. Ray's Synop]. Stirp. thefe
that follow, I Boron, are not unworthy Notice here.
: Fagus, or the Beech Tree. I have feen it in a fall Wood on the
South fide of Marfim-Truffel, about a Mile from the Town.
Caftanca, the Chefnut Tree. It grows fpontaneoufly in the Wood
calld Stumps, nigh Fay thing flone.

Ddddd Alnus

ugh.

om a a TE

ny

 
 

3738

* Vid. Ger.
Emac.p.48

The Natural H I ST 0 RT Chap. 6.

Alnus Vulgaris, The common Alder Tree. At T hornbar,

Funiperus, The Juniper Tree. On the Heathy Ground nigh
Brackly. J u :

Salix folio Amyodalino corticem abjiciensyRaij : Almond leav’d Wil-
low that cafts its Bark. Nigh Preflon, and at Sir Fobn Shaw’s De-
coy below Peakirk, where, if I miftake not, “tis call'd the Kit-

Willow.
Salix caprea acuto longoque folio yD. Sherard. ‘In the fame Place

with the former. ¥

Salix folio longo fublut eo viminibus luteis, &c. Raij: The long-leav’d
Yellowith Sallow. In a Willow Holt at Zhurnby, and at Sic Fobn
Shaw's Decoy. “Tis call'd the Stone Rod and Stone Ozier by the

Basket-makers here. ;
Sorbus torminalis, Ger. The common wild Service-Tree. In the

Woods near Oundle and Cliff.
Rola fylveftris odorata, Ger. The Sweet Briar or Eglantine. Inthe

Grove at Great Oakly Hall. :

Rofa canna Fr frutu rotundiore, 1. Plot, Nat. Hift. Oxford.
Cap. 6. 9. 41. The white flower'd Dog-Rofe. "Tis here almoft as
common as the common wild Briar, in Little Oxendon Hedges on
the Eaft-fide of the Grounds.

Rofa pimpinelle folio, Ger. Burnet Rofe. At the Foot of Burrow-
Hill by Daventry, on the South Side of the Hill : and on Buckby
Heath in fome few Places.

Ribes frudunigro, Ger. Black Currants. Nigh the Banks of Kings.
Thorp River, not far from Northampton.

Cerafus [ylveftris fruclu migro, J. B. Black-Cherry Tree. In the {mall
Wood betwixt Sibertoft and Mar flon.

Ebulus; Dwarf-Elder or Danewort. It grows in the Borders of
the Ficlds and Highways ; as in Harding§tome, Boughton, and Whilton
Lordfhips.

Erica Brabantica, &c. J.B. Low Dutch Heath. Together with
the Genista Afpalathoides, or Needle Furze, upon Halstm Heath.

Tiha femina, Ger. The common Lime or Linden Tree. Mr. Ge-

,, rard * {ays that it grows in Woods in Northamptonfbire ; which indeed
is true ; but ’tis not frequent, unlefs in the Woods near 7 bornbaw.

48. Mi/Jeltoe, tho common enough all over Rockingham Foreft, is fel-
dom or never found in that of Whitleborough, Of all the various
Kinds of Trees upon which it grows, tis found upon none more
rarely than on the Dogs-Rofe ; Yet even of this there was not long
fince an Inftance in that call'd the Rail-Coppice at Kirby. And here
permit me to enter the following Obfervation concerning that uncom-
mon Kind of Plant. Sir 7ho. Brown in his Cyrus’ Garden, p. 172.
8vo. tells us, that he could never make Miffeltoe grow where Nature
had not planted it : And that he had in vain attempted it by Inocu-
lation and Infition upon its Native and Foreign Stock : and that the
Seed will not fucceed by Sation in any manner of Ground. But the

Honourable Captain Charles Hatton has been more fuccefsful in his
Expe-

 

Chap. 6. of NorTHAMPTONSHIR &

Experiments upon ‘this Plant. That | i
] : ngenious Ge avi
Sala flanting Infition to be ‘made in fe Bark i a:
Pop 3 ee fish Xoo, 9 a Miffeltoe Seed with the Slime
ut into the Slit, in March : it ch: in Sj
Weeks Space, and thot out to half an Inch in ri igh ii
Ten Weeks more ; but then witherd away. He causd the like
Tr vs to'be ‘made on feveral other Trees, but none of the i :
ii fo well as that on the Poplar. And shu perhaps had fice
4 Je had the Mifleltoe Seed been inferted with its Slime about
it. y r. Darby a Gardener at Hoxton nigh London has now rowing
# 0 Bren) 9s the Reverend Mr. Stoneflreet informs me 3 Miffel.
oe, froma Seed whic , s
i ¢ put between the Bark and Wood of an
49. To this Catalogue of the Plants of thi C
beg Leave to fubjoin the Two following Obrrane rn] uy
i i je unufual Accidents attending them
The Firft is, That every one of the Plants nol;
7 3 e s of the Eno i
= Quon fet Sve vi the Difpenfatary, that is, lo Nu
requent Ufe in Phyfick, may be foy 1 ild
hi 5 a y be tound growing wild in one of other
I'he Second is, That our Sandy Soils. fi
y Soils, fuch as that at ‘
Jor and Spratton, excel the Clayland as to Variety of Sh
Sloot as far excell'd in that refpet by the Stoney Soils, or th 'S i
ying pretty near to Stone,and having a copious Admixture of Ke lo
i he Rafer of which has been hinted already inCh. Parts,
at above all the reft, thofe Places in the St il tha
heretofore been digged up f i a a tare
ere gged up for Quarries, do indeed
rey of Ree eos ye will give the beft Bos Noss
ota}, I this the old Delf i
Se. LO e es at Barneck and nigh-Walcot are
50. In noting the obfervable Accidents of the PI
jo. lL Vi ants of i
and Gardens, for under this Head we may take in ly Ta
gin het attending the Herbs and Shrubs, Thefe, fo far asl
Ave oblerved, are more liable to accidental Chan e
Fities in their Flowers, than in any one Part of AR ey
g fpsdss to be owing to this, That the Particles which conftitute the
Sn S ye S%enlly more al fubtle, and tender, than thofe that
h 3 Otalks, Leaves and Seeds are made of. and ar ¢
h fore fubject to Accidental Variations. The ACs pe
o treat of, relating to their Flowers, are of feveral Kinds =
(1.) With regard to the Colour of them. f
(2.) The Number of their Leaves : and
(3) Lhe Pofition of them.
5! As to Changes in the Colour of a F)
31. As to Chang ower , fr tr
erly £) fe inRate, from a Blue or er ge
» 0d Tleth-colour or White, which are commonly. »
Siprobaty fuppofed to proceed from a Defect of ne Ih ~
ve teen the Flowers of fo many quite different Kinds of them thus

chang’d

 

1s, before I pro-

————

379

be

Ba

ae

 
 

 

Chap. 6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 381

380 The Natural H ISTORY Chap. 6. Thefe in the forecited Inftances are entire and total Changes of

1 f the FI : : : iy Do O
hang'd, as tempts me to think that there is no Species whatever ; Hee ie he Flower Ty if i eats wb, wild Indigenany
of Herbs but may happen into fuch Circumftances as will induce that Y this sound a remarkable Example in 2 Wi Ys yu wore. Of
iron in the Colour of their Flowers. I fay, hd fper Into Soh above-mention‘d Ingenious Ca at es ee f she
Gireumitanes i For ho thelice es Fy 2 Jnlorme Drought, toi out of he Beighbouring Field; a Geranium Batrachoi-
iy i Dex pr in this Affair is owing to an unaccountable Flower with white DL Rs ray Fernegiied, its bith purple
1 en than to the moft skilful Managery. With relation tinued to produce the fame Variet Eo Year = ¥ : oy d fb
o Tolips, the Ingenioas Mr. Manfel of Cofgrave, a skilful and Spe . amongft the common or bluifh eX Digitalss, rs ona 5
rienc’d Tulipift, has obferv’d, that the Roots raifed from Seeds in . one being accidentally ( tho not unfrequently) found, its Seed conti.

oO
ange ; as has been proved by

 

the Netherlands, which are called Breeders, do by various Cultures i nues its own Colour without any Ch
produce Variety of variegated Flowers of very Noble Kinds, Con- Ef above thirty Years Experience Mr, Manfel’s Garden at Colgrave. ,
ftant and lafting ; according to Dr. Lifter’s Obfervation in hi Four- . So that thefe are Excepticns to the general Rule in Dr. Plor*, CF hat Nor Lat
ney to Paris. In this manner Mr. Manfell has change very “the Seeds of a Plant with a difcolour’d Flower Lring forth only [uch 2dr.
near 200 Sorts, fome of. them admirable and valuable: Bus cas to « whofe Flyers are of the lmary Clr, Bat Ley fe Sep Ean
the Old Englifb Stock of Self-colour’d Tulips, he obferves they are | are fown in very good Earth, then indeed the degenerate Flowers
never to be chang’d by Art or Age. Br] = for the moft part recover.
52. Befides the Flowers which are more frequently o fort to 54. No doubt this Variation in the Colour of the Flowers above-
lofe the Richer Colour which is natural to their Kind, and degene- mentioned is chiefly owing to fome De Fo 10 tine. Nein ae
rate into a Preternatural #Whitenefs , for Inftance, thofe of Blue-bot- Which defect proceeds fometimes from the Barremne[s of the Soil
tle, Meadow-Pink, the Lefer Scabious, the greater Canterbu; y-Bells, ~The Musk Thiftle, Vipers Buglofs, and fome others of them hap-
the round-leav’d Bellflower, and Englifp Hyacinth, which Se yan) . pen’d to have white Flowers ; they growing in more than ordinary
rally Blue: thofe of the Greater Knap-Weed, Fonglove, Ma & fieril Ground : The fimple Carnations and Tulips of deeper Colours
Hemp, Prickly Reftharrow, and {weet-fcented Vio ih ic are | by being remov'd into a leaner fan dy Earth; become Rat
ufually Purple : and that of Eye-bright Cow-wheat, whofe genuine | white, or with fome other of the lighter Colours. And fometimes
Colour is Red or Reddifh , I have met with here fome more uncom- . that Defect proceeds from the want of a due Supply of Water or
mon Accidents of the fame Kind. Thefe are, . Heat, or both. For if the Ground be rich and hearty enough, yet

ow ow owe We as ue ou Ge hs

: : i inftead of B® :
The Musk-Thiftle, with a Flower as White as Snow, ml | if there be not a due Quantity of Water, and Heat, to convey a {if
its ordinary Purplifh Flower , Juft within the Bounds of Morcbey ficient Sock of proper vegetative Matter into the Veffels of he Plant,

Wood upon the Benefield Side, in the Road to Sathwick, in great WE oo plainly all one as if it ftood in the barreneft Earth. This laft
Plenty. ; ; hed. nC of EB take to be the Caufe of the preternatural white Colour in fome of
Wild Marjoram hh White Flower : at Finfbed, in Company ] our gommon Garde Plaers (hee gush Soke of the Gardens are not
thers with the Natural Purple ones. wholly free from this Accident. efe tho they have plenty o
§ er Buglofs and Wild Succory, which have naturally Blue or good Mould about them , will notwithftanding hil ie :
Purple, with Milk-white Flowers : near Rowell. white, either through the Drinefs of the Seafon, or elfe the Coldnefs
To thefe the Ingenious Mr. Manfell of Cofgrave adds, The Pong 4 of it. Thofe in particular that come of Seeds that are fown over-late
Centory, as we commonly call it : as alfo Self-beal ; both i e in the Year, if they happen to flower the fame Year whilft the Sun’s
ures me he has found ‘with White Flowers, fomewhere nigh Co/- B® Power is fmall, are fubje& to this Change. So likewife for thofe
Wise produced by Herbs that were tranfplanted over-late in the Year. I
8 53. The Plant entitled, Armoraria Jrve Lychnis plumaria flore albi- had an Inftance of it not long fince ina Digitalis ferruginea, Dusky Fox
do elegante, Wild Williams with an elegant Whitifh Flower, Shfeevd Glove, in my Garden at Oxendon ; which having by that means been
by a Ditch in the Long Lane betwixt Daventry and Pre-Bi ge i hindred of tlowering at its ufual time in July, brought forth in the
Northampionbire, by Mr. Stoneboufe*, does not at all differ, I am fa- middleof November, a whitifh Flower, inftead of its ordinary Ruf-
son Tub ve. tisfied. from the common Meadow-Pink, unlefs in the Colour of Its fet one. Not but that over much Heat may fometimes occafion that
ce. Flower; and therefore not taking it for a diftinét Species, I place i Defett in the Colour of Flowers, as well as a too {mall Degree of it.
not amongft the Peculiar Plants of the County, but here, among This it may do by bearing up the Matter that fhould conftitate a per

thofe which have accidentally White Flowers. I the rather do this, fect Flower with fo {wift a Motion , that it does not fettle in the

becaufe that Gentleman, I obferve, has put in feveral Accidental Va- Eceee Flower

rieties, {uch as are inconteftably fo, for diftinct Species, into the

Phyt. Brit. Thefe

g i eg oy = pe bag oh

 
 

35

~The Nawad HIST ORT Chap 6.

Plower-Veflels, but paffes off at the Extremity of them. There
may be fill another Caufe of the Imperfeétion in the Colour of a
Flower, that is, fome accidental Obftruttion in thofe Veflels that
convey the Marter of the Leaves, which may arife from fundry Ca-
(inalities : and where aPlant wants nothing that fhould make it thrive
as effectually as the reft of its Kind , yet produces a Flower that’s
imperfedt, we may fitly pitch upon this as the Occafion of it.

ss. As feveral forts of Flowers are obferv'd to change white
through fome defeét in their Nourifhment : So there are others that
obtain a deeper Colour than 15 natural to their Kind, perhaps by
mieans of an abundant and extraordinary Supply of vegetable Mat-
ter. But the Inftances of this fort are comparatively very few, and
thofe only or chiefly of Flowers that are cultivated in Gardens. The
Learned Dr. Wigmore of Northampton affures me, that he had once
in his Garden at CE a Lyfimachia virgmiana, Virgini-
an Willow Herb, vulgarly Tree-Primrote, whofe Flowers are natu-
rally yellow, with a curious Scarlet one, wherein it was fingular in-
deed ; for in the fame Garden were many Virginian Willow-Herbs ,
none of which had Scarlet Flowers, excepting this. But of this,
'tis to be obferv’d, that it grew by a Wall-fide, juft underneath fome
Pigeon-Holes, in a Spot of Ground made warm, and exuberantly
fertile, with the Pigeons Dung ; whereunto the Doétor, not without
good Reafon, attributes this Rich and Beautiful Colour of his Lyfi-
machia.

56. Moft of the Double Flowers of our Gardens, and particu-
larly thofe of the White and Red-flower’d Lycbnifes , which are in
no Regard different from the common Single ones, that are found in
our Fitlds and Woods, I am of Opinion, came originally from the
Seeds of Single Lychnifes, whether growing wild or in Gardens,
whofe Flowers happen’d to have more Leaves than ordinary, thro’
fome extraordinary Fertility or Richnefs in that particular Spot of
Ground that produc’d them. 1have obferved of fome that were once
Double, particularly of Double Columbines, that having been fown,
either of themfelves, or by the Hands of Men, Year after Year, in
a barrener Earth, they do again become Single: And of the Tulips
with the Supernumerary Leaves in the Flower, (which are not un-
frequently produced of fome of thefe called Breeding Tulips ) that
by great Care and skilful Managery, they have grown very beautiful

ouble Flowers in Two or Three Years.

The moft uncommon Inftance I have met with of Double Flowers
from Herbs having ordinarily and naturally Single ones, is that of a
Double-flower’d Red Pimpernel, Anagallis flore pheniceo, which 1
found in Mr. Afbby's, a Curious Apothecary’, Garden, at Kettering.
Whether the Séeds fucceeding this Double Flower afterwards produ-
ced the like, was not obferved.

57. But of all the Accidents attending the Flowers of Vegetables,
1'know of none fo remarkable as that of the Preternatural Pofition
of ‘their Leaves in the following Inftance. Th
: at

a

Chap.6. of NORTHAMPTONSHILRE

That is, Of a Rofe, if I may call it fo, which I fo

Damask Rofe-tree in Mr. an Garden at Buti gon pon 2
Leaves did not come all together in a Clufter or Head upon a Foot-
fralk in the vlual way, but difperfedly upon a Branch of the Rofe-
tree, which with this Attire of Flowers upon it refembled, at a tran-
fient View, the Spike of fome Verticillated Plants. There was
no Appearance of any Husk or Calix. The Middle Part of fome of
the Flowers was in Subftance the fame with the Leaves of the
Branches, and others of them were prettily ftrip’d with the fame Sort
of Foliaceous Subftance, and feem’d to be compos'd, about one Half
of them, of the fame Matter that the Leaves of the Tree confit of.
At the Bottom of the Spike, if it may be fo called, was one fin le
Leaf of the Flower, fuch as it was: and oppofite to it, a Branch of
the Rofe-tree. ?

58. In 9. 50. fupr. 1 intimated, that of all the Parts of a Plant

the Flowers were molt fubjeét to Contingencies in their Growth,
But indeed, as to one of the Particulars treated of above, that is
Defect in Colour : this perhaps is as often obferved in the Leaves, as
in tlie Flowers, of Plants. Nay, the very Stalks of Plants are fone
times ftrip’d in like manner as the Leaves. But of this 1 never faw
more than one Inftance, which was of an Auricula Stalk ina Garden
at Thorp-malfor in this County. Strips of White in the Leaves of
Plants are fo common, that for Inftances of this, I need only name
the Ground-Ivy , Meadow-Sweet, Sweet-Vidlet, Silver-Weed, White-
Archangel, Penny-Royal, Mugwort , Spatling-Poppy , common Way
a bifile, and the great Reed-Grafs with Chatty Heads. Not to men-
tion any thing here of the Exotick Herbs we have growing in our
Gardens,

59- Two of thefe Kinds of firip'd Herbs above recited, I took a
particular Notice of,

(1.) The common Way-Thiftle with Leaves vary’d with White, a
great Number of which I found growing in the Summer, 1702. by
a Road-fide near Deantborp, upon a Piece of Ground that was crack’d
all over with the Summer’s Heat, which fhew’d the White Colour
in their Leaves was owing to a Defect in their Nourifhment ; the
Thiftles that grew in the moifter and richer Ground hard by, being
none of them thus variegated : they having a more copious Supply of
thofe Vegetable Particles that are proper for the Formation and In-
crement of the Leaves of Plants: and which, when affembled and
collected into thicker Maffes, exhibit a Green Colour, when only
Ma Shines and more difperfed Collection, as in thefe Stripes, appear

(2.) The Creat Reed-Grafs with Chaffy Heads, which 1 found
with an Elegantly Variegated Leaf growing with others of the fame
Species, only not ftriped, under Long-thorp Field, upon the Banks of
the River Nyne, below Bortle-Bridge Stairs. Itappeard to me to be
the very fame Sort of Grafs, in all Regards, which the Gramen pani-
culatum folio varicgato, C. B. that pretty Stripd Grafs, which is

common

383

IRS

3 2 p ¥ Fi £; <3 7
Baek a

 
 

The Nawal HIST OR Chap. 6.

 

common in our Gardens, and here vulgarly called Silver-Grafs,
"Tis likewife, I fuppofe, from fome Defect of Nourithment, that
the gilded wild Marjoram, found in the Woods nigh Suley, has its
Yellow Stripes and Patches. But I cannot fo readily account for the
Black Specks and Streaks, which I have frequently obfervd in the
Leaves of Arum, or Wake-Robin.

60. Not only the Leaves of Herbs, but thofe of Indigenous Shrubs
and Trees of divers Kinds, are fometimes variegated with White.
To inftance only in Two or Three, that are particularly obfervable,
Mr. Manfel obferved a Haw-thorn thus ftriped in Whitile-Wood.
The very Worthy 7. Bridges, Efg; in a Hedge of plain Hollies of
his own raifing at Barton, tound one of them edg'd, as I remember,
with White ; which is the only Curiofity of the Kind, I have ever
{een or heard of in this County. Sometimes the Difcoloration goes
fo far, that the Leaves are almoft all over White. Such were thofe
of an Elder-Tree, which I faw in the Garden of the Ingenious
F. Woodhall, Efq; at T bengford.

61. "Tis not more unufual to meet with Shrubs and Trees, whofe
Leaves are variegated with Teds , (I do not now fpeak of them,
that having been accidentally ftriped , are increasd and propagated
by Art ) asalfo with others, whofe Leaves are well oh quite turn'd.
Near the uppermoft Pond at Lamport there grows anAfh,which almoft
every Year about the Middle of Summer, has a Part of its Leaves
of a difcolour'd Yellow Hue : And yet no fuch thing appears in any
one of the Afhes thereabouts befides ; tho’ in all other Refpeéts they
feem to be like this. But the moft Curious Variegation in the Leaves
of Plants, is, certainly, when the Veins, as we commonly call them,
of the Leaf are of a quite different Colour from the other Part of it.
THis very Thing I obferved in the Leaves of an Elder-tree, in a
Hedge at Helmdon: as alfo in thofe of a Black-berry Bufh, on the
Weft Side of Kettering , nigh the Brook. The Veins in both were
Yellow, the other Part of the Leaves of the natural Green Colour.
The Veins in the Leaves of thefe Two Plants, as in others, are moft
orderly and neatly branched and fpread ; the Collateral Veffels,
which proceed from the main or middle Vein, being parted into {mal-
ler ones, and thofz into innumerable little Vefiels inotculating one ano-
ther ; fo that diftinguifh’d with a Yellow Colour, as they are in the
Two above-mention’d Inftances, they appear like a Kind of Curious
Embroidery upon the Leaves. Whether, if the Plants they grow
upon were removed into Gardens, they would continue to produce
the like, is a Queftion I cannot determine.

62. For the Seeds of thefe Variegated Plants of whatfoever Kind :
It has been in vain expected, that they fhould produce new Plants
variegated alfo. But here the Auricula is to be excepted ; for from
the Seed of one Variegated, feveral others have been raifed with the
fame Variegation, in Mr. Manfel’s Garden, at Cojgrave. My Opinion,
as to the Firft Original of all ftrip’d Plants, in fhort, is this, that
tis generally accidental. 1 know fome Gardeners prepare Maid

wit

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

Chap. 6.

with Lime, Brick-duft, and other Things of the like Nature, and
thence have produced fome Variegated Plants, tho’ by far a fmaller
Number than thofe upon whom the Compofition wou’d not operate.
Of Hollies there is a Twofold more confiderable Variegation with
refpect to the Parts of the Leaves, that is, fome are ftriped thre’
the Leaf, or, as the Gardeners call it, bloached , others only edged;
of which it is obfervable, that the Bloached are apt by long ftand-
ing to-run back into their Primitive Green : but the Edged are fixd
and conftant. And this is true not only in Hollies, but Box, ie.
In the leffer ftrip’d Plants, frequent removing, I have obferv’d, pre-
ferves the Stripe, and prevents their running back ; otherwife they
will all return.

63. Here in this Place we may fitly confider the Cafe of Barley
and Wheat turning Pale and Yellow in our Fields, thofe efpecially of
a Clayey Soil, ina warm Seafon fucceeding a great deal of Rain.
This Accident ufually befalls them in April or May, only whilft they
are young and tender: never after May is pafsd, when they are fo
far advanced in their Growth. The Barley, a Grain which is natu-
rally more impatient of Wet, is always more fubjet to it than the
Wheat ; and particularly that which grows in the moifter Parts of
the Lands. One very hot Day coming foon after much Rain, occa-
fions a fudden Alteration in the Colour of it: And the Corn that’s
thus difcolour’d, is ufually ftock’d, as the Husbandmen call it, that
is, does not come up to the Strength and Perfeétion of the reft that
efcapes this Injury. *

64. "I'he Circumftances of the Accident duly confider’d, the Caufe
of it will appear to be not fo much from the chilling and ftarving of
the Grain by Wet, (as the Countrymen think ) as from its being
weaken’d , by means of the Heat immediately fucceeding that
Wet. "I'is certain, 1. That much Water paffing the Veffels of a Plant,
(as in this Inftance ) is apt to hurry up fome of the loofer and more
moveable Vegetable Parts with it. 2. Any Heat, and particularly
that of the Sun, will promote the Motion of the Water : and the
more pafles, and with the greater Rapidity, the more Vegetable
Matter will be detached. 3. The younger the Plant is, the more
lax the Veflels, and the more er and eafily diffipable are the
Parts'of it. 4. A Plant thus injur'd, when young, will hardly ever
come up *o the Strength and Perfection of one, that was not {o check’d.
"Tis ‘certain too, that the like Effet, tho’ not in like manner, is
fometimes produced by Culd , efpecially upon the Heels of much
Wet. The Cold isapt to check the Afcent of frefh Vegetable Mat-
ter from the Earth : And that which is already mounted up into the
Veflels:of the Plant, but not incorporated and fettled there, muft
needs dower and flag, if it'hasnot Heat fufficient to fupport and buoy
itup. As the Vegetable Matter combines and thickens in the Leaves,
and ‘other Parts of the Vegetable, the deeper and more faturate
Green it thews. Its Palenefs therefore proceeds from the Thinnefs

of that Matter. The Fluid that is to :adminifter it, is either too

Fffff flow

385

 
 

336

The Natural. HIST ORT Chap.sé,

 

 

flow and languid in its Motion , fo does not carry up fo much of it,
or with fuch Strength, as is requifite: or elfe it is over-rapid, fo
bears it quite thro’ the Veflels. This laft I take to be the principal
Caufe of the Palenefs and Faintnefs of our Corn, in the above-reci.
ted Inftance.

65. And fo much for the Accidents relating to Flowers and Leaves,
unlefs it be worth while to note under the latter Head, that amongft
the Plants, whofe I.eaves ordinarily grow by Pairs one over-againft
another, 1 have found: one or two of the fame Species, with man
Leaves at each Joint ; the Supernumerary Leaf as perfe& as the
other. Of this 1 have met with Inftances in Three Sorts of Herbs,
in the Lyftmachia lutea, upon the Banks of the Nyne: In the Ar-
merius pratenfis , by a little Brook betwixt Pychely and Broughton :
and in the Lyfimachia filiqusfa Glabra media, under Little Oxendom
Hedges.

6. Other Accidents there are, no lefs worthy of Notice than the
former, that fomertimes befall the Stems and Branches of Plants, both
of the Herbaceous and Arboreous Kinds, as well the Indigenous
ones, that grow wild, as the Foreigners, that grow only in our Gar-
dens. As Firft, They are not unfrequently found extended into
big and monftrous Shapes: not round, as in a natural Growth, but
broad and flat, as if feveral Stalks or Branches were fafciated toge-
ther ; fo Dr. Plot not unfitly exprefles it, in his Natural Hiftory of
Osfordfbire, Ch. 6. 9. 15.

A particular Defcription of the more remarkable Stalks and Bran-
ches thus fafciated or wing’d, for fo fome other Writers have thought
fit to name them, 1 prefume will not be unacceptable, the rather,
becaufe it will give us Light into the Caufe of this Accident, which
has not yet been fully explain’d.

Of the Garden-Herbs, whether Foreigners or Natives of our Soil,
1 have, with relation to this Accident, this to obferve in general:
That they are more frequently found with Fafciated Stalks, than the
Wild ones are; and above all the reft, Afparagus, a Plant of the
Kitchen Garden, that’s always raifed in Beds enrich’d and warm'd
with Manure ; from whence, no doubt, it becomes fo much difpofed
to this Luxuriancy of Shape. And I have one Inftance, which is parti-
cularly obfervable: "Tis of a Wall-flower growing in my Garden at
Oxendon, which from a winged Stalk with Two Wreaths in the upper
Part of it, fent forth feveral Branches of the ordinary Size with fe-
veral Pods upon them: asalfo other Pods, which grew upon fmall
Foot-ftalks immediately out of the Fafciated Stem. And in all the

- Pods, 1 found as good Seed as the moft perfect Plants of the Kind

produce. 1 have preferved fome of the Seeds , and intend to try if
they will bring forth the like irregular Stalks again another Year,
but believe they will not ; having formerly made a Trial of much
the fame Thing, with the Root of a Crown Imperial, that had a
Fafciated Stalk, which being tranfplanted, produced next Summer
only fingle Stalks of the natural Figure and Maguitude. Indeed I

have

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Chap. 6.

 

have known the fame Plant, in the very fame Place, have one Year
one of thefe flat broad Stalks, another Year ordinary round ones.

67. Amongft the Trees, thofe of Afb and Willow are particular-
ly fubject to this Accident ; never, that I could find, in their Stems
and Trunks, but in their Branches often. The Fafciated Willow-
Branches, which of the Two are more frequent, are of different
Breadths. I have obfervid of them from Three Quarters of an
Inch, to near an Inch and Three Quarters broad, in the broadeft
Part, which is ufually at or near the Tops of them. They are ge-
nerally more or lefs crooked : Some are like a Sickle, others like a
Sithe, in the Manner of their Flexure. Some are ftrait for a great
Part of their Length, and at Top are turn’d like the Head of a
Crofier : others in the upper Part of them have Two or Three
Wreaths or Convolutions. Again, fome of them near the Top di-
vide into Two fmaller flatted Branches, bending Two contrary
ways: Others into Two Branches, of which only one is flat and
crooked, the other ftrait and round, and of the ufual Size.

68. Much the fame Variety there is in the Fafciation of Afh
Branches. 1 have met with one indeed upon this Sort of Tree, that
was fingular in its Shape. At the Top of a flat and very broad
Branch, there were feveral fhort Sprouts fomewhat like the Spelters
of a Buck’s Head , only flat and a little crooked. They took their
Rife from a Kind of Joint fet about with Buds. All the Fafciated
or Wing’d Arboreous Branches are fingle, or have no Collateral
Shoots, but upon all of them there are Buds. All thofe that I call
Buds upon the Willow-Branches, are really little uli, or Cat-kins,
not difclofed, or but juft peeping forth of a fmall Foliaceous Cafe :
Thofe upon the Afhen Branches feem to be Leaf-Buds. In both
they generally, if not always, come forth of the Ridges of the
Branches : For thefe Branches are confpicuoutly ridg’d and furrow’d
thro’ by theLength,as are alfo {everal of the Fa/ciated Stalks of Herbs;
therein appearing, as if they were compofed of divers {mall Parallel
Twigs or Stalks, in a fingle Layer, conjoined and enclofed in one
common Skin, Moft of the fame irregular Branches are round near
the Bottom, but even there ufually bigger than ordinary, and thence
are gradually flatted and dilated upwards to the Top. Only the
Lopt or Headed Willows and Afhes, fo far as I have obferv'd, pro-
duce them; and that only or chiefly the next Year after the Lop-
ping. Not one of the feveral Fafciated Branches now by me, exhi-
bits any more than a fingle Ring of Wood ; which fhews they are
only the Firft Year’s Shoots. They grow forth of the Bowl of the
Headed Trunk.

69. This Accident very rarely befals the Branches of other Trees ;
yet I have a Fafciated Branch from a Sycamore-tree growing at Cul-
worth: And the like of a Black-thorn or Sloe-tree near 7 bengford.
This laft is the more extraordinary, confidering the Hardnefs and
Solidity of that Sort of Wood. To the above-mention’d, I may add,
as another Rarity of this Kind, a Fafciated Stalk of an i” iy

Shrub,

 
 

 

=

The Namal HIST O RT Chap. 6.

Shrub, namely, Spurge-Lawrel, which was found by the Curious
Mr. Blaid in Dingly Fordip, and is now in my Collettion of thefe
Things : as alfo the Fafciated Branchoof a firip’d or painted Holly,
which 1 obferv’d in 1702, in the Right Honourable the Earl of
Northampton’s Garden at Caftle- Abby. This feems to have fome-
thing nore extraordinary in it, than any of the reft, in that it is the
Branch of a ftrip'd Plant ; thefe Fafciations being ufually look’d up-
on as Accidents of Excef, and the Stripes as Accidents of Defect.
However that is, to find them both upon the very fame Tree, is cer-
tainly uncommon, and worthy of Obfervation.

- 770.1 fhall now enquire into the Caufe of this Accident.

The Fafciated Stalks and Branches above-deferibed , with refpect
to their Internal Strulture, confift of the fame Number of general
Parts, as do thofe of a regular Growth. The irregular Branches are
compos’d, as the others are, of Bark, Wood, and Pith : The irre-
gular Stalks in like manner, as are the regular ones, having Three
Parts analogous to the Bark, Wood, and Pith of Trees. Nor canl by
bare Infpettion, difcover any confiderable Differences betwixt the
Veflels of the Natural Stalks and Branches, and of thefe Preterna-
tural ones. The Cortical; Lignous, and Pithy Parts of bothappear
to have much the fame Texture, and are difpos’d alike in both ; on-
1y in the latter they are flat and comprefs’d , whereas in the former
they are round : And in thefe Preternatural Stalks and Branches they
are ufually all much larger in Circumference, than they are in the
Naturalioncs of the fame Species of Plants) and of the fame Age,
and Place.

71. From the whole, tis plain, that the Preternatural Diflenfion
of thofe Stalks and Branches , is owing chiefly to too great a Quan-
tity of Sap. By Sap, I here mean the Water with its Charge of
Vegetative Matter, of whatfoever Kind it is, that is received into
the Bodies of Plants, whether Herbs, Shrubs, or Trees. By what
Means they come to be thus overcharged with Sap, is alfo manifeft
enough. The Obfervations thew, that the Herbs which have thefe
irregular Stalks, are only and principally fuch as grow upon the
richeft Soils, or in Earth that has been enrich’d and invigorated with
Manure: ‘That this Accident very rarely, if ever, befals the Bran-
ches of ay other than Headed Tiees, and then only or chiefly the
very next Year after a Lopping. Now the Shrubs or Trees, whofe
Branches are affected with this Accident, are of feveral Years
Growth , and draw up Sap enough for the due Nourifhment, and
Augmentation of many large Branches. When thefe are cat off; or
the Tree is lopt, as we ufually exprefs it, its Trunk fill continues
to take up as large a Share of Sap, as before: and having only a
lefler Number of fmaller Branches to receive it, ’tis no Wonder if
fore of them are throng’d and fwelld with too great a Quantity
thereof.

73. The

 

Chap.6. of NORTHAMPTONSH IR E

72. This Accident generally befalls the tenderer Sorts of Plants, the
Stalks of Herbs, aud young oid of Trees, thofe efpecially of a
fofter and laxer Wood; thefe having wider Pores, or however, fuch
as are more capable of Diftenfion, and coufequently of admitting a
more copious Stream of Sap; whereas the et of fafter and
harder Wood, fuch as thofe of Oak and Elm, are feldom or never
annoy’J with this Accident, by Reafon of the Streightnefs of their
Pores. The Caufe why thefe irregular Branches have not other
finall ones iffuing forth of the Sides of them, as all the regular
Branches have, appears to be this: Together with the Vegetable
Corpulcles that are proper for the Formation and Nourithment of
the Branch, there intrude into the young Branch, the Tree having
been newly lopt, a great many others that are more crafs and hea-
vy, and not fo proper and agreeable, which are depofited in the
Pores and Veficula’s upon the Sides of the common Sa p-Veflels, that
go the Leng'h of the Branches, being too grofs and ponderous to
pats off at the Extremities of the Vellels, as do all the lighter Par-
ticles, that are unfit or fuperfluous to the Nutriment of that part of
the Plant. In thofe Veficula’s they are lodg’d and impatted : and
tho’ the frefh Vegetative Matter , that afcends the Sap-Veflels, is
continually making Efforts to produce Side-Branches, thefe Efforts
are render’d ineflectual by the luterpofition of the fluggith, and un-
manageable Matter above-mention’d. Indeed the natural T endency
of ‘thefe, as well as of all other Branches, to fend forth Collateral
Ramufcles, invites and directs a part of the Sap to fpread it felf to-
wards Two oppofite Points ; But yet the Sap thus direted in the
Inftances before us, only dilates the tender Veficula’s of thefe young
Branches, and extends them fide-ways. Being fo much impeded and
clog'd by that craffier Matter, it cannot make fo great a Force upon
the Skin as to produce a Side Branch.

73. 1 fhall now proceed to another Set of Accidents attending the
Branches of Plants. To this fecond Set or Head 1 allot the ens or
Kuots that are found upon the Branches of feveral Sorts of Trees.
I thall only take notice of fuch of them as are remarkable for their
Shape, or.in fome other Refpect. In a fall Wood betwixt 7 barp-
Underwood and Rowel , 1 was fhewn a Crab-Tree whofe Branches
were fo full of thefe Excrefcencies that one would imagine they were
the only Produds of the Tree : And yet in the Seafon ’tis as full of
Fruitas any other of the Kind. Moft of them are odly divaricated,
and have other {maller Wens ot Eminencies itluing forth of the larger
ones ; much {uch Wens as thefe | obferved upon the Branches of a
Crab-Tree at Cofgrave. One of them that almoft furrounds the
Branch it grows upon, is of fuch unufual Shape, that I have given
a Draught of it in Zab. 12. Fig. 3.
all other lignous Wens, is winding and curl’d.

74. But the moft obfervable thing of this Kind I ever found, was
upon the Branches of the Black- born or Sloe-Tree, in a Hedge on
the right Hand of the way from Clapton to Oundle, very near Clapton,

Gggeg in

3.

The Grain of it, as indeed of 74, 12
ig. 3

 
 

390

The Natwral H I ST O RT Chap. 6,

i . At or near the top of feveral of its Branches were
K a Wens a all over very copoutly , with a Multitude of
Buds and Thorns. Alfo thick Jo fhort oh Shick ii
cially, as the main or u [
wih ng ut that part of the main Branch which
re up higher than the Wen , was very {mall and thin in compari
AN of oe lower Part, and appear’d plainly to be almoft frarv'd i
want of Nourifhment, yet had feveral green Leaves pont it ye
thofe as fre(h and lively as any ipo Te i Dra i,
rrower and {harper than the {fmalleft :
: there had ee a great Company of Leaves > > thefe
were all black and dead. 1 found a confiderable any of a oa
fparent yellowifh Gum , that iffued from the Buds fist grew out of
thefe Excrefcencies ; which is a plain Intimation , that they So
their Rife to a too thick and tenacious Sap, and pats fn the
Caufe of the like Excrefcencies on the Branches of other ey
75. The Bunches and Knots that are fo frequently foun pon
the Trunks of Tree, have doublefs much the fame Origin ys ie
former. Their being produc’d, efpecially by the older Pre Ww ye :
if Oaks, are here call’d Mazzard Oaks, and by thofe hay eve een
topp’d, ( for Inftance,, upon the old topp’d Ym » om
Mr. Bacon’s of Burton, where are the moft and fhe hg of them
I have ever feen ) is, | think, a Confirmation of this pistes a
26. Thefe Knots or Wens, as 1 call them, tho’ genera y Joos
apr as Imperfections and Deformities, yet are far ar uable,
in fome Refpeéts , than the main Body of the Tree fas ey ih
from. Pieces of Wood of fuch a curl’d and twifted a i 0
all others the fafteft, and the leait apt to fplit or crack. ” he Doe:
mention’d Mr. Bacon of Burton, had a Wyche-Elm Gi a mel
upon it nigh Two Yards in Diameter, which he fo ot fo ma
Price to a neigbouring Miller, who out of that Knot of ete oy
trundle Heads for one of his Wheels, as more than paid him Sg
he gave for the whole Tree. And fuch the pleafing Variety “i de-
licate Finenefs in the Texture or Grain of fome of them, t = tis
not to be excell’d, or indeed equall’d by any thing of Tk For a
Proof of this, 1 might refer to the Scritores that are io en in >
veral Gentlemen's Houlfes in this County, which are | ue Q a :
Workmen call it, that is, fac’d with thin Panes of the Ped ur S o
Knots that were found upon Trees in their own Lor pe i
amongft all the beautiful Varieties of this kind, from Map 4 x 2
Afh, Walnut, and other Trees, 1 met with none that has iy
more than the Knots of an old Maple at Finfbed, the Seat os 8 n-
genious Charles Kirkbam Efq; particularly fome Pieces of t em,
whereof were made, as | remember, a Part of a Cabinet ow in For
fhed-Houle, with Defineztion, fepelanng Clouds, Waves, 2n
; in the Subftance of the Knot.
ie is {till another Accident relating to the Trunk gainer
ches of Trees, namely, that of different Trees, as alfo of di bent

 

Chap.6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

Parts of the fame Tree growing each to other, which I onght not to
pafs by, having met with fome obfervable Examples of it in this
County. Firft, As to different Trees, that have happened to grow
one into another, we have Inftances of it here, as well in different
Trees of divers Kinds, as in thofe of the fame Species. But the
latter are more frequent. To begin with thefe. We find them thus
united in their Growth, either by the Mediation of a tranfverfe
Bough, or immediately in their Trunks. In the former way thete
were not long fince at Bulwick, ( the Seat of the Generous Family of
the Zryons ) no fewer than Three low Afhes thus united. They grew
in a ftrait Line, about Two Yards (asIguefsdit) diftant from each
other. The Two outmoft were united to the middle Afh, one by a
Bough of the middle Afh incorporated with it ; the other by a Bough
of its own, which had grown into the Body of the middle Tree.
But this is an unufual Inftance. To meet with Two Athes united
by a tranfverfe Bough, is not fo uncommon. There’ a Specimen of
it at Pilton, where the Branch that joins the Two Trees together, is
at both Ends fo equally thick, and is fo intimately conjoin’d with the
Trunks of each, that it is not eafily diftinguifh’d to which of them
it originally belong’d. In which regard it agrees with that call’d the
Gallow-Tree , which had its Name from a like Accident to that
above-recited ; whereof we have a particular Account in the Nat,
Hift. of Oxfordfbire, Ch. 6. §. 78.

78. Two Trees of the fame Kind, growirg united Trunk to
Trunk, occur fo frequently, that there’s fcarce a large Wood in the
Country, but, what in the Memory of Man, has afforded one of
more of thefe Gemel-Trees, or Gimels, as our Woodmen call them.
I fhall therefore fay no more of them here, but proceed to take no-
tice of the like Coale[cence in Trees of different Kinds.

79. 1 have met with no more than Three Differences of Coalition,
with refpect to the Kinds of Trees joyn'd together. The Firft,
That of an Oak and Ab, in that call’d the Long-Riding, which leads
from Corby to Rackingbamfbire. They feem’d to grow both from
the fame Root, and were actually conjoin’d in their Trunks for about
Two Foot of their Length of them. 1 found a parallel Inftance to
this in Sholbrook Walk in Whittleberough Foreft. The Second, Of a
Maple and an Afb, in the Riding that leads from Corby into Driffield.
They were united juft in the fame Manner as the former. The
Third that of an 4b and a Crab-tree , in one of Little Oxendon
Grounds.

80. I need not give any Inftances of the Branches of Trees incor-
porating one with another, in like manner as the Bodies of ‘em do,
becaufe this may almoft every where be obferved. We may fee how
this Accident happens, by the like Inftances in our Quick-fet Hedges.
The only confiderable Difference is, that thofe Stems or Branches,
which afterwards become united, in the Quick-fets, are placed there
clofe one to another by Artificial Force : But thefe happen to grow
up naturally fo clofe, as to gall and rub off each others Bark. And

ne

 

x3.
 

The Natwal H I 8 T O RT Chap. 6,

i . At or near the top of feveral of its Branches were
Bn Wins befet all over very nt , with a Multitude 3
Buds and Thorns.  Alfo thick and fhort Branches as foe at >
bottoms of them Senne as the main or upright Branc y it ri
rew out of the Wens. But that part of the main Branch whic
ew up higher than the Wen , was very {mall and thin in So
a of the lower Part, and appear’d plainly to be almoft fay bs
want of Nourifhment, yet had feveral green Leaves pen i ’ a
thofe as freth and Jisey as any por ne Ba e Drone 9
1 narrower and (harper than the {malleft 0 '
Won Hh there had Tots a great Company of Leaves ’ oe {hefe
were all black and dead. 1found a confiderable Quantity of a =
fparent yellowith Gum , that iffued from the Buds that grey ou >
thefe Excrefcencies ; which is a plin Intimation , that hey
their Rife to a too thick and tenacious Sap, and Pots fae e
Caufe of the like Excrefcencies on the Branches of oe ey
75. The Bunches and Kuots that are fo frequently foun pen
the ‘I'runks of Tree, have doublefs much the fame Origin a he
former. Their being produc’d, efpecially by the older 1 si w ¥e °
if Oaks, are here call’d Mazzard Oaks, and by thofe {he >
topp’d, ( for Inftance, upon the old topp’d ki t 2 in
Mr. Bacon's of Burton, where are the moft and the beige of them
I have ever feen ) is, | think, a Confirmation of this plbiat ni
26. Thefe Knots or Wens, as 1 call them, tho’ genera y Joo
upon as Imperfections and Deformities, yet are far SL uable,
in fome Refpeéts, than the main Body of the Tree jes ey gow
from. Picces of Wood of fuch a curl’d and twifted os re 0
all others the fafteft, and the leaft apt to fplit or crack. i he og.
mention’d Mr. Bacon of Burton, had a Wyche-Elm Vn a ae)
upon it nigh Two Yards in Diameter, which hz fold 2 ma
Price to a neigbouring Miller, who out of that Knot oy to may
trundle Heads for one of his Wheels, as more than paid him iy
he gave for the whole Tree. And fuch the pleafing Variety > Je-
licate Finenefs in the Texture or Grain of fome of them, t i is
not to be excelld, or indeed equall’d by any thing JR | ors
Proof of this, 1 might refer to the Scritores that are to b xn in o
veral Gentlemen's Houfes in this County, which are ih ° 7 2
Workmen call it, that is, fac'd with thin Panes of the age ur so
Knots that were found upon Trees in their own fi ou
amongft all the beautiful Varieties of this kind, from Map & x e,
Afh, Walnut, and other Trees, I met with none og Plas be
more than the Knots of an old Maple at Finfbed, the Seat a ¥ n
genious Charles Kirkham Efq; particularly fome Pieces of t ik
whereof were made, as I remember, a Part of a Cabinet Now in be
fhed-Houfe, with Defiueations jepaaring Clouds, Waves, an
in the Subftance of the Knot.
ie is ftill another Accident relating to the Trunk a
ches of Trees, namely, that of different Trees, as alfo of di Sen)

 

Chap. 6. of NorRTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Parts of the fame Tree growing each to other, which I onght not to
pafs by, having met with fome obfervable Examples of it in this
County. Firft, As to different Trees, that have happened to grow
one into another, we have Inftances of it here, as well in different
Trees of divers Kinds, as in thofe of the fame Species. But the
latter are more frequent. To begin with thefe. We find them thus
united in their Growth, either by the Mediation of a tranfverfe
Bough, or immediately in their Trunks. In the former way there
were not long fince at Bulwick, ( the Seat of the Generous Family of
the Tryons ) no fewer than Three low Afhes thus united. They grew
in a ftrait Line, about Two Yards (asIguefsdit) diftant from each
other. The Two outmoft were united to the middle Afh, one by a
Bough of the middle Afh incorporated with it ; the other by a Bough
of its own, which had grown into the Body of the middle Tree.
But this is an unufual Inftance. To meet with Two Afhes united
by a tranfverfe Bough, is not fo uncommon. There’s a Specimen of
it at Pilton, where the Branch that joins the Two Trees together, is
at both Ends fo equally thick, and is fo intimately conjoin’d with the
Trunks of each, that it is not eafily diftinguifh’d to which of them
it originally belong’d. In which regard it agrees with that call’d the
Gallow-Tree , which had iis Name from a like Accident to that
above-recited ; whereof we have a particular Account in the Nat,
Hit. of Oxfordfbire, Ch. 6. $.78.

78. Two Trees of the fame Kind, growirg united Trunk to
Trunk, occur fo frequently, that there’s fcarce a large Wood in the
Country, but, what in the Memory of Man, has afforded one of
more of thefe Gemel-Trees, or Gimels, as our Woodmen call them.
I fhall therefore fay no more of them here, but proceed to take no-
tice of the like Coale[cence in Trees of different Kinds.

79. 1 have met with no more than Three Differences of Coalition,
with refpect to the Kinds of Trees joyn'd together. The Fir
That of an Oak and Ab, in that call’d the Long-Riding, which leads
from Corby to Rackingbamfbire. They feem’d to grow both from
the fame Root, and were actually conjoin’d in their Trunks for about
Two Foot of their Length of them. I found a parallel Inftance to
this in Sbolbrook Walk in Whittleborough Foret. The Second, Of a
Maple and an Afb, in the Riding that leads from Corby into Driffield.
They were united juft in the fame Manner as the former. The
Third that of an 4b and a Crab-tree , in one of Little Oxendon
Grounds.

80. I need not give any Inftances of the Branches of Trees incor-
porating one with another, in like manner as the Bodies of ‘em do,
becaufe this may almoft every where be obferved. We may fee how
this Accident happens, by the like Inftances in our Quick-fet Hedges.
The only confiderable Difference is, that thofe Stems or Branches,
which afterwards become united, in the Quick-fets, are placed there
clofe one to another by Artificial Force : But thefe happen to grow
up naturally fo clofe, as to gall and rub off each others Bark. And

ne

 
 

 

7% Nowd HISTORT Che.

 

no doubt, their being driven to and fro by the Winds, is generally
one Occafion of it. When the Barks of them are rubb’d off, and
the Sap-bearing Veffels meet and anfwer one another, and there
comes calm Weather, ’tis then no more (trange that they grow toge-
ther, than that a Cyon or Bud {hould become continuous with the
Stocks they are grafted upon. Perhaps the Firft I'ryals of Artifici-
al Engraffings were occafioned by Obfervations made upon thefe
Natural ones. But this by the by. Tis likely thofe Samples of
Branches incorporated in the Form of a St. Andrew’s Crofs, which
Dr. Greaw gives an Account of in his Mauf. Reg. Societais, p. 184.
came originally from no other Place than a Quick-fet Hedge ; where
’tis not uncommon to have fome Branches laid thus overthwart each
other, and grow conjoin’d in that Pofture. 1 have more than once
met with the like Inftances: As alfo with others, of Branches in-
corporated in the Shape of a Horfe’s Collar, and the like obfervable
Figures in our Quick-fets here.

81. The finding of Toads, Stones, and other iJeterogenious Bo-
dies included, as we do fometimes find them, in the Trunks of Trees,
without any vifible Hole or Paflage through which they might be
formerly convey’d into thofe Trees, tho’ look’d upon as very ftrange
by fome, are not at all fo thofe who have obferv'd how very clofely
the Barks, as alfo the Wood of Trees in the outer parts of it, where
the Sap pafles, will (when there has been made any, not very wide
and diftant, Breach or Rupture in them ) grow together again, and
unite in the Space of a few Years.

82. In like manner, when a Piece of Bark, with a little of the
Wood underneath it, has been flicd off from the Body of a Tree,
the Place from whence it was thus {lic’d or cut, will by little and little
be grown over, quite cover’d, and fill'd up, with new Bark and Wood.
1 call it grown over , becaufe the new Wood is not every where con-
tinued and united to the old, in cafe the Cut goes fomewhat deeper
into the Wood, than that part where the Sap afcends in the Spring-
Seafon ; as lately obferv’d by a Piece of Oak-wwood brought me from
Desborough, which had grown into, and cover’d fuch a cut Place, as
Iam now {peaking of; but was only contiguous to the Body of the
Tree in the deeper part of the Cut, as appears by the Black Colour,
and the Wholenefs of ‘the Fibres on the Infide of it.

But indeed this Piece of Oak had not been mention’d here, was it
not more remarkable upon another Account, which is this. On
the Infide of it are rais’d, or, as it were, carv’d, the following Let-
ters'or Marks, E. 30. It was found with thefe Marks upon it,
when-parted from the Body of the Oak, to which in time it had
grown. They ftand out above the reft of the Piece, and appear to
have 'been forin’d by the new Wood growing down into the Hollows
of 'the like Letters or Marks, which had been ftamp'd or imprinted
upon the Body of the Tree, when a Piece of about the fame Size and
Shape with this had been flicd off from it. The Letter E is, I fup-
pofe, thelInitial Letter of the Name of the Buyer : and the Figures

30

.’

A

 

€hap.6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

30, that follow, were perhaps put there to fhew, that the Buyer had
purchas’d the Tree numberd 30 in the Seller's Book. However
thismay be,the Tree not being cut down tillabout Ten or Twelve Years
after it was thus mark’d (fo long it feems to have been by the Thick-
nefs of this Piece ) the marked Place became over-grown with frefh
Wood in the manner above defcribed.

. 83. The Coalefcence of Fruits, of two Apples, two Pears, two
Apricocks, two Plums, the Officula as well as the Pulpy Part of
them; two Hazel-Nuts, nay, fometimes three, ( I might mention
other Inftances, but I chufe only fuch as I have met with here ) isef
fected generally when they are very fmall and young, in much the
fume manner as is that of the different Stems and Branches above.
defcribed.  Thefe Tawin-Fruits, as they are call'd, and particularly
Plums and Apples, are fometimes, if not always, preceded by Two
or Three Blofloms coming out in a Clufter from one Bud ; which
are often taken for a Double Bloffon, but fallly ; for Fruit-Trees
with real Double Bloffoms never produce any Fruit. The like Coa-
leJcence is fometimes obferv’d in the Fraits of Herbs of the Pomife-
rous Kind ; particularly in Cucumbers and Melons. Of the latter I
tound an Inftance in the Melonery at the Right Honourable the Earl
of Northampton’s at Cafile- Albby, fo remarkable, that I took the fol
lowing Note of it. There were two Melons which grew join'd to-
gether, a fmaller and a larger one ; the fmaller one appear'd as frefh
and lively as the other, tho for a confiderable time it had no other
Nourifhment than what it receiv’d from the bigger Melon ; its Foot-
Stalk having been broken off from the Stem of the Plant that pro-
duc’d it, by the forwarder Growth of its Yoakfellow.

84. Being thus enter'd upon the Accidents relating to Fruits, 1
fhall in this place give fome Account of the Double-bearing Fruit-
Trees, that is, fuch as in cne Year produce two Crops, the firft of
them at the ufual time as do the ordinary Trees of the fame Kind,
the fecond ufually about two or three Months after the firft. Several
Sorts of Pear-Trees we have here, that are remarkable on this Ac-
count. One of thefe Iam inform'd there is at Werckion, another at
one Pike's of Harpoole, a third at Mr. Adams’s of Cherwelton, a fourth
at Appletree nigh Wardon, a fifth at Mr. Barwell’s of Marfton-Tru/-
fel, befides thefe hereafter mention’d. And indeed no other Kind
of Fruit-Tree that I ever could hear of but this, is fubjeét to that
Accident, (if I may call it an Accident, ) excepting the Quince.
Tree and the Cherry-Tree, which are fometimes, tho extreme rare-
ly, Double Bearers too. The following Inftances will inform us of
the molt material Circumftances of each. There was a Pear-Tree
not very long fince at Newton, the Seat of the Worfhipful Sir Cefar
Child, which every Year for many Years fucceflively had Two Crops.
I'he former a foft, fmooth, Yellow Pear, ripe about the middle of
June : the latter like the former, but not quite fo large, and it ne-
ver ripen’d till after Michaelmas, fometimes not at all. The Second
Crop fucceeded a frefh Set of Blofloms, was as numerous as the firft,

Hhhhh and

————

393

 
 

The Natwal HIST OKT Chaps,

and came forth in like manner on the Sides of the Branches. | menl-
tion this laft Particular, becaufe the Second Crops of fome other
Double-beariug Trees with us grow out at the Ends of the Twigs,
_having no other Foot-Stalks ; as Dr. Plot has obferved of thofe in,
Oxfordfbire, Chap. 6. ¢. 86.

85. Inthe Ingenious Mr. Faulk Ioodball's Garden at Sholbrook Lodge
in Whitdeborough Fereft, 1 faw another Double-bearing Pear. Tree,
which had there the Name of the Musk-Pear, very different from
the former, and indeed from all the reft of them in this, that moft of
the Pears of its Second Crop, which 1 found upon the Tree the laft
Day of September 1704, not then ripe, had {inall Green Leaves, like
thofe of the Branches only fmaller, growing forth of the hollow at
the thicker Ends of them ; and fome of them hal two or three Rows
of the like Leaves growing round the Body of the Pear, one Row
above another; asis thewn in Zab. 12. Lig. 4. As to Double-bearing
Quince- Trees: there was one in the Reverend Mr. Howard’s Orchard
at Marflon-Truflel, which-1 have often feen. The Quinces of the
Second Crop, fuch as it was, came forth wholly at the Ends of the
Twigs : were far fmaller than thofe of the former Crop, ( which 1 :
were of the ordinary Size) and almoft as hard as the Twigs where- Hugg rassnous Horthano oe
on they grew ; fo thatindeed they feemed to confit as much of a |
Woody Matter asof the ufual Subftance of this Fruit: as in the for-
mer Inftance there feem’d to bea Leafy Matter, if 1 may fo call it,
intermixt with that of the Fruit.

_. 86. Concerning a Double-bearing Cherry-Tree, the following Ac-
count was given me by a very good Hand, the Worthy Mr. Akins,
Mafter of the Free-School at Market-Harbwough. “In the Reve.
“rend Mr. Reywolds’s Garden of Marflon-Truflel 1 have obferv'd a
“ Cherry-Tree call’d a May-Duke, that puts forth Blofloms and bears
“Fruit twice in the Year. The Fruit of the firft Bloffoms are ripe
¢ abaut the middle of May, at which time you may find a great
“ Number of Blofloms in Clufters upon moft of the larger Branches
“of the Tree, as fulland frem as the firft ; which pleafing Variety
“of Ripe Fruit and full-blown Bloffoms at the fame time upon the
“lame Tree, I hrve oft admir'd. The Second Crop is ripe at the
“ latter end of Fuly or beginning of Auguft. The Tree grows upon
“a Border by a Gravel Walk on the Weftern Side of a Mud-Wall,
* The Sail is naturally a firong Clay, but the Border has been melio-
“ rated by Stercoration. This has been taken notice of for feveral
“ Years. Indecd the laft Year, that is, 1710, the Honey-dew, that
“ ill Accident, happend to this as toa great many its Companions in
¢ the fame Garden, wherein bred vaft Numbers of Infeéts, which
“fhrivel'd the Leaves, and made fome of them fall off: and of the
“ Fruit of the Firft Crop but little if any came to Perfection : nor
“did any of the Second Crop Blofloms appear, or fcarce any Mid-
“ Jummer or Michaelmas Shoots, Which I think makes good your
“ Obfervations concerning Honey-dew , that it exudes from the

* Tree,

 

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So themes t Reobile §. 9s trios Sb

[07st 4 opi Meartbor on, tts Aare
west ands i phn whe wih ’ >

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a

4 LY

 
 

Chap.6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

“ Tree, and does not, according to Vulgar Opinion, fall out of the
“Air,

87. To give fome Satisfattion to thofe who would know how jt
comes to pafs that the Trees above-mention’d have double Crops, 1
{hall here fet down my Thoughts as to this matter upon that particu-
lar Inftance of the Double-bearing Pear-Tree at Newton ; Which
Point being clear'd, we may then more eafily difcover the Caufe of
this Accident iu the other Inftances. The Cafe of that Tree at New.
ton is this: Its firft Crop isa foft and forward tender Pear, ripe about
the middle of une, much fooner and with a fmaller degree of Heat
than are Pears of a more firm and durable Conftitution. Now the
Sun's Heat in Auguft and September being about equivalent to that
which in Mayand April fupply’d that Tree with proper Vegetative
Matter for the Formation and Nutriment of, firft, the Blofloms, then
the Fruit belonging to its firft Crop, ’tis no ftrange thing that in thefe
two later Months it fhould raife fo much of the like Vegetative Mat-
ter from the Earth up intothe Tree as is fufficient for the Produ@ion
of a Second Set of Bloffoms, and after that of Fruit, the Tree bein
planted in a proper and agreeable Soil. Why the Fruit of the Second
Crop fo rarely comes up to the Largenefs, Strength, and Perfection of
the Firft, is becaufe the Sun’s Power in the Months of September and
October is fo much fimaller than it was in Fuse.

88. We meet with nearly Parallel Inftances of this in other Parts
of the Vegetable Kingdom. Some of the Herbs that were in Seafon
in March and April we fee {pring upafrefh, and flourifh out anew, in
September and October ; the Sun’s Heat being then about equivalent to
that of March and April (as the very Ingenious Dr. Woodward has
obfervid, in Nat. Hiff. of the Earth, p. 268, 269. ) and the Parti-
cles that the Herbs of thofe Two Seafons confift of being all of the
lighter Kind, fuch as the lefler Degree of Heat which the Sun then
yields is able to raife out of the Earth, and convey into the Seeds
and the Bodies of thefe Herbs for their Formation and Increment.
So likewife we frequently have frefh Bloffoms upon our Apple-Trees
in September and Oclober, nay fometimes much later in the Year, up-
on the very {fame Trees that bloflom’d before in April or May ; a
imaller degree of the Sun’s Heat fufficing to raife fuch light and
active Particles as thofe Bloffoms or Flowers confift of. But tis ve-
ry.rare indeed to find thefe Second Bloffoms fucceeded by Fruit, the
Sun being then gone off fo far, and its Strength fo much impaired
that tis not fufficient to raife that craffer and heavier fort of Matter
which conttitutes the Fruit. And indeed it cannot well be expetted
that any Fruit-Tree whatever fhould ever produce Two Crops in a
Year ( unlefs perhaps when the Autumn Seafon happens to be more
than ordinary warm and kindly ) but thofe whofe Fruits are com-
pos'd of a firer and lighter fort of Particles ; which I take to be the
Cafe of moft, if not all our double-bearing Trees.

89. I have nothing more to add to this Head of the Accidents rela-
ting to Fruits, unlefsic be worth remarking, and may be fitly pet

tion’

>

a SSS RRS

 
Th Nawd HIST ORT Chap 6.

 

“tion’d here, that in our Fields we fometimes meet with more than
one Ear of Barley upon a Stalk. Out of Sution Field were lately
brought to me two Samples of Two fair Ears of Barley upon one
fingle Stalk. But this is nothing in comparifon of a Stalk of Barle
found in the Field at Afton le Wall in 1703, which had no fewer
than Five Fars all in a Clufter at the Top of it. The Reverend
Mr. Wiljon Re&tor of the Place, who faw the Thing, affures me of
the Truth of it.

yo. Having now finih’d what I had to obferve about the Acci-
dents befalling the Flowers, Leaves, Branches, Stems, and Fruits of
Plants, each of them feparately confider’d | I proceed to thofe of a
more general Kind.

_ Under this Head Dr. Plot has plac’d the Trees of Exceffive Bulk,
Trees of {uch enormous Growth as the Two Oaks and the Wyche.
Elm whofe Defcription we have from that Author (in. 27, 28,
Ch. 6. Nat. Hitt. of Stafford/b. ) 1 own 1 know of none in this Coun.
ty. Not that think therefore itis any ways inferior toits Neighbours
in Regard of Sound and ufeful Timber-Trees. For fuch Inftances, as
the Two above-mention’d, are extremely rare: and no one can from
thence infer an umverfal Difpofition in the Soil of that or any other
County to produce fuch prodigious Trees. However, Ifhall grati-
fy the Inquifitive Reader’s Curiofity fo far as to note thofe Trees of
whatfoever Kind they are, that are with us thought to be remarka-
ble for their Height or Magnitude. Of Afbes, the talleft and the
fineft I remember to have met with here, is an Afh that was cut
down Two or Tree Yearsagoin one of the Home-Clofes at Mears-
Albby, which from the But-End to the utmoft Bit of Timber, was
Sixty Feet in Length. For Elms, 1know of nore fo bulky as thofe
that we have growing fingly in or near the Streets of many of our
{mall Towns upon a Green Bank, or fome other convenient By-
Place where they have ftood time out of mind ; fome of them in-
deed {o long that they are now much decay'd and of no great value.
One of thefe there is at Blatherwick 22 Foot in Girth: Much fuch
another in Badby : and the like in Yarwell, Eydon, Hulcote, and other
Villages ; fome of which appear to be thicker confiderably than the
Elm at Blatherawick ; but 1 did not think it worth my while to mea-
{ure them.

91. 1 come now to the Large Oaks. That call’d Broad-Oak in Roc-
king bam Forelt in the Road betwixt Corby and Uppingham {preads
from Boughs-end to Boughs-end about 38 Yards, and is 18 Foot abont
above the Spurs. "That call’d Wefimorland Qak nigh Apthorp is fome-
what more in Girth. And in one of Upton Grounds not far from
Dufton, there was lately fell'd a very ftately Oak whofe Body was
Six Foot in Diameter, 18 in Circumference. The Stick or Trunk
31 Feetin Length , the Diftance betwixt the Extremity of the Bran-
ches 42 Feet. lt yielded 12 Waggon Load and 8 good Carriage
Load of Timber, belides Lap and Roots, and a Load and half of
Bark. Thefe are the largeft Oaks of this County, excepting that

mn

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Chap. 6.

in Moulton Park call’d the King’s Oak, cut down about Twenty Years
ago, which as’tis generally reported had a Body 30 Foot in the Girth,
vo in Diameter : And the Two famous Oaks at Holdenby, cut down

in the Time of the late Civil Wars ; whereof I had the following

Account from the Reverend Mr. Walker of Great Billing, as it came
to him from Edward Binyon one of the Carpenters that helpt to faw
the Trees. Fach of them was about 60 Foot long : and each did
bear fix Foot Square for thirty Foot in length. The lower Ends of
them were quarter'd and faw’d out into Flanks thirty Foot long,
three Foot broad, and three Inches thick. And thus much for huge
Oaks, but that I muft not pafs by the capacious hollow old Tree call'd
Stephens Oak, or as vulgarly King Stepben’s Oak, one of the Bounda-
ries of Rockingham Foreft, upon the Borders of Brig§fock and Sud-
borow Lordfhips, it being famous in the neighbouring Country upon
thefe Two Accounts. 1. From this very Tree, according to Traditi-
on, King Stephen once thot at a Deer, which if we may give credit
to, the Tree muft be at leaft 550 Years old, a very memorable Age
indeed. 2. So capacious is the now hollow Trunk of King Stephens
Oak, that at the Brizftack Proceffions (when it is their conftant Cu-
ftom to fill the hollow witha Company of Boys ) They generally
put into it betwixt 30 and 40 of ’em, for fo many it will hold with-
out any Difficulty.

92. But to proceed to Trees of other Kinds. The noble Chefnut-
Tree belonging to the Worfhipful Thomas Tryst, Efq; of Mayford, is
the largeft of that Kind I have any where feen. The Body of it is
no lefs than 15 Foot 8 Inches in Circumference : And it extends its
Branches proportionably. Amongft the Trees of exceffive Bulk 1
thou'd alfo mention the famous Beech-T ree in Fawfeley Park , under
which the Hundred Court call’d Mangrave was formerly kept, but
that it feems to be two or three different Stemms united in their
Growth, rather than one fingle Trunk, as are thofe above recited.
However, it is now 19 Foot about juft above the Spurs.

93. Permit me now to defcend to the fmaller Vegetables that are
obfervable on Account of their rank and luxuriant Growth. And
here of thofe Rings we find in the Grafs , which have vulgarly the
Name of Fairy Circles , whofe ordinary Mark of Diftinction from
the reft of the Grafsabout them is, that they exhibit at leaft in the
middle part of the Rim, generally all over it, a ranker Grafs, and of
a darker Green than is ufual. 1 look upon them as only accidental
Luxuriances of the Herbage, and have therefore placed them here.

"Tho they are called Fairy Rings and Fairy Circles, they are fel-
dom or never exaltly Circular. To one of a circular Figure or ap-
proaching it, there are Twenty the like Lifts of Grafs as to Rank-
nefsand Colour of other Figures, fome in crooked Lines, refembling
the Segments or Arches of Circles, or a larger Part of them : Some
others, tho more rarely, in firait ones. And where we meet with
thefe we generally meet with divers Spots, Patches or Parcels of the

Iii ike

397

 
 

“The Namal HIST ORT Chap. 6.

like colour’d rank Grafs ; fome of a round or inclining to it : others
s regular Figures.

o hn Varietoof this fort of Figures in Grafs 1 have obferved

upon the Grafly Common on E. Farndm Hill, in the Month of

May. The Grafs in thofe particular Places at its firft Appearance,

in the beginning of the Spring, exhibited that darker green Colour,

was of a ranker Growth, and alfo continued to out-grow the reft.

94. The Lifts whether form’d into fomewhat of aCircle, or of what-
ever other Figures, are not of equal width. The Rims of fome of
the more round ones are fcarce a_Foot, of others above a Yard, in
the breadth : and in different Parts of one and the fame Circle,
the Breadth is ufually fomewhat different. J

The largeft I have feen of the rounder ones was on Pisford-Heath
whofe Diameter was 35 Yards. The largeft rimm’d one I have met
with was on Braybrook-Common in April 1707. The Rim 6 Foot
broad. They have been obferv’d above 30 Years together in oneand
the fame Place at Pusford. When the Grafs of them is gone and as it
were {corchd up, as it is fometimes in Summer, it ufually comes
again in the fame Place and in the fame Manaer, either that, or the
next enfuing Year. Efculent Mufbrooms 1 have fometimes feen in
great Plenty growing in the Rims of them. A Semicircle of this
Kind in a Meadow nigh Grafton Underwond, 1 obferv’d, was as thick-
fet as it well could be with the Fung: Lethales in October 1700. No
Fung: but thefe in the whole Meadow.

95. They are moft frequent in the commonSheep-Walks,upon barren
Heathy Grounds, and upon thofe that have been plow’d out of heart,
and are again cover’d over with Greenfword : more frequently on
the Sides and Tops of Hills,than in the Plains at the bottoms of them.
They are by fome obferv'd to be particularly frequent on the Sides
of Hedges and Woods. We fee them fometimes in our Orchards,
with an Apple-Tree in or near the middle of them, e. gr. at War-
don and Pisford, with its Boughs fpreading over and beyond the
Rim of the Circle. So that thefe in particular are by no means like-
ly to have been form’d by a Circular Explofion of Lightning. Which
according to Dr. Plor’s Hypothefis ( Nat. Hift. of Staffordfbire, Ch. 1.
9.29, Uc.) is the Efficient Caufe of thefe Circlesin general.

96. For my part, I'm far more inclin’d to believe as I before inti-
mated, they are only the Effe&tsof a more than ordinary Luxuriancy
or Rankne/s of the Sul in certain Rings, Strips and Patches of fuch
Extent and Figure as are thofe of the more than ordinary Green and
Rank Grafs ; the Rings, Strips and Patches of Soil fo peculiarly
Fertile or Luxuriant, producing naturally fuch a Rank Herbage, and
this according to the very Extent and Form as themfelves are of.
That the Soil fhould here and there be thus odly luxuriant, is in my
Opinion not much more ftrange, than that on the Bodies of Animals
here and there uncertainly appear Spots, and alfo Puthes or Pimples,
fometimes in a Ring-like Figure. Yet why in this particular Part of
the Body, and not in another Part, is in many of thofe Cafes or

1f-

 

 

Chap.6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

difficult, if notimpoffible to be accounted for. And thus amongft
the Mineral Bodies of indeterminate Shape; in a Bed or Heap of
Flints for inftance, of a great Variety of Figures, we meet with here
and there one that is or {eems to be exa&ly circular ; fome of which
of the rounder Figure have a well nigh circular Cavity in the cen:
tral part of them. And which is fill nearer to our purpofe we may
really obferve the fame, or very near as much Regularity in the
growth of fome other Vegetables, (the Caufe whereof will be own’d
to be meerly accidental) as in the Grafs or Greenford of thofe
call’d Fairy Circles. "Tis ufual for Rufhes to grow in Spots or
Patches, fuch as thofe of the dark Green, rank Grafs » and I have
fometimetimes feen them growing in Circles too, like the Fairy
Rings ; for inftance, nigh the Head of Dowel Dale in the Field at
Oxendon. The yellow cruftaceous Lichen, I have often found grow-
ing upon Ancient Church-Walls in a Semicircular Form, and in im-
perfect Circles ; particularly on thofe of Crick and Northborough
Churches. Upon Northborough Chancel , 1 obferv’d it growing in
Roundles or Rings, whofe Rim about half an Inch : the Diameter
of the whole about 3 Inches. But enough of thefe imaginary Fairy
Rings.

oe I now pafs on to the more fulitary Inftances of an extreme
Rank and luxuriant Growth. Such was that of a Grain of Rye ac-
cidentally dropt upon a Sallow Bed at Thengford, from whence there
fprang an almoft incredible Number of Stalks, viz. 248. The Plant
is now in the Ingenious Mr. Fulk Woodball's Poffeffion at Eydon. In
T hengford Field Ammo 1703, amongft the Peafe of more ordinary
Size, was one whofe Stalk was 13 Feet in Length, as was found up-
on meafuring it by the Ingenious Mr. Tho. Woodhall. In a Rick-yard
there, I faw a Hemp-ftalk Four Inches about in the lower part
of it.

98. And here it may not be amifs if we enquire into the Caufe of
over-rank Corn , asalfo of that which is mildew’d » which is gene-
rally too of the ranker fort ; fince the Knowledge of the Caufe of
any Malady will certainly direct us the readieft and the beft way
to the Cure of it. And in a Cafe fo confiderable as that of the pro-
{perous Returns of our Fields, it will not, I prefume, be thought a
trivial or unprofitable Enquiry. The Barley which is fow'd in the
moifter, richer, and fatter fort of Ground, particularly in the new
broken Ground in Enclofures, and in Bottoms and Valleys in the
Clayey Fields, is fubject to grow over-rank. This luxuriant Corn
is apt to be layer'd early by reafon of its weighty bulky Leaves ;
and when the Straw is bent, ’tis not likely the Ear fhould be nourifh-
ed well. When in this Condition, its Stalks are exceflive long, the
leaves are flaggy, asour Husbandmen term it, (i.e. ) thicker, and
larger, and heavier than ordinary: the Earis lean, lank, and net
well kernel’d ; the Veffels that are to convey the proper Vegetative
Matter to the Ear for its Formation and Nourifhment being proba-
bly crouded with fo much groflfer Matter as hinders the Accefs of a

fuffi-

 

GON,
 

 

 

The Nanral HIST ORT Chap 6.

{ufficient Quantity of - that which fhould bring the Ear up to Per-
fection. However that be, the Malady proceeds no doubt originally
from the too great Humidity and Fatue[s of the Soil ; for it never
befalls any Barley, but that which grows in fuch fat Ground. In
the like Places, both the Wheat and the Barley are moft obnoxious to
Mildewws , which are thought to happen chiefly in the foggy Wea-
ther. The Stalks of Mildew’d Corn, whether Wheat or Barley, are
generally befpeck’d with Black, and fo brittle that they break rather
than bend. The Ear is larger, as is alfo the Stalk, than is that of
the founder Corn of the fame Age, but is more foft and pappy, and
has ufually a watery Matter within it: To the Outfide of it adheres
an Oily or Honey-like Subftance. Thro’ the Weaknefs of its Stalks,
or elfe the Weight of its bulky Leaves, or both, it1s generally layer’d,
as is alfo all the over-rank Corn, ‘whether mildew d, ornot. At the
beft it yields only fmall imperfect Grains, like thofe from Corn
which was cut down when about half ripe.
99. But the following Experiment, which has more than once
been made by very good Hands, gives us fill farther Light into the
Nature and Caufe of that Evil in our Grain. Tis only this. If an
Ear of Wheat, whilft it is growing, is oyl'd all over with any com-
mon Oil , it will be in a manner mildew d. No doubt but the Oil
in this Experiment produces that Effect, by ftopping up the Pores of
that Part of the Plant. And we may reafonably believe the fame
of that thick and clammy Subftance that fticks about the Ears of the
mildewd Corn. This thick Oil-like Exudation, (fol call it, for
it can be no other than an Exudation of that Pa rt of the Plant which
it adheres to, and involves) by obftructing of its Pores, prevents the
going off of a greatdeal of utelefs, fuperfluous, Vegetative Matter,
which otherwife according to Nature, would have made its way
thro’ thofe Pores into the Atmofphere. Dr. Woodward's Obfervati-
“seen. ons * fufficiently evince, that the greateft Part of the Fluid Mafs,
waswards hich is conveyed into Plants, does not fettle or abide there;
Vegeution, yt pafles thro’ the Pores of them. Thus it is with Plants in a na-
Trnne. for tural and thriving State : But in the Cafe before us, there not being
701699 due Difcharge of that Matter, which is fuperfluous to the Forma-
tion and Nourifhment of the Ear of the Grain, by Reafon its Pores
are fo obftruéted, it ftays and ftagnates there. And thence in a great
meafure it comes to pafs, that the Ear is larger and fofter than it
fhould be, and its I.caves thus overcharged with a watery Subftance,
which almoft choaking the Corn or Seed, muft needs } ander its co-
ming to Perfection. The Sap or Vegetative Juice, if I may focall ir,
in the Veflels of the Plant, is alfo too grofs and clammy ; and there-
fore the Ground where Mildews happen, the Farmers fay, is too
flromg , too rank , 100 fat for the Corn, and not improperly ; for we
fee it nourifhes the Corn with a larger Share of Vegetative Matter,
and that too of the groffer Sort, than it is well able to manage and
difpenfe with.

 

100, As

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

Chap. 6.

100. As to the Black Spots upon the Stalks of the Mildew'd Cort,
they feem to proceed from the fame Caufe, as do the Black Specks
upon the plaifter’d Walls and Cielings of feveral raw Ground-
Rooms, which are alfo commonly called Mildew Spots, viz. from
a humid, grofs, and tenacious Earthy Matter, which is raifed up
out of the Earth by the Heat ; but being heavy it mounts not high,
being clammy it affixes and fticks to almoft any Subject it happens
to light upon. Laying the Ground that’s fubject to have Mildew'd
Corn in high and narrow Lands, keeping clear and open Furrows
betwixt them, and {prinkling them with good Plenty of Soot or of
Sea-Sand, where it may be had, feem to be proper Methods of pre-
venting that Diftemper.

101. And now that I am upon the Maladies incident to Corn, 1
fhall in this Place lay down my Obfervations and Thoughts upon
Burnt or Blafled Corn ; The Accounts that have hitherto been given
of it being too fhort and imperfect. Of all the Kinds of Grain,
Wheat and Barley are particularly fubjeét to this Malady. And of
all the Kinds or Varieties of Wheat and Barley, there is not one
that efcapes it. It ufually befals them in the Months of Fune and
Fuly, in any Sort of Soil, and in almoft any Weather (fo far as I
can find ) indifferently. The Stalks and Leaves of the Blafted Corn
appear as green and frefh as thofe of the foundeft. But whether
Wheat or Barley, the Ear is of a Duskifh or elfe of a Black Colour,
bearing only a Fuliginous or Soot-like Powder, where the Seed {hou’d
be. There are Varietiesof it. The Ears that happen to be blafted
Early in the Year, when the Husk or Covering of the Grain is thin-
ner and more tender, are all over as black almoft as Soot, their
Husks being fome of them fhrunk up, others quite vanifh’d and gone,
and the Smut hanging naked and loofe upon the Ears ; fo that it may
be eafily dafh’d or fhaken off. But the Ears of Wheat, which are
blafted not till nearer Harveft, when the Corn is farther advanced
in its Growth, is only to be diftinguifh’d from the found Ears by
their being of a darker Hue. The Husk of thefe is whole and tole-
rably fair, as is alfo the Skin of the Grain, but within it is nothing
but this Smut-like Duft. Tis therefore called Bunted or Bunty
Wheat by our Farmers ; Each Grain of it (if we may call them
Grains) very much refembling the Puff-Ball or Dufty Mufhroom,
which here 1s called Bunt, there being in both the one and the other
a dufty Matter included in one common Skin. "Tis ufually a great
Damage to the good Corn amongft which it is, thefe Smut-Boxes
being feldom broken, or the Smut difperfed, till they come upon the
Threfhing Floor, where they fully the Grain, and render it not fo
fit for Seed-Corn, and very unfit for Bread. Barley tho’ frequently
blafted , yet its Ears are never thus Bunty ; which perhaps is owing
to the Thinnefs of its Husks, in comparifon of that of Wheat. Ears
of Wheat, and alfo thofe of Barley are often found blafted before
ever they are difclos’d from the Leat, wherein, asina Cafe or Sheath,
they are always included at their firft Coming up. All the Stalks of

Kkkkk Blafted

 
ape os

iy

ny

 

The Nawal H 1ST ORT Chap, |

 

Chap.6. of NoRTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

 

Blefted Corn, whether Wheat, Barley, or Oats, that {pring from

one and the [ame Root , have every one of them a Blafted Ear. Ay

leaft tis very rare to {ce a found and a Blufted Ear belonging to the |

fame Stool.
102, This Obfervation fhews, that the Malady enters at the Root,

and does not defcend out of the Air upon the ‘Gram. Dr. Wood.
ward, in my Opinion, has difcoverd the Caufe of this ill Ac. |

cident, in p. 211. Nat. Hiftory of the Earth, where he inti-
mates, that it is a Vapour bearing up a noxious Mineral Mat-
ter along with it, which blights the Corn. That a whole

Field is not blafted , that only the Ears of here and there a Stool of |

Grain are thus endamag’d, is, becaufe all are not fo tender and
weak , as thofe that had the Fate to be blafted , were. Land that
was fow'd with over-light, or otherwife imperfect and bad Seed, is
obferv’d to have more Bunts or Blafted Corn upon it, than that which
was fow'd with founder and better Grain, by reafon the former
makes a fainter Return, has a weaker Stalk and Ear, or however a
weaker Ear ; fo that ’tis only the weaker Grain that is blafted; it be-
ing not fo well able to withftand the malignant Stioke, asis the
heartier Grain of the fame Field. This is confirmed by parallel In-
ftances in the Blafts of Fruit-trees, and other Vegetables. The
youngeft and tendereft of them we find are always moft fubjet to
Blafts and other Injuries.

There are plainly the Signature and Footfteps of a venemous,
fubtle, fharp, and Mineral Matter upon thefe Blafted Ears. The
Fars are of a Black, or of a Ruity Colour : The Seed is perfectly
diffolv’d, and, as it were, burnt into a Sooty Powder by {ome iharp
and corrofive Mineral, which having enterd the Pores of the Root
in fmall and fingle Corpufcles, pafies up to the Ear, where being
ftay’d by the Streightnefs of the Veficls there, it there exerts its ut-
moft Malignity. To fteep the Wheat in Brine before they fow it,
is a way that feldom fails, they fay, of preventing the Malady in
that Sort of Grain, but how 1t does do this, I do confefs I cannot
fo well explain.

103. Upon the Leaves of Sallows and fome other Trees, in Au-
guft and September, 1 have fometimes obferv’d a footy Powder, much
like that of thefe blafted Ears: Upon other Sallow Leaves the like
fort of black Subftance formed into a kind of fraly Cruft invefting
the Leaf, and feeming to be made thus confiftent by an oyly or
gummous Matter exuded out of its Pores. Indeed the footy Matter
appears to have been caft out too at the Pores of the I eaves, and to
have much the fame Origin with the Smut of the blaftcd Wheat ec.
Had it been depofited upon them from the Atmofphere, the like
would be found upon the Leaves of all forts of Trees indifferently ;
however upon all that have a rough hairy Surface, or fuch an one,
whatever 1t is, as is apt to detain any dufty Matter that drops upon
it. Now for this the Leaves of Hafel, and of ma ny other Trees, tis
certain, are as proper as hefe of Sallow. But in"a long Hedgrow

con-

 

 

confifting of a Variety of Trees, the Hafel among the reft, I have
more than once obferv’d, that not one of them had any of this Syms
upon their Leaves, but only the Sallowws there.

104. Alfo amongft the Accidents of a more General Kind relat
ing to Plants, we may fitly place the gummous Exudations of the
Branches, Leaves, and other Parts of Vegetables, thofe of them at
leaft that are uncommon and remarkable. Such is the Manna found
by my worthy Friend Mr. E. Gibbon in the hot Summer, Ano 1684.
upon the Branches and Leaves of feveral Afhes betwixt 7 hors and
Peterborough, particularly thofe in the nethermoft Hedge, of that
call’d the Mull-clofe on the Weft-fide of the City. That Gentleman
affures me, that having gather’d about two or three Ounces of it,
and compar’d it with the Manna of the Shops , as did alfo feveral
other very proper Judges in the Cafe, they all agreed that it had the
Colour, the Tafte, the Confiftence, and in a word, all the main
Marks and Characters of the pureft Calabrian Manna 5 tho’ ’tis
certain the Afh from whence the Calabria Manna is colleted y 182
different Species from our common Englyb Ath, as having befides
other Differences rounder Leaves, for which Reafon it is called Fraxi.
nus folio rotundiore, by both the Baubimes. This Englifb Manna came
moft plentifully out of the Joints of the Branches, as does likewife
the Calabrian. ~ By the word Joint | here mean no more than the place
of the Infertion of the winged Leaf of the Afh into the Branch. Ir
iffued forth in fuch plenty, that it drop’d upon the Ground, and
was taken notice of by the People then making Hay in the adjoin-
ing Meadows, who greedily lick’d it off of the Branches. After
one very rainy Day it all difappear'd, and the Branches ceas’d to ex.
ude. And they have never fince that time afforded any Mamma at all,
or only fo {mall a Quantity that it has not been taken notice of.

105. The truth of this Relation Iam well’d affur’d of ; but indeed
it is fomewhat ftrange that thefe Afhes fhould never yield this Man-
na any more than once. All I can fay to it is, that twas a very hot
Summer when they did yield it : That our Cherry-Trees, and per-
haps all other Gum-bearing Trees, fend forth the greateft Quantity
of Gum for the moft part, if not always, in the hotteft Years : And
that fuch a Crafs and Gummous fort of Matter as Manna confifts of,
in all likelihood requires a greater Degree of the Sun’s Heat to draw
it out of thofe Trees, than we ordinarily have here in England.
“That the Particles which form the Manna, do not go quite oft into
the Atmofphere, but are depofited thus upon the Branches, is doubt-
Jot owing to the Thicknefs, Weight , and Tenacity of thofe Par-
ticles.

106. That the feet and clammy Subftance of the Confiftence of
Honey, calld Meligo or Honey-deww which is frequently found in
great Plenty upon the Leaves of Oaks, and on the Leaves, Branches,
and other Parts of fundry other Vegetables, tho’ more {paringly,
e.g. On the Leaves of the Maple and Hafel , on the Branches and
Leaves of the Lime-Tree, and upon the Branches and Foot-ftalks of

the

 
 

 

  
   
    
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
   
     
  
   
   
 
   
     
   
    
   
  
    
    
  
 
   
  
 
  
 
 
   
  
 
   
   
   
  

 

 

 

 

404

The Natwral HIST O RT Chap. 6.

the Rofe is an Exudation of thofe Leaves, Branches, &e. and not a
fweet Dew defcending upon them out of the Air, as our vulgar Name
imports , is evident enough to any one who carefully examines the
Thing. And yet the contrary Opinion has heretofore been generally
receiv’d, and feems ftill to prevail. ~ Which Error, fince it has never
yet been fully detected, nor the real Origin of this fuppofed Honey-
Dew explain’d , Ihall here take notice of the following Particulars
relating thereunto.

1. Did it really defcend out of the Air, it would be found upon
all Kinds of Vegetables, indifferently and contingently ; which it
never is. Tis a groundlefs Fancy that ’tis found upon thefe, and
not on thofe, becaufe thefe have an apter Texture to detain it. We
fee that the common Dew lights upon all, and is found upon all of
them without Diftinétion : and did this alfo fall in like manner it
would be found upon all as that is ; the rather becaufe this is a clam-
my Subftance that will adhere to any Subje¢t whatever.

2. "Tis found in the Bofoms of Flowers, and on the backfides
of Leaves, upon the lower Branches, and other Parts of Plants that
lye fo retir'd and hidden, ’tis impoffible that any thing out of the Air
fhould drop down upon them. Nay, let one of thofe Branches with
their Leaves be quite cover’d all over, with a Cloth or other clofe
Cover, notwithftanding they will {till continue to have this Honey-
Dew upon them as before. | have this from fome Perfons of good
Credit, who themfelves have made this Experiment.

3. "Tis found upon the Leaves, Branches, and other Parts of Vege-
tables, then only when they are in their moft vigorous State. To
this State, the Leaves, Ic. of forme Sorts of Plantsarrive more early
in the Summer, of others not till the later Part of it; fome with a
leffer, others not without a greater Degree of the Sun’s Heat. And
whenever they arrive to this State, then is the Time of finding Ho-
ney-Dezw upon them ; but it never appears upon any of them before
that Time or after it, in their declining State, be the Temper of the
Air or Weather what it will : A fair Indication, that this Honey-like
Subftance is not engendred in the Air, but proceeds all of it from
thofe very Plants upon which we find it.

4. Asa farther Proof of this, 1 fhall only add the following Ob.
fervations. Theres ufually the greateft Quantity of this fuppofed
Dew upon thofe Leaves that have been firuck or wounded by Infeéts :
"Tis found upon them foon after the Stroke : And it never, or very
fcldom, appears upon the Leaves of fome Sorts of Plants, unlefs they
happen to be thus wounded. We may obferve a little Yellowifh
Spot upon every one of thefe, if we view them clofely ; Which Spot
is indeed the Wound that was made by the Infects Terebrella ; fo the
Inftrument wherewith it pierces the Leaf, is ufually calld, = Out of
the Orifice the Honey-like Liquor iffues, and firft appears upon the
Lips or Borders of it; from whence tis diffus’d over all the lower
part of the Leaf, efpecially towards the Tip of it. And thus in Trees
that ufually emita Gummous Matter, e. gr. thofe Apricock and Cherry-

trees,

 

 

 

Chap.6. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

trees, there is ufually a far greater Quantity of Gum on thofe that
are wounded, than on thofe that are not. Sometimes it diftills down
from the Extremity of the Branches of fome Vegetables, particu-
larly thofe of Woodbind or Hony-[uckle, fo copioufly that it moiftens
the Ground underneath them to u confiderable Depth ; and no
where elfe but juft underneath the Ends of the Branches is the
Earth thus moiften’d. For this Obfervation I am beholden to Mr.
Cox of Mears-Afbby, a Gentleman very curious and fuccefsful in na-
tural Refearches, particularly about the Nature and Origin of this
imaginary Honey-Dew ; whichjas appears plainly from this Inftance
amongft others,is indeed no other than an Exudation of the Leaves,
Ye. upon whofe Surface it is found.

107. This laft Obfervation affords me a fit Tranfition to thofe Ex-
crefcences of the Leaves and Branches of many Kinds of Vegetables
which are caus'd by Infects. Amongft the prodigious Variety of
them which it would be endlefs to recount, I fhall here confider
only thofe of the Cynsbatos Officin. wild Briar, Dogs Rofe, or Hip-
tree ; which Tree is indeed remarkable in this Regard, for there oc-
cur no fewer than three different forts of them, upon this one par-
ticular Species of Plants.

1. A round Gall-like Excrefcence upon its Leaves. 2. An oblong
Protuberance upon its Branches or Streams. And, 3. That Spungy
Ball by Pliny call'd Spongiola Rojee, in the Shops Bedeguar, upon its
freth Shoots, or on its {lender Twigs. Of the Firft of thefe which
occurs but feldom, I {hall give a particular Defcription in the follow-
ing Inftance. In the Month of Auguft 1706. in fome Hedges near
Oxendon, 1 found upon the Leaves of the common Briar or Hip-tree
{mall orbicular Bodies like Galls, in the manner of their Adhefion to
the Leaf, butas much {maller than thofe ufually are, as the Hip-tree
Leaf is {maller than that of the Oak, wi. about the fize of the com-
mon Field Peafe. Some of them were affixd to the upper Part,
and others to the nether Part of the Leaf, moft if not all to its Ribs.
They were all of a pale green Colour, found and whole, and ap-
pear'd to have Infect Eggs inclofed in the middle of them ; excepting
one which was of a bluifh Colour, hollow within , and had a {mall
Hole on the Side of it, which appear’d to have been made by an In-
fect eating its way through it. The like little Balls but {maller I
have obferv'd upon the Scrophularia lutea in Mr. Courtman’s Garden
at Draughton.

108. The Second Sort of Excrefcence, viz. That oblong Protube-
rance upon the Stems or Branches of the Briar is fomewhat more
frequent. 1 have obferv’d a great many of them in Cranfly Wood.
"Tis indeed no other than a Tumour of that part of the Branch up-
on which it is found running length-ways fometimes to almoft an Inch
in length. The middle part of it ftands out higher than the reft.
The Surface is fmooth ; but in Auguft , or thereabouts tis ufually
found as it were prick’d full of Holes.

L111

 
 

109. The

405.

    

    
 

406

The Natwal H I ST 0 RT "Chap. 6.

 

i09. The fpungy Balls upon the young Shoots of the Briar are fo
well known, that I need not be very particular in defcribing them.
This Excrefcence in the inner part of it is woody and hard. That
fpungy Subftance, as 'tis call’d, on the outfide of it is indeed of re-
gular Shape, and as it werea Knot or Clufter of fome very fimall fort
of Mofs, which may be thus deferibed. It hasa very flender Stem,
about ant Inch in length. I now fpeak of fome of the largeft of
them ; from whence for almoft the whole length of it proceed feve-
ral hair-like Branches or Leaves, call them which you pleafe : and
from thefe, others that are fmaller and finer, which I think are again
fubdivided into other fmaller ones. "Tis of a dark green Colour
when frefh and young, with amixtureof red. It grows forth of the
woody part of the Excrelcence. All the older Excrefcencies of this
Kind have Holes in them, which are certainly made by fome in-
cluded Infelts, eating their way through them. Whoever doubts of
this may fatisfy himfelf if he gathers a Company of thefe Briar Balls
that are found and entire, which he may do in Fuly or Auguft | and
keep them by him till the next Apri or May.

110. Thefe Excrefcencies upon the Leaves, the Stems, and the
young Twigs of the Briar, by the different Circumftances of them,
appear to be form'd by different Kinds of Infects; the Hiftory
ot each whereof I fhall not go about to give here, were my Obfer-
vations perfect enough for it, that more properly belonging to the
following Chapter. What I fhall fay farther in this place upon the
Subject, concerns only the Origin of thefe Excrefcences in general.
For tho’ they are not peculiar to one Kind of Plant, nor effeted by
only one Kind of Infect, yet, if we may judge by the Analogy of
them one to another, they are all of them effefted in much the fame
Manner’; which I take to be this. The old Infe& firikes a Hole with
fome Probofcis , or other, Infrrument that the is natwrally furnifhed
with for the Purpofe, into the Leaf, Branch, or other Part of the
Plant, whilft young and tender, and there lays her Eggs ; affixing
them to or near the Lips of the Orifice : The wounded Plant bleeds,
and flings forth a fibrous Matter at the Wound , which enclofes the
Eggs , and by little and little , there coming forth more of the like
Matter the fame way, forms thefe Excrefcences. The included
Eggs are hatch’d by the Sun’s Heat: And when the young ones are
come to perfect Maturity they eat their way through, being now able
to fhift for themfelves, and fo pafs forth at thofe Meatus’s, which they
themielves make, and which appear in all the older Excrefcences.

The Mofs-like Subftance that grows forth of the Woody Part of
the Briar-Balls, feems to owe its Rife to fome Attempts made by the
Plant to fend forth Leaves where thefe Excrefcences are ; but the Sap
being impeded and difturb’d in its Motion by this preternatural Affe-
¢tion of that Part of the Plant | produces only imperfect Stamina or
Rudiments of Leaves; fo we may call them, each bearing fome Re-
femblance to the main Rib of a fmall Leaf, with the Collateral Fi-

bres

 

Chap.6. of NorTHAMPTONSHIRE,

bres proceeding from it. But this Conjeture ( for I can call it no
other) the Reader may lay afide, or make ufe of, as he thinks ht.
111. The fine, White, andHairy, or Wooly Balls, that are found
encompafling the young Buds upon the Branches of Oaks, which are
ufually called Appendages , to me feem allo to be peculiar Effloref-
cences of thofe Buds occafion’d by the venomous Stroke of a {mall
Fly, when fhe lays her Eggs in that Place where the Ball arifes
Within thefe Balls, as well as in the common Oak-Apples I have
frequently found little White Maggots , which no doubt proceeded
from Eggs. And how thefe Eggs thould come there, but by the In-
fect intruding them into a wounded Part of the Bud or Branch in
like manger as fhe does in the Briar-Branches above-fpoken of, I can.
not imagine. Of thofe Maggots come very fmall Flies, as | have
this Inftant June 21. obferv’d. The Flies are fo very {mall; and
the Balls fo big, that “tis fearcely poffible they fhould draw forth
the Matter of thefe huge Wooll-like Balls out of their own Bowels
as fome have imagined ; and fo form of it a Neft, as Birds do, for
their Eggs. Much rather do I think that it is a Kind of Capillary
Excrefcence, which the Knot is difpos’d to throw out upon fome In-
IeTruTion made in the Growth of it. But which is more than all:

the Hair or Wooll of the Woolly Balls defcribed above, upon a frig
View, appears to grow out of the Buds of the Oaken Branches. in
like manner as the Mofly Covering of the Spongiola Rofe does out of
the Rofe ; only ‘tis not fo clofely and firmly rooted. Upon the
whole, I inclige to think, that almoft every Plant, and every Part of
a Plant, has its peculiar Kind of Excrefcence, when thus wounded.

 

w—

407

 
 
  

    
  
  
  
   
  

 
  

 
 
 
   
  
  
 
 
  
 

 

“The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 7.

    

C H AP VIL
of BRUTE ANNIMALS,

 

  

51. TNDER the Title of Braue, I comprehend all Animals

whatever, except the Rational; as well the Exanguious
Animals, fuch as Ines, and Cochlee, as the Sanguineous ones, Fifbes,
Buds, Oviparous and Prviparous SQuadrupeds ; confidering fuch as
have not been defcribed already : are unufual : or have fome extra-
ordinary Accidents attending them.

». The Animals entitled Fxanguious, as wanting that Red Liquor,
called Blood , are ufually diftributed into thefe Two general Kinds,
the Leffler, and the Larger. The Lefler , tho’ a very numerous and
a mixed Company, come all under one Name, that of fufefls.

The Subjett of Infects is in a manner infinite, and is certainly more
than Task enough for any one Man, or indeed an Age: Notwith-
ftanding the Labours of {fo many Learned and Induftrious Men upon
it, very much remains fill to be done. In order to the obtaining
fome farther Light into this fo Extenfive and Entertaining a Part of
Natural Hiftory, I have for fome Years my felf made Obfervations
upon thefe Animals, end colleéted a great many various Kinds of
them, as I have had Leifure. But thefe Obfervations, tho’ chiefly
made in this County, being not yet brought to due Perfection : and

{ having already prefum’d very far upon my Readers Patience, by
the Prolixity of fome other Parts of this Work, I {hall here only note
fome few Things under this Head, fuch, as I imagine, are moft agree-
able to the prefent Defign.

_ But before I come to Particulars, I fhall for Clearnefs and Me-
thod’s fake, premife this general Account of Infedts. The Indefati-
gable Mr. Ray, in his Methodus Infeorum, Lond. 1705. has very
fitly reduced all the various Species of Infecls to thefe Two Tribes.

The Infeda dysmusppum, that is, thofe that undergo no Change in
their Shape,none of which haveWings: and the per puppéuera, thofe that
change theirShape,which appear at firft without Wings,and afterwards
arewinged Infets; whichChange, whatfoever fome may have fancy’d,
is only External. The Infe is fill the fame as to its Internal Parts,
but having caft the outmoft Coat or Skin, which invefted it whilft a
mere Reptile, it appears indeed in a very different Form from what
it had before. The Ingenious Swamerdam, in his Hifloria univer [alis
Tnfe&orum, has fufficiently clear’d this feeming Myftery : and that I
may not leave my Reader wholly in the dark, as to this the moft
material Point in the Hiftory of Infeéts, 1 fhall here give a tranfient

Ta warpoppduera

4 Firft,

View of the manner of the Tran{mutation of the Infec
which Mr. Ray difpofes into Three Claffes.

  

   
 
  
  
  

 

 

a
TE] ip

Chap.7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
4. Firft, Thofe whofe Change is inffantaneous , there bei
twixt their old and new Fr (that of a GRE
out Wings, and that of a flying Infect , ) no Interval of Reft ; the
pelicula or Skin, that naturally covers them whilft in this firft State
and within which the Wings of the future Fly bud up and grow oy
vefting only or chiefly the Head and the Back of them, fo that their
Legs are free, and they are not deprivid of Locomotion (as are
thofe of the following Claffes) unlefs perhaps that very Moment
wherein they caft this Skin, and come forth winged Infects.  Second-
ly, thofe which undergo a double Change , firft from a Maggot or
Caterpillar (the Creature having caft its outmoft Skin whereby ‘twas
diftinguifh'd as a creeping Infect) to a Chryfalis ; in which State i
neither eats nor moves from its Place. Secondly, from a Chr fbi
into a flying Infet, having caft that Coat or Skin, wherein its Sh
Body was covered whilft a Chryfalis, and from whence it had that
Name. Thirdly, thofe that to outward View undergo only a fingle
Change, viz. From a creeping toa flying Infect, betwixt which oe
States they alfo ceafe to move fora time. The difference betwixt the
Infets of this and the fecond Order, is not fo great as it feems ~
be. The Infe&ts of the fecond Order, as we have already Red
having caft the Pellicula of the Ve ermiculus, appear in another Form,
IZ. Of a Chylalite, or a Body fomewhat Analogous, and at laft ha
ving cafta fecond Coat (that of the Chyfalis) in the Form of -a fi :
ing Infect: whereas thefe of this third Order depofit two Pellicul. Sh
one and the {ame time, that of the Vermiculus which is outmoft and
vifible, and alfo one Analogous to that of the Chryfalite in the Se-
cond Order, which isinmoft and hid ; having grown up underneath
the outmoft Pellicula, and being laid afide at the fame Inftant toge-
ther with it, when the creeping Infe&t urns (as we ufually Ct
1% : Aying one , that is, when the Fly breaks forth of this its
5. According to this Method , it being truly natural and juft, I
{hall range my Obfervations relating to thi i 0 ;
I fons J Ry Des g to this Subject. To begin with
Amongft all the numerous Species belonging to this Tri
fects that do not change their Sha pe, I fhal A a Ft Ja
tice of Two, and thofe both of them dwmuigure pedata, “the firft a
Water-Infect, the fecond a Land one. Firft of the Pulex aquaticus
arbore[cens  Swammerdamij , Swammerdam’s Water-Flea with

    

409

branched Arms* : An Infeét of a blood-like Colour, and of admi
ble Structure, which is accurately defcribed by that HR oy Hil. ca
Gener, p. 66.

mologift. "Tis no lefs common in England than in Foreign Coun- é-.

tries, tho not obferved (as can find ) by any of our Engl i-
ters of Infelts. In the hotter part ely it La
with us in our Pools, and other ftanding Waters. The Water of a
Pond nigh Dadford, and one end of one of Mr. Wodball’s Ponds at
Thengford, 1 have feen fo prodigioufly full of thefe fmall Blood-colour’d
Infets, that it look’d exaétly like to bloody Water. And an unwa-

Mmmmm ry

 P

  
 

The Natural HIT ST ORT Chap. 7.

 

ry Spectator, who knew not the Caufe of this uncommon Colour,
wou'd be apt to fancy that the Water in thofe Ponds was turn’d into
Blood. What Amazement and Terror a like Appearance in the
Waters at Leyden once occafion’d there, the fagacious Swammer.
dam relates in his History of Infeffs, p. 71. Secondly, of the Scols-
pendra nofliluca Moufets : Mouffer’s Scolopender that fhines in the
Night : An Infect that Mouffet had never feen himfelf, but upon
the Teftimony of his curious Friend our Englifb Bruer aflerts that
there was fuch a Kind of Scolopender to be found in England. This
very lnfe@ 1 have more than once obferv’d at the bottoms of old
Walls, and as 1 remember of Hedges too, both in Northamptonfbire
and Cambridgefbive. 1 the rather mention it here, becaufe I find not
the Caufe of this its thining Quality hasas yet been pointed forth,
It has not this Splendor in the bottom of it like the Glow-worm,
whofe Light arifes from two feveral Specks on the under-fide near
the Tail : but in an outward Slime wherewith the Body of it is be.
{mear’d. A part of which Slime fometimes drops off from it; fo
that of one Scolopender which 1 faw at firft, it feem’d in an Initant, to
be multiply’d to five or fix.

6. Come we now to the Infecla pumepgpéuere, the Infeéts that change
their Shape : and to thofe in the firft place, which change only once,
and that without any Intervall of Reft. To this Clafs belongs the
Gryllotalpa, the Feu-cricket, Eve-chur, or Chur-worm, which Infect
I take notice of here for the Rarity of it; being no where, that
ever I could hear of, found in Northamptonfbire, but at Kings-thorp.
Neither is it common in other Counties. The Ingenious Mr. Short-
grave at Halfton , has now by him one of the Kings-thorp Gryllotalpe

referv’d in Sprits of Wine, in a Glafs Hermetically fealed: and
ho him I had the firft Intelligence of their being found at that
Place. "Tis for an Infect a Creature of remarkable Bignefs, and no
lefs fo for its way of Living ; for it makes its way into the Earth
like a Mole, and lives for the moft part under Ground, in fat loofe
Earth, in rich Meadows, or Moorith Ground, fuch as that by the
River Side at Kings-thorp.

7. The Second Clafs of the uelapgpoéusz confifts of thofe that
undergo a double Change in their Shape, in the Manner defcribed
above in 9. 4.

Thefe are either Vaginipennia, {uch whofe Wings are covered with
Cafes or Sheaths, as are thofe of the Scarab, or Beetle-kind , or
Avbavren 5 {uch as have naked Wings, which again are fubdivided in-
to thofe with Mealy, and thofe with Membranaccous Wings. Un-
der this laft Subdivifion are placed the Infeéts of the Bee-Tribe.

The Difcoveries relating to a Species of this laft Tribe, viz. a
wild Bee, or rather one of the Mufee Apiformes, or Bee-fafhion'd
Flies, whereof we have from Dr. King, and Mr. Willughby, a very
entertaining Account, (in Phil. Tranf. N. 65, and 74.) as they
were made at _Aflrop in this County, ought not to be omitted here.
Fhis Sort of Bee breeds in the Trunks of rotten Willows after this

: remarkable

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

Chap. >.

 

remarkable Manner. In the firft place, the old Bees bore therein a
great many Cylindraceous Cavities, Holes, or Burrows running all
according to the Grain of the Wood, ( excepting where the Bee
comes in, and the Cavities communicate with one another) then
they fill them with Cartrage-like Cafes made of Bits of Leaves of
Rofes, and fometimes other Trees ; the Sides of longer Bits, the
Ends of fhorter ones, all very regularly and clofely wrought, within
which they lay their Eggs, in every Cartrage one, and there leave
them together with a f{ufficient Quantity of Food for the Hatch of
young ones. Of each Egg is produc'd'a White Maggot , which af.
ter fome time having caft its outmoft Skin, becomes a Nympho, (the
Term of Art for the Chryfalite of a Bee ) and at length, the Coat
or Cafe of the Nympba being laid afide, a Bee ; which eats its way
forth of the Tree.

The Reader who defires a more particular Account of thefe wog-
derful Contrivances of this Sort of wild Bee, for fecuring and bring-
ing up her young ones, may find it in the Philofophical I yanfations +
Of which Account this is only a fhort Abftraét. ¥ :

8. To this Head of Infects with naked Membranaceous Wings
belong alfo the Mufce quatuor Alarum Papilionaces dicte , partcular..
ly that Species of thofe Four-wing’d Flies, which come of thofe
Water-Infets that cover themfelves with Zhece or Cafes. OF this
Kind of Water-Infeéts, I have, about our Brooks and Rivers, ob-
ferv’d fo many fybordinate Species, that to give the full Hiftory of
them here, would carry out this Article too far ; I fhall therefore do
no more at prefent, than deferibe the Cafes wherein they enclofe and
fecure themielves, fo long as they inhabit the Water. So much Sa.
gacity, Skill, and Prudence there appears in the StruGure of thee
Cafes, that of all the Parts of the Natural Hiftory of this Infect, I
chufe to confider this. Mr. Ray from Mr. Willughby's Obfervations,
has already given us a Table of thefe Water-Infeét Cafes, which,

with feveral Additions and Improvements, I now prefent to the
Reader.

9. Water Infects that cover themfelves with Cafes, have either a
Cafe

{ Immoveable , being affix’d to Pebbles or other Stones. This
fort of Cafe is ordinarily compos'd of Gravel and Sand agglu-
tinated : and is of a roundith Shape. Dr. Plot has given a
particular Account of one Variety of them in Natural Hiftory
of Oxfordfhire, Ch. 5. ¢. 25. We find the fame in the Stoney
Brooks nigh Kettering , and in feveral others.

Ora Moveable migratory one, which is commonly called a Cad-
Cafe : Either

Round

 
 

 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 7.

"Round and long, having either

( Straws, we a Bits of Sticks, agglutinated ; and thofe

either

Parallel, of which are two Species, a larger one two Inches long,
and a {maller one, the commoneft of all:

Tranfverfe and fhorter than the former ; wherewith in fome of
the Cafes are interlaid very {mall Stores, in others {mall
Snail-Shells : or ;

Perpendicular , I now fpeak of the outwarder Straws which
compote this fort of Cafe, which are fharp, ftiff, and very
flender little bits fet End-ways, like the Prickles of a Hedge-
hog when eretted. This Species occurs but feldom, and was
unknown to Mr. Willoughby, as were alfo four or five inore

tof the Varieties that follow.

---Seed-Veflels, and Seeds of Plants.

---Snail-fhells of various Kinds, and a few very {mall Stones in-

termix’d.

This Sort of Cafe is very pretty with that Variety of Shells
that ufually adhere to it.

---Fragments of Snail-fhells, with a Mixture of fine Sand.

---The {maller Pebbles and Flints with a little Sand.

---Sand of a coarfer Grit. Thefe Two laft are very common

Sorts, and occur in almoft every Brook , even in thofe Brooks

where there’s not the {malleft Heap or Parcel of Sand to be

feen in any part of them ; as at Oxendon, and elfewhere.

Within thele are the Worms call'd Cod- Bait.

---Sand of a finer Grit. Some of thefe are crooked and tapering,
not unlike toa Cock’s Spur : Others are tapering, of a Conical
Shape, and are not crooked. They vary in Colour, as do al-
{o the former.

---A Stoney Matter , which is brought out of the Earth by the
Water of thofe called Petrifyimg Springs, and which, as the
Water glides along, is catch’d and entangled in a {limy Matter
upon and about the Bodies of the Cad-worms which are by Na-
ture directed to poft themfelves for that very Purpofe, in the
Chanels of thofe Springs. There are Cad-cafes of this Sort
in feveral of our Petrifying Waters, at fome Diftance from
their Sources. 1 firft difcover'd the way of their Formation in
the Chanel of a {mall Rill, that carries down one of theft
Springs, betwixt the Bog-Clofe at Harrington and Rowel Field,
Sha the little Bridge that leads into the Field ; where there
are many Incruftations, otherwife called Petrifattions, confift-
ing of the fame Stoney Matter, as do the Cad-cafes there.

" Thefe are of a coarfer Grit. In a Rill or Gutter betwixt Bul-
wick and Blatherwick, 1 obferved a Variety composd of a
Matter as fine and as White as is that of our Whiteft Lime-

ftone.

 

 

 

---Com-

 

 

Chap.7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
---Common Sand with Two or Three Parallel Straws, or flender
Pieces of Sticks affix’d to the Outfide of it. There are ufually
no more than Two of thefe Sticks, and thofe fet oppofite to
| each other Sideways. So placed they much conduce to the
| ftrengthning of the Cafe.
[Or Flat and Comprefled,
| | with fomewhat bigger Stones adhering to the Sides of the Cafe
never to the Fore or Back-part of it ; whence it neceffarily
| appears flat or comprefled : or with no Stones adhering thus to
I] the Sides, but with a Cafe running forth Sideways into a thin
| Margin, as 1t were Wings. “Tis a flatter and more compreffed
co Cale than the former, and alfo tapering,

 

L

10. We meet with all thefe Sorts or Varieties of Cad-tworm Ca-
[es in the Ponds, Brooks, or Rivers of this County. Indeed a greater
Variety there is of them, than of the Infeéts that carry thefe their
little Houles about with them. For the fame Sort of Infe&t, tho’
they do not vary much in the Form or Figure of their Houfes et
as to the Materials of them they do, In fome Places beilding di
of Sand : in others where there'is no Sand, but abundance of {mall
Shells, of thefe: in others of a Chalky or Calcarious Matter or
whatever elfe the Place affords, that’s fit for this Purpofe. ?

11. The Ground-work, if I may fo call it, of all the Cafes is a
glutinous or flimy Matter, of fuch Tenacity and Strength, that I
have feen Two pretty large and weighty Pebbles, fo clofely conjoin’d
with this flimy Subftance proceeding from a Cad-worm. that had
plac’d it {elf betwixt them, that they would not fall afunder one
from another : Nothing but Violence would fever them. And when
I pluck’d them afunder, it drew forth a Rope of Slime from out the
Cad-ca/e, much like the Saliva of Snails. Hereof the Cad-worm
forms it {elf a loofe Kind of Coat, covering all, unlefs the Head and
Feet, which are fct on near the Head. Thefe the Cad can exert or
draw in at pleafure : and by means ot this Sort of Gluten. to which
every little Body that touches it adheres, the Animal rough-Coats
and ftrengthens that Coat with Sand, Straws, or other proper Mat.
ter, juft fo much of them ufually as ferves to give a due Firmnefs to
the Coat, without rendring it too bulky and cumberfome. The other
Extremity , that’s oppofite to the Head , is clofed with fuch Matter
as the Sides of the Cafe are compofed of. Which clofed End the
Cad-worm, when fhe fees a Gudgeon, a Fifth that delights to pre
upon them, about to aflault him, erelts, ftriking his Head into the
Bottom of the Brook or River: and having put himfelf into this
Pofture, the Gudgeon gives over the Affault.

12. But tis time to proceed to the Third and Laft Order of the
perugppéuere, which contains thofe Infects that change their Shape
but once, yet depofit Two {uch Coats or Coverings, as thofe of the
Second Order, that undergo a double Change. The Infeét defcribed
by Dr. Plot, in Nat. Hift. of Staffordfbire, Ch. 5.9. 25. under the

Nnonnn Name

413

 
 

ir The Nawd HIST ORT Chap.7

Name of Eruca Glabra cendata aquatica arborea, which we have here
fometimes in Jakes and Squalid Waters, does indeed belong to this
Third Clafs, and is by no means to be called an Eruca or Caterpiller ;
{ince it turns to a Fly, not to a Butterfly or Moth, as all the Species
of Eruce do. Neither was this Infe¢t wholly undefcribed, when
Dr. Plot publithed his Account of it, tho’ the Doltor tells us, that
after long Search, he could not meet with it in Authors. “Tis after
“vid. ca al], the Vermiculus of that Infect, which Goedart * calls improperly a
darius Delne ? Er . . "
fearis Edie. Bee ; whereas tis really a Fly with only Two Wings, and which,
Lf Lon ts. in the Latin Tranflations of Goedart, is {aid to have no Feet ; when
indeed it has no fewer than Fourteen. But ’tis for nothing fo remark.
able as its jointed tapering Tail, which, when exerted to its full
Length, is almoft Five Inches long. Having crept about and fuftain’d
it felf thus in the filthieft Waters, in the Form of a Worm, its due
time, it ceafes to move for fome few Days ; but at length, being as
it were reftor’d to Life again, depofits its Exuvie, that is, cafts off
the Two Outmoit Membranes under which a Pair of Wings was all
the while a growing up, difplays thofe Wings, and becomes a Fly of
+ Vid. seam- that Sort very fitly called Mufca Stercoraria by Swammerdam+.
podem Hit. And thus much will, 1 believe, be thought enough from me, for
p39. the Readers Information and Entertainment upon this Article of In.
fects.

13. Secondly, Come next to be confidered the larger Exanguious
Animals. Thefe I chufe to diftribute into

Pedata, {uch as have Feet ;

Apeda, fuch as have none.

The Pedata, into the Soft and Cruftaceous :
The Apoda, into the Naked and Teftaceous.

The Soft Exanguious Animals, the Polypus, the Sepia, or Cuttle-
fith, and the reft of them, are all Inhabitants of the Sea ; and there-
fore out of my Province: Neither have I any more to fay about the
Cruflaceous ones, but that one of thefe, that called the Cray-fifb,
Afiacus fluvianlis, a Fifh fomewhat rare in other Parts, is pretty com-
mon in the Ife, particularly nigh Rufbton, Newton, and Geddington :
And that in the faid Brook, there are to be found of them as large,
and in all Regards in as good Perfection, as I have good Reafon to
believe, as in any Water whatever ; that Famous one for Cray-fith
at Hungerford in Berkfbire, not excepted.

14. | therefore proceed to the Exanguia Apoda, and having no-
thing very remarkable concerning the Naked Apoda, which are ufu-
ally called Lunaces, the Naked Spails, whereof we find no other
here than the Three common Sorts defcribed by Dr. Lifter ||,

I go on next way to the 7effaceous ones, the Footlefs Exanguious
Creatures that are cover’d with Shells ; of which we have indeed
a great Variety both of the Land and Water Sorts.

15. All the Fourteen Sorts of Cichlew Terreftres, or Land Shell-
Snails, defcribed by the Ingenious Dr. Lifter, in his Tra& De Coch-
les Anglie Terreftribus, we have here; excepting only the Firft, the

Yochlea

fl Vid. Dr.
Lifier’s Trak
De Cochl.
Ter angl.

Chap.7. o Nort

Cochlea maxima cmerea operculo gypfeo, Oc. the great Edible lidded
Snail, and perhaps that Tir. 11.36. ~ The Greit Edible Snail, tho’
common in fome Places in the Southern Parts of England, yet can
farce be brought to live with us; as appears by an Experiment
made by the late Lord Hatton, who puta great many live ones of
this Kind into a convenient Coppice near his Houfe at Kirby, with
Intentions that they fhould breed there ; but in a fhort time they all
dy’d. Neither have I yet met with the Buccinum, Tit. 11. Lift. but
the reft of them are obvious enough, even thofe that feem to be very
rare by Dr. Lifler's Account of them.

16. To gratify thofe who are Curious in the Hiftory of thefe Ele-
gant little Creatures, I fhall here direct to fome of the Places in this
County, where the choicer and rarer Animals of this Kind are the
moft frequent and numerous.

The Cochlea cinerea firiata, &c. Tit. 5. Dr. Lifter *, or the Striated | Cochies
Lidded Shell-Snail, is not a very common one here ; but yet under corbinaa &
the Buthes by an old Stone-pit on the South Side of Wakerly Church ; Column. D¢
and alfo under the Bufhes upon a very fteep Place of the South Bank Fores
of the Weland in Wakerly Lordfhip, there are many of them.

The Buccinum exiguum mucrone obtufo, &c. Tit. 6. Lifter, 1 have
found in great Plenty in a Ground nigh Morfley Wood , efpecially
upon a Srone-Heap there.

The Buccirum exiguum quinque [pirarum mucrone acuto, Tit. 7. Lift.
occurs very frequently in all our moifter Woods, in the Mofs at the
Roots of the old Trees ; as alfo among the Mofs and Sedge upon
the Boggy Sides of feveral ftanding Springs , as at Oxendon and Ar-
thingworth.

The Buccinum Rupinum majufculum circiter [ex orbibus circumuvolut.

Tit. 8. Lift. we find with the former in the fame Woods, but much
more rarely.

The Buccinum pullum ore compre (ls circiter decem [pirarum, Tit. 10.

Lift. + in the Woods at Cliff, and in many others: Likewife a lar-t De Coch.
ger Variety of them, tho’ more rarely, 1n the fame Woods. ps 4

This, and the Buccinum exiguwm quinque [pirarum, Lift. are with Apeend
us, of all the Species of thefe pretty fmyll Perewinkles, the com-
moneft.

The Buccinum parvum five Trochilus filvaticus, Tit. 9. Lif. we
find if I miftake not, in Morley Wood; but ’tis extremely rare,

The Shell I have from Morfley, agrees in all Regards with the above-
named of Dr. Lifter ; but that the Door’s has ( as he fays ) Six or
Seven Circles or Wreaths, this no more than Five at the moft, and
the live Shell is all over a little brifly.
The Cocblea diluté rube[cens finu ad wmbilicum exiguo circinato, Tit.12.
Lip. || we meet with alfo at Morley, and in other of the Northam-
| 11 Cochlea
ptonfbire Woods. fubfufca,

umbilicata,

Laftly, ‘The Cochlea pulla filvatica [piris in aciem depreffis, Tit. 14. chvicus
List. in Hedge-Bottoms on the els Side of Oak % by the oe
Road to Stanian. Conchyl.

HAMPTONSHL1RE. 415

17° Be-

 
 

The Namal HI ST 0 RY Chap 7.

17. Befides thefe already defcribed by Dr. Lifter, we have here
no fewer than Six Sorts of Land Snails, that, I think, are wholly
new and undefcribed.

Firft, The Buccinum betroftrophum minutum fufcus [ex [pirarum ogg [ub-
rotundo 3 * fowe may entitle a {inall Brown Buccinum or Perewinkle,
with a roundith Mouth of Six Wreaths, which are convoluted from
the Right Hand to the Left ; whereas almoft all other Shells, whe-
ther of the Land or Sea, have a quite diffzrent Turn, vz. from the
Left Hand to the Right, therein obferving, as it were, the Sun’s
Motion on this North Side of the Aquator. For which Reafon this
Shell has the Adjun&t of Heteroftropbum in the Title. "Tis lefs than
the Buccinum terrefire, Tit. 11. Lift. Neither is there drawn around
the Middleof its Bafis or Firft Wreath, a {harp Ridge, asis in that.
I firft found it in 1695. ina Wood that had been new cut down at
Morley : and fince not unfrequently in the thicker Parts of the
Neighbouring Woods amongft Mots.

Secondly, Trochilus exiguus 4 [pirarum elegantiffime firiatus. "Tis a
very {mall Shell, fcarce the Fourth Part of a Barley Corn in Bignefs,
the Colour a lighter Brown, of the Trochus Shape, having Four
Wreaths fafhioned, as thofe of the I rocht marina, with a pretty flat
Bafis. “Tis very neatly fireak’d or firiated with deep Strie tran(-
verfly to the Turn of the Wreaths. The larger Wreaths rife up in-
to a fharpifh Ridge. 1 found it in the Clefts of a Sallow-Root, ina
Thicket of Sallows near a Pond of Mr. Chamberlamn’s, inv I borp-
mandeville Lord{hip.

Thirdly, Cochlea é Compre(fis, colorss [ubfufc, clavicula produtiore
5 [pirarum, ex altera parte umbilicata, © [ubtiliter echinata : A Cochlea
or Snail-fhell of the compreffed Sort, of a Brownith Hue, with Five
pretty much exerted Wreaths , a Circular Sinus in the Center on one
Side of it, and befct all over with fhort and ftiff little Hairs or
Briftles. Tis not unfrequent in our Woods, particularly in thofe
about King’s-Cliff. Perhaps it is the Cochlea [ubfufca claviculs modice
produda, Lift. Hift. Conchyl. N. 79. L. 1. ;

Fourthly, Cochlea pellucida [ubflavia quingue [pirarum, magis com-
prefla, vmbilicata : A pellucid Yellowith Wood Cochlea of Five Wreaths,
more comprefs’d than the former, but with {uch a Sius or Umbilicus
as that has. Its Yellowith Colour, as the Snail decays and dies, goes
off, and it fades by Degrees to a White : as it is with all other the
like colour’d Shells, both of the Land and Rivers.

Fifthly, Cochlea parva magis comprefla umbilicata quingue Jpirarum,
plo © [ubflavo colore eleganter teffelata, [tris capillaribus tranfver [¢ de-
picta: A Cochleaof the more comprefled Sort, umbilicated, and Five-
wreath’d, as the former ; but differing from that, and all the reft of
them, obfervably in the Two following Marks.

1. In that ’tis beautifully checquer’d with Yellow and Brown.

2. In that tis ftriated tranfverfly with Huir-like Strie very clofe
fet. We find it in a little Wood call’d Loscland, nigh Harrington,
amongft the Mofs at the Roots of the Afhes and Oaks, and in many
other of our Woods. Sixthly,

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Chap. 7.

Sixthly. Cochlea comprefla umbilicata minima trium [pirarum ore ro-
tundo reflexo: A comprefled umbilicated Cochlea, the {malleft of all
the Kind, of only Three Wreaths, with a round Aperture whofe
Margin is bended a little backward. 1 have found it in Boggy Pla-
ces in Oxendon and Arthingworth Fields in great Plenty.

18 Of the Cochle.e Fluviatiles, by which we mean the Freth Wa.
ter Snails, together with the Patella, and Frefh Water Bivalves, which
Dr. Lifler treats of in the fame Books, there are in all Eighteen
‘Sorts ; every one of which we have here, excepting only the Nerita
Fluviatilis, Tir. 20. Li§t. de Cochl. Angl. The Mufculus Niger omni-
1m craffiffima & pondevofiffima Testa Tit. 31. Append ad Groat, And
perhaps the Mufculus omnivm angustiffimus, Tit. 33. Ibid.

ln my Account of the Cochlee fluviatiles, 1 {hall obferve the fame
Method as 1 did in the former Article of the CochleeT erreftres; Firft
acquainting the curious Reader where the more rare Sorts of thofe
already defcribed are to be found with us: and to thefe annexing a
fhort Defcription of the hitherto undefcribed ones of this Kind,
which this County affords.

‘The more rare Species of them, according to Dr. Lister, are I
think thefe that follow.

The Cochlea fufca fafciata vivipara, Tit. 18. Ls§Z. This fort we find
in the Weland and other of our Rivers, as alfo in the Fen-Ditches.

‘The Buccinum 6 [pirarum ore angustiore, Lit. 22. Last. 1n the
Ife below Arthingwortb,and in the Fen-Ditches nigh Sir Fobn Shawe’s
Decoy.

ni trium [pirarum, Tit. 24. Lift. In our larger and older
Pools in Plenty : as 2lfo in the Boggs in the Clayland. But thefe
laft are for the moft part much fmaller than thofe of the Drs ; fo
that I fufpect them to be of a diferent Species.

Buccinum trium [pirarum a finiftrain dextram convolut, Tit. 25. Lift.
Buccinum flnviatile a dextra finiflor fum tortile trium orbium- five Nerito-
des Lift. Hift. Conchyl. Lib. 2. N. 34. I have never met with them
here but in fome few of our Fen-Ditches, and in that part of the Ife
betwixt Arthingworth and Newbottle Bridge.

The Cochlea compreffa, fine limbo, [prarum, Tit. 28. Lif. In
the Ife and other of our Brooks, asalfo in the Fens.

The Patella fluviatilis, Tit. 32. Lift. Which isa very rare Animal
in moft Parts of England ; Yet 1 found a great Number of them af-
fixd to loofe Stones lying in the Water underneath a {mall Bridge
in the Lane that leads up to Dean from Dean-T borp.

The Mufculus exiguus, pifi magnitudine rotundus, &c. Tit. 31. Lift.
Ibid, Pedimculus globofus N. 14. Lift. Hipt. Conchyl. in S2&. 3. de Bi-
valv. fluviatil. The {mall globous River Cockle. It occurs very fre-
quently in our Ponds and Brooks.
 Mujeulus latus, maximus, tefla admodum tenui, ex fufco viride[cens, pa-
lufiris, Lift. Append. ad Goedart. p. 9.  Mufeulus latus maximus ©
tenuiJimus é cerules viridefcens fere palufiris Lift. Hift. Conchyl. Lib.

Ooooo 3. NL

417

 
 

 

418

The Natwral HI ST ORT Chap. 7.

 

* 74, 13.
Fig. 2.

2. N. 11. We have it in fome of our old Ponds, as in thofe of Sir
Fobn Langbam’s at Cosbrook.

The Mufculus tenuis minor latinfeulus, Tit. 20. List. Append. ad
Goedart. Mufculus tenuis minor, [ubfufcus latinfeulus, Lift. Hist. Conchyl.
Lib. 1. N. 8. In the fe, the Nyne, and indeed all our other Rivers.

The Mulculus angustior, &e. Tit. 30. List. de Cochl. Angl. We
find in the River Nyne near the Influx of the Ife. Dr. Lister ac-
quaints us chat he has fometimes met with a great number of Pearls
in this fort of Mufcle. Vid. dppend. ai Goedart. p. 18.

19. Tam now toadd to the Englifb Cochlec fluviatiles of Dr. Lister,
the undefcribed Sorts that I have found in Northamptonfbire. They
are thefe that follow.

Euft, The Buccinum [ubflavem pellucidum quatuor [pirarum tefle
Apertura parva, ad fiiflram partem reflexa. It agrees very nearl
with the Buccinum [ubflatum fluviatile, ‘Tit. 3. Hift. De Cochl. fluv.
Angl. in Size ; But this has Four Wreaths, whereas that has only
Three: This alto has a fmaller Aperture, which is bowed a little
outwards on the Left Side : its Wreaths are rounder and fomewhat
more tumid : and it is a firmer Shell. In all thefe Particulars, it
differs from the above-named Buccinum of Dr. Lifter. We find it in
the Boggs and Brooks, as at Arthingworth: and tis no uncommon
Shell.

Secondly, Buccinum § [pirarum pellucidum [ubflvawm. This is one
of the flenderer and larger Sorts. In the manner of the convolu-
tion of its Wreaths, ’tis much like the Buccinum minus 6 [pirarum,
Tit. 22. Laff. © But ’tis fmaller by more than one half, and its
Wreaths are fomewhat more Prominent or Tumid. Tis found to-
gether with the former, and is almoft as common.

Thirdly, Buccinum 6_ [pirarum beteroftropbum pellucidum flavum. *
This alfo is one of the {lenderer and longer forts of Buccina. As to
fize, ’tis foewhat lefs than the Buccinum fluv. Tit. 22. Lift. and has
a narrower Mouth. Tis a very {lender Shell, of a Yellow Colour :
but what abundantly diftinguifhes it from all the reft of the longer
fhap’d River Perewinkles is, its Wreaths are convoluted from the
Right Hand to the Left, in the wry uncommon Way. 1 firft found
itin fome Ditches nigh Great Bowdon in Leiceflerfbire, and fince that
as | remember in Burrow-Fen.

Fourthly, Peclunculus fluviatilis exiguus, figure [ubfpherice cagpre|-
Jee. Tis of feveral Sizes, from that of a Lettice to that of ors
Jeed. Towards the Rim it has a few {mall Ruge. The colour of
the frefher Shells is a Bluith White, or inclines a little to a Yellow :
‘tis a thin and {lender Shell : both Valves very much alike. There
are plenty of them in the Boggs in Arthingworth and Oxendon Fields.
Alfo in the Ife, and I fuppofe in other of our Rivulets,

20. Thus 1 have done with all the Exanguia, 1 now proceed to the
Sangumeous Animals, Fifhes, Birds, Oviparous and Viviparous Qua-
drupeds.

I begin with the Fifhes, and in treating of them, fhall

1. Take

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Chap. 7

419

1. Take notice of thofe that are, or feem to be undefcribed by.

I&thyographers.

2. Of thofe, that though defcribed are more rare and uncom.
mon.

3. I (hall note what is obfervable in them that are more common-
ly known.

21. Of Fithes not yet defcribed, there is one that the Reverend
Mr. Fowler of Cranford has inform’d me of, which appears to be re-
ally an undefcribed Species, but having never yet had the good for-
tune toiee the Fifth, and the Account I received of it being imperfect,
I muft leave the decifion of this matter to a farther Enquiry and
Obfervation. The Account I have had of it is only this : ’tis a {mall
Fifth, fcarce 5 Inches in length, and about Half an Inch in Breadth,
of a thin Body, in colour like a Luache, and not much unlike it in
Shape, but without Scales, naving a finooth and flimy Skin. Mr.
Fowler, a Gentleman well acquainted wich the River Nye, where
this Fith is found, never met with above three of them, and thofe
in diftant parts of the River entangled in Weeds that were drawn up
with cafting Nets.

22. The Fith here called a Shallow, found in the Cherwel and
other of our Rivers, as alfo in Ponds, as a Atwell, a Scaly Fifh, in
fhape betwixt a Roache and a Brcom, by fome therefore fuppofed to
bean anomalous and fpurious Production proceeding from the Spawn
of the one, enkindled by the melting of the other, and by man
believed to be an undefcribed Fifth, 1 take it to be the Finfcale of
Dr. Plot, * which he tells us 1s found too in the Cherwell in Oxford.-
Jbire, where he accurately defcribes it, and the Rootang or Erythro-
pthalmos of Mr. Willoughby, who found it in Germany. But Mr. Ray
makes the Rootang delcribd Lehthyol, P. 249 a different Species
from the Finfcale of Dr. Plot, which is deferibyd Ichthyol, P. 252.

23. In the River Nyne we have a kind of Eel, which with thofe
who live upon that River, particularly near if adenboe, has the Name
of the Bed-Eel, as lying always in Clufic:s or Beds at the Bottom
of the River until they are rous’d up by violent Floods, and after
that, they never bed again, nor arc found to have Meat in their Sto-
machs as the common Eels. From this fingular property of theirs
tis fuppos’d they are of different Species trom the common Eel.
They alfo vary fomewhat from’ the common Kind in fhape ; thefe
having a narrower Mouth and a {mailer Head, and withal are much
more {weet and delicious to the Tafte. But whether all thefe Marks
will really warrant them for a new and diftinét Species, 1 refign to
the Reader’s Judgment.

24. Befides the Fifhes that are proper to Frefh Water, living ufu-
ally in Rivers, never at Sea, [ of which we have here, particularly in
the Nyne, perhaps as great plenty and variety as in any Rivers in
England of this Bignefs, ] we alfo meet with diverfe Sorts of Fifhes
that are common to Salt and Frefh Water, which for certain Inter-
vals of time live both at Sea and in Rivers. Firft, The Sturgeon, a

Fifh

* Dr. Plot's
Nat. Hift. of
Oxfordjbire,
Ch.7. §.29.

 
 

 

The Nawal HIST © RT Chap. 7.

Fifth, that for its Magnitude, and the Rarity of meeting with it in
an Inland County as this is, may juftly challenge the Firft Place. 1
have certain Information of Three Sturgeons that have been taken
in the River Nyne above Peterborough. One at Allerton- Mill, Seven
Feet, Nine lunches and Half in Length, 1230 in Weight, on April
7th 1682. Another nigh Caftor- Mill, Eight Feet Two Inches long,
‘Three Feet Three Inches Deep, and 1521. Weight, on May =oth
1698. Draughts of thefe Two in thei jut, proportions are fill to
be teen in Mr. St. foba’s Houfe at Longthoryp. And a Third more
lately, Ofdob. 23d, 1704. nigh Allerton- Mill, that was Five Feet
Nine Inches in Length “Tis reported, that there once was a Stur-
geon taken at Wadesbo- Mill, another nigh Denford in the fame River.

Secondly, Salmon. This Fifth we mect with alfo in the River,
Nyse, but not fo frequently, that we pretend to fay they chufe this
River to breed in, as they do fome others of a deeper Water in
other Parts of Fngland ; neverthelefs we find them here in the Nyne
fometimes as high upwards as Wadenho. Nay, there isan Inftance in

+ pie Nae. Dr. Plot *, of Two Salmons, each about a Yard in length, that were
Ha, How taken in a {all Branch of the River O«fe, little lefs than 200 Miles
TP fom Sea. To the end that they may get up thus high, they take ad-
t 71d crews vantage of the great Rain Floods 3 as Mr. Carew oblerves thofe of
bi” Cormwali + do: and are found with us from August to March or A.
pril, about which time they return to Sea , much {pent and emaci-
ated. The largeft that I bave heard of here was a Salmon ftranded
near Achurch Meadow, about half a Mile below 7 horp-Water field

fome Thirty Yearsago. ! oo

Thirdly, Smelts. A great Number of Smelts do of late Years
come up the Nywe in the Month of Marebh, and have been taken
there in abundance , particularly above Allerton and Caftor | and
brought to Peterborough Market to be fold. ;

To theft fome have added the Lamprey, accounting it one of the
7 balattopotamioi, of the Fithes that live both at Sea and in Rivers.
There are two forts of them, a larger,and a fmaller which is ufually
called the Lampern ; both which we fometimes meet with, efpecially
the fmaller Sort, in the Ayre and other of our Rivers, as alfo in our
Brooks. Of the larger Sort, a Lamprey Three Quarters of a Yard
long was taken not long fince ina Leapat Wadenhoe Mill with a Com-
pany of common Eels: Another about Four Foot long in the Nyne
nigh Cortertock, by one Thomas Gadfden a Miller. And thefe are the
biggeft of the Kind 1 have heard of here.

25. Of Fifhes that are proper to Freth-Water, that call’d the Eel-
pout “by fome , the Burbot, or Birdblt by others, is] believe the fel-
domeft met with in our Braifb Rivers. However, in thofe of this
County ‘tis no where found but in the Nyne nigh Peterborough. And
there ‘tis but in about One Year in Five that they meet with a Burbat
above Peterborough-Bridge : Below the Bridge they are, tho rare,
fomewhat more frequent, and of a larger Size. Butin the Lyn

part

#

Chap.7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

part of that River not fo much as one fingle Burbot has been feen,
fince its being made navigable.

The Trout,a Fifh very common in fome other Counties, is fo great
a Rarity with us, that I cou’d never hear of above three of them
taken in Northamptonfbire,and thofe all in the River Nyne,one at Afb-
ton Mill near Oundle, another about half a Yard long ina Leap at
Perry-Mill, and a third near Mr. Fifber’s Mill , not far from Wel.
lingborougb.

On the contrary, the Ruff, the Fith fo particularly valu'd for its
tender Shortnefs and Wholefomenefs, though a Fifh very rarely
found in other Rivers, as Dr. Childrey obferves, Britan. Bacon, p. 103.
yet here, in our River ANyae ’tis not unfrequent.

"Tis alfo found in the Ife ; but we feldom or never light of it in
any other of our Riverets.

26. 1 am laftly, before I difmifs this Subje& of Fifhes, to note what
we meet with obfervable in any of the more common Kinds. And
fuchis the unufual Magnitude of fome of them in the Brooks and
Rivers of this County ; particularly of thefe three, the Gudgeon,
Bream, and Pyke.

As to the Gudveon :  Harper’s-Brook , efpecially that part of it
nigh Brig flock, is one of the beft of Gudgeon Waters. They breed
and thrive there exceedingly. Fora Proof of the latter, I need only
mention what I can relate upon very good Authority, that Gudgeons
very near Eight Inches long, and otherways proportionable , have
not unfrequently been taken in that Brook ; which, where it is moft
famous for this fort of Fifh, has a gravelly bottom, and a very clear
Water.

Then as to the Bream: The Reverend Mr. Fowler affures me
that in the River Ayac he has taken Bream from the Tip of the Nofe
to the Fork of the Tail 26 Inches in length. In the River Weland
the Bream is a fcarcer Fifh, and is feldom fo large as in the Nyne ;
yet a ftill larger one of this Species than that above-defcribed was
taken out of that very River fome Years ago, put into Harringzourtls
Ponds, and afterwards brought to Mr. 7ryon’s Table at Bulzuck.

27. There are Pikes in our Brooks or Rivulets 36 Inches or a
Yard in length : But this is nothing to the Size of foe that have
been found in our Rivers, efpecially in the Nyne. Several Pikes an
Ell-long to my certain Knowledge have been catch’d in that River.
But in Blather=nck-Hall there is a Draught of one an Ell and two In-
ches in length, that was taken in the Njyme. Another of prett
near the fame Magnitude , the late Mr. St. Jobn told me was taken
in the Nyne too, nigh his Houfe at Longthorp. Which yet are all
far furpats’d by a Pike catch’d in the Oufe nigh Pafenbam, Anno 1683.
"T'was carry'd to the Honourable William Herbert, Efq; of Perry-
Park, who ordered it to be put into his Stews, where tho welt fup-
ply’d with Food, yet it thrunk away and wafted, feeming fullen and
difpleas’d. Notwithftanding when drawn out of the Stews, it was
no lefs than 59 Inches from the Tip of the Nofe to end of the Tail

Ppppp in

421

 
 

The Natwmral HISTORY Chap. 7

in length, and 14 in width : a {urprizing Magnitude, and fuch as I
fhou'd not have given Credit to, had 1 not been affur’d of the Truth
of the thing, both by a Picture of the Pike which was made when
the Fifth was jolt taken, and is fill prefervid in Perry-Park Houfe,
and by the Teftimony of many of the moft credible Perfons in that
Neighbourhood. Nor is this Filth lefs remarkable for its bold and
ravenous Difpofition, than itis for its Magnitude. Tis frequently
feen thar they will ftrike at Fiihes very near as bigas themfelves, and
thofe too of their own Kind. Two Pikes of well nigh equal Big-
nets, or however of equal Boldne(s, we have fometimes found en-
countring cach other : The Victor feizes his vanquifh’d Adverfar ;
and takes him down into his Gorge by degrees, as he digefts him.
But which is {till more {urprizing, fome of the largeft of them will
really feize upon Fowl, and fwallow them entire, fo far as their
Gorges will admit, and the remainder they draw downwards as the
gorged Part diflulves. "Twas the frequent Pradtice of the late Mr,
Bacon of Burton Latimer, anda Diverfion which he ufually gave to
the Neighbour Gentlemen when they came to vifit him, to throw in
Pigeons, Chickens, and the like into his Ponds, which were well
ftor'd with large Pike, where immediately a Pike was at hand, and
feizd the Fowl. And I have it very well attefted, that a Brood of
young Ducks have been all devourd in this manner by Pikes in the
Mill-dam at Newton nigh Geddington.

28. And yet thefe Inftances, feem they never foftrange, come (hort
of what Dr. Plat * has told us in his Natural History of Statfordfhire.
And here I cannot forbear obferving how wife an Appointment of
Nature this is, that our River Fifhes, Pikes particularly , at their
Spawning-time pafs upwards into the {maller Rills and Brooks , and
as near to the Heads of the Rivers as they can well get, and there lay
their Spawr, This they do in the Spring, and the little Broods refide
there till Autumn : At that time when they are pretty well advanc’d
in Growth, they are wont to make for the Rivers. Shou’d they
venture thither before they are fo well able to fhift for themfelves,
there woud fcarce any one of them elcape the Jaws of the devour-
ing Pike.

2). But yet as ravenous as this Fifh is, it is conftantly obferv’d of
the Pikes i. our River Nynea River whofeCourfe is fomewhat Eafler-
ly, that when the Wind 1s in any of the Eaflern Parts they retire into
Shelter, and there is farce any tempting of them to take a Bait; which
is owing, as fome Perfons imagine, to fome Malignity in the Eastern
Winds particularly difagreeable to thisFith,and making them fick and
qualmifh; But to me it appears to proceed from nothing elfe, but the
greater Coldnefs of thofe Winds; for they never bite more freely,
than when the Wind is in the Weft ; which isa warmer Quarter :
And the Fifh that are wont to be fed in Ponds, which have always a

warmer Water than the Rivers, we fee come up for their Meat in all
Winds indifferently.

30. And

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR &,

Chap. 7:

30. And thus I had ended the Account of Fifbes, was it not for a
Relation I lately met with in Ran. Higden*, who difcourfing de mira.
bilibus Britannia, tells us, That there is a Fountain in this Ifland, in
which nor from which there flows any River; and yet there are ta-
ken Four Kinds of Fifhes in it ; the Fountain only Twenty Foot long,
and as many in Breadth: Not deep, and on every part of it high
Banks. This is juft as if he was defcribing our Shotavell Spring at
Rowel ; which tho’ it falls fhort of R. Higden’s Fountain in the num.
ber of the Kinds, there refiding only Two Sorts of littie Fifhes in it,
the Loach and Stickle-back , is yet as remarkable, confidering the
Extent of it, which is fo much lefs than that of his. The natural
Ciftern of the Spring is {hallow : and its Defcent, for this Country,
fteep and rapid. So that ‘tis not to be imagined the Fifhes {wam
up thither from the Brook below. Tis true indeed, they might be
formerly put in there, tho’ by whom, and when, we know not :
And fo for thofe in Mr. Higden’s Inftance ; which abates the Wonder
very much. Neither do I mention it for any other Reaton. Which
is all concerning the Fifbes : So having taken leave of them, we
may now proceed to the Animals of the Feathered Kind.

31.In treating of the Birds of this County, I fhould firft, according
to my ufual Method, have given an Account of thofe that are not
yet at all defcribed by Authors, had I met with any {uch ; But muft
own I have not.

We have one indeed that is really a different Species, which yet is
by one of the moft Accurate Writers of this Part of Natural Hifto-
ry*, fupposd to be only a Difference in Sex, that is, the leffer Py’d
Brambling : Montefringilla calcaribus Alavde minor. And another
that differs only in Sex, which in Mr. #/illounbby’s Ornithology ,
p- 89. is reprefented as a diftin& Species, that is, the Hen of the
Woadchat , or the lefler Afh-colour’d Shrike, or Butcher Bird : The
Lantus tertius Aldrovands.

32. The Cock of the lefler Py’d Brambling is well deferib’d by Dr.
Jobnfont, and agrees with ours. Only in thefe with us, the Quill-
Feathers, all except the Firit Five, are not White, as in his ; But of
the Two Inmoft, one is a Biackifh Brown, which is flightly edg’d
with White : the ather of the fame Colour edg’d with Ruffer. The
Hen of this Bird is fomewhat {maller than the Cock : is all over of
a darker and lefs lively Hue: and has lefs of White about it. In
the Female there are Six Quill-Feathers, in the Outmoft Part of the
Wing, of a Blackith Brown: in the Male there are no more than
Five. And in the Hen the Breaft is dafh’d with a deeper Flame Co-
lour. In other Regards it differs but very little from the Male,
There being no Cuts of either the one or the other of them in Mr.
Willughby, 1 thought fit to engrave them here*. In the Winter Sea-
fon there are little Flocks of thefe, and the greater Py'd Bramblings
intermix'd in the Fields at Ea§? Farndon, Oxendon, and thereabouts.

The

423

* Dr. Gale's
Edit. p. 193.

* D. Willugh-
by in his Or.
nithology,
p. 355.

tV. Willughby
Ornith. Engl.
Edit. p. 253.
fub imum,

*Vid.T13
Fi3,& F.4.

 
 

Tab. 13.
F.s5,& F.6.

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap. 7.

23. The Hen of the leffer Afh-colour’d Butcher-Bird, is exactly de-
feribed in Mr. Willugbby , p. 89. ¢.3. but is there look’d upon asa
diftinct Sort, and accordingly diftinguifh’d by the Name of the leffer
Butcher-Bird , variegated with Semicircular Lines of Black and
White, p. 90. feq. lin. 4 and 5. Indeed tis fo different from the
Male, which, at a tranfient View, is pretty much like the greater
Butcher-Bird in Colour, that 1 fhoud my felf have believ’d it had
been a different Sort, had I not known it to be otherwife by what |
obferv’d of it in pairing Time, and afterwards by opening it. Both
the Male and Female of this Species have been thot upon the Bufhes,
in a Buthy Common South-We[t of Braybrook, in the Month of May.
But ’tis a very uncommon Bird with us. There being no Draught
of the Hen, and but an imperfect one of the Cock in Mr. Willugh-
by, 1 have caufed them to be engraved here. Fig. 5. Tab. 13. is
a fair Reprefentation of the Cock: Fig. 6. of the Hen of the leffer
Afh-colour’d Butcher-Bird.

34. I now pafson to thofe that tho defcrib’d areaccounted mzcom.
mon , or are not well known. Of which Number are thefe that
follow. 1 fhall here fet them down in very nigh the fame Order as
they are ranged in the Ormithology of the very Worthy Fr. Willugh-
by, Efq; To whofe Skill and Pains in this and other Parts of Natu-
ral Learning, the Curious and Intelligent Part of the World are ex-
tremely oblig’d. : :

To begin with the Land-Fowl, which are either fuch as havea
crooked Beak and Talons : or a more ftrait Bill and Claws.

Tothe firft Clafs belong all the Carnivorous and rapacious Birds ;
amongft which are, :

The Bald Buzzard : the Sea- Eagle or Ofprey of Aldrovandus; which
is fometimes taken in Traps in the Decoys in and near our Fen-land ;
where it is very mifchievous. :

The Moor-Buzzard : Milvus criginofus Aldrovands ; which is feen
not unfrequently on the Sides of Brooks and Rivers in this County,
particularly on the Welland. :

The Merlin, which is credibly reported to breed with us upon
Draughton Heath.

The Lanius cinereus major, the greater Afh-colour’d Shrieke or
Butcher-Bird : a very uncommon Bird, except it bein the Mountai-
nous Parts of the North ; And yet tho a Mountainous Bird, it breeds
fometimes in Northampton/bire, and particularly in Whittlewwood Fo-
reft, where tis call’d the Night-Farr. Now and then one of them is
feen at Wmnwick, in Eltinton Grounds, and in Stoke- Albany Park,
particularly in the Month of Augu§?. To thefe is added by Mr.
Willug bby,

The Fern-Owly Churn-0wl, or Goat-Sucker. This alfo is a Moun-
tainous Bird, frequenting the Rocky Woods of Yorkfbire , Derby-
hire, &c. Yet was thot by Mr. Eyres of Dean in our Oxendon Clofes
in September 1708.

Of

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

Chap. 7.

 

35. Of the many Kinds of Birds that havea more ftrait Bill and
Claws, the Wood-pecker Kind isone. Amongft the Wood-peckers
more properly fo call’d, we have here, tho’ but very rarely.

. The greater Spotted Wood-pecker Iiimes Arift. In Ten Years
Time I have feen no more than Three of them: One in 7horp-
Cadermsal Lordfhip, another in Brampton Wood, the Third at Ox-
enaon.

The Wry-neck Fynx, frve Torquilla. Tis not an uncommon Bird
in the Northern Partof the County near Market-Harborough, in the
Spring Seafon. What becomes of it in Winter, I know not. It re-
fides very much in the Hollows of old Trees.

Amongft the Wood-peckers lefs properly fo call’d, are the Nut-
Hatch or Nut- Jobber : Sitta cen pica cinerea. ’Tisa rare Bird. We
have thot it in the Woods at Pipacell.

The Creeper: Certhia. It ftays the Winter wich us, and is not
unfrequent in the Woody Grounds of 7 harp-Under=ood, Desborough,
and the like Places. At Desborough tis faid to build in Walls , and
to feed on Cherries in Cherry Time, and fo is called the Cherry-Bird
by fome. But this I look upon as a Miftake ; its proper Food being
Infets.

36. To the fame Clafs of Birds with a more ftrait Bill or Claw,belong
the Poultry Kind ; whereof we have neither the Heath-cock or Grous,
nor the Gor-cock or Moor-cock, Birds of very tender, delicate, and
wholfome Fleth, and not unfiequent in the Mountains of Torkfbire ;
Weftmorland, and Wales ; but the Rail another of the Birds of this
Kind, that has its Name, as fome fuppofe, from Royale, becaufe it
isa Royal or Princely Difh, we pretty often meet with, particularly
in the Fields about 7 bengford, Northampton, Halfton, and Rowel;
which yet is fo rare, that Zwmer faith, he never faw nor heard of
it, but in Northumberland.

The Buftard, Oris few Tarda Aus, another Bird of the Poultry
Kind, is fo uncommon with us, that I never heard of more than
Two of them here. One of which was fhot by Captain Saunders in
Moulton Field.

Of the Quail, a Bird of Paffage belonging to the fame Head, I
have only this to note, that it comes into the Sandy and warmer
Soil, (e. gr.) on the Northampton Side, und near Rowel , and is to
be met with there, at leaft a Fornight before it fettles in the colder
Clayey Part of the County.

37. To this Second Clafs are likewifereferr'd the Birds of the Thrufb
Kind. Amongft thefe is the Miffel-Bird or Shrite, which is found
no where with us, that I can hear of , unlefs in Sacy and Whittlebo-
rough Forefts, where it abides the whole Year, and breeds with us.
And the Ring-Ouzel, Merala torquata: A Bird ufually converfant
about the Rocks and fteep Cliffs of high Mountains. With us it has
bred in Buthes on the Sides of a pretty fteep Valley betwixt Clipflon
and Marflon , in Clipfion Lordfhip. We fhot a Cock Ring-Ouzel
there, on April 6.1710. In the Gizzard we found the Wings of

: Q2qqqq Beetles,

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap y,

Beetles, ‘and {inall round Seeds. It hasa chattering Note much like
a Fieldfare’s. In Ofober the {ame Year, we thot the Hen of the fame
Sort of Bird, at the Top of Flitzwell Grounds by Arthingaworth Field
Side. The Hen has no fuch Ring as has the Cock. And ’tis very
probably fuppos’d by Mr. Willughby, that the Merula Saxatilis, or
+ Omichol. Rock Owl of Gefuer *; p. 584. is no other than a Hen Ring-Ouzel.
?"" With thefe I mention the Field-fare, not that it is an uncommon
Bird, except in the Summer Seafon. According to Mr. Willughby
they all fly out of the Country, in the Spring, not fo much as one of
t Omickol. them remaining +; which perhaps may be true as to moft other Parts
1% of England ; but yet in this County I have fren here and there one,
in all the Summer Months. : :
38.Why fome Birds abide the Wnter with us, and amongft {maller
Birds the Wren, Winchat, and Moor-titling : and others do not, but
depart the Country at the Coming of Cold Weather, as the Fallow-
Smich, Red-ftart, and White-throat, to me feems to be owing toa
greater Hardnefs and Firmnefs in the Conftitution and Texture of
the former, than of the latter; having frequently noted , that the
Bodies of the Fallow-Smich, ©e. do decay much fooner than thofe
of the Wren, Uc. tho’ both were kill'd at the fame time, and equal
taken in preferving them. i :
Gores Of the ee En Sort of the fmaller Birds with a ftrait
and a flender Bill; I have noted thefe : 3 4
1. The lefler Field Lark. This I mention as a diftin Species
from the common Sky Lark, as being lefs than that : Jefs reen :
having paler feet : and much fhorter Spurs ; as is rightly obferv’d by
~witsgiy Mr. FefJop *. Another more confiderable Mark of Diftinction is, that it
Omi! has no Mufical Note;and will never fing, tho kept tame in Cages, and
“""  orderdasare other Larks. This has been experiencd by the Curious
Mr. Manfel. Which are Notes fufficient to makeit a diftinct Species.
We have kill'd it in the Meadow Clofes Faflward of Clipflon, and
thereabouts.

= The Sand Martin, Hiruado riparia, or the Bank Swallow, fo
call'd from its building in Holes in Banks, after which manner it
breeds with us on the fides of the Mortar-pits in Burleigh-Park.

3. That {mall Bird without Name like to the Stoppardla of Aldi.
vand +. This though call’d a Bird without Name by Mr. Willughby,
is here well known, and vulgarly call'd the Copaoeb ; as ufually build-
ing in the Corners of Walls, and the like Places, where Spiders
weave their Webs. It feems to be a Bird of Paflage, being not
found with us in the Winter Seafon. ;

4. The Nightingale , a rare Bird in the North of England, and
not very frequent in the South, unlefs in fome Places, of which I
may well be allow’d to mention a {mall Grove a quarter of a Mile
North-Weft of Brixworth for one. In that Grove, for the Compafs
of Ground which is fcarce three Acres, there are in the Summer-
time an incredible Number of Nightingales ; Such a loud harmoni-
ous Symphony they make as has been heard about and after Mid-
night to the very Town, thoughat that diftance. 5. The

426

 

Vid Willughe
éy Ornithol.
p. 217.

ua i mee a

Chap.7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

laa

5. The Golden crown’d Wren, Regulus criftatus Aldrovan. The
fmalleft Bird we have in England, very beautiful » and no lefs rare.
This Bird was fhot in Pipwel-Woods; and fent to me by the Inge-
nious Mr. Martin York.

6. The yellrwifb Wren. Thus have entitled the Regulus non eri:
[fatus of Aldrovand. which Mr. Willughby calls a little yellowith
Bird without Name.
in p. 216. ibid. We find it though more rately by the Banks and
Ditches about the Willows in Eafl-Farndon and Kelmarfb Lordfhips.
I have feen it ina milty Morning in my Orchyard at Oxendon.

7. The Fallow Smich or Wheat Ear : OQenantbe Srve viteflora, Al-
drovan. "There are not only great Numbers of them upon the
Downs in Suffex ; as Mr. Willughby obferves ;
fbire too, and that not only in the Clay-land “Fields as about
don, but in thofe of a lighter Soil, as about Oundle , where fome
call them Clod-Hoppers.” In our Red-land they neft in forfaken
Coney-burrows, and in the Clefts or Intervals of the Keal and
Quarry-ftone.

8. The Whinchat : Oenantbe fecunda of Mr. Wiltugbby. Tis not
uncommon in the Gorzy Grounds nigh Kelmarfb and Clipfton , and
on the bufhy Parts of the heathy Grounds about Halston. In Derby-
[Pre it is not improperly call'd the Eutic from a near refemblance in
its Note to the found of that Word.

9. The grey Wagtail, Motacilla flava altera, Aldrovan. Dr. Sobn-
fon obferv’d this Bird in the North about ftoney Rivers, and commu-
nicated the Defcription of it to Mr, W; illugbby.

427

It feems to be the Becafivo, called Petty-Chaps pa

but in Northampton. Ornithe.
xen- P- 233

The fame fort of Omithol.

Bird we fee pretty often on the River Welland nigh Bowden and Har- »- 23%

borough, and about others of our Brooks and Rivers ; frequenting
thofe that are not Stoney, as well as thofe that are. The ings of
thofe of them with us are generally croffed in the middle by a yel-
lozw Line.

10. The Cole-moufe, Parus ater Gefneri 5 which of all the five
Kinds of Titmice defcrib'd by Mr. Willughby is the moft uncommon.
We find it no where but in Woods, particularly thofe near Pipawell.

40. Of the {mall Birds,with thick fhort ftrongBills,commonly call’d
bard bil’d Birds , the following are more remarkable.

1. The Shell-apple or Crofs-bill, Zsxia Gefners. This Bird has been
Rot at Fawfley, and is the only one of the Kind I have met with

ere.

2. The greater py’d Brambling, or Mountain Finch, Montifyin-
gilla calcaribus Alaude major. Two of thefe were taken in Brixworth
Field, in November 1708. They were catch’d in the common Lark
Nets together with the Field Larks ; they readily playing about the
Looking-glas ftale in the manner of Larks. Since that 1 have feen
them at leaft 20 ina Flock, in our Fields about Oxendon together
with the lefler py’d Brambling, as has been noted above.

3. The Reed Sparrow , Paffer torquatus in arundinetis nidificans *
This though it is not in Mr. Willughby's Ornithology, obferv’d to be ge

9
an

o * Willughby
thol.

 
 

 

t Ornith,

p- 300,

“The Nawal © 1ST ORY Chap 7.

n Enclifb Bird, is found very frequently with us in Northamptonfbire,
1 1s wh upon Willows and Bufhes by our Brook-fides, as alfo up.
on Bunches of Nettles ; and is therefore called the Nettlemonger by
fome. Tis fometimes kept in Cages for its Song, which approaches

that of the Linnet.

41. Come I now to the Water-Fowl, and Firlk, the Cloven-footed
that frequent watery Places, but do not fwim. One of the largeft
of thefe, of that particular Set of them, which are called Limo-Sug ee,
or Mud-Suckers, is the Curlew, which tho’ a Sea Fowl ufually feek-
ing its Food upon the Sands and Ouze in the Salt Mar(hes, yet fome-
times ftraggles up into our Midland Fields. Five of them have been
feen upon Stuble Lands in the F icld of Brixworth, Two of which
were {hot by Captain Saunders of that Town, a Gentleman very
Curious in colle@ting and preferving the feveral Sorts of Birds that
occyr in thefe Parts. ; ;

Of the Middle or Leffer Kinds of thefe with very long Bills, there
are Two, the Woodcock and Snipe, that I take notice of here, for
the faine Reafon as I mentiond the Fieldfare, in p. 426. ¢. 37: Jupr.
Thefe alfo are Birds of Paffage, pafficg over from beyond Sea in
to this Kingdom, and returning again at fet times. The Cuftom of
thefe, as of {ome other of them, is, that they come out of colder
Countries into England in Autumn, abiding with us all Winter, and
tis very rarely indeed, that any Woodcocks or Snipes, the former
of them efpecially, ftay the Summer, and breed with usj yet as

rare as it is, there was found a Neft of young Woodcocks in a moift

Ground nigh Marfley Wood , Northamptonfbire Amma 1699. which
were prefented to Sir Edward Nicholls.
‘And as to Snipes, fome few of them yearly fay, and, as Tam told,

breed with us upon Long-Buckby Heath. "Tis certain they have
ik La once Li flufh’d upon ‘Pisford Heath, and thereabouts, in
the very midft of Summer, \ { ;

42. Of the claven footed Water Fowl with {lender Bills of a middle
length, the two following are with us obfervable.

1. The Tringa of Aldrovand : The greater Tringa ot Sand-piper

of Willughby +. This has been fhot upon the Banks of Pools in Kel-
mar [b Lordihip in the Month of Auguft. :
Pool to another, without any Companion. One of them was fhot
whilft working with its Bill in the Mud, upon the fide of one of the
Pools.
2. The Stint : Schaniclos [ew Funco Bellow. This in a time of
Froft and Snow has been thot upon the Welland, by the Reverend
Mr. James Styles, who informs me farther , that he has fometimes
{ven a Flock of them there in the Winter Seafon.

To thefe we may fitly add the true Green Plover, Pluvialis viri-
dis: A Bird almoit unknown to our Northamptonfbire Fowlers, who
ufually call the Lapwing, Green Plover. Indeed it does not often
I have ieen it in Oxendon Meadows amongft a Com-

pany

occur with us.

Its Flights were from one |

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSH IR E

 

Chap. 7.

pany of Lapwings in the Winter Months. We rarely fee above five
or fix of themat a time.

42.And to this Clafs I fhall fubjoin the more rare Fowls of the Fin-
toed Tribe, that is, fuch as have their Toes welted or Finn'd , as it
were, allalong on each Side with appendant Membranes ; but not
webb’d together, by an intervening Skin, as are thofe of Ducks, ©e.

1. The Coot : A Bird very irequent here in fome of our largeft
Ponds, as at Harrington and Casle- Abby, and occuring {carce any
where elfe with us, excepting in our Fens. :

2. The Grey or Afh-colour’d Laon of Dr, Brown * ; which how- “wigs,

ever it came to ftraggle fo high into the Country, was gotten into
Wapenbam Lordfhip, and there fhot by one of Mr. Archdeacon Hut-
tow’s Servants. The Cafe of it I faw at the before-mention’d Gen-
tleman’s Houfe at Wapenbam.

The two laft are cloven-footed Water Birds that {wim, as does
alfo the Water Rail, tho it is not tinn’d-toed as thofe are. 1 men-
tion this laft Bird as being not commonly known. Tis fometimes
feen upon the Rivers Welland and Nyne, where it is calld the Mea-
dow-Creek,

43.As to the whole-footed or web-foored Water Fowl which areall
of them Swimmers: The moft extraordinary Birds of this Kind
that I have met with hereabouts, are,

1. The Soland Goofe : Anfer BafJanus ; becaufe it breeds in great
Numbers in the Bafs lfland in Scotland. 1 never heard of it here but
at Thengford, where it was thot, and fhew’d to Dr. Charlton, who
then happen’d to be there, and acquainted them with the Name of
it ; which elfe had remain’d unknown.

2, The Cormorant : Corvus aquaticus.
thot in Fawley Lordfhip.

3. The lefler tooth-bill'd Diver : The Mergus cirratus fufcus, D.
Willughby, p. 336. The Hen of this Bird (why I call it the Hen
will be feen by and by) was fhot by Mr. Styles upon the Bank of
the Welland, not far from great Bowdon, in January 1708. atthe time
of that hard Froft when the flooded Meadows thereabouts were for
{everal Weeks over-fpread with Ice and Snow ; the Floods and the
hard Weather at the Heels of them, inviting a great Variety of the
Fen Fowl in vaft Numbers, and amongft them, this Species from
their ufual Place of living, {o high up into the Country, where being
nearer to the Spring Heads, and to not frozen Water, they were the
likelier to meet with proper Food. In its Stomach we found Four
Roaches. It has all the main Marks of the Bird defcribed under the
Name of the Mergus Cirratus Fufcus in Mr. Willughby, which at
Venice he tells us is called Serula. The moft confiderable Difference
is in the Wings. Of the prime Wing Feathers the ten outmoft are
black, the eleventh hasa white Tip. The three next in order are
ftill more white ; yet all the outward Web in thefe three, the tip on-
ly excepted, inclines to black. Then there are Four whofe upper
halfsare white : The next two are almoft all white : In the next,

Rrrrr that

This as I am told has been

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 7.

 

that is the twenty firft, the outward Web is of a pretty clear white
and edg’d with black, the inner is dusky. The five inmoft are all
of a dusky Hue. Of the fecond row of Wing Feathers : Fhofe
that cover the white ones of the firft, are themfelves in their upper
Halfs white, as in Mr. Willughby's Serula ; Yet they do not fo cover
the white ones of the firft Row, but that a little of the black part
of them appears at the Tips of the Coverts in fuch manner as to
form a black tranf{verfe Streak upon the Wing. Alfo a little of the
black part of this fecond Row appears above the Tips of the fmal.
let Coverts, which are of a dusky Cinereous ; fo that another tran(-
verfe black Line or Streak is thereby form’d. And the white part of
that fecond Row compofes a broad Spot or Bed of white betwixt the
two Streaks. But it has no fuch white Spot above, towards
the Bafe of the Wing, as has the Serwls. The Feathers there,
are of a dusky Cinereous. By this Defcription it appears there is
no greater difference in the Colours of this Bird and of the Serula,
defcribed by Mr. Willughby, than is always found in the different
Sexes of the feveral Kinds of whole-footed Water Fowl ; however
of thofe in the narrow-bill'd and broad-bill'd Claffes , to the former
of which the Bird before us belongs. 1 am of Opinion, this of ours
wasa Hen. Mr. Willughby mentions nothing of the moft certain
Marks of either Sex ; But we may conclude that his was not of the
fame Sex with ours, it is {o different in Colour , and that too in fuch
manner as {hews it rather to be a Male than a Female, as its Wings
are more beautifully variegated, 9c. A Note that is feldom or ne-
ver wanting in diftinguithing the Males from the Females of the
web-fosted Water Fowl. The Fowl whofe Cafe Mr. Willughby faw
ftuff’d at Sir William Fofter’s , in Northumberland , he inclines to
think was a Male t+: To meit feems to have been a Female ; This
of ours having the very fame white Spot, and the fame black Streaks
onthe Wings that that had. Of the Bird I have been defcribing I
have feen enly Two, both of them agreeing exa&ly in all the exter-
nal Marks. As to Internals, One of them had a large Labyrinth,
that is a Bony Veflel at the bottom of the Windpipe , from the
Windings of its interior Cavity calld a Labyrinth : “The other 1 be-
lieve had none. A diligent Search was made for it, by a Perfon
well acquainted with thefe things ; but none appear’d, Neither
were there any Tefticles to be feen in either of them.

4. The greateft Speckled Douker or Loon, Mergus maximus Far-
renfisy five Ar&icus Clufii. Mr. Willuobby never faw above Five of
them * : And only Two of thefe appear to have been found in
England. "To which 1 may add a Third that was found nigh Kib-
worth in Leicefterfbire, in Winter when the Ground was cover’d with
Snow. Being almoft famifh’d, it firuck boldly with its pointed Bill
at a Gentleman’s Horfe upon the Leicefler Road, who kill'd it with
his Cape. In its Stomach were found nothing but Stones. The
Bird being now in my Poffeffion, I take the Freedom of mentioning
it here ; tho’ not really kill’'d in Northamptonfbire.
: 5. The

Chap.7. of NorTuHAMPTONSHIR B,

5. The Sea-fwallyw, a Whole-footed Bird of the GuZki i
a Forked Tail, the Sterna of Dr. Turner. In Summer it r a
unfrequently flying up and down the Chanel of the Nyne above Pe-
terborough ; fometimes as high upward as Thrapfion : As is alfo the
Brown Tem, Larus cinereus minor Aldrov. Which in the Fens is ufu-
ally called the Stern. The like has been obferved by Mr. Willughby +
concerning the Sea-Swallsw, wiz. that they frequent fome Rivers far
"The by 4, and the P

€ Herring-aull, and the Pewrt or Black-Cap, Two other Bj
of the Gul-Kind, I have alfo feen, tho’ but ory Tarely, coaft I
our Rivers up toward the Sources of them.

44-1 fhall clofe this Account with the more uncommon Fowl of the
Duck-kind, that come into the Fenny Part of the County and are
taken there in Sir Jobs Shaw's Decoy.” Befide the Duck and Malls
Teal, Wigeon, and Whewer, which are taken in the Decoy in
greater Numbers, they fometimes meet with the Poker of Pochard
( Will. Ornith. p. 363.) The Golden-Eye,, (ibid. 368.) calld the
Shelden in the Fenland Decoys : The Shoveler, (ibid. 370.) The Gad-
wall or Grey-Fowl, (ibid. 374.) The Sea-Pheafant, (ibid. 376.) which
is the Pintail of our Decoymen, And by the Poulterers of London is
fometimes called the Eaflerling; Which” feeds as much or more in
Freth Water, asin Salt, fo is improperly call’'d the Sea Pheafant.

45. Three of thefe, viz. the Poker, the Shelden, or Golden Eye, and
the Shoveler , are by Writers ufually placed amongft the Sea-Ducks :
But by their being found in this and other Decoys , it appears they
feed as well in Frefh Water, as in Salt; fo may more fitly be entitu-
led Ducks of an Amphibious Kind, or of a middle Nature betwixt
the Sea-Ducks, and the Plath or River-Ducks. And to note this by
the by, I cannot find that Dr. Jobufon’s Diftin&tion of Sea-Ducks, and
of Pound-Ducks, inferted in Mr. Willughby's Ornith. p. 361 362.
holds true in all the Particulars. To give one Inftance. One of the
Marks of the Pond-Ducks, he makes to be a Jfbarp-pointed Train ;
whereas the Gad-wall or Grey-Fowl, which undoubtedly belongs to
that Tribe, has a blunt or round-ended one. But this being fome-
what foreign to my Bufinefs, I fhall fay no more of ir.

I had almoft forgot the Summer-Teal: Anas circia Gefh. the fmal-
left of all the Duck-kind, which altho’ fo rare Mr. Willughby had ne-

 

ver {een it *, is often found upon the Weland in the latter End of the Omichot

Year, and now and then upon our Brooks: particular] Harpers- *
Brook by Great Oakly. x3 aa

And thefe of all the Two Hundred different Sorts of Englsfb Birds
defcrib’d by Mr. Willughby, whereof 1 now Gh by me the Skins or

Cafes of above One Hundred, which were killd in this Country,
that T might examine them, are all I can filly mention here as more
uncommon Birds.

46. What ftill remains of this Article, is, that I give an Account of
the Accidents obfervable in the Eggs of Birds : in their Toure : or jn

the

 
 

Vid. Malpig.
de Ovo.

* De gener.
Animal, Ex»
er. 13.

The Natwral HIST ORY

the oldér Birds, either as to Colour; Shape, Incubation, or other

roperties. i
Props The Order of Nature directs me to confider, in the Firft place;
the Ova of Birds. Thefe I have found irregular and remarkable in
thefe Three Particulars: the Size, the Figure, and the Contents of
them. }

Fick, As to their Size. Of all the Winged Tribe, there
are the moft frequent and obfervable Irregularities in the Eggs of
Domeftick Fowl, thofe efpecially of the Poultry-kind. Some of them
fall fbort very much of their natural and juft Dimenfions, others as far
exceed them. The Ovum centeninumias “tis call’d,which is fuppofed to
be the Hen's concluding Production,is an Irregularity of the firft Sort.
According to Fabricius, as cited in Harvey de Gener. Animal. Exercit.
13. there 1s a Twofold Ovum centeninum, one of which 1s without
a Tulk, and is the laft of that Seafon of laying. Such 1 have fre-

Chap. 7.

‘quently met with, And that the laft Egg fhould in fome Inftances

be thus {mall and defe&ive, is not very furprizing. But what is far
more extraordinary, the whole Courfe or Lawter of a young Hen
at the Vicarage of Brigftock, was of this Sort : They had no Yolks,
and were as {mall as the Centenina ufually are. The other , fays Fa-
bricius, is a very {mall Egg, but has a Yolk, and is really not the
concluding, but fome intervenient Egg, which fails in its Dimenfi-
ons : in like manner as fometimes it happens to Peaches, and other
Frints. Such as this now defcribed, 1 have feen and opened at Eaft
Farndm. Both thefe Starveling Sorts of Eggs are improlifick, the
former efpecially ; it wanting the Tolk , an Effential part of a fruit-

ful Egg. Thefe are fometimes termed Yaa, or Wind-Eggs ;
)

But indeed thofe are more properly fo called, that haveall the Parts
of a perfect Egg, the due Shape and Bignefs too, and yet become
addle and infecund ; there being , according to Malpight , a Mola
(fale Conception) or fomewhat like it, in the Gicatricula of a Wind-
Egg, even before Incubation ; whereas in that of a Prolifick Egg,
there appears the firft Strokes or rude Draught of the Em-
bryon. : ; i

48. Of thofe Eggs which exceed the juft Proportion or Size, are
thofe called Twin-Eggs, the Ova Gemellifica of Dr. Harvey. Ari-
fiatle, it feems, affirms, that fome Hens do conftantly produce fuch
Eggs; yet that it fo happens by the Courfe of Nature, fays Dr. Har-
vy, 1 can hardly believe *. So much I can affirm for certain Truth
of fome of our Domeftick Fowl, viz. of the largeft and ftrongeft
Hens, thofe in particular of the Poland Kind , and of the heartieft
Broods of Turkeys: Thefe in fome Places where they have high feed-
ing, do very frequently produce fuch Eggs. But that this, tho’ it
thus frequently happens, is preter Inflziutum Nature, 1 readily allow:
and impute this Irregularity to their more abundant or luxurious way
of Living. For tis very rarely, -or never, that we meet with In-
frances of 7 win-Eggs in the Nefts of wild Fowl of any Kind, whofe
Commons are fmaller, and who are ufually at far more Pains too in

getting

 

Chap.7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

getting their Food. Wild Ducks for Inftance have never been known
to have Twin Eggs; tho’ the Tame ones frequently have fuch.

. 49. Thefe Monfter-Eggs may be known not only by their more
than ordinary Bignefs, but by this, that the Shell is ufually ridg’d
with a narrow Rides around the Middle of it. Thefe are the Ex-
ternal Marks. Internally there are Two Diftintions of them, fome
have Two Whites to their Two Yolks; and each have the fame
Membranes, as in a fingle Egg : Others have Two Yolks, which ad-
here to one another, and are included within one firgle common

White * ; Which laft Variety is of the Two moft frequently feen at * De gener.

Oxendon. 1 not long fince obferv’d a Duck Egg, that had Two large
Yolks enclosd in one Albumen ; but which was ftrange, there were
10 Chalaze or Tredles to be feen.

50. The former Variety, as Dr. Harvey very reafonably concludes,
will, unlefs it be barren and addle; for the moft part, produce Two
Chickens : but, as he farther obferves, feldlom Two fuch Chickens
that both of them live; but one either perifhes in the Egg it felf, or
inthe Aét of Exclufion; one being ufually forwarder and riper for
Exclufion than the other, and breaking up the Egg-fhell before its
Comrade is able to bear being difclos’d ; fo it dies immediately. Or
in Cafe there are Two Chickens; or Two Turkeys hatch’d out of
one Egg, and excludedalive, as fometimes it happens, that is, when
the Two Feetus’s are of very nearly the fame Maturity, they neither
of them furvive it long, at leaft not in any of the Inftances that I
have met with here,

Of the latter Variety which have Two Yolks in one White. Thc
fame Worthy Perfon as rationally judges, that when the Yolks are
conjoined in {uch manner, that the Cicatricule expanded make but
one Colliguamentum, of thefe are produc’d the monftrous Chickens
having Four Legs and Two Heads upon one Body.

A Chicken (if I may fpeak it in the fingular Number ) of this
monftrous Shape was hatch’'d under a Poland Hen, than was remark-
able for laying Twin Eggs, at the Elder Mr. Nunneley’s of Pychely.
But thefe Twin Chickens, for fuch they really are, are not always
united thus in the Body. Sometimes they grow together only at the
Rumps: An Inftance of this I met with at Thengford. And other
Varieties there are of them, which I need not here recount.

51. Having noted what is moft obfervable as to the Size of the
Eggs of Birds, I (hall in the next place take notice of what has hap-
pened here uncommon and remarkable in the Figure of them. Such
{ am fure is that of a Hen’s Egg, that was found in a Farmer’s Yard
at Tborp-malfor. At one End of the Shell it was wreathed or convo-
luted, in much the fame Form as Worms fometimes twift themfelves
into. The Convolution moft of all refembles that of the Vermicu-
lus marinus eleganti clavicula tortili defimens of Dr. Lifer, in Hift. Con-
chyl. Lib. 4. ¢. 3. As to Size, it is fcarce fo big as a Pigeon’s Egg,
and of a rounder Shape. To know how it came by that ftrange
Worm-like Appendage, we fhall do well to enquire into the Strutture,

SIfff and

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 7

 

* Harvey de
Gen. Animal.
Exer. 8.

and efpecially the Figure of thofe Parts that lead from the Ovarium,
(thatis, the Clufter or Bed of very fmall Eggs) into the Uterus of
the Fowl. The Oviduc or the Tube thro’ which the Eggs are con-
vey d to the Uterus in the upper part of it (alld Tufundibulum) paffes
on in a ftrait Line : but in the lower part of it (call’d the Procefus
uieri by Dr. Harvey ) ’tis of a convoluted Form, confifting for the
moft part of Three Wreaths, and much refembling the Bottom of a
Snail-cup. Now the Egg, as Dr. Harvey obferves, is generally
guarded with a Shell, whilft it ftays in the Uterus, whofe Bottom is
of an Oval Figure like that that oar ordinary Egg. But this un-
common-fhap'd Egg was no doubt incrufted in the Oviduét before it
came into the Uterus, and the Shell of it fathioned there as in a Mould;
thofe Convolutions at one End of it anfwering exactly to thofe in the
lower part of the Ovidu&t. That the Egg fhould want fo much of
the due Size, and ftay fo long in the Ovidu¢t till it was incrufted
there, was, I doubt not, owing toa Defect of proper Matter for the
due Nourifhment of it, and to the Streightnefs of that Duct in this
Fowl, which ’tis very likely, was either a Pullet, or an old one al-
moft paft laying : In the former the Oviduét is naturally ftreight , In
the latter tis contracted by Age. *

52. But of all the Anomalies in the Eggs of Fowl, I know of none
more furprizing than that of an Quum in Ovo, as Dr. Harvey calls it
in Exercut. 10. that is, an Egg within an Egg ; a larger Egg con-
taining another fmaller one in it. Which thing happens extreme
rarely ; and yet I have met with one or two Inftances of it in this
County. From the very ingenious Mr. Manfell of Cofgrave, 1 have
the following Account of an ovum in ovo,which he himfelf faw and ex-
amin’d. The exteriour or outerEgg was of the commonSize andShape :
that within it of the Bignefs of a Pigeon’s, rather round than oval,
and had a Yolk, White,and Shell, as other perfect Eggs; but the lar-
ger one had no Yolk, only a White which enclos’d the {maller Egg.
"T'was laid by a Hen of a Woman at Old Stratford. ‘The Woman
boyl'd it to eat, but having open’d it prefently difcover’d another
Shell within, upon which fhe laid it by to thew Mr. Man/ell.

I have by me now a yet greater Rarity of the fame Kind, a very
{mall Hen-Egg rather lefs than the common Ovum centeninum, in-
cluding a femiglobous Egg-Shell, much of the Size as well as Shape
of a large Acorn Cup. The Egg was given me by Mr. Howard of
Mar§tom Truffel, in whofe Yard it was found. What it contain’d |
was not at that time fo curious as to try : But having kept it by me
for feveral Years, and then examining it by fhaking, I found it had
fomething uncommon, that was loole and moveable within. On
this I broke a fall Hole, and difcovered the interiour Shell, but there
was neither Yolk nor White ; thefe having been as I fuppofe by de-
grees exhaled through the Pores of the Shell. The inner Shell is
thicker and not {o brittle as the outer ene.

53. That

 

Chap. 7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

 

53. That wemay know how this innerShellis produced, let us enquire
of what acommon Egg-fhell is conftituted. Dr. Harvey in his ex-
cellent Difcourfes de gen. Anim. has one or two Obfervations that will
give Light to us in this Enquiry,] thall therefore fet down them, in the
firft Place. In the thinner part of the Excrements of Fowls, which is
properly their Urine,(it being fecreted by the Kidneys,and defcending
thence through their Ureters to the common Receptacle, intermix-
ing there with the Excrements of the Guts, ) is great Store, He ob-
ferves, of a thick Sediment of a white or filver-like Colour, which
is vifible in the Ureters, and prefently upon being ejected is concre-
ted into a friable Cruft of the fame Confiftence, Colour, and a Na-
ture with the Egg-thell. The Egg-fhell is compos in the Uterus, of
a Subftance near at hand for that purpofe, fays the accurate Harvey;
but adds, in Exercit. 11. thatit is fram’d in the fame manner as the
other Parts of the Egg are. And within a Page or two of this,
he delivers the following Opinion, That of the fame fimilar Body,
without Diverfity of Parts, particularly of the White of an Egg ,
all and every the Parts of a Chicken however different, ma
be procreated and fed. It was not difcover'd to that Learned Per.
fon, that a Body however fimple, pure, and homogeneous it appears
to the Eye, may notwithftanding confift of or contain a great Diver-
fity of Particles, as the pureft Water for Example : So likewife for
the Albumen of Eggs, and that Albugineous Moifture of much the
fame Nature and Ufe which is found in the Folds of the Uterus of
Fowl. And fince the Dr. obferved fuch ftore of that cruflaceous
Matter in the Ureters and Urine of Birds, which muft needs all of
it be feparated from the Blood, ‘tis pity he did not confider that the
Blood in its circular Motion might depofe fome of the fame Kind of
Matter in the Uterus, towards forming the Egg-fhell ; efpecially fince
it is fo fit for that purpofe, that he himfelf owns he can hardly for-
bear to believe that fome part of the Shell at leaft is produced
thence +.

54. Now in the Uterus of the Fowl at that time when that uncommon
Egg whereof in 9.52. fupr.was formed, howfoever thort theSupply of the
proper Humours for the Yolk and White might be, there was plenty
enough of this cruflaceons Subftance. And as the Shell of a common Egg
is no more at firft,than a tender foft and flexible Membrane, which is
gradually thicken’d and indurated by the Acces of the faid crufta-
ceous Matter, it infinuating it felf into the Zubules of that Mem-
brane, and inhering there : So the inner Shell of whofe Origin we are
now enquiring, without doubt, was form’d of the fame Kind of cru-
ftaceous Subftance, which then abounded in the Uterus of the Fowl,
protruding into that thin Membrane, which in perfe& Eggs enclofes
the Yolk ; But in this imperfett Egg, if it had a Yolk , was fuper-
induc’d over only one half of it , for it is exa&ly femicircular : or
if at firft it cover'd the whole, the other half was fo exceeding thin
that it broke, fhrunk up and vanifhed.

55. As

t Vid, ad
finem Exer.
cit. 11

 
 

436

*V.Tab.13.
F.q,

The Natural HI ST O RY Chap. 7.
55. As to the Irregularities in the Feetus’s of Birds, which is the
next Head I propos'd to confider, to what I have already obfery’d re-
lating thereunto in ¢ 50. I fhall only add the Two following Relati-
ons, which are of Accidents of a like Kind, and thofe uncommon
ones indeed. One of them is from the Reverend Mr. Poulton, Retor
of Lowick, of a Cock-Chicken hatch’d under one of his own Hens,
upon whofe Head behind the Comb grew out Two Toes, with Joints
and Claws, in every thing, excepting the Pofition of them, like
thofe of an ordinary Chicken new hatch’d ; and yet this Chicken’s
Feet were no way defective , they had all the Toes and Claws that
they fhould have, and were in all Regards ds perfect as any of the
Kind. I had the Account of this firange Irregularity from Mr.
Poulton's own Obfervation of it.

56. The other is of a monftrous young Qual found dead in the Nett,
in Middleton Cheyney Field, in Agu 1704. by Mr. Wodball of
T bengford. In the Head, Body, and Wings, it ditters not confidera-
bly from others of the Kind juft difclofed of the Shell, as this was.
But ‘tis a Four-legg'd Bird *. It has Two Legs fet on in the ufual
Place, and Two others that are faften’d to one of the Side-Bones,
or very near it, almoft clofe to each other. Thefe have the fame
Number of Toes and Claws, or Rudiments of Claws, as thofe that
are regularly fitvate. And one of them has the fame Joints or Bones,
as the Leg of any common Fowl, namely, that calld the Loin-Bone,
the Thigh-Bone, and the Leg-Bone, properly fo called: But the
other has really Four Joints, the Loin-Bone, the Thigh-Bone, and
a fupernumerary Joint or Bone below the Knee ( for it has a Knee
like that of other Fowl ) or betwixt the Thigh-Bone and the Leg-
Bone ; which exceeds the I.eg-Bone in Length, and is feathered as
the Thigh-Bone is. By reafon of this Supernumerary Joint the Leg
is confiderably longer , as alfo flenderer and weaker than any of the
reft. The Bird is now in my Collection of Northamptonfbire Rari-
ties, having been prefented to me by the above-mentioned Ingenious
young Gentleman. “Twould be a difficult Matter to give a clear Ac-
count of the Caufe of thofe unufual Irregularities. But we ma
reafonably conclude, that they are generally owing to the like Irre-
gularities in the Cicatricule of the Ova, that produce fuch extravagant
Fetus’s : or however, that they proceed from fome znternal Cau-
fes.

57. And here I may fitly take notice of a remarkable Accident, rela-
ting too to the young ones of Birds , but proceeding from an exter-
nal Caufe. One Emmot, formerly a Schoolmafter at Bulwick in this
County, having fomewhere about Bulwick difcover’d a Neft of five
young Goldfinches , which he could not then conveniently take a-
long with him, he ty’d them all together by their Legs to prevent
their flying away, and not returning to look after his Birds till about
a Fortnight after, in that time their Legs had grown together, were
united and incorporated one with another. “This tho a very uncom-
mon Accident in the Limbs of Birds, is not fo in the Branches of

rees.

 

of NORTHAM? TONSHIR E.

Chap. 7.
Trees. And how it comes to pafs; that thofe fometimes incorporate
each into other has been thewn in Chap. 6. ¢. 80. fupr. Which Ac-
count if the Reader is pleas’d to perufe, he cannot be far to {eek for
the Caufe of the like Accident in the Legs of thefe young Gold-
finches.

58.1 now pafs on to Things unufual and obfervable in older Birds ;
particularly as to Colour : and the Shape of their Parts external or
internal.

As to the ufual Colour it is to be obferved in the firft place, that
amongft Wild Birds we rarely or never meet with Examples of any

‘that deviate from white to black, or from a lighter to a darker Co-

lour. I mean that differ from the reft of their Kind in the manner
above fpecified ; buton the contrary, to have a Bird whofe Species
is generally or chiefly black,or of fome of the darker Colours, all over
white, is tho an uncommon Accident, much more frequent than the
former. "Tis a like Cafe as to the Colours of Field Flowers as has been
already obferved in Chap. 6. and not improbably the Caufes in both
the one and the other are much the fame. And yetas uncommon as
a Variation from a lighter to a darker Colour is, one Inftance of it I
have met with here in a Bulfinch, belonging to the worthy Mr. Gent
of Woodford, that had been five Years in a Cage. It was at firft of
the ufual Colour, and no Alteration appear’d till the 6th Year, when
it became all over as black as is the Head of a common Bulfinch.
The Rump and Belly which at firft were white, the Neck, Back, and
Shoulders, which before were Afh-colour’d as in all other Birds of
the Kind, were now all of them Black. But which is of all I think
the moft furprizing, the 7th Year having moulted, it return’d to
the genuine and native Colour.

59. On the other Side,As amongft Plants, whatfoever the Colour of
the Flower is, whether Red, Blue, or otherways different from
White, there occur fome Inftances of Individuals that differ from the
reft of their Species by Whitenefs : So it is amongft Birds as to the
Colour of their Plumage. This County furnifhes us with Inftances
of it. Amongft the Birds of a black Colour,

A white Ouzel (or Blackbird) has been thot in the Woods South-
ward of Duddington : Another {uch an one has been feen , as I am
told, about Edvecute : and a Rook all over white at Watford. But
the molt remarkable Inftance is, that of the white Fackdazws at Win-
wick : Young ones of this Colour there were taken in a Neft in
Win wick-Steeple for three Years fucceffively ; the firft Year only one
that had three black ones with it in the fame Neft : The fecond
Year were found four white ones : the third Year only two: The
following Year the Nelts were not fearch’d, but two white ones were
obferv’d to fly about the Church. The Cafe of one of thefe I faw
at Mr. Scattergood’s of Yelvertoft. “Their very Bills and Claws were
exceeding white.

Amongft the Birds of a yellow Colour. A white Hortulane or
Lellow- Hammer, as we ufually call it, Mr. Walbank (that ingenious

Tree Gen-

437

 
 

 

 

438

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 7.

Gentleman ) of Maidford, obferv’d fomewhere thereabouts. He
having, ¢utioufly view’d this Bird, affures me that it had all the cha-
raéteriitic Notes of the common Yellow-Hammer, excepting only
the Colour.

Amongft the Green ones, or thofe that partake very much of
Greefr. A white Greenfinch (In thefe Cafes we muft pardon a So-
Jecifin ) has been feen at Thengford.

6o. And amongft the Birds of a teftaceous or earthy Colour, we
meet with the like Inftances ; particularly in the Lark, and in the
Houfe-Sparrow.

Three Examples we have had of late of white Larks: One in
Colgrave Field, another in Rowel-Field, and a third in Middleton
Cheyney-Field. But which is fill more remarkable, about Crick and
in the Fields adjoining, have been taken Larks of a bright White,
whofe Legs and Toes were cover’d down to the Cleys, with a downy
black Plummage. White Sparrows have been frequently {een here
in the Flocks of the eommon ones ; cfpecially about Pychely.

And in the pleafant Aviary of the Ingenious Mr. Munfel of Cof-
grave, amongft other rare Birds I faw a Hen-Sparrow all over of a
Snow White that had hatch’d there twice. But all the time of her
fitting and feeding her young the White was tarnithed with a dirty
Yellow. She had been trod by an ordinary Cock-Sparrow , and the
young ones were of the common Colour. This and another of as
fre 2 White were taken old, in a Sparrow-net, in Paffenbam Pa-
fin.

61. What Alteration is like to be made in the Colour of Birds by
the Coition of Two Birds of different Species, and differing alfo in
Colour, may be feen by the following Inftance. The Curious Gentle-
man dabove-mention’d had in his Aviary a Hen Canary-Bird, that
was trodden by a Cock Linnet. She laid Eggs, and hatch'd them :
The Young had a Tin&ure of the Yellowith Colour of the Canary-
Bird, but for the main were like the Linnet.

62. Of the many obfervable Things that I have met with in the
External and Internal Parts of Birds, with refpett of the Form of
them, | fhall here, that I mayn’t by Tedioufuefs be troublefome to
the Reader, rake notice of only Two, and thofe both of them rela-
" to the External Parts.

he one is the unufual Shape of the Bill of a Dunghil-Cock, of
that call’d the Pheafant Kind, that belongd to the Reverend Mr.
Churchof Maxey. It was crooked both ways like the Shell-Apple’s ;
the lower Chap or Mandible being drawn out into a tharp Point, and
turning upwards, the upper bending downwards, fo croffing one
another near their Tips; which Shape of the Bill, tho’ admirably
well fitted for the Food of the Shell-Apple; yet in this Fowl was fo
inconvenient, that it hinder’d his feeding. But it is to be confidered,
that the Bill of this Fowl, when hatched, was of the ordinary
Form, tho’ by Degrees, as it grew, it became thus exravagantly

mifhapen.
The

 

 

Chap.7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

The other is the extravagant Figure of one of the Quill-Feathers
of a Pullet of Mr. West's of Arthmgworth. It had Two Stems or
Shafts proceeding from one fingle Barrel, and each of the Shafts had
an outward and inward Vein, like the reft of the Flag-feathers. By
the Two Shafts, one would have judg'd it to be Two Quill-Feathers
conjoin’d in the lower part of them ; and yet the lower part of the
Barrel of this Branched Feather was no bigger than its Fellows.
This being an Accident hitherto unobferved in any Fowl whatever,
1 was unwilling to pafs it by, tho’ feemingly inconfiderable. The
Caffoary indeed is naturally feather'd in much the fame manner al-
moft all over. The Feathers that cover the whole Body, with thofe
on the lower part of the Neck next to the Breaft, and Belly, and
the Thighs, are, in that Bird, all double ; Two coming out of the
{fame {mall (hort Pipe or Hofe, and lying the one upon the other : the
upper fomewhat the thicker or grofler *.

322

*Vid Wilughs
oy Ornithol.

Neither can I omit an Accident that fometimes, tho’ extremely p 1's.

rare, befalls the Domeftick Fowl, which tho’ 1 cannot well account
for, yet being aflfur’d of the Matter of Fatt, I mention it here,
and let the Reader himfelf judge of it. Tis this ina few Words,
A fmall Piz fuch as is commonly usd about Womens Cloaths, is
fometimes found enclofed in the inward Parts of thefe Fowl. An In-
france of it I have met with in a Pullet at Haethorp, which at the
drawing of it had a Pin found in its Liver : and another in a Fowl
of the fame Kind at Rowel, that had slfo a Pin found in the fat
part of its Gizard.

63. Add to thefe uncommon Things about Birds, That at Pychely
nigh Mr. Wafbbourn’s Houfe, they had a Raven that laid Eggs, fat and
hatch’d them at Chriftmas : That in Mr. Stepbens’s Home-Clofe at
Pisford, was found a Neft of no fewer than 32 Partridge Eggs, which
were laid under a common Hen, and 31 of them hatch’d : And that
befides the common Sort of Singing Birds, and fuch as are ufually
taught to {peak, the Ingenious Mr. Manfel has had Two that do not
fo ufually learn to {peak, a Bulfineh who {poke diftinétly and loud ,
and a Roburedbreaft, that not only learnt fome Flagelet Tunes, but
{poke diftinétly feveral thort Sentences. Which is all I know of any
ways worth Obfervation, relating to the Birds of this County : And
having finifh’d this Article, we may now proceed to that of Qua-
arupeds.

Some of which are Oviparous, have only one Ventricle in their
Heart, and are without Wool or Hair. Thefe we will confider in
the Ficft place, fo far forth as our Materials lead us, and thence pafs
on to the /viperous and Pilofe Quadrupeds, whofe Hearts have
Two Ventricles.

Of the Oviparons ( which Word I apply, in the ufual Manner, as
well unto thofe Quadrupeds that hatch their Eggs within their Bo.
dies, as to thofe that {pawn or that lay Eggs) we have, in England, fo
far as | have obferved, only thefe Six diftinét Species, the Frog, the
Z vad, and Four Sorts of Lizards or Newts , vi. i

e

 

 
 

 

 

440

The Natwral H 1ST O RT Chap. 7.

The greater Verrucofe or warty Water-Newt, whofe Males have
a Membrane ftanding out upon their Backs, the Female none: the
leffer or fmooth Water-Newt : the flow Eft or Newt: and the fawifi
Eft. The Two firft Sorts are not uncommon in Pools and Ditches
with us. The Third we fometimes find under old Logs of Wood,
and in the Clefts at the Bottoms of Stone Walls, in the Clay-land
efpecially ; as at Oxendon. The Fourth are ftill more rare : I have
never feen of them but in the Sandy Clofes at 7 borp-malfor, upon
fome Banks underneath the Hedges there. All the feveral Sorts of
them are of a mild and harmlefs Nature. They are found with
vourig ones formed in their Belly, and are really Viwviparous 5 but yet
according to the ufual Method of the Writers of Animals, are to be
placed here ; the Heart in thefe having only one Ventricle : and the
Body being naked, or without any Hairy Covering.

65. Some Ingenious Gentlemen, that 1 have talk'd with here, are
of Opinion that of ancther Animal of this Clafs, viz. Toads, there are
really 7 different Sorts, one of the Colour of the common Toad,
but with a {moother Skin, for the moft part, if not conftantly,
inhabiting the Waters , and watery Places; for which Reafon
they call it the Water-T oad ; this Sort the very Worthy Mr. Kirk-
bam of Finfbed tells me has feen in Coitu with a fair green Frog : The
other, of a dryer, rougher, and more husky Skin, which is the com-
mon Sort. Some others again incline to think that a Toad after all
does not differ fpecifically from a Frog , and that what is vulgarly
call’d a Toad, 1s only an old over-grown Frog. 1am of a different
Opinion from thefe laft ; there being very {mall Toads, fo I call
them, they having the Colour of the larger ones, and the like pro-
greffive Motion : and aToad having Faculty when provok’d of pilfing
or of fpirting out a black and liquid Matter behind,that a Frog has not,
But whether there are diftinét Species of Toads with us, I am not fo
well affured,having never yet had the Hardinefs of medling with them
{o far. That there are in the World different Species of Toadsis certain:
And the hairy one call’'d the Spanifb Toad, which was lately in the
Phyfick Garden at Oxford, was probably a different Species from the
common. But it muft be granted that differences in Colour, anda
greater or lefler Roughnefs of the Skin, fuch as inthe Toads above-
defcribed, may proceed from accidental Caules, and that Animals
thus diverfify'd, may neverthelefs be of the fame Species. And as
to that call’d the Water-Zoad , 1am of Opinion, that tis only a
blacker or darker colout’d Frog ; the rather, for that 1 have in fome
places obferv’d, particularly in a Pit or Well not very deep, by the
Road-fide below 7 hrup-mandeville , of Frogs a great Variety , as
to Colour : fome of a lively Green, others a Livid, others of them
Yellow, and others in Colour exactly like a Toad; but in Magnitude,
in Shape, and in the Manner of their Motion, they agreed, and
were all of them Frogs. The Toad-colourd ones were as nim-
ble Leapers as any of the reft ; which Variety of Colour

I fuf-

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

Chap. 2

1 fulpe&t is owing to the Differences in Sex , Age, Vigour,
and the Places where they generally feed. Tis likely the Green and
Yellow Frogs in the Well defcended down thither from the Surface,

and that thofe of a more fable Hue were bred below. It may by
any one be obferved, that thofe found in green Herbage, that have
a clearer fort of Feeding, are of a brighter, thofe in dirty Holes are
of a darker Hue : And that the Male Frogs, about their engendering
time, are as black almoft as Toads.

66. And now that I am making Obfcrvations upon this Animal ,
give me leave to enquire into the Caufe of a certain Property that it
has, which is as follows, In or very near the Month of Auguf?, in the
hottelt Part of the Year, for about four Weeks together, Frogs very
rarely or never open their Mouths, are never heard to croak, and
their Bodies appear very much {welld ; upon which Account the
Time wherein this ufually happens , has with our Country People
the Name of Poddsck- Moon. Tis a thing obferv’d by almoft eve-
ry Body here, and the matter of Faét is indifputable ; but ’tis gene-
rally look'd upon as very ftrange and unaccountable. In order to
explain it,tis fit the Reader in the firft place be acquainted, that the
Lungs of Frogs are compos'd of numerous little Bladders, reaching
down into the Belly : and that they do not alternately rife and fall
by {hort Intervals,as in the Refpiration of Viviparous Animals,but the
Frog having fill'd and diftended them with Air, retains it there at his
Pleafure. That this Animal will live a confiderable time, without the
Ufe of any more Air than what is thus referv’d in the Lungs, ap-
pears {ufficiently by Sir Thomas Brown’s Experiment of faftening a
Frog under Water, which, notwithftanding as ftri¢t Confinement,
liv'd almoft Six Days *.

This Faculty of theirs, of retaining the Air fo long a time within
their Lungs, 1s owing chiefly to the cold Temper of the Creature,
and the {low Motion of its Blood ; fo that there is not nigh fo large
a Quantity of Recrements difcharged out of the Lungs in this, as in
hotter Animals ; and confequently this Animal is not compelled to
fuch frequent Exfpiration. Tis owing chiefly, I fay, to this, and
in part, as 1 fufpett, to the greater Extent and Capacity of its
Lungs, in proportion to its Magnitude, than of the Lungs of other
Animals, that havea quicker way of breathing.

67. But to come to the Cafe in Hand. Tis, as we faid above,
about the botteft Time of the Year, when a Frog appears thus
fwelld, feldom or never opens its Mouth, nor croaks at all. Which
Diftenfion of the Body is owing plainly to the Inflation of its Lungs,
whofe /7¢ficul.e reaching down into the Belly, being in every part
of them puff'd up with Air, and continuing thus diftended for man
Days, "tis no Wonder if the Frogs appear to be firangely fwell'd, to
fuch as are unacquainted with the Caufe of this Phenomenon. That
their Lungs continued diftended ad libitum, has been before obferv’d.
And why pasticularly at that time they expire not, nor unclofe their

Uuuuu Mouths,

 

441

* Vid. pfew-
dodoxia Eipis
dem, P. 713

 
 

 

 

442

The Natural HIST OKT Chap. 7,

Mouths, the Reafon feems to be this: That the Air at that time be-
ing too hot for fo cold an Animal to breath in; it treafures up, in a
more agreeable Seafon, a Stock of Air fufficieht for all its Exigencies,
It can live a great while without freth Supplies, as I have fhewn
above , and at this time chufes fo to do ; a warmer and a drier Air
being as uneafy to it, as is the Soil of the like Conftitution, fuch as
fome part of our Redland, where thefe Animals do but rarely breed,
or come. But when the Heat remits, that is, in September or there.
abouts, tho’ they never croak’d in the hotter Seafon, they then ver
freely expire in Croaking what Air they had repofited , and become
lank and flaccid as before. :

68. As to the Animals of the Serpentine Kind, the Snake, Viper, “e.
which though wanting Legs, yet by Naturalifts are fubjoyn’d to the
Oviparous Quadrupeds, with whom in all the other general Marks
they agree, I have but very little to obferveof them, there being but
very few of this Kind to be met with in Northamptonfbire. Of the
three Sorts of Serpents, the Swake, Viper, and Slow-worm, which
are found here in England : Even the Shake, though the commoneft
of them, isan Animal wholly unknown in many if not moft Parts
of Northamptonfbire. :

A Viper 1s fill more uncommon , being no where found with us,
unlefs about Sir Fobn Shaw's Decoy below Pekirk ; in which Place as
I am told, the Viper-Catchers fometimes meet with oneall over black,
amongft others of the common Colour.

The Slow-worm 1 took to be wholly a ftranger to Northampton.
[Pire 5 but a worthy Gentleman of Dadford, Mr. Val. Lane informs
me that he once faw ofie of them in Fawley Park.

69. The Viviparous Quadrupeds, or thofe that bring forth live young,
ones, have two Ventricles in their Heart, and are pilofe or hairy,
are now the only brute Creatures remaining to be confidered.

New and undefcribed ones of this Kind tis not to be expected that
we fhould have any ; we have none however that are Natives of this
County. I therefore proceed according to my ufual Method in the
other parts of this Chapter to the fourfooted Viviparous Animals that
are found with us, and are more rarely feen in fome other Parts of
England : and fhall in the next place note what has here occurr'd of
remarkable Accidents iu any of this Kind. J

70. The more uncommon Quadrupeds, I think I may reckon
thefe that follow. Bi,

1. The Brock or Badger, which faysMr.Ray in his Hiftory of Qua-
drupeds, Ihave feen in Effex, Suffex, and Warwickfbire. "Tis no lefs
frequent in this County ; particularly in and about our Woods and
Forefts.

2. The Ermin or Stoat, Muflela candida, an Animal not unfre-
quent in the Northern Parts of Europe, where the Summers are
fhort and the Winters long; but that it is ever found in England has
not yet been noted by any of our Writers of Animals. "This very
Creature I have {een in Northamptonfbire ; particularly in he Fura

rounds

 

Chap.7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Grounds nigh Thorpe Malfor , and by the Wood-fides , about Dray-
ton and Wadenhoe. Tis alfo feen fometires in the Furze Ground
nigh Brixworth: And 1have now the Skin of one of them by me.
It frequently nefts in old Coney-burrows : and is a deftroyer of Rab.
bets, as well as of Molesand Mice. "Tis only a white Weafel, and
is feldom or never found about Towns, in Holes, and other RecefTes
in out-Houfes, Hovels, oc. as is the common Weafel.

3. Mus Avellanarum minor , Raij Synop Animal. Rudrup. p. 218.
the Lefler Dormoufe or Sleeper. We find them in the Woods at and
nigh Finfbed, Rufbton, and elfewhere.

4. The Mus agreflis capite grand: brachivros, Raij Synop. Quadrup.
p 218. The fhort-tail’d Moule with a great Head. "The Head in-
deed is as remarkably large, as the Tail is fhort. Mr, Ray, of all
the Zoclogifts , is the Firlt that has given us a Defcription of this
Creature. "Tis found with us in Oxendon Home-Clofes , and in the
Grounds at Kelmarfb, generally in the richer Sort of Paftures ; but
is not common. It nefts under Ground, and is feldom or never
found in Houfes.

71. And to thefe we may add Two or Three of the more common
Kinds of Beafts on this Account, that tho’ Tame ones of the Kind ’
are every where found ; yet here in England it is fomewhat rare to
meet with any of them ld, however frequent tis in Foreign Coun-
tries. Thefe are the Cat, the Hog, and the Bull or Cow, all which we
have now , or have lately had Wild inhabiting the Woods with us
in Northampton/bire.

Many Years ago we had wild Cats in our Northamptonfbire Woods ;
as appears by the Charter of King Richard I. to the Abbot and Co.
vent of Peterborough, giving them leave to hunt the Hare, the Fox,
and the Wild Cat.” Which Charter was afterwards confirmed b
King Henry Ill. Amo 1253. And we now meet with them, tho’
more rarely fince the Woods have been thinn’d. Thefe from their
way of living, which is catching Birds, on which chiefly they feed,
are here called Birders. The wild Cat, that however of Whittle.
wood Foreft, is generally of a larger Size, and has a Tail many De-
grees bigger than the Tame. The wild Cats differ alfo in Colour
trom the common Houfe-Cats. In their Wawling Noife, and other
Properties, they agree with them, but their Skins feem to be tann'd,
as it were, with the Sun and Weather they are {o conftantly expos'd
to. I mean in refpect of the Colour, which for the main is a dusky
Red or Yellow, and that in all of them; whereas in the Tame ones
it is various and uncertain. The She Cats at Finfbed , and the like
Lone-Houfes, do fometimes wander into the Neighbouring Woods
and gre gibb’d by the Wild ones there. "Tis a very difficult matter to
tame the Wild Wood Cats, tho taken never fo young into the Houfe.

As to wild Hogs , there is now a Breed of them in the Right Ho-
nourable the Earl of Exeter’s Purlees and the Woods adjoining. They
come of a Badger-colour'd Italian Boar, and a Black Weftphalian Sov
that had been brought to Burleigh by the late Lord Exeter. Efcaping

thence

        

43

 
 

 

444

The Natwral. HIST ORY Chap. 7.

thence into the Woods, they became wild, and continue to propa-
gate their Kind. They are now of a Fox-colour, feed on Maft, are
fierce, and difown the Government of Man. One of them fo large
that it weighed 26 Stone, 6 Pounds and a half, was kill d not long
fince by the Earl of Exeter's Hunt{man in his Lordfhip’s Purlees.

With thefe I may mention the Bull or Cow , which Animal we
have had here as wild as thofe of the Deer Kind ufually are ; but
having met with only one Inftance of it, viz. of Three Two-Year
Old Heifers in a Coppice or Wood that had been new cut down nigh
Stanian, and hearing that in other Parts of England there are more
numerous lnftances of the like Kind, I forbear to fay any more
% ithe alfo met with Inftances of fome Sorts of Four-footed Ani-
mals as remarkable for their 7 amenefs as thofe above-mention’d are
or their being Wild. Thefe are
= Si Mr. Kirton of T brup- Mandeville, had, as the Reverend
Mr. Wainwright informs me, a Stag fo tame, that it would eat Bread
out of his Hand. His moft Excellent Majefty King Charles 1. when in
this County, being marl by the Curiofity of the Thing, came pur-

e take a View of it.

Pele Otter. The Reverend Mr. Gates of Woodford had an Ot-
ter which he brought up froma Whelp fo tame that it would attend
him as Greyhounds do their Mafters, and would entertain him as na-
turally and readily when by the River-fide with its proper Game,
which was catching of Fi(h.

3. The Fox. A Bitch-Fox that had been brought up tame at the
Worfhipful Ch. Tryon’s of Bulwick Efq; was wont to {port and play
amongft the Dogs of his Pack, who tho true Fox-hunters, treated
her like one of their own Kind ; fhe was lind by onc of them, and
her own Whelps being taken away, the fuckled a Litter of Puppies
that had been put to her. And hereunto I may fitly add, That

At Aflonin 1699, was a Bitch half a Beagle and a great Hunter
of Rabbets, who ntispding fuckled a Neft of young Rabbets

ith a Puppy of her own.
ee het RD Notice of the more Obfervable Accidents
that here with us have befallen the Four-footed /zviparous Animals
of whatfoever Species. The various Species of them are ufually re-
duc’d to thefe Three General Heads :

1. The Multifidous, the End of whofe Feet is branched out into
Toes that are armed or fenc’d with Claws, which are therefore fome-
times called unguiculated or Claw-footed Animals.

2. The Cloven-footed. And ; =

3. The Sulidungulous, or whole-Hoofed, the Soles of whofe Feet
are undivided. 8

To each of thefe Heads do belong Animals that are in this Place
to be confidered for fome Accident or other in their Geftation, Birth,
Life, or Death.

74 1

 

 

Chap.7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

4. 1 Begin with thofe attending the multifidous or Claw-footed
(Quadrupeds : The Rabbet, the Hare, and other of them. In Dr.
Plot * we have an Account of a Rabbet taken in a Salt-warren, that
had two Teeth growing out of the lower Jaw, that turned over the
Nofe above the upper Jaw with that Length and Compafs, that they
almoft touch’d the Forehead in their return. A Sample I have now
by me not very different from Dr. Plot’s , but that in his there were
two Teeth of extravagant Length and Compafs, proceeding
out of the lower Jaw, in mine there are the like growing out
of the upper Jaw. Where it was found 1 have now forgot-
ten, neither can I give any better Account of the exceffive Length
of the two fore-Teeth in the upper Jaw of this Rabbet, than this
which is grounded only on a fuppofal, that the two Incifores which
anfwer'd to them in the lower Jaw, had for fome time been loft, and
allowing that to have been the Cafe, thefe then having no Teeth to
grind againft, muft needs grow longer than ordinary. Like Cafes to
this we know very frequently happen in the Jaws of other Ani-
mals.

75-White,the Colour of Defect,as my Lord Bacon calls it,is 1 think
no lefs frequently to be obferved in the Coverings of Animals, and
amongft the reft of Quadrupeds , than in the Flowers of Plants.
However, here we have Inftances enough of four-footed Beafts that
have deviated from the ordinary Colour of their Kind to a preterna-
tural White ; particularly of Hares, an Animal of this firft Clafs,
An Hare almoft all over white was catch’d by Mr. Butler in Litch-
borough Field : Another of the fame Hue by Arthur Brook, Efg;
nigh Great Okely ; To mention no more Inftances under this Head.

76. The Mole too, which as it is Claw-footed we may admit into
this Clafs, has been found of a Snow-white in a Ditch at Finfbed. The
Cafe either of this, or, which I rather think, of another of the fame
Colour, and taken thereabouts, was preferved for many Years by
the late Lord Hatton in his Houle at Kirby. - More rare is the Change
in Colour from White and Grizly to Black ; and yet we have had an
Example of itin an Oster all over Black, that was kill'd by Mr. #al-
ker of Edgecote, whofe Skin he prefented to the Countefs of Wefi-
mor land.

77-But of all the Accidents befalling the Animals of this Firft Clafs,
I know none more frequent than that of Exce(s in the number of their
Legs and Toes. I fhall here give only Two Inftances of many that
have occurr’d : The one of a Greyhound Whelp at the Worfhipful
Fr. Arundel E{q; at Stoke-Bruerne, that had upon each Foot a Su-
pernumerary Toe, but both of them ufelefs, being fet on fo high in
the Foot that they did not reach the Ground : The other of a Kit-
ling at Patefbull that had a double Number of Legs.

78. That T'wo Brute Animals of different Species do fometimes join
in Copulation, and that a Mongrel or fpurious Beaft partaking of
the Nature of both the Parents, is begot betwixt them, every body
muft own, who knows any thing of the Generation of the ‘Mule ;

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446

The Namal H IST ORT Chap. 7.

but then it is to be obferved, that this happens only between Ani.
mals of Kinds near of Kin to each other, as, ¢. gr. the Horfe and the
Afs, between whom the Mule is engendred. For this Reafon I
[u[peted the Story rife in almoft every bodies Mouth about Two or
Three Years ago, that at the Crofs-Keys Inn in Northampton, they
had a Creature in the Fore-part of it a Cat, in the Hinder-part a
Rabbet, that came of a She Cat, which had coupled with a Buck-
Rabbet at a neighbouring Houfe. The Rabbet and Cat do indeed
agree in this, that they both are multifidous ; but in other Refpetts,
efpecially in the Shape of the Head, in the Fafhion and Number of
their Teeth, in their Manner of Living and Temper, do fo much
differ, that ’tis fcarce to be imagined there fhould ever be any fuch
Intermixture. But however, that I might fatisty my felf more fully
in the Matter, 1 went to view this fo much ra/k'd-of Monfter, which
to me after all appear’d to be only a commen Cat with « bobbd
Tail, and fomewhat more bufhy than ordinary, and with blunter
Claws! Things that may eafily beaccounted for. And it had the fame
way of fquatting down upon its Tail, that Rabbets have ; which,
no doubt, it was taught. The Vulgar may fill; if they pleafe, believe
that Relation; but I would net have it impofe upon Perfons of better
Underftandirg.

79. In the Viviparous Quadrupeds of the Second Clafs, that is,
thofe that are Bifulcous, or Cloven-footed, we meet with till more
numerous Inftances of Things irregular , and befides the ordinary
Courfe of Nature; particularly in Sheep and Cows.

Thofeof the more than ordinary Prolifick Creatures of thefe Two
Kinds we may pafs by, there being enough of them already noted in

"Dr pis Dr. Plot * : Of the Facundity of Sheep, Chap. 7.9. 61. Ofthe
of ¢ 3” numerous and early

rodultions of Cows, ¢. 68. ibid. And {uch they
are as have never been out-gone in this Country, tho’ 1 think they
have been matched with us in refpe&t of the Multitude and Fre-
quency of their Offspring , tho’ not of the Earlinefs of it. And in
another Regard, that of the Latene[s of it, a Thing as remarkable
as the Earlinefs, we have had an Inftance, the like whereto cannot
eafily be met with, that is, of a Cow of Mr. Bacon of Burton- Latimer,
that brought her Mafter Two Cow-Calves at Eighteen Years of Age,
both the Cow and Calves as found and healthy as any of the Kind.
8o. Neither need 1 give a particular Account of all the monftrous
Irregularities 1 have met with here in the Fetus's of thel> Two Ani-
mals. The more remarkable Inftances of them are thefe. At Wel-
den not very long fince was yean’d a Lamb with Two Heads, Two
Necks, Eight Legs, and Two Bodies, but join’d together at the
Shoulders. Much fuch another monftrous Lamb was produc’d at
Great Houghton, about 38 Years ago ; Which in like manner had
Two diftin& Heads and Necks, but only a fingle Body. And in
this Lamb it is moft of all obfervable, that it had Two Eyes in the
Middle of the Forehead, which were diftant from each other fcarce
; of an Inch. :
n

 

Chap.7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

In a Clofe near Peterborough was found a Lamb, that, as the Re-
verend Mr. Phillips of Walley in the County of Huntingdon  in-
forms me, had Four Eyes, and as many Ears. And the Pofition of
them was as extravagant, as the Number extraordinary. The Eyes
were all of them fituate in the Neck, Two very nigh each other in
the Middle of the Neck, the other Two at a greater Diftance, wiz.
on the Sides of it on each Side one. As to the Ears, it had Two ot
them in the ufual Place; the other Two were conjoin’d, and grew
out of the Crown of the Head. And there is now preferv’d at #a-
denbo, as 1 am credibly inform'd, the Cafe of a Lamb of very mon-
ftrous Shape , that was yeaned there. All which are Accidents of
Excefs, as are likewife thefe in the following Inftances.

81. A Cow of one William Moor of Long-Buckby,about twenty Years
ago, caft a Culf with a double Head and Neck, only one Body and
four Legs ; which dy'd immediately as foon it came forth ; As indeed
do mott if not all fuch monftrous Births, which have a double Num-
ber of the more Effential Partsand which feem to have been defign’d
by Nature for diitinct Twins, however fhe comes to be thus difap-
pointed of her Purpofe. But when the Exeefs is lefs confiderable ,
as in thefe Two Inftances which we have met with here, the one of
a Bull-Calf, that had Five Legs, the other of a Cow-Calf well and
duly fhap’d in every Refpet but this, that it had to Appearance the
Tail of another Calf growing out of its Brisket : they generally live
as long as the more perfect Births, in cafe their Owners think it worth
while ; which they feldom do, becaufe of their Unaptnefs to Gene-
ration, or elfe the Danger of their generating fomething as imper-
fect, or more fo than themfelves.

82. From whence that Indifpofition to Generation in the Cafe
above-mentioned fhould proceed, one might eafily imagine. But tis
far more unaccountable what I hear ot the Graziers on all Hands,
and is generally taken for granted with them; which is, that if a
Cow has Two Calves at a Birth) Male and Female, the Female,
which when grown up is called in fome places, for what Reafon 1
know not, a free Martin, is always barren, never goes to Bull, and
has Horns as large as thofe of Oxen: But the Twin-Calves, that
are both of them Females, are as fruitful, they fay, as other Cattel.
"Tis fuppos’d that fome of thefe Free Martins do in the Genital Parts
partake of both Sexes: How true that is | have not had the Oppor-
tunity of examining. I have much greater Reafon to believe what
was told me by my Worthy Friend the Reverend Mr. Knowles, late-
ly of Brigflock in this County , now Re&or of Hougham in Lincoln-
fbire, that there was not long fince in Harringworth Park, an Her-
maphroditick Sheep belonging to one Hodgkin of Welden ; a particu-
lar Defcription whereof, the Sheep being now gone, I cannot give.

That the Structure of the Genital Parts thould, in fome few of
thefe Brutes, be irregular or confufed, is not to be look'd upon as a
Thing incredible, becaufe there fo frequently occur very great Irre-
gularities, as well in their Internal as External Parts. The mon-

ftrous

       

447

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 7.

irths above-recited, had they been difleéted, wou’d no doubt
a convined us of os As their Exteriour Parts, or
thofe expos’d to View, were ary of them double, fo we may rea-
fonably believe were fome of the Luteriour.

83. In the Phil. Tran[. N.26.Vol.2. p.481. we havea well attefted
Account of a monftrous Lamb very much like that at Great Hough.
ton, whereof in 9. 80. fupr. that had double Entrails in all Refpects.
Now fuppofe the Two a or Embryo’s, which we find incor-

orated each with other, are one of them a Male, the othera Fe.
male, which in all likelihood fometimes happens, there wou'd even
in this Cafe be a Compofition or Commixture of the Genital Parts
of both Sexes; which Hint may perhaps be of Ufe to thofe, who
wou'd explain the Origin of the Hermapl roditick Monfters. As to
the Coalition of the Twin Embrye's and Feetus’s, 1 am of Opinion,
that in thofe, and the like Inftances, they were originally incorpora-
ted together ; being thus united when, in little, in the Egg: and that
they either {prang from one and the fame Egg, or from Two con-
join'd, and made one in the Ovarium : and that they did not, as fome
may imagine, grow each into other inthe Womb. In Plants tis ufu-
al to meet with Two Seeds united. Amongft the Eggs of Fowl, we
not unfrequently light of Gemellifick ones, v. ¢. 48. Oc. fupr. And
’tis very likely, there may fometimes occur the like in the Ova of

es.

fs Accidents of Defed in the Fietus’s of thefe Sort of Cattle, are,
according to my Obfervations, not fo frequent, as thofe of the con-
trary Extreme. Nature more frequently over-does, than under-does
it in her Operations. And yet I have in this County met with one
or two Inftances of this Kind , that are not to be pafled by. One
efpecially of a weakly young Lamb at Ladington, which being kill'd
and open’d by the Owner, the Ingenious Mr. George 7 ew, was found
to have only one Kidney, and a Bladder divided into Two Loculi, or
Compartments, by a Membranous Septum running crofs its Cavity.
One of the Compartments contained an impure Blood, the Urine
was totally fupprefs'd ; fo that this Lamb, had it not been killed,
coud not have livid long. Not but that the Lambs that have only
a finole Kidney, or only one of any Ufe, in cafe there be no other
Part defe&ive, will grow up, live, and do well ; that fingle Kidney
in them performing the whole Office of the Two, in the perfeter
Animals ; as appears by feveral Inftances 1 have met with, particu-
larly one of a Weather-Sheep of Francis Blaud's of Oxendon, that in
the Loin on the Left Side, had a Kidney of due Magnitude and
Shape: but in that on the Right Side, one (if it may be call'd a Kid-
ney ) fo {mall that it wanted of 20 Grains in Weight, and was
fearce fo big as a Kidney-Bean ; yet was firm and Sound, neither was
there any purulent Matter to be feen in the Parts adjacent ; which
fhews, that it had not been impaired or vitiated by any Diftemper or
Mifchance , but that the Creature was brought forth with this Im-

perfection. So fmall and imperfe&t it was, that 1 could not find it
10

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

Chap. 7.

to be of any Ufe at all to the Animal in the Office of a Kidney ,
that is, in feparating and difcharging the ferous Excrement 3 and
therefore all that Work muft neceffarily be performed by the other
larger and more perfect one. Here we fee in Brutes a parallel Cafe
to what fometimes happens in Human Bodies; as for Inftance, when
one of the Kidneys is obftructed by a Calculus, the whole Quantity
of ferous Excrement is ftrain'd off, and evacuated by the other.

85. Befides the Imperfections and Deformities that have fometimes
occurr’d in the Fetus’s of the Cattle above-fpoken of, I have met
with another very uncommon Accident, relating, if I miftake not, to
the fame Subject, which I (hall here take notice of, Tis this.

Inan Ewe, that was kill’d at Welford by the Elder Mr. Wand ord,
there was found in the Hollow of the Abdomen nigh the Head of that
call’ the H----Bone,or Os flim, almoft as highas the Kidneys, Three
Balls or Lumps of the Shape and Size of a Hen's Egg. The Bo
Part of them was a thick and tough Skin, the Interiour, Wool of a
Hair Three or Four Inches long. They feem’d to be Pieces of the
Pelt or Skin of a Lamb with the Infide outwards, and rolled up into
Balls. They lay loofe, neither was there any Footfteps of a Root
or Ductus to be difcoverd in them, whereby they might have been
join’d to the neighbouring Parts, and have communicated with
them,

86. How fuch uncommon Subftances fhould come into fo ftrange
a Place, is indeed too difficult a Queftion for me torefolve. I fhou’d
incline to think that they were the Remains of the Skin of a dead
Fetus , being aflur’d by the Cafes recorded in Dr. Plot *, that the.

Embryo in Brute Animals is fometimes hindred of its Paffage through in sug

the Cornua uters to the Womb, whereupon it continues, and is form’ >
in the Ouvarium ; and from thence, by the Extenfion in its Growth,
forces its way through it, into fome Parts of the Abdomen. And by
parallel Cafes I am alfo fatisfy’d, that the Embryo in an Ewe, tho’
out of its due Place, may notwithftanding live, and continue to grow
till it is cover'd with a pretty long Wool ; but I cannot fo readily get
over fome other Difficulties in the Cafe before us ; particularly this:
Suppofing thefe Balls, confifting of a thick and tough Skin with Wool
upon it, to have been the Remains of a dead Fetus, how comes it to
pafs, that of all the various Parts of the Fetus, only thefe were left be-
hind ? I have nothing to reply but this, wherewith I am not fully fatif-
fy'd my felf, viz. that the Mufcles, the Blood Veflels, and even the
Bones alfo in this Fetus, foon after its Death, began to corrupt and
perith, and, in Tract of Time, were by little and little difcharged in
putrid Matter by the Cornua uters, and the ufual Paffages ; but the
Wool and Pelt being of a more tenacious and lefs diffolyble T exture,
did not corrupt, and muft therefore ftay behind, as being too large
and bulky to pafs thofe Veflels, that the putrid Matter did.

87. After the Account of this ftrange Appearance, it will fcarce be
thought worth while to note, that in the Matrix’s of Ewes we have

Yyyyy more

449

Vid. Nat

53:54

 
   

 

The Nawal HISTORT Chap.

 

 

 

more than once obferv’d bare the naked Skull of a Lamb, and other
of its Bones, all bare : and that I have in this Neighbourhood had an
Inftance of an Ewe, that had out-gone the ufual time of Ewes go-
ing with Lamb about Three Months, and then yeaned a living Lamb
with much and long Wool upon it.

88. 1 fhould now have pafs’d on immediately to another Topic,
but that I have {till fomewhat more to note relating to the Sheep and
Beeves ; in both which tis obfervable, that the Leaf is fometimes of
exceflive Bulk and Weight, and the reft of the Body as remarkably
thin and lean. To give only one Inftance.

An old Ewe Sheep, that was kill'd at Thorp-malfor in Fanvary 1700.
had a Leaf that weigh'd above 20 Pounds; but the biggelt of the
Quarters not Twelve Pounds. So great the Difproportion betwix®
the Leaf and the Body of this Creature.

89. As tothe Balls of Hair, that with us are fo frequently found
in the Stomachs of Cows and Oxen, and fometimes in that of Calves,
there is already fo particular and exact an Account given of thefe
Bodies by Dr. Plot *, that there remains not much for me to obferve
concerning them. All the feveral Varieties Dr. Plot takes notice of,
I have met with here in Northamptonfbire, namely, that invefted
with a pretty fmooth, thin, hard, and fhining Coat or Shell : and
that without any Coat at all: That of a Cheftnut : and that alfo of
a Cinerous Colour. They vary too in Magnitude confiderably.

I had one of them of a Butcher of Zhorp-malfor, about 11 Inches
in Circumference, which is the largeft I have feen.

Anothor I had given me at Great Okely, fcarce Six Inches about.
And we find them of all the intermediate Sizes.

They are no lefs various in Shape. The Ball 1 had from Thorp
was almoft Spherical. That from Okely a prolate Spharoid, or a
depreflcd Round with a Gibbofity near the Side of it. Another I
faw at Beneficld, in the Reverend Mr. Bennet’s Hands, whofe Figure
was oblong and comprefs’d. Thefe were all of them cover’d over with
a gliftering Cruft or Coat of a dark Cheftnut, or rather a Jet-Colour.

And at Clapton, in the Cabinet of the very Ingenious Sir Matthew
Dudley , 1 met with one of thefe Hairy Balls of an Oval Figure.
This was a naked one compos'd merely to Appearance of the Cow’s
Hair in whofe Stomach it was found, and that without any the leaft
Change in the Colour of it ; the Hair of the Ball being Red, as was
that of the Cow. It has this alo remarkable in it, that the Hair is
not irregularly complicated like that of the former ; but lies parallel
and winding like the Hair on the Crown of a Man's Head, in which
Refpect it agrees exactly with the Ball defcribed by Dr. Plot *, which

ee Se of was given him by Mr. Grofvenor.

o. My Obfervations with relation to the place of the Animal in
which thefe Balls are found, do likewife confirm thofe of Dr. Plt.
Either we find them included in one or other of the Four Ventricles
of the Beaft, or in the Inteftines, or elfe they are found caft Routh by

Siege ;

 

 

Chap.7. of NorTHAMPTONSHIRE

Siege ; whereof 1 have alfo a Pattern by me, found n a Clofe at:

Braybrosk, of a Cinereous Colour, in that agreeing with Dr. Plot's
Sample, but differing from it in Figure; which in mine is Spherical
not Oval, as his, whofe Figure, the Doétor imagines, might be oe
ing to the Compreffion in its Exit.

91. As to the Origin of thefe Balls, and the Manner of their
Formation, 'tis plain they are made of Hair the Cattle have {wal-
lowed ; which by the Motion of the Stomach, which in thefe Crea-
tures is very {trong and frequent, is wrought and compaéted together
very firmly. The thin Coat or Shell that’s fuperinduc’d over moft
of them, appears to be conftituted of that flimy Phlegm-like Mat.
ter, which is ufually found in Plenty where thefe Balls are form’d.

‘I'hat only here and there one of the Cattle of this Sort have {uch
Balls in their Stomachs, and others of them of the fame Age, and
to outward Appearance, as like to thefe as can be in all other Refpetts,
have none, is perhaps owing to this, that thefe fuck’d of a Heifer
that never had a Calf before, whofe Paps are always more hairy
than others, and thofe did not. Hair there is always found in the
Read, or the Fourth Ventricle of Calves, which, for the main of it
muft needs be lick’d off from the Paps of the Dam by the Calves
fucking , and walh'd down with the Milk ; and there being more
Hair upon the Dugs of the younger Heifers, a greater Quantit
than ordinary, no doubt, is fwallow'd by the Calf that fucks her.
And in the Stomachs of thefe , efpecially where there's fuch a copi-
ous Stock of fit Matter, the Hair-Balls are compos’d.

92. Befides the Balls of Haw from the Stomachs of Beeves, I have
now by me fome others of Wasll, that were taken out of the Stomach
of a Sheep belonging to Churchfield Grounds nigh Benefield, and that
were form'd , no doubt, in much the fame Manner as were thofe of
Hair, but are far more uncommon. Indeed I have never met with
any other Inftance of this Kind, and fhall therefore give a more par-
ticular Defcription of thefe.

In the Stomach of that Sheep were found, as I remember, Five
of thefe Balls, of which I have only Three. The Outfide of them
has much of the Face and Hue of a Puff-Ball. In fome Parts of it,
‘tis cover'd with a very thin, gloffy, black Coat or Skin, like that of
the Ox-Balls above-defcribed, but fmoother and fofter much. The
Subftance of the whole inner Part is certainly nothing but Wool
wrought together and compacted as clofely, as Wool is by the Work-
man’s Hands, in the making a Hat. Tis foft, fmooth, and fome-
what Elaitick ; of a Buff-Colour. They are all light as Cork, of
irregular Figure, rather Cubick than Globous, about an Inch in
Diameter.

93. And in like manner, as thefe Balls are forn’d of Hairs en-
tangled and detain’d in the Stomach by Phlegm ; fo we may rea-
fonably believe are the Stones that are found in the Kidneys and Blad-
ders of Beeves, whereof this County has afforded me more than one

Inftance

 

451

 
   

 

 

=

 

 

The Natural HIST ORT Chap. 7

oney Corpufcles that have been convey’d into the
I oe 4 Water they drank, for in the Water of
moft of our Springs is contain’d a greater or lefler Quactiny oF fuch
Stoney Matter, | and are lodg’d and impacted in a tenacious Phlegm-
like Matter which they meet with there. But of this no more at
pe fhall now go on to note the more Remarkable Things that
ft happend here in fome other Animals of this Second Clas, pas
ticularly thofe of the Deer-Kind, which, as the fore ory 5; 2
cous and Ruminant, or fach as in Je Cud Fi a Ww 3 oe :
igerous, but their Horns are told, D y NC
oiherte eh Note chiefly they are diftinguifh’d from thofe
of the Gens Ouinum and Bovinum. Amongft thete, with relation to
their Heads, there have feveral Irregularities occurr’d to me that
are not unworthy Notice. To Inftance in fome of them. o
In the Hall at Rockingham, amongft other Heads of Deer, 1 faw
fome Years ago a Buck’s Head, one of whole Horns was of a larger
Size than ordinary, and nigh the fartheft Extreme appear d to be
fafciated in like manner as arc {fometimes the Stalks of Herbs,
and was fomewhat hollow'd like a Cup. And at Mr. Neaubon’s
of Wefiwood nigh Cliff, there 15 preferv'd, as1am told, an Irregular
Head very nearly refembling that above defcribed. The Buck it be-
long’d to was very old. In the Hall at Aypthorp, when Ivifited that
Place fome Years ago, was fhew’d me a dwarfed Head with Horns
of very unequal Length, and having only one Antler, tho from a
full erown Buck. Of another Head in the fame Place, one of the
Re was turned downwards in the upper part of it in fuch manner
4s to make an Acute Angle with the lower Part or the Burr End. It
had no Palm nor Spelters, but terminated in a bluntifh Point. Some
other Obfervables there were, as I remember, in thefe Heads, which
I did not note, intending to take a more compleat Deleription o
them at another Opportunity ; which I have not yet had the go
obtain. :
Be Connexion Dr. Plat {peaks of, Chap. 7. ¢. 57. Nat. Hift. of
Staffordfbire betwixt the 7 eflicles and the Horns of fome Quadru-
seds, is fo great with refpect to Deer, that if their Doucets are ta-
Fo away whilft Fawns, before they come to be Prickets or have
Horns, they will never have any at all; Which is | think an Obfer-
vation univerfally true. And ’tis as generally believ'd that Bucks i
elt do never Mew their Heads like other Deer : But yet 1 have met
with Two Inftances that prove ’tis not impoffible to be otherwile,
and both of them in Farming Woods in this County. The Bucks els
Sore Els when gelt, and for Three Years fucceffively caft their 0
Heads, and put up New ones, in no refpect different from the ref of
their Kind, but that the firft Year after Caltration they Were Lome.
what fmaller, and the Two following Years were frill lefs "a e8,
A Third Inftance not much unlike to thefe, they had alfo in the

: : ; :
fame Woods, viz. of a Three-Year old Buck that had his Dene 8

Chap.7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

taken away by a Chance-fhot at Mid[ummer, and at Alballswtide of
the following Year, when he was kill'd; he thew’d a fair Head , but
not burnifh’d. :

96. The Caufe why Bucks, ifgelt, do feldom or never put up new
Heads like other Deer; appears to be this; that their Blood is by Ca-
ftration impoverifhed and weaken’d, not fo much in refpect of pro-
per Matter for the Formation of new Horns, as in refpect of Heat.
The Genital Liquor, which is prepar’d by the Doucets or Tefticles,
has evidently an Influence upon the Mafs of Blood, imparting a con-
fiderable Warmth, Vigour, and Ativity thereunto ; and contequent-
ly the Doucets being taken away, the Heat of the Blood is by this
means impair’d and diminifh’d. Now, as in the Vegetable King-
dom, Vegetation will net fucceed without a fuitable Degree of Heat
to convey the Vegetative Matter to the feveral Parts of the Plant :
So likewife ’tis in the Animal Kingdom ; ’tis by the Minstration of
Heat, that a/l the Parts of the Body are formed and augmented.

And as in the Family of Plants, an Oak-tree, for Inftance, in
the colder Summers fends up but a very few, if any, New Shoots,
at the Top of it efpecially ; becaufe there is not a fufficient Degree
of Heat to bear up the Sap or Vegetable Matter to that Height : So
upon the fame Account the Bucks which are gelt, do not put out
New Heads, becaufe they have not Spirit and Heat enough in their
Blood to exalt and manage that Sort of Matter, that conftitutes the
Horns in other Deer, fo effectually, as that it may produce the like
in thefe. And yet the Two Bucks above-recited of Farming Woods,
fell fhort, we fee, but a little of the Fairnefs of the Heads of their
Fellow Deer; which muft needs be owing to the more than ordinary
natural Strength of their Contftitution, or the Goodnefs of their
Feeding, or both.

97. From a like Caufe it certainly proceeds, that the Male Deer do
fometimes mew their Heads a Month or Two before the ufual time ;
of which the Buck in Dean Park, that mew’d on March 6. 1701. is
a memorable Inftance. Nor is it lefs ftrange, that one of their Does
in Farming Woods had 700 Fawns at a Birth, which fome time af-
ter were feen fucking of the Doe by one of the Woodmen, Gervafe
Knight of Brigflock. This Animal with Twins is a Sight fo unufual,
that I could not but take notice of it in this place:

98. I fhall conclude this Section with the more obfervable Things
that have occurr'd here relating to Swine, another of the Animals
of the Cloven-fosted Tribe , tho’ they neither chew the Cud, nor
are Cornigerous in either of the Sexes. Amongft many other Things
that I might mention under this Head,there are Three that;in myOpi-
nion, particularly deferve it: And let the Hiftory of thefe Three f{uffice.
The Firft is of a very imperfect Fetus of a Sow of Mr. Poulten’s

  
  
 

433

at Lowick, which is reprefented in 7.13. F.8. By the Smalnefsof it, 7,5, ,.
and particularly by the Largenefs of the Head, in Proportion to Fs.

the other Parts, it appears to have dy’d in the Womb, about the
Zire Third

  

 

 
 
   
    
    
     
   
   
   
   
     
     
   
       
     
 
    
    
     
     
   
    
 
     
      
 
    
    
 
    
      
 
       
     
         
     
   
     
   
    
 
     
     
     
    
 
     
    
    
     
     
      
    
   
   

  

 

 

The Namal HIST ORT Chap. 7.

 

 

Third or Fourth Week of Geftation, and yet came from the Dam,
tho’ dead, at the fame time with a great many young ones that were
alive, compleatly form’d , and every way perfet. The Caufe of
its Death was in all likelihood the irregular Formation of the Parts,
both External and Internal. The Internal { did not come time enough
to examine: Bur if we may judge of thefe by what we faw difor-
derly in the Outward Parts, they muft have been much amifs. A
Part of one of the Secapule lies upon the Spina Dorf, ard is faften’d
to it in fuch a manner, as muft neceffarily have hinder’d the Flexure
of the fubjacent }ertebre: The other has a lower Situation than it
naturally fhould have. The Firft Joint of both the Fore-Legs is in-
corporated with the Breaft ; befides fome other Irregularities that a
Curious Perfon may obferve in it.

The Second is of a Kind of Convulfive Diftemper , fometimes in-
cident to young Pigs ; whereof I have the following Account froma
Learned Phyfician of this County, Dr. Wigmore, who has diligently
obferv’d it. They fhake and quake in every Part: They change
their Poftures fo often, that they much refemble the Actors in a Mor-
ris-Dance ; and for this Reafon the Country People call them the
Dancing Pigs. If you keep them about a Month, and then kill
them, they are good Meat ; But if you keep them above that time,
they dwindle and pine away. This Diftemper, the Doctor thinks,
is owing to the Sow’s bringing forth before her Time, or clfe to her
eating too much cold watery Wath, efpecially ifit be in a cold Seafon.

The Third relates to the fame Animal, but when farther advanc'd
in Bignefs : “Tis of a Porket that was killed by one Thomas Tarry, a
Butcher of Thurnby , on Feb. 22. 1685. Upon opening the Breaft
the Rind or Skin of the Belly being flit, a Flame iffu’d forth with a
Bounce as loud as that of a Piftol. It had broke one of the fmaller
Guts wherein, ‘tis thought, it was enclofed ; and thence making
its way , blow'd out a lighted Candle that was us'd about the
Work, “fcorched the Butcher's Face, findged his Eye-Brows, and fet
fire on the Hair of the Heads of the By-ftanders. It flam’d about a
Minute, and had dene fo a longer time, but that it was blown out.
I have this Relation from the Reverend Mr. Partridge, Rector of
Thurnby, as well as from the Butcher himfelf: and am beyond all
reafonable Scruple affur’d of the Truth of it. The Caufe of this
extraordinary Accident, Ileave to others to enquire of. Thofe cal-
led Lambent Fires are more frequently feen upon Pork and Hogs
Fleth, than upon any other Fleth whatfoever ; but this differs from
thofi in many Circumftances.

99. And. thus I have done with the Cloven-hoof’d Animals: We
may now proceed to thofe of the Solipidous, or Whole-Hoof'd Kind ;
whereof we have in Encland only Two Species, the Horfe and the
Afs. In the former of them, 1 met with nothing fo remarkable, as
the monftrous Head of a Colt-Foal, caft by a Mare of 7 hmas Stu
gefs of Oxendon , in April 1703. which having got cut off; I care-
fully examin’d , and wrote down the fublequent Account of it.
Whereas the Bones of the Skull, the Os Fiouis, or Forehead Bone,

that

 

Chap.7. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

that of the Sinciput, and that of the Occiput, (if in this Animal we
may {peak of them as diftintt Bones) are in Colts and Horfes fitu-
ate all in the fame Plane, or very near it, when of natural Shape

the Skull of this Colt, about the Middle of it, bunched out about
Three Inches: The Prominency of a more thah Seriglobous Form
approaching theFigure and Dimenfions of a pretty largeHuman Skull.
1 found it to be as thin as Paper, and tranfparent in divers Parts of it.

In thofe thin tranfparent Places, there were really no Offesus Matter,

but a Membranous Subftance only, fuch as is the Subftance of the
whole Skull, in the Firft Months of the Embryo. It contain’d a
Quart of limpid Water, which fpirted forth as we were fawing off
the bunchy Part of it.

The Brain, whofe outer Surface in a natural Stare has many
Windings like the Convolutions of the Guts, was eaven and fmooth
like the outer Surface of the Liver; yet it had the ufual Partitions
that are made by the Duplicature of the Dura Mater. The Cortex.
or-Outfide of the Brain, and its Inner or Medullary Subftance which
lin’d it throughout, tho’ of the ufual Colour and Confiltenice were
of very unufual Shape. They both together , in the thickeft Part
were fcarce ; of an Inch. But what it wanted in Bulk or Thicknefs
was made up in Extent, for it was expatided to near the fame Di-
menfions with the above-defcribed Bunch; in which Refpeét it
was more like to a Membrane, than the Brain of a Beaft. There
was no Diftinction of Ventricles; but within it had a Cavity
like that of an empty Sachel or Bagg, It was continu'd to the
Trunk of the Medulla Oblongata, at the Bafis of a large Protuberance
that ftood in the place of the Mates. The Corpora firinta (i.e)
the Tips of the Crura of the Medulia oblongata were confpicuous.
The Cerebellum was {mall, but its Face unalterd. The Dura
Mater adhered very clofely to the Skull in every Part. The
Blood Vefiels , wherewith the Pia Mater is fo admirably inter-
woven , were diftinguifhable by a well-colour’d Red.” That
Limpid Water, which, as 1 obferv’d above, gufh’d forth of
the Brain-pan, upon the fawing it off, to me appear’d to be an Ex-
crementitious Serum , that was feparated from the Arteries by the
Pineal, and other Glandules ; but there being too great a Quantity of
it difcharg’d by the Arteries, to be abforb’d and carty'd off by the
Veins: or elfe the Mouths of thofe Veins being by fome ill Accident
obftruted or clos’d, it ftagnated in the Pentrieles of the Brain ( For
fuch we may fuppofe there were at firlt ) And increafing in Tra& of
I'ime to a ftill larger Mafs, at length obliterated the Three Ven-
tricles , of 7 bree making one common Receptacle. Laftly , This
Colluvies of Extravafated Serum bearing hard inceffantly apon the
Brain, by little and little prefs'd, and diftended it into that unufual
Shape : and in like manner had the fame Effect upon the then yield-
ing and tender Skull. The Colt was not mifhaped in any other Part ;
but fuch the Condition of the Brain, that it livid not Two Days.
I'he Mare was found and healthy. But to detain the Reader no
longer upon this Subject of Brute Animals, I fhall here put an End
to this Chapter. CHAP.

455

    
   
    
     
     
    
    
    
   
    
    
   
   
    
      
       
        
    
    
     
       
    
    
      
   
   
   
    
     
     
     
     
     
     
    
    

faa eT

Rr

  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 

TE ae

  

:
 

Tte Nawal H IST ORT Chap. 7.

 

Third or Fourth Week of Geftatien, and yet came from the Dam,
tho’ dead, at the fame time with a great many young ones that were
alive, compleatly form’d, and every way perfect. The Caufe of
its Death was in all likelihood the irregular Formation of the Parts,
both External and Internal. The Internal I did not come time enough
to examine: Bur if we may judge of thefe by what we faw difor-
derly in the Outward Parts, they muft have been much amifs. A
Part of one of the Scapulee lies upon the Spina Dorfr, and is faften’d
to it in fuch a manner, as muft neceffarily have hinder’d the Flexure
of the fubjacent }ertebre: The other has a lower Situation than it
naturally fhould have. The Firft Joint of both the Fore-Legs is in-
corporated with the Breaft ; befides fome other Irregularities that a
Curious Perfon may obferve in it.

The Second is of a Kind of Convulfive Diftemper , fometimes in-
cident to young Pigs ; whereof I have the following Account froma
Learned Phyfician of this County, Dr. Wigmore, who has diligently
obferv’d it. They fhake and quake in every Part: They change
their Poftures {o often, that they much refemble the Actors in a Mor-
ris-Dance ; and for this Reafon the Country People call them the
Dancing Pigs. If you keep them about a Month, and then Kkill
them, they are good Meat ; But if you keep them above that time,
they dwindle and pine away. This Diftemper, the Doctor thinks,
is owing to the Sow’s bringing forth before her Time, or clfe to her
eating too much cold watery Wath, efpecially ifit be in a cold Seafon.

The Third relates to the fame Animal, but when farther advanc'd
in Bignefs : "Tis of a Porket that was killed by one Thomas Tarry, a
Butcher of Zhurnby , on Feb. 22. 1685. Upon opening the Breaft ,
the Rind or Skin of the Belly being flit, a Flame iffu’d forth with a
Bounce as loud as that of a Piftol. It had broke one of the fmaller
Guts wherein, tis thought, it was enclofed ; and thence making
its way , blow'd out a lighted Candle that was us'd about the
Work, fcorched the Butcher's Face, findged his Eye-Brows, and fet
fire on the Hair of the Heads of the By-ftanders. It flam’d about a
Minute, and had dene fo a longer time, but that it was blown out.
I have this Relation from the Reverend Mr. Partridse, Rector of
Thurnby, as well as from the Butcher himfelf: and am beyond all
reafonable Scruple affur’d of the Truth of it. The Caufe of this
extraordinary Accident, I leave to others to enquire of. Thofe cal-
led Lambent Fires are more frequently feen upon Pork and Hog's
Fleth, than upon any other Fleth whatfoever ; but this differs from
thofi in many Circumftances.

99. And. thus I have done with the Cloven-hoof’d Animals: We
may now proceed to thofe of the Solipidous, or Whole-Hoof’d Kind ;
whereof we have in Eungland only T'wo Species, the Horfe and the
Afs, Inthe former of them, 1 met with nothing fo remarkable, as
the monftrous Head of a Colt-Foal, caft by a Mare of Thomas Siu -
ge¢fs of Oxendon , in Apri 1703. which having got cut off, I care-
tully examin’d, and wrote down the fublequent Account of it.
Whereas the Bones of the Skull, the Os Frou, or Forehead Bone,

th it

Chap.7. of NorTHAMPTONSHIRE

that of the Sinciput, and that of the Oceiput, (if in this Animal we
may {peak of them as diftiné& Bones ) are in Colts and Horfes fit.
ate all in the fame Plane, or very near it, when of natural Sha ’e
the Skull of this Colt, about the” Middle of it, bunched out ste]
Three Inches : The Prominency of a more thah Semiglobous Form
approaching theFigure and Dimenfions of a pretty largeHuman Skull
1 found it to be as thin as Paper, and tranfparent in divers Parts of it.
In thofe thin tranfparent Places, there were really no Offeous Matter,
but a Membranous Subftance only, fuch as is the Subftance of the
whole Skull, in the Firft Months of the Embryo. It contain’d a
Quart of limpid Water, which fpirted forth as we were fawing off
the bunchy Part of it. ®
The Brain, whofe outer Surface in a natural State has ian
Windings like the Convolutions of the Guts, was eaven and finer
like the outer Surface of the Liver ; yet it had the ufual Partitions
that are made by the Duplicature of the Dura Mater. The Cortex
or-Outfide of the Brain, and its Inner or Medullary Subftance which
lin'd it throughout, tho’ of the ufual Colour and Confiftenice. were
of very unufual Shape. They both together , in the thickeft Patt
were fcarce } of an Inch. But what it wanted in Bulk or Thicknefs
was made up in Extent, for it was expanded to near the fame Di-
menfions with the above-defcribed Bunch; in which Refpect it
was more like to a Membrane, than the Brain of a Beaft. | here
was no Diftin¢tion of Ventricles; but within it had a Cavity
like that of an empty Sachel or Bagg. It was continu'd to the
Trunk of the Medulia Oblongata, at the Bafis of a large Protuberance
that ftood in the place of the Nates. The Corpora firiata (i.e)
the Tips of the Crura of the Medulia oblongata were confpicuous
The Cerebellum was {mall, but its Face unalterd. The Dura
Mater adhered very clofely to the Skull in every Part. The
Blood Veflels , wherewith the Pia Mater is fo admirably intef-
woven, were diftinguifhable by a well-colour’d Red.” That
Limpid Water , which, as [ obfervd above, gufh’d forth of
the Brain-pan, upon the fawing it off, to me appear’d to bé an Ex-
crementitious Serum , that was feparated from the Afteries by the
Pineal, and other Glandules ; but there being too great a Quantity of
it difcharg’d by the Arteries, to be abforbd and carty’d off by the
V eins: or elfe the Mouths of thofe Veins being by fome ill Accident
obftrutted or clos'd, it ftagnated in the Pentrieles of the Brain (For
fuch we may f{uppofe there were at firft ) And increafing in Tract of
Time to a ftill larger Mafs, at length obliterated the Three Fen.
tricles , of 1 bree making one common Receptacle. Laftly, This
Colluvies of Extravafated Serum bearing hard inceffantly pon the
Brain, by little and little prefsd, and diftended it into that unufyal
Shape : and in like manner had the fame Effect upon the then yield-
ing and tender Skull. The Colt was not mifthaped in any other Part ;
but fuch the Condition of the Brain, that it livd not Two Davs.
I'he Mare was found and healthy. But to detain the Reader hy
longer upon this Subject of Brute Animals, I {hall here put an End
to this Chapter. CHAP.

455

Ta a a NY

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap 8.

C.. HA: Bo VIL
of HUMAN BODIES.

 

 

m——

lin this Chapter, as in the former of Brute Animals, fot
I a main, ry the Mao o the icin Dr. Plot,
in the Works of this Kind ; who ]
my Frsdesns {uch uncommon Accidents as have befallen Mankind
at or before their Birth: :
Then, In the Courts of Life: And,
, At Deatn.

33 On ge Uncommon Accidents in the Birth of Man, there
is none more furprizing than the Production of Monfters, whether of
Excefs or Defect, of both which I have met with fewer Inftances
by far, than one who ferioufly contemplates the Irregularities in the

i would expect or imagine.
we he Fick Head of Rhos the Eble Births are ufually, tho’ not
fo fitly, referred ; thefe appearing to be Two Fetus’s conjoin’d in
the Sn or elfe to have {prang of Two Oua originally joined to-
gether, or growing to each other in the Quarium, and therefore are
rather to be number’d amongft the Accidents of Defect ; For had
not Nature been confounded in her Plaftic’s, they woud in all like-
lihood have been Tao diftinét and entire Births. But however that
be, the Mifchances of that Kind are well worth our taking notice
is _ The moft obfervable Inftance under this Head, which has hap-
end here, is that of the United 7 wins, that were born of Sarah the
Wife of William Todd of Northampton, Amo 1701. The Woman
went her full Time with them. They were both Males, and both
of them compleat and perfect, as to the Number and Proportions
of their Limbs, and all their Outward Parts : But were neither of
them living when they came into the World. Chey were incorpo-
rated Collaterally or Side-ways, the Two Bodies having, asit were,
grown one into another in that Part of each. So that they were of
Two become one Body with Two compleat parted Heads, Four
Legs, and as many Arms. The Mother was at that time about 33
Years of Age: A trong and healthy Woman: Had Two Children
before, and Three fince that Accident. Ihefe united Twins were
preferved certain Days in Spirits, for a publick View, by Mr. Bul:-
vant of Northampton. 5 bis, ;

4. Of External Imperfections in Human Births, 1 kow none fo
remarkable as that of a clofed Aus in a Male Child of Elizabeth,
the Wife of Jonathan Tilly of Ringfled , in Norihamptonfbire, Not

that the Defect it felf is fo very uncommon , for in my wi Irs
ave

-

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR EF.

Chap. 8.

 

1 have more than once met with the like in Human Fletus’s : And it
ftill more frequently befals the young ones of Brutes, particularly
Lambs. But the Manner how this poor Infant wasrelieved under that
unhappy Defect.is indeed extraordinary,and what 1 fhou'd farce ever
have credited, had not my own Eyes been Witnefles of the Truth of
it. There being no Paflage for the Excrements in the ufual Place, they
pafs’d off by the Urethra. All that came from the Child for the firft
Five Days after its Birth, the Faces Alvi, as well as the Urine, came
that way. On the Sixth Day, the Anus was opend by the Hands of
a Surgeon (the Skilful Mr. Bletfo of Mill-cotton) fo fuccefsfully, that
there was inftantly difchargd a great Quantity of Excrements by
Stool, at the Aperture made by the Lancet ; which was kept open
by a {mall Leaden Pipe put into it, till the Sides of it were heal'd,
and the Danger of the clofing again of the Flefh quite over. Bat
notwithftanding the Succefs of this Operation, a part of the Excre-
ments, tho’ the Child is now almoft Two Years old, do ftill go off
by the Paffage that leads from the Bladder, molt of all when he is ill,
and troubled with Wind. That Part which pafles by the Urethra
generally fpirts forth at the End of the Pens, as if it was driven out
by the Wind. When the Child is held out to Stool, the Urine ufu-
ally comes firft, then Excrements the right way by the Auus; and
immediately after this there’s expelled more of the fame in a fudden
Spirt or Two through the fame Urinary Paflage. And ever fince
the cutting of the Anus, they have come away in this Manner ; ex-
cepting only the Space of Two or Three Days, the Child then al-
moft a Year old, when the Urethra was accidentally ftopp’d by Two
or Three Pieces of the Skin of a Raifin, and a Raiftn-flone, that no
doubt came there the nearer way from the Inteftines; For the Da
before this Stoppage appear'd, the Child had fwallow’d a Raifin
uniton'd, that the Mother gave it.  Whilft the Obftruction continu’d,
the Reins were {well’d and inflam’d fo much, that he made no Wa-
ter. But the Excrements, which for thefe Two or Three Days were
wholly voided by the Anus, were obferved to be much wore fluid
than ordinarily. At length the Mother fulpelting the Occafion of
the Stoppage, with a Pin pick’d out the Skins and Stone: And
Things had the fame Courfe as before.

5. Such an open Paflage as this, through which Excrements are
conveyed from the lateftines to the Urethra, muft needs be effected
by a Breach in the intervenient Parts ; and ’tis moft likely juft in
that part where the ftrait Gut ( Iutefiinum Refum ) is ty’d to the
Neck of the Bladder, to which the Urinary Paffage is continuous ;
which Breach, we may reafonably imagine, was made by the Ex-
crements deny’d, as they were as firft, their natural Paflage by the
Anus. And being thus block’d up in that Inteftine, increafing fill
daily in Quantity, and not having room enough for their Bulk, be-
ing alfo difturb’d and agitated by Wind, they in that tender Body
broke through the Coat of the ftrait Gut, the Mufcular Subftance

Aaaaaa betwixt

 
 

The Natwral HIST ORT Chap. 8.

 

GH AP. VL
of HUMAN BODIES.

 

 

sms—

3. 1.Y Shall in this Chapter, as in the former of Brute Animals, fot
the main, obferve the Method of the Judicious Dr. Plot,
my Predeceflor, in the Works of this Kind ; who :

Firft confiders fuch uncommon Accidents as have befallen Mankind
at or before their Birth:

Then, in the Courfe of Life: And,

Laftly, At Death. :

2. Amongft the Uncommon Accidents in the Birth of Man, there
is none more furprizing than the Production of Montfters, whether of
Excefs or Defect, of both which I have met with fewer Inftances
by far, than one who ferioufly contemplates the Irregularities in the
Life of Man, would expect or imagine.

To the Firft Head of them, the double Births are ufually, tho’ not
fo fitly, referred ; thefe appearing to be Two Fetus’s conjoin’d in
the Uterus, or elfe to have fprang of Two Ova originally joined to-
gether, or growing to each other in the Ovarium, and therefore are
eather to be number'd amongft the Accidents of Defect ; For had
not Nature been confounded in her Plaftic’s, they woud in all like-
lihood have been Taw diftinét and entire Births. But however that
be, the Mifchances of that Kind are well worth our taking notice
of.

3. The moft obfervable Inftance under this Head, which has hap-

end here, is that of the United 7 wins, that were born of Sarah the
Wife of William Todd of Northampton, Amn 1701. “The Woman
went her full Time with them. They were both Males, and both
of them compleat and perfect, as to the Number and Proportions
of their Limbs, and all their Outward Parts: But were neither of
them living when they came into the World. They were incorpo-
rated Collaterally or Side-ways, the Two Bodies having, asit were,
grown one into another in that Part of each. So that they were of
Two become one Body with Two compleat parted Heads, Four
Legs, and as many Arms. The Mother was at that time about 33
Years of Age: A trong and healthy Woman: Had Two Children
before, and Three fince that Accident. Thefe united Twins were
preferved certain Days in Spirits, for a publick View, by Mr. Bull:-
vant of Northampton. J

4. Of External Imperfections in Human Births, 1 kow none fo
remarkable as that of a clofed Aus in a Male Child of Elizabeth,
the Wife of Jonathan Tilly of Rungfled , in Northamptonfbire, Not
that the Defect it felf is fo very uncommon , for in my Lav hese

1ave

- PI i

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

Chap. 8.

1 have more than once met with the like in Human Ferus’s : And it
ftill more frequently befals the young ones of Brutes, particularly
Lambs. But the Manner how this poor Infant wasrelieved under that
unhappy Defect,is indeed extraordinary,and what 1 fhou'd fcarce ever
have credited, had not my own Eyes been Witnefles of the Truth of
it. There being no Paffage for the Excrements in the ufual Place, they
pafs'd oft by the Urethra. All that came from the Child for the firft
Five Days after its Birth, the Faces Alvi, as wellas the Urine, came
that way. On the Sixth Day, the Azus was opend by the Hands of
a Surgeon (the Skilful Mr. Bletfo of Mill-cotton) {o fuccefsfully, that
there was inftantly difcharg'd a great Quantity of Excrements by
Stool, at the Aperture made by the Lancet ; which was kept open
by a fmall Leaden Pipe put into it, till the Sides of it were heal'd,
and the Danger of the clofing again of the Flefh quite over. But
notwithftanding the Succes of this Operation, a part of the Excre-
ments, tho’ the Child is now almoft Two Years old, do ftill go off
by the Paffage that leads from the Bladder, moft of all when he is ill,
and troubled with Wind. That Part which pafles by the Urethra
generally fpirts forth at the End of the Pewis, as if it was driven out
by the Wind. When the Child is held out to Stool, the Urine ufu-
ally comes firft, then Excrements the right way by the aus; and
immediately after this there’s expelled more of the fame in a fudden
Spirt or Two through the fame Urinary Paflage. And ever fince
the cutting of the Anus, they have come away in this Manner ; ex-
cepting only the Space of Two or Three Days, the Child then al-
moft a Year old, when the Urethra was accidentally ftopp’d by Two
or Three Pieces of the Skin of a Raifin, and a Raifin-flone, that no
doubt came there the nearer way from the Inteftines ; For the Day
before this Stoppage appeard, the Child had {wallow’d a Raifin
unfton’d, that the Mother gave it. Whilft the Obftrution continu’d,
the Reins were {well’d and inflam’d fo much, that he made no Wa-
ter. But the Excrements, which for thefe Two or Three Days were
wholly voided by the Anus, were obferved to be much more fluid
than ordinarily. = At length the Mother fufpecting the Occafion of
the Stoppage, with a Pin pick’d out the Skins and Stone: And
Things had the fame Courfc as before.

5. Such an open Paffage as this, through which Excrements are
conveyed from the lateftines to the Urethra, muft needs be effected
by a Breach in the intervenient Parts ; and ’tis moft likely jut in
that part where the ftrait Gut ( Juteflinum Recfum ) is ty'd to the
Neck of the Bladder, to which the Urinary Paflage is continuous ;
which Breach, we may reafonably imagine, was made by the £x-
crements deny'd, as they were as firft, their natural Paffage by the
Anus. And ‘being thus block’d up in that Inteftine, increafing fill
daily in Quantity, and not having room enough for their Bulk, be-
ing alfo difturb’d and agitated by Wind, they in that tender Body
broke through the Coat of the ftrait Gut, the Mufcular Subftance

Aaaaaa betwixt

457

 
 

The Namal HIST ORT Chap 8

C.H A Po VIL
of HUMAN BODIES.

 

 

Aa—

¢. 1.Y Shall in this Chapter, as in the former of Brute Animals, fot
the main, obferve the Mai of he Jiicions Dr. Plot,
"Predeceflor, in the Works of this Kind ; who
Trent {uch uncommon Accidents as have befallen Mankind
at or before their Birth:

Then, In the Courfe of Life: And,

Laftly, At Death. :

2. Amongft the Uncommon Accidents in the Birth of Man, there
is none more furprizing than the Production of Monfters, whether of
Excefs or Defect, of both which I have met with fewer Inftances
by far, than one who ferioufly contemplates the Irregularities in the
Life of Man, would expeét or imagine.

To the Firft Head of them, the double Births are ufually, tho’ not
fo fitly, referred ; thefe appearing to be Two Fetus’s conjoin’d in
the Sn or elfe to have fprang of Two Ova originally joined to-
gether, or growing to each other in the Ovarium, and therefore are
rather to be number’d amongft the Accidents of Defelt ; For had
not Nature been confounded in her Plaftic’s, they wou'd in all like-
lihood have been Tao diftin¢t and entire Births. But however that
be, the Mifchances of that Kind are well worth our taking notice
ot _ The moft obfervable Inftance under this Head, which has hap-

en’d here, is that of the United T wins, that were born of Sarah the
Wife of William Todd of Northampton, Amo 1701. The Woman
went her full Time with them. They were both Males, and both
of them compleat and perfect, as to the Number and Proportions
of their Limbs, and all their Outward Parts: But were neither of
them living when they came into the World. They were incorpo-
rated Collaterally or Side-ways, the Two Bodies having, asit were,
grown one into another in that Part of each. So that they were of
Two become one Body with Two compleat parted Heads, Four
Legs, and as many Arms. The Mother was at that time about 33
Years of Age: A ftrong and healthy Woman: ‘Had Two Children
before, and Three fince that Accident. Thefe united Twins were
preferved certain Days in Spirits, for a publick View, by Mr. Bul!
vant of Northampton. : :
. Of External Imperfections in Human Births, 1 kow none fo
remarkable as that of a clofed Aus in a Male Child of Elizabeth,
the Wife of Jonathan Tilly of Ringfled, in Noribamptonfbire, Not
that the Defect it felf is fo very uncommon , for in my Lave her,
1ave

- ah H ™

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

Chap. 8.

1 have more than once met with the like in Human Fetus’s : And it
ftill more frequently befals the young ones of Brutes, particularly
Lambs. But the Manner how this poor Infant wasrelieved under that
unhappy Defeét.is indeed extraordinary,and what 1 fhou'd fcarce ever
have credited, had not my own Eyes been Witnefles of the Truth of
it. There being no Paffage for the Excrements in the ufual Place, they
paivd off by the Urethra. All that came from the Child for the firft
Five Daysafter its Birth, the Faces Alu, as well as the Urine, came
that way. On the Sixth Day, the A7us was open'd by the Hands of
a Surgeon (the Skilful Mr. Bletfo of Mill-cotton) {o fuccefstully, that
there was inftantly difchargd a great Quantity of Excrements by
Stool, at the Aperture made by the Lancet ; which was kept open
by a fall Leaden Pipe put into it, till the Sides of it were heal'd,
and the Danger of the clofing again of the Flefh quite over. But
notwithftanding the Succefs of this Operation, a part of the Excre-
ments, tho’ the Child is now almoft Two Years old, do ftill go off
by the Paflage that leads from the Bladder, moft of all when he is ill,
and troubled with Wind. That Part which pafles by the Urethra
generally fpirts forth at the End of the Peas, as if it was driven out
by the Wind. When the Child is held out to Stool, the Urine ufu-
ally comes firft, then Excrements the right way by the aus; and
immediately after this there’s expelled more of the fame in a fudden
Spirt or Two through the fame Urinary Paflage. And ever fince
the cutting of the Anus, they have come away in this Manner ; ex-
cepting only the Space of Two or Three Days, the Child then al-
moft a Year old, when the Urethra was accidentally ftopp’d by Two
or Three Pieces of the Skin of a Raifin, and a Raifin-flone, that no
doubt came there the nearer way from the Inteftines ; For the Da
before this Stoppage appeard, the Child had {wallow’d a Raifin
unfton’d, that the Mother gave it.  Whilft the Obftruction continu'd,
the Reins were fwell’d and inflam’d fo much, that he made no Wa-
ter. But the Excrements, which for thefe Two or Three Days were
wholly voided by the Anus, were obferved to be much more fluid
than ordinarily. = At length the Mother fufpecting the Occafion of
the Stoppage, with a Pin pick’d out the Skins and Stone: And
Things had the fame Courfe as before.

5. Such an open Paflage as this, through which Excrements are
conveyed from the Inteftines to the Urethra, muft needs be effected
by a Breach in the intervenient Parts ; and ’tis moft likely juft in
that part where the ftrait Gut ( Lnteflinum Rectum ) is ty'd to the
Neck of the Bladder, to which the Urinary Paflage is continuous ;
which Breach, we may reafonably imagine, was made by the Ex-
crements deny'd, as they were as firft, their natural Patlage by the
Anis. And being thus block’d up in that Inteftine, increafing fill
daily in Quantity, and not having room enough for their Bulk, be-
ing alfo difturb’d and agitated by Wind, they in that tender Body
broke through the Coat of the ftrait Gut, the Mufcular Subftance

Aaaaaa betwixt

457

 
 

The Nawal H 1ST ORT Chap. 8

 

betwixt the ftrait Gut and the Neck of the Bladder, and the Neck
of the Bladder it felf, into the Cavity of it, where it opens into the
Urethra, finding, of all the bordering Parts that they prefs’d upon,
the leaft Refiftance there. Thus ( by this uncommon Expedient )
the Child's Life was preferv’d : And ’tis likely as he grows in Years
and Strength, this preternatural Paflage will by Degrees be clos'd
up and obliterated , in like manner as the Foramen Ovale and Canalis
Abrteriofus are, after the Fetus is born, when there is no farther Ufe
for them.

6. Some other Inftances of a like Kind ( Accidents of Defed in
Births) tho’ not near fo dangerous to the Infant, 1 have met with
here, that are fomewhat obfervable. One of a Child of Man/el
Dexter’s of Broughton , born with only one Hind: Another of one
Challenge, a Famous and Sturdy Robber, executed at Northampton,
whofe Body being open’d by Mr. Bletfo, was found every way per-
fect, excepting only, that it wanted the Cartilago Enftformis ; fo that
the Ligament of the Liver, which is ufually faften’d to that Carti-
lage, was in this Body join’d immediately to the Bottom of the Ster-
num. 1 mention this Imperfection amongft thofe of Births, it being
evident that the Man was born thus. A Third, of one Laurence
Hayward of Aflwell in this County, who has been the Husband of
Three Wives, tho’ attended with as ftrange an Imperfection, as ever
1 beheld in any Man, which was alfo born with him. In the Middle
of his upper Lip and Jaw, there is a Gap about the Breadth of Two
or Three of the Fore-teeth, And what is wanting there, is hang’d
at the Tip of his Nofe ; for to that there adheres, in a pendent Po-
fture, a Part of the upper Jaw with Two or Three Teeth in it, of
juft fuch Size and Shape, as anfwers to the void Space above-defcri-
bed ; And had it been plac’d there, wou'd have fitted it exactly ;
however it came to be thus feparated : As alfo juft fuch a Part of
the Upper Lip hanging over that mifplaced Piece of the Jaw, as is
wanting below ; which has Hairs growing out of it, in like manner
as if it had the natural Pofition.

7. Tothe foregoing Relation of imperfe Births, I fhall ( with-
out the Reader’s Difpleafure, 1 hope) add a brief Account of fome
Occurrences relating to Children, and Child-bearing Women, that
are remarkable, not for any Imperfeétion in the Births, but for other
Circumftances of a quite different Nature. Such are thefe in the
following Inftances.

Mary, the Wife of Fobn Kendal of Oxendon, was, about Twenty
Years ago, deliver'd of a living Male-Child, that had continu’d in
the Womb its due time: And a Fortnight after, of a dead one that,
by the Proportion of the feveral Parts of it, appear’d to be about
Twenty Weeks Growth. It was not at all wafted or decay’d : nei-
ther was it mifhapen. It feem'd to be a Female. This I look upon
asan Inftance of Superfetation, (asthe Naturalifts term it) thatis,
a Reception of a Second Fruit, before the Firft is excluded ; which
therefore well deferves a Remembrance in this Place. :

8. Nor

 

 

Chap. 8.

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

8. Nor isit much lefs ftrange, what I can relate with Certainty of

a Gentlewoman in this County, who being with Child of Three
Children, mifcarry’d of one of them, a Female, at Six Months
End: With the other Two fhe went out her Time, and was delive-
red of Two Male-Children, who livid tobe Men. The Chorion, that
is; the outmoft Membrane encompafiing the Fetus, Anatomifts tell
us, is but one, even when the Mother goes with Twins. Asina
Nut, fays Dr. Gibfon *, which has Two Kernels in it, they are both
include
Membrane ; fo Twins are both enclofed in one Chorion, but have
each a particular Ammios. So for Trimelli, we may reafonably pre-
fume it is a like Cafe, that all the Three are enclofed in one Chorion
but have each a particular Ammnios. And from this Cafe we may
learn ; that to Three Fetus's at one time in the Womb, there are
Three Placenta ; or if only one in Appearance, that it is really di-
ftinguith’d and Rpeaey into Three by intervenient Membranes
and a particular Spee; Umbilical Vefiels is inferted into each from
each Fetus, as the Learned Dr. W. Needbam obferves it is in the
Cafe of Twins ; for otherwife, in the prefent Example, Abortion
of one of them wou’d have neceffarily induc’d a Mifcarriage of the
other Two. But that the Chorion, or outmoft Coat of a Fetus may
be broken long before the natural Time of Delivery, and yet the
Fetus it felf, of a ftronger Conftitution, remain fafe and found its
due time in the Womb, Dr. Harvey has affur’d us. There is this Re-
mark in his Exercit. De uteri bumoribus, prope finem : “Vidi [wpe
’ Aquas medio Geflationss Tempore premere Citra Abortum ; Salvo interea
© vigente ad partum robufliore fetn.” The Cafe before us is indeed
fomewhat different from thofe of the Doétor, there being here a Bur-
den of Three Fetus's, and a Mifcarriage of one of them at Six
Months old ; But notwithftanding, fuch was the Strength of the
other Two, and the Firmnefs of the Mother's Conttitution, that we
fee they both attain'd to Maturity.

9. Had all the Three been born at one regular Birth , it might
perhaps have been thought the greater Wonder. Indeed it does not
often fall out, that a Woman has Three Children together, alive and
feiss But as unfrequent as it is, I have met with more than one
nftance, in a County of no very large Extent, of Women thus Pro-
lifick. Sufanna Prestige of Grindom, is the moft remarkable Inftance
of them all ; for that fhe had once Three Children at a Birth, Two
Males and a Female : And never fewer than Twins, of all the Nine
Times of her Impregnation. But to give a particular Account of
all the Zrimells born here, is needlefs ; efpecially fince they have all
been outgone by Elizabeth, the Wife of Samuel Hutching of Upper
Heyford, who, in February 1647. had Four Children at a Birth, who
iivd to be baptiz’d, William, Awne, Chriftiana, and Elizabeth ; as
appears by the Regifter there. The notableft Example of a nume-
rous Offspring by fingle Births, that I have met with here, is that
of Dame Hollis, of a Place call’d the Gullet in Potters-perry, who has

had

 

within the fame Shell, but are each invefted in their proper p- 223.
  
  
 
  
  
    

  
 
 
  
 
 
 
    
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
    
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
   
 
  
  
     
 
   
   
  
  
  
    
  
    
   
  

 

 
  

SARE Gp SHR
= se: do macs

Foes gee in
Fada nd

Ep a §

Spams

 

 

Th Nawal HIST ORY Chap 8

y Fi Birth 1 Mif-
"1 no fewer than Twenty Five fingle Births, befides feveral
fe Loge which i ftrange, fhe lay in, as De peversny Mr.
Manel of Cofgrave informs me, upon Seventeen brim; I ye ’
ro. 1 fhall mentton only one more uncommon 1 hing 8
this Head. Tis ufal for our Women to be paft Child- oa fore
Time betwixt Forty a Fifty tho’ fe ay > Can
{ after. Tis very rare that :
Je ms 50, much more 44 Tr
- which Reafon I cannot pafs by an mic pon ¢
A A of St. Peers in he Eafl he 1 Se
North 1fle of the Church. “Tis under a brats 4 $9
inft the Wall, whereon is the Picture of a Man
i thefe Words. Here lieth the Budy of Si-
an Parret. M. A. late Fellow of Magdalen College , and Elizabeth
be Wie Daughter of Edward Love of Ayuho, z the County ’ : Mea
thampton, El; which Simon departed Sept. 24. diy of . hi
ud Elizabeth departed in Child-Bed , Decem. 24. 57 at
7 » ber Age 62. This Gentlewoman we fee dy’d in Child-Be :
Wi Zi the liv'd with the Child, tis very eey fhe ini not fa :
i i vanc’d in Age; which yet has been done
ann Py bend than Mis Parret ; particularly
ame Doave of Blifworth, who at Fifty Nine Years 0 was ; eli-
dof a Child, and fuckled it her felf. This Account Wate fom
very credible Perfons, who took all due Care to inform and latisty
of it.
ah faid of Child-bearing Women, 1 may
not unfitly take notice of an Accident fometimes befalling Thee
awhile they fuckle. "Tis this, their Milk has been ftopp oo i
fircly diverted from their han by a fag, BS a
/ife of : ularly known by the Name ague, living
a ax tine or Husband was drown'd, her Milk (fe
fhe Hg then a Nurfe) immediately went oft , and never retur we
And the like is well known to have happen d to M yf Brent:
Wife of Werckton, on the News that was fSitlerdy Srey t her, of
Two Men being kill'd with Lightning in Kettermg is . oo
12. I now pafs on to the more uncommon Acct ents en ng
Mankind during the Courfe of their Lives, beginning, % 3 ature 4]
relts me, with thofe wherein Infancy or Childbood have been con-
“he Stone in the Kidneys, or in the Bladder, wh : Iara b
inci ; Nomen, is unufual in Children,
frequently incident to Men and V 5, 3 nifab in Clekiast,
dally i ot a Year old. And yet this was the
Spey Laffick, his Name John Bird, who at Half a Year ol
beoan to be afflicted with the Stone; infomuch , that forstioes fhe
Dae could not pafs, being ftoppd by little an os -
{vended from the Bladder into the Urethra, and block J up, o in
Parents open’d the Paffage, in their wonted ‘manner, by a Bodkin,

i "a'Ci J t Four Years together, he voided 4
inftead of a Catheter. For, abou 3 ean

 

 

Chap.8. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Stoney Matter, as alfo {mall Stones of different Sizes, either of
bimfelf, or by the Help of fuch Contrivances as his poor Parents
us'd. At length one of the biggeft Size, tho’ it pafs'd the Urethra,
was imprifon’d in the Prepuce,, which being inflam’d by the Sharp-
nefs and Heat of the Urine, became too ftreight for the Stone to pafs
off : And there it remain’d for almoft Two Years. In which time,
from about an Inch it increafed to above Five Inches in Circumfe-
rence ; the Stoney Matter, which the Urine almoft daily brought
along with it out of the Body, being feparated from it in the Pre-
puce, where the Paffage was now very ftreight : and fettling there
upon the Stone, by Degrees incrufted it over, till it came to that ex-
ceflive Bulk. The poor little Boy being no longer able to bear
up under it, had his Prepuce cut quite off, whereupon the Stone
dropt out, and broke into Three Pieces; one of which was pre-
ferv'd by that Great Patron of Ingenuity and Learning the Right
Honourable Heury late Earl of Peterborough among other extraor-
dinary Things in his admirable Collection of Natural Rarities. His
Lordfhip’s Chaplain the Reverend Mr. Poulton, now Rector of Lauff-
wick, who has often view’d and examin’d this Stone, informs me
that it was exactly of the Shape of the Concave Part of the Boy’s
Prepuce, and that it weigh'd Three Ounces within one Drachm :
That it was of a Grizly Reddifb Colour, and feem'd to be compos’d
of the fame Stoney Sn as conftitutes the ordinary Red-Stone
digg’d up here, with fome mixture of Earth. The Boy is now grown
up to Man’s Eftate, and is very found and healthy.

13. But of all the Accidents attending that tender Age, the moft
uncommon I ever had Knowledge of, is that which happen’d here to
alittle Girl in the Sixth Year of her Age. At that Early Age, tho
fo much anticipating the ufual Date of the Appearance of the Cata-
mema, they began to flow, and continued to do fo in regular Peri-
ods to the Tenth Year of her Age, when upon Indifpofitions arifing
from feveral Caufes, efpecially Sadnefs and Trouble of Mind occa-
flon’d by her Mother’s Death which happend about that Time,
they wholly ceafed. The Child ( for fhe can farce be call’d by any
other Name ) had even at thefe Years, befides this ufual Characte-
riftick Note, the Shape alfo and the Air of a full-grown Woman.

14. Our next Step is to the Accidents that have attended more
Adult Perfons. And Firft , of the Extraordinary Perfeions of the
Body : ‘Then of the Defels ; according to Dr. Plor’s Method.

Of all the Per feclions of the Body, an Ability to undergo frequent
and long Watching , or want of Sleep, without Detriment to the
Health, is in my Judgment the chief ; upon this Confideration, that
it is or may be very ferviceable to the Mind : that it affords the moft
Time, which if rightly apply’d is fo highly valuable. In this re-
fpect there is one Richard Knowles of Brampton, an honeft and know-
ing Grazier and Farmer, who is very remarkable. Sometimes for
Three Nights together he has never flept at all, and it frequently
happens that he paflcs a whole Night without any Sleep.  Notwith-

Bbbbbb ftanding

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Tre Natwal HIST ORT Chap. 8.

ftanding in the fucceeding Days he finds no want of it, neither does
it, as I am inform’d, impair his Conftitution in the leaft : his Pulfe is
resular,not toohigh or Feverifh, his Temper Eaven, his Health firm
and good.

15. Extraordinary Stature is alfo look’d upon as a So of
the Body. The Beft Inftance I have met with of this Kind, wasat
Sulorave, where, as the Worthy ¥. Hodges Efq; of that Place in-
forms me, there formerly liv’d one 7 bomas Hollis, who was Six Foot
Eight Inches high without his Shooes. But this is nothing to the
Gigantick Size of a Human Skeleton digg'd up at Fawfley, which.as
the Elder Mr. Butler of Preflon relates, 1 think upon his own In-
{pection of it, was at leaft Three Yards in Length ; a Dimenfion not
much fhort of the Height of Goliah. That it was a Human Skele-
ton, appear’d plainly by the Ss of the Skull that lay together
with it ; which was of an incredible Bignefs. And yet this Skele-

nn ton comes far fhort, as to Size, of that difcover'd about Eighteen
"Vid comb. Years ago at Corbridge in Nortbunberland* whofe Thigh-Bone want-
cifminthe ed but a little of Two Yards ; fo that the whole Body of that prodi-
dwn. gious Man was by fair Computation reckon’d Seven Yards in Length.

16. Dr. Plot takes notice of fome that have exceeded as much in
Strength, as thefe do in Stature. It has not been my Fortune to meet
with any Body here much celebrated upon that Account. A Fellow
of Werckton who cou’d carrya Quarter of Corn to Kettering Market,
that is, almoft Two Miles, upon his Back with Eafe, feems but a

"NI of Child to Dr. Plot’s Staffordfbire Fellows. *
ser C. But as to Strength in fome particular Parts of the Body, there’s no
Man has outftript one Fobn Giles of Dadford, who could Hop 180
Yards at Sixty Hops at one and the fame Time without any Interval
of Reft ; which muft needs be owing to the extraordinary Strength
and the vigerous Spring of the Mufcles that command the Thighs
and Legs.
+, ac to remarkable Perfedfions of the Mind : thofe of them that
have not been acquired, but were aally or chiefly given by Nature,
may very properly come into a Natura Hiftory. Such I reckon was
the Memory of one ------ Clerk a School-Boy in Mr. Speed’s School at
Oundle, who could upon once reading a Side in OQuid’s Metamor pho-
fis, or the like Latin Author, in any Part of it that he had never
read or heard before, immediately repeat it without Book, Word
for Word. And fuch alfo was the Memory of a Young Man, Fobx
Mercer of Dean, which was fo capacious and retentive, that he was
able to remember, and bear away with him a whole Sermon of the
ufual Length : and would, after he return’d from Church, write it
down verbatim , juft as it was preached ; and this folely from his

Memory, without any other Affiftance whatfoever. The Reverend

Dr. Armd, Rector of that Church of Dean, who himfelf examin’d

the young Man’s Performances of this Kind, us'd often to relate this

Story: And for one of his Sermons having carefully collated his

own Notes with thofe of the young Man , affirm’d, that he had not

err’d a Word. 18. To

 

 
    
 
    
    
     
      
   
  
   
  
  
    
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
   
 
  
 

Chap. 8. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

 

18. To pafs on now to remarkable Imperfections in the Body of
Man. One Inftance of this we find, in the Limbsof a Young Man,
Richard Gealing of Halftm. His Hand and Wrift, from the Ula
and Radius, are turned out-wards ; both Right Hand and Left in
like manner. His Hamftrings are contracted, and his Legs grown
crofs each other. The Imperfedtion is ftrange, yet not near fo won-
derful as is the Lad’s Ingenuity and Induftry inrelieving himfelf un-
der this misfortune. He has learn’d to Write, and to caft Account,
with fo much exaltnefs, that he is now himfelf the Mafter of 4
School, wherein he Teaches thofe Arts to admiration. And which is
ftill more confiderable, Altho the Pofition of his Hands is fuch,
that he is forced to look behind him when he writes : and by reafon
of the diforderly Strutture of his Fingers, he can hold his Pen no
other way than betwixt the Three middle Fingers outwards, and
the little Finger and Thumb within, which are the Bearers of the
Pen ; yet he Flourifhes and Draws too with his Pen, (of this Laft I
have now by me a Sample) with a Skill and Dexterity beyond what
any body could imagine or expect of fuch a miferable lame Man.

19. "Tis likewife a remarkable Defect, and as wonderfully fup-
ply’d, that 1 met with at Moaidwell in a young Fellow (his Name
William Corby) upon an Ulcer in one of his Legs, which had pro-
ceeded fo far as to corrupt the main Bone that ufually call’d Focile
majus : ‘The Chirurgeon by little and listle took it quite out, and per-
forming his part with great Skill at length heal’d the Leg ; which
though the main Bone which fhould fupport it is wanting, yet he
walks well, and performs all other Motions as firmly with that as
with the other ; there fucceeding, I fuppofe, a firong CaZus in the place
of the Bone.

20. Amongft the External Diforders and Imperfections incident to
the Body of Man, the Flethy Excrefcences called Wenns, are in
fome Cafes I have met with very remarkable, either for their Fi-
gure, the Contents, or the Cure of them.

Firft, For the Figure. One Beby of Old Stratford had a Wen upon
the Hip-Bone towards the Share ; the Bafis of it the Thicknefs of a
Goofe-Quill, the Body of the Wen nigh Six Inches in circumference,
divided by deep Fiffures into feveral Lobes or Parcels: the whole
refembling moft of all a Bunch of Filberds, but of larger fize ; as in
Fig. 9. Tab. 13. Zab; 18;

One ------- Smith, a Lad of Ten Years Old, of Potters-Perry Fi. 9.
Parith, had a Wen between the Scapule, nigh the firft Vertebra of
the Back, which to outward view appeared only as an ordinary pro-

\ /~ tuberant Swelling without any Foot-ftalk ; but the Incifion bein
i. made long-ways, and the Wen being nimbly rais’d with the Fin.
! Aten att ny ere Ng : gers, a {mall Stalk ap eared underneath ; Y hich was cut with a
Hispushs of Marten tore kc. tf) A Razor and fo the Wen {lipp’d out. The Subftance taken out exact]
© cil of iia RE frre. i hem AY AN refembled the Neck Sweet-bread, or the Burrjas we call it, of a Breait
AER. oka of Veal.
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21. The Contents of others of them are unufual and obfervable.
On the Channel Bone of Sufanna Oldbam of Old Stratford, in the
Parifh of Cofgrave, of above Fifty Years of Age, there grew a Wen
as big as an ordinary Childs Head. Its Contents under a Mufculous
Coat of about half an Inch thick, had the appearance of {uch Flocks
wherewith the meaner fort of People fill their Beds, very clofe
ftuffd in and hard. Tis farther obfervable, that in its worlt ftate,
it difcharg’d at an Orifice that had been made in it, fo large a quan-
tity of a Milky Liquor, efpecially about Two Hours after Eating,
that in Twenty Four Hours it would wet a large Towel, asif it
had been dippd all over in Milk, whereby fhe was very much ema-
ciated, yet at length was reftor'd again to her Health fuccefsfully by
the truly worthy Mr. Manfell of Cofgrave, to whom alfo the Two
Patients above-mention’d owe their Recovery, and I the Accounts |
here give of them.

22. 1 fhall relate only one more memorable Example belonging to
this Head, which as I receivd it from the Reverend Dr. Wigmore is
as follows.

A Young Gentlewoman (Mrs. 4. Gates of Woodford) had a car-
nous Tumour upon one of the Shoulder Blades, that in Three Years
grew to be very large, at leaft Eight Inches about at the Bottom,
and above a Pound in Weight. Beneath all the common outward
invefting Membranes, lay a proper Cyftis or Bag, in Colour refem-
bling a Piece of Vellum, and as thick, but as tough as Whit-leather,
including a Subftance like to Suet, in Cells diftinguifh’d by Membra-
nous Partitions. This was cut out, and the Part perfectly healed
by Dr. Colbatch’s vulnerary Powder only.

23. In the Laft Paragraph but one, We have an Account of a
Wal like Subftance found included in a Wen, which though indeed
it refembled Wool, yet was in reality no fuch Thing. 1 {uppofe the
fame of that which is faid to refemble Suet in 2. 22. fur.

But in fome other cafes there are really Heterogeneous Bodies,
and inconteftibly of Extraneous Origine, found inclofed in Tumours
and Ulcers ; as appear’d remarkably in a cafe of the Reverend Mr.
¢. Palmer, Rector of Eclon in this County, who had firft a "Tumour,
then an incurable Ulcer in the Hypochondriac Region, out of which
were taken Two Cherry Stones, as his Brother the Reverend Mr.
Thomas Palmer, the prefent Rector of Edom, affures me of his own
knowledge. And yet, which is very obfervable, the Patient had
not eaten a Cherry the whole Year before.

21. To thefe I (hall annex an Account of a Seropbulous Cafe, no
lefs remarkable than the above-related of Wens. A young Maid of
Turdly Gubbins, in the Parifh of Potters-Perry, had the King’s Evil
appearing firft in her Eyes, which in a little time arofe upon the In-
fide of the Arm, below the Elbow, opening by a Round Ulcer above
Two Inches Diameter, which baffled the Skill of Two London Sur-
geons. After fome Applications to that Ulcer, a Tumour rofe on
her Left Cheek as big as a Hens Egg, not very painful nor difco-

louring

 

Chap. 8. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

 

louring the Skin : and a fluid Matter being perceiv’d to fluctuate
in it twas opened by a Lancet ; upon which were difcharg'd about
Two Spoontuls of a Liquor in Colour and Confiftence exactly refem-
Ling Catlary Wine ; A Spoonful of it being fet upon hot Coals quick-
ly coagulated into a Body, juft like the White of an Egg when boil’d.
Both Sores were in a fmall time well cured by the Ingenious Mr.
Manfcl of Cfgrave,and fhe continues well thefe Twelve Years:

25. But of all the extraordinary Cures in Surgery, performed
yt Ingenious Gentleman, this in my Opinion is the moft confide-
rable.

Gabriel Smith of Cofurave, a Youth fomewhat above Sixteen, in
the beginning of Hay-feafon, 1704. received a Blow upon his Eye
with a {mall piece of hard Lime, which caus’d a vehement Inflam-
mation and Tumour in the Eye-lid and Vefiels of the Eye ; but b
a timely Application the Sight was preferv’d. The firft Ronin
was Green Hyfop ftampt, tyed clote up in a fine Linnen Rag dip'd
in Scalding Water and bound upon the Swelling : “This plaverisd)
all farther ill Accidents, there and prefervid the Sight. The Hyfo
was continued upon it every Night, and in the Day was applyd P
Plaifter of Ophthalmick Oyntment. But in Two Days, notwith-
ftanding this, the Ball of the Eye rofe out of its Orbit = full Inch
and Half (yet the Sight ftill preferv’d) with a Huffing Swelling un-
der the Eye. Upon which, confidering it came with a Contufion
and imagining ‘twas a Grumous Blood, that occafion'd the Protru.
fion of the Eye, a {mall Aperture was made in the Tumour under the
Eye with a fine Lancet, at which, according to expectation, a good
Spoonful of clodded Blood was difcharg’d, the Eye jrecedictel
upon the Operation finking one half. The Opening was te
Four times, at the diftance of about Two Days each, Whereupon
the Eye was reduc’d to due place, and all the Symptoms vani(h'd

26. William Tomkins of Brockball Parifh, about Thirteen Yeors
ago, applyd to my Lady Clerk of Watford, with much the fame
cafe and was as fuccefsfully cur'd of it. He had an Impoftbume in
the Eye-hole, which thruft the Eye out of its Socket, and in this
condition it continu'd almoft Five Years, notwithftanding the Appli-
cations of many Skilful Surgeons. But at length he came to m
Lady Clerk, a Lady moft defervedly celebrated all the Country ro
for her many and great Cures in Diftempers of the Eyes. By the
Skilful Applications of that Ingenious Lady the Impofthume was
broke, upon which the Eye returned of it {elf into its place, and the
Man is now able to fee with it. This Account I have from his own
Mouth.

27. To the Imperfections of the Body, the Difeafes, as w
the External Diforders of it, may be es! hg a
ny Diftempers that are incident to Human Bodies, 1 intend to take
notice of only fuch as have been remarkable for the Age, the Sym-
ptoms, or the Medical Application 5 and that only within the Bounds
of this County.

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466

The Nawal HIST OKT Chap §

 

To the Firft Head we may rightly place the Diftempers, that do
fometimes, though very rarely invade the weakly and tender Age of
Children : and extreme old People in the laft period of Life ; and
which may therefore be cal’d remarkable. Of the former fort |
have already mentioned One Inftance in 9. 12. Jupra.

28. Of the latter, Ihave alfo met with one Inftance fo remarka-
ble that I cannot pafs itby. A very good Old Gentlewoman of my
Acquaintance, Mrs ----- Petty of Brampton, who is now (Ano 1701)
in the 86th Year of hér Age, Notwithftinding fhe is arrived to the
utmoft Boundary of Human Life, yet has in feveral regards the Con.
ftitution of a Toung Woman : and even at this Age is free from eve-
ry thing we can call a Diftemper, unlefs one, which, of all the nu-
merous Clafs, one would not expect to meet with at fuch an Age as
hers, that is a Plethora or Fulnefs of Blood, for which fhe frequent-
ly breaths a Vein, about once a Month, and is fo far from being
weakened that fhe finds her {elf much reliev’d and firengthen’d by
it, She dyed Ammo 1710. in the g5th Year of her Age.

29. As to the Diftempers remarkable for fome uncommon Sym-
toms attending them, or for the Medicinal Application and Cure,
Fore met with many fuch, efpecially of the former, I {hall for
Methods fake confider them in the following Order, beginning with
thofe of the Stomach and firft Paffages, and going on to thofe of the
Lagteals, the Blood-Veflcls, and the Nerves, or the Fluids they
contain. This is doubtlefs the moft proper Order, it being that
which Nature it felf obferves in the Animal Oeconomy.

30. "Tis the Office of the Stomach to receive the Materials of
our Nourifhment, to diffolve that part of it which is folid, and to
let it down when diffolv’d to the lower /ifcera To the due Per-
formance of this Office is owing in a great meafure the Health
and Vigour of the whole Animal. Many are the Diforders this
part of the Body is obnoxious to, particularly thofe of Crudities
or Indigeftions, which proceed from divers Caufes and are at-
tended with as various Effetts, Inappetency, Flatuss, exceffive
Diftenfions of the adjacent Parts, fix'd or elfe wandring Pains, rc.
That Diforder calld Cardialgia by the Antients, and with us vul-
garly the Heart-burn, is now well known to have its Root and
Origine in the Stomach, and the Upper Orifice of it to be the Part
affected. Of this Diftemper ’tis indeed an uncommon Symptom,
that the Ingenious Mr. HWalbank of Maidfrd has often obferv’d
in himfelf under that Diforder, that is, if he lies on the Right Side
it increafes : if he turns on the Left, it abates and fometimes goes off.
Now the Seat of this Diftemper being in the Upper or Left Orifice
of the Stomach, would tempt one to believe, thar to lye on the con-
trary fide would be the moft likely means of relieving the Malady ;
the vicious Humours that occafion it being moft like to glide off and
be drain’d away from that Orifice whilft in that declining pofture ;
but it feems to be otherwife in this Patient ; for which I can at pre-
fent think of no other Reafon than this, that by turning himfelf thas

from

 

 

Chap. 8. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

from the Right Side to the Left, which is the lefs ufual Pofition of
the Body, the Fibres employ’d by Nature in the Contraction of the
Stomach are excited to Action in a more than ordinary manner, and
by that Action the Morbid Matter is diflodg’d, and the Pain relents.

31. Amongft the Diforders relating to the lower Vifcera, 'tis very
remarkable thar I met with in one Gorge, a Woman of above
Fifty Years of Age, at Rowel , whofe Cafe was that of Worms in
the Guts. They were of the ordinary Kind, that is, the Long
and Round ; but their Paffage out of the Body was indeed Extraor-
dinary. To be fhort, they gnaw'd their way forth through the
Bottom of Her Belly, near the Groin : and which is fill more re-
iharkable, the Breach they made in the Flefh heal’d up of it felf
the Woman recover’d and furvivd it a great many Years. The like
Accident befel a Woman at Gritworth, And | have been inform’d
by the Worthy Dr. Fiber of IV ellingboroug b,that in his Practice there
he met with a Cafe fomewhat Parallel to thefe , wiz. Worms of the
common lnteftinal Kind were thrown out of a Tumor in the Groin
of one of his Patients : the Tumor broke , the Worms were ex-
cluded, and the perforated Place was heal’d in a fhort time.

32. Concerning the round and fhort Worms we call Alcarides, re-
fiding generally in the ftrait Gut, 1 have nothing uncommon to
note as to the Symptoms, but with Relation to the Cure of them I
have fomewhat, from rhe very Ingenious Mr. Shartgrave of Halfton
truly worth the being made publick : That is, the giving of Calome-
lanos in Clyfers, in the Cafe of Afcarides. This, tho a new Me.
thod has been found to be a very fuccefsful one. There was one
Anne Fackfm, a Mafon’s Wife of Halfton, who for a long time had
been afflicted with that {evere Malady : By Mr. Shortorave’s Dire&i-
ons, a Clyfter with Calomelanos in it was adminiftred, which imme.
diately brought away 500 of thofe Worms, and recovered the Pa-
tient.

33 The flat Belly Worms of prodigious Length, by fome in Eng-
land called 7 ape Worms , by Dr. Andry called Sulia, (in his Treatife
Of the Worms in Human Bodies ) becaufe there is never found an
more than one of them in any one Body , are as that Author rightly
obferves, extremely rare ; and yet in this very County we had divers
Inftances, within afew Years, of fuch Worms as thefe, expell’d either
by Nature or Art, infomuch that there's fcarce an ancient Praétitio-
ner in Phyfick here but what (as they inform me) have met with
one or more of them. They are feldom voided entire , and at their
tull Length. The largeft 1 have heard of was brought away by the
Ule of a Worm- Medicine directed by the Honoured Dr. Cour tman of
1 borpe- Malfor, and that was but twelve Foot in length ; which as I
remember is nine Foot fhort of the Length afcribed to them by Dr.
Audry. There was one Shaw a Shoemaker of Peterboroush who
was cur'd of a Solum by drinking Sack. Ry?

_ 34 There are befides thefe three Sorts of Worms above-mention’d
tome other preternatural Bodies of a nearly determinate Figure, tho’

not

467

 
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Br

4

A

 

 

 

The Natural HIST O R 1 Chap 8.

 

in Bigne

’d with Life ¢ oduced fometimes in the Inte-
fin oly i . or Such were thofe {mall Bodies
oS ot : d i in Figure , approaching that of a Kidney-
B f 1 Both Surface, white both within and without , Eoin:
ft ¢ of a clammifh Curd,enclos’d in a tough Pellicvla,which
pi anid Manton of Oxendon an Afthmatic a Bygone
Peron not long before he dy’d, vx. 1499 voled BS Joes
were feveral of them thus voided. They fen) A

'd in the Wrinkles of the Ilzum, or rather in Se ny
op dilat d. of the Calon, asin a Mould > of an overvifcid Pituita
sv Stomach, through a bad Digeftion, and oer fists
into the Boawels ; where by their proper Periftaltic Motion 1

Ew
! : 01 Tenacity , there it fix’d.
driven into thefe Cells, and being of fuch I Ys

By them it was moulded into thefe fmall Balls ; whole out-fide efpe-

( 1a 1 g p ted and bak d as It w :
‘ ] bein clofel concre ’ : ere. b t

i ne. 3
: i i a the more remarkable Diforders that have

i qrft Paflages, I come next

d. relating to the Stomach and fi ges,
Jt oe i the Method I propofed in ¢. 29. to thofe that as i
Toth a more obfervable manner. The Chyle or Is el
ing let down into the felony Iolighss Soa Die y

it i a 2 he groffer and heavier. 1]
it 1s feparated there from t

i he Laéteals, which of

i rs into the Blood-Veffels. But

i disbyt ’d ;
EO be a too grofs and vifcid Matter, received into the
in

milky Veflels, which muft needs oftentimes happen where the Di-

S 5 h

Toh i > ed, and the Food abides in the Stomac
gle os a £ 5 apt to occafion Oa i Fimo
; i or and freighter Far

larly in the narrower anc g ie

Sheth Pe the Glandules of the i a oi

™ ; i in 1 to the Blood- 1s.

‘kv Liquor is to pafs in its way to th F

a ky ary Cafe of this Kind I have ok pith
Be — till 1 have free leave I muft defer the giving an Accou

of it in fuch a Work as this. relating to the Blood, (to which we

Of Diforders :
300s hE lv Two that 1 fhall more particularly con-
fider pee Hens yd Rbeumatifm in a cafe of a Patient of

i ian <wdon Parva in this County, which 1 fhall
. a ahs for any uncommonnels 8 the Sym

fe as for the good Fortune | had in the {peedy cure of 1t, by
prea,
pe. invaded the Patient in the common Manner, wn

Tie efs and Stiffnefs, and fome other feaverifh Symptoms. A
ig a was feiz’d with grievous Rheumatical Puce, &. ol
length wandring from Joint to Joint. When he firft pp y 1%
hich was on November 8: 1703. fuch were the Fans an

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

Chap. 8.

ther Hand or Foot ; yet in [even Days {pace he was fo well reco.
vered that he travelled almoft two Miles on Foot, and was indeed
entirely freed of the Difeate. He was bladed only once, and that
at the firlt Invafion of the Diftemper ; the Blood was as bad as any
I have met with in that Diftemper ; but notwithftanding the Bad-
nefs of it, I forbore to bleed him in fuch free manner as is ufual ;
chufing rather to level at the firft Source or Root of the Malady,
which for many Reafons I believ’d to be in the Stomach, and that
the Diftemper was caus’'d by a Metaftafis, of impure morbid Matter
from that part to the Blood-Veflels. 1 therefore prepar’d the Sto-
mach for a Vomit (wherewith I intended to diflodge and eradicate

thofe Impurities) by Alcaline Powders and Opiates, which having

anfwer’d my Intention in arrefting and detaining the vitious Hu.

mours there , the Vomit which was an Antimonial one fucceeded to

our Wilhes ; it fetching off fuch a heap of the morbific Matter, that

about three Quarts of Guajacum-drink dealt with the reft of it, and

quite cur’d the Patient.

37. The other is the Stone in the Kidney and Bladder, which as
it 1s a Diforder, whofe Seed or conftituent Matter is conveyed into
thofe Receptacles, by the ferous part of the Blood , belongs not un-
fitly to this place. Thefe ftoney Concretions vary much, as to Con-
filtence, Colour, Shape, and Magnitude , as my” own Obfervations
here are fhewn me. Some are of fo lax a Texture, and fo eafily
broken, that they may as properly be call’d Earths as Stones. And
others of them approach even the Hardnefs of Marble, as that de-
feribed inthe latter end of thisParagraph.Some of them are white. The
Matter that conftitutes fome of thefe appears very like to that of the
whiter fort of Limeftone, not clofely concreted ; of this Sort I have
now a Sample before me. Others are reddifh, as that in 4.12, fupr. and
others I have feen of a yellowifh Colour, refembling that of "high-co-
lour’d Urine. The Figure of them externally is extremely various and
inconftant. The internal Compofition of fome of them is very obfer-
vable, of thofe efpecially that confift of feveral Lamelle, fucceffively
involving each other like the Coats of an Onyon, with a Kernel in
the Center. There is preferv’d a curious Exemplar of this Kind at
Great Billing, by the Right Honourable the Countefs of Thomond.
As to their Magnitude : the largeft I have feen, or indeed ever read
of, is now in the Poffeflion of Sir Erafiuus Norwich, Baronet. It was
tikem out of the Bladder of Sir 7homas Adams, Baronet, the worthy
Founder of the Arabick LeGure in Cambridge , the great Grandfa-
ther of Sir Frafmus’s well accomplithed and virtuous Confort the
Lady Fane Norwich, after his Death ; which was on February 24th
1667. in the 82d Year of his Age. At #irft it weighed above 25
Ounces, as appears by the Infeription upon Sir Thomas Adam’s Mo-
nument at Sprowflon, near Norwich ; but is now fomewhat wafted.
Tis 11 Inches and ! in Circumference in the thickeft part of it; mea-
{uring according to the Length of it, itis 12 Inches.

38. Whatfoever Fluids are found contained in the Nerves, they
Dddddd were

469

 
 

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap. 8.

 

were no doubt originally received from the Blood ; and therefore the
more remarkable Diforders relating to the Nerves are next to be con-
fidered. Of this Kind I have met with no more than one or two
remarkable Cafes.

The firft, as] took the Account of it , from very credible Perfons
in the Year 1704. is as follows.

Elizabeth, the Wife of Richard Wright of Eaflcote, in the Parifh
of Patfbul, now 72 Years of Age, having about twenty four Years
ago, been much weaken’d by a lingring Fever, as fhe ftoop’d for
fomething that the wanted fell out of the Bed where fhe then lay
upon the bare Ground, where fhe was found lying like to one dead in
all Refpetts, being Speechlefs, Infenfible , and unable to move. In
this Condition, without any Sign of Life, fhe continued no lefs than
two Nights and a Day, and yetafter all reviv’d of her felf, without
the help of Cordials or other Applications , either internal or external:
returncd to her former State of Health : and 1 believe is fill alive.
- Amo 1704. 1 faw this Woman, and enquired among other Things
concerning her Conftitution ; 1 found fhe had been fubjet to Hyse-
ric Fits : and indeed the Cafe above recited fcems to have been one
of them thoa very fevereone. We have had feveral Examples, in
Hiftory, of Men and Women, the latter efpecially, that have come
to Life again, after they have been reputed dead ; but I know of
pone fo remarkable as this, if we confider the continuance of the
Ceffation of all the Senfes, which in the Cafe before us was at leaft
36 Hours,as alfo the frangenefs of her Recovery, and the many Years
fhe furvives fo dangerous a Fit. And to this Head I refer that un-
common Cafe of Ame Cluer , of Great Billing , Widow , who for
about 50 Years before her Death could not go out at her Door into
the open Air, efpecially in a bright Day, without Swooning and
being Ill two or three Days after it. Whilft (he ftay’d in the Houfe
fhe was not thes fubje& to Swooning , Uc. tho oftentimes fhe was
not very healthful. Shedied 1677. being about 88 Years old. This
Account was given me by the Reverend Mr. Walker of Great Billing.

39. Next to the remarkable Imperfections and Diforders of the
Body , thofe of the Mind may fitly be confiderd, (thofe 1 mean
which are not occafioned by our felves), they generally proceeding
from fome Defect in the Structure of the Brain, or in the Tempe-
rament of the Blood. In the Faculties of the Mind, as well as thofe
of the Body, ’tis obfervable, that fome Men who are extraordinarily
defe@ive in one of them, excell as ftrangely in another of them.
Thus there is one William Capel at Watford, whofe Underftanding is
very low and weak ; but he is furprizingly exatt as to one Thing,
wherein he is moft concern'd. The Man is a Shepherd, and by eve-
ry Body look’d upon as a half-witted Fellow , almoft an Ideot ; yet
as to the Bufinefs of his Sheep is fo curious, and obferving, that he
knows them all individually, tho he has fometimes almoft an 100
in his Flock, and this by fome characteriftic Note , which none be-
fides himfelf can difcover them by ; infomuch that when his Sheep

inter-

arn”,

PTONSHI1RE,

Chap. 8. 7 Nostram

intermix with others, he can immediately challenge his own, tho ne-
ver fo confufedly mingled with another Flock.

40. Amoungft the Accidents attending the more adult Perfons, we
muft alfo place Antipathies or Irreconcileable Averfions that fome
Perfons naturally have againft fome particular Objets.

Thomas Bartholine , in Hiftor. Anatom. Rarior. Cent. 3. Hiff. 28.
under the Title of Antipathie varie, mentions one Inftance of a
whole Houfe, as well the Children as Parents, that had the fame Ir-
reconcileable Antipathy to the fame Thing. The like Cafe I have
met with here, ina Family I am well acquainted with, formerly of
King thorpe , now branched out to feveral other Places of this Coun-
ty, which has fo great an Averfion to Honey , that not one of them
can bear to take it in any Form whatever. They can fcarce get it
down at all: orif it is taken down into the Stomach, it is extreme-
ly troublefome there, in fome of them threatning a Swoon, or occa-
fioning other great Diforders ; Which Antipathy is now tranfmitted
down in like manner to the Third Generation.

41. Nor are the Effects of Honey much lefs furprizing upon fome
other Perfons here, particularly the Ingenious Mr. H. Walbank, Re-
&or of Madford. About an Hour after he has taken a Spoonful or
Two of Honey, he finds a great Itching in his Flefh, which is follow-
ed by many Reddifh Spots, about the upper End of the fhort Ribs,
that point towards the Stomach on both Sides. Some of them are
much larger than others ; the larger ones are form’d of a Conflux of
feveral of the fmaller Specks or Puftules, which, at their firft Appea-
rance , are like thofe that ufually rife in the Skin upon the Stinging
of a Nettle. There are more or fewer of them, and the Extent of
them is various, according to the Quantity of Honey eaten. They
commonly continue for about an Hour or Two, and then go awa
gradually. ‘Thefe EffeCts upon the taking of Honey, Mr. Walbank
has experienc’d in himfelf for above Twenty Years together. Once
upon taking a greater Quantity than ordinary, there enfu’d a {mall
Salivation, and that time there were few or none of thefe Spots or
Puftules.

42. Having done with the more remarkable Accidents attending
Mankind in the middle Part of Life, I now proceed to fuch as are
obfervable in the laft Stage of it.

Such is the Eruption of Teeth at that Age, wherein every body
(tis generally believ’d ) is fo far from breeding new Teeth, that they
have fcarce fo much as the Roots of any of the old ones left. The
moft extraordinary Inftance of it here is this.

Francis Gurney of Maidford, when a Hundred Years of Age, or
very near it , put forth a Zoorh ; as is avouched to me by the Wor-
fhipful 7 homas Trift, Efg; of that Parifh.

We have divers Inftances of People breeding Teeth at and about
Sixty ; which having been exceeded by the foregoing ones, and much
more fo, by that well-known Inftance of the old Countefs of Def-
mond, 1 fhall not mention them here.

43. Im-

 

BI oa
 

The Natwal H IST O RT Chap. 8.

3. Imperfection, or Dimpefs of Sight , is another of te foes
dants of old Age; but not fo conftant and infeparable, bit that ]
have met with feveral with us, whofe Eyes have erin 1: ear an
sood even to extreme old Age. To mention only Two y ances.

At Maidford, there lives one Fobn Fountain, who now ( ig 4 704),
at 85 Years of Age, 3 able to read a Gazette without the Help o

in like manner ard) wl

ey Buaggeley, late Rector of Hafelbich in this
County, Soy §7 Years old, very readily read any fair Print

i any Afbftance. : 1d
MT ro for an Old Man to have Hair on his Head of
the ufual Colour of that of Younger Peoples 35% of $his we a
lately a remarkable Inftance in one Mr. Leech of Erp, w 9, ot
very nigh 100 Years of Age, was free from Bilton ios no
fo much as a Gray Hair at his Death. He dy din the gar 2794. A

44. The very Age it elf, of fome of our oldeft i & is no lefs

remarkable than Hhofp Aeidents attending old Age, which are men-
ion’d in the Two laft Paragraphs.

ho Fk : many I of Men and Women of op Hundred
Years of Age, or betwixt a Hundred, and a Hundred 8 ih gt
are now alive, or have il within Hislop Contos, that it wou

ious, as wellas needlefs, to recount them all.

be Jo Bs, wherein I noted the moft obfervable Things =
curring here in my Northamptonfbire Travels, 1 find no more ] ”
Twenty Three fuch Inftances fet down , Fifteen of Men, 200 's it
of Women ; but I might, and fhould have noted divers eg ns a
like Age, had I not obferv'd them fo much furpafsd by the Three
a] ’1 av A ;

oe Fiat iy a) In the Regifter there, I find there was
one Walliam Bren, a Native of that Town, who dyd at 121 Years
’ PE Second at Lutton, where, as the Reverend Mr. Bullock, a
Minifter in that Neighbourhood, informs me, there not long ee
liv'd one Feremy Gilbert, a Native of Apthorpe in this Coss w 10
when he dy’d, was 132 Yeo old, and Lg found Health, an

7 dy Strength to extreme old Age.

or 5 Ed hat well Jhon Itence at Nortbangion of od
fobn Bayle, for fo he was generally called a great many Years :
Jo Tks Cg Bo the barith of All-Saints, a
see Dr.xeivs on the 20th of Auguft, 1592. as appears by the Regifter there. He
Account of dy'd April 4. 1706. in the 114th Year of his Age pil alg
wd Died ~ 45 [hele are Examples of fingle Perfons o Emminent ge:
Phim: have met with one of a whole Family, that, taking them gl foge-
ah os. ther, havearrived to a more than ufual Age. Rebeckab fy, a
N36. phabitant of Barby, but born at Scaldwell in this County, J 4 C y
in the Year 1704. was then 106 Years old, and was attended to ie
Grave by her Six Children, Two Sons and Four Dangers, ; ie
Youngeft of them éo, the Eldeft 77; and all of them likely to fv
long, being hearty for their Age. nc

472

«>

 

Chap.8: of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

And at Maxey 1 met withan Inftance of a marry’d Couple, Simm
Harrifon, and his Wife Margaret, both of them of remarkable Age;
the Man, who dy’d in 1666. was above 100, the Woman fo nigh
a Hundred, that they both together could fairly count up 200 Years
of Age. They had livid together in Wedlock 52 Years. Add to
thefe a remarkable Inftance of an Ancient Clergyman, Richard Me-
redith, Re&tor of Newton Bioomfbold in this County, who was Re-
&tor there 75 Years; as is noted in the Regifter of the faid Pari(h,
by the Hand of his Succeffor Mr. Michael Hewet. He dy'd the gth
of September , A.D. 1634. and was then in all likelihood at leaft a
Hundred Years old.

46. There are alfo fome particular Towns with us, that are Fa-
mous for long-living Inhabitants.

In Dadford they generally live to 70 or So.

In Halelbeech, Ammo 1700. were 20 Families, and in each a Per-
fon of 70 Years of Age, or upwards.

In Clay-coton, a Town of not fo many Families, Fourteen Perfons
above 70, in the Year 1703.

At Preflon-Capes, a Town of 50 Families, they had once a Set of
Six Perfons making almoft 600: Another Set of Six, which made
well-nigh 500,

Which Inftances, amongft a great many other in other Authors,
ferve to confirm that Pofition, that the Term of Man’s Life is not
at all abated now, in the Wane of the World, (thus fome exprefs it)
from what it ufually has been for above Three Thoufand Years.

47. I pafs on now to the more obfervable Accidents attending
Mankind at, and after his Death. Under the Firft Head, the moft
remarkable Inftance I have met with here, is the following one.
The Reverend Mr. Shorigrave of Wykens in this County, being juft
upon the Point of Death, when the dying Symptoms were upon
hum, I obierv’d his Breath very fenfibly cold , ‘being breathed , tho’
but weakly, upon my Hand. "The Caufe of his Death was , by his
Phyficians , attributed toa Decay of the Bowels. Might I mention
a fomewhat parallel Cafe in Inferiour Animals, 1 would put the Que-
ton concerning Hares, who, when they are juft run down , as the
Huntfimen term it, the Sent or Efffuvia they emit, ’tis obfervd, are
much weaker than before. Whether Hares do ever fweat, I know
not: “Tis certain Dogs and Cats do not. Butinall, in a natural
and Healthy State, the Recrements of the Blood are difcharg’d at
their Lungs. Now Mr. Shorigrave’s very Blood being almoft cold,
there was nothing difcharg’d thence ; and fo the meer Air receiv’d
into the Lungs was expir'd without any Mixture. And hence I fup-
pofe that Coldnefs. Thefe Obfervations I give as Hints, that may
be of fome Ufe to others, in explaining the Caufe of this Symptom;

and not with any Affurance I have made it out my felf.

48. In the foregoing Inftance, the Blood appears to have been in

a manner without Motion and Heat , before the Death of che dying
Perfon : In the following, to have fill retain’d fome Degree of Mo-
Eeeecece tion

473

 
ww

 

Th Nawal HIST OKT Chap 8

 

tion and Heat for fome Hours after, what is generally call’d, Death.
It was obferved of Mr. Fobn Proflor of Clay-Coton, an aged Perfon,
thar when dead, and after he was laid out, his Face look’d frefh:
his Joints were Iryable : on his Breaft a warm Breathing Sweat : and
he bled afrefh at an Orifice of a Vein, which was open’d juft before
his Death. This | have from the Reverend Mr. Smith, Retor of
the Place.

But the moft extraordinary Inftance of this Kind, is that of one

 

Chap. 8.

obferv’d in the Fafhion as well of Human Sculls as of Faces. I have
feen a Variety of Sculls collected by a Gentleman at Northborough,
fome Years fince deceafed : in part perhaps as Memento’s of Morta-
lity, and in part, as I conjetture, to thew the great Differences in
the Figure of them ; for they are of Shapes as remarkably diftinét,
as ever | obferved any. One in particular I cou’d not but look upon
with great Attention ; fuch was the admirable Symmetry and Neat-
nefs of it.

of NORTHAMPTONSHLIRE.

Ben. Hollis accidentally drown’d in the Nyne nigh Wadenbo, in 1707,
His Body being taken up, after it had lay Three Days in the Water,
there iffu’d forth of the NoRrils a few Drops of freth Blood. Of
the Truth of this I am well affur'd, as having it from the Mouth of
the Coroner himfelf, who fat upon the Body, and there being 20
People to atteft it.

49. Amongft the Accidents attending Human Bodies after Death
I may not untitly place the Ticorruption , or the more than ordina-
ry lalting Duiation of fome ot them, without Diflolution in the
Grave. This has been particularly obferv'd in the Graves in the
Church at Theng ford, where the Bodies interr’d do lye in a very dry
Earth, The Body of Nicholas, the Son of Michael Wodball, Efg;
bury’d there in the Year 1661. diga’d up about 35 Years after was
entire, not diffoly’d. The Hair was all as frefh as when the Corpfe
was bury’d. The fame was obferv'd of a Child that had lain there
28 Years. The Hair unalter’d : and the Ribbons that ty'd it up
were not wafted, or fo much as difcolour’d. There was lately dif-
cover’d a yet more remarkable Inftance of this Kind in the Church
at Fawfeley , where the Eaith in like manner, as at Thengford, is
dry. The Grave of Sir Richard Kmgbtley, who was bury’d there,
Amo 1661. being open’d in order to the Interment of his Lady Ame
Knightley in 1762. the Body of Sir Richard was found uncorrupted :
His Hair untouch'd : His Face, (the Earth that had fallen down
upon it, being brufh’d off ) of a pretty clear white : the Features of
it dittinguifhable. No Embalming or other Arts had been us’d upon
any of thefe dead Bodies, in order to their Prefervation. Thefe ln-
ftances, as I have noted already, were in a drier fort of Earth. The
Bodies interr’d in the moifter Earths, and particularly in the Clay-
land do uvlually decay, perifh, and are gone, excepting only the
Bones, in much lefs than twenty Years, as | have obferved of, thofe,
ex. gr, in the Church-yard at Qxendon.

50. The Qs froutis or Forehead Bone, in the Adult is generally
entire, fo generally that in all the great Multitude of Men and Wo-
men’s Sculls that lye heap’d up in the famous Charnel- Houfe at Ro-
wel, I cou'd find but one (which I now keep by me as being fo unu-
{ual) that's compos’d of two Bones join'd together by a Suture, asin
Infants. Handfomely formed Skulls give fome Analogy of flefhy
Refemblance, as Sir Tho. Brown obferves, ( nr + Ps 50.)
>is certain, there may be feveral confiderable Marks of Difindun

obferv’

 

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The Namal HIST ORY Chap.

C.-H AP: IX
Of the ART S.

 

commer
I. Aving in the foregoing Chapters fet forth the Hiftory of
Nature in all the feveral Parts of it, as it prefents it {elf
tous hte, I am now, in the utual Method, to treat of the Arts
whether Rural, Mechanic , or Liberal , and of the Arisficial Things
that have either been invented or improv’d in this County ; Art as
Dr. Plot obferves ( Nat. Hift. Staff. ch. 1.4. 1.) being nothing elfe
but Nature reftrained, forced, er fafhioned, in her Matter or Mo-
tions, and therefore the Confideration of it not improperly falling
der a Natural Hilory. =

eine this Hi ftory of Nature with the Earths, {o it is but
fit, that in this Chapter of Arts I fuft treat of the Rural ones. To
difcourfe upon the Subject of Agriculture at large by writing a Sy-
ftem of the whole Art would probably be tedious to moft of my
Readers, and indeed does not come within the Defign of my Book,
which was chiefly to give an Account of what 1 obferv d uncommon
and not before noted either as to Nature or Art , within the Limits
of this County. And therefore tho I have fometimes attempted to
affign the Caufes of fome Pbaenomena of Nature, which 1 obferv’d in
this County, tho not peculiar toit; yet tis beyond the Compafs of
my Defign to treat on Subjects fo common, and of fo great Extent,
as this of Husbandry. Befides, Dr. Plot * having already given a par-
ticular Account of the Rural Arts as they are praltiled in Oxfordfbire,
which is a Midland County, and does not differ very much from
this, either in the Soil, or inthe Methods of managing it in Huf-
bandry ; that Account will ferve indifferently well for all the middle
Part of England. But yet I think my felf obliged to take notice of

fome Particulars relating to this Subject. Ce Bay
3. I thall begin with the feveral Kinds and Varieties of Wheat,
which with us are thefe. 1. Triticum [pica & grams rubentibus,
J. R. Syn. Suurp. Br. red Wheat, in fome places Kentifb Wheat ; here
ved Lammas. Its Stalk, Ear, and Grain are all of them red ; of all
the Varieties of the Lammas Wheat ’tis the leaft fubject to {mut.
a. Triticum [pica  granis albis, J. R. white Wheat, with us white
Lammas, Silver Wheat : In fome Places flaxen Wheat. Its Stalk,
Far and Grain are all of them white. We find it fucceds the beft
upon the weaker fort of Land ; ’tis generally fomewhat earlier ripe
than the red Lammas. 3. Triticum rubrum Spica alba , J. R. Red
Wheat with a white Ear. This Variety has the Straw and Ear
White with a Reddifh Grain, and is a middle Kind betwixt the
White Lammas and Red. We have alfo another Variety very little
differing

 

Chap.g¢ of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

 

differing from the laft, which has a white Straw with a Grain and
Ear alfo reddifh. "Tis much commended by our Farmers, as having
a fuller and plumper Grain, and a thicker ftronger Straw than the
reft, which isnot fo apt to be layer’d, and therefore not fo eafily de-
vour'd by the Birds. It comes from the Chiltern, but originially
went thither as they fay from us. Thefe four are found growing
fometimes with, fometimes without, Awns. 5. Triticum arifiis cir-
cumvallatum , &c. §. R. Red-ear’d bearded Wheat, a Kind that
does not naturally caft its Awns. This we fometimes find growing
with the former. 6. Triticum ariftatum: [pica maxima cinericea, glu-
aus birfutis, J. R. Gray Wheat or gray Pollard, in fome Places
Duck-bill Wheat, in other Dunover, and Furmity Wheat. This
fort when it comes up to Ripenefs cafts its Awns. The gray Wheat
in the upper part of a Land one may frequently obferve has not any
Awns upon it, and that in the lower part of it has. So likewife for
the Lands that run Eaft andWeft. TheWheat upon the South and more
Sunny fide of them has Awns, that on the North-fide none at all.
Infomuch that they may feem to be different forts of Wheat 5. yet
the only difference is, that the former is forwarder and riper than
the latter. 7. Triticum ariftatum [pica maxima alba, Slums mings
bir [utis, white Wheat or white Pollard : a Variety not noted in Mr.
Ray’s Synop. flirp. Brit. and fhould therefore have been mention’d in
Chap. 6. But that it feems to be meerly an accidental Variety, pro-
ceeding either from the Weaknefs of the Soil or of the Seed, or
from fome defect in the managing of it. The former is of a brown-
ith hue, whereas this is white. This alfo like the former is found as

well without Awns as with. It grows together with the gray Pol-

lard at Oxendon and in other of our Fields ; but is not fo common.

There is alfo another Variety of Pollard Wheat to be found in fome

few Places here, that has fo clofe and thick a Husk , that the Grain

is never injur'd by Birds. The gray Wheat they fow by it felf, and

take great Care that it mixes not with the Lammas in thrafhing, or

otherways. If their Seed be all of one Head as they call it, that is

of one particular fort, it fells the better by 6 d. ora Shilling a Bufhel

for Seed.

4. Befides the above-mention’d there are two other forts of Wheat
that have fometimes been fow'd here, but not anfwering Expettati-
on, are now left off : Thele are, 1. Triticum [pica Horde: Londinen-
fibus , Naked Barley. By the Countrymen here , French Barley.
[rials have been made of it at Eon and Eafi-Haddon. 2. Triticum
[pica multipiiciy C. B. Many-ear’d Wheat. By fome of our Farmers
whole Straw Wheat, as having no hollow in the Stalk , by others of
them Clump-ear’d Wheat , becaufe of the Bulkinefs of the Ear.
“Tis not fo fubject to be laid, and is both a large ear’d and a large
Kernel’d Wheat ; but hard to be thrafh'd ; for which and fome other
Reafonsit was never much ufed here.

5. In fhort, the Wheat we fow is chiefly white and red Lammas
all over the County ; this fort (the Lammas) being reckon’d the

FEEEff har-

 
 

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap o;

 

 

hardieft, and confequently the fureft, and alfo yielding well. Gray
Wheat is tenderer than Lammas, and will not endure wet fo well in
Seed-time, nor cold fo well in Winter, therefore there is not much
of it fow'd in the ftronger and colder fort of clay Land. Yet it fuc-
ceeds fo well in the like Kind of Ground at Oxendon, that tis ufual-
ly preferr’d before any other. But this it’s thought, is either owing
to its being better managed there, or elfe to the Pofition of the Lands
which is generally fuch, that they caft off the Water well ; and be-
fides moft of them run North and South, fo havea greater Ad-
vantage from the Sun’s Heat than thofe of a contrary Pofition. But
as the gray Wheat is far more fubje& to Injury from Birds, being not
fo well fenc'd with Husks as is the Lammas , it is not to be fow’d by
Town-fides, or any where nigh Hedges.

6. Our ufual Time of fowmg Wheat is from Michaelmas to Al-
hallon-tide ; fooner or later according to the Place; fooner in the
Fields than in the Enclofures, lateft on the burnt Land. The Far-
mers are not for fowing it late in the Fields, the gray Wheat efpeci-
ally, which is the tendereft of all, left the Froft feize it too young.
And befides, that which is fow'd early gets a good Head above the
Weeds: But then it is ufually more fubject to Injury from Birds.
For an Experiment, we had it fow’d once in the Spring at Clipflon ,
but it yielded nothing ; The Ear was feemingly full and good ; but
it prov'd to be fquathy, and had no Kernel.

7. Whether they plow or harrow in the Seed they are always for
leaving the Ground that covers it, fomething rough, and clotty ; be-
caufe the Clots will in the Winter-Seafon of themfelves fall into
Mould, by little and little diffolve and glide down upon the Grain,
which is much more kindly to it than if the Land was made thus
fine when they fow it in Autumn ; For then the (harper Rains of the
Winter Quarter would wath off from it all the loofer Earth, in cafe
it be a declining Ground, and the reft would be clos’d and fadden'd
in fuch manner by the Rains that are falling upon it, and battering
it, all Winter long, that it would almoft quite bind up the Grain,
efpecially whilft fo young and tender. Befides the leaving ita little
rough, hasanother Advantage attending it , that is, the Clots, if
there happens a very hard Winter, are a Shelter to the Blades of Corn,
and keep the Ground about it fomewhat warmer, than it woud be
in cafe it lay fmooth and flat.

8. When by wet Weather in Harveft time , the Wheat happens
to grow in the Ear, fome will Kill-dry it gently, and keep it after
wards with ftirring, that it may not grow fufty. ‘Thus manag’d, it
will fell, and fpend much better too. Some make good Bread of
grown Wheat in this manner : They mix their Wheat-flower with
Hot-water, and crumble Leaven into it, making itinto a ftiff Palt,
and letting it rife a little againft the Fire ; But put no Yeft into if,

or very little. The Bread thus made will be nothing fo ftiff as if

made with Yeft. Others intermix the Flower of good old Oats
with their Wheat-flower, one part of Oat-flower to three of Wheat,
which

 

Chap. 9. of NORTHAMPTONSHI

which abates the Softnefs and Sweetnefs of their Bread. And then
they keep the Bread that’s made of grown Wheat Two or Three
Days before it is us’d. The way of managing their Smutty Corn, if
they happen to have any fuch, is this. They thrafh it, if they can,
upon a dry wooden Floor, to make it bright : or elfe they wath it
when itis thrafh’d, and dry itagain. If the Wheat is troubled with
Scratch-weed, that is Clivers, they roll it ona Flannel Blanket ; the
Seeds ftick to the Blanket. ?

9. In the Fields with us, there are only thefe Two Kinds of
Batley , Hordeum diftichum [picé leviore 1 latiore , J. R. Sprat Bar-
ley, or Barttledoor Barley: And the Hordewm diftichum Gerardi
common Long-ear'd Barley ; which generally thrives much better at
leaft upon the Clay-land, than the former. The Ears have ufually
fewer weak and decay’d Grains in them, than thofe of the Spras. It
has alfoa ftronger Straw than the Sprat Barley : But if it ftandsa little
too long, the Head of itis apt to break off. The Sprat is fomewhat
earlier ripe than the Long-Eard, and is found to do beft upon cold
wet, and tiff Land. As to that cal’d the Rath-ripe Barley, a Va.
riety fow’d in fome Places, efpecially at Lowick, and thereabouts, it
is, as the Name imports, much earlier ripe than the common Sort
but otherwife is not to be diftinguifh'd from it. The Reverend Mr.
Poulton, in his Land at Lowick, fowes no other than this Rath-ripe
Barley , which he firft had out of Wiltfbire. And his Stock has
now furnithed almoft the whole Country round. It has indeed that
Advantage of being Early ripe ; but unlefs the Seed be renewed from
Wiltfbire, Oxfordfbire, or the Country where it grows more naturall
it degenerates, it’s faid, and is no fooner ripe than common Barley. !

10. Some here are wont to prepare their Seed-Barley , at leaft if
they fow it upon the batrener Sort of Land, in like manner as the
do the Wheat, by Brung and Liming. But the moft fuccefsful
Method is found to be this: To fteep the Seed about 12 Hours in
Water enrich’d as much as may be with Pigeon’s Dung mafh’d and
diffolv’d in it. In this way, the Growth of the Seed is quicken’d : It
will bring twice as much as without Steeping : and does well even
upon poor Land. By this Method ’tis fuppos’d, that fome of the Raace
Farmers do,in theirCrops of Barley, fo much outdo their Neighbours.

11. The greateft Hindrance of the Succefs of the Barley-
Crop, as well as of other Grain, is ufually wild Oats. ’Tisa rough
ard hairy Oat : The Colour ufually Black. Tis of little Ufe for
Cattle ; ‘yet Horfes will cat it: And alfo Sheep, when it is new
come up, or is not old. In the wetter Years, and after much Froft,
tis obferv’d, there are ufually the moft wild Oats. For the prevent-
ing the coming of them, and for the deftroying them in the Lands
that are thus anuoy’d, there are feveral Methods made ufe of here.
Some are {o fearful that this troublefome Weed fhould get upon their
ILands, that they will not give any Oats to their Horfes in Seed-time,
becaufe they are apt to pals thro’ them uponWork,and grow. To pre-
vent their doing Mifchief upon the Lands, that are utually pefter’d
with them, fome will fow the common Black Oats, inftead of Bar-

ley,

 
aa

7 Inti dF dn To = %

 

The Natwral H I ST ORT Chap. o.

ther Grain ; which as it does not in the Growth of
KL the Ground, as Peafe particularly does, is in
this regard of good Ufe: Befides, the Black Oat being early ripe, it
may be cut down before the Wild one feeds ; and fo there arte
few or none of the Wild ones in the following Years. The like Ex-
eriment was practisd by a skilful Farmer at Oxendon fome Time
be He had a Land of Peafe that was almoft quite deftroy’d by
Wild Oats, which he mow’d down before the Seed were ripe ; and
the next Year that any Grain was fow’d, the Land was clear of
them. Indeed he loft a great part of that Year’s Return of the Land ;
but the Future made Amends. He did not lofe the whole Return,
becaufe few of the Peafe were fo high as the Oats: fo the former
were mow'd off ; the latter ftill remaining. ‘The fowing of Bees
only,is by others recommended as a good Expedient for the wink y
defiroying Wild Oats, becaufe they may put their Sheep upon i em
when about Three Inches high, about Twenty Sheep upon an Acre,
which eat up all the Oats and other Weeds, are of ufe in manuring
the Ground, and do not hurt the Beans fo long as there are Wild
Oats: But if any Peafe are fow'd with the Beans, the Sheep will eat
them. This has been practis’d with Succefs in Higham-Ferrers Field.
And ’tis only to be done in an open Field ; for the Sheep pent up 32
a Clofe of Beans, with their lying and trampling there will {poi
all. Evenin the open Fields, the Sheep are not to be put onin a
Wet Seafon. Mr. Stephens’s Method is to give a Tilth to fuch fort
of Land, if he intends it for Peafe, in Autumn ; then the Wild Pas
do come up early in the Spring, and are plow'd and harrow'd off,
before the Peafe are fown. So for the Ground that’s to be fow'd
with Wheat or Barley, when it has had the two or three firft Tilths,
if you harrow it fine a little after a Shower, and before Harveft, the
Wild Oats will come up thick, and then the fowing Tilth for Wheat
will kill a great manyof them ; the putting Sheep upon them, and
the Winter Frofts will alfo help to deftroy them. If any remain
amongft the Wheat till Harveft, and fhale there, Dr. Wigmore in-
forms me, there is no better Expedient than the Burning of the Stub-
ble, which will kil! the wild Oat-Seed.
12. The New Land Barley is fubject, efpecially the firft Year it
is fow’d, to one ill Accident, which feldom or never happens in the
Fields, that is, to be deftroy’d by Grubs. But a good Number of
Ducks being put upon it, they will eat the Grubs, and fave the Corn.
This has been practis'd fuccefsfully by Mr. Manning of Great Hough.
ton, and Mr. Plowman of Blifsworth. If the Ground is ftill encum-
bend with thefe deftrutive Infects, it may be fow'd the Second Year
with Oats, which they do not hurt ; as has been found upon Tryal
on the Would at Woodford by 7 brapfton. 15
14. The ufual Manure for our Tillage-Land is that which is
thrown out of the Stable, Barns, and Dwelling Houfes. Dung a
little ripen’d, by Reafon of the Heat there is then in it, is better
than that which is perfe&ly rotted, for the colder fort of Land: But
thoroughly

 

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Chap. 9.

thoroughly ripen’d Dung is accounted the beft for the warmerSort,{uch
as our Red Land. Even the fcowring of Pools,as at? horpe Malfor: The
Dirt of the Streets, as at Northampton,are found ufeful upon the fand

light Land. But the Mire and Dirt of the Pools and Streets in the Clay
Land , as they generally partake too much of Clay, are rather dif:
ferviceable, than advantageous to that fort of Land, unlefs they are
intermixt with Straw or the like. Old Stubble, T hatch, or offal
Straw being thrown into Pools, after fome time taken out again, and
turn'd into the Earth by plowing,are found to be excellent Manure for
any fort of Land. Saw-duft intermixt with a clayey moift Earth has
been particularly ferviceable in a Gentleman’s Garden at Ni
Broken Pieces of old Ceilings and Plafterings of Lime the like at
Adwinkle. The way of manuring, as fome exprefs it, by Lime, has
been practic’d in fome Places with us, particularly nigh Weldon and
Kettering. The Improvement it makes upon Land is owing chiefly
to the warmth of it, and to the Salt it is fo generally impregnated
with ; and therefore muft needs be the fitteft for the colder claye

Soils. Tis in much the fame manner that the Soot of Coal, and
Coal Afhes become ferviceable upon the fame fort of Land. A mixture
of good Earth and Lime that has lain a confiderable time together ina
Heap,has been found to do more Service upon Land than Lime alone.

15. They chufe to carry their richeft Dung to the fartheft Land, as
a lefler Quantity of it will ferve ; fuch as Pigeon-dung and Hen.
dung, alone, or intermixt with gray Wheat-chaff or Ma t-duft, as it
drops down in the Dove-Houfes, and Hen-Roofts, Sheep-dung ga-
ther'd from the Heaths or Commons, T anners-muck, Turfe and
Cow-clot Afhes. Some upon their remoter and barrener fort of
Land of the lighter fort fow Turnip-feed, turning in Sheep upon the
Crop of Turneps, and by this means fit it for the better fort of Grain,
Mr. William Nunneley of Pychely, a skilful and ingenious Country.
tan having fow'd a crop of Turneps in the fallow Fieid , upon a
Limeftone Soil, and put his Sheep upon it, tho’ twas batter’d like
an earthen Floor, yet with the rotting of the Turnep-fealps and
the Dung and Urine of the Sheep, it yielded an excellent Crop of
Barley the enfuing Year. The return was nigh 50 Quarter of Bar.
ley to four of Seed.

16. The Manure being laid upon the Land in Heaps, they fpread it
timely, leaving none where the Heaps did lye, and alfo plow itin due
time. The Western fide of the Heap, when it comes to be {pread does
not always make fo good an Improvement as the other fide of it ; the
Weftern Winds, that are fo frequent and boifterous, having taken off
the fineft and moft fertilizing part of it. Five Load of Manure laid
on the Land in Autumn, or in the Winter Quarter , is perhaps as
ferviceable as ten in the Spring, or in the Summer ; efpecially if it
be for Barley. But yet it is feldom practiced in the clay i ) €X-
cept ina more than ordinary dry time, and in very hard Frofts ; the
Horfes Feet, and the Wheels of the Carriages leaving behind them
fuch Holes and Ruts as do great Injury to the Land.

Ggggese As

481

 
 

The Nawal HIST OKT Chap. o.

 

 

As to the time of folding their Sheep upon the Land, they ne.
ver do in the clay Land, till after it has had the fallow Tilth : Nei.
ther do they fear the Urines {inking over deep; as in the loofer Soils,
The Folding after July is much better than that before, for Reafons
intimated above : thatis, if the Ground is not over-moift and dirty,
In the Sandy Land, asit is drier and warmer, they pen their Sheep
upon it till ‘May tinmafs ; which they dare not do in clay Land, left
it mires and ftarves them. bs

17. Burning the Sod or Turf which is much praétiled inthe Fenland
would alfo be of ufe in fome Places in the Upland, in the Queachy
Land at Winwick and elfe-where, where the Soil lies upon Clay and
is very moift. The Method is, to plow up the Sod as fhallow as
may be, to pile it up in feveral {mall Heaps , interlaying as there is
occafion a layer of Furze or of Peat Earth betwixt the Layers of
Sod, to make it take Fireand burn well. The Heaps being barat,
the Afhes of them are {pread , and do much enrich the Land.
When they lay down Arable for green Sword, they are for fowing
the Arable laft of all with Wheat ; becaufe the Ground gathers
Grafs before the Wheat is cut : and the Stubble is of ufe in manur-
ing the Ground.

At the clofe of this Account of the Rural Affairs I think fit to
advertife the Reader, that what I have written upon this Subject,
is written rather for the Information of Strangers than of the Inha-
bitants of Northamptonfbire ; wherein 1 have followed Dr. Plot upon
the fame Subject in Oxfordfbire.

18.As to the Improvements made upon Land by fowing Ray-Grafs,
Sanfoin, Clover, and the like, wherein this County is in no wife in-
feriour to its Neighbours : the way of managing them is already fo
fully deliver’d in #orlidge, and other Engliyfb Writers of Agriculture
that I have not much to fay of them here.

Ray-Grafs orRye-Grafs is with us accounted the beft thing in the
World for #ood-land in Enclofures , ( 1 fay in Enclofures, becaufe
there is no praifing either this or any other Improvement in the
open Fields.) It has been fow’d with good Succefs upon cold, lefs
fruitful Land , at Preflon-capes , Whifion and elfewhere, efpecially
when it has been drawn out of Heart by Tillage. Tis now our
ufual way to fow it together with 77eful, (the yellow Hop Treful )
the Tefal fill continuing to grow when the Rye-Grafs is quite gone.

19. What fort of Ground is fitteft for Sanfoun, has been already inti-
mated in Ch.1.Part 1.With us it holds well in theGround,and continues
to grow and be of ufe for above Twenty Years. But thenthe main
Crop is always to be mow’d and not to be eaten upon the Ground by
Cattle. The Cows and Sheep are turn’d mm upon the Aftermart.
"Tis accounted excellent Hay for Horfes and Oxen. Some throw
Soot upon the Sanfoin in the Spring, that the Sheep may not bite fo
clofe as to deftroy it. "Tis found to be more {trong and lafting (and
fo for Clover and Trefoil) when it is fow'd alone, and notin the ufu-

al

 

Chap.9. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

al way, with Barley or Oats. The firft Year it is of little or no ufe.
The fecond Year they ftock it (after ’tis mow'd) firft with the lar-
ger Cartle to take off the Head , then with Sheep ; which they re-
move about Lady-Day, thatit may have another Crop. When the
Land is out of Heart with Corn they apply it to Sanfoin, and not
till then ; at Culworth, &c. Our Clover in 3 or 4 Years is apt to
be eaten out of the Ground by common Grafs ; but before it is gone
fo far they ufually plow up the Ground for Cord ; wheretoit is fitted
by the Clover in divers Refpets, and particularly this, that it leaves
it clearer of Weeds.

20. Trefol as they call it by way of Pre-eminence, (that is the Hop-
Trefoil ) as it is more natural to the Ground, continues there for ever.
Lucern-Seed (a Plant a-kin to Trefoil ) having by the Worfhipful
Arthur Brook, Eq; been fow’d in a barren cold Land at Qakly mag -
na, made as 1 am inform’d a very good Return. Spurry has been
fow'd in Sandy Grounds about 7horpe Malfor and Cranfly. They
fow it after early Crops of any Sort, for the feeding Cattle in Win-
ter, and efpecially Ews and Lambs.

a1.How great the Improvement a Crop of Turnips is upon the more
barren fandy and ftoney Land has been fo often experienc’d, that ’tis
now much praétifed here with us. They have been and are now
fow'd upon many Acres of Sandy Land all about Thornbaw, at We-
fion-Favel, Adington, Cortenball, Farningboe, Desborough, Pychely, and
divers other Places. Unlefs the Soil has fome intermixture of Sand,
the Turnips do not apple, as they call it, that is do not bottom
well. The Advantagesofa Turnip Crop are, that by this means the
Ground never lies fallow, tis clear’d of Weeds ; for the Turni
Grounds are how’d in like manner as is a Plat of them in a Garden :
It feeds a Flock of Sheep, which out of the Fallow Fields, Heaths,
We. are put upon the Turnip Grounds, and fent fat to London early
in the Year: And the larger old Stalks, and the Scalps of the Tur-
nips, together with the Excrements of thie Sheep, enrich the Ground
in fuch manner, that upon giving it only one Pieh, they may have
an admirable Crop of Barley the next enfuing Year. By Turnips a
Hundred Pound has been made in one Year, upon Eighty Acres of
Ground. At and about Thornbaw, Norfolk Turnip-Seed, as it apples
beft, and that of a Year old, is preferr’d. They allow about a Peck of
Seed to Four or Five Acres of Ground. Having plow’d the Ground,
they fow it about Mid[ummer, fo foon, or fooner; For then if the
Fly takes them, they can can fow a Second Crop, and if need be a
Third. They put on the Sheep by the time the Turnips are grown
up. Ina dry Year, the Fly is apt to take them, and they are eaten
up by Cankers or other Worms. Where the Ground is unfit for Corn,
or will no longer ferve for it, they fow it thus with Turnips. They
fow it every Year interchangeably with Turnips and Barley, folong
as they fee fit.

Some

 
 

484

aad

The Nawal HIST ORT Chap.

Some Acres of the Sandy Ground at Farmmghoe are fow’d with
Carrot-Seed. ‘They do not leave the Ground fo rich, as do the Tur-
nips ; but after either of them, it produces a good Crop of Grain.
For Carrots they do not plow the Ground , as they do for Turnips
but dig it. Both their Carrots and Turnips are of Note for Ten
Miles round. i

21. For Cole-Seed, which is much fow’d in the Moory Land inthe
Fen-Country, the frefheft Mould is beft, or a lufty Soil, (as they
exprefs it ) which is, new broken up, and has been long at ret. They
commonly give Two Tilths to the Ground they fow with Cole-Seed ;
but if they manure it, only one. They lay on the Manure a little
before they begin to plow. They plow in the Morning, and that ve.
ry Day they fow. But they feldom lay any Dung upon their Land

(it being uiually remote, and they having a great Quantity of Land)
unlefs it has a Mixture of Clay, as at Paflor. The burning their
Sod is their principal Manure ; which indeed is very ufeful. They
ufually fow 1t in June, Fuly, or Auguft. July, they (ay, is the beft
Month. If they do not feed the Cole, they fow it at Lammas, or
after : If they do, at Midfummer, or eather. They put on Sheep
upon that they feed about Michaelmas. "Tis the kindlieft to them in
Froft and dry Weather. In wet Weather, as ’tis a cold and moift
Sort of Food, ’tis not fo good. If the following Spring be kindly,
the Crop is as good as if it never had been eaten. If it proves a fe-
vere Frofty Spring, and they fee they can have no Crop of Cole,
they fow the Ground with Oats. "Lhey fow the Cole-Seed over
Furrow , a Peck to an Acre. Then they harrow it with the
Tines upward, or elfe thy brufh-harrow it, which is the beft
of the Two; and this as foon as fowd. They have a Crop
about that Time Twelvemonth , which they fheer or reap as
they do Wheat, difpofing it into little Heaps ; but do not bind
itup. They thrafh it, having lain about a Fortnight upon the
Ground upon a large Sail-cloth, with common Flails, they winnow
it as they do Corn, then fell it to the Mills. Unlefs it be kept dry,
‘tisapt tomould. The Stubble of the Cole-feed is fo very ftumpy,
that they feldom or never plow it in. Neither is it of any Ufe, ex-
cept to burn upon the Land. :

23. They fow Cole-fecd but one Year ina place. The Year after the
Cole-Seed, and fo the 2 or 3 following Years they fow Oats, feldom
Wheat or Barley. With the laft Oats they fometimes fow Ray-gra/s.
Having laid down the Ground for Grafs, and let it reft about fix
Years, they again burn the Sod of it, and fow it with Cole-Seed as
before. This is the ordinary Method as to Cole-Seed in the Fen-
land. The fatter and moifter fort of Land, in the higher part of
the County is not unfit for it ; as has been experienced by Mr. Poul-
ton at Desborongh. His Waggons carry’d it to Stamford, where as
I am inform’d he had ufually for a Strike of Cole-Seed double
the Price of a Strike of Wheat, and returned laded with Sea-

Coal.
The

 

Chap.9- of NORTHAMP TONSHIRE

24. The manner of theCultivation of Flax, which is fow’d in feveral
Places with us, efpecially upon the richeft Sort of Red-land to very
good Advantage, 1s fo well Do that I need not give an Account
of it here.

In what manner Woed, a Commodity particularly belonging to
this and fome other of the Midland Counties is cultivated and ma-
nagd, may be {een in the new Edition of Cambden, in the Additions
to Bedfordfbire.

25. And thus much for theManagery andImprovements of theFields
and Paftures ; only ’tis fit we refer hither, what has been done with
Relation to the feacing of them. And for this ’tis agreed on all
Hands , the Hazwthorn is the beft. The beft Method is to put the
Haws ino the Ground as foon as ripe,and to cover them with Earth.
Let them lye there till the Spring come Twelvemonth, they are
then of due Size to tranfplant from the Seed-plot to the Hedge-rows.
(Crabtrees (and fo for other Trees) being fet with the Hawthorns,
befides other Inconveniences, they out-grow them : And to make a
regular Hedge they mutt be often clipt). In this manner Mr. 4b of
Paflon has rais'd his Quicks : And with his skilful Managery has a
quick Fence of more than ordinary Strength at five Years Growth.
They thrive much better than the Quickfets that are taken wild from
the Fields. In the Inclofures of Lilbourn, I obferv’d the Fences were
clean Nuick-fet Hedges, without any great Trees in the Hedges : a
piece of Husbandry much and defervedly commended by Mr. Nour/e
in his Campania felix. p. 28.

In the barrener Grounds a Fence of Furze is of Excellent Ufe.
This has been practic’d by Mr. Poulton in one part of the Lordfhip
of Desborongh.

26. What 1 have here noted as more remarkable with regard to
Plantations of Trees, the Managery of Fruit Trees, and the like, the
Reader has as follows. At the Honourable Sir Gilbert Dolben’s hand.
fome Seat at 7 bingdon is the ftatelieft Walk of Lime-Trees I have
any where feen. "I'is of due Breadth, and the Trees at due Di.
tance for the forming a Shade. The Limes are guarded by Quick.
fet Hedges, underneath which are Rows of Hollies, the hardieft of
our Ever-Greens except the Yew. The Walk is 540 Yards in Length
on an HerizontalLevel. I the rather mention this particular, becanfe
the Ground it is upon had formerly a Defcent of no lefs than 14 Feet
in the utmolt Fall.

27. The clayey Grounds belonging to the Parfonage of Benefield are
much improv’d by Plantations, by the Reverend Mr. Lewis the pre-
fent Incumbent of the Place. The Trees which are chiefly Apples
Cherries, and Walnuts are moulded up with pretty high Banks of
Earth at the Roots ; which forwards the Growth of the Trees, pre-
vents the cropping of the Cattel and their rubbing upon them, and
other Injuries, and faves the Expence of a Timber Cafe. And the
Mounds of Earth are made only of mould Banks cut up, whereby
the Ground was level'd, and render'd more ufeful. On the South.

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fide of his Church-wall he has planted Fig-Trees, and other Trees
of fuch fort of Fruit as the common People will fcarce ever touch :
And they profper well.

28. The Worthipful 7. Bridges, Efq; has in his own Grounds in and
about Barton Segrave, planted at leaft 40000 Trees of feveral Kinds :
‘The Advantage whereof in part he himfelf has livid to enjoy, and his
Pofterity will enjoy it, in ftill greater Meafure. That Ingenious
Gentleman having obferv’d of the Lime-Tree that it has a fpungy
Wood, and delightsin a moift aquatick Soil : And having received
00 Limes from Holland, that had lain almoft all the Winter by the
way and were grown almoft as light as Touch-wood, thought fit to
lay them in Water as we do Willows ; by which means he recoverd
them, and they well nigh all livid and profper’d. His way of rai-
fing Elms is from Suckers, which he {trikes off with a Chifel and
Hammer from the Root of the old Tree. To take them up in the
ufual way with a Spade, he has obferv’d does frequently much en-
damage the Roots of the Mother Tree. His way of planting Wil
lows is to borea hole in the Ground with a fit Auger wherein he fets
the Willow unheaded. When a hole, to fet the Willow in, is made
by a Bar of Iron, whichis the ordinary Method, it, doubtlefs fo har-
dens the Ground about it, as muft needs retard its Growth.

“Tis the Field-Mice that disbark the Roots of the Hollies, in the
very fevere hard Winters, when all the Greens are gone. The Me-
thod of preferving a Holly-hedge is , that you keep it clean from
Weeds which help to harbour the Mice: and that you deftroy them
by Traps and Boxes, wherein you put a preparation of Rats bane
(a Paft of Butter and Arfenic intermixt and daub’d over the infide of
the Box) with only two or three Holes in the Box no bigger than the
Mice or the Rats, if thofe are troublefome, may creep in at : and
hereby you prevent the Mifchiefs that otherwife might happen from
Rats-bane expos’d. This is the real Occafion of the Lofs of our Hol-
lies in the hard Winters : Not the Severity of the Winter as Mr.
Evelyn thought, but the gnawing and nibling of the Mice ; as has
been obferved by that {uccefsful Planter the Ingenious 7. Bridges,Efq :
at his Seat at Barton Segrave.

29. Mr. Blith in his Book called the Exnglifb Improver, Ch. 22. fays,
that at Billing in Northamptonfbire fome Wood cut down Eleven Years
after the firft planting was worth éo/. an Acre. He tells us the
Land was worth about 10 5. anAcre per ana. and everyAcre coft under
Seven Pounds for Digging, Sets, and all Charges in the Planting of it.
This, adds he, was managed by a moft Ingenious Gentleman, called
Mr. Cartwnaebt. Mr. Cartwright was indeed an Ingenious Gentle-
man and a faithful old Steward to the Right Honourable Barnaby
Earl of 7 homond, and to his Countefs. :

30. In order to the more fuccefstul removing of full-grown Trees, tis
here propos’d that ir the Spring you dig a "I'rench about the Root of
the Tree, cutting off all or a great part of the Extremities of the

Roots,

 

Chap.9. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Roots, into that Trench will fhoot out many (mall Fibres, by means
of which the Tree when it is tranfplanted, will be copioufly fupply’d
with Nourifhment.

The fpacious Fifh-pond of 27 Acres in Drayton Old Park , has
been by the Honourable Sir Sohn Germain, Bar. converted into a
Hop-ground , as being fo remote from the Houfe that it was fre-
quently vifited by Pilferers : and the Hops 1 have heard do thrive
there very well.

In the Garden at Thengford, befides feveral other Improvements
made there by the Ingenious Proprietor ¥. Wodball, Efg; , there is
one of Grapes that] was particularly pleas’d with. The white Muf-
cadine, the Red-corant Grape, and the Parfley Grape having been
planted at the Foot of a Wall above one of the Ponds, they thrive
in fuch manner as to excel the reft of the Garden. The Vines are
bent over the Wall, and the Reflection from the Water of the Sun’s
Heat, is of great Ufe in ripening the Grape. The Root fide of the
Vines isto the N. W. that of the Branches being turn’d as they are
to the oppofite fide of the Wall, is S. Eaftward. ?

31. Mr. Vanderimuylen,his Grace the Duke of Montague’s Gardener
never nails the Branches of his Wall-Fruit Trees within a Loo of
Leather in the ufual Manner ; but ties them to the Nails with a Ruth
in Summer, with an Ofier in Winter. This is on feveral Accounts
to be preferr’d before the ordinary way. To drive down a Nail with
a Loop of Leather about the Branch, endangers the breaking or
bruifing your Branch by an accidental Knock of the Hammer: The
Nail that happeus ro be bended in the driving , is drawn out again
not without Danger of hurting the Branch : And farther, to make
the Nails ferviceable a Second time, they muft be drawn again, if
you nail down the Branches with a Piece of Leather ; but there is
no need of that, in this new Method of tying the Branches to the
Nails. And if youdraw your Nails, it is apt to draw out the Mor-
tar and make Holes which will harbour injurious Infeéts. The on-
ly Danger of having many Nails in the Walls is this, that the Fruit
that leans upon them is fomewhat injur’d thereby ; But this Objection
is in a greatMeafure remov’d, if you place yourNails at firft with due
Skill. There is one extraordinarylnftance,that thews how much aFruit-
Tree may be improv'd by due Skill and Care in the pruning and or-
dering the Branches of it, in the Fruit-Garden at Boughton. There
sal irgola Pear-tree there, which is carry’d up upon a Wall with its
Brrnches difpos’d at nigh equal Intervalls, in the moft exact and moft
elegant Order. "T'was fet in 1690. or in 1691. and now its Bran-
ches are extended to no lefs than 100r 12 Foot in Length upon each
Side of the Tree. The whole Breadth of the Tree thus difplay'd
is 36 Foot. "L'isof Mr. Vandertmuylen’s Managery.

32. An Orchard at Madavell ( Anthony Capell's) of almoft Forty old
Apple-trees growing Mofly, and bearing very indifferently in the
Beginning ot April, were quite diskark'd from nigh the Bottom al-

moft

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i y to that Part of the Tree where it firit divides into
Sols “Pre Bark grew again in the Summer, and in the latter
End of the Year was firm and {mooth, but had a finer and thinner
Rind. That very Year they bore abundance, and continu’d
thriving. Not one of 5 ims that fail'd. The like has been pra-
Yic'd hion with Succefs.

He JE LB i Mr. How's Park, I obferv'd, were towards the Bot
toms of them wafh'd over with Lime to prevent their being dif-
barked by the Deer ; which has been found to be a good Preferva-
He To thefe Obfervations relating to Trees I defire to fubjoin
the following Account of the way of making Charcoal in the Woods
with us ; as it may be of ufe to feveral who are hitherto unacquainted
with it. There are Charcoal-Makers at Cliff, Apthor p, Newton, Naf-
Jington, Tarwell, and other Towns on the Borders of Rockingham.
"Foreft. They make it of the Tops of Oaks, or any other Offal-Wood.
That of Black-thorn is the moft durable. That of Afb takes fire
foonelt, and is the quickeft burnt. [ he greener the Wood , the
weightier and more lafting is the Coal that's made of it. Here their
Wood for Charcoal, is chiefly Oak ; for indeed they have little other
Wood for their purpofe. Six Loads of Wood will make but one of
Charcoal. The Method of making it is as follows. They cut the
Branches into all ftrait Pieces, and place them all upright in three
feveral Lofts or Stories S. S.S. ina Conic or rather in a Cupolo
Form , having firft ftruck a Stake of Wood into the Ground, in the
middle of the loweit Floor or Story for the reft to lean upon. Such
a Pile they call their Hearth. They cover their Hearth with a thin
covering of Straw, either Whea t or Barley Straw or Stubble. I he
Straw they cover with fine Sand ina layer of about the fame Thick-
nefs as is the Sand. They leave a Hole at the Top of the Pile; And
at that, they put in their Fire, which is two or three lighted Brands:
then they cover up the Hole. They make hereand there fmall out-
lets for the Smoak : and as the Heap burns down lower , they make
the like Vent-holes till lower, with Forktines or the like. A whole
Hearth will be coal’d in 6 or 7 Days. They never fuffer the Hearth
to flame ; for Flame wou'd confume the Wood. Sometimes they'll
coal a Log two or three Foot thick entire as 1t is. Having coal dit,
tis riven into Splinters, and 1s found to be as black within as without.
Sometimes they mingle Coal-duft with their Sand.
34. And hither all other Arts tha trefpect the Wood of Trees,
and particularly that of Turning is to be referr’d. At Kings Cliff, a
Town of no great Bigpefs, there were, when I wrote this » above
twenty Tradetmen, whole Employment was the turning of Difhes
and Spoons. The latter is a diftinct I'rade of it felf, and Tools
they have appropriate to it. here is {carce any ‘1 own in England
wherein this fort of Handicraft is fo much profefs’d , or is manag’d
with fo great Dexterity asit is here.

Chap. 9.

-
“

25.

Of

 

Chap.9. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

35- Of the curious Pieces perform’d by the Tornator Art; thofe of
the Ingenious Mr. Howard, formerly of Marflon Trufll are the moft
admirable. His Ivory Ball including another Ball » and that inner
Ball a Dye, is a {maller and finer Piece of Work than any I have feen
of the Kind , in any of the moft celebrated Colletions of Rarities,
At the Reverend Dr. Pargiter’s of Gritworth 1 was fhewn two not
very large Cherry-Stones, that are cut in the Shape of a Pair of
Shoes, and are lefs than thofe of the Oxford Mufaum, made alfo
out of Cherry-Stones ; and yet the Workmanthip as good.

36. Having met with nothing extraordinary or particularly re-
markable in the Arts relating to the Earths of the lower Strata, the
Potters Clay, &c. with nothing indeed in any of thofe Arts, but what
is practifed to as great or greater Perfection in other Counties, the
next that according to this Method we are to look into, are thofe
which relate to the Quarry-Stone. Under which Head I {hall particu-
larly confider the Method of managing the Slate Stone with us,in or-
der to the making Slate of it; this being a County famous for its Slate,

The way of managing and preparing the Slate Stone at Ea on,
Colly Weflon, and Kirby Pits, which are our beft Slate-pits, is this,

The Slate Stone is ufually dig’d at Michaelmas or there-abouts,

They pile it up in Stacks, which they cover up with Sand till the
frofty Evenings. At the firft of thofe they take down the Stacks,
and l1y each piece of Slate Stone flat ways on the Ground, and
fprinkle them with Water, keeping them always moift. This is
their Employment during the Winter, Should the Stones lie expos’d
to Sunand Wind, before the Frofts appear, it would in fuch manner
fet or flock the Vein, as the Workmen fpeak , that they wou’d not
cleave. Thofe that have been feafon’d like other Stone for build-
ing, endure as well as any Stone whatever in Walling Work. The
frequenter the Frofts, the clearer and the finer they cleave or run.
The cleaving or running them with any fit Tool along the Clefts or
Seams made by the Frofts, is the Slateman’s Bufinefs the next enfu-
ing Spring and Summer. The tendency of thofe Clefts that are
made by the Frofts is according to the flat way of the Stone. A
piece of Slate Stone two Inches thick, will run perhaps into 20 Plates
that all lye parellel to each other. The contrary way they will not
tun. Single Plates of it are never hurt by Frofts.

37- 1 have already mention’d the more new and ufeful things
that have occur’d to me here in the Arts refpecting Plants of what«
cver Kind, and therefore now pafs on to thofe that relate to Animals,

Firft as to Bees. At St. Loys Wed there lives one Richard
Falkner, who is fo dextrous in the Affair of Bees , that he can put
his Hand naked into the midft of a fettled Swarm, and draw out
thence that call’d the Mafter Bee, without being ftung or injur’d.
And this he does when there is occafion for fetting the Mafter Bee in
fome more convenient place ; whereupon the Swarm immediatel
fife up, accompany, and affix to the Head Bee in that his new Stati-
on. The Curiofity of a Glafs Hive for Bees is to be feen at Mr. Cox's

at

489

 
mes

PETE

na

 

The Natwal H I ST O RT Chap. og

 

 

at Mears Abby. The largeft and the moft thriving Apiary I have
any where teen, is that in Mr. Lewis's Garden at Benefield. The
Bee-hives are placed upon Boards within a long little thatched Houfe
which on the North is wall'd with Reed.

The fame Gentleman is no lefs fuccefsful in preferving and increa-
fing the Stock of his Dove-Houfe ; which he does by putting ‘all the
Brine of the Lirder upon a loamy fort of Earth ; that the Pigeons
are continually pecking at. The making a Dove-Chamber upon or
over a Stable has by Experience been found of very good Advantage.
Mr. Morgan's Dove-houle at King [thorpe which is thus fituate, has
a greater Number of Pigeons than have all the four other Dove-
Houfes in King fiborpe.

38. In the breeding and ordering of Singing Birds there is no one
here more Ingenious and Succefsful than the Reverend Mr. Manfel of
(ofgrave ; and particularly as to the Wood-Lark, which according to
the Writers of the ordering of Singing Birds is never to be bred from
the Neft, becaufe it either has the Cramp, or it falls into a {cowr-
ing ( Mr. Willughy's Ornithol. p. 205.) But yet that now mention’d
Gentleman has bred up Wood-Larks from the Nefts no lefs than three
feveral Years. He feeds them with freth Meat boil’d or roafted, beat
fall, and made into a Pafte with Manchet ( the Salt wrought out
with Water) adding the fourth part of the Yolk of a boil'd Egg, all
made into a fine Pafte. The Pafte is to be broken into flender Pel-
lets, each of them dipp’d in Water and given on a Quill.

39 The Ingenious Mr. Fuk Wodball of Eydon thew'd me a Cafling-
Net of his ownContrivance,with Pewter Rings that are fet all around
the bottom of the Net inftead of Leaden Bullets; which, he tells me, has
thefe Advantages wz. that the Net in cafting it iiito a Pond or River is
ufually more equally difplay’d : that it finks the quicker : and that it
may be of larger Mathes which expedites the finking ; for the Bul-
lets of larger Mafhe Nets are apt to get into and entangle in them.
And a Net with larger Mathes will fecure the larger fort of Fifth, all
fuch as are fit to be taken up. He cafts his Rings in a Mould, and
links the mone within Cat

40. But to pafs on to the Arts relating to the Four-fosted Ani-
mals. And firft of thofe that refpect the Creatures of the Sheep and
of the Beeve Kinds. Such a Blaft as thas we mention’d in Chapter
the Fifth of the Air, has been found to be detrimental to Brute Ani-
mals as well as to Plants ; and particularly to Lambs. The Reve-
rend Mr. Wood of Great Houghton in a blafting April fome Years ago
loft of 22 gelded Lambs, all but three, befides feveral of his Sheep.
To preferve them in that dangerous Seafon, "T'S propos’d, that they
be put into the home Clofes or hous'd fo foon as any Marks of the
Contagion appear, which ufually exerts it felf firlt upon the young
and tender Lrees ; and that there they be kept warm and dry with
proper Food, &e. by which means it may be reafonably heped they
will efeape.

A Rot

 

Chap.g. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

A Rot amongft the Sheep being fufpetted, it has been found of
good ufe to wean their L.ambs in the Month of une or earlier. This
15 a pretty fure Prefervative both to them and the Sheep : and per-
haps the beft of Remedies againft the Rot, when it is not very far
advanc’d.

41. At Grafton Underwood has been practisd a thrifty way of bring-
ing up Three Calves fucceflively with one fingle Cow. Suppofe the
Cow has calv'd at Lady-day, the Calf is taken away about Eight
Weeks after, und fed with Milk and Water, and a little Hay and
Grafs : Then another Calt is put on of two or three days old, which
is then bought very cheap. If the Cow does not readily take the
New Calf, their way is to rub her Nofe with a little Brandy, and
the Calt’s in the fame manner ; and then the Cow is not able to di-
ftinguifh it. And a Third Calf may be put to, if the matter be ma-
nag’d with a like Artifice, with the like Succefs.

Barth. Smith of Deeping-pate, a Village on the Border of the Fen-
Land, hasan Art ( as his Landlord the Reverend Dr. Wigmore in-
forms me ) of Weaning Calves in a much thorter time than is ufual.
This he does by giving them Oyl-Cakes, as they call them, after the
Calf has been fed about Three or Four Days with Milk. The Oyl-
Cakes are made of the Subftance of the Cole-Seed, after the Oyl has
been preisd out of itatthe Mills ; which being powder'd, and min-
gled with a fufficient Quantity of Water, is given to the Calf inftead
of Milk. The Oyl-Cakes are very cheap : and the Calves do well
with them till they come to eat Grafs, Hay, White Peafe, or Oats.

42. My next Step is to the Arts that have a more immediate Re-
lation to Mankind : And Firft, Of our moft fately Buildings, with
the Gardens, Oe. appertaining to them. Of thefe, the molt Emi-
nent in this County are the Seats of the moft Noble the Duke of
Montague, at Boughton : the Right Honourable the Earl of Exeter,
at Burleigh: the Earl of Northampton, at Castle Abby : the Earl of
Sunderland at Altrop : the Lord Lemfler at Eaflm Nefton ; where-
unto are to beadded the more confiderable Stru¢tures of fome other
of the Nobility, as alfo of the Gentlemen of the County. Since
the moft Accurate Pen muft needs fall fhort of a juft Defcription of
fone of thofe llluftrious Seats: and fince a Sight of them will cer-
tainly raife the Idea much higher than any Reprefentation 1 can give,
is capable of exciting, I {hall not prefume any farther, than only to
mention thofe Things that are generally accounted of greateft Note
in each.

43. The Seat at Boughton is particularly obfervable for its fpacious,
elegant, and delightful Gardens, and for its fumptuous Water-works.
Below the Weftern Front of the Houfe are Three more remarkable
Parterres : the Parterre of Statues, the Parterre of Bafirs, and the
Water Parterre ; wherein is an Octagon Bafin whofe Circumference
is 216 Yards, which in the middle of it has a Fer &’ Eau whofe
Height is above 50 Feet, furrounded with other fmaller Jet d’ Eaus.

On

491

 
 

The Natwal H I ST ORT

Chap. og.

 

SF ANSE IE

CREE fae Be ieee 4 BR oF
Iw

at Mears Abby. The largeft and the moft thriving Apiary I have
any where feen, is that in Mr. Lewis Garden at Benefield. The
Bee-hives are placed upon Boards within a long little thatched Houfe
which on the North is wall'd with Reed.

The fame Gentleman is no lefs fuccefstul in preferving and increa-
fing the Stock of his Dove-Houfe ; which he does by purting ‘all the
Brine of the Larder upon a loamy fort of Earth ; that the Pigeons
are continually pecking at. The making a Dove-Chamber upon or
over a Stable has by Experience been found of very good Advantage.
Mr. Morgan's Dove-houte at Kingfthorpe which is thus fituate, has
a greater Number of Pigeons than have all the four other Dove-
Houfes in King flborpe.

38. In the breeding and ordering of Singing Birds there is no one
here more Ingenious and Succefsful than the Reverend Mr. Manfel of
Cofgrave ; and particularly as to the Wood-Lark, which according to
the Writers of the ordering of Singing Birds is never to be bred from
the Neft, becaufe it either has the Cramp, or it falls into a fcowr-
ing ( Mr. Willugby’s Ornithol. p. 205.) But yet that now mention’d
Gentleman has bred up Wood-Larks from the Nefts no lefs than three
feveral Years. He feeds them with frefh Meat boil’d or roafted, beat
finall, and made into a Pafte with Manchet (the Salt wrought out
with Water) adding the fourth part of the Yolk of a boil'd Egg; all
made into a fine Pafte. The Pafte is to be broken into {lender Pel-
lets, each of them dipp’d in Water and given on a Quill.

39 The Ingenious Mr. Fulk Wodball of Eydon fhew'd me a Cafting-
Net of his ownContrivance,with Pewter Rings that are fet all around
the bottom of the Net inftead of Leaden Bullets; which he tells me, has
thefe Advantages viz. that the Net in cafting it into a Pond or Riveris
ufually more equally difplay’d : that it finks the quicker : and thatit
may be of larger Mathes which expedites the finking ; for the Bul-
lets of larger Mafhe Nets are apt to get into and entangle in them.
And a Net with larger Mathes will fecure the larger fort of Fifth, all
fuch as are fit to be taken up. He cafts his Rings in a Mould, and
links the mone within cicte,

40. But to pafs on to the Arts relating to the Four-footed Ani-
mals. And firft of thofe that refpect the Creatures of the Sheep and
of the Beeve Kinds. Such a Blaft as thas we mention’d in Chapter
the Fifth of the Air, has been found to be detrimental to Brute Ani-

 

Chap.9. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

 

A Rot amongft the Sheep being fufpected, it has been found of
good ufe to wean their [Lambs in the Month of une or earlier. This
1s a pretty fure Prefervative both to them and the Sheep : and per-
haps the beft of Remedies againft the Rot, when it is not very far
advanc’d.

41.At Grafton Underwood has been pra&tis'd a thrifty way of bring-
ing up Three Calves fucceffively with one fingle Cow.  Suppofe the
Cow has calv'd at Lady-day, the Calf is taken away about Eight
Weeks after, and fed with Milk and Water, and a little Hay and
Grafs : Then another Calt is put on of two or three days old, which
is then bought very cheap. If the Cow does not readily take the
New Calf, their way is to rub her Nofe with a little Brandy, and
the Calt’s in the fame manner ; and then the Cow is not able to di.
ftinguifh it. And a Third Calf may be put to, if the matter be ma-
nag’d with a like Artifice, with the like Succefs.

Barth. Smith of Deeping-pate, a Village on the Border of the Fen-
Land, hasan Art ( as his Landlord the Reverend Dr. Wigmore in-
forms me ) of Weaning Calves in a much fhorter time than is ufual.
This he does by giving thern Oyl-Cakes, as they call them, after the
Calf has been fed about Three or Four Days with Milk. The Oyl-
Cakes are made of the Subftance of the Cole-Seed, after the Oy! has
been pretsd out of itatthe Mills ; which being powder'd, and min.
gled with a fufficient Quantity of Water, is given to the Calf inftead
of Milk. The Oyl-Cakes are very cheap : and the Calves do well
with them till they come to eat Grafs, Hay, White Peafe, or Oats.

2. My next Step is to the Arts that have a more immediate Re-
lation to Mankind : Ard Firft, Of our moft ftately Buildings, with
the Gardens, Ue. appertaining to them. Of thefe, the moft Emi-
nent in this County are the Seats of the moft Noble the Duke of
Montague, at Boughton : the Right Honourable the Earl of Exeter,
at Burleigh: the Earl of Northampton, at Castle Afbby : the Earl of
Sunderland at Altrop : the Lord Lemfler at Eaflon Nefton ; where-
unto are to beadded the more confiderable Structures of fome other
of the Nobility, as alfo of the Gentlemen of the County. Since
the molt Accurate Pen muft needs fall fhort of a jut Defeription of
foe of thofe llluftrious Seats: and fince a Sight of them will cer-
tainly raife the Idea much higher than any Reprefentation I can give,

WERE EE

is capable of exciting, 1 fhall not prefume any farther, than only to
mention thofe Things that are generally accounted of greateft Note
in each.

43. The Seat at Boughton is particularly obfervable for its fpacious,
elegant, and delightful Gardens, and for its {fumptuous Water-works.
Below the Weftern Front of the Houfe are Three more remarkable
Parterres : the Parterre of Statues, the Parterre of Bafins, and the
Water Parterre ; wherein is an Octagon Bafin whofe Circumference
is 216 Yards, which in the middle of it has a Fer &’ Ean whofe
Height is above 50 Feet, furrounded with other fmaller Jet d’ Eaus.

A Rot On

mals as well as to Plants ; and particularly to Lambs. The Reve-
rend Mr. Wood of Grear Houghton in a blafting April fome Years ago
loft of 22 gelded Lambs, all but three, befides feveral of his Sheep.
To preferve them in that dangerous Seaton, "T'S propos’d, that they
be put into the home Clofes or hous'd fo foon as any Marks of the
Contagion appear, which ufually exerts it felf firft upon the young
and tender Lrees ; and that there they be kept warm and dry with
proper Food, &e. by which means it may be reafonably hoped they
will efcape.

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On the North Side of theParterre-Garden isa {mall Wildernefs which
is call’d the/Vilderne|s of Apartments,an exceeding delightful Placejand
noblyadorn'd with Bafins, Jet d” Eaus,Statues,wirh the Platanus,Lime-
Tree,Beech, Bayes gre. all in exquifite Form and Order. To the South-
ward of the lower part of the Parterre-Garden,is a larger/#2ldernefs of
a differentFigure, having Ten equidiftantWalks concentring in a round
Area , and adorn’d alfo with Statues. In one of the Quarters is a
fine Pheafantery. The larger Trees upon the Sides of the Walks
have Eglantine and Woodbind climbing up and clafping about the
Bodies of them. The Canal at the Bottom of ally 1s about 1500
Yards in length in Four Lines falling into each other at Right An-
les. At the lower end of it is a very Noble Cafcade. = The Walls,
on each fide of the Cafcade at the Head of the Bafin that it falls in-
to, are adorn'd with Vafes and Statues. ‘The Cafcade has Five Falls,
The Perpendicular about Seven Feet. A Lincor Range of Jetd’ Eaus
in number Thirteen, are plac’d at the Head of the Cafcade, and
pofiefs the Interval where the Water enters upon its firft Fall. Thefe
throw up their Water, as that of the Canal defcends : A very agree-
able and charming Entertainment both to the Eye and Ear, and a
lovely Refrefhment to the Standers-by, in a hot and fultry Air.
There are alfo feveral Jetd’ Eausin the Bafin underneath.  Alfo the
Knot of regularly-figur'd llets befet with Aquatick Plants, there
calld the Decoy, 1s extremely handfome and pleafant. :
44. The Front of Burleigh Houfe, whichis to the North-Eaf, is
truly Great and Noble. "Tis a Regular and Magnificent Fabrick,
adorn’d with Turrets and Cupuld’s, which however Ancient the Ar-
chitecture is, appears with a furprizing Greatnefs, and is univerfally
allow’d to have a marvellous Effect upon the Eye in Profpett. In
the Great Court we behold the Three Greek Orders of Pillars: the
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, regularly difpos'd above each other.
The Chimneys areall of them Dorie Pillars. Thefe are fome of the
Ornaments of the Outfide of the Houle. Within : the many No-
ble Rooms of State, the Rich and Excellent Furniture, the Beds,
Screens, Cabinets, and delicate Collection of Sea-Shells, and divers
other remarkable Curiofities both of Art and Nature, are the Sub-
ject of every Ingenious and Inquifitive Traveller's Admiration ; but
in a more particular manner the Pieces of Painting perform’d by fe.
veral of the molt Celebrated Matters ; thofe efpecially which the late
Earl of Exeter collected in italy with great Expence and Skill. The
Cieling Painting by /%errio is very curious. Of the feveral valuable
Pieces of Sculpture there, the moft furprizing Picce is the Statue of
Andromeda chain’d toa Rock, with the Sea-Monfter ready to devour
her, all of one entire Block of Marble. The Gardens, the Canals,
the Vifta’s, and the chief Avenues, are alfo very entertaining.
45. Cafile Abby Houfe, another Stately Structure, has a charming
Situation and Profpect. The Gardens are laid out according to the
belt Manner now in ufe, and well furnifh’d with Greens, Flowers,
“ce. Bur what is more efpecially to be noted, as being a particular
Beauty

 

Chap.9. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Beauty and Ornament to that noble Seat, is Tardly Chafe : A Chafe
that, in the regular and advantageous Difpofal of all the parts of it,
is truly admirable and delightful.

46. Alirop Houfe is generally faid to be moft obfervable for thefe
three Things. 1. The Exa&nefs of the Proportions of all the Parts
both without and within, and particularly that of the Gallery. 2. For
the dry Moat which encompafies the Houfe upon three Sides. 3. Fot
the Park. In the Gallery and the Clofet are Pictures by the Hands
of the beft Mafters. There are the Hands of no fewer than 36
great Mafters in the Gallery, and of feveral others in the Clofet.
The Magdalen in the Gallery, the Bacchanals in the Clofet, are ac-
counted the fineft Pieces.

47- Eaflony my Lord Lemfler’s Houfe, is built of a fair white and
durable Stone from Helmdon, which is freer from an intermixture of
yellowith Spots than is that of Ketton, and is indeed the fineft build-
ing Stone I have feen in England. "Tis an accurate piece of Build.
ing , and has all the Conveniences of the modern Architeéture. No
Seat in Europe according to good Judges exceeds it. 1. In the Stone
of which the Struture is built. 2. That notwithftanding the ap-
pearing Smallnefs it has {fo many Rooms of State. 3. That there is
no part of the Space or Room within ufelefs. The Garden is richly
adorned with antique Statues, and with other valuable pieces of an-
cient Sculptue : a Collection of vaft Value, being all the more orna-
mental part of the Marmora Arundeliana. The Statutes exprefs a Life
and Beauty which are, and well deferve to be, much admird.

48. Kuby, the Seat of the Right Honourable Lord Vifcount
Hotton, is, or lately was, of particular Note , for its Gardens en-
rich’d with a great Varicty of Plants, particularly choice Exotics.
And almoft the whcle Variety of our Englifb Trees is to be met
with in the pleafant Wildernefs there.

49. The Right Honourable the Lord Cu/leifs Seat at Rufbion is
every where famous for its pleafant Paddock or Wildernefs, where the
Ground is fo well laid out, that nothing of this Kind can be more
delightful. The poll Hedges of Horn-beam, ec. are fo tall and
neat : the Walks fo ftrait, and yet difpos’d and cut with fo much Are
running various Ways from one common Center, that although they
are bounded thus with Hedges on the Sides of them , ‘tis certainly
one of the moft pleafant Confinements imaginable,

50. Holmby is now chiefly remarkable for what it fhews of its
palt Magnificence , and the prefent Hopes it has of being nobly im-
prov’d by his Grace the Duke of Marlborough, who is now lately
become the Proprietor of it.

51. Drayton-Houfe , befides the curious carved Work in Free-
fone , whereof 1 have given an Account elfewhere, is now,
amongft many other valuable Things, of Note for a very pleafant
Wilderne(s of fine flowering Shrubs ; underneath which in Summer
runs a Range of double Stacks , and under thefe ftill fmaller Flow-
ers : As alfo for a noble Shade-Alley or Covert-Walk from the far-

Kkkkkk ther

493

 
 

The Natwal HI ST O RT Chap. o.

 

* Vid, Nat.

ther end of which isa View thro’ the Houfe up the Grand Avenue,
a very noble Profpect.

52. Walcot Houfe, the Seat of the Honourable Fobn Noel , a
regular, commodious and handfome Struéture, is of particular Fame
for its Fruit Gardens. The delicate Canal at Walcot is alfo well
worth the mentioning, as being a great Curiofity in that ftoney
Countrey.

53. To thefe may be fitly added the Seats of the Right Honoura-
ble the Lord Chief Baron Ward at Stoke d’ Oile: the Honourable
Sir Suftinian Ifbam Baronet, at Lamport : the Right Worthipful 7%.
Cartwright, Elq; at Aynbo: Fr. Arundel, Efq; at Stoke Brewerne: and
W. Wafbbourn, E{q;at Pychely, atruly pleafant Seat : asalfo the neat
new built Houfes of the Worfhipful Ch. How, E{q; at Gritworth, Fo.
Robinfon Elq; at Cranfley, and Jo. Haflings, Efq; at Hinton : and efpe-
cially that of the Honourable Sir John Lanobam, Baronet, at Cotes-
brook ; which for its Commodioufnefs and Elegancy of Building de-
ferves a more compleat Defcription than I can here give of it.

54. We may next confider in a more particular manner the re-
markable Curiofities of whatfoever Kind in the Parts of Houfes.
Such are the two Chimney-pieces at Edgecote, whereof in Phil Tran-
fac. N. 166. Val. 14.

Such alfo is the Chimney in the Hall at Fawley ; the Seat of the
Right Worthipful Lucie Knightley, Efq; which is fo contriv’d, that
there is a large handfome Window juit above the Mouth of the
Chimney, in the middle of one fide of the Walls ; the Smoak being
carry’d off by two Funnels that pafs up thro the middle of the Wall
on each fide of the faid Window. By which Artifice the Unifor-
mity and Beauty of the Hall, as to its Windows, is till the fame as
if there was no Chimney in it.

55. The Parlour of Mr. Wamright’s Houfe at T brupmandeville has
a Wainfcoted Chimney- Piece, which | mention for the uncommon
Sortof Work upon the Borders on the Sides of the Panes. The Ma-
terials of it are only Shavings of Wood exceeding thin, that are
roll'd up into a great Number and Variety of Figures, and fo dif-
posd asto be, I thought, a pretty Ornament. The thing with all is
improvable. The pieces may be colour’d and difpos'd in fuch regu-
lar Order as are the Dyes and little Stones in Mofaic Work.

56. To what has been obferv’d of the Gardens here, may be add-
ed that the fineft 7u/ip Gardens in this County are that ot the Re-
verend Mr. Manfel of Cofgrave, and that of the Reverend Mr. Bate-
man of Sibertoft. "They are allo beautify’d with a great Variety of
other Curiofities both in Flowersand Evergreens.

57. For a Defcent of Garden Walks there is nothing {fo remarkable
with us as is that of the Walksin the Garden on the Northernkront of
the Right Honourable the Earl of Dyfert’s Houfeat Harrington. In Mr,
Collins’s Garden at Irchefler there isa like Curiofity to that which Dr.
Plot admires {fo much, of a Walk, at Mr. Farmar's of Tumore in Ox-

~

Hilt of Osf. jordfb. fo contriv’d that a Perfon ftanding in the middle of the Walk
9.§.116,

cannot

 

Chap.9. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

cannot perceive but that it is perfectly ftrait, whereas if he removes
to either End it appears {o very crooked that the Eye does not reach
much above half the way.

58. The Conveyances of Water to fome of our more famous
Seats are thought well worthy Notice ; particularly that at Cafe
Afbby,and that at Eafton Neflon, of which I fhall here give a fhort Ac-
count. The Conveyance of Water to my Lord of Northampton’s
Houle at Cajtle Afbby was effeCted by Samuel Warren an ingenious
Blackfinith of Weston Favel after many unfuccefsful Attempts of
other Artificers. From a Spring in the Village of Chad/tsn, he brought
the Water, almolt an 100 Yards in Pipes of bor'd Elms, to a Ciftern
arch’d and turf’d over 20 Yards long, 8 Foot broad. This Ciftern
was made by the fide of a Brook. A Pipe goes from this Ciftern
to a Leaden Ciftern, upon a level with it in a Water-Mill, which is
wrought by the Brook. ‘The water Wheel, which is 14 Foot Dia-
meter, is driven by an over Shoot, the Spokes are of Iron. It movesa
Nut, the Nut a Crank, which Crank moves four wooden Rods, each
21 Foot long, at whofe Ends are Buckets or Plugs, which ftriking
into as many hollow Cylinders of Brafs, through thofe Cylinders
drive up the Water in the Ciftern ; one Bucket following another
without Intermiffion. The Water is kept from returning by Valves.
"Tis forced into Pipes of Two Inches Diameter, which convey the
Water 8co Yards, 100 Foot above the Level, toa Ciftern-houfe by
Afbby Town fide, from whence the Water is convey’d upon a Level
200 Yards, to another Ciftern near his Lordfhip's Seat. The Brook
is collected to a Head of Water of 10 Acres extent, fo that when
the Brook is dry, asit is ufually in Summer, the Water in that Head
will fuffice to drive the Wheel, as we had an lnftance in 1701. when
for 4 Months {pace there was no Rain.

59. The fame Perfon has made a Conveyance of Water to my Lord
Lemfler’s Seat at Eafton,in which Work there appears a skilful Mana-
gery. The Water is brought 2000 Yards with tour Inches fall. The
Spring lies on the V. E. fide ot the Houfe in the Lordfhip of Tiffeld.
Lis brought in Odaken Pipes. The Pipes for the firft 500 Yards
from the Spring, are four Inches wide, for the fecond 500, 3 Inches.
This one thoufand Yards of Pipes was a Level with the Spring, and
the Water ran out at both Ends of the Pipes alike. Here he made a
Ciitern containing about a Hogfhead, from whence the Water was con-
vey d the other 1000 Yards in Pipes, from two Inches to three Inches
Diameter, increafing gradually. Withal there were feveral Air-Pipes
that let in the Air into the fecond Layer of Pipes. And by thefe
means he eftected the Conveyance.

60. Of the Publick Structures, the moft Eminent are the Minfler
at Peterborough, whereof hereafter in Ch. 10. and the Church of
All-Saints at Northampton. In the former, we have a View ot all the
Greatnefs and Beauty of that call’d Gothic Architecture : in the lat-
ter, of all the Conveniencies and Ornaments of thé modern Improve-
ment of that Art with relation to Buildings of this Kind. Of the

many

WERNER ER aR en TR

 
 

496

¢ Nat. Hift.
of Oxf. Ch. 9.
$137.

The Nawal H1 ST 0 RT Chap.

many fine and lofty Spires that are every where to be feen with us
none, 1 well remember, pleas’d me more, than that of King’s-Sutton,
and that of Higham-ferrers. To which we may add that of the
Chapel of Glinton, which for a Chapel is certainly the fincft in Eng.
land ; “tis fo tall, and yet fo very {lender and neat. As to Towers,
thofe of Lowick, Irtlingborough, and Fotheringbey, to mention no
more, are worthy the Obfervation of the Curious.

61. What I thought the moft obfervable in the Parts of the Stru.
ures of this Kind, is, 1. The Chancel at Weflon-Favel, which is
very neatly and fumptuoufly adorn’d by the pious Generofity of the
late very Worthy Sir Jobn Holman, and his Religious Relic the Lady
Holman. > The Chancel at Pafenbam Church, which was built and
beautify’d by Sir Robert Bamfire, Knight, at his own proper Ex-
pence, Amo 1626. as his Monument there informs us. "T'is indeed
a neat Building. The Wainfcot Columns, and the Stalls on the Sides
of the Chancels, and alfo the Wainfcoted Partition betwixt the Chan.
cel and Body of the Church, are all curioufly carv’d. 3. The
Nave or Body of the Telvertoft Church. As ’tis of a fingular Make,
being 19 Yards broad, and but 12 in length, fo ‘tis fupported by no
lefs than Three Rows of Pillars. 4. The Church-Porch at Middle.
ton-Cheney, as to its Roof ; which is fo contriv’d, that there is neither
Wood or Brick, Slate or Tile about it: “Tis all entirely Stone Work
of Afhler , yet flopes to an Angle like thole made of Timber, only
more acute than thofe ufually are. Tis in all regards very like
the Roof of Merton-College Treafury defcrib’d by Dr. Plot *:
and that it does not fall, as fome may wonder it does not, is
not fo much owing to the Iron Links that they fay join Stone to
Stone, as to this, that the Stones are Cuneo-Form, or cut, as they
call it, with an Arching Joint, fo muft neceflarily lie firm.

62. As to remarkable Monuments in Churches : Dr. Spont’s Tomb
in the Church at Zowcefler is by Camden in his Britannia ac.
counted a Piece of Excellent Workmanfhip, and is indeed, confide-
ring the Time in which in was made, a very curious Piece. What
Improvements have fince been in that Art appear, in the Tombs of
the Sunderland Family in the Church at Brington, and in thofe of
the Exeter Family mn St. Martin's Church at Stamford. The
Sculpture of the fine Freeftone Canopies of the Images belonging to
the Dormitory, lite of the Family ot the Cleypale’s, in Northborough
Church, is very commendable for the Age of it. Both the Stone and
the Carving are like to that of the Famous Old Altar-piece at Peter-
borough, whereof in Gunton’s Hiftory of the Church ot Peterborough,
P- 333, 334

63. The more confiderable Improvements or Advancements that
have been made with usin any of the Mechanick Arts, 1 have already
mention’d under one or other of the foregoing Heads. With relati-
on to the Liberal Arts, 1 have only Two or Three Things to note,
one of them relating to Arithmetick: the other to Gnomonics ; con-

cerning

 

Chap.9. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Concerning the Antiquity of the Characters or Figures that are us'd
in writing down Numbers, there is a remarkable Infcription upon a
Chimney-piece at Helmdon, already noted in the Learned Dr. Wal-
lis’s Treatife of Algebra both Hiftorical and Prattical, whereof I
fhall here tranfcribe Dr. Wallis’s Account and his Reafonings upon
it.* There the Dr. is difcourfing of Numeral Figures, and fhews that
they were in ufe amongft us more early than the earlieft Date allow’d
of by Voffius, that is, the Year of our Lord 1250. The Dr. gives
feveral Proofs of their Antiquity, but the higheft that he carries itis
from the Authority of an Infcription in Northamptonfbire which
fhews that the Ufe of thefe Figures in Europe is at leaft more Anci-
ent by 117 Years than Poffius thought. His Account is as follows.
At the Parith of Helmdon in Northamptonfbire, ( in the Houfe of
Mr. William Richards now Minifter there ) on an Anciert Wooden
Mantletree of the Chimney in his Parlour ( perfectly black with
Smoak and Age) but firm and hard, there is Carved Work ( well
enough for that Age ) from one end to the other ; and about the
middle of it in old Carving this Date not yet defac'd, A D2 Me 133.
But both the Letters and Figures of an Antick Shape agreeing with
the Age. So that, as Dr. Wallis adds, I do not doubt but they have
been in ufe amongft us in England, at leaft as long ago, as 1133.
Nor, fays he, need it appear ftrange to any, that of this Number
1133 the Thoufand is exprefs'd by M® or the Word Milleffimo, and
only the latter part in Figures 133. For that was and ftill is very
ufual, as he fhews by feveral Examples. Upon the whole he judges
that about the middle of the 11th Century thefe Numeral Figures
came in ufe amongft us in Europe together with other Arabic Learn-
ing, firft in Aftronomic Tables and other Mathematic Books ; and
then by little into common Practice. In Page 7. he obferves, that
when thefe Figures came firft into ufe : they were more like to the
Arabic Figures than thofe we now ufe ; that they, as other Things,
were varied in procefs of Time: and that as to the Ancienter Way
of Notation it was by a few Numeral Letters, wherewith they were
often perplex’d in Computation, they having only one Value or De-
nomination. In Phil. Tranf.N. 154. Pag. 401,402. Dr. Wallis has
given a yet more particular Account of this Mantletree , and has
caufed it to be exatly delineated there, that upon the whole Mat-
ter we may fee how little Reafon there is to fufpect any thing of
Forgery or Impofture in it. :

6 4.Mr. Gilbert Clerk's Spot-Dyal as he call’d it,which in many Re-
gards is preferable unto other Dyals, was invented by him at his
Houfe at Lodington in this County, and is therefore to be mention’d
here : But there being a Defcription of it already publifh’d by him-
felf, there needs not any particular Account of it here.

L11111

* Dr. Waliis's
Treatife of
Algebra, p12.

 
 

The Natural HT ST O RT Chap. ro.

 

Go Hod Br
Of th ANTIQUITIES.

 

0. 1. Aving in the foregoing Chapter given fome Account of
whac I thought remarkable in any of the Manual Arts
which now are or have beenof late pradtis’d among us, 1 proceed in
this Chapter to treat of thofe Remains of Workmanthip done many
Ages ago, which are fll found in this County. Such are Ancient
Medals, Ways, Pavements, Rampires, Urns and other Veffels and
Utenfils, the Works either of the Ancient Britains, Romans, Saxons,
or Danes ; all which ufually pafs under the general Name of Anti-
quities. However {mall the Number of thefe be, yet a particular
Defeription of them, with fome Remarks upon them, which are ne-
ceffary to make thefe Subjects of Ue tothe Improvement of Philo-
logical Learning, will afford me fufficient Matter for one Chapter of
this Book. Hn Signed :
2. But before I come to fpeak of the Things, it will not be amifs
to mention a Word or two of the Per[ons, the firft or moft Ancient
Inhabitants of this Part of the lfland. Northamptonfbire according
to Mr. Camden's Scheme was the Southern Part of the Coritans’s Coun-
trey, where it border’d on the Caffii or Catteuallani. A 1.earned An-
tiquary of the prefent Age, is of Opinion, that it was the Seat of a
fervile Colony of the Corztams 5 becaufe fuch were wont to be expos'd
upon the Limits of Countries. However that was, ’tis very proba-
ble that this Countrey lying on the Frontier of the Coritam, (who
were a Part or Branch of the very Firft or Original Britains: ) and
on thatof the Caffir, who appear to have been a Branch of the Bel-
gay, who from Gallia Belgica paffing over and invading Britain, made
‘themfelves Matters of the SouthernParts¥, was, for a long time,a Seat
of War ; Both the Corztam: and Caffii being a People of great Courage
and Refolution : and the former having that huge Wood ( extend.
ing in thofe early Times, when there was little or no Agriculture
amongf(t them, over all the Countrey betwixt the Rivers Nen or
Nye and the Weland ) to retreat to, when they had occafion for
Shelter. 1 only give fome Intimations on this Head ; this being not
a proper Place to enlarge upon it. ot je
3. Lis fearce to be expected thatat this Diftance of Time we
fhould meet with any Remains in this Kind of the Older Britains,
and particularly of thofe that inhabited our Inland Parts ; the In-
land Britains, as we learn from ¥. Cefar’s Account of them, being
in a particular manner Rude and Artlefs. The only Antiquities or
Things of Antique Art that I can, upon any reafonable Grounds af-
firm to have been truly Ancient Britifb, fuch I mean as were made
or

 

 

 

Chap. 10. of NORTHAMPTONSH1 RE. 499

 

or wrought by them before they came to be inftruéted and civilized
by the Romans, are thefe 1 am now about to mention and deferibe,
that the Reader may himfelf be a Judge of them.

4. Thefe are the Glafs and Earthen Rings or Beads that are b
fome fuppos’d to be Druid Charms or Amulets. Thofe of them
found with us are ufually Green or Blue : about half as wide as our
Finger-Rings, but much thicker; in which and other Regards they
agree with the like fattitious Bodies that are found in Wales, and
amongft the Countrey People there pafs by the Name of Naidr, i.e.
Snake-Stones or Adder-Beads; which are defcribed by the Learned
and Ingenious Mrs Lhwyd in the New Edition of Camden's Bri-
tama *. One of thefe which was found near Rowe! in an Old. Conk’
Wood-Ground that has been plow’d, confifts of a Glafs-like Pafte, is britanp sts.
of a Blue Colour, and enamel’d upon the middle of the Rim with
Three equidiftant White Annulets ; the Circumference of the Rim
about Three Inches. Both the Annulary Marks and the Rim are il].
proportiond. I need not defcribe it more particularly, having caus’d
it to be engrav’dt. It being found in a Place that was formerlya Part
of the Forelt Ardenne with us, ( The Foreft on the Southern Bank
of the Weland, betwixt the Weland and Nene, 1 here call Ardenne,
that being the Name the Gauls and Britains heretofore us'd for a
Wood, ||) would the rather incline one to believe it was really a Druid 1 Vid. coms
Amulet. Buda

Alike Glafs Bead, but lefs by : than the former , and all over of a
deep and bright Azure, has been found in digging in a Gravel-Pit at
Oxendon.

Another of them now in my Poffeffion, found ina Woad-Ground
at Dingly, and made of a like kind of Pafte only not fo clear, is of
a Green Colour. It feems to have been glazd arleaft in fome Parts
of it with Blue, and is adorn’d with tranfverfe Streaks or Furrows.
Fig. 2. Tab. 14. isan exat Draught of it. The like Annuli and
Beads of Earth are fill more rare. I have one of this fort of bak'd
Earch that does not appearto have been glaz’d at all: of a pale Brick
Colour within.

5. Thefe, at leaft the firft of them ( which is inconteftably an
Ancient Bead either Britifb or Roman) feem to be too coarfe and
inartificial for Pieces of Roman Workmanthip. We learn from Stra- Sersbo, Ca.
bo that there was a mutual Commerce carry'd on in his Time betwixt {boat Ed,
Bruan and Gaul: and he mentions as exported from Britain, Ele- pig sos D.
phaniing Plalia { which If. Cafaubon interprets of Ornaments of Bri.
dles made of Fifhes Bones ) and Necklaces, and Amber, and Glafs
Ware, all which feem to have been very coarlly wrought by his
next Words (dards pam; wisms) and fuch fort of 7 rumpery. Thefe Glafs
Beads in the Plainnefs both of the Matter and the Form of them
agree with the above-mention’d Character given by Strabo of the
bruh and Gaulyfb Ware. Add to this, what the Worthy Mr. Ed-
ward Lbeyd informs me : that Sir Robert Sibbald the Learned Au-
thor of the Natural Hiflory of Scotland has feveral of thefe Britifb

Druid.

1Vid.7T 14.
Fig. 1.

7.14. F2

 
So

  

Ei A
:

1 fio {RG ond

A oh 3 i

bi Bayo

! pr ya
Pham: © Lidl
Shh er " wi 13

  

 

ny

 

 

 

500

The Natural HIT ST O R21 Chap. 10.

 

Calar de Bel.
Gallic.Lib.g.

Vid Dr.Plot’s
Nat. Hift. of
Oxf. Ch. 10.

15.

Druid-Beads as he calls them, that were found in the High- Lands in
Scotland. Now the Roman Empire in Britain having not extended
fo far as thofe Parts, we may thence with fome prcbability infer,
that thefe are not Roman but Britifb Pieces. And yet after all it myft
be own'd, ’tis highly probable that fome of thefe Ancient Beads,
efpecially thofe which are more finely wrought, were made by the
Romans, as being fometimes found together with Coins, Urns, and
other Things that are certainly Roman.

6. From the fame Woad-Ground at Dingly where the Green and

tranfverfly furrow’d Bead was found, I have received a Coin of King
Cunobelin who flourifh’d under uguflus and Tiberius, and was King
here in Britam at the Time of the Birth of our Saviour Chrift. "Tis
in the New Edition of Mr. Camden, Tab. 1. Fig. 3. It has on one
fide a Spica, or Ear of Corn, with the Infcription Camu : on the other
a Horfe and underneath Cuno. By Camu feems to be intimated that
the Place of its Coinage was Camulodunum the Royal City and Seat
of Cunobelin. This, as are moft of the Britifb Coins, is Concave on
one fide : Convex on theother. The Metal is Gold with a Mixture
of Silver or fome coarfer Metal. The Inquifitive Mr. Gibbon of Pe.
terborough informs me, that.he has met with a Cunobelin amongft the
Roman Money at Cafor ; of which Place in the Sequel of this Work.
But having parted with it fome Years fince, he had forgot the Marks.
The Coins of Cunobelin are found pretty frequently. In the New
Edition of Camden there are no fewer than Eight or Nine of this ve-
ry Prince of different Stamps, and none of Caradacus, Arviragus, and
other as famous Bruti/b Princes, but conjetural. The Reafon feems
to be chiefly this, that he lived fome Time at Rome, and might from
thence bring over with him Perfons skill'd in Metalls and Coining,
and perhaps he reigned long, which would occafion a Plenty of his
Coin. For tho we call thele Ancient Medals Britifb Coins, as exhibi-
ting the Names of their Princes, yet ’tis pretty plain that the Britains
had not the Art of Coinage, till they learnt it of the Romans. Cifar
fays exprefly that they had no other Coin than Rings, and Pieces of
Brafs deliver’d out by Weight. This he {peaks of the Maritime
Britains in particular. The Inland People, as appears by his Ac-
count of them, were yet more rude and ignorant: they fowl no
Corn, and cloathd themfelves with Skins. Tis therefore very pro-
bable the Britains had no Coined or Stamped Money till after their
being Civilized by the Romans. As to the Gold Coin in Mr. Speed
which he reads Caftbelan, who was a Brityfb King and the firft Gene-
ral againft the Romans ; from which Coin Dr. Plot infers that the
Britains made ufe of Coin’d Money before Fulius Ceefar’s Arrival in
Britam: The Letters upon itare S.C. O.}. placed at a diftance
from each other , and I muft own I cannot make out any fuch thing
as Caftbelan from thofe Letters. Cunobelin appears tome to be the firft
tho not the only Briti/b Prince who had Coins or Medals with the
Prince’s Name upon them.

 

  

 

Chap.10. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

7. As to the Roman Antiquities yet remaining here, 1 fhall give
fome Account of their Publick Ways in the firft Place, not onl y as they
are in themfelves confiderable and worthy our Admiration, for their
Firmnefs, and Extent ; but becaufe they will affift us in difcovering
and fetling the Roman Stations that are reafonably prefum’d to have
been within the Limits of this County. Of the four principal Bu-
JHical Sirate, otherwife called Pretorian, and fometimes Confular or
Military Ways, there are two paffing through Northampionfbire :
the Watling fireet through the Weflern , the Ermmgflreet thro’ the
Faflern part of it. “Tis now without Conteft that thefe were rais’d
by the Romans : and that fome of their chief Cities and Manfions
were built upon or near them.

8. The Watlingftreet which from the Thames extends into Wales
(as they fay to Cardigan) enters this County having crofs’d the Oufeat
Old Stratford, whence it paffes along as is marked out in the Map,
in a ftrait Line to the lefler Avon nigh Lilburn, where it now pafles
over and leaves us, at Dowbridse. The Courfe of it with us is not
fo much interrupted by Time or the Plough, but that it may eafily
be traced, and it ftill remains high and lofty in many Places ; parti-

cularly nigh fas, The broadeft part of it by Watford is not
above Seven Yards, having there, perhaps been par’d away for Gra.
vel or Sand. But in fome other places it is much broader. Tis e-
very where fo broad that one Coach may pafs by another with eafe
upon it. Mr. Cambden has obferv’d of it in Northamptonfbire , that
tis moft of all worn away and broken, over againft Crick or Creke -
And that ’tis necefary it fhould have been joined there by Bridges.
Bnt this, as was firft intimated to me by the Reverend
and Ingenious Mr. Lyne of Brixworth, is a Miftake. It is
not fo much worn away in that as in fome other parts of it:
Neither was there any need at all of its being joined there with
Bridges, there being no Brook or Current to crofs that part of it op-
pofite to Crick. I fuppofe therefore he means either that part of the
Street-way dividing Watford Lordthip to the Eaft, Abby ind Welton
to the Weft, where are now three Bridges : or that low watery place
by Thrup Enclofures, where the Rill that runs down from -- -- cyts
the Street. So that Mr. Camden or his Guide miftook fome other
place for Crick. It wasanciently, as fome have believ’d, the Bounds
of the Mercians and Weft Saxons : It is now the Boundary of Parifhes
or Lordfhips, parting betwixt Field and Field, Lordthip and Lord-
fhip. for almolt the whole length of its courfe in this County. Tis
made almoft wholly of Gravel, which, for fome parts of it, muft
needs have been fetch’d from places at a great Diftance. With us it
does not appear to have been trench’d along the fides, as were fome
other of the Roman Ways.

9. The Ermingfirect comes out of Effex into Cambridge. Tt runs
along the Weft fide of Cambridgefbire and carries us directly by Roy-
flon and through Caxton to Gedmanchefter and Huntingdon : thence to
Saltrey, Stilton, and Coftor in Northamptonfbire , as 1 have tracd it.

Mmmmmm Not

Ot

  
pn 8511

 

S02 The Natural H 1s T 0 R T Chap. 10.

Not far from Stilton it is laid with pitched Stones. Some Remains of
the Name there are yet in Cambridgefbire, in Armingford Hundred
through which it paffes. It has the Name of Erminfireet , as Mr.
* gritan. ». Camden has informed us *, in an old Saxon Charter, that is in the
re Ely Book. As to the common Opinion of the Ermingftreet, that it
t sun up-_ went from WW. N. W. to E. S. E. from St. David’s to Southampton +,
pameme. it deferves no great Credit ; there being no fure Authority for it. In
Henry of Huntingdon tis faid to go from South to North. Accord-
ingly we find it to do fo here. And whether there be another £r-
mung [treet or not, this I take to be the very Ermingflreet, whichis u-
fually reckoned one of the four great Ways; this being in many
Places as fignal and confiderable for its Breadth and Height as the
Wailing fireet , and alfo paved as that is in fome places.
10. At Caftor it has the Name of Norman-Gate, fometimes of
Furty-Foot Way , as being formerly fo broad. Having crofs'd the
River Nyne below Caflor it pafies their Meadow and Field, where "tis
now only a privateField-way, in a ftrait raifedBank,and thence on the
Weft fide of the Town towardsUpton. Nigh Upton it branches. The prin-
cipal Branch or the main part of it, retaining fill the Name of Forty-
Fut Way , advances Northweftward by Burleigh Park, (where a
great part of it has been digg’d away to gravel Walks at Burleigh)
to the River Weland, which it pafles fomewhat Weft of Stamford,
at a place where tis moft likely was the Stoney Ford that gave the
Name to the Town. The other Branch of it advances North-Eaft-
ward by the Name of Long Dike, as having been trenched on the
Sides, whereof there are ftill fome Footfteps, and particularly in

 

that pt of it South-ward of Hilloww Wood. It crofles the Weland

into Lincolnfbire over Lolbam Bridges, which are now fix in Num-
ber, and have together 14 Arches : Bridges, as Mr. Cambden rightly
obferves, of great Antiquity.

11. Of the many lefs eminent publick Ways by the Ancient Ro-
mans called Vicinales quod in vicos ducebant, i. e. from Station to Sta-
tion, I have met with only two, or rather the Remains of two,
that I think were of this Kind : the Port-way by Aynbo , and the
Fofs-way in Sacy Foreft.

The Port-way by Aynbo was certainly a Continuation of the anci-
ent Way of the fame Name they now fhew us in Oxfordfbire ; which
as Dr. Plot has traced it, comes out of the Akemanftreet at Kirkling-
ton, and runs Eaft of Northbrook, the two Heyfords, Sommerton and
Souldern (a Town upon the Confines of Oxford and Northampton
hire ) for fix Miles together, and which points upon the Fortificati-
ons call’d Ransborough nigh Charleton, whereof in 9.  .nfr. Whence

in all Probability fays Dr. Plot * it went to }Veunonis, by the Saxons af-
Nat. Hift, : . .
ofosfirdp. ter called Claycefter in Leiceflerfbire.
P35, The abovefaid Way, tho’ difcontinu’d nigh Souldern , yet appears
again, if I miftake not, when enter’d Northamptonfbire , pafling vp
a Hill where it was pitch’d with Stones, to Aynbo Town-fide.

This

a

Chap. 10: of NOGRTHAMPTONSHIRE,

This Antient Way on the Eaft Side of Aynbo has the Name of
Port-way, Tempore Fdw. Filii Henrici Regis, in the Deeds belongine
to Aynbo Hofpital. Dr. Plot by the pointing of it, fuppofes it went to
Rainsborough, and thence to Vemnonis. We may with greater pro-
bability conjeture it went directly to Bennaventa, now Wedon « oe
being now in Preflon Grounds not far from Wedon, in the way he.
twixt Preflon. Capes and Stow, a Gate calld Port.woay Gate. Bot th
Way is now unknown. Neither is it ftrange it thou'd ; The Stations
it led to being ruin’d, the Road muft ot courfe be neslelied and
left off. And in cafe it was but a little; or not at all rais’d in this
Part of it, whichis not unlikely, this being only a }icimal Way
and the Ground not fo moift ot boggy as to need it ; tis fill the Jofa
ftrange, that the Memory and Footlteps of it are quite erazed ond
gone. Near Denfbanger in Whittleborough Foreft is another old Way
by the Name of Port-way, running partly Eaft and Weft whieh
perhaps was a Branch out of the i atlingflreet. ;

12. In Sacy Foreft I was thewn an Antient Way, that in the Strait
nefs, Height, and Breadth of it, agrees with thofe that are known to
have been Roman Ways ; and therefore I look upon this asa Roms ;

Way too. In fome Places itappears to have been pav'd with Pebbles.
for the whole Breadth of it; a great Number of Pebbles havino
been found upon digging there, which were laid in the Manner of a
Caufey. By the Coutfe of it, which is South-Faft and North-
Weft, it feems to have led from Bedford, or rather from Newpot
Pagnel, to Northampton, the Eltanori, as is fuppos'd, of the Goa
grapher of Ravenna. It is difcontinu’d near to the Great Y.odve
lately belonging to Captain Shaw, the Honeft Worthy Gentlems, :
who fhew’d me this Way, and who call'd it the Frofs-wuy. Beyond
that Lodge, to the Norib-Weft, we meet with it again ; but in a
fomewhat narrower Bank than it has South-Eaflward Wi
beyond, this Foreft, I could not find any Footfteps of it.

13. And now let ustakea View of what Marks there yet remain
of the Places of Habitation, Defence, oc. of the Romans. “And Firft
of their Cities, Stations, or Manfions. Mr. Baxter, a very 200d Judge
of the Antient Topography of this Ifland, has fuggefted to me, that
the Eltanor: of the Anonymus Ravennas was at or very near the Place
where Northampton now ftands. This Geographer mentions no Di-
ftances of Places, only follows ‘the Tracks of the Roads ; and this
being the only Station in that Itinerary betwixt Ledocetum or Lath.
bury, upon the Fall of which fprang up Newport-Pagnel , and Ra.
tar Coruorums that is, Leicefler, it cannot in all Appearance "be ut {o
fitly in any other Place, efpecially if inftead of Eltanori ? read
Eltavon 5 which if we confider how inaccurately all the Antient Geo-
graphers, and particularly this, has been defcribed, will be readil
admitted. And further, this Conjecture is (upported by a MS. of
this Author in the Vatican Library ; the Various Readings of which
ate lately publifthed by Mr. Gale in his Edition of this Geographer
at the End of his Learned Father's Commentaries upon tl re

thout, or

1¢ Itinerary of
Anton -

893

 
 

 

 

The Natural HIST O RT Chap. 10, Chap. 10. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Antoninus. In this MS. the Word is written Eltavor:, which in the 16. The fecond of thefe in the order they are placed in that Itine-
Lombard, or any other Character except the Roman, (in which we rary, is Bennavenna, Bennaventa, Bannaventum, 1fannavanta, Ifanna-
have now very few MSS. remaining) might very eafily be miftaken watia, Ifannavantia, or Ifannavaria, for fo many various ways we find
by the Trancribers for Eltavon. % | itwritten in the feveral Antoninns’s. 1 know very well that Mr.
Eltavon is certainly to be derived from the Britifb Ael and Aun, Camden has fet Trzpontium before Bennavenna affixing it to 7owcefler :
that is the Brow of the River : a Name which agrees very well @ hd am very unwilling to diffent from that great Man in any
with the Situation of Northampton, the Ground that it flands upon thing. Neither had I done fo in this, had not he depuried with
being a pretty fteep Declivity, and under it, two Rivers uniting, form | any neceffary Occafion, as 1 fhall thew by and by,from the Order of
the Avon or River which we now call Nene or Nyne. The Eltavs, the Itinerary ; which in all the Copies has Bennavenna fic.
of the Britains was afterwards called Hamtune by the Saxons. And 17. Bemnavenna Mr. Camden has plac’d at Wedon in the Sb i
by that Name Northampton is always called in the Saxon Chronicle. ® which he cannot be much miftaken.  Bemnavenna or Ifannavatia is
But of the later Antiquities of that Town in another Place. according to that Itinerary 12 Miles from Ladorodum on one fide of
Upon the Northern Bank of the River a little above Northampton it : and as many from Tripontium on the other. And Wedon according
nigh Queen’s-Crofs, have been plow’d up Roman Coins, and particu. to the beft Maps is 11 Miles from Stratford,that is La%orosdum: and at
larly a Nero in Silver, as the Reverend Mr. Kilpim of Hardmgftonin. B® very near the fameDiftance from Lilburn,or rather fromDozwe-Bridge
forms me. : : i . which fome call Lilburn-Bridge. the ancient and true? ripontium; which
14. Of the Roman Stations in Antoninus’s Itinerary, which arere- B  | Miles agree as exadtly with the Diftances fet down in the Itinerary
fonably fuppofed to have been within this Diftrict, 1 fhall begin BB 45 can well be defired ; the Miles there ufed being as fhort, or fhorter
with thofe that are mention’d in the Sixth Journey, that from Lo B than the thorteft usd this Day in Italy. Tis true, there are no Ro-
: don to Lincoln, viz. Lactodorum or Laflorodum, Bennavenna, and 77:- | man Antiquities to be met with at edon : but this does not hinder
; fim * pontaiim. . | its having been a Roman Station ; for as there are abundance of Pla.
i The Courfe of the Watlingfireet is no doubt a good Guide to the ces with Roman Antiquities, whofe ancient Names are bury’d in Ob-
i Stations or Towns we enquire after inthisSixth Journey of Autoninu. BE  livion : (0 alfo are there a confiderable Numb-r of Stations, parti-
Bi It leads us, asall agree, from Verulam or St. Albans to Magiovinium, cularly in the Weft of England, where there are not the'leaft es;
that is Dunstable ; from Dunflable it goes direttly to Stoney Stratford, | ga of Antiquities. But altho’ there are no Roman Antiquities at
and thence in high raifed Banks by Weedon and Lilburn to Claybrock B&  ‘[edm ; yet it appears to have been afterwards the Seat Rival of a
in Leicesterfbire, which without difpute is the ancient Femnons. ® Saxon King, K. Wolfere *. That the Roman Stations in after-
If we keep to that ancient Roman Road, we fhall without much became the Seats or Dwellings of the Saxon Princes,is an Obfervation sndLelend on
Difficulty make out the Roman Stations, which in the Account of which may be confirm’d by more than one Inftance. And I cannot ima- ©"
that Journey are placed betwixt Magiovinium and Vennonis, viz. 8 gine any Reafon why thisPlace in particular fhou’d be pitch’d upon by
Lalorodum , Bennaventa, and Tripontiurs. But if in this Journey [8 Wolfere or his Predecefiors for their Seat, unlefs it had then fome Re.
we relinquifh that old Road, we fail without any Rudder, and may mains of the Roman Greatnefs. Indeed nothing now remains of either
wander we know not where, in uncertain and fruitlef(s Searches. of them 3 except perhaps the Foundation and Wall-frones br
15. The firft of thefe is Lacorodum or Ladlodorum, which Mr. whereof are very large,that have been taken up by digging in the up-
Camden takes to be Stoney Stratford ; its ftanding upon the famous per part of the Ground calld the Abyards, to the South of ed.
Stratum , its proportionable Diftance from the other Stations fet @ Church ; where,for about an Acres extent,are many Banksand Hol-
down in that Journey , and the prefent Name fignifying the fame lows. But at Wilton and Heyford not far diftant from Wedm we
with Laforodum, perfuading him to it. Wherein I cannot but agree B® meet with many and evident Footfteps of the Romans, As to the
for the main with that Judicious Antiquary ; only had rather place “hange of the Name of Bennavenna to Wedon : this perhaps might
this Station at Old Stratford, an antient Town at the North End of be owing to Peada ( a Brother of K. Wilfere ) the eldeft Son of
the Bridge that now leads over the Oufe betwixt Bucks and Northam- ®  Peuda King of Mercia, and his immediate Succeffor in that King-
ptonfbire, than at Stoney-Stratford, a Town at the other End of lf dom, who io old Writers is frequently called Weda, and particular]
that Bridge, upon the Southern Bank of the Oufe. The former tho in Higden +. "Tis certain enough from our old Hiftorians that Ze. t Higd. of
not near fo large at prefent as the latter, yet, as implying Antiquity reburga, the Daughter of olfere was by ber Uncle K. Eibelred fer Deut &.
inits Name, and there having been fome few Roman Coins caft up over a Monaftery of Holy Virgins at Wedima, that is Wedom in Nir. =, &
in the Fields adjoining , none of which or any other Romar Ant: thamptonfbire : In Mr. Leland’s time there ftood a fair Chapel dedi-
quities I coud ever hear were found near the latter, is in my Opini- cated to St. Werburge a little from the South-fide of the Churchyard | gh
on moft likely to have been the Roman Station. at Wed ||. The Shape of the Saxon W which very much ro. vey
16. The Nnnnnn X

505

|

fl ial
wi
| Liske \

times » See Camden

iB

. Hearze'sEdie,

fembles

 
 

“506 The Natural H I § 7 0 R12 Chap. ro

fembles a P, might cafily occafion this Miftake of the Tranfcribers
in After-Ages, when the Saxon Charaéter was difus d and unknown.
It has been commonly obferved that I'ranfcribers are very apt to
miftake in the writing of proper Names where the Senfe does not
lead them into the true Reading. So that probably Wed is a Con-
traction of Weadaton, i. e. Weada’s Town. ;

18. Neither are we fo confin’d by the Diftances from Laclorodum and
T ripontiwmibut that Bennavenna may be fet at Daventr 750 which here-
after: at a Place we now callCaftle-dikesabouta Mile from edon to the
South,where, as an Ingenious Gentleman in the Additions to Camden’s

+ See theAp- Britannia has already obferved *, (there are many Breaches the

pendixat che ¢¢ whole Compats whereof contains about 11 Acres of iow ,»and in

new Edition ¢ thie higheft Part there ftood (as they fay) a Cattle”. "lis not to be

ctcamin 4 ubted, but that there formerly was a Caftle, or however a Stru-
ure of Strength and of Note, upon that entrenched Hill; thisap-
pearing plainly by the Stones that have been digg’d up there. But
that it was a Roman Work 1s not fo certain. Indeed 1 have been
told, that fuch Square little Tiles, as were us'd by the Romans in pa-
ving the Pretorium in the Roman Camps, as alfo Roman Coins have
been digg’d up there. But having no fufficient Authority for this, we
cannot thence infer with any Certainty, that the Caftle was built by
the Romans. 1 hall fay no more of this Struture and Intrenchments
at prefent, having plac’d them amongft the Saxon Antiquities, where
the Reader will meet with a farther Account of them.

19. 1 now proceed to the Third Station we lay claim to here,
that is, ripontizan ; which to me appears to have been at Dow-Bridge
by Lilburn, for Reafons we fhall thortly fee. This is the Station
Mr. Camden has fo arbitrarily tranfpos’d to bring it to Towcefter, pla-
cing it before Bennavenna , when 1n all the Editions of Antoninus
tis fet after. Neither is his Derivation of Tripontinm, a tribus Pontrbus
from Three Bridges,which he thinks there were formerly at7 owcefler,
a {ufficient Proof of his Opinion. A more agreeable and as eafy a
Derivation offers it felf, that is, 1 repontauin quaft 1 re-bout, the Bridge-
Town in Britifh. 1 call it a more agreeable Derivation amongft
other Reafons for this, that the Romans generally, if not always,
took the old Name of the Places they conquer’d, giving them only
a Latin Termination 3 but feldom or never gave them new Names.
Now Tripantitiny a tribus Pontibus is plainly Latin: from Tie-bont as
I derive 1t, tis Bratifp; Tre, as our Antiquary himfelf has often
obferved, being Briifb for a Town: And Bont or Pont isa Bridge

t See the Bri- ip that Language T. Pont ‘tis probable both the Celie and Bri
“pEymisgi- borrow d from the Romans. But however they came by it, 1
Gomes am fatisfy’d “twas formerly, as well as now, the Brifb Word for
Bridge. There is no fuch Word as Briv, which has by fome been
fuppos’d to be the W ord the Britains anciently us d for a Bridge, in

either the Britifb or Irifb, among whom fome Remains of the Bratifb
Language before the Romans intermix d with us are ftill preferved.

“This 1 have from Mr. Lbwyd, the Learned Author of the Arehadlo-

Lia

 

Chap.10. of NORTHAMP TONSHIR E.

 

vie Britanica, a very good Judge of thofe Antient Languages. That

Toweefler ( whereof afterwards) was a Roman Station, I thall rea-
dily grant: And fhould as readily allow # was the Ancient 7 ripon-
tim, as Mr. Camden would have it to be ; but that in order to make
it fo, he has put it out of the right Place.

20. The Reafons why 1 place 7ripontiumsat the Bridge which isnow
called Dow-Bridge, which leads over the Avon where it crofles the
Street, almoft a Mile Weflward from the Town of Lilbourn, or elfe
at Lilbowrn, a Town upon the lefler Avon about Half a Mile Faft
from the Strect-way, are thefe: 1. By this means we preferve the
Stations, ( as has been already obferved ) in the Order they are pla-
ced inall the Copies. 2. The Diftances in the faid Itinerary anfwer
exactly enough to the Account 1 have given of the Stations upon this
Street, but not to Mr. Camden’s Hypothefis. From Tripontium, fup-

ofing it with me to be at Dow-bridge, or at Lalbourn, it is on one
and 12 little Miles toBennavenna,that 1s,0#edon; and {o the Itinerary:
On the other Hand, ’tis almoft 8 to Bennonis or Vennonis, that is,
(laybrook ; in the Itinerary Nine; the Miles then ufed being fome-
what fhorter than thofe we now compute by. But to fit the Itine-
rary to Mr. Camden's Scheme, we muft fuppofe a Miftake in all the
Copies of no fewer than Three Diftances together in the Sixth Jour-
ney , That inftead of 12 Miles from Lactorodum to Tripontium ( as
he has pliced it ) fhould be written 6 : Inftead of 12 from his 7r:-
pontium to Bennavenna 6 : and inftead of 9 from Bemnavenna to Ven-
wonis 16. 3. The Name of Trepont or I repontium fuits well with a
Station, Town, or Fortrefs, fo feated as Lalbourn is : And the fame
if we place it at the aforefaid Bridge. Indeed there is now neither
Town nor Houfe at the Foot of that Bridge ; But this is far {hort of
2 Proof that there never was. The Street in that Part of it, is not
fuch a publick and frequented Highway, as it was formerly: "Tis
now little more than a private Road ; fo that whatfoever Houfe or
Houfes of Accomedation were formerly there, ’tis likely for this
Reaton they afterwards went to Decay, and came to nothing.
+. There are confiderable Marks of Antiquity at and nigh Lalbura.
The Town by the Caufeys, Pavements, and Ruins that are digg’d up
thereabouts, appears to have been forinerly far larger than now it is.
In the lower part of it upon the Bank of the Aum, are thofe they
call the Cafile-Hills ; the moft Southerly Part of which is a Square
Plat of Ground , that feems to have been rais’d : Its Sides
anfwer to the Four Quarters of the Heavens. At the Suuh- Eafl
and South-Weft Angles are Hillocks like to Baftions. From
one Angle to the other there is drawn a Bank of Earth: and
the like along the Eaftern and Weftern Sides of the Plot. The A-
rea is perhaps the sth Part of an Acre. North-Weit of this is a large
and high Mount, upon which, according to Tradition , there has
ftood an ancient Fort or Caftle, of whofe demolith'd Walls, the
Churches of Lilburn and Clay-Coton were built. Almoft halfa Mile
Welt from the Town , of a Mile from the Streciway, isa pretty
high

 
 

The Natural HI ST 0 RT Chap. ro.

fembles a P, might eafily occafion this Miftake of the Traofcribers
in After-Ages, when the Saxon Character was difus d and unknown.
It has been commonly obferved that T'raufcribers are very apt to
miftake in the writing of proper Names where the Senfe does not
lead them into the true Reading. So that probably edo is a Con-
tration of Weadaton, i. e. Weada’s Town. ,

18. Neither are we fo confin’d by the Diftances from Lactorodum and
Tripontiwm,but that Bennavenna may be fet at Daventry,of which here-
after: ata Place we now callCafle-dikes,a bouta Mile from. edon to the
South,where, as an Ingenious Gentleman in the Additions to Camden’s

+ See theAp- Britannia has already obferved *, “there are many Entrenchments, the
pendix st the ¢« whole Compafs whereof contains about 11 Acres of Ground,and in
new Edicion « tle higheft Part there ftood (as they fay) a Cattle ”. Tis not to be

doubted, but that there formerly was a Caftle,, or however a Stru-
&ure of Strength and of Note, upon that entrenched Hill; this ap-
pearing plainly by the Stones that have been digg’d up there. But
that it was a Roman Work 1s not fo certain. Indeed 1 have been
told, that fuch Square little Tiles, as were us’d by the Romans in pa-
ving the Pretorium in the Roman Camps, as alfo Roman Coins have
been digg’d up there. But having no fufficient Authority for this, we
cannot thence infer with any Certainty, that the Caftle was built by
the Romans. 1 fhall fay no more of this Strulture and Intrenchments
at prefent, having plac’d them amongft the Saxon Antiquities, where
the Reader will meet with a farther Account of them.

19. 1 now proceed to the Third Station we lay claim to here,
that is,Z ripontizam 5; which to me appears to have been at Dow- Bridge

by Lulburn, for Reafons we fhall fhortly fee. This is the Station
Mr. Camden has fo arbitrarily tranfpos’d to bring it to Towceefter, pla-
cing it before Bemnaveana, when in all the Editions of Antoninus
’tis fet after. Neither is his Derivation of Zripontium, a tribus Pontibus
from Three Bridges,which he thinks there were formerly at7 owcefler,
a {ufficient Proof of his Opinion. A more agreeable and as ealy a
Derivation offers it {¢lf, that is, 7 vipontium quafi Tre-bont, the Bridge-

Town in Britifh. 1 call it a more agreeable Derivation amongft
other Reafons for this, that the Romans generally, if not always,
took the old Name of the Places they conquer’d, giving them only
a Latin Termination 5 but feldom or never gave them new Names.
Now Tripontizany a tribus Poutibus is plainly Latin: from The-bont us
derive it, “tis Bruifb; Tre, as our Antiquary himfelf has often
obferved, being Bruifb fora Town: And Bont or Pont is a Bridge

tSeethebri- iy that Language +. Pout ‘tis probable both the Celt and Bi:-

tifb Erymologi-

tains borrow'd from the Romans. But however they came by it, I
“am fatisfy’d “twas formerly, as well as now, the Britifb Word for
Bridge. There is no fuch Word as Briv, which has by fome been
fuppos’d to be the Word the Bratains anciently us'd for a Bridge, in
cither the Bratifb or Irifb, among whom fone Remains of the Byifb
Language before the Romans intermix’d with us are fill preferved.
This 1 have from Mr. Lbwyd, the Learned Author of the Archadlo-

Lia

 

Chap.1o. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

gia Britanica, a very good Judge of thofe Antient Languages. That
Toweefler ( whereof afterwards ) was a Roman Station, 1 fhall rea-
dily grant: And fhould as readily allow it was the Ancient I ripon-
tint, as Mr. Camden would have it to be ; but that in order to make
it fo, he has put it out of the right Place.

20. The Reafons why 1 place Tripmtiumat the Bridge which is now
called Doo-Bridge, which leads over the Avon where it croffes the
Street, almoft a Mile Weflward from the Town of Lilbourn , or elfe
at Lalbowrn, a Town upon the leffer Avon about Half a Mile Eaft
from the Strect-way, are thefe: 1. By this means we preferve the
stations, ( as has been already obferved ) in the Order they are pla-
ced inall the Copies. 2. The Diftances in the faid Itinerary anfwer
exaltly enough to the Account I have given of the Stations upon this
Street, but not to Mr. Camden’s Hypothefis. From Tripontium, fup-
pofing it with me to be at Dow-bridge, or at Lailbourn, it is on one
Hand 12 little Miles to Beanavenna,that 1s,1¥edon; and fo the Itinerary:
On the other Hand, ’tis almoft 8 to Bennonss or Vennonis, that is,
Claybrook ; in the Itinerary Nine; the Miles then ufed being fome-
what fhorter than thofe we now compute by. But to fit the Itine-
rary to Mr. Camden's Scheme, we muft fuppofe a Miftake in all the
Copies of no fewer than Three Diftances together in the Sixth Jour-
iey 5 That inftead of 12 Miles from Ladvrodum to Tripontium ( as
he has pliced it ) fhould be written 6 : Inftead of 12 from his 7r:-
pontium to Bennavenna 6 : and inftead of 9 from Bemnavenna to Ven-
noms 16. 3. The Name of Trepont or Lrepontium fuits well with a
Station, Town, or Fortrefs, fo feated as Lilbourn is : And the fame
if we place it at the aforefaid Bridge. Indeed there is now neither
Town nor Houfe at the Foot of that Bridge ; But this is far {hort of
2 Proof that there never was. The Street in that Part of it, is not
fuch a publick and frequented Highway, as it was formerly : "Tis
now little more than a private Road ; fo that whatfoever Houfe or
Houfes of Accomodation were formerly there, tis likely for this
Reafon they afterwards went to Decay, and came to nothing.
4. There are confiderable Marks of Antiquity at and nigh Lilburn,
The Town by the Caufeys, Pavements, and Ruins that are digg’d up
thereabouts, appears to have been forinerly far larger than now it is.
In the lower part of it upon the Bank of the Avon, are thofe they
call the Cafile-Hills ; the moft Southerly Part of which is a Square
Plat of Ground , that feems to have been raisd : Its Sides
anfwer to the Four Quarters of the Heavens. At the South- Eaft
and Sputh-Wefi Angles are Hillocks like to Baftions. From
one Angle to the other there is drawn a Bank of Earth : and
the like along the Eaftern and Weftern Sides of the Plot. The A-
rea is perhaps the sth Part of an Acre. North-Weft of this is a large
and high Mount, upon which, according to Tradition , there has
food an ancient Fort or Caftle, of whofe demolifh'd Walls, the
Churches of Lalourn and Clay-Coton were built. Almoft half a Mile
Welt from the Town , !of a Mile from the Streeiway, isa pretty

high

507

 
 

The Natal HIST ORT Chap. 10,

 

high round Hill in Bignefs and Shape not unlike to that calld Berry.
mount- Hill at Towcefler. It was perhaps erected for a Watch-Mouse,
The Countrey People have a Fancy, it was rais’d for the planting of
a Battery againlt the Caftle. Very near to this was another {maller
factitious Hill, that's now a good part of it digg'd away. Asto Mr,
Camden’s Conjecture, that the Hill 1 have now been {peaking of,
was raisd as a Boundary ’tis not at all likely , becaufe it ftands fg
near the Watling Street, which of it felf 1s a fufficient Boundary. Befides
what he mentions as a Proof of that Opinion of the Coals fome had
found in it, is only grounded upon a Country Tale. "Tis I think
too high and too big to have been a Tumulus or Sepulcher ; But tht
there was really one of this Kind ata fmall Diftance from it, and that
a Roman one, will be fhewn hereafter.

21. In an old Defcription of the Watling fireet inferted in Leland’
MS. Pag. 255. 2 Tom. the Watling§treet is faid to begin at Dover,
to run through the middle of Kent by London, thence by St. Albans,
Dunftable, Stratford, Towcefter, Luttleburn , St. Gilbert’s Hill » that
is Wreken in Shropfb. thence by Stratton, and fo through the Mid.
dle of Wales to Cardigan. By this mention of Littlehayn or Lilburn
it appears to have been a place of remarkable Note. Mr. Camden
himfelf was perfuaded that it was anciently a Roman Station. And
being thus perfuaded tis ftrange he did not fee that no Place could lay
fo fair a Claim to Zripontium, as Lilburn, and particularly the Ground
about the Bridge call’d Dox -bridge nigh Lilburn. This is my Opinion
about the place of the antient Lrspontinm, in which 1 am the more con.
firm’d becaufe I find that Learned Antiquary Dr.Gale to have had the
fameThought,as appears by his Commenta ry on Antoninus lately pub-
lith'd ; tho’ I had never feen hisBook,nor heard any thing of hisOpi-
nion in this Point, till long after I had fully fatisfy'd my felf in it
from my own Obfervations, and had put my Thoughts ‘into wri-
ting.

22, That Mr. Camden's Tripontium, i. e. Toweefler, was indeed a
Roman Station,tho’ not one of thofe that happen’d to be mention’d in
the old Itineraries, appears by the Roman Coins that are not unfre-
quently foundat it; and particularly upon that called Berrymount Hill,

"Tis certain that a great many of the Roman Stations in Britain

are omitted in Antoninus, and amongft thefe fome few as we may
reafonably imagine upon their principal Roads. The true
Tripontium is pafs'd by unmention’d in two y that is, in the
fecond and eighth of the Journies of that Itinerary, though it lay
in the dire¢t Road of the Proconful , or whoever it was that
took thofe Journies. So ’tis not ftrange, that Zoweefter, though
erhaps at that time a Town of Note, it ftanding on the Wai-
Fst, cet in the high Road leading from London and Verulam or St.
Albans to other confiderable Cities in the Northern Parts, hould not
be once mention'd in Antoninus’s Itinerary.

Berrymount-Hill, as tis very tautologically call’d, is on the N. E.
fide of Zoweefler, and on the Southern Bank of the Rill that inclofes

the

Chap. 10. of NorTHAMPTONSHIR B,

the Townon the North, Tis furrounded with 2 Trench, which is
filld with Water from the Brook. The Hill js composd’ of Earth
and Gravel, and is now flat at the top. It commands the Alurtham.-
pron Road, and I fhoud imagine it had been’ rais’d againft the Danes
who having burnt Northampton, befieg’d Lowcefler, Any 921. but
that the Roman Coins evince its greater Antiquity, : However this
and indeed all the Muniments upon the Nyne are fp plac’d that Vo
may reafonably believe they were rais'd againft a Northern Enemy
But yet it does not appear that there ever was g Roman Fort or Tow-
er upon that Hill, or indeed in any other Part of the Town
therefore the Name that fome woud give it, of Loreefler from Tur.
ris a Tower is not to be admitted ; there being no Authority or ¢-
ther Foundation for it. yore
23. And thus having taken leave of out Stations on the Wasi.

rect 5 We are now to remove to the Eaftern Part of the Count
where the Ermingfireer croffes it.

another of the Roman Stations in

Durobrive. This Mr. Camden tells us, undoubtedly
on the Nene or Nye, nigh Wansford : part of it he thin
Northamptonfbire fide, wherea V illage call'd Caflor now ft
other Part upon the Huntingdonfbire fide of that River, at Chefierts,
Indeed the Antiquities that are there found leave no on for do
that there was a Roman Station jn that very place. And of thot
mentioned in the Itinerary, none is fo likely to be jt gs Durobrsy
The Site of this ancient City appears to have been the Plat of fd :
prefent Town of Cafior, the higher part of it elpecially ; the Cro
extending thence to the River about a Mile Southward,” It contains
the Field which is now call’d Norman-Gate Field, and the Modo
betwixt it and the River : and alfo a part of the Meadow on a
oppofite fide of the River, and thence up higher to the Square For
betwixt Water Newton and Chefierton, which, as Mr. Camden has ob
ferv’d of it, was formerly “defended on th ”
Walls, i

;

Portway call’d Erminfiyeet,

ftood up
ks on the
ands y the

midft of jr *

many Marks and Tokens it appears to have been a Town of City ! Ca

large Extent, and of confiderable Note,

Camden in
Huntingdonfh.

509

—

P. 424 New

24.At Caflor, in digging a little wg y beneath the now Surface, they #4

frequently ‘meet with fing] fquare Bricks or Tiles,fuch as the Romig,
vere wont to make their checquer’d Pavements of ; and articular]
in the Place whichis now theChurchyard,and op theN orth fide of id
Town. In digging into that part of the Hill, which the Church ftands
upon,they find thefe little Bricks almoft every where : fometimes fina
gleand loofe : fometimes fer to ether and fixt, or inlaid in a vers
hard Cement or Mortar, The loo ones appear to have been laid
In the fame manner as are thofp which
broken Pavements. A pretty large Piece of this fort of Pavement
entire 1s (till to be feen in the Cellar of g Houfe on the South-fide of
Ooccooo that

are now found in entire or un-

 
 

The Natwral HI ST ORT Chap. 10.
that Hill. It was found in digging for the Cellar, 3 Foot deep , and
has now the Site that it had at firt. Tis fomewhat above three
Foot in length , fcarce two in breadth. The Bricks that compofe it
are like thofe found in digging in the Churchyard and elfewhere
at Caflor, about an Inch fquare. The Shape is not exattly the fame
inally but they all approach that of a Cube. I'he Work of that
entire Piece is plain, without any Variety of Figures or of Colours,
The Squares are fet in Mortar made of Sand and Lime, witha Mix.
ture, as it feems, of the Scales and Duft of a Smith’s Forge.

25. In the Field betwixt the Town and the River,efpecially in that
Part of it called Berryfled-Piece, fuch Quantities of Roman Coin
are thrown up, that a Man would really think, to ufe Mr. Camden's
Expreffion, They were fown there. Almott all of them are of Cop-
per. They are the Coins of feveral Emperors, particularly Trajan,
Hadrian, Alius verus, T. Antoninus, Gordianus, Tetracus, Maxima,
Caraufrus, Conftantius Chlorus, Conflantine the Great, Crefpus, Conftants-
nus jun. Conftans, Magneniius, Valentinianus, Valens. The Reverend
Mr. Baxter of St. John’s College in Cambridge has the beft Collection
I have feen of the Coins of this Place. Mr. Gibbon a Gentleman cu-
rious in Antiquities affures me he has met with Pieces of Urns, or
of other antique EarthenVeffels of a brighter red Colour than are any
of thofc now made, in the fame Field where the Coins are found.
Throughout the whole Field there have been plowd or digg’d up
Stones of Foundations and ruin’d Walls : as alfo ridge Tiles and
Bricks, as the People there report. The like little {quare Tiles as
are found in digging in or near the Churchyard are alfo found difper-
fedly in feveral Parts of the Ficld, which is now calld Norman-Gate
Field ; but in Mr. Camden’s time it feems to have had the Name of
Normanton Yields, inftead (as he fuppofes) of Dormanton. Indeed
the Coins that are there fo frequent and numerous are now called Dor.
mans by the Country People. The original of which Name I {hall
enquire into hereafter.

26.1n the higher Part of the Field lying Eaft of this, in their Mil.
Field as they now call it, they likewife meet with Pieces of Roma
Pavement in great Plenty , and thence down to the River with the
like.” Tis well known, it was an ufual Practice amongft the Romans to
pave the Place where the Praetorium, or the Generals Pavilion ftood
with this fort of Tile. But by what has been obferved above, it ap-
pears there were here the like Pavements of a much greater Extent
than any General's Tent can be fuppofed to have been. “Tis there.
fore very likely that this fort of Pavior became at length more com-

monly made ufe of, efpecially that of the broader and plainer Squares
{uch as are thofe at Caftor.

27. That here called my Lady Conyburrow’s Way, corruptly for
Kyneburga’s Way, if we may judge of the Whole by a Part of i,
was pav'd in this manner wich a fort of Cubical Bricks or Tiles, It

160
f

fcems to have begun on the other fide the River, at or nigh the
Place

510

 

 

Chap.10. of NorRTHAMPTONSHIR E.

 

Place where Water Newton now ftands ; there having been found a
Pavement of thefe very Tiles laid like a Caufey there, running
Northward, and pointing directly upon that which is now known by
the Name of Lady Connyburrow’s Way in Coftar Field. Which Ww 4
as it 1s called, is now only a narrow Tra or Lift of Ground three
or four Foot broad, diftinguithable from the reft of the Field, thro’
which it paffes, by its being barrener than the Ground. on both fides
of it; producing only a fcanty, faint, and difcoloyr’d Crop forme
times little elfe but Weeds, when the and all about it produces good
Crops of Grain. And when they plow a-crofs this Way, as in fome
Farts of the Field they conftantly do, the Ploush as it’ goes along
catches or grates as it were upon a Stone Floor, fometimes throws up
wrought Stone, asalfo the above-defcribed littlefquare Bricks, Jr js
not to be traced fo high asthe Town ; but by the pointing it feems to
have lead up thither : and according to a Tradition they have there
it went directly to the ancient Four-fquare Well in that Church yard
at Caflor. ¥
28, Kyneburga or Kinneburga, Daughter of King Pend . Sifter of
King Wolfere, founded a Nunnery at Caftor, and trom her. {
Carden * upon the Authority of an ancient Hiftory the Town #irnp
was at fuft call'd Kinneburge Caflor, afterwards for thortnefs Caflor

[hofe who defire to know how this Way in particular came by its
Name, may take this Traditionary Account of it from an old Story

that is told at Caftor, viz. That Kin neburga’s Honour being attem ted

the fled from the Ruffian thro’ thofe Fields : and that the Path the

took was thus miraculoufly mark’d out, as a Trophy of her Purit

and Innocence, to be feen in future Ages, and be diftinguithed by i

Name of Kinaeburga's Way. That this Princes was highly efteem-
ed for extraordinary Sunctity,appears by the Account whic}
of the Tranflation of her Relicks from Cater to th
now Peterborough, by Abbot Llffius or Elfinus +. And tis probable 3 Vid cir

Saxon. p-1

aysMr...,..

amb dens

one
Ic

the People obferving the Remains of a Street or Caufey in the Field 5 20d Hugo 4!
ow

the Memory of the famous Saint being frefh in their Minds and «fs
that of the Roman City quite loft, they attributed that to the former
which belong’d to the latter. For by the Account of it given above
It appears to have been pav'd in part at leaft with the fquare little
Bricks, and confequently to have been rather one of the Streets cf
the ancient Roman City, than a Way or Caufey marked out of nade
by their Tutelary Saint. grav
29.1 conjecture that theCaftle or principalFort.or however thePlace
of Refidence of the chief Officer was upon the Hill where the Church
at prefent ftands : that the paved Way led from the Fortrefs on th
other fide the River up to that: and that this Way, as we now call
It, was the principal Street of the City, pafling through the middle
Part of 1t, there being Roman Coins and Ruins of Buildings found
on both fides. Upon that now call’d the Mill-Hill, where are ali
many Pieces of the like Pavement, perhaps was erected a Torrie
Lsploratoria or a fmall Fort where Scouts were pofted to obferve tha
Ene.

Wr fuo Avvat

 
Sof 5

Faves

Asam: fa
4 2 gr fs
a

=

 

The Nawd HIST O RT Chap 10

Enemy ; this being a high Station, and overlooking much of the
Country, efpecially the Eaftern part of it. Mr. Camden the rather
inclines to think that Antoninus’s Durobriva was in this very place ;
Dur being Water, and Briva as he fuppofes importing amongft the
ancient Britains a Bridge or the Paffage over the River. However
that be, we have here a Tradition, that there are the Ruins of a
Stone-bridge in the bottom of the River, betwixt Cheflerton and Cj.
flor,which join’d the two Parts of the ancient City. And the initial
Syllable of Durobrive feems to have been preferv’d in one of the later
Names of this Place, that is Durmon Cafter, for thus according to
an ancient Hiftory cited by Mr. Camden * it was formerly called.
According to Henry of Huntingdon, the ancient Name of the ruin’d
City I have now been defcribing, was Cair Dorm, i. e. Dorm ceafire :
He calls it a Britifb City (i. e. a Roman Britifb one, ) and has add.
ed it to Nimius’s Catalogue of Britifb Cities. It was ufual with the
Britains, as our Autiquaries have obferved, to prefix the Word Kae,
or Carr, to Places that were fortify’d by the Romans, whether Cj.
ties or Places of lefs Extent and Note.” But the Saxons inftead of
the Britifb Cair generally usd Caflor or Chefter , form’d from the
Roman Caftrum ; thole Words fignifying the fame to them as Cair with
the Britains. And hence comes the Name of Cair-Dormand of Dorm.
ceaftre. Henry of Huntingdon acquaints us farther » that this City
was utterly ruin'd before his time. He wrote in 1148. And tis
probable the City was demolifhed either by the Saxons, who as Gildas
in his Difcourfe de excidio Britann. relates, fet Fire on the Britifb Ci-
ties, pull'd down the Walls and Towns, and deftroy’d and laid waft
their whole Country : Or elfe by the Danes. If by the latter, ei-
ther in 1010. when the Danes under Sueno , having {poil'd the
Country of the Eaft Angles, advanced into the Fens , Where

Cheon. Sax. removing from place to place they fet Fire to the Towns *
g P p y ’

Or in 1013. at which time Burgh was burnt +. Or elfe in
1016. in Canute’s defolating March through Bucks , Bedford |
and Huntingdonfbires, and thence to Stamford thro’ the Fen Coun.

+ Videcan, EY 1 210s at this ey called Dornford fays the fame Author.

There are now no other Remains either of the Town or Name than
what I havealready noted. The Roman Coins there found are cal.
led Dormans, no doubt from Caer Dorm or Dormceastre, the Name
of the City. And the Roman Highway the Etminstreet, which ap-
pears to have pafsd either through or very near this City, is now
call'd Niroaio inftead of Dorman-Gate. But there is no fuch
Name as Dormford now to be heard of there.

30. Before I leave this part of the Country I think fit to fpeak of
Caer Dike, vulgarly called Cardike, an ancient and very remarkable
Fofs or Ditch, it being not far diftant from Caer Dorm, the ancient
City difcours'd of above, and appearing by its Name, by its great
Extent, and by the Pieces of Roman Money that have been found
upon fome parts of it, particularly nigh Peterborough, to have been
a Roman Work. Indeed tis impoffible, all the Circumftances of it

dulv

 

 

 

Chap. ro.

of NorRTHAMPTONSHIRE

duly confider’d, it fhould be made by an other People. artic
lar Account whereof will no doubt aa. on or,
before by Sit W. Dugdale, > or any Author I have met
with ; which indeed is fomewhat ftrange, it being fo confiderable 4
piece of Antiquity, and the Footfteps of it fo Manifest in very ma-
ny Places,

31. That then which we call Caer or Car-Dike, is the broad. dee
artificial Chanel, that formerly extended as appears by the Roti
or 1t, from the River Nene a little below Peterborough, by Deeping-
Gate , along the top of Deeping Fen » by Swaton in Lincolnfbire and
thence upon the Skirts of that great Fen, called Lindfey- Level to
that Part of the Ri Miles below Lincoln
almoft 40 Miles, a arge Trad of Fenland
within thefe Limits. There is good Authority ; particularly in
Tacitus’s Life of Agricola, and in Dis where he {peaks of the Empe-
ror Severus, to induce us to believe that the Romans amongft other
Improvements they made in this Nation, after they had conquer’d
it, were the firft Drainers of our Fens ang Marfhes: And that the
aforefaid Tra of Fenland in particular was firft drain’d by the Ro-
mans.

32.That this long Dike call"dCar-Dike was in being above 500 Years
40, appears by the Exemplification of the Letters Patents of Fac. IL.
dated at Weflmmfler in the sth Year of his Reign , who thereby dif-
forefted the Foreft of Kesteven, extending as Car’s Dike extends it
felf. The Copy of the Exempl. is now in the Hands of the Wor-
thipful Noah Neale, Efg; of Stamford. That it was made by the
Saxons or Danes is no ways probable. But ’tis highly probable that
when that induftrious People the Romans fet about that Work of
draining the forefaid Fenland , they cut this very long and wide
Ditch all along at the Foot of the Uplend or near it, to take in the
Overplus of Water that came down from the high Country : to con-
duct and direct 1t, as there was occafion, into other the moft commo-
dious Channels and Drains : and to prevent its overflowing this low
Fenny Level, _ And ’tis alfo very probable , as well from the Situa.
tion of it (which was fuch that it cou'd never want Water) and from
the length, width, and depth of it, that it was defign’d to be naviga-
ble, and was made ufe of accordingly by the Romans when in Bri-
tain. By which means they introduced and promoted Trading, Com-
merce, and Husbandry (as was their ufual Practice wherefoever they
fcttled) into that before rude and barbarous Part of the Country. As
to the time when it was cut : we cannot allow it any higher "Anti.
quity than the time of Agricola, Lieutenant of Domutian, who ha-
ving extended the Roman Conquefts to Glota and Budotyia , that is
Dunbritton and Edenborough Fyiths, and being Mafter of all on this
fide, fpent his fourth Summer here in fetling what he had before o-
ver-ran, reducing the Natives under the Forms of Civil Government
and inftructing them in the Roman Arts and Cuftoms, as Tacitus te.
ftifies of him. And here we may note, it being much for our pur-

Pppppp pofe,

 
 

414

¢ Cambden’s
Britan, p66.

The Natwral H 1 ST 0 R72 Chap. so

i ' en has already cited out of Lacitus on a like
P oh a Mie on a Litem here, 7 actus tells us,
Cr the People were commanded to carry their Corn from me flies
where it grew into diftant Countries, and not othe erie g Sa,
but to thofe that were far oft and out of the Way ins the Bri.
tains (as the fame Author has it ) complain’d ie he ons put
their Hands aid Bodies to the drudgery of Gi a og | fois
Woods, and making Roads through Fens, with Stripes and Indig-
Tui ancient Ditch or Chanel,as is already obferved, terminated
at the River Witham, about three Miles below Lincoln oe ay )
and at the Ayre a little below Peterborough the fer i : the
Navigation no doubt was continued up by the ham 0 pg tw ot
Lincoln , the Caer-Lin of Newnius: and ’tis reafona € to Shee
that it was allo continu’d up the Njyne fo far as i wont asl
Navigable: and that it ended there likewife at fome i of ote,
Which, it will be no difficulty to imagine, Wass ur vii o
Caer Dorm ; Peterborough formerly Medefbamfled being i ih uilr,
and the Nyne, fo far as appears, having always oa aviga &
it is at this day, up as high as the place where that Sptle Cy
ftood ( and no higher) which according to the Courfe of e be
may be about fix Miles from the Mouth of Caer Dike. / 108%
amongft other Caufes was owing the Extent and Greatne 50 ie
Dorm ; it being fituate at the Head of that Inland Navigation, an

confequently one of the principal Seats of the Intercourte and Com. |

hat ‘were carry'd on upon it. Caer Dike, that is the City
Dike, Curr amongft Ne Bras having always fignify’d a City,
had no doubt that Name conferr’d upon it, as it was a Paffage
to and from, bothof thofe Cities. That the latter of them had re-
ally given the Name, one would be apt to think upon this Account,
that the Ditch almoft every where with us is ftill’ call'd Car Dike ;
whereas when it is advanced into Lincolnfbire and nearer to Lincoln
it does not fo conftantly retain that Name. And 'tis likely it conti-
nu'd navigable, tillone oi both of thefe Towns were deftroy’d by

the Saxons or the Danes : And very probably during the Wars be- |

tween the Britains and Saxons, and afterwards between the Saxons

and the Danes, there was little or no ufe made of this Canal; tha: |

being no time for Traffick. Being neglected thus, it at length be-
came almoft quite fill’'d up, and eaven with the Surface ) AS We now
find it to be in fome places. And in much the fame State it remain'd

till within thefe few Years, that is, till the time we call the general |

aini ¢ out 50 Years fince.
bos a particular Acccunt of that part of Can
Dike which we have in Northamptonfbire. his
County isnot difficult to be traced , yet in fome few Places Hiere are
none or very {lender Footfteps of it left. According to the Inqui-
fitions and Searches I have made, the Du&t or Courfe is as follows.

It appears to have enter’d or join'd the old Chanel of the Nye, in]

that

The Courfe of it in this §

 

 

Chap.1o. of NorRTHAMPTONSH RB.

 

that part of it whichis a quarter of a Mile bencath Peterborough,
The firtt vifible Marks of itare a little below the Houfe which is
call'd the Low, about a Furlong North of the old River 5 the Ground
nearer to the River, being a Morafs , it has by little and little in
Tract of Time been fill'd up. It pafles thro’ the Field at Peterbo.
rough, called the Bom Field, in a ftrait Direction Northward to
Newark , a {mall Village: thence on the Weft fide of Eye, above
Eye Edgerly , where it is turnd Eaftward, that ir might pafs
through a Valley betwixt two pretty fteep little Hills : thence
upon the Borders of Burrow Fen, having Paflon Weft of it, to
Wirrington Ends, the Name of their Sheep Common : thence be-
twixt Wirrington Field and a Ground call’d the Inbams, and fil] op.
wards along the Edge of the Fenland to the Town of Peakirk. Part
of it upon or nigh Wirrington Field for about a Mile in length has
been made ufe of more lately as a Drain to carry off the Highland.
Water into the Weland. From Peakirk it patles on to Nos thborough,
under a Stone-Bridge, and betwixt that call’d North Fenand Aorth-
borough Medow, where a part of one of its Banks appears plain e.
nough , and a piece of Ground joining to it » 15 now call’d Car Dike
Furlong. It runs thro’ the Eaff end of Northborough Town by their
Cow Pafture, where both its Banks and Chanel do appear {till more
evidently, into that part of the North Fen lying North of the Town
whence, from their Field end to the River Weland it is fill more
plain. Irs Courfe from the Hill above Eye Edgerly to the Weland is
ftrait. It enters that River at the Eaft End of Decping-Gate, a Vi).
lage fo called, at a Place where is now a Sluce. From Northborough
to the Weland, ‘tis at this Day Twenty Yards in breadth y its Banks
about three Foot high. In many other Places it bears the fame
breadth. And where it is not fo broad 5 it appears to have been in
Part filld up. It has now the Name of Car Dike , whereever it is
fomething vifible, all its whole Courfe, from the Nyue to the We.
land, that is about eight Miles. In fome Parts of it, particularly
betwixt the Town of Northborough and the Weland, tis now general.
ly without Water, unlefs in a wet Seafon. In Lincolnfbire along its
ourfe from the Weland to the Witham, are the like Footfteps of it
in many Places. But I leave it to thofe who undertake the Anti-
quities of that County to trace it there.

35. There are alfo fome Remains and Footfteps of the Romans on
the Northern Bank of the Nyne, betwixt Caer ‘Dorm and Caer Dike,
and particularly in Longthorpe Field, where Roman Coins have be en
caft up by the Plough ; fome of Auguftus, of Cloudius, Alius the
adopted Son of Hadrian, and fome others. In digging Gravel there
at the depth of about 18 Inches, Human Bones, Afhes, Coals, and
Pieces of Pots, that feem to have been Roman Urns, as alfo Pieces
of Armour, have been found, all at the fame depth. In dragging the
River below this Place, fomewhat nearer Longthorpe,have been taken
up, as I am credibly inform’d, a part of an antique Sword, and an
antique Spur, In the fame Field, juft on the River Bank nigh Qi

y

 
 

The Natural HI ST 0 R Tr

dey Ford, isa fmall factitious Hill, that by its Figure , Site, and o.
ther Circumftances, feems to have been a fepulchral Tumulus, and
particularly a Roman one. That the Romans having burnt the dead
Bodies of their Soldiers, flain in Battel, or of fome eminent Officer,
were wont to cover them with fuch Heaps of Earth, appears by
many Proofs and Inftances, that the Reader may meet with in Dr.
Plot's Nat. Hift. of Oxfordfb Ch. 10. of Antiquities , and in Sir 7,
. Brown's Mifcellaneous Tracts. At Longthorpe in finking for Stone
was digg'd up a Roman Urn, as the Worthy and Inquifitive Mr. Gip.
bon then refiding there informs me.

36. Having taken a view of the Roman Antiquities upon the lower
Part of the Nene or Nyne we may now pafs upwards along the Banks
of the fame River to the higher part of it, in queft of the like Anti.
quities. Mr. Camden will have it, that this River was formerly di-
ftinguifh’d by the Name of Autona or Aufma. However that be, he
was certainly miftaken, as the Author of the Additions has fthewn
in appropriating to this A4vona (be it at prefent fo called) that which
belonged to the other that runs into the Sewers *. But yet it muft be
owned that the Romans had fortified Places upon this very River,
and that it was anciently one of their Frontiers ; there being fill
the plain Vefligia of their Eatrenchments, or military Fences, upon
the Southern Bank of it, at due Diftance cach of other.

37. In my Paffage up the Nyae I thall make no ftay at Warmington
and Barnwell, the firft about Four, the fecond Seven Miles,from Caer
Dorm, tho’ the Roman ( oins that have been taken up at both thofe
Places are fair Indications of the Antiquity of them. = At Barnwell
in particular have been found an /Elius,a Helena, and an _Alle@us. But
there being now no Entrenchments, or other Places of Strength that
we can well fuppofe to be of that Date, nor any vifible Tokens or
Signs of fuch, in either of thefe Places, I pafs on {till higher up the
Nyne to that part of it, where, as there was greater need of For-
treffes, the River there having rot fo deep a Chanel , fo we fhall
find there were really fuch. The firft that occurs of this Kind is that
at Mull Cotton fix or feven Miles above Barnwell, and twice as many
from Caer Dorm or Caftor. Tis an Entrenchment or old militar
Work (as we may reafonably fuppofe) of the Romans. For an Urn
with Afhes in it has been found in digging the Mote. And there
are {till fome Remains of a Square Entrenchment there , confifting
of a pretty high Bank of Earth, and a Mote or deep Ditch upon
the out-fide of the Bank. A good part of the Bank and Ditch of
the Weft fide of the Entrenchment are til] remaining , and a part of
the North fide of it. Tis probable the Clofes there call’d the Cha-
pel-Clofe, and Peartree-Clofe y as alfo that calld Orby’s Orchard, were
formerly a part of this Encampment 5 but the Banks being thrown
into the Dikes on Account of Pafturage, they are not now to be tra-
ced. In the Fields above Mill Cotton, that is thofe of Ring fred, have
been plow'd up a few Pieces of Roman Money, particularly juft a-
bove the Place call’d Mallow’s Cotton, now a Knot of fmall Clofes

about

Chap. ro.

 

 

Chap. 10. of NoRTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

 

about half a Mile below Mill Cotton, upon the Bank of the River
there being only a Plain or Meadow betwixt them: but formerly
the Area of a Town, as appears by the Fragments and Foundations

of Walls that have been digg’d up there. :
38. From Mill-Cotton to Chefler along the Southern Bank of the
River is about Six Miles : and there,we meet with another Fortifica-
tion of the Romans. The Fortification or Burrow as they now call
it, is an oblong Square nigh twice as long as broad, which was here.
tofore walled about with Stones. The longeft Sides of it look North
and South, The Area within isabout Twenty Acres of Ground. The
Bottom of the Wall is about 8 Foot wide. The Outcourfes of Stone
are, as ufually, fet flat-ways ; the Inner Part of the Wall confifts of
Stones pitch'd on End and inclini € upper part of the Hill
that is Southward. Perhaps the Wall was formerly encompa(s’d with
a Fofs or Ditch ; but there is now no appearance of any fuch. There
was formerly a Well ( as ’tis reported ) in the Southern Part of the
Area. The River runs underneath the Northern Wall, Amongft
the Ruins of the Wall on the South-fide of the Area have been
found Two plain Pillars of Stone, of an Oblong Quadrangular
Form, one of which I have feen. Tis about Four Foot, as] re.
member, in Length, and almoft Two in Breadth. And the ‘other. 55

I'am told, was very like to this which js till remaining entire, 'B
their being found in a Roman Encampment one would take them to
have been Monuments of theirs, By their Form they feem to have
been Sepulchral Altars, as in that they agree with feveral of thofe

that were certainly fuch. But thefe having no I.etters upon them
or any other Marks, as I could fee or hear of, that would ferve for
determining on what Account they were made, it muft remain an
Uncertainty. In opening the Area they frequently meet with Parts
of a Roman Brick Pavement that confifted of the larger Sort of Tef-
Jele. Pieces of Roman Money are alfo found there, This, as it was
a Camp walld about with Stone,fome may fuppofe,was a Winter Sta-
tion of the Romans, one of the Caftra Hyberna ; which, were ufually
within a Town, or elfe, the Soldier being lodg’d in Houfes built
for em, might be look’d upon as Towns themfelves, tho with few
other Inhabitants. In the Summer Camps, the Soldiers lodo’d only
in Tents, except perhaps a Houfe or two for the Superior Officers,
To the former of thefe elpecially, the Saxons afterwards affign'd the
Name of Chefler, Ceafler, or Caftr. 1 am moft inclinabje to believe
that the Water Station of the Romans upon this Part of the Nye
was at Arcbefler, a Town at a {mal) Diftance above Chester and
that this at Chester was chiefly, if not only, a Summer Station. _4y.
chester 1 derive from Ard in the Britifb fignifying High, and Cheter

the Saxon Word for one of the Roman Castra, T

39- About another Six Miles il] higher up the Nyne, and on the
South fide of it, below Houghton parva, on the very Bank of the Ri.
ver, ftands Clifford Hill : a made Hill, of Circular Form, of pretty
great Extent and Height, and furrounded with a wide and deep
Qqqqqq Ditch

 
 

 

The Natural H 1 ST O RT Chap. 10. | Chap.10. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E. 519

Ditch or Trench. Near the Foot of it on the South fide is a raisd | inhabiting the fpacious unpaffable Woods betwixt this River and the
Semicircular Bank , with its Ends bearing to the Hill ; thus inclu- IW eland, by erecting the Fortreffes, we have now a View of, on the
ding a Piece of Ground that perhaps ferv’d for a Lodgment of fome W@W Nye.
of the Soldiers that were pofted there. Around the Top of it, was 42. It appears plain enough from Hiftory, that the Southern Parts
heretofore, as they fay, a fmall Mound of Earth. The Hill, notwith- of our Ifland, as they were firft known, fo they were firft fubdu'd by
ftanding the prefent Name, appears by the Roman Coins that were the Romans : That thence they gradually advanced into the North :
found not long fince in paring off the Top of it, fome of which are That as they caary d on their Conquefts, they erected Towers, Forts,
now in the Pofleffion of the Ingenious William Ward Eq; to have been q or Military Fences, and put Garrifons into the conquer’d Countries,
rais’d by that People.It was probably rais’d as a Specula orWatch-Hill, elpecially on their Frontiers. 1 he Rivers being naturally good Bar-
for obferving the Motions of the Enemy on the other Side the Ayre: riers, there they fat down and fortify’d themfclves, till the Winter
or perhaps as a Fortrefs to guard the Ford by which they formerly being fpent, and their Armies recruited, they might go forward up-
afs’d the River in that part of it. "That there was anciently a Ford on freth Expeditions: And on fome of them, they planted Standing
in that part of the River which is divided into Two Streams, below Garrifons, the better to fecure the Country already gain'd, and to
the Hill, is generally believ’d. And tis probable it continu’d fo till ® hinder the Inroads of the Enemy. The Southern Part of the Ifland,
the Building Billing-Bridge ; but after that, became unfrequented, as appears by Tacitus, was reduc’d into the Form of a Proves: in
and at length quite difus’d and loft. Nigh Brafield, and in or near the Reign of Claudius. Plautius, the Firft Lieutenant nde hat
the Road, which we may prefume formerly lead down to the Ford, Emperor, feems not to have advanced any nearer us, if fo near, as
isa Hill at this Day calld the Cliff: And hence, it is reafonably fup- the Oufe : And therefore to Qfforius, his immediate Succeflor in that
posd, the Name of Clifford. : Office , who by little very much enlarged the Roman Territories in
40. We are now but about Two Miles diftant from Northampton, | Britain, 1 afcribe the making of thofe Works upon the Nyne , where
which ftands at the Confluence of the Two Rivulets that together" it was fo neceffary to keep a frit Guard; the Britains on the
form the Nyxe : And where we have reafon to believe was an anci- other Side the River being without doubt embolden’d by the great
ent Station of the Romans, the Eliaveri of the Ravenna-Geogra- @ Extent and Thicknefs of their Woods, (whofe Paffes were then

 

51 8

“vid sea. pher. * And I fhould next proceed to thew in what manner the 8 known to none, but the Natives ) to make frequent Attempts upon
“s: Jar higher part of the Country upon, andat the Head of thofz Riverets the reduc’d Provinces. But by means of thefe Frontier Garrifons,

was defended by the Romans, when they had extended their Con- § which appear to have been placed along the Nyxe, as their Towns
quets thus far; But before I fet about that, tis fit 1 fhould give fome @ and Fortrefles were placed in After-times upon the Pid; Wall *, the * via coma,
farther Light into the particular Time and Occafion of the Nyne’s Alarms might foon be given, by one Garrifon to another, for all to 2p #7.
being thus fortify’d, as we find it was upon the fhallower part of 1ts ftand upon their Guard: or for their whole Forces to. gather and
Chanel in at leaft Three feveral Places, at well-nigh equal Diftances $f unite on the firlt Apprehenfion of Danger.
one above the other. 43. 1 am now at liberty to view the Higher Part of the County,
41. Indeed I cannot allow our Nyne to have been the Antona of § where, between the Heads of the Rivers, or while their Streams are
(ie. amal. Tacitus *; which, with the Severin, Offorius had fortify’d by Garifons ; [mall and very eafily paflable, the Southern Part of the Ifland lying
cps at which the Ieeni of thofe Parts took Umbrage. The Njyne is too more open and acceflible to the Northern Britains, there was the great-
remote to have been any ways concern'd in that Action. But yet | @ er Need of Military Fences: And accordingly we find that this Part
am of Opinion, the Nyse was fortify'd, tho’ not at the very fame #@ of the County was well fortify’d by the Romans. Camden mentions
time, yet by the fame Perfon Offorius Scapula, Lievetenant of Claudius. the Fortifications now to be {een at Daventry and Guilsborough, as
Who, as he took care by planting thofe Garifons upon the Weflers iome of the Forts,Offorius, the Roman General under Claudius, erected,
Avon and the Severn, to reftrain the Incurfions of the Cornavii of Wf to fecure the Southern or already conquer’d Part of Brita. And
Worcefter[bire, and the Silures of Hereford ey, who had lately in this Conjecture of his is very probable, particularly with relation to
vaded and wafted the Country of the Allies, the Dabun: thofe of § the Daintry Fortrefs ; where, in every refpect, is the fitteft Place that
Gloceflerfbire, a People that in the Propretorthip of Plautius were could pofiibly be pitch’d upon, in all thefe Parts, for a Frontier Gar-
receiv’d , as appears by Dis, into Proteltion of the Romans : So he rifon.
in like manner provided for the Safety of the reft of the Allies ; and 44 1fhallin my ufual manver, firft deferibe the Works at both
particularly of the Caffii or Catteuallans, whofe Territories extended thefe Places, and then give my Thoughts concerning them. Asto the
to the Ayre, or near it, and who either in or before his Time were Military Work call'd Hunsbarowo nigh Northampton, “tis, 1 fuppofe,
brought under the Roman Government, and were termed Allies to @ of later Date, and does not belong to this Place.
to the Romans. Thefe he defends from the Inroads of the Britains The Fortification or Rampire Mr. Camden refers to at Daventry or
inha Dasniry,

 
 

 

The Natural H 1ST O RYT Chap. ro. J Chap1o. of NORTHAMP TONSHIR EL 519

Ditch or Trench. Near the Foot of it on the South fide is a rais’d | inhabiting the fpacious unpaffable Woods betwixt this River and the
Semicircular Bank , with its Ends bearing to the Hill ; thus inclu- § 1Weland, by eretting the Fortrefes, we have now a View of, on the
ding a Piece of Ground that perhaps ferv’d for a Lodgment of fome WW Nye. :

of the Soldiers that were pofted there. Around the Top of it, was 42. It appears plain enough from Hiftory, that the Southern Parts
heretofore, as they fay, a {mall Mound of Earth. The Hill, notwith- @ of our land, as they were firft known, fo they were ficft fubdu’d by
ftanding the prefent Name, appears by the Roman Coins that were 8 the Romans: That thence they gradually advanced into the Aurih :
found not long fince in paring off the Lop of it, fome of which are That as they caary’d on their Conquefts, they erected Towers, Forts,
now in the Pofleffion of the Ingenious William IW ard E(q; to have been or Military Fences, and put Garrifons into the conquer’d Countries,
rais’d by that People.It was probably rais’d as a Specula orWatch-Hill, efpecially on their Frontiers. 1 he Rivers being naturally good Bar-
for obferving the Motions of the Enemy on the other Side the Nyne: | riers, there they fat down and fortify’d themfelves , till the Winter
or perhaps as a Fortrefs to guard the Ford by which they formerly J being fpent, and their Armies recruited, they might go forward up-
pafs'd the River in that part of it. That there was anciently a Ford | on freth Expeditions: And on fome of them, they planted Sunding
in that part of the River which is divided into Two Streams, below @ Garrifons, the better to fecure the Country already gain'd, and to
the Hill, is generally believ’d. And tis probable it continu’d fo till 8 hinder the Inroads of the Enemy. The Southern Part of the Ifland,
the Building Billing-Bridge ; but after that, became unfrequented, as appears by Tacitus, was reduc’d into the Form of a Province, in
and at length quite difus'd and loft. Nigh Brafield, and in ornear the Reign of Claudius. Plautius, the Firft Lieutenant under that
the Road, which we may prefume formerly lead down to the Ford, Emperor, feems not to have advanced any nearer us, if fo near, as
isa Hill at this Day call'd the Cliff: And hence, it is reafonably fup- the Oufe : And therefore to Qfforius, his immediate Succeffor in that
pos'd, the Name of Clifford. Office, who by little very much enlarged the Roman Territories in

 

40. We are now but about Two Miles diftant from Northampton, | Britain, 1 afcribe the making of thofe Works upon the Nyne , where
which ftands at the Confluence of the Two Rivulets that together it was fo neceflary to keep a frit Guard ; the Britains on the
form the Nyne : And where we have reafon to believe was an anci- @ other Side the River being without doubt embolden’d by the great
ent Station of the Romans, the Eltaver: of the Ravenna-Geogra- 8 Extent and Thicknefs of their Woods, (whofe Paffes were then

“via. sea. pher. * And I fhould next proceed to thew in what manner the @ known to none, but the Natives ) to make frequent Attempts upon
‘3 Jar. higher part of the Country upon, and at the Head of thofe Riverets the reduc’'d Provinces. But by means of thefe Frontier Garrifons,

was defended by the Romans, when they had extended their Con- which appear to have been placed along the Nyne, as their Towns
quefts thus far; But before I fet about that, tis fit Ifhould give fome @ and Fortrefles were placed in After-times upon the Pid; Wall * ther via coms,
farther Light into the particular Time and Occafion of the Nyne's Alarms might foon be given, by one Garrifon to another, for all to 2p 7.
being thus fortify'd, as we find it was upon the fhallower part of its ftand upon their Guard : or for their whole Forces to gather and
Chanel in at leaft Three feveral Places, at well-nigh equal Diftances unite on the firft Apprehenfion of Danger.
one above the other. 43. I am now at liberty to view the Higher Part of the County,
41. Indeed I cannot allow our Nyxe to have been the Antona of @ where, between the Heads of the Rivers, or while their Streams are
“Tui Aun, Tacitus *; which, with the Severn, Offorius had fortify’d by Garifons ; [mall and very eafily paffable, the Southern Part of the Ifland lying
cps at which the Iceni of thofe Parts took Umbrage. The Nye is too more open and accefhble to the Northern Britains, there was the great-
remote to have been any ways concern'd in that Action. But yet | er Need of Military Fences: And accordingly we find that this Part
am of Opirion, the Nyne was fortify'd, tho’ not at the very fame of the County was well fortify’d by the Romans. Camden mentions
time, yet by the fame Perfon Offorius Scapula, Lievetenant of Claudius. the Fortifications now to be feen at Daventry and Guilsborough, as
Who, as he took care by planting thofe Garifons upon the Weflern fome of the Forts,Oforius, the Roman General under Claudius, erected,
Avon and the Severn, to reftrain the Incurfions of the Cormavii of to fecure the Southern or already conquer’d Part of Brita. And
Worcefterbire, and the Silures of Herefordfbire, who had lately in. this Conjecture of his is very probable, particularly with relation to
vaded and wafted the Country of the Allies, the Dabuni , thole of the Dazntry Fortrefs ; where, 1n every refpect, is the fitteft Place that
Glocefierfbire, a People that in the Propretorthip of Plautius were § could pofiibly be pitch’d upon, in all thefe Parts, for a Frontier Gar-
receiv’d , as appears by Dis, into Protection of the Romans : So he rifon.
in like manner provided for the Safety of the reft of the Allies ; and 44. 1 thallin my ufual manver, firft deferibe the Works at both
particularly of the Caffii or Catteualian, whofe 1 erritories extended thefe Places, and then give my Thoughts concerning them. As tothe
to the Nyne, or near it , and who either in or before his Time were Military Work call’d Hunsbaroe nigh Northampton, “tis, 1 fuppofe,
brought under the Roman Government, and were termed Allies to of later Date, and does not belong to this Place.
to the Romans, Thefe he defends from the Inroads of the Britains The Fortification or Rampire Mr. Camden refers to at Daventry or

inha- ‘ :
Dainty Ys

 
LF seme iar:

+ ERNE

a

 

520

¥ Cambden’s
Britan.p.43 1.

The Nad HIST ORT Chap ra

Darntry, is about Half a Mile Eaflward of the Town upon that call’d
Burrough or Burrow-Hillja high Hill overlooking the T own, and com-
manding the Country, efpecially the Northern Part of it. = Mr. Cans.
den 1s miftaken, in afferting it to be Four-fquare +. Tis rather ap
Oval than a Square. The Length of it, which is from South to
North, is about } of one of our Miles: The Breadth of ity in the
broadeft Part, which is toward the South, about : of a Mile. From
thence it is almoft gradually narrower to the North, Its Circumfe.
rence, as generally reckoned , is Three Miles.  Juft within the En.
trenchments, the whole Circuit of the Area, excepting only about
a Quarter of a Mile in the Northern Part of it, has for feveral Years
been a celebrated Courfe for Horfe-Races, which, as it has been
meafur’d, and is now ufually computed, wants about 28 Yards of
Two Miles. Suppofing the Area to be an Oval of but Two Miles
in Circumference, it is no lefs than 190 Acres, The Circuit is
10560, the Length 587, Paces, at Five Feet to the Pace. So that
allowing Nine Foot Square for the Lodgement of every Foot Soldier,
no fewer than 99700 Foot Soldiers might be quarter’d there.

45. The prefent State of the Entrenchment is as follows. In the
Eaftern Part of the Rampire, beginning at South Eaft and by South,
and going Northward for about 300 Yards, there is a double Trench,
and Three Banks of Earth, that is, a Bank betwixt the Two Tren.
ches; and one on each Side. Farther on to the North, are Three
Trenches, and Four Banks, the outmoft and inmoft now almoft le-
vel with the Surface. Somewhat farther Northward,Four Trenches
and Five Banks: The Two outmoft fmall, the middle one is more
rais’d, the Two inmoft but little raid. Going fill more Northerly,
In that Part of the Rampire, below which on the Outfide of it are
feveral little Springs, the Works are fo much interrupted, that their
Number and Form is not to be difcovered. Advancing till onwards
to the North, ave Two deep Trenches and Three Banks of propor-
tionabl= Height.

The North Side of the Rampire is fenced in like manner with
Two Entrenchments, and Three Banks of Earth.

On all the Weflern Side, there is only a fingle Entrenchment be-
twixt Two Banks of Earth.

That Part which lies Southerly, has, during its whole Courfe,
Two Trenches, and Three Banks; whereof that between the Tren.
ches is the biggeft.

46. Traverting the Ground within the Circumvallations,or the Area
of the Rampire, from Smth to North, at about ’ of the Length of
ity appears a fmall Trench going overthwart, which from the En-
trenchment on the Weft Side, extends to about Two Thirds of the
Breadth of the Area. Having pafs'd over another ! of the Length,
there is another fomewhat larger Ditch going crofs the Hill from the

Weflern Part of the Entrenchment Eaftward, almoft ! of the Area.
It terminates at or nigh the Round Banks. The Round Banks, as
they are call'd, are about Eighteen in Number: The larger almolft as
large

 

Chap.10. of NorTHA MP TONSHIR E.

large as one of our common Windmil-Hills, all a little hollow at the
Top : placed almoft in a firait Row running North and South , clofe
to each other. The whole Row is about Sixty Yards in Length.
The remaining Fourth of the Length of the Camp is divided fron,
the reft by a deep Trench , about 200 Yards in Length. The
Area within isabout Twelve Acres. This is at the Northern Extre-
mity of the Hill, and appears like the Cape or outmoft Point of a
pretty large Promontory. ~ The Area declines to the Eat. Upon
the Eaftern Declivity, near the overthwart Trench that divides the
moft Northernly Part of theRampire from the reft is the Spring call’d
Spelwell, which by Miftake is call’d a Mount in Mr. Camden. The
Encampment being more eafily affailable in the Faftern Part of it
as the fall of the Ground is there more gentle and leifurely, it was
therefore more ftrongly fenced in that Part, with double and treble
Trenches. Tis difficult to difcover the old Entrances into this Fn.
campment. The Interval that now appears in that Part of the Banks
S. E. and S. appears to have been one of them 5 there being no Road
at prefent that leads up to it or anfwers it. Picces of Rom Money
have fometimes been found in fearching the Breaches of the Trenches,

47. Below this Encampment or Rampire about 250 Yards, on the
S. E. fide of the fame Hill, is a lefer Camp if 1 may fo call it, fur.
rounded with a fingle Trench, and a Bank of Earth on the Infide of
it. The Area is fuppos’d to be about an Acre. The Figure an Qb-
long Square. The Entrances into it appear to have been one on
the Eaft, and another on the oppofite or Weftern fide. The Ufe of
it perhaps for the lodging the Carriages.

On the South fide of Burrough-Hill at the Foot of it, almoft a quar-
ter of a Mile below the Rampire, is that Place by the Countrey Peo-
ple called Burnt-Walls y Where many Loads of Stone of ruined
Walls and Foundations have been digg'd up. It takes up about fix
Acres of Ground: feems to have been moted round : and perhaps
had Water conveyd to it from the old Pools at no great Diftance, in
that call'd Dazntrey Park. The Banks in Daintrey Park refemble thofe
of Ponds and Canals : within them is a watery fquathy Ground :
and never any old Building Stone was found there. They are there.
fore fuppos’d to have been Ponds belonging to Burntawalls 5 where, as
Tradition goes, ftood a large Houfe or a Caftle of Fobn of Gaunt,

48. That this Camp upon Burrough-Hill was originally Raman
appears fufficiently from the Coins of that People which have been
found there: And ’tis very probable it was a Summer Camp, for thofe
Forces which winter'd atDaventry orDaintry at the Bottom of thisHill
where in digging they fometimes meet with Romans Coins. For the
Soldiers not being able to endure the Winters, at leaft in our Climate
under Tents, and there being no appearance of Walls or Foundatj.
ons of Houfes within this Camp, twas neceffary that this and other
Summer Camps thould have fome Town near them, in which the
might be lodg’d inWinter.And thus we generally find it in otherParts
of this Ifland , that at leaft their larger Summer Camps were plac’d

Rrrrrr upon

521

 
 

The Natwal HIST ORY Chap. ro.

upon Hills at no great Diftance from fome confiderable Towns. For
Inftance, the Camp upon Gogmagog-Hills is about 3 or 4 Miles from
Camboritum, whether we place Camboritum at Cambridge, or Granche.
fier. That farge Camp B07 Badbury Hill, is within 2 Miles of
Vindogladia , Winburn in © or [etfbire : And in the fame County ther,
is another very noble one, call'd there Maiden-Cafile about a Mile and
a half from Dorchefter ; And I doubt not but that the fame may be
obferv’d in many others Places.

49. As to the Objection which may be made, that this upon Bur.
rough-Hill could not be a Roman Camp, becaufe it is not of a Quadri.
lateral Figure, as fome are of Opinion all the Camps of the Roman;
were,and are thereby to be diftinguifh’d from the Saxon and Danifh : |
fhall foon give my Conjectures how this Camp, tho’ at firft Roman,
came to be that Figure in which we now find it,that isan irregular O-
val; which Conjectures are founded upon fome Particulars obfervable
in this Camp, which are not found in others. For, in general, T am
apt to doubt of the Truth of that Notion, that a the Roman Cam ps
were Square, to which tis added by fome that they confifted only of
a fingle allum witha Trench.

50.1t appears indeed by a Difcourfe of Polybius,concerning the Art
and Difcipline of War as practifed by the Romans, which we find
among the Excerpta out of the 6th Book of his Hiftory , that they
were 10 his time univerfally either of an oblong or an exaétly fquare
Figure. And without doubt they continued to be form’d after the
fame manner for many Ages. Pegetius, who though he writ in the
time of one of the Valentinians yet tells that Emperor to whom he
dedicates his Book that he had compofed it out of other Authors,
fome probably much more Ancient than himfelf, mentions a Va.

‘Libs. Cp riety 1n the Figure of their Camps. He tells us *, that tbe Ro.
man Camps were [ometimes four Square, [ometimes three Square, fome-
times half round, us the Ruality of the Ground and their Occafions re-

quired. And that they were fometimes too, at leaft towards the De-
clenfion of the Roman Empire, of 2 Circular or an Oval Figure,

and withal enclofed with a double or triple Vallum , feems by {eve-

ral Inftances in this Ifland to be too “evident to be reafonably de-

nied. And this was the Opinion of two of the moft learned of ‘our
Antiquaries, Mr. Camdei, and Dr. Gale. The former of thele in

t camdia’s his Account of Sumer|etfbire +, mentions a steep Mountain colld Ca-

ritan.p.§sod, . . + .

malet, in the Top whereof are the plain Footsteps of a _decay'd Comp,

ond a triple Rampire of Earth mcluding 20 Acres. The Li

call it Arthur's Palace, but, {ays he, that it was really a Work of the
Romans, is plain from the Roman Coins daily digg’d up there. And yet

this Camp is round, us appears both by the Notes upon the Plice,

Pag, 77. where 4 Trenches and 3 Earthen Walls are fiid to circle

1Comm.in ity and by Dr. Gale’s Account of this Camp |. There is another
Zn p.93 Camp in Wiltfbire mention’d by Mr. Cannden *, which he fays, is « ve-
ry large military Einrencbuen, fortified with a deep double Ditch, and

p. 89.
cell’d by the tees hb: ning Liibabigants Yanc borough Castle + From 1!

»

22

 

i
i

 

Chap. ro. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E.

523
Figure an one may eafily conclude, that it was a Roman Camp. And
yet the Figure of it is Oval, as we are told in the Notes upon the
Place, Pag. 105. Camden's Conjecture that this was a Roman Work
is confirmed by the Roman Coins which have fince been found there
inthe Years 1687, and 1696. mention’d by Dr. Gale*. As to the * Comm ia
round Camp with Three Trenches as he writes sin the MI
Notes tis 3 Rampires and 2 Graffs or Trenches ) upon Hogmagog or
Gogmagog Hills near Cambridge, Camden does not give us any Opini-
on of his own about it, and only tells that fome believe it was a
Summer Retreat either of the Romans or the Danes, But fince his
time there has been {ufficient Proof +, that it was a Roman Work t Gikei Com,
from a great Number of Coins found there in digging a Wine Cellar i “= i
in the Year 1689, fome of which came into the Hands of Dr, Gale,
All his were either of Valentinian or Valens. To thefe Inftances may
be added the round Camp of three Vallums, call'd in the Neighbour-
hood Badbary Rings, lying upon the military Way from Old Sarum
( Sorbiodunum ) to Dorchester, at about 2 Miles diftance from Win.
burn, in and near which Camp Roman Coins and Urns have been of.
ten found. The fame may reafonably be fupposd of that large
round Camp with a triple Valum, calld Maiden-Caftle near Doy-.
chefter, which Camden {ays ||, one may eafily 1magine to be the place where
the Romans encamp'd in the Summer time. Its Nearnefs to Dorchefler 5
which was certainly the Durnovaria of the Romans, does indeed ve-
ry well warrant fuch an Opinion. From what I have produced up.
on this Subject I believe we may fafely conclude , that tho’ the Ro-
mans did generally make their Camps of a fquare Figure , zquilate-
ral or oblong, yet that this general Rule had its Exceptions, and that
in fome part of the time, in which they govern'd us » probably to.
wards the Declenfion of their Empire here, they varied from it.
For otherwife it will be very hard to account for thofe Roman Coins,
which are found in great Plenty, and fometimes other Antiquities
of that People, in fonte of thefe round or oval Camps.

51. But withal we may well imagine that thefe Roman Camps of
whatever Form, were made ufe by other Nations which invaded us
and efpecially by the Saxons, who coming hither foon after the Ro.
mans left us, found the Rampires of, at leaft, fome of their Camps
but little decay’d, and probably made ufe of them as they had Oc-
cafion. Thus Edward the Elder encampt the Army, which he led
againft the Rebel Etbelward and the Danes , upon Badbury Hill
nigh Winborn. There, fays the Chron. Saxon. ad Ann, got. he pitch’d
his Camp, and without doubt made ufe of the Roman Camp, lately
mention'd, which he found there. I am very apt to think that
the Saxons, upon an Occafion which 1 fhall ‘mention, made ufe
of this Roman Camp upon Burrough-Hill, but finding it not Capaci-
ous enough for their Army, enlarged it, by drawing out the longer
Sides of the Camp to a yet greater Length ; thus of the old Camp
forming a new one, of their ufual Circular or Oval Fathion : and
perhaps ftrengthening ic in the weaker Parts efpecially, by feveral

: Trenches.

 
 

522 The Natwral HI ST ORYT ‘Chap. ro.

upon Hills at no great Diftance from fome confiderable Towns. For
Inftance, the Camp upon Goemagog-Hills is about 3 or 4 Miles from
Camboritum, whether we place Camboritum at Cambridge, or Granche.
fier. That large Camp ey Badbury Hill, is within 2 Miles of
Vindogladia Winburn in Dorfetfbire : And in the fame County there
is another very noble one, call'd there Maiden-Cafile about a Mile and
a half from Dorchefler ; And I doubt not but that the fame may be
obferv’d in many others Places.

49. As to the Objection which may be made, that this upon Bu.
rough-Hill could not be a Roman Camp, becaufe it is not of a Quadri.
lateral Figure, as fome are of Opinion all the Camps of the Roman;
were,and are thereby to be diftinguifh’d from the Saxon and Danifh : |
fhall foon give my Conjectures how this Camp, tho’ at firft Roman,
came to be that Figure inwhich we now find it,that is an irregular O.
val; which Conjectures arz founded upon fome Particulars obfervable
in this Camp, which zre not found in others. For, in general, I am
apt to doubt of the Truth of that Notion, that a/ the Roman Camps
were Square, to which ’tis added by fome that they confifted only of
a fingle Vallum witha Trench.

50.1t appears indeed by a Difcourfe of Polybius,concerning the Art
and Difcipline of War as pra&tifed by the Romans, which we find
among the Excerpta out of the 6th Book of his Hiftory , that they
were 10 his time univerfally either of an oblong or an exactly fquare
Figure. And without doubt they continued to be form’d after the
fame manner for many Ages. Pegetius, who though he writ in the
time of one of the v alentinians yet tells that Emperor to whom he
dedicates his Book that he had compofed it out of other Authors,
fome probably much more Ancient than himfelf, mentions a Va-

‘Libs. Cop. riety in the Figure of their Camps. He tells us ¥, that the Ro.
» man Camps were [ometimes four Square, [ometimes three Square, fome-
times half round, us the Quality of the Ground and their Occafions re-
quired. And that they were fometimes too, at leaft towards the De-
clenfion of the Roman Empire, of a Circular or an Oval Figure,
and witha enclofed with a double or triple Vallum , feems by feve-
ral Inftances in this Ifland to be too “evident to be reafonably de-
nied. And this was the Opinion of two of the moft learned of our
Antiquaries, Mr. Camden, and Dr. Gale. The former of thefe in

»

men’ 3 i rl oh * = ¢ 7 . ” ,
J, his Account of Sumer |etfbire +, mentions a Steep Mountain coll’d Ca-

 

and a triple Rampire of Earth mcluding 20 Heres. The Lababitons
call it Arthur's Palace. but, fays he, that it wus really a Work of the
Romans, is plain from th: Roman Coins daily dizg’d up there. And yet
this Camp is round, us appears both by the Notes ‘upon the Plice,
Pag. 77. where 4 Trenches and 3 Earthen Walls are faid to circle
1Comm.in ity and by Dr. Gale’s Account of this Camp ||. There is another
2un2-93 Camp in Wiltfbire mention’d by Mr. Canden *, which he fays, is a ze-
p89. ry large military Eurenebmen, fortified with a deep double Ditch, ard
call'd by the neezhboriing Libabitants Yanc:borough Cai?le :

malet, in the Top whereof are the plain Footsteps of a Zeeryd Camp, |

From its |

 

Chap. 10. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,

523
Figure any one may eafily conclude, that it was a Roman Camp. And
yet the Figure of it is Oval, as we are told in the Notes upon the
Place, Pag. 105. Camden’s Conjecture that this was a Roman Work
is confirmed by the Roman Coins which have fince been found there
inthe Years 1687, and 1696. mention’d by Dr. Gale *. As to the * Comma
round Camp with Three Trenches as he writes 7 { mn the 2
Notes 'tis 3 Rampires and 2 Graffs or Trenches ) upon Hogmagog or
Gogmagag Hills near Cambridge, Camden does not give us any Opini-
on of his own about it, and only tells that fome believe it was a
Summer Retreat either of the Romans or the Danes. Bur fince his
time there has been fufficient Proof +, that it was a Roman Work 1 Gite com,
from a great Number of Coins found there in digging a Wine Cellar 1 4 is
in the Year 1689, fome of which came into the Hands of Dr. Gale.
All his were either of Valentinian or Valens. To thefe Inftances may
be added the round Camp of three Pallums, call'd in the Neighbour-
hood Badbary Rings, lying upon the military Way from Old Sarum
( Sorbiodunum ) to Dorchester, at about 2 Miles diftance from Win.
burn, in and near which Camp Roman Coins and Urns have been of-
ten found. The fame may reafonably be fupposd of that large
round Camp with a triple Vallum, calld Maiden-Caftle near Da.
chefter, which Camden {ays ||, one may eafily imagine to be the place where
the Romans enxcamp'd in the Summer time. Its Nearnefs to Dorchefter rie, 1.
which was certainly the Durnovaria of the Romans, does indeed ve.
ry well warrant fuch an Opinion. From what I have produced up-
on this Subject I believe we may fafely conclude , that tho’ the Ro.
mans did generally make their Camps of a fquare Figure , @quilate-
ral or oblong, yet that this general Rule had its Exceptions, and that
in fome part of the time, in which they governd us, probably to-
wards the Declenfion of their Empire here, they varied from it.
For otherwife it will be very hard to account for thofe Roman Coins
which are found in great Plenty, and fometimes other Antiquities
of that People, in fonte of thefe round or oval Camps.
51. But withal we may well imagine that thefe Roman Camps of
whatever Form, were made ufe by other Nations which invaded us
and efpecially by the Saxons, who coming hither foon after the Ro.
mans left us, found the Rampires of, at leaft, fome of their Camps
but little decay’d, and probably made ufe of them as they had Oc-
cafion. Thus Edward the Elder encampt the Army , which he led
againft the Rebel Etbelward and the Danes s upon Badbury Hill
nigh Winborn. There, fays the Chron. Saxon. ad Aun. gor. he pitch’d
his Camp, and without doubt made ufe of the Roman Camp, lately
mention'd, which he found there. 1 am very apt to think that
the Saxons, upon an Occafion which 1 fhall ‘mention, made ufe
of this Roman Camp upon Burrough-Hill, but finding it not Capaci-
ous enough for their Army, enlarged it, by drawing out the longer
Sides of the Camp toa yet greater Length ; thus of the old Camp
forming a new one, of their ufual Circular or Oval Fafhion : and
perhaps ftrengthening ic in the weaker Parts efpecially, by feveral
Trenches.

 
 

524

— i
Yd ons rough-Hill Encampment.

Bris. p. 804

* Chron,
Saxon. [ub
Ann, 1006,

“The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 10.

5. In fuch a Draught as this; the fhorter Sides of the Ro.
ae which was an Oblong Square, would be included by the
Additional Works of the Saxons. And accordingly the Two Tren.
chesgoing crofs the prefent Area ( whereof in 9. 46. fupr. ) een to
be the Remains of thofe fhorter Sides of the firft Camp. The faid
Trenches are now fhallow ; the Saxons, tis likely, having caft in the
Bank that formerly ran along the Side of each, that fo the Plat of
their new Camp might be more level. What other Ufe they fhould

ef annot imagine. ; fl. 1
? That call’'d = Round Banks upon the New Area, which in all
probability are fo many Burrows or Supulchral 7 umuls, are alfo clear
Indications that fome other Nation befides the Romans muft have
offefs'd themfelves of this Fortrefs . Ir he Romans never burying
within their Camps, no more than in their Cities. But the Northern
Nations the Saxons and Danes were not fo fcrupulous as to this mat-
ter, and particularly the latter, as appears by the T umulus upon
Bratton-Castle Camp in Wiltfbire, oneot the largeft Encampments of
the Danes in Fngland ; which yet is no more than 350 Paces in
Length, and about Two Broad * : not half the Extent of our Bur-
[ From the WN CR of ours

g ich inclin’d to think it was a Camp made by the Saxons, not
Lynn were Invaders but Proprietors of the Ifland, at a Time
when the whole Countrey was up in Arms, upon the Approaches
of the Barbarous Danes. Thefe Thoughts occur'd to me from an
attentive View of the Place: and are much confirm d by what 1
have fince met with in the Saxon Annals, which in my Opinion point
out the very Time and Occafion of drawing out this Spacious Camp*
But of this hereafter when 1 come to difcourfe of the Saxo Anti.
i Fortification of Guilsboraugh, which is alfo upon a high
Hill, is much fmaller, as Mr. Camden has rightly noted, than is that
at Dasmiry : But it has as plain or plainer Marks of having been a
Roman Encampment, The Form of it is really that of the more com-
mon Roman Camps , an Oblong Square. The two fhorteft Sides run
Noth and South. It feems to have been fenced with only a fingle
Entrenchment, but that a broad and deep one. "Tis call’d the Bur-
rows, whence fome derive the Name of the Town.

54. Befides the Two above-mention’d , which Mr. Camden has
noted for Roman Garifons, there is another Encampment about Three
Miles South-Weft of Daimiry, which by the Shape of it fhould be
Roman too. Tis now call’d Arbury or Arberry-Banks, a Name
which is partly Britifb and partly Saxon, (‘as are feveral others) viz.
Ard, in Britifb, High, and Berg or Berry, in the Saxon, a Hill : and
which might very wellbeapplyd toit, as being made at the Top of
one of the higheft Hills in the whole Countrey. "Tis in Badby Lord-
thip, betwixt Badby and Catesby. The Figure inclining toa Square.
It is fenced with a fingle Ditch, and a fteep Bank. The Nath ard
South Sides, which are longeft, are almoft firait. That on the Weft

is

 

Chap.1o. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

is fo too. The Works on the Eaft fide are now almoft eaven with the

Surface. The Area,as we guefs'd, is about ten Acres ; declining a little

ta the Eaft, on which fide of the Hill the Springs arife. T's reporta

ed there was formerly a Well within the Camp. TheS. W. Angleof
the Area is extended outward in the manner of a Baftion. And there
feems to have been the like in the other Angles. In the middle of
the W. fide of it appears one of the old Entrances or Ports. In the

Northern Part of it are Hollows, as if the Place had been digg'd for

Stone. In the Figure as well as in the Name it agrees with the

Camp calld Arbury nigh Chefterton in Cambridgefbire , where Roman

Coins have been found. And tho’ none have been difcovered in this,
yet we may reafonably believe it wasa Camp of the Romans.

55. The Daintry Fortification and that of Arberry are very near the
principal Head of the Ayxe, nine or ten Miles above Northampton,
That at Guilsboroygh is about eight Miles almoft North of that at
Dairy sear the Head of the River Weland : and perhaps was not
made till fome time after, when Offorius the Roman General was ad.
vancing {till more Northward. However that be, tis likely he placed
a Garifon in one or both of them asa Bridle to the Natives.

56. In that part of theCounty ftill moreWefterly,there feems to have
been raisd a Wallor Vallum of a confiderable length, asa Prat enty.
ra againft a Weftern Enemy. Whereof but a very {mall Part is now
remaining: That I mean which has now the Name of Wallow-Bank
at the North end of Chipping-Wardm Town ; being an Earthen Ram.
pire, like a high Wall pointing Northward directly upon Afion in the
Wall. "Tis 24 Paces in length, and hasa narrow Ridge: the We-
ftern fide of it isalmoft perpendicularly fteep : the Eaftern gradual-
ly floped. From the Foot to the Ridge of it, is nine Paces. Wal.
low is deriv'd from Wall and bleve or low, a Heap or Hill in Saxon,
as much as to fay the Wall-bill. To which the Countrey People in
after-times added Bank, the Signification of the old Name being in
a manner unknown to them. Tho’ there appears no more of this
Bank at prefent, the Remainder at either End haing probably been

 leveld, to make the Ground of more ufe in Husbandry, yet I'doubt

not but that it reach’d formerly to A4flon in the Wall, and gave Oc-
cafion to that Diftinction in the Name of that Town. For there is
no other Account to be given, how it came by the Name of Afton in

the Wall, but that it formerly food upon this Wall or Vallum. And

thus in like manner Wall in Staffordfbire, Walton ...

; Survey, Eaton's-
Wail, and Walford under Brandon,

had their Name *, Some ma

525

* Camden's

perhaps imagine that our Wallow-Bank is a part of Wattle-Bank or tis 25%

Aves Ditchy which as we learn from Dr. Plot 1, runs from the Ri-
ver Cherwel or near it, not far from Kirtlington,

# Nat. Hit,
towards Souldern, a of oxford.

Town upon the Border of Oxfordfbire and Northamptonfbire : That “*'***

thence, (as appears by the Pointing, ) it pafs’d to Wardom in Nora
thamptoufbire, about eight Miles from Souldern, where a Piece of it
fiill remains, by the Name of Wallow-Bank : And that the whole
was raisd for a Boundary betwixt the Weit-Saxons and Mercian.

Sree But

 
 

“The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. 10.

Trenches. In fuch a Draught as this; the moe Sloss of the Ro
man Camp, which was an Oblong Square, od C pe ! i: Sgt byt e
Additional Works of the Saxons. And according y the i”
chesguing crofs the prefent Area ( whereof jon 4 Jupr. ig 9
be the Remains of thole fhorter Sides of the fir Geimp I bl |
Trenches are now {hallow ; the Saxons, ‘tis likely, : avy o i e
Bank that formerly ran along the Side of Sesh, don j e ¥ of
their new Camp might be more level. What other Ufe they fhoul
e imagine. ; ill

be Eo Fale calld Round Banks upon the New Area, which in all
srobability are fo many Burrows or Supulchral 7 umulz, are alfo clear
hat fome other Nation befides the Romans muft have
poffefsd themfelves of this Fortrefs ; The Romans noes Begins
within their Camps, no more than in their Cities. But the Nort ern
Nations the Saxons and Danes were not fo feria eg fs mat-
ter, and particularly the latter, as appears by the ho us upon
Bratton-CaStle Camp in Wiltfbire, one of the large ig of
the Danes in Fagland ; which yet is no more than 350 i in
Length, and about Two Broad * : not half the Extent of our Bur-

. .

Indications t

a Gn yough-Hill Encampment. From the extraordinary Largenefs of ours
: S

Bris. p. 804

* Chron,
Saxon. [ub
Ann, 1006.

inclin’d to think it was a Camp made by the Saxons, not
bm on Invaders but Proprietors of the lfland, at a Time
when the whole Countrey was up in Arms, upon the Approaches
of the Barbarous Danes. Thefe Thoughts occur’d to me from an
attentive View of the Place: and are much confirm'd by what I
have fince met with in the Saxon Annals, which in my Opinion point
out the very Time and Occafion of drawing out this Spacious Camp
But of this hereafter when 1 come to difcourfe of the Saxon Anti-
quities. pals Aoualacl sh ail):

ortification of Guilsborough, which is alfo upon a hig

al is fmaller, as Mr. Camden has rightly noted, than is that
at Daintry : But it has as plain or plainer Marks of having been a
Roman Encampment, The Form of it isreally that of the more com-
mon Roman Camps , an Oblong Square. The two fhorteft Sides run
North and South. It feems to have been fenced with only a fingle
Entrenchment, but that a broad and deep one. Tis call'd the Bur-
rows, whence fome derive the Name of the Town.

54. Befides the Two above-mention’d,, which Mr. Camden has
noted for Roman Garifons, there is another Encampment about Three
Miles South-Weft of Dairy, which by the Shape of it fhould be
Roman too. Tis now calld Arbury or Arberry-Banks, a Name
which is partly Britifb and partly Saxon, (as are {everal others ) vz.
Ard, in Britifb, High, and Berg or Berry, in the Saxon, a Hill : and
which might very wellbeapply'd to it, as being made at the Top of
one of the higheft Hills in the whole Countrey. ; Tisin Badby Lord-
fhip, betwixt Badby and Catesby. The Figure inclining to a Square.
It is fenced with a fingle Ditch, and a fteep Bank. The Nth ard
South Sides, which are longeft, are almoft firait. That on the we

 

Chap.1o. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

is fo too. The Works on the Eaft fide are now almoft eaven with the
Surface. The Area,as we guefs'd, is about ten Acres ; declining a little
ta the Eaft, on which fide of the Hill the Springs arife. Tis reporta
ed there was formerly a Well within the Camp. TheS. W. Angle of
the Area is extended outward in the manner of a Baftion. And there
feems to have been the like in the other Angles. In the middle of
the W. fide of it appears one of the old Entrances or Ports. In the
Northern Part of it are Hollows, as if the Place had been digg’d for
Stone. In the Figure as well as in the Name it agrees with the
Camp call'd Arbury nigh Chefterton in Cambridge/bire y where Roman
Coins have been found. And tho’ none have been difcovered in this,
yet we may reafonably believe it wasa Camp of the Romans.

55. The ‘Daintry Fortification and that of Arberry are very near the
principal Head of the Nye, nine or ten Miles above Northampton,
That at Gulsboroygh is about eight Miles almoft North of that ar
Damtry near the Head of the River Weland : and perhaps was not
made till fome time after, when Offorius the Roman General was ad.
vancing fill more Northward. However that be, tis likely he placed
a Garfon in one or both of them asa Bridle to the Natives.

56. In that part of theCounty fill moreWefterly, there feems to have
been rais'd a Wall or allum of a confiderable lengthy asa Pretentu-
ra againft a Weftern Enemy. Whereof but a very {mall Part is now
remaining: That I mean which has now the Name of #allow-Bank
at the North end of Chipping-Wardm Town ; being an Earthen Rama
pire, like a high Wall pointing Northward directly upon Afton in the
Wall. Tis 24 Paces in length, and hasa narrow Ridge: the We-
ftern fide of it isalmoft perpendicularly fteep : the Eaftern gradual-
ly floped. From the Foot to the Ridge of it, is nine Paces, Wal.
low is deriv’d from Wall and blcve or low, a Heap or Hill in Saxon,
as much as to fay the Wall-hill. To which the Countrey People in
after-times added Bank, the Signification of the old Name being in
a manner unknown to them. Tho’ there appears no more of this
Bank at prefent, the Remainder at either End haing probably been
leveld, to make the Ground of more ufe in Husbandry, yet I doubt
not but that it reach’d formerly to Afton in the Wall, and gave Oc-
cafion to that Diftinétion in the Name of that Town. For there is
no other Account to be given, how it came by the Name of Afton in
the all, but that it formerly ftood upon this Wall or Vallum. And
thus in like manner Wall in Staffordfbire, Walton in Survey, Eaton's-
Wall, and Walford under Brandon, had their Name *. Some ma

23.

* Camden's

. . . Britan.
perhaps imagine that our Wallow-Bank is a part of Wattle-Bank or Edic.p. 355.

Aves Ditch, which as we learn from Dr. Plot +, runs from the Ri-

t Nat. Hift,

ver Cherwel or near it, not far from Kirtlington, towards Souldern, 4 of Oxford.
hi : SF, i Tie.
F'own upon the Border of Oxfordfbire and Northamptonfbire : That “*'° 3

thence, (as appears by the Pointing, ) it pafs’d to Wardon in Nor
thamptonfbire, about eight Miles from Souldern, where a Piece of it
fill remains, by the Name of Wallow-Bank : And that the whole
was raisd for a Boundary betwixt the West-Suxons and Mercians.

SII Bu¢

 
 

 

 

 

526

The Nawal H 1ST OQ RT Chap. ro,

But allthis I take to be imagimeppvies never feen fufficient Grounds
i ither Obfervation or Hiftory.
B= s He Restons why I take this ed Bank called Wallow of
Walle Bank to have been a Pratentura or Fore-fence of the Romans,
rather than a Saxon Boundary, are thefe, 1, The plenty of Roman
Coins that are found near it. 2. The Fathion of it ; which if we
may judge of the whole by this {inall Remainder, was gently floping
Eaftward, and very fteep to the Weft: a Form peculiarly Pope
for a Fence or Rampart againft a Weftern Enemy. 3. The Roman,
might well think fit to raife a Rampire in this very Part of Te Coun-
trey , as it faced the huge Foreft or Wood of Ardenne in Warseick.
Jbire 5 which no doubt was for a long while a large and firong For.
trefs, if I'may fo call it, tothe native Britains ,, who were ready at
every turn to infeft the Allies of the Romans with their Inroads. ,
It does not appear from Hiftory, that ever the Weft Saxon or Merc;.
an Kingdoms terminated there ; much lefs that they were parted by
fuch a notable Boundary. If it really was the Boundary of the
Mercians and Weft Saxons, as was that calld Rech Dike or Devil's
Dike, of the Mercians and Eaft Angles, ‘tis ftrange our old Hiftori-
ans who fo often mention that, fhould be wholly filent as to this.
My Opinion therefore is, That it was a Fortification of the Ro.
mans rais'd on purpofe to fecure their Conquefts Eaftward of that / al.
lum, from the frequent Incurfions of the Natives of the Warwick-
Jbire Forrefts. 1 conjeture, that from Wardm it extended Southward
to the Cherawell, to that part of it below Walton, that is the Town
upon the Bank or Wall, 1 meanthe Ww alton, betwixt Aynbo and King's-
Sutton, And Northward by Aion in the Wall to the River Leame,
t eight Miles.
ho We don, as appears by the Name of it, was a Town
of Refort in the Saxon times ; Chipping being derived from Ceapan to
buy or cheapen, and importing that it was a Market Town. And
that it was of earlier note, a place frequented by the Romans, ap-
pears by their Coins that are often met with there ; feveral of which
I have feen. The Roman Money which is there call'd Coffer , cor-
ruptly 1 believe for Cafler Pence, and fometimes Danes Money, is
chiefly found upon a Ground they call the Black Ground , as being of
a darker Colour than other Parts of the Field , ‘upon 3 Furlongs,
which are thought to contain nigh 40 Acres. In plowing upon and
near the fame Ground they have frequently met with Foundation
Stones, and other hewn Stones , and amongft them many Stones that
are red and brittle, appearing plainlyto have been fcorch'd or burn: :

And with thefe they plow up Afhes ; Which is a Confirmation of |

the Tradition fo current amongft them, that in that Place ftood the
trae Chipping Ward where the Market was, about a quarter of Mile
Eaftward from the prefent #Wardom , which they call Weft-Wardgn,
with Refpett of its Situation to the other ; the true Chipping War
don ov Eaft-Wardon, being on the Eaft fide of Wallow Bank, and of
the new Warden ; and that the Market Town was burnt om i

oma

Chap. to. of NorTHAMPTONSHI RB,

 

Roman Coins being found in this manner among

old Town that ftood wit

there was a Town, or fome confiderable Man;

that very place,

59. The publick Ways of the

ht

ft the Ruins of an

hin the Vallum , do ftrongly intimate that

or Stations, asalfo their Encampments and Militar

on of the Romans in

Romans , their more noted Towns

y Fences, of which

anyRemains are found with us

,having been confider’d,I thall now give

fome Account befides what has been already mentioned, of their
Pavements in Checquer Work, their Urns, ie.
Sort already noted are only fuch as were found
thofe Stations and Encampments , and were the

my Account of them

a

Stations, {c.

éo. Of thefe the molt Re

The things of this
at, or near, any of
refore mention’ in

: The Antiquities of a like Kind which I am
now to {peak of, are fuch asoccur in Places fo remote, that we can-
not with any Certainty affirm they had any Relation to the forefaid

verd Ann. 1699 in Hor[eflone Medow at Nether

Mile from the Watling
which it well deferves

markable is the Roman Pavement, difco-

Heyford , about hd

rect. Of thisT have given an exadt Draught,

527

» it being indeed a moft noble Piece

of Art,

exceeding all I have

{een or read

of, of the fame

very far exceeding the che

Kind in England,

cquer’d Pavement in Dr. Plor’s Nat. Hitt.

of Oxf ordfb

- Tab. 15. Fig.

22. as alfo that deferib’d in the new E.

dition of the Brittania

chafler in Gloceflerfbire

p- 607. and even the

famous one of Wood-

, mention’d p. 247,

iid. in the

in the Regularity,

and Beauty of it.

eat Vari
great Variety,

this extraordinary Piece
holden to the Reverend
with great Accuracy traced out the Work, of which he drew a fair
Sketch, and kindly prefente
of little Bricks or Tiles art;
as polifh’d Marble : al

common Dice

d it to me.
ficially ting'd w
| of them §

For the firft Reprefentation of
of checquerd or teffellate Work » 1 am be.
and Worthy Mr. H. Gray of Heyford, who

The whole Work confifted
ith Colours, and as fmooth
uares, fomewhat bigger than

» of four Colours, V ‘hite, Yellow,

Red, and Blue,

difpos’d into various, regular Figures, which were plac’d with great
Exaltnefs. But a general Defer ption can by no means give the Rea-

valuable Piece of Antiquity | and therefore I
refer him to the feon, Tab. 14.

der a juft Idea of this

61. That Jeon exhibits as much of this ancient Pave

ment or Floor 4

Zab, 14.

.
1

as has been difcovered.
bly prefume the whole

By which, tho’ on

ly a part, we may reafona-

to have been a Square : And that the two
other Sides were conformable to thefe,

By what remains of the

 

South fide of the Pavemen
in length from Faft to Wef
is not to be known with
reaching far enough for jt.

and Rubbith, ina part of the Meadow
flow’d with Land Floods. And yet whe

t, we may learn that it w

as abour 15 Feet

t. The Extent of jt irom North to South

fo much Certainty ; th
It lay under Ground coy

e Difcovery not
er’d with Mould

which is every Year over-
0 It was firft uncover’d, jt

vas fo clofe and firm as to bear walking upon as well as a Stone-floor
1 a while expos’d to the Night Dews, the
Cement

wou'ddo. But having lair
 

* eg 1s,
Tab. de Jure &( pelito neve urito. *

Sacrorum

The Nawal HI ST O RT Chap. io.
Cement became relax’d, and the Squares eafily feparable. It appears
to have been the Floor of a fquare Room in fome Houfe or other
Structure, of a circular Figure, and about 20 Yards Diameter ; as
we may conjecture from the thin and pale Greenfword in this place
which 1s different from the reft of the Meadow, and which probably
covers the Remains and Ruins of it ; for whereever they dig un.
derneath this difcolour’d Greenfword, they meet with Floors, Foup-
dations of Walls, or other Remains of fome ruin'd Building. The
Room that had this curious Floor was in the Southern Part of the
faid Stru&ture. In the Weftern and Northern Part of it were feveral
lefler Rooms or Cells, about ten Feet in length and four broad,
That there really were fuch little Rooms is plain enough from the
partition Walls, the Bottoms whereof have been difcover’d in dig-
ging there. The Stone of the Foundations is fmalland mean for 3
Structure fo finely adorn’d as this is within. Some of the Rooms
were found floor’d with a firm Plaifter of Lime-morter, drawn up.
on Pebbles fix’d in Lime. The Borders or Sides of the Floors were
painted with three ftrait and parallel Lines or Stripes of three diffe-
rent Colours, Red, Yellow, and Green : So frefh and lively that
when the Floors were uncover’d by the Diggers, the Strokes of the
Hairs of the painting Bruth were plainly vifible. No Painting ap.
pear’d in the inner Part of any of them. Upon one of thefe Floors
were found three Urns ; which were broken by the Countrey Peo-
ple, before any curious Perfon had a Sight of them. T he Floors
were all upon the fame Level. In other Parts of the Rubbifh, Mr.
Gray difcovered feveral Fragments of Urns, and of other antique
Earthen Veflels ; that by the Edges of the Fragments feem’d to have
been broken long ago. Amongft the Pieces Mr. Gray preferv’d, was
one that by its Figure and Colour I take to have been the Bottom of
an Afh-colour’d Urn : Another that feems to have been the Mar-
gin of a larger Urn, Its Colour white : Another of the fame Colour
which was the Margin of a leffer Urn: Another of a Bluifh Catt,
which feems to be a Fragment of a Libatory Veflel : Another that
has the Colour and Smoothnefs of a pure Red Coral, and by the
Figure of it appears to have been part of a Difh or Plate, perhaps
of a Sacrificing Patera. And amongft the Stuff of the Ruins were
many Pieces of Slates, as alfo of Tiles that feem to have been made
ufe of, fome of them however, in covering the Roof of the Building ;
they having fuch Holes at one End of them, as have thofe we now
fometimes ufe in Covering: And likewife an Antique Hammer Head.
62. This Structure, for fo I fhall now call it, ftood about Half
a Mile Eaflward of the Watling§treet. The Situation and other Cir-
cumftances will by no means allow it to have been a Tower or other
Place of Defence. Perhaps it was a Sepulchretum or Burial-Place of
fome Noble Roman Family that might have their Refidence at Bema-
veana ; from which, whether we fet it at Wedon, at Caftle-Dikes, or
at Dantry, tis not far diftant. "Tis well known that Interment with-
in their Cities was not allow'd of. * Hominem martuum in Urbe ne [e-
: Perhaps

 

Chap.1o. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR FE.

Perhaps it was the Vill or Mannor Houle of fome Eminent Perfor
among(t the Romans : and that the Urns were the Sepulchres of fome
of his Family. For according to Servius, Of old all Men were
bury’d in their Houfes: “ Apud majores omnes Homines in [ris Deo-
mbus [epelicbantut.” This is Servivs’s Remark on a Paffage in Virgil,
ined. 6. And Ifidore agrees with him in that Obfervation, *

We have a Curious Reprefentation of many the like Kind
of Sepulchral Monuments , in Bartols’s Antichi Sepolers y Val, 1.
Of thofe in Bartolz, the moft like to this with us at Heyford,
is that of Munasius Plancus, Vol. 1. Figg. 75, 76. which is til] pre-
ferv'd at Gaeta. The Figure of the Structure in the Foundation and
lower Part of it is round, as this of ours appears to have been. It
has four Rooms within it on the firft Floor, and Partition Walls be-
tween. The Rooms of the Sepulchres of this Sort were vfually pa-
ved with Mofaic Work, of which the Curious may meet with many
remarkable Inftances in Bartoli's Antichi Sepolri above-quoted ;
where among others they will find the Wreathed Border of this Hey-

ford Pavement very well exemplify’d in his 17th Table, which de-
fcribes the Pavement of the Tenth Room of the famous Sepulchre
of the Villa Corfina.

63. On the South fide of the River Nyne,in Woodford Field, are
manifeft Signs of a Place poffefs'd by the Romans. On that calld
the Meadow Furlong, we now find abundance of the Roman Dice-
like Bricks, as alfo many Pieces of odly engraven Tiles, the like
whereto were alfo found in the Ruins of the Roman Work at Hey-
ford, and fhould have been mention'd in my Account of them. Up-
on plowing nigh this Place was difcover'd a Roman Urn, as the Re-
verend Mr. Dell, late of Woodford, told me.

64.Befides the above-mention’d,feveral other Urns have been difco-
ver'd indigging here in this County, about a Foot or Two within the
Earth : one at Cogenboe or Cooknoe, of the common Figure of Urns but
confiderably larger than thofe ufually are, very thin for the Size of it,
not very {mooth, and of a Whitifh Colour ; ’twas coverd with a flat,
broad Stone. It contain’d a Mixture of Afhes and Earth. By the
Largenefs I take it to have been one of thofe by Antiquaries called

529

* Vid. 1fider.
Orig. Lib,
15.C. 11,

i, rpeEic A hin 5 : ¥ “ : * Meri
Fanuly Urns * ; Which were purpofely made fo large and capacious to ; Meric ca

contain the Afhes of a Family, that therein their neareft Kindred on sem.

and Friends might be fucceflively receiv'd.
this of ours I conjecture it belong'd to fome Mean Vulgae Famuly.
The Urn is now in my Pofleffion. Thereare befides, fome Roman
Coins found in the Field at Cooknoe. Ihave feen one of ’em, which
was the Head of one of the Faus#ina’s.

The Church at Thengford perhaps was built upon a Burial Place
of the Romans ; for in digging a Grave in the Church-yard was
found an Urn with Afhes in it. Such Squares as the Romans made
their chequer'd Pavements of, have been found in the Field : and al-
fo a Medal of the Emperor Conflans, as the Worthipful 5. Wedbull of
Thengford Efq; has inform'd me,

Ttteee In

muss Medi.

But by the Meannefs of tions.

 
 

The Natural HI ST ORT

In digging for Stone nigh Gritworth have been found Five Urns
in a Row ftanding clofe to each other. In the Mouth of one of them
was a fmaller Urn inverted.

[n digging of a Well at the Weft End of W. Haddon, was found
a Roman Urn, whofe Mouth was cover’d with a flat Stone. With.
in were Afhes. In opening the Ground to lay the Foundation of the
Reverend Mr. Watkins Houfe in that Town, they met with one or
two Pieces of Roman Money.

65. In Weekly Field, not far from the Hall-wood, where a great
many Pieces of Roman Money have been gather’d up by my felf
and others, I obferved alfo Fragments of Urns, or of Veffels ver
like to ‘em : as alfo of feveral other antique Earthern Veffels of dif.
ferent Figures and Colours ; {ome of em of a lively red Colour, and
made of a very fine Earth. Theft laft feem to have been Pieces of
a fhallow Veflel, perhaps of one of the Plates or Patellc wherein
the Libamina were put. The Bottom of one of thefe I obferv'd had
Letters, or rather a Cypher ftampd in a round Impreffion or Cavi.
ty on the outfide of it ; Which Cypher I fuppofe was the Mark of
the Perfon who made it. There are the like Impreffions and Marks
at the bottom of fome of the Urns that are preferved in the Afbmole-
an Muewm at Oxford. But the moft remarkable Urns of all that
I have feen or heard of, are thofe that were lately digg’d up at Monks
Kirby in Warwickfbire ; one of which I have in my Pofleffion. My
{peaking of thefe, tho’ it be extra Oleas, will I believe, be eafily par-
Hrd me ; the Circumftances of them being very fingular and obfer-
vable. They were repofited upon a Caufey of broad Pebbles run-
ning Eaft and Weft. One of the largeft of ‘them had a Chrift’s Crofs
coarfely painted on the outfide of it. T hey were each of them
placed with their Mouths dipping to the Eaft : and cover'd with a
piece of Slate. Within were Athes, and calcin’d Bones, with a
Mixture of Earth. Thefe by their being fet inclining to the
Eaft, and by the Crofs upon “one of them y feem to have been
the Urns of Chriftians: and are then a Proof that the Roman Con-
verts to Chriftianity did not fo immediately upon that change of Re-
ligion, lay afide their ancient Cuftom of burning their Dead, as An.
tiquaries have generally thought they did.

66. Herein this County we not unfrequently meet with fuch high
aud round Hillocks or Heaps of Earth, as were ufually caft up over

53°

Chap. to

the Bodies of eminent Perfons, efpecially thofe who died in the Wars,
«inne. DY the Romans, as allo by the Suxons and Danes ; tor a general Ac.
Hitt of orf. count whereof I refer the Reader to Dr. Plo * y and Sir 7 bomas
Sredoeattice Brown +. In Oxfordfbire and Staffordfbire thefe have the Name of
a2, Lows,Copsand Burrows : Some of them with us have the fame Name.
fms, Inthe Field at Woodford near Thrapfon are thre: large factitious Hills,
Mfulay the in @ row very near each other , which feem to have been of this
“ii hi, Kind. As do alfo the Conical Hillocks nigh Warmington : thofe in
Durons Irtlingborough Medow , and others in the Medows ‘on the Niyne:

that in Caflor Field : two on the Road betwixt Badby and is
an

 

 

Chap. 10. of NorTHAMPTON SH1R E.

and that on the Road beyond Brackley-Bridge ; to name no more,

Ido not pofitively affirm they were rais'd
being indeed no certain Account to be given
were digg’d and fearch’d into, as have been fevetal of the li

on this Occafion, there
of them; unlefs they

ke in o-

ther Counties: And by the Urns, Athes, and Human Bones, ec. that
were found within them, it appears plain enough that thofe ow’d

their Rife to one or other of thofe People, and were defign’d
pulcbral Monuments.

for Se-

67. The Bwrows or Lows in the Meadows on the Bank of

the Nyne , 1 conjecture are generally Roman ; they havin
ral Garrifons on the South fide of that River

g feves

: and it being not

unlikely , that they had frequent Skirmithes with the Natives ,

upon or near thofe Meadows,

and that the more confiderable

Part of the Slain were bury’d underneath thofe Heaps of Earth.
The Hillock juft by the Road beyond Brackly Bridge, tho’ not fo

large a Heap of Earth as
yet I take to have been rais'd asa covering for one or more d
dies ; there having been the

is the leaft of the other above-mentioned,

ead Bo«

like Hillock upon the Watling fireet

Way, about a Furlong South of Dow-Bridge, which about 20 Years
ago was level’'d, and within at the Bottom of it were found the Bones

of Men, and together with them, Athes and Woodcoals ; fo
probable it was of Roman Eretion.

or Danifb ; both the Saxons und the Danes, tho’ they continu’d
their Dead under Earthen Hillocks, having left off the burnin

that ’tis

It cou’d not be either Saxony

to bury
g them,

at or before their Arrival and Settlement in this Ifland. This we ma

gather from Ol. Wormius’s Account of the Cuftoms of thefe Northern
Nations *. That there was a bloody Battel,moft probably betwixt the
Romans and Britains, nigh that part of the Watlingfireet, appears by
the great Number of Human Bones, and particularly by the many

Skulls that have been found in Ditching in Bigwin Grounds

, fome-

what Weftward of the Watling§treer, as alfo nigh the round Hill at

Lilbourn. Indeed the Tradition of the Countrey People is ’
that Place there was formerly

Danes. But this will not be of Weight, when we confider

that in

a Fight betwixt the Saxons and the

that ‘tis

the way of the Vulgar with us to attribute all fuch Aions to the

Danes, and that there are many fuch erroneous Traditions,

I the

rather believe that the forefaid Barrow or iw upon the Streetway,

was erected by the Romans ;

place the like Sepulchres upon their Military Ways. The
may meet with Proofs enough of thisin Dr. Pls *.

68.Which is all I find remaining of the Romansbut fome Parcels of « nue. id

becaufe it was fo ufual with them to

Reader

their Money found in many Places, and particularly near King's-Sut.
im in that part of the Field calld Black-land Futlong. The Coins

have thence the Name of Black-land Pence. Many Roma

n Coifis
have been alfo found in plowing in Paul’s-Perry Fields, particularly
a Conflantine with the Sun on the Reverfe, and this Infeription, Soli im

udo comiti.

The fame have been taken up at Whitburn in the

Bifhop-

°%

* Vid Mos
nument. Das
nic. Lib 1.
Cap.6,& 7.

of Oxfordh.
P31. & fog.

 
 

532

The Natural H IST 0 R2 Chap. 10.

 

* Camden's
Britan. new

Edit. p. 784.

Bithoprick of Durham *, and in fo many other Places, as would in.
duce one to believe, that this was one of the moft common Coins of
the Romans in Britain. In Stanian Field betwixt the Town and the
Wood, have been taken up a great Number of Roman Coins : The
like upon digging a Stone-pit in Walcot Park : The like in the middle
Field at Finfbed. In that part of hilton Field adjoining to the
Watling treet, have been plow’d and digg’d up old Foundations, the
Stones of ruin’d Walls, and the like ; and amongft the Ruins fome
Pieces of Roman Money ; which with the Country People there,
have the Name of Dane-Money. Add to thefe, a Silver Coin of the
Emprefs Fauftina found in Legers-Afbby Field , a Silver Hadrian at
Crick , a Copper Coin of theirs wafh’d over with Silver at Welton
a Tetricus at ‘Dadford, Towns very near the Watling fireet : An An-
tonia at Achurch, an Auguftus at Aldwinckle, a Silver Nerojand feveral
others at Wadenhoe, two or three Pieces of Roman Money at Tutch-
marfb, Towns upon the River Nyne, or not far from it. A Maxim.
aus in Silver has been found at Maxey; from which Emperor fome
would derive the Name of the Town. In 7 hornbaw Lordfhip, ina
Ground near that call'd Szker-Well; was found a Gold Coin of the
Emperor Honorius, weighing about Half a Guinea. On the Head
Side, Dn. Honorius Aug. On the Reverfe, was a general Officer with
a Banner in one Hand, In the other a /2%ria Alata pitch'd upon a
Helmet with a Wreath in her Hand : Under the Generals Feet a
Captive. The Infcription Vidori A. A) CCC.

69.All the Roman Coins mention'd above,that I have had aView of,
are fo common and well known, that there needs not any Cut or Ex-
plication of them. But I have by me one that was found in a Woad-
Ground at Dingley, which, tho’ it has fome of the Marks of the Bi:-
tifb Coins, yet by the Numeral Letters X11. on one Side of it appears
to have been coin'd fince the Romans brought the Art of Coinage
amongft us. The Figure on one Side of it, which is reprefented
Tab. 14. Fig. 4. is like that of the Britifb Coin in Mr. Camden’s Bri-
tannia, Tab. 2. Fig. 24. which by Mr. Walker in his Notes upon it,
is faid to refemble a Galley. The Reverfe I underftand not, but
perhaps it may meet with fome Perfon that does, and therefore 1
have caufed it to be engraved in Tab. 14. Fig. s.

70.The Romans having entirely quitted this lfland Anno 445. Four
hundred and feventy Years after their fiift Arrival here under Juli-
us Ceefar, the Saxons were invited over hither by King Vortigern and
his diftrefled Britains to affift and defend them againit their invete-
rate Enemies, the Pifs, in the Year 449. or thereabouts. But thef:
Auxiliaries having put a ftop to thofe Incurfions and Ravages of the
Picts, they employ their Arms againft the Britains themfelves ; who
yet were able to hold out their Garifons in the Midland Parts to Aum.

71, as the Saxon Annals relate: or as others fay, to 580. which

is the laft we hear of them there.

Of

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

532 The Nawal HIST ORT Chap. to

»camiors  Bifhoprick of Durham *, and in fo many other Places, as would in-
Edie. p. 184. duce one to believe, that this was one of the moft common Coins of
the Romans in Britain. In Stantan Field betwixt the Town and the
Wood, have been taken up a great Number of Roman Coins : The
like upon digging a Stone-pit in Walcot Park : The like in the middle
Field at Finfbed. In that part of Whilton Field adjoining to the
Watling fireet, have been plow’d and digg’d up old Foundations, the
Stones of ruin’d Walls, and the like ; and amongft the Ruins {ome
Pieces of Roman Money ; which with the Country People there,
have the Name of Dane-Money. Add to thefe, a Silver Coin of the
Emprefs Fauftina found in Legers-Afbby Field , a Silver Hadrian at
Crick, a Copper Coin of theirs wafh’d over with Silver at Welton,
a Tetricus at Dadford, ‘Towns very near the Watling fireet : An Au-
tonia at Achurch, an Auguftus at Aldwinckle, a Silver Neroand feveral
others at Wadenhoe, two or three Pieces of Roman Money at Tiich-
marfb, Towns upon the River Nyne, or not far from it. A Maxim.
aus in Silver has been found at Maxey ; from which Emperor fome
would derive the Name of the Town. In Thornbaw Lordfhip, ina
Ground near that calld Saker-Well ; was found a Gold Coin of the
Emperor Honorius, weighing about Half a Guinea. On the Head
Side, Dn. Honorius Aug. On the Reverfe, wasa general Officer with
a Banner in one Hand , In the other a //iiria Alata pitch’'d upon a
Helmet with a Wreath in her Hand : Under the General's Feet a
Captive. The Infcription Vidor: A. AV CCC.
69.All the Roman Coins mention'd above,that I have had aView of,
are fo common and well known, that there needs not any Cut or Ex-

 

plication of them. But I have by me one that was found in a Woad-
| Mg Tih Ground at Dingley, which, tho’ it has fome of the Marks of the Byi-
ed tifb Coins, yet by the Numeral Letters X11. on one Side of it appears

 

 

 ———-g

| A in to have been coin'd fince the Romans brought the Art of Coinage
+ TT hare + 33 BEARS amongft us. The Figure on one Side of it, which is reprefented

i Tab. 14. Fig. 4. is like that of the Briti/b Coin in Mr. Camden’s Bri-
tannia, Tab. 2. Fig. 24. which by Mr. Walker in his Notes upon it,
is faid to refemble a Galley. The Reverfe I underftand not, but
perhaps it may meet with fome Perfon that does, and therefore !
have caufed it to be engraved in 7ab. 14. Fig. s.

70. The Romans having entirely quitted this Ifland Auno 445. Four
hundred and feventy Years after their firft Arrival here under Juli-
us Ceefar, the Saxons were invited over hither by King Vortigern and
his diftrefled Britains to affift and defend them again their invete-
rate Enemies, the Pifs, in the Year 449. or thereabouts. But thefe
Auxiliaries having put a ftop to thofe Incurfions and Kavages of the
Picts, they employ their Arms againft the Britains themfelves ; who
yet were able to hold out their Garifons in the Midland Parts to Aum.
571, as the Saxon Annals relate: or as others fay, to 580. which
is the laft we hear of them there.

 

 

 

 

 

Of

 
Chap.1o. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

Of the Four BritifbGarrifons that are faid to have been taken by the
Saxons, Aww 571. One is Ligeanburgh, which 1 take to be Lichbo-
rough in Northamptonfbire. The Account of that Years A&ion in
the Chronicon Saxonicum is as follows.  * Hoc Amo, Cuthwulfus (who
was the Brother of Ceawlin , the Third King of the Weft Saxons )
“ depugnabat contra Britannos apud Bedicanford ; atq; quatuor oppida
“ cepity, Lygeanburgh , 9 Evelsburgh, © Bennintun, < Egonefbam ”.
Thefe Annals fay that Four Towns were taken in the Year 571, by
Cuthwulfe. But we are not obliged to believe they were taken in the
fame order as they are placed there. I rather think that Cutbwulf’s
Expedition to Bedford , being from the Kingdom of the Weft Sax-
onsyand as tis likely from the Hampfbire or Berkfbire Part of it, in his
Way thither, he might take in Benningtun, that is Benfon in Oxford-
[ire : And then Egelsburg, that is Aiesbury in Bucks ; which lay
diretly in his Road. And that in his Return he might feize on Ly-
seanburb or Lichburrow : And Egonefbam, that is Enfbam, in Oxford-
Jhire. That he return’d this Way is no wide Conjecture ; it being
not above eighteen or twenty Miles diftant from the Way he came:
And to fetch fuch a Compafs would agree with Cuthwnlf’s Defign of
reducing the Countrey. However that be, the Lygeanburh there
mention’d is more likely to be Lichburrow with us, than either
Lougborough in Leicesterfbire, as Mr. Camden thinks, or than Leigh-
ion in Bedfordfbire, which is Dr. Gibfon’s Opinion. Loughborough is
laid afide by Dr. Gibfon , as being too remote, as indeed it is : And
Leighton is propos’d as agreeing with the Series of that A&tion. And
fo likewife does our Lichborough , and has this Advantage, that the
Name agrees with Lygeanburb much better than it does with Leighton;
which indeed 1s far more likely to have been the Ligtun of the Saxon
Annals *, than the Lygeanburb Qutb took. From Lygeanbur’,

Oo

to Lachborough is an ealy Tranfition. Lis obfervable fays the Inge- 5:

nious Editor of Camden, p. 112. that (an) when it is the fecond Syl-
lable, of a place’s Saxon Name is generally left out in our modern
Pronunciation. So Baddanbyrig is now Badbury (in Dorfetfbire :)
Merantune now Merton: Ottanford now Otford : And Exanceafler
now Excefler. 1 add, and Lygeanburgh now Lichborough ; the Syl-
lable an, being left out : and the Letter g converted into cb for the
eafier Pronunciation ; in like manner as the Saxon Ligreafler is now
liquated into Leicefler. And at Lichborough there are as confidera-
ble Marks of Antiquity asat Leighton.

71. After the Angles and Saxons had fetled themfelves here , The
middle Part of England, when they had divided it into an Heptarchy,
became the Mercians fhare ; and therein Northamptonfbire. The
moft confiderable Piece of Antiquity of that Age is the great Church
or Cathedral, commonly called the Minfteir (from the Monaftery )
at Peterborough. In the Hiftory of the Church of Peterborough by
Mr. Gunton, fet forth and much improved by the Right Reverend
Dr. Pasrick late Lord Bifhop of Ely, then Dean of Peterborough, the
Reader will find a very good Account of the obfervable Things con-

Uuuuuu cerning

id Raa

533

Vid. Chron.
ax. [wb Ann.
7.

 
 

The Nawal HIST O RT Chap. 10

cerning that Church from the firft Foundation thereof ; Out of whicl;
Hiftory I fhall extra¢t fuch Remarks as are moft agreeable to my pre.
{ent Defign, adding thereto fome Obfervations of my own.

The Foundation of the Monaftery was laid by Peada | or, as o-
thers read the word, Weada, King of the Mercians Amo 655. ac.
cording to Swapham, a MS. in the Chapter-Houfe at Peterbarons
commonly fo call’d, and alfo according to the Saxon Annals +, Ab.

Loon $4 bot Hedda places it, in Ammo 650 *. It was perfected by Wulfere,
se the Ms. Brother and Succeflor of K. Peada.
Guindy Bede and fome other antient Writers tells us to thiseffe, that the
Swab Church of St. Peter at Burgh was founded by Sasulf, a noble Per.
fon, who became the firft Abbot thereof. But this, as all agree, is
. not to be underftood as if it was built at his Charge, but by his
Ved Care in Managing the Royal Bounty of K. Wulpbere|. This, of
burghp433- a] the Monafteries in the whole Kingdom of Mercia, is the firft and
is older than that at Glaflenbury. lt was burnt and ruin’d by the
Danes under Hunguar and Hubba, Anno 870. It continu’d thus defo.
late 69 Years, that is, till its Reftoration by King Eadgar Amo 966,
*Ingulphus “T'was again burnt by Swanus the Dane , Elfinus being Abbot * iy
Pio? 1013. And a third time by an Accidental Fire Amo 1116. But
notwithftanding the Deftruction made by thefe feveral Conflagrati-
ons, ’tis reafonable to believe, that the prefent Walls of the Church
as well of the Quireas the Body, they being both of the fame man.
ner of Work were erected by King Widfore : And that only the Roof
and other combuftible Part of it were burnt.

72. The Cathedral Church at Peterborough,which now lays claim to
at leaft 1040 Years from its firft Foundation, is a fair and awful Build-
ing, containing in Length 160 Yards: 34 in Breadth. What is now
moft remarkable about it, is its ftately Weftern Front, fupported by

i Gun- three fuch tall Arches as/ngland can {carcely thew the like +,curioufly
ims of ve. adorn'd for the Age of it, with great Variety of Imagery, and with
cerburgh, p. Columell Work. Tis one of the nobleft Pieces of Gothic Archite-
sg Clure that we have in England. The Form of the Arches is that by

modern Architets call'd the Bull's Eye, not femicircular. Over the
Pillars themfelves, and the Intercolumniation, there is neither Archi-
trave, Frieze, or Cornifb. In the Age wheiein it was built they were
ignorant of the Rules of Art, and all their Embellithments in Stry-
¢ture were fantaftic. Much of their Art confifted in little Cuts and
Mincings of the Stone. Their Buildings were bulky, ftrong, and in-
artificially Magnificent. This was the Grandeur of their Age.

73. During the time of the firft or Wulfere’s Monaftery before its
Deftruction by theDanes,the Place we now call Peterborough was cal-
led Medefbamffiede, for Brevity Medbamfled, that is, a Village ftand-
ing on the Medes or Meadows. The Monaftery having been reftored
by King Edgar , its Name was chang'd into Burch or Burgh , us is
intimated in the Charter he granted to it- Amo 972. But accord-
ing to Malsmbury and other Writers of that Age, it was not Eeled

Burgh,

534

 

 

 

Chap. 10. of NorTHAMPTONSHI R E.

Burgh, till Abbot Kenulf, who was made Abbot _

i it Wiis Bank A “ore 05% een

etore the Conqueft, Burgh had the Title of Urbs Res;
al City. In the he of Abbot Leafric; who was the Rey,
the Place was enriched fo incredibly, that it was called not fmol
Bure, but Gilden Burch, i. e. Aurea Crvitas,the Golden City, as is ob.
ferv’d in the Church Hiftory of Peterburgh, p. 255. from the MS cal-
led Suaphann. Before the time of Martinys de Vedi, made Abbot
1123. the Situation of it was on the Eaftern fide of the Monafter He
chang’d it to the Weftern. Which is all I need to obferve in HP
concerning the City of Peterborough.
74. Saxon Towns and Villages of rear the wi

Medbamfted now Peterborough , that part of Py ol or
Walmisford, now called Wansford : Clive now Cliff : Eftune nO Po
flon on the Southern Bank of the Weland above Stamford: Northburch
now Northborough . Thefe are mention’d in King Wulfere’s Char.
ter of Endowments and Privileges to Medbamfled Monaftery granted
in Ann. 664. In King FEdgar’s Charter to this Monattery Anns 9-4
we meet with the Names of feveral other Villages and Toe ais
were then, and are now in being nigh Peterborough. Viz. Eaffcld
Thorpe : Dodefthorp or Doftorp : Ege or Eye : Pasion : Walton - Ww %
therington, now Warrington : Castre or Castor and Eoleswnrth or
Aylsworth, 2
75+ Of the fame Antiquity (how much earlier I know not) is the
Town of Kettering, which is alfo mention’d in the fame Charter.
As are likewife Undale now Oundle : Werminoton - and Afchton now
Afbton, a Village very nigh Oundle. But as to Oundle or Undale ( as
the Saxons call'd it) "tis certainly a Town of fil greater Antiquity
For we find it mention’d in the Chron. Sax. Ann. 709. Bifho oy
ferth, tis there recorded, died that Year at Undale. And : 972
when the Charter of King Edgar was granted, it was a Marker
Lown of confiderable Note , as appears by fome Paflages in that
Charter. In the fame Charter there is mention made of a Monetayi.-
um or Mint allow’d, amongft other Privileges, to the Monaftery at
Medbemfled. This was in that part of Stamford which is on the
South fide of the Weland in Norshamptonfbire, calPd Stamford Baron
then a Demefie of that Abbey. The Charters above referd to, are
inferted in the Church Hiftory of Peterborough , and in the Chron.

Saxononicum.
_ 76., Next to Peterborough the Place of greateft Note with us in the
Saxon Limes was Hamtune, now Northampton. In the Saxon Chro-
nicle (which I thall chiefly refer to all along . as it is agreed to be
the faithfulleft Record we have left us of thofe ancient Times, ) it
is always calicd fimply Hamtun till after the Conquetft : and appears
to have had its Name from the Saxon Ham and Tun ; Pht
pth wih roa of Na prefixed, to diftinguifh it from the other # 7d No-
antune which is now Southampton Tom its Situati rg
the North fide of the Aufona, z vi Tn Ten 1d Gn Su
' Mr. Camden would Cb 5?

B35

have

 
Mints

Chap.10. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR EL

 

537
it*. And whilft he abode at Buckingham he built two ftrong Holds ° Con sex.
upon the Oufe, higher up the River than Pafenbam +. Pafenbam, 1 hid aun

18,

The Natural HIST O RT Chap. 1,

536
have it. Which River, to note this by the by, had the Name of

Nyne, not Aufona or Avon, almoft eight hundred Years fince ; as ap.
Ca pears by King Edgar's Charter to the Monaftery of Peters.
mons a, rough. * The Town Iam now {peaking of is call’d Hamptune 1,
of Pererh. p- Henry of Huntingdon. The firft time it is mention’d in our old Hj.
UTE forians is Anno 913, in which Year * King Edward fubdued Zurke.
+ via Hig cell Duke of the Danes, with the Danes inhabiting Bedford and Ny.
Sea, p. 181: thampton. The Chron, Sax. is not fo particular as to that Year's Agi.

on. Itonly fays that a great part of the People who before were

under the Danes, fubmitted to King Edward. And upon this Sub.
jection King Edward appears to have made a Treaty with the Dane
of Northampton, Bedford, &c. to this effect, That they might enjoy
the fame Seats as formerly, provided they behav’d themfelves peace.
ably there, and wou’d no more ravage and {poil the Countrey a
they had done. Notwithftanding, Aum 917. the Danes from Ham.
tune and Lygeraceafter that is Northampton and Leicefter violating the
: Truce or Agreement made an Excurfion 1, killing many Men at
LIC; Hocneratune, that is, Hocknorton in Oxfordfbire. Which thews that the
2: Town of Hamtune was ftill in the Hands of the Danes, or that a
Party of Danifb Pirates or Robbers had taken up tbeir Quarters
there. Who notwithftanding the Compaéts they were under, in
their ufual way,plunder’d and {poil'd the Neighbourhood, and fo on,
wherefoever there were no Forces to oppofe them. The wide Ditch
that now encompafies the Northern Part of the Town was originally
made according to a Tradition of the Inhabitants, to defend the
Town againft the Danes : And was only fcour'd up and enlarg’d by
the Parliament Forces which were in Garrifon there againft King
Charles the It. i
77. Tofeceafler, now Towcefler, had probably been fet on Fire, and
demolifhed by the Danes fome time before 921. However that be,
we find, that in 921.* King Edward, who at that time had the whole
Kingdom, excepting that Part of it which was under the Danes,
iff'd out Orders that it fhould be built : and that the fame Summer,
Am. g21. the Danes of Northampton and Leicefler, and thence
Northward , again violated the Peace, march'd to 7 owceiZer, and
made Affaults upon it for a whole Day ; But the Inhabitants defend-
ing themfelves till Succour came, the Danes departed. The very
iid eodem fame Year in the Autumn, King Edward came with his Army || to
Anno, Paffanbam, now Pafenbam, whilit the City Towcefler , fo the Annals
entitle it , was begirt with a Sione Wall, inftcad, as I fuppofe, of
its former one of Earth.

78. The {mall almoft fquare Entrenchment by the old Ford at Pa.
fenbam, 1 conjeGture,was made by King Edward,who placed a Garri-
fon within it, asa Guard to that Paffage over the Oxfe (thould there
happen any Attempts of the Enemy) when he lay there with his
Army , whilft 7owcefler was walling. Thus he pitch’d a Camp at
Maldwm, whilft a City was built at /{/itham almoft Five Miles from

it%

* Chron.
Saxom, Anno
9 21.

or as Mr. Camden writes it, Pafbam, is fo call’d according to. him, y

from the pafling the River there. This therefore was a confidera-

ble Paflage in the Saxoz Times, and fo the more likely to have been

fortifyd in this manner againft the plundering Danes, who juft be-

fore Towcester was thus wall’'d in the fame Year, viz. 921. made an

Excurfion from Northampton and Leicefter into Buckingbamfbire, and

are je Ailsbury and Bernwood Foreft , took a confiderable
ooty ||.

79. The two Fortifications King Fadward erefted on both Sides
the River Oufe at Buckingham Anno 918. were intended, ‘tis very
likely, as a Barrier to prevent the Incurfions of the Danes that had
poflefs’d themfelves of the Countrey, betwixt the Towcefter River
and the Oufe ; particularly thofe of Heathencote , now only a Vil.
lage, in the Parifh of Paul's Perry ; which yet 1 doubt not had irs
Name from the Danes (ufually called Heathen Men in the Saxon An.
nals) either taking up their Quarters occafionally, or elfe inhabitin
in it. The latter is the moft likely ; for from the main Colony
Nurthampton, no doubt, were feveral Cafts into the Neighbouring
Lowns and Villages. ‘Three Years after, in 921. K. Eadward hay.
ing by that time reduc’d the Danes on the South Side the Towcefler
River, thought fit to advance and reftrain the Danes of Northamyp-
to, and fo on Northward, by rebuilding 7 owcefler as another Bara
rier, thereby defigning to fecure feven Miles more of the Countre
to the South. Z

80. As to the military Work call’d Hunsborough, about a Mile South-
ward of Northampton, 1 take it to have been made by the Danes, not
by the Saxons. If it was raisd by the Saxons, there is no more pro-
bable Account to be given of it, than that it was made to fecure and
defend their Corn Fields from being cut down and carry’d off b
the Danes. For this very End King Alfred pitch'd a like Cam o
the Neighbourhood of Landen, as the Saxon Annals informs us i Fo
Year 896. Enquiring of fome of the antienteft Inhabitants of Nor-
thampion, by whom they thought the Entrenchment at Hunsborouzl
was made , they anfwered by the Danes. They have not now.
whatever they had formerly, any fuch Tradition as that which Mr.
Camden mentions: that it was made in the time of the Barons Wars
when they laid Siege to Northampton, then bravely defending their
Sovereign King fobn. Twas too remote to be of Ufe to the Befie-
gersof the Town, for their Mangonels and Petraries ( Engines then
usd in the taking Caftles and ftrong Holds sy wherewith they threw
fuch huge Stones, as would batter down Walls and force open the
ltrongeft Gates) to do any great Mifchief; and much more fo for
(heir fligher Engines and Inftruments of War. For undermining,
and for aflault or ftorming they were on the wrong fide the River,
ln a word, there is no Probability of its having been made at that
time, or on that or any other the like Occafion. I fhall firft give a

XX XXX “brief

Ii Sec'the
Saxom Annz's
in that Year

 
 

The Natural HIST O RT Chap ro,

 

 

zis.p.1o4. nor the Manner of the Entrance of the Roman Camps.

Saxom. under

brief Defcription of it, and then my Thoughts of the Reafon why
it was made.

81. The Figure is not quiteCircular,but ratherOval ; enclofed with
a fingle Ditch, and a double Bank, the outer one very little rais'd
the inner rifing upon the Borders of the Area : The Ditch at prefent
about 12 Foot wide : TheArea I did not meafure ; by what I remem.
ber of it, tis about an Acre of Ground. It feemsto have had on.
ly one Entrance, and that to the South. "Tis upon a high Hill
overlooking and commanding the adjacent Countrey. By the Form
wherein it for the main agrees with feveral Encampments that are
inconteftably Damifb, and particularly that at Bratton Caftle in 7s.
fbire *, this alfo was a Danifb Work. It has neither the ufual Form,
Neither has
it any Conveniences of Water, a thing the Romans were particularly
careful of. The Camps of the Saxons with wus are obferv'd to be
generally larger than thofe of the Danes : and not fo generally Cir.
cular, and fingle trench’d. 1 attribute it to the Danes the rather,
becaufe 1 fee not to whom elfe it fhould belong. 1 find my felf ob.
liged to peak of this, as alfo of fome other Antiquities of a like
Kind intermixed with the Saxon Antiquities, becaufe I cannot confi.
der them apart , without interrupting the Coherence of their Hi.
ftory.

44 My Opinion of the Hun sborough Encampment, in brief isthis: thar
it was a Summer Camp of the Danes, and particularly of one of their
many Parties which fuftain’d themfelves by Plunder and Ra pine. |
take it to have been pitched at the time when Zowcefler was built
by King Edward the Elder Anno g21, or however in that Interval
ot time betwixt 913 and 921. They chofe to poft themfelves rather
there than in the Town in the Summer Quarter ; for by the Advan.
tage of this Situation, they could the more conveniently command
and overawe the adjacent Countrey,fally forth for Forage and Plun.
der, upon which they livid : watch the Motion of their Enemies,
both thofe of the neighbouring Countrey which took up Arms a-
gainft them, and thofe of King Edward : and prevent their being
turpriz'd by them. Thus another Party of the {ame People pitch'd
a Camp at Temsford in Bedfordfbire for the like Purpofes in 921+,

83. 1 chofe to place the raifing this Fortification about that time,be-
caufe it will not well agree with any other. We hear not of any
Refiftance made by the Mercian Towns in the firft Inroads of the
Denes. That whole Kingdom under Burbred their King, upon
Hopes of fecuring themfelves, enter into League with the Danes at
Noting bam, who were admitted there without Oppofition, Aus $ 68,
which is the firft time we find them in Mercia, except in 828 when
they killd and plunder’d along Lindfey-Coaft. 1n the following Year,
Burbred their King was driven beyond Sea by the Danes, and died

there : And they committed the Kingdom to Ceolwlfe, (an impru-

dent Nobleman of the late Kings) on Condition that he {urrender’d

it to them again on Demand , and fupply'd their Army with Necef- |
; faries. |

Chap. 10. of NorTHA

faries. What Oppofition King Burbred made we find not. Per.
haps he engag'd them once in the Field, and being defeated, the
principal Towns, and the whole Countrey hereupon refign’d. There
was only a fingle Year betwixt the fecond League and King Burbred’s
Banithment by the Danes : and in that fhort Space ‘twas impoffible
for the Danifb Army to march from Town to Town, and fubdue
them one by one, throughout the whole Kingdom of Mercia And
indeed there cou'd be no need of that : we foe the Temper of the
Mercians at that time was for ready Submiflion. 3
Anno 877, the Danes from the Weft of England advance into Mey
era, which, in part they divide amongft themfelves, and in part coms
mit to Ceolwolfe. What Diftrict of Mercia they allotted to K Cedl-
wolfe is unknown. But we find them actually poffes’d of Norham
ponand Bedford, two of the Mercian Towns in 913,
84. From the time the Danes divided the Kingdom of Mercia, that
is, from the Year 877 to 913, the Space of 39 Years they feem'd to
have liv’d uncontroll’d amongft us. They inhabited promifeuoufly
with the Saxons oppreffing and infulting them at their Pleafure Th
Saxons tilled the ground, and the Danes devour’d the Harve? ] The
Mercians feem’d inur’d to Bondage, and not to think of egdining
their Liberty, till they were awakened by King Eadzward’s Cora :
and Succefs ; who call’d them out againft the Northymbrian Day
Aw J 10. Of Hie Rilowing Ten Years, that is to 20, there is not
one, but we find them either engaging the Enemy. or i ir
Sovereign Fihelfleda Reli® of Dok Er Vi hai
in reducing the Danifb Holds, and erecting Towers and Caftles for
Defence of her Dominions in one or other Part of Mercia Th >
Danes at Northampton, as far as we can find , fill kept their Po.
But it behoving them more then, than ever, to be upon their Guard,
and to look about them, they rais’d that Fortification at Hun Uirinrh
And this is the likelieft Account 1 can give of the Time of its being
raisd. In g22 no doubt they fubmitted to King Fadward ; for then
according to the Saxon Annals, the whole Countrey of the Mer cians
1s well the Danes as the Saxons came into the King ; his Sifter Zz
thelftede being Dead. ) pe
; 8s. Theres no likelyhood at all of its having been
rais'd in the fecond Period’) about So Years after this, when the
Danes again invaded or renew’d their Invafions of this I{land under
Suane or Suecen ; for then their Fury was fuch, that they fell imme.
diately to ftorming and burning the Towns and Caftles - they drove
all betore them without the Delays of Encampmsnte and Me
And fuch was the want of Power and Courage in the Szxons torte
cularly thofe in the Midland Parts, at that time, that they made vi
none or a very flight Refiftence. It muft be a Place of confiderable
‘trength indeed that offer’d to withftand them in the Reign of King
Etbelred, whoreigrd 38 Years, to Amt. 1016. "Twas in this
Period Anno 1010, that Noithampton was burnt by the Danes ( as
toon as ever their Army had marchd up toit) and alfo the neigh-
bouring

MPTONSHI1R E.

539.

 
 

 

The Natural HI ST O RY Chap. ao,

540 |
i ; i'd and plunder’d ; every body flying as faft
“pi ir Com yy yielding no Affiftance to another x. . They made feveral of thefe Entrenchments for the like
Si mn "$6. But to return to the former Period,wherein,[ conjeture,the For. Purpofes upon Suthbury Hill in Wiltfbire, and in many other De
or, tification called Rainsborough, S. W. of Charleton , was allo Ris by | o Fad The Danes $70 tightily infefted Devonfbire left behind
the Danes ; and that upon much the fame Account, as that at fun. | p en ne 3 we are told in Camden’ , on feveral high Hills, a rude * Vidz. 3.
rough was, that they might the more readily purfue their o ac. ind of Fortification commonly alld Danes Cofles + An - Lode
bes dav of Burning and Plunder. Of that Fortification there wall likewife feveral round Holds which are there called Cafleltan
cuf trans Account , with the Title of Antiquities found ar Danis +. From this of Raisborongh, as clfewhere, they fally'd forth teen's suc:
Charlton in  Dnstmlire , preferv’d amongft the MSS. of Mr. | oe ply fe neighbouring Countrey : snd hither Si ohn ire
Anthony a Wood in Mr. Afbmoles Mufenm. : forse in i) ha o the Paty: The Iron Pots and Glafles difcovered, as
« In the Townthip of Charlton, and in the Parifh of New 2 ¢ in : 2 in digging own the inward Fortification pethaps belong 4
« Northamptonfbire, there is on the top of a little Hill which has | fot i ite 7 or, it feems, there were Athes obfery’d too in the
“ 3 Profpett round about it, a Camp with a double Fortification, i et 3 no part of the Encampment fo fit for tal
« The Ground upon it which is a barren Soil, hath as it {feems been Ts fares 4; . A picce of an antique Helmet, as T an) “it
« Would Land (or Woodland) The inner Fortification is more than | > y inform’d, has been alfo found in digging there,
« 3 Quarter of a Mile about , the outward half at leaft. Lg Cea | > Sore ans from theName of it will be apt to conclude it was
« and Hill is commonly call'd Rainsborough Hill ; yet foe Sm e- : amp o oN fi 5 Rbain in Britifh being a Halberd, Pili or
“ men in the Neighbourhood would have 1t Darnesborough Hi, us | Soest) : a] Rain or dg the Irifb-Britifh, being the Point or
if it had been a Camp of the Danes, but we are not to take notice Sword or Spear ; as alfoa Hill in fome Parts of Freland |. Dy. Pi. 1 See Mr
of that, only what Rain fignifies either in theSaxon or Brityb Tongue | : GE oe hy be call'd Rainsborough corruptly for Romanf. fogaeny =
in th oroneo *. but the Shape is not agreeable to the ufual Fopm og Vol 1 ohis
« o ins of Man the Land within the inward For. the Roman Camp, nor have there ba any Coins or other Rar ul
« tification, together with the inward Fortification it felf, bath Jen of hat Pope fouad there to warrant thiz Opinion, Neigr > 155 2s
« plow'd up by feveral Perfons, each having his Lot allow’d him, oe in X oa on yt 1¢ LVame that it was a Britifb Camp , any more" ***
« Bd a certain Perfon of Charlton, who had the middle Part al. fies 1at 1 feveral Places which have the Name of Arbury Hill,
« Jow'd him, did not only plow up the middle Part, but levell’d the int hs an Oh? Pass of England, fome of which hare Joy
« inward Fortification fo far as his Share went, as is here (hew ed pas oe oo 0 1ave not, were all erected by the Britains.
“ In digging down the faid Apartment, or Allotment, fhe 9- 5 ¢ firt ight upon Danefmore, (for fo it was certainly called as
« were difcoverd feveral Iron Pots, Glaffes, Afhes. And Spe ong facet 14 9.) or Dun more (as the Countrey People now fre.
« Neighbourhood of Charlton fay it was an Apothecarry's Shop. § quent A i ) a ots fpacious Valley on the South of Biers
ate. 1 « Whether this was a Camp belonging to the Britains, who encam- § was perhaps etwixt that Party of Danes who usd to Encamp upon
ue 4 « ped themfelves when the Romans invaded them within Woods, or 8 Rasnsboreugh, and an Army of Sasons, who were got taethe pn
a | 1 « re the Saxons or Danes, 1 cannot tell you. Thus far that Account. SR Parts of Warwick and Northamptonfbures to op-
ig : To which I have not much to add. The Figure of the Porter po 29 = > their Depredations. Our old Hiftorians who have re.
fife, 1 is almoft Oval; and fo the more likely to have been Danifp. [is § cordec the | aces of fo many Battels, betwixt the Saxons and Danes
is alm tothe Eaft than to the Weft. "Tis now encompafsd with § are filent as to this ; So that it feems to have been lefs confiderable
wip le Trench, and a double Bank. That on the Infide of and we are wholly left to Conjectures ; Which yet if they have fom i
th I hi is of the Two the higheft. There are now Two En- ff Shew of Probability, will I know be more acceptable to fome, than
the 15 in the Southern Part of the Encampment , and Two other if I had pafs d by the Place without offering at dy Account of ir
rr A little below this Encampment to the Soutb- Eaft is About a Mile and half to the Nurthward of amy
pes falter Piece of Ground entrench’d. ; 3 Mie fo the Huh ge Danefmore, is a high Hill commanding the
8-7. We may reafonably believe it was made by the Danes, i som Louciesy, now 4 le Arbury, which feems to have been foreiny
and that Part of the Countrey. That Stean, Tutsbury, and othe: 5; 13 Arcumva ation ; tho the Bank is now only vifible upon the
T 5 not far diftant from Rainsborough were deftroy’d by the Danes, § South Side. Perhaps it was caft up by the Danes fome Time before the
Fos believ’d by all the Neighbourhood, upon a Tradition {uc- § Fight at Dane[more. Perha ps the Saxon Army encampt under I;

ay =
* tein. Vol. ceflively handed down to the
Vv

Chap.10. of NoRTHAMPTONSHIR B. 541

m. Mr. Leland * tells us that Brakely§ don, where are now to be feen the Remains of an old Entrenchment
Vike. + fourifhed in the Saxon Times until the Danes razed it. I io ] ns a) 2 Ole Side the Place of Battel, almoft Three Miles to
™ it % > ; ac orin- > 4 A v res .
ye this Camp to have been one of the Summer Stations ? fe he North-Weft from the Danifb Camp, as Ihave placed it,
wrk).

Yyyy yy That

 
 

* Vid. 59.
Supr. 58.

 

The Natural HI STORY Chap. ro.

That there was a Battel betwixt the Saxons and Danes at Danel-
more, the Name of the Place, and a conftant Tradition of the Neigh-
bourhood, may reafonably incline us to believe. The People there
have a notable Rhime, which they make the Danes to fay upon the
Point of Battel. Tis this:

J¢ we can Pad-well obergoe, and Lorelone we can Tee:
Then Lords of England we Mall be,

Pad-well is a noted Flufh Spring in Edgcote Grounds: Horeflone a
Famous old Stone on the Borders of Warwickfbire in Wardlinton
Field. The Traditional Tale the People about Rolwright in Oxford
Jbire have, that the higheft of Rolrich Stones ( which they fancy to
have been a King thus miraculoufly turn’d into Stone ) fhould have
been King of England, if he could have feen Long-Compton, a Vil.
lage within View, Three or Four Steps farther, is of much fuch a
Stamp, as is theirs about Edgecote.

go. As to the later Battel betwixt the Houfes of Tk and I.au-
crfler, in the Reign of Edward IV. which by Camden is faid to have

been at Banbury, by others upon a fair Plain called Danefmore by
Edgcote : “twas fince the Conqueft ; and I fhall therefore leave the
Place of that Battel to be adjufted by others. The Danefmore by
Edgecote, inftead of a Spacious Plain, is now only a Moorifh Valley
almoft cover’d with Trees, and the whole Lordfhip is enclos’d. Nor
can I fay to which of the Armies of the former, or later, Engage-
ment, that Inftrument of Brafs, fuppos’d to be the Head of an En-
fign Staff, which was found in a Pond nigh Danefmore, belong’d, ha-
ving never feen it.

91. That the oldChipping-Wardon was a Town of fomeNote among|t
the Saxons, has been juftly inferr’d from the Name of it *. To
which I have only this to add, that ’tis the more likely to have been
confiderable amongft the Saxons, becaufe it was formerly a Roman
Station, and wou’d be the more valuable to the Mercians, as it ftood
defended by the Ancient Vallum from their Adverfaries the Wefl
Saxons : and that 1 have feen a Fragment of a Saxon Coin, that was
found in or nigh the Ruins of it.

But of the Entrenchment above-mention’d under Wardon, ‘tis far-
ther to be obferv'd, that it is drawn upon a Plain, is almoft a Quar
ter of a Mile Weftward from the prefent Chipping-Wardon, or Wefi-
Wardon : and is now known by the Name an Banks. Tis
now plow’d up; But no Roman Coins, or other Remains of that Na-
tion were found upon this breaking upof the Ground, which might
induce us to think it was a Roman Work. So that 1 conclude it was
eithera Camp of the Weft Saxons, in their Wars with the Mercian; :
or, which 1 think is more probable, of the Danes, as aforefaid.
And in all likelihood the Ancient Chipping-Wardon was burnt down
by the Danes, either at the Battel upon Danefmore: or afterwards,
when the Danj/b Army under Suane fo furioufly ravag’d Mercia.

I'he

 

 

 

of NorTHaMPTONSHIRE

Chap. ro.

 

 

92. TheRuins atCaflle-dikes,a highEntrenched Hil] now overgrow

with Wood, within the Liberties of Farthingflone , and the N :
alfo, are plain Indications that there has been a Caftle there The
Ruins have been digg’d and fearch’d into, for Stone, to build he
Houfe which is now ftanding at a {mall Diftance from the Cale.
Hill. Thofe Workmen do not agree in the Account they give of
what was met with there. All that, after diligent Ee cant
well rely upon, is, that in digging amongft the Rubbifh the
{cended, as they took up the Stones ( feveral of which had be
fquar'd, fome had been cut like the Stones on the Sides of Sr
Lights) intoa Room, whofe Roof, by what remain’d of it. a ear'd
to have been an Arch-work of Stone , the Walls of Bed Be
drawn over with a Coat of Lime. Within this Room they placed
a Ladder for the carrying up the Stones to the Top. And y i of
the Workmen was delivering a Stone at the Top of the Ladder, the
Ladder funk the Length of 8 or 9 Rounds, and he with it as far as
his Middle, into another Room beneath, out of which arofe a Smell
like that of putrid Carcafes. Amongft other Stones in the Rubbifh
they met with Three very rudely carv'd, each with an il] pro ortion’d
Figure ftanding out upon it : One a Bearded Head eh that
feems to have been defign’d for a Woman’s Head the Third of a
Man or Woman with Arms a Kimbo. All which were placed with
the Faces outwards in the Wall of the faid Houfe adjoining to the
Dikes, and are ftill to be feen. Upon the Side of an adjoining Hill
to the S. WW. of the Caftle Hill, is a Plat of Ground. calld the
Caftle Tard of 6 or 7 Acres (‘as I guefs’d it) entrench’d on ever
Part but the South Weft, where the Ground jt felf is higheft : oy
extending it felf in Length, as does that Side of the Hill Not of
the ufual Figure of the Roman Camps, nor indeed of any other re-
gular Figure. At the Bottom of that Trench, I faw Tome hu e
Lumps of Cinder, of the Midland y 1 think, not of the Neswcafic
Coal ; the former ufually burning to a lighter and more f un
Cinder, fuch as this is.” One of thefe Lumps to me eT B
at leaft Half a Hundred Weight, and had Pebles and Earth adhe-
ring to and incorporated in it. The like have been found in the
Cafile Hill. On the Pat or Area » @ Town, as they fay, was fituate,
Stones have been dug up there, that had upon them the Marks of
rire.

93. But to return to ourAncient Caftle. It does not appear to have
been of Roman Erection: And had it been built or demolith’d fince
the Conqueft, we fhould in all likelihood have heard of it, either
from Hittory or Tradition, which we never have, "Tis therefore
highly probable, that it was built by the Saxons, and demolifh’d by
the Danes 5 of whofe Actions and Works we have not fo pel
Accounts , as we have of later Things, To point out the
precife Time of its being built, is not to be expected. In my
Opinion, the Year DCCCCXIIL. or thereabouts bids faireft for i
ln that Year we find the renowned Aithelfleda Relict and Succef-

for

 
 

 

Chap. 10.

The Natural HI ST ORT

for of /Ethelred, Viceroy of Mercia, employ’d her Mercians in ere.

&ing Caftles and Forts at Tamworth, W. arwick, Stafford, anda great

many other Places *, in Defence of her Dominions. And doubtlef;

fo valuable a Part of them as this of Northampnonfbire , had a dye

Share of thofe good Offices. And none fo likely in all the County to

have been built at that time, as the Calftle we are now {peaking of.

In 1013. a hundred Years after it was built, it was fet on fire, and

demolifh’d by the Danes under Suane, who in that Year’s Expedition

is faid to have done all imaginable 'Damage, when he march’d wit},

his Army from Gainsborough towards Oxford, after he had pafsd the

Watling fireet. In which Expedition ’tis very likely he crofs’d theStreet

Way very near our antient Caftle, and then we know what wou'd
become of it. Be this as it will, we may reafonably prefume, it
had its Period by Fire. As to the huge Lumps of Cinders, they
muft needs have been made by a Fire exceeding vehement. They
appear to be great Heaps of Coal, as it were melted down and fo.
der'd into one Lump. By their being in fuch large Maffes one wou'd
imagine they were theCinders of an Iron-work : but who wou'd be at
the trouble of fetching Ore fo far as from the Iron-Mines in Stafford-
Jbire,(1 mention thefe as being the neareft, )to be wrought withCoal in
the upper part of Northamptonfbire ; for they muft have fetch’d their
Coals almoft as far. I therefore look upon them as a farther Proof
that the Caftle was burnt down. In which probably were Stores of
Coal, which were reduced into huge Mafles of Cinder, by the In-
tenfenefs of fo great a Fire.

94.In this Account of the ancient Works of the Saxons and Danes, 1
have kept asncar as I well could, to the Order of Time. That 7 o20-
cefter was encompafs’d with a Wall, and the Paffage of the Oufe at
Pafenbam fortify’d Anno 921. we have {ufficient Proof. The Mili-
tary Works at Hunsborough, Ransborough, and Wardon, appear to be
of much the fame Age, or however not of later Eretion.

In 922. King Eadward with his Army went to Stamford, and
erected therea Fort upon the South-fide of the River Weland. Where-
upon all the People, which (as the Saxon Annals exprefs it) belong-
ed to the Northern City, that is, to that of Stanford on the North-
fide of the Weland, and particularly the Men, that held the Caftle
there, furrender’d to him, and defired his Protection *. The ground

Secthe Plot of this Fortrefs or Caitle is ftill vifible on the I eft-fide of Stanford

Baron, or the Southern City, a little above the Spital, tho’ it feems

n that Year. . ~ . :
WEY Jt efcaped Mr. Camden , when he fought for it : And oppofite to it,

on the North-fide the River, is the Hill where the other Caftle, I
mention’d, ftood.

95. As to the Battel upon Wittering Heath, a fpacious Plain
about 3 Miles to the South of Stanford, wherein, according to
a Tradition rife in Mr. Camden’s Time +, and now no les, the Danes
receiv’d a memorable Overthrow : We meet with no Remains of it,
nor any thing relating to it, except, perhaps, that Part of an En-
trenchment mn a Heathy Common, on the South-fide of Burleigh

Park

JL

Chap.1o. of NORTHAMPTONSHIR E

Park Wall. There I was fhewn a pretty high Bank with a Trench
about 80 Yards in Length running down to the Southorpe Rill; which
has Wittering Heath upon the Weft Side of it. That this js really a
Part of a Military Entrenchment, I do not affirm : But it has the
Face of fome of our Rampires that are affuredly uch, and is high-
er confiderably than the ordinary Partition Banks of the reft of the
Common. Add to this what I have from Mr. Gibbon, a Gent. of
very good Credit, that he has feen Three or Four Saxon Coins in
Major Cambridge’s Colletion , that were found nigh this Entrench-
ment in fome Earth wrought up by a Mole. Neither have we any
better Light, as to the Time of that Traditionary Engagement be.
twixt the Saxons and Danes. The likelieft Conjetture | can offer of
the Time of the Battel, is, that it was fought by King Edward the
Elder, the fame Year that he took Stanford, Ano 922. The Year
before, King Edward was at Colchefler : His next Expedition | fo
far as we can learn, was towards Stanford : His way thither was by
Cambridge. And we find the Army of Cambridge Danes fubmitting
to him in the latter End of 921. Tn 922 he advances, as we have
obferved, to Stanford, in order to reduce it. His way thither, ‘tis
very probable ; was over Wittering Heath ; for that was the diets
Road from Colchefler and Cambridge : and there might meet with
Oppofition from an Army of Danes ; for Stanford, which was their
Head Quarter in that Part of the Countrey, was not yet furrender’d
But that Prince, wherefoever he went, had Succefs attending him:
And having defeated the Danes upon Wittering Heath, the Memory
of which Overthrow Tradition has preferv’d, he purfued his To
ed Expedition againft the Danifb Garrifon at Stanford , who yielded
themfelves without great Difficulty. Indeed the Fortrefs that he
rais’d on the South Side of the Weland at Stanford, according to
Camden's Account of it from Marianus, was defigned not for reducing
0 Tow , but for hindering the Inroads of the Danes from the
orth,
96. Upon the fame Account the Fortrefles on the upper
the Weland nigh the Head of it I believe were rais’d, thr | pa go
Sibbertoft, and that at Eaft Farndon. On the North-Eaft of Sibber-
oft is a Ground called the Castleyard, and in the lower part of that
a Promontory, as it were, fhooting Northwards into a deep Valley
form’d by a fteep Hill on each Side-of it. Upon the Point of the
Promontory is a round raisd Mount, which on the South-fide Is en-
trench’d : on the other Sides is a natural Precipice. Below this
Mount to the South, within a femicircular Bank, encompa(s'd with a
Trench, is an Area about half an Acre, on the Border whereof
within the Memory of Man have been digg’d up the Remains of 3
Stone-Wall. The Entry upon this Fortrefs from the N orth is very
narrow, and fo defended with Hills that it muft needs be very diffi-
cult to attack it from that Quarter.

Zzzzzz 97. Very

ettlemiinstesssman

545

 
 

 
  

The Natural HI ST ORT

98. Very near the Top of Eaff-Farndon Hill , where it bends to
the North, there flood as they fay a Cattle, or as others
There is now little more remaining than a part
as it feems, of a Military Trench or Trenches, in that call’
Hall Clofe, and in that call'd Gallock's Clofe,
The Works at both thefe Places, Sibbertoft and
in fuch manner that they coud be of little or n
a Northern Enemy. And tis the
defend that part of the Countrey, or to preve
by the Danes of the Northern Parts ;
were obligd to be upon their Guard, We find the 9
thumberland making a ravaging E
Armies of the Danes wou'd fometimes fail u
and thence advance into the South. And at Leicefter there was for
a long time a confiderable Party of that People who not content with
the plundering nearer home, wou'd fometimes Join the A;
Danes, in order to do farther Mifchiefs fill more
Againft thefe the above-mention’d Fortrefles wou'd be
thofe Places at the Head of the Weland,
Pafies there was particular need of them 3; the Noi thern Bank of that
River, almoft all the way downward from within a few Miles of
its Head, to that other Fortrefs at Stan
fenc'd with a long Tract of Woods, whi
not fo eafily paffable as in after times.

99. To which Obfervations 1 fhall only
grounded upon what is noted in an Irifh :
to,concerning thofe call’d FalkmoteHillst,to which when the
was in more than ordinary Danger, the People us
to refert and to confult about publick Matters. In th
County nigh the Head of the #eland, there are fev
Mounts which are now call’d Moot-Hills , and particular]
a fpacious Profpect at the very top of Farndon Hill,
ftance from the forefaid Fortification. The Name, the Site, and
other Circumftances of fome of thefe woud incline one to think
they were Hills of that very Kind cal
i. e. Places for the meeting of the Fulk
From thefe they mi
Parts efpecially : and upon the E
give the Alarm to the next Falkmote
like means to the whole Country,to be upon their
common Enemy.

100.1 have alread
Hill byDazntrey,w
were feveral others ;
the prefent Figure,

 

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
    
 
 
  
  
  
  

againft the Dares.

Weft of the Church,
E. Farndon, are fituate
o ufe againft any but
refore probable they were made to
nt its being furpriz’d
Againft whom ef

xpedition into Merciain gir. Frefh
p theHumber and 7 rent,

nigh one of its principal

 
 
 
  
  
 

ford, being then naturally
ch were much thicker, and

 
 
 
  
  
 

add this one, which is
oldMS which Dr. Plot refers

 
  
  
  

’d in ancient times
at part of the
eral {uch Hills or

 
 
 
  
   
  
 

at a {mall Di

  
 
 
 
    

led by the Saxons, Fulkmotes,
or People upon the Approach
ght have a commanding View
nemies appearing
, or Watch-Mount, and by the
Guard againft the

  
  
 

of the Enemy.
of the Northern

 
  
  
 
   
  
  
 

y intimated,that the Roman Camp upon Burroso.
as afterwards made ufe of by the Szxons
but this in a particular Manner, as appears by
and the large Extent of it *,
pitch upon the Year 1006, as the Time of its
Encampment,

  
   
  

I fhall venture to
being made a new

  
    
  
  
  
   
  

   

 

 

 

Chap. 10.

 

of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

 

In that Year a Dauifh Navy arriv’d at
gen or Suane their King , the
burning all before them.
ders to the whole Country of the
to rife. And upon this Alarm t

«“

Sandwich, and under Sue.
y hara(s’d and fpoil'd the Country,
upon King Etbelred fe
Weft Saxons, and of tl
hey gathered togethe

antq; toto ifte _Autumno, catervatim, adver [us

t
Paganos +, and food

upon their Guard a
Companies. One of thefe great Multitud
Pofle of Mercia
Hull. The leffer (

for the Roman Forces y W

this Arm y of

gainft the Danes, the whole Autumn, in great Year,

: perhaps the whole
, 1am perfwaded, pofted th ‘ :

amp before-mention
hich had formerly enca
Saxons confifting of far greater Num

fupr. was fufficient
mped there: Bur
bers, enlarg’d the

old Encampment to that Extent we now fee. * Ai
is in the Middle of Mercie, hay
a large View over the Country,
feems to have been as
great Aimy in Time
Kingdom of Mercia.
ever feen or heard of. And upon an attentive
led me to think , that it muft have be
while Country up in Arms.
with the Place is fuch, that
Light to the clearer underftand
Tho’ the feveral Actions of that Year's
cularized, yet fo far we may learn from th
withftanding the whole Power of Tw
Arms, it put no Stop to the Danifb Out
was haraffed more by that Ex
either Foreign or Doimeftick.
1o1. To that Army of Saxons, this Encam
owesits prefent Form. But we have no Reafon

Romans and S.

id this Hill which »
s Hi antage of 48. fupr.
with a {pacious Plain on
proper a Situation for the Encam
of War, as we can any where

Wi find in the whole
"Tis the moft [pacious E

ncampment | have
View, it naturally
en made for no les than a
And the Agreement of the Hit
» in my Opinion,
ing each other.

Expedition are not parti-
e Saxon Annals, thar not.
o large Kingdoms were in
rages, and that the Nation
han it ever was by any Army

they mutually give

pment, as 1 fy
to think, that onl

axons have ever encamped there, fo advantagious

a Polt, that no doubt
felves of it, if the
fo long a time very powerful among(t us
done fo, as well as other Nations,
the Tradition common in thofe
wz. that the Camp 1 have bee
I have already given a

it was made.

any Army in thote Parts wou

Id poflefs them-
And therefore

the Danes, who were for
» may be fuppos’d to have
Which Opinion is fay
Parts, and mentione
n fpeaking of was made |
e Account by whom
» yet we may rea-

But tho’ the Danes did 1

fonably think that they made ufe of it afterw
Mafters of this Part of the Count
there for fome time, which mi
After-Ages, to the Tradition,

the Conjecture from the Name Dainty
nounc'd, which the
Town juft under this Camp was built by
mentioning.  Dasnirey is without all doubt

when they were
tinued enca mp’d
give Occafion, in
a Work of theirs.
. ey as tis now pro-
for an Argument, that the
the Danes, *tis not worth
a Contraction of Daven-

ry, and perhaps con
ght be fufficient to

common People take

  
  
 
   
 
 
 
 
   
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
   
 
  
   
  
 
 
   
   
   
   
  
  
  

 

 

 

 

The Natwal HIST ORT Chap. ro.

 

t In Nat.
Hift. of 0x-
fordfb. p.334.

* Vid. §. 51.

Jupr.

98. Very near the Top of Eaff-Farndon Hill » where it bends to
the North, there ftood as they fay a Cattle, or as others, a Bulwark
againft the Dares. There is now little more remaining than a part
as it feems, of a Military Trench or Trenches, in that call'd the
Hall Clofe, and in that call’d Gallock's Clofe, Weft of the Church,
The Worksat both thefe Places, Sibbertoft and E. Farndon, are firuate
in fuch manner that they coud be of little or no ufe againft any but
a Northern Enemy. And tis therefore probable they were made to
defend that part of the Countrey, or to prevent its being furprizd
by the Danes of the Northern Parts ; Againft whom efpecially they
were oblig'd to be upon their Guard. We find the Danes of Nor
thumberland making a ravaging Expedition into Merciain 911. Frefh
Armies of the Danes wou'd fometimes fail up theHumber and 7 rent,
and thence advance into the South. And at Leicefler there was for
a long time a confiderable Party of that People who not content with
the plundering nearer home, woud fometimes join the Northampton
Danes , in order to do farther Mifchicfs fill more Southward,
Againtt thefe the above-mention’d Fortrefles wou'd be of ufe. In
thofe Places at the Head of the Weland, nigh one of its principal
Pafies there was particular need of them ; the Northern Bank of that
River, almoft all the way downward from within a few Miles of
its Head, to that other Fortrefs at Stanford y being then naturally
fenc'd with a long Tract of Woods, which were much thicker, and
not fo eafily paffable as in after times.

99- To which Obfervations I fhall only add this one, which is
grounded upon what is noted in an Irifp oldMS which Dr. Plot refers
to,concerning thofe call’d FalkmoteHillst,to which when theCountrey
was in more than ordinary Danger, the People us'd in ancient times
to refort and to confult about publick Matters. In that part of the
County nigh the Head of the Weland, there are feveral {uch Hills or
Mounts which are now call’d Moot-Hills , and particularly one with
a fpacious Profpect at the very top of Farndon Hill, at a {mali Di-
ftance from the forefaid Fortification. The Name, the Site, and
other Circumftances of fome of thefe woud incline one to think
they were Hills of that very Kind called by the Saxons, Falkmotes,
i. e. Places for the meeting of the Fulk or People upon the Approach
of the Enemy. From thefe they might have a commanding View
of the Northern Parts efpecially: and upon the Enemies appearing
give the Alarm to the next Falkmote, or Watch-Mount, and by the
like means to the whole Country,to be upon their Guard againft the
common Enemy.

100.1 have already intimated,that the Roman Camp upon Burrow.
Hill byDautrey,was afterwards made ufe of by the Saxons,as no doubt
were feveral others ; but this in a particular Manner, as appears by
the prefent Figure, ‘and the large Extent of it*. 1 fhall venture to

pitch upon the Year 1006, as the Time of its being made a new
Encampment,

In

 

 

 

 

Chap. 10. of NorTHAMPTON SH1R E.

In that Year a Danifp Navy arriv’d at Sandwich, and under Sue.
gen or Suane their King , they harats’d and fpoil'd the Country
burning all before them. Whereupon King Ethelred fends out Or.
ders to the whole Country of the Weft Saxons, and of the Mercian
to rife. And upon this ‘Alarm they gathered together, Fictda

 

 

“ bantq; toto fle _Autumno, catervatim, adver [us Paganos 1, and ftood

upon their Guard againft the Danes, the whole Autumn, in eicat
Companies. One of thefe great Multitude | perhaps the whole
Pofle of Mercia, 1am perfwaded, pofted themfelves upon Burrows
Hill. The lefler Camp before-mention’d, 2.46.&48. fupr. was fufficient
for the Roman Forces, which had formerly encamped there: Bye
this Army of Saxons confifting of far greater Numbers, enlaro’d the
old Encampment to that Extent we now fee. * And this Hill which
is in the Middle of Mercie, having by its Height the
a large View over the Country, with a {pacious Plain on its Top
{eems to have been as proper a Situation for the Encampment of 2
great Aimy in Time of War, as we can any where find in the whole
Kingdom of Mercia. Tis the moft [pacious Encampment [ have
ever feen or heard of. And upon an attentive View, jt natural]
led me to think, that it muft have been made for no lef than a
whole Country up in Arms. And the Agreement of the Hif
with the Place is fuch, that, in my Opinion
Light to the clearer underftanding each other.
Tho’ the feveral Actions of that Year's Expedition are not parti-
cularized, yet fo far we may learn from the Saxon Annals, thar not.
withftanding the whole Power of Two large Kingdoms were in
Arms, it put no Stop to the Danifb Outrages, and that the Nation
was haraffed more by that Expedition,than it ever was by any Army
either Foreign or Domeftick.
tol. To that Army of Saxons, this Encampment, as
owesits prefent Form. But we have no Reafo
Romans and Saxons have ever enca mped there, Tis fo advantagioys
a Polt, that no doubt any Army in thole Parts would poflefs them-
felves of it, if they could. And therefore the Danes, who were for
fo long a time very powerful amongft us, may be fuppos’d to have
done fo, as well as other Nations, Which Opinion is favour’d by
the Tradition common in thofe Parts, and mentioned by Camden
wz. that the Camp 1 have been ipeaking of was made by the Danes,
I have already given a much more probable Account by whom
it was made. But tho’ the Danes did not make it , yet we may rea-
fonably think that they made ufe of it afterwards, when they were
Mafters of this Part of the Country, and perhaps continued encamp’d
there for fome time, which might be fufficient to give Occafion, in
After-Ages, to the Tradition, that it was a Work of theirs. As to
the Conjecture from the Name DLaintrey, Danetrey as tis now pro-
nouncd, which the common People take for an Argument that the
Town juft under this Camp was built by the Danes, ’tis not worth
mentioning.  Dainirey is without all doubt a Contraction of Daven-

i cy

Advantage of

tor
, they mutually give

I fuppofe,
0 to think,that only the

     

  
   
     
    
   
     
      
   
    
   
  

  
    
        
      
        
 
    
      
     
   
      
     
    
   
     
    
     
    
      
 
      
 
      
 
       
       
 
 
     
       
    
 
    
     
   
 
 

   

 
 

Chap. 10,

The Natwral HI ST ORT

y i ame. They have alfo here a Tradition of a Bat-
WE the Danes y nd Saxons. But there being no Foun-
dation for it in Hiftory, I fhall not trouble the Reader with loofe

jetures about it. :
Cor po to the Entrenchment by the Name of BuarowDyke uponPi/.
ford Heath, indeed 1 know not what Account to give of it, fo pafs
it by, having only noted, that it feems to have been of a fguare Fi.
gure. Two of the Sides are {till remaining ; one of them above $o
in length. :
Yoo pH Longman’s Hill, nearer the Town of Pisford by
the Northampton Road, being of an oblong Shap about 10 Yards
wide, and not encompafs’d with a Ditch, I incline to think was a
Tumalus or Sepulchral Hill, till I hear of a likelier Account of it;
the rather for that there feems to be fome fuch thing imply’d in the
Name of it. It might be the Sepulchre of fome Danifp Commander
by the Form of it ; if what Dr. Plot has inferr’d from Olaus If/ur.
us * be of any weight, |
Dott rs As to Yay, which according to the very Learned and
‘er. Reverend Dr. Kennet, now Dean of Peterborough , in his Parochial
Antiquities +, is an ancient Saxon Town, the Poffentes-byrig of the
YP Saxon Annals Ammo 661, where the King of the Weft Saxons, Conall,
and Waulfere King of Mercia fought : it may well be allow’d that
the placing it here agrees better with the Series of that Year s Attion,
than does Pontesbury in Shropfbire, which by another Ingenious and
Learned Antiquary is fuppos’d to be the Poffentes-byrig of the Chron.
1 Dr.cim Sax. ||. But yet I cannot well admit it to be the fame , the Town
Baew'tit 5. with us being undoubtedly call'd POT T ERS-Perry from the Potters
pt there, to diftinguifh it from P AULS-Perry, a neighbouring Town.
= So that we cannot from the prefent Name of it infer, it had formerly
Name of Poffentes-byrig. :
Se 04.We EY to believe that the //. endlingborough of
Ingulpbus is a Northamptonfbire Town , the Wellingboroug with us,
and not, Wendlebury in Oxfordfbire, as fome have thought ; for it is
mention'd together with Worthorp , Cotenbam ( or Cottingham) Ad-
Hiss, dington, and Elmington * 3; Which are certainly Nort amptonfbire
a A Towns, According to Ingulphus +, the three laft of thefe together
“Pgs” with Wendlyburc were deftroyd by the Danes.  Elmington is at pre-
fent a {mall Village, and perhaps it never recover'd it felf from that
Deftrution of the Danes, as Wellingborough and the reft of them
did. Rowel or Rodwell as it is written in Dooms-day Book, appears to
have been a confiderable Place, at the time when that Survey was
taken, by the feveral Towns that are there mention’d as belonging to
the Mannor of Rowell, and by other Marks and Tokens which have
not room to mention here. i
105. And thus much for the Ancient Places, of more confiderable
Note of whatfoever Kind, before the Conquei?. To which Account |
fhall here fubjoin my Obfervations concerning the Aucient State of

our Woods , and of the Iron-Works that have formerly been hese,
10

 

Chap.1o. of NorRTHAMPTONSHIR B, TAD

 

-

Tho this County does not abound in Wood at prefent, yet
we have good Reafon to think that formerly it did. Before the 2
mans came among us, tis probable that a great part of the Ifland,
efpecially in the Midland and Northern Parts (for the Southern were
fomewhat better cultivated) were overrun with Woods, as we find
the Countries inhabited by Savages ufually are, in other Parts of the
World. After the Romans had made themfelves Mafters of thefe
Midland Parts of Britain, there is no doubt but they deftroyed the
Woods in many Places to employ the Ground in Tillage and Pafture;
but yet there appears to have been great plenty of Wood preferv’d
in this County down to the Saxon times ; and particularly in that
part of it on the Southern Bank of the Welland, or betwixt the Rj-
vers Welland and Nyne, where is now the ancient Wood we call the
Foreft of Rockingham ; which, as appears by many Circumftances,
was formerly of much greater Extent than now. This is evident
from many Marks and Tokens that are fil] remaining in the Parts
adjacent to the Foreft : and is a thing fo univerfally believ’d, that I
need not offer any Proofs of it here.

106. I fhall only thew by what means it became in aftertimes thus
thinn’d and leffen’d. There are fo few Remains of the Romans, in that
part of the County, that ’tis not to be fuppos’d this was done by
them. Tis likely they clear'd the Countrey of Wood fo far as to
make themfelves eafy and convenient Ways or Paffages thorough :
But the chief Deftruction of our Woods feems to have been made
afterwards by the Saxons ; and this to fupply Fewel for the great
Number of Zron-Works , which they fet up in that part of the
County. For tho there is no Iron Ore to be met with in this Coun-
ty, yet the Saxons, who perhaps were firft acquainted with the way
of melting it from the Iron-works in their own native Countrey, ob.
ferving there was Wood enough and to fpare, they brought the Ore
from other Places, the neareft that aflorded it, to be fufed and
wrought with us. And by this means the Wood being cut down
and grub’d up, the Ground was converted into Arableand Meadows.

107. That in Fa there were Iron-works in that Part of the Coun-
ty appears from the ancient Survey called Dooms-Day Book, wherein
'tis particularly obferv’d of Grease and Corber,that isGretton andCorby,
that at the time the faid Survey was made, many things were want-
ing with relation to the Woods and Iron-works that had formerly,
1.R. E. in the time of Edward the Confeflor , belong’d to thole
Mannors : And alfo from the huge Quantity of Slags, the Refufe
of the Ore which fwims upon the Metal in its Fufion, which
are met with in that Woody Tra, I mean in the Fields that are
reafonably prefum’d to have been formerly a part of it. We meet with
fo great a Quantity of thefe, that we may well conclude, abundance
of Wood was confum’d that way. In the diftrict betwixt the Zfeand

Willowbrook, there is fcarce a Lordfhip, at leaft in the Northerly part

of that Diftri€, but has of thefe Slags in greater or lefler Plent

catter’d up and down in their Fields. In fome Places they lye
Aaaaaaa ama(-

 
 

 

A ————

#41

The Natural H I ST ORT Chap. ro. Chap. 10. of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

amafled together in huge Heaps ; and particularly at Gretton on the Abbot and his Monks about him, in the manner that js reprefented
South fide of the Town, and at Finfbed. At thefe two Places there L « e¢ Church Hip. of Peterborons),
are many Waggon Loads of them. At Finfbed there feems to have 5 3: G > is the Two Long Stones yet ftanding upon a
been both an Iron Forge and Furnace. The Mill for the Forge is alk in aftor Field near Gunwade-Ferry, which erroneous T radition
fuppos’d to have ftood at the Eaft End of the prefent Pools, where i {rien font to be Two Dravghts of Arrows from Alwalton Church.
afterwards wasa Water-Mill for grinding Corn. The Mill for the ard t A er, the one of Robin Hood, and the other of Little Fob :
Furnace, for which a leffer Stream would ferve, is fuppos'd to have Py te Fol 1s they were fet up for Witneffes, that the Carriages
ftood a little higher on the fame Chanel, in the Corner of Laxton 0 og rom Bernack to Gunwade-Ferry, to be convey'd to Sr. Fd.
Ficld ; where appears a part of a Bank which feems to have been min a might pals that way without paying Toll. And in
made for collecting the Water toa Head. And juft by it are many CT ; erruars, they are call'd St. Edmund’s Stones, Thefe Stones
Cart-Loads of Slags in Heaps. The Water was fupply’d by a {mall Jre fie ed in their Tops after the manner of Arrows, probably enough
Rill that comes from fome Springs in Laxton Field call d Afbwells. ii 3 Somury of St. Edmund, who was fhot to Death with Arrows I)
The Labourers of the Iron Works, in the Foreft of Dean in Glocefter- fae d is » The Balk they ftand upon is fill call’d St. Edmund’ + sc -
hire, are very induftrious in feeking out the Beds of old Cinders * : 8 Sy ftand aflope one a little way before the other, to the gems Hi
“Seethe \which being not fully exhaufted, are burnt again in the Furnaces, and \ Bon, hey are fuppos'd to be the petrify'd Arrows of Tr
Me cami make the beft Iron.” Here we have vaft Heaps of the like old Cin- Famous Archers. As to the ftately Crofs at Gedington , and that on" *
nchedol: ders or Slags, but if we judge of them by two or three Pieces I made the South Side of Northampton ( fill call'd Queen's Crofs ) they are
trial of, and thofe the weightieft of the Heap, they do not yield fo x 100 modern a Date to be treated of here. They were eredfed in
much as one fingle Grain of Metall. So thoroughly they were rig Queen Eleanor, Edward 1. Confort, who dyd at Hareby
wrought by the Ancient Workmen, who being to fetch their Ore en al langbrook in Lancolufbire , and were fet up by Z :
from diftant Counties, were more choice and frugal of the Metall. | Memory of the refting of her Hearfe in thofe Places.
108. There appear to have been the like Iron-works below /#/iflrz- Ie And thefe, fo far as I can difcover, are all the Antiquities, 1
brook, or on the Eaflern Side of it ; there being the like Iron Cinders on re they are the moft confiderable Ancient Works of whatfoever
found nigh Worthorpe, Inthe Fields about Stanford, and thence South- ind, that are now either wholly or in part remaining in Northam-
award to Afbton Four Miles diftant from it , As alfo at Wosdnewton, finfire o the Times before the Conqueft. As to the Antiquities
Thornbaw, Ufford, and Upton. About jof a Mile Eafiward of Afp- ince that i in which Number are to be accounted all the not
ton, in the Mannor of Torpwell, not far from the Roman Way call’d A Fons Caftles and Forts, whofe Remains we meet with here ;
Long-dyke,has been difcoverd a round hollow Place,the Sides built up ms) ; : not within the Limits of this Defign , and therefore I thal
with Stove, which from its Shape, the Afhes, the Iron Cinders about | ete | le Account of it to others, only barely mentioning the Pla-
it, and other Circumftances, ’tis very probable, was an Iron-Furnace. hi ore they ftood, or where the Footfteps of them are now to be
But whatfoever Quantity of the Woods in the Naffee, the Country Ry They oe Cafile- Afbby, Northampton, Rockingham, now im.
adjoining to Peterborough, was made ufe of for thefe Iron-works, Jove 0 a delightful Seat by the Right Honourable 7 ecm, lord
there fill remain’d fo much Wood in the latter Part of the gth a iy Braybrook, Higham-Ferrers, Dravtons Gods
Century , that Adulfus , Abbot of Burg , thought fit to cut down fe > Yoburing nye Barnwell, lasey ; whereof we have “ a
a confiderable Part of it, and to let the Lands to farm. And upon oe ccount in Me Leland and Mr. Camden, As alfo of the Fort
the Places thus clear'd from Wood, Abbot 7urdd, who enter'd An- 3 See Mount 1 urdld, now Toot- Hill at Peterborough,  Bofides divi
no tertio Will. 1. not only built Towns, particularly the Towns of ! ome are the Plat-Forms and Ground-Plots of feveral other Caftles,
Gunthorp, Milton, Walcot , and Bernack , but Churches and Cha- er iy Dili ie Form of Caftles, and therefore
* Ch Hi s %. : BL - ~rection 1 take to have been fince the Co :
of Pam. pe 09. There are only one or two Stone Monuments made in the particularly at Preflon-capes , St. Loys Wedon, Su Conga) sod
P2% Saxon Times to be taken notice of here, and then 1 fhall put an End to : ardon on the Bank of Cherwel, Aldrington and Benfield. (of WE
this Chapter. The Firft is the Monumental Stone eretted for the Saeco 1s made in an oldMS.in the BodleianLibrary*\Waslafion * Vid. Ms
Abbot and Monks of ‘Medbamfied, now Peterborough , {lain by the Hg, Lictuaf 1 borpe-Waterville (whereof in Mr. Leland's Tei) MoE. in i
Danes in Anno 870. which fill remains in the Minfter-Yard at Pe- porary y Mr. Hearne’s Edition, Vol. I. P-5- and in Mr. Guaton’s Both, dl.
terborough. It was erefted over the Body of the Abbot, and 84 of hurch Hiftory of Peterborough, P- 14.) Wadenbse

dward 1. in

: as I fuppofe,
y. and Cotingham ; in T tr 5,

i i i i v ft of which are now called Caftle Li: ;
his Monks , all laid together in one Grave, by the pious Care of mot. called Cattle Hills, To which we
Godricns Abbot of oto "Tis Three Foot in Height, Three in the Square Tower that is ftill ftanding at Logrtoge: we may add
~ Length, and One in Thicknefs, engraven with the Figures of the £

Abbot A TRAN

 
i

de
Eh!

 

 

 

A

TRANSCRIPT

OF

DOOMSDAT-BOOK,

So far as it Concerns

Northamptonthire.

EMPORE REGIS EDW ARDI* fuerunt in NORTHAMPTONE in * That is
: Dominio Regis LX Burgenfes habentes totidem Manfiones. Ex his funt modo Edward the
14 Vafte, refiduz funt 47. Prater hos funt modo in novo Burgo 40 Burgenfes Confeffor.
in Dominio Regis Willelm;,

In ipfo Burgo habet Epifcopus Conftantienfis 23 Domos de 29 Solidis, & 4 Denariis,

Abbas de San@o Edmund, 1 Domum, & 16 Denarios.

Abbas de Burgh 15 Domos, de 14 Solidis, & 8 Denariis. Duz funt Vaftz,

Abbas de Rame/3g 1 Domum de 16 Denariis.

Abbas de Coventrey 4 Domos de 12 Denariis. Tres {unt Vafte.

Abbas de Eveflam 1 Domum Vaftam.

Abbas de Salebi 2» Domos de 32 Denariis.

Comes Moritonienfis 35 Domos de 45 Solidis & 8 Denariis, duz funt Vafte. De 9 Domi.
bus harum habet Rex Socam.

Comes Hugo 1 Domum de 4 Denariis.

Comitiffa Fudita 16 Domos 12 Solidis, una eft Vafta.

Rebertus de Todeni 4 Domos de 4 Solidis, unaeft Vafta.

Henricus de Ferreires § Domos de 9 Solidis, & 4 Denariis.

Augfgerss Capellanys Regis 1 Domum ; de qua Rex debet habere Socam.

Willelmus Pevrel 55 Domos, de 28 Solidis, & 8 Denariis. Tres ex his funt Vafte.

Willelmns Filius Hofelini 2 de Feudo Epifcopi Baiocenfis , & Comitifle Fudite, reddit 16
Denarios.

Willelmus Ingaine x Domum de Roberto de Hoci, & nil reddit.

Wido de Rainbudcyrs 4 Domos de 64 Denariis,

Walter Flandrenfis 10 Domos de 8 Solidis, Una eft Vafta.

HWinemarus 12 Domos de 3 Solidis, ex his 4 funt Vaftz.

Richardus Ingaine 4 Domos & 4. Solidos.

Robertns de Alvers ¥ Domum de 12 Denariis.
Rogers de Hofenorman 1 Domum de 16 Denariis.
Goifridus de Wirce 4 Domos de 4 Solidis,
Goiftidus Alfelin, & Radulfus Nepos ejus, 2 Domos de 2 Solids.
Gilo Frater Anfculf 3 Domos de 32 Denariis.
Goifridus de Chioches § Domos de 8 Solidis. Tres funt Vafte.
Sigar de Chioches x Domum 16 Denariis.
Suain Filius Azur 21 Domos de 10 Solidis, pertinet ad Stoches,
Anfridus de Valbadon 2 Domos de 2 Solidis de Feudo Epifcopi Baiocenfi,
Balduinus Disidiam Manfiottem Vaftam le Stane unam Domum 12 Denariis.
Osbertus Gifard 1 Domum, & 4 Denarios.  Codumus 1 Domim de 12 Denariis.
Durandus prapofitus * Domum de 16 Denariis de Feudo Roberti Todeni:
Dodin 2 Domos de 20 Denariis,. una eft de Judita Comisiffa, alcera de Winemaro.
Hugo Widvile 2 Domos de 32 Denariis. L490) Sie a

Ca) NORTHAM

 
 

NorRTHANTONESCYIRE I.

NORTHANTONESCIRE reddit firmam trium no&ium, 30 Lib. ad Pondus, ad
Canes 42 Lib. Albas de 20 in ora de dono Regina, & de fzno 10 Lib. & ¢ oras, de Accipi
tre 1o Lib. de Summario 20 Sol. de Elemofina 20 Sol. de equo Venatorio 20 Solid.

De Manerio Eddithe Regina 40 Lib. de Clive 10 Lib.

Burgenfes de Hantone reddunt Vicecomiti per Annum 30 Lib. & 10 Solidos. Hoc per-
tinet ad firmam ipfius. ; :

Fudita ComisifJa habet 7 Lib. de Exitibus ejufdem Burgi.

Hic annotantur TeNexTEs TERR As in Northantonefciye.

Comes Albericus,
Comes Hugo.

Hugo de Grentemaifuil,
Hugode Luri.

Henricus Ferieres.
Robertus Todeni.
Robertus Stafford.
Robertus Oilgi.
Robertus de Veci.
Robertus de Buci.
Radulphus Pagenel.
Radulphus de Limefi.
Robertus Albus,
Willelmus de abeinges.
Willelmus Pevrel,
Willelmus Filius Aufculf.

Willelmus Loveth.

Rex Willelmus.
Epifcopus Baiocenfis.

Epifcopus Dunelmenfis.

Epifcopus Conftantienfis,
Epifcopus Lincolnienfis,

Abbatia de Burgo.

Abbatia de Weftmona terio,
Abbatia de Sanéto Edmundo.
Abbatia de Rame/y.

Abbatia de Tornyo.

Abbatia de Cruiland,

Abbatia de Coventreu,

Abbatia de Evefham,

Abbatia de Greffain,

Ecclefia S. Remigii Remenfis,
Aufgerus Capellanus.

Leuinus Presbyter, & alii Clerici.
Comes Moritonienfis, Walterus de Amcurth.,
Comes de Mellent, Wilterus Flandrenfi.
Comes Alanus. . Winemarus.

Wido de Renbodcurth, Siboldus.

Euda Filius Huberti. Ogerius Brito.

Ghilo Frater Anfculf, Drogo de Beurere.
Goifridus Alfelm. Mam Brito,

Goisfridus de Manewile, Eustachius de Huntedune.
Giflebertus de Gand. Fudita Comitiffa.
Goisfridus de Wirce. Giflebertus Coquus,
Gunfridus de Cioches. David,

Sigar de Cicches. Ricardus.

Suain, Willelmus & alii Taini.

 

That Part of Rutland, which is inferted in Doomfday-Book, under the Title of Notthantone

fcire, is omitted bere.

REX tenet in Nortone ; Rex Edvardus tenuit, ibi funt 7 Hide & una Virgata Terrx, cum
2 Membris Blachefleune, 8 Alteneffone. - Terraeft. . ..... In Dominio funt 3 Can-
cate, & 3 Servi, & 2 Ancillz, & 19 Villani, & 15 Sochamanni, & 5 Bordarit habentes 21,
ibi Molina 2, de 1g Sol. Silva 4 Leuvis Longa, & 3 Leuvis Lata cum onesatis
valet 60 Solidos, & melius 4 Sol. Sochamanni reddunt 30 Sol, valuit 12 Librasmodo 20
Lib. Fabri reddebant 5 Lib. Tempore Regis Edwards,

Rex tenet Zouecefire, ibi funt 7 Hide & Dimidia ; Terra eft 22 Carucatarum. In Dominio
funt 2 Carucatx, & 15 Villani cum ro Carucatis. Ibi Molinum de 13 Solidis , & 1
Denariis, & 12 Acra prati. Silva 2 Leuvis longa, & uni Lata. Fabri reddebant roo
Solidos, modo nihil. 1bi unus Sochamannus reddit ¢ Solidos, habens Dimidiam Hidx,
& quintam Partem Dimid. Hide. Tempore Regis Edward: valuit 12 Lib. modo 25 Lib.

Rex tenet Sudione, 1bi funt 3 Hide. Terra eft 6 Carucacarum ; in Dominio func 2 cam
unoServo,& ~ Villanis,& 10 Bordariis,cum 2 Carucacis. Ibi Molinum de 10 Solidis, & 8
Denariis, de Pratis 23 Solidos, de Foro 20 Solidos. In alia Terra cjuldem Manerii fun:
4 Villani cum 2 Carucatis.

Huic Manerio pertinet Witefelle; ibi funt 2 Hidz,& Inland 2Carucatarum,& Hominibus
Terra § Carucatarum, in Dominio funt 2, cum uno Servo, & 8 Villanis, & 3 Boidasiis,
cum 3 Carucatis, & Dimid. Silva uni Ieuva Longa, Querentena Lata,

Totum Tempore Regis Edwards valuit 19 Lib. modo 32 Lib. de 21 in Ora.

In GRAVESEND E Hundrel

Rex tenet Fallow, ibi eft 1 Hida & Dimidia & q. Una pars Hida Inland eft ad 4 Ca
rucatas, ibi {unt 2 Carucate, & 6 Bordarii habentes 4 Carucatas , in alia Terra extra Do-
Lunum

 

.
Nowrvawvronmscrine

 

minium funt 6 Villani cum prapofito habentes : ;
unt : 1 » : 4 Carucatas de prato 2 Sol. exeunt, 2M
pore Regis Edward; valuit 15. Lib. nunc reddit totidem Lib. do in Ora. Ten
Huic Manerio pertinct Soca de 1 Hida minus, una Bovata: reddit 11 Sol
Rex tenet Hardingeftorp in Coltreweftan Hundred. :

Ibi funt ¢ Hida prater Inland , Terra 4 Carucatarum, ibi funt aCarucate, & 4 Villani
& 10 Bordarii cum 4 Carucaris, ibi 2 Molina de §© Sol. de pratis, & Pufturis 66 Den 0
Fsnnore Regis Edward valuic 30 Lib. modo 12 Lib jib

Willielmus Pewrel, & Gunfridus de Cioches haben ibi 2 Hi. i
: 4 t ibi 2 Hidas,& 6 is
Lun »& 60 Acras prati Dono Regis,

In CorRBET Hundred

Rex tenet Gretome: ibi funt + Hi z 3 Vir i

BLL od oy hr Hidz, & 3Virgatz Terra, Terra eft r4Carucatarum, in Do-
Pg ey una neilla, & rg Villani,& s Bordarii cum Presbytero habent 6 Carucg-
= ib ye inum de 3 Sol. & 20 Acra prati, Silva una Ieuva Longa, & Dimidia leuvi
ata: valuit & valet 20 Lib. Plurima defunt huic Manerio, qua Tempore Regis Edward;

ERG ibi on in Silva, & Ferrariis, quam & aliis redditibus, ;

3 ex AE Cn hy ibi eft r Hida, & Dimidia, Terra eft 9 Carucatarum, in Dominio eft
una, & 7 Villani cum Presbytero, & 3 Bordarii habentes 4 Carucatas,Silva 18 Quarentenis
longa & quatuor Quarentenis Lat. :

Te a is Kdwrardi Ry roatved : i

Tempore Regis Edwardi & modo valuit ro Lib. Multa defunt huic Manerio qua Tem-
pore Regis Edwardi ibi adjacebant in Silva, & Ferrariis, & aliis Caunfis.

Rex tenet Brigfloc, ibi func 3 Hidx, & Dimid. Terra eft 11 Carucatarum, in Dominio
funt 3 Sor i] & 6 Servi, & 16 Villani cum Presbytero, & 4 Bordarij habentes § Ca
rucatas, 1b Molinum de ¢ Sol. & ~ Acre pr ati ilv uarentenis 4 1 Leu
Fea § 7 Acra prati. Silva 15 Quarentenis longa, & uni Leu-

Jie Manarky appendebant hac Membra, Slepe, ibi 1 Hid. & tres Virgate Terre.

n Geitentome 1 Hida. In Stenere x Virgata Terre, & Dimidia , Terra eft oto Caru-
catat Hin func 4 ¢ ochamanni,& 9 Villani,& 5 Bordarii inter omnes habentes » Caruca-
tas. In Slepefunt 4 Acrz prati. Totum Manerium cum pendentiis Te gis Ed.

: ; I $ lempore Regis Ed.
wardi valiit 15 Lib. modo 20 Lib.

Rex tenet Dedintone, ibi eft r Hida in Wilebreo Hundred. Terra eft 8 Carucatarum: in
Dominio eft 1, & ro Villani cum Presbytero, & 2 Rordarii habentes 3 Carucatas ibi 10
Acrz prati, Sylva 1 Leuva longa, & 6 Quarentenis Lar. ibi Molinum de 4 Sol. "Torum
pertinet ad Gretone Manerium fupradictum. Tempore Regis Edward; valuit yo Lib, &
modo fimiliter, multa defunt ei pertinentia ad fir mam in Silvis & aliis Caufis :

ry » a > Janssen - . Dp } J, 1 1 : % "

Rex tenet R aewriiey, & Overtome in Rodewelle hundred ibi func 8 hidz, & » partes ; 1.
hid, Terra eft 40 Carucatarum, in Dominio func 4 Carucate, & dimidi i int
Srna gos acarum, 1 int 4 Larucaie, & dimidia. Ibi Molinum
de 9 Solids, & 4 Denariis, & 8 Acre Prati.

x Huic Manerio pertinent hac Membra.

Lodintone de 1 Hida & tertia Parte t Hid
Clendone de Dimid. Hidx, & Dimid. Virgate Terra.
Draétone de x Hida, & Dimid. Virgate Terre,
Arningvorde de Dimid. Virgatz Terra. Dereburg de Dimid. Vrigate Terra
Keilmerfe de 2 Hidis, & tertia Parce 1. Vir Y : ;
Oxendone de una Hida, & una Virgata Terra.
Clipeftone de una Virgata, & dimidia.
Cranefleg de duobus Hidis, & una \ irgata Terra. Burtone de Dimid. Hid, Terra

eft 19Carucatarum incer totum. Ib; func 47Sochamanni habentes 18Carucatas.

Hoc Manerium Rodevelle cy lici is E }
M: vale cum Appendicibus , Tempore Regis Edwardi, valu: i
bras, modo so Libra, P : Pp » Ag dn

In MALESLE Hundred.

viele Gasawad hs {3s . $e aa
Rex tenet Briclefworde. Ibi funt 9 Hida » & dimidia, Terra eft 35 Carucatarum. In
Dominio funt 2. "Et 14 Viliani Presbyteri : ii habentes 1¢ reo
DN, = 14 V Ram cum Presbyteris : & rg Bordari; habentes 15 Caruca
i 9 Lx 3 Molo: de 33 Solidis, & 4 Denariis, & 8 Acre Praci.
10¢ Manerium pertinet una Silva, qua reddic per A Soli
Ad h | S Annum roo § 5 v -
do in Forefta Regis. p= Ph mage
Huic Manerio pertinet Helecore, bi fi i §
; 1] 3 t Helecote, 1 lunt dux Hide, & du : imi
dia. ‘Terra eft 10 Carucatarum Ibi fi Soc ani § ® Vogue ing Jd
Carucatarum. } unt 1x Sochamanni cum 4 Carucatis Prati. Tes
tum Tempore Regis Edward; reddebat 301 ibras, modo 36 Libras,
Ck ohst Penns, Ibi fi nt dux Hide, Terraeft 12 Carucatarum 3 in Dominio funt 1
-arrucatz, & élervi, & 6 Villani. & 9 Bordarii ; cum 3 Carucatis. Ibi 12 Acre Pra.

tl. ¥
Huie

 
=

 

NorETHANTONESCIRTE

Huic Manerio pertinet Walgrave, & Waalda. 1bi dux Hide, & tres Virgate Terr :
& Dimidia. Terra eft 7 Carucatarum. Ibi func 14 Sochamanni, cum 6 Carucatis,
1bi 12 Acre Prati. Totum Tempore Regis Edward reddebat 15 Libras, modo 16 ILi-

as.

Rex tenet Torp. Ibi funt 4 Hide, & 4 Virgatz Terre. Terra eft 20 Carucatarum, in

Dominio funt due Carucatz, & 16 Villiani, & 8 Bordarii, cum 3 Carucatis : Ibi 3 Moli-

na de 43 Solidis, & 4 Denariis, & § Acre Prati.

Huic Manerio pertinet Afultone, 1bi eft una Hida, & dimidia, & una Bovata Terrz :
& Weftone de una Hida fimiliter ipfi pertinet, Terra eft § Carucatarum inter totum. Totum
Tempore Regis Edwardi reddebat 15 Libras, modo tantum,

Rex tenet Opreme. Ibi funt duz Hide ; Terra eft 10 Carucatarum, in Dominio eft una,
& ro Villani, & ro Bordarii, habentes § Carucatas.  1bi Molinum de 12 Solidis, & 8 De-
nariis, & 6 Acrz Prari.

Huic Manerio pertinet Egleffone. Ibi eft Dimidia Hide. Terra eft 2 Carucatarum; Ibi
funt 2 Sochamanni, cum una Carucara. Totum, Tempore Regis Edward, valuit 1
Libras, modo tantundem.

Rex tenet Nafjingtone. Ibi funt 6 Hide, Terra eft 16 Acra. In Dominio funt due, &
24 Villani, cum Presbytero, & 2 Bordariis habentes 14 Carucatas ; Ibi 2 Molina de 30 S0-
lidis, & 8 Denariis, & 40 Acra Pratis, Silva und leuvd Longa, & dimidia leuva J a-
ta. Tempore Regis Edwardi reddebat 26 Libras & 13 Solidos ad numerum, modo 30 Li-
bras.
In Bereford eft 1 Hida. Offacalis hanc tenét cum 2 Sochamannis de quibus ipfe focam ha-
bebit. Terra eft 2 Carucatarum; ibi funt 4 Villani, & 3 Bordarii cum 2 Carucatis, &
Molinum de 32 Denariis. Hanc Terram Rex Willicdmus conceflit Goduino.

In Ricfdone eit Dimidia Virgata Terrz, foca pertinetad Bercforde, ibi eft, Sochamannus
habens 2 Rordarios ; valuit ro Solidos.

In Patorp funt dux Hidz pertinentes ad Naffingtore, Terra eft 12 Carucatarum in Domi-
nio funt du, & 16 Villani & 4 Bordarii, cum ro Carucatis ; Ibi Molinum de 6 Solidis, &
& 6 Acrz Prati, Silva x leuva longitudine, & tantundem Latitudine , Tempore Regis Ld-
wardi valuit 13 Libras, & + Solidos.

Rex tenet Zunmefloure, Ibifunt 6 Hide, Terra eft 13 Carucatarum. In Dominio funt »
Carucatze, & 17 Villani, & 4 Bordarii cum 14 Carucatis ; Ibi Molinum de ro Solidis, &
12 Acrz Prati; Silva 1 leuva Longa, & Dimidia leuva Lata. Tempore Regis Edward
20 Libras ad numerum.

Rex tenet Bernewelle. Ibi funt 6 Hide, & una Virgata Terrx, Terra elt 6 Acre, in De
minio funt duz, & 12 Villani, & 2 Bordarii cum 4 Carucatis ; Ibi 24 Acre Prati. Tem-
pore Regis Edwardi reddebat 13 Libras, & 6 Solides, & 6 Denarios ad mumerum, modo
30 Libras cum Tanefoure,

Rex tenet Clive, ibi eft 1 Hida, & 2 Virgatz, & Dimidia, Algar Comes tenuit. Ter-
ra eft 17 Carucatarum, in Dominio funt 2 Carucatz cum 1 Servo, & 7 Villani cum Peef-
bvtero, & 6 Bordariis habentes ¢ Carucatas. Ibi Molinum de 12 Denar. & 4 Acr:
prati: Silva 1 Leuv. Long. & Dimid. Lev. Lat. Tempore Regis Edwardi reddebat 5 Lib.
modo ro Lib.

Rex tenet Rochingeham, ibi eft x Hida, Terra eft 3 Carucatarum, ibi func 5 Villani, & 4
Bordarii cum 3 Carucatis.

Hanc Terram tenet Bone cum Saca, & Soca, Tempore Regis Edwardi Vafta erat, quando
Rex Willelmus juflic ibi Caftellum fieri: medo valet 26 Solidos.

In Stoche eft x Hida de Soca Corbi Maner. Regis. Terra eft 2 Carucatarum, ibi funt
cum § Sochamannis, qui reddunt 64 Denar. id C rbi.

In Wilerteffone funt 3 Virgate Terrz. Terra eft 2 Carucatarum, ibi funt ¢ Sochamanni
cum 3 Bordariis habentes 1 Carucatam, & Dimidiam ; valuir, & valet 4 Solid.

Rex tenet Palfonbam, ibi eft una Hida : Terra eft 12 Carucatarum. In Dominio eft una
Carucara, r Servus & 8 Villani, & 6 Bordarii cum uno Libero Homine habentes § Caru-
catas; ibi Molinum de 13 Sol. & 4 Denar, & 30 Acra prati, Silva r Leuv. Long. & tan-
tundem Lat.

Huic Manerio pertinet Pocheflei, ibi eft Dimidia Hida. Terra eft 1 Carucatarum ; iti
1 Sochamannus habens Dimidiam Carucatam, & reddit § Sol.

Totem Tempore Regis Edwardi reddebat 8 Lib. ad numerum, modo ro Lib.

Rex tenet Wiclei, Algarus Comes tenuit, in Corbei Hundred, ibi funt 2 Hide, & Dimidia
Terra eft 6 Carucatarum, in Dominio funt 2 & 4 Servi, & 12 Villani, & 6 Bordarii cum
4 Carucaris, ibi Molinum de 64 Denar. valuic 3 Lib. modo 6 I ib.

Rex tenet Tingdene, Edditha Regina tenuit, in NEVES LAND Hundred, ibi funt 27 Hid,
& Dimidia cum append. Terra eft 54 Carucatarum ; in Dominio funt 3 Hida, & ibi 4 Caru
cata, & 7 Servi, & 30 Villani, & 15 Bordarii, cum 11 Carucatis, & § Sochamannis cum
24 Carucatis, ibj 2 Molina de 18 Solid. & tertium de 15 Solid. ibi 50 Acra prati, Silva 1
Leuv. long. & Dimid. Leuv. Lat, Tempore Regis Edwardi reddebat 20 Lib. ad numerum,

modo

 

 

Norrnasrovwgscrz 2

 

 

modo 40 Lib. ad Pondus, 20 ad oram, Ipfi 50 Soch i
i Io Dense Fi Manerii hg mam Am aid
3 Mecha Hundred yo Hide, & Dimidia. In Hochelau Hundred 1 Hid imi
I Orion ig una Hida. In Rodevel Hundred 3 partes unius Hide, : n ae
undred 4 Hide, & 1 Virgata Terrz. In Neveflund Hundred 9 Hide, & Dimid.

Terra Epifeopi BatocExNsts

Epifcopus Baiocenfis tenet de
; e . Wacuia iss :
2D aru B fue /: on § R ges & Willelmus Pevrel de €o, dimid. hidam in Halecote.
Feral unin e icatz, ipfa eft Dominio cum 4 bordariis, ibi molinum de 8 carucatis, &
5 ers pra, filva r quarentend longa, & dimid. quarentend lata. Valuit 8 fol. modo
100 « Almarus tenuit cum faca, & foca, f
¢ feudo Epifcopi tenet Willelm i : dimi i i
ro 33 BpteoH & 7s 1 Hidam, & dimid. virgatam Terre in Hobtone,
oy os Hi n dominio eft una, & 2 Servi, & 9 Villani, & 6 Bordarii cum
§ om Backed ibi } 6 om de 8 dha: & 20 acrx prati, filva 1 quarentena longa, &
- guarentena lat. valuit 20 fol. modo 40 folid. Vu. fil; Z i
a 4 « Vu filius Azor tenuit Tempore
Er Ne epas S ph : :

Deifsndo Epifcopi Baiocenfis tenet Willelmus 2 hidas in Gremteuorde. Terra eft § carucata
rum, in Seminio eft una, & » fervi, & 20 villani, & § bordarii cum 3 carucatis, valuit 4 lib.
modes libra Caulfe liber? tenuit Tempore Regis Edward; :

JC teudo Lpifcopi Baiocenfis tenet Willem 1 y i ]
iP Sou S Eni, ok 2 wenfs tenet Hillelmus unam virgatam Terra in Brandeffon. Hujus
og, jace 10 Falewefle. . Terra eft 1 carucatz. Ipfa ibi eft cum 2 villanis, & 3 bordariis
valuit, & 3 alet 20 folid. Sauvinus tenuit Tempore Regis Edward; gh ?
z e feudo Epifcopi Baiocenfis tenec Willehmus unam virgatam Terre, & § partem unius
Prgeeein W “hom, haji foes jacet in Sutome. Terra eft une carucate. Ipfa ibi eft cum x
ervo, & 2 villanis ; ibi molinu > 4 folid. valui i  folid i
res yianiss m de 4 folid. valuit 10 folid. modo 15 folid. Ulfric tenet

Ye feud nin: A : zx :

3 De Sudo Epifcopi Baiocenfis tenet idem Willelmus 4 hidas, & dimid. & 5 partem dimid
dein fon He, Terra cit 10 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2, & 5 fervi, & rx villani,
8 9 gras com prisbyscee habamees 4 carucatas, & dimid. Ibi 12 acre prati, & moli-
um de 19 fol. & 4 denar. filva enteni : raluit 4 li i
Jum ds ip & 4 8 quarentenis longa, & 3 lat. valuit 4 lib. modo 70 folid.
In feud > Ep foes: Baiocenfis tenet Willelmus dimid. hidam in Claler Hundred, quintam
pan dimid. JMex minimum in Pocheflai, Terra eft 1 carucate, ibi eft unus villanus
cum 1 bordario habens dimid. ¢ t y oli i i
SHR 15 dimid. carucatam, valet 4 folid. Almarus tenuit Tempore Regis

In GRAVESENDE Hundred.

De feudo Epifcopi Baiccenfic te tars Jims .
hid 3 20 Eller :] F iocenfic tenet Adam in Cerlintone 3 virgacas Terre. Willelmus dimid.
i 1 Sued, h us Terre foca in Feleffiuce. Terra eft 1 carucatz, ipfa eft ibi cum 2
hans, o« 2 bordariis Z ris 1, valui olidos oli it
> 8 C » & 6acris prati, valuit 5 folidos, modo 10 folidos. Bern tenuit

Perrin va Ly oo 2
Lempore Regis Edwardi,

In SutonNe Hundred.

De feudo Epifcopi Baiocenfis te i int i i
an Sao Epi p » confi tenet Adam in Cerlintone 3 virgatas Terre, & quintam par-
¢ BA. ocd acct in Setane, Terra eft 2 Carucatarum, In dominio eft una
cum 2 bordariis, valuit, & valet 10 folidos.
1 De fondo Bpifiont Baiocenffs, Willelmus. In Newebote Hund. 2 Hidas, & unam virgatam
erre, & dimid. eiforde. Te : inio fi :
] ore % Smid in H. iforde, Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio func 2 carucate, &
2 fervi, & 7 villanl, & 2 bordarii cum 1 carucara. Ibi Io acre prati, valuit ro folidos

moe

modo 20 folidos. Epifcopus & Ailet libere tenuerunt ‘Tempore Regis Edward;.
Terra Epifeopi DuNeLMENsTS,
hiWiceysa Wapentake,
Lpilcopus Dunelmenfis tenet 2 hidas de Rege in Horne,

Horne # in that Part of Ru whi » T3 "maki 3 belong’d
ol ol Part of Rutland, which, at the Time of making this Survey, belong’d 10
FEY HR & we ;
{b) Tara

 
NORTHANTONESCIRE

 

Terra Epiftopi CONSTANTIENSIS:

Epifcopus Conjfantienfis tenet de Rege, Rande; ibi funt 6 hide, & una virgata, & dimidia;
Terraeft ©... In dominio funt 2 carucatx, & 4 fervi, & 4 villani, & 6
bordarii cum 2 carucatis. Ibi molinum de 24 folidis, & 8 denariis, & roo anguillis. Ibi
20 acrx prati, de hac Terra tenent 3 fochamanni 2 hidas. Robertws unam hidam. Goifri-
dus unam hidam.  Algarus unam virgatam, & dimidiam. Ibi funt in dominio 6 carucatz,
& dimid. & 7 villani, & 4 bordarii cum 2 fervis, habentes 2 carucatas, & molinum de 12
denariis ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 100 folidos. :

De hac Terra calumpniavic Willelmus fuper Epifcopum 1 hidam, & dimid. virgatam
Terra. Hoc manerium tenuit Burred cum faca, & foca.

Ipfe Epifcopus tenet Deweforde; Ibi funt § hide. Terra eft in dominio, 4 carucatz, &
dimid. & 3 fervi, & 12 villani, & 18 bordarii, & 4 fochamanni cum 12 carucatis. [Ibi 2
molina de so folidis, & 8 denariis, & 250 anguillis.  Burred libere tenuit hoc manerium,
valuit x00 folidos, modo 8o libras.

In N ArResrorD Hundred.

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet Alberieus 2 hidas, & dimid. & 1 bovatam in Wadenko. Terra eft
§ carucatarum.. In dominio eft 3, & 4 fervi, & 3 villani, & 14 bordarii cum presbytero,
habent 2 caracutas ; ibi molinum de 12 denariis, & rr acrz prati ; valuit 3 libras, modo

libras.

4 Ad hanc Terram pertinent 3 virgata Terrz in Scaldawelle. Terra eft unius carucatz >
ipfa ibi eft cum 2 villanis, & 2 bordariis, foca eft Regis. med

De ipfo codem Epifcopo tenet idem Albericus 2 hidas, & dimid. virgatam Terrz in
Wadenbo. ‘Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 carucatz, & dimid. Ibimolinum
de 13 folidis, & 4 denariis, & 25 anguillis: Ibi 16 acre prati. Silva quarenteni longa,
& 1 leuv. lat. valuit 20 folidos, modo 60 folidos. Burred libere tenuit Tempore Regis Ed-
ward.

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet /#alchelinus 2 hidas, in Ordinbaro Hundred, & 3 virgatas Ter-
ra in Hargindone. Terra eft 6 carucatarum: In dominio funt 3 carucatz, & 12 villani, &
13 bordarii cum r carucaca, & dimid: Ibi molinum de 8 folidis.

In hac Terra tenet unus Miles 3 virgatas Terra; & ibi habet 1 carucatam cum 2 villa-
nis, & 1 bordario ; valuit 60 folidos, modo 100 folidos, Edmundus libere tenuit.

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet Walchelinus unam hidam, & dimid. in alia Hergdone, Terra cft
erium carucatarum, & ipfx funt in dominio. Hac Terra cura fuperiori eft appreciata.

De feudo Epifcopi tenet Hardewvin. Homo Walchelinus hidam, & unam virgatam
Terex in eidem villa. Terra eft 2 carucatarum, & ipfa funt in dominio cum uno {ervo,
& 4 villanis cum 1 bordario, habent dimid. carucatam; ibi § acre prati, valuit 20 folidos,
modo 40 folidos. Diwerd libere tenuit Tempore Regls Edwardi,

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet Walchelinus 3 virgatas Terre in Hifbam. Terra eft 1 carucatz,
& ipfa eft in dominio cum 4 bordariis, habent dimid. carucatam ; valuit § folidos, modo
20 folidos.  Burred tenuit cum foca, & faca.

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet Walchelinus 2 hidas, & 3 virgatas Terrz in Burtone. Terra eft $
carucatarum. In dominio funt 2, cum 1 fervo, & 1 ancilla. Ibi 9 villani, & 5 bordarii,
habent 3 carucatas, & dimid. Ibi rs acre prati; valuit 20 folidos, modo 40 folidos. Bur-
red tenuit cum faca, & foca.

De ipfo Epifpopo tenet Walchelinus dimid. hidam 5 in Stodfalde Hundred, & 3 partes x
virgate in Clipeftome. Terra eft 3 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 4 villani, & »
bordarii habent 1 carucacam, & dimidiam. Huic Terrz adjacet una virgata Terrz, & »
pares unius virgatz ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 20 folidos.

In W AR poNE Hundred.

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet Walchelinus 2 hidas in Hocecote. Terra § carucatarum. In do-
minio funt 2, cum 2 fervis, & 21 villanis, & 2 bordariis, habent 3 carucatas. Ibi molinum
de ro folidis, & 7 acra prati ; valuit, & valet 4 libras. Burred tenuit cum faca, & foca, fi-
militer, ut fuperioriem.

Iu

 

 

Nontanawrosnscing

 

In NeverLunop Hundyed,

; De ipfo Epifcopo tenet Ricardus unam hidam, & dimid. in Burtone, Terra eft 3 carucg-
tarum. In dominio eft una cum 1 fervo, & 3 villanis, cum 1 bordario, habent 1 caruca-
on. Ih 6 acrz prati; valuit, & valet ro folidos,
¢ ipfo Epifcopo tenet Ricardus dimid. hidam in Zingdene. Terra eft 2 caruc
plo 4s t. hida . atarum.

In dominio eft una cum 3 bordariis. Ibi iulinum de § folidis, & 3 acra prati ; valuit
folidos, modo 20 folidos.  Burred utrumg; tenuit, : :

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet Goisfridus 1 hidam, & dimid virgatam Terre in Hantone, Ter-
ra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio fun 2, & 3 fervi, & 4 villani, & 2 bordarii cum 2 ¢a-
rucatis. Ibi 4 acre prati. Valuit 20 folidos, modo 30 folidos. Aluwvins Cubold renuit,

In WIMERESLE Hundred.

De eodem Epifcopo tenet Winemarus dimid. hidam in Hachelintome. Terra eft una caru-
cate , & ipfa ibi eft 1 fervo, & 3 bordariis; valuit 16 denarios, modo 10 folidos, Burred
tenuit.

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet Winemarus 1 hidam in Preftone, & partem 1 hide ; fe defendebat
Tempore Regis Edwardi. Terra eft » carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 2 fervi, &
4 Villani cum 1 carucatis. Ibi 6 acra prac. Valuit 2 folidos, modo 20 folidos. Winemara
vidua tenuit Tempore Regis Edwards,

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet Robertus, Bertone. bi funt 4 hide, & dimid. Terraeft ro ca-
rucatarum. In dominio fun 4 carucatx, de 7 fervis, & r ancilla, & 23 villanis cum 3
bordariis, habent 6 caracutas: Ibi 2 molina de ro folidis, & 40 acra prati, & 8 acre piluc
valuit 40 folidos, modo 100 folidos.  Burred tenuit. 4

In NEvEsLunD Hundred.

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet Robertus virgatam Terre in Crameford. Terra eft 1 carucate.
i ug villani, & x fochamannus cum 2 bordariis, habent 2 carucatas ; valet ro folidos,
vafta fui. ;

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet Norgot 1 virgatam Terrz in Hanverdefho Hundred in Wendlesberie.,
Terra eft dimid. carucatz. Ibi funt 2 fochamanni, cum ea valuic 2 folidos, foca pertinet
ad Hardintone manerium Epifcopi.

De ipfo Epifcopo tenet W:illelmus 2 hidas, dimid. virgatam minus in Nivetowe, Terra
cft2 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 carucatz, & 8 villani, & 6 bordarii cum 2 caruca-
tis, Silva ibi 2 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis lata ; valuit 200 folidos, mode 40 foli-
dos. Azer tenuit Tempore Regis Ewardi,

In NevesLuxp Hundred,

De feudo Epifcopi tenet Hugo 1 hidam, & dimid in Edintone. ‘Terraeft 2 carucatarum.
In dominio una, & 6 villani cum 1 bordario haben 3 carucatas: Ibi molinum de 16 de-
nariis, & 4 acre prati, valuit 10 folidos, modo 40 folidos.

De feudo Epifcopi tenet Ofmundus 1 hidam, & x virgatam Terr in alia Edintone. Ter
ra eft 3 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 4 villani habent 2 carucatas; Ibi 2 acrz
prati, valuit 10 folidos, modo 20 folidos. Azer tenuit de Rege.

De codem Epifcopo tenet Rilo 1 hidam, & 1 virgatam Terr in Wodenford. Terra
eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 carucate, & unus villanus cum presbytero, & §
bordarii, habent x carucatam, & dimid. ibi 6 acra prati, & 1 acra filvae, valuit ro folidos
modo 20 folidos.  Burred temebat, fed foca pertinebat ad Burg, :

De codem Epifcopo tenet Odelmms 3 virgatas Terra in Trapeflone. Terra eft 2 carucata-
rum. In dominio eft una, & 2 fervi, & unus villanus cum 4 bordariis, habet unam caru-
catam, valuit 12 denarios, modo ro folidos, Burred libere tenuit.

De eodem Epifcopo tenet Edmundus unam virgatam Terrz, & dimidiam in Stamere.
Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 3 bordarii habent 1 carucatam : Ibi
molinum de 32 denariis, Silva 4 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis lata, valuit 2 folidos,
modo 10 folidos. ¥dem libere tenuic Tempore Regis Edward,

In

 
 

Nor THANT ONE SCIOR-E

In Hocukgest Av Hundred.

De codem Epilcopo tenent Edvinus, & Algar 2 hidas, unam virgatam minus in Lubwic.
Terra eft 3 carucatarum. In dominio eft una carucata, & una ancilla, & 7 villani, & »
bordarii cum 2 carucatis : Ibi molinum de 64 denarii, Silva § quarentenis longa, & 3

uarentenis lata, valuic ro folidos, modo 25 folidos. 3 .
q De eodem Epifcopo tenet Algarus unam hidam, & unam virgatam Terrz in Iep. Ter-
ra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 2 fervi, & § villani cum 2 bordariis, habenr
unam carucatam. : )

De codem Epifcopo tenet Turbinus tres virgatas Terre i Hortone. Terra eft I carucate,
ibi eft ipfa cum 2 villanis, & 2 bordariis, valuit 6 folidos, modo ro folidos. Fran tenui:
Tempore Regis Edwardi.

In SupTONE Hundred.

In CREVELTONE de Epifcopo tenet Aluric 4 partes dimid. hide. Terra eft dimid.
carucatz. Ibi funt 3 bordarii cum 1 carucata, valet 1o folidos. Idem tenet de filio
Barredi , & non poterat difcedere. i Phy :

De Epifcopo tenet Robertus, FINEMERE ; ibi funt 8 hide. erra eft 9 caruca
tarum ; in dominio funt 2, & 4 fervi, & 10 villani, & 5 bordarii cum 6 carucatis ;
ibi molinum de 13 folidis, & 100 acra pafturz, Silva 1 quarentena logs, & uni lata; va
luit, & valet 8 libros. Uluward libere tenuit Tempore Regis Edwardi. : :

De Epifcopo tenet Rogerus, Hedbam ; ibi funt 8 hide. Terra eft 8 carucatarum. In 0
~minio {unt 2 cum 1 fervo, &8 villani, & § bordarii cum 1 carucata ; ibi 20 acrz pafturz,
valuit, & valet 8 libros. Uluvard libere tenuit. : Lo

De Epifcopo tenet Herluinus, Sildefwelle: Ibi funt 10 hide. Terra eft 7 carucatarum.
In dominio funt tres carucate, & 2 fervi, &~ villani, & 7 bordarii cum 4 carucatis, valuic
10 folidos, modo ro libras.  Edmundus filius Burredi tenuit.

De Epifcopo tenet Willelmus, Glintone ; ibi funt 10 hide. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In
dominio funt 6 carucatz, &. 6 fesvi, & 15 villani, & § bordarii cum § carucatis ;
ibi molinum de § folidis, & 18 acrz prati, Silva 6 quarentenis longa, & tantundem lat,
valuit 6 libros, modo 8 libras. Uluwardus libere tenuit de Rege Edwardo.

De Epifcopo tenent Willelmus, & Iigerus ; ibi funt 5 hide. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In
dominio funt 2, & 2 fervi, & 14 villani, & 2 bordarii cum § carucatis; ibi 30 acrz prati,
& 13 acre pafture, valuit 4 libras, modo 100 folidos. Ulwvardus libere tenuit. :

De Epifcopo tenet Turffinus dimidiam hidam in Hortone, Terra eft dimid. carucatz ;
ibi func 6 acra prati, valuit 5 folidos, modo 10 folidos. Lewviger libere tenuit. 7

De Epifcopo tenet Roberts § hidas in Egforde. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In dominio
funt 3 carucate, & § fervi, & § villani, & 7 bordarii cum 2 carucatis ; ibi molinum: de 20
folidis, & 30 acra prati, valuit, & valet 6 libras. Edmundus filius Burredi libere tenuit.

Terra Epifeopi Li NCOLNIENSIS.

In GisLeEBU RG Hundred,

Epifcopus Lincolnix tenet de Rege, Holewelle ; ibi eft una hida, & 2 partes de dimid hida.
Terra eft §3 carucatarum ; ibi {unt 4 villani cum 1 bordario habentes unam carucaram
valuit, & valet 1o {olidos. Bardi libere tenuit.

In ExsoLpesT AN Hundred.
De eodem Epifcopo tenet Godefridus 4 hidas in Cervecumbe. Terra eft 10 carucatarum

In dominio funt 2, & 4 fervi, & 20 villani, & 9 bordarii cum 8 carucatis; ibi 3 molin
de 16 folidis , & g acra prati, valuit 10 libras, modo 7 libras. Bardi libere tenvit.

Terra

 

NorrnawvroNrsciz B

 

Terra Sandli PET r1de Burra,
In Stocu e Hundred.

Abbatia Sané&i Petri de Burg tenet villam, qua vecatur Burg; ibi funt 8 hide, Terra
eft 16 carucararum. In dominio funt 5, &7 fe... & 27 villani, & 8 bordarii, cum rr
carucatis. Ibi molinum de  folidis, & 40 acra prati, filva una leuvi longa, & 4 quaren-
tenis lata; valuic 20 folidos, modo 10 libras.

In S1ocu Hundred

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet Cotingebam; ibi fune 7 hide. Terra eft 14 carucatarum. In domi.
nio funt dua, & 4 fervi, & 29 villani, & 10 bordarii cum ro carucatis ; ibi molinum de
40 denariis, & 12 acrx prac, filva una leuva longa, & dimid. leuva lata ; valuit 10 folidos,
modo 40 folidos.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet Zire ; ibi 2 hide. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2,
& 4 fervi, & 12 villani, '& 2 bordarii cum 2 carucatis ; ibi pracum 3 quarentenis longum,
& und quarenteni lata, filva 6 quarentenis longa, & 4 quarentenis lata, ibi funt 3 focha-
manni cum 2 carucatis ; valuic 40 folidos, modo 5 folidos.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet Cofree: ibi fune 2 hide. Terra eft r2 carucatarum. Tn dominio
funt 2 cum 1 fervo, & 11 villani, & 2 bordarii cum 3 carucatis, & dimid. ibi molinum
de 8 folidis, & r¢ acra prati, filva 6 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis lata 5 valuit 20
folidos, modo so folidos.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet Eglefworde ; ibi funt 4 hide. Terra eft 12 carucatarum. In domi-
nio funt 2 carucata, & 17 villani, & 2 bordarii, & 18 fochamannj cum 12 carucatis ;
ibi 2 molina de 12 folidis, & 1 acre prati, filva 3 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis
lata ; valuit 20 folidos, modo ~o folidos.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet 6 hidas in Pille[gete. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. Tn dominio eft una
cum r fervo, & 9 villani, & 2 bordarii, & 26 fochamanni habent 11 carucaras ; ibi mo-
linum de 10 folidis, & 40 acra prati, & 5 acre filve; valuit 20 folidos, modo 4 libras.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet 3 hidas in Glintone. In hac cum append. Tempore Regis Edward;
fuerunt 30 carucate. Terra cft 12 carucatarum ; in dominio funt » carucatr, & 2 ancillz,
& decem villani, & 6 bordarii, & 8 fochamann; cum ¢ carucaris ; ibi funt roo acre prac,
filva ro quarentenis longa, & 9 quarentenis lata, valuit €o folidos.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet 8 hidas, & unam virgaram Terrz in Widerintone ; ibi cum append,
fuerunt 31 carucatx Tempore Regis Edwardi. Terra eft 12 carucatarum ; ibi in dominio
funt § carucatz, & 4 fervi, & 30 villani, & 4 bordarii, & 19 fochamanni habentes 19
carucatas, filva 2 leuvis longa, & r leuvi lara ; valuir 4 libras, modo = 1ibras.

Ipia Ecclefia tenet in 4delintone unam hidam, & dimid. Terra ef 3 carucatarum ; ibi
funt 6 fochamanni cum » carucatis, & & acra prati ; valuit 2 folidos, modo 10 folidos.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet 6 hidas in Undele. Terra eft 9 carucatarum. In dominio funt 3 <3
rucatz, & 3 fervi, & 23 villani, & ro bordarii cum g carucatis ; ibi molinum de 20 folidis,
& 250 anguillis, & ibi ¢o acrx prati, filva 3 leuvis longa, & 2 leuvis lata, cum oneratis,
valuit 20 folidos, de mercat. 25 folidos,

Huic manerio pertinet dimid. hida in Terninge. Terra eft dimid. carucatz; ibi eft
unus villanus, valuit 2 folidos, modo 40 denarios.

In Wicesve Humdred

Ipfi mancrio pertinent 2 hide, & una virgata Terra in Stoche. Terra 8 carucatarumi.
In dominio eft 1 carucara, & 13 villani, & 2 bordarii cum 2 carucatis, & dimid. ibi 10
acre prati, filva 1 leuvd longa, & § quarentenis lat: 5 valuit 10 folidos, modo 110 folidos.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet 5 hidas » & dimid. in Wermintene. Terra eft 16 carucatarum. In
dominio funt 4 carucata, & 3 fervi, & 32 villani cum 7 carucatis ; ibi molinum de 40
folidis, & 325 anguillis, & 40 acrx prati, & una acra filvae ; valuit § folidos, modo 110
libras.

Ipfa Ecclefia tence 4 hidas, & dimid. in Afcerome. Terra eft 8 carucatarum. In domi-
nio funt 2 carucatz, & 1 fervus, & x1 villani, & 2 bordarii cum 6 carucatis; ibi 2 molina
= go folidis, & 325 anguillis, & 16 acre prati, & 4 acrz filva valuic 8 folides, modo 7
ibras,

{c)

 
 

NoRTHANTONESCITR EL

 

In W 1 esve Hundred.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet Tedinwelle ; ibi funt § hide, & 1 virgata Terre. Terra eft 8 caruca-
tarum. In dominio funt 2, & 24 villani, & rr bordarii cum ~ carucatis ; ibi 2 molina
de 24 folidis, & 20 carucatz prati; valuit ro folidos, modo = libras.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet 1 hidam, & 1 virgatam Terrz in Slaprore. Terra eft 2 carucatarum,
& ipfa funt ibi cum 6 fochamannis ; ibi 4 acra filva, valuit 5 folidos.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet  hidas, & unam virgatam Terra in Erdiburne. Terra eft I§ caruca-
tarum. In dominio funt 2, & 2 fervi, & 2 villani , & 8 bordarii , & 4 fochamanni cum
§ carucatis inter omnes; ibi molinum de 18 folidis, valuit 3 libras, modo 6 libras.

Ipfa Ecclefia 1 hidam,- & 1 virgatam Terra in Stamwige. Terra eft 3 carucatarum. In
dominio funt 2 carucate cum 1 fervo, & 8 villani, & 4 bordarii cum 1 carucata, & 2
bobus ; ibi molinum de 20 folidis, & 8 acrz prati ; valuit 40 folidos, modo 100 folidos,

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet xo hidas in Cateringe. Terra eft 16 carucatarum. In dominio eft
una, & una ancilla, & 31 villani cum ro carucatis; ibi 2 molina de 20 folidis, & 107 acra
prati, & 3 acrx filva; valuit ro libras, modo rr libras.

Terra Hominum ejufdem F.ccL EST £8.

In Caftre tenent § milites 3 hidas de Abbatia, & ibi habent § caracutasin dominic, &
villanos, & ¢ bordarios, & 3 fervos cum 2 carucatis, & dimid. valebat 10 folidos, moda
40 folidos.

Rogerus tenet de Abbatia Meletone ; ibi funt 2 hide. Terra eft 5 carucatarum. In domi.
nio funt 2 cum 1 fervo, &  villani, & 6 fochamanni cum 2 carucatis, filva 3 quarentenis
longa, & una lata; valuit 20{olidos, modo 40 folidos.

In Egle/worde tenent 3 milites Abbatid, 3 hidas, & ibi habent 3 carucatas, valuit 3 libras.

Anchizills tenet de Abbate Witheringham ; ibi {unt 9 hide. Terra eft 16 carucatarum.
Tempore Regis Edwardi fuerunt ibi 30. In dominio funt 3 carucatz, & 3 fervi, & 12
villani, & 7 bordarii, & 20 fochamanni cum 12 carucatis, inter omnes; ibi 3 molina de 19
folidis , filva 2 leuva longa, & una lata ; valuit 3 libras, modo 11 libras.

In Burglea tenet Goisfridus 3 virgatas Terrz de Abbate. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In
dominio eft una, & 3 fervi, & 7 villani cum 1 bordario, habent carucatam ; ibi 6 acrz
prati, & 3 acra filva; valuit 10 folidos, modo 40 folidos.

In Sudtorpe tenet Goisfridus 3 . . ... dimid. de Abbate. Terra eft 6 carucatarum.
Tempore Regis Edwardi fuerunt 12. In dominio funt 3 carucatz, & 4 villani, & 2 bor-
darii, & 18 Sochamanni cum 7 carucatis ; ibi 2 molina, & dimid. de 3 folidis, & 20 acre:
prati, filva 2 quarentenis longa, & una lata; valuit 40 folidos, modo 6 libras.

In Glentore tenent 3 milites Abbatid 10 hidas, r virgatam Terre; ibi funt 6 carucate in
dominio, & 33 fochamanni cum 9 carucatis, & dimid. ibi 2 molina de rx folidis, & 4
denariis; valuit 40 folidos, modo ro libras.

In Widerintone tenent 4 milites Abbatia ro hidas, & unam virgatam Terra, 3 hid. & ibi
habent 4 carucatas, & 12 acras prati; vaiuit 20 folidos, modo 4 libras.

In Writorp tenet Aluvinus de Abbatia 3 virgatas Terr, qua pertinent ad Witeringham ;
ibi funt 3 fochamanni cum una carucata, & dimid. & 4 acra prati; valet 8 folidos.

In Codeffoche tenent 2 milites de Abbatia 4 hidas. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In dominio
funt 3, & 10 villani, & 4 bordarii cum 6 carucatis, & dimid. ibi 24 acrz prati, filva qua-
rentena longa, & 4 quarentenis lata ; valuit 5 folidos, modo 6o folidos.

In Lidintone tence Willelmus de Abbate 4 hidas. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In dominio
eft una cum 1 fervo, 8 villani, & 2 bordarii cum 2 carucatis, & 6 fochamanni cum 2 ca-
rucatis, & 12 acre prati, Soca hujus Terra pertinet ad Unde! ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 40
folidos.

In Warmintone tenent 2 milites de Abbate 1 hidam, que jacet ad Walebroe. Terra eft 2
carucatarum, ipfe func ibi cum 2 villanis, & fochamannis; valuic 2 folidos, modo 10
folidos.

In Pochebroc tenet Euffachins de Abbate 4 hidas, unam virgatam Terrz minus. Terra
eft 8 carucatarum. In dominio eft una cum 1 fervo, & 5 villani, & 2 bordarii, & 3 fo-
chamanni cum 8 villanis, habent 4 carucatas, & dimid. inter omnes ibi § acre prati; va-
luit § folidos, modo 40 folidos.

De hac Terra tenet Goisfridus unam virgatam Terra.

In Mermeftone tenent 3 milites de Abbate duas hidas, & dimid. & eft foca de Unde).
Terracft 4 carucatarum. In dominio func 2 carucatz, & 5 villani cum 2 carucatis; ibi
10 acrx prati, valuit ro folidos, modo 40.

In Merneftone, & Chingefforpe tenent § milites de Abbate § hidas de foca. Terra cft 8 ca-
rucatarum. In dominio funt § carucatx, & ¢ villani, & 3 bordarii, & 6 fochamanni
cum 3 carucatis, inter omnes ibi 3 acrz prati ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 40 folidos. I

n

 

NoRTHANTONESCLIR TL

In Hinintone tenent 3 milites de Abbate duas hidas, & dimid. & eft foca de Undel. Terra
eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 carucatx, & 5 villani cum 2 carucatis; ibi ro acre
prati, valuit ro folidos, modo 40 folidos. :

2 Lullintone:enet Walterius de Abbate 1 hidam, & dimid. qua pertinet ad Undel. Terra

eit” 3 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 7 villani cum 1 carucata. & dirn: i

ft: il : ; arucata, & dimid. val

folidos, modo 30 folidos. iit BR9

aro ; va ws

In 74 inewiche tenee Euffachins de Abbate dimid. hidam, foca eft de Undel ; ibi 2 focha-
manni, & 2 villani habent 2 carucatas 5 valuit § folidos, modo 10 folidog.

: In Senbard & Rozelinus tenet 1 hidam, & dimid. de Abbate, & pertinet ad Wermintone «

ibi cum 3 villanis habent 2 carucatas ; valuit § folidos, modo 40 folidos. :

Duo milites & 2 fervientes cum 1 fochamanno tenent 2 hidas, & virgatam Terra, qua
pertinet ad Stoche ; ibi habent 2 carucatas, & dimid. & 8 villanos, & 4 bordarios cum »
carucatis ; ibi 10 acre prati, valuic 5 folidos, modo so folidos. ?

In Pilchetone tenet Rogerius de Abbate 2 hidas, & dimid. Terra eft § carucatarum. In
dominio eft una, & 6 villani, & 2 bordarii, & 2 fochamanni cum 4 carucatis ; ibi 8 acre
prati, filva 14 quarentenis longa, & 4 quarentenis lata; valuit § folidos, modo 6o folidos.

In Wadenho tenet Rogerus de Abbate unam virgatam Terra, & dimid. & ibi habent dimid
carucatas cum i bordario ; ibi 2 acra prati, valujt s folidos. ;

In Afechirce tenent Alkenius, & 2 Angli de Abbate 4 hidas, & dimid. Terra eft ro ca-
rucatarum. In dominio funt 3 carucate, & 2 fervi cum 10 villanis, & rx bordarii cum
5 gunneatley ibi 20 acrx prati, & 6 acrz filva ; valuit 6o folidos, modo roo folidos.

; b, Jrpumiels tenet Azelinus de Abbate 3 hidas, & 1 virgatam Terre, & tertiam partem
dimid. hide. Terra eft 5 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2, & 3 fervi, & ~ villani, &

aril en ne : ys . "ys ye : ’
bordarii cum zc rucatis, & 3 fochamanni cum 1 carucata ; 1bi 10 acre prati, valuic 20
folidos, modo sy folidos.
otone tenet Exfachius de 39s : :

Ah Clone eS feud de Abbate 3 hid: 5, & 3 virgatas Terra, & tertiam partem di-
fnid. hide. Terra eft 5 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & x miles, & 9 villani, '& 12
bordarii, & 3 fochamrnni cum 4 carucatis ; valuit ro folidos, mode 40 folidos.

In cadem villa tenet Elmarus de Abbate dimid. hidam, & ibi habet 1 carucatam, & »
villanos, &3 bordarios cum cimid. carucata, in tota villa funt 26 acre prati; valet hxc
pars Almari 10 folidos.

In Pibteflea tenet Axor de Abbate ¢ hidas, & 1 virgatam Terre. Terra eft 13 carucata-
rum. In dominio funt 2, & 2 fervi, & 5 villani, & totidem bordarii cum 3 carucatis ; ibi
molinum de 8 folidis, & rr acra prati. !

Ibidem haber 4zo 1 hidam, & dimid. & ibi fune 4 fochamanni cum 1 carucata, valuit
totidem cum receptis 8 lib. modo roo folid.

Hoc manerium fuit de firma monachorum, & ibi fuit dominieum edificium

' or a » 1 x . . - . . - * oy.

In Cateworde tenet Euffachins 1 hidam, & dimid. Terra eft 3 carucatarum ; ibi funt 4
fochamanni cum 1 carucata ; valuit ro folidos, modo 5 folidos.

. 2 "i .] . 1 re a " » . ». -

: 0 Cas us 3 pia. Terra eft 10 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 9 villa-
1, & 2 bordarn, & 2 fochamanni cum 4 carucatis, & dimid. ibi 20 acraz prati, filva 2
leuvis longa, & 1 lari, valuit 1 folidos cum oneratis, valuit 20 folidos, modo 30 folidos ;
fi bene excrcetur 100 folidos valet. ’

Hac Terra fuit Tempore Regis Edward; de victu monachorum. Ferron tenet permiffii
Regis contra voluntatem Abbatis.

In Wodeford tenet Rogerus ~ hidas de Abbate. Terra eft 12 carucatarum. In dominio

“ > Aim . opus > ri1llant y 1 t , 4
funt 2 caricita, & dimid. & 4 lervi, & 12 villani, & 3 bordarii, & 12 fochamanni tenent
9 carucatas, & dimid. ibi molinum de 2 folidis, & 20 acra prati ; valuit 20 folidos, modo
60 folidos. =

In ecadem villa tenent Rogerns, & Hugo, & Siuvardus 3 virgatas Terra de Abbate, & ibi
habent ; carucatam, & valuit ro folidos ; totum manerium vaftum fuit cum accipitre,

In Ed extane tenet Higo de Abbate 3 hidas. Terra eft 8 carucacarum. In dominio funt
2 cum 1 fervo, & 8 villani, & 4 bordarii, & x fochamannus cum 4 carucatis 3 ibi molinum
de 12 denariis, & 200 anguillis, & racra prati ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 40 folidos.

In Erdinburne tenent 4 milices de Abbate § hidas, 1 virgatam Terra minus ; ibi habent
6 carucatas in dominio, & 8 villanos, & 2 bordarios cum 2 carucatis ; ibi molinum de 5
folidis, valuit 20 folidos, modo roo folidos, foca jacet in Burg.

In Crancford tenet Robertus de Abbate 3 hidas, & 1 milies de ¢o. Terra eft caruca-
tarum ; ibi Ig fochamanni habentes 6 carucatas; valuit § folidos, modo 20 folidos.

In Dalintone tenet Ricardus de Abbate 4 hidas. Terra eft 8 carucatarum. In dominio

. Jr " 3 ob . . . .
funt 2, & 3 fervi, & 18 villani cum presbytero, & 4 bordarii, habent 6 carucatas; ibi
molinum de 20 folidis, & g acrx prati ; valuit 40 folidos, modo 100 folidos,

In Afceton tenet Fuo dimid. hidam de Abbare 5 valuit 4 folidos,

Terra

 
 

NORTHANTONESCIRE

/ ASTERTIO.
Teria Sandi PeTrRt de WESTMONA
In Cor B1E Hundred.

sat : imid. fee
Abbatia fanci Petri de Weftmon. she pea 5 a fo in ak pos na fo
’ inio func 2, & 7 villa n veero, &
Fegan” 4 Bm 32 folidos; ibi molinum de 3 folidis, foe 2 opis longa, & 8
rs lata ; valuir, & valet roo folidos, 6 libras, femper tenet Ecclefia.

In Hocuesvaw Hundred.

i inio eft una

Ipfa Fcclefia tenet in Sutburg 2 hidas. Terra eft 8 carucatarum. rr Souk es rs,
& n villani, & 5 fochamanni cum 2 bordariis, habent 6 Ss i
dis, filva 7 quarentenis longa, & 6 lata ; valuit, & valet roo folidos.

Teera Sandi EpMUNDL

In RopeEwELLE Hundred.

i oca i . Terraeft 2 caruca-
Abbatia Sandi Edmund; tenet de Rege 1 hidam ng i ide. Dmg Rive
Sarum ; fume A Som : ap Bl folidos Algar comes temui.
a b? 0s .
tend longa, & 1 lata; valuit 64 enanos, Wi 2
: pn a Abbatia 1 hidam , & 1 virgatam Ter 5 Sos Re, Te psa Sargon;
rum ; ipfa ibi func cum § fochamennts, % 3 potas ve Ci eft x villanus cum 2 borda-
In Ermisvade tenet Abbatia dimid. ViePRa Terre gsi Ca ; 1016 R
os 3 7 3 loin . ‘1
iis habens dimid. carucatam ; valuit, & valet 3 ! : 3b
Hy beoidin) tenet Abbas 1 hidam, & 3 virgatas Term, Tom Shy mix
fun ipfe cum 9 fochamannis, & 9 bordarii ; valuit, & iE 151104405.
Willelmus Rex dedit fancto Edmundo pro anima Regina Aa lid Teraclt 2 carucatarum,
In Hobtone tenee Abbas x hidam, & dimid. Yoguum 1 Se, Ea
bag baler, bh 4 Rchamun, Sirs Sofa & x bovatam. Terra eft 1 carucatz, hanc
In Langeport tenet Abbas virgatam Tess aro
habent ; ibi 3 fochamanni, valuic, & valet 40 de focha. Terra eft dimid. caracata,
In Badebroc tenet Abbas dimid. virgatam ie R * Tolidos »
hanc habent ; ibi 1 fochamannus, valuit, & valet 3 b

In STop¥ALp Hundred.

sid. hi i virgate. Terraelt
In Ferendone tenet Abbas de foca dimid. hidam, & pena 4 figua. po hy
unius carucatz ; ibieft 1 carucata, & dimid. cum 3 fochamannis ; valuit,
lgarns comes tenuir. “ll + ibe 4 fo.
oe Uderorpe tenet Abbatia 3 virgatas Terre, & dimid, Ss foca 1 carucatam; t
chamannus cum dimid. carucata; valuit, & valet 2 ol es oft it carupvies bi diet 3
In Clippeftome tener Abbas 2 virgatas Terre, & gi
fochamanni cum 1 carucata, & dimid. valuit, & valet 2 o we carachte ; ibis Yocka.
In Calme tenet Abbas dimid. hidam de foca. Terra ¢ . ;

manni habent r carucatam ; valuic, & alt lao o Eorliumansiots valdit de vais
In Medewelle tenet tertiam partem 1 3

Jorden In NEvesLuND Hundred.

Ipfe Abbas tenet de Rege in Werchintome ; i funt 3] Sloe diol. hy 2 ae
atarum. ominio funt 2 carucate, & 6 vi ani, i © ‘ 3
ot © bi hog on de 12 folidis, & 20 acre prati, filva 3 quarentenis longa, & 3 quar

5

: i + tenuit,
tenis ata; valuit 7 libras, modo 8 libras, dwveva mater Morcari Houns t

Jarra

 

 

Norman romesc rs 3

Terra Sant; Bg NEDICTI Dg RaMesye

In Wiregpnr oc Hundred

Abbatia de Ramefyg tence 1 virgatam Terre, & dimid. in Hala, ‘Terra eft ¢ carucate,
ipla eft ibi in dominio, & i villanus, & » bordarii habent dimid, carucatam; valuit, & va-
let 5 folidos.

In Luditone + tenet Abbatia dimid. hidam. Terra eft dimid. carucatz Hano habet, ibi r + That is
villanus; valuit, & valec » folidos.

In Adelintome tener Abbatia dimid. hidam,
valuit 31 folidos, modo § folidos,

Lydington in
Terra eft dimid. carucatz cum 2 villanis, Rutland.

In Pocurep R 0c Hundred,

In Hemintone tenet Abbatia » hidas, & dimidiam. Terra eft 4 carucatarum, In domi-

nio eft una, & § villani cum 1 bordario, habent 3 carucaras ; ibi 10 acra prati; valuic 10
folidos, modo 20 folidos,

In Hocus a N D Hundred.

In Bernewelle tenet Abbatia 6 hidas. Terra eft 8 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 cary.
cate, & 3 fervi, & Is villani cum presbytero, & 6 bordarii, habent 6 carucatas ; ibj »
melina de 24 folidis, & 40 acra prati, filva 6 quarentenis longa, & ; quarentenis, & dj-
mid. lata; valuit 30 folidos, modo 4 libras.

In Wimerirs U Hundred,

In Wicetons, & Dodingtome tenet Abbatia 3 hidas. Terraeft 6 carucatarum. In dominio
funt 2, & 3 fervi, & 20 villani, & § bordarii, & 3 fochamann; cum § carucatis ; ibi mo-
linum de 20 folidis, & 20 acrz prati, filva n. paftil. una quarentena longa, & 1 laca ; valuie
30 folidos, modo 4 libras,

In Brachefeld eft 1 domus pertinet ad Wicetone cum § acris Terrz, de dimid. acra. Habe
focam Fudita Comitifla,

Terra Ecclofie de To R NIG.

In Hoc yes AU Hundred,

Abbatia de Thormyg tenet in Tuiwella 3 hidas, 1 virgatam, & dimidiam. Terra eft »
Carucatarum. 1d dominio fune 2, &g villani, & 5. bordarii cum 5 caruc itis 3 ibi 2 mol;
na de 7 folidis, & 4 denariis, & 2 acrg filva ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 40 felidos,

In GRAVES END Hundred.

Ipfa Abbatia tenet dimid. hidam in Cherweltone de Baldwino, Dec ea Terra eft 1 caruca-

ta. In Dominio eft dimid. & 1 villanys cum 1 bordario habet dimid, carucatam ; va«
luit x2 denarios, modo ¢ folidos.

In Sahwebridge tenet Tirthil de Abbate 5 hidas. Terra eft § carucatarum : ihi funt 13
villani, & § bordarii cum 4 carucaris, & 8 acry prati; valuit go folidos, modo 65 folidos

Terra Ecclefie de C RUIL AND,

In Opron GEH Hundred

Abbatia de Cruiland tener in Wridrorp 1 hidam, & dimid, Terraeft 2 carucacarum. In
dominio eft una, & ry villani, & 2 bordarii cum 2 carucatis ; ibi 6 acra prati, & molinum
de 5 folidis, valet 40 folidos,

(d) In

 
 

14

NOR THA'NTONESCI rR I.

In Elmintone tenet Abbatia x hidam. Terra eft r carucatz. Hac eft ibi in dominio ,
& 2 villani, & 2 bordarii cum x carucata, & 6 acrz prati; ibi valuic 8 folidos, modo 16
folidos.

In Elmintone tenet Abbatia 2 hidas. Terra eft 3 carucatarum ; ibi funt § villani, &4
bordarii cum 3 carucatis 3 ibi 12 acra prati, valuit 12 folidos, modo 20 folidos.

In NEV EsLuUND Hundred.

In Edintone tenet Abbatia 2 hidas. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, &
» fervi, & 6 villani, & 3 bordarii cum 1 fochamanno, habent 3 carucatas, ibi 6 acr prati,
& molinum de 13 folidis , modo 4o folidis, & 4 denariis ; valuit 15 folidos, modo 40
folidos.

In Wendleberrie tenet Abbatia § hidas, & dimid. Terra r2 carucatarum. In dominio eft
1 carucata cum 1 fervo, & 21 villani cum presbytero, & < bordarii, & 11 fochamanni, ha-
bent rr carucatas ; ibi 2 molina de 15 folidis, & 30 acra prati; valuit so folidos, & poft
40 folidos, modo 6 libras.

Ii GRAVESEND Hundred.

In Badebi tenet Abbatia 4 hidas. Terra eft ro carucatarum. In dominio funt 4 caru-
catx, & 8 fervi, & 5 ancille, & 12 villani, & 8 bordarii cum 6 carucatis ; ibi molinum
de 2 folidis, & 28 acrz prati, filva quarentend longa, & 2 quarentenis lata; valuit, & va-
let 8 libras.

Terra Ecclefia de CoveNTRE U.
In GisvLEBURG Hundred, & dimid.

Abbatia de Coventren tenet 3 hidas, & 1 virgatam Terr in Winewiche. Terra eft 6 ca-
rucatarum, & dimid. ibi func in dominio 3 carucatz cum presbytero, & 16 villani, & §
bordarii, habent 3 carucatas ; valet 5 folidos.

In E[febi tenet Abbatia 2 hidas, & dimid. & pertinet ad Winewiche. Terra eft § caru-
catarum ; ibi funt 4 villani, & 2 bordarii cum 2 carucatis ; valet xo folidos,

In ALvRATLEU Hundred.

In Chideshi tenet Abbatia 2 hidas. Terra eft § carucatarum; ibi funt 4 villani, in do-
minio funt 2, & 3 fervi, & ro villani, & 8 bordarii cum 3 carucatis, ibi 8 acra prati ; va-
let § folidos.

In Eddone tenet Abbatia 2 hidas. Terra eft 4 carucatarum ; ibi funt 4 villani cum 2
bordariis, & 4 fochamanni habent 4 carucatas ; valet 20 folidos; una ex his hidis reddic
focam in Winewiche.

Terra Ecclefie de Ev EsH A M.
In GRAVESEND Hundred.

Abbatia de Evefham tenet 4 hidas in Liceberg. ‘Terra eft ro carucatarum. In dominio
funt 2, & = villani, & 6 bordarii cum § carucacis; valuit, & valet 40 folidos. Leven
libere tenuit Tempore Regis Edward.

Terra Ecclefie de GRESTAIN.

Abbatia Sané&z Marie de Greffain tenet de Rege in Elemofina Neubote ; ibi funt 4 partes
unius hide. Terra eft 1 carucate, & dimid. In dominio eft una, & 3 villani cum x
bordario, habent dimid. carucate ; ibi molinum de 2 folidis; valuit, & valet 6 folidos.

In Baichroc tenet ipfa Ecclefia 2 hidas. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio eft una
cum 1 fervo, & 4 villani, & 4 bordarii cum 3 carucatis; valuit § folidos, modo 16. Ul-
chet tenuic has Terras. ;

In Clenedone tenet ipfa Ecclefia dimid. hidam, & tertiam partem x hide. Terra eft 2
carucatarum; ibi funt 4 villani, & 4 bordarii cum 1 fervo habentes 1 carucatam ; valuit
5 folidos, modo ro folidos. Uf libere tenuit, I

 

NORTHANTONESCIRE 15

 

n Riffone tenet ipfa Ecclefia dimid. vires . rs
/ In Rif ¢ tenet ipfa Ecclefia dimid. virgatam Terre. Terra eft dimid. carucatz; ibi
unt 2 bordarii; valet 16 denarios. >

In RovEwEeLLE Hundred.

Ipfa Ecclefia tenet Arintone 5 ibi funt § hide, & tertia pars unius hide. Terra eft ro
RE In dominio funt 3 carucatz, & 12 villani, & 13 bordarii cum § carucatis
& 4 lochamanni cum 2 carucatis; ibi 4 molina de 2 folidis; valuit 20 foli : >

iar i o folic "
bras. Ulf tenuit, : : aslo

In Weftone tener ipfa Ecclefia 1 hi imi

efia x hidam, & dimid. i
Wd Pp Beata y idem, 2 Terra eft 3 carucatarum. In domi-

) eit una, & dimid, & 2 fervi, & 4 villani, & 2 bordarii cum dimid. carucata; ibi ¢

acrx prati; valuic 20 folidos, modo 30 folidos. Ulf tenuic Tempore Regis Edward; i

Terra ANsGgEr:l CAPELLANL
In Storr aLp Hundred.

Ei An gerins clericus tenet de Rege 1 hidam, & 4 virgatas Terre in Medwelle, & ibi habet 2
carucatas, & 2 fervos, & 5 villanos, & 2 bordarios cum 2 carucatis ; valet 20 folidos. God-
ric tenuit Tempore Regis Edward,

Terra Sandi REMi1Gcri REMENSIS,

In Copwest aN Hundred.

Ecclefia fancti Remigii tenet de Rege Lepelie: fimiliter tenuic Tempore Regis Edward:
Ihicumn append. funt 3 hide. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In dominio funt 3 carucatz, &
§ fervi, & 18 villani, & 9 bordarii cum 8 carucatis ; ibi 16 acre prati, nemus 3 quaren-
tenis long. & totidem lar. valet so folidos.

_ In Aerfetone tenent 2 homines fan@o Remigio 1 hidam. Terra eft 1 carucatz: valet 5
folidos.  Godunus cum foca, & faca. Jt

Terra Elemofinarum R EG 15.
In Fox ve Hundred.

Levins presbyter tenet de Rege unam virgatam Terrz in Etengtone; ibi dimid. carucata
poteit efle; valet 6 folidos.

In GRAVESEND Hundred.
Godumus presbyter tenet 4 partes, & dimid. hide in Felvelea. Terra eft 1 carucate, &
ibi eft cum 4 bordariis ; valet ro folidos. 2
. Godumus presbyter, & Uluvinus tenent de Rege 3 virgatas Terrz, & partem unius
virgata in Sutone. Terra eft 2 carucatarum, & ibi funt cum 9 bordariis ; ibi molinum de
32 denariis; valet 15 folidos.

In CLarLE A Hundred.

Rainaldus tenet de Rege dimid. hidam in Paffeham, & ibi habet x carucatam, cum 4 bor-
dariis ; valet 10 folidos.

In Sp EvLEHO0O0 Hundred.

_Godumus presbyter tenet de Rege 1 virgatam Terre, & dimid. in Buchtome, & ibi habet
dimid, carucatam ; valet § folidos,

Teri a

 
 

NORTHANTONESCIRE

Terra Comitis MORITONIEN S15.
In ANNesvesovu Hundred

Comes Moriton, tenet 4 hidas in Swewelle. Terra eft ro carucatarum. In dominio func
3 carucate, & 6 fervi, & 18 villani, & 3 bordarii cum 3 carucatis; ibi 20 acra prati, va-
luit 20 folidos, modo 6 libras.  Ofmundus filius Leuric tenuit cum faca, & foca. Sn

Hujus Terrz 2 hid funt in dominio, Fudita Comitiffa calumniavit focam unius virgata,
& dimid. ghalliy

In Belinge tenet comes dimid. hidam, & dimid. virgatam Terre. Terra eft « carucate;
ibi funt 3 villani cum Bobus, & ro acre prati; valuit 2 folidos, modo 10 folidos. Ofmun-
dus libere tenuit.

In N1veEsor Hundred.

In Buchebroc tenet comes 4 hidas. Terra eft 10 carucatarum. In dominio funt 3 caru-
cate, & 4 fervi, & 30 villani, & 2 bordarii cum 10 carucatis ; ibi 2 molina de 40 foli-
dis, & 30 acra prati, & 4 acra filva.

In SeEvuo Hudred.

In Weftone tenet comes 2 hidas, & dimid. Terra eft 5 carucatarum. In dominio funt
2, & 4 fervi, & 12 villani, & 2 bordarii cum 3 carucatss, & dimid. ibi ro acra prati; va-
luit 40 folidos, modo 6o folidos. Lewric libere tenui. A ai

In Bevica eft foca hujus manerii 2 virgatz Terr, & dimid. Terra eft 1 carucatz; ibi
func 2 villani cum 1 bordario, & 7 acra prati ; valuit, & valet ro folidos.

In Niwesor re Hundred

In Eddone tenet comes 2 hidas, & dimid. ex his 1 in dominio eft. Terra eft 5 fates:
rum. In dominio 3 carucatz, & 9 fervi, & 7 villani cum presbytero, & 7 bordartly ha-
bent 2 carucatas ; ibi folsen de ro folidis , & 8 acrz prati, & ro acrz minut filva;
raluit 4 idos, modo 4 libras. : :
A a tenet dimid. hidam. Terra eft 2 carucatarum; ibi eft unus villa-
nus cum 2 bordariis; valuit, & valet § folidos. Edmarus libere tenuit utrafq; Terras. A
In Brantone tenet 104 hidas, § acras minus. Terraeft 8 carucatarum. In dominio e
1 hida, & ibi 2 carucatz, & 2 fervi, & 3 villani, & § bordarii, & fochamannus cum
3 carucatis, & dimid. inter omnes ; ibi molinum de 27 folidis, & 10 acrx prati, & § acra
minute filva ; valuit 6o folidos, modo 100 folidos. : a :
Hujus Terra dimidiam hidam tenuitUlmarnu: Tempore Regis Edward; ; reliqua tota jacet,
& jacuit in Cretone, & Eddome. : . tl io oi
In altera Haiford tenet comes tertiam partem 1 virgata, qua cum capitali manerio ap-

preciata eft.

In Cairne a Hundred.

In Aldritone tenet comes tertiam partem unius virgate Terre. Terra eft 8 Sar
In dominio funt 2 hide, & dimid. virgata, & ibi 3 carucata cum 1 fervo, & 3 vi a, ¥
3 bordarii cum 2 carucatis ; ibi 12 acra prati, filva 3 quarentenis longa, & tantunde
lata ; valuit 40 folidos, modo go folidos. Edmarus, & Ednmas libere tenuerunt.

In GravVESsEND Hundred

In Celverdefcote tenet comes 4 hidas. Terra eft 10 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 hid
hujus Terre, & ibi unus fervus, & 9 villani, & 3 bordarii cum presbytero, habent 4 caru-
catas, & dimid. ibi 6 acra prati, filva 2 quarentenis longa, & 1 quarentend & dimid
lata; valuit 40 folidos, moda 60 {olidos. Tubern, & Alli libere tenuerunt.

 

Norrnasmnonesers sg

 

 

In CrLaiLES Hundyed,

In Conefgrave tenet 4 partes dimid. hide. Terra eft 1 carucatz, qua ibi eft cum j3 vil-
lanis ; valuit § folidos, modo 4 folidos.  Godvinus libere tenuir.

In STtocu re Hundred

Hunfridus tenet comes Morton, 3 virgatas Terrz in Carlintomne. Terra eft 3 carucatarum,
In dominio fun 2, & 7 fochamanni cum 4 bordariis, habent 4 carucatas, ibi molinum de
16 denariis, & 8 acra prati, filva 2 qQuarentenis longa, & dimid. quarenteni lata; valuie
10 folidos, mado 20 folidos, Leuric libere tenuit.

Idem tenet 1 hidam, & 3 partes hide, & r bovatam, & dimid. in Dinglei. Terra eft 2
carucacarum. In dominio eft una, & s villani, habent aliam ; ibi 4 acre prati, & 5 acrz
filva ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 20 folidos. Edvinus libere tenuit.

Idem tenet 2 hidas, & r virgatam Terra, & duas partes virgata in Arninvorde, Terra
elt 6 carucacarum. In dominio funt 2 carucate cum 1 fervo, & 9 villani cum x bordario,
& 8 fochamanni cum 3 carucatis ; valuit , & valet 20 folidos. Ulf, & Fardem tenuerunt.

In Pipewselle idem habee 3 partem hide, T erra eft 1 carucatx, ‘quam habent ibj 4 bor-
darii; valuit 3 folidos, modo § folidos. Ulcherel libere tenuir.

In SoT¥ ALD Hundred

Idem tenet in Sibertor 1 hidas, 1 virgatam minus. Terra eft 9 carucatarum, [In domi.
nio {unt 2, & 4 fervi, & § ancille, & 8 villani cum presbytero, habent 3 carucatas; ibi
20 acra prati; valuit ¢ folidos, modo 30 folidos.

Idem tenet 3 virgaras Terra, & tertiam partem uhius virgate in Faredone. Terra eft 2
carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 1 villani habent aliam; valuit 2 folidos, modo 5
folidos. Fregis, & Brumarge tenuerunt,

Idem tenet 2 hidas, & 1 virgatam Terrz, & tertiam partem 1 virgatz in Bugedone,
Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In dominio eft una cum 1 fervo, & 11 villanis cum 1 bordario,
habent 2 carucatas ; 1bi molinum de 16 denariis, & 8 acra prati, & 3 fochamanni cum 2
carucatis ; valuit 64 denarios, modo 30 folidos. Goduinus, & Wifimus tenuerunt,

Idem tenet r hidam, & tertiam partem 1 virgata in Oxendome. “Terra eft 2 carucatirum,
In dominio eft una vel amplius ; valuit 12 denarios, modo 10 folidos. Fregis tenui,

Idem tenet in Esbece 3 hidas. Terra eft 9 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2, & 9 villa-
ni, & ro bordarii, haben ~ carucatas; valuit 20 folidos, modo 40 folidos, Almaras, &
Norman tenuerunt Tempore Regis Edward,

Idem tenet dimid. bovatam Terra in Herolveftone. Terra eft 2 Bobus. Edricas tenuic
liberé vafia eft.

Idem tenet 2 partes 1 hide in Olletorpe. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio habet
vnam cum 3 fervis, & 1 miles habet aliam cum 3 bordariis ; ibi 8 acre prati, & 2 acrz
fpineti; valuir folidos, modo 20 folidos. Toftiy & Smotrernaan libere tenuerunt,

In CLavisy E A Hundred.

Idem tenet § partes unius hid in Covegrave, foca jacet in Pafeham, Terra eft 1 caruca-
te, & dimid. & totidem ibi funt cum 4 bordariis ; ibi 10 acrz prati, & 2 quarentenz filve
minute ; valuie, & valet 20 folidos, Ailvic libere tenuit.

In SreELnoO Hundred.

Idem tenet 1 virgatam Terrz in Piclesford, Terra eft dimid. carucatz, & ibi eft cum x
bordario, molinum de 2 folidis ibi; valuit 3 folidos, modo ro folidos, Ofmundus libere
tenuait,

Alanus tenet de comite 1 virgatam Terra in Desburg. Terra eft 1 carucatz ; ibi eft di-
mid. carucata cum 2 bordariis ; valuit 3 folidos, modo § folidos. Fregis tenuit.

. Idem tenet 1 hidam in Woltone. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. Itt dominio eft una, & 2
fervi, & 2 villani cum presbytero, & 6 bordarii habent aliam carucatam ; ibi 5 acra prati,

& molinum de 40 denariis ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 6c folidos, Boni libere tenuit,

(e) Jdem

 
 

 

 

Neer THANTONE'SCIR FL.

Idem tenet 2 hidas, & 4 partes dimid. hid in Hecham. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In
dominio eft 1, & 4 villani cam presbytero, & 3 bordarii habent x carucatam, ibi ro acre
prati; valuit 5 folidos, modo 26 folidos. Lewricas libere tenuit.

Idem tenet dimid. hidam in Nedome. Terra eft 1 carucara, & dimid. ibi eft x carucata
ctith 1 villano, 4 bordarii , & 6 acre prati, & 2 acre filva minute, & molinum de 40 de-
nariis; valuit 40 denarios, modo 1o folidos. F/fan Yibere tenuit.

Idem tenet 3 hidas in Stawertone, foca jacet in Fuleunefly de 1 hida, & dimid. Terra eft
8 carucatarum, & dimid. In dominio func 2, & 4 villani, & x2 bordarii cum 4 carucatis;
valuit 10 folidos, modo 6o folidos. Saulf, Edric, T= Aluvinns libere tenuerunt,

Radulfns tenet de comite 2 hidas, 1 virgatam minus in Hobtone. Terra eft 4 carucatarum,
In dominio eft 1, & dimid. & 3 villani cum 2 bordariis, habent tantundem ; valuic 3 foli-
dos, modo 20 folidos. Fredgs libere tenuit Tempore Regis Edwardi, de 2 virgatis Terre,
& dimid, calemniatur foca Abbate fan&i Edmundi,

In W arvuNEgE Hundred.

Idem tenet 1 hidam, & dimid. & rbovatam Terr in Ferendome. “Terra eft 2 carucata-
rtm 5 ibi oft una cum 2 bordariis; valuit 5 folidos, modo 20 folidos. Ordricus tenuit de
Seigands ArchiepiiTupo.

Idem tenet 1 hidam , & dimid. & quintam partem unius hide in Zifelde. Terra cit 4
carucatarum ; ibi 1 carucata cum 1 villano : valuic § folidos, modo 10 folidos.  Bifeop, &
Leving libere tenuerunt.

   

In Cr at Lea Hundred.

idem tenet 2 hidasin Forbo. Terra elt 6 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 4 fervi,
& 2 villani, & 3 bordarii cum 1 carucata, ibi 8 acrz prati; valuit 10 folidos, modo 30
folidos. Godeman, & Godena libere tenuerunt.

Idem Rex ténet de comite dimid. hidam, & 1 bovatam in Waliaone. Terra eft 1 caruca-
tz, qu ibi eft cum 3 bordariis, & una acra prati; valuic 3 folidos, modo 10 folidos. Alu-

vinas libere tenuit.
Idem tenet 2 hidas, & 4 partes dimid. hidz ia Corueltone. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In

dominio funt 2 cum 1 fervo, & 7 villani cum 3 carucatis; ibi molinum de 2 folidis ; valuit
6 folidos, 40 folidos.

fn SuvvroxN E Hundred.

Idem tenet 2 hidas in Mideltome. Terra eft § carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 cum x
fervo, & ~ villani, & 6 bordarii cum 1 carucata, ibi 4 acrz prati; valuir so folidos, modo
6o folidos. almarus, & Saulfs tenuerunt, de brjus Terra quinta parte jacet foca in Su-

tome.
Idem tenet 1 hidam, & dimid. in Cerlintone. Terra eft 3 carucatarum, & dimid. vafta

eft, tamen valuit, & valet ¢ folidos. Quatuor Tcini libere tenuerunt.

In TovEecesT RE Hundred.

dein tenet 4 partes dimid. hide in Foxeflea. Terra eft 1 carucatz, vafta eft, tamen va-

luit 5 folidos. Merefinlibere tenuit.
Idem tenet dimid. hidam in Sigrefham. Terra eft 10 Bobus, ibieft 1 villanus, filva r
quarentend longa, & dimid. lata; valuit 20 folidos, modo § folidos. Leuwvenet tenuit.
Idem tenet 1 virgatam Terra, & 2 partes 1 virgata in Heiford, foca jacet in Buchebroc.
Terra eft 1 carucatz, & ipfa ibi eft, & r acra prati; valuic 5 folidos, modo ro folidos.
Ulftan tenuit.

In OrRD1NBARO Hundred.
Willelmus tenet de comite dimid. hidam in Hanitone. Terra eft 1 carucata, & ibi eft ipfa
cum 1 villano, & 2 bordariis, & 1 acra prati; valuit v2 denarios, modo § folidos, Ed-

munglus libere tenuit,

In

 

 

 

NorvraawroeNgscrink

fn Niwesovr op Hundred.

Idem tenet r hidam, &dimid. i

a imid. in Herolve fun

ibi 2 villani, & 2 bordarii, ibi molinum de Fr a = ru Bastia

do 30 folidos. Lewric, & Olgar libere tenuerune, A Rays lorie he.
. ered ‘1, Waa :

; Jasin ne mig hidam in Brintome. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, &
x 3 villani, & 3 bordarii cum 2 carucatis; valuit 5 folidos, modo 20 folidos Al

jens libere tenuit 1 virgaram hujus Terre, foca alterius virgarr jacet ad Ed Siar
comitis, Jace 3d Zdvp; ranietionl

Idem tenet 3 virgatas Terra i i
o 3 virg: rea in Brocole, & Mifecote, Th

1d fe e 0 . Mifecote, Terra eft 2 carucatar -
minio eft una, & 6 bordarii habent aliam, ibi 6 acre prati; valuit, & val un. In do
Lenric, & Levins libere tenuerunt, ! 2 Blew’ folidon;

Idem tenet dimid. hidam in Cifeli ;

Ide e 1. hid Jifelimpeberie, imi i
villanus, & 2 bordarii, & 2 fervi, & 2 a aa, x Jomid, nee ain
Leuric libere tenuit. DD totes S20 Toile.

Idem tenet 3 virgatas Terrz in F
n tenet 3 virgatas Terre in Flora, Terra eft 2 caruc ini
3} Senge divas Jerre in ! ucataram. In dominio e
i hi Tn & ¢ be Nails hobo aliam; ibi 4 acre prati, & Neda
; valuit 20 folidos, modo 40 folidos.  Lewric libere renuic. & han i :
Idem tener 3 virgaras Terra in te EXTY wig on in qui
dem tens Baas Lhachefforp amid. hidam 1a eddem villa. Terra eft
3 carucatarum. In dominio {unt £1 fervi, & 1 vi tre: % sig
: gurasnsrue, 352 lune 2, & 3 fervi, & 1 villanus, & 1 bordarius; valuit 20 fo-
$08 O00 40 folidos.  Leuric, & Tuberne libere tenuerunt :
dem tenet 3 virgatas Terie in Cdurecot. Terr A
de 3 vir z in Cd » Terra eft y carucat 2 dimid

: Lines) };~ Sevs 1) CATE atz, & dimid. &
eft 1bi cum 1 villano, & 4 bordariis, ibi 2acrz prati; valuit, & valer 10 folid ne
mi 3 y ict 10 fohdos. Zored li-

Idem tenet dimid. hidam in Efibi. T

der etd - hidar Jfeor. Terra eft x carucate, ibi eft dimi

villanis, & 1 bordario ; valuit, & valet 5 folidos i i ;
. vo 33 y darriid To
Idem tenet 1 hidam, & dimid. in cadem villa. Terra eft 3 carucatarum, ibi funt 4 vil

ani cum 2 carucatis, & 4 acr® prati: valuit 2 (ol; xfoiidos. ; E
lani cum 2 carucatis, & 4 acre prati ; valuic 2 folides, modo 10 folido Has luz Te
tenet Ailena vidua. i Rt am

    

 

 

In Foxe ve Hundred.

Idem tenet 1 hidam in Silvefone. Terra ef

Ea Lt : i ucatarum. In dominio e TS
1 fervo; valuit ro folidos, modo 20 folidos. Le . dominio eft una cum

Cre tinue,

{2 GisLEBU RG Hundred.

Idem Willelmns tenet dimid. hidam in C idus d
Wiliekmuns Or 1d, | AM in Creptene, & Humridus de ec ¢
m il id. | umjriaus de eo. Terra eft 1 caruc
tz, qua ibi eft cum 2 fervis, & 2 bordariis, & i i ca
3: wm 2 icrvis, & 2 vordaris, & ro acre filve + valuir nari
Hyun y 3 oacra filve ; valuic 16 denarios, modo
Idem Willelmus tenet dimid. hidam in Tijd,
le Imus ct dinnid. hidam in Tijelde, & ¢ part mnius hide,
sans inn, Fada, 29 i lh partem sls hide. Terra cft 1 cae
1a carueara eft ibi cut ano, & 7 acra Terre filva: valuic ¢ {oli
0s, modo 10 Lenin: Aiises : Lr : : valuic 5 foli-
d Vio To 0 10 Ji Ls Lewis libere tenuit, hujus Terra foca pertinet ad Tou oe ne
_ Idem tener din uGam, & 4 partes dimid, hide in Forde. Terra eft 2 carucarar,
dimid. In do fp 8 2 bordarii hab era ce ta gir 3 camucaiazum, &
fom, So) och uma, & doidarit habenr dimid. carucatam, ibi 6 acra prati; va-
{jo ol i HX ) 3¢ 0s Aluvinus, & Ofulf libere tenuerunt. re
, eem oo. 9 partes ¥ hid in eadem villa. Terra eft 2 carucatarum: ibi eft pu
cum 1 vi ano, & 3 bordariis, ibi 8 acra prati ; valuit ro folidos, modo & o folid i
duinus libere tenure, po i ai
PP “ry 0 hy 3034 1 :
3 Idem tenet 3 hidas, & 1 virgatam Terrz in Fordineffone,. Terra eft 8 carucatarum. I
y 1 . 1 ervis «+ 1h 1 : : a
bamini eft una cum 2 fervis ; ibi 1 miles tenet 1 hidam, & dimid. & habet 2 carucat 8
SB 2 (iv, & 6 villani, & 3 bordarii cum 2 carucatis; ibi 16 acrx prati filva Wii
men ena, &3 lata; valuie 20 folidos, modo 4 libras. Uluricus jibere tenuit . by o 1
¢ mi . hiajus Terrx renagrosc tenuerunt Orgarus, Tedgar & Godric, fo a a m,
leweftleie, : no "ries 002 Darter ad os
Idem tenet 3 hidas in Dodeforde. ‘Terra eft ~ carucatarum. In dominio fun :
fel & 11 villani cum presbytero, & 6 bordarii habent § carucatas; ibi : oli hs
10 folidis, & 12 acrz prati; valuit 40 folidos i pre To nine
o fi : uit 40 folidos, modo 4 libras, de hac Terra 1 hi
BCT# pran; ¥ : 4 ac 1 hid:
dimid. tenuit Turbern libere, aliam Terram tenuerunt Orgar, Alurec, & Leuric, foc dam, &
Faleureles gar, s uricy foca jacet ad
13a y oto . .
Idem tnt 1 hidam, & 2 virgatas Terre, & dimid. in Effancflome. Terra eft 6 caruca
t dimid. & 2 fervi oe : DCRR
Rares, 2 omg eit 1, & dimid. & 2 fervi, & 6 villani cum 1 carucara, & dimid. ibi
nolinum de 10 folidis, & 3 aciz prati, filva 3 quarentenis, & dimid. longa & quareatend
& dimid. lata; valuit, & valet 30 folidos, BYR GnieRe

 

  

     

 

 

         

In

 
 

 

NoORTHANTONESCIR.E

In GRAVESEND Hundred.

Idem tenet 1 virgatam Terre, & dimid. in Snochefcumbe. Terra eft 1 carucate, qua ibi
eft cum 1 fervo, & 1 villano, & 2 acrz filve minute; valuit, & valet xo folidos.

Turburius libere tenuit has duas Terras.

In SuTtoNE Hundred.

Idem tenet dimid. in Preffetome. Terra eft 1 carucatz, qua ibi eft cum 1 bordario, &
2 acra prati; valuit, & valet ro folidos. Soca jacet in Sutome. Alricus libere tenuit.
Idem tenet dimid. hidam in Waltone. Terracft 1 carucatz, qui ibi eft cum 2 fervis, &
2 bordariis; valuit ro folides, modo 20 folidos. Soca in Sutone jacer. Quinque Tannii
tenuerunt, & quolibet ire potuerunt. ok 0 i
Idem tenet ar partem x hid in Sutene. Terra eft dimid. carucatz, ibi eft 1 vil-
lanus; valuit, & valet 3 folidos. Aric libere tenuit. eg
Idem tenet 4 partes dimid. hide in Criweltone. Terraeft x carucatz, ibi eft 1 bordarius
tantum valuit 20 folidos, modo 2 folidos. Lewenot libere tenuic.  Berennica fuit in Eve-

taia,

In HovLBoL DEST Hundred

Idem tenet 1 hidam in Anelaia. Terraeft 2 carucatarum, & dimid. In dominio eft
una, & r villanus, & 7 bordarii cum dimid. carucata ; ibimolinum de 12 denariis ; valui
2 A. . . > .
60 folidos, modo 30 folidos. Lefffanus libere tenuic.

In GRAVESEND Hundred.

Idem tenet dimid. hidam in Ce/vertone. Terra eft 1 carucatr, quam habent ibi 4 villani,
& 2 bordarii; valuit 10 folidos, modo 20 folidos. Uluric libere tenuit.

Aluredus tenet de comite 2 partes unius hidz in Zorpe. Terra eft 2 carucatarum, quzx
ibi funt cum 2 villanis, & 3 bordariis; valuit ; folidos, modo 20 folidos. Acer filius Left
ores a 1 virgatam Terra in Cildecote; Terra eft dimid. carucatz, qua ibi eft cum
2 bordariis ; valuit 2 folidos. Turbernus tenuit. 4

Idem tenet 1 hidam, & 3 virgatas Terra in Eltetone, Terra eft 3 carucatarum, & ¢ i
mid. In dominio fure 2, Ls fervi, & 10 villani cum r carucata, & dimid. valuit, &
y idos. rbernus libere tenuit. :
Wee Jolt Ye Terre in Lineburge. Terra eft 2 carucatarum, & dimid. & toti-
dem funt ibi cum 7 villanis, & 1 bordario, & 3 acre prati ; valuit 12 denarios, modo 10

i it.
wid Tubes Terrz in Gelurecote. Terra eft 1 carucatz, ibi eft 1, & dimid.
cum 1 fervo, & 4 villanis, & 2 acra prati; valuic § folidos, modo 10 folidos. es

Idem Aluredus tenet 3 virgatas Terra in Buchebi. Terra eft 1 carucatr, & dimid. &
tantundem ibi eft cum 6 villanis, & 2 bordariis, ibi 4 acra prati; valuit, & valet 30 foli-
dos.  Zubernus, & Alrick libere tenucrunt. i :

Idem tenet r virgatam Terre, & quintam partem 1 virgata, Ecencffne. Terra eft 1 ca
rucatz, & 4 acra prati, qua ibi eft; valuit 4 folidos, modo 6 folidos. :

Idem tenet 1 virgatam Terra, & dimid. in Prefferome. Terra eft 1 carucatz, vafta eft.

Idem tenet 3 virgatas Terra in Fordineffome. Terra eft 1 carucatz, que ibi eft in domi-
nio, & 2 fervi; valuit ro folidos, modo 15 folidos. Ingelraunus tenet de eo.  Leuric tenuit
Tempore Regis Edwardi. Soca hujus Terre jacet in Fordineftone (Feleu veflei.) i

Fulcherus tenet de comite 1 hidam, & 3 partem 1 hide in Alidetorpe. Terra eft 3 caru-
catarum. In dominio eft 1, 2 2 Rol & 10 villani, & 8 bordarii , habent 2 carucacas;
yalui y 3 idos. . Edvinus libere tenuit.
by h Ais Terre in Picteflei. Terra eft 1 carucat, & dimid. 2 carucatx
funt ibi cum 1 fochamanno, & ; bordariis, & 1 acra prati ; valuit 5 folidos, modo 10 foli-

inus |i uit & hanc. io
Ul os a Terrz in Ordinbaro. Terra eft 1 carvcate, & dimid. & ibi eft
cum r villano. & 2 bordariis, ibi 2 acra prati, filva 1 quarentend longa, & dimid. quaren
tend lara; valuit § folidos, modo ro folidos. oh

Robertus tenet de comite dimid. hidx in Woldegrave. Terra eft 2 carucatarum, ibi eft
una cum x fervo, & 1 bordario, & 3 acre prati ; valuit § folidos, modo 10 folidos, Mar-
tinus libere tenuit, Idem

 

 

NorrHANTONESCI RE,

 

Idem tenet 2 hidas in Norte. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio eft una cum 1
fervo, & 4 villani, & 3 bordarii cum 1 carucata, ibi 8 acra prati, & molinum de 8 dena-
riis; valuit 3 folidos, modo 30 folidos.

Huic Terra pertinet Ecclefia cum 1 virgata Terra in Gilleburg , & fedes molini cum
tertia parte 1 virgate in Holewelle, hac func vafta. Levinus libere tenuic,

Idem tenet 2 virgatas Terre, & dimid. in Hireceftre. Terra eft dimid. carucarz, ibi eft
1 villanus, & 3 acra prati, & dimid. valuic 12 denarios, modo 8 folidos. Siuwvardus libe-
re tenuit,

Walterius tenet de cornite 3 hidas in Weftone. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In dominio eft
1, & 14 villani, & 4 bordarii habent § caruc€atas, ibi rg acra prati; valuit 40 folidos, mo-
do 70 folidos. Lochi, Scotel, & Stanchil, & 2 fochamanhi tenueruit Tempore Regis Ed-
wardai.

In NiVEBOTLEGR AVE Hundred.

Idem tenet 1 virgatam Terr, & 3 partes unius virgate in Haiford. Terra eft 1 ¢aruca-
te, qua ibieft cum 2 fervis, & molinum de 16 folidis, & 4 acre prati; valuit 10 folidos;
modo 10 folidos. Bifcop tenuit. Soca jacet in Burchebroch.

Radulfus tenet de comire 1 virgatam Terra, & 2 partes 1 virgatx in Haiford, Soca eft
in Buchebroc. Terra eft 1 carucate, ibi eft 1, & dimid. carucata com 1 villano, ibi 3 acre
prati; valuit 5 {olidos, modo ro folidos.

Idem tener 4 partes unius hide in Preffome. Terra eft 3 ecarucatarum, & ipfz ibi funt
cum 3 fervis, & 4 villanis, & 2 bordariis. In dominio eft mediltas carucarz ; valuit ro
folidos, modo 4o folidos. Sauwvata tenuic,

Radulfus rener 3 hidas, & unam virgatam Terre in Aldeneshi, Soca jacet in Edie,
Terra eft 8 carvcatarum. In ‘dominio funt 2, & 4 fervi, & 1 villanus, & 9 fochamanni
cum 2 carucatis, ibi 3 acra prati, & 3 acrz filva; valuit 20 folidos, modo 40 folidos. $i-
uvardus cum 9 fochamannis libere tenuit.

Radulfus tenet dimid. hidam in Hadone. Terra eft 1 carucatx, habent ibi 2 villani, &
4 bordarii; valuit 12 denarios, modo 5 folidos.

Willelmus, & Durandus tenent 3 hidas, uham virgatam minus in Spretone. Terra eft 6 ca-
fucatarum. In dominio cft una, & dimid. cum 1 fervo, & 6 villani, & 6 bordarii cum 3
carucatis, & dimid. ibi molinum de 6 folidis, & 6 acrx prati; valuic 20 {olidos, modo 65
folidos. Ofmundus libere tenuic.

In Carve a Hundred.

Willelmus tence 4 partes unius hide in Grafiene. Terra eft » carucatarum. In dominio
eft una cum r bordario, ibi 11 acra prati, & 20 acrz filva; valuit 3 folidos, modo 26 fo-
lidos.  Goduinas libere tenuir.

Nigellus tenet de comite 1 hidam, & dimid. virgatam Terra in Preffetone. Terra eft 3 ca-
rucatarum. In dominio funt 2, & 2 fervi, & presbyter cum 3 villanis habet 1 carucatam,
ibi 1 acra filva ; valuic © folidos, modo 40 folidos.  Fregis tenuir,

In Aldritone tenet 1 Tainus de comite 1 hidam. Terra eft 1 carucate, ibi eft una; va-
let ro folidos. Idem ipfe tenuit.

In Ald. neffone tenet Ormarus 1 hidam, & 1 virgatas Terre. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In
dominio funt 2, & 3 fervi, & 6 villani; & § bordarii cum 2 carucatis, ibi molinum de 8
folidis, & 3 acra prati, & 3 acra filva minut; valui: 20 folidos, modo 40 folidos:  Sik-
ward libere tenuit.

Idem teiet certiam partem 1 virgata in Holewell , vafta eft.

In Blaculneflsi igrim de comite 1 hidam, & dimid. Soca eft Regis in Nortone.
Terra eft 3 cart im, & dimid. una carucata tantum eft ibi cum 2 villanis, & 2 fervis,
& 2 acra prati; valuit ro folidos, modo 20 folidos. Idem ipfe tenuit Tempore Regis
Edwardi,

In Edone tenet Alvic x hidam, & dimid. de comire. Terra eft 3 carucatarum. In do.
minio eft una, & 5 fervi, & 4 villani, & ~ bordarii cum 2 carucatis, ibi 6 acra prati, &
4 acra filva minut; valuic 20 folidos, modo 40 folidos.

Idem tenet tertiam partem r virgata in Hi lewelle, vafta eft.

In Botendone tenet Lenvinus » hidas de comite. Terra eft ¢ carucatarum. In dominio
funt 2, & 4 fervi, & 11 villani, & § bordarii cum 3 carucatis, & dimid. ibi 10 acre prati;
valuit 100 folidos, modo 4 libras. 7Ziri libere tenui.

In Snoche[cumbe tenet Alric, dimid. Virgasam terre de Comite. Terra eft 1 Caruca-
tx, qua eft ibi cum 1 fervo, & 1 Villano, & r acra filva minuta ; valuic § folidos: idem;
iple tenuit.

In Waletone tenet Ulmaris de Comite dimid. Virgatam Terr, 5 Acras minus. Terra eft
dimid. Acre & tantundem, ibi ¢3 cum 1 Bordario, & 1 Atra prati, valet § Solidos, Idem
ipfe tenuit. {f) Int

yr

 
 

NorTHANTONESCIRE
In Brantene tenet Ulmarus de comite dimid. hidam. ‘Terra 1 Carucatz, hxc ibi eft,
valet 20 folidos. Idem ipfe cenui.

Terra Comitis de Me1. LEN Db.
In GrRAVESENDe Hundred.

Comes de Mellend tenet de Rege in Nortome 2 hidas, & dimid. & quintam partem dimid.
hide. Terra eft carucatarum, nunc in dominio funt 2 > & 1 hida Terr , ibi 23 villa.
ni cum presbyrero, 9 bordarii, & 1 fervus, habent 6 carucaras, ibi molinum de xo folidis,
& 25 acra prati ; valuit 6 libras, modo 8 libras. Agemund libere tenuir,

Idem comes de Mellend tenet Berchewelle in dominio. Terra 8 carucatarum. In domi-
nio eft una, & 4 fervi, & 7 villani cum 3 bordariis habent 1 carucacam, ibi § acre prati,
filva 2 leuvis longa, & 1 leuvi lata; valet 40 folidos. Idem Comes tenet in Witacre dimid.
hidam vaftam, & valet 12 denarios. Has Terras Leveror libere tennic Tempore Regis
Edward;,

Terra A 1 an 1 Comitis.
In Crat ver Hundred

Comes Alanus tenet de Rege 4 partes dimid. hid in Wacafeld, & Radulfus Dapifer de eo.
Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 3 villani cum r bordario habent aliam
carucatam, ibi r acra prati, filva § quarentenis longa, & dimid. & in latitudine 3 quaren-
tenz ; valuic 5 folidos, modo ro folidos.

Terra A LBER1C1 Comitis,
In OproLpesT oN Hundred

Comes Albericus tenet de Rege 2 hidas in Hafin, & 2 hidas in Sigrefham, & 1 hidam im
Brachelai cum Ecclefia, & molinum de ro folidis, in his 5 hidis eft Terra 12 carucatarum,
& dimid. In dominio func 2, & 6 fervi, & zo villani cum presbytero, & ro bordarii ha.
bent 6 carucatas, ibi 20 acre prati, filva 2 quarentenis, & dimid. longa, & una quaren-
tend, & dimid. lata,

1bi Ofmundus tenet tertiam partem hidz in Sigrefham. Totum valuit 12 libras quando
recepit, modo 9 libras. 4zor libere tenuit.

In Brachelai {unt 2 hide. Terra eft § carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 >» & 6 fervi, &
ro villani, & 8 bordarii cum 3 carucatis , ibi xo acre prati; valuit 100 folidos, quando
recepit, modo 4 libras.

In Lilleburne {unt 2 hide, & dimid. virgata Terre. Terra eft 4 carucatarum, & 2 bo-
vatarum. In dominio eft una, & 8 villani, & 6 bordarii, & 3 fochamanni habent 3 ca-
rucatas, ibi 12 acra prati; valui 2 folidos, modo 30 folidos. .

In eadem villa eft 1 virgata Terrx, & dominus Radulfus tenet de ‘Rege. Terra eft 6
bovatarum, ibi eft x villanus, & 2 bordarii, & 4 acra prati ; valet 4 folidos.

In SvuTtonNit Hundred.

In Evelai funt § virgata Terre, Giflebertus tener, Terra eft 2 carucatarum, ibi eft x
bordarius cum 1 fervo ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 4 folidos.
In Ferningelo funt 4 hide. Terra eft 10 carucatarum. In dominio fune 3 carucatxr, &

vo fervi, & 15 villani cum presbytero, & 8 bordarii, habent § carucatas, ibi 20 acra prati ;

valuit ro libras quando recepit, modo 7 libras.
Hazc Terra fuerunt Alberici comitis, modo funt in manerio Regis.

Terra Hu Gc oN 1s de Grentemaifidl.

Hugo de Grentemaifnil tenet 1 virgatam Terre, & dimid. in Ferendm. Terra eft x caru-

care, hanc habent, ibi 2 villani; valuit, & valet 5 folidos.

 

NoRrTHANTONESCIR RE

 

In SToT¥ ALD Hundred.

In Merfitone, & in Torp tenet Hugo 2 hidas, & 1 virgatam Terr, & tertiim partem
unius virgate. Terra eft 4 carucatarum, & dimid. In dominio fune 2, & 2 fervi, & 23
villani, & 17 bordarii habent 7 carucatds, ibi 10 acre prati; valuit 20 folidos, modo 60
folidos. Oflac libere tenuit. ?

In GRAVESENDE Hundyed,

Idem tenet 3 hidas, & dimid. Wedon, & excambitur de Wadford. Terra eft 8 carucaea-
rum, & dimid. In dominio eft una, & dimid. & 2 villani cum presbytero, & 3 bordarii
habent dimid. carucatam, 3 milites cum 6 villanis, & 3 bordarii habent 4 carucatas & di-
mid. ibi 17 acre prati; valuic 40 folidos, modo 5o folidos, ?

Idem tenet 3 hidas in Afcebi. Terra eft 10 carucatarum. In dominio funt 3 carucatz
& 6 fervi, & 1¢ villani, & 3 bordarii cum § carucatis > ibi 8 acrz prati ; valuir 0 ae?
modo &o folidos. ’ 2

Ofbernus tenet de Hugene 3 hidas, & 1 virgatam minus in Welintone, Terraeft v acrarum
In dominio funt 2, & 3 fervi, & ¢ villani cum 4 carucatis, ibi molinum de 12 denariis .
& 8 acra prati ; valuit 20 folidos, modo 40 folidos. Baldwinus libere tenuic carucatam, &
dimid. ibi funt 2 carucate cum 1 villano, & bordariis ; valuit 5 folidos, modo 20 folidos.
Leuric tenuit de Baldwino.

Idem tence 4 partes dimid. hidz in Zorp. Terra eft 1 carucate, ibi eft in dominio cum
1 Yordaria, & 2 acrz prati; valuit 12 denarios, modo 10 folidos.  Aluvinus libere tenuie

e Balduino,

In FAXELEA Hundred.

Hugo tenet de Hugone Merdeford 2 hidas, & quintam partem 1 hide. Terra eft ¢ ca-
rucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 4 fervi, & 9 villani cum presbytero, & 4 bordarii ha-
bent 3 carucatas, ibi filva eft 4 quarentenis lon. > & 1 quarentend lata ; valuit 20 folidos
modo § folidos. Willelmus libere tenuit. J

In Sv TtoNE Hundred,

Ino tenet de Hugone in Niwebotle 6 hidas cum appendentiis fuis, ‘Terra eft § carucatarum,
In dominio funt 3 carucatze, & dimid, & § fervi, & 1 miles, & r2 villani, & 4 bordarii ha-
bent 4 carucatas, ibi7 ancillze, & 7 acre prati ; valuic 4 libras, modo 6 libras. Balduinus
tenuit cum f{oca, & faca.

Hugo tenet de Hugone in Middletone, 3 hidas. Terra eft 5 carucatarum. In dominio eft
una, & g villani, cum presbytero, habent 3 carucatas ; ibi 12 acre prati ; valuit & valet
40 folidos.  Godricus libere tenuic, ? ?

Hugo tenet de Hugone in Sutone, 1 hidam, & dimid. & decimam partem r hide. Terra eft
carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 2 fervi, & 2 bordarii haben dimid. carucaram Io
molinum de 2 folidis, valuit ro folidos, modo 30 folidos. Willa & Tuburnms tenueryat.

In WaravoNE Hundred.

ino tenet de Hugome in Bivelde, 2 hidas. Terra eft § carucatarun;, In dominio eft
una, cum 1 villano, & r bordario, valuit 2 folidos, modo 10 folidos. Trefcaini libere te-
nuit.

Richardus tenet de Hugone Wodeford, 2 hidas. Terra eft § carucatarum. In dominio
fune duz, & 4 fervi, & 1 ancilla, & rr villani, habent 3 carucatas, Ib; 2 acre prati, &
molinum de 8 folidis, valuit 40 folidos, modo 60 folidos. Balduinas libere tenuic.

Hugo tenet in Egedome 2 hidas de Hugone, Terra eft § carucataram. In dominio funt
due, & 2 fervi,& 12 villani, cum 3 carucatis. Ibi molinum de 2 folidis & 2 acra prati
valuit 40 folidos, modo so folidos. pry

Walterius tenet 1 virgatam Terre, de Hugone in Cerueltone; Terra eft dimid carucatz
valuit & valet 5 folidos.  A/uvinus libere tenuie, ?

I

 
 

NoORTHANTONESCIRE

In CorBEl Hundred.

Hugo tenet de Rege dimid. hidam in parva Weledone. Terra eft 3 carucatarum. In do-
minio eft una, cum 1 fervo, & 12 villani haben. 2 carucatas , filva ibi eft 6 quarentenis
longa, & 2 quarentenis lata, valuit & 10 folidos, modo 20 folidos. Ulurius libere te-
nuit, ir ;

Rogerius tenet de Hugone Cotesford, ibi funt 6 hide. Terra eft 10 carucatarum. In do-
minio tertia & quarta poffet effe. Ibi funt 10 villani, & § bordarii, & 4 acra pafture,

valuit 100 folidos, modo 8 libras. 1 i
Idem Rogerus tenet de Hugone Cerlentone. Ibi funt 10 hide. Terra eft rg carucatarum.

In dominio funt 4 earucate, & 6 fervi, & 1§ villani; & 21 bordarii habent II garucatas,
pratuin 4 quarencenis longum & 2 quarentenis latum, paftura 3 quarentenis longa & 2 qua-
rentenis lata, valuit 3 libras, modo 10 libras,  Ba/duinus libere tenuit : Hujus Terra func 4
hide in dominio. Cid

Hugo tenet 2 hidas & dimid. in Sciptune. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio funt
duz, & 4 fervi, & 2 villani, & 3 bordarii habenc 1 carucatam. Ibi molinum de rr folidis,
& 4 acre prati, & 3 quarentena pafturz ; valuit 40 folidos, modo 4 libras, & ro folidos.
Aluric libere tenuit; O.

In Scipford tence Abbatia x1 hidas de Hugone. Terra eft 8 carucatarum. In dominio
funt dux, & 4 acrz prati, & molinum reddit 32 denarios, & 13 quarentenz pafturze , va=
luit & vilet 4 libras & 10 folidos. = Balduinus tenuit.

Terra Hu conN is Commits.
In W AREND ON Hundred.

Hugo Comes tenet de Rege in Bifelde 8 hidas, & Robertus de eo. Terra eft 20 carucata-
rum. In dominio funt due, & § fervi, & 8 villani, & 3 bordari habent 3 carucatas. Ibi
1 miles cum 2 villanis, habet r carucacam, & 2 liberi homines manerium ; Ibi pratura x
leuvd longa, & 8 quarentenis lata, valuit & valet 8 libras. Afchil libere tenuit. 5

Idem Robertus tener de comite 1 hidam in Rozendome. Terra eft 2 carucatarum & dimid.
In dominio eft una, & 6 villani, cum presbytero, & 4 bordarii habent 1 carucatam, & 1 mi-
les habet dimid. carucatam. 1bi § acre prati, valuit jo folidos, modo 40 folidos. 4f-

chil tenuit. : . pit

Idem tenet de comite 1 hidam, & 1 virgatam Terra in Rapeford. Terra eft 2 carucata-
rum, & dimid. In dominio eft una, & 3 fervi, & 3 villani cum 1 carucarta, ibi molinum
de 6 folidis, & 8 denariis, & 6 acre prati; valuit, & valet jo folidos.

In EsoLpesTo vu Hundred,

Idem tenet 4 hidas in Mereffone. Terra eft 10 carucatarum. In dominio funt 4, & 9
fervi, & 26 villani, & ro bordarii cum 6 carucatis, ibi molinum de 8 folidis, & 24 acra
prati; valuit, & valet 10 libras. i

Idem tenet 2 hidas in Rodeffome. Terra eft § carucatarum. In dominio func 2, & 6
fervi, & ro villani, & § bordarii cum 3 carucatis, 12 acr prati, & 6 acra filva; valuic,
& valet 100 folidos.

In Su to~NE Hundred.

Tdem tenet in Midletone 4 partes 2 hidarum. Terra eft 4 carucatarum, ibi 8 acre prati ;
valuit, & valet 3 libras. Soca pertinet ad Sutome,

In Fox ev a Hundred.

Idem tenet dimid. hidam in Blaculueflea. ‘Terra eft 1 carucate & dimid. Ibi habent 2
villani dimid. carucatz, valuit & valet 8 folidos. Kere/ tenuit. Soca pertinet ad Nor-

tone,

In

 

Norv vawronrsciz zg

 

In Bisvesura Hundred, 7 Dimid.

Slum tenet 2 hidas, & r virgatam Terre in Givertoff. ‘Terra eft dimid. carucatz, & 8
yi I a cum presbytero, & 9 bordarii, & 2 fochamanni habent 1 carucatam & dimidiam,
1 8 acrz prat1, valuit & valet 20 folidos. Godric libere tenuit,

In FoxeErLavu Hundred,

Gozelinus tenet de comite 4 hidas in Slaptone. Terra eft 10 carucatarum. In dominio
funt 2, & 3 fervi, & 6 villani cum r bordario, habent 2 carucatas, Ibi 8 acrz prati , va=
>

x & valet 3 libras. Has Terras tenuit Afchil cum faca & foca, modo tenent homines
_omites,

Terra HexRict de Ferieres.
In CLa1 LEA Hundred

Henricus de Ferieres tenet 3 hidas, & quintam partem 1 hida in Perfe. Terra eft
carucatarum. In dominio funt 3 carucatz, & 3 fervi, & 2 villani, & 7 bordarii cum of
bytero habent 7 carucatas. Ibi molinum de 18 folidis, & 4 denariis, & 16 acra pra ee
6 quarentenis, & 4 perticis longa, & 2 quarentenis & dimid. lata valuit & valet 6 | boil
Tofti Comes tenuit, ? i

In NARESFORD Hundred,

In Ticemerfe Safualdo tenet de Henrico to hidas, & 2 partes dimid. hid. una virgata mi
Terra eft 15 carucatarum. In dominio funt 4 carucatx, & 8 fervi, & 16 cilans re
bordarii, haben 6 carucatas & dimidiam, & 7 fochamanni cum 4 carucatis & fimid Io
molinum de 2r folidis, & 4 denariis ; & 30 acra prati, filva 4 quarentenis jon . &
lata, valuic j libras, modo 7 libras. Bundi libere tenuic. BR

Irn ANDFERSDESHO Hundred,

Radulphus tenet de Hugone in Echentone 4 hidas. ‘Terra eft 8 carucatarum. In dominio
1 hida, & dimid. de hac Terra: & ibi 2 carucate, & 4 fervi, & @ villani & 9 bordarii
& 12 fochamanni, cum 8 bordariis; habent 6 carucatas. [Ibi 2 molina de : folidis & 3
acra prati, valuit 3 libras, modo roo folidos. Bundi tenuit; 4 HR

Terra RoBERTI de TobpeENL

Robertus de Todeni tenet 3 hidas in Stoche, Terra eft 6 carucatirum. © In domiriio fune
duz, & 3 fervi, & 9 villani, & 2 bordarii, cum 1 fochamanno , habent 3 carucacas Ibi
molinum de 12 denariis, filva § quarentenis longa, & 3 quarcntenis lata, valuic 6c foli
dos. O/ulfus libere tenuit, tempore Regis Edwardi, Ee Rr

Idem tenee 3 hidas & 1 virgatam Terre in Wilkordeftone. Terra eft 6 carucatarum de
hac Terra eft 1 hida in dominio ; & ibi 2 carucate cum r fervo, & 12 villani & 7 bor-
darii habent 3 carucatas, filva ¢ quarentenis longa, & § quarentenis lata valuit o foli
dos, modo 30 folidos. ’ 4 ~

In F Axe LE A Hundred, .

Idem tenet 3 hidas in Sewelle, & 4 partes 1 virgatz. Terra eft cu

ry ae v2. si ana racatarum, ¥
minio eftuna, & dimid. & 1 fervi, & 8 villani, & 3 bordarii, pyc 3 a
mid. Ibi molinum de 12 folidis & denariis, & 7 acra prati, filva 3 quarentenis & dirmid
longa, & 2 quarentenis lata, valuit 10 folidos, modo 46 folides, :

(8) Di

 
 

N ORT HANTONES SI CIR TE

In Rovpewerve Hundred.

Hugo tenet de Roberto 1 hidam, & dimid. in Riffone. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In domi-
nio eft una, & 2 fervi, & 4 villani, & 3 bordarii, & 3 fochamanni, cum 2 carucatis & di-
mid. inter omnes. Ibi 4 acre prad, & ry filva, valuic ro folidos, modo 30 folidos, foca
pertinet ad Wale[done.  Edumius tenuit.

Idem tenet in Deisburg dimid. hidam. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft una,
& 2 fervi, & 3 bordarii. 1bi dimid. acra filva ; valuit 5 folidos, modo 20 folidos.  Ofulfus
libere tenuit.

Rogerus tenet dimid. hidam de Roberto in Pipewelle. ‘Terra eft 2 carucatarum. Ibi eft u-
na & dimid. carucata cum 4 bordariis,& § acra filva,valuit 5 folidos,modo 6 folidos. Edumi-
ws libere tenuit.

Ildunins tenet de Roberto 2 hidas in Bramtome. Terra eft § carucatarum. In dominio
funt duz, & 6 fervi, & ¢ villani, & 4 bordarii, cum 2 carucatis & dimid. Ibi 22 acrx
prati, filva § quarentenis longa, & 3 quarentenis lata, valuit 10 folides, modo 40 folidos.
Ofulfus tenuit.

Iidunius tenet de Roberto x hidam, & r bovatam, & dimid. minus in Dingle. Terra eft 2
carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & dimid. & 2 villani, & § bordarii, cum dimid. caru-
cati, Ibi 3 acrax prati, & 3 acre filve, valuit ro folidos, modo 20 folidos.

Gunfridus, & Walchelinus tenet de Roberto 4 hidas in Afcele. Terra eft 6-carucatarum. In
dominio {unt duz, & 6 villani, & 9 bordarii habent 3 carucatas. Ibi molinum de 52 de-
nariis, & 9 acra practi, & 2 acrz {pineti, filva 3 quarentenis longa, & 8 particis lata ; &
in alio loco 4 acra filve pertinent ad hanc Terram , valuit 20 folidos, modo 30 folidos.
Franco & Alchar, libere tenuerant.

Wilburtus tenet de Roberto tertiam partem 1 hide in eadem villa, Terra eft 1 carucata,
qua ibi eft cum 2 bordariis, & 1 fervo, valuit 16 denarios, modo § folidos. A/gar. libere
tenuit,

Terra Roser 11 de Stadford.
In W AREND ON Hundred.

Robertus de Stadford tenet in Stantone 3 virgatas Terrz, & Hugo de co. Terra eft 3 ca-
rucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 3 fervi, & 6 villani, & 5 bordarii , cum 2 carucatis.
Ibi 3 acre prati, valuit 10 folidos, modo 30 folidos. ileva libere tenuit, tempore regis
Edwardi.

Terra R oBER T 1 de Oulgi.
In Cai1LE a Hundred.

Robertus de Oilgi tenet x hidam, & 1 virgatam Terra in Wicha ; & Rogeriusde eo. Ter-
ra eft ro carucatarum. In dominio funt 3 carucatx, & 7 fervi, & 7 villani, & 3 bordarii,
cum 4 carucatis. 1bi xo acre prati, filva x1 quarentenis longa, & 6 quarentenis lata, va-
luit 40 folidos, modo 100 folidos. Azer libere tenuit, tempore Regis Edward;

In SutoNE Hundred,

Idem tenet de Roberto x hidam in Tewarde. Terra eft 3 carucatarum & dimid. In do-
minio eft una, & 2 fervi, & 7 villani habent 2 carucatas & dimid. Ibi molinum de 30 de-

nariis, valuit xo folidos, modo 3o folidos.
Idem Robertus tenet dimid. hidam, & quintam partem 1 hidx in Preffone. Terra eft

1 carucatz & dimid.

Terra Ro BERT 1 de Vey.
In RopEWELLE Hundred.
Robertus de Buci tenet x hidam in Badebroc, Terraeft 2 carucatarum ; 1 eft in dominio,

& 4 bordarii habent aliam carucatam, valuit § folidos, modo 10 folidos. Ailric libere te-
nuit, tempore Regis Edwardi, Terra

 

 

NovrTuHaNTONE SCI RET

Terra RoBErTi de Bucy,
In Stocur Hundred.

Robertus de Buci tenet 2 partes 1 hide i
1 hide in dfce. Terra eft 1 cary i
. > i arucate, ha ;

6 fochamanni, valuit & valet 10 folidos, & 8 denarios, s, Dane haba; Tk
; Jem fone} 2 hiss, & 2 partes 1 hidx in Weffone. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. Ibi 1o
ochamanni habent 3 carucatas, & dimid. valuit i 42 folid :
ch 5 10 folidos, modo 42 folidos & 8 dena-
Idem tenet in Dingle 2 partes 1 hide, & 2 partes 2 partium 1 hide. Terra eft 4 cary-
catarum. Ibi rx ochamanni habent 2 carucaras > & dimid. valuic ro folid
folidos, & 4 denarios. % melon

Jae {Ene r hidam, & 2 partes dimid. hide in Sutone. Terraeft » carucatarum, & di
ma 1as habent, ibi 8 fochamanni, valuit § folidos, modo 21 folidos, & 4 denarios i

ne : } 4 ¢ Se.

_ Idem tenet » hidas In Brantome. ‘Terra eft 4 carucatarum. 1bi 8 fochiamanni habent »

carucatas, valuit ro folidos, modo 8 denarios plus. Es

Int Cor BE1 Hundred.

Wi Sones I idem, > 3 Virgen: Terre in Weledene. Terra eft § carucatarum. In
inio funt 2 carucatz, villani, & 11 bordarii ¢ oc hal
¢ ani, arnt cum 1 fochamanno , habent 4 c

of : J um r : caru-
catas, filva 1 leuy a longa, & 3 quarentenis lata ; valuit § folidos, modo 20 folido 2 H
Terras tenet Normanus, & quo valuit. ire potuit : Ba

L 4” reves TN -* ¥ / }
Idem Robertus tener 1 vugatam Terre in Weledene, Rex calumniat eam.

In Stocu Hudred.

i; st de Roberto in Alcels; vores ;
of lei tenet de Referadn del teruam partem 1 hide. Soca eft in Weledene. Terra
elt dimid. carucata; ibi 2 fochamanni habent 2 carucar: i :
1c : ams; : 2 carucatas, & 2 acra prati; valui i
dos, modo 3 folidos. Nurmarus tenui. : i
o tenet da Rab id ares ie wis T .
Hugo tenet de Roberto 1 hidam in Brantone. Terra eft 1 carucatz ; jam funt in dominio
2 carucare, & 2 fervi cum 1 bordario ; valuit 2 folidos, modo 20 folidos
_Normanus tenet de Roberto 2 hidas in Blarewiche. Terra eft 6 carucatarum Hugo de
Wais tenet de eo. In dominio funt r carucata, & 12 villani, & § bordarii habent i
catas ; ibi molinum de 30 denariis, & 6 acre prati, filva 1 leuva longa, & 3 uarenter is
lata ; valet 18 folidos. 59% 1 Jaurentens

In RopeweL LE Hundred.

Hugo tenet dimid. hidam in Badebroc de )
igo tenet id. hid: n Badebroc de Roberto, Terra eft r caruc: ralui
denarios. Normanus tCnuit, Gig Yheies valet 16
Idem og Sennes de Roberto tertiam partem 1 hid in eadem villa, Terra eft dimid. ca
rucate ; 1b1 eit tantum r carucata cum r bordario: valui i modo 2 folidos
u ] cat; ) aluit 12 denarios | i
a 3 enarios, modo 3 folidos
“11.1. © lo ” tn: 3 3: : .
| Willelmas tenet de Roberto dimid. hidam in Riffome. Terra eft r carucate, r tantum, &
” oh N a .. “yo. - . . . Er > 4
dimid. eft in cum 4 villanis, & 2 bordariis ; ibi dimid. molinum de 12 denariis, & 6 acre
filve. Ulche tenuit valuit 12 denarios, modo 6 folidos. Soca eft in Weled, we
In cadem villa haber dimid. virgatam Terra vaftam.

1

In Sereno v Hundred

Idem #illelmus tenet de Roberto 2 hidas, & 1 virgatam Terr, & dimid. in Molone Ter.
i 5 Seesnnim, 1 dominio funt 3 carucate cum 1 fervo, & ~ villani, & 4 bordarii
nt 2 carucatas, ibim enariis ; valui oli oli Z
been atas, olinum de 8 denariis; valuit 20 folidos, modo so folidos, Thor;
Robertus tenet de Roberto 3 virgatas Terrz, unam bovatam minus in Bochetone, Terra eft
I carucata, & dimid. una eft ibi cum 4 bordariis, cum 1 villano, & 1 fervo,8 4 acrz praci ;
valuit 5 folidos, modo ro folidos. a ATT pRe 5
dulfi i i
a Radulfus tenet de Rogers t virgatam Terre, & 1 bovatam in Spretone. Terra eft dimid
rucatx, una tan ibi iis; valuit, & v idos. Ui ibere
SAEs tum eft ibi cum 6 bordariis ; valuit, & valet s folidos, Uimarus libere

In

 
 

Nw R THANTONESCIRE

In Fox viv Hundred.

Willelmus tenet de Roberto 1 hidam, & 4 partes dimid. hide in Bradene. Terra eft 3 ca-
rucatarum, & dimid. In dominio funt 2, & 4 villani habent 1 carucatam, ibi r acra
prati; valuit 60 folidos, modo 40.

In Gisvesvurac Hundred.

Robertus tenet de Roberto 1 virgatam Terrz in Cretone. Terra eft 2 bovatarum, ibi eft 1
Francigerus cum 2 bobus ; valet 2 folidos. Ulmaras libere tenuit, Bradene tenuit,Chenric de

Rege Edwardi,
Terra RapuvrLerHr PaGgenNEkl
In St ocu Hundred

Radulphus de Pagenel tenet de Rege 2 hidas, & Rogers de eo. Terra eft 4 carucatarum.
In dominio eft 1, & 4 villani, & 3 bordarii habent 1 carucatam, & dimid. ib; 2 fervi ;

valuit § folidos, modo 10 folidos. Zurchil libere tenuic.
Terra Rapurride Lives
In Stocu Hundred.

Raduifus de Limefi tenet de Rege 2 hidas in Wefome, 8 Helvinus de eo. Terra eft 6 ca-
rucatarum. In dominio funt 2, & 3 fervi, & 3 bordarii habent § carucatas, ibi molinum
de 20 folidis, & 12 acre prati, filva 3 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis lata; valuit 5
folidos, modo 6 libras.  Morcarus comes tenui.

Terra RoBERTI ALBL

In NEvVvEsLu~ND Hundred.

Robertus Albi tenet de Rege in Graffome, & Rogers de eo. Terra eft 8 carucatarum. In
dominio eft 1 cum 1 fervo, & 12 villani cum presbytero, & 6 bordarii haben § carucatas,
ibi 2 acre prat, filva r leuvd longa, & 4 quarentenis lata ; valuit, & valet 40 folidos.
chi libere tenuit Tempore Regis Edwardi,

Terra WiLLELM1de CHAIGNES

Willelmus de Chaignes tenet de Rege 1 hidam in Flora. Terra eft 3 carucatarum. In do-
minio eft 1 carucata, & 2 fervi, & 4 villani, & 3 bordarii habent 1 carucatam, ibi moli-
num de g folidis, & 4 acra prati; valet 20 folidos. Eumui libere tenuit Tempore Regis
Edward,

Terra WrrLLeELM1 PeveEL,

Willelmus Pewrel tenet de Rege Hecham, ibi funt 6 hide. Terra eft 12 carucatarum, &
dimid. In dominio funt 2 hide de hac Terra, & ibi 4 carucatz, & 4 fervi, & 16 vi'-
lani, & 9 bordarii cum presbytero habent 8 carucatas, & dimid. ibi cft mercatus, reddit 20
folidos per annum, & molinum de 20 folidis, & 10 acrz prati, filva 1 quarentena longa,
& alia lata. Ad hoc manerium pertinent hac membra.

In Rifdene 6 hide. Terra eft 12 carucatarum, has habent ibi 19 fochamanni, & moli-
num de ro folidis, & 30 acre prati.

In Celveftone, & Caldecote 1 hida, & 3 virgatz Terre, Terra eft 3 carucatarum, has ha-
bent ibi 6 fochamanni, & 3 acra prati.

In Cnuteftone 1 hida, & 1 virgata Terrz, & dimid. Terra eft 2 carucatarum, has ha-

bent ibi § fochamanni, & molinum de s folidis, & 6 acra prati,
In

 

Noesrnaswvonrnscing

 

 

In Inceftre 1 hida, & 3 virgatx Terra de foca. Terra eft » carucatarum, has habent ibj
3 fochamanni, & 10 acra prati, ibi eft 1 francigerus cum r carucara, & molinum ibi de
16 folidis ; calumniofum inter Regem, & Willehnum, 4

In Farnedis 3 virgate Terrz de foca. Terra eft 1 carucate, hanc habent jb 2 focha-
manni.

In Potentone dimid. hida de foca, ibi funt 4 villani cum 1 carucata.

In Eftone 1 virgata Terre, & dimid. vafta eft. ‘

In Rande 7 hide, & dimid. virgara Terra de foca de appendentiis. Terra eft 14 carucata-
rum. Ibi funt 20 villari, cum 1 carueatis Terrz, & 20 acre prati, totum manerium
com sppendendls, valuit ro libras quando recepit 18 libras. Girda tenuir cum faca & foca

Sochamanni de Rifdene, & Irenceftre, & Rande fuerunt homines ; Burred, & idcirco G
Epifcopus clamar hommationem corum. !

Liem W. tenet 3 hidas, & dimid. & quartam partem 1 virgatz in Clipefiome de foca Ni.
vesberie. Terra eft carucatarum. Ibi 1 miles dimid. carucari >» &19 {fochamanni, cumi
7 villanis, & 3 bordarii habent 6 carucatas , valuit 40 folidos, modo 20 folid os,

Jost tenet Neubote, ibi 1 hida, & dimid. virgata Terre, Terra eft 3 carucatarum
13s habent In dominio cum 1 fervo, & 4 villani, & 4 bordarii habent 1 carucatam. Ibi
molinum de 7 folidis, & 6 acra filvz,

In Olletorp habet idem W. tertiam partem 1 hide, & dimid. virgatam Terre, foca perti-
net ad Neubote, Terra eft 1 carucate, hanc habent. Ibi 3 fochamanni.

In Brinintone haber idem Willelmus 1 hidam & dimid. Terra eft 2 Carucatarum, has hz-
bent, 1bi 6 fochamanni cum presbytero, qui tenet dimid. hidam ejufdem Terre,

In Herolveftone cft 1 hida & dimid. Terra eft 3 carrucacarum, has haben. Ibi 3 fo-
chamanni cum presbytero.

art iid
In Clacheftorp eft dimid. hida. Terra eft 1 carucate, hanc haben ; ibi 1 fochamannus.
In Flore eft dimid. hida. Terra eft 1 carucate hanc habent. Ibi 3 fochamanni. Quando
Willelmus has ter ras recepit, valuit 4 libras, modo 7 libras.  Girdz libere tenuit.

Idem will Imus tenet 4 hidas in Duftone, Terra eft 8 carucacarum. In dominio fune dy-
2 & 2 fervi, & 13 villani, & 3 bordarii, cum 3 fochamannis habent 6 carucaras; Ibi mo-
Paam de 20 folidis , & 30 acre pratl, & 11 acre filva, valuit 40 folidos, modo 100 fo-
1d os.

Idem Willelmus tenet 7 hidas in Nawesherie, Terra eft 14 carucatarum. In dominio
funt doz, &8 villani cum presbytero, & 2 fochamanni , & 11 bordarii habent 3 caruca-
tas. Ibi 8 acra prati ; valuic 20 folidos, modo é6o folidos.

In CovLesTREYV Hundred.

Idem Willelmns tenet 3 hidas, & dimid. in Cortenbale, de hac Terra funt duz hide in
dominio una virgata minus. Terra eft 9 carucatarum. In dominio funt due carucate
cum 1 fervo & 12 villani cum 1 bordario & presbytero habent 7 carucatas . Ibi molinum
de 12 denariis, & 4 acra pradi, filva 2 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis lata valuit 4
libras, modo ¢ libras, )

Idem #illelmus tenet 3 hidas, & dimid. in Blidefworde. Terraelt 9 carucatarum ; de hac
Terra {une in dominio 2 hide 1 virgata minus ; & ibi funt 2 carucatx, & 1» villani & 6
bordarii habent 7 carucatas. [bj molinum de 2 folidis, & 4 acrz prati, filva 1a quaren-
tenis longa, & 8 quarentenis lata, valuit 3 libras, modo 4 libras, Omnes has Terras te-
nuit Girda, tempore Regis Edwardi, cum faca & foca. Tit

In ALwArRDESLE A Hundred,
Pagen tenet de Willelmo 2 hidas in Bercheby. Terra eft § carucaarum. In dominio fun

duz cum 1 fervo, & 10 villani, & 3 borderii, cum 3 carucacis. Ibi 6 acre prati , filva 6
perticis longa, & 4 lata, valuit 30 folidos, modo 60 folidos,

In GRAVESENDE Hundred.

Mem tenet 4 hidas in Careshi, Terra eft 8 carucacarum. In dominio funt duz, & 2
fervi, & 1 ancilla, & 17 villani cum presbytero, & 8 bordarii habent 6 carucatas. Ibz
2 molina de 16 denariis, & 4 acra prati, de hac Terra tenet 1 miles 1 hidam , & habet 2
Carucatas, totum valuit 40 folidos, modo 4 libras,  Girda libere tenuit. ’

Cra SLE A Hundred.

Idem tenet dimid hidx quintam partem minus in Aiefhille; vata eft,
(kh )
\

29

 
 

NoOoRTHANTONES CIR TL

 

 

InRovewkLuLi Hundred.

: : ie :
i i  unam virgatam Terre in Deisourg. Terra eft 3
us tenet de Willelmo 1 hidam, & un 3 n , Deisbur 3
: in od In dominio funt due, & 3 fervi,& 1 ancilla,& 11 villani,& 8 bordarii cum
ig & dimid. Ibi molinum de 2 folidis ; filva 2 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarente-
i valuit & valet 40 folidos. ; :
py Li 1 hidam & dimid. & tertiam partem 1 virgatz in Cailmare. Terra eft 4 ca-
wr In dominio funt due, & 7 villani, & 2 bordarii habent 2 carucatas, In eadem
ng virgatam, qua vafia eft, hac reddit Geld in Marminworde, valuic ¢ folidos,
oli ; i tenuit.
o {olidos. Ofmundus libere ithe : :
eh tenet de Willelmo x virgatamTerra, & dimid. in Bofiele, foca pertinet ad Hechanr,
Terra eft dimid. carucatz, & tantundem ibi eft, valet 5. folidos. ; ” .
Euffachius tenet de Willelmo dimid. hide inHaregrave, foca pertinet ad Hecham. errae
arucats hxc ibi eft cum 2 bordariis, valet 68 denariis. Ailricus libere tenuit. 4
1 Bio wnat de Willelmo, Harpol, 2 hidas & dimid. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In Gomis
funt oi & 14 villani cum presbytero, & § bordarii haben 4 carucatas & ¢ mid, Ibi
hn prati & 10 acrz filva, valuit 30 folidos, modo 40 folidos. Idem libere tenui,
10 4d ably
cis Edwardi. : A
gu 91% — I Frida, & 1 virgatam terre in Raueneftorp. Terra eft 3 carucatarum, has
ban ibi 3 fochamanni, & 3 villani, & ¢ bordarii, ibi 3 acrz prati, valuic 10 folidos,
folidos. melas :
lau 2 hidas in Teche. Terra eft 4 carucatarum, has habent. Ibi 4 fochamanni,
& 2 villani, & 4 bordarii ; ibi 1 acra prati, valuit ro folidos, modo 20 folidos. 0
2 dem tenet 3 virgatas Terra, & dimid. in Cofa. Terra eft 3 carucatarum. In dominio
funt dux, & 3 fervi, & 1 ancilla, & 1 villanus, & 4 bordarii habent dimid. carucatam.
3 .
i i idiz, & tl,
linum de 4 folidis, & 4 acra prati. : it
To ert i per iint, in Tormberie 1 hida de foca. Terra eft 2 carucatarum ; ibi eft
arucata, & 4 acrz prati. = ;
: re Minervie A 3 tr Terre. Terra eft 1 carucatz, hanc habet ibi 1 fochaman
A nicedme eft x virgata Terrz & dimid. Terra eft 1 carucatx 5 Ibi eft 1 fochamannus
habens dimid. carucatam. In Efebieft 1 virgata Terrz, & dimid. Terra eft 1 carucar ;
1bi eft 1 fochamannes cum dimid. carucata. In Nortor eft dimid. hida: Terra eft 1 caruca-
tz ; hanc habertibi 1 fochamannus, & 2 acre prati. In Hollewelle eft 1 virgata Terre:
TIA imi habet ibi 1 fochamannus.
rra eft dimid. carucat®, hanc ha i : oe Ta li
manerium in Core cum appendicis valuit quando recepit 15 folidos, modo 30 fo
lidos. Palas : ‘ a oo
Robertus tenet de Willelmo dimid. hidam in Zormdberie, foca pertinet ad Nawvesberie. Ter
ra eft dimid. carucatz, vafta eft.

In W i MERSsSLEA Hundred.

Robertus tenct de Willddmo in Hobtone 1 hidam, & dimid. virgate Terre & 2 Cn
Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio funt dux , & 4 fervi, & 15 ¥illani , & 6 bo ia
habent 2 carucatas ; Ibi 10 acre prati, filva 3 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis lata,
valuit & valet 40 folidos. Ofmundus libere tenuit.

In CLaiLEa Hundred.

Robertus tenet de Willehmo 3 hidas, & dimid. hidam, & quintam partem dimid. iii in
Pirie. ‘Terra eft 9 carucatarum. In dominio funt duzx, 7 ms 18 Spa, x7 oF
darii cum presbytero, habent 7 carucatas. Ibi molinum de 26 ing  Jutasin &
10 acre prati, filva 2 quarentenis longa, & 4 quarentenis & 2 perticis lata, valuic & valet

i yitda libere tenuit. :
4 We Terre, & dimid. in Gileshurg de idm. ‘ Ta eft I in
tz, & dimid. ibi eft ipfa in dominio, & 2 fervi, & 2 et 3 Por ii cum dimid.
carucata, ibi 4 acra prati; valuit 6 folidos, modo 3ofolidos. Gitda libere renuit,

In Fox ve A Hundred.

Walterus tenet de Willelmo 2 hidas in Baculveflea. ‘Terraeft § carucatarum. In dominio
funt 2, & 2 fervi, & 2 villani cum 2 carucatis, ibi molinum de 5 folidis, & I aera prati,
filva 2 quarentenis longa, & x quarentend lata; valuit 10 folidos, modo 40 {olidos.

Turftis

 

Neo THANT ONESC IRE 31
Tur ftinus tenet de Willeimo dimid. hidam , & dimid. virga
foca de alio Cortenbale manerium Willehmi. Terra eft 1 ca
& valet 6 folidos.
Ambrofius tenet de Willdhmo 4 hidas in Molitone, Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio
funt 2, & 3 fervi, & 4 villani, & ¢ bordarii cum 2 carucatis, ibi 6 acre prati; valuit, &
valet 4 libras. Has Terras libere tenuit Gitda Tempore Regis Edward;

tam Terrz in Cortenbale, & cft
rucatx, dimid. carucata ibi eft,

Tova Wrrvrer m1 Fil ANscuLFL

In Wicevea Hundred.

Willelmus filius Anfeulfs, & Robertus de eo tenet dimid. hidam in Zolihorp. Terra eft 4
caracatarum : Rex inde habet focam. In dominio eft una > & 12 villani, & 15 bordarii
habent 3 carucatas, ibi 4 molina de 40 folidis, & 20 acrz prati, 18 fochamanni tenue-
rune ; valuit 4o folidos, modo roo folidos.

It OrroENGRA VE Hundred,

Otberus tenet de Willelmo 3 hidas in Bermac. Terra eft § carucacarum. In dominio eft
una, & 2 fervi, & rg villani, & 2 bordarii, 1 fochamannus habet 4 carucatas, ibi rz acre
prati, filva 2 quarcntenis longa, & 1 lata ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 4 libras. Bundi libere
tenuit,

Radulfus tenet de Willelmo 3 hidas in Brommic. Terraeft 3 carucatarum. In dominio eft
una, & ro villani, & 3 bordarii habent 3 carucatas, filva ibi 1 leuva longa, & dimid. leuva
laa ; valuit, & valer 40 folidos. Brictus tenuit.

-n ’ . : r . .

Willhmus filius Malger tence de Willelmo x hidam in Waure,. Terra eft » carucatarum,
In dominio eft una cum 1 villano, ibi 4 acra prati, filva 1 quarentena longa, & dimid.
quarentend laea 5 valuit, & valet 1o folidos. Uluvinmus libere tenuic Tempore Regis Ed-
wardi ; fic, & alii.

Teva Wirrteimr Lov.
In Story arp Hundred,
oveth tenet de Rege tertiam partem 1 virgate Terre, vafta fuit, & eft.
Terra War TERT de Amcourt,
In GRAVESEN DE Hundred,

Walterns de Amcourt tenet de Rege 3 hidas, & dimid. in Brandeffone. Terra eft 9 caru-
catarum. In dominio funt 4 carucate, & 13 villani, & 4 bordarii habent 4 carucaas, ibi

molinum de 2 folidis, & 8 acra prati, & 1 acra filve; valuic 20 folidos, modo 4 libras, &
1o folidos. Zuri libere tenuir.

Willelmus I

Terra W ALTERII FLANDRENSIS,

In RovewerL LE Hundred,

Walserius Flandrenfis tenet de Rege dimid. hidam in P
Dodmus tenet de Walterio, ibi eft x carucata
4 folidos. Levenot tenuit.

Pipewelle. Terra eft 1 carucae.
cum 2 bordariis,& ¢ acra filvae ; valuit, & valet

In GisLEBURG Hundred,

Idem tenet de Willelmo 1 hidam, & 1 virgatam Terr in Coteshroc. "Terra eft 2 caru-
caarum, & dimid. In dominio eft 1, & 4 fervi, & 1 ancilla, & presbyter, & 10 villani,

& yg bordarii cum 1 carucata, & dimid. bi molinum de 12 denariis 5 valuit xo folidos,
modo 30 folidos.

Idem

 
 

NORTHANTONESCIRE

 

JuRovewkEL LE Hundred.

5 ; iy :
te Willelmo 1 hidam, & unam virgatam Terre in Deisourg. Terra eft 3
Tus tenet AC Vike 3 " 1 : a A
vif In dominio {unt due, & 3 fervi,& 1 ancilla,& rr villani,& 8 bordarii cum
: carucata & dimid. Ibi molinum de 2 folidis ; filva 2 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarente-
i valuit & valet 40 folidos. ; ; : :
Aes tenet 1 hidam & dimid. & tertiam partem 1 virgata in Cailmare. Terra eft 4 ca-
: am. In dominio funt duz, & ~ villani, & 2 bordarii habent 2 carucaras. In eadem
LY virgatam, que vafta eft, hxc reddit Geld in Marninworde, valuit § folidos,
oli fr ibere tenuit.
o {olidos. Ofmundus libere dan : :
RR tenet de Willelmo x Sigua ers, | & dimid. eR, foca pertinet ad Hechanr.
eft dimid. © ndem ibi eft, valet § folidos.
a eft dimid. carucatz, & tantundem s .
i achius tenet de Willelmo dimid. hidz inHaregrave, foca pertinet ad Hecham. Terra eft
EA hac ibi eft cum 2 bordariis, valet 68 denariis, Ailricus libere tenuit. rd
’ Bile rence de Willelmo, Harpol, 2 hidas & dimid. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. in Jamie
{unt ih & 1. villani cum presbytero, & § bordarii habent 4 carucatas & dimid. Ibi
re prati & 10 acrz filva, valuit 30 {olidos, modo 40 folides. Idem libere tenuit,
10 “ly .
ec re Regis Edwardi. ! a
rg — 1 hidam, & 1 virgatam terrx in Raueneftorp. Terra eft 3 a 5
: a sip aluit 10 foli
habent ibi 3 fochamanni, & 3 villani, & § bordarii, ibi 3 acrz prati, valu ’
o folidos. : A :
Te tenet 2 hidas in Teche. Terra eft 4 carucatarum, has habent. Ibi 4 fochamanni,
8 2 villani, & 4 bordarii; ibi 1 acra prati, valuit ro folidos, m2do 20 folidos. ix
Tdem tenet 3 virgatas Terra, & dimid. in Cofa. Terra eft 3 carucatarum. In dominio
funt dux, & 3 fervi, & 1 ancilla, & 1 villanus, & 4 bordarii habent dimid. carucatam.
> .
i i dis, & 4 rat.
olinum de 4 folidis, & 4 acra p § in
pr Rt eine in Tornberie 1 hida de foca. Terra eft 2 carucatarum j ibi eft
< ati. 2
y carucata , & 4 acra pra FA
In Minervie funt 3 virgate Terre. Terra eft 1 carucatz , hanc habet ibi 1 fc

nf Bodome eft 1 virgata Terre & dimid. Terra eft 1 carucatz ; Ibi eft 1 fochamannus
habens dimid. carucatam. In Efebieft 1 virgata Terre, & dimid. Terra eft Y Satu ;
1bi eft 1 fochamannus cum dimid. carucata. In Nortot eft dimid. hida: Terra eft r caruca-
tx : hanc habetibi x fochamannus, & 2 acrx prati. In Hollewelle eft 1 virgata Terre:
Terra eft dimid. carucate, hanc habet ibi x fochamannus. : wie] a.

Totum manerium in Core cum appendicis valuit quando recepit 1§ folidos, modo 30 {o
i Se . . . . - . v ” pd ” "
gi 1 Py tenet de Willelmo dimid. hidam in Torncherie, foca pertinet ad Nawesberie. Ter
ra eft dimid. carucatz, vafta eft.

In WiMERSLEA Hundred.

Robertus tenet de Willelmo in Hobtone x hidam, & dimid. virgatz Terre, & 2 Shr
Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio funt due , & 4 fervi. & 15 villani , & Si
habent 2 carucatas ; Ibi ro acra prati, filva 3 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentents lata,
valuit & valet 40 folidos. Ofmundus libere tenuit.

Jn CLaiLEa Hundred

Robertus tenet de Willehmo 3 hidas, & dimid. hidam, & quintam us Sus in
Pirie. ‘Terra eft 9 carucararum. In dominio funt du, £7 fey 18 il: ah or
darii cum presbytero, habent 7 carucatas. Ibi molinum de 26 0 ng : fuged a3
yo acra prati, filva 2 quarcntens longa, & 4 quarentenis & 2 perticis lata, valuit & valet

i yitda libere tenuit. » .
4 Terrz, & dimid. in Gileshurg de Walid. 5 Tera eft 1 Sheet,
te, & dimid. ibi eft ipfa in dominio, & 2 fervi, & 2 gh 3 pordsk cum dimid.
carucata, ibi 4 acre prati; valuit 6 folidos, modo 3ofolidos. Girda libere tenuit.

In Fox vi A Hundred.

1 dominic
Walterus tenet de Willelmo 2 hidas in Baculveflea. "Terra id oi Indomina
> - - . . . yo. . » i I # r
funt 2, & 2 fervi, & 2 villani cum 2 carucatis, ibi olin $2 i 3 50m prati,
filva 2 quarentenis longa, & x quarentend lata ; valuit ro folidos, 4 d

“Turlti
rij
Aur

 

NORTHANTONESCIRE

Tur ftinus tenet de Willdmo dimid. hidam, & dimid. virgatam Terrz in Cortenbale, & eft
foca de alio Cortenbale manerium Willelmi. Terra eft x carucate, dimid. carucara ibi eft,
& valet 6 folidos.

Ambrofius tenet de Willelmo 4 hidas in Molitone, Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio
funt 2, & 3 fervi, & 4 villani, & § bordarii cum 2 carucatis, ibi 6 acrz prati; valuit, &
valet 4 libras. Has Terras libere tenuit Gitda Tempore Regis Edwardi,

Terra W iLrnenmi Filii ANscuLFL

In Wicevea Hundred.

Willelmus filius Anfculfi, 8& Robertus de eo tenet dimid. hidam in Zolthorp. Terra eft 4
carucatarum : Rex inde habet focam. In dominio eft una, & 12 villani, & 1g bordarii
habent 3 carucatas, ibi 4 molina de 40 folidis, & 20 acre prati, 18 fochamanni tenue-
rune ; valuit 40 folidos, modo roo folidos.

In Op TOoENGRAVE Hundred.

Otherus tenet de Willelmo 3 hidas in Bermac, Terra eft §¢ carucatarum. In dominio eft
una, & 2 fervi, & ry villani, & 2 bordarii, 1 fochamannus habet 4 carucatas, ibi 12 acre
prati, filva 2 quarentenis longa, & 1 lata; valuit ro folidos, modo 4 libras. Bundi libere
tenuit.

Radulfus tenet de Willelmo 3 hidas in Brommic. ‘Terraeft 5 carucatarum. In dominio eft
una, & ro villani, & 3 bordarii habent 3 carucatas, filva ibi 1 leuva longa, & dimid. leuva
lata ; valuit, & valer 40 folidos. Briétus tenuit.

Willelmus filius Malger tenct de Willelmo 1 hidam in Waure. Terra eft 2 carucatarum,
In dominio eft una cum 1 villano, ibi 4 acre prati, filva 1 quarenteni longa, & dimid.
quarentend lata ; valuit, & valet 10 folidos. Uluvinus libere tenuic Tempore Regis Ed-
wardi 5 fic, & alii.

Terra Wirreimi Lov.
In Story arp Hundred.
Willelmus Loveth tenet de Rege tertiam partem 1 virgate Terrz, vafta fuit, & eft.
Terra War ter de Amcourt.

In GRAVESEN DE Hundred,

Walterns de Amcourt tenet de Rege 3 hidas, & dimid. in Brandeffone. Terra eft 9 caru-
catarum. Ia dominio funt 3 carucate, & 13 villani, & 4 bordarii habent 4 carucatas, ibi

molinum de 2 folidis, & 8 acrz prati, & 1 acra filva; valuit 20 folidos, modo 4 libras, &
10 folidos. Zori libere tenuit,

Terra WALTERII FLANDRENSIS.

In Rovewer LE Hundred

Walterius Flandrenfis tenet de Rege dimid. hidam in Pipewelle. Terra eft 1 carucate.

Dodmus tenet de Walterio, ibi eft x carucata cum 2 bordariis,& ¢ acrz filva ; valuit, & valet
4 folidos. Lewvenot tenuit.

In GisvLeBuRra Hundred.

Idem tenet de Willelmo 1 hidam, & 1 virgatam Terrz in Cotesbroc, Terra eft 2 caru-
catarum, & dimid. In dominio eft 1, & 4 fervi, & 1 ancilla, & presbyter, & 10 villani,

& 5 bordarii cum 1 carucata, & dimid. ibi molinum de 12 denariis ; valuic xo folidos,
modo jo folidos.

Idem

 
 

 

0
=

2

a

NoORTHANTONESCIRE

Tdem tenet de Willelmo 2 virgatas Terre, & 1 bovatam Terra in Habtone 3 valuit 4 {olidos.
Fuleberus tenet de Willelmo 4 hidas, & x virgatam Terra in Langeport. Terra eft 2 caru-
catarum, has habent ibi 12 villani, & 7 bordarii, ibi 4 acrz prati, & fraximetum, & 1 qua-

A Z 1 a 3 libras.
rentend longa, & 1 quarentend lata ; valet 4
Idem tenet de Willelmo 2 hidas, & dimid. in Widmale. Terra eft 2 carucatarum ; has
habent ibi, & 10 villani, & 5 bordarii cum presbytero, habent 3 carucaras, ibi 1 fervus,
& 1 ancilla, & 7 acra prati, filva 2 quarentenis longa, & 1, & dimid. lata; valuit, & va-
let 40 folidos.

In SPE LEHOT Hundred.

Idem tenet de illelmo 3 hidas, & 1 virgatam Terrz in Pitesford. Terra eft 7 carucata-
rum. In dominio eft una, & 2 fervi, & 16 villani, & 9 bordarii habent carucatam ; ibi
molinum de 12 denariis ; valuit, & valet 70 folidos. :

Otbertus tenet de Willelmo » hidas in Hortone. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio funt
2, & 6 villani, & 4 bordarii habent 2 carucatas, ibi 2 fervi, & molinum de 12 denariis,
& 12 acrx prati, filva 3 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis lata; valuit xo folidos, modo
30 folidos.

In TouEcEsTRE Hundred.

{dem tenet de Willelmo 4 Lidas in Evelai. Terra eft 10 carucatarum. In dominio funt
4 cum 1 fervo, & 11 villani, & § bordarii habent 4 carucatas, ibi 2 molinum de 20 foli-
dis, & § acra prati ; valuic 40 folidos, modo 4 libras.
ok ; Tt p fA a
Hugo tenet de Willedmo 2 hidas, & dimid. in Afcebi. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In do-
minio eft una carucata, & 4 fervi, & 9 villani, & 3 bordarii habent 3 carucatas, & 12 acre
prati ; valuit 40 folidos, modo 4 libras.

In OcsorLpELSsTOU Hundred.

Otbertus tenet de Willelmo 2 hidas in Ewvelai. Terra eft § carucatarum, ibi funt 4 caru-
cate cum 10 villanis, & § bordarii ; valuit 30 folidos, modo 4o folidos.

In Su To NE Hundred.
Idem tenet 1 hidam , & dimid. & quintam partem dimid. hide de Willdlmo. Terra eft
4 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & dimid. cum 1 fervo, & § villani, & 3 bordarii
habentes 1 carucatam, & dimid. ibi molinum de 2 folidis ; valuit 20 folidos, modo 4o fo-
lidos. Hac Terra pertinet ad Evelai,

In TouEcEsTRE Hundred,

Godumus tenet de Willelmo 2 hidas ad Ecclefiam de Pafchelle inHecham. ‘Terra eft 5 caruca-
tarum. In dominio eft una carucata, & 9 villani cum presbytero, & 3 bordarii habent 2
carucatas ; valuit 40 folidos, modo 20 folidos.

In Pluntune Leuenot tenet de Willelmo 1 hidam. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio
eft una, & 2 fervi, & 6 villani cum 3 carucatis, ibi 4 acra prati ; valuit, & valet 40 folidos.

In Gr aVesEN DE Hundred

Godumus Hugo tenet de Willelmo 1 hidam, & dimid. & quintam partem dimid. hid.
Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 carucatz, & 2 fervi, & 8 villani, & 3 bor
darii habent 2 carucatas, ibi 2 acra fpineti ; valuit, & valet 40 folidos.

Gildre tenet de Willdhmo 2 hidas in Anicfcote, & dimid. hidam habet ipfe facam,& focam,&
Rex de 1 hida, & dimid. Terra eft § carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 carucate, & 8
villani cum 1 bordario habent 2 carucatas; valuit 15 folidos, modo 30 folidos.

In WiMERES LE A Hundred.

Winemarus tenet de Willelmo 2 hidas, & dimid. in Wetone. ‘Terra eft 7 carucatarum. In
dominio funt 2, & 2 fervi, & 15 villani, & 7 bordarii cum § carucatis, ibi 4 acrx prac ;
valuit, & valet 4 libras. In

 

 

NORTHANTONESCIRE

In C Lat LEA Hundred.

Hugo tenet de Willelmo 4 hidas, & quintam partem 1 hide. Terra eft 8 carucatarim
in dominio funt duz, cum 1 fervo, & ancilla, & 17 villani, & § bordarii habent 6 caru-
catas. Ibi 36 acre prati ; filva 3 quarentenis longa; & 3 quarentenis & dimid. & 10 per-
ticis lata , valuic 40 folidos, modo go folidos. Has Terras tenuit libere Lewenor, tem oh
Regis Edwardi. Et poterat ire quo volebat. op

Idem Walterius tenet de Rege 8 hidas in pafehelle ; de his habet in dominio 2 hidas. Ter-
ra eft 20 carucatarum. In dominio funt duz, & 2 fervi & ancilla, & 22 villani, & 6 bor-
darii habent 12 carucatas. Ibi 2 molina de 32 denariis, valuit ro libras quando recepit
modo 100 folidos, Leueno tenuit. Bs

Terra WiNEMARL

_ Winemarus tenet de Rege dimid. hidam, & quintam partem 1 virgatz Terr in Couefgrave,
Terra eft 1 carucatz & dimid. In dominio eft una cum 3 bordariis. Ibi molinum de 30
folidis, & § acra prati, filva 3 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentegis lata, valait 10 folidos,
modo 20 folidos. Alden libere tenuit.

In H Ec uam Hundred.

Idem tenet 2 hidas, & 3 virgatas Terre. Terra eft ¢ carucatarum. In dominio funt
3 carucatz, & 4 fervi, & ro villari cum presbytero, & r bordarius , & 1 franfigerus, ha-
bent 2 carucatas. Ibi molinum de 8 denariis, & 20 acrz prati, filva 4 quarentenis longa
& 2 quarentenis lata, valuit 30 folidos, modo 6o folidos. 6 liberi Fomines tenuerunt,
tempore Regis Edwardi. Unus eorum Ofgotas vocabatur, cujus partem Terrz calumniat
Judita Comitifla.

Idem Willelmus tenet 3 virgatas Terra in Hantone. Terra eft 1 carucatz & dimid. In
dominio eft r carucata, & 4 villani cum ¢ bordariis, habent r carucatam, ibi 3 acre prati
valuit & valet 10 folidos. SN — :

In CrLatrtsiw ND Hundred.

Dodinus tenet de Winemaro x hidam, & 4 partes 1 virgatz in Afce. Terra eft 2 carucata-
tarum. In dominio eft 1 cum 1 fervo, & 1 villano, & s bordarii habent 2 carucatas. Ibi
§ acra prati, filva 6 quarentenis longa, & 4 quarentenis lata , valuit 8 folidos, modo 12
folidos. Alden tenuic libere, tempore Regis’ Edwardi. Dodinus non habet nifi decimam
partem hujus Terre.

Bondi tenet 4 partes dimid. hide de Winemaro in eadem villa. Terra eft 1 carucarz
Tbi eft 1 bordarius, valet 4 folidos. Idem Aldem libere tennit, tempore Regis E Zoards.

Maiuf tenet de Willelmo 2 virgatas Terre & dimid. Terra eft 1 carucate : hac ibi eft in
dominio, & 6 villani cum dimid. carucata, valuit 10 folidos, modo 20 folidos, Alricus &
Siwerdus libere tenuerunt, tempore Regis Edwardi, : :

Terra W 1poN 1s de Reinbcurt.

In NevEsrLoN bp Hundred.

Wido de Reinbuidcurt tenet de Rege 8 hidas & dimid. in Burrone, Ibi tempore Regis Ed

. ren - . “ul - ad ie mh ft
wardi fuerunt 14 carucatze, de hac Terra {unt in dominio Pp

fervo, & 2r villani, & 18 bordarii habent 9 carucatas ; ibi 2 molina de 26 folidis, & ao

3 hide; ibi 3 carucatz cui 1
i2
acra prati, & dimid. acra filva, valuit 40 folidos, modo 6 libras,

In W ARE poN E Hundred.

Idem tenet 2 hidas, &3 virgatas Terre. Terra eft 6 carucatarum & dimid. De hac
L'érra eft dominio 1 hida, & 1bi 3 carucare, & 14 villani cum presbyrero, & 2 bordarit
habent § carucatas. Ibi 2 molina de 36 folidis, & 20 acris prati, valuic roo folidos, mo-
do 8 libras. 7ofti libere tenuit. Burton tenuit Radulfus,

(1) 1dem

 
aif

af

er

* Jo

1
|
|
|
¥

 

NORTHANTONESCIRE

 

In GisvLEBURG Hundred. € dimid.

Idem Willelmus tenet 2 hidas dimid. virgatam minus in Stanford, & Abbas Benediftus
emir ab eo. Terra eft 5 carucatarum ; ibi funt 17 villani cum presbytero , & 4 bordarii
habentes 4 carucatas ; ibi 8 acra prati, valuit 20 folidos, modo 4o folidos, Leuric libere
tenuit, tempore Regis Edwardi.

In Or pMBARO Hundred.

Norgiot tenet de Willelmo 1 hidam in Hargedone. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio
eft una, cum 1 fervo, & ancilla, & 4 viliani, cum 1 bordario habent 1 carucatam. Ibi
molinum de 8 {olidis, & 2 acre prati, valuit § folidos, modo 20 folidos. Agar libere
tenuit.

Radulfus tenet de Willlmo 1 hidam & 2 virgatas Terra, & dimid. in Ifham. Terra eft 3
carucatarum. In dominio eftr cum 1 fervo, & 7 villani cum 1 bordario habent 2 caru-
catas. Ibi molinum de 10 folidis, & § acra prati, valuic § folidos, modo 40 folidos.
Eluninus filius Ulf libere tenuit, tempore Regis Edwardi, De hac Terra 1 virgata , & di-
mid. & 3 hortulos caluminat Epifcopus Conffantienfis.

In Hocuesvrav Hundred.

Picot & Lamdicus, & Ogerus tenent de Widome in Aldenincle § hid. Terra eft 9 carucata-
rum. In dominio funt 3 carucatz, & 3 fervi, & 16 villani, & ¢ bordarii habent § caru-
catas. Ibi molinum de 6 folidis, & xo acre prati, filva 16 quarentenis longa, & 8 qua-
rentenis lata, valet so folidos inter omnes. Leffi libere tenuit, tempore Regis Edward,

In Stor¥ ALD Hundred.

Walterius tenet de Willelmo 2 hidas & dimid. & tertiam partem 1 virgata in Solebi , foca
pertinet ad Stanford. Ibi habet « carucatam in dominio, & 7 fochamanni cum 6 bordariis
habent 2 carucatas, valuet & valet 40 folidos. Lenric libere tennit.

Odelinus tenet de Willelmo 3 virgatas Terre in Craneford. Terra eft 3 carucatarum. In
dominio eft una, & 1 villanus, & 5 bordarii habent 2 carucatas, valet 20 folidos.

Norgiot tenet de Willelmo 3 virgatas Terre, & dimid. in Cugenbo. Terra eft 3 carucata-
rum. In dominio funt duz, & 8 villani habent 1 carucatam. Ibi molinum de 13 folidis,
& ro acre prati; filva dimid leuvd longa, & x quarentena lata, valuit 10 folidos, 30 foli-
dos. Edumus libere tenuic, tempore Regis Edwardi,

In GisveBvu rc Hundred. & Dimid,

Turchill tenet de Willelmo 3 partes 1 virgate Terra in Eltedone. Terra eft 3 bovatarum,
has habent, ibi 2 bordarii arantes, valuic & valet 2 folidos.

Terra Ev po Nis Filii Hubert:
In CorBe 1 Hundred,

Eudo filius Huberti tenet de Rege 2 hidas & dimid. in Wacherlei. Terra eft 6 carucatarum
de hac Terra cft dominio r hida, & ibi 2 carucatze, & 4fervi, & 16 villani cum presby
tero, & 4 bordarii habent 4 carucaras. Ibi molinum de ¢ folidis, & 12 acrx prati, filva 1
leuva longa, & 4 quarentenis lata, valuit 20 folidos, modo § folidos.

In O pTONECRENE Hundred.

Rolland tenet de Eudone 1 hidam & dimid in Effome. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. Ibi fo-
chamanni 5 habent 3 carucatas, & 8 acra prati, filva 3 quarentenis longa, & una lata, va-
luit 2 folidos, modo 30 folidos. Hac terra eft fanci Petri de Burg.

Rolland

 

NORTHANTONESCIRE

 

Rolland tenet de Eudone 1 hidam & dimid. in Effome. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In do-
minio funt 3 carucara, &4 fervi, & 15 villani cum 3 bordariis habene 3 carucatas. 1bi
molinum de 20 {olidis, & 8 acre prati, filva 3 quarentenis lata, valuit 20 {olidos » modo
6 libros. Drondus libere tenuit, Tempore Regis Edward,

Terra GuiLoNis Fratris ANscuL FL
In Fox LEvu Hundred.

Gilo tenet de Rege 3 hidas in Wedone. Terra 7 carucatarum, & dimid. In dominio
funt 3 carucate, & 9 fervi, & 6 ancille, ibi 1 miles, & 13 villani, & 6 bordarii habent 4
carucatas, & dimid. ibi molinum de 2 folidis, & 6 acra prati; valuit 40 folidos, modo 40
folidos. Fregift, & Siuvard tenuerunt. ? fT

Goiffidus tenet de Gilone 1 hidam, & dimid. in Mortone. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In
dominio funt 3 carucate, & § fervi, & 14 villani, & 3 bordarii cum 1 carucatis, ibi 20
acra prati; valuit 8 libras, modo 4 libras, Leuric tenuit. : ?

Goduwmus tenet de Gilone dimid. hidam in Selveffone, Terra eft 1 carucate ; ibi funt 2
villani, & 3 acraz prati, filva x leuvd, & dimid. longa, & 1 leuvi lara. Qua pars hujus
filve pertinet ad hanc Terram ; valuit 2 folidos, modo 5 folidos.  Siuw.irdus libere tenuit.

In TovEeEcEsT RE Hundred.

Ipfe Gilotenet 2 hidas in Wapebam de hac Terra funt 3 virgatz Terrz in dominio, Terra
eft § carucatarum. In dominio funt 2, & 9 fervi, & 3 ancille, & 1+ villani, & 8 bor-
darii cum prethyserc habent 3 carucatas, ibi molinum de 4 folidis, & 5 acra prati, filva
11 quarentenis longa, & 6 lata ; valuit 100 folidos, modo 4 libras.  Sewvrick, & Siwvard
libere tenuerunt.

In Av eovLpEsToN Hundred

Ipfe Gilo tenet 2 hidas in Same. Terra eft 5 carucatarum, de hac Terra func 3 virgatz
in dominio, & ibi 2 carucatz, & 4 fervi, & 2 ancillz, & 11 villani cum bordario habent
3 carucatas, ibi molinum de 2 folidis.

Ad hoc manerium jacent 4 partes 1 hide, in Swtome Hund. Terra eft 2 carucararum
ibi eft x homo habens r carucatam; totidem valuit go folidos, modo 6o folidos. i

Landricus tenet de Gilone 2 hidas, & 4 partes dimid. hida in Brime. Terra eft 6 caruca-
tarum. In dominio funt 2 carucata, & 2 fervi, & 3 ancille, & 6 villani cum presbytero
habent 2 carucatas, ibi molinum de 32 denariis, & 4 acra prati ; valuit 40 folidos, modo
6o folidos. Leuric libere tenuit.

Ingelramus tenet de Gilone 2 hidas in Trorp. Terra eft § carucatarum. In dominio eft
una, & 6 villani, & 3 bordarii habent 2 carucatas; valuic 40 folidos, modo so folides.
Ofmundus Danus libere tenuit.

Hugo, & Landricus tenet de Gilome 2 hidas in Storeberie. Terraeft 5 carucatarum. In do-
minio eft 1, & 2 fervi, & 5 villani, & 3 bordarii, & alii 3 homines cum 1 carucata, filva
3 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis lata ; valuit 30 folidos, modo 40 folidos. O/mundus
libere tenuit. :

Goifridus & Robertus tenent 2 hidas de Gilone in Effwelle. Terra eft § carucatarum.
dominio funt 2 cum 1 fervo, & 8 villani, & 3 carucatz, ibi molinum de 12 denarii
acrx prati, filva 6 quarentenis longa, & 1 quarentena lata, & 5 particis lata; valuit, &
valet 40 folidos. Leuric, & Alurie tenuerunt.

Goifridus tenet de Gilome dimid. hidam in Sigrefham. Terra eft 1 carucate, & 1 bovats.
In dominio eft carucata, & 3 villani; waluit, & valet ro folidos. Lewric libere tenuit.

In WarevpoN Hundred

Ipfe Gilo tenet 4 hidas in Swlgrave, & Hugo, & Landricus, & Otbertus de eo. Terra ef
10 carucatarum. In dominio funt 3 carucatx cum 1 fervo, & 20 villani, & 6 bordarii
habent ¢ carucatas, ibi 8 acrz prati; valuit 9 libras, modo + libras, 4 homines renuerune
fed defcendere non potuerunt, quia foca hujus Terre ad Waredine,

 
 

NORTHANTONESCIRE

Terra GOEFFRIDI ALSELM:

In CorLesTRr EW Hundred.

i imid. in Middeltome, & Willelmus tenet de eo.
ifvidus Alfelm tenet de Rege 3 hidas, & dimid. in Midde r
oii 3 a, In dominio eft una, & 16 villani cum presbytero, & § borda-
Jari habent 6 carucatas, ibi molinum de 30 denariis, & ro acra prati, filva 3 quarentenis
a, & 2 quarentenis & dimid. lata. : ; y
ie ertinent 2 hide in Colentres una virgata minus. Terra eft 4 carucatarum,
¢ ibi i, & ¢ villani, ibi 3 acre prati.
s habent ibi 2 fochamanni, & § villani, i i
bach > orp eft dimid. hida pertinet ad Mideltone. Terra eft 1 carucata, qua ibi eft cum 1
i it 4 i libras.
illano, totum valuit 4 libras, medo 6 t ; ali:
y re tenet dimid. hidam de Gilone in eadem villa. Terra 1 carucatz A ike foi
eft ; "valuit 5 folidos, modo 8 folidos, de hac dimid. hida tantummodo habet #ilelmus {o-
cam: Totam hanc Terram tenet Zochi cum faca & foca.

Terra Go1r¥r1D1 de Mannevile.

In Suto NE Hundred.

Goiffridus de Mamnevile tenet de Rege Aienho 5 ibi funt 3 hide, x grit pars 1 ie.
Terrell 8 carucatarum ; ds hac Terra eft 1 hida, & § partes 1 hi x In Jominlo, & I i3
carucate, & 8 fervi, & 23 villani, & 9 bordarii cum § carucatis, ibi molinum de 10 oli-
dis, & 20 acre praci ; valuit 6 libras, modo 8 libras. Algar tenuit Tempore Regis Ed-

ardi. : : .

w Osbertus tenet de Goiffrido 1 hidam, & 2 partes 1 virgatx in Chiretone. Terraeft 3 caru-
atarum. In dominio eft una, & 3 fervi, & 10 villani cum x bordario, carucata, & di-
mid & molinum de 2 folidis; valuit, & valet 30 folidos, Saaclemus tenuit, & difcedere
n potuit. da :
no ons tenet de Goiffrido quintam partem dimid. hid in Crevelione Terra eft 2 bova-

tarum, ibi eft 1 villanus cum dimid. carucaca; valet 3 folidos. Agar libere tenuit,

In W AR EDpoNE Hundred.

Ultherus tenet de Goiffrido in Hintone 2 hidas. Terraefts carucatarum. In dominio funt
2 Cruciate & 2 fervi, & 10 villani, & 3 bordarii cum 3 carucatis, ibi molinum de 2 {oli-
arucata,

i i i i do 6o folidos.
¢ » acre prati ; valuit 40 folidos, mo on
di ee = de Goiffrido 6 hidas in Effone. Terra eft ro carucatarum. be dominio
" a - Ws . .. 1 ; 2
funt 3 carucatz, & § fervi, & 15 villani, & ¢ bordarii habent 6 carucatas, ibi 12 acre

prati ; valuit roo folidos, modo 6 libras.

In Ni1VEBOTLEGRAV&E Hundred,

Baldwinus tenet de Goiffrido dimid. hidam in Flera. Terra eft 1 carucat, hxc ibi eft cum
1 villano, & 2 fervis, & 4 acra prati, & de parte molini habet § folidos; valuit totidem
a” 3

5 folidos, modo 15 folidos.
In Foxesv Ee Hundred.

Ernaldus tenet de Goiffridus dimid. hidam in Silveffone. Terra eft 2 SHLERT, hxc
ibi eft cum 2 fervis, & 1 villano, & 1 bordario ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 20 folidos.
> Fidem manerio pertinent 2 hidz, & dimid. in Solebi. Terra efts carucatarum, vafta eft,
cotidem Tempore Regis Edwardi ; valuit 20 folidos, modo 6o folidos. Leuriclibere tenuit
Tempore Regis Edwardi, J ; ET
: i Gi iffridus tenet in Crec 4 hidas unam virgatam Terra minus. Terra eft 3 Saccate
rum. In dominio funt 3 carucatz, & 4 fervi, & 17 villani cum presbytero, & 6 ordac}
habent § carucatas, ibi 12 acre prati; valuit 30 folidos, modo 4 libras, & xo folidos;
huic Terrx adjacent 4 fochamanni, qui reddunt 10 denarios,

Terra

A

NORTHANTONESCIRE

Terra GuNFRI1DI de Cidches:
In Cor Ber Hundred.

Gunfridus de Cioches tenet de Rege dimid. hidam in Bofone. Terra eft 1 carucatz, hanc
habent ibi 2 villani cum 1 bordario; valuit, & valet 6 folidos.

Idem Gunfridus tenet in Newtone 3 virgatas Terra, & 1 bovatam, & tertiam partem 1
bovatz. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 4 villani cum 4 bordariis ha-
bent aliam, filva ibi dimid. quarenteni longa, & § perticis lata ; valuit, & valet 10 folidos.
Azur libere tenuit has duas Terras. :

In SpeveEuort Hundred

Idem tenet 3 hidas, & 1 virgatam Terre, & dimid. in Belinge, ‘Terra eft 7 carucata-
rum. In dominio funt 2, & 4 fervi, & 16 villani cum presbytero habent § carucartas, ibi
molinum de 2 folidis, & go acra prati ; valui 40 folidos, modo 70 folidos. Suam libere
tenuit.

Idem tenet in Welaveffone. Terra eft 10 carucatarum. In dominio funt 4, & 7 fer-
vi, & 22 villani cum presbytero, & 4 bordarii habent 6 carucatas, ibi molinum de s foli-
i) & 18 acr prari; valuit 3 libras, modo 10 libras. Quatuor Teini tenuerunt cum faca

z foca.

Idem tenet de Goiffrido 2 hidas in Hintone. Terra eft 3 carucataram. In dominio funt
2 carucate, & 2 fervi, & rr villani, & § bordarii, habent 3 carucatas ; ibi molinum de 2
folidis, & 16 acra prati, filva 2 quarentenis longa, & dimid. quarentena lara ; valuit so
folidos, modo 70 folidos.

In EppoLDpEsT oN Hundred.

Osbertus tenet de Goiffrido 1 hidam, & dimid. & duas partes unius virgata in Culeorde,
Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2, & 4 fervi, & 10 villani cum 1 bordario,
habent 2 carucatas, ibi molinum de 40 denariis ; valuit, & valet 3 libras. Has Terras
omnes Goiffridi tenuit Algar Tempore Regis Edward,

Terra GisLeBer TI de Gand.

In NEUBOTLEGRAVE Hundred.

Giflebertus de Gand tenet de Rege 3 hidas, & dimid. in Gefelingberie, & Goiffridus te. et de
eo. ‘Terra eft ro carucatarum. In dominio funt 3 carucatz de ipfa Terra 1 hida, & di-
mid. & xo fervi, & 22 villani, & 7 bordarii cum 4 carucatis, ibi 2 molina de 40 {olidis,
& 14 acrz prati, & roacrz filva; valuit 4 libras, modo 6 libras.

Safgarus tenet de Gidone 1 hidam, & 1 virgatam Terra, &dimid. in Hgiford. Terra eft
2 carucatarum. In dominio eft dimid. cdrucata, & 3 villani cum x bordario habent 1 ca-
rucatam, ibi 4 acra prati ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 20 folidos.

In GR AVESEN DE Hundred.

Ipfe Giflebertus tenet 4 hidas in Stowe. Terra eft ro carucatarum. In dominio fune 3
carucatz, & 7 fervi, & 14 villani, & 6 bordarii, habent 7 carucatas, ibi molinum de 64
denarii, filva 4 quarentenis longa, & 3 quaremcenis lata; valuit 60 folidos, modo 100
folidos.

In Wivesroc Hundred.

Ipfe Giflebertus dedit fan@&o Petro fuper Divam dimid. hidam in Effone. Terra eft 2 caru-
catarum. In dominio eft una, & 4 villani habent aliam, ibi 4 acra prati; valuic § folidos,
modo 10 folidos. Omnes has Terras tenuit Toma cum faca, & foca.

Robertus tenet de Gifleberto, Wicford, ibi xg hide. Terra eft 19 carucatarunt, In dominio
funt 4, & x0 fervi, & 33 villani, & 21 bordarii haben 1 carucatas 5 ibi 2 molina de 15

(k) {olidis;

 
 

338

Nor THANTONESCIRTE

folidis, & quarentena prati longitudine, & tantum in laticudine, filva r quarentend longa, &
cantum lata : valuit 1o libras, modo 20 libras. #%If libere tenuic Tempore Regis Edward.
Terra Goiffidi de Wirce tenet de Rege 4 hidas in Welleford, & Alfridus de eo. Terra eft
8 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2, & 2 fervi, & 1 ancilla, & 12 villani cum presbytero,
& 2 bordarii habent 4 carucatas, ibi 20 acra prati. :
Huic manerio pertinent 2 virgate Terre, & dimid. in Effebi. Terraeft 1 carucatx, &
4 pars 1 virgatx Terra in Etendone, ibi {unt 2 bordarii; reddit 22 denarios.

In O2ipiNBARrRO Hundred

Idem tenet 1 hidam, & dimid. in Craneflea. Terra cit 3 carucatarum. In dominio eft
una, & 2 fervi, & 4 villani cum presbytero, & ro bordarii, habent 2 carucatas, ibi § acre
prati ; valuic, & valet 30 folidos. wi,

Idem tenet 2 hidas, & 1 virgatam Terrxe, & dimid. in Gifleburg Hund. hida de foca.
Terra eft § carucatarum, & dimid. In dominio funt 3 carucate, & 7 fervi, & r3 villani,
& ¢ bordasii, & § fochamanni, habent 2 carucatas, & dimid. ibi 8 acre prati; valuit, &
valet 4 libras.

Idem tenet 1 virgatam Terra in Edome. Terra eft dimid. carucate, & haber, ibi eft cum
1 fervo ; valet 4 folidos.

{dem tenet 1 hidam in Craptome. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft r, & 4
fervi, & 3 villani cum 2 bordariis, habent 1 carucatam ; valuit 20 folidos modo go {olidos.

Ii CoLENTREU Hundred,

Idem tenet 2 hidas, & dimid. in Zorp. Terra eft 7 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2,
& = fervi, & 14 villani, & § bordarii, habent § carucatas, ibi molinum de 72 denartis,
filva 2 quarentenis, & dimid. longa, & 1 quarentend, & dimid. ata; valuit 4 hibras, modo
100 folidos.

In GRAVESEND Hundred,

em tenet dimid. hidam, & quintam partem dimid. hidz in Weftorp. Terra eft x ca-
rucatz, hxc ibi eft cum 2 bordariis; valuit 2 folidos, modo 6 folidos. Has Terras omnes
fupradictas tenuit Swain cum faca, & foca.

In Su rt oxNE Hundred.

Idem tenet 2 hidas, & quintam partem 2 hid. in Grimberie. ‘Terra cit 6 carucatarum.
In dominio funt 2, & 4 fervi, & 15 villani cum 3 bordariis, habent 4 cacucatas, ibi mo-
linum de ro folidis, & 30 acre prati; valuit 4 libras, modo 6 libras. T rium dominorum
eft hac Terra. Lewenot tenuit cum faca, & foca.

Winemarus tenet de Guidome 1 hidam, & 4 virgatas terrae in Couteffone, Terra eft 2 caruca-
tarum. In dominio eft una, & dimid. cum 1 fervo, & 6 villani habent x carucatam. 1bi
molinum de 8 denariis, & 5 acre prati, valuit g folidos, modo 20 folidos , Uluier libere
tenuit, tempore Regis Edwardi. Euffachius calumniat.

In Se eLEHOU Hundred.

Fobannes tenet de Guidone dimid. virgatam Terra in Erleftene. 1bi eft 1 villanus, habens 3
animalia,

Jn NiVERBOTLEGRAVE Hundred,

Olbaldus tenet de Guidme,x hidam,& 1 virgatam terra in Flora. Terra eft 3 carucatarum.
In dominio funt duz, & 4 fervi, & § bordarii, cum 4 bordariis habent 7 carucatass Ibi 6
acrz prati, valuit ro folidos, modo 24 folidos. Duo taini tenuerunt,

In Cratestea Hundred.

Fetbaldus tenet de Guidome 3 virgatas Terrz, & quartam partem 1 Virgate in Hulecote.
Terraeft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft 1 & > villani habene aliam. Ibi § acre prati,
valuit 12 falidos, modo 15 folidos. Bondi

 

NORTHANTONZESCIRE 39

 

Bondi tenet de Guidone 3 virgatas Terre, & quartam partem 1 virgate in Addeftaneftone.
Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft una & 6 villani habent aliam. Ibi 3 acra prati
& de parte molini 4 folidi. Silva § quarentenis longa, & in latitudine , duo domini eam
tenent, valet 12 folidos. Idem Bond: libere tenuit.

Dodimus tenet de Guidone 4 partes dimid. hide in Rode. Terraeft 1 carucace, hxc ibi
eft-cum 2 bordariis, filva dimid. quarentena longa, & 4 particis lata, valuit 12 denarriés
modo 4 folidos, Swain liberetenuit, tempore Regis Edwardi, :

Terra S16 AR de Croches.

Sigar de Cioches tenet de Rege 4 hidas,in Zoueceffre Hundred, & 4 partes dimid hide. Ter-
ra eft x0 carucararum, de hac Teira 1 hida eft in dominio, & ibi 3 carucarz, & § fervi,
& 3 ancille, & 21 villani cum presbytero, & 21 bordarii habent 8 carucatas. Ibi 8 acre
pradi, filva 4 quarentenisionga , & 3 quarentenis laca , valuic & valet 6 libras.  7afri te-
nuit.

Terra Sv Aix.
fn Cratesyr ea Hundred.

Swain tenet de Rege 4 hidas in Steche. Terra eft ro carucatarum. In dominio eft una,
& 14 villani cum presbytero, & 7bordarii habent § carucatas. Ibi molinum de 13 folidis
8 4 denariis, & 3 acra prac, filva 3 quarentenis longa , & 2 quarentenis, & dimid. lata
valuic & valet 3 libras.

Terra S1BOLDI.

InHocHEsL Au Hundred.

Siboldus tenet de Rege 1 virgaeam Terre, & dimid. in Ladewic. Terra eft 1 carucatz,
& dimid. de hac Terra eft 1 vugara in dominio ; & ibi r carucara, & 2 villani, & 2 bora
barii cum dimid. carucata, valuit  folidos, modo 10 folidos. Leff libere tenuit, tempo=
re Regis Edward.

Terra OGERTIL

In N ares For bp Hundred.

Operins tenet de Rege 2 hidas, & dimid. in Rapefloe. Terraeft § carucatarum. In do-
minio funt duz carucatz cum 1 fervo & 7 villani, & § bordarii habent 1 carucatam, & 4
fochamanni cum 1 carucata. Ibi molinum de 20 folidis, & 12 acrz praci, filva 6 quaren-
tenis longa, & totidem lata, valuit & valet 3 libras.

Terra DR AG o N1s de Beurzere.

In WiMEMERESLE A Hundred.

Drago de Beuriere tenet de Rege r hidam & 4 virgatas Terra in Cedeffone. Terrz eft ¢
carucatarum. In dominio eft 1 carucata, filva 1 quarentena longa , & rtantundem lata,
valuit 20 folidos, modo 40 folidos. Ulf tenuit. Homo Wallef Comitiffa Fuditi Calumniac,

Terra MANNONI1S.

In SurtoNg Hundred.

Manno tenet de Rege 1 hdiam in Zaneford, Terra eft 2 carucatarum & dimid. In do-
minio eft una, & 3 fervi, & 6 villani habent 1 ¢carucaram & dimid. & de parte molini 36
denarii , valuit & valet 40 folidos. lgar libere tenuit, Tempore Regis Edwards,

In

Go

EE REL TROT La

 
 

 

Noor 7 HANTONESCUIR'E

In CrLatieEsvLE Hundred.

Idem tenet 3 virgatas Terr in Wicke. Terra eft 3 carucatarum. In dominio funt
duz carucate cum 1 feevo, & ¢ villani cum 1 bordario habent 2 carucatas. Ibi 6 acrx
prati, filva ro quarentenis longa, & 3 quarentenis lata, valuit & valet 40 folidos.  Siu-
ward libere tenuit.

In Storr arLb Hundred.

Bernerus tenet de manerio 4 hidas, & 2 partes 1 virgatz in Medewelle, Terra eft 8 carn
catarum. In dominio eft una, cum 1 fervo, & 8 villani, & 4 bordarii, & 6 fochamanni
habent 6 carucatas. Ibi 8 acre prati, valuit 5 folidos, modo 40 folidos.  Leuric libere te-
nuit.

In Rope wir LE Hundred.

Huic manerio pertinet 1 virgata Terra in Draclone, hac cum manerio appreciatur.

Terra EUSTACHITL.

Euffachius tenet de Rege 1 hidam , & 2 virgatas Terrz & dimid. in Ifham. Terra eft 3
carucatarum. In dominio eft una & 7 villani, & 3 bordarii cum 2 carucatis. Ibi molinum
de 10 folidis, & § acrz prati, valuit & valet 40 folidos. Hane terram occupavit vi Euffa-
chins fuper Ecclefiam de Ramefey.

Ramaldus tenet de Euffachio 3 hidas in Newetone. Terra eft § carucatarum. In dominio
eft una, & 8 villani, & ¢ bordarii cum 3 carucatis & dimid. Ibi molinum de 46 denariis,
& 8 acr prati, filva 4 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis laca,valuic 10 {olidos, modo 30
folidos. Normannus tenuic has duas Terras.

Aluredus tenuit de Euffachio in Pochebroc x hidam, & x virgatam Terre. Terra eft 2 cas
rucatarum. In dominio eft 1, & 4 villani cum presbytero. & 4 bordarii habent caruca-
tam & dimid. valuit 2 folidos, modo 20 folidos. Ormarus libere tenuit.

Widelardus tenet de Euffachio dimid. hidam in Winewincle. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In
dominio eft una, cum 1 fervo, & 3 villani cum 1 carucara, ibi 3 acrz pracij valuit 10
folidos, modo 4o folidos. Alchi tenuit.

In NevEsLvuND Hundred.

Agemundus tenet de Euffachio dimid. hidam in Graffone. Terra eft 1 carucate, ipfa ibi
eft cum quibufdam hominibus, valuic & valet § folidos.

In N ArEs For D Hundred.

Aluredus tenet de Euftachio 1 hidam & 1 virgatam Terra in Dotone. Terra eft 2 caruca-
tarum. In domnio eft 1, & x villanus cum 3 bordariis habent dimid. carucatam , valuit
3 folidos, modo 10 folidos.

Terra J uot £ Comitiffe.

In Sutone ipfa tenet tertiam partem hide, & tertiam partem dimid. hidz, & ibi 4 focha-
manni reddunt per annum § folidos & 4 denarios.

In Sutone eft dimid. hida, & tertiam partem dimid. hidz, & ibi 4 fochamanni habent x
carucatam & dimid. & reddunt per annum ro folidos & 8 denarios.

Ipfa tenet tertiam partem 1 hida in Afce. bi funt 3 fochamanni reddunt per annum ¢
folidos, & 4 denarios.

In Weftone eft x hida,& tertia parts 1 hida,& ibi § fochamanni habent 1 carucatam & di-
mid. & reddunt per annum 21 folidos, & 4 denarios.

In Zinlea eft tertia pars 1 hida, & 3 partes duarum partium 1 hid, & ibi § fochamanni
cum 1 carucata, & dimid, reddunt 6 folidos, & 8 demarios.

In

 

NoRTHANTONIESCTILRE

 

In Bramone eft 1 hida, & ibi 4 fochamanni habent 2 carucatas, & reddunt per annum §
{olidos, & 4 denarios. Totam hanc Terram tenuit Comitiffa Wallef, & tantum valuit
quantum nunc valet.

In Wi1LEBR oc Hundred.

Ipfa Comitiffa tenet 6 hidas in Foderingeia. Terra eft 12 carucatarum, de hac Terra 2
hide funt in dominio, & ibi 3 carucatz & 3 fervi, & 19 villani cum presbytero, & 6 bor-
darii habent 9 carucatas. Ibi molinum de 8 folidis, & 40 acre prati, filva 1 leuva longa,
& 19 quarentenis lata, cum onerato, & Rex in ea non veneratur, valet xo folidos, valuic
8 libras, modo 12 libras. Turchid libere tenuit, tempore Regis Edwardi.

Ipfa Comitiffa tenet  hidas in- Haringeworde. Terra eft 16 carucatarum. In dominio
funt 3 carucate, & 6 fervi, & r ancilla, & 26 villani, & 8 bordarii, & 6 fochamanni ha-
bent 10 carucatas. Ibi molinum de ¢ folidis, & § quarentena practi in longitudine, & =
tenz latitudine, valuic & valet ro libras. Twrchid libere tenuit. ?

In fang eft 1 bovata Terra, cum r bordario, reddit 16 denarios.

In Bradebroc eft dimid. virgata Terre de foca, ibi 1 villanus haber dimid. carucatam ;
valuit, & valet xo folidos. >

In Bracftone funt 2 virgatz Terre, & dimid. ibi 3 fochamanni habent 2 carucatas ; valuit
& valet 10 folidos. ?

In Burtone cft 1 hida, & dimid. de foca. Terra eft 3 carucatarum, has habent ibi 3 fo-
chamanni cum 4 villanis, & § bordarii, & 8 acrz prati.

In Cranflea eft 1 hida, & ibi 6 fochamanni, & s bordarii habent 2 carucatas, & 8 acrz
prati.

! In Hanintone funt 3 virgatx Terrz, & ibi 4 fochamanni habent 1 carucatam, & dimid.
& 2 acra prati. Ha 3 Terra valent 40 folidos, modo 16 denarios plus. :

Ipfa Comitiffs tenet 4 hidas in Baurtome. Terra eft 8 carucatarum. In dominio func 2
& 3 fervi, & 12 villani, &§ bordarii cum 4 fochamannis habent 6 carucatas, ibi 12 acrz
prati ; valuit, & valet4 libras. Bondi tenuit.

Ipfa Comitifla tenet 4 hidas in Wilehi, Terra eft 7 carucatarum. In dominio eft 1, &
~ fochamanni habent 6 carucatas; valuit, & valet 4 libras. Bondi tenuit. ;

Ipfa Comitiffa tenet 4 hidas in fli. Terra eft 7 carucatarum. In dominio eft 1, & 2
fervi, & 6 villani, & 6 bordarii cum 8 fochamannis habent 6 carucatas ; valuit, & valet 4
libras. Bundi tenuit. Haz 3 Terre pertinent ad Burtone,

In Buchetone funt 3 virgatx Terra de foca. Terra eft 1 carucatz, & dimid. has habent
ibi 4 fochamanni cum 3 bordariis.

In WiMERsSLEA Hundred, & dimid.

Ipfa Comitiffa tenet 3 hidas, & dimid. in Gerdelai. Terra eft 9 carucararum, de hac
Terra eft in dominio 1 hida, & ibi 3 carucate, & 16 villani cum r2 bordariis habent 6 ca-
rucatas, filva ibi 13 quarentenis longa, & 8 quarentenis lata, hac Terra Tempore Regis
Siverd & modo fe defendebat pro 3 hidis, & dimid. huic pertinent hac fequentia Mem-

ra.
In Grendone {unt 3 hide, & 1 virgata Terre. Terra eft 9 carucatarum, has habent; ibi
12 fochamanni, & 3 molina de 3 folidis, & 30 acra prati.

In Wicentone eft 1 virgata Terre de foca. Terra eft dimid. carucatz, hanc habent ibi 2
bordarii.

In Dodintone eft 1 hida. Terra eft 2 carucatarum, has habent ibi 6 fochamanni.

In Brachelintone {unt 2 hida de foca. Terra eft 6 carucatarum, has habent ibi 8 focha-
manni, & 4 bordarii, & 10 acra prari.

In Hortome eft 1 virgata Terra de foca, 1 hida. Terra eft dimid. carucatz, vafta eft

In Wilaveftone haber Comitiffa 1 hide focam. y :

In Bragefeld funt 3 virgatz Terre. Terra eft 2 carucatarum, has habent ibi 3 focha-
manni cum 3 bordariis, & 2 acra filva.

In Quintone eft dimid. hide. Terra eft x carucatz, hanc habent ibi 2 fochamanni cum
2 villaais, & § bordariis, & 4 acris prati.

In Hardingeftone {unt 2 hide. Terra eft 4 carucatarum, ibi 6 fochamanni, & 6 bordarii
haben 3 carucatas, & 3 acras prati.

Totum manerium cum appendentiis, valuit 12 libras, modo 1g libras. Walle comes
tenuit.

Ipfa Comitiffa tenet 8 hidas inDaventrei. ‘Terra eft 16 carucatarum. In dominio funt
3 carucatx, & 3 fervi, & 20 villani cum presbytero, & 10 bordarii habent 7 carucatas
ibi 12 acra prati ; valuic 3 libras, modo 8 libras. ! ’

In Teowelle tenet Comitiffa 1 hidam,& dimid. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio
eft 1 carucata cum 2 bordariis ; valuit, & valet xo folidos. Wallef comes tenuit.

1 Hugo

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42

i . hay asi

NoRTHANTONESCIR EL
Hugo tenet de Comitiffa dimid. hidam in Wedingeberie, & pro tanto fe defendebat Tem-
ore Regis Edwardi. Terraeft 1 carucate, & dimid. In dominio eft una cum 1 fervo, &

2 villani, & 2 bordarii habent dimid. carucatam, ibi molinum de § folidis; valuit 10 foli-
dos, modo zo folidos. Goduinus libere tenuit Tempore Regis Edward.

Idem tenet de Comitiffa dimid. hidam in Waletone, Terra eft 1 carucatz, hanc habent
ibi 3 fochamanni ; valuit 2 folidos, modo ¢ folidos.

Idem tenet 1 virgatam Terrz de Comitiffa in Ferendome. ‘Terra eft 2 bovatarum; valuit,
& valet 32 denarios.  Zurchil libere tenuit Tempore Regis Edwardi.

Idem tener de Comitiffa 7 hidas, & 1 virgatam Terra in Multone. ‘Terra eft 6 carucata-
tum, & dimid. In dominio eft vr, & x2 villani cum 4 bordariis habent § carucatas, &
dimid. valuit, & valet 4o folidos.  Ailricus libere tenuic Tempore Regis Edwardi.

In Corsi Hundred.

Turgan tenet de Comitiffa in Newetone 3 virgatas Terre, & 2 bovatas, & tertiam partem
1 bovate. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 4 villani cum 4 bordariis ha-
bent aliam, ibi dimid. molinum de 16 denariis, filva 1 quarentena, & dimid. longa, &
tantundem lata; valet 6 folidos. Idem libere tenuit.

In Rov eEwervL Ee Hudlred,

Cherelbertus tenet de Comitifla x hidam, & 1 virgatam Terra in Bradebroc. Terra eft 2
carucatarum, hea func ibi cum 2 villanis, & 4 bordariis ; valuit, & valet 20 folidos. Idem
libere tenuit Tempore Regis Edwardi.

In StoT¥F ALD Hundred.

Ulf tenet de Comitiffa x hidam de foca in Ocedone. Terra eft 2 carucatarum, ipl fun:
ibi cum 2 fochamannis, & 6 bordariis; valet 20 folidos. Idem libere tenuir Tempore
Regis Edward.

Bifcop tenet de Comitiffa in Muletone. ‘Terra eft x1 carucatz, ipfe ibi eft cum 2 villanis, &
2 bordariis; valet xo folidos.

Tubernus tenet de Comitifla dimid. hidam in Hortome. Terra eft 1 carucara, ibi eft dimid.
carucata cum 2 bordariis ; valuit 8 folidos, modo 10 folidos.

Leuric tenet de Comitifla in Weletone, & in Torp, dimid. hidam, & 1 virgatam Terre,
quinta parte dimid. hidz minus. Terra eft 1 carucate. In dominio eft dimid. carucara
cum 2 bordariis ; valet 8 folidos. Idem Leuric tenuit tempore Regis Edwardi. Rex haber
inde focam.

In Cor Ber Hundred.

Lanxelinas tenet de Comitiffa in Newetone 3 virgatas Terra, & 1 bovatam, & tertiam par-
tem 1 bovatz. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft 1, & 8 villani cum 4 bordariis
habent aliam, ibi molinum de ~ folidis, & 8 denariis, filva 2 quarentenis longa, & dimid.
quarentena laa ; valuit § folidos, modo 16 folidos.

Idem Lewric tenet de Comitiffa x hidam, & dimid. virgatam Terrz in Achelau. Terra eft
5 carucatarum. In dominio eft 1, & 2 fervi, & 19 villani habent 3 carucatas, pratum 4
quarentenis longa, & 3 perticis lata, filva r leuva longa, & dimid. leuva lata; valuic 20
folidos, modo 30 folidos. Bondi libere tenuit has Terras.

Idem tenet de Comitiffa 2 hidas, & x virgatam minus in Boffera, Terra eft 4 carucata-
rum. In dominio eft 1, & 2 fervi, & 6 villani cum 2 bordariis, habent 5 carucatas ; ibi
yo acre prati, filva 2 quarentenis longa, & r quarentena lata ; valuit, & valet go folidos.
Servic tenet de Wallef comite.

In

 

NORTHANTONESCIRE

In MavesLe a Hundred.

; ous . . :
Fulcherus foes Jo Gomis 3 hidas, & 3 virgatas Terre in Woldgrave. Terra eft » ca.
rucatarum. In dominio funt 2, & 14 villani cum 9 bordariis habent 4 carucatas, & fo
chamanni cum 8 bordariis habent 1 carucatam, & dimid. ibi r2 acre prati; valuit Ld
let 3 libras. Comitiffa haber focam. Afi tenuit cum foca, & faca. : 2 :
Hugo tenet de Comitiffa 2 hidas, & 1 virgatam Terrz in Scaldefwelle. ‘Terra eft 4 caru
catarum, has habent ibi 7 fochamanni, & 4 bordarii ; valuit, & valet 21 folidos, & 4 de
narios. i
Idem Hugo tertet de Comitiffa x hidam, & 1 virgatam Terr in Hoghtone
carucatarum, has habent ibi 6 fochamanni cum 4 bordariis; valuit
& 4 denarios. ? i
1dem tenet de Comitifla 1 hidam, & 1 virgatam Terre, & dimid. in Holecore, Terra eft
2 Saruceiram, has habent Ay fochamanni cum 3 bordaiiis ; valuit zo folidos .
em tenet 1 virgatam in Muletone, ibi 1 fochamannus haber diaid. ¢ :

: - 3 nid. Carucs - -
dit 33 denarios. Cael Joel
Idem tence de Comitiffa in Afebi 2 hidas, 1 virgatam minus, & proprer tantum fe defe
lebat Tempore Regis Edwardi. Te ft ¢ carucatar inio fu Sn
deb: p yeR gi : Ira eit ¢ carucatarum. In dominio funt 2, & 13 vil-
lani cum 6 bordariis, habent 3 carucatas ; ibi molinum de 6 folidis, & 8 denariis, & 12
acra prati, filva 1 quarentena, & rr perticz in longirudine, & in latitudine 1 quarentena
& 7 pertice minus; valait 20 folidos, modo 4 folidos. i

Huic manerio pertinet in Gredone 1 virgata T ibi
erre de foca, ibi 4 foch i
1 carucatam. ? o a

Terra eft 2
& valet 13 folidos,

In RopEwELLE Hundred.

& Euftachins tenet de Comitiffa » hidas, & dimid. & tertiam partem 1 hidz in Rifeton
Terra eft § carucatarum, In dominio eft 1 carucara, & 1 ancilla, & 19 villani cu 8
bordariis habent 4 carucatas, ibi eft 1 fochamannus, & molinum de 32 denariis, & n

filvz ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 40 folidos. 3 aris, & 4 acre

In AXDFrERDESH Oo Hundred.

Alans tenet de Canlile 1 hidam in Haredewiche, Terra eft 1 carucate, pfx funt ibi
cum 2 fervis, & 3 villanis, & 1 bordario; valuir, & vale 3 ] L
: 3 > et 20 folidos. Ulf tenu
faca, & foca. If tenuit cum

In Or piNBARO Hundred

Idem tenet de Comiti/fa x hidam in Hardewiche. Terra eft 2 carucararum, ibi 7 villani

/

cum 1 bordario habent 3 carucatas, & 7 acra prati; valuit 20 folidos, modo 40 folidos

li Hocuestau Hundred.

Walteras tenet de Comitiffa § hidas in Lilleford. Terra eft 14 carucatarum. In dominio
funt 3&4 fervi, & 20 villani, & 16 bordarii, habent 12 carucaras: ibi molinum de 2
pid, & so acrx prati; valuit, & valet 8 libras. Zurchil libere tenuic Tempore Roch
Law aral.

Rabaildus tenet de Comitifla 1 hidam in Sprotome. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In domini
eft 1, & x villanus cum 8 bordariis, habent 1 carucaram, & dimid. ibi molinum de 6 A
nits) eels 10 folidos, modo 20 folidos. : Frage

Corbelinus tenet de Comitifla 2 hidas in Wilavefone. ot a . \ : dimi
In dominio eft 1, cum x es & 6 villani oe WLS * x a % ii
In i m 1 A arioy habent 2 carucatas, & dimid.
ibi molinum de 6 folidis, & 8 denariis, & 12 acra prati; valuit 16 folidos, modo
folidos.  Stric libere tenuit.  Winemarus de Hanflepe calumniat. : i

Dodinus tenet de Comiriffa 1 virgatam Terra in Effome, Terra eft dimid. carucatz ibi
funt 2 bordarii; & 1 acra prati; valuit 12 denarios, modo 12 folidos. i $B

Giflebertus tenet de Comitiffa dimid. virgatam Terra in Wedingeberie, Terra eft x bovatz
Hzxc Terra pertinet ad Dodintone, & ibi appreciata eft, id

Winemarus

 
 

NoORTHANTONESCIRE

 

Winemarus tenet de Comitiffa x virgatam Terre in Bofiete, ibi funt 4 bordarii.

Idem tenet de Comitiffla dimid. hidam in Dodintone, Terra eft dimid carucata, & tan
tundem ibi eft.

Idem tenet 1 virgatam Terra de foca in Bragefelde. Terra eft dimid. carucatz, ibi funt
2 bordarii cum duobus bobus arantes.

1dem tenet de foca Gerdelai, in Hekzome 1 virgatam Terra, in Preffone 4 virgatas Terra, &
5 acras prati in Quintone ; 3 virgatas Terra, & § acras prati, & in eadem villa dimid. hidam.
In Witone 1 hidam, in Hobtome x virgatam Terre, & § acras prati. Inter omnes eft Terra
6 carucatarum, ibi funt § fochamanni, & 9 villani, & 2 bordarii, habentes 4 carucaras.
Totidem valuit 20 folidos, modo 3 folidos.

Norgiold tenet de Comitiffa 3 virgatas Terre in Cugenbo. Terra eft 1 carucate, & dimid.
& tantundem ibi eft cum 6 fochamannis, & 10 acre prati; valuic jo folidos, medo ro
folidos.

Robertus tenet de Comitiffa 3 virgatas Terra in Widetorp. Terra eft x carucatx, hxc ibieft
in dominio cum 4 villanis, & 4 acra prati; valuit 4 {olidos, modo ro folios.

Idem tenet de Comitiffa 5 virgatam Terre in Buchedone, Terra eft dimid. carucatze, qua
ibi eft ; & valet 3 folidos. Ulcer libere tenuit,

In SPELEHOU Hundred.

Ipfa Comitifla dedit fancto Wandregifilio in Buchedone conceflu Regis 3 hidas, & dimid.
virgatam minus. Terra eft 6 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 carucata,& dimid. & 14
villani cum 12 bordariis, habent 3 carucatas, & dimid. ibi 10 acra prati ; valuit 20 folidos,
modo 4o folides. Duo Tainilibere tenuerunt.

Girandus tenet de Comitifla dimid. virgatam de foca Terre in Cuchenho; & valet 3 folidos.

Nigelius tenet de Comitiffa dimid. virgatam Terra de foca in Hobtone; ibi funt 2 bordarii.

Idem tenet in eadem villa 2 hidas de Comitifla, & pro tanto fe defendebat. Terra eft 5
carucatarum. In dominio eft una, & 8 villani cum 2 bordariis, habenr 2 carucatas, ibi
molinum de 13 folidis, & 10 acrz prati, filva x quarentend longa, & dimid. quarencend
lata; valuit 40 folidos, modo 30 folidos. Ulf tenuit.

Giflebertus tenet de Comitiffa x hidam , & 3 virgatas Terra in Pidemtone. Terra eft 4 ca-
rucatarum. In dominio eft x, cum 1 fervo, & 4 villani cum § bordariis, & presbyzero,
habent 2 carucaras, & dimid. ibi 10 acrz prati, filva 4 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis
fata; valuit 20 folidos, modo 40 folidos.

Duo homines Burredi tenuerunt, & quo volebant ire poterant.  Goiffridus eft calumniatus
& Winemarus de Anflepe.

Willelmus Pevrel tenet de Comitiffa x hidam , & quintam partem 1 hidx in Pirie. Terra
eft 3 carucatarum. In dominio eft 1, & 2 fervi, & 6 villani cum 3 bordariis, habent 2 ca
rucatas ; ibi § acre prati, filva 4 quarentenis longa, & 2 quarentenis lata ; valuir, & valet
30 folidos.  Bifcop libere tenuit.

Terra GISLEBER TI.

In SpeLEHOU Hundred.

GiflebertusCoquus tenet de Rege 4 hidas in Belinge. Terra eft 8 carucatarum. In dominio
funt 2 carucatz, & § fervi, & x ancilla, & ro villani cum 7 bordariis , habent 6 caru-
caras; ibi molinum de 20 folidis, & 28 acre prati ; valuit 40 folidos, modo 100 folidos.
Thor libere tenuit Tempore Regis Edwardi.

In GisvLEB URG Hundred, & dimid.

Idem tenet 2 hidas in Watford. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio funt 2 cum 1
fervo, & x ancilla, & 20 villani cum ¢ bordariis, habent 2 carucatas; ibi molinum de 12
denariis, & 6 acra prati ; valuit 10 folidos, modo 4o folidos. Ther libere tenuit.

Idem Gifleberius tenet 2 partes x virgatz Terra in Holewelle, Terra 1 bovatz ; valet 12
denarios.

Idem tenet x virgatam Terra in Ravenefforp, Terra eft dimid. carucate, hanc habent,
1 villanus, & x bordarius; valuit 3 folidos, modo g folidos. Normarss tenuit.

 

NORTHANTONESCIRE.

 

Terra Davip:

David tenet de Rege 3 virgatas Terrz in Caftretone. Terra eft 1 carucate, & dimid. In
Somis rane eh 1 iy) &6 M illani cum presbytero, & 3 bordarii habent 2 caruca-
tas ; ibi 2 lervi, & molinum de x2 folidis, & § acra prati; valet 40 folidos. Ofp :
cum faca, & foca. praty 4 . Ofgot tenuit

In Fox Lev Hundred.

Idem tenet 1 hidam, & 4 partes dimid. hide in Braden. Terra eft 3 carucatarum, &
dimid. In dominio eft 1 carucata cum 1 villano, & 1 bordario, &.x acraprati ; valuic :
folidos, modo xo folidos.  Bifcop libere tenuit Tempore Regis Edwardi, :

Terra RicArRDL

In OrrtoxNE Hundred.

Ricardus tenet de Rege 2 hidas in Stabintone Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft
1, & 3 villani cum § bordariis, habent aliam, & reddunts folidos ; ibi molinum de 8 foli-
ds 2 acra prati, filva go perticis longa, & 15 perticis lata; valuit 2 folidos, modo
20 folidos,

In Hocues Lav Hundred,

Leth fo i Teste in Benefeld. Terra eft 2 carucatarum. In dominio eft 1

& ¢ villani, habent aliam, ibi § acre prati, filva 1 leuvi lon imi i ’
. 2 , a, & dimid. leuvd lata:
valuit 2 folidos, modo ro folidos, 2, R$

In See LEHOU Hundred.

Tdem tenet 4 hidas in Abintone. Terra eft 8 carucatarum. In dominio eft r cum 1 fer-
vo, & 12 villani cum § bordariis, habent 2 carucatas; ibi molinum de 20 folidis, & 20
acrz prati ; valuit 40 folidos, modo 4 libras. ’

In Cor BE1 Hundred.

Idem tenet 1 virgatam Terrz in Cercheberie. Terra eft 2 carucatarum ; ipfa eft in de-
minio, & ¢ villani cum 1 bordario, habent aliam; ibi 3 acra prati, filva 4 quarentenis
longa, & 1 quarentend, & dimid. lata ; valuit 12 folidos, modo 6 folidos.

Terra WiLLEL MI.

In ORDINBA RO Hundred,

Willddmus tenet de Rege 2 hidas in Piteflea. ‘Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In dominio funt
3 carucatx, & § fervi, & 7 villani cum 1 bordario, habent 1 carucatam, ibi 6 acrz prati
filva 3 quarentenis longa, & lata; valuit 11 folidos, modo 40 folidos, Has Terras Ricar-
di, & Willdmi tenuit Alwvinus venator Tempore Regis Edwardi.,

(m) Idem

mA

AR Bs, Ak

a

 
= 391 4 AA

46

il

NORTHANTONESCTIRE.

us tenet Laffone, ibi eft x hida, & dimid. Terra eft 4 carucatarum. In
a Hele ge Lf cum 1 fochamanno, habent 2 carucatas ; valuit 10 folidos,
modo 30 folidos.  Zuralf libere tenuit Tempore Regis Edwardi., ay
Olaf tenet de Rege x virgatam Terrz in Weledome. Soca eft in Corbei Regis. Terra eft
dimid. carucatz, hac ibi eft cum 1 bordario ; valuit 2 folidos, modo 4 folidos. a
Dodimus tenet de Rege dimid. hidam in Codesbroc. Terra eft 1 carucatz ; ibi eft x vil
anus cum 1 fervo; valuit x2 denarios, modo 2 folidos.

In SToTF ALD Hundred.

Oflac tenet de Rege 3 virgatas Terre, & tertiam partem r virgata in Ferendone. Terra
eft x carucatz, tamen funt ibi 2 carucatz cum 4 villanis, & § bordariis ; ibi molinum de
x2 denariis; valuit, & valet 16 folidos,

 

Finis Libri de Dome[daie fub Titulo Northantene[cire.

 

 

 

TR E

1 N-D EX

A.

A or Iron-Waters, 273
mma that of Kings-Cliff, 274, &e.
to 277

wee that of Wellingborough, 277 to 279
wee Of Northampton, 279 to 281
of Eaft Farndon, 282

ss Reflexions upon the Obfervations
and Experiments made on the Acidule,
284 to 296

we the Weight of thefe Waters confi-
der’d, 290, 291, 292

w= the Contents of the Water of the
 Acidule, 293, &c. to 296
eAtites lapis, or Eagle-fFone, 172
Air. The Properties of a Healthful Air,

Pag.

32%

in the Fenlands not fo unhealthy as
formerly, 327, 329
Exceflive Heat of the 4ir, with its Effe&s,

328

Air of fome Parts of the County effe@ual
to the Cure of Confumptions, 330
Burnings or bright Illuminations of the
Air, 349 359
Ammonie, and Ammonit <, 223 to 228
Old and Mofly 'Apple-trees made fruitful by
disbarking the greateft part of the Trunk,
487, 488

Afperiz, 237 10 240
Aperopodia, 240
Aftroites, or Starry Stone, 182
avon the lefs, 6

B

Alls of Hair found in the Stomachs of
Cows, Oxen, and Calves, 450, how

caus’d, 451
Balls of Wool in the Stomach of a Sheep,
45%

oem in the Abdomen of an Ewe , 449,
Conjectures on the Reafon of this Acci-
dent, Ibid.
Sorts of Barley here fown, 479
Rules of Husbandry about Barley here pra-
&is'd, Ibid,
Antient Beads or Rings made of Glafs or
Earth, fuppos’d by fome to be Amulets
of the Druids, 499, §00

Pag.

Beafts of a different Colour from what .
ufual in their Species, 445
The Bee-fly or wild Bee, 410. The remar-
kable Manner of the Nefts in which it
lays its Eggs, 411
Belemnites lapis, 178, &.
Bennavenna of Antonimus’s Itinerary probably
at or near Wedon, §0§, §06
Bezoar Mineral, 172, 173
Uncommon Birds found in this County,
414, Oc.

Birds of a different Colour from the reft of
their Species, 437, 438
Monftrous Births of Birds, 436. Of Beats,
4455 445,447, 448, 453, 454. Of Chil-
dren, 456, 458
Bitumens, 121, 122
Blafts upon Trees ufually occafion’d by Ea-
fterly Winds, 331
Obfervations upon Bluffs in May 36d Jor
331, © Jeg.

Method to preferve Sheep from oh oe
ger of contagious Blafts, 490
Drops of frefh Blood from the Nofe of a
Perfon drown’d who had lain three Days
in the Water, 474
Inftances of human Bodies prefery’d entire
and uacorrupe for many Years in fome
Sorts of Earth without Embalming, 474
The Bone call’d Focile majus taken out of the
Leg of a Man who yet walks very well,
and performs all other Motions of that

mb, 463
Bones of Sea Fifh found at Land, 247,248
Bounds of the County, I
The leffer pied Brambling defcribd, 423.
This not the Female of the Monefringills
calcaribus Alande [eu major of Mr. Willugh-
by,as Mr.Ray fuppofes, but a diftin@ Spe-
cies of Birds, Ibid,
Brick-clays, 68, 69
Bronchiale, 1h. 182. §.58
Buccinites lapis, 247
The Caufe why Bucks, if gelt when young
never put out any Horns : And if gel:
after they have Horns, do feldom or ne-
ver caft them, 453
Some few Inftances of Bucks who have caft
their Horns, and put out new ones after
they were gel,
Bufonite,

 
 

The 1 N

Pag.

The leffer Afh-colour’d Butcher-Bird, 424
The Hen of this Bird miftaken by Mr.
willughby for a different Species, 424

C.

Ad-Worms. The great Variety of their
Cafes, 411; 412, 413

Twin Calves, if Male and Female, the Fe~
male generally barren, 447
Roman Camps and Entrenchments, at Mill-
Cotton , 516. At Cheffer, 517. A De-
fcription of the Encampment upon Bur-
rough-Hill nigh Daintry, 520, §21. At
Guilshorough , §24. Arberry Banks near
Badby , 524, 525. Conjectures at the
Time and Occafion of fomany Entrench-
ments being rais’d by the Romans in fome
Parts of this County, 518, 519
Roman Camps not always of a Square Figure,
22. Inftances of feveral which are
Round or Oval, 522, §23
Roman Camps made ufe of afterwards by the
Saxons, 523, 546, 547
Camps and Fortifications of the Saxons at
Pafenbam , 536. At Caftle-Dikes, 543.
On both Sides of the Oufe, near Bucking-
bam, 537. At Sibertoft and Eaft Farndon,

545
Camps of the Danes. Hunsborough near Nor-
thampton, 537. Defcription of it, 538.
Conje@ure when it was made, Ibid.
woe Rainshorough nigh Charlton, 540
Arberry Banks nigh Chipping-Warden,
542
Cardike or Caerdike, a large Ditch or Chan-
nel, reaching from the River Njnea lit
tle below Peterborough to the River Wi-
tham 3 Miles below Lincoln. 513. Pro-
bably made by the Romans for the drain-
ing the Fens, lid. A Conjecture that
it might alfo be made ufe of for Naviga-
tion between Durobrive Caftor, and
Lindum Lincoln, which ‘were then more
confiderable Towns, §14. A more par-
ticular Account of that Part of Cardyke
which is in this County, $14, Ce,
Remains or Ruins of old Cafes, 5x
Wild Cars m the Woods, 443. In what
Particulars they differ from the Houfe
Cats, Ibid.
Way of making Charcoal here us'd, 488
Chafes : Gedington and Yardly, 12
Chafms, {wallowing up Water, 120, & [eq
Chert or Crowftone, 119
Cherwell River, 5
Unufual Accidents in Child-bearing , 45h
4

459,

Unufual Diftempers of Children, 460, 461

Chiflely Land, 39. See Soils.

Churches moft remarkable for their Archite-
éure and Beauty, 495, 496. The Ca-
thedral Church of Peterborough when built,
§34. What in it moft remarkable, I4id.

Clay for Bricks, 68, 69

Tobaccopipe Clay, 70, 71

DEX

Pag.

Clayland, =
Coal, 119, 120
Cochlew marine found in the Earth, 216,
217

Cochlitee, Ibid,
Cocklefhells found included in the Strata of
Earth and Stone : The plainer Striate forts
of ’em, 204, 205, 206
se the {moother Sorts, ~~ 206 to 209
= ~ thofe ftriated different Ways, 209
Britifh Coins, §00, §32
Roman Coins, where found in this County ;
Near Northampton , §o4. Old Stratford,
Ibid, At Berry Mount-Hill nigh Towcefter,
§09. Near Caffor, 10. Upon Cardyke
nigh Peterborough , 12. In Longthorp-
Field, gr5. At Warmington and Barn-
well, §16. In Ringfted-Field, lid. In
the Roman Encampment nigh Cheffer,¢ 17.
On Clifford-Hill, §18. In the Camp up-
on Burrow-Hill, and at Daintry, 521. Near
Wallow Bank , 526. Near Chipping-War-
don, Ibid. Near Cooknoe, 529. At Theng-
ford, Ibid. Near Weft-Haddon, 530, In
Weekly-Field, Ibid. In Blackland Furlong
nigh Kings-Sutton, $31.
Roman Coins found fingle, or in {maller
Number, in many other Places, §32
Saxon Coins, $42, 545
Commodities, the Principal, Grain and Wool,

1

Concha anomie, 211 tO ee
Coralloid Foffil Bodies, 184.
Change of Colour in the Blades of Corn,
When hot Weather fucceeds much Rain,
385. The Reafon of it, Ibid. Mildew
upon Corn , whence it proceeds , 400.
Methods to prevent it, 4or. Burnt or
blafted Corn, 401. The Caufe of this Ac-
cident, 402
Creachy Land what, 42
Cylindroid Foffil Shells, 221

D.

oe of the Danes into this County,
and their Settlements here, 38, §39,
0
A Woman, inall Appearance, Dead ig!
Hours, revivd of her felf, 470
Dentes Pleéctronarii, a kind of Fifhes Teeth,
dug up here, 243
Deterrations confider’d, 91,92, 93
Uncommon Symptoms atteriding fome Di-
ftempers, 467 to 470
Strange Diffortion of the Arms and Hands
of a Man who yet writes very well, 463
The leffer Tooth-bill’d Diver delcrib’d, 429
ew This probably the Hen of the Mer-
gus cirratus of Mr. Willughby, 430
Drumming-Well at Oundle , 3110 314
Durobrive of the Itinerary, built partly on
the Site of Caffor and the neighbouring
Fields, and partly on the oppofite Side
of the River Nyne, 509 to 5x2. Call'd
in after-Ages Cair-Dorm, Dormeeafire, and
Dur-

 

 

The INDEX,

Pag.
Durman-Caffor, ¢1r2. Ruin’d before the
Year 1148, Ibid. Conjectures where and
by whom it was deftroy’d,; 1bid.

E.

HE Vegetable Earth without any mix-
ture confider’d, 29, 30

The different Sorts of this Earth diftinguifh-
able by the different Kinds of Vegetables
it produces, 10, 37

The Vegetable Earth with its various Inter-
mixtures, 31

Earths fic for Husbandry, 36 & feq. See
Soils,

Earths impregnated with Salt, 76. With
Vitriol, 77. With Talc in Grains, I-
bid. With Sulphur, Ibid.

Earths their Tranfmutation confider’d, 95,

96

Echini and Echinite, 229 t0236

A remarkable Echo returning 13 Syllables at
Oxendon, 157

A fort of Eel, here call’'d the Bed-Eel, de-
fcrib’d, 419

Eel-pouts, fometimes found inthe Nyne near
Peterborough, 420

Preternatural Accidents in Eggs, 432, 433,

434
Eggs without Yolks, 432. Twin Eggs 432,

43 2

Monftrous Chickens fometimes pro-

duced from them, 433
An Egg wreathed like a Worm at one End,
433. The probable Occafion of this Ac-
cident, 434
One Egg within another, 434. The Occa-
fion of it, 435
Elephants Teeth dug up here, 252
Eltanori, or Eltavori of Anonymous Raven-
nas probably miftaken by Tranfcribers
for Eltavos, placed at or very near Nor-
thampton, §03s $04
Enbydrcs Lapis, 173, $35
Entrochi, 241, 242
Excrements of a Child born with the Anus
clofed, voided by the Urethra, 457
The Ermin where found, 442
Excrefcences upon Plants, caus’d by Infeéts,

405

——— A particular Account of thofe on
the wild Bryar, 405, 406
Exten: of the County, 2

F.

F the Circles in the Grafs call’d Fairy-
Rings, 397 398, 399

The Fenland defcrib’d, 8, 9
The Fielden, or Tillage Part of the County,
13, 14

The Fire-flone, 115, 116
Uncommon Fifhes found in the Rivers of
this County, 419. Extraerdinary Size of
fome Fifh, particularly of Gudgeons,
Breams, and Pikes, 421, 422

Pag.

The Fiffures of the Strata of Stone confident
in general, 134. Their Ufes, 136
Flints the more obfervable Varieties, 16+
Refembling the Parts of Plants and Ani-
mals, 163, 5. 12
Accidental Changes inthe Colours of Flow-
ers, and in the Number of their Leaves,
with the Reafons of them, 379, 380,

381
The Forefts deferibd, 10 & fig.
Freeftone, the feveral Sorts of it here, 99 to
102
Small Frogs commonly fupposd to fall upon
the Ground with Rain, 338. The Oc-
cafion of the vulgar Error, 139
The Bodies of Frogs in or near Auguft very
much fwell’d, at which time they never
Crcak, 441. The probable Reafon of
this, 441, 442
A new Method of faftening the Twigs and
Branches of Fruit-trees to the Walls, with
the Advantages of ir, 487
Fungites. See Mjycetites Lapis.

G.

Emarkable Gardens, Walks, Wilderne[fes,
Canals, Cafcades or Water-works in this
County, wiz. at Boughton, 491, 492. Ca-=
ftle-Afhby, 492. Kirby, 493. Rufbton, Ibid.
Walcot, 494
Gentiana concava of Gerard’s Herbal, 365
Geodes Lapis, 173, §. 34
GlofJopetra, a kind of Fithes Tooth, dug up
here, 24%
Grapes, the Reflexion of the Sun from the
Water of great ufe for the ripening them,

8
Patches of Grafs of a darker Green, ants
ranker Growth commonly called Fairy=
Rings, 397. Accounted for, 398, 399
Gravel, the feveral Sorts, 81 & fea.
Gravel-ftone defcrib’d, 98
The Gryllotalpa or Fen: Cricket, 410

H.

HA Their different Confiftencs
and Figures, 341. The extraordi-
nary Size of fome of them, 341,342
Halo’s of the Sun and Moon, 156
Harpers Brook, 4
Heat Subterranean, prov’d by Obfervations
and Experiments, 296 to 304
The Heaths defcrib’d, 9
Hen-Mould, a kind of Soil fo call’d here, 37
Hills, The higheft in the County, 18
Wild Hogs in the Woods nigh Burleigh, 443
A Flame iffuing with a very loud Noife
from the Breaft of a Hog when open’d,
Holy Wells, 283
Hone-Stone, 119
Homey-Dews upon Oaks and other Trees
prov'd to be an Exu’aton from the
(n) Leaves,

 
 

The I N

DE X.

 

Pag. Pag.
Leaves, and not to fall upon them from Lichborough, probably the Ligeanburgh of the

the Air, 404
Strange Effects of eating Honey, 471
Horns of Deer of irregular Growth or Shape,

452

More remarkable Houfés of the Nobility
and Gentry in this County, wiz. Of the
Duke of Montague at Boyghton , 491. Of
the Earl of Exeter at Burleigh, 492. Of
the Earl of Northampton at Caftle-Afhby,
Ibid. Of the Earl of Sunderland at Altrop,
493. Of the Lord Lemfter at Eaffon,
493. Lord Cullen at Rufbron, and feveral
others, 493%, © [eq.
Hurricanes, 334> 335

Gres Fatuiy, 351. How caus'd, 352
Improvement of Land by fowing Ray-
Grafs, Sanfoin, Trefoil ( the yellow Hop
Tvefoil) Turmeps, and Cole-Seed ; and what
fort of Land is moft proper for each,
482, 483, 484

Incruftations, commonly called Petrifactions,
found in Springs and Brooks, 149 to 158.
Of three Kinds , with Refpe@ of the
Matter they confit of, 149. The firft
Variety, 150, 151, 152. Second Varie-
ty, 152. Third Variety, 153 to 156
Infeéts. The general Divifion of them into
different Claffes, 408, 409. The diffe-
rent Manner of the Changes undergone
by each Clafs, 409
Blood-colour’d Infeéts found in great Num-
bers in ftanding Waters, 409. The great
Variety of the Cafes of Water Infecls,
411, Orc.

Great and {udden Inundations by Rain, 337,
338

Iron-Waters, 273, Oc
Iron-works, formerly in fome Part of this
County, ¢49. Probably made by the
Saxons, Ibid.
Great Quantities of Iron-flags, found in fe-
veral Places, §50
Ife, a Rivulet, 4

XK.

Eal, or Rammel, what,
Kealy Land,
Kettering,

L.

Aétodorum, or Lactorodum, of the Ttine-
rary, placed by Mr. Camden at Stoney-
Stratford, rather to be placed at O/d Strar-
ford, on the N. Side of the River, gos
Way to preferve Lambs and Sheep , when a
Rot in that Seafon is fufpected, 491
Lamb-Earth, 67
Method of breeding Wood-Larks from che
ft, 490
Leam, the River, 6

Saxon Chronicle, $313
Lambenc Lights or Fires, 352
The Caufes of Lightning, 344. Some re-

markable Inftances of the Force and Ef-

fects of it, with refpect to Vegetables,

344, 34§,---to Animals, 345, 346,---t0

Metalls, 346. Conje@ures at the Rea-

fons of the great Force of Lightning, ibid.

Obfervations concerning the Nature and

Accidents of it, 347, 348.
Lime-[tome, 102, & [eq.
Young Lime-trees grown almoft 3s light and

dry as Touchwood by having been feve-

ral Months out of the Ground, recover’d

by laying them in Water, 486
Four Sorts of Lizards, or Newts, found in

this County, 439, 440
Loam, 6%

M.

Ama of the fame Kind with that of
the Sheps, found upon Afh-trees
near Peterborough, 403
Sorts of Manure here usd, and how, 480,
481, 482
The Marble of this County, 107
The Marcafits, 137, © [eq.
The Marles, 61, &re.
The Medicinal Waters, 273, © [eq.
Inftances of an extraordinary Memory, 462
Meteors, Watery, 336, &. Vid. Raip, Hail,
Snow.
Igneous, 343, ©@ feq. The Draco Vo-
lans, 348
A Fiery Meteor in the Figure of a Dart, 349,
«——- The Appearance of a Globe of Fire,
349. Ignes Fatuiy 341. How causd, 352
Mildew upon Corn, whence it proceeds,
4090, 401
Mineral Bezoar, 171, X72
Mineral Matter found in the Bodies of the
Strata, 137, to 143. — In the Fiffures,
143, 10 149
Mineral Waters, 273; Ore.
Miffeltoe rais’d from the Seed, 379
Monftrous Head of a Foal diffeéted, 455
Moory Land, Vid, Soils.
Moor-Hills in the Higher Part of the Coun-
ty nigh the Head of the Welsnd, 546
Mulia Stercoraria of Swammerdam defcribd ,

414
Mufcle-fhells Foflil, Four Sorts defcrib'd, 196,

197
Mycetites Lapis, 181. §. 56
N.

Awtilites, 222
The Nerita-Kind of Foffil Shells,
216

Nitre in fcatter’d Particles enclosd in the
Tesreftrial Strata, 140
Narthampton, 23, 24. — Thought by fome
to be the Elavori or Eltsvami of Anoiny-

wins

 

 

Th: I N
Pag.
mus Ravemnas , §o3, 504. =—~1In the
Saxon, Chronicle call'd Hamtune , 35.
When firft mentioned in our Hiftories,
and on wha: Occafion, 536
Numeral Figures us'd here in the Year 1133,
as appears by an old Mantle-tree in a
Chimney at Helmdon, 497
Nyme, the River, 3,4. Of the Navigation
attempted to be made upon it, 5

O.

Ethods of deftroying Wild Oats pra-

éis’'d here with Succefs, 479, 480

Ochres, 74s 7%»
Extreme 0/d Age of feveral Perfons in this
County, 472, 473
Unufual Accidents of 0/d Age, 471, 472
Orbicular Bodies refembling the Spawn or
Owa of Fifhes found in the Earth, 248
Oundle, the Town defcrib’d, 26
Out, the Great, 6
The Bluifh Gliftering 0i/ on the Surface of
the Mineral Waters, 286. Whence it
proceeds, 287.
Oy fter-[hells found in the Earth, 13 Sorts de-
fcribd, 189, tO 195.

Pp.

Arhelii, or Mock-Suns, 356, 357
The Parks of this County, 12
Pafiurage and Enclofures, Yd 04
A fine checquer’d Pavement of Roman Work
difcaver’d in a Meadowat Nether- Heyford,
with a Defcription of it, $27, 528

A long Pavement , or Caufey, compos'd of
Cubical Bricks near Caflor, and leading
thither, a Roman Work, sro, grr.
»~—— call'd by the Country People Kyne-
burga’s Way, sro. The Tradition about
it, $71.

Pebles, --—- the gritty Sort, 159. of
a finer Grain, 160. ——— uncommon
Varieties, 160. §. 5. ——— Pounc’d and
Perforated , 162, 165. —— refembling
the Parts of Plants and Animals, 163.

$. 12.

Penny-Earth defcribed, 65, 66

Peserbarough, the Defcription of it, 24. the
Antiquity of it, §34.

Pesrifying Waters, 275, 272

Collections of Pictures, and other Curiofi-
ties of Art and Nature, in the Earl of
Exeter’s Houfe at Burleigh ; The Cielings
there painted by Verrio, 492

Pictures, by the Hands of the beft Mafters,
in the Earl of Sunderland's Houfe ar Al
srop. <

Pigeon. Earth, i

A Pike caught in the River Oufe, 9 Inches
in Length, 421

Pinng Marine, Fofil, 197, 198

Plants. growing wild in this County never
before. defcrib'd, 365,10 364

DEX:

Pag,

Plants not obferv’d by Mr. Ray to grow with
in England, 364, 365
A Catalogue of the lefs common Plants
growing in this goat, with the Places
where they may be found, 351, ¢c. to 17¢
Creo aY es oy Plants found in Ss ra
Stoney Soils, the leaft in the Clay-lands,

: ; . 379
Accidental Changes in the Colours of the
Flowers and Leaves of Plants, with Con-
jectures at the Reafons of thefe Variari-
ons, 379, 380, &«
4 3 3 ) .
Stalks of Plants, and Branches of Trees,
fafciated, thatis, growing broad and flat,
386, 387. The Caufe of this Accident,
,. 388, 389
Excrefcences upon Plants caus'd by Infeéts,
lak: 405, Or
Porpites Lapis, 182
Potter’s-Earth, 70s 71s 77
ox Ahh 72
Profpects remarkable, 19, Oc. to 22
Pulex Aquaticus Arborefcens of Swammer-
dam, 409
Pyrite, — Ferrei, 165. —— Argentei, 166.
~— Aurel, 168. ~~ Striati, 169.

Q.

1] epmmen Luadrupeds found in this
County, 442, 443
Ruarries of the greateft Note and Antiquicy,
I
Ruarry-flone. The feveral Sorts of it, or
The conftituent Matter of the
LQuarry-flone, 111. The Colour, 111.
{. 35. ~The Confiftence or Solidity,
112. —— Of its being diffolv’d by Moi-
fture and Froft, 113. —— The Grain of
the Stone confider’d, 117. ~The
Manner of its being found in the Earth,
122, ¢ fe.

R.

Aggftone, the Varieties of it, 10%

_ Rain, falls in much greater Quanti-
ty in the upper than in the lower Part of
this County,

Inftances of Extraordinary Rains, 339, ¢-c.
Suppofed Showers of fmall Frogs an
Wheat accounted for, 339; 349;

Rainbow of the Moon,

Redlayd, 40. Vid. Soils.

Rivers of Northampionfhire. That ail their
Sources are within the County, 2. The
various Windings of them, 6. The e-
qual Diftribution of their Currents , ~

Rockingham Foreft defcrib’d, 10

Rowan Emperors, Emprefles, and Cafars,
whofe Coins have been found in this
County. Nero, 504. Trajan , Adrian ,
oAlius Verus, Avtoninus Pigs , Gordiayus 4
Feevicus, Maximianus , Caraufius, Copfean-
tius Chlorus, Conftantine the Great, Cri pus,
Con ftantiyus, jun. Confeans, Magnenting, Va-
bensinianus, Valens, 5x0. dugufiu, Clau-

"iy

 
 

The INDE X

Pag. Pag.
dius, oElius Verns , 515. Conftans , §29- land, 38. Chifely Land, 39. Redland,
Conftantine the Great, §31. Auguftus, An- 40. Kealy Land, 41. Creachy Soil, 42.
tonia , Nevo, Hadrian, Fauftina , Tetricus Clayland, 43) a

Maximinus, Homorins , in feveral Places, The Differences of the Soils confider'd with
32. oAlius, Helena, Allectus, 516. See Refpe&t to Rain, the Sun’s Heat, &e.
farther under Coins. : : 49, Oc.
Roman Bricks, Foundations of Buildings, The Differences of Soils wich Refpeé to
and checquer’d Pavements,§07, §995 $19 theVegetables naturally produc’d in them,
S11, §17, §26, 527; §28, 529; §32 575 ©.

Roman Camps and Entrenchments. Vid. Solenites Lapis, Ti 19
Cam Salidity, the Caufe of it in Stones hinted at,

pte A as
Roman Stations and Towns in this County, 157
503, §04, °c. to §09 Spar in Veins, 140. — in Grains, 143. =—in
Roman Urns and other Veffels, 510, 5155 Maffes of a more compact Form, 168.
§16, 528, $29; §3° — found in the Fiffures of che Strata, 144
Publick or military Ways made by the Re- Spar, its Ufe, : 1755 $. 40
mans, SOT, §02, §04, §08 Sparry Stiriz or Stala&itx, 144,145. — Sta-
Strange Pofition of the Leaves of a Damask lagmitz, 146
e 383 Cryftaliz’d Spar, 147
27 Sparry Striate Nodules, 169. $. 26.
Sparry Concave Balls, 173, 174. — Echi-
Se nated Balls, 18

SparryStiriz and Stalagmitz form’d by thofe

Acy Foreft defcrib’d, 10 call’d Petrifying Waters.
Sands, the feveral Sorts, 77, 8c. Spine-Bont of a fmall Sea-fith found in the
Scallop-fhells Foffil,— the ftriated Sorts, 199, Earth, 248
é-c. to 202. —=the fmooth Sorts, 202. The Paffage of the Water of Springs under

— the fafciated Sorts, 203. Ground, 30§
Contents of a Scrophzlous Tumour, 465 Springs Bubling and Spouting up of Water,
Sea-fhells found in the Strata of Earth, 48,49. 309, 310

" —— Enclos'd in Stone, 117 = Attended with uncommon Noifes,
Foffil Sea-fhells defcribd, 189, Oc. 311, &rc. 10 314
Sea-jhells compar’d with the Foffil Shells, The Number of Springs within this Coun-

249, Cc. 10291 ‘ty, 314, 315

Selenites Lapis, 176,177, 178 = The Height of their Sources, 316, &c.

Sepulchral Hills of the Romans, Saxons, or —— The Quantity of Water refunded by
Danes, $16, 524, $30,531 them, 319

Remains of a Roman Building of a circular How the Springs are fupply’d with the Mi-
Figure, in a Meadow near Heyford , fup- neral , and other Matter found in them,
pos'd to have been 2 Sepulchral Monu- ; 321, &%. tO 324
ment, $28, 529 Stags Horns Fofiil, 243

The Shallow, an uncommon Fith, proba- Star Gelly, or Star-Shot, 8 Defcription of this
bly the Finfcale of Dr. Plot, 419 Body, with feveral Obfervations upon it,

Method to preferve Sheep from the Danger 153, 354. — An Account of its Origi-
of contagious Blafts, 490 nal, 1545 383» 356

Siliquaftra, D. Lh. 245,246 Statues and other valuable Pieces of Scul-

Situation of the County, 1 pture. At the Lord Lemfter’s at Eafton,

The way of preparing and managing Slate- 493. At the Earl of Exeter's at Burleigh,
tome to make it ferviceable, 489 492. At Drayton Houfe, 100

Smelts in the River Nyne, nigh Peterborough, Steinomarga, 2 Sort of Earth, 62, 63, 64

420 Of the Stone in Strata, — Sand-ftone, 99.

Land-Snails with Shells, defcrib’d by Dr. —- Free-ftonc 99, ec. to 102. —Lime-
Lifter, found in this County, 415,416 ftone, 102, &«. —— Ragg-ftone, ros.

Other Species of thefe Snails not before de- ww Slate-ftone, 109. See farther under
fcrib'd, 416, 417 Buarry-stone.

Frefh-Water Snails and other Shell-Fifh de- Stone in leffer Mafles, 159, &.
fcrib'd by Dr. Lifter, 417, 418. Other Stomesin the Kidney and Bladder, their va
Species of the fame kind not before de- rious Figure , Size, and Confiftence ,
{crib’d, 418 460

Snail-Shells of the Land and River Kind Stone in the Bladder 25 Ounces in Weight,
found in the Earth, 254,255 469

Snow, 342. Different Figures of the Ra- A Stone Monument of the Saxons, $50
diated or Star-like Spangles of Snow,342, The Terreftrial Strata confiderd in gener),

143 131, Cc.

Soils, the feveral Varieties, 36, &re. Ma The Situation of the Strata of Earth and
rv Land, 36. Hen-Mould, 37. Wood- Stome, with regard to the Specifick Gra-

vity

Rofe,
Rothwell or Rowel,

 

Th INDE X

: Pag.

vity of the Mater of each, 131, 135. Turbinite,, Pag.
ol Burl Long
83,¢¢. to 90

~The Difruption of the Strats, 1 :
~The Fiflures of the Strata, 1 34> 1 ; % Tinfe, or Peat-Earth,

ol Stratford, the Laétorodum or A
g SX the Liner 504 Vv. U
eon. i 3
am nln River Nyne, f= Vo Subterranean, 296, &-. to jo4
i ia fcatter’d Particles enclofed in the and Too 161, 3 she Leaves of Pros
Vertebra of Sea Fill uled, Ibid.
An Inftance of Superfetation with un 41 ebra of Sea Fifh found ac Land, 2
Y - 1 3 . 8
won Accents, fe hos ved 2 fcatter’d Particles enclosd ze
Umbre, a Variety of i 141
Alc in Grains, ® iar Vilule, Lh. Yak J
Teeth of Sea Fifhes found in dla Whips; Tom, 236
2

Two or Three Teeth with part of twp
Lip growing at the Tip of a Man’s Nofe, w.

1 458 Allow- Bank near Chipping.
Water Toads (as the 200 ru bably part of a en nsor Fi
Ba y are here calld by ~~ Romans againft a Weftern E OF ss
fone 3 pio bly not fpecifically different Reafons of this Opinion pi Cn
Te ons _ Mo The Wai of ordinary Uf conider, 2
Towcefter tho not the Tripontium of the Iti rr With wis Ylnstive Ma-
ne: nor named in it, was yet a Ro- ter, 266. With Vicri y i Sparry Mat-
Juan Sion $95 §09. Fortified by the Ochre, » 267,268, Ye
Saxon . D. . 6 Wi i i ap 2
Postion of the Idagrery ’ the iy oad i or petrifying, 271, i
tymology of the Word, 05. -—Pla- Artificial Conv 273s Te.
Sed by bi Conia at Towcefter, cont The Waxen Quryapess of Ha, 495
» Order o the Roman Stations in all ‘The Courfe and Remains of th R 1707s
he Editions of the Itinerary, Ibid, —Ra-  call’d Watlingfireer, in this rm Way
¥ ol foe lesed at Dow-Bridge or at Lil- 504, §08. Of another of A ol,
1 ’ nei-
roe Te le tte, $n = had Bm
ief of them defcribed 23, ¢¢c. Remai i vy 1002, 502
Herel | Rveral Kinds of an Esiraviinary og Jeffreys, eal aly them
96 Wedon 1. 30% $0)
Branches of Trees Fafciated, :. .) wi on Sho Seat OF £46 Ssim King Wolfere,
bros and flac, 387. The Caufe of this the Itinerary, y Te Bemnsveme of
cludes, 188, 389 Weland River defcrib'd, oe
o ition of the Trunks or Branches of Wellingborough. A Defcription of th 3
Le, whether of the fame or of different 25. It was probably the oi ¢ Town
p Kinds, 391. How it happens, 391,392 _ Iiguiphus elingiurg OF
emarkable Knots or Bunches on the Bo- Wemns unufual as to the Fi 548
dis on Branches of Te 8, 30, The caf them, 5" “Sis
riety in the Text i 45%
7 of fel Ror ure or Grain Suppofed Showers of Whear, accounted for,
7ees bearing Fruit twice in the Year, 393, The few 340, 341
R 394. 3 e Caufes of this Accident, 195 mu Rees oe ba Ci
emarkable Plantations of Trees, 485,486. here pra&ifed about Wheat usbandry
Method for the more fuccefsful Removal Whittlebury Foreft defcrib'd ) 478
’ of full grown Trees, 486, 487  Willow-Brook, » Ir
go; founq bury’d in the Earth, rs, Oaks, Ill Effe@s of Eafterly Winds upon Humaz
Tolima Fofil 156, 257, 3j8 Bodies, 331. Upon Trees, 331, 312,
rumpet-fhells Foffil 217 tO : : 33
Tubes Tire or Tif difcover a The a1 Obfervaions J o fe vous South
363. efcription of them 66 Nn. 334
Tubili marini vermiculares Foffil, , 3% JaRancs of hee Youn Wind or Hurri-
A i Tumour remarkable as to its Con- blowing at the Re time Rey ont

ents 114 2 33
An eros Tomo, out of which Js A zon } ing had a Child in the 62d Year
taken two Cherry-ftones, 464 ad 460
(@ Woods

 
 

The INDE X.

 

Pag. Pag.

Woods more frequent and of greater Extent Worms eating their Way thro’ the Belly, 467
in this County formed than now, §49. Worms in the Inteftinum Rettum cal¥d Afeari-
Upon what Aecounts the /#o0ds were de- des, Kill'd and brought away by Calomela-
ftroy’d or leflen'd, s49  msinaClyfter, 467
Woed-land Soil, Of the Flat and Long Worms in the Guts
Foffil Wood, : call’d by fome Zape-Worms, by Dr. Andry,
Woollen Manufacture, Solia, Ibid.

3
262, 263
17

 

 

 

 

The INDE X

OF THE

Towns mentioned in the Extract of NoR THAMPTONSHIRE
fea

Pag.
Bintone, 45
Adelintone, 9,13
Adeftantone,
Achelau
Aienho,
Aldewincle,
Aldenesbi,
Aldeneftone,
Aldritone,
Alidetorpe,
Alteneftone,
Anclaia,
Aniefcote,
Arintone,
Arningvorde,
Afcebi, 23, 325 49
Afce, 27,
Afcele, 26,
Afcetone, 9, 11,
Afcefhille,
Afechirce,
Afhli,
Azo,

B.

Aculveflea,
Badebi,
Badebroc, 12,26,
Baiebroc,
Baurtone
Belinge,
Benefeld,
Bernewelle, 4;

Bernac,
Bercheby,
Bereford,
Berchewelle,
Bevica,
Biveld,
Bifeld,
Blacheflenne,
Blaculneflei,
Blarewiche,
Blidefworde,
Bone,
Bochetone,
Boé&one,

16,137,

Pag.
Bofiele, 30
Bofiete, 42, 44
Botendone, 21, 24
Brachefeld, 13
Brandefton, 531
Brachelai, 22
Bradene, 45,28
Brantone, 16,22,26,27

Bradebroc,
Bracf{tone,
Brachelintone,
Bragefeld,
Brintone,
Brigftock,
Briclefworde,
Brinintone,
Brine,
Bromnic,
Brocole,
Buchetone,
Buchtone,
Puchebi,
Buchbroc,
Bugedone,
Burg,

Burglea,
Burtone, 3, 6,7, 33, 41

C.

peas, 28
Cailmare, 30

Calme, 12
Calcheftorpe, 19
Caftre, 9, 10
Caftretone, 45
Catesbi, 29
Cateworde, IX
Cateringe, 10
Celveftone, 28
Celvertone, 20, 23
Celenrecot, 19
Cervecombe, 8
Celverfdecote, 16
Cerlintone, §,17,18,24
Cedeftone,

Cedesbroc,
Cherchebrerie,

Pag.
Cherweltone, 13,18
Chidesbi, 14
Chingeftorpe, 10
Chiretone, 36
Cifelingeberie, 19
Cildecote, 20
Clendone, 3,14
Clipftone, 2, 3, i2,29
Clotone, TT
Clacheftorp, 29
Clive, 4
Codeftoche, 10
Colentren, 16
Cortenhale, 29, 31
Conefgrave,
Corbet,
Cofa,
Cote,
Cotesbroc,
Covefgrave,
Cotingham,
Cotestord,
Crancford,
Cranfleia,
Cranefley,
Crapton,
Crec,
Creprone,
Cretone,
Criweltone,
Creveltone,
Culeorde,
Cugenho,
Cucenho,
Cunteftone,

D.

-
1

93 92 93 03
Lud = OO 0 9

~
+=

Alintone, Ix
Daventrei, 41
Deisburg, 17, 26, 30
Deneforde, 6
Dene, 12
Dinglei, 17, 26, 27
Dodeforde, 19
he

Dodintone, 3, 41, 44
Dotone, 40
Draé&one, 1, 40
Dufton, 29

from DOOMSDAY -Book.

rE

Pag.
Aftenftone, 19

Echentone, 2%

Eceneftone, 20

Ecdone, 30

Eddone, 14,16, 21

Edone, 30

Edintone, 7 11, 14

Edwincle, Ir

Egedone,

Egford,

Egleftone,

Eglefworde,

Elmintone,

Eltedone,

Eltetone,

Eridburne,

Erinwade,

Efebi,

Effebi,

Esbece,

Eftwelle,
Etengtone,
Etleftone,
Evelai,

Everdone,
F.

Alelaw,

Falenefly,
Faredone, ;
Farendone,

Farnedis,

Felvela,

Ferendone, 22,42, 46
Ferningebo, 22
Fextone, ..
Finemere, 6
Flora, 19, 28, 29, 36,
it bx 38
Foderingia, 41
Fordingftone, 19, 20
Forho, 18, 19
Foxeflea, 18

Gadine

 
 

G.

Pag.
Adintone, 12
Geitontene, 3
Gelurecote, 20
Gerdelai, 415 44
Gefelingberrie, 37
Gilleburg, 21
Gilesburg,
Givertoft,
Glintone,
Graftone,
Graftone,
Gredone,

Gretone,
Grendone, 41
Grentevorde, §
Grimberie, 18

H.

30, 38
25
9, 10
28, 40
21
43
3

Acelintone, -”
Hadone, 21
Hahtone, 32
Hala, 13
Hantoney, 33
Hauverdefho, 7
Hanintone, 41
Hanitone, 18
Hardenvin, 6
Hargindone, 6
Hardingeftorpe, 3
Hardingeftone, 41
Hardewiche, 43
Hargedone,
Haregrave,
Haringworde,
Harpol,
Hadon,
Heiford, 5, 16, 18, 21,
3?
Hecham, 11, 28, 32
Hemintone, 13
Hertwelle, S
Herolveftone, 17, 19,

Hinintone,

Hintone,

Hifham,

Hireceftre,

Hoghtone, 43
Hohtone, 12, 18,30,44
Hocecote,

Holcote, :
Holecote, 43
Holewelle, 8,21,30,44
Hortone, 8, 32,41, 42
Horn,’ 5
Hulecote, 28

Nceftre, 20

Iflep, 8
Ifham,

K.
Kime,

The 1

L. Pag.
Angeport,12,32,41
1 os 5
ia
Liceberg,
Lidintone,
Lilleburne,
Lilleford,
Lineburge, 20
Lodintone, 10
Lubwic, 8
Ludetone, 12
Ludowic, 39
Lullintone, 1x

14
10
22

4%

Edewelle, 12,15,

Meceletone,
Merdeforde,
Merineftone,
Mereftone,
Merneftone,
Merfitone,
Merfetone,
Middletone, 18,23,24,
36
Minervie, 30
Mifcote, 19
Molitone, 31
Moltone, 27
Mortone, 35
Multene, 4; 42
Muletone, 42

Affingtone, 4
Navesberie, 29
Nedoune, 18
Nenbote,
Newton,
Nivetone,
Niwbotle,
Nortort,
Nortone,

14, 29
37,4942
7

23
21, 30
2,31, 22

Cedone, 42
Olletorpe, 17, 29
Optone, 4
Ordinbaro, 20
Overtone, 1
Oseadone,, 3s 17

Pi 28
Palfonham, 4
Pafchelie, 13
Paflecham, I§
Patorp,

Perfe, by
Pidentone, 44
Piclesford, 17
Picteflei, 20
Pihteflea, 1x
Pilchetone, I
Pillefgete, 9
Pipewelle, 17; 31
Pirie, 39 44
Pitesford, 32

NDEX

Pag.
Piteflea, 45
Pluntune, 32
Pachebroc, 10, 40
Pocheflei, 4
Potentone, 29
Preftone, 7, 21, 26, 44
Preftetone, 20, 21

4

Quine, 41, 44

R oe 6,29
Rapeford, 24
Rapeftone, 29
Raveneftorpe,1 ii
Ricfdone,
Rifdene, 28, o
Riftone,  1§,26,27
Rifton, 43
Rockingham, 4
Rode, 39
Rodewelle, 3
Rodeftone, 24

o
Alwebridge,
Scaldawclle, 6,
Scipford,
Sciptune,
Scaldefwelle,
Selveftone, 19, 35,
Senbard, 1
Sewelle,
Sihertol
Sigrefham, 18, 22,
defwelle,
Feld
Slepe,
Snochefcumbe, 20,
Snewelle,
Solebi,
Spretone,
Sprotone,
Stabintone,
Stane,
Stanford,
Stantone,
Stanewige,
Stavertone,
Steuere,
Stoche, 4, 9, 11, 2 19
Stowbe: rie, 15
Stowe, 37
Sudtone, 2,5
Sudtorpe, 10
Sulgrave, 15
Sutburg, 12
Sutone, 15, 20,23,27
35, 4°

10,

34
21,

T,
Aneford, 35
Taneftoure, 4
Teche, 30
Tedinwell, 10
Teowelle, ar

9
26

Tifelde,
Tinlea,
Tinemefle,
Ticemerfe,
Tingedene,
Tolthorp,
Tome
orp, 20,2
Et iy 2% s 2
Trapeftone, 5
Trorp, 35, 36, 38, 42
Tavs; 1
Pe
Unitie
pals,
Wacafeld,
Wacherlei,
Watford,
Wadford,
Wadenho,
Waltone,
Waletone,
Wallgrave,
Weapeham,
Waure, 3X
Wedon, 23
Wedone, 15
Wedingeberie, 42, 43
Welaveitone,37, 41, 43
Weledone, 24, 27, 46
Welintone, 23
Weletone, 42
Welleford, 18
Wetone, 32
Weftorp, 18
Weftone, 4; 15» 16,21,

22
4

Werchintone,
Wendleberie,
Wermintone,
Wicentone,
Wicford,
Wiche,
Wicetone,
Wicha,
Wiclei,
Wideringtone,
Widmale,
Widetorp
Wilberdeftone,
Wilerteftone,
Wiliebi,
Winewincle,
Winewiche,
Witefelle,
Witone,
Witacre,
Witheringham,
Wodenford,
‘Wodeford,
Woldgrave,
Woldegrave,
Woltone,
Writorp,

 
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