~ START MICROFILMED 1985 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - BERKELEY GENERAL LIBRARY BERKELEY, CA 94720 COOPERATIVE PRESERVATION MICROFILMING PROJECT THE RESEARCH LIBRARIES GROUP, INC. Funded by . THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES THE ANDREW W. MELLON FOUNDATION Reproductions may not be made without permission. CU-B | THE PRINTING MASTER FROM WHICH THIS REPRODUCTION WAS MADE IS HELD BY THE MAIN LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY, CA 94720 FOR ADDITIONAL REPRODUCTION REQUEST MASTER NEGATIVE NUMBER 7G- 360] AUTHOR: Farmey, Ec [ihe] Jrerome 7 TITLE: The resources of the Rocky mountains.. . PLACE: Cleveland, O- DATE: 1882 yOLUME NO. F223 NEG. NO. 20°! 5 19898 © mete emma Farmer, Elihu) Jerome, * The resources of the Rocky mountains, being a brief description of the mineral, grazing, agricultural and tim- ber resources of Colorado; Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, and Dakota . . . Cleveland, O., Leader printing co., 1883. 196 pp. front, pl. 12°. F721.F23 oe —— Copy 2. 8. ig 1-Re-1018 TA: ais. os FILMED AND PROCESSED BY LIBRARY PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY, CA 94720 sjoBNO. 86 0152/5 —Smsatca— pate 11 85 REDUCTION RATIO © DOCUMENT SOURCE THE BANCROFT LIBRARY | 10 ule de ne fl22 | 22 . ie lle jg Jl lL fie EER FEE I= No On I MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL 1010a (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ITI LLL] emia Ba on™ View in Middle Park, Colorado. RESOURCES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN BEING A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MINERAL, GRAZING, AGRICULTURAL AND TIMBER RESOURCES OF COLORADO, UTAH, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO, WYOMING, IDAHO, MONTANA, AND DAKOTA. BY E.J. FARMER, AUTHOR OF STATISTICS IN RELATION TO GOLD AND SILVER. & “« WESTWARD THE ¥R OF EMPIRE TAKES ITS WAY.” Crowe CLEVELAND, OHIO: LEADER PRINTING COMPANY, 146 SUPERIOR STREET, 1883. K 59% CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION, - - GoLD AND SILVER MINING, - GEOLOGICAL NOTES, 2 STATE OF COLORADO, TERRITORY OF—UTAH, - ARIZONA, - NEw MEXICO, WYOMING, - 81- 94 IDAHO, - . : 95-106 MONTANA, - 107-120 DAKOTA, 121-134 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 135-156 STATISTICS, - 157-170 RAILWAYS, -171-196 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by E. J. FARMER, 1n the Office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VIEW IN MIDDLE PARK, COLORADO. NATIONAL MINING AND EXPOSITION BUILDING, DENVER, CoL. SceNE NEAR GUNNIsON CITY. DEER—WESTERN COLORADC. THE JOLLY BEARS. DisTANT VIEW OF LoGAN, UTAH. GATE OF LADORE, COLORADO RIVER. GRAND CANON OF THE COLORADO (6,200 feet deep). MAUVE CANON OF THE COLORADO. CAMPING IN THE MESA VERDE. AMID THE FORESTS OF WYOMING. DISTANT VIEW OF THE WIND RIVER MOUNTAINS. FAN GEYSER, YELLOWSTONE PARK. PORTNEUF VALLEY, IDAHO. HUNTING THE BUFFALO. GARDINER RIVER HOT SPRINGS, YELLOWSTONE PARK. GREAT CANON AND LOWER FALLS OF THE YELLOWSTONE. NORTH SHORE OF DEVIL'S LAKE. INDIANSJHUNTING BUFFALO. EMIGRANTS ENCAMPED—THE NIGHT ATTACK. INTRODUCTION —— 1 was on the 19th day of January, 1848, that James W. Marshall, at Coloma, made the first discovery of gold in California. Numerous discoveries then followed in quick succession, until the cry of gold! gold! gold! rang all along the shores of the Pacific; arose like the clangor of bells, and was borne upon the winds over the Coast Range ; thence over the summits of the Sierras, and the still higher crests of the Rockies; it came sweeping down the long in- cline plains into the valley of the Mississippi; thence across the broad prairies to the borders of the lakes ; turning men’s faces everywhere towards the setting sun: still onward through the woodlands of Ohio and Pennsylvania; gliding over the peaks of the Alleghanies, and the Blue Ridge, and descending to the shores of the Atlantic, it was wafted to the continent of Europe. Wherever the cry was heard, men began to ‘see visions and to dream dreams;” and from that moment the mighty march of empire! began. From every port sailed ships, freighted with daring and adventureous men, destined for the land of gold. From the topmost masts of these ships, on long streamers, floated upon the breeze the magic word “California”; and they departed, amid cheers from unnum- bered thousands, to sweep through tempestuous seas, around Cape Horn, for the Golden Gate. In the meantime, trains of white tented wagons were fast gathering upon the banks of the Mississippi, for their long and weary march to the new El Dorado of the world. The story of the 49%rs, whose descendents aye now the nabobs of the Pacific coast, is one full of a romance such as can never again be repeated upon the American continent. 6 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. reece te a In 1852, a faint cry of gold was heard from Gold Creek, in Montana; only to be increased to thunder tones by discov- eries of the precious metal at Pike's Peak, in Colorado; when, as from California, the thrice echoed sound of gold! gold! gold! was again heard upon the shores of the Atlantie, and the broad expanse of the continent once more resounded with the tramp of marching thousands. From that hour, onward, the domain of civilization was rapidly extended, until, in 1869, on the 10th day ef May, the iron arms of the Union and Central Pacific railways clasp hands at the snmmit of the Rockies, whilst » thrill of electric joy passed over the broad expanse of the continent from ocean to ocean. Under the magic influence of gold, what mighty changes have been produced in thirty-five years! What a stream of this metal has bean flowing from California, Montana, Nevada, and Colorado, into the world, enriching it in all that goes to bring man to his highest and best estate. Under this magic word, what thousands of courageous men have scaled every mountain side, and marched through every valley of the vast ranges of the American Cordilleras ! They have tapped the mighty veins of the mountains, and, to-day, the cry that rings from ocean to ocean, is, silver! silver! silver! It began in Nevada, and is now echoed from Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, and Da- kota. A stream of silver has been opened amid the Rockies, that will, in time, make the American Nation the richest on the globe. The brief sketches, given in the following pages, of the Resources of the Rocky Mountains, are intended, only as a bird’s eye view of this land of wealth. To reach it, it is no longer necessary to sail the seas around Cape Horn, or to travel by tedious caravan across the plains; for a dozen lines of railway lead to this land of silver and of gold. The slow tented wagons have given place to the luxurious palace cars, and a trip across the plains is now one to be re- Resources of the Rocky Mountains. membered with delight. From Chicago, in the brief space of six hours, you are at the ‘‘Father of Waters,” the mighty Mis- sissippi, while in twelve more you are upon the banks of the great Missouri. Then for thirty hours you traverse the plains of the Great West in a comfortable palace car, and rise, as by a steady incline, to an altitude of 5,600 feet above the sea, when you come to the ‘“Queen City of the Plains”—Denver. Thus far you have crossed broad prairies, which ex- tend to the horizon on every side, in livid green. You have hurried on through beautiful towns and villages set here and there upon this paradise of plenty. The plowman has slacked his hand by the waving fields of grain. The herds of fatted catile have wandered in greedy indolence, unconscious of their fate. You have crossed wide and gently flowing rivers, freighted with their fleets of com- merce. You have traversed by day and by night those im- mense plains which seem to have no ending, but extend as though they went onward to the setting sun. Their now silent and deserted surfaces you have in imagination peopled with the extinct and forgotten tribes of the red men. You have listened to the resounding tramp of millions of buffalo as they fled pursued by their inveterate foes. You have seen the first white tented wagons making their tedious way to the land of gold. You have witnessed bands of crawling savages surround the caravans of the white man, and with demoniac yells spring upon their sleeping victims and end their golden, dreams in dreadful death. You have seen the gathering maltitude of pale faces pressing hard upon the fast retreating In- dians and buffalo. You have seen the spirit of intelligence spread her white wings, while from her nimble fingers fell the thread of the electric telegraph—the crowning triumph of all the ages. You have recalled your thoughts, and found yourself spinning across these mighty plains in a chariot har- _ messed to a steed of fire. You have turned and looked to see what was coming after, and you have seen towns and citics 8 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. arise as by a magician’s wand. You have again looked forward, a~d there, stretched out in unequal grandeur, lie the vast ranges of the Rocky Mountains, cleaving the air from north to south within the range of your vision for full three hundred miles. The information contained in these pages has been obtained partly by travel, and partly while in attendance at the great National Mining and Industrial Exposition, held in Denver, Colorado, during the fall of 1882, and is, therefore, reliable. Various notes, on the Structure of Mountains and Mineral Veins; on Gold and Silver Mining; statistics in relation to the Precious Meta ¢, Public Lands, Emigration, Wages, Cost of Living, Elevation of the Lands above Sea Level, Relief of the Continents, Bonanza Mines, and the Denver Exposition for 1883, as well as extracts in relation to the Buffalo and Indians, have been added, under the general head of Miscel- laneous Notes and Statisties, all from the best authorities, and are duly credited. Information in regard to all the railways, leading from Chicago to the mountains, is given under the head of Railways The illustrations may serve as glimpses into this wonder land. As there is no hand-book of the kind extant, it is hoped that THE RESOURCES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, may find a welcome, and be the means of awakening a wider interest in the marvellous resources of our Western domain. E. J. FARMER. CLEVELAND, OHIO, ApriL 25th, 1883. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. "(GOLD AND SILVER MINING. - Thomas Kornish, a Distinguished Mining Engineer, of London, England, in his Pamphlet on Gold Mining, says: There is, probably, no subject, at the present time, more worthy of attention and consideration, or that more directly affects the general welfare of the world, than does the question of gold-mining. Qold is real wealth, and the standard by which all other wealth is measured. Its production is the creating of a new wealth; not only so far as its intrinsic value is concerned; but 1t is wealth, that, when produced, is the germ or means of producing additional wealth. It is differentin its results from that of other productions; as it is not eaten, drank, worn out, or destroyed; ifs influence and its motion is perpetual. Gold is the life-blood of all trade and commerce; of manu- factures, arts, sciences, and learning; its possession is the’ chief aim and consideration, of all countries and civilized peo- ple; it is the standard stock, or working capital of the world. It is magical, as well as real, in its influence. The producer, or possessor, of any given quantity of gold, can utilize it more readily, and to better advantage, than can the possessor of any other kind of property of a relatively computed value. Gold and Silver, being the precious metals, adopted for coinage; or, as a medium for regulating the value of other commodities, become the axis on which revolves the trade, commerce, and general business; as well as the pleasures and necessities of every day life; therefore, it is of the utmost importance to all, that their production, results, and require- 2 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. ments, should be made subjects for consideration and discus- sion, more than has hitherto been done. Before the gold-mining era, the supply of gold for coinage was not in proportion to the requirements of trade, which had been so rapidly extending; therefore, the gold discoveries seem to have been a most fortunate, if not a providential circum- stance, to relieve the general depression then existing, by opening up new countries for settlement, and avenues of wealth for the benefit of a large portion of the civilized race. It is, I am aware, a generally accepted belief, that the production of gold is of no more value, or importance to the State, or general good of the community, than the production of any other article of commercial value: such as food, drink, cloth- ing, etc. I hold a different opinion, and contend that the production of any given quantity of gold, is of more direct, immediate, and permanent benefit, than that of auy other speci- fied article of supposed equal value. The production of every ounce of gold is the means of putting four additional sovereigns into circulation, which are at once available for their posses- sors to utilize. Gold mining, or the production of gold and silver, is not only the means of creating a previously unknown wealth or pur- chasing power, but the nature of its operations is such, that it affords more means of employment, uses up more material and appliances, than any other labor; thereby opening new channels of industry, that would not otherwise be called into existence; and di:seminates its influence over a wider range, and amongst a greater number of people, than can possibly be done by the production of any other article of use, trade, or commerce. : There is a great deal said about losses in mining; but the chief losses are in gambling, speculation, or in misdirected labor. The operations of one successful mining company, will create a greater demand for labor, and disseminate more wealth through the cominunity, than a whole country of squatters. Gold and Silver Mining, 1 consider one of the most honorable, legitimate, and honest occupations that man can follow. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. GEOLOGICAL NOTES. Prof. Le Conte in his Geology says of mountain chains and mineral veins: Mountain Chains—Their Structure and Origin. Mountains are the glory of our earth, the culminating points of scenic beauty and grandeur. They are so because they are also the culminating points, the theaters of the greatest activity of all geological agencies. The study of mountain chains, therefore, must ever be of absorbing interest, not only to the painter and the poet, but also to the geologist. A thorough knowledge of their structure, origin, and mode of formation, would undoubtedly furnish a key to the solution of many problems which now puzzle us; but . their structure is as yet little known, and their origin still less so. MOUNTAIN ORIGIN. The general cause of mountain chains (as in fact of all igneous phenomena) is the ‘‘reaction of the éarth’s hot in- terior upon its cooler crust.” . Mountain chains seem to be produced by the secular cooling, and, therefore, contraction of the earth, greater in the interior than the exterior; in con- sequence of which the face of the old earth is become wrinkled. Or, to express it a little more fully, by the greater interior contraction, the exterior crust is subjected to enormous lateral pressure, which crushes it altogether, and swells it upward 12 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. along certain lines, the strata, by the pressure, being at the same time thrown into more or less complex foldings. These lines of upswelled and folded strata are mountain chains. The first grand forms thus produced are afterward chiseled down and sculptured to their present diversified condition by means of aqueous agency. Thus much it was necessary to say of the origin of chains, in order to make the account of their structure intelligible. ‘GENERAL FORM AND HOW PRODUCED. A mountain chain consists of a great plateau or bulge of the earth’s surface, often hundreds of miles wide and thou- sands of miles long. This platean or bulge, which is the chain, is usually more or less distinctly divided by great lon- gitudinal valleys into parallel ranges; and these ranges are again often separated into ridges by smaller longitudinal val- leys; and these ridges again serrated along their crests, or divided into peaks by transverse valleys. Thus the Appalachian Chain is a great plateau or bulge, 100 miles wide, 1,000 miles long, and 3,000 feet high. It is divided into three ranges, the Blue, the Allegheny, and the Cumberland, separated by great valleys, such as the Valley of Virginia and the Valley of East Tennessee. These ranges are again, in some places, quite distinctly divided into parallel ridges, which are serrated into peaks. The American Cordil- leras consist of an enormous bulge rnnning continuously through the whole of Seuth and North America, nearly 10,- 000 miles long, and from 500 to 1,000 miles wide. This great chain is divided into parallel ranges. In North America there are at least three of these very conspicuous; the Rocky Moun- tain, the Sierra Nevada, and the Coast Range, separated by - the Great Salt Lake Valley, and the Valley of Central Cali- fornia, respectively. Each of these ranges is separated more or less perfectly into ridges and peaks, as already explained. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 13 These terms, chain, range, and ridge, are often used inter- changeably. I have attempted to give a more definite meaning. Chains are evidently always produced solely by the bulging of the crust by lateral pressure. Ranges are usually produced in a similar manner, 7. e., by greater crushing together, and, therefore, greater bulging along parallel lines, within the wider bulge; this is the mode of formation of the ranges of the North American Cordilleras. In such cases, they have been probably consecutively formed. The ranges of the Appa- lachian Chain, however, have been formed almost entirely .by erosion. The ridges and intervening longitudinal valleys are usually, and the peaks, with their intervening transverse val- leys, are always, produced by erosion. Such is the simplest ideal of the form of a mountain chain; but in most cases this ideal is far from realized. In many cases the chain isa great plateau, composed of an inextricable tangle of ridges and valleys of erosion, running in all direc- tions. In all cases, however, the erosion has been immense. Mountain chains are the great theaters of erosion, as they are of igneous Action. As a general fact, all that we see, when we stand on a mountain chain, every peak and valley, every ridge and canon, all that constitutes scenery, is wholly due to erosion. : Mineral Veins. All rocks, but especially metamorphic rocks, in mountain regions, are seamed and scarred in every direction, as if bro- ken and again mended, as if wounded and again healed. All such seams and scars, of whatever nature and by whatever process formed, are often called by the general name of veins. It is better, however, that dikes and so-called granite veins, or all cases of fissures, filled at the moment of formation by igneous injection, should be separated from the category of veins. True veins, then, are accumulations, mostly in fissures, of certain mineral matters usually in a purer and more sparry 14 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. form than they exist in the rocks. The accumulation has, in all cases, taken place slowly. KINDS. Thus limited, veins are of three kinds: Veins of Segrega- tion, Veins of Iufiltration, and Great Fisure Veins. These three, however, graduate into each other in such wise that i% is often difficult to determine to which we must refer any particular case. Veins of Segregation—In these the vein matter does not differ greatly from the inclosing rock. Such are the irregular lines of granite in granite, the lines differing from the inclos- ing rock only in color or texture; also irregular veins of feld- spar in granite or in gueiss. Under the same head belong also the irregular streaks, clouds, and blotches, so common in marble. In these cases there seems to be no distinct line of separation between the vein and the inclosing rock—mno dis- tinct wall to the vein. The reason is, these veins are not formed by the filling of a previously existing fissure, but by the segre- gation of certain materials, in certain spots, and Ag certain lines, from the general mass of the rock, either when the lat- ter was in plastic condition from heat and water, or else by means of percolating water, somewhat as concretions of lime, clay, iron-ore, and flint are formed in the strata. Veins of Infiliration—Metamorphic recks have, probably in all cases, been subjected to powerful horizontal pressure. Besides the wide folds into which such rocks are thus thrown, and the great fissures thus produced, the strata are often bro- ken into small pieces by means of the squeezing and crushing. The small fissures thus produced are often filled by lateral secretion from the walls, or else by slowly percolating waters, holding in solution the more soluble matters contained in the rocks. The process is similar to the filling of cavities left by imbedded organisms, and still more to the filling of air-belbs in traps and lavas, and the formation of agates and carnelian Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 15 amygdules. In veins of this kind, therefore, a beautiful ribbon structure is often produced by the successive deposition of different colored materials on the walls of the fissure. Veins of this kind also, since they are the filling of a pre- viously existing fissure, have distinct walls. The filling con- sists most commonly of silica or of carbonate of lime. Fissure Veins—These are fillings of the great fissures, pro- duced by movements of the earth’s crust. When these fissures are filled at the time of formation, by igneous injection, they are called dikes; but if subsequently with mineral matters, by a different process, they are fissure veins. These veins, therefore, like dikes, out-crop over the surface of the country often for many miles, fifty or more. Like dikes, also, they are often many yards in width, and extend to unknown, but certaintly very great, depths. Like dikes and fissures, also, they occur in parallel systems. | Resources of the Rocky Mountains. i § COLORADO. eel The Silver Queen of the Rockies—Her Mineral Wealth, Health-Giving Springs, Grand Scenery, and Agri- cultural Possibilities—A Land®of Enchantment for the Miner, Tourist, Invalid, and Settler—The Rocky Range, the Vast Treasure Vault of the World—Colo- rado’s Production of Gold, Silver, Copper, and Lead, to January 1st, 1883, $170,000,000. During the year 1882, from August 1st to October 1st, there was held in the City of Denver, a great National Mining and Industrial Exposition; where all the States and Territories of the Rocky Mountains, made a display of their resources. The inaugural address was delivered, in the presence of assem- bled thousands, by the Honorable William D. Kelley, of Penn- sylvania, whose opening words were: «The splendors of Palmyra of the Desert pale before a recital of the brief history of Colorado. Ten years ago I spent some weeks in traversing your beautiful State, and became familiar with every thing of note in Denver, its metropolis; and as, yesterday morning, I looked abroad upon the city again, I felt that I could not safely trust my own senses. 1 wondered whether I was not under the dominion of Magi, and if fairies and genii were playing tricks with my vision. History may be challenged, and be challenged in vain, for a parallel to the progress made by this city in this brief period, in wealth, in arts, in all the elements of modern and advancing civiliza- tion. Standing here, on the western borders of what was 18 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. te te pinto i called, but a few years ago, the desert plain, and in the shadow of THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, with an elevation of more than 5,000 feet above the sea, we mark, in the opening of this Exhibition, the entrance upon A Dew era in history, more brilliant than any of its pre- decessors; more benificent, inasmuch as it will open the blessings of civilization to portiens of the people who have hitherto failed to receive them. In the new era, the benefi- cence of Providence will be illustrated more largely than ever before; and Man wil] assert his dominion over Nature as he has never done. The telegraph, the telephone, the various applications of electricity, is each in itself a marvel. They were concealed from human vision ill within the later life of a living generation. Wondrous as they are, mar- velous as has been their influence upon our social and indus- eries and achievements will come to us, and the uses of science will greatly extend our domain, by processes as yet undreamed of. Ang they will be applied to the development of the wealth and social life, in this region, and throughout the mountains. These mountains are magazines. of mineral wealth, inexhaustible; and they are not to be handled in the future by the wasteful processes of the past.” In the words of an eloquent writer: State may be said in a general way to to the miner, tourist, and health-seek of the Union. Mineral springs in th pure air, and bright sparkling streams of clearest water; stately mountains, delightful mesas, gorgeous sunsets, logical forms; deep and awe-ins romantic glens, beautiful wate §now-capped peaks, afford mer retreats for the pleas scenery; to say nothing o trial life, they are not the final discov of man. Other scenes ““The glorious Centennial possess greater attractions er, than any other portion e midst of beautiful parks, marvelous geo- piring canons, rugged gulches, rfalls, inviting woodlands, and an endless variety of glorious sum - ure-seekers who delight in natural f the opportunities for investigation 23 POPPY - Af AF yor PY YY. a Sovop Buf JAN WY PPOPL GIGLI PM VNOILVYN FHL “0700 ¥3AN3A ‘'ONIGHNG NOILISOdX3 TVINLSNAN!I GNV ONININ TVYNO wtmeryy ons ic & Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 19 to the student, and the incomparable hunting grounds and trout streams for the sportsman. To the miner it is a land of enchantment, where the precious metals hide in protean forms; and where treasures, richer than any yet discovered, await only the blow of the pick and the explosion of the giant powder to roll at the Nation’s feet.” Gold and silver are sometimes found in a pure state, but they are commonly combined with other metals; as copper, lead, iron, zinc, bismuth, antimony, etc. The ores may be green as chlorides, black as sulphurets, red as ruby, glittering and brilliant, or dull and lusterless. To the eye of the miner they are all beautiful, and he delves for them with a courage that nothing can conquer, and with a reward equal to nature’s inexhaustible wealth. ITS VAST AREA. Colorado lies between the 37th and 41st parallel of latitude, and the 25th and 32nd meridians of longitude, west of Wash- ington, and is equal in extent to twenty-six States like Con- necticut, fifty-two Delawares, or one hundred Rhode Islands. It has an area nearly equal to twice that of the New England States. Gunnison county, alone; is greater in extent than the combined areas of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Colorado is bounded on the north’ by Wyoming and Nebraska; east, by Nebraska and Kansas; south, by the Indian Territory and New Mexico; and west, by Utah. It has an area of 104,500 square miles, and extends from east to west 380, and from north to south 275 miles, containing 66,880,000 acres of land; with a population, according to the census of 1880, of 195,234, but at the present time fully 280,000 people. The name is sup- posed to be derived from its many colored rocks and flowers, and means ruddy or florid. The eastern portion of the State contains about 45,500 square miles of plains; the central part, 32,000 square miles of mountains; and the western part, 27,000 square miles of plateaus. The total width of the mountains in the northern part of the State, is seventy-five miles; in the 20 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. . central part, one hundred and fifty miles; and in the Soli portion, one hundred and eighty miles. The mean elevation o the State above tide water is about 7,000 feet; being, according to Hayden, the highest in the entire Rocky Mountain range. The lowest portion is at the castern border, whore the elevation is only 3,000 feet. Its highest peak, Sierra Blanche, is 14,464, while over fifty peaks beside it rise to ap clevation of over 14,000 feet above the sea. The average ele- vation of the plains is about 5,000 feet. The eastern Sones and plains are drained by the South Platte, Arkansas and Re- publican. rivers; while the western slopes send their waters : into the Pacific through the Grand, Gunnison, Bear, White, Eagle, Tomichi and Rio Dolores rivers, with their hundred tributaries. The foot-hills have an average elevation of 8,000 feet; while timber grows up to between 11,000 and 12,000 feet above the sea. In the mountain region are many noble parks, which are the beds of ancient lakes. The most northerly of these is the great North Park, having an avea of 2,500 square miles, at an eleva- tion of 9,000 feet. Just south is the still larger Middle Park, whose area is 3,000 square miles, and its elevation 8,500 feet; while southeast is the South Park, with an area of 2,200 square miles, and an elevation of 9,500 feet; and near the extreme southern border is the San Luis Park, with its 8,000 square miles, at an elevation of 7,000 feet above the sea. The great ranges of the Rocky Mountains sweep down through the yary center of Colorado, in almost a due north and south course; and their spurs are thrown out to every point of the compass n bewildering grandeur. THE MINERAL BELT runs through the mountains in nearly a northeast and So west course, and varies in width from fifty to one hundre miles. The mining camps of this rich region are found at an alevation of about 10,000 feet, and the mines are located from Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 21 10,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea; most of them being below the timber line, though some are above it. Previous to 1859, what is now Colorado was regarded as a weird waste of plains and mountains, but in the month of May of that year gold was discovered near Pike’s Peak, and its magic power sent a tumultuous throng of hardy men across the plains in search of fortunes. The rush continued, gold having been discov- ered in many other places, notably on Cherry Creek, near Denver; and on Clear Creek, at the present mining towns of Central City and Black Hawk; so that, by the summer of 1860, the population of the new mining camps numbered several thousand. At that time gold alone was being searched for, and men stumbled every day over rich silver ores, count- ing them as worthless, because, perchance, the wiseacres had said there were no silver ores in the Territory; nor was it until 1864 that some of the so calléd ‘“worthless ore,” named ‘“Seaton gold,” after the man who had discovered it, and which was of a white color, was first pronounced to be silver. From that date up to the important discoveries at Leadville in 1878, and thence on to the present hour, the history of silver mining in Colorado has been a series of wonderful surprises, until to- day she is the largest producer of the precious metals of any similar area on the globe. PROVINCE OF LOUISIANA. Colorado is a portion of that great territorial acquisition secured by President Jefferson, from France, during the reign of the first Napoleon, and whieh purchase, under ‘the Treaty of Paris,” was known as the Province of Louisiana. The lan- guage of the treaty, on boundaries, was as follows: ‘“ The boundary line, between the two countries west of the Mississippi, shall begin on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the river Sabine, in the sea; continuing north along the west- ern bank of that river to the 32d degree of latitude, where it strikes the Rio Roxo, or Nachitoches, or Red River; then fol- 22 Resources of the Rocky Movniains. f lowing the course of the Rio Roxo yu to io an i London, and 23 from on; longitude 100 west from : Co i River, and running the 3 then crossing the said Red , Saoubyn Ine iver Arkansas; thence following due north, to the river Ar ; ce ng heen to its source, 1n outhern bank of the Arkansas : - fa thence by that parallel of latitude to Si oA Lhe hole weing as laid down in Melish’s map of the i y a 5, y blished at Philadelphia. But if the source of the 5 pi os River shall be found to fall north or south of latitude vs 2 oe line shall run from the said source, sn Se 2 ill i ts the said parallel of la ; he case may be, till it mee 4 a thence along the said parallel to the Soach Sea. sue This was the southern boundary line ut an yh 2 2 tern boundary was the Mississi ik or : - source; or to the British possessions on . wi and included what is now Louisiana, Srna i Territory Kansas, Nebraska, Wiss, ows gus. yomi tana, Idaho, Oregon an - a, Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, zd Wash a. ot Territory, and a large portion of Colorado. Dist : ps contained over one million of square miles, i i we paid $11,250,000, or about two cents per Sik ey war with Mexico, in 1848, we acquired from the territory ei New Spain,” the whole of Texas, New Mexico, fron, 3 : , Utah California, Nevada, also parts s fa my > » i i -thirds of Colorado. i ritory, with about two-thir : ] i il for the lands we took from he SA, in, addition, we : 3,500,000 of debts due to , d, in addition, we assumed $3,500, : i citizens from the Mexican government. wo bu then. to the United States, of all the territory flor) 9 3 dsdiopl River to the Pacific Ocean, and from Hy British possessions, was $29,250,000, which mony : 2 2 4 alone, will produce this year in precious metals; while the p ’ duction of gold end silver, for 1882, from the territory thus - coquired, amounted to nearly $100,000,000. The i — Rockies are but just beginning to be known. 1ey Resources of the Rocky Mountains. THE VAST TREASURE VAULTS of the world. Their veins of gold, and of.silver, rib their mountains. Their vast ‘deposits of iron are like the frame- work of their system. Their immense beds of coal are sufficient to fire forever the hearth of the continent. . Their mines of lead will pour forth their molten stream through time. Their mighty areas of copper are sufficient to band the world. Thei mountains, and mines, of salt and sulphur, are large enough to salt the seas, or to stifle with their fumes the inhabitants of a globe. Their numerous mineral springs burst forth from their mountain sides with healing; while their vast herds of cattle, sheep, and horses roam their plains and fatten in their valleys. The resources of this vast realm, an empire in its proportions, are equal to the needs of a continent like this, which is des- tined to support five hundred millions of people. The first discoveries have been made here and. there, in limited measure, of wealth, which will be equal to the demands of what shall be the greatest nation in the history of time. Colorado was organized into a Terri tory in 1861, being struck off from Kansas. It was created a State by an act of Congress August 1, 1876. It is divided into thirty-one counties, and its principal cities and towns are: Denver, Golden, Greorge- town, Boulder, Black Hawk, Central City, Evans, Fort Col- lins, Greeley, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Canon City, Buena Vista, Leadville, Fairplay, Breckenridge, Pitkin, Gunnison City, Lake City, Saguache, Silverton, Ouray, Animas City, Durango, Del Norte, Conejos, San Luis, Trinidad, and Rosita. Denver is not only the Capital of the State, but its financial and commercial eenter, and is appropriately styled THE QUEEN CITY OF THE PLAINS. It is beautifully located, upon a plain, near the eastern base of the great range of the Rockies, commanding a view of their snow-capped summits, from north to south, for full three hun- dred miles. It has a population of 70,000, against 35,718 in Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 1880, and only 4,759 in 1870. No city in the United States is making more rapid strides, in all that pertains to a great metropolis; nor has any a more brilliant future, than Denver. It is a great railway center, and will soon become one of the chief manufacturing centers of the country. Her trade, for 1882, amounted to more than $75,000,000. She has a seaport at Galveston, Texas, with which she is connected by a few hundred miles of rails. Her citizens are intelligent and ener- getic; and grand hotels, imposing opera houses, and picturesque boulevards, give evidence of both wealth and luxury. Her stately homes and business blocks, indicate her prosperity. Magnificent churches and fine school buildings, show culture and refinement. Her water, gas, telephone, and electric light systems are as complete as those of older cities. She has miles of beautiful streets, at whose sides are streams of clear water overshadowed by stately trees. Five large daily papers, and a dozen weeklies, find substantial support from the empire, of which Denver is the center. The atmosphere is bracing and clear, as the city has an altitude of 5,600 feet above the sea. Its advantages are so numerous, and healthfulness so great, that another decade will doubtless find Denver with a popula- tion of 200,000. GUNNISON CITY is situated upon a broad plain, at the junction of the Tomichi and Gunnison rivers, forty miles west of the great Conti- nental Divide; and is, therefore, upon the Pacific slope of Colorado. All the western half of the State, by rail and natural communication, is tributary to it. In the immediate vicinity, extending in a semi-circle from northwest to south- east, at a distance of only thirty miles, are located all the rich mining camps of Gunnison County; <. e., Ruby, Rock Creek, Gothic, Aspen, Ashcroft, Tin Cup, Pitkin, White Pine, Tomichi, and the mines of Cochetopa. While within the same radius are the inexhaustible bituminous coal fields of Crested Butte, Ohio Creek, and Mt. Carbon; and the wonder- Scene Near Gunnison City. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. ful anthracite coal fields of Slate River, and Anthracite Creek. Within the same radius are the rich iron deposits of White Earth Valley; those of the Iron Swamp, on Coal Creek, and of the broad ledges at White Pine. Limestone of supe- rior quality is found on the Cochetopa, and marble of various shades on Rock Creek. Surrounded by this world of mineral wealth, all of which is directly tributary, Gunnison City has a grand future. With four log houses, as a starting point, four years ago, the city now contains 5,000 intelligent and energetic people. They have fine water and gas works, a com- plete telephone system, comfortable hotels, enterprising news- papers, and substantial banks. The mountains, which loom up grandly, a few miles distant, are clothed with timber, where numerous saw mills make lumber cheap. Two lines of railway, with several branches, center here; and within sixty days a through line will be completed to Salt Lake City. One smelter is in operation, and English capital is now about to erect both smelters and iron mills in this metropolis of western Colorado. CLIMATE. The climate of Colorado has no superior in that of any State or Territory in the Union. The mean annual temperature is 48° F. at Denver, and the rainfall 15.72 inches. Colorado is a land of almost perpetual sunshine, while the air is so pure and exhilarating as to-become an elixir of life. In the Summer season it is a land of flowers, and they blossom in. its valleys and cover its mountains. They grow in profusion up to the very borders of the snow, where they may be gathered with one hand while collecting snow with the other. Colorado has a host of mineral springs, and these consist of hot sulphur and soda, cold soda, seltzer, iron and chalybeate. The most noted summer resorts are, at Idaho and Manitou Springs. The former is located in the valley of South Clear Creek, thirty-four miles from Denver, at an elevation of 7,800. There are eight Soda 8 26 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Springs here, having a temperature from 60 to 110° #. Com- fortable hotels and bathing houses furnish accommodations for visitors. Manitou Springs is the Saratoga of the West. This pleasure resort is located near the base of Pike’s Peak, seventy- five miles from Denver, and six from Colorado Springs, and is reached by rail. The prevailing constituents, of the eight springs here, are iron and soda. There are hotels capable of ac- commodating fifteen hundred guests, and are full during the season. From this point the ascent of Pike’s Peak is made on horseback, by a trail along the mountain sides for twelve miles. Near at hand is the famous Garden of the Gods, Glen Eyrie, Ute Pass, Williams Canon, etc. The altitude of Manitou is 6,500 feet, and it is situated in the midst of the wildest moun- tains and most beautiful glens. I'he healthfulness of Colorado is attested by the limited death rate, which, in comparison with the Atlantic Coast, is as follows: Atlantic Coast, to every 1,000 popualation; 21.60; Colorado, 5.65, which includes, of course, deaths among invalids who crowd its sanitariums. As a sani- tarium, the whole Rocky Mountain region has no equal in the world. For lung diseases, asthma, and malaria, its pure air is a sure cure. AGRICULTURE. Colorado has 5,000,000 acres of agricultural land. This lies in the valleys of its rivers, and north, south and east of Denver. It requires irrigation; and for this purpose, numerous canal companies have been organized, and water brought down from the mountain streams for distribution—the rates per acre ranging from 60 cents to $2.20. The Government made an appropriation, last winter, of $20,000 for the purpose of sinking two artesian wells in the great plains east of Denver; and work on them is being prosecuted. Under the system of irrigatioh crops are certain; and wheat, oats, rye, barley, etc., are grown of very superior quality. At Fort Collins is located the State Agricultural College, where experiments have been made with cereals from all parts of the world, especially wheat; and the Resources of the Rocky Mountains. result, as displayed at the Denver Exposition, proved that in every instance the wheat grown in Colorado was nearly 100 per cent. larger in grain, as well as improved in quality. The flour made from this wheat is the best known. Although but little more than one hundred thousand acres are under cultivation, the State already produces wheat for export. Fruits and vegetables, of superior quality, are raised, while the best California fruits and grapes are shipped here in abundance. GRAZING. Next to mining, the chief interest in the State, is the raising of stock. All the great plains lying east of the Rocky Range, and extending from north to south, and eastward to Kansas, are devoted to this purpese. The fine parks and valleysin the mountains are the homes of numerous herds, while the great mesas, of the Western portion, are fast being devoted to this important and profitable business. The number of cattle, grazing upon the plains and valleys of Colorado, at present, is something over 500,000; while 1,250,000 sheep are thriving upon its rich grasses, and there is yet room for many times these numbers. FAUNA AND FLORA. Colorado is a paradise for the sportsman. Although but few buffalo are to be found, there are plenty of elk, bear, deer, mountain sheep and mountain lion. The great North and Middle Parks are the home of the elk, deer and antelope; while the bear, mountain sheep and lion, live among the fastnesses of the rugged ranges. Grouse, sage hens, ducks aud geese, abound; and squirrels, otter, beaver, mink and muskrat are thick as leaves in Vallombrosa. All the lakes and rivers are full of splendid fish, notably trout; which come to perfection in the clear, cold, mountain streams. ‘Colorado is well supplied with timber, chiefly coniferz, which covers its mountain sides—especially on the Pacific 28 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. slopes. In the valleys and over the foothills, grow, in pro- fusion, the aspens; which, with their light green and spirit- like leaves, form a beautiful contrast with the sombre shades of the pines. These forests are principally composed of white and yellow pine, white and red spruce, hemlock, several varieties of cedar, pinon pine, tamarack, juniper and balsam fir. The white and yellow pine, and white spruce, are exten- sively used for lumber; and a hundred saw-mills supply the demand at about $25 per 1,000 feet. Wild fruits are abundant, as the wild red raspberry, straw- berries and plumbs, service, whortle and gooseberries; cur- rants—red, black and yellow; crab apples, wild pears and the Oregon grape; while pie plant is plentiful of fair quality. PRECIOUS STONES. Colorado is rich in precious stones; among which may be named: opals, amethyst, topaz in all colors, agates, jasper, chal- cedony, onyx, carnelian, garnets, blood-stone, jet, sapphires, malachite, azureite or lapis lazuli, tourmaline, beryl, rock crystal and sardonyx. Of petrified woods and spars, she has all the varieties, even to an abundance, of palm wood and other tropical petrifactions. MINERAL RESOURCES. (Colorado has produced, up to January 1, 1883, not less than 170,000,000 in gold, silver, copper and lead—most of which was in the precious metals; Leadville, alone, having yielded $60,000,000 up to the time named. According to Hayden, two hundred and thirty-three different minerals have been found in Colorado; the principal of which are gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, nickel, bismuth, quicksilver, salt, sulphur, gypsum, asbestos, zinc, and graphite. Here are also found vast deposits of coal, both anthracite and bituminous; lime, ‘building stone, granite, and marble; and free-stone in all vari- ties. There is an abundance of wood and water, and in Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 29 fact all the elements necessary to the growth of a great and mighty Commonwealth. .At the National Mining Exposition, held in Denver, from August 1st, to October 1st, 1882, the minerals exhibited from the States and Territories of the Rockies were truly marvelous; and as, from year to year, its doors shall be thrown open to the world, with constantly accu- mulating evidence of still vaster resources, the Exposition will be the means of hastening a golden future in the history of this Nation. : The following account of Colorado’s exhibit at the Exposi- tion, which I wrote for THE CLEVELAND LEADER, will convey® a more vivid idea of the resources of this great State than any subsequent description can, and therefore I reproduce it here: NATIVE WEALTH OF THE COUNTIES. The following counties of Colorado are rich in the minerals named with each: GILPIN COUNTY. This is one of the oldest counties in the State, and repre- sents eighty mines in their exhibit, with forty tons of ore; being mostly gold bearing, iron and copper pyrites, and silver galena—essentially free milling ores. Their deepest mine is down 1,320 feet. Here are found beautiful specimens of cop- per and iron pyrites, zinc blend, encrusted siderite or carbonate of iron, peacock ore, and iridescent copper pyrites. This county has produced $3,000,000 in silver, and $35,500,000 in gold, up to 1882. BOULDER COUNTY. Here two hundred mines are represented, with fifteen tons of specimens, chiefly of tellurium ores, native gold quartz, galena, gray copper, and iron and copper pyrites carrying gold. This is mainly a gold producing district, though they show silver ores running from $200 to $7,000 per ton. It was not thought that the tellurium ores would be found deep in the 30 Rosouros 9 the: Bocky Monintains. earth; but specimens here exhibited have been taken from the 600 foot levels, and are as rich as any produced. The deepest mines of . this county are now down 1,000 feet. Discoveries were made here as early as 1859, but the rich ores were not found until 1872, and most of the development has been done during the past five years. They exhibit one nugget of native silver weighing seven pounds. From the Golden Age mine comes the finest exhibit of gold quartz to be seen in the Expo- sition; out of fifty-one pounds of the ore $2,600 have been obtained, while this exhibit of 100 pounds is worth $7,500; it diterally glistens with pure gold. The vein from which it is taken is ten feet wide, but the Lod is found in pockets, and 1s not continuous. CLEAR CREEK COUNTY displays ores from two hundred and fifty mines, and has twenty- five tons on exhibition; which contain gray copper, ruby sil- ver, and argentiferous galena. Veins in this county average from three, to fifteen feet in width, and produce some gold. The oresare of fine quality, and run from 850.00 to $5,000 per son. Most of the discoveries have been made during the pas three years. PARK COUNTY has a handsome exhibit of mineral amounting to ten tons, and representing one hundred mines. These ores are combinations of gold, silver, and copper, with some lead; and have an assay value from $100 to $3,000 per ton. The veins are from five to twenty feet wide, and are both contact and fissure. Sulphur- ets, and manganese of iron are found in some of them. Como, in this county, is a region rich in both coal and iron. LAKE COUNTY is the home of Leadville, and therefore of wonders. The ex- hibit is from twenty mines, and consists of twenty-five tons of ore, mostly sand and hard carbonates, horn silver and galena. The Robert E. Lee mine shows asilver block valued at $118,500, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 31 and which wag the product of the mine, on one occasion, for seventeen and a half hours; and a bet is offered of $50,000 that the mine is now in shape to take out $300,000 in twenty-four hours. So, Leadville is not quite exhausted yet. The produc- tion of Leadville, up to the present time, is officially given as follows: 1860 to 1879 $10,400,000 10,300,000 14,200 000 18,200,000 7,800,000 CHAFFEE COUNTY has en exhibition thirty tons of specimens, representing three hundred mines; most of which are silver ores, in all the varie- ties which this well known district produces. Here are fine specimens of hard and sand carbonates, and galena oresrich in silver. Their veins are from three to eighty feet wide, with pay streaks, ranging from six inches to six feet—giving ore that assays from $50.00 to $50,000 per ton. This district is just over the main range, from the rich camps of Tomichi and White Pine; and is within the famous mineral belt described by Hayden in his report on Colorado. Discoveries were made here in 1876, and some of the mines are now exceedingly valu- ble; notably the Murphey mine, which is estimated to be worth $7,000,000. GUNNISON COUNTY is represented by fifty tons of rich mineral, from the camps of Ruby, Gothic, Rock Creek, Pitkin, Tin Cup, White Pine and Tomichi. The ore is of all varieties—ruby, wire, brittle, and native silver, sulphurets, chlorides, carbonates, and argentifer- ous galena. The veins in this county are true fissures, varying in width, from three to one hundred feet, and showing ore that assays from $50.00 to $62,000 per ton; where, as in many 32 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. cases, gold is combined with the silver. Galena ores abound, and the mineral is therefore mostly smelting ore. The rich native silver ores from the Silvanite mine, at Gothic, and from the Sleeping Pet and Lewiston mines at Tomichi, are conspic- uous. The bonanza veins, of Granite Mountains, at Tomi- chi, are about to be opened by the great Magna Charta Tun- nel; while at White Pine, the Valhalla Tunnel will cut the rich veins of that camp. The Tomichi mires also exhibit rich chlo- rides, sulphides and arsenical iron; while the finest specimen in the Exposition, of galena ore covered with carbonates, comes from the North Star mine, at White Pine. This mine has ashaft 115 feet deep, all the way in carbonate ore. The recent rich strikes, in these two last named districts-—in the Carrie, of chlo- rides, yielding $19,000 to the ton; and in the Carbonate King, and Lily mines, of large veins of exceedingly rich ores—prove that Gunnison county, is not excelled, in mineral, by any similar area in the world. The Silent Friend, at Pitkin; and the For- est Queen, at Ruby; are also two royal mines. Smelters are n operation at Gunnison City, Tomichi, and Ruby, and stamp mills at Pitkin. The exhibits, from this county, of iron and coal—both anthacite and bituminous—copper, lime, lead, marble, and building stone, in all varieties, excel any thing in the entire exposition. There are about five hundred mines represented in the display of this county alone. PITKIN COUNTY, named in honer of the present Governor of Colorado, is a por- tion of territory, recently struck off from the famous Gunni- son county; and represents, with twenty tons of mineral, about two hundred mines. Ashcroft, and Aspen, are the two chief mining centers of this rich region, and display fine specimens of argentiferous galenu, chlorides, carbonates, native silver, copper and gold ores. The veins are from three to one hun- dred feet wide, yielding ores that run from $40.00 to $40,000 per ton. One large smelter is now being erected at Ashcroft, and capital is coming in from Chicago and New York. The *OPeBIO[0) UJIAIISI AN —I39(Q Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 33 tirst discoveries were made here in 1880, since which time, a large number of rich veins have been found; and several pros- pects, have already been sold for from $50,000 to $100,000 each. FREMONT COUNTY exhibits specimens from forty mines, whose veins are from two and one-half to twelve feet in width. The silver ores of this county run high in both copper and lead. Limestone and granite, suituable for building purposes, abound in this district, the latter admitting of a high polish. Petroleum is also found here, and wells have been sunk, to a depth of from three hundred and fifty, to twelve hundred feet, which are producing a fine quality of oil, of heavier gravity than that of Pennsylvania. Lime kilns are here worked by the prisoners from the penitentiary, producing as much as twelve hundred barrels per day. A fine quality of bituminous coal has been discovered in this county, and is very extensively worked by the Canon City Coal Company. I'he vein is four feet thick, and has been located for a distance of ten miles. Iron ore of a superior quality for paint, fire clay, cement, and plaster of paris, are abundant. Graphite has been discovered at Hidden Pass, and zinc blende at Cotopaxi. Nickel is here found in connection with silver, running as high as twenty-six per cent. of pure metal, in the ore. The mineral veins in this county assay from $40.00 to $2,000 per ton, but average about $60.00 for the entire county. SUMMIT COUNTY, exhibits specimens from a hundred mines. The discoveries were made here in 1863. I'he ore is mostly galena, and gray copper, in veins from three to thirty-five feet wide. Deepest workings in this county, up to the present time, are 900 feet. Ore assays from $75 to $1,500 per ton, averaging seventy-five ounces silver, 60 per cent. lead. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. OURAY COUNTY, has ten tons of ore, representing two hundred mines. Here are found gray copper, brittle silver, black sulphurets, and galena ores, with specimens of placer gold. These ores give assays from $25 to $3,000 per ton, and mill runs of $200 per ton. The veins are from 5 to 12 feet in width, with pay streaks from eight inches, to three feet. Their deepest mines are down 450 feet. In this county they are beginning to work mines by tunnels, being less expensive and more satisfactory. They have one concentrator at Ouray, and a Boston company 1s building a large smelter at Ophir. Their ores were formerly shipped to Pueblo. Ore has been packed and freighted all the way to Lake City, a distance of one hundred miles, ten miles on the backs of the small Mexican burros, and ninety miles in wagons. The Virginius niine is running a pack train of fifty burros. The cost of transporting their ores to mill is $40 per ton; but when shipments were made to Pueblo, it cost $100 per ton. The most prominent placer mine is the San Miguel, which is worked by the hydraulic process. They have not much for- eign capital, but are sanguine of securing all they require, when the merits of their mines are known. CUSTER COUNTY makes a fine little exhibit, from fifty-three mines, mostly sil- ver, though they show good copper and iron ores; and gold ores that are combined with silver. Their mines produce galena, gray copper, sulphurets, chlorides of silver and gold, zinc and horn silver. The veins, are from one foot to twenty feet wide, and assay from $30 to $30,000 per ton. From the Bassic mine one specimen is shown, that will assay 517 ounces of gold and 12 ounces of silver to the ton. They exhibit one piece of Tellurium ore worth $17 per pound. Their best eopper ores yield 36 per cent. copper, and their iron ores 80 per cent. Discoveries were made in this distriet ten years ago, and their deepest workings are down 800 feet. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. SAGUACHE COUNTY represents one hundred and ten mines, and furnishes ten tons of ore, mostly argentiferous galena, carrying some gold. The veins are from four to three hundred feet in width, and their deepest workings are down 220 feet. The ore assays from $35 to $20,000 per ton, and is smelting ore. Discoveries were made here two years ago, and work is progressing in the mines as fast as prospectors can do it. The ore lies in large bodies; the pay streaks being from six inches, to fifty feet in width. They have not much foreign capital, though parties from Columbus, O., are investing there. Inno instance do they find pay min- eral at the surface; but consider they have good mines when depth is gained. DOLORES COUNTY represents with specimens fifty mines, and has ten tons of mineral in the exhibit. These are carbonates, sulphurets, argentiferous galena, and some gold ores, the latter worth $400 to the ton. Veins in this county are from twenty to forty feet wide, with good sized pay streaks; the ore assaying:from $50 to $5,000 per ton. They have two smelters, and three amalga- mating works, in operation. Their deepest mine is down 300 feet. Discoveries were made here in 1879, though the principal ones occurred in 1881-2. Rico is the center of their mining dis- trict, which has a radius of only about six miles. Capital is coming in from Kansas City, Chicago, and Kentucky. They also exhibit fire clay, iron, lime, coke, and copper. The iron is found in large deposits, both magnetic and bogg ore, and assays 50 to 70 per cent. iron; while the copper ores yield as high as 40 per cent. pure metal. SAN JUAN COUNTY has on exhibition twenty-five tons of specimens, representing one hundred and twenty-five mines. These consist of silver, galena, and gray copper ores containing bismuth and zine with a few gold ores. The ore from this district mill runs rE A 36 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. from $30 to $250 per ton, and assays up into the thousands, The veins are from four to two hundred feet wide, with pay streaks from four inches to forty feet. Their deepest Vy are down 800 feet, though some of the mines are being worke by tunnels, which the precipitous mountains favor. Thay est of these is in 1,500 feet, and has cut rich veins at a 0 1 of 1,000 feet. Capital is coming from England; some ston. sive purchases having been made during the present summ : The Denver and Rio Grande Railway 1s now at their mining center, Silverton, where they have one smelter In Opimatien. The mines of this county lie within a radius of twenty miles of Silverton. LA PLATA COUNTY shows blocks of fine bituminous coal, from a vein serenty. five feet wide, and from 400 in depth. ‘They exhibit a age ts of gypsum, from a vein fourteen feet wide, gs he clay and iron. Here are also specimens of 2] con rng quicksilver, from the only mine in the world where quic por is found free from cinnabar. In this county timber Ofsaten quality grows in great abundance, namely, clear nen, os tonwood, white oak, and cedar. Their chief resources, h ever, are timber, coal, iron, and good grazing land. LAS ANIMAS COUNTY exhibits a huge block of coal, from a vein fifteen feet bes taken from the Colorado Coal and Iron Company mines a Elmoro. They display most beautiful sandstone for ig purposes; this comes from Trinidad, also iron, coke, I I ber, but the exhibit of this county is very light, anc neith silver or gold ores are to be found in it. HINSDADLE COUNTY with twenty tons of ore, represents one hundred and five mines. This ore is argentiferous galena, carrying a large we portion of gray copper. They exhibit some hard and san Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 37 carbonates, wire and native silver, and gold quartz, also cop- per, lime, marble, and sandstone. Their silver ores assay from $20 to $4,000 per ton, and are found in veins four to nine feet wide, with pay streaks, from four to twenty inches. Discover- ies were made here in 1872, and their deepest workings are down 400 feet. [Lake City is the chief mining center, and the mines of the county lie within a radius of twenty miles from this point. These are smelting ores, and the sesqui-oxide of iron, which is found here in large quantities, is used to flux them. JEFFERSON COUNTY exhibits fine specimens of limestone in great varieties for build- ing purposes; also, silica suitable for the manufacture of glass; fire clay, coal, gypsum, mica, granite, and brown sandstone, similar to that used in New York City. They show some silver steel ore, copper, and iron, but silver ores proper to a very limited extent. WELD COUNTY displays good specimens of bituminous coal; and in agricultural products, as fine wheat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes and vegeta- bles as can be grown in any part of the world. SMELTING WORKS. Toextraet from the ores of these counties the rich metals they contain, smelters and reduction works are planted all over the State, and their glowing fires burn by night and by day, so that Colorado’s yield of the precious metals for 1882 was $26, - 751,000. Of this amount, the following smelters produced gold, sil- ver, lead and copper, of the value here noted: PUEBLO SMELTING COMPANY. 1,608,126 $ 8,279,406 $ 29,420 766,700 $1,837,220 $ 154,733 $ 697,640 BOSTON AND COLORADO WORKS—‘‘ARGO.” $ 687,000 2,595,000 886,000 $ 8,668,000 COAL AND IRON. The coal and iron deposits of Colorado are practically inex- haustible, Coal is found in Boulder, Jefferson and Weld counties; at Franceville, between Denver and Colorado Springs; at Trinidad and Elmoro, near Canon City; in Gunnison county, at Crested Butte and Ruby; at Como, in Park eounty; and in both La Plata and Dolores counties. The coals are bitumin- ous, semi-bituminous, anthracite and lignites; and the strata vary in thickness from five to seventy-five feet. Those of Gunnison county are considered the most important in the State. The total out put, for 1882, amounted to 2,000,000 tons, besides 100,000 tons of coke; total value at the mines, $4,460,000. The iron deposits are extensive, some of the most valuable being in Gunnison county. The production of ore for 1882 from the South Arkansas Hot Springs, Placer, Silver Cliff and Grape Creek mines; alone, amounted to 53,425 tons. The iron and steel production of the Colorado Coal and Iron Company’s works at Pueblo for 1882 was 88,500 tons. Resources of the Rocky Mouutains. 39 ay the valuation of property in Colorado is : g. e assessed total State valuati 81x years has been as follows: . Merman $ 43,453,946 36 48,072,648 26 59,590,761 80 73,050,761 89 96,135,305 48 104,440,688 57 RAILWAYS. " Sats has wh thousand miles of railways. These enver an io Grande, Denver ; Denver and New Orleans, Colorado Central, i 2 iy Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, Burlington and Quine i the Union Pacific. ‘They traverse the br goons through the valleys, wind their way through grand c rush through mountain tunnels, or climb from peak oa amid the snows at the summit of the Rockies, They orp iron arms that grapple with the might i the progress of mankind. ghty mountains and mark oad plains, roll i Kelley, of Pennsylvania, speaks thus of Colorado: ‘The sources of mineral wealth i i eternal and inexhaustible. Colorado as Rens pot a great and permanent State, in the masses of precious m 0 ls that must be handled within her borders. She has - oy vantage that she lies in a great line of commerce, and is a el sarily an entrepot of trade. She must be not only a eo smelter of gold, silver, copper, and lead, but a great em turer of machinery, and of the commodities that machi . handle. Her location as an iron center is not exceeded oy that of Pittsburgh. Colorado has coal, iron and wl and 1 4 saline springs are among the richest in the country. ; id 40 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. ¢¢ Coal, iron and salt are the powers of England. Coal, iron, and salt make her the empress of the seas and the workshop of the world. On this basis she has stood, the supreme nation of the world; and now is overshadowed by but one nation, and that is the one which floats the flag on which {he star of Colorado marks the thirty-eighth State.” The Jolly Bears. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. EE EE retreat Aeterna ot er tee - The Iron Queen of the Rockies—The Great Salt Lake —Its History, Characteristics, and Salt Producing Qualities—The Gold and Silver Producing Districts and Their Yield—The Iron and Other Mineral Wealth of the Territory. This Territory lies between the 37th, and the 42d parallels of latitude; and between the 109th and 114th meridians, west from Greenwich. It is bounded on the north, by Idaho and Wyom- ing; east, by Colorado and Wyoming; south, by Arizona; and west, by Nevada. Its length from north to south is 325 miles; and, from east to west, 300 miles. Its mean elevation above the sea is 6,100 feet. It has 87,720 square miles, of which there are 84,970 land, and 2,780 water, amounting, in all, to 54,380,800 acres. The Wasatch Mountains divide the Terri- tory from north to south into two nearly equal parts. These mountains rise in their peaks to 12,000 feet above the sea, but have a less height as they pass southward. The eastern por- tion of the Territory has a little arable and grazing land, and a very considerable amount of coal. It is drained by ' the Green and Grand Rivers; which unite to form the Colorado; whose waters, pass for hundreds of miles, through one of the most colossal canons in the world; varying in depth from 1,000 to 6,000 feet below the level of the plateaus. Close to the western base of the Wasatch Mountains, is the Great Salt Lake basin; which extends from north to south for more than two hundred miles. In it are found the Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake; near the middle of the Territory; and Sevier Lake, in 4 42 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. the southwest part. The Cache, San Pete, and Salt Lake Valleys are noted as grain producing sections; but, having colder winters and shorter summers, on account of greater elevation, are not so well adapted to the growing of fruit as the Great Salt Lake Basin. Irrigation is extensively prac- ticed, and every stream that comes down from the mountains is used for that purpose. The supply of water, however, in this part of the Territory is not equal to that in the eastern half. To the west and south of the Great Salt Lake lies the Great American Desert, stretching away into Nevada. THE GREAT SALT LAKE, which lies in the north central portion of the Territory; is an inland sea; eighty miles in length, by fifty wide; with an alti- tude above the ocean of 4,200 feet. This lake is full of pic- turesque beauty, containing many islands; the principal of which are Antelope, Church, Carrington, Gunnison, Hat, Kim- balls, and Stansbury. The mountains, on some of these, rise abruptly to the height of 3,000 feet, and contain both base and precious metals. On both Church and Carrington Islands; which are in the southern portion of the lake; rich copper deposits have been found. Antelope, the nearest to Salt Lake City, is sixteen miles in length, while Stansbury is twelve miles long. These were at one time accessible by a wagon road from the southern shore; but the water in the lake, having risen twelve feet since the first settlement of Utah, they are now islands. The first mention made of the Great Salt Lake was by Baron La Houtan, in 1689. Captain Bonneville sent a party to explore it in 1833, but not until 1842 did the white man set foot upon its shores; when Colonel Fremont visited, and described it. Captain Stansbury, in 1850, made a detailed survey of its shores and Islands. There have been many curious discoveries in regard to this lake; some of which, are the various water marks upon the rocks of its islands; the principal one being eight hundred feet above the present lake level. This is explained by the theory, that the area, between Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 43 se the Wasatch, and the Siera Nevada ranges; J inland sea; of w was once a large hich the present Gr ( eat Salt Lake is b a nt 18 but th iy - he water is of a beautiful aqua-marine, as clear ” ” B ds fe Noun is often seen. Its mean depth does enty feet; while the dee 1 en pest part 1 tom 33 feet beneath the surface. It is ly 5 ns y rag, as the water becomes much warmer than doe 95 my my 80 dense that it is a delightful exercise to Span oo Srv a Cg hotel at Lake Point, and ack Rock. The northern par dor : ern part of th - : oy Spins We salt springs, Ds oy bo 1s lake. The brine of Salt L : ‘ : ake holds fourtee ing 3 on matter; and being evaporated by the oS 4% hits § ousands of tons of salt each year. The en os hs Je at Salt Lake City, averages five dollars per ‘ ess than 12,000 tons are col ] ios 1 y collected and m - a fon 1ts waters annually; most of which is a Shug 3 0 Colora:lo, Nevada, Montana, and Utah: Colorado Alor sing 5,000 tons per annum. - The waters of this lak pare with other saline waters as follows: : WATER. SOLIDS. 8.6 THE RESOURCES OF UTAH he a with the size of her territory; for, in some A ys e 18 one of the richest in minerals in the Rocky as | nee Gold and silver mining began 1m Utah in 19 22 ; yg ie time the bullion product has amounted her HOAs, of i en ig Ty i of her mining districts have been oe da od ; a tal can be had for reducing the = 5 ab oo clit or created for getting them to market ig is. tricts at present are, the Park iy a Louies As y 34 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Bingham, Tintic, Stockton, Frisco, Marysvale, and Silver Reef. Most of these are now accessible by rail from Salt Lake City. The product of the various smelters, mills, and placers, of Utah, in gold, silver, and lead, for 1882, was nearly $10,- 000,000; giving Utah the fifth place in the list of gold and silver producers; Colorado, being first; California, second; Ne- vada, third; and Arizona, fourth. In the Park City district, the great Ontario silver mine is located; which was capitalized in San Francisco for $15,000,000; and has produced, up to January, 1883, over $11,000,000; while it is said its produc- tive period has only really begun. The average value of the ore taken out has been $100 per ton. In this district, there are many other producing properties, which may, in time, also become bonanzas. The Alta district includes the Little and Big Cottonwood mines, and has communication by rail with the smelters in the Jordan Valley. The ores are found here in chambers, in limestone, and in chimneys of what appear to be fissure veins. They were originally mainly galenas, but have changed to carbopates of lead. These ores are of low grade in silver, $30, $50, and $75 per ton, fairly representing the mines of this district. A large amount of development has been done on some of these mines, as much as 4,000 feet in drifts, tunnels, and winzes on the City Rock group alone. Among the many producers the Antelope and Prince of Wales mines have yielded over $1,000,000 in bullion to their happy owners. : AMERICAN FORK DISTRICT. ‘In the American Fork district the chief mine is the Silver Bell. It has a strong vein of free milling ore, and promises to become a great property. The Silver Lake dis- trict, which is included in that of the Ameriean Fork, has a number of mines that show large bodies of low grade ore. The Bingham Canon district contains ores in which lead largely predominates. The Country Rock is quartzite, broken up by dykes of eruptive rock. The mineral belt is broad, and Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 45 rt —————————— er : contains many fissure veins. The ores are partly galena, and partly iron, and being decomposed near the surface foi car- bonates and brown hemetite. The silver-lead ores Have been worked for years; but the gold ores of this district have as yet hardly been touched. Among the great silver-lead mines here, are the Old Telegraph, Spanish, Neptune, etc. These are on the famous lead belt, which has been explored for two miles in length; and is found to vary in width, from 120 to 180 feet. The ore, from this belt, varies in quality from twenty to fifty per cent. of lead; with only five to thirty ounces of silver, to the ton. The Tiewaukee mines furnish $12,000 to $15,000 worth of ore per »lo, per month. Of the iron and ’ Professor Newberry says: ERE a : ““The ore in the Yosemite, Jordan, Utah, Red Rover, Span- ish, Stewart, etc. varies from twenty-five, to fifty feet i thick- ness; and as the strata are deeply cut by the ravines; the out- Crops are sometimes one hundred feet above the drainage and water levels. All this part of the veins is oxidized, and the ore is free milling, yielding on an average about ten dollars to the ton in gold. The quantity of ore, of this kind, in these great and continuous veins, is enormous; and sufficient to form the basis of a suceessful mining industry for years. The ore 1s soft; is mined with great facility; and, with proper appli- ances, could be as ¢heaply crushed, as any ore in the country In many localities, the mines can be worked by open ey Here no timbering will be necessary, and the cost of mining and milling, should not exceed two dollars per ton. A profit of more than five dollars to the ton may easily be secured, and thus the gold production of Bingham, may become as great and profitable as that of the Black Hills,” It is estimated that ““this district has produced 500,000 tons of ore during the past ten years; equal to 100,000 tog of bul- lion, yielding $8,800,000 in silver, $1,500,000 in gold, and $5,000,000 in lead; amounting in all to $15,300,000.” ; Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The mines of the Stockton district, lic on the western slope of the Oquirrh range of mountains, about forty miles west of Salt Lake City, and can be reached by rail. The ores of this district are silver-leads; mostly carbonates; and are worth from $20 to $30 per ton in the Salt Lake market. The Great Basin is the chief producing mine in the district; though the Hidden Treasure, Mono, Queen of the Hills, etc, have produced, it is claimed, two to three millions en masse. Many of the mines here seem to have been abandoned, as the surface bonanzas have been worked out, and deeper exploration has not been begun. THE TINTIC DISTRICT. The Tintic District, which lies ninety miles from Salt Lake City, on the western slope of the Oquirrh Mountains, is also reached by the Utah Central and the Salt Lake & Western roads. Here two-thirds of the ores carry gold, silver, and copper; while the remainder are galena ores. The chief mines, are the Crimson Mammoth, Beck, Carisa, and the Northern Spy. The Crimson Mammoth has a forty foot vein, containing a chimney, about one hundred feet in diameter; of nearly pure ore, which averages ten per cent copper, and $35 in gold and silver per ton; and has been a heavy producer for several years. The Eureka Hill mine, in this district, has yielded as much as $33,000 per month. It is generally be- lieved, that the Tintic district, has more paying mines and prospects, that a little money will develop into paying proper- ties; than any other in the Territory. It is a good place to carry on mining, as the winters are mild, the principal draw- back being a scarcity of water. The Frisco district is 243 miles south of Salt Lake City, and can be reached by the Gtuh Central Railway. The most prom- inent mine here is the Horn Silver, which has produced up to January 1, 1883, over $6,000,000. The ore is a decomposed argentiferous galena, averaging $50 per ton. The vein, is fifty feet in thickness, of clean ore. It is opened by levels, the low- Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 47 est being down 500 feet, and the mine is said to be free from water in its deepest workings. It is owned by the Horn Silver Mining Company, and is capitalized at $10,000,000. This company also own extensive lead refining works in Chicago and their dividends have been $300,000 quarterly, or at fie rate of $1,200,000 per annum. In this district there are also valuable deposits of copper ore; which will, without doubt, be developed into paying properties. : The Marysvale district is in one of the best endowed parts of Utah, where there is plenty of water, and timber; two im- portant factors in successful mining. Here the Deer Trail is the most valuable property. The ores are gold and silver com- bined, and are worth about $30 per ton. The veins in this district are from twelve to twenty feet wide, and make promise of good mines when sufficient capital is secured for their devel- opment. THE SILVER REEF REGION. The Silver Reef region, is named from a sandstone reef which fronts the Wasatch Mountain for a distance of oli hundred miles, and which contains silver to the extent of $30 to the ton. This district is one hundred miles south of the Frisco district in the Rio Colorado Basin. The country is dreary in the extreme; being bare of vegetation; with precipit- ous mountains, which look still hot from voleanic fires. The principal mines here are the Tecumseh, Stormy King, Califor- nia, Maggie and Silver Flat. The ore is silver sandstone, be- tween sandstone walls, and is free milling. These properties have been ‘incorporated in San Francisco, for $6,000,000 as the Christy Mining and Milling Company; and 50,000 tons of ore have been taken out; yielding $1,300,000, or about $28 per ton. The Stormont Silver Mining Company, of New York have a number of properties here, from which they have paid $145,000 in dividends. Deposits, of rich copper ore, have re- cently been found in sandstone, near the Colorado River, It is thought, that other parts of the Buckeye and White reefs, ET TT oi BTR o _—_ ba LR i RR on i 48 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. will be made as productive, as the Silver reef has proven; which, during the past five years, has produced not less than $4,000,000. Utah has twenty stamp mills, with 350 stamps in all, and twenty-five lead smelting furnaces; nineteen of which are in the Jordan Valley, near Salt Lake City. Here are smelted the ores not only of Utah, but many of those from Nevada and Idaho. For this purpose they use charcoal; costing ten cents per bushel; and McConnellsville coke, brought from Pennsyl- vania, which costs delivered $23.50 per ton. They charge from $10 to $12 per ton for smelting. The cost of mining in Utah is said to average $10 per ton. The Germania lead works, seven miles from Salt Lake City, has a daily capacity of 180 tons, and produces common, refined, white, sheet, pipe, shot, litharge, and test lead, using only English coke for fuel. As Utah, has an abundance of coal that is noeliont for house use, and steam making purposes; it will be strange if she does not make her own coke supersede the imported article. THE IRON ORE DEPOSITS of Utah are extensive, and of great variety. They are found at Smithfield, about Ogden, on the Provo below Kamas, on the Weber, in the Ogden Canon, on the Wasatch above Wil- lard, and Bountiful, in the City Creek Canon, at Tintic, and in the Cottonwoods. Every variety is said to exist, save the spathic ores. Many of them carry silver, in sufficient amount, to make them valuable aside from other purposes. They are used extensively as fluxes for the silicious ores, the principal supply for the Jordan Valley smelters being taken from the Tintic district; where ores can be selected that will yield 50 to 60 per cent. of iron. The most important iron ore deposits, however, in Utah, are in Iron county, three hundred miles south of Salt Lake City. These ores are magnetic and hema- tite, and are reported to exceed in extent the famous Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob deposits of Missouri. Professor Newberry says of them: Distant View of Logan, Utah. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 49 ‘“The deposits of iron ore, near Iron City, and Iron Springs, in Southwestern Utah, are probably not excelled in intrinsic value by any in the world. The ore is magnetic and hematite, and occurs in a belt fifteen or twenty m:les long, and three or four miles wide; along which there are frequent outcrops; each of which shows a length and breadth of several hundred feet of compact, massive ore, of the richest quality. There are certainly no other such deposits of iron ore west of the Mis- sissippi, and should it be found practicable, to use Utah coal, for the manufacture of pig and bar iron, and steel, from these ore beds; it would be difficult to overestimate the influence they would have on the industries of the Pacific coast.” Of the coal fields of Utah Professor Ne wberry also says: ““ Within fifteen miles of the iron ore beds, and separated from them by a nearly level plain, are deposits of coal; which, I be- lieve, can be successfully used for smelting iron, and which are certainly capable, of furnishing a fuel, that will perform ali the other duties of coal, and that in inexhaustible quantities. These coal beds are connected with the coal fields of Eastern Utah, but it is only here that they push through the mount. ains into the ‘railroad valleys,” which lie between the Wasatch and the Sierra Nevada. Several beds of coal here crop out on top of Cedar Mountain; beds, which vary from five, to eighteen feet in thickness. The coal is of the cretaceous age, and equal in quality to any of the Western coals. It makes a fairly good coke, apparently as good as that manufactured at Trinidad, Colorad», and so extensively used for metallurgical puiposes in that State. It is fully equal to the coals of Central and Northern Utah; hence it will probably furnish a fuel adapted for smelting and manufacturing iron.” It is estimated that there are ‘ TWENTY THOUSAND SQUARE MILES OF COAL LANDS mn Utah, and that the united thickness of their veins is one hundred and sixty-five feet. They lie chiefly along the eastern slope of the Wasatch, from the Uintah Reservation, in Pleas- 50 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. ant Valley, on Huntington Creek, in Castle Valley, and on the Colorado River. The Denver & Rio Grande Railway, now building from Gunnison City, Colorado, to Salt born oh passes directly through these coal fields; and, 1t 18 a : 2 during the entire distance, the road is scarcely ever out o sig $ of marketable coal. Some of these mines have been oi 4 for years, and are opened up to a depth of 1,000 fa i o : withstanding these facts Utah has actually purchased ) tons of Wyoming coal in the past ten yours, at a cos $4,000,000. Utah has her full complement of other minerals. Vploann deposits of antimony, have been found forty miles east 0 Marysvale; on the Sevier River; and the Ampriess antnony Company own 450 acres of land, where the ore occurs in stra 8, between sandstone and conglomerate; and which they estimate. will yield 1,000 tons to the acre. It is claimed to be py i its native state than Cookson’s imported ‘‘star metal. i can thus supply the world, with the finest antimony = e. Sulphur, formed by the condensation of volcanic sulphur fumes, is found in several localities, notably in Millard eonnly, where it covers an area of three hundred acres. Wherever it has been cut, in no place has it been found less than wo feet in thickness; and is still forming from the active os a- tions. Some of it is ninety-eight per cent. fine, Gi per cent. being the average, while the sulphur beds of 3! y ou) present source of supply, average only twenty per cent. ROCK SALT. Rock salt as clear as crystal, and almost perfectly pure, a mined on the Sevier River and in Salt Creek canon. Gi principal mines of rock salt in the world are near Cre, os former capital of Poland, where they have a long! & %o miles by one in breadth, and are 1,000 feet deep. 076 8 also mines at Hall in the Tyrol, at Vie in German Lorr Tie at Cheshire, England, at Holston, Virginia, and Petite Anse Louisiana, and in many other places. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 51 Gypsum is found in both a crystalized and oxidized state, in San Pete county, above Cove Creek on the Muddy, and near Nepi. At the latter place there isa ledge one hundred feet wide and twelve hundred feet long. Shale beds extend over an area of 1,000 square miles, and are from sixty to one hundred feet in thickness. A portion of them are rich in gas and paraffine oils, while underlying their strata is a bed of ‘mineral wax” twelve inches in thickness. Mica is found in several localities, but not of good quality. Porcelain clays or kaolines have been discovered west of Utah Lake, in Sevier and Beaver counties. Those near Lehi are remarkable for both quality and quantity. Fire clay, in Bingham Canon, and a fire-stone which has super- seded fire brick in the Territory, are found in the Frisco min- ing district. Copper is found extensively in the Tintic, Snake River, and Big Cottonwood districts; while bismuth has been discovered in the Tintic district, and in Beaver county; in quantity and quality to be profitably worked. Building stone is abundant; both sandstone and limestone; and marbles, in all colors, from black to white. On Antelope Island, in the Great Salt Lake, exist the finest slate quarries in the world. The slates, are green and royal purple in color, and are superior to any known. The forests of Utah are confined to the mountains, and con- sist almost entirely of conifers. The red and white pine, black balsam, scrub cedar, and pinon pine are quite com- mon. The timber supply is not good, though sufficient, probably exists, for mining purposes. Building lumber, especially that for flooring and finishing purposes, is all imported, being brought from Chicago, Minneapolis and the Pacific coast. Utah is full of LAND-LOCKED VALLEYS, in which cereals, vegetables and fruits are cultivated with suc- cess. Potatoes grown here are of a superior quality; and find a ready market throughout the entire Rocky Mountain Region. The amount of arable land may be estimated at six per bY SR PEL. REE a SRE CEE MRT aa a RR 52 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. a cent. of the whole areca, or 1,500,000) a a amount of land, according to Major Powell, o¢ he pitts of Survey, that the streams of Utah will Wares Korii 100 acres for cach cubic foot of water per en i er grows here, in the way of cereals o us, ow 250,000 rati o that the farms are sma . i A TTOhL iis ry fence, or improved, which, with a tached, are worth from $25 to $100 Ire —_ 2 e locality. Of this, 100,000 acres fre n Se ™ A ” les, pears, cellancous crops, and 10,000 acres in os : are well flavored, peaches, plums, quinces, etc., grow binge Shs cessfully culti- while in the Rio Colorado basin grapes are suc vated, and considerable wine is a RY eu Tetis semi-tropical climate of Southern Utah, ; a Msiin of Hi have been raised, and i Jato the coarser fabrics. Utah has over 1,000 hy 1880 was tablishments; and the value of their Pedr s as many saw over $4,000,000. It has over BY Sous as and shoe fac- mills; more than twenty tanncries; as many rer tories; woolen mills, furniture factories, oe . “Home manufacture,” as far as possible. i of articles; and imported, into the Territory, $15,000.00) Tome ope > AU the same value exported, in gold, silver, ea 2 he Si “1 flour, barley live stock, wool, hides, fruits, vege a a the production of their mines and other ie has a oreat 400,000 head of sheep and 150,000 cattle. 5 ans a diversity of climate, it is more arid than 9 cig fi caste tions taken at Salt Lake City fhe mansion gy i fall of only temperature 51.54 degree #. with an annual ra 15.72 inches. 3 ; RAILWAYS. oy are The Union Pacific, Utah Northern, Utah ig as ‘Salt Lake & Western, San Pete Valley, Utah Eastern, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 53 “ea Echo & Park City, T he Utah & Nevada, and The Denver & Rio Grande, MINERAL SPRINGS. Utah has numerous mineral springs, and chalybeate, the best known of which are the Warm Springs, of Salt Lake City. These waters issue from the mountain side, in volume, with a temperature of 95 to 104° F., and are slightly charged with carbonic acid and hydro- sulphuric acid gasses, with ga strong smell of sulphureted hydrogen, and are considered efficacious ip the cure of rhen- matic complaints. The Hot Springs, having a temperature of 128° 7, boil up three miles north of Sqt Lake City, and have formed a lake covering two square miles, The Red Springs, fifteen miles north of Ogden, have their hot waters $0 impregnated with iron as to color the ground and kill veg- etation. ge their waters with a noise like the escape o gine, and give off carbonic acid with deadly effect. The Beer Springs, how- ever, seem to be the favorite, as the waters are similar to those of the Congress Spring of Saratoga. These waters are cool, and when sugar and lemon are added, “make 3 beverage equal to the soda water of commerce,” y Utah is full of picturesque scenery, in its mountains, va- leys and Canons, and the tourist may spend days amid ijts wonders, with profit and de Among the favorite resorts as salt, soda, sulphur ges it is one of the most Wasatch Mountains, THE CITY OF THE SAINTS, Utah has a population of 170,000, of which Salt Lake City, the metropolis, contains 30,000. This is 4 city of cottage homes, and yet there are many stately buildings, the principal of which are the temples of the Mormons. These homes are 54 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. surrounded by beautiful trees laden with blossoms, and fruit in their season, by gardens of flowers, and swarms of children most of which belong to those defiant scoundrels called ¢‘gaints.” By the road sides are rows of stately elms and mul- berry trees, beneath whose shade clear streams of rippling water make the city to bloom and blossom as the rose. The views from Fort Douglas, adjoining the city, are among the most beautiful in the Territory. To the eastward, loom up the magnificent ranges of the Wasatch Mountains, rising 8,000 feet above the valley of the Jordan, and sweeping northward ‘nto Montana, and southward through the heart of the Terri- tory, where their snow-capped summits can be seen for full two hundred miles. To the west, lie the rugged ranges of the Oquirrh Mountains, in all their grandeur; while to the north, like a solitary sentinel, stands the Mormon Mountain of Pro- phecy. Within this amphitheater lies the * City of the Saints,” overlooking the bright bosom of the Great Salt Lake, whose mirror-like surface reflects the glories of the surround- ing mountains, while their summits kiss the sky. Gate of Ladore, Colorado River, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. ARIZONA. TE “The Copper Queen of the Rockies” —Her Mines of Gold, Silver, Copper and Lead—Extensive Coal Fields, Lagoons of Salt, and Forests of Petrified Trees— Grand Canons, Indian Tribes, and Painted Desert -~Mining Output for 1882, $11,700,000. The Territory of Arizona, long infested by hostile savages, is fast coming under the wand of civilization. It isa portion of territory, ceded to the United States by Mexico, by virtue of the Gaudalupe Hidalgo treaty, and the Gadsen purchase, in 1854. The origin of the name is in some obscurity; but the following definitions are given as the most authentic: First, that it is derived from the Pima Indian words, “Ari,” a maiden; and “Zon,” a valley. Second, from the Mohave Indian words, ““Ari,” beautiful, and ““Urnia,” a maiden ; and, third, from “Ari,” beautiful, and “Zona,” from the Spanish, a zone, and meaning the beautiful zone, Arizona was struck off from New Mexico, by act of Con- gress, passed February 24, 1863. This portion of New Spain was visited by white men ag early as 1540, when Vasquez de Coronado, with his followers, traversed it, in search of the seven cities of Cibola. In 1560, Spanish explorers made a settle- ‘ment, near the present City of Tucson. St. Augustine, Flor- ida, was settled in 1565, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1555; these being the three first settlements in America. In 1720 the Jesuit Fathers had a number of flourishing missions here, which, in despite of the raids of the savage Apaches, were 56 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. continued until 1827, when they were finally suppressed by the Mexican Government. POSITION AND AREA. This Territory lies between the 31st and 37th Po of latitude, and the 109th and 115th of longitude, west. Lo : : : CC . 3 bounded, on the north, by Utah; east, by New AT by the Province of Sonora, in Old Mexico; and west, by A and Nevada; the. Colorado River, however, being the om Gi line. It contains 114.000 square miles, foo y , ts lation of 50,000, which does not in- acres, and supports a popu ; > i elevation above the sea, clude the Indians. It has an | 2 = 100 to 7,000 feet; while a few of its oer pesks Joab 2 . ierra Blancho, to 11,300 feet; and one, » to 10,000; one, Sierra Blancho, 3 Son Praridisce ele, to 12,500 feet. Its mean eri RoWeTSL, is 4,300 feet above the level i the EE res Territory consist, largely, of elev: urface features of the Territory : ites while the mountain ranges extend from northwest to « ’ z southeast, over its entire length. CHARACTER OF COUNTRY. These ranges are broken on Sgueaen o» ihe Jo oa : ; while narrow valleys and broa plains li i nm northern portion of the Territory contains fe hi rs table lands; amounting to two-fifths of the entire > May are cut with deep canons by the rivers that pass ar g ny the plateaus are covered with mnie Fras and it is said that nowhere on the continent can % ad more striking panorama of mountain, valley, i an J canon The eastern portion exhibits a long line of extine wi ; while the southern part contains mountain ranges, wi y tl lleys. Ey which flow down from the Mone, are small, and, in some cases disapper entirely, ee 2 i hed by the thirsty soil. The northwestern portion, § : op ern, has groups of inountains, clethed with timber; The southwestern portion is almost a desert, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 57 i ——— es wii central portion is the garden of Arizona, Prescott, the capital of the Territory, is located here, around which, for a space of thirty miles, the mountains are well timbered; the valleys covered with grasses, and the otherwise dreary and volcanic empire, finds here its gem of green. This mighty Territory is virtually drained by one river, and that is the Colorado, which eters its borders in the north-central region, passing through about one-fourth of the Territory, on its way south, when it suddenly turns westward, across to the Nevada line, down which it zigzags to the California border, where it has cut its way southward to the Gulf of California. This river, rises in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, and hag a length, with its tributaries, of 2,500 miles. It has carved its way for hundreds of miles, amid the crevases rent by some mighty force, through solid granite, and volcanic rocks, and now rushes on throngh canons, the deepest in the world. GRAND CANONS. In Northern Arizona are the Black Canon, Virgin Canon, Marble Canon, and, the grandest of all, the Grand Canon, none of which are less than 4,000 to 6,000 feet deep. In 1869, Major Powell, with a party, explored this river from its source to its mouth, passing through all these grand canons in small boats or skiffs, to the Gulf of California, This river is navagable to steamers of several hundred tons burden, all the year around, for a distance of 500 miles above the Gulf ; and steam- ers have been as far as 640 miles up the river, the distance to the Grand Canon being 700 miles, from its mouth. The Colorado River absords all the other rivers of the Territory, the chief of which are the Colorado-Chiquito, Rio Verde, and the Gila. In the valleys of these rivers, and their tributaries, is found what agricultural land the territory possesses, and which is estimated at about 3,000,000 of acres, if sufficient water can be had for irrigation. Only 45,000 acres are under cultivation, at present, altogether by irrigation, at a cost 6 58 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. of about $2.50 an acre per annum. Grains on Sawn a October, November, and December, a , and July; and during their growth, a iy me hy By this process, corn, wheat, py his alfalfa, are successfully produced. Besides these Co * stables, as potatoes, cabbage, onions, Sa Bo oe # in abundance. Sugar cane 1s sal : : i and soil; and in some of the valleys, pio those of the Gila, peaches, pears, grapes, figs, and Ais flourish. Only a very limited ameunt of land on boss a vated, however, until artesian wells have been sunk; » ge the hope of Arizona, so far as agriculture 1s Oe J bs "Territory is both hot and dry, as the following sta es 2 show: At Tucson, the mean temperature is 67 deg., 4 3 my fall only 0.55 of an inch per year; at Prescott, 54 il rain-fall 13.12 inches; at Fort Mohave, the mean oben a is 69.66 deg., #., and at Fort Yuma, 68.41 deg. od Hogs last named are regarded as two of the hottest on ne g 5 The climate, in winter, in Southern Arizona, is i on truly delightful; the air being balmy and id 7: es bright, and the nights brilliant with countless ew p prove a safe retreat from the storms of our Northern w ‘ GRAZING LANDS, Arizona has considerable grazing land in her i and millions of acres of waste land could be added Saher Sein domain, if artesian wells were employed for mt oo poses. Her central counties contain the best grisng 5 5 and her stock business is increasing with her other oe > There are already 88,000 cattle, and 400,000 sheep In the ge ritory, which thrive on the rich gramma Josey grwing ss the valleys and on the hills. Here they are A Ca 2s heavy snows of the more northern climes, a fac fay doubtless make Arizona a favorite place for flocks an 3 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. FLORA AND FAUNA. The flora of Arizona embraces many variefies, found in no other part of the United States. It is the home of the giant cactus, a plant that sometimes attains a diameter of two feet, and grows to a height of forty feet. It has a pale green color, 18 covered with thorns, and bears a fruit, tasting like a fig, which is prized by the Indians, The Marguery, or Meschel, known as the century plant, grows every where in Arizona; and is considered one of the most valuable. The Indians make ropes from its fiber, and paper is also manufactured from it. The plant sends up a slender stock, ten feet high, which produces at its top a yellow flower; and this, when cooked, is considered one of the luxuries of the red man’s table. They also make an intoxicating liquor from the plant, called “Tizwin.” The Bisnaga, called the “Well of the Desert,” is another of Arizona’s flora—a bowl shaped cavity cut in the center, will soon fill with water, affording the thirsty traveler relief. The Amole, or soap weed, grows over the table-lands of Arizona, and attains a height of four teet. Its fiber is extensively used for cloth, paper and ropes; and its roots make a good substi- tute for soap. The Hedeundilla, or grease wood, grows here extensively; from which a gum is obtained of fine medicinal qualities. Cedar, pine, and juniper, are abundant, in locali- ties; while oak, ash, elder, walnut and cottonwood, are found along the creeks and rivers. The mesquite is found where the soil is good. It isa close-grained wood, valuable for manu- facturing; and makes handsome shade trees. The ironwood resembles the mesquite, admits of a high polish, and is brittle, heavy, and hard; and when dry can scarcely be cut. Among the fauna of Arizona are found bear, congar, deer, antelope, mountain sheep, foxes, wild cats, beaver, squirrels, etc.; Of birds, there are eagles, wild * turkeys, ducks, quails, partridge, pigeons, and crows, in abundance. Of singers, the RT gt co a 60 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. mocking birds, and vireos, take first rank, while the melodi- ous ? hooting of the owls makes night hideous. The plu- mage of the birds is brilliant, and they form a happy contrast to the horned toads, lizards, scorpions, tarrantulas, and ugly beaded monsters, that crawl amid the rocks, or hide beneath the sand, of this semi-tropical Territory. The manufacturing interests of Arizona are very limited, being confined chiefly to lumber and flour. There are twelve flour millsand thirteen saw mills in the Territory, one ice fac- tory, several wagon factories, and one foundry, at Tombstone, where castings of many descriptions are made. All other ar- ticles required, are imported; while their wool, hides, gold, silver, copper, and lead, are all exported. =~ Wages are high; 80 is the cost of living. Laborers get $3 per day; miners, $4; blacksmiths and carpenters, $5; masons and engineers, $6; and the supply is said to be in excess of the demand. For men who have some means, Arizona, like all the States and Territories of the Rocky Mountains, presents many advan- tages; but for those who have to depend solely upon their daily labor it is not a paradise. TOWNS AND CITIES. Arizona is divided into ten counties, named as follows: Mo- have, Yavapai, Apache, Maricopa, Pinal, Gila, Graham, Cachise, Pima, and Yuma. The principal towns are Tucson, Tombstone, Prescott, St. Johns, Galeyville, Globe, Florence, Juma, Mineral Park, Pinal, Harshaw, Silver King, Charles- town, Phoenix, and Safford. The largest of these is Tucson, whieh has a population of 7,500; next comes Tombstone, with her 6,000, and Prescott, with 2,000. The business of Tucson, for 1880, amounted to $7,000,000. The cities and towns of Arizona, like all those of the Rocky Mountain region, contain an active and energetic population. Most of them are sup- plied with one or more newspapers, which are doing much to- ward making the resources of the Territory known. Two Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 61 ‘lus of railway are in operation, and others are projected. Je Southern Pacific road crosses the southern portion of the | ‘ritory, connecting, by stage lines, with all the principal ining camps. The Atlantic & Pacific road will pass through e north-central portion of the Territory. This line extends astward into Arizona, from Albuquerque, in New Mexico, here it connects with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Rail- ay. [It will, probably, be completed across the Territory wing the present year, and will open up a region rich in min- als, containing, also, fine timb-r and grazing lands. INDIANS. Arizona has within her borders 25,000 Indians. These are t the remnants of tribes that have made a bloody record. ne very name, ‘“‘Apache,” is the synonym for treachery and 4 7d. Thanks to United States muskets, these savages were “uquered in 1874, by General Crook, and placed on reserva- ns. In these reservations there are 15,000 square miles, or 00,000 aeres of land. But the day is not far distant when se remnants of the red men will not exist. MINERAL RESOURCES. i i ‘| lhe mineral resources of Arizona, like those of the entire gion of the Rockies, are only just beginning to be known; d yet the production of the Territory, in gold, silver, copper, Id lead, for 1882, was $11,700,000, giving Arizona the fourth nce in the list. As the Territory is full of mountains, so do le mountains seem to be full of mineral; and gold, silver, ipper, lead, coal, and salt, have been discovered. Gold, here, ‘mostly found in veins of quartz; sometimes it is combined {th iron and copper pyrites, while from placers, in the beds of me streams it is collected in a pure state. Silver is found here nearly all its combinations; as carbonates, sulphurets, ehlor. es, bromides, silver-glance and as pure metal. The proportion CERT CW i a Tr at) Re Yas lol to.) Tae Rem Retake of Preceding Frame Resources of the Bocty Hounlulus, vl a da 2 ——— pn rr —— lines of wllwig are in operation, and others are projected. The Southern Pacific road crosses the southern portion of tho Territory, connecting, by stage lines, with all the principal mining camps. The Atlantic & Pacitic road will pass through the north-central portion of the Territory. I'his line extends westward into Arizona, from Albnguerque, in New Mexico, where it connects with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ruil- way. It will, probably, be comploted across the 'Lerritory during the present year, and will open up uw region rich in min- erals, containing, also, fine timber and grazing lands. INDIANS. Arizona has within her borders 25,000 Indians. These are but the remnants of tribes that have made a bloody record. "The very name, “Apache,” is the synonym for treachery and blood. I'hanks to United States muskets, these savages were conquered in 1874, by General Crook, and placed on resorva- tions. In these reservations there are 15,000 square miles, or 9,000,000 neres of land. But the day is not far distant when these remnants of the red men will not exist. MINERAL RESOURCES. The mineral resources of Arizona, like those of the entire region of the Rockies, are only just beginning to be known; and yet the production of the "Lerritory, in gold, silver, copper, and lead, for 1882, was $11,700,000, giving Arizonu the fourth place in the list. As the Territory is full of mountains, sv do the mountains seem to be full of mineral; and gold, silver, copper, lead, coal, and salt, have been discovered. Gold, hero, is mostly found in veins of quartz; sometimes it is combined with iron and copper pyrites, while from plucers, iu the beds of some streams it is collected in a pure state. Silver is found here in neatly all its combinations; as carbonates, sulphurets, chlor. ides, bromides, silver-glance und as pure nietal. The proportion 62 © Resources of the Rocky Mountains. — sons esti rete of rich galena ores, as compared with those of Colorado is ex- tremely small, yet, of other silver combinations, there are an abundance. The copper deposits of Arizona are probably the finest on the continent; the Lake Superior region, not ex- cepted. Mining may be said to have recommenced, in this portion of New Spain, 10 1860, for the precious metals have been known to exist here for more than two hundred years, and were mined at that time by the Spaniards. TOMBSTONE DISTRICT. In Cachise county is located the famous Tombstone district, which is five miles in extent from north to south, by eight, from east to west. Here silver occurs, mostly as a chloride, and the present output is about $500,000 per month. The Tough Nut is the leading mine, and has a twenty-foot vein of mineral. Here, also, are the Grand’ Central, Contention-Consolidated, Girard, Head Center, Vizina, Empire, Tranquility, Way Up, Lucky Cuss, Gilded Age, Junietta, Silver Bell, Monitor, Mer- rimac, True Blue, Bradshaw, etc. These are the chief pro- ducing mines of the district. They are capitalized for from two to ten millions of dollars cach, and have veins varying in width from two to twenty feet, on which the deepest workings are down 600 feet. These ores pay from fifty to one hundred dollars per ton, and the output, for 1882, of the Contention- Consolidated, was $1,814,000; while that of the Grand Central was $1,358,000, and of the Tombstone Gold and Silver Min- ing Co., $1,440,000. The California, Turquoise, Dos Cabegas, Swishelm, and Hartford districts, in this county, contain many promising, as well as paying mines. Pima county, the oldest mining region in the United States, has in the Harshaw, Washington Camp, Tyndall, Aztec, Arivaca, Oro Blanco, Empire, Silver Hill, Papago, and Helvetia districts, mines of gold, silver, copper, and lead. Yavapai county is the leading gold producing section of the Territory. This metal is found in nearly every portion of Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 63 its mineral belt, and in the b . distri ; eds of its streams. ini te So are 1) Peck, Tiger, Tip Top, Sn Hines, if 3 : Fly Bans Creck, Cherry Creek, Vor Mar. mining propertie A outa, In all of these are ite De er 2a 7 The veins are from two to five feet wid : In the Weaver ! li copper ores, besides those of on ledge, rich in Bs he Leviathan has an immense . Ore RA It sight a. ’ and it 1s estimated that 2,000,000 ne the mining Asin % Yo being 300 feet wide. In Pinal county a cts are Pioneer, the Silver King, Mineral Hi » Saddle Mountain, Randolph, and Cade in i» SILVER KING. Here the Silver King i ; ing 18 the royal mi laces, is ei i yal mine, whose o : Dot. Te hepa fay wide, carrying silver, in a > as one of the finest gor ye A 1- covere Cp ams of native sil i Oe A only exhibits of native silver at eo gs Now Mexico at ‘compared with it, came from Grant Ta » and from Gunnison eounty, Colorado. The pro. duction of this mine, f , I0T 1882 . down neds 0 fer , was $741,000. Its main shaft is Gil joi i a county adjoins Pinal on the northeast, and has the s ’ ame character of mineral. old, silve a Sold, r, copper, lead, 1 : ig i mining districts are, my abe P pearl : The ores are mostly free-millin Mon etal. The McMorris mine, in Ra : ’ yielded $400,000, to January, 1883 dia on ey has its full share of minerals, and in th aX alapai, Cerbat, Stockton, Maynard, Cedar V : , erry, San Francisco, Gold Basin, Owens, and in famous. p us. Over $300,000 have been taken from the Hackberry ol ine, and $800,000 from the McCracken lode. In these dis tricts, hundred of mi min i dial es are being worked for the precious 64 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Yuma county contains the Castle-Dome district, and those of Montezuma, Silver, Ellsworth, Plomosa, Hearcuvar, and Bill Williams Fork. Gold was found here, in placers, as early as 1862, and it is estimated that fully $1,500,000 were taken out in the space of three years. The mines of the Cas- tle-Dome district are said to have yielded $2,000,000 up to the present time, in silver. Maricopa county has its Cave Creek, Winnifred, and Myers districts, all more or less rich in minerals. The Vulture Mine, which is located in the northwestern portion of this county, is reported to have produced more money than any mine in the Territory, its yield being placed at $3,000,000. Graham and Apache counties, owing to difficulty of access, have not been much developed, but are, nevertheless, claimed to be rich in mineral resources, having not only gold, silver, lead, 1ron, and copper, but great coal and salt deposits. COAL AND SALT DEPOSITS. The salt deposits of Arizona are regarded as nearly equal to those of Utah. A hundred miles from Phenix, on Salt River, there is a mountain of salt. Near Camp Verde, there are a number of salt hills. Salt lagoons are met with in Apache county. A small lake from which 1,000,000 pounds are taken annually, is in this county, near the borders of New Mexico. The salt is found at the bottom of the shallow water into which, wagons are driven and the salt shoveled up. The coal measures of the Territory are extensive. They are found in the northern and eastern portions, and extend both into Utah, on the north, and New Mexico, on the east. It is estimated that these coal measures cover an area of 30,000 square miles. The coal is bituminous, and is considered to be of good quality, burns freely, makes a hot fire, and leaves but few ashes. It is found, also, near the Painted Desert, in Ya- vapai county; on Deer Creek, near the Gila; in Pinal county, Resources of the. Rocky Mountains. 65 a of the San Pedro River, and near Camp Apache. In this os i 2 as forests of petrified trees, some of which ried to be three feet in diamet : length. These coal m eT to al measures are from three to thirty feet i ikuam and are sufficient to supply, forever, not Yi he ants of Arizona, but those of the entire Pacific coast ! COPPER DEPOSITS. pu vast resources of Arizona, in copper, must make her one 05 ihe : an Dn oions in America. At Bisbee in Cachise V, are the rich deposits of the Co ) rile, host of other promisin i oe ina ls g properties. The Q ’s vein i rh : ueen’s vein is one y feet wide, and the ore ave per cent. pure metal; bein ar ray ! g a carbonate and a red a oxide. Two thirty-ton smelter i aa ; bers are turning out thirteen t pus copper daily, and the mine has produced $2.000 ors Jana i 1883, with 74,000 tons of ore in sight. Pir a, a rich copper ores, in the Santa Rita range, PA i a Dh of Tucson. The veins vary in size; some being hea y ies oe ngiag fifteen to twenty per cent of pure Lhe Silver Ball district, in this cou i r A Tit, nty, has immen Sepa > sone ’ avapal county contains high grade Lo I ores, arious places. In the Black Hill miles north-east of Prescott a les n » these ores are being min ed fr Tay fi bn Coad ont wide. In Pinal ig on Mineral . east o orence, are many ricl i The veins vary from seven Bs Sr Hi, ; to fourteen feet in width iy and ar on to average twenty-five per cent. pure metal. In bot Mo. ae ad Yu ma counties, there are also rich deposits of copper dn i Williams Fork district, the Planet mine has Pio d 6,000 tons of copper ore, which has yielded from twenty to sixty per cent. of pure copper. In Graham county, the L i Longidion copper mines are already famous A mountain of 1€ ¢ i e, a oo enco © . Rlseen) has bee n discovered her y © nd is untered whatever direction drifts and tunnels have been run, while ’ 66 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. thousands of tons have already been taken from the mines. It is doubtful if there are any deposits of copper in the known world superior to those Arizona possesses. THE THREE QUEENS. Colorado is the Silver Queen, Utah the Iron Queen, and Arizona the Copper Queen of the Rockies. Mauve Canon of the Colorado. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. mei ea sm esses eS teem NEW MEXICO. — The Land of Montezuma — Its Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Other Minerals—Its Hot Springs and Glo- rious Climate a Sanitarium for the World—The Land of the Vine and the Grape — Vast Grazing Re- sources, etc. The word ‘“Mexico,” has been a name of enchantment. More than 300 years ago, it sent a thrill of excitement through the heart of every Spaniard. Its mountains of silver and of gold, had not only been a dream to them, but became a substantial reality. Under the conquering banners of Hernando Cortez, the Spanish cavaliers traversed its plains, and rode through its valleys. Here, by treachery and force, they acquired both gold and glory. From its streams and mountains, they gathered such stores of the precious metals, as to make Spain the envy of nations, and the romance of the ages. As Pizarro had despoiled the Incas, of Peru, of their treasures in gold, silver, jewels, and plate; so did Cortez rob Montezuma of the long- accumulated riches of his kingdom, and bear them across the ocean. With the most primitive appliances, the Spaniards mined the precious metals, for 300 years; and, it is estimated, that they carried away from Mexico and Peru, from the year 1500, to 1800, not less than $6,000,000,000 worth of treasure; the most of which was silver. The conquests of the Spaniards in the Americas, as detailed by Prescott, form the most fasci- nating pages in the history of the New World. FRR BE RS Ra vi A - ig BR oe ST ot 68 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. ICA. FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN AMER we learn that CC > rom the seventh to 10 og ies: when they were driven south, info Qeneal a > Neh Wen re race of the Aztees. These pee they ie eine Te : po time of Cortez; and the Fhe . the Mex- country wm A e still to be seen, both in Arizona an ae. Sy GHisnes Spanish settlements were wr od aE leo a, ==. ot T° rizona, > : To Met To, HE AE were too ae i o_. hn ) ‘manent settlen and plunder to make any perma Mn BS sil New Mexico was ceded to in hie The Terr itory in 1854, undor the Guadalupe Hida an ou States, by Yew iain, It then contained the Lerriimy of uy ie pH southern portion of Colorado. on Intl Arizona tween the 31st and 37th parallels of Gig gianni oo and 109th degrees of west longitu i iy tude, and ine : or h by Colorado, east by Texas os fd hounded i) - south by Texas and Mexico, and Ne y ad is din a is 372 miles, and breadth 335 mil ss it TO ae nadrangle. It contains 121,201 Si wy " pn iy and has a population of 130, or ’ 3 Through tradition, race called the Toltecs, f ORIGIN OF THE MEXICANS. | ed their blood with that of the result is the Mexicans, a reckless, dusky Indian TERA i : Sa ignorant, are pa A y ity of the people speak the Spanish ange Hi a. SE There are still several Yip oe o 4 re - the chief of which are the Rous. > within ae o The aviv bands, who were so long a Oe id have at last been conquered; and the o ein , The Spaniards freely mingl of the Jemez spring is 168 deg., 7’ Resources of the Rocky Mouutains. 69 peradoes either killed or expelled from the country, so that life and property are now considered safe. With the influx of American capital and enterprise, New Mexico seems destined to a mighty future. Several lines of railway are already in operation. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe traverses the Territory from north to south; the Denver & Rio Grands cuts nto its northern border; the Atlantic & Pacific opens up the the northwestern portion; while the Southern Pacific runs through the southwestern section, on its way to the Pacific Coast. By means of these highways of commerce, towns and villages are springing into existence; and the mineral, agricul- tural, and grazing resources of the country, are being appro- briated and developed. CLIMATE AND MINERAL SPRINGS. The climate of New Mexico, like that of the entire Rocky Mountain region, is arid. The mean temperature, for seven years, taken at Santa Fe, was 47 deg. 7., and the average an- nual rainfall, for the same period, 13.42 inches. The air is extremely pure, and as a sanitarinm the Territory has no su- perior. The number of bright, clear days in the year is said to be over 300. A few light showers come and go quickly, and drizzling days are unknown, Extreme heat is rarely experi- enced, owing to the high altitude, and the refreshing breezes from the mountains, The Territory has many fine mineral and medicinal springs, the chief of which are the Las Vegas Hot Springs; the Ojo Calients; the J emez; and Hudson’s Hot Springs; these are all accessible by rail, or stage; and comfortable hotels, and bath-houses are connected with each. The temperature of the water, at two of the Las Vegas Springs is 123 deg., 7; at the other 130 deg., 7. The four Ojo Cal- lente Springs have a temperature of 114 deg., 7.; while that The Montezuma Hotel, built in Queen Anne style, and con- It has all the comforts and luxuries of other at Las Vegas springs, is tains 250 rooms. 70 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. first-class hostelries. These springs are justly becoming a favorite resort with the people of the States. MOUNTAINS AND PLATEAUS. "The surface of New Mexico consists of elevated plateaus, mountains, and valleys. These plateaus cover two-thirds of the face of the country, and have a mean elevation of about 5,000 feet, while the mean elevation of the entire Territory, 18 5,600 feet above the level of the sea. Baron Humboldt says of the country between Santa Fe, in New Mexico, and the City of Mexico: “We are led to ask, whether, in the whole world, there exists any similar formation of equal extent and height between 5,000 and 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. Four wheeled wagons can travel from Mexico to Santa Fe.” Another authority says: «‘Four-wheeled carriages may travel these high plateaus from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to Santa Fe, a dis- tance of over one thousand four hundred miles.” The Rocky Mountain ranges sweep down into New Mexico from the north, diminishing in altitude as they pass southward, until they strike the broken ranges of a more recent formation, which extend into Texas and Mexico. On the eastern border are the high table lands, known as Llano Estacado, or Staked Plains. Immedi- ately joining these, iie the ranges of the Manzana, Jumanes, Caballo, Fra Cristobal, San Andres, Oscura, Sandia, and the Organ Mountains. To the west of the Rio Grande river, ex- tending north and south, are the broken ranges of the Cone- jos, Mierra-Armarilla, San Mateo, Madalenas, Socorras, and the now famous Miembres and Black ranges; while still fur- thur west, upon the Arizona border, are the ranges of the Oontinental divide; known as the Zuni, Datil, Escudilla, Mo- gollon, Tulerosa, and Peloncillo mountains. These ranges rise from 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the plateaus, at their base; some of the peaks, as Mt. Taylor, rising to 11,200 feet, and Mt. Baldy, near Santa Fe, to 12,200 feet above the ocean. Like those of the Rockies elsewhere, they have a general trend Camping in the Mesa Verde. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. TTT TT Tre ————— © north and south; and, like them, also contain vast stores of mineral wealth. RIVERS. The chief river of New Mexico is the Rio Grande; which rises in Southern Colorado, and passes south, through the cen- ter of the Territory; leaving it to become the boundary line between Texas and Mexico, until it pours its waters into the Gulf. The next river in importance is the Pecos, which rises mn the Rocky Range, southeast of Santa Fe, runs due ‘south, through the Territory, and joins the Rio Grande in Texas, Then, there are the headwaters of the Canadian, San J uan, Colorado-Chiquito, and the Gila ri vers, traversing respectively the northeastern and western half of the Territory. These, with their tributaries, form the drainage system of New Mexico. What agricultural land the Territory possesses, is confined to these valleys; where water for irrigation can be had, and by this processs, cereals, fruits, grapes and vegetables are grown. Oats are said to yield 40 bushels to the acre, and wheat to weigh 68 pounds to the bushel, the berry being exceedingly large and plump. Corn, barley, buckwheat, ete., do well. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, quinees, and apricots, grow in profusion; pro- ducing every year. Both trees and fruit are free from dam- aging insects. The vine flourishes here, and grapes are simply perfection. About 1,000 vines are planted to the acre, and a vineyard three years old, it is claimed, will produce 16,000 pounds of grapes, equal to 800 gallons of wine, per acre. Veg- etables grow to great size, and are of superior quality. Peas and beans produce enormously, and the latter are raised ag a leading crop. Of onions, it is reported, 50,000 pounds can be produced to the acre, which are larger, better flavored, and in every way surpass the far-famed Bermudas. SHEEP AND CATTLE. The grazing area of the Territory is immense; and stock- raising is carried on extensively. There are 500,000 cattle, 72 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. and 5,000,000 sheep within its boundaries. As the grasses are nutritious, and the climate mild and equable, it is a desirable country for the grazing of herds. Here they are free from the biting blasts and the driving snows of the more northern climes; subsisting entirely upon the rich gramma grasses and alfalfa, requiring no other food, nor any shelter. ~The average profit from stock raising, on such fine ranges, is stated to exceed 30 per cent., on the investment. There is a ready sale for all marketable stock. The wool clip is heavy, for 5,000,000 sheep, averaging 3 pounds per head, gives 15,000,000 pounds an- nually, for the Territory. The amount of wool consumed yearly in the United States amounts to 300,000,000 pounds; of which 50,000,000 pounds are imported. Water can be had upon the plains by boring, and with windmills to pump it to the surface, the grazing area, which is only partially occupied, can be largely increased. Forest cover the higher mountains, and sufficient timber can probably be had for local purposes; yet the forests are not so oxtensive as those of Colorado, nor is the timber as large or valuable. It consists, mainly, of pinon pine and cedar; white oak, ash, maple, and black walnut; are found in a few places, but in very limited supply. In the way of manufacturing very little is done. There are twenty-four lumber and fifty-five flouring mllls in New Mexico; yet one mill like the average Minnesota grinder, or Michigan saw mill, would produce more than all of them. FILAGREE GOLD AND SILVER JEWELRY. New Mexico, however, excels in the manufacture of filagree gold and silver jewelry. This art, the Spaniards are said to have derived from the Italians, and to have brought it with them into Mexico. The principal places where it is carried on are at Santa Fe, and at the City of Mexico, and Chihuahua, in old Mexico. The articles manufactured are combs, ear and scarf and shawl pins, bracelets, breast pins, card finger-rings, match boxes, ornaments for the hair, etc. and spectacle cases, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 73 Thes all v Proem on very beautiful, the workmanship being exceed 2ly delicate, and are purchased freely by tourist home away as sourvenirs. ’ us TOWNS AND COUNTIES. Br divided into twelve counties, named: Taos Valencia Soc - Si Hou, San Miguel, Santa Fe, Bernalillo, chil $s - i! Lincoln, Grant, and Dona Ana. The prin town, Silver Cit Ui To Tas Yogas, Alogaenre, George- Mote Raton 17 » Las Cruces, Cimarron, La Mesilla, Socorro Cerillos Chl Si Lanz, Tierra-Amarilla, Taos, White Oaks, 5900 L i op 5 it Donioe ssehans a population from lig a Port. Cott Ba oT 1) figs in the year, but their a on A for fiw 1ere are thirty-six daily, weekly, and monthly icomplete. periodicals published in the Territory, most of y papers and voted to its interests. Ys st of which are de- MINERAL RESOURCES. The miner eral resources of N i ew Mexico are rapi : : apidl known to the world. The preci pidly becoming less, all over the Terri precious metals are found, more or sentra orti re Lerrifory, but especially in the southern and ntrs : rsh 1 bos, Besides gold and silver, copper, lead, iron pasty plumbago, fire clay, coal, mica, salt, SYD, ode. & DO. ‘ » kaoline, cement, sulphur, marble, etc. ; ther Ye such precious stones as No .; there are found emeralds. » Opals, garnets, agates, and COAL. oa hy been discovered at Raton, in Colfax county; o hed a uan River, at Almargo; on the Rio at 2 ai elses nn on the line of the Atlante allway; at San Antonio and Bernalillo, on the li of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway; while Rome TL Es SS Sei TR TE b rrr are Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Grant and San Miguel counties there are extensive ay coals are bituminous, semi-bituminous, Bae Pui pe eite; and vary in thickness from one to “o : ee ih them being thick enough to work. In the t hic oth coal measures, New Mexico is far behind Wi ; Zui zona, and Colorado. Of these coal measures Professor . 3 of Chicago, says: : “We trace the same system to ie To i os imarron, New Mexico; thence to Santa re: 5) oi ester of coal deposits has been Sa i" A the same forces or causes as have produced the an ne fields of Bayi Ta on Si a ! , as the Trinidad c¢ ) » be RR nie are readily known, are much SIAL i Colorado coals found in the vicinity of Ganon oy ne Denver. They are by far the best that PT ons Mo in the Rocky Mountains. They are equal bs e ous coals in Illinois, Ohio, or Peunsylvanta, SA Professor Sewell says of this Trinidad coal, a +4 southeastern Colorado, and northeastern Now Xs er Le yields splendid illuminating gas. For ay ile fase coals must rank among the very best. o c firm and persistent of any 1 have ever seen. 3 SAA But the following analysis, by Professor Hay om ou as ia the Rocky Mountain region, shows that ise 0 - a 0 are not equal in quality to those of Co ora 2 y Ww A & Calitornin. The amount of fixed in ni i “ of Dun i ado: ‘Mount Carbon, 70.95; / ) i ogee, 30; Crested Butte, 72.60; while Cig ¢ Canon City have 56.80; Trinidad, 57 40, and Bolas, ny Those of Mount Diablo, California, 59.72, and of a Wyoming, 69.14.” Professor Sewell gives the amount o carbon in New Mexico coals, as 53.22. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. GOLD, SILVER, AND COPPER. Taos county has in the dis‘ricts of Picuris, Arrovo Hondo, and Rio Hondo, mineral veins that abound in gold, copper; but the amount of development is small. On the Rio Hondo there are extensive placers, which are worked by the hy- draunlic process. In an old church, at Taos, there is a record, which asserts that the priests collected $10,000,000 from a sin gle mine in the Taos mountains. Colfax county has many rich placers, which were discovered in 1868, and have been worked ever since. The chief of these are the Moreno placers; also the rich gulches of Willow, Grouse, Michigan, Humbug, and Big Nigger. In the Ute district, the Aztec mine is said to have pro- duced $700,000. On the Ponil, there are silver and gold quartz leads, three feet thick, that are reported to yield fifty per cent. copper. The precious metal product of this county, since 1868, - 1s estimated at $3,000,000. Mora county, which is covered by the “Mora Grant,” is undeveloped, but is believed to be rich in mineral, as gold, silver, copper, antimony, and petroleum, have been found. Rio Arriba county claims to have copper, lead, iron, mica, silver, and gold, and that it is the true ““El- dorado.” Here the remains of Spanish enterprise are found, in the shape of old mines, works, and smelters. In San Mi- guel county, though little explored, gold has been panned from the sands of its streams; and in the Tecolote Mountains, the Mining districts of Mineral Hill, Blue Canon, .Sweep- stakes, and San Carlos exist. The ores are low grade, but are abundant. A large vein of copper has recently been dis- covered in these mountains. silver, and MICA MINES. Mica, of good quality, has been found here; and as nica is worth about six dollars per pound in the market, this may become an important industry. New Hampshire and North Carolina are the present sources of supply in the United States; and, although it has been dis- 76 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. covered in many places in the Rocky Mountains, yet the major part consumed is imported. Santa Fe County has in the Marshall Bonanza, at Bonanza City, a fine silver lead mine. Carbonateville is the center of the Los Cerrillos district, where are located the Mina Del Tierra, Chester, Cash Entry, Great Western, and Good Hope mines. Ore from some of these 18 said to have realized $500 per ton. There is great scarcity of water here, and wells have been sunk to a depth of 150 feet without finding it. In the center of this district is Mt. Chal- chuitl, the Mexican name for turquoise. This mountain has the white color of kolin, its crystalline structure having been completely metamorphosed. In this kaolin-like rock turquoise is found in thin veinlets and nuggets. Occasionally fine sky- blue stones are taken out, suitable for jewelry, but tons of rock may be broken without finding a gem. The color is owing to + the diffusion of a little copper. WONDERFUL CAVES. There are wonderful caves in this mountain, the result of ancient Mexican and Spanish exploration. Fragments of an- cient pottery have been discovered here, and a stone hammer, weighing twenty pounds, which must have required a Mexican Hercules to handle. In one other place, in the United States, turquoise has been found, viz: in the Columbus district, Ne- vada. Hungry Gulch, contains rich ores. San Pedro isina basin, surrounded by mountains clothed with timber. Water has been brought from the Sandia Mountains, at an expense of $500,000, for the purpose of working placers. The earth ig said to yield gold from grass roots to bed rock. The Big Copper Mine, as it is called, is here worked by a tunnel. Itis one of the old Spanish mines, and thousands of tons are piled up feady for the smelter. Gold is found with the copper, in- creasing its value. The New Placers are known to be rich, but scarcity of water prevents development. The well-known Delgado mine produces both gold and copper. Bernalillo county contains some valuable old Spanish mines. Nearly all Resources of the Rocky Mountains 77 kinds of mineral are found i quantity, has been His nog or wre rich deposits of iron here, as Sa Territory, in proximity to Ie In this county, is Hell Canon. : alized gypsum, in ern portion. There well as in other parts of the Among the mining districts Rhee Indeed, for elegant n: beat the world. Here the chief dite as a” e Star. on are worth from twelve to twenty eing from eight to twenty feet wide i : The ores are free milling, dollars per ton, the veins COPPER TREES. Wood and wat . Mba on fore h obtained. Tigeras Canon district . “> >» and silver, and d just begun. a: ¢ sliver, evelopment hs iis on Moshien, 18 In a range of ay Suny Ww , 8 copper, in 1 d Sre copper occurs as copper glance 1 as s edges of sandstone. In places, copper , an gray ’ "occurs here as copper ini reka To aman lodes of conglomerate. The Eu Her oy Vor: Maslyg foot Wik, sronginpvming : Ladrones, i nls cy ig the districts oe ores; Spi a 3 ise deposits of low gr : ors; Spigelerg Springs ith ita sich copper ore; and Ln Ts Sealy S pi ying both silver and gold. Shooirire a I rRatiy ten Sitver snd appt ons, soriool fh a g assayed from forty to e latter TE the pemeinel seventy per cent. pure metal; silver veins assay from $60 to $300 per ton THE BLACK RANGE. h of these mountains a re densely timbe 1 i : : red with juni he Thich pies them the dark appearance a ’ ] e name. The mines h oe ~ 8 here have an i oo Ye Ho To ions the sea, and were amu In limestone and trachyt § 0 4 e generally a silver glance or chloride, with — i 5 al ig silver. Gol 1 1 1 ea ’ ) ’ 78 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. are large deposits; sulphur, nearly pure, alu- minum, kaolin, fire clay, marble of superior quality, mica, graphite, chalk, salt, etc.; nearly all the known minerals are here reported. Lincoln county has, for the center of her min- ing section, White Oaks. The veins are quartz, containing The Homestake is the chief mine, and mills are build- the ores, which are exceedingly rich. The mining county are Nogal, J acarilla, Gallinas, Vera Here are evtenslve coal fields, while the mountains are well timbered with pinion-pine, spruce, and Grant county has several rich mining districts; that of Victoria contains decomposed sulphates and carbonates. The formation is lime, with iron croppings, and the ores are found near the surface. Theyare said to average $80 in silver to the ton, with thirty per cent. lead. of which there gold. ing to crush camps of this Cruz, and Rio Bonita. cedar. SAND CARBONATES. esare found here in immense deposites. Car- has true fissure veins carry- ittle and horn silver, averaging over $600 Sand carbonat rissillio, or the Stonewall district, ing high grade mineral, as silver glance br and copper. One vein is represented as in silver to the ton. The Hermonos district contains rich chloride ores. The veins are in low hills, where wood and water can be obtained. The Eureka, North and South San Simon districts; abound in hard and soft carbonates, copper, gold, and silver. The veins are from ten to one hundred feet in width; timber and water can be had, while snow and ice are The Virginia, Leitendorfs, and Lona Mountain never seen. ena, carbonate of copper, districts are rich in argentiferous gal copper glance, gray capper, chlorides, sulphurets, silver glance, and native silver. The deepest workings are only down 125 feet. The Pinos Altos, East Pinos Altos, and Gillespie dis- tricts have true fissure veins, carrying gold and silver, the lat- ter predominating. The to a depth of sixty fee per pyrites, and will require to b t, when they run into iron and cop- e smelted. Cook’s Range, top of the veins are free milling gold, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 79 Florida 1 i mous 2 dp ma Gobi Cigy districts, contain enor- oll ores tis ena and carbonate ores, as well as low grad copper re wa pay $10 to $40 per ton. The Ri City of Musi = orted to the Royal Mint i rishest J 2 r coinage. It is reported %y be one ot bu copper ate met te ozs? copper known. Veins of sheet Ls Ot Senet hi from one-eighth of an inch, to two inches ing from Ss nuggets of copper have been found weioh- Silver City Lf 2 0%8 hundred and fifty pounds each. rich vine oi ge own, and Shakespeare districts, all have district, in the 76 as yet scarcely touched. In the Silver Cit This Dat tees Taw there is a body of silver-bearine a through the slate; a by a tunnel, and horn silver toand all thin as tissue pa ’ > fom the seams are sheets of native silver of nearly oe per In this slate are also found round balls nl i in size from a grain of wheat to an al- ero iio i county are the Portrillas, Jarilla, and a erc a and Lake Valley districts: the ai ; e two last being the mining sensation of 1882, THE SIERRA GRANDE MINE. The Sierra Grande mi Wi oe : a Grande mine, located here, is paying dividends of bi > . 0 : oon pa of $10,000,000 The | Xide, with chloride of silver, in dark - Poche; ny 640 pounds, and valued at fo ‘1dal Chamber,” was on vi ri Oe i ) 201 view at the Denver Exposition: hy a August, $130,000 worth of ore was a an) ioe, by eight men, in eight hours. That tho 23 eady producer is the best evidence of its iy Ira properties cover a s J pace 3,000 by 6,000 2 geo Danis 20 a3 Sierra Grande, Sierra Ar lla, a total capitalization of $20 md : ,000,000. A fi ¢ ill has been erected, and work has begun in oi : SU. 80 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. One million dollars’ worth of mineral has been taken from the Sierra Grande from August 1, 1882, to February 1, 1883. The ore reserves are cstimated at $35,000,000. The Bridal Chamber is a mass of silver so rich that it can be cut with a knife, or from which globules can be melted by the flame of a candle. If this deposit proves to be extensive, it is certainly one of the most remarkable in the world. we Amid the Forests Resources of the Rocky Mountains. WYOMING. “The Large Plains”’—Resources of Undeveloped Wealth —Lakelets of Solidified Soda, Mountains of Iron, and Acres of Magnesia.—Five Thousand Square Miles of Coal.—Vast Herds of Cattle and Sheep.—The Climate and Agricultural Conditions. — The Yellowstone Na- tional Park. By reference to Miner’s history of Wyoming, Pennsylvania, we find the following in regard to the derivation of the name: “The name, Wyoming, was long supposed to mean, ‘A field of blood ;” but Mr. Heckelwelder, perfectly versed in Indian language, to the inquiry of Mr. Chapman, replied: ¢ Wyoming 1s a corruption of Maughwanwama, by which it was designated by the Delaware Indians; being a compound of ‘“Maughwan,” meaning large, and ‘‘wama,” signifying plains; so that it may be translated, pn ¢ re known; and ar ranges. Their brands are wR Som to the stock gar any strays are found, they are sud tho cals ie 2 IY ose brand they bear. At such ti urned rom the lors pris : nd the marketable cattle a an Ty aratory to shi arate are made d pment. The ’ tober, and ing months of July, August, I the hen y Sip er; August, September, and Octob or) Oc- cattle in W pping months. There are at pres 2 er being Eastern m Joming and the shipments, i 700,000 : arkets, amounted to 134.000 head. 881, to the 9 ad. SHEEP ARE RE NEXT IN IMPORTANCE TO CATTLE by and of these there are 450,000 sorts, $: > head; worth f I ha selected bloods mihi Dy Pont Aah Sa 3 pounds per head, equal to 1 350 hoe but slight loss 3 claimed that the flocks are healthy, 0 raised, both their ki ained. Angora goats are also a and oi PE EC ge sasaatiin han. al Sumber of buffalo, elk, antelope a hunters into ths mo of which have been driven by the Ie Bos WE ne pi region in the northwestern So arte es an into the Yellowstone a Ni ra, Jon 18 extending its protecting hand i s of the countless herds, that a e Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 86 Both black and white t with, and, occasionally, black, cinnamon, The wolf, fox, lynx, panther, and moun- oos in the Big Horn Mountains; ermine, muskrat, and beaver, abound. Of game birds, there are abundance of grouse, part- ridges, sage hens, geese, ducks, and snipe. It is a grand place for the true sportsman, for laws have already been passed pre- venting the wanton slaughter of the game. plains and valleys of the mighty west. tailed deer are me and grizzly bears. tain lion, are quite numer while otter, mink, martin, THE LUMBER RESOURCES of Wyoming are extensive. There are 15,000,000 acres of forests, covering the mountains with pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, and cedar. These forests contain some of the finest timber on the continent. The white and red pine are of superior quality; the red is bard, and the white, being free from knots: makes excellent lumber for finishing purposes. Several saw mills are in operation, in different parts of the Territory, and over one thousand men are already employed in the lumber In manufacturing, bus little is being done, though the day cannot be far distant, when Wyoming will become 2 manufacturer of the raw material she possesses in such abun- dance. There are at Laramie City, however, large mills for the re-rolling of iron rails; and elsewhere, shingle and lath mills, and charcoal kilns are in operation. business. WONDERFUL CRY STALIZATIONS. At Rawlins, red oxide ir at Cheyenne, there are carr manufactories of jewelry from the pr found here in many localities. for scientists, having wonderful pe crystalizations. The agates, opals, topaz, jasper, ony, from Sweetwater county, are exceedingly bea ystalization at the Den on ore is pulverized for paint; while jage and wagon shops, as well as ecious stones which are most magnificent® cr eju JUNO ISATY PUIM 97) JO MOTA uw) The Territory is a rich field trifications, fossils, and raro and chalced- utiful. The ver Exposition, in a SI ‘Sui Bhi ithe nel LL Shi |" i all hi mk | i ” " uo ILE, | il ll I Ni I! ii i i | i il MIA i a < a pg = Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 87 tos 1882, was a portion of a fossil tree from Uintah county. The bark seemed to have been agatized first, and after the softer parts of the wood had decayed, crystals formed on the inner surface, for a depth of two inches, leaving a hollow tube, eight inches in diameter and fifteen inches in length. These crys- tals sparkled like diamonds, and were the "admiration of all beholders. The Union Pacific Railway passes through the southern portion of the Territory, from east to west. From Cheyenne, two branches run south to Denver, and thence into the moun- tains and mining regions of Colorado. One branch also turns north to Fort Laramie, and another will start from Granger station, in the southwestern corner of Wyoming, and run northwest, crossing the Utah Northern Railway, at Pocatello, and thence, passing west through Idaho, will connect at Baker City, in Eastern Oregon, with the Oregon Navigation Com- pany’s road for Portland. GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. Wyoming is divided into seven counties, named as follows: Uintah, Sweetwater, Carbon, Albany, Laramie, Crook, and Pease. The principal cities and towns are; Cheyenne, Lara- mie City, Cummings City, Rawlins, Evanston, and the towns along the Union Pacific Railway. Cheyenne is the capital and chief point of interest, and contains 6,000 people, who have schools, churches, hotels, banks, newspapers, and all of the comforts and luxuries that wealth brings. This city being the home of most of the Wealthy stockmen of the Territory, possesses many fine residences, stately public buildings, and stores. MINERAL RESOURCES. Wyoming has extensive mineral resources. Discoveries were made by the first white men who came within its borders, These were the soldiers of the United States army, the Mor- mons, on their way to Utah, and Colonel Fremont’s explorers, { \ } ERR ERR SN SRERE SA SEALERS ST ae £3 8 Resources O¢ - i The first mining . 1 silver. The oe % ; discovered gold anc . located in the Wind ose oy South Pass City, ot ag to 1870, of camp, . 1 had a population, : 1d ” tains: and hac DO ts have he Hive gw resence of the hostile Sons, Joe few years, 3,000; but the ee of the Territory until within gly the Aur, Another oy wt andoned S J ” 1 also abe : wk ers’ Delight; but in Sg le quantity, {nowl - found 1n ‘a3 artz had been Mion of dollars was though gold qua . vhich one million © a. . x50 per ton, from ¥ : . e Medicine arenging Bo has been discovered, sy 7) Oe monn- is Shoshone, Seminole. me a Enon Range, at Baw, gh 1 silver, has been found - : > ramie; near Cam- a ion: on the Platte, me For ba The Douglass Rawhide ) ces of Green * . . (itv and at the source ins, has three mings City, and the Medicine Bow Mountain 3 Blne Jay Creek district, 1n Florence, Keystone, an ol Ling Si : old ore, Yields i 1 from all of these 18 low grade A and Whe minor t The veins are quartz contail ao ping in g r ton. ide Cr about $15 De ere inches to three feet wid on only 187 Ave fan eigh he depot: workings here gr water. Mills many places. ded on account oL watll. ; © NOW suspen ; ill give the dis- fect; nd Tae will soon be erected, Which mw zai awaken- and machinery tus. The Centennial district 18 age Ri trict a new 1MPOLt being built to work their ores. are i istrict has a ine. and mills here. The Jelm distric : ing, re found he . vein rides and carbonates a ill mine, has a ve rk nartics. The Gold ¥ The den promng BoB Uo ow gad gold ore.” Ti of quartz, thir y me high grade ore, while the ie is the Betsey Jane he grade gold quartz. Pans : on Lar- a broad ledge of IC tng districts; and is thirty miles e of the center of these mis a to the North Park, which 1s on vered amie City, on the a Gold and silver have been sn vee great parks of po I “in the Laramie Manntorn Fort Lar- nasfiwerl of (ue on the Running Wo RT cut by at Rawhide + place, an eighty foot vein i he pin f he; PA of the mountain. Th a 300-foo ’ mines of some note: the “and the veins vary in thickness, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 89 ore contains both gold and silver; yielding from $8 to £150 per ton, and is described as similar in appearance to the ores from the Comstock mines of Nevada, Gold has also been discovered in that portion of the Black Hills lying within the Territory. From present development it is manifest that the gold and silver deposits of Wyoming, are Very meager in comparison with those of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, or New Mexico. Cop- per has been discovered in the Medicine Bow, Ferris, and Se- minole mountains; at Rawlins, in the Laramie range; at Hart- ville, Whalens, and Muskrat canons; Rawhide, Running Water, and at Copperopolis. These veins have a general north- east and southwest direction, and are from two to three feet wide. Copper is found here in connection with lead and sil- ver. The ores f- com some. of these veins assay from 22 to 30 per cent. copper. IRON MOUNTAIN. Iron is found in several places, ridge known as “Iron Mountain,” at the head of Chugwater Creek; this mountain is in the Laramie range, twenty-five miles northeast of Laramie City. The ore occurs similar to the Lake Superior deposits; and are very rich in metalic iron. The iron made from these ores is white, and extremely ductile, and harder than that made from the Iron Mountain ores of of Missouri. Near Rawlins are extensive beds of red oxide ores, which are mined, crushed, and shipped for use as min- eral paint. They have also been used as flux, in the reduction of silver ores by the smelters of Utah. Antimony has been discovered in the Green River basin, Graphite has been found in the Laramie range, twelve miles west of the Iron Mountain. In an area of two square miles, seven mines have been located 3 from eighteen inches to four ¢ deposits are horizontal, some but chiefly in a mountain and one-half feet. Some of thes inclined, and others are vertical, most of them yielding ‘as high as eighty per cent. pure graphite. Sulphur, in nearly a pure state, occurs in immense deposits, at the head of Bear River, which is a region of extinct volcanoes. 7 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. THE SODA DEPOSITS . sak st remarkable in the world. ao Wn oS mi City, there are 3 mom. o Dy Pe olidified soda. The largest of these covers an yi > lakelets of soli aud the deposits vary from ten to fifteen in Align oe deeper portions. From these lakelets, a . Oe ii cubic feet, of solid Cp. oa i Te ni (position; Was shinier a ag sulphuric feta Iovate Te 44.2 per cent. of sulphate of soda; wa 04 periaent., ‘eins 55.8 por cent.” Colonel Downey, of WH Me i lakelets: “The one g - ror n area O pls mensions Ta » eid be of crystallized loa 5 nines dy The deposit is supplied from oe 0 ba. soda, mine 2 se wales holds the salts in solution. ig : by a i rapidly SeApoTa and 5 o iy risin cadilv crystalize in oe witch itis bie pind a the water nt honed, Pen Be the excavation made; and the lis from tle bo 0 yo in afew days, the material 5 oh ysis a practically inexhaustible; a ; hl Hones ies : 50,000,000 cubic feet of Sy contains > A o soda, ready to be utilized.” Nea oe fle oN : k, seventy-five miles north of A D Lhe pendence : came. are deposits of bi-carbonate 0 bp valley of the : one hundred lakelets, covering an area fe In Berenson: deposit one mile in length, by aps th A fa. of i are solid soda, and part are i Lesa, < ng WHlor In one of these lakelets of soli 4 a worl made to the Soph of og yo Soda Vo a formation. nen Tp A, in the Osi un ai B 1a : 11 of which 1s 1m] 250,000,000 of Dos ig —_ advalorem duty, poh pi # Bi ton, it would seem as though Wyoming the cos . Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 91 furnished a wonderful opportunity for both capital and enter- prise; in the soda business. At Rich Creek, near the Union Pacific Railway, there is reported to be a deposit of sulphate of magnesia, in nearly a pure state, covering one hundred acres to the depth of several inches. Gypsum, of fine quality, is found in many localities; notably in the Wind River Valley, on Horseshoe Creek, and near Red Buttes. Kaolin, or porcelain clay, has been discovered in Albany county; and mica, at both Diamond Peak, and in the Laramie Mountains, thirty miles northwest of Fort Laramie. Sandstone, marble, limestone, and clay for brick, are abundant, THE COAL MEASURES Of Wyoming are widely distributed, and of ity. They occupy a belt fifty to one hundr across the southern portion of the in the region of the Big superior qual- ed miles wide Territory; and are found Horn and Powder Rivers ; east of the Wind River; and both east and west of the Laramie range. At Cooper Lake, in the Laramie Plains, a vein has been dis- covered which is fifteen feet thick, and one at Carbon ten feet. The veins vary in thickness from four to forty feet; while at Carter station, on the Union Pacific Railway, in Uintah county; these coal seams are estimated to measnre four hundred feet in thickness, with sandstone strata between them. Tt is said 300,000 tons are annually mined; and that the fi varies from 46 to 76 per cent. These coals are extensively used for locomotive purposes, and have been largely shipped to the smelters at Salt Lake city. Petroleum springs have been found that yield the best quality of lubricating oil. This oil as it flows, has a grav black. Its flash test is test 16 degrees below zero. xed carbon ity of 20 degrees; and is intensely 294; fire-test 322 degrees; and cold It has been discovered in Bear River, in the valley of the Popo-Agie Creek, and in the valley of Little Wind River, near Camp Brown. - The Beaver and Shoshone oil basins are considered among the richest known. Near Green River City there is an oil bearing shale, from 92 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. icati 1 have been which, per ton, thirty gallons of good lubricating 01 2 . ithout Ou of Wyoming would not be complete witho escr allusion to the YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. s fitory, This is located in the northwestern corner of je hii i Wi tending into Montana and ldaho. ide, cov- Sg Do from north to South, 4 SUvan ps ce It . 5 re miles, or %,<00, : ering an sn ot o_o park or pleasure Som be Pe Te Span of Congress, passed March 1, 1872. [ts ne people ya the el is 8,000 feet; while1ts mountain Be > : clavation Ee and Mt. Washburne, vise respective y vs a Wii 388 feet above the sea level. : The park ” Te conic region, though the forces are now a ® isa ro oo We gh a extent is covered by Sonne dig ply are found an abundance of large gad forests, = deer. mountain sheep, bears, Ae I spd te wile its creek valleys are alive Vg sands wild ih e ter. and muskrats. Squirrels and W 5 ver, min 2 ee Yellowstone Lake is a beautiful host 8 £ i i od from the melting snows of the Seng 2 water, forme Lie edlor § loyight gest, changing to 2 o 2 mona The lake covers an area of 300 square ml a marine Hae bowels) broad; and in its deepest pss mes pi ng It has a shore line of 175 Sip hg : ns : ntories. In 1t ar wi i i ay a dp ih pine; while with jus oo Sl its sargin are mingled pebbles of agate, - Ying yo : oa and obsidian crystals, which in the us » fon, a oe rd Its waters swarm with Laos, i. ts of flash like “ and: while its surface is covered with ee: a i) : s : cese and ducks. Several rivers ta Swan, bo I 7k pi the Yellowstone, Snake, Madison, lh 14 a: Of these, the Yellowstone throws its wa tin and . lasts 20 minutes. lasts 20 minutes. height, 250 feet; lasts 20 minutes. 6 feet; height, 200 feet; lasts 20 min 4 feet; height, 60 feet; lasts 30 minutes. a3 into the lake, and drawing them out again in increased vol- ume, starts on its journey to the Missouri. this park have taxed the language of tourists, two thousand visit it each season, m lands. July, August, and September are the best months to see the wonders. Here are the great Hot Springs of Gardner's River; the Upper and Tower Falls of the Yellowstone; the former being 140, and the latter 397 feet high; also the Canon of the upper Yellowstone, which is twenty miles long, and from 1,000 to 3,000 feet deep; the Mud Volcano, which per- forms, regularly, every six hours ; and the Grand Geyser of Fire Hole Basin, which throws a column of water twenty-five feet at the base, 250 feet into the air. This water is as clear as crystal, with a temperature of 150 deg., #. Here, also is the Fan Geyser, where the water is discharged in five radiating jets, to the height of sixty feet. Besides these, there are the Grotto, Hot Spring Cone, and others, According to Professor Hayden, there are ten thousand hot, springs and geysers in this National Park. Mr. Strahorn, who has written so eloquently of the great West, says in regard to The marvels of of whom about any of them from foreign THE EIGHT LARGEST GEYSERS IN THE WORLD. “Before leaving the subject of that there are eight geysers one of whose belchings excee in the world outside of Yel quency and regularit geysers we will note the fact of the Upper Geyser Basin, any ds in volume and height any other lowstone Park, while, for the fre- y of the magnificent performance indul ged in by them, the y stand unrivalled in the known universe, The following are their chief teatures: Giant—diameter, 7 feet; height, 140 feet; lasts 3 hours. Giantess—diameter, 18 feet; height of extreme jet, 250 feet; Beehive—diameter, 2 feet ; height, 219 feet; - Grand Geyser—diameter, 20 by 25 feet; Old Faithful —diameter, utes. Grotto—diameter, Castle—diameter, 5 . i } 94 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. feet; height, 100 fect; lasts 10 to 30 minutes. Fan—height, 60 feet; lasts 60 minntes. While no tourist can expect to see these all spout in one day, he can always be certain of wit- nessing 01d Faithful several times, and some of the others on any day of the week. They are all located in a small basin of two or three miles square. Besides these, there are other, possibly scores of, geysers in our National Park, which far surpass the glory of those in Iceland, which hitherto have been called the grandest in the world. Ours are grandest in the frequency of their eruptions, in the quantity of water they spout, and in thé height to which it is thrown, and also in the beauty of their delicately orna- mented and often brilliantly colored chimneys and basins.” The road to the Park, at present is from the west, by stage, 30 hours’ ride from Dillon station, on the Utah Northern Railway. A branch line will be completed by July 4th, of the present year, {rom Livingstone, on the Northern Pacific road, due south sixty-five miles, into the Park. The Yellowstone Improvement Company, recently organized in New York City, with a capital of $2,000,000, propose the immediate construction of a mammoth hotel in the Park, so that tourists from all parts of the world will soon be able comfortably to see the wonders of this wonderland. Fan Geyser, Yellowstone Park. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. IDAHO. “The Gem of the Mountains” —Lofty Peaks, and Crys- tal Streams—Beautiful Lakes—Picturesque Scenery— Mineral and Agricultural Resources. This portion of the great Northwest is located between the 42d and 49th parallels of latitude, and the 111th and 117th of longitude, west from Greenwich. It is bounded on the north by the British Possessions and Montana, east by Mon- tana and Wyoming, south by Utah and Nevada, and west by Oregon and Washington Territory. It lies directly west of the great main range of the Rocky Mountains, which sweep down through Montana, and has upon its northeast border the Bitter Root, Rocky, and Wasatch ranges; the Bitter Root occupy the northern, the Rocky the central, and the Wasatch the southern portion of this chain, which extends well over into Idaho. In the south are the Owyhee Mountains, which divide the waters of the Columbia, while to the west are the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington Territory. Idaho is therefore surrounded by mountains, through which there are many fine natural gateways for the great highways of travel. The interior of the Territory is full of mountains, valleys, and plateaus, with an average altitude of 4,700 feet; while the tops of its highest peaks scarcely exceed 10,000 feet above the sea. These ranges traverse the Territory in all directions, sending forth streams of crystal water from their melting snows. " DISCOVERED IN 1804. This part of the United States was first traversed by white men in 1804, when an exploring party under the command of 96 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Be r—— Clark and Lewis passed through it. In To 2 Poon hy ho had been sent out by some Boston Yor rac > oop a .v of the Columbia River in company with an Eng : a Vancouver, and cach took possession ey Oy the Englishman in the name of os > Ls mo the American in the name of Uncle Sn. Lg > > ord to the provisions of a treaty, the entire ou da a sarallel of latitude and west of the Rocky ors stipe a ied by the United States and Great Pan ise ps ne name given to it was Oregon. In 1846 i fe Boundary treaty was made, and the ea er i at the 49th parallel of latitude. In 1855 Washing ton Territory was created. . hi Idaho was created a Territory by act a ae 2 1863, being taken from Washington, Da i” A Ne T diaries It then included the present State So t of Wyoming, and had an area of over 300,000 sq ! en is u corruption of the Indian word E-dah- miles. hoe, which is said to mean » ¢¢ GEM OF THE MOUNTAINS. The Territories of Wyoming and Montana were cut of om ; in 1868, and it was then reduced to its pros hp a te Se 80 294 square miles; being in om Bo > oy in Aves in the list of forty-seven States and oe te oe on has 55,228,160 acres of land, of which 18,000, Ait tains, 24 000,000 are grazing, and 12,600,000 are oie BL roa eh irrigated; while 600,000 are Pes = of or vast mountain tract 9,000,000 of acres arc clothe : > ye gi northern part of the Territory the Yas v5 d the entire region is covered with dense 0 Pato oo while farther south the Volleys oe ” bo. iin : et untains. hese forest i a, ns white, red and black spruce; fir, y 5 estreams juniper mountain mahogan 3 tamarac; and along th ) ’ Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 97 birch, alder, cottonwood and willow. The white pine and white and red spruce attain a height of more than two h undred feet, and have a diameter at the base of five feet. The timber on the Pacific Slope of the Rockies is in all cases superior to that on the Atlantic, except it may be in Northwestern Mon- tana, where the country is subject to the same warm winds. RIVERS. The Territory has two noble rivers ; the Snake and Salmon, which unite within, its borders after traversing it for more than a thousand miles, and bear their waters thence into the Columbia. They gather into their embrace the clear currents of a hnndred minor streams; as the Portneuf, Raft, Goose, Bruneau, Wood, Weiser, Lemhi, Clearwater, etc., all of which are full of trout and other kinds of fish. These water courses are swift, and will furnish abundant power for manufacturing purposes, as well as a never failing supply for irrigation. The Snake river rises near the National Yellowstone Park of Wyoming, and from its rushing torrent was known as Mad river. It passes westward across the southern portion of the Territory, then turning northward along its western border leads off to the Columbia. This river has three falls of note; the American, Shoshone and Salmon; the Shoshone being the most celebrated, as it resembles Niagara, plunging over a precipice 200 feet high. Beside the Snake, the Salmon, Couer D’ Alene and St. J osephs rivers are navigable for a con- siderable dis‘ance, and are in size equal to the Ohio at Pitts- burgh. In the southern portion of the Territory are the Snake river plains, which are imme.se beds of basalt with an undulating surface, seamed with crevasses through which the streams flow. On these plains are three lone mountains known as the Three Buttes, which are landmarks in the waste. East of these plains rise hills and mountains, while south are harrow valleys and abrupt ranges, the former covered with sage and sparse grasses, while the latter are without timber. 98 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. ’ and is used for firewood. LAKES. Idaho has a number of beautiful lakes in the ie pot ion, the largest of which, Pend d’ Oreille, is one Days bes iles long by from five to ten miles wide, an > hn ughout. Its scenery is picturesque, hens Be po i ge mountains, and contains islands 20 a Lake Couer I’ Alene is another gem, Co i Te se by three to five miles wide, and: Kamiska is ten 2 i oy oe ten wide, while in the sontheasiern i 5 ilies Ts Vita miles long and three wide: Each 4 a wa til rivers, as Clarks’ Fort of the Columbia, St. hs, etc. Josephs, CLIMATE. The climate of Idaho, like that of ‘the ni Eth Moan in region, is healthful, and people with lung diseases, " es sencral debility should flee to these mou : : ine of the Pacific Ocean, which sweep over Tasman Territory, strike the Western oon a kies and are deflected -south along their si 5, oF on a of Idaho is comparatively mild, the mon wi rature being 52 deg. #. The mercury seldom Jose a i d the soled fall of rain and melted snow 1s abou i oe Nr annum. Owing to the dryness of the ing i at heat nor cold are felt as in the Eastern ne £5 a rate from diseases, amounts to 4.66, to each thou sand, while on the Atlantic Coast it is 17.83. wei There is a great difference in the mp a the northern and southern portions 0 e’ ; yr fall in the northern portion being much heavier; > Bs i star climate has a more equitable temperature be we oo and night, and winter and summer. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 99 pe ——— ———— VALLEYS. Idaho has fair agricultural resources in the fertility of her valleys, only one-twientieth of which are occupied at present. These valleys have a length and breadth as follows: LENGTH BREADTH MILES. 2to 4 1to 2 3to 5 2to 10 2to 5 8 to 12 1to 2 18 to 25 2to 6 21015 2to 5 3to 6 1to 5 20 to 25 10 to 15 5to 10 5 to 10 South Fork of Snake River, Eastern Idaho Salt River Valley, Eastern Idaho Bear River Valley, « " Snake Valley, North Fork, Eastern Idaho Blackfoot Valley, Eastern Idaho Rome Valley, # “ Wood River, Central Idaho Camas Prairie, 6 Payette Valley, pi Weiser Valley, * ¢ Lemhi Valley, Northwestern Idaho Pah Simari Valley, « “ North Camas Prairie, North Idaho Potlach Valley, North Idaho Palouse Valley, « te Here such cereals are grown as wheat, rye, oats, barley, corn, potatoes of the finest quality, and in quantity nearly one hun- dred per cent. greater yield to the acre than the Eastern States produce. Garden vegetables are of good quality. Farming is done almost entirely by means of irrigation, which those who get accustomed to it consider more necessary than depend- ing upon rains. Fruits are cultivated to considerable extent, and it is estimated that 0,000 fruit trees have been set out . annually for the past five years. In the midst of many arid plains, the traveler will come upon luxuriant crops, and trees laden with blossoms and fruits in their season, but all of this is accomplished by careful irri- gation, the cost of which, in many cases, is not more than. fifty cents to one dollar per acre. Apples, peaches, pears, LN RAR A SA ES TN CST EE aa a NT 100 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. apricots, plums, and grapes, are thus produced, all of which find a ready market at good prices. Near Boise City are a number of these orchards which bear profusely. GRAZING LAND. Idaho has an extensive area of grazing land, and, therefore, presents fine opportunities for the raising of stock. There are already 200,000 head of cattle, and 75,000 sheep within the Territory, where they live and thrive without shelter the year around. Idaho was formerly the home of immense herds of buffalo, where the warm winds of the Pacific cause the nutri- tious grasses to grow in abundance. The profits on either sheep or cattle are said to average from 25 to 30 per cent. The largest heards number about 5,000, and the business is rapidly on the increase. The cost of keeping cattle here is the same as in Montana and Wyoming, or about $1 per head per annum. The dairy business will doubtless become an important industry, everything in that line being now im- ported. MINERAL RESOURCES. The history of Idaho, like that of every State and Territory of the Rocky Mountain region, is a history of the discovery of precious minerals within her borders. In 1832 gold was first found on the shores of the Pend d’ Oreille River. In 1854 it was discovered by General Larnder while exploring for a military road,and some years later by Captain Mullan, who annonnced to the world that it existed in paying quantities on the Clearwater and Salmon Rivers. In 1860 Captain Pierce found good pay- ing placers on a tributary of Clearwater River. In 1862 rich grounds were discovered on a tributary of the Bois River, and nuggets worth from $5 to $50 were picked up daily. In 1863 the Owyhee district was discovered, and following these placers, discoveries of rich quartz ledges were made on War Eagle Mountain. Between 1863 and 1865 over 2350 mines were located, and the towns of Silver Creek, Ruby, and Boonville ‘oqepy ‘Soup Juoulaog Cog CTS fp La 7 oe A a = a ea Re Riana a Ta RT san TUNEL ETT 3039 PRES I a a Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 101 sprang into existence. In 1864, discoveries of gold quartz were made, in what is now known as the Wood River district; but their rich, heavy lead ores, now so famous, were not found until 1873, and were then considered only valuable for bullets. The Indians infested the country up to 1880, so that the de- velopment of their mines practically dates from that time. The rich gold and silver discoveries of Yankee Fork in 1376, were followed by those of Kinnikinik, and others of the Salmon River region in 1877-78, and of the Sawtooth country in 1879. The mineral belt of Idaho is found mainly in her interior mountains, and is from 10 to 150 miles wide by 300long. The principal mining districts are: The placer mines of Boise county and basin, the quartz mines of Boise county, the North Thaho mines, the Owyhee county mines, the Middle Bois Region, the South Boise, the Yankee Fork district, the Kin- nikinik, and East Fork mines, the Snake River gold fields and the Wood River and Sawtooth districts. $90,000,000 in PRECIOUS METALS, Idaho has contributed to the wealth of the world in gold and silver $90,000,000, from a region, until within two years, infested by hostile savages, being also remote from railways, and with but little foreign capital. They claim to have a mining region that has no peer in the world. To attempt anything like minute details, in regard to the mines of these several districts, would extend this volume far beyond ny present purpose. I shall therefore, as briefly as possible, give only the main facts in regard to the resources of the Ter- ritory, hoping it may be the means of inducing further inves- tigation into the marvelous resources of the West. The moun- tains of Idaho, while traversing the Territory in all directions, have a general trend northwest and southwest. The mineral veins cut through these mountains in almost a due north and south course. These veins are mostly fissures, containing quartz, in which the mineral is found, and vary in thickness from one te forty feet, though most of them average from two — ins. 102 Resources of the Rocky Mounta _ CL ———————— T : The minerals are gold, silver, ons, : ve bismuth, zine, nickle, ete. The 8 5 native silver, gray coppers to five feet in width. lead, iron, quicksilver, fan er Ls galena, besides i a hg . also mountains of sulphur, ST punter ih a fos of the finest marble and building ie. i wy taht mica and semi-precious 8 Large dep (ist. known to exis ahi RICH MINES. ? : . ness of Idahos’ mines: i has produced, Bie The Oro Fino Mine " iy a 3,000,000 i io and Minnesota : Loto The Mahogany Mine sooo The Poorman Mine Lon The Morning Star Mine 110 on The Monarch Mine ot 0 The Buffalo Mine Lan 0 The Ada Elmore Mine : sn 0 The Confederate Star Mine 2 on The Vishnu Ming os hy i est Mi i gl Elk Creek, F atiANiD 1,250,000 2,000,000 600,000 p is from $10,000 to $50,000 per a as of which Vile at oe bonanzas. Sufficient development oe! oo I Ds ate the fact that Idaho has rich volo Sige es ri ed that when her StopLe ag to oe Te : ill have a brilliant future. ; kaon forthe ons ae oh metal-ribbed Mou or Ds trodden by a white man’s oN De oh ks be carried on for years to come, Wi prospecting Resources of the Rocky Mountains. css reion IRON, COAL AND COPPER. Of iron, coal, and copper Idaho has her ful] complement. Her iron ores are found near Rocky Bar, Challis, Baker City, and South Mountain, and consist of micacious iron, oxide ores, also metalic, magnetic, and specular ores, while hematite is known to exist in inexhaustible quantities. These are said to yield from fifty to ninety per cent. pure metal. Bituminous coal of fine quality is found in several localities; notably, at Bear Lake, in southeastern Idaho; near Boise at Horse-shoe Bend; at the Big Bend of Snake River, at Smith’s Fork, and at Twin Lakes, where the famous Mammoth mine shows a vein of clear coal seventy-five feet in thickness. Largs depos- its have also been discovered near Lewiston, in Northern Idaho, though none of them are worked yet to any considerable ex- tent, on aceount of the plentiful supply of wood, and the ab- sence of railways. On the eastern borders of Idaho have been found rich veins of copper ore, yielding from sixty to eighty per cent. pure metal, which have been traced for a distance of thirty-five miles. Near Camas, ore veins have been found from one to six feet wide, containing forty per cent. copper. One hundred and twenty miles north of Boise City, large veins have been found, yielding sixty per cent. ; while many other copper deposits have been discovered in other portions of the Territory. Large quantities of the silver ores contain from fifteen to twenty per cent.; copper, and some of the galena ores run as high as seventy-eight per cent. lead. SALT SPRINGS. Idaho has some fine salt springs. produced, in 1880, 1,500,000 pounds. purest and whitest salt in the world, centage of pure salt than the Onond Island, or Saginaw brands. sodium (pure salt) 97.79 per ce pure state, and in inexhaustible One near Eagle Rock . This is said to be the showing a higher per- aga, Liverpool, Turks’ The analysis gives chloride of nt. Sulphur exists in almost a quantities, in some cases 104 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Mica is found near Weiser where there are ledges and hundreds of tons arc said to be Similar deposits exist near Lakes Pend A vein of mar- being eighty-five per cent. fine. River, ninety miles northeast of Boise, eight to ten feet wide, lying on the dumps. d’Oreille and Lewiston, in Northern Idaho. ble twenty feet in thickness, equal to Italian, has been dis- covered near the head of Lake Pend d’Oreille. COUNTIES AND TOWNS. Idaho is divided into twelve counties named as follows: Kootenai, Shoshone, Nez Perce, Idaho, Lemhi, Washington, Custer, Alturas, Oneida, Cassia, and Owyhee. Montpelier, Malade City, Boise City, Idaho Mt. Idaho, Ada, Boise, Its principal towns and cities are, Albion, Silver City, Bellevue, Hailey, City, Baker City, Bonanza, Challis, Salmon City, Pierce City, and Lewiston. The Territory has a popu of whom 5,000 are Indians. Bannocks, and Shoshones. and occupy a reservation of 1,344, portion, on the Clearwater River; while the other tribes have o reservation of 18,000 acres in the southeastern part, on the Portneuf and Snake Rivers. In the Salmon River Mountains a few roving Indians have their home. Boise City is the cap- ital, and has a population of 2,500, while the remaining towng and cities named have from 300 to 1,000 each. These are all accessible by stage lines; and contain newspaper:, schools, churches, hotels, etc. Manufactories are limited; still Idaho has a dozen flour and grist mills, fifty saw mills, besides smel- ters and shops of various kinds. lation at present of fully 50,000, . These tribes are the Nez Perces, The Nez Perces number 2,800, 000 acres in the northern GAME AND FISH. The sportsmen will find here sbundance of game and fish. In the northern part of the Territory, there are elk, deer, mountain sheep and goat, bears, and panthers; also plenty of foxes, beavers, martins, minks, and muskrats. The lakes and 5 Resources of the Rocky Mountains rivers abound in water fowl] ram and fish. In La > x oma a species of red fish. Se i and ii 2 x : Ing eight to ten pounds, and ar pi Ci hy are considered Hot and cold mineral spr; yo prings are found in vari iti 3 2 i A are the Soda Springs of Pa by y 8 ag So Idaho City, and the Hot Springs oe i a of Oneida are the most noted, : a a iy » as they contain soda, iron, sul g oa arranged he When hotels are built, and A000 ri , y will doubtless become famous Cr ariums. RAILWAYS, Idaho is just beginning t i ohn g to realize the benefits i y Oh > 0 0% Rorhen extends from Salt I ma of um ana, and passes through the eastern ps Tom The Northern Pacific is being 8 ena ® = the Territory, where it slips io] or an Ba y hange, passes around the head of Lake Wi Gry ai on through Washington Territ a he ¢ olumbia River, down which it re Tl an Ox Yor Short Line, which is a branch of tl} i Pe 3s from Granger Station, Wyoming . oo 9) Sid Y, Intersects the Northern Utah on hii dh eastern Idaho, thence passes west and on erritory, In the vicinity of Snake River ri i J leaves the main li md rs arab to Hailey, the center of the oo gue, Th G Jods are destined in a short time t as You a” daho not only known but accessible > a, 2 the States and Territories of the R 5 og ig . on 2 Idaho are boundless, fo south; such as no other hl Sh bem Hy i ssessed. 8 A RS ARR ERE Re TE Serge EES, - ic ae ERTS : qe SEA AAT Resources of the Rocky Mountains. etter ——————————— | | i h MONTANA. “The Country of Mountains.” —Her Vast Expanse of Territory. —Resources in Precious Metals, Lead, Coal, etc.—The Grazing Empire of the West. — Rapid Ad- vancement of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Ss. A On the extreme northern border of the United St against the British Possessions lies Its latitude is the same as that of Northern Italy and Switzer- land. It is greater in extent than the combined land, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, York, Pennsylvania, a ht ates, close the empire of Montana. NR NEN ; SSA a RR SRG NN RE EN 3 RN RN > AN a area of Eng- or equal to that of New Ohio, and Maryland, with Rhode Island thrown in; containing 145,786 square miles, or 92,016,640 acres. Its greatest length, from east to west, 1s 540 miles, and width 305 miles, in size being the fourth division of the Union, exceeded only by Texas, California, and Dakota. It embraces the vast area lying between the 45th and 49th parallels of north latitude, and the 104th and 116th meridians of west longitude. Tt is traversed by rivers These mountains are the main ran sweep down through the western portion, though with consid- crable less altitude than they attain in Colorado, their highest peaks not reaching over 11,000 feet. On the western border are the Bitter Root, Rocky, and Wasatch ranges; while further cast, extending to the middle of the Territory, are the High- wood, Belt, Judith, Big Snowy, Ruby, Bear’s Paw, Little Rockies, etc., all of which have a general trend northwest and (FH we southeast. These are the condensers for the Territory, of the Hi dh moisture from the warm winds of the Pacific Ocean, which are Ep known as the “Chinook.” . < bon « Be ka In & = 8 = a i 7. J] fy = 7 { = ; = and crossed by mountains. ges of the Rockies, which os ti To SI i SV fe ed Ee ahem ta . -. ——— A RR EY Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 108 sii . ter ; : sprines of crystal wa F these mountain sides copious springs re - sources of . th. which, with the melting snows, a the Territory, . ’ ’ ; ; . burst forth, s streams and rivers that traverse the numerou The rivers, west of the Rocky Hie vejus in omens ih Columbia, and hones Suto Range, song ate the Kootenai and Clark : . t, Big oy ae i? numerous branches, as Bitter Thore ato Sn “Mi soula, Flathead, Stillwater, etc. he Yollow- Bliteoh) x : oo the Idaho border, west of ¥ north- ixsmall ies Red Rock Lakes, and one +3 i : es Hose Bas ie Territory, known as Fintan | a be side, western par pe heet of water, fifty miles long by re ! yy i Sonning wih Tu ad waar fowl, ud conan vt, i 3 2 r leys of these r aT Suh turesque islands. ~The van in extent, and vary in wi foto bos ow snr the Rocky Range ig 0 Ne a Missouri rivers with their tributaries. es Then it receives the Big Big Boks, and ar Wiis Deep, Judith, Non Mongar, ant Big Dry; while the Yohomaoae sill Fork: Muss ’ Tongue, and Big Horn rivers, w TR ery he Pow wh . the Rosebud, Nez Perces, an mts the Spt TE and delivers their waters Dakota. with a host wri tod, Just over the border, in Dobos ig a one of the finest river systems in ‘his Terr ¥ i i Ruby, of the Missouri are the Gallatin, Madison, y + CPE COUNTRY OF MOUNTAINS. i --a-be-shock-up, or dians, Tay-a-be-s font: as called by the In , | RS a Smolitinn It was organized a is Sih a : , : pe in 1863, from parts * ivi oh ; : ritis rth, by the be D i and Idaho; and west, by Dakota; ’ m 1 t ean elevation above : = i height of Wyoming is 6,400; of Colorad 'D oS ; . et: while the aver- he sea is 3,900 fe 00 feet; and of Resources of the Rocky Mountains. New Mexico, 5,600 feet. The climate of Montana, on account of its more northern latitude, should be much colder than that of Colorado; yet it is but little more so; modified by the fol- lowing causes: First, a decrease of elevation of 3,100 fect ; and, second, by the wamth which the winds receive from the great equatorial, or Japan current, which pours its heated waters upon the low coasts of Oregon and Washington Territory. The winds, warmed by this current, pass over Oregon, and Northern Idaho, slip through the gaps in the mountains, and come down upon the valleys and plains of Montana; making the average annual temperature at Helena, 44.5 deg., 7., while that of the valleys is 48 deg., ZI The mercury ranges from 94 degrees above to 19 degrees below zero; yet, in January, 1875, it fell to 40 below. The average snowfall during four months each year, for a period of eight years, was 24% inches, taken at Deer Lodge City; while the average annual rainfall, for a peri- od of six years, taken at Virginia City, amounted to 16.35 inches. Montana, therefore, has a milder climate than Min- nesota, Wisconsin, or Michigan; or about equal to that of Massachusetts and New York. The isothermal line of 50 deg., F., which passes through Cleveland, is bent northward, through Montana. This Territory has 291 fair days in a year, against 170 in Chicago. A brief rainy season occurs in June, but the air, for the most part, is dry and bracing, while damp and dreary days are unknown. The nights are cool, as in all mountain regions, and the climate jg one of the most healthful in the United States. There are 92,000,000 OF ACEES oF LAND in the Territory, divided as follows: 16,000,000 acres of agri- cultural land, 38,000,000 acres of fine grazing land, and "38,000,000 acres of mountains. Of the mountain acres 14,000,000 are covered with forest, and 9,000,000 are rich in minerals. The agricultural lands lie in the valleys, those of the Yellowstone and Missouri extending for hundreds of miles, being in places many miles wide. The soils of these valleys Resources of the Rocky Mountains. eer ————————— i 1so : e of the terraces, als while thos Irrigation 1s 110 -e rich, black, and heavy, : ont. are re of caliivation, are a warm, say 0 a ui 8 ively practiced, andl must be ot rh process, Mon- extens ah «al purposes. By ia agg on bushels of ig soe n ’ ? gle : f oats. ng d 900,000 bushels o : heat, 102 heen made to yield, of oats, 101 Pade ih bushels; have oe i barley, 113 bushels; and of pone oe ny oe Sy has been made to yield 30 to in some cases, the ow oo) Jrine and winter wheat are grown, an on or serves. Veg Both sj ra tion has been as low as fifty cents p atoos, Ord Sfp beans, cabbage, cucumbers, and i * gi wild, Le . les, plums, ¢ Such fruits as app : . i all fruits, as : wlity; while small : are raised, 3 a en d gooseberries, are, > ® : i There is a rea i atisfactorily. mato Jind and at three times the price One of these farms, near ‘th of fruit Helena, is said to send, on an en one-tenth Lc, ) » vear. ) ; tables to market, per y ed for settle- WH agricultural land has ye! i The : s than 300,000 acres are ensus Bu- a a compiled from the Report of the C ollowling te ) i als per acre, in i shows the yield of cereals p > gsi Rag the United States, n general: tana produced, 1 bushels of wheat, an cost etables, as peas, : successfully produced. grapes, strawberries, curran alities; some localitl ; Ms market for fruits and wos ; aster es. they bring in the Eastern Sta reau, Montana, In compa OMITED STATES. MONTANA. Wheat. ........ 20 bu. per 2076. Rye (07:1 7- PEPIN 37 $5 per acre, By the exempt ion laws of Montana, a homestead, Resources of the Rocky” Mountains. 111 not exceeding 160 acres in land, or $2,500 in value, together with household furnifure, apparel, farm implements, and a small amount of stock, cannot be attached for debt. Minne- sota, Dakota, and Montana, are undoubtedly among the finest grain growing regions of America, or the world. THE GRAZING LANDS. The 38,000,000 acres of grazing lands which Montana con- tains are found upon the plains, and in the mountain basins and valleys, in the eastern half of the State. These are cov- ered with the nutritions bunch and buffalo grasses, which grow rapidly in the spring, especially if the ground has been well saturated with water from the melting snows. The first of these reaches a height of twelve to eighteen inche nicely cures by the middle of July. On this, cattl horses, thrive and fatten faster in the fall than earlier in the season. These grasses grow well up on the foot-hills, and will bear close cropping without being destroyed. It is claimed they are superior to the blue-grass of Kentucky, or the mesquit of Texas. Upon them, stock thrive the year round, without other food. 8, ripens and e, sheep, and Montana has within her borders 400,000 cattle and nearly 500,000 head of sheep. These cattle are worth about $25 per head, equal to $10,000,000; while the sheep are estimated at $3.50 per head, equal to $1,750,000. The export of cattle amounts to over 30,000 head per annum; while the wool clip is not lesss than 3,000,000 pounds. The stock business of Montana has grown up entirely within ten years, and the profits are said to average from 20 to 25 per cent. per annum on the capital invested. The expense of caring for cattle is $1 per head a year, as they get neither extra food nor shelter. . Sheep require more care, and hay is put up and fed to them during the stormy season. Most of the flocks are composed of high grade Cotswolds, or Merinos, whose fleeces, clipped, average six pounds each. Sheep are brought here from Cali- fornia, as well as from other States and Territories, and the 112 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. « ee ————— profits have been so large, that there is as great a rage for wool- growing as for cattle-raising. All the most desirable ranges are rapidly being appropriated; yet there is room for vaster numbers of both cattle and sheep than the Territory holds at present. A profitable opportunity is offered in Montana, for the dairymen, wherea butter famine exists as regularly as winter comes on. Turkeys, chickens, and eggs, bring fabulous prices, for the miners will live upon the best in the land, cost what it may. The beef and mutton of the Territory, owing to the better grade of stock, are of superior quality, and command a high price in the Eastern markets. Professor Thomas, in his report on the resources of the Territory, says: *¢ Without in- justice to any other part of the West, it may be truly said of Montana, that it is the best grazing section of the Rocky Mountain region.” HER FORESTS. Some 14,000,000 acres of Montana's mountains are covered with dense forests of conifer, as pine, spruce, cedar, and tamarac. The heaviest timber is found in the mineral dis- tricts, where it is most needed, the dark pine being fringed at the base of the mountains by aspens. Missoula and Deer Lodge counties, in the Northwestern part of the Teriitory, contain magnificent forests, where cedar, spruce, and yellow pine grow to grand proportions, most of them towering three hundred feet high, with a diameter at the base of six feet. In these counties there is found a species of mahogany, which is said to be as heavy and fine grained as that produced in Honduras. These trees attain a size of ten inches in diame- ter. Along the streams considerable amount of cottonwood, willow, box-elder, etc., grow. There are over fifty saw mills in Montana, which turn out 7,500,000 feet of lumber anuu- ally; worth for rough lumber $25 per 1,000 fect. The demand is steadily on the increase, not only for heavy timber to put into the mines, but for all grades for building purposes, 80 that a number of planing mills, sash and blind factories, and furniture factories are already in operation. The cedar makes [32 . [on +5 Gardiner River Hot Springs 9 Yellowstons Park, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 113 Ete er eet es beautiful furniture, and is used extensively for finishing pur- poses, bringing, when dressed, $40 per 1,000 feet. Where such fine timber exists, in a rapidly growing Territory, the lumber business must become an important industry. In these forests are found moose, elk, deer, mountain sheep bears, wolves, wild cats, and panthers, and sometimes, on the extreme northern border, the Rocky Mountain goat; while buf- falo, and antelope stay in unsettled localities, though they are fast being destroyed. One hundred thousand buffalo robes have been shipped in a single year from Fort Benton ; while the skins of such fur-bearing animals as otter, mink, fox, marten, beaver, and musk-rat, are secured by tens of thousands. The lakes and rivers are full of water fowl, while small game, as grouse, sage-hens, prairie-chickens, and rabbits, abound. These waters are also full of trout and other varieties of fish. MINERAL RESOURCES. The mineral resources of Montana have been long known. The first discovery of gold was made in Gold Creek in 1861, by an old Mexican miner. Next to California, Montana has produced more gold from her gulches than any other section of the United States. Alder gulch, near Virginia city, it is claimed, has yielded during the past eighteen years, $50,000, - 000 in gold; while the yield of placer mines elsewhere in the Territory, is placed at $30,000,000, making Montana's gold production up to J anuary 1, 1883, $80,000,000. These placers are not exhausted, though very much decreased in productive- ness; but more attention is now given to vein mining, in which are found both gold and silver ores, Copper, lead, and coal have also been found, and mining has just fairly commenced. Montana contains twelve counties, named as follows: Daw- son, Custer, Choteau, Meagher, Gallatin, Madison, Beaver- head, Silver Bow, Jefferson, Deer Lodge, Lewis and Clarke, and Missoula. The four first named include the grazing and agricultural sections, and cover two-thirds of the Territory. The other counties contain the mineral regions, though some 114 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. i th fine mineral veins are foand in a g jes. 1 Cho bom on Benton, Deer Lodge, So hy al By le Dillon, Miles City, Virginia City, Ma man, Gin 2 tits ck City, Belmont, and Putap a of 7,000 for Butte City 59 em : Hetrs PO ME ich they are name de Se 8 I al py ? Helena is the Wi tom oe and 18 the center of a rich mining region. a ¢ i = . church and school buildings, elegant 2 a cons on two daily papers, two banks ad 2 oe puis 3 fice besides foundries, saw, grist mi 8, Se aa which lies immediately south of Lewis Je Batons Ga ten portion of Meagher, are iribnim y : Qs, a Le center. Here are located smelters, i Holew a mills, for the treatment of ores. ot tras, an S$ district we may mention the Peno ve, Danes dt over $1,000,000; the Drum Lamon, vig which. has . 90 feet wide, carrying both gold and silver Tr : anti i is mine has just been sold to an English syn i e Shor , the Belmont, which works thirty stamps Ee Sor 39,0000 o ielding $10 to the ton; the Hickey an be Jase a hiv have yielded their owners over $120,000 iy Bird, ein 6 foot wide; the Albion group, which yie ii fo St ton; the Gloster mine, which a oreo ields $15 per ton; also ir : on as the Whitclach Soy i i ot v 00,000. Eas product has go a and Legal i id Tee ie i he romise. Here is also the famous Las mies, lel AT with its tributaries, has yielded $15,- Chagos #n cold In Jefferson county are located the famous is Alta Montana mines. The ores here YIELD FROM $75 TO $250 PER TON. The Gregory contains very rich i being heavy galena impregnated with native silver. e el with 50 per cent. lead. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 115 reteset ———————————— Alta Montana Company concentrate their ores , In which there is so much lead as to require little dressing, although iron and lime are at hand for © fluxing. The Alta, Rumley, Custer, and North Pacific mines all furnish good ore, the first-named yielding as high as $600 to the ton. Copper is found in the Argenta and Comet mines, and also in the Holter and Copper King, where the rich sulphurets in the latter give 50 per cent. pure metal. The gulch mines in this district are said to pay handsomely. In Silver Bow county is located Butte City, the most prosperous place in the Territory, which has grown to its present size in five years. This is the best developed quartz mining district in Montana, and thirteen hundred locations have already been patented. Ten stamp mills are in operation » With a combined capacity of 233 stamps. They have also four smelters, which together reduce R50 tous of ore per day. This ore contains both silver and copper, and yields on an average $40 per ton, so that the total amount of ore treated by the stamp mills and smelters of Butte City per day will amount to 450 tons, worth $18,000. As $600,000 worth of crude copper ores are shipped from this district; the production of the Butte City region may be set down at $6,000,000 per annum. This district includes the mines of Deer Lodge county as well as those of Silver Bow. The veins are true fissures. The most extensively developed mine is the Alice, which has a three-compartment shaft down 700 feet, with cross-cuts every 100 feet, besides drifts and levels opening up the ore bodies, whick are well defined and exten- sive. The mine for the past five years has averaged fifty tons of ore per day. The company has paid $500,000 in dividends, besides purchasing a large amount of property. The mills and furnaces of this company consume 1,000 tons of salt and 40,000 pounds of quicksilver per annum, at a cost of $120,- 000. The Lexington is another leading mine, and was pur- chased by a French company in 1881 for $1,500,000. Prior to the sale, with the mest primitive appliances, this mine netted over $500,000. The ore body hasa uniform width of ten feet, 116 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. and is exposed for a distance of 975 feet. A TY Soya 1 rected, and a 1,000-foot shaft started, forty stamp mill has been erected, : ots ‘hich 4,000 tons of ore have een take) ; 862 to the ton in gold and silver. It is nsdn ty ig silver mine in the district, and has yielde ighest grade big silver mine in the dist 2d Yiddu oe ig grade of ore up to native silver. The Lia Plata mine has a history. Its vein averages five feet in hp and is developed by an incline shaft 130 feet deep, with dri » t wd west 100 feet long. From this development 4,0 rs of ore have been extracted, the best of Sh inp i er avi en : : alf, was shipped to Germany, having e to more than half, was sh i transported five hundred miles in wagons to the Union Be Railway, before the Utah Northern was built. This ore v worth about $275 per ton, the net returns for the me as i é re In these min i ton. The high grade ore in mi) ing to $140 to the el y x dea of the Butte mining ; does not convey a correct 1 ; : te ores for the most part being low grade, not oF uy 4s ; her leading silver mines o $35 per ton. The other le Sagi i S Shonbar, Moulton, Vu ’ re the Algonquin, Acquisiton, nha, : Clear Grit *Gugnon., Cora, Original, Trout, Hope, Sole, and Belle of Butte. These are all producing properties, ie Algonquin having yielded $300,000 in the past two Jo while the Trout and Hope Mines are sending ons ae oo in si this district is locate ive $45 in silver to the ton. In Hy Cable Gold mine, from one of whose ts TY are said to have taken $20,000. Discoveries of ric copper ore have been made here during the past two years, ati are dozens of properties which show veins varying oy width from 10 to 50 feet. Mines like the Anaconda, Co- hy St. Lawrence, and Parrot have extensive % x op oln © mines, as the Modoc, Liquidator, lance. Many other mines, as : Mf Boll Rit Core. and Ramsdells, contain bodies of low grade , Sor ore : Some of these ores have been shipped to Bay for separation, and 20 per cent. pure metal is said to be ‘county there are rich deposits Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 117 ner eee not an unusual yield. These two counties have not only silver, gold, and copper in abundance, but also IMMENSE DEPOSITS OF COAL, IRON AND LEAD. Missoula county has some promising mines in the Wallace district, also on Nine Mile Creek, and in the gulches of Cedar and Quartz creeks, and in the Sunrise district, Many of these gulches are worked for gold by Chinamen. Beaverhead county has produced $4,000,000 in gold from placers since 1862. They have also some rich silver mines, among which may be named the True Fissure, Cleve, and Atlantis. The Hecla Consolidated Mining Company’s Works are located at Glen- dale, and have cost about $500,000. A narrow guage road is being constructed among the mines for a distance of ten miles, and a flume twelve miles in length has been built to bring wood down from the mountains, In the Elkhorn district the Storm mine has a ten-foot vein containing ore worth $50 per ton. In the Bannack district are the Excelsior and St. Paul mines, while the Medicine Lodge district shows not only placers but fine veins of both coal and copper. Madison county contains the famous Alder gulch, which has yielded $50,000,000 in gold. Many gold mines are worked at a profit in this country, and their yield for 1882 amounted to about $1,000,000. Among the silver mines here Bullion, which inches in width, silver glance and sulphuret ores that yield many thousands of dollars to the ton. Here are the Palmetto and Crown Point mines, with veins from one to two feet wide, that yield ore running from $100 to $500 per ton. In this of copper, zinc, coal, and iron, e 20 to 30 per cent. pure metal. Gallatin county has some rich mineral veins in the Bear and Emigrant gulch districts. T mmense deposits of magnetic iron ore have been found south and east of Bozeman, also large deposits of coal. In Meagher county are many noted gold gulches. Near Diamond City, in 1868, was located Montana The zinc and copper ores giv 118 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Bar. This was half a mile long by 2350 feet wide, and yielded $100,000 for every 100 lineal feet it measured. This county s credited with having produced $10,000,000 in the precious metals. RICH COPPER DEPOSITS. Here are also found immense deposits of copper, which assay from 20 to 50 per cent. pure metal. Of these copper ores Professor Raymond says: ‘The almost uniform experi- ence of working Montana copper veins has been to demon- strate that the veins improve in width and richness the deeper the shafts are sunk. At a depth of from 80 to 100 feet, sev- eral of them show ore that will average 50 per cent. copper, though near the surface the same openings yielded ore curry- ing but 25 to 33 per cent. The lodes of copper are abundant, and the veins from 4 to 100 feet in width.” In Choteau county are the mines of Bear Paw mountains besides gulch mines near Fort Benton, which is its chief town and has 1,500 inhabit- ants. In the Baker district and at Maiden rich gold and sil- ver lodes have been discovered, and one smelter is in operation at Baker. Fort Benton is at the head of navigation on the Missouri, while 25 miles above are the great falls of that river, where, being 300 yards wide, it plunges overa precipice 90 feet high. Before reaching this it passes over twelve lesser falls in the space of ten miles, thus making a total descent of 400 feet. Coal and iron abound, and it is said there are 50,000 square miles of coal in the Territory. Precious stones, as agates, garnets, rubies, amethyst, and jasper are found in many localities. A ledge of amethyst eighteen inches wide has recently been discovered on Running Wolf Creek, and a mountain of Jasper, near Belmont Park. Ledges of fine white marble and sandstone of superior quality have been found in Madison county. POPULATION AND GROWTH. Montana has 2 population of 60,000, and is rapidly increas- ing in numbers from immigration. There are 20,000 Indians Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 119 nin A oa settled abo reservations, which cover 37; » Or more than one-third of the Territor Tue ihe bi are the Crow, Blackfeet, Bon ont} oe > iy Kootenai, Pigeon, Assiniboine, Gros an 1 2 otas. Two railway lines have entered the Ey ; 2 > | he wR > pon oy from Ogden, in nion and Central Pacific r pase ne pa through Idaho and has its SR go a Ce, the Northern Pacific, which has its Minnesota rt a Go We tong Sentinel Butte, 640 wikis Tio hones wie W To oh Hie the valley of the Yellowstone. Fargo, Mapleton fi ae points are now stations on that lin, Buffalo, Tower City a anglion, Woes, Now . > ’ 1 Sparen, J Waesiow, Eldridge, VO i Nay ET i Sule a, Bismarck, Ye . KR. ’ : ’ he rass, Bly’ 1 . : Duy lg J Knife River, Y. M. iY) Ms, Darin, Sully Springs prekinar, South Heart, Houston, F in gs, Little Missouri, Andrews, » Fogarty, These are a cricnltural on and Sentinel Butte, : razi BIE Et gre : zlng centers, and are the shipping Paul, the two branches the Dakota bor push forward ota border at Fargo, from whence the road Ts : ns almos 126 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The forests of Minnesota furnish fuel for the eastern portion of Dakota, while the whole country, west of the Missouri River, as far as Bozeman, Montana, 1s underlaid with lignite coal of good quality. A mine is now being successfully worked, about forty miles west of Mandan, which is deliver- ing coal along the line at low rates. Other mines have been opened at the Little Missouri, Glendive, Miles City, and other points on the road, affording an abundant supply of coal at reasonable prices. The settler west of the Missouri, can mine his coal on his own land. The extension of the Jamestown branch, to the Mouse River coal-fields will furnish all Eastern Dakota with cheap and good coal. Water is found in the nu- merous streams, or can be had by boring wells to a depth of from twenty-five to one hundred feet. LANDS MAY BE OBTAINED in several ways: First, under the «Homestead Act,” 160 acres may be secured by settlement and improvement for five years. Second, under the *‘Soldier Act,” a man who has served over ninety days in the army or navy, can secure 160 acres by set- tlement and improvement for five years, ‘less the time he served in the army or navy,” but such time shall not be reck- oned to exceed four years. Third, under the ‘‘Pre-emption Act,” 160 acres may be obtained within the limits of any rail- way grant, at $2.50, or outside of it at $1.25 per acre, upon condition of actual residence, and cultivation. Fourth, under the “Tree Culture Act,” 160 acres may be secured by planting ten acres of timber, on a quarter section, and keeping it in a healthy, growing condition for eight years. The Northern Pacific Railway Company have millions of aeres of the best farming and grazing lands, which they sell upon the following terms: ‘Agricultural lands of the company, east of the Mis- souri River, in Minnesota and Daketa, are sold at $4 per acre, and the preferred stock of the company will be received at par in payment. When these lands are purchased on time, one- sixth stock, or cash, is required at time of purchase; and the ‘oyqery Sc[raa(q Jo saoyg LEROY Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 127 iri tubes, - balance in five equal annual payments, in stock or cash, with interest at 7 per cent. A rebate of twenty-five per cent. of the price is made on land broken and cultivated within two years from the time of purchase. The price of agricultural lands, west of the Missouri River, is $2.60, cash, to actual settlers, or, if purchased on time, $3 per acre, one-sixth cash, and the balance in five equal annual cash payments, with in- terest at 7 per cent. per annum. The “Exemption Laws” of Dakota allow each man “$1,500 of personal property, together with his homestead, not to exceed six acres of land in a town, or a farm of one hundred and sixty acres. The tools and im- plements of a mechanic to the value of $200, and the books and instruments of professional men to the value of $600 are exempt from taxation.” Dakota had, in 1880, in live stock, 200,000 cattle, 50,000 sheep, and 175,000 hogs, and has rapidly increased her num- bers since. Of wild game, deer, elk, buffalo, and antelope can be found, while ducks, geese, prairie chickens, grouse, and plover, are plentiful in different localities. THE TWO GREAT INTERESTS OF DAKOTA. however, are her wheat farms and her mines. The first are located in the eastern half of the Territory, and the last in the Black Hills, in the southwestern part. The soil of Dakota is a rich black loam from two to six feet deep, containing all the ingredients necessary for the growth of cereals, vegetables, etc. Beneath this vegetable loam is a subsoil of clay. In the val- leys of the Red and James rivers, and upon the rolling prair- les, are some of the finest grain farms in the world. The Dal- rymple farm contains 75,000 acres. This is divided into 5,000- acre lots, with a superintendent over each. Twenty thousand acres are now under cultivation, and 9,000 acres are added each “year. The wheat, oats, and barley are sown the last of April and first of May; three weeks being required to put in the - crops. The two last named cereals are only raised in sufficient 128 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. quantity for farm use, the grain grown for market being wheat, Of this, one bushel and twenty quarts of the Scotch Fife vari- ety are sown to the acre, and the yield averages from twenty to twenty-five bushels per acre. The wheat is sown by ma- chines, and it requires four hundred horses to put in the crop. The harvest begins about August 1, and is finished in twelve days. One hundred and fifteen automatic self-binding har- vesters are used. The wheat is not stacked, but twenty-one threshers are set to work upon it, each of which turns out one thousand bushels per day. In this manner fifty car-loads, of four hundred bushels each, are shipped daily. To accomplish this requires a force of four hundred horses and five hundred men. During the harvesting and threshing season men get $2 per day for labor, and board; during the remainder of the year $30 a month and board are paid, and the force is cut down to a few men, sufficient to look after the stock. THE COST OF RAISING WHEAT. The cost of raising wheat on this farm is estimated at 35 cents per bushel. When shipped, the freight to New York 1s 28 cents per bushel, ocean freight 18 cents, commission 2 cents, marine insurance 2 cents, contingencies 12 cents, making the total cost of wheat sold off the coast at Cork 97 cents per bushel without loss. This Scoteh Fife wheat is considered the best known. It was introduced into the Red River Valley of Dakota, by sturdy Scotchmen, as early as 1800, and has been cultivated continuously by their descendants, in what is known as the “Selkirk Settlements,” ever since. This wheat is both hard and heavy, matures in 80 days, and commands the highest price in the market. The Cooper Brothers also have a bonanza farm of 50,000 acres. This is located in Griggs county, in the famous Cheyenne Valley; as yet only a little over 5,000 acres are under cultivation. At Minneapolis, Minnesota, from September 4th to 9th, 1882, the great Northwestern Exposition was held, where the agricultural products of Minnesota, Da- kota, Montana, Washington, and Oregon were exhibited in Resources of the Rocky Mountains. bs i committee who made the awards reported of produce fr gh would award to the collection special prize f th urieigh county, Dakota Territory, the : a 0 e silk banner, for the largest and best dis- ‘mend the a vegetables. The committee desire to com- bracing Ay nce of all the articles in this collection, em- would call > 0 that can be grown in this latitude; and also everything to km gn iasifines Yih wliioh 10 152 Vartan wl ine otitis 03 Tome on AR man, Barnes, and Cass SE iii I ) sibs Wi § county exhibit were gigantic cabbages, onions i » turnips, cauliflowers, and corn hi , be fn h igh enough t Pam Jn 8 a also forty varieties of native Ee » Wheat, barley, flax, and broo alsp, choice apples, and otl o! ii le 4 rer fruits; besides j jelli 2 ( h ; ‘des jars of jellies mad Boa wild plums, gooseberries, currants and ete Pro EN west of the Missouri, were shown wheat averac- a us els per acre, oats 75 bushels, and very large hoy Bo: - Jang Pe ah to the acre; while from the 0 owstone, Montana, came as choi vegetables as were to be fou li Ss Yuestycojs, aA nd in the exposition. The r 1 : ush emigrants to the rich farm lands of Dakota, during the two years, h , has been b. tens of t : . continue. il pede housands, and promises to MINERAL AND TIMBER RESOURCES. uy a take a as at the Black Hills, which con- : the minerals, but where is found timber that grows in Dak 7 Sy aL: ie ! akota. These forests cover 4.000 . . . ? 5 ba in Bl Somes! hrineipelly of conifere. It is iS : -tenths of these miles are covered with suitable for railroad ties, sm 11di Tana suita all buildings, etc.; that 18 wind shaken or inj SH Jured by fire; and that reall ‘not hn Frode: would furnish merchantable ruber : Tr probably, therefore, sufficient lumber for the country itself, 130 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. but none for export. In some localities, oak, ash, elm, box- elder, white birch, willow, and cottonwood are found; but none of these can be counted on for lumber. As yet the Black- Hills are without railway communication. The Chicago & Northwestern Railway has halted at Pierre, on the Missouri River, two hundred miles away; while the Chicago and Mil- waukee has reached Chamberlain, on the same river. Imme- diately in front of them lies the Sioux Reservation, through which, as yet, there is no permission to pass. The Sioux city & Pacific Railway is in operation from Omaha to Niobrara, on a river of the same name, and is under contract to Pine Ridge Agency, which is only ninety miles from the Hills. To the north two hundred miles away passes the Northern Pacific; while the Union Pacific runs two hundred and fifty miles south; and the branch from Cheyenne to Fort Laramie 1s nearly two hundred miles distant in a southwest direction. Surrounded by railways, the Hills are yet without any. Thére is a stage road from Sidney, on the line of the Union Pacific Railway, one hundred miles east of Cheyenne; and over it nearly all the supplies for the Hills are transported, and the treasures brought out. THE BLACK HILLS are the principal group of mountains in Dakota, and are situ- ated between the north and south forks of the Cheyenne River, south of the 46th parallel of latitude. They extend over into Wyoming, are elliptical in shape, being elongated from north- west to southeast, one hundred miles; with an average width of fifty miles. Their highest peaks are from 6,000 to 7,000 feet above the sea. They rise from the plain like an island, and have a “Core of granite, around which the sedimentary formations are arranged in concentric eclipses, forming long and gracefully curved ‘hog-backs,’ between which are beauti- ful valleys, carpeted with luxuriant grasses, gay with flow- ers.” These Hills were long known to the Indians of the plains to be rich in gold, and it is reported that a party of : Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 131 Tan me Tw them as early as 1849. General Custer my pe He there In 1874; while upon August 10, 1875, oi 7 We Jaa out in the presence of one thousand men. Ram 8 all the rich gulches of Whitewood and Dead- bide hips ig Row, Ei 1 1876 and 1877 yielded A guia e mineral, for the most part in the not more than $5 oily 3% 4 es In the Whitewood district are the followin Tevvets, gala, Golden Gate, Father gy Tels 5 iy Hagens, Gustin, Durango, Blacktail, Wooley, 2a) fol 2 Te Rolataks in in 1882, $1,114,568, : ,350, eet of square timber Tah ang $200,000, besides ote cords of i vil bis id : i: pradagad Sm while the Deadwood Terra ,052. e cost of mining thes reduced from $1.98 to 89 cents per on and a a $1.59 to 64 cents for 80-stamp mills, and from $1.90 bo 45 in In 120-stamp mills. The average yield previous to June 1a Jape per ton, thence to February, 1880, it varied 2 iy y i 5.60, and now averages $7.95 per ton.” In the Jn, a ntain district are the following mines, producing hos g and silver: Tecumseh, Humbolt and Oregon, Bo- 1via, Bluebird, Beaver, Lone Star, etc. In the New Carkon 5 comp are the War Eagle, Hannibal, Utica, and Hartshorn, y job produce silver. In the Galena district are the Siting ull, Washington, Red Cloud, Indian Queen, Surprise, Cus- = Ses some of which yield silver and some gold; while in th pruce and Two Bit gulches are the Ophir, Chipmunk Ulamond, Neptune, and Noble Grand, all producing gold. - The Equator mine, in the Rochford district, produces copper glance and carbonate and oxide of copper; assaying from 35 to 65 per cent., averaging 40 per cent. pure metal. These ores are sald to be free from arsenic, antimony, zine, or othe objectionable substances. The bullion product of the Black 132 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Hills, from 1876 to August 1, 1882, amounted to $22,000,000, and is equal at present to nearly $5,000,000 per annum. COAL DEPOSITS. Coal of good quality has been found in the Black Hills; the veins are from three to six feet thick, and 3,500 acres have been taken up by a Philadelphia company. Thirty-five miles from Deadwood petroleum has also been discovered, in springs, and is used for lubricating machinery at the mines. Fifteen or twenty salt springs have been found forty-five miles south- west of Deadwood. The percentage of saline matter is not quite equal to that in the Springs of Saginaw, Michigan, but the salt is purer and whiter, and enough is made to supply the home demand. There are wonderful mica mines in Penning- ton and Custer counties, in the Black Hills. Great dykes of white feldspar have been forced up through the granite for- mation, and in this feldspar are the veins of mica, which is blasted out in blocks six inches thick by eighteen inches square. This mica splits into thin transparent sheets, which, for size of plates, clearness, and quantity, is not surpassed by any Russian, Scandinavian, or American mines. The entire cost of preparing it for market does not exceed 60 cents per pound, while mica of this quality brings from $6 to $8 per pound. The production of these mines for 1882 amounted to 100,000 pounds. The valleys in the foothills and along the streams furnish some good agricultural land, where by means of irrigation, wheat corn, oats, and vegetables are raised in sufficient quantity to supply the home market. Four flour- ing mills are located here, with a capacity of 340 barrels per day. Wild strawberries, raspberries, and plums grow in abun- dance. Deadwood, Lead City, Rapid City, Custer City, Crook City, Central, Grayville, and Spearfish are all active and enter- prising mining centers, and have churches, schools, banks, and public buildings; and despite the rough element, here, as elsewhere, there are many intelligent, worthy, and moral people. —— ps ORS —_— MISCELLANEOUS NOTES WL ST ee EL Eee Se _ Original Defective a Resources of the Rocky Mountains. MISCELLANEOUS NoTEs, BOS AMERICAN US, AMERICAN BISON. ——— [Extract from Col. Richard 1. Dodge’s “Plains of the Great West,” Published in 1876.) The general appearance of this animal is wel] known to all. His enormous bulk, shaggy mane, meanor give him an appearance of true nature. \ Dangerous as he 1o yd 3 mild, innoffensive beast, timid and fearful, and rarely attack- ing but in the last hopeless effort of self-defense, When travelling unmolested the buffalo is of his choice of grades. His indisposition ground is by no means to frightened, he will, with perfect impunity, plunge down Precipices, where it would be i tain death, for a horse to follow. He is rarel y seriously injured by tumbles which would disable, if not kill, any other animal, In crossing: streams hig instinct deserts him. He plunges in anywhere, without fear or care, and shows less sense in extri- cating himself, from the difficulties incident to such action than any other animal, wild. or tame. Late in the summer of 1867, attempted to cross the South - Water was rapidly subsiding, in depth, and the channels in | | | ; ih ; i) | ih bd i i pi 1 lL | extremely careful to travel over baq climb banks or mpossible, or cer- = pu < | = > N= & : © Z > = l= | Z ly < 0 = il i ~ il J 3 pe * 1 1471 — ~ Ce ka “x -F (71 gx 7 . a herd of probab] ¥ 4,000 buffalo Platte near Plumb Creek. The being nowhere over a foot or two the bed were filled or filling with loose quicksands. @'he buffalo in front were soon hopelessly stuck. Those immediately be » urged on by the horns and pressure of those yet further in the rear, trampled over theiy 136 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. struggling companions, to be themselves engulfed in the de- vouring sand. This was continued until the bed of the river, nearly half a mile wide, was covered with dead or dying buf- falo. It is estimated that considerable over half the herd paid for this attempt with their lives. The habitual separation of a large herd into numerous smaller herds seems to be an instinctive act, probably for more perfect mutual protection. When pursued the herds rush together in a compact plunging mass. Buffalo hunting on horseback is full of excitement. A buffalo can run only about two- thirds as fast as a good horse, but what he lacks in speed he makes up in endurance, in tenacity of purpose, and in the most extraordinary vitality: A herd will stand staring at an approaching horseman until he is within about 300 yards. It will then mone off slowly, and when he is within about 250 yards, it will probably break into a gallop. This is the sportsman’s moment. If a herd is not overtaken in 500 or 600 yards the chase had better be abandoned. When a hunter rushes into a large herd, the buffalo on each side of his horse push from him laterally. As he gets further into it the buffalo passed do not close in his rear, but being now able to see him more clearly, press further and further away. The consequence is that the hunter finds himself riding in a V, the point of which is only a little in advance of his horse’s head. By going completely through the herd, it is not only split, but the leading buffalo on each side, now clearly seeing the position of the foe, immediately diverge from him, and consequently from each other. The herd is now in two herds, which run off in different directions. Pursuing one of these, it is split again and again, until the hunter is enabled to select his animal from the dimin- ishing numbers. All this requires an ggcellent horse, a cool and skilful rider, and, what is difficult to find on the plains, good ground and plenty of it. Among steep ravines or very - Resources of the Rocky Mountains broken ground, th Hotes » the buffalo can travel better than the best Forty years ago the buffalo ran to beyond the British line; fr ged from the plaing om the Missouri and Up is bro ’ oak bgt and a bullet is sent into the heart f th SDs, Els sr : he animal plunges forward walks. : : i baa 2 bs : blood streaming from hig sills i , Startled at the : 8 seeing nor smelling danger, ni rush together, but, neither by the blood, they collect iy uneasy wonder. Attracted and again the rifle cracks, ut the wounded buffalo, Again and falls, The survivors st Buffalo after buffalo bleeds, totters are 1n imbecile amazement buffalo. 10 Be — per Mis- 138 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. As the game became scarcer, more attention was paid to all details, and, in 1874, one hundred skins, delivered in the market, represented 125 dead buffalo. To avoid overestimating, I have, in every case, taken the lowest figures, and the result is as follows: Killed by the Indians in the years 1872-73 and 74 1,215,000 “ Te Wiles 4 Hw # 3,158,730 4,373,730 Making the enormous, almost incredible number, of nearly four and a half millions of buffalo killed in the short space of three years. Nor is this all. No account has been taken of the immense number of buffalo killed by hunters who come into the range from New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, and the Indian Territory; of the numbers killed by the Utes, Bannocks and other mountain tribes, in their fall hunt on the plains. Nothing has been said of the numbers sent from the Indian Territory, by other railroads than the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, to St. Louis, Memphis and elsewhere; of the im- mense numbers of robes which go to California, Montana, Idaho, and the Great West; nor of the still greater numbers taken each year from the territory of the United States by the Hudson Bay Company. All of these will add another million to the already almost incredible mortuary list of the nearly extinct buffalo. IN twenty years the yield of the Comstock Mines has been $365,000,000 worth of bullion. The length of shafts and tunnels is 250 miles. Three hundred and sixty million tons of waste rock have been hoisted, and 1,750,000,000 tons of water pumped to the surface. : % owe qA2enVv 1qIIN SUL —podweougy SjuavaSru Resources of the Rocky Mountains. THE INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA. ———— [Extract from Col, Richard I, Dodge’s “Plains of the Great West,” Published in 1876.] The number of Indians, of a descriptions, at present in- ; habiting the United States, is estimated at about 300,000, Two centuries ago they num Everywhere, and haps, » and wars, bot ves and with the whites. The stead Y and resistless emigration of white men into the Territories of the West, restricts the Indians, yearly, to still narrower limits, and destroying the game, which, in their norma) state, constituted their principal means of subsis- tence, reduces them to a state of semi-starvation and despera- tion. The records of every tribe tell the same story of their gradual decrease and probable extinction, The Indians of the United States are placed under the may. agement of the Indian Bureau, a branch of the Interior De- partment of the Government, and ‘are governed by means of Superintendents and agents especially a pose, the department being divided into agencies. There are fourteen superintendencies, viz: Washington, Cal- ifornia, Arizona, Oregon, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Qolo- rado, Idaho, Dakota, Montana, N orthern, Central, and South- ern; whilst there are several independent agencies. In California, Washington and Oregon, there about 50,000 Indians. Arizona and New Mexico contain a like number, consisting principally of Navajoes, Apaches, and Puebly Indians, 140 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. ’ ’ 1) a 9 a 1 g 0 he i ho, the homes of t Coke : Wyoming and Ida y y Dahon, EU and Blood Indians, contain Shon hala, : Sa warlike and uncivilized Ted o oo id i the Indian Territory, which 3s Sap bo Vast : the State of Arkansas, and bgt oe os Cilio west 0 ra Dai ally o e semi- i 0,000, consisting princip : ihasins uu the Creeks, Cherokees, Cronin Ouro, en Seminoles, Winnebagoes, Pawnees, Po and the Sacs and Fozes. and the Arrapahoes and ! i 1owas and Comanches, an pa Te Wi fone with some of the bands of the Dear 4 i lying between the west of the " gna Bort) oo and the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, 10,000. : In addition to the tribes previously enumerated, foie ae he Ohippewas, or Ojibbewas, numbering some . : hpi vi t the shores of Lake Superior and the ban $2 ars Mississi pi; whilst the New York Indians, Gongs - us Cy Tn of the celebrated Siz Nations, toge ; er a wandering tribes, number less than wi 10,000. [Extract from Leadville Democrat. ] : ts Colorado made a ten strike when, in lopiing os Dee i mpted mines from taxation. ; My on Se a favorite of Capital. The Poa iy Ie, ndition than it would have been, and the oth a op wat hich the tax falls, is worth more than it w d a, ines been hampered with wild assessments a i a ig The truth is that the mines really pay t $ He ri but it is done indirectly, and not in a manne A to frighten capital. ‘are the slopes of the Roc need not be looked for i fields, nor in limestone r It is seldom found in the beds of rivers. The thing itself is th ence. Resources of the Rocky Mounta miei ins. UNDERGROUND TREASURES. Professor Orton, in his “Underground Treasures,” says: Whether an ore js profitable, depends not so much ue of the metal, ag q pon the ease of separating it ck, or gangue, as it is called. Th us, the minimum Per centage of metal, below which the working of be profitable, is: val 1-2000 per cent, 1-100,000 per ct. That is, an ore of jron which contains less than 25 per cent, of metal will not pay for working; for the reduction of iron in comparison with copper ore is very difficult, Gold is very often yielding half an ounce, Iron occurs in large masses or beds ; but the other metals are scattered in fragments throu gh sand and soil, or exist in veins running through rocks, SEARCHING FOR GOLD, Inthe United States the paying localities of gold deposits ky and Alleghany Mountains, Gold n the anthracite and bituminous coal ock. e surest indication of itg exist- If soil or sand ig washed, and the particles of gold are upon the ore ceases’ to 2 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. not heavy enough to remain at the bottom, but float away, the bed will not pay. Along streams rather high up among the mountains, and 1n the gravelly drift, covering the slopes of the valleys below, are the best prospects. Where the stream meets an obstacle in its path, or makes a bend, or has deep holes, there we may look for pockets of gold. Black or red sands are usually richest. Gold bearing rock is a slate or granite abounding in rusty look- ing quartz veins, the latter containing iron pyrites, or cavities. Almost all iron pyrites and silver ores may be worked for gold. When the quartz veins are thin and numerous rather than massive, and lie near the surface, they are considered most profitable. Few veins can be worked with profit very far down. As traces of gold may be found almost everywhere, no one should indulge in speculation before calculating the percentage and the cost of extraction. The substances most frequently mistaken for gold are tron pyrites, copper pyrites, and mica. The precious metal is easily distinguished from these, by its malleability—flattening under the hammer—and its great weight, sinking rapidly in water. SEARCHING FOR SILVER. This metal is usually found with lead ore and native copper. Slates, and sandstones intersected by igneous rocks, as trap and porphyry are good localities. Pure silver is often found in or near iron ores, and the dark brown zinc blende. The Colorado silver lodes are porous at the surface, and colored more or less red or green. Any rock suspected of containing silver should be powdered, and dissolved in nitric acid. Pour off the liquid, and add to it a solution of salt. If a white powder falls to the bottom, which, upon exposure, turns black, there is silver in it. Silver mines increase in value as in depth, whereas gold diminishes as we descend. 143 reer ——— Si imire—— tm ssecsmer— Resources of the Rocky Mountains SEARCHING FOR COPPER The copper ores, after ex vinegar, are almost invarig most abundent neg trap found in lead mines, and i very rarely occurs in the p and Gulf borders Cairo. : ass, or after being dipped in %9 Joa on the surface. They are y es. The pyrites is generally 0 granite and clay-slate. Copper ew formations, ag: I pn » a8 along the Atlantic sissippi Valley, south of SEARCHING FOR LEAD. Lead is seldom discovered in the to look for it in the co surface soil. Itisalso in vain be sought in steep ig in Jim. i i face cut by frequent roving: bi ars ok indicates mineral crevices. oy to contain more silver than purest specimens of galena velns are richest in the more thickest in limestone and thj It must A sur- d by vegetation in lines The galena from the slate is said that from the limestone. The are Poorest in silver; the smal] precious metal. A lead vein is nest in slate, SEARCHING FOR IRON. Any heavy mineral of a black, br ’ may b TD » brown, red, or yell by J or Xi be iron, To prove 5, Ty ai : ’ In an infusion of it t . : nut-gall or Tt ois black iron is present. If a ton a, ge og ore than $4 at the furnace; good hemetite : oe or ’ poor ores more than $1.50 or $2.00 they are re Lig ? Xpen- sive to pay, unless iron j : / 8 1 aliv hi ¢ S900 50 Bot eH usually high. Deep mining for. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. RELIEF OF THE CONTINENTS. [Extract from Professor Guyot’s “Earth and Man.”] t masses of ination of the general reliefs of the grea fact to a iw a he a dry land oa ! : in great analogies, certain laws e to all i 0 He to certain groups of Coupe or GR taken together, or to the a of the seas All the iw ordi 9 fe towards oa i peaks surmounting them to a maximu masses, a t ] d out of the centre, on one of the summ t of ascen 18 placea O f th y sides ; ad. From d t an unequal distance from the shores of the seas i ’ i th and inclination. es, unequal in leng fe aa TE ae in mountains, is called the slope This is ana and the counter slope. TINENTS. SLOPES OF THE CONTI LENGTH IN MILES. Northern Slope. Southern Slope. 400 Eastern Asia 0 Western Asia % Asia Minor > Central Europe | 1 Eastern Slope. Western Slope. 800 North America Central America South America South America ds the the Old World the long slopes are te! pig b Sn 4 nd the short slopes towards the sou : ois New i the gentle slopes descend towards the eas orld, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. and rapid slopes towards the west. Thus, in this respect, each of the two worlds hag a law peculiar to itself, The Old World, as we have learned from the study of its reliefs, is that of table lands ang mountains. No continent exhibits Plateaus so elevated, so numerous, so extensive, as Asia and Africa, Instead of one or two chains of mountains like the Andes, Central Asia is traversed by four immense chains, Supporting vast table lands of from 5,000 to 14,000 feet in elevation, and the loftiest mountains on the globe, The extent of thj 1s more that 2,400 miles long, by 1,500 mile ncipal mass of Western m 3,000 to 6,000 feet in Africa, south of the Sahara, seems to be only an en- ormous pile of uplifted lands, It has been calenlated that the a cover five-sevenths of its gyp- nly two-sevenths, In Africa, the high regions form two-thirds of the continent, the plains only one-third. If I call the O14 World the world of plateaus, it is not be- cause great plains are wanting there. The whole north of Europe and of Asis j shores of Holland, through Germany, Russia, the Steppes of of the Caspian and Siberia, the traveler may cross the Ancient World from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, for ga distance of more than six thousand miles without also, the plains 1,000 in breadt , re of their soil, takes The one isa frozen waste, a t; and neither the one nor ential part, nar do they im- ents essentia] character. 146 "Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The New World, on the other hand, is the world of plains. They form two-thirds of its surface; the plateaus and the mountains only one-third. The high lands form only a nar- row band, crowded upon the western coast of the two conti- nents. Almost the whole east runs into immense plains covering it, one might say, from pole to pole. From the Frozen Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, over an extent of nearly 2,400 miles, we cross only insignificant heights. From the anos of the Orinoco to the banks of the La Plata, we trav- erse more than 3,000 miles of low plains, slightly interrupted by the somewhat more elevated regions of Western Brazil, they are prolonged even to the Pampas of Patagonia, 600 miles further south, to the southern extremity of America. The length of the rich plains watered by the Amazon, in the direction of the current, is nearly 1,600 miles, and what ave the plains of the Amazon and the Mississippi, compared with those of Siberia and Sahara? A happy climate, a rich and tertile soil, a wonderful vegetation, prodigious resources they have all that makes the prosperity of a country; who does not see that here is the character of America; here lies the future New World? ELEVATIONS OF THE CONTINENTAL LANDS, Baron Humbolt, by his researches, established as the most probable result, the following numbers, as the mean elevation above the ocean, for the different continents: . 671 feet. North America South America Or, places the mean elevation of the entire land of the globe at 1008 feet above the level of the ocean. for his productio ns; lab Ss Wi without capital, I credit. default of the receipt of a Hesorops of the Rocky Mountains GROWTH OF THE NATION. [Extract fr om the address of Hon. Ww. D. Kelley at a Birthday Banquet g ’ ’ at the Uni iven in hi nion League Club, Philadelphia, April 12th. 1 ven in his honor, A GLANCE AT THE PAST. Let me hastil astily refer to a f. 3 how €W unquestione Fos Sra our progress should have been poste uring the census decade of 1850-18 , and how sm enue laws this decade would Sion. Jensingl national growth, ang anishing discontent, would ha show io all it nder wise rev- ave been characterized by phe- such unparalleled prosperity as In 1849 the gold field ave rendered civil war impossible, onl elds of California were di S 1 year of the decade to whi fgoavered. During BUDO, Tt np Soll hero nnn manu acturing nation thi ¢ his o would have given st eady work, increasi pled prosperity to the whole oh gre Andiunosan. TaRvlagimens, but were little more 2 oh or “Shot and the gold whic hid abroad to purchase consumable ave produced, and the materia] profusion around us. Th : , . us swellin i our fo : : g our export ‘ Fy commerce, but did itat the —~ a aT rough we had, since 1849, mj lather nie. commodities which we $s of which lay in rich J employment, enterprise and 1 the Government without revenue or In view of the fact that is National administration had in equate revenue, been compelled to 148 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. apply for a loan with which to meet the current expenses, Southern enthusiasts might well believe that a ‘‘cambric hand- kerchief” would suffice ‘to staunch the wounds” incident to the war that could be made in defence of the Union by a gov- ernment so destitute of all the means of warfare. Such was the condition of the country when, on the 4th of July, 1861, Congress convened, in obedience to the proclamation of Pres- ident Lincoln, ““for the purpose of taking such measures as the "public interest and safety might demand.” In its judgment the safety and interest of the country demanded the sending into the so-called Confederate States of adequate armies for their conquest. It approved the President’s call for 75,000 troops, and made provision for an indefinite increase of the number, including artillery and cavalry. It reorganized and enlarged the naval establishment and recognizing our mer- chant marine as the militia of the sea, appealed to it for vol- unteer officers and men for temporary service during the war. It built, bought and chartered ships, and established a block- ade of our long Southern coast, so effective that no govern- ment dared dispute its validity or attempt to break its lines. GROWTH OF AMERICAN MANUFACTURE. Having by the requisitions it made for the supply and main- tenance of the army and navy provided work for the idle people, it coined the public credit into legal tender and thus "furnished the government with ample means of paying the enormous expenditures it had ordered. The retirement of Southern members and Senators left Congress in the control of those who knew the talismanic power of labor to produce ‘wealth, and believed in the constitutionality and propriety of protective duties. To increase the revenues of the government and to quicken the enterprise and industry of the people, it imposed on foreign imports unprecedented rates of duty, and thus stimulated the manufacture of every fabric and ware that might be produced in a non-tropical country. Suddenly mines were opened, factories erected and the tide of immigration, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 149 which had shrunk t 0 less than one h oe 9 undred th 1 wi n revived, and people skilled in every Pei DAY per ar poured 1mto the country. Railroads weaving t iyi ol eg Solon; of the country, were planned and iis $A a Ba ge. We ceased to be exclusively producers oh 2 export, and entered into competition with te e manufacturing : g countries of ; . market the world for the American Of the measure of success th | 2 at has attended thi Jor y ap po has taken note. It is part of ag : ol 2 fs under the system of cosmopolitan Tr iu 2 ng t by English economists and their Ameri a oS hig able to make littie more than Aondual [Pome pr and diversified industries; and that j i Jo of ife under the protective system, more oy em ere Passed 1n terrible warfare, they had A “ Daa Ae popsassion of the position of the first industrial a8 amen 2 nation of the world. It hag with truth oe pa e Wer bestowed no other blessing than the abo pian 0 Wg 1 an have been worth all the life wd asics 3 and I affirm that if it had but illustrated th pl a nation securing to its own people the right SS biey in Ime profitably in supylying their own be version of the raw materials found within the ais 1 their own country, it » 16 woul $1e9su7e 1b oust y ould have been worth all the life and STEADY INCREASE OF PRODUCTION Betw i ai 1 ig 1860, notwithstanding our unparalleled - fran gold and the consequent increase of immigra apps, When, i Lope ooeiari28 power ws surly ¥ » Uongress adv ; a0 open En articles, we had yy Ses \ A , ons of pig iron. Since then our a ¥, and last year our production was nearly five ik 150 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. England was an experiment of doubtful o-third of the steel of the world, ighest forms of competition with issue. Now we produce on and export much of our product in the h varied manufacture, including saws and surgical instruments. The truest test of a nation’s civilization is said to be the average consumption per capita by its people of iron. Let us apply this test to the civilization of the American people under free trade and protection. Between 1850 and 1860 the pro- duction of pig iron, forged and rolled iron and steel was prac- tically stationary, and in 1860 emploved but 39,000 hands. After twenty years of protective duties they gave living wages to more than one hundred and forty thousand hands. The capital invested in these branches of manufacture in 1860 was less than $50,000,000, but twenty years of protective duties served to expand it to $230,000,000. The wages they paid in 1860 were but $12,000,000, as against $55,000,000 in 1880. The materials they consumed in 1860 were valued at $34,000,000, and in 1880 at more than $190,000,000. At no time prior to the war had our annual production of these essential commod- eached the value of $60,000,000; but having emanci- England’s free trade dogmas twenty and these less than $60,000,000 into ities r pated ourselves from years have sufficed to exp more than $296,000,000. But some of you may ask whether these figures are not ex- ceptional, and whether the iron interest has not been specially favored. No, my friends, these figures are not exceptional; the iron interest has not been favored beyond all others. The results I have indicated are paralleled by those of every other branch of business and exeeeded by those of many other depart- ments of industry. IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES. The chemical industry as found by the takers of the last census did not exist in 1860. With the wonderful progress of analytical science chemistry is the recognized handmaid of Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 151 os a e———— every productive pursuit . Its progr cepted as an indicat: 118 progress may theref isl Making a visto of general growth and > ol 1880 As a > re In any previous census, it appears i Demy proying more than $85,000,000 or Tt L on 2 apital, paying $12,000,000 of > ’ 7 wag . nateyial ges and consuming nearly $80,000,000 of a pio the statement is that of o ot, In 1860 make a thor lage: “> oughl riage; we must Import the i 3 sh of the textile trimmin 8 oy We import, and p r own silks. fri of highly build ony own carriages. Yes Aton ns Band 3 J Ohio J sateciing duties, we build in the sig ig years Groot Bos Ane carriages annually than are a ate of census show Hl France combined, and the aM i lishments f e existence in 1880 of more than 43 00 ing which em 4 gre manuiscture of carriages and Vey oh oid ne wp oyed in that year 105,000 hands, t Sere, paid as wages more than $38,000,000 , to whom were Anomalous as it 5 may seem it is work of : nevertheless t to the ala consimefion strikingly Tn be foil ey people of the maintenance of ade " one 1 1530 7 : a ai we had built less than 30 oh opr 120,000 mil rke about 95,000 miles, and are ow 365: Europe i more miles than are owned by the ig Yeditlaioss JS connection there is one truth that o : gi 2 d never forget. It is the supreme 2 elean ar Vv ceeds ours, —— ; England’s foreign trade Honig home 23d : ¢ commerce exceeds her forei : ¢ combined. Speaking on this point Mr ie : er arriage building. We American pleasure car- McE Wen, 1n an open letter to the Earl of Beaconsfield in 1879 said: —‘“The United S . tates have opulation i grown from 20 i . om i at to 50,000,000 at the present cL Mian of ,000,000 to £155,000,000 per annum pg ol . le1ir home trade, caref , carefully protected, estima £1,000,000,000, excucts ed, estimated now at more than our whole home and foreign trade 152 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. d i tions to us are concerne \ . As far as their rela oe De OT us this year £100,000,000 of commo ar 0 wy from us about £20,000,000. Vv D. OUR POSITION TOWARD ENGLAN in i i e commercial mistress of Sv Ra od i ips carrying trade, ile fe a, ee of the granary and the greatest vor 8 a posi L We export less than ten per cent. of our ol 2 % 2 : So ! Our mining and mista Yaphpion ] oe SH i er cent. Small, h , phn Sg or ik has sufficed to Sonny us : i a v e of the farms of the British Islands. 2 o , a iy wheat, is next to the United States, ig oe a 2% 230 000,000 bushels aga nst our 250,00 , a Do reduction of grain in that year Sona i ot : nd exceeded that of Russia, in value, yi a 0; and the total value of our Bengtaoitess) pp found 10 have been $5,369,519,191. Un ny ee oe rotective principle, and established hh i Dy enih the world’s workshop. hot a Se Britain, as shown by bes Coa St Jo, 3 ot income of the . Su Fe ; and so able to bear {954 fe Th rotected people of the United States eo el ; on ve bn close of our war our debt was comparal 2 on :: Bin or France, our too rapidly Sm tat Go debt to-day is less than that of Turkey, 3 ous EEL Spain or Italy, and scarcely one-third t of g eat Oy Brian, The figures I have Pen Fn i unt at random, show how our In jo Dmg and been diversified, how our wealth Je > le ow the social life of our own people uy - Oe ot ¢¢ the coddling care of old Dame Protas hy De Fone to-night in the person of one of her 0 in adherents. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. r—— —————— These are the words of issued by the Exposition The officers for the present year are ident; Joseph T, Cornforth, Treasur Secretary; Frank H, Wilson, Assista H. Loveland, General Ma portion of their address: “The unparalleled suc ciation, hel ent year, Company. , H. A. W. Tabor, Pres- er; Thomas M. Nichol, nt Secretary, and W. A. nager. The following is the main I enterprise, and letters of encouragement and promises of representation have been re- ceived in nearly every instance from the The Governments of the Repnblic of Mexico and Dominion of Canada have also been invited to name representatives, and 1t is almost a certainty that thege governments will be rep- resented. gentlemen named, 11 154 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The opportunity afforded inventors of mining appliances and manufacturers of improved mining machinery, to come in direct contact with practical workers of mines in the great mineral belt, cannot be excelled, as every mineral-producing State and Territory will be represented. The Exposition of 1883 will present the most favorable opening during this generation for demonstrating to capital- ists the advantages for the investment of money in both the developed and undeveloped country of the Rocky Mountain region. The eighty thousand Eastern visitors of last year will have large accessions to their ranks in the persons of many who, after listening to a description of the wonderful develop- ment of our country, and the richness and magnificence of the display made in every department at our First Exhibition, will throng to witness the grandeur that we are promised in in the display of 1883. The friends of the Exposition will attend in increased force; and the members and friends attend - ing the Re-union of the Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic of the United States, which occurs on the 24th of July; the Convocation of the General Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, following on the 14th of August, and the attendant Sir Knights of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar, on their way to and from their meeting, which takes place in San Francisco, on the 21st of August, will call to- gether the wealth and intelligence of every portion of our country, and their attention will be centered on the Denver Exposition. Mr. Clinton Rice, of El Paso, Texas, a gentleman distin- guished as a stuent and wriler, and having many years experi- ence as a mining solicitor and broker, having tendered his services to the management, has been appointed General Agent of the Exposition, and will spend three months in Europe or- ganizing exhibits. * * The mineral exhibit amounte ever brought together, but doubtless be excelled by that called them a pound of rice, the fourteenth ce “which his maje later the currency Chinese merchants, shillings on the pound, Resources of the Rocky Mountains The : = . he lustration will serve to convey an idea of th a of the oui MAIN BUILDING, ich is g substantial, cruciform shape, 500 fee feet 6 inches in width, e Permanent struct, t in length, ast and wegt, ure, of brick, of a north and south, by 310 The north and south width, and the tran- by 111 feet in width. e dome a grand view 4 h 11: The rotunda is 70 by 70 Rg ht ig may be had of the Ro : lg nearly 50,000 The building cost over two visited, in 1882, by more tha hundred thousang d n two hundred thous d to 600 tons of the fi grand as the digp], of 1883, ollars ; wag and people. nest mineral play was, it will BANKS AND PAPER MONEY. The Chinese i a] bank-notes in the ninth centyp JINg money,” but the currency be ei Wo centuries later y became so in- a £20 note would i : only purch ¥ 2 oe Jom Mandeville visited Gliine 5 mperor issued leather bonds outrageously”—and a ransierred to a joint-gto é -8tock bank who ultimately failed, and paid only tr 156 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. In Europe the first bank was founded by two Jews at Venice, in the thirteenth century, but no regular bank of emission seems to have been established till that of Mr. Palm- struck, in Sweden, a few years before Patterson founded the Bank of England. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, paper money was in bad repute, because people remembered in Paris when a pair of boots cost £350 in the currency of the French Repub- lic. Russian paper money dates from the time of Catherine II. In the United States paper money was first used by Gen. Washington to pay his troops. The United States have the next largest issue after Russia, one-half emitted by the Gov- ernment, the other half by the banks. In France the mo- nopoly of emission is held by the Bank of France. Austrian currency consists partly of Government notes, and partly of the “issue of the Imperial Bank. Great Britain and her colonies stand for one-third of the banking power of the world. TEMPERATURE ABOVE THE OCEAN. Professor Hitchcock, in his geology, gives the following: The temperature of the air diminishes one deg., F., for 300 feet of altitude; two degrees for 595 feet; three degrees for 872 feet; four degrees for 1124 feet; five degrees for 1,347 feet and six degrees for 1,539 feet. Hence, at the equa- tor perpetual frost exists at the height of 15,000 feet, dimin- ishing to 13,000 feet at either tropic. Between the latitudes 40° and 59°, it varies from 10,000 to 4,000 feet. In almost every part of the frigid zene this line descends to the surface. These results, however, are generally modified by several cir- cumstances; so that, in fact, the line of perpetual congelation is not in a regular curve, but rather an irregular line, descend- ing and ascending. : TEE, STATISTICS. Ee Besouress of the Bocky Mountains. 159 Estimate of Gold and Silver Produced in the United States, from 1845 to 1881, inclusive. From Official Reports by the Director of the Mint of the United States. GOLD, $ 1,008,327 1,239,357 889,085 10,000,000 40,000,000 50,000,000 55,000,070 60,000,000 65,000,000 60,000,000 55,000,000 55,000,000 55,000,000 50,000,000 50,000,000 46,000,000 43,000,000 39,200,000 40,000,000 46,100,000 53,225,000 53,500,000 51,725,000 48,0c0,000 49, 500,000 50,000,000 43.500,000 36,000,000 36,000,000 33,490,902 33,467,856 39,929,166 46,897,390 51,206,360 38,899,858 36,000,000 34,700,000 SILVER. From 1849 to 1858. Estimated pro- duct, $50,000 per annum. (The silver mines of the U. S. were dis- covered in 1858.) $ 500, 600 100,000 150,000 2,000,000 4,500,000 8,500,000 11,000,000 11,250,000 10,000,000 13,500,000 12,000,000 12,000,000 16,000,000 23,000,000 28,750,000 35,750,000 37:324.594 31,727,560 38,783,016 39,793.573 45,281,385 40,812,132 38,450,000 43,000,000 TOTAL. 1,008,32% 1,239,357 889,085 10,000,000 40,000,000 50,000,000 55,000,000 60,000,000 65,000,000 60,000,000 55,000.000 55.000,000 55.000,000 50, 500,000 50, 100,000 46,150,000 45,000,000 43,700,000 48,500,000 57,100,000 64,475,000 63, 500,000 65,225,000 60,000,000 61, 500,000 66,000,000 66, 500,000" 64,750,000 71,750,000 70,815,496 65,195,416 78,712,182 86,690,963 96,487,745 79,711,990 74.:450,000 77,700,000 Total 37 years.... ....$1,558,378,301 $504,172,260 $2,062,550,561 The gross yield of gold, silver, copper and lead for the States and Tei tories west of the Missouri for 1882, is approximately as follows: Gold.... .... .-.-« Silver. .... .-.. . + 54:27 P-Coue aa-.a CODD so vns xonsmsvsssnens 530D Coton cnen on Lead... .... coniineonn $30,193,355 . 50,155,288 4,055,037 8,008,155 ——— $92,411, 835 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Gold and Silver. WORLD’S PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY. Production 1492 to Stock in 1848. ..... GOLD. YEARLY PRODUCTION SINCE 1848. SILVER. $400,000,000 7,000,000, 000 $7,400,000,000 GOLD. $61, 500,000 70, 500,000 81,500,000 132,750,000 155,450 000 127,450,000 135,070,000 147,600,000 133,275,000 124,650,000 124,850,000 119.250,000 113,800,000 107,750,000 106,950,000 113,000,000 120,200,000 121,100,000 114,025,C00 109,725,000 106,225,000 106,850,000 107,000,000 99,550,000 96,200,000 90, 750,000 97,500,000 95,000,000 97,000,000 86, 500,000 105,400,000 94,800,000 110,000,000 SILVER. $39,000,000 39,000,000 40,000,000 40,600,000 40,600,c00 40,600,000 40,600,000 40,650,000 40,650,000 40,650,000 40,750,000 40,800,000 42,700,000 45,200,000 49,200,000 51,700,000 51,950,000 59,725,000 54,225,000 50,225,000 47,500,000 51,575,000 61,050,000 65,250,000 89,250,000 71,500,000 80, 500,000 %4,000,000 81,000,000 73,500,000 81,037,500 72,125,000 94,000,000 cian. -.$3.613,175,000 SUMMARY. $1,833,112,000 GOLD. SILVER. | Amount of gold in the world Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 161 Estimating loss from abrasion and total destruction at one-tenth of one percent. per annum, there would be a loss of $730,000,000 gold and $1,000,000,000 silver, leaving the world’s supply, on January 1st, 1882, as follows: GOLD. SILVER. eters seeseeeeeclo..$7,313,175,000 $9,233,112,000 ee ttesesieeiieeiieci...... 730,000,000 1,000, 000,000 Stock, January 1, 1882 Production. .... Destroyed . $6,583,175,000 $8,233, 112,000 The following table gives a comparative statement of the yield of precious metals, since the earliest time, in different countries, and their use : Production before Christian Era ) sees eess ieieeeeiieen.... $5,000,000,000 since, and down to discovery of America «sees. 4.000,000,000 between years 1492 and 1852 between years 1848 and 1882 of gold in Russia . ce 6c Total world’s production. ......... ceceeeeeee oa. ..$26,500,000,000 Annual production before Christian era $10,000,000 * ‘ since, to discovery of America. ... ...... 5,000,000 the succeeding 350 years... ........ ... 25,000,000 from 1842 to 1852. ............. .. .... 100,000,000 from 1852 to 1882. ......_... ...... 200,000,000 cc c¢ 3 Estimated Amount of Gold and Silver in the World. Estimated amount now in existence. .. 66 6c - veeeerien. cane... $15.000,000,000 lost, destroyed, and used in arts. . ... ---- 11,500,000,000 7,000, 000,000 of silver in the world. ........ naive s 8,000,000,000 of both in coin and bullion 8,000,000,000 of both in watches. ......._. ___ EE EN, ,000,000 of plated jewels and ornaments. .... ..... produced in North and South America 4 in Asia, Australia and New Zealand in Europe in Africa c¢ 6c The exports of silver during the year 1882 to Japan, China, India, the Straits, etc., were as follows: From Southampton.. Solem hve ssbin nina reas cece een. --$27,390,000 Venice.. fee% rrsunun. sunnas rman mums mr mmnens sennansinn OF0D5/000 000 Stock in 1492. cen cician iin cianitnnen $505,000.00 Tia Production 1492 to 1848................ 3,200,000, 17200,000, 000 4 1849 to 1881. ..... cent eee... 3,613,175,000 ,833,112, 5,375.00 Xotal cannes iis carvan sii cece een---$43,266,000 As against $27,000,000 from the same places in 1881. TOL. vee vs cone sessinnns sone senPlrI13, 175,000 $9,233,112,000 162 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Bonanza Mines. It is upon True Fissure veins that the great mines of the world have been located. Name and production as follows: Bissenna Silver Mine 16,311,000 Santa Anna ¢¢ ¢* ° 21,347,000 Valaneta ii 31,813,000 Parmillian ‘4 70,000,000 Veta Madre ** . 335,935,000 Comstock # Rio Grande ¢* Sierra Madre Potosi 6c Gold and Silver. The world’s annual production, of which the United States produces fully one-half, is at present During the last twenty-five years India has taken an average of $38,000,000, and China $9,000,009, making the average yearly absorption of silver by these nations In the Arts the United States is using in gold and silver $15,- 000,000 yearly, and the rest of the world fully $35,000,000 more, making in all per annum Counting loss and abraision We have left for the purposes of coinage for the entire world only....coovvviininernnnss avai ke ieee sles aie $ 100,000,000 When we consider that gold and silver are the life blood of Commerce, and that Commerce is already the greatest Sovereign on earth, with rapidly increasing power, it is evident that the amount of the precious metals must be largely increased in order to meet the increasing demands of the world, and, therefore, over-production need not be feared. Gold and Silver are alike necessary to the world’s commerce, and the fact that for three thousand years their relative values have undergone but little change, must make them honest money in the face of all theories. Report of the Director of the Mint gives the amount of circulation Febru- ary Ist, 1883. IN BANKS AND ACTIVE CIRCULATION. Gold ‘bullion ..$ 51,449,382 $ 51,449,382 Silver bullion 3,761,958 3,761,958 Gold coin 121,868,451 405,510,541 527,378,992 Silver dollars 97,530,969 37,874,111 135,405,080 Other silver 27,135,244 53.428,257 80,563,501 Gold certificates 25,107,300 47,669,640 72,776,940 Silver certificates 4,306,650 68,438,820 72,745,470 33,592,236 313,088,780 346,681,016 National bank notes 10,486,291 350,972,860 361,459,151 Fractional currency 7,101 7,010,902 7,018,093 $ 375,245,582 $1,283,994,001 $1,650,239,583 IN TREASURY. TOTAL. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 163 Leadville’s Mining Output. The following table gives th i mines of the camp at Se Sn PhreRimats ais ai lealing MINES. ] MINES. Adlaide 6 Iron Silver Little Pittsburg Little Ella Leadville Catalpa Chrgselite 2% Dany ins ig Morning Star Carbonate Hill ig Ble Silver Cord Small Hopes Smuggler Tenderfoot Venture Vining Evening Star Gilt Edge Henrietta Miscellaneous Ore Output. The following i fo : conpitey: g is the weekly output of the principal mines throughout the TON: Moulton, Montana. ...... ... Po ¢ : Northern Belle, N a Contention, Arizona i avada cove 400 . Robinson, Colorado. . Father de Smet, Dakota : Silver King, An ha = 600 3 Grand Central, Ari 5 How Sin ds Aricone Standard Con., California. ... 1,494 Estimate of Aggregate Production of the Previous Metals in all Countries, from 1493 to 1881, inclusive. NATION. Germany......... .... SILVER. TOTAL. $ 403,000,000 $ 403,000,000 398,000,000 734,000,000 750,000,000 * 329,000,000 765,000,000 894,000,000 Ene I, 500,000,000 Sai 1, 565,000,000 1,665,000,000 1,869,000 000 2,085,000,000 125,000,000 1,000, 000,000 3, 300,000,000 3,495,000,000 570,000,000 2,200,000,000 450,000,000 New Granada Australia. .... occ. aouen. Pern .... $16,263,000,000 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. From the Engineering and Mining Journal. Copper Production in 1882. Michigan Arizona Colorado and Utah Vermont New Mexico Imported Pyrites . ... Months. ULY TO DEC. kr TO ye i < i 17. 17.25 1 me Aw 3 1 57 Tiny Straits . 20.25 25. 2 7 > Pig Lead, Common Domestic . ; 5 % 490 Spelter -87 . Antimony, Cookson’s............. 15.25 The average price of common Domestic Lead, for a series of years: 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882- 4/4 January , ; February 3% : 3% 3 3% 4 4% September 4 OCLODEY ..... ov vv v0 to vuivun sumsnnsns . 34 3 % November 5 4 % December 5% The magnitude of the consumption of the leading metals in this country, and of the interests involved, may be approximately presented by the follow- ing figures: CONSUMPTION. AV. PRICE. TOTAL VALUE, once 45,000 tons 18 c. $16,200,000 140,000 *¢ 4% c. 12,600,000 11,000 *¢ 22 C. 4,800,000 42,000 *¢ 5c. 4,200,000 50,000 bottles 36. 5c. 1,300,000 $39,100,000 Antimony and nickel will swell this to a minimum of forty millions of dollars, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Mountain Peaks of Colorado. WITH THEIR ELEVATION ABOVE SEA LEVEL. FEET. 14,368 14,341 14,340 Uncompahgre Crestones Princeton R. G. Pyramid Silver Heels Hunchcack Ojo Spanish Guyot Trinchara indian 13,640 13,620-1 2,720 72 peaks between 13,500 and 14, 300 feet in height are unnamed and not in this list, United States Mint Officers, SALARIES. Horatio C. Burchard, Director of the Mint, Washington, D. C A. L. Snowden, Superintendent, Philadelphia, Pa Edward F. Burton, Superintendent, San Andrew W. Smythe, Superintendent, New Orleans, La .. Calvin J. Cowles, Assayer, Charlotte, N. C : Pierre C. Van Wyck, Superintendent, New York, N. Y Herman Silver, Assayer, Denver, Col................. James Crawford, Superintendent, Carson City, Nevada Albert Wolters, Assayer, Boise City, Idaho Russell B. Harrison, Assayer, Helena, Montana Eliot C. Jewett, Assayer, St. Louis, Mo 166 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The Census by States. TABLE SHOWING THE POPULATION OF STATES AND TERRITORIFS IN 1880 AND 1870, AND THE PER CENT. OF INCREASE. 1880. 1870. INCREASE. PER CENT. Alabama 1,262,344 996,992 265,352 26.5 Arkansas ver oo. 802,564 484,471 318,093 75.6 California 864,686 560,247 304,439 54.3 Colorado 195,234 39,864 155,370 388.9 Connecticut 622,683 537,454 85,229 15.8 Delaware. 146,654 125,015 23,639 14.4 Florida 266,566 187,748 78,818 42.0 Georgia 1,538,983 1,184,109 354,874 29.0 Illinois. . . ... 3,078,636 2,539,891 538,745 21.2 Indiana... 1,978,358 1,680,637 297,721 17.7 1,624,493 1,194,020 430,443 36.0 Kansas...... ‘a 369,319 625,936 169.4 Kentucky 1,321,011 327,588 24.8 Louisiana 726,915 213,348 29.3 626,915 22,030 35 Maryland . ...... 784,894 150,245 10.1 Massachusetts 1,457,351 325,735 22.3 Michigan. 1,184,059 450,037 38.0 Minnesota 439,706 341,101 Mississippi a 827,922 303,977 Missouri... . 2,169,091 1,721,295 447,796 Nebraska. 452,432 122,993 329,439 Nevada .. 62,265 42,491 19,774 New Hampshire 347,784 318,300 29,484 New Jersey Vv 1,130,892 906,096 224,796. 5,083,173 4,382,759 700,414 1,400,000 1,071,361 328,639 3,197,794 2,665,290 532,534 cee 174,767 90,922 83,844 Pennsylvania 4,282,738 3,521,951 760,787 Rhode Island....... eee.. 276,528 217,353 59,175 South Carolina 995,706 705,607 290, 100 Tennessee. . .. 1,542,463 1,258,043 283,943 . 1,597,509 818,579 778,930 Vermont... 332,286 330,551 1,735 Virginia 1,512,203 1,225,163 ° 347,040 West Virginia 618,193 442,014 176,179 Wisconsin.... ......... 1,315,386 1,054,670 260,716 Arizona . oe 40,441 9,658 30,883 Dakota .... 134,502 14,181 120,322 Idaho.... 32,611 14,999 17,611 Montana... 39,157 20,599 18,672 New Mexico............ 118,430 91,874 26,536 Utah ,.... : 143,907 86,786 57,121 Washington ....... ... 75,120 23,955 51,165 Wyoming .............. 20,788 9,118 11,670 District of Columbia 177,638 131,700 45,938 Total............ .. 50,152,559 38,558,371 11,594,188 Resources of the Rooky Mountains. 167 United States Public Lands—Where They Lie. STATEMENT SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ACRES OF PUBLIC LANDS SURVEYED IN THE LAND STATES AND TERRITORIES UP TO JUNE 30, 1882 ; ALSO, THE TOTAL AREA OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN REMAINING UNSURVEYED. From the Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for 1882. Area of Public Lands Number of Acres of Public Lands Total Area in States and Terri- Surveyed. of Public tories. Ea and Indian . Lands Re- Lano maining . Unsurv’yd, STATES AD Prior to | Within inclusive of RIES Up to June| June 30, [the FiscaifFotal up to| the area : In Acres 30, 1881. | 1881, not Year end-| June 30, [of Private heretofore| ing June | 1882. Land reported. | 30, 1882. Claims Sur veyed up to June 30, 3 32,462,115| 50,722] 32,462,115|......... 32,462,115 360,520,6000 577,300): ¢is« suveinviclrre sions onbuosnesnoeinlnsnsvernins 72,906,240 113,916( 5,812,970] 335,784 293,036] 6,441.790| 66,454,450 Arkansas 33,410,003] 52,203] 33,410 063 sae es ereinee] 33,430,003 California. 100,992,640! 157,801] 57,560,118( 1,087,747] 949,778] 60,497,543] 40,495,097 Colorado 66,880,000! 104,500 35,026,683] 6,407,692 5,818,185| 47,252,560, 19,627,440 96,596,480] 150,932| 27,081,815| 1,761,290] 1,568,256 30,411,361 66,185,119 37,931,520 59,268 30,175,027] 96,986]..........| 30,272,013 7,659,507 55,228,160] 86,294| 7,853,375] 262,891 8,116,508 47,111,652 35,465,093] 55,414) 35,465,003 ceevieens.] 35,465,003... 21,637,760] 33.809] 21,637,760) 21,637,760 Indian Ter'y.| 44,154,240] 68,991 27,003,990] 27,003,990| 17,150,250 lowa. ........ 35,228,800] 55,045| 35,228,809) 35,228,800]....... sone 51,770,240 80,891| 51,770,240 51,770,249]... ....... 26,461,440] 41,346) 25,547,631 : 330,426] 25,046,111 515.329 Michigan 36,128,64c| 56,541] 36,128,640]. .........] .c.unn..| 36,128,64¢ Minnesota....| 53,459,840] 83.531] 40,213,003] 119,954] 222,826] 40,635,782 Mississippi....| 30,179,840] 47,156] 30,179,849. ......... 30,179,840] . Missour1 41,836,931] 65,370] 41,836,931]... ........|.. 41,836,931 : 92,016,640 143,776] 11,759,082] 150,173 11,978,622| 80,038,018 48,636,800 75,995| 42.945,036] 392,280] 645,802 43,983.119 4,653,681 Nevada ...... 71,737,600] 112,090| 17,825,600 4,142,715] 631,374] 22,599,688) 49,137,912 N. Mexico....| 77,568,640! 121,201| 14,639,083 7,584,319 1,287,308| 23,510,710 54,057,930 Ohio..... ....| 25.581,976] 39,972| 25,576,960] 5,016 :| 25,581,976) Oregon. ...... 60,975,360] 95.274| 26,444,066] 3,393,336| 1,318,618) 31,156,019( 29,819,341 Utah. . .....| 54,064,640] 84,476] 10,076,369] 208,044] 202,540 10,486,953| 43,577,687 Washington...| 44,796,160] 69,904] 16,368,480 934,010 454,534| 17,757,033| 27,030,127 Wisconsin.....| 34,511,360] 53,924] 34,511,360 eae sanened 34, STE,3000. . oe era Wyoming ....| 62,645,120] 97,883] 10,366,940 4,684,032] 412,271] 15,463,243 47,181,877 1.814,793,938I2,835,615 784.996,979 32,614,323\14,204,5621831,725,863(983,068,075 . Statistics of Homestead Settlement on Public Lands. STATEMENT OF NUMBER OF ACRES ENTERED ANNUALLY, UNDER THE HOMESTEAD AND TIMBER-CULTURE ACTS, FROM JULY 1, 1869, TO JUNE 30, 1882, INCLUSIVE. Years ending June 30. 1870. 1871. 1872. 3 1874. 1875. Acres. Acres. , Acres. Acres. Homestead Entries. ........ 3 698,910 4,671,332 3,516,862 | 2,353,058 Timber-culture 464.870 2,820,928 Years ending 1882. June 30. . Acres. Homestead 4,418,345 . 6,348,045 Timber-culture...| 607 98 1,870,434 2,193,184 : 2,566.686 3,483,805 | 2,698,770 | 6,288,779 | 8,026,685 | 8,238,755 | 6,791,900 | 8,914,731 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Business of the General Land Office for the Fiscal Year 1882. The disposals of the Public Lands, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1882, embraced an aggregate of 14,309,166. 50 acres, which aggregate is made up of the following particulars: Cash entries 3,611,530.94 Acres Homestead entries 6,348,045.05 Timber-culture entries . 2,566,686.09 Agricultural College scrip locations... ...coevvviiiii iii 1,040.00 Locations with military bounty land warrants... couse een vusrrreninn aves 43,865.69 T'otal scrip locations 12,901.38 Donation claims. .....covevvvrrrrririrnsrsrssssrascananenes 18,303.14 Lands patented to States as swamp 648,032.36 State, school and internal improvement selections 276,111.74 Lands selected under railroad grants 472,263.88 1,427,612.50 Indian lands, sales of 310,886.13 Total number of acres disposed of for the fiscal year 14,309,166. 50 Moneys received during the fiscal year. $ 8,394,516.04 From the American Almanac of 1883. Immigration Into the United States—1820-1882. Prior to the year 1820, no statistics of immigration were officially kept. By the Act of Congress, of March 2d, 1819, Collectors of Customs were required to keep a record and make a quarterly return, to the Treasury, of all passengers arriving in their respective dis- tricts from foreign ports; and these reports, published, from time to time, by the Treasury Department, constitute the sources of information as to the progress of immigration. The total number of foreign-born passengers arriving at the ports of the United States, from 1829 to 1882 inelusive, is given below. Prior to 1856, the figures show the whole number of aliens arriving, but, from 1856 to 1882 inclusive, the number of immigrants only, 7. e., of foreign passengers settling in the United States. It has been estimated that the whole number of aliens coming to the United States, from 1789 to 1820, was about 250,000 TOTAL. YEAR. TOTAL. . TOTAL. YEAR. TOTAL. IMMIGRANTS. IMMIGRANTS. IMMIGRANTS. IMMIGRANTS. --427,833 788,992 Fiscal year ending Jun. 30] re 186 -+298,967 Total... 11,598,181 .282,189 . Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 169 \ Immigration to the United States, by Countries, Dur- ing 60 Calendar Years—1820-1880. GREAT BRITAIN Portugal 9,062 38,316 Bodin Ls yi suecunaninn | 2E001 weden an orway.. asl nninnwe 300,002 Scotland. ... CoRR ea ee we Switzerland 83,700 ales + wrens 8 BOUTKRY eee vsivenvnninsisiudinsmnininicion 619 Great Britain, not specified. 3 Total from Europe 8,746,921 * SUMMARY. Burope 8,746,921 Asia . sisisieati wee sivieirea ies visa BCS C47 Africa. . sideedosivivere reine 1,631 313,716] British America. . 568,941 .. 3,002,027 97,007 335] PACHIC ccconers vr srnennmsvrnionienne 10,474 70,181 |All other 255,778 44,319 — 14,831] Grand aggregate. ............ .. 9,908,794 Chinese Immigration Into the United States for Each Calendar Yrar, from 1855 to 1882 Inclusive. Year. . | Year. 1880. ioe cen 7 1882 JantoJune 27,765 Total 266,071 Note.—The statement is made that nearly one-half of all the Chinese who have arrived in the United States have returned to their native country. The Precious Metals. The following tables have been carefully selected from the best authortties, and will be found useful for reference: Gold Telluride... { i Miargyrite.. ...... Tellurium . Polybasite Antimony... Sulphur Acanthite Stromeyrite .. ... Ruby Silver, Stephanite......... { Freisleberite Antimony... Sulphur Silver.......78), Antimony. ..22},—100 Silver Galena Antimonial Silver. 170 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. From the American Almanac, of 1883. Comparative Rates of Weekly Wages Paid in Europe and in the United States, in 1878. [Condensed from the Report of the Secretary of State on the State of Labor in Europe, Derived from Facts Reported by the United States Consuls, Washington, 1879.] UNITED STATES. : DENMARK. FRANCE GERMANY. CHICAGO, | | | Red ; | BELGIUM. BaKersS....oooceeenne connnennnnensnnnns .503.906.5 BlackSmitns ....vveveeen correo sannnn Qo, .55/3.94/7- Bookbinders......... cx ceases seaeee o-|-... 3.724. .82(3.906. Bricklayers vO0i..++{4- .60\3.457- Cabinet Makers......... ...... 6 .9714.957- Carpenters and Joiners... ............ 5. 4. .00/4.187.3: Farm Laborers. ..... c.oooveeeneeeeennns ‘ .87/3.503. Laborers, Porters, etc. ............ ....[3. | .92/2.604. 2 .92/4.607. Plasterers .40| .804.357. Plumbers. .. [6.00]... -|5-50|3.60/3.90[7. Printers.... cee secon cone coveans rir glhs .70|4.80!3.90|7 . P sus un) ShoemaKkers. ... coves vovrvnnroennnen boos | C 3.30l4.75[3-124.32| 3 i -= EC Tailors. .... coves viii |. cin ve 10(3.58/4.30/5. . - — Tinsmiths |4.80|3.90l4.40|3.65!3.606. +30 : ° Comparative Retail Prices of the Necessaries of Life in Europe and the United States, in 1878. | 2 Al ; \/ \/ A Y S [Condensed from the Report of the Secretary of State on the State of Labor in Europe, ° Derived from Facts Reported by the United States Consuls, Washington, 1879.1 UNITED STATES. — EE eT Seo FRANCE. GERMANY. SWITZERLAND. GREAT BRITAIN. NEW YORK CHICAGO. | | |Cents.|Cts.|Cents.|Cents.[Cts.| Cents. | Cents. Cents. Beef—Roast, perlb.| 20 | 22 | 22 20 22 12-16 8-121 « Corned.........perlb.| 16 | 16 | 18-20 8-12 4-7 Beans.............per quart.|......|....| ety 9 7-10 5-9 Breads. ............. per lb. | 335- 4% 4- 4% 4- 4% easascsperib. j 22} 28 3 29-38 25-32 | 16-40 te re eeeenspurton | $4.25 11. 10). . . . $2.65-4.10/$3-$5.25 $3-$6.75 ner Thule cu dnbus or forcannal 10 wl 6-8 6-7 5-9 vs ere enaPel iba 30 35 | 32 |3° 28-50 20-30 16-40 per doz. i 20 1 18 14-30 25.30 10-24 sere. per 1b. | 5% 10 3Y4- A 3- 4 2Y%—- 4% risa gaeapet iD. | | 21 22 ijewue 12-18 10-12 6-10 Milk..............perquart.}......|..-- 4 9 ; 5-9 8-10 | 3-6 Mutton, fore quarter. per lb. 14% 15 t 16-17 9-10 5-121 Oatueal.. o.oo een a onde val 8 Hr nnlars 3%- 4% 4-5 4-5 Pork, fresh........... per lb. 17 | 10-16 8-10 4-5 “salted per lb. 17 10-16 8-10 6-12 8 per lb. Lwin 12-16 8-10 7-12 i per lb. 9 4 ain ninh 18 8-10 6-10 Potatoes. ..............bushel.| 1 $1. { 68-$2.00$1.40-1.60 60-80 RiC€ .coeer seveeenesooPer Iblecec. atone, {6 §....} 3-18 8-10 5-10 : per 1b. sore e...! 5-9 6- 7 3-8 per lb. conn 54-10 8-10 7-10 TOR... co. seesiersvsv-DEr ID nanan 75% 43-88 50-60 |25=$1.00 Lad 00 O Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 173 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. General Offices, - - - - No. 102 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, II. Road owned, including branches, 3,136 miles, the principal lines being from Chicago to Council Bluffs; Nebraska City to Denver; Omaha to Hast-. ings; Rock Island to East St. Louis. Leased, 96 miles; controlled by stock ownership, Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs, 288 miles; total, 3,520 miles. Of the road owned 308 miles have been built this year, including part of the Denver line. Locomotives, 484; passenger cars, 291; freight cars, 16,903; service cars, 1,655. Stock, $69,814,191. General Officers and Heads of Departments. EE BR NS Prentiss coneorvnivnesinn ies eens Burlington, Iowa . E. TOUZALIN, 1st Vice-President Boston, Mass . C. PEASLEY, 2d, Vice-President Chicago, 111 . J. POTTER, 3d Vice-President Chicago, Ill . W. WEISS nae RR Chicago. Ill Chicago, Ill Burlington, Iowa TREASURY DEPARTMENT. . C. PEASLEY, Treasurer <. E. PRATT, Assistant Trea B Mass . C. SMITH, Cashier - S. BARTLETT, Paymas Chicago, Il ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT. WILLIAM J. LADD. Acting Comptroller, Boston, Mass J. L. LATHROP, General Auditor ire sisiein dient einin vis haan nia mt ie ae Chicago, III N. B. HINCKLEY, Assistant General Auditor Chicago, Ill W. MCCREDIE, Freight Buditor.........u.. vconvenrrenns eres eet ine Chicago, Ill W. A. AMORY, Auditor of Expenditure............ .... 000 «++... Chicago, Ill C. 0, Higginson, Assistant Auditor... co. ...... ooo" "TI ees rea Chicago, Ill JOHN DWYER, Auditor of Ticket Chicago, Ill M. B. WALKER, Tax Auditor Chicago, Il OPERATING DEPARTMENT. T. J. POTTER, General Manager J. S. CAMERON, Assistant to the General Manager .. H. B. STONE, General Superintendent, PERCIVAL LOWELL, General Passenger Agent E. L. LOMAX, Chief Clerk Foreign Pas i Assistant General Baggage Agent GEORGE B. HARRIS, Purchasing Agent E. P. RIPLEY, General Freight Agent......... PAUL MORTON, 1st Assistant General F reight Agent G. H. ROSS, 2d Assistant General Freight Agent R. J. McCLURE, Chief Engineer / 317 Broadway, New York arenes $1 Washington St., Boston T. D. McRAY, General Agent. .......couvcvennvevirinininin rr. ro San Francisco, Cal J. F. MORGAN, Superintendent Telegraph E. G. SQUIRE, Car Accountaut ... 174 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. THE GREAT “BURLINGTON ROUTE" Is the People’s Favorite Line between all points East, West, North and South, because of their Great Through Car System. Their Track is Steel—Their Trains are Rolling Palaces —They Wait for Their Connections, and Always Arrive on Time. No. 11. Galesburg, Ottawa, Streator, Rockford and Freeport Express.—Leave Chicago 8:25 A.M. Daily except Sunday—THROUGH PAs- SENGER COACHES, Chicago to Galesburg, Ottawa, Streator and Rockford. No. 9. Dubuque and Sioux City Express.—Leave Chicago 10:00 A.M. Daily except Sunday. —THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Sioux City via C. B. & Q. and I. C. R. R. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEP- ING CARs, Chicago to Sioux City via Dubuque, C. B. & Q. and I. C. R. Rs. No. 11. Iowa Express.—Leave Chicago 8:25 A.M. Daily, except Sun- day.—THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Council Bluffs. No. 1. Denver Fast Express.—Leave Chicago 12:15 NOON Daily. PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Pacific Junction. PULLMAN SLEEPING CARs, Chicago to Pacific Junction, and Pacific Junction to Denver. DINING CAR, Chicago to Burlington, and Red Oak to Pacific Junction. No. 1. Montana and Pacific Fast Express.—Leave Chicago Daily, except Sunday, at 12:15 MOON for St. Joseph, Atchison, Topeka, Council Bluffs and Omaha. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Council Bluffs; Chicago to Atchison via Hopkins and K. C., St. J., C. B. R. Rj Indianapolis to Burlington via I. B. & W. R. R. and C. B. & Q. R. R. Peoria to Council Bluffs. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPING CARs, Chicago to Council Bluffs; Chicago to Topeka via Hopkins and K. C., St. J. & C. B. and A., T. & S. F. R. R. DINING CARs, Chicago to Burlington and Red Oak to Council Bluffs; Hopkins to Atchison. No. 5. Kansas City and Denver Express.—Leave Chicago 12:30 P.M. Daily. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Kansas City via Quincy and H. & St. J. R. R.; Indianapolis to Quincy via I. B. & W. R. R. and C. B. & Q. R. R. THROUGH RECLINING CHAIR CARs, Chicago to Kansas City (Seats Free) via Quincy and H. & St. J. R. R. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPING CARs, Chicago to Kansas City, via Quincy, including St. J. R. R.; connecting at Kansas City with Through Pullman Sleeping Cars to Denver, via Kansas Pacific R. R., and with Through Pullman Sleep- ing Cars to Pueblo, via A.,, T. & S. F. R. R. DINING CAR, Aurora to Galesburg. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 175 eo RR. -— dm - - - No. 3. Omaha, Lincoln and Denver Night Express.—Leave Chi- cago 9:25 P.M. Daily, except Saturday. STHROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Council Bluffs. Indianapolis to Council Bluffs via Peoria and I., B. & W. R. R. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPING CARS, Chicago to Council Bluffs; Chicago to Keokuk. No. 3. Arizona and California Express.—Leave Chicago 9:25 P.M. Daily. THROUGH PASSENGER CoACHES, Chicago to Quincy; Chicago to Kansas City via Quincy and H. & St. J. R. R. THROUGH RECLINING CHAIR CARs, Chicago to Kansas City via Quincy (Seats Free); connecting at Kansas City with A., T. & S. F. R. R. Through Pullman Sleeping Cars and Day Coaches for Santa Fe and Deming; connecting at Deming with Through Coaches and Pullman Sleeping Cars via Southern Pacific R. R. for San Francisco. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPING CARs, Chicago to Quincy. No. 3 Texas Express.—Leave Chicago 9:25 p.\1. Daily, except Sat- urday. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Ilannibal. Through Pullman Cars, Chicago to Quincy, connecting at Hannibal with Texas Ex- press on Missouri Pacific R. R. Through Coaches, Hannibal to Sedalia, and Through Pullman Sleeping Cars, Sedalia to Dennison, Dallas and Houston. No. 21. Dubuque Express.—Leave Chicago 9:30 p.M. Daily, except Sunday. THROUGH PASSENGER CoAacH, Chicago to Fi. Dodge. Pullman Sleeping Cars, Chicago to Dubuque and Cedar Falls. LAND BUYERS. And all persons looking for homes in the Great West will remember that the BURLINGTON ROUTE leads direct to the heart of all the fertile and desirable lands, both Government and Railroad, in NEBRASKA, KANSAS and TEXAS. TICKETS. ? FIRST-CLASS ROUND-TRIP EXPLORING TICKETS and ONE-WAY EMI- GRANT TICKETS at very low rates. For Land Circulars and Rates of Fare, apply to any agent of the Company whose name appears herein. SECOND-CLASS.— Passengers holding second-class tickets over this road are carried on the same trains as first-class passengers, in comfortable, clean, warm cars, with upholstered seats and backs; in fact, in nearly as good as first-class cars. Neither second-class passengers nor emigrants can have Pullman Sleeping Car accommodations, and in this lies about all the restric- tions that are placed on them. EMIGRANTS. —The Burlington Route runs no emigrant trains or cars. Emi- grants via this road are carried on regular Express Trains, in clean, light coaches, with cushioned seats and backs, and which are as good as the coaches furnished by many roads to first-class passengers. 176 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. THE EMIGRANT TRAINS TO THE FAR WEST.—These trains are made up of comfortable coaches, and are sypplied with cushioned Seats, etc. The passengers are not crowded in the cars, but plenty of oom is given. Emi- grants can get meals at the regular “Eating Stations” along the line, or they can carry cooked provisions with them, and buy coffee or tea at the eating houses at reasonable rates, and eat on the train. No CARS can be chartered over any road for carrying colonists or Emigrants to points on Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Southern Pacific Railways; nor can any reduction be made in the Emi- grant rates for parties of ANY number. Parties of thirty or more can have exclusive use of a car for themselves. EMIGRANTS’ MOVABLES go on the same train with the passengers from Missouri River, through freight cars being attached for this purpose. House- hold goods, released, from Chicago to San Francisco, by freight trains, $5.00 per 100 lbs. EXTRA BAGGAGE between Chicago and Missouri River, about $2.00 per 100 lbs; between Missouri River and San Francisco, $10.00 to $15.00 per 100 lbs., according to class of passage. EMIGRANT SLEEPING CARS are run between Missouri River and San Fran- cisco on Emigrant trains. These cars are divided off into sections and berths, affording comfortable quarters for sleeping purposes. The berths are FREE, but passengers should provide themselves with blankets, etc. It is posltively the only Western Line that runs Parlor Cars with Reclining Chairs. Seats free, between Chicago and Kansas City, through without change, on both day and night trains, and makes direct connection in the Grand Union Depot at Kansas City with through trains for all points in the GREAT SOUTH- WEST. Through Passenger Coaches from and to Chicago and Pacific Junction, and Pacific Junction and points on B. & M. R. R. : Pullman Sleeping Cars from and to Chicago and Pacific Junction on Trains 1 and 2, connecting with Throngh Pullman Sleeping Cars between Pacific Junction and Denver; also Through Pullman Sleeping Cars from and to Chicago and Council Bluffs on Trains 1, 2, 3 and 4. The famous C., B. & Q. Dining Cars attached to Trains 1 and 2. Passengers going to points West by the Burlington Route. arriving at Chi. cago over lines whose trains do not run into the C., B. & Q. Depot, experience no inconvenience or delay, as they are transferred to our Depot in Parmelee’s Omnibuses without extra charge. : Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 177 The Chicago, Rack Island and Pacific Railway. Road owned, Chicago to Council Bluffs, 500 miles; Davenport, Iowa, to Leavenworth, Kansas, 345; branches, 273; leased, 263; total, 1,381 miles. Locomotives, 296; passenger cars, 187; freight cars, 7,499; Stock (authorized, $50,000,000), $41,960,000. GENERAL OFFICERS. HUGH RIDDLE, President... ........cc.cves suns vasvisonnn sai Chicago, Ill. DAVID DOWS, Vice-President .New York City. R. R. CABLE, Vice-President and General Manager Chicago, Ill. F. S. TOWS, Secretary and Treasurer New York City. THOS. F. WITHROW, General Solicitor Chicago, Ill. A. KIMBALL, General Superintendent ...... ...... Davenport, Iowa. VW. GC: PURDY, LoCal TI8SUIETr . conve socvnnernrionssnssssrnn nes seas Chicago, Ill. C. F. JILSON, Auditor and Assistant Secretary Chicago, III. E. ST. JOHN, General Ticket and Passenger Agent Chicago. Ill. . 8 NG, Assistant General Passenger Agent Chicago, 111. » TEMPLE, Ticket ANQUOL...... covveeinisnrsr ons monnns 2 Chicago, Ill. => OHN T. SANFORD, Freight Traffic Manager Chiczgo, Ili. M. SAGE. General Freight Agent............................... Chicago, Ill. P. WOLFE, Assistant General Freight Agent Chicago, Ill. H. CROSBY, Freight Auditor Chicago, Ill. H. CHAMBERLAIN, Superintendent Illinois Division Chicago, IIL F. ROYCE, Superintendent lowa Division Des Moines, lowa. O. F. WALKER, Superintnndent S. W. Division Trenton, Mo. OHN GIVIN, Superintendent K. & D. M. Division Keokuk, Iowa. . F. PHILLIPS, Paymaster ...Chicago, Ill . B. MESICK, General Eastern Freight Agent . New York City. S. STEVENS, General Agent Council Bluffs, la. . B. FARNSWORTH, General Eastern Passenger Agent New York City. . H. MILLS, New England Freight Agent Boston, Mass. . A. MARSH, Purchasing Agent i . R. SWIFT, Superintendent Telegraphy . D. MARSTON, General Baggage Agent.......... .......... . S. THOMPSON, Superintendent Dining Car Line TORE DEQ & Bm C= PASSENGER DEPARTMENT. ST. JOHN, General Ticket and Passenger Agent Chicago, Ill A. STRONG, Assistant General Passenger Agent........................ Chicago, Ill L. RHODES, City Passenger Agent Chicago, Ill S. STEVENS, General Agent Council Bluffs, Iowa A. B. FARNSWORTH, General Eastern Passenger Agent New York City W. H. JENNEY, New England Passenger Agent. ......................... Boston, Mass GEO. M. LOOSLEY, Passenger Agent Middle District Philadelphia, Pa PERRY CRInEIN, South. pose Passenger Agent Columbus, Ohio . FRANC EE, General Agent & E. McCPHERSON, Assistant General Agent t Toronto, Ont. CHAS. KENNEDY, South-Western Passenger Agent Kansas City, Mo. WM. D. MANN, Colorado Passenger Agent Denver, Col R. McC. SMITH, North-Eastern Passenger Agent Detroit, Mich. GEORGE F. LEE, Passenger Agent for the Northwest...... ........... Milwaukee, Wis. CLINTON JONES, General Agent.... San Francisco, Cal. JAS. F. McFARLANE, Manitoba Agent Winnipeg, Manitoba. JOHN SEBASTIAN, General Southwestern Passenger Agent...... ....Kansas City, Mo. C. C. STOWELL, Traveling Agent Chicago, Ill. L L. LOOMIS, Trrveling Agent, New York State........................ New York City E. Ww. G. S. 178 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The Great Rock Island Railway, is the connecting link of the great system of railroads between the Atlantic and Pacific, and every coupon office in the United States and Canada can furnish passengers desirous of visiting this great Travelers are assured fewer changes and State through tickets, via this route. greater comforts than by any other line. on sale, at rates quoted on next page to San Francisco and return. At Chicago round trip tickets are Any ad- ditional information will be cheerfully furnished upon application to the General Ticket and Passenger Agent, at Chicago. The Rock Island route has attached to their express trains the famous dining cars, for which the line is noted, as well as the celebrated Pullman palace cars and day coaches, which have no superior on any road in the world. THROUGH PASSENGERS, Holding First or Second Class Tickets, take Fast Express Train leaving Chicago at 12:05 noon and arrive as follows: LEAVE CHICAGO, 12:05 P.M. | Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. | Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Sunday. LEAVE COUNCIL BLUFFS, II:20A M Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Sunday. Monday. ARRIVE CHEYENNE, 2:10 F.M. Wednesday. Chursday. Friday. Saturday. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. 6:00 P.M. ARRIVE OGDEN, L'hursday. Friday. Saturday. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. ARRIVE SALT LAKE CITY, 7:55 P.M Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. ARRIVE SAN FRANCISCO, 11:40 A.M. Saturday. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Passengers holding Emigrant Tickets to all points west of Omaha, take Express Train Chicago to Council Bluffs, and Emigrant Train from there, arriving as follows: LEAVE CHICAGO, 12:05 NOON, LEAVE 5:20 P.M. ARRIVE COUNCIL BLUFFS, CHEYENNE, | 2:50 P.M. ARRIVE OGDEN, 2:10 P.M. ARRIVE" SALT LAKE CITY, 7:55 P.M. ARRIVE SAN FRANCISCO, 6:10 A.M. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Sunday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Sunday. Monday. "Thursday. Friday. Saturday. ‘Sunday. {Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Saturday. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Sunday. Monday. Friday. Tuesday. The Great Overland Mail and Express Train From Chicago to Council Bluffs, runs the over C., R. I. & P. Railroad, twice daily, except Sunday, and on Sundays, as follows: 22, Nov. 12, Dec. 3 and 24, 1882. From Council Bluffs to Chicago, runs twice daily, except Saturday, and on Saturdays, as follows: Leaves Council Bluffs Oct. 21, Nov. 11, Dec. 2 and 23, 1882. Leaves Chicago Oct 1 and Sunday Train for Kansas City, Leavenworth and Atchison leaves Chicago at 11:00 a.m., and returning arrives at Chicago at 3 p.m., (Sundays only.) Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 179 San Francisco Excursions. Until further notice the following rates and arrangements for Excursions between Atchison, Kansas City, Leavenworth or Omaha and San F rancisco and return will be in force, via the GREAT ROCK ISLAND ROUTE. In parties of 5 each, $180.00 In parties of 30 each, $15 *¢ 10 175.00 | 3 15 a 170.00 40 * 145.00 “ 0 to 165.00 45 5 140.00 | “ ? 160.00 50 135.00 ve 75 cs “« 100 55 130.00 509 | In parties of 60 each, $125.00 : “ 65 120.00 115.00 110.00 100.00 «© These rates are available for such Organizations as Free Masons, Odd Fel- lows, Religious, Medieal, Scientific, Theatrical, and other Associations, Hunting and Fishing Parties, Tourists, Pleasure and Health Seekers, who may organize parties in the same neighborhood. For parties of thirty or more going via Union Pacific Railway from Kansas City, Leavenworth or Omaha, and returning via Southern Pacific and Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fee Railways to Kansas City or Atchison, or visa versa, the rate will be $25.00 more than above named figures. If Special Sleepihg or Hotel Cars are desired for the exclusive use of the party through to California, they may be obtained of the Pullman Palace Car Co.; the charge for same being, Sleeping Cars, each, $60 per day; Hotel Cars, $75 per day, during absence of car. A rebate allowed of $40 and $35 a day, respectively, for the time cars may lay over and not used en route. For transportation of a special car and party of twelve persons, or less, twelve tickets will be required; for more than twelve, one ticket each. All arrangements for excursions to California must be made in advance with the General Ticket and Passenger Agent, Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, at Chicago. CONNECTIONS. The Principal Railroad Connections of this Great through Line are as follows At CHICAGO, with all diverging lines for the East and South. At ENGLEWOOD, with the L. S. & M. S. and P., Ft. W. & C. R. Rds. At BLUE ISLAND, with Chicago and Grand Trunk Ry. At WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, with P., C. & St. L. R. R. At SENECA, with Kankakee and Seneca Railroad. 4 LA SALLE, with Ill. Cent. R. R. t PEORIA, with P., D. & E.; R. I. & P.; I., B. & W.: i ed Bes 5 5 LL, .3 Ill. Mid., and At Rock ISLAND, with ‘Milwaukee and Rock Island Short Line.” Rock Island and Peoria Railroads. rt line, 90 At DAVENPORT, with the Davenport Division C., M. & St. P. R’y. At War LiBERTY, with B., C. R. & N. R. R. for St. Paul and Minne- apolis. At GRINNELL, with Central Iowa Railroad. At DEs MOINES, with D. M. & F. D. R. R. 180 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. At CouNnciL BLUFFS, with Union Pacific Railway. At OMAHA, with B. & M. R. R. (in Nebraska.) At CoLuMBUS JUNCTION, with B,, C. R. & N. R. R. At OTTUMWA, with Central Iowa Railroad and W., St. L. & Pac. Ry. At KEOKUK, with Wab., St. L. & Pac. and St. L., Keo. & N. W. R. Rds. At CAMERON, with H. & St. J. R. R. At ATCHISON, with A, T. & S. F.; Atch. & Neb., and Central Br. M. P. R. Rds. At LEAVENWORTH, with Kan. Pac. and Kan Cent. R. Rds. At KANsAs City, with all Lines for the West and Southwest. STAGE LINES CONNECTING WITH CENTRAL PACIFIC BAILROAD. FROM TO MILES. EARE, Kelton......... ............ ......| Boise City, Idaho 235 50.00 re Baker City, * 350 80.00 Umatilla, Oregon 524 90.00 Walla-Walla, W. T 515 90.00 Silver City, Idaho 200 Lake Tahoe, Cal................ 14 Donner Lake, * ...... c.cove tons 2 Nevada, * 17 Grass Valley, 15 THE BLACK HILLS. Holders of Emigrant Tickets to Deadwood, via the CHICAGO, Rock Is- LAND and PACIFIC and UNION PACIFIC RAILWAYS, and Stage connections from Sidney, are carried through to Sidney on First-Class Express Trains, with 150 pounds of baggage free. Concord Coaches connect at Sidney with Union Pacific Trains daily, de- parting at 9 a.m. and arriving at 2 p.m. ‘‘ See that your tickets read via the above route. #& For additional information, address the General Ticket and Passenger Agent of “THE GREAT ROCK ISLAND ROUTE,” Chicago. LAND BUYERS and persons looking for homes in the West will remember that the ‘“ ROCK ISLAND ROUTE” connects in Union Depots with all the Great Land Grant Railroads running West and Southwest of the Missouri River. At CouNciL BLUFFS, with Union Pacific Railroad. At Kansas City, with Kansas Pacific Railroad, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad, and Kansas City, Lawrence and Southern Kansas Railroad. At LEAVENWORTH, with Kansas Pacific and Kansas Centusal Railroad. At ATCHISON, with Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, Atchison and Ne- braska and Central Branch Missouri Pacific Railroads. : First-Class Round Trip Land Explorer's Ticket and One Way Emigrant Tickets at very low rates. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. THE UNION PACIFIG RAILWAY, THE FAVORITE ROUTE TO THE ROCKIES AND BEYOND, KANSAS, NEBRASKA, COLORADO, WYOMING, UTAH, IDAHO, MONTANA, OREGON, WASHING- TON, NEVADA, CALIFORNIA. 3 : Railroad Building, Omaha, Neb. Principal Offices { Noes Equitable Bullding, Boston, Mass. By the last report, December 31st, 1881, the mileage worked by this com- pany was as follows: Main line, Council Bluffs to Ogden, 1,037 miles; branches, Ogden to junction Central Pacific, 5 miles; Kansas City to Denver, 638 miles; Denver to Cheyenne, 106 miles; Leavenworth to Lawrence, 34 miles; total owned, 1,820 miles; controlled, Omaha & Repub. Valley R. R., 132 miles; Omaha N. & Black Hills R. R., 84 miles; Colorado Central R. R., 328 miles; Echo & Park City R. R., 32 miles; Utah & Northern R. R., 416 miles; Marysville & Blue Valley R. R., 38 miles; Carbondale Branch, 32 miles; Junction City & Fort Kearney, 71 miles; Solomon R. R., 57 miles; Salina & Southwestern, 36 miles; St. Joseph & Western, 252 miles; Central Branch Union Pacific and leased roads, 388 miles; Kansas Central, 150 miles; Denver & Boulder Valley, 27 miles; Golden Boulder & Car., 6 miles; Oregon Short Line, 64 miles; Greeley, Salt Lake & Pacific, 18 miles; Den- ver, South Park & Pacific, 197 miles; Man., Alma & Bur., 28 miles; Nevada Central, 94 miles; total controlled, 2,449 miles; total operated and controlled December 31st, 1881, 4,269 miles. This has since been increased by about 50 miles on the Utah & Northern and 200 miles on the Oregon Short Line. Locomotives, 438; passenger cars, 383; freight cars, 9,011. The company is a consolidation, January 24th, 1880, of the Union and the Kansas Pacific. There is a land grant of 12,083,227 acres in all. In 1881 the net proceeds from land sales were $791,598. The company holds stocks amounting to $25,835,700 and bonds to $zo,- 920,430 of controlled lines, besides $2,875,800 stocks and $2,143,000 bonds held by trustees of consolidated mortgage. Stock, $65,372,155. 182 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. General Officers. SIDNEY DILLON, President ELISHA ATKINS, Vice-President H. MCFARLAND, Secretary and Treasurer S. H. H. CLARK, General Manager, THOS. L. KIMBALL, Assistant General Manager S. T. SMITH, General Superintendent Kansas Division Kansas City, Mo P. J. NICHOLS, General Superintendent, Nebraska Division Omaha, Neb E. DICKINSON, General Superintendent Wyoming Division.............. Laramie, Wyo A. A. EGBERT, General Superintendent Colorado Division Denver Col W. B. DODDRIDGE, General Superintendent, Idaho Division J. W. MORSE, General Passenger Agent C. S. STEBBINS, General Ticket Agent A. TRAYNOR, General Baggage Agent, E. P. VINING, Freight Traffic Manager P. P. SHELBY, General Freight Agent J. W. GANNETT, Auditor... ......c..c.onnnvvrnnniovarne Ens irises alt ie Sig L. BURNHAM, Land Commissioner BEN]. McCALLASTER, Land Commissioner, Kansas Division...... ........Kansas, City SPECIAL INFORMATION ALL SHOULD READ. Tickets and Rates. Through tickets to principal points reached via the Union Pacific are on sale at all important railway stations in the United States and Canada. Each passenger must be provided with a ticket. Cars cannot be chartered for carrying passengers. The exclusive use of a first-class coach, however, will be allowed an organized party holding thirty full first-class tickets of same form, bought at same time and place. The exclusive use of an emigrant sleeping car will be allowed an organized party holding thirty-six full emigrant tickets. ’ Tickets should be bought only at regular ticket offices, as there are numer- ous expired, counterfeit and stolen tickets in the hands of “‘scalpers” and bogus agents. Guard against imposition on this point. Children under § years of age require no tickets; under twelve years require half tickets; twelve and over, full tickets. On second and third (Emigrant) class tickets, sleeping car and stop-over privileges are not alowed. Stop-over checks are issued on regular (unlimited) first-class tickets and on land tickets. Holders of second-class tickets are carried in front car of express trains, in an apartment separated from the smoking room. Holders of emigrant tickets are carried on emigrant trains, except those en route to land points in Kansas and Nebraska, who are carried on express trains. The rates quoted herein are for passage only. They do not include cost of meals, or of seats or berths in sleeping cars. All trains stop at regular eating stations, where first-class meals are furnished at prices ranging from 75c to $1.00 for express trains, and from 50c to 75¢ for emigrant trains. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Baggage and Freight Rates. Baggage can be checked only to destination of second-class and emigrant tickets. Free baggage allowance on each full ticket, 100 Ibs., and on each half ticket 50 lbs. on all classes to railroad points, except as otherwise noted herein. Between Missouri River and Denver, 150 pounds baggage is allowed each person holding one full ticket to Cheyenne or any point in Colorado Kansas or Nebraska. A half ticket entitles holder to 75 lbs. : aa baggage for points west of Cheyenne must be rechecked at Missouri iver. Extra baggage per 100 pounds is 10 to I 5 per cent. of first-class fare. Free baggage allowance on stages is usually 40 or 50 pounds, and the charge for extra weight higher than for same distance by rail. The baggage allowance on steamers between San Francisco and Oregon points 1s 150 pounds. Extra weight $2 per hundred pounds. Passengers holding first-class tickets to San F rancisco with prepaid orders for steamer passage to Trans-Pacific ports will be allowed 250 pounds baggage free on presentation of such orders to the Baggage Agent at Council Bluffs Omaha, Kansas City or St. Joseph; on second-class tickets, 150 pounds fie, Freight rates on household goods, Omaha to San Francisco, $370 per car or 34 50 per hundred pounds, well boxed. Double this rate if carried in trunks. Freight rate on household goods (well boxed) from Omaha or Council Bluffs to Dillon, Melrose, or Butte City, Montana, is $5.05 per 100 pounds; from Kansas City, St. Joseph or Leavenworth, $5.15 per hundred pounds; Owahe or Council Bluffs to Deer Lodge, $5.30 per hundred pounds; Kansas City St Joseph or Leavenworth to Deer Lodge, $5.40 per hundred pounds; dois this rate if carried in trunks. $ One of the finest stock countries in the world is that penetrated by the Kansas Division of the Union Pacific Railway and its branches. The central portion of Kansas, by reason of its abundant supply of water and the great variety and excellence of its grasses, offers unusual inducements to dairy far- mers. The cattle range is unlimimited in extent and unequaled in quality anywhere in the West. Complete and reliable information concerning Kansas lands is furnished by S. J. Gilmore, Land Commissioner Kansas Division U P. R’y, Kansas City, Mo. Sd Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The Union Pacific Land Grant ins about 3,000,000 acres of the choicest lands in Nebraska, Fyn Conte i compaeiiiody adjoining the railway, in the Jolin Bete Valley For further valuable information concerning i» jands, a alley. issi U. P. R’y, Omaha, Neb. itt Burnham, Land Commissioner aks : Stop-over alas good ten days only, are issued on first-class i . . Soko also on Colorado tourist tickets, and land tickets to points in and Kansas. : : a All trains on Central Pacific Railroad run on San Francisco time, and 46 minutes slower than Omaha time. CONNECTIONS. 4 : Trains connect at Palisade, Nevada, with Eureka oy ab 2 a oe Eureka; at Battle Mountain, Nevada, with Nevada Cen ” ih ry i, Nevada, with Virginia and Truckee R. R. for Virgi iy sad a at Junction, Cal,, with Oregon Division C. P. R. R. for Mary ille, Redding, etc. : : eats of this line connect with rail and stage lines for all parts of Utah, oii hi Salt Lake & Western Division U. P. R. R. joins Utah Central at Lehi i i i ith the Utah Junction. Lehi Junction to Tintic, 53 miles. Trains connect wit Central each way. ; : i St lines in connection with Union Pacific Railroad, with distances and age rates, from Sidney and Black Hills daily: 120 Miles. Fare, Sidney to Camp Robinson Sidney to Rapid City ; 2 i Deadwood Tidnayitn Ded at 9g A.M. Time to Deadwood 48 to 55 hours. TIME. Trains between Omaha and Laramie run on Omaha fine, Boymsen Laramie ra : ie time; utes slower than Omaha time. d Ogden, on Laramie time; 32 min : . ne iy Branch leaves main line at Echo. Echo to Park City 27 les . re Echo at 8:20 P.M. ; arrives at Park City 9:55 P.M. : Ne ? ea tp at 7:15 A.M.; arrives at Echo at 8:50 A. M. Both trains daily. ar 15 AM. ’ EE ———————— I . Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, Road owned: Atchison to Kansas State line, 471 miles; owned, Kansas line to Pueblo, Col., 149 miles; La Junta, Col., to Deming, N. M., 578; Rincon, N. M., to El Paso, Tex., 78 miles; also, 459 miles of branches in Kansas, 37 miles in Colorado, and 32 miles in New Mexico; also, from Benson, Arizona, to Las Nogales, (Mexican line), 95 miles, Total, ®perated directly, 1899 miles. Locomatives, 251; passenger cars, 194; freight cars, 9,096. leased and stock The company also owns the stock of, but does Not operate directly, the Kan- sas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas, 384 miles, and the Sonora Railway, Las Nogales to Guaymas, Mexico, 270 miles, with branch under construction from Hermosillo to El Paso. Also, owns one-half share in Manhattan, Alma & Burlingame, 54 miles, and Leavenworth, Topeka & Southwestern, 45 miles, Also, one-half the stock of the Atlantic & Pacific. It leases use of Southern Pacific track from Deming to Benson, 174 miles. Stock, $s 5,931,700. — GENERAL OFFICERS. W. B. STRONG, President os ttt eenssada ea Aoeiiele Boston, Mass . C. WHEELER, General Manager,....... 0" tresses cece... Topeka, Kan .S. MELLEN, Assistant General Superintendent Topeka, Kan - J. Chase, Superintendent ) , - WILDER, Od Bremner Topeka, Kan E L. GOODWIN, Assistant Secretary and Treasurer Boston, Mass JOHN P. WHITEHEAD, General Auditor........... Painieiss -. Boston, Mass H. C. CLEMENTS, Acting Auditor. . .. H Purchasing Agent ITE, Gene i Topeka, Kan . R. PEABODY, General LT Sait Atchison. Kan . D. CRUISE, Commercial ATEN ie Kansas City, Mo L. MALCOLM, General Eastern Agent 419 Broadway, New York - W. MANNING, New England Agent, 197 Washington street, Boston : O. PHILLIPPI, General BORE errr nar ITN 54 Clark street, Chicago | - I. SPOOR, General Agent 320 Chestnut street, St. Louis NL TRUSLOW, General Traveling Topeka, Kan The Road and Its Equipment, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad is as well built as any line in the West. The location of the line was good to begin with. Fills or embankm varibly been protected from washout or other encroachments, in the most perfect manner possible. The bridges are modern and thoroughly substantial, The rails are in goo part steel, and for the rest, a first class iron. The ties are kept new, and the road is ballasted with rock, All switches, frogs, signals, etc., are of the latest and most improved sort, The rolling stock of the road is not surpassed by that of 13 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. any road in the United States. From the locomotives to plan Srey: thing is of the newest and best make. The Pullman Palace See os os universally acknowledged to be the finest in the world. The car wi 5 which was exhibited at the Centennial by Mr. Pullman, as his Sy 2 4 specimen of workmanship, was built for, and is now running on the A,, : > S. F. The trains of the A., T. & S. F. are confessedly the Busy run ou b Kansas City Depot, and this distinction at a centre of a dozen roads or more, is no mean compliment. : Eating ors and Hotels.—The eating houses of the Agthon, Tops & Santa Fe Railroad, between terminal points, are located stthe ® Wi named stations: Topeka, Emporia, Florence, Larned, Garden an 00 ie, La Junta, Raton, Las Vegas, Lamy, Rincon, and’ Deming. So Sag houses are under the supervision of a caterer of long experience, £5 as 2 is left undone, in this respect, to render life worth hing to the trave er. Sore fully kept lunch-counters are also located at every point where ests a gy considerable stop. The hotels along the line of the Atchison, ao hii Fe Railroad are, as a rule, very good Solest ; hoy or 48 2 Pen 8 > lly clean and comfortable; while rea A renders it comparatively easy to supply meals 3 a ie her acter. At Atchison, Kansas City, Pueblo, Denver, Lente, oe Pe, 20) other terminal points, the best of hotel accommodations are afforded a and elsewhere. : a xe ivosatiis Denver and Pueblo Sn lori Ren sas City in the morning, daily, for Pueblo, and the ve c oe ; leaving Kansas City in the evening, daily, for Deming, bet ey a 2 sleepers for Pueblo. A sleeper is also run between Atc Bon “a pope, nnecting at the latter point with the Denver and Pueblo Exp Bes City. Passengers en route, via Atchison, can secure through accom modations by advising the sleeping car conductor, who will make 3 snag ments without further trouble’ to the Prsjenge Roc ionig De City and Atchison Express, leaving ue ein 3 , fon Be i ress, leaving in the evening, daily, carry through sleep Te train taking on the night sleeper from Bugis = i Junta. A sleeper is also run from Topeka to Atchison, in eonne oa in the Kansas City and Atchison Bre Whi i Ee Pod of sleeper from Pueblo. u : ee do iro trains of the Denver & Rio Grande Ralinay. New Mexico.—WEsTBOUND.—The Pacific Express, leaving Ps “a n the evening, daily, carries the through sleepers to Deming, giving je os the morning of the third day. EasTBOUND.-—The Ade Pe oa i Deming in the morning, daily, carries through sleepers for Ka y arriving there in the morning of the third day. rm ——————— o_o. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 187 RATES, Ete. It is an invariable rule that only those passengers holding first-class trans- portation will be allowed to occupy sleeping cars, California,—From Deming to all points beyond, as far as San Francisco, the Silver Palace Sleeping Cars of the Southern Pacific Railroad furnish first- class sleeping accommodations at about Pullman rates. Deming to San Francisco are: drawing room. $28.00. The rates from For berth, $7.00; for section, $14.00; for Old Mexico.—The assured early completion of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad into Old Mexico, gives the magnificent mineral resources of that country new importance, and there are many eyes on future possibilities in that direction. General Grant, in a reeent communication to General Ma- thias Romero, of the Mexican Cabinet, on the subject of bringing the City of Mexico and other Mexican cities, into close rail connection with New York and other Northern cities said: “No one can calculate the immense advantage from this, which will result to both countries. Mexico could send to the United States each year $200,000,000 of her products, tropical and semi- tropical, and could produce besides the same quantity for other markets. The income of the republic would augment from $16,000,000 or $18,000,000 to $80,000,000 at least, without in any way adding to the burdens of taxation,” The only direct route from the Missouri River to Old Mexico is via Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to El Paso del Norte, where connection is made with the Mexican Central, in course of rapid construction to the City of Mexico. Stages from the terminus of the railroad to Chihuahua and other points in the interior. CONNECTIONS. The railway and principal stage connections of the Atchison, Santa Fe Railroad, and the Southern Pacific Railroad, beginni souri River and enumerating westward to San Francisco, Topeka and ng at the Mis- are as follows: KANsAs City—Missouri Pacific Railway; Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad; Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad ; Wabash, St. Louis & Pa- cific Railway; Chicago & Alton Railroad; Kansas City, Fort Scott & Guly Railroad; Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Railroad, and Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. Also, Missouri River steamboats. ATCHISON—Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad ; Atchison & Nebraska Rail- road; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad; Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad; Burlington Route; Central Branch Union Pacific, and Missouri Pacific Railway. CEDAR JUNcTION—Pleasant Hill Branch. 188 Resources of the Rocky ch LAWRENCE—Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Railroad; Union Pacific Railway. VALLEY FALLs—Kansas Central Railway. NoRrTH ToPEKA—Union Pacific Railway. TorEkA—Kansas City Branch. : CARBONDALE—Union Pacific Railway, Carbondale Bu BURLINGAME—Manhattan, Alma & Burlingame Railroad. sE CITY—Lyndon stages. : . em Branch; Missouri Pacific Railroad, Kansas & Texa Division. : : SEVERY—St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad. FLORENCE—Eldorado Branch; McPherson Branch. . McPHERSON—Union Pacific Railway, McPherson Branch. NewTOoN—Arkansas City Branch; Gelivel Pinch is & San Francisco Railroad. WiIcHITA—St. Louis & San WiINFIELD—Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Bebo ; WELLINGTON—Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Railroad. CALDWELL—Fort Reno and Fort Sill wii i isco Railroad. D—St. Louis & San Francisco is LE Sun City, Iuka, Medicine Lodge and Kiowa a BEND—Rush Center, Ness, Sidney, Ashland, Bl na Buena Vista, Putnam, Clarence, Bellfield, Olney, Brookdale, West yA d Bazine Acura, Alamata, California, Cimarron, Deighton, ow : > ee i St John, Leesburg, Mahenville, Millard, Pride, Bartonda e, ie Gore Verbeck, Forrest Hill, Greendale, Iuka, Anderson, Saratoga, orrence, » : ici dale stages. ills, Medicine Lodge, and Blooming ay - yy Saratoga, La Crosse, Hayes City, Brown's Cove, Hedg man, Ash Valley, Antone, Harmony and Walnut City stages. , tages. SPEARVILLE—Hodgman Center s : i Crty—Fort Dodge, Fort Supply and Fort Elliot stages. . LA JuNTA—]Junction of Colorado and California lines. eens PuEBLO—Denver & Rio Grande Railway, north, west and south; stage ijjou Basin. : er Pacific Railway; Kansas, Colorado, and Denver and South Park Divisions. : Canon City—Rosita, Silver Cliff and Wet Mountain Valley. i . G. Railway. A—Gunnison Branch, D. & R ny City—Barnum, Uncompaghre Agency, Lake City, Ouray, : Placerville and Salina stages. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 189 MAYSVILLE—Arbourville, Monarch Pass, Crooksville, and Saguache stages. ALPINE—Tin Cup, Hillerton, and Virginia City stages. PARLINS—Pitkin stages. VILLA GROVE—Sedgewick, Rito Alto, San Luis, Bonanza City, Saguache, Wagon Wheel Gap, Mosco and Del Norte stages. DEL N ORTE—Wagon Wheel Gap, Antelope Springs, Lake City, Summit, Saguache and Pagosa Springs stages, DURANGO—Fort Lewis, Parrott City, F arming on, Silverton and Rico stages. =SEIVIOLL Ee CRESTED BUTTE—Ruby, Gothic and Irwin stages. CoLorADO SPRINGS—D, & R. G. Railway, Manitou branch. TRINIDAD—EI Moro and Boonville stages, RATON—Chico Springs and Madison stages. SPRINGER—Virmigo Park, Black Lake, Pascos, Elizabethtown, Ute Creek, Elkins, Cimarron, Taos and La Cinto stages. LAs VEGAs—Hot Springs Railroad; Tascosa stages. SAN JosE—Stages to Anton Chico, via Chico Springs and Sweet Water. LaMYy—Santa Fe branch. WALLACE—San Pedro stages. ALBURQUERQUE— Atlantic & Pacific Railroad for Winslow. WINSLOW —Stages to Prescott, A. T. SOCORRO— White Oaks, Socorro and Magdalena;Mines, Fort Stanton, Fort Davis, Texas, via San Patricio, Good Bend, Reed’s Ranch and Pope’s Wells stages, Las LUNAS—Penalta stages. ENGLE—Black Range stages. RINCON—E] Paso branch. EL PAso—Mexican Central Railroad, and stages to Chihuahua, Las CrUCEs—Hillsborough via Dona Ana, Leesburg, Fort Seldon, San Diego, Town of Colorado, Santa Barbara, and Cinega Ranch stages. NuTT—Lake Valley stages. DEMING—]Junction A. T. &S. F. Railroad, and Southern Pacific Railroad; stages to Silver City. BENSON—Tombstone, Turquois, Harshaw, Bisbee, Hartford, Contention, San Pedro, Charleston, Mule Pass and Hereford stages, and with Sonora - Railroad Extension to Gulf of California. PANTANO—Harshaw and Patagonia stages. TucsoN—Arivaca, Oro Blanco, Tubac, Magdalena, Hermosillo, Altar and Guaymas stages. : CASA GRANDE—Florence and Globe stages, MARICOPA—Phcenix and Wickenberg stages, 190 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. YumMa—Colorado Steam Navigation Company. Steamers for Castle Dome- Ehrenberg, Aubrey, Camp Mohave, Hardyville and Eldorado Canon, CoLTON—San Bernadino and Riverside stages. Los ANGELES—Southern Pacific Railroad branch lines to Santa Monica Wilmington and Santa Ana. NEWHALL—San}Buenaventura’and SantagBarbara stages. SANTA ANA—San Diego stages. CALIENTE—Kernville, Havilah,1 Darwin, Lone Pine,i Independence and Panamint stages. GosHEN— Visalia Railroad. MADERA—Mariposa, Fresno,” Groves of Big Trees and Yosemite Valley stages. LaTHrop—Central Pacific Railroad. StockToN—Stockton & Copperopolis Railroad. MiILTON—San Andreas, Sonora and Calaveras Big Tree stages. SACRAMENTO—Sacramento & Placerville Railroad; California Pacific Rail- road. lonk— Jackson, Mokelumne Hill, Sutter; Creek, Amador, Drytown, Ply- mouth, “and Fiddletown stages. TRUCKEE—Donner Lake and Tahoe Lake stages. SAN Francisco—Southern Pacific Railroad, northern division, for Menlo Park, Redwood City, Santa, Clara, San Jose, : Trespinas, Castro- ville, Monterey, Salinas and Soledad; Southern Pacific Coast Railroad and Ferry, for Alameda, San Lorenzo, Los Gatos, Big Trees and Santa Cruz; North Pacific Coast Railroad and Ferry, for Sancelito, Tamal- pais, San Quentin, San Rafael, Tocaloma Grove, Tomales, Russian River and Duncan’s Mills; San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad and Ferry for San Rafael, Petaluma, Santa Rosa, Geyserville, Cloverdale and Guerneville; Sonoma Valley Railroad and Ferry for Sonoma; Cali- fornia Pacific Railroad and jFerry for Vallejo, Napa, Calistoga, White Sulphur Springs, The Geysers, Clear Lake Points, Benicia, Fairfield, Vaccaville, Madison, Sacramento and;all points north; Ferry lines for all points on San Francisco aud San Pablo Bays; Ocean Steamship lines. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Denver ana Rio Grande Railway. General Offices = - * - - - Denver and Colorado Springs, Col. Road o Tg Seals & Songs), 1,066 miles, the chief lines being from Denver a L e; ‘ueblo to Alamosa and San Juan; Cuchara to EI M : progress on line to Utah border, 238 miles, which will be exte dri ’ + nae to Salt Lake by a controll P y. ocomotiv 70; GENERAL OFFICERS, W. J. PALMER, President ¥ A. BELL, Vice-President S.C. DONE, General Mana gr aT RISTINE, Assistant General Mana er Beaver, € LAMY nee, Chief Engineer : cee DSBVSY; Col TA A ER, Seeretary illi Dever Co WN SPACKMAN Secreta) 47 William St., New York oN banoRs TY, Compteeller and Asst. 27 lljava Se N ov york Fear 2 n Agent swe vv aera ak Ho Dr New York ; sees -....47 William St, N < Colorado Ey ron ..Colorado Springs, Col J Denver, Col NI : --..#.. Denver, Col ¥. BANGER Guperintendent Motive Power and Machiner Danvers, Gol ME RIDORGFT, Superintendent First Division Yer * Svs Denver, Gol SACS EYAY, uperintendent Second Division South Pushla, Gol 4 i Sperintendent Fourth Division rn --Alamoss, ol Ol, WOOD W aR bctintendent Third Division Shida, 0d : jy , Superintendent Telegraph Livia) Rae Sab, Supe Exmeas, Dorner vrrssirssnirersoeees Denver, Col FE QE . COBB, Traveling P ’ ing Passe A, ; on - A. SANDERSON, ries le 35 Randoirh St. Chicago E LTRs B ARRY WHITE, General A ) ; As 35 Randolph St., Chi TE OMASE General Agent 102 N. Fourth St. St. eo T JOHNSON, General Agent Denver on sas City, Mo RAINS DAILY GUNN Is the only all-rail stage oan, Crested Butte, Marysville and Villa Cone eg to Ruby gig Barua . Lake City, Ouray, Bonanza, Pitkin ig Colinton oY terton, Virginia, Aspen, Ashcroft, and all points in ih » Kerber Creek, Cochetopa, Elk Mountain, Tin Cup, White Pj e ’ ne gz ct . g 1 COLORADO, U . s UTAH AND NEW M Which renders all of the minin SE i capitalist and business man, It is the only rail route to Silver Cliff, Robinson, Kokomo, Red Clift, and ’ » 1 ’ an the Holy Cross and Eagle River Region Picuris, and the 2 by g camps easily accessible to the prospector ? s, and the nearest route to Taos t] 192 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Wool and Mineral Districts of Northern New Mexico. Is the only all-rail route to DURANGO, the Metropolis of Southwestern Colorado, and to SILVERTON, the heart of the Famous San Juan Mining Country, From which points short stage lines diverge to Rico, Fort Lewis, Parrot City, Howardsville, Mineral Point, Eureka, Ophir, Animas Forks, and the San Miguel and Needles Districts. The Branch from Alamosa to Del Norte : Connects with Concord Coaches for Wagon Wheel Gap, Antelope Springs, the Summit Mines, Saguache, Lake City, Ouray, and all sections of the fertile and well watered San Luis Valley. ; To Santa Fe, the Ancient Capital of New Mexico, It is the shortest, and by 12 hours the quickest, route from Denver, Pueblo, and all points in Colorado; the trip thither carrying the traveler over ig Pass, an unsurpassed scenic and engineering marvel, across San Luis Val 2 through Commanche Canon, and down the Rio Grande River to Espanola; thence an interesting stage ride of twenty-three miles through or in the vicinity of the Pueblos of San Juan, Pojuaque, Cuyamanque, San Ildefonso, Nambe and Santa Cra, whose foundations antedate the discovery of America. THE FINEST FISHING AND HUNTING REGIONS In the Rocky Mountains are traversed by this road. Is the popular route for tourists to the LEADING PLEASURE AND HEALTH RESORTS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. All travelers in Colorado should include in their itineraries Manitou and - Colorado Springs, on this line only, with their environs of world-wide celebrity, together with Wagon Wheel Gap, Poncho Springs, Consonwond Springs, Twin Lakes, Pagoso Springs, Trimble Springs, Ojo Caliente, and the Indian Pueblos. ; : Among the Most Notable Scenic Attractions Are Garden of the Gods, Williams’ Canon, Pike's Peak, Monument Park, Cheyenne Canon, Grape Creek Canon, Spanish Peaks, Veta Pass, Sierra Blanca, Comanche Canon, Royal George, Brown’s Canon, Marshall Pass, Black Canon, Mt. of the Holy Cross, Tennessee Pass, Phantom Curve, Los Pinos Valley, Toltec Gorge, Animas Canon, Cliff Dwellings, Fremont Pass. The road surmounts six distinct and lofty mountain passes, at altitudes varying from 8,931 to 11,540 feet above sea level. CONNECTIONS BY RAIL. : AT DENVER with connecting railway lines, in the Grand Union Depot. ibus transfers. : : et Nn SPRINGS with Branch Line for Manitou, Pike’s Peak, Garden of the Gods, William’s Canon, etc. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 193 AT SouTH PUEBLO, in Union Depot, with Pueblo and San Juan Divi- sion, via Veta Pass, and Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. AT CANON CITY with Silver Cliff Branch for the Wet Mountain Valley. AT SALIDA with Gunnison and Utah Division, via Marshall Pass. AT PONCHO with Marysville Branch. AT MEARS with San Luis Branch, via Poncho Pass. AT GUNNISON with Crested Butte Branch. AT NATHROP with Alpine Branch for Hortense, Cascade and Alpine. AT BUENA VISTA with South Park Division of the Union Pacific Rail- way. AT PARLINS, for Pitkin. AT MALTA with Eagle River Branch for Red Cliff, via Tennessee Pass. AT LEADVILLE with Blue River Branch for Robinson, Kokomo and Wheeler’s, via Fremont Pass. AT CUCHARA with the El Moro Branch. AT ALAMOSA with Del Norte Branch. AT ANTONITO with the Antonito and New Mexico Division for Espanola and Santa Fe, AT DURANGO with the Silverton Branch. BY STAGE. AT LARKSPUR with carriages for Perry Park, distant seven miles. AT WESTCLIFFE with transfer for Silver Cliff and Rosita. AT MARYSVILLE for Garfield and the Monarch Mming District. AT VILLA GROVE for Bonanza City, Sedgwick, Saguache, and all points in the San Luis Valley. AT GUNNISON with J. L. Sanderson & Co.’s Concord coaches for Barnum, Lake City, Ouray, and all interior points. AT CRESTED BUTTE with J. L. Sanderson & Co.’s stages for Gothic, Ruby, Irwin, and all points in the Elk Mountains. AT ALPINE for Virginia City and Hillerton. AT BUENA VISTA with stage lines for Cottonwood Hot Springs, and for the Tin Cup and Aspen Districts, via Cottonwood Pass. AT TwiN LAKES with hack lines for Twin Lakes, five miles distant. AT RED CLIFF for Mount of the Holy Cross, Gold Park, and the Eagle and Grand River Valleys. AT LEADVILLE for the Soda Springs, Evergreen Lakes, Independence, Aspen and Ashcroft. AT WHEELER’S with stage lines for Breckenridge, Georgetown, Frisco, Chihuahua, Montezuma and Decatur. AT EL Moro with hack line for Trinidad, five miles distant. AT DEL NORTE with J. L. Sanderson & Co.’s coaches for Wagon Wheel Gap, Antelope Springs, Lake City, Ouray, Saguache, the Summit Mines, and all sections of the San Juan and Gunnison countries. : AT AMARGO for Pagosa Hot Springs, twenty-five miles. AT DURANGO with connecting lines for Forl Lewis, Parrott City, Farm- ington, and all sections of the San Juan Region. AT Rockwoop with J. L. Sanderson & Co.’s line for Rico. AT SILVERTON with stages for Ophir, San Minguel, Howardville, Eureka, Animas Forks, Mineral Point and Tellurium, AT BARRANCA with hack line for the famous Hot Springs at Ojo Caliente, twelve miles away. AT EMBUDO with private conveyances for Taos, twenty miles. AT EspANOLA with J. L. Sanderson & Co.’s elegant stages for Santa Fe, distant twenty-three miles. 14 194 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. en wisp mmm—— : ; : m Road owned, December 1882, Superior City, Wis., to end : 200% Montana, 1,031 miles; Wallula Junction, Wash. Ter., fo Nosh: EN ivisi iles; i Division, 13 3 i 5 mn Division, 85 miles; Pacific 5 miles; branches Eastern , : Die I < ids, Mi St. Paul, 75 miles; branches, 35 3 leased, Sauk Rapids, Minn., to ” Se iles k is in progress on gap in main line : worked, 2,091 miles. Wor ; De Rasy end i about 274 miles; also on several bra f track in Montana and Noxan, a : nets and Dakota. The leased branches are chiefly owned by the Otto and Transcontinental Company, which also owns a controlling interest in the Northern Pacific Company. Locomotives, July 1, 1882, 158; passenger cars, 99; freight cars, ¥ fe : Cc Large additions to equipment have been made and are under contract. o Preferied, $41,909,132; Common, 49,000,000; total, $90,909,132. GENERAL OFFICERS. «..... Mills’ Building, Broad Street, N. H. VILLARD, President,...... ....ccooveenee ooo Mille Building, Broad Street, N. KES, Vice-President : I I LHOMAS, Second Vice-President ...... .. LR Ee SAMUEL YL Eson. Seerstary Mills’ Building, Broad Street, N. Y *L iin Mills’ Building, Sieood nest, x Y : i assau S rN SEA General Counsel ..eeeee cori iii St ra A. ANDERSON, Chief Engineer Brainerd, Minn HER VAN HAUPT, General Manager ...... ase Ji. Dal, Myon GEO. W. CROSS, Superintendent Transportation Pol, Me > M. HANNAFORD, General Freight Agent Sieihants 3: Poul Nim GEORGE K. BARNES, General Passenger and Ticket Agen Je Dol Winn C. B. LAMBORN, Land Commissioner aul, Mion HERMAM TROTT, Acting General Land Agent uth Jinn P. B. GROAT, General Emigration Agent be Dal, Mia G. G. SANBORN, Local Treasurer "boul Mim wh IT alior i veeese sense eens Ot. Paul, Minn J. H. AMES, General Purchasing Agent... samiaie en paul, Mim w J. FOOTNER, Superintendent Express . - ol, Mien 0. C. GREENE, Superintendent Telegraph ee 5 Si RO ry Ju Lp Minnesota Division. .......... Brainerd Minn & T ‘HOBART, Superintendent Dakota Division 2 funn suis : D. R. TAYLOR, Superintendent Missouri Division. . WE S ‘R "AINSLIE, Superintendent Yellow Stone Division. .. Mende 3. Y G. W. CUSHING, Superintendent Rolling Stock -Krainerd, Minn . J. S. SMALL, Acting Master Mechanic ~euens cess BERINGH, MADD J DELMERE, Car ACCOUNEANE «veers conven anneesnnnns on : Agent Brainerd, Minn W. H. LOWE, General Baggage Agen The Northern Pacific Railroad leads to an immense new Sy, Wiese : : ; : ops, either in prolific and sure wheat cr almost anyone can make money a isi largest area of grazing country, g : attle and sheep raising on the : : « oor bunch grass in the world, and is the best gold and silver regions in the United States. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 95 ee et aE tot Seem as es —— ve ———————————————————————— THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD Begins at St. Paul and Minneapolis, passes through the Park Region of Min- hesota, across the Fertile Valley of the famous Red River of the North, out to the Broad, Fertile Prairies of Dakota; thence over the expansive upland plains to the rapidly opening, rich Missouri River Slope, and onward through the many pretty valleys of Western Dakota, passing through the wonderful P mid Paik to the fruitful Yellowstone Valley. This road leads directly through Dakota’s yra® “GREAT WHEAT BELT,” The grain from which has proven to be so superior to the highest grade ever before known, and bringing prices than any other, it required some standard name to designate it, as a grade above all others in the markets and boards of trade, and is, therefore now generally known as “No. 1 Hard.” Millions of Acres of these Fertile Wheat Lands are for sale by this Company at from $2.60 to $4.00 per Acre. MONTANA AND IDAHO Are producing largely from exceeedingly rich GOLD AND SILVER MINES in numerous large mining camps. There are immense districts where gold and silver is known to exist in abundance, but which having never been fully pros- pected, invite new discoveries by all persons who desire to prospect and develop them. Clark’s Fork and Maginnis Mining Camps are offering extraordinary fine prospects. Clark’s Fork Mining Camp has just been thrown open by act of Congress to be prospected and developed. The only practi- cable route to these mines is by the Rorthern Pacific Railroad. There are two trains over this road each way daily, (except Sunday, ) carrying Patlor and Dining Cars and Pullman Sleepers. The road is now completed to Bozeman in Montana, and will be finished to the Pacific Coast in 1883. TIME TABLE. FROM ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS AND DULUTH. WESTWARD. PACIFIC EX. DAY EX. Leave Chicage 3 .M. 11:30 A.M. Arrive at St. Paul 3 i 6x5 4 Minneapolis. : $ 2 7:00 Leave St. Paul . pls 7:25 8:00 CONNECTIONS. AT ST. PAUL, with Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul ; the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha; the St. Paul and Duluth Railroads, and with Mississippi River Packets to and from the East and South to the Far West via Northern Paciflc Railroad. 196 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. AT MINNEAPOLIS, with the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad, and Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, to and from the East and South to the Far West via Northern Pacific Railroad. AT DULUTH, with the Lake Superior lines of Elegant Lake Steamers to and from Lake points and Eastern points, to the Far West via Northern Pacis Reilonl, and with the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad to and from t. Paul. AT CLYNDON, with the St Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad, to and from points North. AT BISMARCK, with the * Benton,” Coulson” and “Peck” lines of elegant Missouri River Steambots, leaving Bismarck tri-weekly to Ft. Stevenson, Ft. Berthold, Ft. Buford, Ft. Benton, Carroll, Helena, Maginnis Mines and Upper Missouri River points. FroM MILEs CIty, Gilmor, Salsbury & Co. run daily stages in connection with Northern Pacific Railroad, to Junction, Huntly, Bensons, Stiliwater, Billings and Bozeman, connecting at Billings and Bensons for Clark’s Fork Mines, and at Bozeman for Helena, Butte City, Dcer Lodge, and other points in Montana. Towns and Villages are growing up rapidly along the Northern Pacific Road. For full information, maps, pamphlet and other publications, FOR EASTERN MONTANA, APPLY TO RM. NEWPORT, General Land Agent, St. Paul, Minn., AND FOR CENTRAL AND WESTERN MONTANA AND IDAHO, TO EDWIN STONE, General Land Agent, Helena, Montana. The Northern Pacific Railroad has millions of acres of Land in Washington and Oregon, which are offered at the low price of $2.60 per acre, and for information relating to these lands, apply to J. H. HOUGHTON, General Land Agent, New Tacoma, Washington Territory, or PAUL SHULTZE, General Emigration Agent, Portland, Oregon. For general information relating to the Pacifie Northwest, apply to, or address A. L. STOKES, General Eastern Passenger Agent, 52 Clark Street, Chicago, IIL. Notlck.—Coupon Tickets to all points East are on sale at the principal stations of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. TOURISTS. Tourists, Pleasure Seekers, Invalids and Sportsmen, in search of scenic attractions, health and sport, find in the Northern Pacific Country a climate unsurpassed in health giving qualties, and an abundance of game and fish of gaeat variety and unequaled for size and quality. As they traverse the Northern Pacific Railroad, they will pass through the most remarkable and sublime scenery in the world. There is nowhere else any scenery equal in grandeur and wonderful new varieties to that found in the YELLOWSTONE VALLEY, the Mountains along the Northern Pacific Railroad, and especially to that found in the GREAT NATIONAL PARK with its numberless and majestic Geysers, varied in size, shape, temperature, and other most astonishing featu.es, together with its beautiful vallsys, streams and mountains. END OF TITLE