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/ __HISTORY^.
6f
The dlorld’s Fait*
A Complete and Authentic Description
COhUmBlflN EXPOSITION
prom Its Inception
MAJOR BEN- C. TRUOIAN,
Depavtment of plcnlt/tHtune.
WITH SPECIAL ARTICLES BV
HON. CEO. R. DAVIS,
Director General;
THOS. CU. PAliMER,
President ;
MRS. POTTER PALiJVIER,	MAJOR MOSES P. HANDY,
Ppes. Boat'd of liady Manager's ;	Chief Bureau Publieity ;
D. H. BURNHAM,
Dir>e*##t' of WoPka ;
JOHN THORPE,
Chief of P•
THOMAS B. BRYAN,
C$mmissioneF~at-Liarge ;
And Numerous Other People ProminentiHKConnected with the Exposition.
PROpUSELtY IIiUUSTRRTHD WITH ENGRAVINGS MAD* FROfn PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS Op EXHIBITS IN THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS.


c﻿Entered according to Act ot Congress in the year 1893, By BEN C. TRUMAN.
All Rights Reserved.﻿KAKE BOOK
I
I
/ i
CONTENTS.
Introductory
PAGE.
• I9
PART I.
Origin of the Exposition.
CHAPTER I.
HOW CHICAGO SECURED THE CELEBRATION.
How and when the Columbian Exposition was conceived—The idea of a celebration of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus originated with T. W. Zaremba—Ilis first desire was to have it in Mexico—How this indefatigable gentleman pursued the object of his thought —How Chicago took hold of the enterprise—Other metropolitan cities take a hand—Splendid work of leading Chicago men in Washington—Persistency of all parties interested—The real contest between Chicago and New York—Chicago successful—Congress votes in its favor—Preliminary action—Subscription of stock—Board of Directors and other officers elected—Lyman J. Gage the first president of the Chicago directory—Congressional provisions for commissioners—Raising of money—Appointment of commissioners—Zaremba’s active life—Appointment of Hon. Thomas B. Bryan commissioner-at-large—Mr. Bryan’s splendid work in Europe—A gentleman and a scholar—Few men living with such rare attainments	. 21
Commissioner-At-Large Thos. B. Bryan’s opinion of the lasting benefits of the Fair ....	. 29
CHAPTER II.
THE PILLARS OF THE EXPOSITION.
The men to whose charge the construction of the great work has been intrusted from its conception—Officials of the directory—Standing committees—Council of Administration and Board of Control—Forty-five big, earnest men of Chicago ...	.....................................................
PART II.
The National Commission.
CHAPTER I.
first meeting of the national COMMISSION.
Appointment or commissioners by President Harrison—First meeting convened by Secretary Blaine—Hon. A.
T. Ewing, of Illinois, calls the commission to order in the parlor of the Grand Pacific hotel in Chicago— Rev. John Barrows makes a prayer—John T. Harris, of Virginia, temporary chairman—Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, unanimously selected as permanent president—John T. Dickinson, ofTexas, madepermanent secretary in the same way—Sketches of the lives of these two gentlemen—Selection of vice-president*— Adjournment ...........	.	..... 39
CHAPTER II.
members of the national COMMISSION.
Complete roster of the men who speak for the Nation and the states and territories they represent, and the places of their residence—Complete list of officers—Members of the National Executive Committee and Board of Reference and Control ............... 47
5﻿ó
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER III.
GEORGE R. DAVIS ELECTED DIRECTOR-GENERAL.	^AGB.
Some of the remarks made upon the occasion—Davis has a majority on the first ballot—His address to the commission—Interesting sketch of the life and service of Colonel Davis—A brave soldier, a man of honor and a renowned party leader—He is endowed with splendid qualities of mind and heart—The standing committees—Creation of the great departments—The commissioners wTrestle with the Sunday opening question.	............................................53
PART III.
Commencement and Progress of Work.
CHAPTER I.
A WONDERFUL METAMORPHOSIS.
Jackson Park in 1891—An uninviting strip of sand, swamp and scrub oaks—No redeeming feature except area and location—The most magnificent transformation scene ever presented to mankind—Twenty-five millions of dollars expended on buildings and improvements—Director of Works Daniel H. Burnham and his engineers, architects, sculptors, painters and landscape designers, transform a spot of swamp and sand into a white city of palaces and collonades—Terraces, towers, turrets and statuary on every hand—Plantations of massive foliage and flowering plants—Beautiful fountains and picturesque wTater ways—Artificial canals that put to blush shores of the bride of the sea—Burnham and his staff .	.... 63
CHAPTER II.
EARLY PREPARATION OF FLOWERS.
John Thorpe sent to the front—The erection of greenhouses and other floricultural structures—Loans of palms and ferns by wealthy owners of conservatories in Philadelphia and New York—Millions of plants under way—A mountain of palms and ferns—A winter exhibition—Magnificent tribute paid the great florist by the brilliant John McGovern—Press and people filled with admiration and praise—A flowery article from “Uncle John’* ..........................................................................69
CHAPTER III.
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION.
The object of its organization—A unique and highly advantageous system of free advertising—How the world has been informed of all the details of the commencement, progress and completion of the gigantic work —A perfect system of distribution of information of daily happenings conceived and matchlessly executed —Quarter of a million documents mailed in a single week—Thirty thousand electrotypes of buildings sent out—Ninety thousand lithographs judiciously given away—More than a hundred thousand dollars worth of postage stamps used—Stupendous advantages derived therefrom—Graphic sketch of the distinguished department commander ................. 73
CHAPTER IV.
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
The selection of Hon. Walter Fearn as chief—A difficult task at first—Mr. Fearn’s own conceptions of the duties imposed upon him—None doubted that the gallant diplomatist was equal to the task—His brilliant achievements are reflected in every portion of Jackson Park—Sketch of Walter Fearn—Soldier, scholar, traveler, and gentleman—One of the most elegant and fascinating Americans at home and abroad .	. 77﻿CONTENTS.
7
CHAPTER V.
THE PRESS AND THE COLUMBIAN GUARD.	page.
Splendid service of the Columbian guard—Cursed, reviled and knocked down and otherwise abused, they faithfully perform their multiform duties of fireman and police—They extinguish 284 fires and save Machinery Building from total destruction—The thanks of the Exposition are due to Colonel Edmund Rice and the Columbian guarde^Also to John Bonfiekl and his secret service police—The Fair indebted to the Chicago press more than to all other things combined ...........	79
PART IV.
The Dedicatory Exercises.
CHAPTER I.
ARRIVAL OF DISTINGUISHED PEOPLE.
Vice-President Morton acts for President Harrison—General Schofield and his staff, the Cabinet Ministers, Justices of the Supreme Court, and many foreign ambassadors come to Chicago—The city filled with soldiers, Senators and Congressmen—Nearly all the .Governors of the States and Territories arrive accompanied by their military staffe-—Texas sends thirteen handsome young women as representatives of the original thirteen states—Bishop Fowler and Cardinal Gibbons received by other church dignitaries—Grand dedication ball at the Auditorium—Brilliant appearance of State street—Hotels and boulevards jammed with strangers—Gorgeous uniforms everywhere ............	83
CHAPTER II.
GREAT PARADE OF TRADESMEN.
Eighty thousand men in line—More than one hundred bands of music—Half a million persons witness the grandest civic parade ever seen in any country—-Vice-President Morton reviews the moving masses—Great gatherings of distinguished people—Men of peace resplendent in habiliments of war—Flashing uniforms and eloquent medals of honor—All professions and all trades represented—Fifteen hundred American banners borne proudly by naturalized citizens of all nations—Generals Miles and Schofield consider the parade a wonderful success—Masses of school children attired in the National colors portray a beautiful design— Great deference paid to the representative of the Nation ..........	87
CHAPTER III.
GRAND MILITARY PROCESSION AND REVIEW.
The 21st of October, 1892, a day long to be remembered—Grand review at Washington Park in the presence of two hundred thousand people—The Marine Band of Washington and the Mexican Band of the City of Mexico make music—Thirty-eight other bands and fifteen thousand soldiers in the procession—Vice-President Morton, Director-General Davis, Presidents Palmer and Higinbotham, Ex-President Hayes, the Justices of the United States Supreme Court, General Schofield and staff and governors of thirty-one states i n carriages—Carriages also contained Henry Watterson, Chauncey M. Depew, Cardinal Gibbons, Bishop Fowler, National Commissioners, Lady Managers, Foreign Commissioners, Directois, Chiefs of Departments, members of City Council and others—Tremendous enthusiasm all along the line from Washington Park to the Manufactures Building—All the governors and all the soldier boys cheered—Flower, Russell, Boies and McKinley vociferously saluted—The jolly author of Peck’s Bad Boy an especial favorite .	. 91
CHAPTER IV.
COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXERCISES.
One hundred thousand people in attendance—Grand orchestra of two hundred pieces and a chorus of five thousand voices under Theodore Thomas—Bishop Fowler’s prayer and the opening address of the Director-General—Hempstead Washburne’s brilliant remarks—Reading and singing the Dedicatory Ode .	.	95﻿8
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER V.
f
DEDICATION OF THE BUILDINGS.	page.
President Higinbotham bestows the commemoratory medals—The President of the Commission receives the buildings from the President of the Exposition and the latter presents them to the Vice-President of the United States for dedication—Mr. Morton dedicates them to the World’s Progress in Art, Science, Agriculture and Manufactures— “ God Save the United States of America” ....... ioi
CHAPTER VI.
MRS. POTTER PALMER’S BRILLIANT ADDRESS.
The liberation of women—They now have time to think, to be educated, to plan and puisue careers of their own choosing—The application of machinery to the performance of many heretofore laborious occupations of women relieves them of much oppression—Public sentiment will yet favor woman’s industrial equality and just compensation for .services rendered—She now drinks deeply of the long-denied fountain of knowledge—Is the world ready to give her industrial aud intellectual independence, and to open all doors before her............................... .	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	. .hi
CHAPTER VII.
THE DEDICATORY ORATION.
Magnificent effort of Henry Watterson —Grand and patriotic throughout—The earnest Kentuckian touches brilliantly upon many of the salient points from 1492 to the present day—From the hillside of Santa Rabida to the present hour of celebration—No geography in American manhood—No sections to American fraternity—The rise of the young republic—The drum taps of the Revolution—The tramp of the minute men—
The curse of slavery gone—The mirage of separation vanished—A great and undivided country .	. 115
CHAPTER VIII.
THE GLOWING TRIBUTE OF CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW.
An oration so brilliant as to hold every listener spell-bound—Columbus, the discoverer, Washington, the founder, Lincoln, the savior—God always has in training some commanding genius for the control of great crises in the affairs of nations and people—Neither realism nor romance furnishes a more striking and picturesque picture than that of Christopher Columbus 'rbe magician of the compass belonged to that high order of “cranks ” who confidently walk where “angels fear to tread ”—Continents are his monuments—Prayer by Cardinal Gibbons and benediction by Rev. II. C. McCosli, of Philadelphia—Grand display of fireworks closed the dedication festivities .	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	*125
PART V.
Official Opening of the Exposition.
CHAPTER I.
THE GREAT REVIEW ON THE HUDSON RIVER.
Rendezvous of war vessels of many nations at Fortress Monroe—The Caravels and the Infanta Isabella—The fleet at Sandy Hook — Review on the Hudson River—The most spectacular and impressive marine event of any age—A million of people present—Mrs. Cleveland on the Dolphin—Description of the Caravels—
The strength of the United States Navy never shown to better advantage—The British cruisers represented the best attainments in marine construction—How France and Germany engaged in friendly salutations— Vessels from the Baltic, the Mediterranean and South American waters ....... 137
CHAPTER II.
ARRIVAL OF MR. CLEVELAND AND THE DUKE OF VERAGUA.
The President of the United States and the Duke of Veragua come to Chicago to be present at the opening of the Exposition—They are met at the depot by distinguished people and escorted to their hotels by military﻿CONTENTS.
9
PAGE.
•—Great turnouts all along the line—How Mr. Cleveland spent Sunday in Chicago—He attends church in the morning and christens a grandchild of Secretary Gresham in the afternoon—The Duke attends mass jnd receives calls ............................................................................. 147
CHAPTER III.
ANOTHER DISTINGUISHED ARRIVAL.
Independence Bell—Its progress from Philadelphia to Chicago—It receives an ovation all the way—Cannons and speeches by day and bonfires and red lights by night—The venerable relic seen by great crowds of people—It shares the honorable welcome paid to President Cleveland and the Duke of Veragua upon its arrival in Chicago—Received by military and music and escorted to Jackson Park by a procession two miles long—George Lippard’s vivid picture of the revolutionary tone# whose echoes have never died away—Its sounds still listened to by the American people .	........................ 151
CHAPTER IV.
the formal opbning of the exposition.
Nearly a quarter of a million people present—President Cleveland presses the magic electric button at noon,
May 1, 1893, and the monster Allis Engine in Machinery Hall is set in motion amidst the booming of cannon, the blowing of trumpets, the ringing of bells, the unfurling of flags and the vociferations of the multitude—The white palaces abloom and ablaze with color—Twenty thousand flags are unfurled—Half a hundred foreign emblems cheered by the people who live under them—The orchestra play the national hymn and thousands of patriotic men and women join in the chorus—The spectacle as seen from the Administration Building—President Cleveland’s address....................................155
PART VI.
The Women of the Exposition and 'Woman’s ^Vork.
CHAPTER I.
THE woman’s building and its PURPOSES.
New methods of usefulness created—The Woman's Building an additional agency for the exposition of woman’s work— Misconception concerning woman’s skill and inventiveness cleared away—Women the originators of most of the industrial arts—The Woman’s Building an inspiration of woman’s genius—Some of the exhibits—Mrs. Palmer’# curious office room—The fish women of New Jersey .... 163
CHAPTER II.
THB women who control.
Generally known as the Board of Lady Manager# of the World’s Columbian Exposition—A large number of prominent women among the members—Names and residences and official positions .... 167
CHAPTER III.
FORMAL OPENING OF THE WOMAN’S BUILDING.
Mrs. Potter Palmer’s address—Driving of the last nail—A woman’s hand drive# the golden nail with a silver hammer—A beautiful structure, the completion of which signified an accomplishment in which the united womanhood of the world has had a part—Large number of distinguished women present—A grand march composed by a German woman, Frau Ingeborg von Bronsart of WeimarSPrayer by Miss Ida Hutton— Overture by Miss Frances Elliott, of London, England—Reading of a poem by Miss Flora Wilkinson-B Remarks by Lady Aberdeen, the Duchess of Veragua, Mt& Bedford Fenwick, Mrs. Kaselowsky and the Princess Sehachoffsky ................. 173﻿IO
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV.
OTHER FEATURES OF THE WOMAN’S BUILDING.	PAGE.
Illustrated English hospital methods—Costumes of the nurses displayed to advantage—Even the demonstration of intense suffering proves of great interest—Surgical instruments used by nurses—Opal glasses used for measuring medicines—Display of infants’ hygienic clothing—Models of nurses—The dainty dietary- section —Gowns and caps of the Sisters of St. Thomas—Egyptian and Arabian nurses in nursing and holiday attire—Miss Marsden’s model Siberian leper village—What a Denver woman would do illustrated—Work of Navajoe Indian women—Work of East Indian women—Rare specimens of needlework—Mrs. Rogers' culinary lectures and examples in cooking ............. 187
CHAPTER V.
The children’s building.
The prettiest playhouse and nursery ever constructed—Panels containing the “ Sleeping Beauty in the Wood ”
—“ Silverliair and the Bears ”—Rosy cherubs and opalescent clouds—Sweet and wise sayings on the wall*
—“ Come, let us with our children live ”—What a Columbian guard found in the Manufactures Building—
A little girl baby in the corner ........................ 193
Mrs. Ormiston Chant’s plea for the children and the Children’s Building .	.197
The world and the World’s Fair, by Director General Davis .......... 199
PART VII.
The Main Buildings and their Exhibits.
CHAPTER I.
the administration building.
A marvel of exquisite architectural handiwork—Were it stone instead of imitation it would have no equal-irresistible color scheme and effect—Beautiful blending of pale blue, terra cotta, bright yellow and pale cream—Unsurpassed decorative delineations—Matchless fusion of harmonious tints—Impressive ensemble of rotunda, colonnade, mezzanine and dome—Dedicatory tablets to Gutenberg, Copernicus, James Watt* and Morse—The most beautifully lighted structure in the world ......... 203
CHAPTER II.
the mammoth manufactures building.
The greatest exposition structure ever known—It covers nearly forty acres of ground and contains forty-four acres of exhibits, valued at fifty- millions of dollars—-Three million feet of lumber and five carloads of nails in the main floor—It is 1,687 feet long and 787 feet wide—Many of the foreign pavilions built after designs of famous palaces—Rare and costly wares, fabrics, watches, jewelry, musical and mechanical instruments and professional implements amaze the beholder on every hand—The great central landmark an alabaster clock tower 135 feet high, erected by the American Clock Co.—-A chime of nine bells—When they ring it sounds like the music of heaven reverberating through the immense spac^—Pantheon-like pavilion of the Meridian-Britannia Ware—Tiffany's costly structure—-A dazzling aggregation of gems—Splendid display- ot watches and jewelry—Elegant and spacious booth of the Waltham Watch Company—Stem-winders by the ton—Palaces and temples filled 'with laces, rich chinaware, porcelain, statuary-, silverware, textile fabrics, etc.—Silver statue of Columbus at the Gorham pavilion—Dolls that talk and walk—Petrified wonders from Arizona—Dazzling displays by- forty- foreign countries-—Reproduction of Hatfield House-—Concern trated splendor of the Siam exhibit—Magnificent displays by all the leading European countries—Sketch of James Allison, Chief of Department of Manufactures............. 209
CHAPTER III.
department of liberal arts.
The most important educational feature of the Exposition—Wonderful and complete in every- detail—Tremendous advantages to be derived from this matchless exhibition—Every state in the Union and nearly every country in tlie world represented—-Splendid exhibits from Montreal and Quebec—An interesting display by the American Bible Society—Thé Lincoln manuscripts—The only letter that Jefferson Davis wrote to Abraham Lincoln—Tens of thousands of unique and charming features—Sketch of Professor Peabody—
“ Trip around the world ”	................ 239﻿CONTENTS.
ii
Chapter iv.
DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY.	page.
Anthropology: “ Man and His Works ”—What may be seen at the Ethnological Building—The Mound Builders of Ohio—Splendid collection from Mexico, Cos^a Rica and New South Wales—Views of plans and models of prehistoric men—Prehistoric architecture® monuments and habitations—Natural and artificial cave dwellings—Lacustrine dwellings—Sweat houses, tfofcem poles c'iff dwellings and skin lodges^-Implements of war and the chase—Furniture and clothing of aboriginal, uncivilized and partly civilized races—Objects of spiritual significance and veiKrratioa—Repfifcigtitatkm of dieties—Appliances of worship—Historic arcliæology—Objects illustrating thè progress: of intdons—Models and représentations of ancient vessels —Clothing and adornment—Apparatus for making clothing and ornaments—Articles used in cooking and eating—Models and representation of aa&cfent buildings—Cities and monuments of the historic period anterior to the discovery of Amertea—ObJ®ets illustrating generally the progress of the amelioration of the conditions of life and labor—Thé evolution of labor-saving machines and implements—Portraits, busts and statues of great inventors and othars who have contributed largely to the progress of civilization and the well-being of man—Eulalia entertained by the Quackalil Indians—Sketch of Professor Putnam .	. 255
CHAPTER V.
AGRICULTURAL BUILDIfit&i '
The great resort of farmers—A beautiful structure—The spirit of agriculture grandly personified—Blandishments of field and farm—Bewildering avenues of extremely unique and ornamental pavilions—All the industries picturesquely shown—Nineteen acres of exhibits—Novel exhibit of the Association of American Experimental Stations and Agricultural Colleges—-All the essential products derived from agriculture are attractively shown in the galleries—Grasses and grains varied in colors and beautifully blended—The exhibit of Ontario—The monster chad® weighs eleven tons—It is the largest ever made—Little cheeses that only weigh one thousand pounds each—Elaborate state exliibîts—Bnrdett-Coutts’ stable exhibits—Many things from foreign lands—Mowers, liarvestei®, thrashers and plows by the acre—Sketch of Chief Buchanan —Live stock exhibit—Dog shows and carrier pigeon flights—Bovine blue bloods ..... 265
CHAPTER VI.
AMONG THE TREES OF THE WORLD.
Big trees and little trees from all over the world—The Forestry Building one of the most unique and interesting of all—Nature versus staff—Magnificent specimens of characteristic timber growths—Paraguay alone sends 321 varieties—California sends redwoods and sequoias—Medicinal trees, lichens and mosses—Methods of seed testing, transplanting and measuring—The protection of young trees against insects—Logging and lumbering—A saw mill in operation—A most entertaining and instructive exhibit throughout ... 281
CHAPTER VII.
HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.
The grandest and completest structure ever erected for a horticultural exhibit—It contains 89,000 square feet of space more than the combined areas of the buildings used for a similar purpose at Paris, the Centennial and New Orleans—Sketch of J. M. Samuels, Chief of the Department of Horticulture .... 291
CHAPTER VIII.
IN THE REALM OF RARE FLOWERS AND PLANTS.
A ramble among rare and aristocratic plants—More than half a million dollars’ worth from Greenland’s icy mountain to India’s coral strand—North and South America, Mexico, Cuba, Europe, Central America, China, Japan, Australia, and the Hawaiian and South Sea Islands represented—Enchantresses from the Amazon and the Nile—Modest inhabitants from the Alps, the Appenines, the Sierra Nevada, and the Mountains of the Moon—Wonderful ferns and palms from New South Wales and the Cape of Good Hope —Tens of thousands of miscellaneous herbaceous flowers and flowering shrubs—More than a half-million orchids, roses, carnations, lilies, pansies, cannas, fuschias and petunias—Magnificent exhibits by Australia, Canada, Trinidad, New York, Pennsylvania, Germany, Belgium, Mexico and Japan—Australian tree ferns six hundred years old—Staghorn and bird’s nest ferns of wonderful size and beauty—Splendid collections of the cereus gigantea—Great display of rhododendrons—Splendid collections of ferns and palms from Toronto conservatories—Dwarf trees in the Japanese garden over a hundred years old—Pitcher & Manda’s wonderful display of seven thousand costly plants—Enormous bamboos from Trinidad—Two century plants in bloom—The atmosphere of the Horticultural Building freighted with aromatic sweets .	. 293﻿12
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IX.
THE FRENCH FLORICULTURAL EXHIBIT.	PAGE-
Many new and rare flowering and foliage plants—The finest azaleas and rhododendrons ever seen in America—
M. Jules Lemoine, principal gardener of the city of Paris, introduces many lovely and bewitching members of the realm of Flora and encircles the Woman’s Building in bloom—He also enlivens other stretches of sward..............................................................................303.
CHAPTER X.
A RAM BEE AMONG FRUITS AND WINES.
Other exhibits in the Horticultural Building—Side by side with the celebrated and world-renowned vintages of Europe are shown the products of American vineyards—Unique features of some of the foreign displays— Missouri, Ohio, New York and California are well represented—Fruits from nearly every state in the Union —Enormous apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries and prunes from Idaho, Colorado, Oregon and Washington—Unsurpassed displays of thirty kinds of fruits by California’s great citrus fruit exhibit by the state —Towers and pagodas of oranges and lemons from southern California attract great attention—Many fine displays of preserved, dried, canned and crystalized fruits and raisins from southern California—Big display of seeds by Peter Henderson, of New York—Great array of garden implements, tents, greenhouses, lawn mowers, fences, statuary, etc.............................................................307
CHAPTER XI.
PALACE OF MECHANIC ARTS
A remarkably beautiful structure—It is 850x500 feet, and cost $1,200,000—The Allis engine the largest in the world—An aggregated 24,000 horse power—17,000 horse power required to provide electricity—Two dynamos each with a capacity of 10,000 lights—Ten engines averaging 2,000 horse power each—A fly wheel thirty feet in diameter—An engine whose combination of iron and steel weighs 225 tons—Its wheel and shaft alone weigh loo tons—Machinery of every description in operation—Manufacturing devices and machine tools by thousands—A highly interesting description of all the engines and boilers—How many things are manufactured right before one’s eyes—Grier's ingrain lumber machine—An interesting relic—A striking contrast—Sketch of Chief Robinson ...............................................313
CHAPTER XII.
TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.
Wonders in the way of railway trains—An object lesson for railroad operatives—The mahogany train of the Canadian Pacific Railway—The most costly and magnificent in the world—Its engine can haul ten full passenger cars sixty miles an hour—A tremendous engine from the London & Northwestern Railway, of England, and a handsome train—This locomotive can haul thirty of its coaches, each containing six passengers, seventy-five miles an hour—Its average time, including stops, fifty-three miles an hour—Stevenson’s Rocket on exhibit—Also the Albion and Samson, built in 1838—Also the two first engines run over the Old Colony road, in the thirties—Another old-timer, built in England in 1831, and last in sendee in Mississippi in 1890—It puffed and whistled sixty years, and once fell overboard and staid under water from 1868 until 1870—More than fifty locomotives on exhibition, representing the Baldwin and other works— Three from England, three from Germany and four from. 1'rance—The Baldwin has an engine that has made a mile in 39/4 seconds, or 92 miles an hour—All of the Baldwin locomotives are jacked up so that their engines may be seen in motion—Nicaragua canal relief map—Graphic illustration of that enterprise —Not more than £100,000,000 required to construct it—Excavation alreadv in progress 011 the Atlantic end —Great exhibit of bicycles—Pneumatics of all .sizes, degrees and conditions—The old-time bicycle practically un exhibited—Safeties all the go—Pennsylvania and New York Central exhibit—Coaches, bnggiesand baby carriages—Sledges, earretas and volantes—Marine architecture—Sedans, palenquins and cateches—
The Transportation Building and the Department Chief	...	*	..... 329﻿CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XIII.
MINI® AND MINING BUILDING.	PAGE.
The Department of Mines excels all former exhibits of its kind—Included in this display is every kind of material from the rough state to the finished product—Artistic and instructive grouping—Striking exhibit from New South Wales—Michigan makes a fine display of copper in various shapes—Missouri shows zinc, lead, iron and other minerals—Canada contributes nickel^ silver and gold—Montana’s pavilion a centre of attraction—The silver statue of Ada Relian—Colorado makes a magnificent and dazzling display —California shows gold, silver, copper, tin, borax, quicksiMrer, and many other minerals—Its marble and onyx exhibit challenges general admiration—Ponderous mining machinery in operation—Miniature mining plants!;, with devices for boring, lighting, hoisting and pulverizing—Methods of separating ores—Old style rockisfS and Long Toms—All the new implements—Magnificent exhibits of coal and iron by Ohio and Pennsylvania—The wonderful German exhibit—The finest ever made before in any country—.Sketch of Chief Skiff..............................................................................345
CHAPTER XIV.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY AND ITS BUILDING.
Wonders of electricity—The building devoted to thisjjaence—Undreamed of revelations and effects—Franklin and his kite—The man who first harnessed lightning—Temple of the Western Electric Company—The grandeur and brilliancy of the exhibit—Thousands of concealed incandescents—Mingling of rainbow tones —Prismatic colors that awe the spectator—An electric theatre —C.'iscades of fantastic lights- Magnificent exhibit of Thomas A. Edison, the Wizard of Menlo Park—Startling and beautiful effects—ObefiteJa? of light and color—Spirals of radiance and fountains of incandescents—Corinthian columns ablaze with imitation sunbeams^Five thousand witching lamp* glitter in pillars of glass—Eighteen thousand lights in the Edison tower—Chief Barrett ............	... 355
CHAPTER XV.
KISH AND FISHERIES BUILDING.
One of the greatest of all the resorts—Magnificent display of many kind* of fresh and salt water fish—Minnows and alligators under the same roof—Some of the best known denizens of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the Gulf of Mexico are in the swim—Speckled trout from New England rivers and Dolly Vardens from the streams of California—Carp and suckers move lazily about—Perch, pike and pickerel in the same tank—Bass, flounders and salmon turn up their aristocratic smellers—Gold fish and other gaudy species splash merrily around—The sturgeon and showbill are spaciously quartered—Sketch of Chief Collin* ................... 365
CHAPTER XVI.
THE PALACE OP FINE ARTS.
A magnificent building throughout—Painting* and statuary from all parts of the wotld—Private collection of paintings from many homeiPs-Pictures of every phase of life and nature—Animal and portrait paintings from all lands—Hundreds of beautiful marine and landscape sketches—Allegory and mythology from imperial galleries—Schnidler’s “ Market Scene in Cairo”—Canon’s “ Hunting Master ”—The American Loan Association—Joe Jefferson, “The Mauve”—Hovendin’s “Breaking Home Ties”—The Emperor Francis Joseph’s loan—England surprises with her beautiful paintings, and France maintains her fame as an art center—Sketch of Chief Ives .............. 379
CHAPTER XVII.
THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING.
Marvelous collection of exhibits-made by “Uncle Sam”—Three thousand models from the patent office— Progress of American invention elaborately presented—The Smithsonian display alone a wonderful educator—Bird and beast mounted amid the same surroundings as in life—Each specimen so labeled that no observer can make a mistake—A first-class postoffic® in operation—Dead letter curiosities—Tarantulas, horned toads, Human skulls, axes, dolls, molasses candy, stuffed owls, alligators, ostrich eggs, and thousands of other things that never reached their destination—War Department novelties—Great guns and little ones—Cannons and torpedoes—Historic documents from the Department of Justice—Documents connected with the Dred Scott Decision—Great exhibit by the Agricultural Department—Horticulture, pomology and forestry—Special Alaskan exhibit—Ouaint, curious and interesting objects of ethnological research—Peculiarities of many birds and beasts
397﻿14
CONTENTS.
PART VIII.
Other Main Features
CHAPTER I.
The shrine of the white city.	pas«.
Reproduction of the couvent where Columbus and his son once took refuge—Court, cloister and corridor—The first Cross erected in America—Coins made from the first gold found in America—Letters patent and autographs from Ferdinand and Isabella—Collection of paintings on wood and rare Mosaics loaned by the Vatican—Tw’o bells with a history—One of the cannons of the Santa Maria—More than a thousand paintings in all—Model of the Norse Ship—Books written by Marco Polo and Americus Vespucci—The sepulcher room—Many pictures and relics of the last days of Columbus—La Rabida, the mecca of many pilgrims—The remains of the great navigator—The Battle Ship Illinois—A superb counterfeit man-of-war—
A vessel that lias never tossed on billows—The lighthouse and life-saving station—Hospital service .	. 409
CHAPTER II.
The white horse inn and krupp’s gun.
Reproduction of a famous English hostlery—Coffee and cakes a la Française—Great guns as peacemakers—
A gun weighing 121 tous that will send a shell fifteen miles—Opinions of Major-General Schofield—Shoe and Leather Building—Merchant Tailor’s Building—Choral Hall—The Terminal Station—Intramural Railroad—Service Building—Bureau of Admissions—Puck Building—White Star Line Pavilion—Windmills, hospitals, restaurants and New England Clam Bakes .......... 417
CHAPTER III.
ONE OF THE GEMS OF THE FAIR.
The Wooded Island —More than a million trees and plants—Fifty thousand roses—Hardy herbaceous plants from all over the world—The hunter’s cabin and Japanese building—Timothy Hopkin’s sweet peas—John Thorpe’s church—A spot blessed by heaven and rivaling the rainbow ........ 427
CHAPTER IV.
FIFTY CENTS FOR A CUP OF TEA.
Maria and u<r mother on a stroll—Tea from ten cents to fifty cents a cup—And tea for nothing—Bread known as the light of Asia—Where one may feel at home—That which stimulates but does not intoxicate—Few persons missed the tea gardens............................................................435
CHAPTER V.
THE PERISTYUE AND COURT OF HONOR.
Columned splendor indeed—The impressive beauties of the Greek peristyle—Nothing like it has ever been seen or attempted—Music Hall and Casino—The pier and movable sidewalk—The Court of Honor by day and by night—Statue of the Republic and MacMonnies’Ship of State—The illuminated fountains .	. 439
CHAPTER VI.
THE EXPOSITION STATUARY’.
All is not gold that glitters—Venice in the zenith of her achievements was never so statuesque—Neither Rome nor Athens could point to so many inspiring effigies—A wonderful thing is ‘ ‘staff”—“ Distance lends enchantment to the view ”—Massive statues that resemble marble made from scantling and plaster .	. 451﻿CONTENTS.
i5
PART IX.
Among the State Buildings.
CHAPTER I.
ILLINOIS BUILDING FIRST AND FOREMOST.
It cost $230,000 and is the largest state structure on the grounds—Its admirable and commanding site—Its exhibits tell the story of the history of Illinois in a pictorial way—All the departments of the state represented—Reception and office rooms for the Governor—Work rooms of the agricultural and horticultural departments—Functions of state government admirably shown—Kindergarten interests liberally provided for—Bureau of information—Two large exhibition rooms—Archaeology and geographical survey—Grain commission, forestry and fish commission—Laboratory of natural history—One-tenth of the building occupied by the Illinois Woman’s Exposition Board...................................................455
CHAPTER II.
AWAY DOWN EAST.
The good old state of Maine—Its latchstring always out—The Granite State modestly on top—Old John Hutchinson still sings—The commonwealth that gave us the hero of Ticonderoga—Massachusetts and its colonial structure—Many historic treasures—Relics innumerable—Little Rhody to the front—Clams, spindles, prints and Corliss engines represented—The Connecticut state building—Dutch mantels, colonial architecture and dormer windows—An abundance of pretty girls but no wooden nutmegs ...... 459
CHAPTER III.
A GALAXY OF STATES.
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware—Stateliness of the building of the Empire State—Money liberally expended on wall, ceiling, floor, vestibule, arch, column and balustrade—The Pennsylvania Building—Many prefer it to any in the group—A very beautiful structure throughout—New Jersey reproduces the Washington Headquarters at Morristown—A revolutionary flavor and no mistake—Delaware, which raised the first money for the Exposition, has a picturesque building ....	.	. 465
CHAPTER IV.
VIRGINIA, THE MOTHER OF PRESIDENTS.
Mount Vernon reproduced—One of the most interesting collections of choice relics on the grounds—West Virginia and Maryland near by—Much that is colonial seen in these buildings—Old portraits, flint guns, cockades and continentals—West Virginia.................................. 473
CHAPTER V.
WAY DOWN SOUF ’MONG DE FIELDS OF COTTON.
The governors of North and South Carolina are not in it—Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee also have no State buildings—Florida reproduces Fort Marion—Louisiana has a beautiful building—All its governors for one hundred years present—The Woman’s World’s Fair Exhibit Association of Texas erect a handsome building for the Lone Star State..................................,.. 479
CHAPTER VI.
THE NOTED BLUE GRASS STATE.
A glance at its pretty women—Fleet horses and fine grasses of Kentucky—Kentuckians are boastful, but they never ** talk through their hats ”—Arkansas and its building—A fountain of Hot Springs crystal illuminated by incandescents—The forty-five thousand dollar building of Missouri—A territorial trio .	. 483
CHAPTER VII. the states by the lakes.
The beautiful building of Ohio—A great resort afternoons—Indiana’s superb sixty-five thousand dollar edifice —Michigan’s attractive building—Nothing to excel it in all round beauties—The Wolverines in their glory—The Badger State spends $30,000 to make its denizens comfortable.......... . 487﻿i6
CONTENTS
CHAPTER VIII.
WHEAT AND CORN PRODUCING STATES.	PACK.
Four great States—How they were represented in Congress thirty years ago—Unsurpassed display of Iowa— Grandeur of Minnesota—Minnehaha and Hiawatha—What the women of Minnesota have done for their State—Bleeding Kansas and its inviting display—The twenty thousand dollar building of Nebraska .	. 493
CHAPTER IX.
BUILDINGS OP THE STATES OF THE GREAT INTERIOR.
Horace Greeley’s advice abundantly taken—Many millions go West—The noble structure of the Centennial State—The Wyoming and Montana buildings—Headquarters of the young State of Idaho—The two Dakotas pretentiously represented—Utah takes a place among its full-grown sisters........................497
CHAPTER X.
A PEEP AT THE PACIFIC SLOPE.
California’s reproduction of some of its old Mission churches—A unique blending of San Antonio, of Padua,
San Juan, Capistrano, San Diego and Santa Barbara—100,000 square feet of space occupied by 266 exhibitors from the Golden State—Great columns and pyramids of fruits—Pavilion of redwood and laurel— Samples of gold, silver, copper, tin, quicksilver, iron, coal, borax and many other minerals—Orange, lemon, pomegranate, fig, lime and apricot trees in bearing—Towers of walnuts and almonds—Masses of dried, preserved and crystalized fruits—A live palm tree from San Diego County 127 years old, 50 feet in height, and weighing 47,000 pounds—Beautiful display of Spanish silk and silver work—The State of Washington—A wonderful exhibit—Woods, metals, cereals, and fruits in amazing abundance—A great display of taxidermy—The biggest flagstaff in the world...............................503
PART X.
Among the Foreign Buildings.
CHAPTER I.
GERMANY, NORWAY AND SWEDEN.
The German Building—A combination of numerous styles of architecture—Nearly a quarter of a million expended—A home of many gables, balconies and towers—Reproduction of a rural chapel—Collection of Bismarck souvenirs—Historical documents and copies of treaties—Tapestry, furniture, bronze, statuary and paintings from German factories and studios—Some beautiful work in carved oak—Handsome carpets and rugs—The pavilion of the Norwegians—A type of architecture which originated eight hundred years ago— Timbers from Christiana—The Swedish Building—Modern brick and terra cotta from prominent manufacturers of Sweden—The “Venice of the North' ’^-Many of the products ofSweden represented—Exquisite embroideries and needle work—Panorama of Swedish landscape	........ 509
CHAPTER II.
GREAT BRITAIN’S VICTORIA HOUSE.
The more you see it the more you like it—A majestic but not gaudy interior—Double sweeps of staircases—
A fine but subdued collection of furniture—Carved oak that reminds one of the times of Good Queen Bess—Associations that are halos—The East Indian Building—Tantalizing shawls and carpets—Brocades from Madras and Benares—A great collection of tapestries and embroideries	.	.	.	.	.	.519
CHAPTER III.
PAVILIONS OF FRANCE AND SPAIN.
The sword of Lafayette—A reproduction of the room in the Palace at Versailles in which Franklin was received—A large number of contributions from the Duke ofVeragua—Letters patent to Columbus from Isabella—Commission from the King and Queen—Many interesting state papers........................523
CHAPTER IV.
CANADA AND NEW SOUTH WALES.
The provinces of Ontario and Quebec handsomely represented—Native Canadian shrubbery abundant—Highly polished Canadian woods—Various commercial, scientific, agricultural and educational articles shown—
The classical pavilion of New South Wales—A credit to that far-off country ...... 529﻿CONTENTS.
*7
CHAPTER V.
THE ATTRACTIVE CEYLON BUILDING.
i mixed architecture of many native woods—Designs from ancient buildings—Figures of sacred birds and animals—Ornamental facades and pillars—Fancy designs in ceilings and walls—Carvings that take one back 543 years B. C.—The sacred tooth of Buddha—Sun and moon symbols ...... 533
CHAPTER VI.
THE OTTOMAN PAVILION.
The resources of Turkey shown in twelve sections—Textile fabrics—Gold and silver and other minerals— Munitions of war, electrical appliances and many antiquities—Agricultural products—Silks and dye stuffs —An imitation of the Hunkhar Casque —Damascian carved woods—The Ottoman coat of arms—Damascus rugs and other oriental manufactures .............. 537
CHAPTER VII.
the two central American republics.
The pavilion of Costa Rica—A modest but pretty building—Diminutive monkeys with lots of hair—Silks and fibres that fairly dazzle the eye—Coffee and waffles—A glance at Guatemala—Gardens that represent
coffee plantations.....................................................................539
CHAPTER VIII.
BRAZIL AND VENEZUELA.
The beautiful buildings of the two South American republics—Brazil has one of the most attractive pavilions on the grounds— Coffee served to thousands daily —Venezuelans do their level best with coffee and beans—They show many swords and other trophies of General Simon Bolivar................, 543
PART XI.
The Midway Plaisance.
CHAPTER I.
CAIRO STREET AND TURKISH VILLAGE.
A general combination of the a-chitcctural features of the city of Cairo—Mosques, minarets, dancing girls, shopkeepers, musicians, camels, donkeys and dogs—The temple of Luxor reproduced—Tomb of the sacred bull—Nubians and Soudanese—Reproduction of temples four thousand years old—A room full of mummies—Egyptian shops and shopkeepers—No such sight ever seen before in Europe or America—Laplanders and their reindeers—Wonders of the Turkish village—Counterparts of objects in Constantinople —Turkish theatres and bazaars—The five million dollar tent of the Shah of Persia, which took one hundred years to make—Marvels of oriental tapestry and embroidery—Sword and handkerchief dances . 549
CHAPTER II.
THE TWO IRISH VILLAGES.
Lady Aberdeen’s work—Blarney Castle and the village of Irish industries—A piece of the genuine Blarney stone—Carter Harrison’s speech to the girls of Belfast and Cork—Lace-makers and weavers and butter and cheese makers from the laud of no snakes—Mrs. Peter White—Mrs. Ernest Hart and her village—A reproduction of Donegal Castle—Eighteen Celtic lasses—Good Irish buttermilk—Irish airs on Irish pipes . 561
CHAPTER III.
THE JAVANESE AND SOUTH SEA ISLANDERS.
The quaint buildings of the Javanese a great resort—Everything as neat as a pin—More than one hundred people—And such tea and coffee—Personal appearance of the Javanese—Their bamboo dwellings—The Javanese theatre and orchestra—Ten attractive dancing girls from Solo—“ Klass ” and his peculiarities—
The South Sea Islanders—A great exhibit—Cannibal and war dances...565
CHAPTER IV.
THE GERMANS AND AUSTRIANS.
Cottages from the Black Forest—The Town Ilall of Hesse—Westphalia and the banks of the Rhine—Glimpses of Berlin and Bavaria—A reproduction of one of the streets of Old Vienna—Forty-eight stores—The Emperor’s own band—The cost of the village nearly $130,000—It opened with a banquet .... 575
CHAPTER V.
AMONG OTHER NATIONS.
The village of the almond-eyed Mongolian—The electric theater—The Libbey Glass Works—The Ferris Wheel the greatest piece of machinery in the world—Pretty imitation of La Tour Eiffel—Carl Hagenback’s menagerie—The big, black Daliomeyans and many other attractions .	.	...	. 579
Live Stock Exhibit .............	.	... 59°
World’s Congress Auxiliary ..........	.	.	.... 59*﻿j8
CONTENTS.
Live Stock Exhibit World’s Congress Auxiliary . Chicago’s Own Day at the Fair Red Letter Days
PAGE.
•	59°
•	592
•	595
•	599
CHAPTER VI.
END OF THE EXPOSITION.
Official closing day of the Great Fair—Impressive termination of the most magnificent creation of any age—A vast throng present—The illuminated fountains play for the last time—The great search lights blaze out the close—Electric switches turn off their tens of thousands of arcs and incandescents forever— The terrible death of Carter II. Harrison, the World’s Fair Mayor, by the bullet of an assassin, precludes the possibility of carrying out a program of orctory, music and pyrotechnics—The Mayor’s Day—Mayor Harrison’s last speech—His last signature was at the Tiffany pavilion—Symposium of reports and Addresses in the Woman’s Building—Lady managers kiss and say good bye—Destruction of the Imposition commences on Wooded Island—Some interesting facts and figures—Paid admissions reach nearly 22,000,000—The Exposition pays all its bills and has nearly $3,000,000 in bank. ..... 601﻿
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HON. THOMAS W. PALMER,
PRESIDENT WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION.﻿INTRODUCTORY.
PRESIDENT THOS. W. PALMER.
(jt£$fehtme	my opinion^MÖpgard to the Fair.
I cannot talk to you about it from ml artistic standpoint, for I know very little; jtWkit art. {juudnly tell its effect jjpoli me arti£ inferentially, what it nfflQR&Jipon 10,000,000 of Lfc^ple. l^dtink it will astound'werjWïBc wh^raHts it, both on accolptf j>f its,jj*agnitude and what they artistic merits. It would tve fairy-like if lossal. It is a vision snatched from dreams have been bfett^MgSttand-irt^tip^aStmE-Uie iodine of art. Aa Aand inspiration I believe ^K&uild-£ f \ x ,Q1 ings, their grouping, and jktyin|jjfcE»ut of tha^nCtJfcicls w^Bin &	^	t;]icmse]ves Jo m0re good in a general way than thS^hib&&
themselves, by the exaltation thq^tyvill inspire in èvery man, woman, and CÉÉlfMnMÊPtty have any einotioire, and whjrjias none, that m$y come to view it. 1 I think that the prospect from Lak^p^kj&jM^laU^mpre^Bvery one who approaches it from tj3pfldë9flRt,.tout ensemble whlA’ will be presented. I never looked at it without thinking of Claude Melnotte’s description to FaAlliBBtj^bi^|M8Bfcr^y^r: Lake of Como.
I was afcfKBKMI|pj^BMfW&gaCTHWB3(WrniApL*ty November I looked from tigiyhalcjiflfr up the distant mountain side and saw the £|ph£i,£tf^ing over the dam,
(; olive groves and tfapdOTie Mediterranean far <a)$03rc ground, aiid I saij to my wife: “Every one who can shtiwid come to NiHto put	material fncfu^B."| I think the Ex^wnion^Jérnishes a maga-
zine forBM&^n^HfenpGMP^nJrauid more attractive.
I have no doubt that, notwithstanding ‘the vast amount of literature and illustrations which has been issued flclttffaiflft the Fair, the e^peC^snpBMK our ptfMjpg&su^ those from ajaHRaiyill ^CHÉMaS than iljMnzQw I never goËBrvn to it buï wait I am lifted up ap. higher pjÉMHlEd feel more enthusiasm in raHrd to itsMgtlfl^^Hlc and iHw If it was within |TOK6anM#dfi^hstitutional legislation S^l^Hld pay the Government of theNRnited States to bring free of expOJlsftlien millions of our people who wiKJhot have the money toJfctgfcft**3j
You have seen Ki3|HMn^rWlid the World in Eighty Days’^fetd read Jules Verne’s “Aroun(1 the World,” wherein Mr. Fogg gained a day and saved his fortune by going to the	people and rac|MBre gain mot^fthan a day﻿20
INTRODUCTORY.
and moiHhan a forti^B in getting a more t1 torough idea <11 the habitable by ccmi^^^^^HChHgo.	.$w&-
I regard the street of all nations on the Midway Plaisance, although thought
by	the aim < >f the great I hiposition, as one of its most valuable
adjuncts, do the specialist, tin.: scientist, and 1 lie artist the Exposition furnishes afl? that may	r e. hut to ihjle-iH: mass cy theattractions of the Midway Plaisance will give the first impulse to inquiry, and	a! ^Bfj
buildings constructed jfflSfiarfijinditus lines vHu\0jmain a vital force to the majority oi people aBEr details are forgotten.
I hc5| t Building is a classic and the Fisheries Building a study. tHodking; at ' it'HBa man can feel that he is in Athens during the ao-e of 1 h■ ricles.	The
whole thing if viewed*by that worthy -Hald nTB^Mdn3W,^^^KLc]1jcj hQ	wj^
deg-a;r and Scheh. rezade go mad with envy because AIaddin an(j	her
great^B \ament, was surpassed from the shores of	lakBB>n the
matgBSjof the pral^^l﻿PART I.
ORIGIN OF THE EXPOSITION.
i.
HOW CHICAGO sKuRED irffe]CELEBRATION.
How and HHn	Four
ef the Discovery of America by Christopher Cj l imbus Originated with T. W. Zaremba—Ho First Desire wm to 11 a ve it in IWexico—How this 1 ndefatigable '	' «nan
Pursued the	l	'1 the Ena rpn i Other
Metropolitan Cnies Take a Hand—Splendid Work of Leading Chicago Men in wjHingtnn -Persistency of all Parties Interested—The Real Contest Between ihicago and .New Ha Chicago Successful—Congress Votes in its Favor—Preliminary Action—Subscription < if Stock—Board of Directors and Other c	thejfl(KabHftck>ry
—Congressional Provisions for Commissioners—Raising of Money— Appointment of Commissioners—Zaremba’s Active Life—Appointment of Hon. Thomas B. Bryan Commissioner-at-Large —'^r- Bryan’s Splendid Work in Europe—A Gentlemioind a Scholar—Few Men Living With
whom he
Hj&Ip admi^dpMffifefeiring jhjdTgSist^Rvelve or fifteert^fcifs, there has not been an insignificant number who have proposed and e\ i n agitated a World’s Columbian Exposition that is, a wc»rld’s celebration of the four hundredth anniversary B^HHB^^^V^fl^<^A«ffîc^t\,D||Éphr^topher Columbus. But HttM^eins to be conceded that Dr. T. W. Zaremba, a well-known ^DHSES«lM|jffin■ is the person to*^yh?rn the distinguished | <	11 ndpPOOfs are accessible
tlQ this gentleman, ini] messed with the grandeur and benefits Dj^Hm Centennial. ii~^^B^HK.rs afterward imparted jHGen. John C. Fremont, Peter Cooper and (SpjjflQA' Lamont, met in ^^HYorkH the Cooper Institute in 1SS2,
jus neW S*herh&.C
111 was not	11, 18S4, however, that Dr. Zaremba made any pfO*
nounced movement, upon which day he sent to the diplomatic representatives of foreign pbVers at \Vashington an invitation to a conféré nee toconsider the celebration of theyioiaft& centenary of America’s discovery by Colttrifcbtrt^^^k World’s Pair in Mexdco. ^^KeerPdâys thereafter	dec! his plan tqkdfôorgô R. Davis﻿An i
yj ■	* '.	L— ?~J,	--> m~'~**8f I,'i,^-^ÿ - ~^~ "~-~fe',''-r**-^~^y *jL^
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WELCOME
tenor view of the parlor of a resident of Chicago as it ReRf ÆÊÊ^mt^^run^BLs for the reception of friends *	who have signified their intention of visiting him during the \\ orld s hair.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S E&IR.
23
and P. V. Duester, at that time members of Congress, and a day or H later ä/YUiiam F. Poole of Chicago, whom he met on Broadway in New York. JiäJy u, 1884, he wrote concerning it to Benson Lossing, the historian.
IiStill enthusiastic over his plan for the ( ' lebration he conferri (I wii h Levi Leiter, John Lee Brown and John B. Drake on 1 he subject. In W isconsin, in the fall the same year, he chanced to sec an article in a Chicago newspaper suggesting that a World’s Fair be held to celeb rate Columbus < liscovery, and that Chicago be the Site, • I)r. Zaremba immediately returned to Chicago and began to work on ^Hn proposition	nNovember 24, 1885, he re-
ceiv'd from Secretary of St at I Dement license i<>5fin£:z& “The Chicago Columbian C^itHHMI World’s Fair !^|dBcEK^Kkion Company.” 11e immediately cal 1 ed a ' meeti ng, w 11 i ch w; ts held i n c 1 ub r00m 4 of the G '■; 111 d Pacilic Hotel, C hicago.
Among the men ayI10 responded to his invitation were A. C. and Washington Hesing, A. B. Pullman, John j^^^Hton, W. K. Sullivan, and saß r.d newspaper reporters. '1m|A! m ting resulted only in a general talk, but t he lukewarm interest evinced by the public in his p^nrcj^Bi^Hid^Btf^^^Hhc ardor'of Dr.
In 1886, while the American Histjiidal Society was in session in Washington, Dr. Zun mba	lus Columbus mon%fieMBLffilaftpMtant prop<>sitions to
the notice of that body. A commit 1 ee to confer	the United
‘inted bwtehjgd iidldrlfea.1 S4oiefr^Wnro the hope that the chief magistrate would call the	wdstion and	an
eXpr^^E^^HE8)inion as to the best manner of celebrating th^RyjJrj^jc^taSary of America’s discovery. 11 ailjide 1 p h i a,ptH^dy6*rfl^6c^tjv^rneS, immediately sent a committee to Washington for the purpose < >1 obtaining an appro-priation for such a celebration to be held in that’city. BPhus forttSfe'first time the dim possibility of a World’s Fair ii£m’isxobntry tö	ColumlmS^MJ^wk on
an aspect of HjUlLbility. In Fcljffietry, FSf^Th^Besir th# the *nBefa,^B8H Dr. Z^fembnnjiSn^e^R|^tl^^dvisa^iUty.Hbi^W«ine on the mindjkof Peter Cooper and ApflHM|r*Yorkin a Chicago news pageC»letter from Dr, Harlan, a Chicago dentist, in	Chicago theproper place
for a World’s Fair. iWK|s3%nDr. Harlan’s suggestion Was l£vive(l, and a joint In-mittee was appointed fr $ fthAWb C1 licago, Commfyr.ia 1, UnjofltVffigTie'and Iroquois ?cfeb§ to take action on the matter and report.
of Promotion wag ofSsJfttfced in New England to in the (1 ife<Hm ofacentenary£ble 1)ration. Ex-Governor ^■1Massachusetts, acted as president <^Bh<sf board. Foliowing closely upon jtfis organization, July 31 st, a resolution was introduced by Senator I loatfSaVTas-sachusetts, for the appointment of a Mint congressional committee of fourteen to consider the adv^^HtyjMKNKfia Fair. Senator temporary and permanent BjildilSgs for such a iSflHttBted in
As soon as it became evident that the WofI^P Fair tSuiF] be a coveted honor ?nd that the rivalry amonraMleaMMM^^WHBj^flMBr the m^^^^Hof holding it would be	to get it. The City	a﻿24
HISTORY OF TrfE WORLDS FAI HI
resolution July 22, 1889, instructing the mayor to appoint a committee (^;qjjle hundred to induce Congress to locate the Fair in Chicago. > A few day§ later Thomas B. Bryan was requested by several prominent men to write a resolution favoring the location of the Fair at Chicago. This Mr. Bryan did, and at a meeting held in’the council chamber the resolution vJHadopted after a thorough discussion of' the sufiw ject in alt its phases.
August 15, 18S9, the SeJBarJBjl State at Springfield, 111., granted a license^ to De Witt C. Cregìer, Ferdinand W. Peck, George^fchneider, Anthony F. Seeberger, William C. iS8;>p, John R. Walsh and E. Nelson Blake to' open subscription books for thgyropoiMfiyrpaSBn entitled u The World’s Exposition Of 1892, the obj1 iiubPMman international exhibit^H or World’s Fair in the City of Chicago afidJafflUe of IllfflSuito commemorai®^ its four hundredth anniversary the discovery of ApBjjga.”
The firiRWorlE^ Pair bill was introduced in the Unit(fljState^Benate by Senator Cullom, of Illinpjs, December 19, 18S9. January nUBbi, De Witt C. Cregier, thenlmtyOrbt)f Chicago^Thonras B. Bryan andSpIlward T. Jeffery apj^Bred before a special pfommittee of the USBed States Senate and addressed the same in support of Chicago's applicatidttb It was at that meeting that Mr. Bryan experienced the satisfaction of «CTMtinfc^Baunjjffi M. Depew, wh<Hcd the New York delega-^ tion. Bor this victory Mr. Brya^^RnKmpHmemedAy the entire press of the eounimwìat o£»New York. .1
How bitterly tlc Toattle wa«nag|H betwfejsj: c ast and west all the world kn°w£ Nothing that could influence the decision of CHflpHwas left undone. NothingjxhatitjiepnjS could contribute toward tn9settIe3H06 of the problem was left unwitten. It was, therefore, a signal indorsemwttufiSChica^^^ftersistency and pluck, when in thè face of the opposition of the represent&t^^^Hf the Eastern interestMspn^fcss voted, February *4» 1899,“to have the Exn^H^n in Chicago.
Then began on the part of the	of Chicago ^B^HIted effort for the
HrryinMpiut of the project which has resulted in success so complete and so iilag-nificent as to break down a11 p r e j u d i c e s, and to compel tlflB.dm i ra t i o n o fthe civilized world. Capital fnr the organization of the YjSfflfr lair was^^^Kbed March me ting of subscribers to the capital stock was held in Battery D, April 4, 1S90, and a full Board of Dirqpt0£jMaff elected, which, in turn, April 30th!, elected Lyman J. Gage. 1 'resident: Thomas B. BryaBftuid Potter Palmer, vice-presidents; rUrnhony F. Seeberger, treMÉjJf; Benjamin Putterworih^^^Btary, and W illiam K. AckHgnan, auditor. yEUgi tire meeting of the nev^Jrectory was held April idfl. President Harrison bgned the measure, locating the Exposition in Chicago. I his provided for the creation of the Worid'^BColun^Mn Exposition Board, to consist of two commiffljners appointed by the President for each state* and territory, of eight ùSSimissiouttBDB-large, and two from the District of CoV* umbia, each with alternates.
The question of funds was met promptly by the Illinois Legislature, which, in a special session held-June 12, 1S90, authorized the city of Chicago to increase its bonded indebtedness $5,ocx^®g >n aid of the Exposition. The name was changed﻿j Ws
DIRECTORS WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
1.	Lyman J. Gage.	2	Harlow N. II re; in both am.	3. Frederick S. Winston,
4.	Ferdinand W. Peck.	5.	George R. Davis.	0. Charles II. Wacker.
7.	Thomas B. Bryan.	8.	Edward B. Bitler.	0. John J. 1*. Odell.
10.	William T. Baker.	11.	George Schneider.	12. (’HARM'S IT EX KOTIN.
13.	Robert A. Waller.	14.	Alexander H. Kevell.	15. Edwin Walker.﻿26
HISTORY OI- THE WORLD'S FAIR.
to the World's Columbian Exposition, with the capital increased to $10,000,000. While this action of the State Legislature by no means solved the financial problems with which the Fair had to contend, it went a Jong way toward inspiring confidence in the movement, anti placed the Exposition on a sound basis.
Dr. Zaremba was born July 29, 1S42, at Koenigsburg, Prussia, where his father was a petty officer in the Third Regiment of Cuirassiers, and afterward an internal revenue officer at the eity of Memel, where Zaremba attended the primary school until 1854, when in Octobt:r of that year he entered the military school at Potsdam. In 1S57, being transferred to th* Military Academy, he studied the higher branches in connection with military education and tactic^ becoming at the same time personally acquainted with the late Emperor Frederick of Germany. In 1S59, he entered the service of the Royal Guard Artillery at Berlin, and within ten months was transferred to the staff of Prince Wilhelm of Baden, who took special interest in him, and secured a:special permit for Zaremba to attend the lectures of the Berlin University. In 1S62, he went to Moscow, Russia, and while finishing his studies :n medicine and philosophy he wrote a manual of military gymnastics for the Russian army. In September, 1S65, Zaremba coming with his mother to Chicago went to St. Joseph, Mich. He soon returned tp Chicago, however, and practiced his profession as a physician until the great fire. In 1S71, he became one of the founders of the Chicago Athenaeum; Dr. Zaremba was one of the prime movers in the Interstate and Industrial Exposition in 1S72 and 1873. In November, 1S7S, when the International Commercial Convention assembled at Farwell Hall, Dr. Zaremba was appointed a city delegate by Mayor Heath. In January, 1S79, he started with the first Industrial Excursion from Chicago to Mexico, which formed the entering wedge for American trade in that country.
In the fall of 1891, the Exposition company sent a commission (presided over Dy the commissioner-at-large, Thomas B. Bryan), to southern Europe. Up to that time neither the people nor the rulers in that region of the world had manifested the slightest interest in the Exposition, but the commissioners appealed to both the potentates and the people, informing them full}’ of the stupendous undertaking in which this nation had embarked, and after some five months so spent in industriously disseminating all the information available, the most gratifying change of sentiment occurred and the liveliest interest was inspired. Not only did kings and queens respond most encouragingly (speaking alternately in Erench and German, as they had been addressed |, but the Pope also acknowledging that he was surprised to learn of the grand scale of the international Exposition, promised to contribute generously to its success, and did so first by his cordial letter to Commissioner-at-large Bryan (translated and circulated in manv lands), and next by contributing treasures never before permitted to leave the Vatican. The commissioner-at-large has, since that European mission, been incessantly occupied in conducting correspondence, and in multifold office work, delivering lectures and otherwise advancing the interests of the Exposition.
Thomas B. Bryan was born December 22, 1S2S, in Alexandria, Va. His father, Hon. Daniel Bryan, was a prominent man in Virginia. He represented his﻿HON. THOMAS B. BRYAN,
COMMISSIONER-AT-LARGE, WORLD’S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION.﻿﻿Hm'ORYOF THE WORMlFAIR.
2 7
,district in	other import;me positions. James^Bd
Philip Bar^HHhis mother's 1mothers, servec 1 in
the United Staral^%nat('iV:. : ^Bc|£at$S';'ptfi r< :me Court, an 1 in the Cabinet as Se^RSy rll	Mr. Bryan was graduated at Harvard l apfBBBgMn 1848.
While pursuing his college studies he wrote a book in the (Herman language, the
Many editions hiJWE^Been sold, it being pronounced an excellent work. He is also wit h the	Jn	Mr.
married ai^ip life iVnss	dafightei^R an Episcopal clergyman.
She is spoken of as a most gentle, accomplished and excelh :nt lady. Tin dr wedded life, which has	fortieth anniversary, is very harmonious. After
years’ successful practice of his profession itr£!^^^nat^Bi partnership with Judge'Haifl^SVIr^fcya^Baine to Chicago in 1852, where he l^^^Ben engagc^^H business up to the present time, with exception of three years irf^oloratfo, and during his governorship of the district of Columbia. Alrttowgti Mr. Bryan is a very enfinLdfnian he is not ambitious. 1 le has^^Hpicd,'many^^Hinent239Qfl with great crBt to himself, and if	more eager for fame or political
have fe$dSira*l^Biihg orator, statesman or dipiomat. After the death of 1 laj|arcE IaV^B Mr.	recommended for his successor as
H|^K9gji.dor to.Germany, the leading newspapers of the United States uniting in But, when Ai^Bew D. White, of CcMHttl University, was fhoBioned for the. position, Mr., Bryan encouraged the appointment, gracefu 1 ly retiring from the held. Mr. Bryan, as vice-president of tfafej;World^'C^umbian Exposition, addressed conventions in many of the States, besides visiting Europe, ^BMe he succeeded in overcoming strong prejudices against the ExpftsmflM and in arousing latent forces in i t sbe h al fU Adtelb his suc c e s s f u 1 efforts at Washington ^^HBBffo&^^^lflrreat victory in the effbrfctd get the consent of t|i’%jyvs 1 a t u r e of the State of 111 inois to authorize tJv^Hity of C hicago to issue $5,000,000 i 11 boncls the	.^^n&rd'' appointed commissioner-at-large.
Mr. Bry a n i s3.' SOU n d lawyer, being a-^«^^B4ent in hi& profession, and, as a convincing speaker, unusually gifted.﻿

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CHILDREN’S PARADE PASSING UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK, OCTOBER 22, 18M.﻿HISTORY,OF	FAIR
29
COMMISSIONER-AT-LARGE TIIOS. B. BRYAN'S OPINION OF THE
T1IE I AIR.
^^Hmrpnh temples now dedicated t<> industry and the arts will survive that dB^Bfti but a few ^^Hhs and t^^B& demolished. But there will be some salvage. Much of their m.ittBBl will enter into	of a
characte r, if uKt of equal reno'gg^SgB^Bi^^^^^B Expo* sition itself there flfl be great salvage—much, ^^Bd, that
its origin,	directly
tr^RffieBBnfiB03t Fair. Thisgfuitag^^^^^^^^^Ba theme for skilful handing in so narrow a compass as this, but a
specimen of tlifflrruit, here ratid there, just as one might sjHKflo ])luck an orange or a star-apple in||gmeB^^^^m3fl region.
widest reach ar^BgreMist■ val-uf, will be thHHB^^Btl a -ftSXSRBiint.aiiB wd may thenceforth < M^R'ith oflBi' ped^Bt, and tfikHjSBpK knowledge of Americans. It ^^BHfl^B|^^^^^^n.zing /th&t millions u;Br millions of otherwise enlightened people scattered over the Eastern
t^e boating thorn branch with it^BB and
land on the morrow. The Indians, of w hom he wrote so often and so graphically, are
to still	if
dangerous part of our population. Those millions abroad seem never to have hea^	Red TackBiB^B whiennt the close of
a.nQthgi‘^^^H^^^^jBB^^QjP^£tBBB8)y our Exposition): "Wjj^^H^^^Bll island in	They^HK they pressed uBm. us, and the
■ we are gone forever!	mourn us?
'N,0#W^B What marks our resting-place? NHBling!”
The Ethnological Department of the I'aiMJ.\ill greatly extend our general knowledge of	as well as of the prehistoric races that inhabited
this liU’^^B	to regard the discovery of
as of a very remote period in the past, yet, in fBRwhyrau
considered m^B* than a mfl| break 'BReT	’ four links in K^BF
less aha&L, a single arch in^^^^^^^BKjgjhistory and tracfflfflbn? Science and fe-search are now spanning that arch to presence of the great event that we are now celebrating.
ten thousand	of H pracBB^^^^^BmitSj
assuredly result from	all departments of humanH^^^B and <*&5L
The ingenuity of man, already exercised to iti^l ^^^Hapacity for	dis-﻿30
History of the worlds fair.
play at the Fair» will be stimulated in numberless directions b^Bb^ervation at the HtpOsit^^Hid by t he -uggestions to vllJB it may give birth. This expansion and improvement or benchc^HraR|flnK|^^^Se inv^Kve faculties and of skilf will extend in soi^HHBH&ure to tH^ne arts, henl comparatively in their infancy. From the MSI of that infancy America may at least derive one consolation—that it is not irJHded in tlW§3pS lament that ‘pCne names of great painters are like passing bells; in the name of Valesflpfez you hear soundccl^HKalt of Spain; in the name of of Venifce; in Ihe namc^H Leonardo that olfivlilan; in the na^B of Raphael that of Rom^ 1
Of the JmSssUB educati<>na 1 adxuuiuges to	Ex-
position it£9[ impracticable here to tre^ti^fprther than yjjdme most casual mention. Then the gfett Kri^pp gun, to transport which special derricks, a special ship, ancl special lars were provided, can give an instru^Hfe id«Mof the formidab^Rnergy of modern	tomparea with the priteitiv^cabnon introdBfed but shortly
before the birth of Columbus. But	be hoped thacr)eaS^Hj^^BBHB may ad-
vance tfewjwjc they .'champion, teaching the world tnfflyd the time when “^non shall not lift up sword against nation, neitherwuiBSBHBre.” In America, aM^Hall lands, should be heard and heeded the lessons from tH|0nouth of the schoolmaster rather than hose.from *jl!|tiSlW[fly^T-annon.﻿HISTORti&F Till-; WQ&®$dFAIR.
3»
CHAPTER II.
THE PILLARS OF THE EXPOSITION.
The Men to Whose Ch»à the Coi^tgwiSoiySof the Grea/Woffc EJas Been Intrusted From Its Concdf^i^HpfSci^Sjpf the Dirrac^kSJanding^O*iijriittees—Council of Administration and Board of	Big Earnest Men of Chicago.
wffTHE^^Hf December 1S90, the President of the United ^Ktates issued a proclamation extending an invitation to the nations of the earth to^Brticipiifè in the p!aD«mb^B Ex-posit io n to be held i n C h i cago.O n the 14th o f Apr il, 1891, William Baker was	the Lxu-al
Btjard to succeed Lyman j. Gage, who had declined re-election and re^^H his salary of $q^ò$o,«*HaÌchHlfl(^%is credit on ^^Hooks. Mr. Baker was re-elected o^^Har afterward, but after resigned on account of illh^alth, Mr. Harlow N. Higinbothom was unanimously el$c$ed to serve the unexpired term of Mr. Bakjftr. At tlfE andrai meeting of dflB^rsJjglfApfcHf 1893, Mr. HiginlHhani'was again unanimously <;boè£n President,Hid the following is the roster of^k Board at the pfwfipt time: Presideni»*-Ilarlcrtr1N. Higinbotham.
Vice-President—1st, Ferdinand W. Peek; 2d, Robert A. Wither.
Secretary—Howard O. Edmonds; Assistant Secretary, Samuel A. Crawford. T reHL r efc-Aatfoorry F.' $eeb erger.
r,*Am^B>r-^William K. Acker^Bn; Assistant Auditor, Charles V. Barrington. Solicitor General—Edwin Walker* Assistant Attorneys, George Packar, Charles H. Baldwin, Joseph Cupimips. >
The follckìnff tè the. Board pf Directors:—William T. Baker, ThSHTempIgh C. K. G. BillindS^2 Madison St./Thomas B. Bryan, 401 I^^HMcNatly BuilgJjijg. Edward B. Butler, Franklin and Congress Streets. Isaac ^IjLjKflimp, State and Jadll^Ph Streets. William J. Chalmers, PMltQb^fSMM^vWwWS^Qeéts. Charles II. Chappell, ^kkatgC^B: Alton R. R. RÉibert C.^^iowry, 150 WashiijHon Street. Mark I^CrawflHl, I louse of Correction. George R. Davis, Jackson Park. Alur Dixon, 2g^B'ifth Avenue. JamttflW. Fllsworth, Phenix Building. Lyman J. Gage, First NatiHal Bank. Charles Henrotin, 169 Dearborn Street. H. N. Higinbotham, 441 Rand-McNally Building. Charles L. Hutchinson, Corn Exchange IJajik. Eldridèì^HKeith, Metropolitan National Bank. WljGam D. Kerfoot, $5 Wad»* ington Street. WilljjÉÈ^^ Ketcham, I Ioyne and Blue Island Avenues. Milton W. Kirk, Care JaméP^'Kirk & Cl HonB^fter H. HarriBi, hJayor> City Hall.﻿
HARLOW X. HIGIX BOTH A M,
PRESIDENT WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.﻿HI»Q.RY,;QF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Edw^B*3ib Lawrence, First Rational Bank. Victor F\ Lawson, Ipijly News, Thies J. Lefens, Room i, 89 9*|Sa.h Street. Amln-w McXallwnRa^ï-McNally Build^^H Ad< ilfil Nat IiJm, F ranklin an^^ickgfn Stre^Bg Jo§SEj. R Qc|fell, Union Bank, Ferdinand W. Peck, 110Auditorium kj^ildihg. Lrskinc AI. Phelps, Fifth^ÀflHBM#y Adams ^Street. Washington Porter, IvOÙtn	|Upjarly»r.a
'StreeH A]0hi*pider FI. ReyeH^VabatoÈ' Avenue and Adorns StreÇf.' iSjFwçrd P. l^^eHpüjfcmd-McI^liîly Buildin^. A. AI. Eotl&ch^^H} Mçhrde Steéet. GeOPâe Schneider, i 15 Dearborn Street.	( 'ii,tries 11. Schwab, F'oreman Bros., 1 eS] Wash-
ington Street. James W. Scott, I lc:rald. I b-nry B. Stone, 203 Washington Street. Chiy-MBH. WacÆftroiftt"North	Edwin WaJJvcr, m6 ,'E^Bvery
Building. Robert A. Waller, 164 La Salle Stn < i John C. \V^ftuBi£r' 7S Michigan A'MBB G. IF Wheeler, 2020 State Street. Frederick*'^. Winston, Monadnock Building. Charles T. Yerkes, 444 Xorth Clark Street,- Otto Young, the F a if.
Tin - president	VU^^^B'ÇoIumbian Iîhtpdsit h hr«is Mr. Hst^$ow N. Hig^
inbotham, one of the members	firm of Marshall Field & Co. IieJii the
ex^^^HK&ffider ofA^jfe^l^vration and the active-agent for the accdTO^UsJmient of the'bur|l|^{^Vl4<^: it iras formed. All contracts binding upcyi the corporation an&fJiHuwi^ch'money is expended from the treasury^^^Bxecuted by him. (ie ill ex-officio a member of all committees of t he B&^td : : is chairman of il^SEjceoUtivct, Committee, \v4ticfr exercises all the functions of the Boat'd when tfüs latter is not in jf^tftflBNKr. I Iiginbotham is also chairman ol the Council of Administration, a body n>emVer^Sne Board of	members • f t/iç^Yoïid*^
Columbian Commission prffai^Bd foil Che purpose 01 concentrating the jurisdiction ofl^th bodies in cBr to more effectivel\r administer the affairs of th^Bn t e rprf$6t Han<>w Niles I^Bihbpt :	was born in-Jbliat, 111., Oc^^^tt>38. Heia|Biide!4
school in a lit^Bk^c^Bii- unt^Bie began Bisine J for Himself at the in the crockery line. He came to Chicago in i86(^^^H entered the employ CçtwŒ FarmêJI X Go., where’he-fema:ia ■ Tar^AJfcl 1 oct time. He ^^^|ed in tfwS Morgan Guards at tlife beginning of the hue war, and \\< 111 through the campaigns in ViH|nia and Tennessee. ReturniiT^RfÇçr the close^B the	again £n£e;pl!jf&
the firm of Cooley X Leiter, which was afterward Field, Feiter X jCo., and now Marshall iHfiQ & Co., where has been eversiiicfc, having ^Bn admitted to thè; firm in SkU Mi^. Higinbotha^^^^n the inception of the enter) wise has been a working member of the two most important committees of th^Borpo^Bioi), those on 1 - QBDMft-nd Waysj add AI cans. He contributed -without stint hi* time and the lortui^B qf the Exposition were sp/critical -atha^Bhci^cm&mitteÇs were required to be in almost continuous session. Mr. HiginHtham’s^wnanimous election as president idM’followed by his appointment to meipbcrshij^-aHj. the chairmanship of tlwjpiàttdl nf‘A A mÎftp a body created to be representative of	in both q^j^L|roRaL q^miOTon and the dB9vy of
the corporation. Tlted^jSdÇ®f these combined stations demand the conatsàt attention t^Bheir incumbent, and that Mr. ^ufhibotha^Qfi^SKflive this is a-e^ntri-, bunion whose va&MN&n not be overestimated* His c h a nfcirist içjBpCÇ cJearneS&iof perception, directness of method, steadiness of application, and promptitude in﻿j&iafci
-• -		%'
1		1 1
DIRECTORS WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
1. Isaac N. Camp.
6.	Elbridge G. Keith.
7.	Wm. D. Kerfoot.
12. Washington Porter. \3. Edward P. Kipley.
2. Wm. J. Chalmers. 5. Arthi r Dixon.
8. Wm. P. Ketcham. 11. Adolph Nathan.
14. A. M. ROTHSCHILDS.
3.	R. C. Clowry.
4.	C H. (’HAPPELL.
9. Milton W. Kirk.
10. Edward F. Lawrence. 15. Charles H. Schwab.﻿WmD’S FAIR.
■
decision. ThfljRHrm an equipment \vhi< li ionstitute a model man JKjKfS's, and iueU. «1 r. 11 iginbotham. 11 is success in lib ■ has been the	work and
th(C:::	The destinies of the Exposition could not be
entrusted to a more capable and truStwoVthy g u a r d i an.
The following is the standing com mitt < -el of the Directory:— [The President 'a&(Srin■( t or General are-exl-olò'io members of all standing com*4
Executive Committee-—Harlow N. 1 I^Bfbotham^Breo I maud	Peck,
KwH't A. Waller, George R. Davis, Henry B. Stone, James W. Ellsworth, Edwin Wajfeer, RobdrtkjMGlowry, Win. D. Kerföót, John J. P. Odell, Chas. H. Schwab, ^Rvard B. Butler, Ali^Bnder H. Reve^KThles J. Lefens, Ed v^ard P. fti jfley, Lyman J. l^roe*C^yu*les L._-fjut<^Bison, Wm. T. Bake^^B
(Regular meeting of the Executive Committee Wednesday pleach week at m. Ot lice, 507 Rami AI cNally Building, Adams street. }
Finance—Ferdinand W.-P^^^Bhairn^B; Elbridge G. Keith, John J. P. Odell, J. Gage, James W. Ellsworth. ■
Grounds and Bl^^^^^^Benry B. Stone, Chairman ; 1 yman J. Gage, William P. Ketcham, Charles H. Schwab,	Clowrv, Edward F^Bawrencg, Erskine
M.Ph^^l
|V^Sgislai^B>—T^Bu in Wa^Br, Chairman; Fred. S. Winston, Fred. W. Peek» Arthur Dixon.
Kerfoot, Chairman; Thies J. Lefens, Isaac X. Campi George Schneider, Washington korter/
Mines, Mining and Fish^tharles II.-Schw; 11 ^yC^Birman; William'J/Chalmers, Mark L. Crawford, John C. Welling, George II.
Prints And Printing1-—Alexander H. Reveil, Chairman ; James W. Scott, Victor ^lSHn^M^^^HKirk,H:orgc^^Kider. I R. ]. Murphy, Secretary. »
Transportation- kdward P. Ripley, Chairman; Henry B. Stone, Charles Chappell, John C. Welling, Arthur Di>^^^H
Fine Arts—Charles L. I Iutchinson, Chainua; 1 ; James W. Ellswprth, Elbridge
G.	Keith, Charles T. Ver^B, Thomas B. Hrao. 1
Idl><-ral Arts -James W. Ellsworth, Chairman; Robert A. Waller. Isaac N.
; fGatöïp, Alexander H. Reveil, William T. Baker.
Electrical and Pneutnà^fcl Appliances—Robert C. dowry, H. Wackei^B. K. G. Billings, Mark L. Crawford, Charles L,
H u	V
Manufactures and Machinery—John J. P. Odell, Chairman; Adolph1 Nathan, A. M. Rothschild, Anjdfew McNàlly^ Erskine M. Phelps.
I Wak^-Mtp Mean -Ecfwartl'B. Butler, ,C h ajrihaiR Adolph ' Natharp George ■ ÌSófenejBr, Edward F. Lawrfejfe < , Edwaip P. Ripley,Charles PI- Wacj®-, Milton W. Kirk, Wm, J. Chalmers, Washington RoÌ|q&£R^jfearfc A. Waller, Wm. D. Kerfoot, iOtt^Jpputtg, Andrew
Foreign Exhibits—Thies J. Lefeiw, Chairman; James \V.- Ellsworth, Charles
H.	Wacker, Wm. T. Baker, Charles Iienrotin, Thomas B. Bryan.
‘rajttee on Ceremoni|HpH|^^Hd F. Lawrence, Chairman; James﻿OFFICERS WORLD’S COLUMBIAN” EXPOSITION.
i. Anthony F. Seeberger, Treasurer.
Ferdinand \Y. Peck, ist Vice-President.	3- Robert A. Waller, 2d Vice-President.
4. Harlow N. Higinbotham, President.
Howard O. Kdmonds, Secretary.	6. Samuel A. Crawford, Assistant Secretary,
7. William K. Ackerman. Auditor.	8. Charles Y. Barrington, Assistant Auditor.﻿fc^STDRY GF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
37
W. Ellsworth, Chas. T. Yerkes, William D. Kerfoot, James W. Scott, Charfes Hen rotin, Alexander F^jjjjgVell, William P Ketcham, Thomas B. Bryan. Col. E. C. Culp, Secretary.
TKmBwS&al	direction qB$Okarffljjer?ient of
ith<g	Cohdeeigat It was created by agreement
Letw(*|^M*E^0^q!^oiniKiS§fojtiB2®ii the ExposiS^tdp^PrctOry, or local organization , its 111embership embracing two repr< -1 mtatives from each body as follows: HI N. I Iiginbotham, President of the Exposition and Chairman,	V. Massey,
Commissioner from Delaware. Charles H. Schwab, Director of the J. W. St. Clair,	West Virginia. Secretary, A. W. Sawyer.
'	aR/MGr^tjfi' is composed of eight National Coitl-
m i ssi o n e r s w ith alternates, and eighth! x p o s i t ion d i rectors. T o i t are TfeMgfcJ for quB^tiSfis upon which the Commission and ally. On the part of the Exposition Co. they ar^j^lJSpkfws:	H. N. 1 Iiginbotham,
Pr^Jgnt;. R. A. Waller, L. J. Gage, H. B. Stone, Sgawin Walker, E. P. Ripley, J. J. P.	ft:﻿OFFICERS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION.
2. Thomas M. Waller,
]<t Vice-Pres.
5. Gorton W. At.lex,
4th Vice-Pres.
8. H. P. Platt,
Vice-Chairman Executive Com.
1. Thomas W. Palmer, President.
4. Davidson R. Penn, :id Vice-Pres. 7. John T. Dickinson, Secretary.
3. M. II. DeYot ng,
2d Vice-Pres. 6, Alex. IP Andrews, r>th Vice-Pres.
9. Georoe R. Davis,
Director-General.﻿/
PART {U
THE NATIONAL COMMISSION.
CHAPTER I.
FIRST MEETING OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION.
Appointment of Commissioners by President Harrison—First Meeting Convened by Secretary BJaine— Hon. A. T. Ewing of Illinoti Calls the Commission to Order in the Parlor of the Grand Pacific Hotel in Chicago—Rev. John Barrows Makes a Prayer—John T. Harris of Virginia, Temporary Chairman—Thomas W. Palmer Jof Michigan Unanimously Selected aEPermanent President—John T. Dickinson of Texas Made Permanent Secretary in the Same Way—Sketches of the Lives of These Twa Gentlemen—^Selection of Vice-PresidentjfcrAdjournment.
N a reasonably short tim^'after the World’s Fair bill received the Executive signature President Harrison appointed members of the National Commission, two each from the several States and Territories—one Republican and one Democrat—on nominations made by the Governors of said States and Territories, and also eight commissioners-at-large, which had also been provided for by the act of Congress creating the Commission; and on the 5th of June, 1890, Secretary of State Blaine, issued an official letter convening the first session of the National Commission at the Grand Pacific Hotel in Chicago on the 25th of the same month; and on the 26th the Commission met and Hon. A. T. Ewing, of Illinois, took the chair reserved for the Presiding Officer, called the assemblage to order and said:
Gentlemen of the Commission:—I am directed by the Department of State to call this meeting to order, which I now do in the name of the United States, I bid you welcome to Chicago, and am sure that wisdom and unity of purpose will mark your deliberations.
This was followed by prayer by the Rev. John Barrows, and then Hon. John T.
Harris, of Virginia, was elected Temporary Chairman.
On motion of Commissioner McKenzie, of Kentucky, amended by Mr.Waller, of
Connecticut, a committee of twelve was ordered to be appointed by the chairman,
to report the offices necessary to be filled to constitute a permanent organization.
During a lull in the proceedings, but while the subject of an election of officers was
under informal discussion, Mr. Thatcher, of New York, read a telegram from the
Hon. C. M. Depew, in which that gentleman requested that “his name,should not
39﻿
.. m
ÄS ,
T.,
"x%	'

IftL ■
p r-
5§P
4M .
.✓**' #%:

COMMISSIONERS
1. Patrick PL L annan,	2.
Utah.
6.	Charles H. 1)i:i:re,	5.
Illinois.
7.	Adlai T. Ewing,	8,
Chicago.
12. Lyman B. Goff,	11.
Rhode Island.
18. Gardiner ('. Sims,	14.
Rhode Island.
WORLD’S COLUMBIAN
J. T. W. Tiller,
A rkansas.
Albert A. Wilson,
District Columbia.
Thos. E. Garvin,
Indiana.
Chas. D. McDfffee,
Ac ic Ha m psh ire.
Phillip Allen, Jr.,
D7sconsi7t.
COMMISSION.
3.	J. H. Clendening,
A rkansas.
4.	A. T. Britton,
District Columbia.
9.	Elijah B. Martin dale,
Didiana.
10.	Walter Aiken,
Xew Hampshire.
15. John N. Coburn,
H7sco?ist/i.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
41
I be used in Connection with the prësidency of the Commission, as he was about to undertake an extended trip to Europe* etc.” Pending a report from the Committee on PerrfttUienEOrganization, the meeting adjourned until the following day.
When thHcomralssionei's.fie-assembled, pursuant to adjournment, on June 27th, Mr. McKenzie from the Committee on Permanent Organization, submitted a partial report, which was unanimously adopted, and which provided for the election of a president, five vice-presidents,, and a. secretary; thfe first vice-president to be of opposite politics to the president, and the other four to be equally divided in politics. Nominations being called for, the office of president wasf filled by the unanimous election of I Ion. The^-W. Palmer, of Michigan, who was escorted to the chair and accepted his high duties m the following language*
GEnTlEmeh of THE Commission:—I am profoundly grateful for the compliment that you have paid me; and yet, in accepting the compliment, I am infused with a feeling of trepidation as to what it involves- Men, as a rule, shrink from the trials of the unknown, and that general clause in the definition of the duties of the president, seems to me to involve much more than we would suppose at a first glance. It places a great deal upon the president; and it may take a great deal away from him. In either case, he proposes not to complain. I have heard it said that when the throes of birth were not severe in the delivery of a child, the child was liable to be of little worth thereafter. On that account I regard my election by acclamation as a poor augury for my future. If there had been a little more of a struggle, it might have given me a greater experience of the peril, of the hardship of my next few years. I11 regard to that distinguished man whose name has been proposed in connection with the president—that admirable Crichton of America, that man who is always first in finance, at the social board, on the rostrum, or in business life—I would say that if he could have been induced to accept the position, I believe it would have given us greater prestige abroad and at home. I telegraphed to him that it had been suggested to me that if he were willing to become a candidate, I would decline to have my name presented; but the circumstances were such that Mr. Depew felt that he could not give it the time, and, therefore, I became a willing sacrifice. The Chair now awaits the pleasure of the Commission.
Mr. Massey, of Delaware, offered thé following resolution, which was unanimously adopted:
Resolved, That the Committee on Permanent Organization be instructed and directed to consider the matter of the several vice-presidents and other officers designated by their report just presented, and make recommendation to the Commission of suitable nominees for the same; and before determining upon their recommendation, that they shall sit for two hours to hear the individual views and preferences of such members of the Commission as may desire to address them in that behalf.
On motion of Mr. Kerens, of Missouri, the Commission proceeded to the elec-tion of a permanent Secretary.
Mr. Skiff, of Colorado, presented tne nameof Dr. John T-Dickinson, ofTexas, which was seconded by Mr. Rucker., of North Dakota.
Mr. Dickinson was unanimously elected secretary; and on taking his place at the secretary’s desk, made the following remarks:
Gentlemen of the World’s Columbian Commission:—Permit me to express to you my sincere gratitude for the high compliment you have paid me, and through me the State of﻿42
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Texas, which I have the honor, in part, to represent in this Commission, by electing me as your secretary. I fully realize the magnitude of the enterprise which we are about to inaugurate, and if I did not conscientiously believe that I could successfully perform the duties of secretary of the World’s Columbian Commission, with credit to myself and to my State, and ultimately, I trust, to the satisfaction of this Commission, I would not have been a candidate for the honor. Having had considerable practical experience as secretaryjand general manager ot fairs and expositions, I shall enter upon the discharge of the duties of this important office, feeling always the responsibility of the position, and with the assurance of your confidence and support, I will endeavor to bring all the fidelity, intelligence, zeal and industry I may possess toward the satisfactory performance of the varied and exacting duties that belong, both directly and indirectly, to the office of the secretary of the World’s Columbian Commission. Again thanking you for the honor conferred upon me, I will now proceed to enter upon the discharge of the duties of the office.
On motion of Mr. Widener the following resolution was adopted:
Resolved, That a committee of seven be appointed to communicate with the local directors of the World’s Columbian Exposition of Chicago, and notify them that this Commission is now permanently organized and prepared to receive any communications they may have to submit.
The nextday’, June 2Sth, the organization was further perfected by election of the following vice-presidents, from first to fifth, in the order in which they are named:	Thomai M. Waller, Connecticut; M. H. De Young, California; Davidson
B. Penn, Louisiana; G. W. Allen, New York; Alex. B. Andrews1^)North Carolina. The next step taken was to appoint a committee, consistingiyof Commissioners Smalley, Kerens, Bromberg, Thacher, Widener and Sewell, instructed by resolution to investigate and report upon the following lines of inquiry:	Whether the
World's Columbian Exposition had secured the legally prescribed amount of subscriptions to the capital stock; whether, in fact the tenth part, or io per centum of such subscription had been paid in by the shareholders; and whether the corporation had instituted proper measures to obtain subscriptions to an additional amount of five millions as contemplated by the Act of Congress.
After this the Commission met daily’’ and was engaged in mapping out the details of a complete legislative and executive organization. During these sittings the following resolution was adopted:
Resolved, That this Commission is satisfied that the World’s Columbian Exposition of Chicago has an actual, bona fide and valid subscription to its capital stock which will secure the payment of at least five million dollars, of which not less than five hundred thousand dollars has been paid in, and that the further sum of five million dollars, making in all ten million dollars will be provided by’ said corporation in ample time for its needful use during the prosecution of the work for the complete preparation of said Exposition.
On the 3rd of July an adjournment was had to October S, 1890, unless sooner called together by the president.
Thomas Wethcrill Palmer, President of the Commission, comes of a .sturdy’ stock, his ancestors on both sides having been among the early settlers of the continent which Columbus opened up to civilization. His mother’s people were Rhode Islanders, in direct descent from Roger Williams; and her father, a native of Massachusetts, and one of those who fought with Warren at Bunker 11 ill, was after the﻿WILLIAM T. BAKER,
SECOND PRESIDENT OF TUK WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION﻿44
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
Revolution appointed by President Jefferson to a I'ederal judgeship in the Territory of Michigan, and held court in thé wilderness while yet Tecumseh was a living terror to the land. Thomas, the father of President Palmer, had birth in the State of Connecticut, but was a pioneer in the settlement of the Northwest, and the year 1809 found him already on the frontier line, conducting a lucrative trade with the Indians at the post of Detroit, where, twenty-one years later, June 25, 1830, the subject of our sketch was born. The younger Palmer literally grew with the country, and by the time that his manhood approached, Territories had become States, forests had given way to cities, society had taken root in the land of the savage, and the spire of the church and belfry of the school were rising from the bosom of the prairies. He enjoyed the benefit of an excellent scholastic education, was assiduous in his studies, passed through the course at St. Clair College, and took his degree of graduation at the University of Michigan. Some months were then passed in foreign travel, and while abroad he made a pedestrian tour of Spain and acquired such familiarity with the language and the people of the country as was afterward to serve a valuable purpose to his own government. Returning to this country, Mr. Palmer entered upon mercantile pursuits, was for some time engaged in business in Wisconsin, and subsequently conducted large enterprises in Detroit, where he now resides. His success as a merchant was the result of diligence and probity, which also secured the esteem of his fellow citizfens. Later on in life Mr. Palmer became an active participant in politics, acquiring large influence, and filling many positions of trust with honor to himself, and to the satisfaction of his constituents. He was a member of the Board of Estimates of the State of Michigan, and later served in the Legislature for several terms as a member of the Upper House. Bringing to each and every station an enlightened intelligence and strong sense of duty, he was now chosen as one of Michigan’s representatives in the Senate of the United States, occupying this high position for the full term of six years. In 1887 Senator Palmer was chosen President of the Water-ways Convention, held in Sault Saint Marie under the auspices of the Duluth Chamber of Commerce, and in that relation rendered valuable assistance to the éauSé of inter-lake navigation. In 1889 he was appointed by President Harrison minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to the court of Spain.
Mr. Palmer has fulfilled all that was expected of him. He early made known that he would accept no salary, and in many noble and elegant ways he has given proofs of his high honor, superior administrative ability and excellent parliamentary tactics, graciousness of personality and exceeding liberality. IHs entertainments of Eulalia, the Duke of Veragua and other distinguished personages as well as his unostentatious dinner to officers of the Commission will live long in many memories.
John Thilman Dickinson, Secretary of the Commission, was born in Houston, Texas, June 18, 1858, descended from a sturdy line of ancestors, who, on many a hard fought field poured out their lives amid the fires of martyrdom. Scotch history is permeated with the name of Dickinson, and always in connection with deeds of valor and honor. Early an orphan. Col. Dickinson was educated liberally at﻿HISTORY OF THE ■ QR.LI)'S FAIR.
■
* home and abroad, and gradualing in several of the Academic schools of versity of Virginia, in June, 1S79, received the diploma of Bachelor-! >1-1.aw from l)MW|fri(|i 11 Reining to Texas he became one of the owners and theeditor of the Hqftiston Telegraph, and entered at < a i ce and actively upon public1 life.	whi£& ori a vi A. to Austin, die capital of t lie State, he was*
elected son^jUilft-of the I louse of Representatives of the 'F^ng Legislature, and ! in May, 1882, was elected secretary of thefeM®^$tatMj£apital Board FywHiSTvis-ing the construction of the^fcgest	1 louse in the Union and probably
largest red granite building in the wor^J During thisr time he was also elected secretary of the S|s$e Penitentiary Board,tand several other State boards, and filled these positions under three governors, I Ion. (). M. Roberts, Hon. J^mOj'yJand ^nd Hon. K5pn|^^tnd also served on the staff *!StnNpwb/ Ireihh^vi ththe rank {rf colonel. |Ei1&8^BCol. Dickinson Wits elected general manager of the International Fair Association of San Anton^Bq^id conducted the organization ahd'.preparation of tHSfl|^^^Hle^jra.n Exposition, whicjf.was successfully held iBBhat city in November of the same year. I'hi^W'isT^g^rdejjd^by the people as ''r.%b e s t ar r a n g< -d. and most attractive exposition 1 if |Hfc products	T<j^^£|j#I Mexico
that had ever been held in tic State. He remain^■.$£' Ssu^^<ip3w^B0^»^ary and general manager of this Exposition Association until ht visit(tdCihiteaHat the
i&&SEtjf&Cfenof the World’s Fair. JpjlMrvices, were immediately engaged and he ■ wa£interview members of Congress in 11M 1 iHfMili	of C^^Ho; he aJK!t the Ch^^a^Bmmitfee in Washiftgt&n
in December, 18S9, and remaii^efFjn^t^'^hem until Chicago was victorious in the ' contest. When the bill had	World's Columbian
and providing for two commissioners from each	JGofetiel Di<L inson was ap-
pointed by General L. S. Ross, Governor of Texas, as the Democratic commissioner to represent that State-
Mr. Dickinson has been with	beginning to end; and
for his painstaking rapt^oa&l^nd remarkable urbanity, l$€^£&«9afrted for himself a miration MC^»pi^Iaff>mpass h i m so 1 ong as he 1 ives. “I have never	able and so prompt in
said of Secretary Dk^G^^H not hundreds, but tltcrifefeMyeof times.﻿COMMISSIONERS
1.	Frederick G. Bromberg, Alabama.	2.
6.	Richard Turnbull, Florida.	5.
7.	George A. [Manning, Idaho.	8.
12.	Jas. A. McKenzie, Kentucky.	11.
13.	Davidson B. Penn, Louisiana.	U.
WORLD’S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION.
Oscar R. Hundley, Alabama. C. F. A. Bielby,
Michael H. de Young California. W.M. Forsyth,
Florida.
John E. Stearns, Idaho.
Jno. Bennett,
California. 9. Joseph Eiboêck, loiua.
10. Wm. F. King,
Kentucky. Tiios. J. Woodward, Louisiana.
Io?ca.
15. Augustus R. Bixby, Maine.﻿h Brolly of ■ n EJiB&tjpsémïR.
47
I
CHAPTER II.
MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION.
the Men Who Speak for the
and the Places of Their rjpidfnhf	ut i ve
Committee and Board of Reference and Control.
HE following is a complete li i: of the names of the National Commissioners and + 11	’*	'A HP-ltf* as at M^Hit
constituted. It wMâ^hflÉSfâen that every Stat^wtd Territory
Alaska and thqjUnpj&^Rf Columbia. T&ÿe4iRpalso presented the names of alternates Ubd the places of their	Many dË, these have
at ope i ime or another during tin- many meetings i\lso names of officers of the Commission, officers of the Executive Committee, and oi the Epgjrd of Reference and Control.
PrBâent........................HON. TI TOldjjfW^^I AI ^fi|Miehtgan.
First VB|§ppjwnwlt1y~..........I Ion. Thomas M. Wallkr, of Connecticut.
Second Vice-President. ........M. H. Dk Young ,of California.
Thifd Yhm-PfttwWwJBk *.1. h. .Ltsdraral.
Fourth H ; e - Pr:.............Gorton W. Allen, of New York.
Fi^BBMHyBawB>^^%*..............Alexander B. Andrews, of North Carolina*
Secretary..................< )n WiSiK T. Dick i >iis&\. of 'HjBfeg •
Vice-Chairman Executive Committee. Harvey P. Platt, Toledo, Ohio.
on ers-at-large.
Commlssionkrs.—Augustus G. Bullock, Worcester, Mass.; Gorton W. Allen, ; ïjlrorHA.elpjq^.. Pa.;	W^^Smer,
Detroit, Mich.; R.*W. Furnas, Brownville, Neb.; Patrick P. Walsh, Augusta, Ga.; Henry Exall, Dallas, Tex.; Mark L. McDonald, Santa Rosa, Cal.
.«MBMbJWhK3Bm. Me.: L<m^| Fitzgerald, New York, ^ Yi; John VVnd.; Hale G, Parker, St.	Louisville,	San
Antonio, Tex.; TlnHBS Burke, Seattle, Wash.
COLUMBIA.
s 11 x E K s.—A1 e x a n d e r T. I ! ritçp n, Washington; Albert A. Wilson, Alternates.—E. Kurtz Johnson, Washm&|æm; Dorsey Clagett, Washington﻿48
HISTORY-OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
of the Kates.
Alabama.—CommraloiKBHFred'k G. EHHHerg, Mol^^B)sC;ar R. Hundley, Huntsville. Alternates—Gotthold F. Werth, Montgomery; William S. Hull, Shefl^RL
W. 4illar, Little R(B; j. H. ^Bttdening, Fort Smith. AlternS|- jfflmefcgjT. MifajeU, Little Rock; Thoij^J H. Leslie» Stuttgart.
California.—Commissioners—Michel H. De Young, San	William
Forsyth, Fresno. Afcernat($ffj-Georgie Hazleton, San Fra^HM| Russ D. Stephens, Sac r a m e n t o.
Colorado. — Commissioners — Roswell E. Goodell, Leadville; Joseph H. Smith, Demiek AlternatcsyMBcnry B. Gillespie, Aspen; O* C. French, New Windsor.
Connecticut. Jdinrai^fte^fS-^feeveretJ Brainard, Hartford; Thomas M. WalleS- New LondpiS.Alter^ffites^ttharl^ F. ^^g&erHBB-in^tdn; Salaries R. Baldwin, Waterbury.
Delaware.—Commissioners—George Y.	; Willard fra^HHer,
Wilmington. 'Alternates—G^ari^B F. Richards, Ge$rg«iow|2| William Salisbury, Dovdpi
I• loridai-^CommC. F. A. gjelly, De Land; Richard Turnbull, Monticello.—Alternu cliey W. Adams, Tangerine; Jesse T. Bernard, Talla-hassee.
Georgia .—Co m m isifojjeM^ta fayette AiejJ*w%'^MHaiah; Charlton H. Way, Savannah* Alteram es—IJames Longstreet, Gainesville; John W. Clark, Augusta.
Idaho.,i,fCommissioners -George" A. Manning, Post Falls; John E. Stearns, Nampa. Tjtoefhates—A. J. Crook, Hailey; John M. .jffiflte, incr.
Ill i n	Ccuninissiotierk Charles HK)e£fe,AWoline; Adlai T. Ewing, 3S
Montdjtfk Block, Chipago. Alternates—La Fayette Funk,gMgey; De Wi^Rfnith, Springfield.
Indiana.—-Goipinissiohers—Thomas F. GaprSE, Evansville; Elijah B. Martin-dale, Indiantinpliis. Alternates—JVilliam E. MrHaBHHCharles.M. T rav(fe'sGratv^^F,Fv:li|
Iowa.—-Commis>i<>ners—ktseph Kibocdi. Dcs^IomHE WfflEam F. King, Mount Verficn. Alternates—Charles F. W	WhiBlg; John Hayes, Red
Oak.
Kansas—Commissioners—Charles K. Holliday. Jr., "CS" ha: J. R. Burton» Abilem . Alternates—M. D. Henry, Independence; S. II. hanyon, Pittsburg.
Kentucky.—Commk A no m John Bennett, Richmond; lames .A. McKenzie, Oak Grove. AMjL'nartfl*—David H. Commingoptf Co\ im|ton ; John S. Morris,
^^Kville.
Louisiana.—Commissioners—Davidson B. 1 ’enn, Newellton; Thomas J. Woodward, New Orleans. Alternate -Alphonse Le Due, New Orleans' P. , ƒ.* McMahon, Tangipahoa.
Maine.	imsflvicr s —Augastus R. Bixby, Skowhegan; William G.﻿HI®RY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
49
Davis, Portland. Altèl'nates-^-J^^R A. ETóàrdman, Bangui Clärk S. Edwards,
Maryland.—Commi--loners—James I lodges, Baltimore; Lloyd Lowndes;
Alternates—George M. Upshur, Snow Hill; Daniel L. Conkling,
Massachusetts. — CpT^HpMpfgros raMfls W. HaMi HM Thomas L. Proctor, Boston. Aftfernatas^-G|B^j{( P. Ladd, Spedar ; Charles L. Adanas;/
I Lo WC 11-
Michigan.—Commissioners—M . Henry I me,	I • Bar-
hour, Detroit. Alternates—Ernest B.	L)g™H J9, Norris,
Grand ^ftpfds.
j|iìninì.ag(tta.'^Gó^5pìissioners—I I. B. More, Duluth; Orson Y. Tousley, Minne-Japolis. Alternates—Thomas C- K u r t z, kI opre h iötfp ' Muret X. Leland, Wells.
^^Hfl^Bnpi.bATjHllfT^uonefK—Joseph M. B*£iìum, Rienzi; Robert Ln^K^'-ders, Jackson. .Alternates—Fred W. Collins, Summ it ; Joseph II. iSESRr, Wflsit I PqltsL •
Missouri.—Commissioners—Thomas B. Bulj^tje, Kansas C&E Charles H.
I—-O. II. Picl|Pf<^f($ :>$ R. L. McDonald,	;
Montana.—-Commissioners—Lewis H. I Icrshtield, Helena; Armistead H.
I Mitc h e 11, D e e rLodge’City• Alternate£^Beftj»öiif| F. White, Dillon, ygip-ihy E. Collins, Great P’alls.
Nebraska.—Commissioners—Euclid Martin, Omaha; Albert GgScott, Kear-j ney. Alternates—William E. May, Omaha; John 1 amterbach, Fairbury.
Nevada.—Commissioners Janttìfe W. IIaincs, Genoa; George Russell, Elko.
I Altorn^^ffl-bhlocfif^Stl'other, Virginia City. Richard Ryland, Reno.
New Hamjb^ire,—'-Commissic^Brs—W&fter Aiken, FrSfc|Min;v5fWrles D. McDuffie, Manchester.	AlternaH—Georgp Aran Dyke, Lancaster; Fraijk E.
1 Kaley, Milford.
Wi],l i a at J. Sewell, Camden ; 1'homas Smith I	Alternates—Frederick S. Fish/ NetvaiJj;; le :\fìa A. StevenaÉHobòken.
New York,—Commissioners -Chauncey MeDepew, New York; John Bc^^ I	Albany. Alternates—Tames H. BtesSn,,New ASdrk; James Roo^kJe^
Hyde PaHg
North Carolina.—Commissiotiers—A h -x. B. And rews,
I Keogh, Greensbon >. Alternates—11. C.Carter, Fairheld; G. A. Bingham, Salisbury North 1 )akota.—Commissioners—-11. P. Rucker, Grand Forks; *8Birtin Ryan,
I Fargo. Alternates—Charles 11. Stanley, Steele; Peter Cameron, Tyner.
i-	I iuafiaMi	\\ illiam Ritchie, 1 Iamil-
I ton. ^ I '	Piqua; Adolph Pluemer, Cincinnati.
|yy {aeksonville; Martin Wilkins,
I Eugene City. \EMHtrìsBM|^. lirorrow I leppner; W. 'b. Wright, Union.
Peniis\ i\ ;mia.—Commissioners—R. Bruce Ricke” s, \\ ilkes Barre; John \\ . Wote4side, ß^b^yöphia. ^BHernates-^H^^R A. Mgägjbcth, Pit^B*ii|$£: John K. HatìiEne.﻿5°
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
^Hhode Island.—G >mmL>i< mors—Lyman P. Goff. Pawtucket: Gardiner C. Sims. Providence. Alternates—Jeffrey Hazard.	Spencer,
Newport.
South	'Tn—A. P. Butler, Columbia; John R. Cochran.
YV^HKi. Alternates—E. L. Roche, Charleston: J. M. Tindal, Sumter.
South Dakota. -Commissioners—Merritt H. Day, Rapid City; William Mc-IntyrflSvYatertown. Alternates—S. A. Ramsey, Woonsocket; L. S. Bullard, Pierre-»
Hennessee.—-Commissioners—Lewis T. Baxter, BHishvil^J Thomas L. Williams. Knoxville. Alternates—Rush Strong, Knowilie; A. B. Hurt, Chattanooga.
TwnSa''J^sinners—	aiis M. ( Schran, Dallas; John T.^^Hinson,
Austin. ^Bltenuttps—Lock McDaimeIcAndere&; HenrjSp. AndrewsBin ^Btoniol
Vermont.—-Commissioner^ Henry I I. McIntyre, Wes Randolph; Bl; ilejl B. Smalley, Burlington. Alternate-* -AM,u e F. Walker, Rutland; A. S. Sibley, Mont^Blier.
Virginia -Commissioner^ Virginius I). Groner, Norfolk; John Harrisonburg. A1 ternat^B-Cnar s A/T^enn^B/ ChnsfcM sb u rg; P^Httder McC 1)(maid, Lynch biiJ’gM '
Washii^Bon—Coinfei.ssioi^^^MHefiry Drqm, ^Hna^^^^Hl. Hopkins, Spokfmfe 1 a 1 Is. Alternates <	F/Jtvnyiwn, WeneyyJ^M ■ o B. Bagley,
Seattle.
vi^ihiti ( : lmissi. n “rSr^^n{eS	W. St.
Clair, Fayetteville. Alternates—Wei1 iVfppinan, I’;Cor-: no ran. Wheeling.
Wis'o:isin.—Commissioners—Phi 1 Allen, Jr., Mineral Point; John M. Coburn. West Salem. Alternate$£-David W.	Myron Reed,
Supe^BF.r
W\ mning.—Commissioners—Asahel C. Beekwith, Evanston; Henry G. Hay, Cheyenne. Ajt	Asa S. Mercer, Cheyenne; John J. McCormick, Sheridan.
TERRITOI-.; i
Alaska—Commissioners—Edward de^Bbff^ftkdg Eotw L. WilBH^S Jum am Alternates—Carl Spuhn, Ivi 11 i sno; N. A. Fu 1 ler, Ji:;,< au.
Arizona.—Citunmissioners—George F. C o a t s, P h ce n ix W. K. I\lead Alternates—V. . L. Van Horn, Flagstaff;H erbert i.
New	Hchardl
M. White, Iiermosa. Alternate-, L. C. Tetard, East Las Wgas; Charm» B. Eddy, Eddy.
^^Hklahotnsi^^Ct	< 'thniel Beeson, El Reno: 1 rank R. ninmnn,
Gut iirie. Alternates—John Wallace, Oklahoma City; Joseph \\ . McNMal, ( .uthrie.
Utah Commissioners— I rederick I. Ivies'L Ogden; Patrick 1 jflI.annan, Salt m Cit^^reSgtes—WilliaihjM. Fe&y,	e.Mnosh«
executive ^KiMrnflh^y
Pr- »idem T. W. Palmer, Mieljtkri :.^halwnaa; Haney P. Platt, Toledo, O^Hice-ChaffianHH T. Dickin-on, Texas, Secretary; M. L. McDonald,﻿LYMAN J. GAGE,
FIRST PRESIDENT, WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.﻿

﻿HISTORY OF 'HIT WOR®*8 FAIR.
51
Co mmissioner-at-Large; R. W. Furnas, Commissioner-at-Large; Henry Ixall Commissioner-at-Large; P. A. B. Widener, Commissioner-at-Large; John T. Harris, William J. Sewell, Xew Jersey; B. B. Small \, Vermont; E. B. Martin-dale, Indiana; John Boy^H hr^Her, New York; j^Hncis W. Breed, Massachusetts; l£ji^|d Martin, Nebra^fe; lames 1). Butt, \^Kt Virginal Adlai 1. Ewing, Illinois; William F, King, Iowa; II. P. Platt, Ohio; L. Me 1 aws, Georgia; T. L. Williams, Tennessee; C. F. A. Bielby, Florida; R. L. Saunders, Mississippi; L.Id. Hershfield, Montana; R.	T. Britton,
Members.- -Thomas W. Palim r. of Michigan, President; HarB P. Platt, of Ohio;	V. Massey, of I^nwarc^^^^Hn Lindsay, of Kentucky; Michac^H.
de Young, of California; Thomas M. Waller,	Elijah B. Martindale,
of Indiana; J. W. St. ^Air,^| West Virginia; John 1 . Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. Alternates—M. Id. Lane, of Michigan; W. D^^Hner, of Virginia; R. L. Saunders, of Mississippi; P. II. 1 .anifl of F^^HThonH Smith, BXew Jersey^ O. V. Tousley, of Minnesota; Euclid Martin, of Net^Bka.
BOARD OK REFERENCE AND CONTROL.﻿﻿HISTORY OT THE WORLD’S FAIR.
53
CHAPTER III.
GEORGE R. DAVIS ELECTED DIRECTOR-GENERAL.
omeof the Remarks Made Upon the Occasion—Davis Has a Majority on the First Ballot-—His Address to the Commission—Interesting Sketch of the Life and Service of Colonel Davis—A Brave Soldier, a Man of Honor and a Renowned Party Leader—He is Endowed With Splendid Qualities of Mind and Heart—The Standing Committees—Creation of the Great Departments—The Com-mlfeoners Wrestle With the Sunday Opening Question.
mm
HE second session of the Commission convened September 15, 1S90, in answer to the call of President Palmer. Reports were received from the various committees appointed at the July session, and were ordered to be printed for future consideration,
In the discussion of a site for the Exposition, the Lake Front figured prominently as one of the projects, and fer a while its acceptance seemed probable, but July 2, 1890, the Commission formally accepted Jackson Park and Midway Plaisance as the site, the Committee on Titles and Facilities of Transportation having given the matter careful attention, hat committee reported that “ so far as the title to Jackson Park and the Midway ’laisance (embracing 633 acres) is concerned, they believe it is vested in the Yorld’s Columbian Exposition, by the Act of the General Assembly of the State of llinois passed at its recent session, and by ordinance of the South Park Commis-ioners, and is such a title as confers the right to use these parks as a site for the Yorld’s Columbian Exposition during the period required.”
Early in the first session the Commission had decided to elect the director-eneral upon nomination of the directors of the Exposition, and during successive leetings up to September 19th, the duties aud powers of that office were the sublet of legislation. On that day President Palmer, as chairman of the Executive ommittee, presented the recommendation by the latter body, for the selection of olonel George R. Davis; and therewith forwarded communications from the ixecutivEjCommittee of the directory:
Chicago, September 18, iSqo.
on. TiiqE W. Palmer, Chairman Executive Committee, World’s Columbian Commission:
Dear Sir:	Acting under the courteous invitation extended by your committee ro this
rard to express its peference in favor of one of the several candidates whose names are before >u for appointment as director-general of your commission, the subject-matter of your invitation as submitted to our Board of Directors at a meeting held this evening﻿54
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
After some discussion a vote was taken, resulting in a majority of the board in favor of Colonel George R. Davis.
This mav therefore be received as an expression of the preference of this board upon the question.
Thanking you and your committee for their courtesy in this matter,
I am, very respectfully yours,
Lymax J. Gage,
President of the World's Columbian Exposition.
And Mr. Sewell, of New Jersey, submitted the following’ form of minority of the same committee;
The undersigned members of the Executive Committee respectfully dissent from the above report, and present for the position of director-general, the name of General Daniel II. Hastings, of Pennsylvania. We believe that he possesses every qualification for this responsible position, and most earnestly urge that his election will meet the best thoughts of the land, that the Columbian Exposition is in no sense local, and in every sense national.
W. J. Sewell,
E. Kontz Johnson, A. T. Ewing,
L. H. Hersiifield,
E. W. Breed.
The discussion that followed was animated and interesting. Hon. Adlai T. Ewing, the Illinois commissioner, arose to say that he was a dissenter merely because he was not inclined to favor a specific recommendation. “ I do not wish to be understood as indorsing General Hastings,” he declared. President Palmer beat the sounding board with his gavel. ‘AVe are now ready to ballot for director-general.” The house and galleries hummed and trembled with the moment’s sensation. Mr. Hershfield expressed similar sentiments to those enunciated by Mr. Ewing, and both reports were tabled for the time. The long communication from the local board was read at this juncture, stating the preference of that body for Colonel Davis, and then the speeches began. Seator Sewell, of New Jersey, was the first to speak. To select a director-general from precincts outside Chicago was the declaration of Senator Sewell. “ We must secure a man of national reputation,” he said. “This fair must be nationalized. Colonel Davis is an able man, but he is connected with the local board and as such will naturally have his mind biased toward local affairs. He is concerned too much in local affairs and local institutions. He will not be under our control, but under that of the local board. Therefore, I beg to present for your consideration the name of a Pennsylvanian, a man who in a great calamity demonstrated the greatest degree of executive ability ever displayed in his state.” Senator Sewell was talking for General D. H. Hastings and he was applauded. President Palmer, indeed, was busy all day protesting against applause. Colonel James A. McKenzie, the distinguished Kentucky congressman, whose tongue is hung on threads of silver, said:	“ I rise to nominate a
man who can fill this position with distinguished ability. I knew him in Congress; side by side we worked to secure the fair for Chicago. He differs from me politically, but he can administer the affairs of the office with as little partisanship as﻿
HON. GEORGE R. DAVIS,
DIRECTOR-GENERAL WORLD’S COLUMBIAN'EXPOSITION.﻿


﻿HISTORY OF I'MK WORLD’S FAIR.
55
a.Tiy man anywhere.” Colonel McKenzie made a masterly speech for Colonel D avis, and won the votes and influence of many commissioners. “ Nominate him in the interest of fairness and prevent friction,” said the tall Kentuckian, “We want no differences at this time. He has received the indorsement of the local body of the Chicago press, and I take it that is a fair reflex of the best judgment of all. He is young in years, big in development. Without the hearty support of the local board and the Chicago press we can hope for no success. I once more present the name of Colonel George R. Davis.”
Mark L. McDonald, of California, seconded Colonel Davis’ nomination. “I bespeak the approval of the magnificent state of California,” said he. P. A. B. Widener also favored Colonel Davis, but at the same time complimented General Hastings. E. Kurtz Johnson, of Washington, was the first to disagree. He wanted the East recognized, he wanted the fair internationalized, he wanted General Hastings. “For the FLmpire State;” said G. W. Allen, of New York, “I want to second the nomination of Colonel Davis, I feel proud of Chicago. We indorse her and Colonel Davis. Any city that can put up $13,250,000 is beyond reproach. Chicago has done this, and I am tired of hearing commissioners speak of this fair as a‘local’ one.” Richard Mansfield White, of New Mexico, seconded the nomination of General Hastings, and Mr. Holliday, of Kansas, that of Colonel Davis. General Gro-ner, of Virginia, congratulated in advance the commission on the choice it would make, buf he favored General Hastings. “ Those who know me,” said Judge Harris, of Virginia,” know that I am under my colleague’s control and do as he directs. But I want to second the nomination of Colonel Davis.”
“ Tlie gentleman from Connecticut,” said President Palmer, pointing his gavel at Governor Waller. “Mr. President,” said the classical Mr. Waller, ” early in our first session I introduced a resolution that the executive committee of this body and that of the local board should confer together and then report a man for director general, foreseeing such difficulties as these. I regret that these distinguished gentlemen of Chicago were not able to come to some unanimous conclusion. If such wisdom had guided them as I think this commission has displayed, no nomination would have been made except the one indicated by the Chicago board. Two nominations have been made, one from the executive committee and one by the gentleman from New Jersey. It has been charged that this exposition was running into the grooves of partisanship; that it was an administration exposition. There has been no democrat suggested for director general, and I mention with pride the fact that the political organization to which I belong has suppressed all partisan feelings in this matter.” From house and gallery came applause. “ I always,go for a democrat,” Governor Waller said, “ everything else being equal. I can’t help it; 1 was born that way. I should have been glad if a democrat had been a candidate for this position. Our judiciary committee has decided that we have all the powers; Chicago has nothing. Therefore, I shall vote for Colonel Davis. If he isn’t good enough and fit for the place, Chicago will be the sufferer.” t
Then the ballot came. The president pounded the commission to order and thefcl'erk began to call the roll. As each commissioner was called he responded by﻿56
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
dropping his ballot in the hats the tellers, Dr. Cochran of Texas and Mr. Bullock of Massachusetts, held. This ballot the president announced when all had voted. Ninety-two had voted; forty-seven were necessary to a choice, and the result was:
Davis.......................................50
I Iastings.................................32
McKenzie.................................... 6
Ste\ enson.................................. 3
Price...................................... 1
Mr. McClelland, of Pennsylvania, moved that the ballot be declared regular, although Colonel Davis had not been the choice of the Keystone State, and that the president be directed to cast the ballot for Colonel George R. Davis, of Illinois. President Painter put the motion, which carried. President Palmer bent over his desk to write the ballot and observe the formalities of the occasion, and then the applause'which he had been so long combatting broke out wildly. When it had subsided Comm ^Hotter Hirst, of Florida, moved that a committee “of six be appointed to inform Colonel Davis of his election.
“ It is moved that a committee of six be appointed,” said the chair, ‘‘ to wait on Colonel Davis and inform him of his election.”
‘‘ And bring him ini” cried a commissioner.
“ And bring him in,” repeated President Palmer, “ that he be put on rapport with "the commission and nationalized.”
The motion was carried, and Commissioners Flirst. McClelland, Groner, St. Clair, Sewell and McKenzie were appointed as the committee. While the committeemen were after Colonel Davis, Governor Waller introduced a resolution pledging the commission to adjourn sine die to-day. This was lost. Then Mr. Hirst and Colonel Davis came, arm in arm, down the aisle, and the chamber rang] with applause. When they reached the desk Mr. Hirst said: ‘‘Mr. President, your committee appointed to notify Colonel GeOrge R. Davis of his election as director general and bring him in here have performed their duty and now present him to you.” Once more the chamber applauded, and President Palmer said: “ The chair will give his right hand of fellowship to Colonel Davis.” As he said this, and the fury of the storm of applause broke forth, Mr. Palmer descended from the desk and conducted Colonel Davis up to the platform, saying as he did so: “I suppose it is no breach of decorum to applaud for an occasion like this for two reasons, that we have gotten through with a very difficult task, and we have gotten a man who has not been assailed either in the public print, by individuals or by any one this commission.” Then, bowing, the president said:
“I take pleasure in introducing to you our new director general, Colonel George R. Davis. And may God help him to hold up his hands. Gentlemen, Colonel Davis.”
When the ringing shouts ceased Colonel Davis advanced and, throwing back his long white locks, said:
“ Mr. President and Gentlemen of the National Commission: Your committee has just notified me of the distinguished honor that you have conferred upon﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
57
The idfeclfön madeirom, flflNi <> i	fi i cigo is Hii11.1 i m e n t ary
to thBfity IpScl State, and for the L&eaf Hoard of Directors, for my city, my p$2fj9 and myi^lf I sincerely thank	The selection of the director-general from
untried me#-mHwho hare not had great experience—was a task for you to perform in which I most :' :artily sympathize wil 1. you.	iH h
man for this position th&t you take much for granted, for an exhibit^^^^^Bi anniversary that comes only once in a hundred	few men to select
have had great experience.
P***dn’ the	ffi the duties of this great office Iv. ill	the physical
command.Hfh^^^H:t of office shall be of high it; shal^Be my duty to conform strictly and in	detail to the wish
iKYh^Hi^i nguishedbody. Politics have been re (erred to, and as I und erstand the ■BsiLtpfl I desire	regard to that, and	I cannot
Splufeijrze that thé^^^^^Bncy that elects me here to-day consists of one-half B ePub 1 i c a n s and one-half Dem^Bats. It	an
so conduct hi^^^Hn	in connection with him—
in the appointments that lie h^^Hnake—to recognize the tact;, and from the fiqj that it	of my own, lormulated by ^^Hf, and favored by
when it was put in the Act of Congress, recogniz^^^^^^^^^^^H of the Act of Congress,’ will not, as your	any way fail to observe it in
|We?ypartieu a r.
" Tim office will be connected strictly upon business principles. I recognize RjM|it3^B require in all such officers as may be placed under my command the hlgftefflB talent, the best ability, and	Kt we can command; that it is a
HMiOfiai Exposition and an Internatio^HExposition and ^^HLocal Exposition; that we will draw our forces from th^fountr^^^^w our forces from wheresoever they may come, provided tlie^n*é equal to the
The administration of my of^B will be an example, so far as it is possible for make it s^^Bf the apptit ation of legal p^Bup^^o business ^Hho^Bwith mflÏFary discipline. I thank you, gentlemen, for th^Bompliment, and am prepaid to enter upon the duty.”
Col. George R. Davis was born in the town of	e r, Mass., in the ygaB
1840, the son of Benjamin and Cordelia (Buffington) Davis, the	a^^HPfl
Ware, Mass., and the latter a member of	Quaker family ^^H>hi\b"Cti-
'CHt. George attended tin - public schools, and in other fleets passed his boyhood afteryt^ manner of New England boys, and later jHpared for college, graduating from Willist<m Seminary a^^Btha’mptcH This w^^Ht prior to the opening of i - Rebellion, so that instead of entèrh^^^^^^Bis lie had anticipated, he, at the age < if twenty-two, responded to the call for volunteers, anBnlHadn the army	in Company H, Eighth Regiment Massachusetts Infantry,
By gradual pn.motion he ros^Bi the rank of captain, and in th^fca^^^^^Brved
the Ndrth Carolina Hnpaign until August, 1863. Resigning his commission, he now returned to M^^Hhusetts, ^fcthed with proper authority, and recruited and	<d a battery of light artillery. From﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S LAIR.
58
this he was soon transferred to the Third Regiment Rhode Island Volunteer Cavalry, with the rank of major, and commanded it until the close of the war in 1865. After the war was over, Col. Davis received an appointment in the civil department of the regular army, and was attached to the Department of the Missouri, of which General Sheridan was then in command. He served in the West with General Sheridan in the Indian campaign of 1S68 and 1869, of which the engagement at the headquarters of the Washita was the most decisive, resulting in the; defeat and routing of the famous chief 1 Black Kettle ’’ and his band.
Col. Davis was on duty at the headquarters of General Sheridan when that commander was stationed in Chicago in 1869, and continued his connection with the army until May 1, 1881, when he resigned and took up his residence in Chicago, where he has made his home ever since. Col. Davis has always been a staunch Republican, and since his residence in Chicago has held a conspicuous place in the councils oi his party as a recognized leader. He was elected to the Hnited States Congress from the Second District of Illinois in 1878, and re-elected for the. two succeeding terms. As a congressman Col. Davis naturally took a prominent and leading place, and was one of the few of Chicago’s representatives to that body whose efforts in behalf of their constituents were crowned with success. Among the important acts of legislation in which he took a prominent part, it is but just to say that securing a large appropriation for improving the Chicago harbor was chietly due to his efficient and faithful work. In 1886 he was elected county treasurer of Cook Count}’, Illinois, for a term of four years. When it was decided by Congress to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the Hiding of Columbus on American soil by a World's Exposition Col. DaGs was one of the foremost in the promotion of the enterprise. A man of fixed opinions, iron will, unfaltering perseverance and unusual executive ability, he at the same time possesses a tireless energy, and whatever he attempts stops at nothing short of its attainment. He is a man of great personal magnetism, courteous yet dignified in manners, generous, kind-hearted and genial, and has always attracted to himself many warm friends. With his splendid qualities of mind and heart he combines a finelv proportioned physique, being strong in structure and of robust constitution. He is a handsome man in both form and feature, and a mass of iron-gray hair gives a distinguished air to an otherwise striking personality. Col. Davis was married in 1867, to Miss Gertrude Schulin, of .Yew (frleans, Louisiana, by whom he. has two sons and four daughters.
When tin; new Director-General had Concluded his speech, and the hilarity of the occasion had become subdued. President Palmer announced the standing committees as follows, in which there have been no material changes:
Committee on Judiciary, Rules and By-Laws—William Lindsay, Commissioner-at-large, Chairman; G. \ . Massey, Delaware; J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia; William j. Sewell, Yew Jersey; B. B. Smalley, Vermont; L. Gregg, Arkansas; O. R. Hundley, Alabama; P. .Allen, jr., Wisconsin.
Committee on Tariffs and Transportation—V. I). Groner, Virginia, Chairman; W. Aiken, Yew Hampshire; C. M. Depew, Yew York; W. McClelland,﻿﻿
joìf
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i RB H5BHB 31
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Îlîffil8fi8fl3i0 I
g iflSfiSfl

;»«(»$*•
$4&k﻿HISTORY OT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
59
Pennsylvania; M. H. Lane, Michigan; J. I). Adams, Arkansas: L. Brainard, Connecticut; A. B. Andre^B, North Carolina; L. Lowndes, Maryl^Bl; O. R. Hundley, Alabama; J. W. Haines, Nevada; G. C. Sims, Rhode Island; H. ^BlMcIntyre, Ver-, mcStlf:	1 . C. Gutierres, New Mexico; H. P. Rucker, North^fctkota; E. Martin.
Nebraska.
^Committee on Foreign Affairs—C. M. Depew,	York, Chairman;
Thomas M..Waller, Connecticut; G. V. Masse}', Delaware; A. A. Wilson,	of
Columbia; R. C. Kerens, Commissioner-at-larue; C. 11. Way, Ge^Bjia; M. 11. Lane, Michigan; D. B. Penn, Louisiana.
^Hommittee F ine Arts—A. G. Bullock, Comi^^^^^^H:, Chairman; C. M. Depew. New York; A. A. W^Bn, Distl^B of C^^Hbia; O. \r. Tousley, Minnesota; W. I. Buchanan, Iowa; M. FI. De Young, California; James Hodges, Maryland; Tl Woodward, Louisiana.
Committee on Sciel^B I listory, Literature and Educa^^^B-^. L. Tousley, Minnesota, Chairman; A. C. Beckwith, Wyoming; F. G. Bromberg, Alabama; 1C. H. Jones, Missouri; T. J. Woodward,^B)U’s*ana; A. G. Bullock, at-large; W. F. King, Iowa; J. A. McKe^fc, Kentucky.
Committ^^Bn Agriculture—W. I. Buchanan, Iowa^Bha^Ban; E. T. Baxter, Tennessee; R. Turnbull, F'h>rida^BC M. ^B-hran, Texas; J. L. Mitchell, \^Bconsin; J. W. Haines, Nevada; D. B. Penn, Uou^Bna; J. M. Bynum, Mi^Bsippi; A. P. Butler, South Carolina; A. G. Scott, Nebraska; O. Beeson, Okl^^Bna; H. H. McIntyre, Vermont; J. D. Adams, A^^Has; M. Wilkins, Oregon; William Forsyth; California; F. [. V. Skiff, Colorado.
Committee on Live ^—J. E. Mitchell, Wisc<^Bn, Chairman; John Bennett, Kentucky; T. E. Proctor, M^Bac^^^Bs; G. A. Manning, Idaho; G. Russell, Nevada; E. B. Martindale, Indiana; H. Drum, Was^Bgt^B J. D. Miles, Oklahoma; T. C. Gutierres, New Mexico; PI.^B Rucker, North Dakota; H.Exall, Commiasfoner-at-largi : L| T. Baxter, Tennt^Be: A. H. Mitchell, Montana; W. McIntyre, South Dakota; A. T. Ewing, Illi^^HH. G. I la\, \\ yoming.
1 Committee <>n Horticulture and FloricultureForsyth,^Bililornia, Chairman; G. A. Manning, Idaho; W. II. Porter, Delai^^H C. I). McF)uffief New Hampshire; T. E. Garvin, ^Bliana; Ik J. V. Skiff, Colorado; W. Zeckendorf, Arizona; A. R. Bixby, Maine; R. Turnbull, Florida; J. \\ . Woodside, Pennsylvania; C. FI. Richmond, Michigan; J. R. Cochr^B South Carolina; J. Ilodges, Maryland; C. H. Deere, Illinois; ,F J. Kiesel, Utah; P. Allen, Jr.,
1 Committee on Ein^^^B-Charlcs H. iones, Missouri, Chatr^^^^^B. H. Hershfield, Mftaitana: James Hodges, Maryland; H. H.^Jlntyre, \ ermont; A. B, p&tfdfews, North Carolina; A. R. Bixby. Maine; J, T. I lurris, Vii^Biiu; P. H. Lan* non, TJ t ah.
Committ^KHl Auditing—T. E. Garvin, Indiana, Chairman; Ik Alien, Jr. YjSjjsfconsin; C. K. Holliday, Jr., Kansas; J. D. Butt, West \'^Ba.
Committee on Ceremonies—J- D. Adams, Arkansas, Chairman; P. A. B, Widene^CTd]ft|i(^£ioner-at-lar)ge; William EindSDiy, Commissi<>ner*at-large; V. D.﻿6o
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
Groner, Virginia; C. H. Richmond, Michigan; G. W. Allen, Commissioner-at-large; M. B. Harrison, Minnesota; R. C. Kerens, Commissioner-at-largeyjJ;
Committee on Classification—C. H. Deere, Illinois, Chairman; W. McClelland, Pennsylvania; L. B. Goff, Rhode Island; M. Ryan, North Dakota; M. H. de Young, California; T. L. Williams, Tennessee; A. M. Cochran. Texas; T. Smith, New Jersey; T. B. Keogh, North Carolina; C. H. Way, Georgia; J. D. Miles^Okla-homa; HJ P. Platt, Ohio; G. F. Coats, Arizona; A- C. Beckwith, Wyoming; J. Hirst, P'lorida; T. E. Garvin, Indiana.
Committee on Manufactures—L. Brainard, Connecticut, Chairman; T. E. Proctor, Massachusetts; T. B. Bullene, Missouri; W. McClelland, Pennsylvania; R. M. White, New Mexico; W. H. Porter, Delaware; C. II. Deere, Illinois; T. Smith, New Jersey; W. Ritchie, Ohio; G. C. Sims, Rhode Island; L. McLaws, W. Aiken, New Hampshire; J. M. Bynum, Mississippi; F. J. Kiesel, Utah; \\ illiam McIntyre, South Dakota; W. Zeckendorf, Arizona.
Committee on Commerce—L. Lowndes, Maryland, Chairman; J. B. Thachery New York; J. M. Bynum, Mississippi; T, M. Waller, Connecticut; L. B. Goff, Rhode Island; T. E. Proctor, Massachusetts; M. W ilkins, Oregon; R. Turnbull, Florida; George V. Massey, Delaware; II. Exall, Commissioner-at-large; J. R. Cochran, South Carolina; H. P. Platt, Ohio; T. J. W oodward, Louisiana; H. Drum, Washington; C. D. Mi Dufifie, New Hampshire; C. II. Way, Georgia.
Commitee on Mines and Mining — Ik J. Y. Skiff, Colorado, chairman; M. H. Day, South Dakota; L. T. Baxter, Tennessee; J. Wk St. Clair, W"est Virginia; J. W. Woodside, Pennsylvania; A. II. Mitchell, Montana; L. Lowndes, Maryland; G. Russell, Nevada; Ik G. Bromberg, Alabama; J. E. Stearns, Idaho; G. F. Coats, Arizona; C. II. Richmond. Michigan; P. H. Lannan, Utah; H. Drum, Washington; R. M. W hite, New Mexico; M. L. McDonald, Commissioner-at-large.
Committee on Pisherifc and Pish Culture—A. R. Bixby, Maine, Chairman; A. P. Butler,South Carolina; Wk J. Sewell, New Jersey; R.E. Goodell, Colorado; C. B. Hopkins, Washington; R. L.Saunders, Mississippi; Michigan; H. Kippell, Oregon.
Committee on Electricity and Electrical Appliances—G. C. Sims, Rhode Island, Chairman; C. 13. Hopkins, Washington; M. Ryan, North Dakota; G. W. Allen, Commissioner-at-large; Wk G. Davis, Maine; F. Wk Breed, Massachusetts; O. R. Hundley, Alabama; R. R. Price, Kansas.
Committee on Forestry and Lumber—J. Wk St. Clair, WTest Virginia, Chairman; R. M. WThite, nBw Mexico; Wk G. Davis, Maine; A. G. Scott, Nebraska; H. Kippell, Oregon; L. Gregg, Arkansas; R. L. Saunders, Mississippi; H. G. Hay, Wyoming.
Committee on Machinery—William Ritchie, Ohio, Chairman, Wk H. Porter, Delaware; John Bennett, Kentucky; W. Forsyth, California; L. B. Goff, Rhode Island; M. H. Day, South Dakota; T. B. Bullene, Missouri; O. Beeson, Oklahoma.
Committee on WMrld’s Congressess—J. W. Woodside, Pennsylvania, Chairman; C. H. Jones, Missouri; John Bennett, Kentucky; A. A. Wklson,District of Columbia; Ik G. Bromberg, Alabama; J. B. Thacher, New York; O. V. Tousley, Minnesota; B. B. Smalley, Vermont.﻿THE xSBJ&D’SMHR.
61
K. Holliday, Jr., Kans<^^^nirmkn; T. B. Keogh, Ntt®ar°lina;.J* T. Harris, Virginia; p. H. Lannan, Utah;'J, E. Stearns, Idaho; T. B. Bullene, Missouri.
the great departments
into which the fair has been divi^^^^^^^Hrs:
A'—-Agriculture. Emits, Plants, Food and P'ood Products, Farming Machinery appliances. B—Horti-miture. Seeds, Wines,	Trees, Garden Imple-
ments. 'C—Live Stock, I^Bne^^^|nd Wild Animals. D—Fish. Fishers M Fish Products and^^pp^^H^ of	E—Mines, Mining and Metalluf^. E
—Machinery. G—Transportation Exhibits. Rail^^^^BH—Manufactures. J— Electricity and Electrical Appliances. K—-P ine Arts. F—Liberal Arts. M—Ethnology. G— Publicity and PronHion. P— Foreign Affairs.
voted much time to other objects of mo^|or^Bs interest to the ^^^^^^^enHjoiHed.
It has met a number of times since, and has	liquor and
Sunday opening que^^^^^sich meeting, and	in	of Sundajl
opening and in favor of leaving the matter of selling light	malt liquors
with	put itself record^B voting
favor oflunday closing, 54 to 6. There are tho^Hho l^Beve tH National Gom-mission a costly and	On the whole howet^^^Bhas
nobly and steadfastly for Jackst^B 11 irk and voted down all and other sites. It has also maint aincs^B lit dignity o^^^^Bjvernment throughout, and often checked the directory when ^B att(-r betrayed a^^^^^^^^Bndinuti< m ' to. run ^things, irrespective of all other organizations.﻿﻿PART III.
COMMENCEMENT AND PROGRESS OF WORK.
chapter i.
a wonder^^Rtamorphosis.
Jackson Park in 1891—An Uninviting St rip of Sand, Swamp and Scrub Oaks—No Redeeming teat ure Except Area and Location—The Most Magnificent Transformat ion Scene Ever Presented to Man-kind—Twenty-five Millions of Dollars Expended on Buildings and Improvements—Director of Burnham	Engineers, Architects, Sculptors, Pt^^Hand Landscape
a White ()f Palaces and C^nnades— Terraces, Towers, Turrets and Statuary on Every	of	and
. Flowering Pl^B—Water Ways—Artificial Canals That Put
was many	select a site
the Exposition buildings arrived at	harmonious
satisfactory decision.	is t^Bgrap hi catty
divided into three populous sections:	North Side, the
West i^^^Bid the South Si^B But while the two former li^^^^^^Bnd inlluential adherents, it strated that a large m^Bity of t^BDi^Btors and Commissioners had conc^^^l in	of latter. Hc^Band
where to locate the
(extended and animated ^^ksidii between^^^B Directors and Commissioners until at ^^^B was unanimb^^Bagtfy(£l to accept from the	managers those portionsTT
their terr^^^Bcnown as Jt^Bson Park and Midway Pk^^^Bn T he Jackson Park of 1S91 and the^Bcksoil Park	present
transformation that	adequatel}r described. Suthce it to say that,Jt^Q
Jackson Park of iflwas about as uninviting a strip	ridges and scrub oaks
as fringes Lake Mich^Bn at any point. Two years	unsightly strip Bn
possess one	and l^^^^^^^B-day is ^^^Bnly the
and spectacular spot in th^B>rld, but it is^B^grandest and fri^st georgeous transformation scene ever presented 1:0 mankind.
In January 1891 there were ^^Hres of swampy, Pidgej^^^^Bgrouji^wiB here and there cl umpsv$f Hubby trees andH>m^^^H>age. In May 18Q3,﻿64
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR
were $25,000,000 worth of buildings and other improvements^containing exhibits valued at $ 1 oo.Qqo.ogo.
In October, i890, the Committee on Grounds and Buildings appointed Mr. 1). 11. Burnham as chief of construction, and on December 8, 1S90, the consulting architects, the consulting landscape architects and the consulting engineer formed a consulting board under the chairmanship of the chief of construction. Late in November, 1890, the consulting board, under its instructions, entered upon the duty of devising a general plan lor the Exposition, taking as a basis for the study of the problem the idassilied list of exhibits which had been prepared by a committee charged with that duty. The list, together with such advice received directly from the committee1, dictated the number and the1 si/e of the buildings which would be required to meet the intention of the Act of Congress. The larger part of the site to be dealt with was a swampy, sandy flat, liable at times to be submerged by the lake. Other parts were low ridges, which had originally been sand bars thrown up by the lake. Upon some of these ridges there were trees, most of them oaks, of stunted habit because of the sterile and water-soaked soil in which they had grown, and the extreme exposure to irigid winds from the lake, to which they had been subject to a late period every spring. The idea was that there should be a system of navigable water-ways, to be made by dredging-boats working inward from the lake through the lowest parts of the site, the earth lilted by the boats to be so deposited as to add to the area, and increase the elevation of the higher parts, which would thus become better adapted to pleasure-ground purposes, and to be used as the sites tor the buildings ol the Exposition.
The plat contemplated the iollowing as leading leatures of design:	That
there should be a great architectural court with a body of water therein; that this court should serve as a suitably dignitied and impressive entrance hall to the Exposition, and that visitors arriving by train or by boat should all pass through it; that there should be a formal canal leading northward from this court to a series of broader waters of a lagoon character, by which nearly the entire site would be penetrated, so that the principal Exposition buildings would each have a water, as well as a land frontage, and would be approachable by boats; that near the middle of this lagoon system there should be an island, about fifteen acres in area, in which there would be abounding clusters ol the largest trees growing upon the site; that this island should be iree irom conspicuous buildings and that it should have a generally secluded, natural, sylvan aspect, the existing clusters of trees serving as centers for such broad and simple larger masses of loliage as it would be practicable to establish in a year's time by plantations ot young trees and bushes. Because the water in the lagoons would be subject to considerable fluctuations, it was proposed that its shores should be occupied by a selection oi such aquatic plants as would endure occasional submergence and yet survive an occasional withdrawal of water irom their roots.
d ime pressing, the plat, with a brief written specification, was submitted to the corporation, and, after due consideration, on the 1st of December, 1S90, was adopted as the plan of the Exposition. Shortly afterwards this action was ap-﻿I). II. BURNHAM,
DIRECTOR OF
WORKS, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.﻿66
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
proved by the World’s Columbian Commission, and an order given to proceed with the execution of the design. The plat presented no studies of buildings other than the outlines of the space to be occupied by those, ten in number, which had been contemplated in the instructions received by the Consulting Board from the Committee on Classifications. The next step was the selection of architects to design the buildings, anti the committee authorized Mr. Burnham to-select five architects outside of the city of Chicago to design the five principal buildings around the court. Later Mr. Burnham was authorized to appoint live architect^from Chicago to design the remaining buildings which had been determined on. The committee determined, however, to select an architect for the Woman’s Building by competition, to be ( onlmed strictly to women. By March i, 1891, the chief of construction having apportioned the work among the architects, was enabled to form an estimate of the work to be done by his department. Roughly speaking,-it consisted of reclaiming nearly seven hundred acres of ground, only a small portion of which was improved, the remainder being in a state of nature, and covered with water and wild-oak ridges, and in twenty months converting it from a sedgy waste by the borders of an inland sc-a, into a site suitable in substance; and decoration for an exposition of the industries and the entertainment by the republic of representatives of all the nations of the world. On its stately terraces a dozen palaces werflto be built—all of great extent and highest architectural importance;—these to liefeupple-mented by hundreds of other structures, some of which were to be; almost the size of the Exposition buildingmhemselves; great canals, basins, lagoons, and islands were to be formed; extensive docks, bridges, and towers to be constructed. The standard of the entire work was to be kept up to a degree of excellence which should place it upon a level with the monuments of other ages. It meant, in short, that an organization must be quickly formBd which should associate thS ablest architects, landscape d«igner* painters, sculptorS and engineers of the country. By the summer, all of thBten buildings first designBi were under contract. Erom that time on, the work of dMigning and of construction was carried forward most urgently by day and by night, and all arrangements of the construction department were completed and in readiness for the opening.
In October, 1892, the title of Director of Works was conferred on Mr. Burnham with enlarged duties and powers added to those already exercised by the chief of construction.
The first shovelful of ^Rl was removed in February, 1S91, and in six months twelve hundred thousand cubic yards of earth had been handled, costing within five thousand dollars of half a million. Ground was broken for the first building—that of -Mines and Mining—on the 2d of July, 1891. Landscape gardening and construction had now commenced in earnest; and under the supervision of Daniel H. Burnham, the work was kept up until its completion in May, 1893. Throughout the entire work Mr. Burnham has sacrificed to the Exposition his own personal interest and given his time almost unreservedly to this work. Making his headquarters at Jackson Park in the very heart of the activity, he has been most ihtimately and directly associated with each of the many prob-﻿HISTMS.Y OF IMS; worLdbqfair.
■
leij^T arisitl^ and necessary of soli^^B before the completion of the work wfl| assured.	ironr the beginning general charge of the construction of
^^dBm^and^^Hi x iHn of the busines^^^^Hj the preparation of the ground® and engineering incident to a proper prosecution of^B entire work. He theby outside parties and the maint> nance of all buildlh^^^^^^^^Bo tH Fxposition. He has b^^^^^^^Bd to exatnin&?&Il bids and propositions for	bureaus of archi-
tecture, engineering, landscape gardening, sanitation; to h^^Hnl dismiss all em-ployes in his	fix, subject to	the compensation for
He has the employment (subj'■< t to	or confirmation of tin
Council of Admin^^^»n)^^^^^^Hal chary of all t^^^^Hing forces withiiLtffll grounds of the Ex^^^^^^^^^^^By to t^Hmaintenat^^^^^Hiei^^^Bp retention of property from fire or other destructive elements, to supply heat, power, light, and dis^^Hof sewerage, the care of the grounds and	necessary tQ tha
practical	Exp^^^^^^Hde the g^Bnd^H
Mr. Burnham ^^Hborn in II^Blei^B, N.Y., 1854. In 1855 his parents Hoy<Hto Chicago, where Mr. Burnham, His smeed lived, with^fc exception of t\#fl years spent in study in the E^B and ^^^^^^Hhich, as	man, he spent in
^^^^^^^Bamp and m^flng life in Nev^Ba. Upon his return tt^ftiic^B), he at H^^^^^^^^^HirchitHural studies, forming s^Birtrership with the latBBohn' W. Root in 1873, since which time h^Bas been continuously	in the practicejpf
his profession.	connection with the Exposition comtrn^Bed shortly
af^BChic^B had ^^^^Hected as its site, he and Mr. Ropt working up nutaerotia preliminary plans in the early summer
The following are the names of the	who compose the
staff of Director of Works Burnham and the designation of the^^^^^^Bis: E.R. Graham, Assi^Bnt D^^^^^^KVorks: M. B. Pickett, Secretary of Works; Id L. Olmsted S3o., Landscape	R. Ulrich, Superintendent of PxindSfcaRqjl
Charles B^^H^od, I)esigner-in-chief; Id 1). Millet, b^^Hor of Decoration; Turner,	Director of	; E. , I). Allen, Sup^ftitenaent 0a
Painting; \Y. H. Holcomb, Ge^Bal Manager ol Pransportation: E. G. Kourse, Assistant General Manager Tran^^^^^^^H E. C. Shanklaml, Chief b.ngineer; \Yilliam S. Mcl Iarg, Engineer of Whiter Supply and Sewerage; C. M. Wilkes, Assistant l^^HeerWhiter Department; John E. Owens, M.D., Medical Dired^dj R. II. Pierce, E^nrii al	Wd E. Brown, B. B. Cheeseman, J. K. I'reitag,
H. S. Hibbardj Cj A. Jordan, J. H. MiHhy, A. C. Speed, Pd Wd Whitts, M. Young, tffiBra&fSup^Htendents; C. D. Arnold, Chief Department of Photography; (Lid Foster, M^Banical Engineer; J. Wd Alv<>rd, En<^^H*, Grades and Surveys; G. H. Binkley, AssiBnt Engineer, Grades and Surveys; Ec^Brd Wd MurphHFireV Marshal, 14th Batt. Chicago F^^^Bepartm^H; p. J. Mulcahy, Purchasing Agefrfe^fjjl O. Cloyes, Chief DraftsmaHWd I). Richardson, General Su^^^^^Bdent of Buildings; D. A. Collins. Superintendent of bHrior Docking; E. R. LoringJ Superfhten-deii|of plumbing; A. A. Clark, Superintendent of Midway Idaisano^BvWMrtSMjr, Superintendent of Elevated-Kail way.
5﻿﻿(
HISTORY rSMHMEWBCa T d* FAIS
69
CHAPTK II.
EARLY PREPARATION OF FLOWERS.
John Thorpe 'Sent to	Front—The Erection of Greenhouses and other Floricultural Structures—Loans
of Palms and Ferns B/ Wealthy Owners of Conservatories in Philadelphia and New York-— Millions of Plants Under Way—A	Ferns—A Winter Exhibition—Magnificent Tribute Paid	Florist	—-Press and People Filled
flpWHh Admiration and Prahw-A Flowery Article from “Uncle John.’’
■M
H FRF are four men connected with the Wc^H’s Columbian names will l^^^^^^^^^^Biany prominence and worth have been partly or ^^»lly forgotten. These are Dav^|Burnham,	Thorpe, who^fcdent-
ideation with the commencement, .progress and comp^Koi# of the great Fair	illiant, impressive and eminently!
satisfactory. It	none of^^^Btber earnest and
com^Ht chiefs of ^^^Btments and hundreds of ot^Mswho by their energy, ^^^Bi and .11 >i 1 ity contributed vastly toward the sublime creation to make espec^f mention of this quara tette of masters.
f|aB in the day	apparent the work in floricultutw
must 4>e commenced as soon as possible; and John Thorpe,^Be moB eminent floriculturist of any age, who had alrea^^^^H appointed chief of	was
I instructed to p^^^^Bt once to Jackson Pai^nnd make preparations for what b^S1 proven tb be the greatest^Remblag^H plants that has^Ber I >< cm seen.
It was not many montl^^^^Bfoi^^^^^^^^^^^Bpadeful of earth had been turned, before	of	of heating for the
ptodESatidfi:6f various plant^Bad been erected;—and more	a year before the
openin^pf. the Exposition “ UnB JoB” as Mr.^^Bpe is bes^Bnown, was patiently nursing hundreds of thousands of plants that to-day bewilder the o^fcrver in thd rotimna imd'^astern curtains of the Ho^^Btural Building and whl have at times' ornamental and enlivened^^try structure at Jackson Park. So intelligently an$ so satisfactorily did tl^^^^l fl<Bt proceed with his work that Ball and winter, exhibit !w^O*ven pfior tb thtBiting opening wBh alone attracted nearly half a million peopwantT'l&JOmd over a hundred thousand dollars. A mountain of choieqj palms and feri»jan4 (jactaeceoi^BpIant^whi( h “ Uncle John luid^Bsured as loans from owners Jig conservator»^» n New York and. Philadelphia excited praipd and admiration from all	^nd Mr. Thorpe became a favorite not only
with tl^^HBl the public, but with all thf, officers interested in the administra-﻿76
HISTORYBMBhE WORLD’S HR.
tion of affairs. Mr. Jonh McGovern, up^bSuiiant and	editor of the
Illustrated World's Fair, has truly said of him:	Mn^c^ugJaMfH^ft of his knowl*
edge, each pagein flower, the tenderest, sweetest, lovliest thing that man touches with his five rude senses. By common fame, r^^^p&r man known to the we^tetW hemisphere lias come upon such a	experience, instinct and C^Botioip
John Thorpe was born in England. Three generations before him worked in the HrdensHong the	England.	the agin
of seven. has been among plants and^^^^H for	at
years. His	innumerable,
conspicuous	the Goulds, Vanderbilts, Lorillards, Childs, Drexel,
and others. He
gardens and gre^^^^Hs in h^p York, and was for several years president of the-Society of^^^^Ban Florists. He i^Brobably the best known floriculturist in America, land is the pending	at Jackson Park.”
The^^Hor has been permitted^p the editor of	/-'air
to publish the following	Mr.
Ever since God com^^Ed “ Let	be light!” all human kind®a$i lived
amongplantsand flowers, and front
and respect for these beautiful g^p of nature has been manifested in every habitable part of th^plobe.
The Bible contains many allusions^B others than ^^^Kose^of Sharon and th^plies the field, while Solomon, according to the book of Ecclesiastes, gave;! much of his time and vHom to the care and collection of the many y^^Bes-within his reach, and tra^^Hi transmits the delightful legendary information that the.^4rulBSanctum	to adorn the gardens
of the voluptuous king. The monarch upon his throne rcj^^^Hin theJS ioia of rare and	the untutored savage betrays a reverence for
hi^^^^Hpla^^Hnd all	languages are of^ffi^^Ht pas-
sages where ^^^^Hre used ^pi figure of spe^^^^Btpresi^Bense of beauty and all times ha\^Hedics^pl stahzasto th^Bsilentinhabitants of hi Han^^^^|ndH.’crHntiHnt and tongue to blossom, bud and leaf.
There is no land and no	not found in grRlSBor lessee
varieties and abundance. “ From Greenland’s icy mountains to Ind^Bfcqral strand,” and from the	isles, the ea^Bs;^Bni^^^Kly Str^pi with nu^pns
upon millions of	plant life, many of the blossoms of which exhale distillaj
tions of delicious ^^^B Europe, Asia, Africa are the homes hf innumerable* varieties, and America is even richer in	r iloricult-
ural treasures. Mex^^^^^^Hmgled with ^Ulia^^^^^^^^Han^sqgJlso is Cub» Florida and Arizona. China, Japan and th^ttawaiian^^Mds may be call' d lands] of flowers. The	from Cascade mountains to 'the Cordilleras, is
c.lflMgfed with wild flowers of amazin^Bail^^^^Huty and'odor fot a number of mjjfths during the year, fn^^^^^gnber ^BMay„jwhile^^^Bn<n^Btatg« portions of the Jpat vallfey^B the Sacramento and th^^^^^^puip, from l^Bint Shasta to TelwIHepi, abound in	of named and unnamed flowers, reveling in all﻿HISTORTOFfltfE WORLEga FAIR.
71
the colors of an axminster and perfuming tfte^air with Tntefmitiglcd spices and Alps, the Appcnines, the Andes, the Sierra Nevada and thjB Mountains of the MoQEtare*t^je,habitats of flowers only surpassed in gorgeousness and fcirciil|^m*TiCc by “the enchantresses or the’Amazon and the Nile.
Theift^bóffêin of lowers is probably as old as the utterance^Bf the first pÖ^^j but tfifcjflBffibecorded traces of it are found in	had its birth.
It^^^the graceful Hicy of the Greek which, uniting flowers with the eventsTpf every-day life, blended sentiment with the beauty of the^^^Er world. The Rothpts also used flower symbols, though in	The red and whit^g
roKfonark a bl^My era in the history of England, as do the lil^flf the Bourbons and the violet of t^^^^Hest military genius of mcHrn times.﻿MOSES P. HANDY,
CHIEF DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION.﻿i
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAI*£
CHAPTER
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION.
The Object of Its Organization- \ Unique and Highly Advantageous System of Free Advertising— H<pw tiie World Has Been Informed of All the Det^Bof the Commencement, Progress and Completion. of the Gigantic Work—a Perfect System of Distribution of Information of Daily Happenings 'Conceived and. Matchlessly Executed—Quarter of a Million Documents Mailed in a ^Single Weekjp-1 hilly Thousand Electrotypes of Buildings Sent Out—Ninety Thousand Lithographs Judiciously given Away—More than a Hundred Thousand Dollars Worth of Postage Stamps UsetT—Stupendous Advantages Derived Therefrom—-Graphic Sketch of the Distinguished Department Commander.
S HAS been conceded by the management and all others—rejid particularly during the early days and leading up to the °PerH? of the Fair—no worj^wnnected with the Exposition has Bn more thoroughly done than the work assigned to the Department of Publicity and Promotion, and no effort made hy any other department of the Fair is now bringing to the Expo^Hm such great results. The name of the department indica^B the object of its organization. It wgi^tn advertise the FH and Maj. Moses P. Handy, the departc$i$nt chief, ha* done his work so thoroughly that there is not a civilized section of organized society in the world that ha^ not learned of trap Exposition and^f purposes.
A^Since the otganizat^B-of the department in l^Bember, 1S90, there has been a constant and systematic effort to disseminate information concerning the Fair, anti every avenue for spreading knowledge that presented itself has been Agtilized. Realizing the importance of having it thoroughly understood. by the people of this..country as well as the other nations of the globe just what the Fair wasfeo accomplish, Director-General Davis v^Hqoick in seeing that some educational steps must be taken, aid he suggested the organization of the Department of Publicity and Promotion, and aked that a practical newspaper man be plaoed in command.^ This idea received the approval of both the National Commission and thfc'C hi c ago< 1 irectors, and Maj. Handy was selected as fhe man to assume the re-sponsibtflkdmition. One thing that probably led Director-General Davis to j^yo-pose the organization of this department War the unfriendly attitude of a portion of the foreign paf&i and another no doubt that the portion of idle press that was friendly migli&^'$j|jpplied with accurate informationregarding the progress of the work.
Thi$ department IfrVwVbtcd on the sepond^ope of the* northwest pavdgpn of the Admirastration building. It is organized and managed on much the same prin-﻿74
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
ciple as a large daily paper—Maj. Handy’s position corresponding to that of an editor-in-chief. He has a general supervision of the department and molds the policy to be followed.
The next man in authority is J. P. Holland, the chief clerk in the department. He is also chief of the Bureau of Information. This bureau supplies the demand for printed information and has received as many as iyuoo letters daily.
The editorial division is in charge of William M. Knox, an experienced newspaper man. He has the supervision of the preparation of all.editorial matter sent out. He has twro assistants, Col. Louis Ayme, who looks after the preparation of the matter for the French, Spanish, and Portugese publications, while Victor Sarner takes care of the German press. Mrs. Nancy H. Banks, who is a member of the Board of Lady Managers, has charge of the correspondence and prepares the special letters concerning the Exposition that are sent out by the department and also prepares the editorial news notes that have been largely used by the country press. The letters of Mrs. Banks has proven of great advantage in advertising the Fair.
The mailing division, which is in charge of Frank Rigler, is one of the most important features of the department. The division is practically the same as the mailing department of a newspaper and has an exceedingly large list. The list contains, aside from a vast number of periodicals and newspapers, all the foreign Ministers and Commissioners, and a great number of persons who are even constantly writing for information about the Exposition now. In addition to this Mr. Rigler has furnished the press of the world with electrotype cuts of the principal buildings of the Fair. The advantage derived from this branch of the work has been great, as it enabled man}* newspapers to present to their readers pictures of the artistic and imposing structures that would not otherwise have been able to do so.
It is estimated that of the matter prepared by the department for the newspapers an average of 2,500 columns a month has been printed. The marked copies of publications received would indicate this. About as much again was used in the preparation of original matter. The greatest number of documents mailed any one week was 249,000, while the average number was 60,000. The number of electrotypes of buildings sent out each month was about 1,000, and they were accompanied with descriptions of the structures. There were also 85,000 lithographs giving bird’s-eye views of Machinery and Horticultural Halls sent out, and $20,000 was spent for a lithographed bird’s-eye view of the grounds and buildings. The postage alone on these reviews at times amounted to $t,qoo a day.
I low Major Handy arranged for accommodations for the press during the Fair is best told by himself, as follows:
Another work engaging the attention of the department of publicity and promotion at this time is the perfecting of arrangements for the accommodation and courteous treatment of representatives of the press during the exposition period. Our success in handling during the dedication week 2,500 newspaper men, the largest number ever assembled at one time, without any complaint from any﻿HISTORY*OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
£?5
qitfrter, encourages us to bene^Tnat with the inddfffiment by thi? m£figjjf|ment of the department’s policy, the gre<£t H)blem now befbref us will be sbwfcd with equal satisfaction alike to tfte^^^^Hoa^^Horities and to the press. Newspaper headquarters vpll be in the administMion building. Hthe very nerve center of tWMx-position. Three iloors of thb northwest pavilion have been reserved for this purpose. One for the dHtrtment office, one for the local press, and c^fl for prjpB associations, foreign newspapers, and file rooms. It will be impossible to give separate rooms even to th^Beading newspapers of the country, desk room be abundant, typewriting machines will be at ha^^^Bid there will be rooms for those great newspapers of Chicago and othei^Hties which have regular staff s,0jn duty throughout the period of the exposition. Hregard to the extension of courtesies to nea^nper men, the d^BrtHnt has recon^^^^H that a most liberal policy be adopted. This contemplates tl^Bssue of three kinds of tickets of irfe'admi^^^^Haccount of the	first a complimentary engraved invitajagj
for journa^^^Bf distinction, and the ed^^^ftf the great newspapers of the world; Second, season or term tickets for men who^^^Be here to ^^^B and third, single admissions for transient vi^^^l It is a^much to thc^Bterest of the press as of the exposition that these privileges shall not be abused, and^Bre therefore wul be taken^Bt to extend such courtesies to any persons not fully accredited and 'identified. Applications are now coming in in great quantities by every m^1, and it Is no small work to cl^Bfy and arrange them, and decide upon the merits of d9cfl individual application.	^
__L ^ cr=>
[Moses Purne^B landy was born in the Stat^Bf Misspuri, but is virtually a Virginian, his fa^fer, a Presbyterian min^fcr, having ^Hoved to the c^BDominion vvlpffe the spn was yet an infant; and it was in^^Hraditions of that State that the latter was reared and educated, and to her service that he gave t^fcllegiance when t h C -c o ntefct-between the sections culminated it^Bn appeal to arms. The horrorajof conflict fell first upon thMiorder states, particularly uoon that portion of Virginia contiguous to the Potomac, in which the HandyeMere living; the father although a minister of the gospel and a man of peace, was an* early victim Hthe ardor of his convictiii^t’and' the ill-considered severity of an inexoerienced F ederal officer. He ypts arrested, t&TOwn into a military prison; tile home was wrecked; the family S#attlft(l; and at an early age young Moses was cast upon his own resources. At ih(iJ igi jiiOTH ih riti i n In entered rite Confederate army, wa^Bsigned to the staff of VPlppral Stevens with the rank of l^Btenaat, and served until the surrender of Lofl put an end|^|bi|he struggle. Out of the adventures which befell the youthful soldier during those years oiexciting experience grew thedi^B achievement in that line which	il.in his profession*" His first literary venture, co sting of a series
of articles §B|glptbPe-q£JltK;idontS of foray and tattle, appeared in the Watchman, then	Dr. Depend Having thus “seen himself in print,”	of
future effiwijWBS irreAfiably determined. TJio journalistic instinct was in full pi&lse﻿76
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
and vigor, only seeking a channel in which to vent itself. The boy now called on Dr. Converse, editor	theijMublished at Richmond, and
said he must £Sv4njta&k. !*Tnt field w^nig^prpmïsiog, b.ut with characteristic pef J severan*ató held In until at last (as to^Bch resoli11uyanrtpwt always dpe^Bhel opportunity came. In tRc summer of iSf>7 Mr. Wifsjpn, cangjnffltftr vice-president, made a canvaksin Virginia and was announced to speak neaS^BSthmond. Young Handy went to the Richnjohd Dispatfik with an offer to
dollars and a railroad ticket.” The offer was	«£fi(l the result was a report
SOSUMwr ÏÖ the usual work in that line as at	the writer.
He was tendered and accepted a permanent situation on the^fc/Wr^^^Hning the detail of the craft while engaged in thé .“all round” work w hie ft is the best tion for a journalist, and was not long,in mounting the hjgnerjungs bctheat-dder. A little later Mr. Handy j^Bonne^Kn with thé,C3t^|ng)«nd tragic afflj^Kf the ‘Virginius,” which 59 nearly led to a war between this country and Spain, displayed an enterprise in obtaining intelligence and a brilliaft^Hof method iauftransmitt^B it which elicited fiattering comments. .»Tfiis episode led (iirefc|ly *to^mfcjffgabBpfoentg with ti»e then brilliant staff of the New York Tribune, and his care.^jysinrSBMB-erj . one of unbroken success. He was s ::	for a time,' editor-in-chief of
once famcH Richmond Rnqr^mr, arid imp^Btd to, that stai<l journal a vigor and spice which astonished the natives. In 1876 he was cojnmissionerfrom Vi^miia to the Centennial Commission, and becoming attached to the ^QriMßr CdfiESemained there during several years in which he managed the TzV;«S^and aft^^^wl held a prominent position on the -/ViHengaging at the same time im’ocbjPEind successful literary undertakings. As chief of Department 01 RfflMicity rifid^Prornotion, Major , Handy has been urbanely accc^Bble to all, and is to-day qu i te as e n e rget ic in attends ing to the wants of ncHpaper people and supplying 4 them täbundantlyvith passes-as during the pas}: thirty months he häuften tireless in t^pdtsij^^i^gn them hid millions of “riming matter,” ad\^^^^^Bnts and pj^tures'O^ the great Fair. The name of Moses P. Handy will long-be known as that of the most di^^^^Siedg promoter of the World’s Qolumbian Exposition.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
7?
CHAPTER IV.
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
The sdetfion of Hon. Waller Fearn as Chief—A Difficult Task at First—Mr. Fearn’s Own GlbCCptions. of the Duties Imposed Upon Him—'None Doubted Thai the Gallant Diplomatist Was EqinJt^to the Task—His Brilliant Achievements are Reflected in Every Portion of Jackson Park—Sketch Walter Fearn—Soldier, Scholar, Traveler and Gentleman—One of the Most	and Fas-
cinating Americans at Home and Abroad.
ERHAPS the most unpromising affiliation at first was from, distant countr^f especially from a number whose governments have experienced occasional strained relations not long before. It was, therefore, and for other reasons, that Hon. Walter Fearn was selected as chi^»f the DepartlmEnt of Foreign Affairs, and much of the success that has resmted from theassemblage of more than half a hundred nations and exhibits of the mechanism and other handiwork must be attributed to the diplomatic knowh^we and statesmanship of Walker Fearn. There is no^^^B polished gentleman in the United States and few men of m^^Htre attainment^,( Mr. Fearn’s own conception of the demands upon him reflected in the following contribution: yi’he purpose of the Department of Foreign affairs of the Columbian Exposition h^icbeen, and is, to encourage and stimulate by the best and most effective methods.JtHe participation of foreign nations in the great international episode which is tf.fnark the cl<^B of the nineteenth century.
To accomplish this a regular and systert^^^^^^^Hondencc^&s been established, which now extends throughout the habitable glotMand embraces names disti^Ujshed irt science, literature, art and commerce.
From the very first it was felt that the most difficult task was the rei^wal of the ahfci|g and universal prejudice, often amounting to positive resentment, caused by our own exclusve fiscal policy. However opinions may honestly differ as" to the mrawxical wisdom of protection or free trade, there can be but one touching the	of ^prohibitive policy upon a great international as^Bnblage of artist»
and handrc^ft$&&CK whose logical condition is an appeal, consciously or uHqJ sciously, to what hg&jnen termed the inalienable right of even human being to buy and aelBjjKgc best macfcct.
How far this r»M|QTia<jM>pyateAun^vorablj|AAiof feralaye impossible to say, but we may confidently predict, even now, a more complete, brilliant and jmtruct-﻿■
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
ive display of tnfflrarld’s work	before been gathered together—a
display which mawteach us how	have to learn j^Bn the h^Bly culti-
vated nations ofjnftjjfq! \V£)c3d, notwithstanding our own unrivaled progress in thl acquisition of wealth and power.
While it lUs'heeto'QMr dir.H lighten the labors of the Director Gen^Bl and of the various departmer^BinlJSyerytY nBMm^BLd with the foreign countries, it has also been our pleasing task to minister to the wanra^bthe fon ign ministers themselves, furnfijhing them with s3Jre<^Rite informal i n and w<^Bmiing them with the cordiality shared by our whole- community.	:	-
Welker Fearn was bom in HuritS^^HAla., descending from a long line of Virginian ancestors. His grandfather. John W. Wafker,>fQ^Bho«|^Bggj9Efl^^| was pfr^Ucnt |>f the convention which framed the cotpMql^10^ it?8t£WB Ala-bama’s admission as a -gate of the Union. Walker feiffm entered Yale College in i rg ) -and grac111ate< 1 with honor	years later.'Idaving read law with the late
] ustice Campbell, he ^^Hdinitted to the bar oh htt^Beft^B^t^^^^^^^^Bl soon entered- into- acle practice, 1 sit in began his varied^^^^^^^^^^R^lign lands by accepting a post of secretary of legation at
ing the saini position in Mexico. In ^Bi he was one ^Bttjfc	commis-
sioners to the European powers, and returned t<^^^nie^|n under the fire of the 1 >lockading lleet.
Entering the Southern army, r. Fearn was at first assigned to the staff of , then commanding in V^Binia. In i&fiig he was again employed in	fi^^n Europe with CghttjyhL". Q.*C. Lamar,
afterward	the Supreme ^Birt of the United States, and tJjpan to Mexico
witlTG^Bru^^^^Hi Preston. His military service was as Adjutant General of the trans-Mi^^^Bpi^Bartm^^^^Hr General Kirby Smith, and here the close: o! loot ilities found him. After his marriage with Miss Hewitt, of Kentucky, in 1866,1 Mr. Fearn devoted himself to the p^^^^^Bf law in New Orleans, and held thej professorship of modern languages in the University of Louisiana until iWq^Kien he visited E^^^B as'Comm^^Bner of the N^B Orleans onHPt. He was ap-pointcdjbyPresident Cleveland Minister t^^^Bce, Roum;inn: and Servia and discharged the d^^^Bof his office with marked ability. By his experience and ac-•quaintam c abroad'he was pre-eminently fitted fortheman jfeeg^ntlpf theg^^ytment which the Director General invited him, and^^^BdmittrsfF^mMroCdHW^W	has
aEaed to his already hi^Hreput^Bn as a schc^B and ^Bl0mmS%r
Alf the other chiefs at times during the	were mor^Br
less engaged in planning—to the best of their kiBledge	suc-
cesses that pawned tl^eir efforts, descriptions^of which will appear in other chapters.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORDL’S FAIR.
79
CHAPTER V.
THE PRESS AND THE COLUMBIAN GUARD.
Splendid Service of the Columbian Guard—Cursed, Reviled and Knocked Down and Otherwise Abused, They Faithfully Perform Their Multiform Duties of Firemen a nd Police—They Extinguish 284 Fires and S&ve Machinery Building from Total Destruction—The Thanks of the Exposition are Due to Colonel Edmund Rice and the Columbian Guard—Also to John Bonfield and His Secret Service Police—The Fair Indebted to the Chicago Press More Than to All Other Things Combined.
NE day in December, 1892, a small explosion took place somewhere on the grounds, and many cried, “What’s that?” And the response came, “The Columbian Guard is making an arrest.” At another time some scantling fell from the dome of the Administration Building and a man was killed—“but it was only a Columbian Guard,” added the cold-blooded bearer of news. These anecdotes might be multiplied by a hundred, with the joke on the Columbian guard each time. But these same Columbian guards and their commander may exult, generally, over the character of their work. To be sure these guards have befen abused and caricatured for the severe performance of their duty. They have been sworn at, reviled, and knocked down. They have not only arrested disreputable and suspicious persons, but they have even placed department chiefs, directors and commissioners under arrest and trotted off their own commandant to headquarters for attempting to do what he, himself, had forbidden.
The Columbian Guard is a military organization, under the control and direction of the Exposition company, having no connection with the Chicago police department. The Guard is under command of Col.
Edmund Rice, U. S. Army, whose title in the Guard is commandant. The guards perform police and assist at fire-patrol duty inside the grounds, and, up to May 1,
1893, at the gates, and at one time numbered 2,500﻿ÓO
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
men. The secret service part of the ^command is under charge of John Bonfieldfl Colonel Rices started out with the'idea of making the.RB>Iumbian Guard a model orgahizntidEof selected men, ;»hysicaify, 'mehtalffiggicly orH^^Biua^^B| for the work r expired of,5 them. The following	of tlfej regular army were de-1
tailed to assist Cawttiel Rice in his duties, and vvdffipSfflimed as	Cap-
tain Fred‘A. Smith. Twelfth United States Infantry, as adjutant of the guard and qmimanding Company E and patrol system; Fist Lieutenant C. B. Hon pin, Second United States Cavalry, ^^|quarterm&$ter, and, First Lieut^Bnt R.| J. C, Irvine, Eleventh United States Infantry, commanding Company B. Ear» member of the Guard performs his eight hours of duty ajfirihg tKexwera^WI- The] twldfr iefs which do the work during the day ha Hfour hours bh, tlretgraur hours off. The night relief has a continuous tour of eight hours. I tifali so arrano® that* no twocompani^B>r reli^l are changing at the same hour, day or night. The uniform consists pf a light bl^^Hth sack coat, ornamented with fiveTpws pf FIj^k braid across the front, each row terminating in a clóver-lfcjjf knot; black brattBbn’th^Biffs ofThe sleeves, wjth three small brass buttons on each cuff and five large ones down thè ^irant of the coat. The trousers are pf a lighter blue than the coat àhatrimmed with two rows of flat black braid down each outsideseam with a narrow red "stripe be-Pjjeen. The fatigue capMmade high for th^BddUion of a black pompon on occa-Bbtnfe of ceremony, which,'together with tl^BTack braid shoulder k^Bs ana aiguilet-tes with belt and short sword, constitutes the full dresfl The ^^^■nehts are a blazing sun, from the ^witre of which an eagle's head appears, ^|rn on thjjjeft brratft; a whistle for the purposes of signal land alarm; on the right ^Bast a cross! bow after the pattern of 1492, on which is the Guard’s number, and On the cap a crossed gun and^^Hd in the center of which is a^^^Kfe mKn,' or lgafiie$ helmet, such	during the time of Columbus.
^Bp to the opening day	extinguished or helped to
extinguish 284 fires, and on one i^Hsn saved Machinery Bhildingfrom complete destruction—while the splendid conduct^B the ^Brds on the.day ®f the destruction of thè Cold Storage Building eli^Bd general cqmmejidatibn. It is now improbable that the Guards performed their duties in a top sev^Bly civil way to suit many not at all acquaii^Bl with or ^Bd 'to military ^Bpipline, affi feigned insensibility of discriminating powers. But, all the same théyTiav^peén faithful an« vigilant from first to last, and the Exposition Co- has been gteatlyf<Mp^^™er by thmt effec^B patrol ambulance and fire department work.
TheHald Storage Building was erected for the sole' purpose of the manufacture of ice and for the piHirvation of fruits, etc., and was a^yeE^mmdsome] building.	the upper part of its central lieve, about 2 o'clock
on I uly^B and wa^Bun^Btely destroy«! Turing which fifteen brave firemen and unknown person peri.shed. The names-of the brave firenriJl|B^^^^^ffkiHie«M wem'Gaptain James A. Garvey, Captain Burton Edgar Page, Lieutenant Charles W. l’urves, John Artemus Smith, Louis' Z. Frank, Ralph A. Dru^^H^b Norman H» Hartman, Bernard Murphy, CaptaingEftSyTtzpatraB. Lieatenant John H.﻿f?ISTO&$V©F THE WORE» FAIR.
8r
Freeman,	John Cahill, Paul W. F. Schroeder, Philip Breen,
ffiim William Henry Denning. Before the smoke had cleared away subscription papers had b'-cn started in BmK the departments and among all exhibitors, and in less thWGl weeiplt^R'e than	had been	which was afterwards so
^HHSwtLtoKt t lie families of the	payments
from.
, Ampic preparations were early made for	bands as
Souza’s	Thomas, the Mexican and I < >wa bands, and maif^Hftrs
made music at various times, am I at	There
places, and
K ! rfkHwere generally satisfactory, and the service and cooking good. Arrangements made long before the	and FIo|j£fl
Tucker,	in	it	ability from the
^HE|i|j&cement^l t h e e nd. T he	men^^K)ul^^^^^^Han< 1 t he, E m e rg-
ency Hospital,	>f nearly 20,000 cases—serious andtrivial—without
triedical or surgical service or	at the-dHii-
mencement of work kept
And last, but rca^^^^^^Hmportance, has	attitude of
Chicago p$&^^Hird the Exposition. And,	at times, the home papers have
^•danfC^x^t	as to praise, they ha'^never permitted
outsider	or misrepresent without reprimand or rebuke. The Chicago
press could hav^Bcill^^^^^^Hir had it so ^^Hmi^U. On th^Bontrary, the HfifcagO papers, to a great extent, He made it. It is thHpre^^Ht has portrayed, regularly by picture and text the commencement, pre^^^^^ftd completion pf the wonderful undertaking, and it is this press that all t^Wustorians of the F^Bdepend upon, just as all the historians of the ^^Hwar depended upon the accounts of the newspaper correspondents^Bnt from th^Beat of war. ^Uie^^^B, the author declares himself indebted to the ^mdune, Herald, Inler^^^^KTimes, Record, zWtgj journal, Post, Mail, and other dailies, and to the ill^Brated^^^^Hfor much that is best in this book.
The New York	Francisco Call, Chronicle and Bulletin, the 1/0$
Angeles Herald, Times and Express, and all the magazines and illustrated papers BElt h e c o u ntry have been conspicuous in th^^^Hi and devotion t^^^BFair. Indeed life whole press of the country, with very fe^^^^^Hions, have beHkind and liberal from first, tfo last.﻿EXJAM IN HARRISON,
EX-PRESI DENT OF THE UNITED
STATES.﻿PART IV.
I HE DEDICATORY EXERCISES.
CHAPTER I.
ARRIVAL OF DISTINGUISHED PEOPLE.
Vice-President Morton Acts for President Harrison—General Schofield and His Staff, the Cabinet Ministers, Justices of the Supreme Court, and Many Foreign Ambassadors come to Chicago— The City Filled with Soldiers, Senators and Congressmen—Nearly All the Governors of the States and Territories Arrive Accompanied by Their Military Staffs—Texas Sends Thirteen Handsome Young Women as Representatives of the Original Thirteen States—Bishop Fowler and Cardinal Gibbons Received by Other Church Dignitaries—Grand Dedication Ball at the Auditorium— Brilliant Appearance of State Street—Hotels and Boulevards Jammed with Strangers—Gorgeous Uniforms Everywhere.
EDNESDAY, Thursday and Friday, October 19, 20 and 21, 1892, constituted a gala perdod for the inhabitants of Chicago and the strangers within her gates. The latter had come to participate in the Dedicatory Exercises, which was to take place on the 21st, and not a small number had commenced to arrive even some days before the 19th. By the latter day great crowds of men in military uniform filled all the leading hotels, the admired of all admirers to an extent that even caused jealousy in the souls of groups of Governors who stood aboutand chatted amongthemselves on subjects political and otherwise. There was a military feeling in the air, particularly along Michigan Boulevard, which, in the vicinity of the hotels, was besprinkled with Majors and Colonels, foot privates, troopers, color-bearers, and Uncle Sam’s marines and sailors.
The boulevard was crowded with passing throngs all day. Fully half of the pedestrians were lugging gripsacks, seeking in vain for rooms in the hotels. It was the same way in every locality that boasted a hotel. Hundreds of trains were run into the city, groaning under the weight of thousands of men and women who were bound to be in at the dedication, to see the great parades, and to take part in the approaching festivities.
The rush at the principal hotels was something awful. Men stood four to five deep at the counters waiting an opportunity to inscribe their names on the
6﻿84
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
registers. The distinguished parties that arrived were numerous. They were attractive, too, for they contained men whose names are known throughout all the broad land. The arrival of Gov. Boies was a great feature of the; day, and Iowa was credited with putting on more airs than any other State until Gov. Bulkeley came in with his magnificent retinue from Connecticut. Among other prominent people who came in were Senators F. B. Stockbridge, John Sherman, and Calvin S. Brice. Then there were the diplomats and Cabinet officers and members of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the Governor of nearly every State and Territory in the Union.
Late in the afternoon Maj.-Gen. Schofield, Commander of the United States army, accompanied by Gen. John R. Brooke, Gen. Frank Wheaton, and Capt. A. G. C. Quay, came in and registered at the Leland, after a delay of seven hours on the train. Gov. Pattison came in with a big followingFtarly in the morning and went to the Victoria. Representatives of the Interior Parliament of Ontario were Nich-olis Avery, John Dryden, G. H. Bigelow, and H. R. O’Connor.
M. Camille Krantz, the French Commissioner-General arrived early in the morning and went to the Palmer House, where he was shortly followed by Frederick Douglass, United States'Judge W. A. Woods of Indianapolis, Senator Cullom, and Green B. Raum. Then there were great parties of leading society people and business men from Detroit, Duluth, the Twin Cities, St. Louis, New Orleans, Baltimore, New York, Boston, and great cities from all over the country. Mrs. Adlai E. Stevenson and daughter arrived at the Palmer House in the afternoon, and Congressmen and Senators pulled into town all day.
Texas sent thirteen handsome young women to represent the original States. They were accompanied by four married couples in the capacity of chaperons, and were given excellent quarters at the Palmer. They v'ere selected by ballot by citizens of Texas at the instance of the Fort Worth Gazette, which offered to send the thirteen most popular daughters of the State to the dedicatory exercises. It was a newspaper balloting enterprise, and naturally enough the majority of the thirteen fairest daughters of Texas were selected from the belles of P'ort Worth.
Vice-President Morton, who attended in place of President Harrison (the latter having been summoned to the bed-side of his invalid wife), was the observed of all observers, and was the recipient of marked courtesies from many sources.
Bishop Fowler, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and one of the most «delightful men in the country, was met at the depot by a host of friends.
Cardinal Gibbons, of Baltimore, Archbishop Satolli, of Rome, the Papal Envoy to the Columbian Exposition; Mgr. O'Connell, the President of the American College at Rome; Bishop John J. Kean, Archbishop Ireland, Bishop Kain, and a number of other high churchmen were met at South Chicago by representatives of the World’s Fair and Columbus Club.
Not every one had an invitation to attend the grand Dedication Ball at the Auditorium that night, but no one needed an invitation to witness the splendors of State street. The concourse of people that turned out on the great thoroughfare was unprecedented.﻿HISTQRY THE WORLp^lS FAIR.	85
To say that State street was thronged does not convey an idea of the situation. On State and	streets, on'^fclOour corn^s, ther^wjtsf'iaich a mass of
people staging that a	scarcely graj thV&dgh; Frorfif South \:\^Sei,,-to
Polk street it	Laboring men with theii^wiw^Hid
little children availed tlt^Bselves of the eve^ng time to th^fccoratiot^ Ypvfig women «BkK could not find escorts did not stay at hot^|6n that account. They came in triodfhnd quaf^Bt, and every young man w^Bha^mny public spirit t06k his best girl for a walk down StateH*eet.
All classes of Chicagoans were represented. HrieHuld hear expressions of admiratipowbr the dc^^Hioflsdn all the languages of Ex^^Hand the Orient, from Norwegian to Chinese. The cosm^^Hiai^^^^Hof the city was as prominent as thSta	in the c^^^Btions.
There ;Were soldier boys in the Hee^^^^^^^^K~d^Bns of regutt^acjjHnd various military organizations. Their uniforms galore lent a picturesqueness to the: crowds. “ Regulars,” Cleveland Grays, Continental National Guardsmen, from HartE^d, Conn.; cadets in gray; New York c^Balrymen; marines and guardsmen from ne&S|y every ^^^^Hreas thick as huck^B*s at a county fair.
Tfee street had all the brilliaoc^K~<^^He from t^B Arabian Nights. Electric lights of every color lent a rainbow	the fronts of the business.ouBfings.
The decorations In the glare of the lights were almost bewildering in their gffiyety. Little children in largenumbers clapped their hands and ci^B out in?aelight, <40! my!’T!|ffw. one minded the density of the crowd or failed to enjoy;$h£ sigmfc, for there was senneth^K to see on <^Bry hand; Every shop window had its attractions and ev^-y shopkeeper vied with his neighbor in a lavish ^Bplay of incandescent electric lights;﻿LEVI P. MORTON,
EX-VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.﻿HISTORY OF MRI WORLD’S FAIR.
&7
‘CHAPTER II.
GREAT PARADE OF TRADESMEN.
Eighty-Thousand Men itf ipjjt fàovc 4han Oat Hundred Bands of Music-—Half a Million PejFSCBçt Witness the Grandest Civic Parade Ever Seen in any Country—Vice-President Morton Reviews the Moving	Gatherings <Hi^Btinguisbed feojriei—Mety,pf Peace resplendent in
MKbilimewdMvar-£w^shin£ uniforms	of	jund All
Trades Represented—Fifteen Hundred American Banners Borne Proudly by Naturalized Citizens ; of All Nationalities—Generals Miles and Schofield Consider the Parade a Wonderftif Success-Masses of School Children Attired in ttfc National Colors Portray a B^wful Design—Great MynojiaptPaid to ftte Representative of the Na^|.
VERY ONE*-nòj)èd for a pleasant day for the great unie parade (^Hl h^Kday, the 20th, and none ^^^BisaptpQHflgid. Immense preparations had been made by the 80,000, marchers and the ^^^^Hother^Brticipants. The city of ‘ Chicago had been decked out	never before, ds scarcely a
house could be seen that had not be<■ n'elaboratelyo r o t h e r-wise dcpofflvBâp. Flags, bunting and transparencies were to be sefcn by tn^Htridrects^fl thousands. « A platform had" been ejected ovet* thè northern steps of the pOGP4ftrc|?J and Vice-President Morton, in the presence of rfcflrcfthan a thousand dignitaries,^Bluding cabinet ministers, Justices of ^^^Brême Court, Sehators and Members of ^Bngress, ggv-ernoife çf States, Foreign Amba^Bdors and other distinguisBpd persons, revitwar^d tllfe great-parade. On thé eastern and western steps mopé^than tvv^jsBÛknd little gifWrepresëhtedt h e States,, and so arranged themselves as to look at 9flMr p 1 a që Jikêyt|g|eat American flag, which was novel, beautiful, artistic ifôyyBpritiisïy^
The procession nm always rentéjiibered by'those who sahr it as the grMteÿf of its kltkl eveejSDëh, and all will rpmemH* that it passed off in perfçÿt and satisfactory ctfcler. Thl^yëre 116 bands in line«by actual count, and every trade and callin<S|n the land^was pepresented. As some one has written:, “Grçè-f^ftqsii cosmopolitan Chicago accomplished its greatest féât in the way of cçktbra^on when an arm^m^^Blmcn passed a^f&jftn point in %VfO hours and fôfty-ffve minutes, which the exact time-taken byjthp^ivic parade in passing in reviewfSmore the Vice-Prjgsidenjof theBE&iited St^jjig^ Half a million-’of people witSe^ftd jttlis grand, record-Wgaiaflg^^ent, and every one of the number seemed ambitious to vi^J it from some point on Adams Street deputo the reviewin^ffand at the north end of the Government Building until thkg! were Mattered by the well-organized efforts﻿88
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
of the city police all along the line over which the great procession marched.” The people ventured out in the cold, frosty morning early as the milkmen and wended their way down-town to points of vantage, and most of them sought positions near the reviewing stand, which by nine o’clock was already half filled with the fortunate holders of tickets of admission thereto. The several school children who, attired in red, white, and blue, formed a living picture of “ Old Glory,” were escorted to their positions on the grand stand at the east and west sides of the Government Building, where, as living stars and stripes, they sang the Nation’s-song in sweet, young voices. There was music in the air from bands leading participants in the parade to the places of formation. There were exciting incidents enough in the great crowd that blockaded Adams, Dearborn and Clark Streets, to 'relieve the waiting reviewers of any impatience. They had a long wait, indeed.
Vice-President Morton was the first of the official party to arrive. He was immediately escorted to the middle of the reviewing stand. He was recognized at once, and the people on the reviewing stand arose and paid him deference heartily, while the crowd on the streets for the only time during the day got beyond the restraint of the police, and made a rush to pay obeisance and respect to the second man of the land, appearing as the chief official representative of the government on account of the affliction which detained President Harrison in Washington. In the great procession, which was soon afterward in motion, were Teutons-and Sclavs and Frenchmen, and their hearts and their feet beat time to the same music—that of “ The Star-Spangled Banner.” Orangemen walked in that procession, and for the first time in the history of 300 years che Irish Celts walked with them in a common cause. Hereditary foes were brothers, and for once the descendants of warring European clans marched under the same flag. All were Americans, all were freemen, and in the pride of sovereignty as freemen the old hatreds of the old days were cast out of their hearts.
It was not strange that many eyes that saw the light under different heavens-were suffused in watching the bright flag which multiplied itself in a million forms around and above them. Few colors were displayed to remind that host of naturalized citizens-^who, it is fair to presume, weré in the majority—of the countries they had left to find a refuge and a home in the prairie of the West.
All the participants in the parade marched proudly and cheerfully. Not all by any means had flashing uniform^; not all wore medals eloquent of their valor; nor did the habiliments of all betoken the possession of luxury in a material sense; but all looked happy in being permitted to profess in the most public manner their American citizenship. There were societies, the professed object of which is to-oppose other organizations of alien connections, but they did not fall on one another.
The municipal colors were displayed next to the national ones, for next to-the Union the object dearest to that great army of marchers was the city of their residence. All professions, all trades, all occupations were represented in an American parade.
After the parade had passed the populace immediately took possession of﻿HISTCMY OF THE WjMBD’S FAIR.
Adams street, crowding, in fact almost fighting, to getnear the \damàrtd other National officials. On the occasion of the unveilinH>f the Grant MorHj^^l at	Horace Porter, w York. who was on Gen.
Grant'that was gathered in L^^^^Hark that day was the	hadHer^sn. But the Columbian parade and the crowd on Adams
street \fg£ a mass-meeting compared with	of	before. Adam#'
street from tlfSoriBi to the lake wa^^Hlutely packed with ^^HaityA It was a
the crowding w^&s heavy on the side .stfeet^Heppir® from Adams, but after the reviewing party left the stand t^^Howd dispersed in goodgffder. considering all
■ The parade mdt a great deal to the	people wll^^^racssÉtlit
from the reviewing stand and other points. It v^|a union of Qien adverse in opinion, in politic^ religion and all other sentiments or opinions other tl^| those of pa§p|ffisjte Citizens of	to its succ^H They car-
ried qjwte'jred, white and blue flags, and their banHalaHl only the songs of loyalty. TlggteejÉtÊSt'deferen^^^^^^l by the man representing tlMNation was paid by these men. Taïêy dipped l^Hir colors lowest and o^^ed the Vice-President mol attentively. fùdé(^|the membersof	disciplined of t^Br societies forgot
their drilling and tur^Bi their he^B .and kept their ^eyesHl tin- Vice-President until they were $}il^^^^Hhim no longer. Altogether they gave a marvelous exhibition Iof their loyalty to^^^^Bitry which they had sought for their Qtyn betterment. That was one of
Another thing wonderful about the	rapidity with wmSaflit
moved. Gen.	broke all
ing the United States forces, said that th^^^^^^^^^^Harmy of 80,000 men in re-view was a wonder w^Bi it was considered that it was all done in less than three homp ahd" in	bearing of every man in
line wa^^Heriy.'^^Hlgh all moved in columns of twenty. Nothing was lacking^ Every one of	than 150 musical organizations in ^^^Blayed good music.
,th© 1,500 banners was borne proudly, and in point of numb^£$ the palöp^i^cdetl any parade intended to be of a^^Hnature ever héld in Am^SBa.﻿MILITARY PARADE, JACKSON PARK. OCTOBER 21, 1892,﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
9i
CHAPTER III.
GRAND MILITARY PROCESSION AND REVIEW.
The 21st of October, 1892, a Day Long to be Remembered—Grand Review at Washington Park in the Presence of Two Hundred Thousand People)—The Marine Band of Washington and the Mexican Band of the City of Mexico Make Music—Thirty-eight other Bands and Fifteen Thousand Soldiers in the Procession—Vice-President Morton, Director-General Davis, Presidents Palmer and Higinbotham, Ex-President Hayes, the Justices of the United States Supreme Court. General Schofield and Staff and Governors of Thirty-one States in Carriages—Carriages also Contained Henry Watterson, Chauncey M. Depew, Cardinal Gibbons, Bishop Fowler, National Commissioners, Lady Managers, Foreign Commissioners, Director, Chiefs of Departments—Members of City Council and Others—Tremendous Enthusiasm all along the Line from Washington Park to the Manufactures Building—All the Governors and All the Soldier Boys Cheered—Flower, Russell, Boies and McKinley Vociferously Saluted—The Jolly Author of Peck’s Bad Boy an Especia] Favorite.
RIDAY, the 21st October, 1892, the day upon which the grand military orocession and review took place, and also the dedicatory exercises at Jackson Park, will never be forgotten by any participant. The weather was simply superb. It was sunshiny and cripsy and brought out hundreds of thousands of people. There were 15,000 soldiers in line and distinguished men and women from all parts of the Union. Perhaps the stands overlooking the Midway Plaisance were thé best points of observation. The grand review had been carried out according to program, and at 11:15 a cavalry troop turned from the green of Washington Park to the gray of Midway Plaisance. It was the advance guard for the great procession toward the Manufactures Building. On both sides of the Midway Plaisance there was a wall of humanity so deep that many who stood at the outer edge could see nothing but the banners and the flags waving above the marching men, and get an occasional'glimpse of the baton of a drum major as it whirled through the air glistening under the rays of a noonday sun. Double lines of soldiers kept the spectators back. The advance column passed on without hindrance, and crossing the viaduct thrown across the tracks of-the Illinois Central railroad coming down the incline at an easy canter, crossed the dividing line and entered the grounds to bë »dedicated to the World’s Columbian Exposition.
As the horses’ hoofs beat a tattoo on the wooden pavement at the entiance of the park a shout went up that echoed from the W oman’s Building to the Manu-﻿Q2
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
factiites, and the waiting multitude inside the latter building knew the parade was entering the grofmpnp
Every stejS&ÏK&AYornan’s Building- was filled	crowds waiting to see
the procBRion pass. Thé line of match inside the grounds wJa^Hd with agoocfl natured crowd. tefe^v£|ietóy check bÿthe Columbian Guàfidv From the lop of the Woman’s Pmikl^Bpmany friend^R lady m&nagersiyiewed the procession and! waved handkerchiefs to those who passed in review.
( .en, XiÇson A. Miles, in the bri^Rit uniform of hie rank, rode by on a big black charger, folIc^Bd by his full staff; then a detachment of cavalry, then one of infantry, and fro^^^Rt time on until tl^RafTia^^^R the Joint Committee on CereJl monies can 11 i dght there passed companyaftercoi any of state troops, punctuated by regimental bands playing lively airs. An exc^^^^^Rf welldrilled company on militia or a drum m^ftr in bearskin was enough t o s e t the crowd cheering.
The 5th Regiment Missouri N^Bonal Guard, from Kaffu®Bjy, received liberal applause, and the members of the bicycle ^Bps, No. 21, mounted on new pneumatic safeties^^^^ received with noisy	Jerry Rijks Own, t^B
Rusk Guards, were^^^Kro^fy cheered.
TOirector-Gei^Ri 1 Davis was the^Rpient of a tremendous round of applause, but	ViC£*Pr^Rlent Morton’s carriage re^^^Hthe top of the viaduct and
started on the d^Rnta cheer when up that^^^^Hd broadened to a storm as he HRCcdthb gates of tl^HExp< >^^Hgrounds. His hat was inhisdiaiid all tnEtime, and 3$âthé carriage turned the corner of the Woman’s Building the^BeefuiijHoifl lowed him in an unbri^Bn line.
^^Hf Justice Fuller, dig^^H and gray, met with a warm ~b|^pfföprtroB^H feilo'dpibwnsmen. ^Brter Harrison^Boking pale from the confinement, of the sickroom, with his	arm ir^Hed,^^^B and blue ^Hg,, wits'driven through the
grouqfîs fty his daughter sitting in tl^Biigh front seat of a dog cart.
Mrs. Palmer was received like a princess, and sm^Bl and bowed to right and left aimer carriage passed. Chai^Bey M. Depew, Harry Wattofljjhn andéjie other oratoiShvere recognized at th^Rp of He viaduct, and wçre clieered continuously asHfey passed.
The first of H procession pa^^Hinside the grounds at 11 :Drio’clock; when thlMK'carriagèmnd last soldier had passed by it was 2:35 o'clock^ It wsH| o'clock when the last carriage had dtscharge^Bs load at the east dóór mtWe Manufact-ures Building.
flRE<)\. Idfer, with the twentT^^^^Hmbers of his state/ wragl|greeted with up-roarious applause.	McKinley was received by cheers and lHe^Hra^Bd called
out “Buckèÿes/! As Gen. Bulkley rode past, the boys r^Bgn^Klâ|jHBK|^^^^Rt^ derivl^iif^shtoilfed “Nutr^^Hnutmegs.” The Wi^Risin^wvlH called “Bad| gei$/’ and the old-time names for the various st^R were apmied in a laughablqg manner. Gov. I^ll^Hll, of Massachusetts, mounted on a ptaj^R charger, his smoothly shaffcp facélooking un usually young to k^Btaveling with^Rh an illustrS ous company of eminent men, was greeted by thunders of applause, a triHie alike 10 his youth and his ability.﻿Hisiaiifcr of*«®: world’s fair.
93
1
who"' rode in a carriage with Gov. FifHfas his iftiKsfr. given a pleasant informal reception all along the line, siKTasnUf t brief stbppsig^ jin the march CjWHwSSman Durborow, who was Ift^cn^Tge OtThtt; ij a rty of C Mgr eg-" sional visitors, brought the' Congressmen togeth^ftn a sort c^Bhdtty exchange of I gossip. Among tHtlufe who Werfc under his chaperonage were Congressmen Houk I of Ohio, CjhrdflMeaf of New York, Neal of Ohio, Outhwai^Bof Onto, Haynes of I Ohio, HajMjof Iowa, Wilson of Missouri, O’Neil of Missouri, Huff of Pennsylv^Ba, Riffe of Pennsylvania, Lane of Illinois, Scott of Illinois, Hitt of Illinois, Hopkihs of Illinois, DingSPjf of Maine* McLennan of Indiana, ^Bwart of Illinois, and Payson of [Illinois. ThjTft were’Senators Sherman,^BricHWashburne,. Cullom and Sawyer. ,
Delegations from the Southern States w^B uproariously cheered find they dipping fldtgdMSnd doffing	When California’s beaut^
ful banner moved between the^rowded lines it was^^^Kd with loud aKim. The California^» ^^^^Bting the honor, ^Biond^Bwith waving flags. Govs. Flower of iNew York ar^^^^^Bon of Pennsy^wiia were roundly applauded. This applause vas not by	wasoutburst of national enthusiasm, for the crowd w£§
i national one. The cheers came from the lungs of Ca^^Hians, Texans’•J^Sas-anians, and visitors from
At tKapk^ft there blossomed intC^|eW a pretty little episode. Thirty little }iight-year-old girls, dressed in white, had in some manner fallen into thejfpe of kh&rch and came stepping proudly down between the great banks of the populace, :arrying at their head a huge pansy, six feet across, on whieh was inscribed: “Tjhe ! Chicago Phttsy*society, Union, Culture and Peace.“ ThH carried American flags-1 They were cheered on a^Bdes and had kis^^^Bown them from appreciative lips. ,They were quickly^ however, led out of the line of march.
As the Board of Lady MaHgers of the World's Fair came in sight hpndk^B :hiefs fluttered and hats were swung and a continuous roll of ch^Bi greeted them-Cov. Boies, of Iowa, was heartily cheered, as the lo^^^Bvern^B guard cdBa Kisht^ng along with r$easu^^Bead the crowd started “Tra^ft, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching,” and the grand old meetly rang out from a hundred thou^gid voices. GHp*M<*k, of Wisconsin, was a great favorite with the cr<^B. The boys l;h£<frbd him for the funny things he has written, the Democrats because By liked fclfrn, and’everybody else t>e<5ause he was a sunshine maker. The thirteen, women l.vho represented the thirteen originalstates were vociferously ^Bh^Md., rhe Connecticut Footgifsfds, with their gorgeous continental uniforms of rept coats,
I /ellow trousers an<S'hhm|chuskins, were applauded till the tree* shook. There nifefl I our aliments from Indiana, three from Illinois, two from Ohio, one from T IJihjHi i nnfeeach from Michi^th; towa, Wisconsin and Minnesota.
The United States Marine band of Washington was a favorite with the multi-I :ude^^The MeiRpn band was greeted by repeated fchemsr The beautifulKAplhinjr ny Troop K ofWBgFifth Cshr&lry \ths loudly applauded. The Ninth Colo$eck [Cavalry, which passed on a gallop, was aIso loudly ffijysifril, The hrst and second |Reffime«|| of the Hnois guall^^Mwererfimultubujre greetedSjjfaBj the Indiana
I﻿-94
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
and Wisconsin soldiers swept along the wake of the Illinois boys their marching was much admired. An officer of the reviewing party said:	“The earth resounds
to the measured tread of our citizen soldiery; the country has reason to be proud of them; they are, the bulwark of the nation.” The martial bearing of the Minnesota troops was such that Adj.-Gen. R$tce of Illinois, said as they passed the, re-viewing^tand: “They are a magnificent body of soldiers. Minnesota can well be proud of them.” On the whole, it was a grand affair throughout.﻿I
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
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CHAPTER IV.
COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXERCISES.
ytte Hundred Thou^nd People in Attendance—Grand Orchestra of Two Hundred Pieces and a Chorus of JftOThoCMQd. Voi^Bmder Theodore Thomas—Bishop Fowler’s Prayer and the Opening the Hfec^Genertl—Hempstead Washbume’s Brilliant Remaps—Reading and jhe Dedicatory Ode.
N the afternoon of the 21st of C^^^Br, 1892, where only a few years before a solitary Indian vi^^^^^Brch of all he surveyed, there tn^^^Hed an	will foia^fcr
t, perpetuate the name and fame of Columbus. Th^BvCnt will always be known	Dedicatory	the
World’s Columbian	and ^B>k place in tne un-
finished Man^^Hre^^Kling in th^Bes^Ke of one1 hundred t^Bisand people. There \^Be exercises, or there had been for	more before, in various
portions of the globe, all	di£uyV-
ered Am^Ba, conspicuously in Italy and Spain, and at HBpwjpras throughout our own ci^Btry.
When Vice-President I^^Hn, representing the dignity of	States,
supported on his right and left, respectively, by President	Director
General Davis, inarched doiynthe center aisle, between the long columns of diH tinguished men on the speakers’stand, to take his position	immense
girders supporting the roof of tH Manufactures building ’W.&l made toTr enable by themet him. Instantly 100,000 handkerchiefs were in the air, waving such	as no man ever received before.
After the Vi^&Hesid^nt had bowed his acknowledgements of the demon-stration the Director General, at exactly 1:30 o’clock, touched the	AtenaR
Professor Thomas wared;his baton, and with^^Hrorst of melody the orchestra noun<1rryfc“Ttprninff strain-of1 the “ Columbian March.” The^^Ht wasntistanta-*ftiouj^nd wmderful. A hush fell upon the multitude, and all through* the great ai^il|iK5Mj|(#itt6ated the harmony of Professor Paine’s composition.
Then 5,000 voices in oqe tremendous chorus swelled the volume of th£ music. For five minutes the audi^Ace ■ sat a» though., entranced;!* And many seconds had Imipsed after thehaton had been given ifcs^ final wave,before the burst of applffiMaifre.
It had	attempt to quiet that throng ifitfil it «1 worked off﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
<£>
the enthusiasm acquired while the 1 Columbian March" was being produced. But there is an end to all things, and so when Bishop Charles H. Fowler stood forth and waved his hands in an appeal for peace the hush that fell was as impressive as had been the applause. And then the eloquent divine with head bowed, his voice wonderfully loud and clear, uttered a fervent prayer.
Upon the conclusion of Bishop Fowler’s nrayer, Director-General Davis read the opening address as follows:
Ladies and Gentlemen: By virtue of my official position it is my pleasurable duty to present the noted personages who, at this hour, in their several functions, are to contribute to the exercises with which we here dedicate the grounds and buildings of the World’s Columbian Exposition.
In a presence so vast, on an occasion so pre-eminent in the progress of universal affairs, I am moved by emotions that can sweep a human heart but once in life. Awe overmasters inspiration, and both are lost in gratitude that I am permitted to inaugurate these ceremonies. The citizens of our common country may be pardoned the pride and satisfaction with which we study the historic steps by which our people have been led to their present exalted position. Of the great nations of the world, the United States is the youngest; -our resources are equal to those of any other nation. Our sixty millions of people are ■among the most intelligent, cultured, happy and prosperous of mankind. But what we are and what we possess as a nation is not ours by purchase nor by conquest, but by virtue of the rich heritage that was spread out beneath the sun and stars, beneath the storms and rains and dews, beneath the frosts and snows, ages before a David, a Homer, or a Virgil sang, or before Italy’s humble and immortal son had dreamed his dream of discovery. This rich heritage is ours, not by our own might, riot even by our own discovery, but ours by the gift of the Infinite. It is fitting that, on the threshold of another century, we reverently pause in the presence of the world, and with confession and supplication, with thanksgiving and devotedness, with praise and adoration acknowledge our dependence on the Creator of the universe, the God of nations, the Father of mankind.
Nature has given us a virgin soil of incomparable richness and variety. Our climate is so diversified that all the fruits of tree and vine ripen under our autumnal﻿HISTORY OF THE \#0ËLEH FAIR.
skies. Th|j ^reBBB||BB9 form our boundaries, and	and flow bathe
our shores, are rich viffl all the treasures of th&deép. The granite visits Ell our mountain (gplgfljyItoréd with untold mineral wealth. Ifl^the prodigality of nature,	made for, óur multiplying people, and itff imjH
of ernerour great abundance we may succor and comfort the distressed t^d afflicted of other land^^^^Bigle century has placed this pec^B side by side with ^^Epfet-and midst advanced nations of the world—nations with.a hi^to|hf of a thousand years.
Bfög in the midst of our	no American citiz^^^^^H forget our
national startjftjjpoint; and the quality of the manhood onfltch was laid the very foundation of oiirv^BernmenH Our fathers were born under foreign fla£®e* The very best brain and nerve, and mus^B and	governments
founcForeir way to this weste^^^^Bent. Our anHtors had the map of the world bn(^e r that they chose this land for^^H descendants! Over the ve^traci^^^^B national	stood the spirit and	the completed
Civilij^tjfflti of otherdands, and 'the birth-c^^H)f the Rej^^H rang out over tljfl world \\3Ji avoiceasstrongasa giant of a^^Band years. From thi^^^^wgof our history	all natiipHha^^|cked to our shorH and
into our natic^^Hfe and joined in the	of S' institutions.
spaded and planted, they hav^^Hn and gathered, they have wrought and buffiÜCT and	this land; may be seen	and results of
this Mmjmn$tltutri^^Br nati^B.1 pro^Britv. promoting our national growth^’WTp all	nation are ever ppen.
T®e World’s Columbian Exposition is the natural outgrowth of this nation’s plaiXM|öïlStoryv Our continent, dis^^Hed by Chri^Bpher ^Buqibus, whose spirits were revived as his cause was e^^Bd by the generou^Barted Oueen of qSpwin, has throughout all th^^H*s from thaBme to	a haven to all who «SB
here the promise of requited toil, of liberty and of
The ceas^^B resistless march of ^B^lz^fi°n’ westward, ever west war d/JpreH reached and passedgreat lakes of North Am^Ba, and has founded on tb%B farthesOhorè the great^^Hty of tno^Bn times. Chicago, the"peerless, has bfsS selected for me great celebration which to-day giv^Btet^Be to progress, andshedfl its light upon ages yet to come. ^Ba^lished in tH heart of ^^^^Htinent,.IpB pulse throbs with the quickening current of our national life. And thatthl^Bty was selected as the scene of thl^^Bcat commemorative festival was th^Bfüfal ;CéS growth of predestined events. Here all nations are to meet in peaceful, lHdable emulation on the addsof art, science and industry, on the fields of research, invention, and scholarship, and to^Bttn the universal value of thé discovery we Cpm-memorate; to learn, as could be learned in no other way, nearness of man to man, tiBtjnpiwqbood of God and the brotherho^l of^fc human race.
T^«MM£g|yttd%etA]^men. is the exalted puj^jöset Qf the World’s Columbian ExposiBn'^ May it be fruitfufc&sats aim, and of p^^&^Reraer to all Up nations of the earth.﻿98
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
At the conclusion of the address of the Director-General Hempstead Wash-burne, then Mayor of Chicago, made the following brilliant remarks:
Mr. President, Representatives of Foreign Governments, Ladies and Gentlemen: This day is dedicated by the American people to one whose name is indissolubly linked with that of our continent. This day shall add new glories to him whose prophetic vision beheld in the stars which guided his audacious voyage a new world and a new hope for the peoples of the earth.
The four centuries passing in review have witnessed the settlement of a newly-discovered continent, the founding of many nations, and the establishment in this country of more than sixty millios of people whose wonderful material prosperity, high intelligence, political institutions and glorious history have excited the interest and compelled the admiration of the civilized world.
These centuries have evolved the liberty loving American people who are gathered here to-day. We have with us the pioneer bearing in his person the freedom of his western home—the aging veteran, whom all nations honor, without whose valor government, liberty and patriotism would be but idle words. We have with us builders of cities, founders of states, dwellers in the forests, tillers of the soil, the mechanic and the artisan, and noble women, daughters of the republic, not less in patriotism and deserved esteem than those who seem to play the larger part in buildi ng up a state.
There are gathered here our President and stately Senate, our grave and learned Judges, our Congress and our States, that all mankind may know this is a nation’s holiday and a people's tribute to him whose dauntless courage and unwavering faith impelled him to traverse undismayed the unsailed waste of waters, and whose first prayer upon a waiting continent was saluted on its course by that banner which knows no creed, no faith, no nation—that ensign which has represented peace, progress and humanity for nineteen hundred years-^-the holy banner of the cross.
Those foreign nations which have contributed so much to our growth will here learn wherein our strength lies—that it is not in standing armies—not in heredity or birth—not even in our fertile valleys—not in our commerce nor our wealth—but that we have built and are building upon the everlasting rock of individual character and intelligence, seeking to secure an education for every man, woman and child over whom floats the stars and stripes, that emblem which signifies our government and our people.
That flag guards to-day 21,500,000 school children of a country not yet four' centuries old and who outnumber nearly four times the population of Spain in 1492.
This is our hope in the future—the anchor of the Republic—and a rainbow of promise for the centuries yet to come.
As a mark of public gratitude it was decided to carry down into history through this celebration the appreciation of this people for him before whose name we all bow to-day.
You, sirs, who are the chosen representatives of our people—you into whose keeping we entrust our property and our rights-*-you whose every act becomes a﻿HIST0RM1QF THE WORLD’S'FKlRr
■
link in	history which spans four hmidred years
and	and vifctd1yfor?ihan—you who present that
la3tand^bost peffect experiment oE human gove^^^^H have by^^^^^^Hal acts hohojire young city witHour choice Hthe most fitting place to mark this co u n tjtysidawn.
She acS>ts the sacred tri^Bwkh rivalry toward nc^^^nd fellowship for all. She	fulfill the	m^^^|She needs no orator to speak
her	her glories. She typifies the civilization of this continent
and thi^^^fl she no hoary locks, ^^^^HaliiHrui^B the gray-l^^^^Hre who saw her birth^^^Ry holds on high his pratt^^^Brandchi^Ko see the nat^^^ft the earth within hei^^^K.
Over the very spot v^^^^Hwe^Bnd, within the memory of men s^B young, the wilc^^H winged their migratory
*■ Less than a century ago the site of this young city waHmkno^^^^Hay a and	Her ar^i|al
commerce of o^^Hn and a half tells the eloquent story o^Bc r^^Hrial greatness. Her	all natic^^^^HLll creeds is boundless,	and
high^ta^^^^^Be of heaven. "Rule Britannia,” the “Marseillaise,” “Die Wacht am RBRn,^ and every folksong of the older world has drifted over the i^nntic’ssta|Eny waves. £n<^^^^^H:ho, growing fainter with adv^^Rng leagues, has reached this splpyjk has been merged into that one grand chorus, "My Country, ^B^of Thee, S\^fct Juuid of^ Liberty, of Thee I Sing/*
This, sirs, is the American city of your choiH; her gat^nrc open,h^BeopJjkS EyburiSfcrvfce£^^Myou and those you represents offer greeting, hospitality and love.
To the Old Wld, whose representatives gr^B this ^^Hon, whose governments are in fu^^H>rd with this enterprise so full of ^^Hing to them and to ns, to that' old world	children braved unruly sea^^H treacherous storms to
f°B|d a new state in H unknown land, we gr^Hng, too, as children gre^H. parent in some new home.
\£feHe proud of its an^Btry, for it is our own. XflglH’ in its ^Bory, for wjfe pur ancestral blood which inscrib^^Hrolls of ^^^^HndHto-da^^^^Hjfl tinguEhed men of mo^^Btingu^^H land^khold any spirit,thing or ambition whicfih&cMs their prai^^Hs but th^^Bropping pf the Roman courage on a new '^bntpent; in a later age.
Welec^B to you men of old^Hivilizations to this	mcj9
ancient labdflrk was built within the span of aBesent life. Our hospiBties and rnow extend without ^^Bve, without regard^^^^Honality, creed * °r race.
Th<Shwas read and sung the dedicatory ode,	at tl^^^^^Bthe EH
position managers by Miss Harriet Stone Monroe, of Chicag<^|
T﻿MiMöiÉM
i i
fri-
hS
F LOOK OF ìMANUFACTUKES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WCpLD’S FAIR.
CHAPTER V.
DEDICATION OF THE BUILDINGS.
president Higinbotham Bestows the Commemoratory Medals—The President of the Commission Receives the Buildings from the President^B the Exposition and the Latter
President of the United States for Dedication—Mr. Morton Dedicates Them ^Hthe World’s Tjld Art, Science, Agric^^Hand Manufactures—“ God Save	States of
America.*'
T the sixth number ^B the Dedi^Bory Programme, Pres-ident Higinbotham, calling the	Works and^ttt#
artists of the ^^^^^Bon into a conspicuous position, made to them the frBvring address, at the sarHtime bestowing the Hnmemoi^^H medals:	and GEiért^Bu
men:	It Honiq my	duty on behalf of the Board
World’s Columbian Exposition, to receive fron^^l these buildings, which represent your thought skill and labor as	of construction. Is
command	With
your achievements. ^^Hav^^^ferved with admiration the rapid dé\re9 opment of your placid until teiere stand	today	that
repreaéht the ripest wisdom of
Never before have men brought to their t^K greater^Bowledge, higher aims nrimW resolute‘purpose. Never^^Hre haH such magnificent fruits been the result of thought and toil. The earth and all it HitaH have been si^^Hrfent to your wiTfaÉVf»:pairaiied^^B work loyally,	and with an unselfish
deRtH$ that chtrfimands the applause of the /^Bdd. Your country an^^^^Rions of the earth will join us in congratulaHg'you upon the splendid issueof Harplans and undertakings;
We accept these buildings from you, exulting in the belief that these beau-fufcàwfetures fUrniBhBoof to the world that, with ali ^Br matérial growth’ and Is^RernV^Sinde^tfitb Coktmbteh ‘ discc^By of Americ^^Hha^^^^H negle^^B those civilizing a$ts Which minister to a people’sBfineaaent, and beHme the chief glory oy? na$t9&ft' ?
:rt*'Peace hath her victories,
No lest renowned then war.”
In tkH Exposition, Offtf tfe^t adorning victories of our age of^^Hs, yon take﻿302
HISTORY OF THg WORLD’S FAIR.
conspicuous part, and tHwwork accomplished reM:ts, and wflMf»tinuet*0 reflect, honofl^ik<y|Spori yoSflfelves and upwFfBMT-poufttry-
Ii|- recognition of your faithful and efficient servioesparul jjjflo refer to’npt« mt^l^Bbstantiilly than by mere words the successful progressof your work a<l mm^drartktsH construction, die B■ >; 1 rd of Dit^Bors have issued tgit mBR.1, which I havwjthe ho^Br to pres^|to you. A simple token it is, which	real and
abitijnp value, not in its intrinsic wet a, but rather in the high nM&it t^K^^Heivel and t£ie gratetui appreciation which bestows
d'urning from the Director of Works and the artists, with Prrsident|Htlmer rising,‘the President of the Exposition continued as follows:
[■ye^Bxlay these surrounding acres composed a dismal mora^^^Hsting place for the wild .fowls in their migratory flight. Today they StaffdttranBMrmed by art and^^^Re into a^Bauty and grandeur unrivaled by any other t^ofpn earth.
HerH we b^^^Ba miniature representation of that mar^^^*ljtercro»nienl ‘i-4nd that unprecedented growth of national greatness, whid^^^ftoxhe day of Columbus,^!ve^^^^^^Bed the listorjj of this Ne^BVdrld.
The idle boy, strolling along the shore of this inland sea^BarelcS^y th^B/ a pebble into tl^^^^^Batcrs. From that center of ag^Kn there spread the circling wave* which Pinter am! still t;iinter grew, until lost at last in the far diatanMcalm. Not so did the great thought come and vanish which hasL culminatCwnn thesa preparations for the World’s ^Bumbian Exposition. It was not thp.sug|^ij^HniJ pulse of any	or locality that originated this noble enterprise. Frbnl
many minds and many localities there seemed to come, spontaneously and in unisoiw the suggestions for a Columbian celebration. ThcH individual and IdcSBscnti* ments did not die out like the^^Hs, but in an inverse ratio grew! mwBLjuid more powerful, ^Kl they mingle^^^| culminated in th^Brancl and universal resolve of the	people, “ It shall be done.”
Today^^^Bn behalf of the Board of Directors, representing the citizeaH of Chicago, to me has been assigned the pleasant duty of presenting1!» World’s Columbian Commission th^B buildings, for dedication to the uses of the World’s C^^^^^Bn Exposition, in ^Kbrati^B of the four hundredth anniversary of the of America.
In viewing the work thus far ^^Hiplished, we gladlyackupwiBEB our-selves debtors to the patrio^wri^^Hour fellow cH:ens throughout the.ra^B:o the kHly interest ma^Hd by the President of th^fnit States; to the generosity of the	to the hearty sympaty of tMcivilized naticHof the earth and to
the ^Hit co-operation of the honorable commiBn which you repiwHML
The citizens of Chicago have cheri^B-d the ambition to furnish the facilitte|i for the Exposition, which, in character, should assume a national and international importance. The3^^Hrtam the pleasing hope that they have nof^ome showi of thp,nationHlemand and of the world’s expectation. Permit 1lihjsirJ to believe* that it vtas 'Qot a narrow ambition, born of local prid»'-and selfishness, that asSed for the location of the World’.s Columbian Exposition at Chicajjjoy Rather let® justly be said&nat it was in view of tffe	of pMftle live within a﻿ƒ
HIS T O R Y O F THE WORLD’S I AIR.
103
idius of 500 miles of Chicago, and that standing here, so near the c^Ber of population, Chicago would be accessible to a larger number of Amer^Bn people, who, the (mjatprs of our wealth and prosperity, than would an^B>ther city on the*' pntirBSt. -The citizens of Chicago have been actuated by the m^B patriotic sen-ments in asking for the location of the Exposition at thi^vacc. Animated by the ^^■Bttipl^^spirited motives they hav^Kad^^^Bi preparations for the Expositidn < s we trust you cannot but look upon with satisfaction.
The fraejity and remarJ^Hle skill of the m^Ber artists of construction must la justification for the pride with which we point to the^^^Bturcs which rise ^HsgjiiUpAsuch^^Bful and magnificenMroportioM In furnishing grounds and >ui 1 dmyMrhi^BshoukI	modern demand for utility and ^|entifi^^^|pta-
; ion, we hâve not d^fc violence, let us hope, to that growing love for t^B beautiful I vhich gratifies the eye and educates the tas^B Nature, science end art have been called upon to contribute t heir ri^^H gifts toHak^^^^Hc route U and Hildings^ I vorthy of yOt^HeptBce.
The Board of Direct^B now beg leave to tender to the World’^Bolumbiaiu Commission and to the nation these t^fldings, in fulf^nent of Chicago^Bpledgéi Bad in honor of the great event we celebrate.”
peTjhè President of thsMolumbian Commission, on rei^Hng the Exposition :rom the Board of Directors, thus presented it to the Vice-President of the United ptaterajLtfjSvf P. Morton, for dedication:
When a structure designed fora bénéficient purpose has reached completion Un|Ms about to be devoted Hits oljject, it is deemed fitting, in acc^Bance with a hustom which sprang from the aspirations of man, and which has received the sanction of successive generations, that i^Bntent and aim shall be declared amid imposing ceremonies, and the good will of the present and the bl^Hng of future invoked upon it.
j If this occasion shall have as one of its results the inauguration of another ■festal day to epfett’ge the too meager calendar of our people, the world will be richer thereby, and a name which ^^Heen hitherto held in vagt^nnd careless rei^Bft^rance will be made a vital and elevating force to mankind.
HAttnivetsarl^Kre the punctuations of history. They are the ^Bphasis given to events, not by the song of the poet, ©r the peft.of the rhetorician, but by the jeommon acclaim of mankind. Th<^Bare the monuments of the heroes and the saviors of the race. They are the Memnons which fill the heart with promise, the eye with gfitedness and the ear with song.
w The temper of.Socrates, when dying was asked what he wished for amonu-ment. Hetanswered: “ Give the boys a holiday.”
It was a happy thought to have linked with the achievements of Columbus and Pinzon, which doubled the area of the habitable globe, an undertaking whereby we hope	that they also mad^ possible more than a duplication
of blessings to mankind.
As thejwgreat mewklied ignorant of the magnitude of their’ work,, may we not hope that this Exposition will accomplish greater good than will be revealed to﻿104
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
us of today, be its outcome never so brilliant? May we not hope that lessons here learned, transmitted to the future, will be potent forces long after the multitudes that throng these aisles shall have measured their span and faded away?
Four hundred years ago today, Rodrigo de Triana, from the prow of the “ Pinta ” cried, “ Land.” That cry marked the commencement of an era wherein has been condensed more of good import to the race than in any other. Today, at the floodtime of that era we are reminded of what that cry involved, and of how much there is yet to dó to give it its fullest significance.
There are no more continents to discover, but there is much to do to make both hemispheres the home of intelligence, virtue and consequent happiness. To that end no one material thing can contribute more than expositions to which are invited, in a fraternal spirit, all nations, tribes and peoples, where each shall give and receive according to their respective capacities.
The foundations of civilization have been laid. Universal enlightment, now acknowledged as the safe substructure of every state, receives an added impulse from the commingling of peoples and the fraternization of races such as are ushered in by the pageant of today.
Hitherto the work of the National Commission and of the Exposition Company has been on different but convergent lines; today the roads unite, and it may not be amiss at this time to speak of the work already done. Two years ago the ground on which we stand was a dreary waste of sand-dunes and quagmires, a home for wild fowl and aquatic plants. Under skilled artists, supplemented by intelligence, force, industry and money, this waste has been changed by the magic hand of labor to its present attractive proportions. 1 do not speak of this work as an artist, but as one of the great body of laymen whom it is the high calling of art to uplift. To me it seems that, if these buildings should never be occupied, if the exhibits should never come to attract and educate, if our people could only look upon these walls, towers, avenues and lagoons, a resul' would be accomplished by the influence diffused well worth all the cost.
It was an act of high intelligence which, in the beginning, called a congress of the most eminent of our architects for consultation and concerted action. No one brain could have conceived tin dream of beauty, or lured from fancy and crystallized in form these habitations where art will love to linger and science, Cornelia-like, shall expose here children to those who ask to see her jewels.
Of the Commission and its agencies, its Director General and the heads of its departments, its agents and envoys, I, although a part of that national organization, may be permitted to speak. Called together by the President two years ago its organic law difficult of construction, with room for honest and yet contradictory opinions, it has striven honestly, patriotically and dilligently to do its whole duty. Through its agencies it has reached to the uttermost parts of the earth to gather in all that could contribute to make this not only the museum of the savant and the well read but the kindergarten of the child and sage.
The National Commission will, in due time, take appropriate action touching the formal acceptance of the buildings provided under their direction by the World’s﻿^■HRY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
ïo5
Columbian Exposition Company for this National and Iriternational Fair, and t3 you, Mr. PréSidcïit, as the highest representative of the Nation, is assigned *thw honor of dftaicading'them tó t^B purposes determined and d^Bared by the Congress of thé
In behalf of the^ti^^Hld women wlnHave devoted themselves to this great work, of the rffcfi who ha^^^Bren of their abundance and the poor v^B have given of Spir necessities; in behalf of the arehi^Bts who have given to ^Bir ideals a local hafffajSpn'ttnd a name, and tl^Brt^^^^|ha^^»u<Hhithe^^^^^^^^^^H>f modern lifei fö'fm, color, and melody, to decorate and inspire; of the workmen who
and reared the walls; in	who have
of the exhibitors; in behalf	Chic^^Hv’nich has
muniB&tïy voted aid, of the Congress which h^Kenerous^^Hen of th^^Honal moneys: in	World’s Columbian Commission, t^B World’s Columbian
Company, and the Board HLady Managers, I ask you to d^^^^Bhes& buildings and grounds to humanity, to the end that all men and women of every climate	that the	of material p^^^^HwhH may here
eye. is good ottlj^B far may promot^Bhat higher life which ^Bhe true aim of HQiBidü^that theof wealth here Hhibited and the stimulus herein given to indft^try are good Hly so far as t^^Hray extend the area of humaljr happiness.”
p At 4 o’clock, in the presence of a vast audience which rose at ^B moment, ^Bboigld, as a rule, hear no word of the speaker, the Vice-President of the Unifcjxl States, "Hing: by courtesy for tlHPresident of theHiit^|St^^Hand addressing PrKraerft Palmer, of the National Commission, read the following oration:
Mr. President: Deep, indeed, must	which prohibits the Prë&4
dent of the United States from being the Hitral figure in t^^^^Hrei^BiiayB Realizing fronv^^^^Hnp^^H surroundings, the extent of design, the adequacy JSi exdSfotion, and the vastness of results, We may well imagine how ardently he has aspired to "be officially and^^Hnally connected with thi^^^^Hrork, so linked toe the past and to the present^B America. With what eloq^Bu words he would have a#W&fa of the heroic achievements and radiant future ^^^Bbe^^^^Hun^ry- While profoundly anguished in his most t^Bl^r earthly a^B-tion, he would not ha^^ns delay or falter in these de^^Hwy services, and we can only oort his courage Tty*a profound and tmiv^^^BsymPathy.
yrl.he attention of our whole country, and of the people elsewhererc8ffl£ cerned in industrial progress, is to~^^^^Bl upon the^Ky of Chicago. The .naifra of Chicago has l>eCome familiar with^^Hpeech of all civilized com munition bureaus are established at mar^^Hnts in Europe for the pu^^H of providing tr^BB0rta^fi%t’i,hithef; and during t^Bcoming ^Bar the first place suggested tp the ml!^Q||raL|tódbtMlksof America, will^B the	Chicago. Thi^Mdue hot only
to the (jMuiTiftflf^ExpbétffÖh' which marks an^^Hhr^Bto the marvelous growth and energjpffiniBfsi^itd'tomiftercial city of the Union.
I am n&ÉÖ&ftoHöpnt, the wonderful StOfy of this City’s rise and advancjBI ment, of the matchless courage of her peóple>Qf her second birth out óf the ashes﻿io(
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR
of the most notable co^ragration JcniOT^KtinjB, nor of	position she
ha^^Bfcue:	^■^^WauyR^iniDiS|Rix3ShreS. in science and in lESaflits.
These are known of all men who ke«> pace will: the world’s progress.
Tam lit-re in ojujl^^the govi^i^irnent of the*:United Stales, in	all
the people, to^^^wJ&d'tO Chicago, all hail to the Columbian Exposition.
Frointhf St. Lawrence to the Gulf, and from the peerless cosmopolitan cap-' ital by the se^Hie ( b lden Gate of California, there is no	rival city to
emulate her in pron^Kng the success of this work.
New York signa^fcd the opening of the new era by a commemorative fuK< i i, instructive to the studev.:. encouraging tc^fe philanthropist, and admoni-to the forces arrayed against liberty.
let-houses of worship, without distinction of creed, have vqi^^^fteififtanks to Almighty God for religious freedom; her ^■ldren to the amount of five and twentsaBndusand have mart-lied under He inspiration of a light far ^toaderHEm ^Blunibus, with all his thirst for knowledge, enjoyed at the ^T$iEn|^u|aI and	and nights processional pa'Hr^s^BpPJ^^y&i water,
atdedLbl^^^^^^^^^Wand	< A memory of thejg$ESj| pilot with
the fruits of the great disco ve’T in a pageant more brilliant than tl£t^!Ba|RSta, when u]:^| a throne ofPersian fabrics, Ferdinand and ^Hiella disregarded the ^Ejjtette of	Aragon, i^sived him standing, attended by the most
sphndid court of Christendom.
to ^Biere. As we gaze tbesflSmun-ificent erections, with	arches, th^| entablatures and adornments,
and rapidity of	they would	to be
Praise for ^^^^^^Hation and accomplishment, for the architect and builder, for t^^^^Hand artisan, may n<^^Hr detain me, for in the year to come, in the mouths of all m^^^^^^^^^Hstinted.
These are worthy shrines to record the ^nie^^^nts of and to place them side by side with the arts and in^^He$ of the elder world, to th^nd^that we may l^Ktimul^^^n.ru^^^Hur^Bd to new epjd^iiprsT,Columbus not in chains, nor are Columbian	fetters. I see him, as in tf^BHat
picture under the dome of the	him, betokening
no long(^Khe^|ntr^Bn of	lowers, but, homage of mankind, wrt^erect
form and lofty mien ^Hmating the^^Bldren la Qew.world to higher fajw,and bolder theories.
We may now anticipate the characte^^H value of our natiojial «Biibit. Rather ma^^^nio^^^l anticipate that a conservative atvard will be made by the a young nation eagerly listening to t^^^^^tnirfgfutur<S3ithin whose ligaits the Iig^mtng was first	heaven at the wili^f man, we
the exp^^^^^^Mr^pfHeai^^^^Brst compelled to ^^Bp^inaiirand and merchandise over the	of the warld,wh£fe tlie irpplein^kc>iQ^5 culture
and handicraft have been so perfected as to lighten the^rdanb*®£ toil, and where the sBN forces of nature, acting thfppgh^he telegraph and telephone, are daily﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
107
startlinjptheSBbrld by vftCTimSsFover matter, which in the days of Columbus! might ; havcMSéèfl reckoned among the miraci^.
We dan saffïÿ privet, hq%(Br, tbo ! who will come from the near and distant regions of our country, and who wilTthen^Blvt^Rnake part of the National t exhipit. We halîsecTfïé descendant* of the loyal^Rva^Brs of Virginia, cff the IPilgrimBwBfiPy^f New England, of the sturdy Hc^Bqders who in 1624 bought tmfl : twenty-two thousanq of the Island of Manhatt^Bfor the sum of $24, of the I adS&rentSfjjf the old Christian faith who found a resting-place in B^fttftOre, of the I	^.laÈlli«é’*C^Bfinâns whosettled in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, offjpiW
! Iuguenots who fled from tfte revocation of the < > I ict of Nantes tô the banks of twB . Hud3fi>n in theNôrth and tifose of the Cooper and Ashley rivers in the South/of the refOTre^iram Salzbut^Ri Georgia, and of ^Barl^B Edward’s Highlanders in I North CàfòKilà* 1 With them also wé" shall ha^^^^^^^son, or in' their sons,
I the	bf othfera, ffom many dîmes who, with moderate fortunes, have
I Joined	tb^that of the great Republic, or who with sinewy ari^Bhave
[opened our water# 2tys and budded our iron ways.
We trust that from the lands beyond the seas many will corné to ' igage'in fratemgrronjpetttion, or to point us to more excellent standards. If they swan] I find litflfe in &§tr product to excite their admiration, we shall welcome them to the I atmosphere dr the new world, where some Of the' best efforts Bave jbetii1 made in the cauvof freedom and ^Rgress by Washington and Franklin And Lafayette; by Aga^R and Liftebhi and Grant; by Bolivar and Juarez and Toussaint L’Ouverture; bv j*ultonjjjltìl(l%Iorse. and Edison.
Columbus lived in the age of great events. When he wa^Hchild in 1440 j printing was first done by movable types; seven	later/the Vatican library,
the great Smftitain o^Bsarning,Hs founded byNic^^Hthe Fifth; and 1455 is I given aMHe probable date of the Mazarine Bible, the earliest printédbbbjk known. It was SI ui^S a hundred years after the'discovery, that Galileo, pointing his little telescope to the sky, found the sateUtes of Jupiter, and was hailed as the Columbia! of the Ifigvens.
His chandler was complex, as was that of many of the men of his time who made their mark in history. But his character and attainments are to bcHtimated by tho Vof his contemporaries, and not by Other ^Standards. Deeply read in mathematical science, hte was certainly the best ge^Rap^R of his time,, I belie-®? lwith>f^Lstelar, that he W&r’Siqcettly ndîgious, but hi^Rncerity did not prevent his indulging in dte^his. Hé projected, as the eloquent Spanish orator says, the pur-chase^f the holy plâces-bf Jerusalem, in thè event of his finding seas of pearls,
I citiej^Bf gold, streets paved'"with sapphires, mountai^flof emerald#, and rirç^Bof diamonds. How renW&dAand yet how tnarvelous, has been the rÈBÜizatioiH Two product ■<MBBBgu them continent* Which he tOuòhed and brought fitto the world’s economy have provegf^raMnestimablé V3dti(#'to fné~race, far beyond what the imagined wealth of the Indies dtiuld buy.
The potato, ''bffl^OT^Qothdf^paniards from what is now thef *Repubm? of﻿io8
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Ecuador, in the beginning «She century following the discovery, has proved; next to the principal cereaiy8*0|the most	all plants for human food. It
haHensibly increased thfflwj^lth of nationgjjmd added immeasurably to the welfare of the people. More £wtaiü>jth^ other crops, fllH^having little to «Sir from storm or drouth, it is hailed as^an effectual barrier djgaihrê£be recurrence of faming. ■
Nor was the^pyier^nipduct of less importance .to mankind.Ofer|Man bark comes fiSmi a trd^jpTspOintaiieous growth in; Peru, and many other parts of South America. It received its botanical name irom the wife of a Spanish viceroy» liberated ram an intermittent fever by it$ use. Its móst important bp^^^^Ame, has come to be regarded, asnbarty as may be, as a^ftcific for that disease and also for thftSyeservatiicm of health in certain latitudes» SO that no vessel would dare to ap-proach the eagpor west coast of Africa without"a supply, and parts ofEraBuB land wtttl bp made partially desolate by its disappearance. No words that I could use could magnify<tbe:bi'iSsing^^^Lght to mankind by these two indivnffi^Df the KSnb kingdom from the shores ^Bthe New World.
^Sltiimifced time for preparation does not permit me to	of
the progress and proud.•positioil of our sister republics and of ttelTgKnrninion of Canada to demonstrate the. moral and material fruits of thggreat discovery. Con-Mrning joutfeelves the, statistics are familiar and constitute a mantel. One of the states recently admitted, the state of Montana, is larger than the empire of Turkfey..
\Ye. ire near the beginning of anathei^Bintury, and if no serious change ocrars it} our"prest fit grq.vth, in the year 1935» in the lifetime of many now in H.n-hood, the English-speaking republicans (^|Amei^K will' number more than for them, John Hight in a burst of impdXsiohQfl eloquence predicts one people, one language,, one law, and^nefaitfh;,' and all over thtBB^^Bn-tirient, the home of Bchm and a refuge for the oppressed < >f ^Hery race^Hid ( \ ery clime.
T transcendent feature in the chara^Brof (,'olmnbus was hi.snH.ith. That sustamed him in days of‘Jri d and darkness, and finally gave	gr^^B*M
co -urjfe Like him, let us hat^Bfaith in our Üütpre. To in^ng>_ that future, th3 fountain-. muB be ke#: p :re, public integrity must be preserved. W hile we reverence what Garibaldi and Vlor Emmanuel fought for, the	we
secure above all i^^^vha^fcteuben and Kosciusko jmtled our fathers to eswSU^ji—liberty regulated l y law.
It the timesptMild e\rercomeHien mien trifle with hfcmnÉi eonscience, let mKnredict thé pptiipticaction of the Repdb^Kn thejangua^cf Milton:
“ Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant natiocUEQHsing herself like a strqmfeman after, leep, and^ shaking her in^Bcibfe,locks; methinks I see her as, a Jmgleméwlngjher mighty youth, andukindTïng: her undazzled eyes at the fufl mid-day beam; purging and unsealing her long abused sight»} the fountain itself of heavenly radiance; while the whole noise of timorous antt^ratj^^^Jnds, with those also that lovatflËf&wjjM	about, amdgëtUit what s^HMans.”﻿V
HISTORY ■ THE WORLD’S FAIR.
109
Mr. Hresider^fcl the name of the Government of the United States, I hereby dedicKiSjj^^^^^^^^|and their appurtenances, intended by the	of .ÿW
United States for the	position, to thje^^Hl’s progress in art,	in manufactures.
i c ; ite them to humanity.
God save theUnited States of America.﻿GROUP DIRECTORS WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
. ...	1- Victor Lawson.	2. Andrew McNally.
3. Otto Yocng.	4. C. L. Hutchinson.	5. J. W. Scott.
_ n rr ttt	C'HAS- T. YERKES.
7. G. H. Wheeler.	8. John C. Welling.	9. Mark L. Crawford,
10. 0. H. G. Billings.	11. J. W. Ellsworth.﻿P
H I—Ml'lltflM T H L WORfffSIPAIR.
in
^■hapter^H
MRS. POTTER PALMEM BRILLIANT ADDRESS.
The Libei®|&^|	to	and Pursue Careers
4ranfieÉKO^^k)I^K--^K Application of Machineryof Minÿ Heretofore Laborious Occupations of Women RdievesThera of Much Oppression—Public Sentiment will Woman’sIndustrial Equality and^^Hbmpensatioit for Services Rendered—She Now Long-Denied Fountain of ^B>wledge-^^Be World Ready to w Indepçnder^B and to Open All Doors Before Her ?
GENERAL DAVl^^an^^^^ecl that Haÿçm’s chorus, “Th^Hieavens Are Telling,” which was No. 7 on the program, would omitt^^^^B then^^Bitr^^Bd jfBjB Pqtter Palmer, Pr^wleflt of the	of Lady Managers.
forth enthusiastic applause.
1 landkerchiefs waved from all p^^Hxf the building, and the chorus stand ^Hthc shrill	hundreds of
children, joining in the sounr^Bf greeting. MrS Palmer read the following address: Official for women, upon so important
unprecedented. It ^^^^^^Biliarly appropriate that this n^^Bshould have been	sex whei^^^BijraffiB
the ^^Bdè^^B Columbus,	though hiiCyE®
ions may lfffle t>eqft, required th^^^^Han Isabella to transform them into
re^Bl3Brï
The visible evidences of t^B)£B made since the discovery of this great contiSprawilfhe	six' moiiths hence in	state^Bbuild^^^Biow to*jB
dedicated.
lop magnificent material exhibit, the import of which wiff.presently be eloquently described by our ^Bxdrs, will not, however, so vividly	the
great advance of nfflflpBi thought as does the fact that manV “silent partnE^ has been	tdjlfeayfer	h^Brét^Bhent to assist in ^HdûcÇng a
great national enterprise. The provision of	Congress that the Bdiffd
of Lady	vyBly^)f her peers to pass judgment upH woman’s
work^Bld jjflB	the innpf'âltà^^^ft' never	it t&nBit
necessary to apply this fititifcfineKHu principle of justic^^^Buf sex.
Realizing the s^B^neSfw	devolving utkm it, add in-
spired by	the noowity «OTiram^Hbftf’tnV Board has, from th^Bime of its
organization/ attempted TttBç^gjproughly and	to carry out the
intentions﻿112
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
It has been able to broaden the scope of its work and extend its influence through the co-operation and assistance so generously furnished by the Columbian Commission and the Board of Directors'of the Exposition. The latter took the initiative in making an appropriation for the Woman’s Building, and in allowing the Board to call attention to the recent work of women in new fields by selecting from their own sex the architect, decorators, sculptors and painters to create both the building and its adornments.
Rivaling the generosity of the Directors, the National Commission has honored the Board of Lady Managers by putting into its hands all of the interests of women in connection with the Exposition, as well as the entire control of the Woman’s Building.
In order the more efficiently to perform the important functions assigned it, the Board hastened to secure necessary co-operation. At its request women were made members of the World’s h air Boards of almost every state and territory of the Union. Inspired by this success at home, it had the courage to attempt to extend the benefits it had received to the women of other countries. It officially invited all foreign governments, which had decided to participate in the Exposition, to appoint committees of women, to co-operate with it. The active help given by the Department of State was invaluable in promoting this plan, the success of which has been notable, for we now have under the patronage of royalty, or the heads of government, committees composed of the most influential, intellectual and practical women in France, England, Germany, Austria, Russia, Italy, Holland, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, Japan, Siam, Algeria, Cape Colony, Ceylon, Brazil, the Argentine Republic, Cuba, Mexico and Nicaragua, and although committees have not yet been announced, favorable responses have been received from Spain, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama and the Sandwich Islands.
No organization comparable to this has ever before .existed among women. It is official, acting under government authority and sustained by government funds. It is so far-reaching that it encircles the globe. -
Without touching upon politics, suffrage, or other irrelevant issues, this unique organization of women for women will deyote itself to the promotion of their industrial interests. It will address itself to the formation of a public sentiment which will favor woman’s industrial equality, and her receiving just compensation for services rendered. It will try to secure for her work the consideration and respect which it deserves, and establish her importance as an economic factor. To this end it will endeavor to obtain and install in these buildings exhibits showing the value of her contributions to the industries, sciences and arts, as well as statistics'giving the proportionate amount of her work in every country.
Of all the changes that have resulted from the great ingenuity and inventiveness of the race, there is none that equals in importance to woman the application of machinery to the performance of the never-ending tasks that have previously been hers. The removal from the household to the various factories where such work is now done of spinning, carding, dyeing, knitting, the weaving of textile fabrics, sewing, the cutting and making of garments and many other laborious occupations has﻿HISTORY OF THE WORj&^BUR.
enabled	m the	has oppressed herttf^BpIfehis-
toric days.
PK|PDRm0ilHr^^at women as a sex have been liberated. Ilieyflow have time to thji«g|§b be educated, to plan and pursue, careers of their own choosing. Con-sider the value to the race of one-halt'd! its mer^^^Bbeing enablodto throw aside the intoMHlbldbondaM of ignorance that l^^Hvittys weighed them downlvS!dp*we innumerable technical, professional, and art ^^^^H'acad^^H ahd collpg<£s that have been suddenly lulled into existence by the unv^^^H demand! It is Only about onBN|mm|i^flydA& since girls were ^Bt permitted"^Battend the free schools of then allc^Bd to take the plac^B>f boys for whom the schooH were instituted, during the season when the latter were helping to gather in the harvest.
It is not steals that woman is drinking^Beply of the 1 ong-den i e d f o untain of knowl$dge^K$ll^Bad been told, until she almost b^^Hd it, by her pliyaidtatt,! that she was of too delicate and i^Bvous an ^^Hiizatian to endure.the application and ahefifal strain of the schoolroom—by the^^^^Hthatthe^fality of ^B gray matter of toeHbrain would nc^^Hble her to grasp the exact sciences, and th^Hlspeculiar convolutions made it impo^ftleH* her to foll^^^^^^Hl proposition from pretfJ^B to condu^ionj^-by her anxious parents that th<^^^n.s nothing that a man so abomi-nated as a learned woman, no^^^^^Hunlovel}^^^H>Iu€ stocking> $Lndyetshe:domes,, smiling from her curriculum with herho^^^^Hh upon her, healthy and wise, forcing us to acknowledge that she is more than ever attractive/companionable, and ISBraP’
What is to be done with t^Bstrong, self-poised creature of glowing iiiuMtia-tion and httjjh ideals, who evidently intends, as a natural and inherent right,pursue her self-development m her chosen line of work? Hthe world ready to give heHflBy|^^,4ad 'int^^Hual independence, and to open all doors before hef$ The hunnwPx&c^Bs not So rich in talent,- genius and useful ^^BiVeen^Ky that ifjBn afford to a^^Mrany consideH>le proportion of thes^HucOble attributes to be wasted or uiwfMpbtive, even though they be possessed by.wotnt n.
The sex which numbers more than one-hdlf. the population of the world is fo^HB||o'enterthekeen competition of life with many sac^Bntages, both real and factitious. Ante the- legitimate compensation atid/hoaoHthat should come^jbSjhe result of ability and merit to be denied on the untenableground of sex ariafdfec^^B
We are told by scientists that the educated eye and ear of today arte'^dpanfl of detecting subtle harmonies and delicate gradations of sound andHloU that were impeRwporc'to our ancestors; that artist? and musicians will c^^Htftehtjly never reacl^^£hafifX?5sibt^Bombination of tones, or qT tints, because their fields will wrajgn before them, disclosing, Constantly, fteWbeautidfcand attractions. We cannot dcfflbt that human irtteUigence will gahi 'As much Lpjr* devdopment; that it wlllr vibrate Blth ne^KSkN^or because’of' the uplifting^gf qpj^haJt-of Its membel^Sid oOlajat half, wh-jQQlnceded to	moijmJmoral^Sympathetic, and
imagin^Be—from dJSofiK%$nto light.
and training now granted them, we mayjconfi-﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
114
dently await, not a renaissance, but the first blooming of the perfect flower of womanhood. After centuries of careful pruning into convential shapes, to meet the requirements of an artificial standard, the shears and props have been thrown away. We shall learn by watching the beauty and the vigor of the natural growth in the open air and sunshine,* how artificial and false was the ideal we had previously cherished. Our efforts to frustrate nature will seem grotesque, for she may always be trusted to preserve her types. Our utmost hope is, that woman may become a more congenial companion and fit partner for her illustrious mate, whose destiny she has shared during the centuries.
We are proud that the' statesmen of our own great country have been the first to see beneath the .surface and to understand that the old order of things has passed away, and that new methods must be inaugurated. We wish to express our thanks to the Congress of the United States for having made this great step forward, and also for having subsequently approved and indorsed the plans of the Board of Lady Managers, as was manifested by their liberal appropriation for carrying them out.
We most heartily appreciate the assistance given us by the President of the United States, the Department of State, and our foreign ministers. We hope to have occasion to thank all of the other great departments of the government before we finish our work.
Even more important than the discovery of Columbus, which we are gathered together to celebrate, is the fact that the general government has just discovered woman. It has sent out a flash-light from its heights, so inaccessible to us, which we shall answer by a return signal when the Exposition is opened. What will be its next message to us?﻿﻿SSpsPSH
É3&

IkVÄV
•.üä
I^É
SÄll
LORD SALSBURY’S BANÖUET HALL. HATFIELD HOUSE. ENGLAND. MANUFACTURES BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
u5
ci i.Hr vii.,,
THE DEDICATORY ORATION.
Magnifln« jEffoitof Henry Watterson—Patriotic Throughout—The Earnest Kentuckian TowSbes Brilliantly Upon	Salient Points from 1492	—From the
Hillside of Santa Rjjtoida to the Pt^ht Hour of Celebration—No Geography in American Sections to A^Bican Fraternit y The Rise of the	—The Dram
Taps of the Revolutio^^^B Tramp of the Minute Men—The ^Bse of Slavery Gone—The SMtage of Separation ^—A Great and Undivided Country.
ITH darkness settling fast, the dedication service had onl^^^^Bd its main event, the D^Batory Oration by H(^By Watterson. This effort had been prepared^ at almost a moment’s call, on the dHinaticHof Mr. Br^Binridfl In i^Ble livery, too, the grea^^HnaMI ist exhibited that Strong good sense which, together^ with his genius has ensconsed him so ^^^bly^B the he^K of Americans. No	ever ^Bn a
more hearty r^B pt ion than was accorded Henry Watterson v hen he w^^^Boduc^Bby Director-General Da^B. And Mr. Watterson entered into th^Bpirit of the	delivering his addre^Bn his own
Hul^Heff^H style. Just before he concluded, a ray of	entered one of the w^fcm windowst
and Hling upon his gray locks seemed to crown him.	Kentuckian accepted ^Bj gift, and tltrowing his face into the
stronglight delivered his final sentiment so as to impress each individual of that i s speech was as fo 11 ows:
Among the wonders ^^^Lativc and	genius in the course of pro»
paration for this festival of the nat^B, whose formal and	inauguration has
broujg us togetber,H^ill ^^Hntly be witie-ssed upon the margin of the inter-ocean which gives to this n^^^Bmd beautiful city the character and rank of a maritime met :r< >polis, aspe^ftoriutn, wherein tin- Columbian epic will be told with realistic effects iinfepTsiifr the mo^B>lendid and impressive achievements of the modern stage. No cuk who hwt.piid the good fortune to see the models of t^^^Bctra-ordinary work of art •^jufcye failed to b< moved by the union w^fch it embodies, of the a^Hfe in hM^rnHtd the current in fi(e.nnd thought, as, beginning with the W mendicant faintinfimpbn the hillsidtaLflf Santa RaJ&hi it traces tin- strange adventure^Bf the (MMMgn from the royal camp of Santa Fe to the sunny coasts of the Isles of Inde; through the wearyywatches of the endless night, whose 8﻿HISTORY dPTOE WORLD’S FAIR.
116
sentinel starsnot	through	re-
‘less wastes of	by to bear uj^B e^wMCKg^ftfid fall of
its^^wing bosom the	fond l^^^B the birth ^B fanta^Bi^iteaHBthe
peerless and thrilling revelation, and all has	the v^w moment that
beholds us h^^Btizens, freemen, equal shareholders in th^Bira^^^K American civili^^^B and development. Is	does not thank his
M^^Hhat he has	tins universal celebration, this jubilee of mankind?
appalled	of the p^ttlfflna-
tion which has been delivered in our presence.	by thjikings
Command render	exploit of the people, or
knows in	set upon his purpose;
hi^Bnvas measured; his colors are blended, and,	hand
B the ma^Br, he proceeds, touch upon touch, to^BdyHrth^^Bfo^^^^Bdii^B visible.	measure the canvas or blend the ^^^^Bat are to
mind’s	the past in Ameri^^^^By? Who shall
dare ^^Bpt to summon the dead to life, and out of the tomb of t^^^^^^Balfthel martyrs anti heroes whose voices, though silent forever,to allHat we as a nation,	we do ^Hn and women ?
loo^Beft^^^^^^^^^Bi we	folds of
as th	archways of some grand cathedral	pass.
^^Bmt^Bd as real a^| dream; th^nar^^B tossing upon Atlantic billows, have refilled f^B the ^Bt and bear away to the w^B; the land is reached, and fulfilled is the \Hon whose actualit are to be gathered by other hHls than his the vi^^^^Bd steered the	every; the lo^^^^Bt, golden
day has come to Spaii^^^^Ban^^^^Ban conquests tread one upon another fast enough ^^^^Bp perpetual power and riches.
But even as simple justice waHcnied^^^^^^| was lasting tenure denied
th^^^^Brd.
We loc^^Hain and we see in the far no^^Bst the Old WorIcHtrug|rle between the Fr^^^^B English tr^^Bred to t^^^^Bending in the tragedy upB the heights	--e the sturdy Puritans in bell-crowned hatp&nd
sable garmentsIssail in unequal battle tl^^^Bag^Bnd the
both to rise against a mightier foe; we see the gay but d^Btle^^Bral^B, to the ^^Bward,^^^^^^^^^Hthe Roundheads in holy rebellion. And, lo, Bwn from the g^^^^Bled hills of New England, out of the swamps of the Carolinas, faintly	music B autumn winc^HBi
drum-taps	minute-men, I srae^^^BiannP riding
^Bfore;	i	Sumter's horse j^^Bing to the front; tli^Bthund^t of
BarlBguns ill spirit-battle; the gleam of Mari^B watch-fires in ghostly bivouac; and the^B there in ^nrie^^Bnt-^^Ban^fon fame’s eternal camping-ground «tand—
“ The old Cont^^^^^B
their ^^^^^^^BntalsB Yielding not,”﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
117
'^amid!E5nSinl^E anSe^s *n heaven, the	shut out from our mortal visten
by pi^Bd and happy tears.
We see the	young republic; and the gentlem^| in k^K-b^H&es
and [IWfl|er6d wigs who signed the DHaration and the gcn^^^^^^^A-breecbes and ijCwatf red wigs who m^B the Co^^Aion. We H the little Nation men^ld from without. WAe the riflemen in hunting» irHnd buckskin swaH from the cabin in the ivildet^Bs to the rescue of country and h^|e; and our hearts swell to a second and final decree of can arms upon the laud and sea.
And then, and thethere is no life of nations or of ^^Htvithout its shadow andits $orrow-*“^^^^Hmes a day wh^fthe spirits of the fath^B no longer walk Upon^^HattleiHits of freet^^Hand all is dark; and alHeems lost save libérff^anc^^^Hand, praise God^^Hde^^HJniH. With these surviving, who shallrajurvel at what we^^H>-day; this land filled with the treasures ^^Hth;^Bis city, snatched from the ashes, tc^^Hin splendor and renown passing mind to' preconceive.
pTTtuly, out of trjalHmes the strength of man, out of ^^Her comes the glory of the State!
We ^B met this day^^^^Hr the mcm<^^H Christopher Columbus, to cele-brate the four-hundredth ann^B return of	his tra^^^|dent achievement,
and with fitting rites, to dedicate to America and the ^Bverse aconcreteexposition of the world’s progressbetween 1492 and 1892. No twent]^Bnturies can be compared with th^^Hmr^Bnturies, either in itnportancH)r in	as no previous
ceremonial can be compared with this in its wide significance and reach; because, slrA the advent of th^Kon of H>d, no event has.had so great an influence upon tollman affairs as the discovery of the western hemisphere. Each of the centuries that have intervened mark^Bany revolutions. The met^^^^^^^^Hwoul<^Bowd a thousand pages. The stor^Bf the least of ^^^bti^B w<mid fill a volume. In what I have to say upon	therefore, I shall confine myself A our own;
and, in speaking of the United Stat^Bof America, I propose rathcr^^Hwell upon our charac^^^^^^Bple, and our rec^^Hil obligation- and duties as an aggravation of communities, held together by a fixed constitution, and charged with the jcdltody of a union upon w^^^Breservatio^Bnd perpetuation in its original spirit and purpose the futu Aof fr^Bpopular government depends, than to enter into a tossertation upon abstract principles, or to undertake an historic essay. We are a alain, practical people. We are a race of inventors and ^BrkH, not of	and
artists. We have lad the world’s movement, not its thought. Our deeds are to be :ound not upon frefdbed walls, or in ample ^^Hies, but in the machine sl^B,where :he spindles sing ant£Jnc looms thunder; on tl^B>pen fijain, where the ^Bain plow, :he reaper and the moirer contend with op^Bnother in friendly war against the )bduracB|of nature; in the magic of electricity as it penetrates the darkest caverns vith its irresisSBlê power and light. Let us, consider ourselves and our condition, is far as we are AgOvith a candor untinged by cyniCjpm and a confidence having 10 air of assftfanH^®﻿US
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
A better dportunity c oul d not be d^B*ed for a sWuy of our peculiarities than is furbished by t^^^^Hnt moment.'
We	the mitHof^^^^Klrenniat period established for the |3ection
of a Chief	citizen has his r^At of cho^A each	right to
vo^|and to have his votecast and fairly counted., Whenever tES right is fas^Aed for any	wrong is done and evil mus^^Bw, first to the whmS^untryj
which has	in al^A parts, but most to the community ii^nudlately involved, ^^^^^^^^nually drink of	that has contained the poisona^Han-
not escape its infection.
The abric^^^^H of the right (^^^frage, however, is very iueirly proportioned to the ignorance or indifference of tHpartie^^^^nied it, and
hope that	expanding intellig^^^»f the masses and the
growing enlight<Hnent <^Bhe times, this particular form of corruption in Cgctionj will be reduced	the dange^^^^H
To that end, a^^Htl other j^^^^^^^^^Hoderation of publi^fea£9en| must ever be our.c^K reliance,	by the general desire for
truth, and ^A light which our	of information thrown upon truth,
to	truth’s sake, when it bHtmBtht plain interest of
publiHnen, as it	duty, to	mSfthjMmnd
neighbors cease to love one anothei^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hfferei^^^A£iQpinioi| about public	be relegated^tojjose
who ha^^KitherH character to lose or n^H> seek.
sides that the current Pr^Hential campaign is free! from excitement and ^Aiult than w^Hr known before, and i^A argued fmUtthis circumstance that t^^^A traversing th^^Hch of the commonplace. If thlaJjB so,. thank God for it! We hav^^ad^^^^Hugh of the dramatic and sensational and nc^^^ftea^A of	and repose. But we	the rational way
in which	going about tl^A business to larger knowledge and experience, and	have hitherto marked our partions? j
Parties are as essential to free government as oxygen to th^Mm^Kherc. sunshine to vegetation. And party spirit^^^^Harable from party organisip JTo the extent that it is tempered	good feeling, by lo^| of country
and i^^Hity of pu^^H, it is a supreme virtue; and there should be^E^Sg^noq of a decent regard for the sensibilitH of others put upon its freedom and plainness of utterance. Oth^^^A the limpid pool of democracy would ^Hrnate, we would	in name. But v^^Huld never «e to be adrjjMmred
"by the \HniiHwords of the Father of hisHountry against the e.xceHof party spirit, reenfoi^W as thej^^H)y the expeMnce of half ^Aentury of party Warfare; happily culminating in th^A>mplete triumph of American principles/but nlought many timeBanM-ously near to the annihilation of all that '^A great and noble in the national life.'-
Sursum Cor da. We ha^ftn our own time	the^ApubRcsu rvlvqm irre-
pressible conflict sown in the blood and marrdw^f the*socia 1 order. We hjSe seen the I federal Union, nottpQ strongly put together in taUMK pl^S, come out of a﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAQQ
U9
great war ^BKtions Kong^ than when it went into it, its faith renewed, its credit reM^^^SKuidEH^m[salut^»vith love and hoin^l by 60,000,000 ofGod-fearing men and women, thoroughly' reco^Bled and homogeneous. We have seen the
not	ordeal
a presidential impeachment, but a disputed count of the electoral vote, a congressional d&idjtf^K and an	firm against the
assaiw^jO^^^KtS|)cnii^Hvh^^^^Hing itself with	to the needs
of thec&untry and the timH And hnHy we saw tl^^^^Htic^^^^^^fe Federal Govd^mient transferred from hant^fthat had he^^^^Hiat^^^^^^Htury to other
poll the final count that
singlg&lanket	have covered both contestants for the chief magisterial office^
With such a record behinc^^H^ho shall be afraid of the future?
Thevybung manhood of tl^^^Kntry may take this^^^^Hfrom those of us who lived through times that did indeed try mer^^^^^^^whe^vre^ftd down from day to day by awful i^^Hisibili^^Hnd suspense, each	a terror with
every thought of the morr<H and,	we would, tt^^Hrere light
and hope	reigns and wills, and that this fair land is and has
alnSs Ha j,n his own keeping.
The^^^^^^^^frry is gone. It	joint heritage Oi^^^^Hbe wiped but
and CTp^ated in bl^H and dame. The miraj^Kf the Confederacy has vanished. It was essentially bucolic, a v^ftn of Arcadia, the dre^| of a most attractive ecdn-omic fallacy. The Cc^Biti^Bn is no longer &^K>e of sand, Th<^^^Bt relations of th^H^^^KO the Federal C^^^nmen^^^^^^^lto^^^^^Konstruction by the au-thors of our organic being because they^^Hd not agree among themselves -dhioiLj^&fl the paramount object, has	definitely fixed by the lass
three amendments to^ve original chart, whic^^^^^^^R the re^Htreaty of peace beBeS the North and
The Republic represents at la^^^^^Kter and th^wirit of the sublime declaration. The fette^^Ht bound her to the earth are burst^^Hder. The rags that degr^l<^^^^^^Htyar^^^faside. Like th^^^^Hnted princess in the^^Hd, clad My^Kjfess raiment and wearing Brown of living light, s^^^^Hin the perfection of her mqgurity upon the scene O^wis.He latest and proudest of her vict<^^B to bid a welcome to the world!
Need I pursue the theme? This vast	with a resonance
and meanitfb^luchwroircls can never	It struts from the de^^^Biat, are
blessed by the never-failing waters of the Kennebec and from the farms that sprinkle the Valley of the C^UMC^CUt With mimic prhK^BU^Hmore^^^^^^^^uting than it speaks in the whirr of the mills of PennsylvanU^Bnd in the ring of tho wood-cutter’s axe from the forests of the lake peninsulas; it speaks from the gre&^ plantations of theuSj^th^acbd West, teeming with staples that insure us wealth and
from the mines, forests and quarries of Michigan and of Alabama and Gytrgia, of Tennessee and Ke^ncky, far awayto^hd regions of silver and gold, that have linked the Colorado and Rio Grande in d&KMj embrace, and annihilated time and space between the Atlatfrc and Rag^fcyifciflpeaks﻿120
HISTORY OF THE WORMS FAIR.
in HroSforMrom the hearthstone in Iop?dHid Illinois, from the home in MjgSHppi and Arkansas, from the hearts of 70,000,000 of fearless, free-born men and women, and that one word F nion!”
There is	in American	to
Ame^An fraternity. It needs b^^H'weeks t^^Hlge a Vermonter into a Texan, Sand there has been a time An upon the b^^^Ald^^^^H^EHRjKgAwur^Ai and Cava^^^H not convertible terms, having in He beginning a common origin, and SO diffu^B and dili^Bl on AmHcan soil ^Aio longer to possess a local habitation, the national t^^H
The men who planted	civilization upon that sacred
j-pck by Plym^Bh Bay were Englishmen, and so were the men who struck ^^Hast little lower down,^^^^Aheir haven of rest after the greatrepublican commoner, founding by Hampton Roads	mention
wt^^Hames brings a thrill^^HerjHeart, The South claims £jjfH ::. the immor-tal, for its own; the North has no right to reject Stonewall Jackson, theEfi^^^Mcal Puritan soltlier of the war, for itsHml^^^^Hilf it! TH time is coming, is almost here, when hangi n g abo ve many a mantel-board in fair New' England—glorifying many a cottage in the Sunny	in Heftisting
love and honor, ^^^^^^wrordsHrried to battle respectively by th^^Hndfather •who wore blue and the	who wore the gray.
I cannot trust	have come here not so mdHtofAall
bygone sorrows and glories as to bask	of
happiness, to interchange patriotic greetings and indulge good auguries, and, gall, to meet upon the threshold the stranger within our gate, not as a foreigner, but a guest and	whom nothit^^^^He have is too good.
hearts;
the Garonne, our godmother, France, to whom we owe'JBinu^H he shall be our LaJ^^^A; the son of the Rhine and the Mozelle, he shall be our idr^Bhe^Al Wagner; the son of the Campagna and I^^^^Hvian Bay, he shall our MichaH\n^^Hnd^Qr Garibaldi;	Arragon and the InMjH he
beHr Christopher Columbus, fitly honored at
Our good cousin c^Kngla^ftie^| no words of special civility and &$Urtesy from us. For him the latchstring is ever on the outer side; though, Wh^^^H it or not,	will enter and make himself at^^^^H A common lan-
guage enables us to do full	at the festive board or in
arena of debate, warning both of t^An equal tones aga^n ft^Aer^Anfe^giAhc field of
All	from tH Bosphorous and the
Black sea, the	the Danubian plains; from HjolIairttltmS to
from Bclgr^^Hid Calcutta an^AouH to China seas and tiraj^M^A marts of	and the far-away ca^^^A Africa—Armenian,
Christian, and Jew—the American, loving no .^Bntry except his ownng all mankind as his brother, bids you partake with H of th^A fruits of 400 years of﻿I
HISTOR\fE>F THE \|£)RLD’S FAIR.
121
American	behold these trophies of
American
American Union the children are taking up the wofadrdffa tale of the disco^^^ftnd from l^mon to Galveston, fr^B the little log schoolhouse in the wilderness to the towering academy in the city anil th<^B>wn, may be witnessed the unpr^Bdenti^^^^Hcle of a powerful nation captured by an army of	women,	tiny
to lisp tH numbers of tH national anthen:^^^^|strong enough to lift tfceminiature flags that make of arid street and autUlHwood an emblematic-garden	and to glorify the red, white and blufl
See
play,”
f°r better than these we haA^^^^Hng^^Hhibit. Th^B indeed, are our crown JCwelKtop truest, though the inevitable, offspring of our civilization di^Blon merit; the representatives of a manhood vitalized and invigorated by t^Band care, of a womanhood	inspired by lil^^^^^Bl education. God bl^H the'
children and their mothers! God bless our country’s flag! An^^Hj be with us^ riow and ever,	die highway, God the
winds and Waves, ;and God﻿﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
123
CHAPTER VIII.
THE GLOWING TRIBUTE OF CHAUNCEY M, DEPEW. £
Oration So Brillant As To	the Discoverer, Washington,
11' ^iBIgUOddFfci^^^Bhe Savior-—God	Training Some Commanding Genius for
the	Affairs of Nations and People—Neither Realism nor Romance
and Picturesque Pictu^^^^Hxt of Christopher Columbus—The Magician wFtheitfotupass Belonged to that High Order of “ CranksWalk Wflpfj&ngelp Jjjlftr to Tread ’’—Continents Are His Monuments—Prayer by Cardinal and B^dicfion Rev.	of Philadelphia—Grand
the Dedication Festivities.
FTERHr. Watterson had coHudedHid the applause had ^ftd away,	Davis stepped forward
said: “The	sing ‘The Star ^fcngled Ban-
ner,’ and everybody is invited tc^H in tlHchorus.” The and n^^^Hstrain^K>f the grand old antlHi floated out over thHmmer^^^^Hnb^^^^^^Bent the inspiration and	the great
of harmony. Chauncey D< pc\\ had been on his feet during the anthem, and	stepped
^Hskl^^Hhe^^^^Hd launched into his address. Ht^Has^rced to halt, however, as his voice	the
ence. For nearly five minutes the gifted orator stood awaiting thé applause to die out. Finally he	-.< i, but was inter-
rupted at frequent intervals H bursts of enthusiasm from hi^fcarer®
He said:
day belongs not	The rHdts
it commemorates are the heritage of the pei iples	and clime. We
emancipation of man.	of almost
the revelation of one. ^^^^voss
vary was	was opportunity. But for the
have sailed; but for the* second, there would ha'^^^fn no place for theplanting,the nurture and the < -xpansion of civil and religious Ancient history ^n. dreary
of material splendor and perished. The	and
Roman empires were proofs of the ^^Hhili^^Hnd limitations of man for conquest and intqTlectual development. Their destn^^H involved a sum of m^nnd re-lapse which made th^^^Hion rather a	than a blessing. Force was the
factor in tljtofrbfernment of theHarld when Christ was bom, and force was the﻿124
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
sole source and exercise of authority, both by church and state when Columbus sailed from Palos. The wise men traveled from the Fast toward the West under the (guidance of the Star of Bethlehem. The spirit of the equality of all men before God and the law moved westward from Calvhry with its revolutionary influence upon old institutions, to the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus carried it westward across the seas. The immigrants from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, from Germany and 1 lolland,from Sweden and Denmark, from Prance and Italy, have, under its guidance and inspiration, moved west and again west, building states and founding cities until the Pacific limited their march. The exhibition of arts and sciences, of industries and inventions, of education and civilization, which the Republic of the United States will here present, and to which, through its Chief Magistrate, it invites all nations, condenses and displays the flow'er and fruitage of this transcendent miracle.
The anarchy and chaos which followed the breaking up of the Roman empire necessarily produced the feudal system. The people preferring slavery to annihilation by robber chiefs, became the vassals of territorial lords. The reign of physical force is one of perpetual struggle for the mastery. Power which rests upon the sword neither shares nor limits its authority. The king destroyed the lords, and the monarchy succeeded feudalism. Neither of these institutions considered or consulted the people. They had no part, but to suffer or die in this mighty strife of masters for the mastery. But the throne, by its broader view and greater resources, made possible the construction of the highways of freedom. Under its banner races could unite, and petty principalities be merged, law substituted for brute force, anti right for might. It founded and endowed universities, and encouraged commerce. It conceded no political privileges, but unconsciously prepared its subjects to demand them.
Absolutism in the state, and bigoted intolerance in the church* shackled popular unrest, anti imprisoned thought anti enterprise in the fifteenth century. The divine right of kings stamped out the faintest glimmer of revolt against tyranny; anti the problems of science, whether of the skies or of the earth, whether of astronomy or geography, were solved or submerged by ecclesiastical decrees. The dungeon was ready for the philosopher who proclaimed the truths of the solar system, or the navigator who would prove the sphericity of the earth. An English Gladstone, or a French Gambetta, or a German Bismarck, or an Italian Garibaldi, or a Spanish Castelar, would have been thought monsters, and their deaths at the stake, or on the scaffold, and under the anathemas of the Church, would have received the praise and approval of kings and nobles, of priests and peoples.(~Reason had no seat in spiritual or temporal realms. Punishment was the incentive to patriotism, and piety was held possible by torture. Confessions of faith extorted from the writhing victim on the rack, were believed efficacious in saving his soul from fires eternal beyond the grave. For all that humanity to-day cherishes as its best heritage and choicest gifts, there was neither thought nor hope.
Fifty years before Columbus sailed from Palos, Gutenberg and Faust had forged the hammer which was to break the bonds of superstition, and open the﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
125
prison doors of flR mind. They had invented the printing press and m^Bble typeB 1 he prior adoption of a cheap proems for the manutaSe of paj:^Bat the press. Its lirst service, like all its succeeding efforts, was for th^^^Bde* The ^^BBrsifies a^^^^^^^^^Bncn,	and ^Brncd few of that age, were
longingfor therevelation and preservation of ^^Hlassic treasures <>l an^Biity, hidden, and yet insecure in monast^^^^^Bnl libraries. But the firstborn of^B§ marvelous creation of these primitive printers of Mayence was the printed The priceless contributions of (^Bec^^^B Rome to ^^^Bite^^^Bd training and deHtbpment the modern v^Bd came afterward, through the ^Bie wondrous machine. (The force, however,	m;^^^^^^^^H\merica, and	influence upon Europe, was the open Bible by the family	yet neither the
enlightenment of the new learning, nor the dyn^^B power of the spiritual awakening, could break through tl^^^^Hof caste which had bc^B forming for ^Bitu^^B Church and sle had so firmly dexterously interwoven the^^^B of privilege and aut^Bity that liberty was impossible fr^^Hith^^^^Bercin^^Ht and fervent heR.nflPW; 1 'ci from without.
Civil and religious freedom are^^^^^Bl upon ^B individual a^^^^Hnde-pendence, his worth, his rights	hi^^^Bal status and opportunity. For his
planting jmd developemenl. a new lani^^^^He found, where, with limitless areas for expaijfsi^H the avenues of progress would	of custom or heredity, of
order*,^B privileged classes. The time	the.
mind and sou^flf humanity.	wanting for its fulfillment wer^Bie new
world and its disco^^^^B
( God always has in training some commanding genius for	of great
crises in th^Bffairs of nations and peoples. f The number of thc^^^Hders are less, than th^^^Buries, but ^^^^^B'es^Bre the his^^^Bf human progress. Though ■fear and Charlemagne, and Hild^^^^Bind Luther,and Wi^Bm the Conqueror, and Oliver Cromw^B and all the ej^^^^^^^^Brepared Furope for tl^^^Bnt, and contribi^^^^^^B'es^Bthe lights whicl^Bumine our fir^Bment to-day are ■lum-bus the idis^^^Ber, Washington the foun^^^Bnd Lincoln the ^^^B.
Neither realism nor romance furnishes a more strik^B and picture^Be figure than that of Christopher Columbus. The my^^BabH: his origin heightens the charm of his story. I hat he came from a^Bng the t^^H of his time is in harmony with thHtruggles of^Br period. Forty-four authentic por^Bts of him have descended to us, and no two of the^^H the counterf^B of the same person. Each represents a character ^B distinct as its canvas. Strength a^^^^Bkness, intellectuality and stupidity, high moral pui^^^Bnd brutal ferocity, purity and ness, the dreamer and the mi^^Bhe pirate and the pi^Ban, are the types from which we may select our hero. We di^^^B the painter, and pien^^^Bith the clarified vision of the dawn c^Bhe twentieth century ^^Heil of four hu^^^B years, we constni(H>urH>ltimbns.>
The perils Oil the -^B in his youth upon the ric^^^^^^Bf Genoa, or in the service of the licen^B rovers who ^Bde them their ^^^Biad developed a skillful navigat«jand intrepid mariner. They hadgiven h^^Bfli turps e of the possibilities﻿«Sag#
LETTERSorCREDiT. WORLDS TOURS BANKING EXCHANGE﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
Tzl
of thë'unknown, beyoncfthe highw^Bs of travel, which roused an unqueochqpïe thirst for advjeïl^pjfe'ajul^Köarch. The study of the nar^Bves of previ^B explorers, and diligent questionings of the daring spirits who ha^Hvei^Bred far toward the fablédf Wefit, gradually evolved ^Bheory, which beci^B in his mind so fixed a fact, that he could inspire others with his own passionate beliefs. The wOrdWtwa^^die,’‘"written by him^Bi the	nearly every page of a
volume of the travels of Marco*Polo, which is to be found	library,
illustrated the scepticism o^Bis beginning, and the first vision of the new^Brld the fu^^^S^tiW'^luiirni i t h.
To secure the ^«ns to test the t^^Hof his speculat ions, tl^^^^Hsnd unknown dtentOer^^^^^|n the support of kin^B and overcome	the
church. He	doubted his ability to do both, though	no maq living
who was so (great in pov^B or lii^^^B or learning he ^Bld^Bomp^B either. Unaid^l. and alone he succeeded in	the jealousies of	and
dividing the councils of the ecclesiastics. “1 will c^Bmand your fl^fand discover for you pew*realmst but	that you con fer on me l^^Htary nobility,
^BjStdmiralty of (he Ocean, and Ihe vice-royalty and one-tenth the revenues of ]the New V^^^B”iwere his hauplw terms to King John of Portugal. After ten years of di^^^Bifif^Bnt^Bd poverty, subsisting most of the time i^^^^^^Harity of the enlightened monk of the Convent of Rubida, who was his unfaltering friend, he stoocp JiMOr# the throne of Ferdinand and Isabel^Bmd rising to im^Kal dignity in fnyjUffS, embod ied the same royal conditions	The capture'of
Grenada, the expulsion of Bim^H Europe and	Cross aroused
Ke^dmira^Bn'gnid devotion	But this p^^^|beggar, holding in
HBgFasp the poHltlal promise and dominion of Eldorado and Cath^B divic^B with the Moslem s^^^|der the attention of sovereigns and bishops. F^^^| and Eng** land indicated a^^He to hear his theoHs and s^Biis maps, while	a
suppliant at the ga^B of the (^Bp of	the sport of it^Bouftiers
and tfre^Hqf its co^^^^^^^^Bs unshakable E^B that Christopher Columbus Was commissioned f^Bi Heaven, both by his name and by Divine command, to carry “Qhrist across the sea” to new c^^^Bnts and pagan p^^^Bs, lifted him so far BBWc the discouragements of an empty purse and	that lw|
was proof against the rebliffs ■fortu^^Bof friends.	prejudice*
of the clergy, to win the appr^^Hand financial support of the state, to venture upon that unkncwj^^H.n, which, according to t he belie^^^Bhe age w^^^Bpled with demons »tin savage b^wts of frightful sha^^^Hd from whic^Bth^P was no pognMCty of return, reqHed^^^^H of Peter the Hermii^^HCl^^^^Bourage* Of,the Cid and tH^fcftagina^^Hrf Dante. Columbus b^^^Bd to	order
of Cranks wh^^Mfidently walk where “angels fear to ^Bad,” anc^Bten b^Bmè'the benefactorjapf their couiitry, or their hind.
It was a happy omen of thejvw^Bii which woman wl to hold in Amefirt^ that the onlyjyjSgnlf^ l»^ipii;^Bmprehended thé majestic scope of his plans, and the invincible qualitHEof his genius, wpjf the Side and gractou^^^Ben of C«ist.j3&' Isabella alone of aMthe dimtitaifito Öf that age, shares with Columbus the hdptfrs of﻿IHSTOlW OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
T2S
his great achievement. Sh^Rrraye^^^^^^^^Bt and her prr^raaH|mJe behind th^^^^Easm	mystic mariner, and posterity pays homage to her wisdom
End faith.
The overthrow of the Mahommedan power in Spain would have been a forgotten scene, in one of the innumerable acts in
Isabella conferred immortality upon herself, her her recognition of Columbus. The devout spirit of the	and tlSeihigh
purpose of^^^^^Rorer inspired the voyage, subdued the mutinous crew, and pre-vailed over	storms.	with the \ ine radiance of felignB
humanity, the degrading search for gold and the horrors of filled the first century of conquest with every form of
1'he mighty soul	was undaunted by the ingratitude of
and neglect. He dV9
was securing the means, and preparing a campaign for the rescue of tH Holy from the infidel. He did not know what time has revealed, that vvh^fthe misson of the crusades, of Godfre}7 of Bouillon and Richard <^KH Lion H^n, was a bloody and fr^^^B romance, the discover)' of Amei^^^^^Bfl salvation	other the spirit;
the other	tomb of the Savior	and em^^Hlt; precious
only ^^^R memories of the s^^^Bc tragedy of the centuries, but t^R new continent was to be	and	the living God.
The	began with partitioning the	them the
was expansion of empire and^^Hhur to the throne. Vast territories, possibilities were little understood, and	was
of the sovereigns. v^B the	favorites, and
■e	But individual intelligence ^B independent conscience found here haven and refuge. They	upon t^^^B^R
vels of Columbus, and he^^^^^^^^^^^Hnaking for the port of ^Bl and religious Thinkers, who believed men capable of higher destinies and larger responsibilities, and pious people who preferred the Hible to that union of church and state
to ^^^B distant
intolerable and hopeless oppression a^Bune. It required three	years, for the people thus happily	their own
and	bonds which were still reverenced, or loved no
how hard they galled.
1HR naHns of
and dev^^^^^^^^BviHdip^^^^Hmd ambitions, that tln^^Hther heeded nor of tl^^Hwing democratic spirit, and intelligence in	s.
To them,	revenue, and they never dreamed that they
liberty. That it exhausted three centuries under the most
this continent, dorab^Rrates
tremendous strength of	and
by religion. Th^Rery chains which fettered became inextricably inter wo venwi the habi^^Hife, the	childhood, th^^WlerestB^Bf	family, and﻿history of the world s fair.
129
I
i: the	from the cradle t<> the grave. It: clearly proves
i that if thefflWtpMS^the Old Work! and their descendants had-not possessed the * oportunitijgPafik^rded by the Ne^^Htheif emancipation, aml mankind had never i experienced and l^Hned the American exaraple^^^ftad of lining in the light and : gl^^Qp nineteenth century coiidit ions, they would still li^Kru^ling with mediaeval I problems. .
"OGfe*Northern cpnttrtent was divided between England, Franc^Rnd Sin, and apaSOUthern between Spain and Portugal. F^nce wanting the capacity for 'loiEgoipn, which still characterizesHr, gave up her western	and leff
i the Enjjfoh, who have the genius of	empire, masters of North America.
The ffimdopment of the experiment in English makes this e^uncmorabl^H! t is due to the^^Hmi and	. the faith and virtu^^Hthe inhabitants of this
territory tftal^^^Brn^u&t of tht^^H)lc,^|r the people a nd by the ^|ople was inaugurated, and has become a triumphant success. The Puritan settled in New England ftfld the Cavalier in ^^Houth. They represent tj^^^^^^^^^HpirituaP Land temporal li fe and opinioi^J The proc^l of liberty liberalized the one and ele-vated the other. Washington and Adams were^m new types. There union in SE common cause gave the work! a Republic both stable and	it possessed con-
servatism without bigotry, and U^^B without license. It^^Bled institutions ^^BestOUgh to resist revolution, and elastic enough for ilH^Kni^Bx^^ion to meet the requirements in ^Bernmen^^^Ber enlarging area^Bf population, and the rinds of progress and grow ' in
The Mayllower with the Pilgrims, and HDutch ship laden with African slaves, ehere on the ocean ;^Hie same time, th^^H sailing for Mas^Mmscils, and the oMfiff for Vi^Bnia. This ^mnpan^mf ^Bnts, and first cargo of slave®, repre-sented the forces which were to peril and rescHfree government. The jduvef was ;t$e product of commercial spirit^! Great Britain, and the greed of Ui^Bmes to Mmulatifc: production in th^^^Bhcs. 'Flic men who wrote in the cabin of the Mayflower the first charter of frcrdnHa government of just andBjual law», w ere a little band of prtitestant^Bainst every ft^^Hf injustice and tyranny. The leave.rc of their principles made possible the D^mration of Independence, liberated the slayelmand founded til	on wealths which form the Republic of the
uMS&m.
Platforms of principles, by petitior^^Hprotest, or statement, have been as fi'^MP as revolts against ^ablisbml aBiority. They are part of the political* literature of all nations. The Declar^^^^H Independence proclaimed at Pfula-delphia, July 4, 1776, is the only olie of them which arrested the attention of the world when it waspMt&sbed, and has held its undivided interest ever since. The vocalBBury o$the ohuality of man had been in familiar use by philo^wm rs and st^P&mBaor ages. It expressed noble sentiments, but their application was limy, ited to cHBKBP^nditibfii1.~ The masses care little for them nor remeiabe rod them long, jeffersonmjupyPiCTyatalRzatv&n of the popuhu opinion, “ all men are« mated' equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable ridntjkthat among these are li^Elibmy and thd fhtr£hit of happiness,” had its force knd effect﻿HISTSk^F THE WORLD’S FAIR.

of being the deliberate utterance of	It swept away in a single sentence
kings and nobles,poets and prelates. It Bs Magna Cnafta, and the^fBMionj of Rights planted in the virgii^^Hof the Ame^Bin wilderness, an<^ bearing richer end riper fruit. U^^^^^Bdtali/^^^Bflu^Ke upon the individual, the farmer left in the furrow, the lawyer his ber^^^^^Hilist in t^Bpatriotic army. They themselves and thcir^^^^^B. They embodied thé idea in their ^Bist^Bion, in	with which that	of liberty and
order bega^B1 We, the	the United S^^Hdo ordain.”
The^^^^Hid limitations of this idea of freedom h^B neither been terpr^^Bor^^^^Krs^^^^Hhe laws of nat^B in t^Br application to the^isl and	men according to their mental, moral, spiritual and physical endowments are left	of	gi^H) rank and con-
fers no pri^^^^^^Hual rights anc^^^^^^^^Hportunity for all hav^neèn the Spurs^^^^^^Hn, and the motors of progress. They hav^^^^^Bhed the common built the	A sovereign people ha ve 1 earned and enforced	The practice of government
education. People who make their own laws need no law-gi^^H After a century of^^^ksful trial,	period of experiment, and
onstrated permanency and	the governments of the world.
11 has raised the largest armies of modern times for self	and at the
termination	returned the soldieHto the pi^Biits of p^^H It
itself to the pride and patriotism of the defe^^^^^^^^^Bvie with th^^^^^Htheir support and	the old fla^Hid our common coun-
try Imported anarchists have pres^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Htrines, have made no ^^^Ert^Bll^B have tri^Bo inaugurate a reign of terror under t^Bbanner of the-, violent seizure and distributior^^^^Herty, only to be defeated, imprisoned and executed bj^^^^^^fad^By the people an^Bnf^^^^^^^^^^^^Uccted from the judges and prosecuting officers	Socialism
disciples only among t hose who were its votaries before they were forced to fly from their	but it doe^Brt; take	The State Acitl^f
sup])orts nor permits t^Bition to maintain	The citizen can worship
God according to his belief and co nsc i e n c c, o r he m ay ne ith e r re ve re n ce n o r rec-ognize the	And yet r^Bion flourished, churches abound, t^B ministry is sustained, and	dollars are contributed annually for the evan-
world. The United States is a Christian country a living and 'pr^^^Hhri^^Bty is t^Bchara^Bns^^^^^^^^^^^H
Benjamin	and patriot, anu^^^^^^^^Hl courtiers ofl
Louis XlV^^His talks about liberty, and ei^Brta^Bd the scientists of France by br^^^B lightning from the	Ir^^^^Hconin^Bf time, the period from
1'ranklin to Morse,and from P^Bse to Edison, is but^^^^B and ye^Bt "*ajw a material	has been beneficient. The world has been
prought^^Kontact and sympathy. The elec^B current thrills and unifies the Be^^^Bf the globe.	production, hi^Bways and tran^>orts haWIneen so
multiplied and imp^Bed^B inventive genius, that within the ceptwV, of our Bfl﻿
CARDINAL GIBBONS﻿132
HISTORY OF THE WORLD S FAIR.
pendehce sixty-four millibnS of people pave l$Bppy homes and improved conditgms within our borders. We have acHnuftd wealth farthe 'wpBs of^the Cathay of Columbus, or the El DpradHf De.Sota. But the farmers and free-holders, the savings banks and shop^^Htrate its uni versal disThe majority are its ]^^Hsors and adm^^^^H*s. lit hefting and living, in the «Bnents which	toiler a si ll respecting and respected citizen in ajwmHH of
hope anti ambition for children, in all thaHives t^^^^^^K&:iafi(Mg|j|ner|B^Bire to exist^Be, the people <^Bhis republic enjoy advantages far beyond those of other lands. The i^njualed and pti^^^^^^wrogress of thHounft^ha? opened wonderful opportunities for making fortunes, anti stimui^^Ho madness the desire anefl rush for thHccumulation of	Material p^nperity has ootfiiteyased litera-
ture ^^Hbauched the [^^^^Hha^Kither paralyzed nor repr<^B<j untfepectual activity. American science and	received rank and re^Bftition in the
^Her^^^^|of learning. ^|e demand for higher education has so taxed the resources of ^^Htci^^^^^^HtieHis to compel the ^^nd^^^^^^^Bberaf-endo™ ment of colleges all overle union. Journals remarkable for their ability, indel pendence anti power, find their strengt^^H; in the paHnage of government, or the subsid^^^^^Bdth, but in the	of newspaper readers. The
person, has in periodicals whos^^^^^^Haunte^npennies, a library larger, fuller anti more varied,	within	in the time
The sum of human happiness has been infinitely increased by	millions
W^wl who have improvetl their condit^^^^Htfie New, and thJ returning t^^^^^Kson and ex^^^^H has incalculably enriched the^BatKtyslands] The divine^Kht of ki^^His taken its place with	ofi^diteval torture	the curiosities o 1 the ant	Onl]^^^^^Ktdow^ftka^^^Kutf»'ity
stands between the government of themselves by I^^Helv^B and the pi ■< >[ >le of Norway anti	union in one empire of statu s of Germany is the sj'mbol
German liberalism. The petty despotisms of Itt^fha^^^En merged into a nationality which ^B < entralizetl its authority in iti ancient capitol on the hills of lb »me.	the sullen
.Submiss^^^^^^Hjries to intolerable ^Hy by her soldiers returning from service in the Am^Ban^^^^Hion. 'Fhe wiltl orgies of the reHlof terror wereth|t|Men-ges and	a people v^B had	their power but we^R&£ prepared for its benefit seat use. She from	the arms of Napoh-oiB
He, too, was a product of the An^^^^^^^^^^Hnt.^Bie played with kings as with toys, an^^^^^aed^Ban^Bor liberty. In tflBprc^Bs of her evolution from darkness to	tried Bourbon, ^^^Brle^^^|and the tl^ft Napoleon, and caa
them aside. Now in H fulln^^^^BneHnd through the train^B indthje school of hard^^^^^^^B the Fr^Bh people have feared and enjoy^B permanent repu^B. England of the Mayflt^Br,and of James the Se^^^^wglamfeof George the Third a-n^flf Lord North,	suffrage andM tn^By..animatftpl and
govern^^^^H democratic spirit. She has her throne, a mirab 1 y occupied bjr one of the v^^Hof sovereigns am^^H of wom^Bbut it would not sury3^|»B^j^Hute﻿HISTORY^OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
03
I and unworthy succe3SOr. She	her^Btary peers, but the House of Lords
will beTirushed aside the mom^B it resists the will of the ]^B>ple.
The time h^Ktru^Bd for both a ctoser^Bioi^Bnd greater <l^^He between the Old World and	The former indiscrimina^B welcome to our prairies ;;
and'the'present invitat^B to th^^Bilaces of art	mark the p^Bng
period. ~ Unwatched and unhealthy	loi^Br be permitted to our
sl.or^B We must have a national quarantine agai^Bdi^^^B pauperism and crime. We do not want candid^Bs for our hospitals, our pOorhous^flor our jails. We cannot admit thosfe who come to	institutions and subvert our laws.
But w6 will gladly throw wide^Br gate for, and receive with open arms, those who by intelligence and virtue, by thrift and^^^^H are worthy of r^Bving the equal advantag^Bof the pi^^^^Hgft of Ame^^^^^^niship. The spirit and object of this exhibition are peace and k^Bhip.
Three trullion^B Germans, who are ar^^^Hthe^Bst citizens of the Republic, send greeting to tHFa^^^mnd their pride in itsglor^Bs history, its ripe literature its traditions and	Irish, equal in nu^Ber to those who still remain
upon the Emerakl Isle, who ha'\^BlIustrat^Khe^^Hoti^^H their adopted country on many a battlefield fighting	its perpetuity, have rather intensi-
fied than Hninishcd^^^^^^B foHlm laml of the shamrock, and their sympathy with the ^Birations of their bretli^^^^Home. The It^^^^^^Hpaniard, and the Ifjtebchman, the No^^^Ban, the ^Bed^nnd the Dan^fthe English, the and the Welsh» are none the less loyal ^«devoted Americans, ^Bause in thi^Bm-gress of their kin, the tendrils of affection drawr them closer In the hil^Bnd valleys; the Bends and t^^^^^^^^^^Bed writh their youth.
Edmund Burke, speaking in the British Parliment with prop^wlic^^^B said: “A great revolution ^^Happet^^^^^^Hdution made, ^B by chopping and chang-ing of power in any of the existing States, bi^By the appe^Bncc of a new St^B of B new spi^Bs, in a new part^^^^^Blobe. It has made as great a change in all the rela&bns and balances and gra^ntkms of power ^^^B appearance <>f a new planet would in th^^^Bm of the solar woi U." Thus was tin- humiliation of successful revolt tempered to motherland by pride in the Stat^^^^Hd by her ewdren. If we claim heritage in B^Bn, Shakespeare and Milton,^^^^Hacknow-ledge that it was for li^^^Bs guaranteed Englishmen by sacred charters our fathers triumphanth^^^^H While wisely rejecting throne and caste and ^Bdlege and art established church i^Blnhr new-born	adopted ^^Hubstance of
English liberty and the .^^^Bof English lawe^^^^H relations than with other lands, and a common language rendering easy interchanges of ^^Hsms and '.Hptet, sometimes irriiate and offend, but t^Bhe^B of Republican America beats with responsive pulsations to the hopes and aspirations of the pe^^^^HGreat Britain.
The grandeur and beauty,of this ^«ctacte are the eloquent witnesses of peace and profcnfesa The Parthenon and the cathedral exhausted the genius of the anciefc^ and the skill of the mediaeval architects, in^Bmsing the ^Bue or spirit of Peity. In their ruins or their antiquity they are mstte protests against the﻿‘34
HISTORY OF THE WOOD’S FAIR.
merciless enmity of n^^^^Hdiich forced art td flee to the altar for protection The Uhited States ^Hcom^Hhe sister re^B>li(^Bf the southern and JtomEern continents, and the nations and peO^^Hf Europe and Asia, of Africa and Australia, with the^Boduct^^Hlu fl^^^Hof their skill arid of the^Btadustry^tfr this city of Hsterday, yet clothed with	Queen of the Great Lakes. The
artists and^BchHcts of the ^Bmtry have been bidden to design and erect the buildings	fitly illustrate the height of our civilization and the breadth of
our hospitality. The pe^| of the world permits and protects their-eflptls in util-izing their po^B*S for man’s temporal welfare- The result is this Park of Palaces. The originality and boldness of t^ur conceptions and t^^^Bgnitude and harmony of their creations are the^^Hibutions^l America to the oldest of the art^and the cordial bidding of American the peoples of the	to come and bring The
fruitage of th^^He to the boundless opportunities of this unpa^^Hl exhibition.
If interH in the afifa^|of this world are vc^^^Bfed to tl^^^Bho have gone before, the spirit of Columbus hovers over us to-day. Only t^^^Bstial intelligence
grasp the full significance of t^^Hectac^nud ceremonial-
first century t^Hie iifteentn counts for lit^|in the history of progress, but in the period between	and twentieth i^Bowded the romance
and reality of hu^^^^^^H>pment. Life has been prolonged and its enjoyment intensified.	of air ^^^Hate^^^^^Bfislless f^^^Hof the elements,
which in the tim^Bf the discoverer were the^Kible terrors of the wrath of God, have Hen subdued to	man. Art and l^Birt^Bwl^^^Bould be p^B
sessed and enjoyed only by the rich and noble,	genius wh^B were
and	few, domestic comforts and sur r o undings beyohd the
re^^H lord ^^^^^Ban^Badorr^Bd illumine the hom^Bf our^Bzen$.^Bier£s are sovereigns and t^^^^^^^^Bkii^^HThe trophies and sple^^^ft of ^Br reign are commonwealths, rich inHery attribute of <^Bat states, and united in a republic! whose power and prosperity, and^^^fly and enlightenment ^^^Bhe wonder and admiration of the world.
AH hai^^^Bmbus. ■ I scoverer, dreamer, hero and ^B>stle. We, he^Bof ^kery race and country, i BBgn^^^^^Bor^Bn which bounded his vision and the infinite] scope of his genius. The^^^Bof gratitude ai^^^^Hforall the blessings whi^h have showHd upon mankind by his adventure is limited to no ^^Hag^Kut uttered in^^H tongue. Neither mai^B; nor brass can fitlyHrm his statue. peasants are h^Bionuments^^^^^^Hlbered millions, past, present and to come, who enjoy in their li^Bty and thei^nppin^Jthc fruits of his faith, wilHeverently guard and preserve from century to century ^Hna^^^Bd fame.
G^Bt applause fol^^^^^^Kublime effort, at the cessation of wltuhp Cardinal Gibbons invoked the divine bl^^^w. Then Rev. H. C. McCosh, of Philadelphia, delivered the bene^Btion, and a national salute closed the dedicatory cer-emonies.
That night there were three ^B of fireworks on the north, south and west sides, which were seen and ^B>yed by half a million or more people. Qfcjcago﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
■
never before witnessed such pyr^fchoical displaysHThe Hward rays of the searcn-lighte at Jackson Park were also ^Hble all over the city.
On the night oh October 25th, President Palmer’s banquet at Chic^K practically closed the f^Bvities^^^^^^Kon. The guHs included national commis-sioners, local directors, officers of the Fair, ^^Hry meHfor< iu^^mm^^Hers and professional ent^feiners, whose pr^Hnce lent enjoyment to^K occasion.﻿﻿PART V.
OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION.
CHAPTER I.
■ GREAT REVIEW ON THE HUDSON RIVER.
Of	Many Nations at Fortress Mon. oe—The Caravels and the Infanta
Isabella—The Fleet at Sandy Hook—Review oi^^^Hudson River—The ^^^Bpec&cular and ptImpressive Marine Event of Any Age—A Million of People Present—Mrs. Cleveland on the "^Dolphin—Description of the Car^^^^HThe Strength of the l 'nited ^Kes Navy Never Shown to IfilWterH/ant^l^^^^^^^Huisers Represented the Best	Marine Construction
—How Face and Germany Engaged in Friendly Salutations—Vessels from the Baltic, the Mediterranean and South American Waters.
REFj^^t^H the official opening of the Exp^nion, and leading straight up to that auspiciou^^^^Hon, was the ar-rival off Fortress M^^^^Buring the month of April, i8g;t of the	many nati^^^Blo^^Bith the
^BvA in tlHwake of Spanish warship “Infanta TsajHa’Hnd the s^^^Kuent review o^^B Hudson R^B, which took	ay, the 28th, and which will
long rank as the grandest and H>st imposing marine event |>f any day, defining, as it did,^n epoch in tl^^^^Hrous story of humaly, and which was Be« followed by a marvelous succession of gigo nlie pictures at Jackson Park— themselves no insignificant tribal< to the memory that called forth the Exp<^^^^^|
The fleet left	on Monday, the 24th, and arrived in the
lower bay of New York B th^^^^Hay ^^BvinB The United St^B steamship Dolphin, with the ^^Htary of the Nav}^^^^Bd, was t^^B'st of the reviewing fleet to arrive. In an hour aft« a ward fortress and H^sel thundered out the announcement of the arrival of th^^^^Bul fleet T11 at a million Amer^Hls were awaiting, and in a short time the great naval pro^^^^BasHl Sandy I look in the presence of a vast multitude, the fl^pif |Hf Admiral (Hcrardi in t^^Hd and fol* lowed m^the Atlanta, Bancroft, Bennington, Baltimore, Chici^B, Yorktown, Charleston, Vesuvius aiid^^Bco^| the ^^Bh ship YaaSfH K.; the German Ktfeerin Augusta anc^^B Adler; the English flagship Blake, with tH Magicienne, Tartar, and AustraJia^He Russian cruiser General Admiral and Rynda; the French ArethuSpr Jean Bart and Hussard; and the Italian Etna and Giovanna Bau sin.
137﻿138	HISTORY OF THE WORLM FAIR.
The fleet k\ hen h r-it sighted was moving along at the rate of iHy ten knots anfbour in do ! '^Bolumn and perfect ali^Hient. The distances were marked, 300 yards between each snip, with 600 yards	squadron. The big white,
flagship A(:	< iherardi, the ’hiludelphia, headed the port column; the huge
black British :r Blake, Admiral Hopkins’ flagshfl led the starboard column, in accordance with^^Hrogram. As the	the lead near® the Sandy
1	latter gave a series
the monster	majest ic silence,
and crossing bar	Channel set the pace at a good ten and
a half knots an l^B. The Philadelphia ^Bi signaled the fleet to proceed without re^Bnce to	and1
the	Then the Blake and.
other
safely rounded and entered the channel. The big guns of tin ‘ Miantonomah 1>< >omed a welcome, but	was passed in silence. The leading vessels thcfcBidl
turn' d to the southwest and entered the main ship channel.
h n nel the Philadelphia slackened speed so	t h e ot h er ves-
sels to catch	proceeded in single hie
up the bay to the	Rom an and his aides had selected.
Gravesend Bay	the	opened the^^^^Hby
bring fifteen	honor of the Russian Admiral and his flagship the Dimitri
D^Bkoi, the	Philadelphia playing t he Russian national air. The
Russ^^^^Hptly acknowlrged thJ sains . At 3:^^^^ Philadelphia fired one gun a signal to come to	signal to the
The voyage of 270 miles from Fortress Monroe to the anchorage had been a most delightful but uneven one. \\ hen the fleet sailed out of I lampton R.oads it consisted of twenty-seven sh^^^^Hed in two columns.	po^^^BtfK^Btll
the dark bottle green t<>rp''^B'edhng^^^^g^^^^^^H under ^^Hort quarter ^^^^^^^^Hclphia, the	to sea. The United States ves-
sels kept in excellent line a^H^osition. .Admiral Hopkins signaled hi^Bmpltwjfrfrl to Admiral (iherardi. The vessels kept steadily out tO^B untl^Bn »t^BenjSlMBlti house was some distance	and then ^B Philadelphia flew cc^Hjims of
signals. "Prepare to hange your 0	said t he silent flags, and a few minuted
■later the bows of the Piii^^^nhia and the Illal^Bm^Bd of being h^^^Kjjwaii^B across the Atlantic,	! reed nort h vesterly in the direction of Xe\v York harbor.
LiH sheep in pasture all the other ve-M^^^^Haoi^^Hhe^^^^Hd the place where haulers had teamed, also swung around.
I^| starboard column be^^^J d^Hwa^Bd soon after the lcfn^^^B sand hills of Cape 1 lenry had disappeared from s^^^| The Br^^^BtsWerespeqcg]y 1 efa the rear. The Italians were also mere specks upon ^B horizon, but a thickness • of smoke above their dark hulls told hov^Ballantly they '^^^^^Hving to keep in .the long procession. Shortly Her 2 o’clock in thc^Bffern<^B:tfcgriean Bart, weary of following the Hussard at a snail’s	off to the right﻿United States Protected Cruiser “ Philadelphia.”﻿140
HISTORY OFHHE WORLD S FAIR.
and then ran ahead of the little'gunboat, taking a position directly astern of the Arethuse.
All this time the Blake kept abi^kt of the Philadelphia and the Australia; the Magicienne and Tartar fcBwed so evenly and steadily that an iron bar connecting them could not have secured greater precision of movement.
The fleet sailed in double^Blumn^^Hag the afternoon and until evening Quarters were sounded. Signals were then made for each column to doubte^ The Chicago, <«■ the ships astern, moved up abreast of Ihe Philadelphia. The Rusfl sian, 1'rench and Italian ships w^H around to the right of the English squadron until they w ere parallel with ^Bind then, four cHnins abreast, the shipsJsettled down for an all-^kit run.
There wa^^^^^^^kion of rain kn morning dawned, the sky,was; overcast with dull clt^^^knd there was a tl:^Bne^B along the horizon which'Jailors would call as^^^^Hdirty weather. The ships of ^B United States were well in line, the Ivaiserin Augusta and rhe^^HVdler were close up, the Dutehman was on the extrc^^^Bft. On tl^krig^Bthe Englishmen were trail^B along one after the other, ;^B>rc^^^^^^^^kir as ever. The two Russians were far oi^tha outside, a^^^^Hvcrc starting on a cruise for the	admiral. The Italians
were a squadron to thcn^^^^^^^Q the ^B h were bulked together closehby. The Hi^krd haul used sail during the night and had falle^^^Bhind the Jean Bart.
At	American and foreign vessels were]
signaled from the l^^Helphi;^^^^Hnto line sir^kr	they presented
on le^kig llami>ton Roads. This ^^^^^^^^^^^^Hiplished most crcditabhraiot only by th^^^^^^^kitesvessels, which might have been expected to act .well together, but al^Hl y the foreign men-of-war. The Italians did not ^Hin behind thej Frenchmen, but remain^^^^^^knc side. In ^k formation the procession of Snips) headed forSc^k- I look. Just, outside the lig^^^H and when Admiral Gherardi was discussing his^^^^^k Irak fast the Argentine cruiser Xu^^^Bej hG ap-peared in sight and made its pronee known by a^^^k of lifteen guns to the admiral’s flag.	salute had been returned the fleet w^Kugnsdcd to
push into the bay in single lumn. The flagship and Admiral Ben ham’s Sjjbadron steamed ahead, then the Englishmen :^B in; then followed Admiral Walker’s squadron, the Russians, I^B I Ioliamler.the F^Bchmen,the German^Bnd the Italians in the order nan^^HThc Brazilian tle^^^Bved in the bay at 5 < >d lock and took its place	the starboard column.*
Thurst^^^^^^^^^^kou^^^^^^ku Hudson. A^Blion of people, including the PresicHt of the L nit i d States, saw ^^^^^^^kiazing collection of modern war	ever wi^^Hul in any harbor. The day was less radiant t^B die multi-
tude. Pog and rain conspired to play m^kic^^^k ship and spectator. Grover Cleveland looked out^^^k window at^fe Victoria and remarked to Lamont, his War Secretary. 1 hut there was no scarctk of watc^B This w^kitcrprcted as a reference to the remarks of the two^^^Bern governors. Presently the fog lifted, but no sunshine came to embellish the scene. But it was a gftind sight, nevertheless! Stretching north and south was the restless sheet of water reaching in from the﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S'FAIR.
141
ocean. HQfdihg the center of this great ^Bly were t wo lines of ^B vessels stand--ing as regular as soldiers.
To the weHof the lines a thousand b^^Hof all descriptions^^^^^^Hd pushed each other, and filialhe air with d^Lrr^^^wujuls. The shore the jumble, of buildings, the uplift^Bf the Jet^Hcoast were ^B)tted and silked, and browned with^^^Bng masses of people.	ragged wharf-
lines, confusion of colors rose and f^^^^Hthe puffing winds.
Down thc^^^Br of the m^Bty aisle	1 >y the anchored warships moved
three vessels, great because of thei^^^Boes. On	was th^Bresid^B of the.
United Sta^^^^HMrs. Cleveland,	were the diplomats representing
all th£ powers of earth, and on the thi^^^^^Hiany	and representa-
tives of th^^Hed states. As ^B snow-white yacht^Bating at it^^^^^^Hagle flag of the^^nent passed e^R warship, long arms	out and
dcafenii^^^^Hs	and rumbling against the, highlands to the west.
The yard arms <^Bhe old-fashioned Bessels were tilled with sailors, who stoc^Bn silent	the (^By heights like so mai^^^^Hl-figures. As the smoke puffs
caught by the wind	away, th^^^Bov^^^H)f the
whole pictH tremble, a riot ^Ham whistling br^^^^^K, and from c^^^^Boint on shor^^H in ^^^■mble of boats to the B« t there c< mid be seen waving Its and tossing handkerchiefs.
Even in the norland fury of it all tl^^^Ktning was apparent. In these two lines were	Russian, Gernu^Bkrench, Spanish, Italian, Br^hian, Hollander,
Argentine and American	in fri^nly^|bil^| and each carried
the Amefi^^^^^^^^Hforc.
, Immediately after	President	gave a recej>tion, which
was largely attended and w^Ba brilliant affair and lasted until 4:40 r. Then his flag was hauled down on the	and ^^^^Hashore at Ninety^Bvth street,
and at a sign^^^Bn the Philadelphia t^B guns of the^^^^^^Ht belched forth, simultane<By- Each vessel fired twenty-one sits, and the roar t^^Hnsued was deafening. Wl^^^Bsubsided smoke hung in heav;^^^Bids over th^Biver, and the Jersey sho^Bva^Bvisible for some minutes. The Adn^^Hturne^^Hheir ships, the Steamboats	lingered with passengers	the
great noval pageant went to their piers, and ceremonies were over.
The caravels ^Bh participated in the pageant s^Bed ev enly in the honor accorded the great	They are almos^^^^^^^^^Rms of craft com-
posing the original fleet of^Bcovery. The largest, the St^^^^^^^Kommanded by the great Columbus himse^B is 75 feet l011??- Sh^^as a beam of 27 feet and a depth of about 13 feet amidship,^^His much smalle^^^^H great many pleasure yachts to be found in our	H a hull	very high as com-
pared with the'ships of to-day, very full bi^H, with short runs, convex knu rs and flat ffiBBlX* % The endsHverhang considerably! bring sufficiently broad to have large displacement, thutHiahling them to Bear the great Wright ol the castlcH The calls in f$$t look as though they made up-the. greater part of the 1 27-Mtons* The sidesBthe boat hatt quite a bulge. The gunwale is high, broad and thick.﻿REAR ADMIRAL BANCROFT CHERARDI, p VLMANDER Of THE “PHILADELPHIA.”﻿HISTORY,OF THE WORLD'S FAIR'
03
Sti akes run from stem to’ stern, securing the frame with the side bracers called “riders.” For the purpose of strengthing it vertically the bows are full and round. The stern is entirely Pat in the shape of a shield, as it was formerly called, with a large hole, called the helm port, above the first transom, through which the tiller passes. The rudder is a broad blade. The boat has only one deck. Her rigging consists of three masts, main, fore and mizzen. She is painted black with white trimmings^
The Pinta and Nina are smaller than the Santa Maria, but of the same style of architecture and altogether very ridiculous looking to folks who are used to seeing modern boats. The Pinta is about ten tons heavier than the Nina. The Pinta is 52 feet long on her keel, 65 feet long on her main deck and has^Bfeet breadth of beam. The Nina is 46 feet long on her keel, 50 feet long on her main deck and has 18 feet breadth of beam. They arrived off the Exposition grounds early in July, and have been one of the main attractions. The Viking ship arrived and took its place near the caravels on the 12th of July, amidst a vast concourse of people, and Captain Anderssen was given an ovation.
REAR ADMIRAL WALKER, COMMANDER OF THE “CHICAGO”﻿144
■STORYTOF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
BIRWCTOR OF JVORKSW H. BURNHAM ON THE EARL Y WORK.
^	FTER the selection of	in
place for iHling the World’sHtfjtqi^ian Exposition.	the
Messrs. F. L. Olmsted & Co., a^Bnsult^^^^^^^^farchi* tocts, in Au g u s t, 18 90. In the following September, Bur^^H& Root were appoinP-d consulting architects and
engineM Messrs. Burnham & Root resigned in November, Mr. Burnham being appointed H	Chief of	Mr. Root Con^^^^H.rchlt&9
' f	The necessity for early dot ermination as to the nu t hods by which the
great buildings shoal' t lesigned immediately after the designation &WF of Jackson I^^^^Hhe for the Exposition was apparent.
of Construction	i 1 the	architects
rather than that the c^Bgn^»c secured by competition. This method was f^^Hagreed upon and the following gentlemen were appointed by the Chief ^^^■ructit^H
Mr. Richard M. Hunt, of New York, architect of the Administration Bujld-ing; Messrs Ac^B- & Sullivan, of Chicago, Transportation Building; MHtjfl McKim, Mead & Whin . of New York, Agricultural Building; Mr. \V. L. V. Jenney, of Chicago. HotMultun^^Mlding; Mr. George B. host, of New YorkJ Manufact-ures and Liberal Arts Building; Mr. len^^Hs Cobb, ^Bdh^^H 1 isheries Building: Me^io. Peabody & Stearns, of B >st n, Machinery Hall; Messrs. Burling & Whitehouse of Chicago, Vene^Bi \^Bige; Messrs. Van E^Bit & Howe, of KarikJ City, Mectrical Building; M'-ssrB Holabird & Roche, of Chicago, Stock Ring and Pavilion: Mr. S. S. Beman of Chicago. Mines and M^^^^^^HngHThe Venetian Vi^^^nyas abandoned, and Mr. Whitehouse	Furling
had dissolw-d	selected as the archie -t t of the Choral Buildiljgfl
Mr.	us St. Gaudens has acted in an ac^^^v capacit^^^^^Bp^^^^Bun^a^u9
etc. Mr. Ch.arlos B. Atwoml was made Desigm-r-in-Chief, and is the architect of ^^^^^^Big^Bldings; Galleries of F^B Arts, Peristyle Mi^B Hall and (^asSlO* RailwayTermin.il Station, guard stations, fire stations, balHra<^^^^^H,-ig>stral columns, and nv^B' other	works- n addition	haVM
included the examination of each of the plans submi^^Hfor^Brei^B and State buildings.
the call C-oied, the gentlemen	met at Chicago in
that	city attending a
of th^^^^Htan Institute of Architects, of wh^B he was^fcretary. He returned to	for an hour	the﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
• 45
| conferenJPthen in seffippiu Upon the following Mölïroy he was stricken down j/ with pneumonia ’iidd died upon, the succee^^^B Thursday, while only upon tfnB threshold of the gre&t work which he had undertaken. The	of Consulting
then fell upon the Chief of Construction, as did tho^^of Chief Engineer, upon tlif-^e^igiiatii^ir of the	in Augustr^^^H The sketches which had been
prepared®^ the vanQH^^^Khitects, being in d^^^|urse accepted b^ftte World’3 Columbian Exposition and the World’s ^Bdumbian Commission, in March, 1891. the permanent organization of the working forces was vigorously	Mr.
EripBEt R. Graham w^^appointed Assistant C^H:f of Construction; Mr. William ePrettfeman. Director of Color; Mr. Frederick	Electrical Engineer; Mr.
I J. C. Slocum, Me^^^Lal Engineer; Mr. E. G. Nourse, Engineer of Railroads; Mr* William, S. Macllarg, Engineer of Water^^Hly,^^^^Hon, and Fire Protection; Mr. J. W. Alvord, Engineer of Grades and Su^w^s; and Mr. Dion Geraldine, General Superintendent. Mr. S^win resigned ^B Mechanical Engineer in the (Efty	1 1891, and Mr. Fred(rick Sargent then assumed charge of the
»gC^^vai ns well a- lu; electrical plants. Mr. Prettyman resigned in May, 1891, and was ^^^Hed by Mr. Frant^BD. Millet as Director of Decoration. In com« petition	Miss Sophia G. I laydenwas chosen as the archi*!
tect of t^B Woman’s Building and has ^^^wted the desij^Mand supervised .the preparation of j^^^Hfor this struc^^^^^^H Edmund Rice, United States army, flfira^|n the spri^^^K 1892, appointed Commandant, and has organized the Columbian Gi^nl. Mrs. M. 1 1 Hol^Bnb is Mast<^B>f Tr^^Bportation, in charge of tfoe important du^^Hidi^^Hby his ti^^^B
At the time of this orga^^Hon, Jackson Park was, with the exception of a small portion which had be^B improved ^B the South Park Commi^Bm, covered with^tnarsh^^Hd wild oak ridges. It a^B necessary that this	be re*
claim ciÜ, and in	months transf^^^Hl from a desolate waste into a park
highW improved and embellished '^Hll that skilled det^^^^^^^Bld suggest; that upon	terraces a dozen or more palaces of great extent be con-
structed, and that they b^HipplentcnteHty	build^^^^^^^of which
are almost ^^^^Bm]^Btance and size of the main structures; that g^Bt canals, basins, lagc^Bs, and islands be formed; that	bridges and towers
be const^fltco^Blt was necessary tl^Ba standard of excelle^^^^^^Rined which would «ace the worktapon an equality with the monuments of other ages—it meant^ in short, that an organization	formed w^^^would associate together
the ablest archil nets, painters and sculptors of the^^Hd. Many of the great problems to be solved were new, no precedent having been established for the guidance of |tode assuming-this great responsibility.
For the prepai*ii:ion of the ^|unds alone it was necessary to handle about cubic ’''yfti^B' of tittaterial. This was secured by the cutting of canals, lagoons and other waterways, the earth taken therefrom being ut^kd in elevating mfHnktós and'Establishing the proper grades. The main buildings of the Fair cover a grdpWid area of 5,3$Sj!Dplp s<ware feet, or o\*er* 123 acres; other buildings, 1,155,000 square f*d£jB|h about 20 acfesj the State buildings, 430>000 square feet;﻿146
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
foreign buildings, about 290,000 square feet; concession buildings, about 1,050,000, making a grand total area of the buildings of the Fair of about 190 acres.
To mention, even in the briefest manner, the principal details of operation, both in matters artistic and mechanical, would consume greater space and time than I have at my command. I can only add that otir work of construction, which but two years ago had not been organized, is now completed.
'V
3«i 4
a. ■>:> 1 j j	WRr'JSL''
'T"Aster*. - _ • »
IK»I y I
,->t >*/ -^
AUTUMN TWILIGHT.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
■
CHAPTER II.
ARRIVAL OF MR. CLEVELAND AND THE DUKE OF VERAGUA.
The	of &e United States and the	Present at the
|h(^F£&ntg of the Exposition—They Are	the Depot by Distinguished People and
to their Hotels by	Mr. Cleveland Spent
r Sunday in Chicago—He Attends Church in the Morning and Christens a Grandchild of Secretary Rf 'Gresham in the Afternoon—The Duke Attends Mass and Receives Calls.
^KY, the 30th of April,	threshold of iH Opening Day of the	was itself a happy interlude
exercises and	on the KaRday
following. President	had	arrived at Chicago
on the 29th and	had	in	a manner befitting
^^^^^^^^^^HndHcorted to the Lexington hotel and Hm to lux^^^^^^^^^^Hpr^Rred with great care and	tapestries	a^Hd the walll
Flowers were	and arran^H by
^^^^^Hohn	one	jardinierre of La
roses, which had	Mrs. Cleveland.
■B^e were other roses, and there were lili^^H the	and hundreds pan-
sies, Mr. Cleveland’s
At 8 o’^^^^Hnd^^^^Hing the	in corr^fny with a number of hi
Cabinet m^^Hrs and a few other friends,	in a private dining room at
hi$h<p*el. I feel very friendly with everybody,” said Mr.	after rising,
think I shall go to church, as ^^^^Hadseveral invitational It had commenced to rain^^^^^^H hours before,	never ceased
long enough to force a smile from tH face of a World’s P'air director. rained Sjh violently	the Second
byterian church on 20th Street, in companyHith^^^^^^^^^^^Bim^^H Hoke Smith, that it W^Bvith difficulty that the	a drenching. On arriv-
ing the ^Kui^^^^Hparty^^Hisfc^Kd to a pew near the ^Bnt of the audience-The visit of the Presidential party had not l^^Bnnou^Rd, and the ch^^J was sparsely filled. Wh^| the c^Rr was	hymn all eye^were
directed upon the President, who was at^^H in his usual black suit, with frock coat, and \fh<^uiiitained a dignified, reserved manner, scarcelHookingat any one, but paying£c$oeg attention to the sermon and theHrvices.
The two members of the Cabinet 0©cSd»onn|Hr exchanged a few wbisp&HSd
10﻿ALL ABOARD FOR THE WORLD’S FAIR.﻿HISTORY OF THE	iMB?
149
i words with OK&pGffidh but seldom spoke to the President, and, Hough they both | read tid not.
the pla^^^^^Hed M r. Cleveland quietly laid upon 'it. a two-dollar H bill, numbered A1940559, with ^Hure of Jefferson on the l^^^^Bect Jeffersonian priEBBea surely, so the	thought. After the ^^^^Bf the service a
I woman in the audience advanced H^ the President	hands with $um,
introducing her companion, probablv her husband. One or two others shoc^naad» I with him as he left the vestibule. Aside from these there were no special dq»«« strations. '
In	pastor,	Dr. S. J. McPherson, alludH to the Rr^H
dent and others h^n in author ity,^Boking special blessings upon them,butother-wise made
The text wHfrom Matthew xiii., 2. The sermon was a clear analysis of I true ipatfhood'^^^^^^^^^^^^^Bris^^^^BEeii, the nearest perfection I resemblance to the character of G^Jst while on earth. In brief it wa^^Htllows*^
“ The crown of civilization ^Krue manhood. Character ^Bthe maker, and s^B$iH, and measure of all civilization. Our LH came down in or^Hat might give to us qualit ies like his own.	and
it is a creation of the past and a creator of the future. Every tru^^Hzen, noble nBra&^^^^^^Bristian will cherish true	true progress. False
1 conservatism stifles energy afid^^^^^^^^Hand lieart. False radicalism reck^Hslu assaults,	the heart	weeds, a^^^Bhes after every new wiflro’-
I the-wisp.
“ The treasures of art and	have been kept f^Bis by th^^^fterVa-
tive cherishing an^^^^Bmi^^^^Btory. No character	without the
Eerg$aK'^|^^^^^^Bter builder hi^Jelf^^^^^^BlIiest thing in human and the I meanest thing is a The value^l personal purity is ^Brough. the force gf the I word of God in Christ’s own shadow. FoHwing Her skeptic^Bynics, and mysterious leaders like Confucius is agnosticism. Hope and despair are ever ready ap I hand. Look up to the fo^^^Buid listen not to the 1 a 11 e r. Christ is our ideal type p&’fijHmixture of those two forces. A life spent in the struggle to promote spirit* Bual character is the only lifeH>rthy of 11 d.”
011 Sunday afternoon the P^^Hnt christened a grand-daughter o^^^retary Gresham, and ^^Hrard took dinner with Mr. ^Bin^Bham.
The QulHof Vera|H, a grandee of Spain, ^B a descendant of Columbus, accompanied by l^Vfamily'a^l other distinguished p^^^^^^Han^Bd in Chicago, on Saturday, April 29th, and was received by President T. \Y. Palmer, of the Com-I mission, and acting President Ferdinand l^Bk of the D^Btory.^Shortly after ten Kin S^Bnofeaitig.thfetrain carrying the Duke p^^H info the Union I^H and -a£
I	a proper time and place after he had stepped from the car, Mr. Pali^B delivered f.a^.*^Brege^fjvelp#ne to v 1 dchjthe.Diute respond-•<: warmly.
ijlMrs. John A. Logan was afthe depot as Chairman of tbe^KretncH^S Com-1: mittee of the Hprd	yfid she whs^^Hnted to the QuchesS of
II	Veragua, who carried a large bunch of Atnh^i Beauty r06£S which had﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
150
handed her at the depot by the Spanish Commissioner to the World’s Fair. After Mrs. Logan had been presented to the Duchess and to the wife of Commander Dickinson, who was charged with the itinerary of the ducal party, the procession was formed to the carriages.
President Palmer led the way with the Duke and the cheer that went up as the start was made passed along in a wave line and reached the curbstone before the smiling features of the Duke had appeared above the landing at the top of the steps. Then the cheer increased to a roar that never ceased until the party was safely housed inside the thick walls of the Auditorium. The apartments assigned his grace and suite had been beautifully decorated. The Duke and his family attended mass on the preceeding Sunday and received many callers, at their hotel during the afternoon and evening.
[In this conn' ction it may be appropriately stated that in Juntf the1 Infanta Eulalia, who rcpr^fntnthe youthful Spanish ruler, visited Chicago and the Fair, and was received in »fitting manner and handsomely entertained during her stay. Shi was royally looked after by President Thomas W. Palmer, Mayor Carter Harrison, Messrs. Higinbotham, Potter Palmer—at whose hotel she wa^a guesWj and others. She had a pleasant time, and departed thoroughly delighted with all she had seen and that had been done for her.]﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
151
CHAPTER III.
ANOTHER DISTINGUISHED ARRIVAL,
Independence Bell—Its Progress From Philadelphia to Chicago—It Receives an Ovation all the Way— Cannons and Speeches by Day and Bonfires and Red Lights by Night—The Venerable Relic Seen by Great Crowds of People—It Shares the Honorable Welcome Paid to President Cleveland and the Duke of Veragua Upon its Arrival in Chicago—Received by Military and Music and Escorted to Jackson Park by a Procession Two Miles Long—George Lippard’s Vivid Picture of the Revolutionary Tones Whose Echoes Have Never Died Away—Its Sounds Still Listened to by the American People.
a
NE of the most interesting events connected with the offl-fw cial opening of the Exposition was the trip of the Lib-.erty Bell from Philadelphia and its arrival at Jackson Park. Throughout its entire journey this possibly greatest of all Revolutionary relics was the recipient of profound homage and respect; and the thoroughfare over .. d which it traveled was lighted with bonfires and red and W blue lights by night and decorated with flags and bunting by day. At all the towns along its way large numbers of people gathered and made the event occasion for cannonading and speech-making. Attended by all the pomp and ceremony which may well appertain to the transit of this historic heirloom, it left Philadelphia on the morning of April 28, and was carried to Chicago mounted on an open flat car constructed specially for the occasion by the Pennsylvania Railroad company. About the car containing the venerable relic was a nickel fence with thirteen posts, representing the original thirteen states, each post having the name of the state in raised letters on a gilt ball. Thirty-one polished steel bars represented the remaining states. The fence was octagonal in shape and its panels were interlinked in a manner emblematic of the union of the states. The car was attached to a special train conveying the members of the committee, the mayor of Philadelphia, the director of public works and public safety, the city comptroller and others.
It arrived in Chicago on Saturday, the 29th, and was received by a vast multitude, dividing the honor of welcome to President Cleveland and the Duke of Veragua who arrived the same day.
This great bell, weighing 2,080 pounds, was cast by Pass & Stow, Philadelphia, and around it near the top were cast the prophetic words from the book of Leviticus, “ Proclaim liberty' throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof.” Early﻿﻿HISVMlHE WORLD’S ISUR.

in June, i7gg it «ps hunym'tl^^lfry of the State House in Philadelphi^Bdth no of the lfl^rn^rvrohTd one day pro^^^^H Let us look back over the hundred and seventeen y<^^^Khat have passed rang on that^Brtirth of July, i/76,^^Hga^^Hon the picture of the so vividly drawn by Ge^Ke Lippard in his “ Annal^^He American >1u
tion.”
“ Let me paint you a	the canvas o?f the past.
a clear sky arche^^^^^Bile^Bxive a quaint e<lifk^ti«til^f aHnjjf the giant trecHn the center of a wide city. Plain red brick the ^|pls; the	in stone; the	eaves heavy with
intritmt&'cannngs; the hall door ornamented with p^Ars^B dark stoi^^^Buch is thBBtate House, Philadelphia, in the year of our Lord
“Within t^^^^^^^^Mrg^^^Hmbled. During the session of Congress ^hpad^nnlefv'^^^Brd Henry ^^H>f Virginia, mAd that ‘^B reunited colonies are, and ought dtf be, free and independent States.' John Adams, of Massachusetts seconded the motion, and a committee of h^fwas appointed to draw up a declaration of independence. It Thomas Jefferson that	Stro^|and jf<)|^£le
declaration. ^Hnow ft l^^^Bbpiitl^B to Congress for adoption.
knew that their destiny waHmiK; in t^Hjalance. All day the st^RWetHrowded with anxious men and w^^^B impatiently waiting to lmfr the decision. They surged against the barred doors of the aHmbly rooms and stoodjBjpon one another’s shoulders to peer in the windows.
“In	cwnsle red brick State Hou^^Mncfs an
old man, witfr white hair andsunburnt face. He is clad in hurrtb^Battire^Bet hid eye gleams^ts it is fixed upon the ponderous outline of the bell	the steeple
thJH. The o 1 d map tries to read the inscription on that bell, but cannot. * * * He is no scholar,	spell one of those strangewords carved on the
tlte bell.
“ By his side, gazing in H face in wo^^Hstands a flaxen-haired boy, with cVAl °f summer blue.
boy; you are a rich man’^^^wl, you can read. ^Bell those words and I’Ifbless you, my good child!’
P^qSfflf^Eh-ildi*a.iSed himself on ti^^^nnd p^^^B his tiny hands against the bell, and read kl lispi ng	th^B memorable words:
ttU the land, unt^Ml the inhabitants thj^mfl “ The old man ponders for a moment on tho^^^Brds; then gathering thfij boy in liBrafbis h£bpeajfc&‘r "*
“ ‘ Look here, my child! Wilt do the old man a kindne^B Then haste Vow down stairs and wait in iH hall by the big door unt^^Han shall give you a message for me. A man with a velvet dress and a kind face will come out from the big ^HanHE3)u aw.ird lor me. When he gives you that ^Brd,^Bep run out yograer in the®reeM.nd IjStf« ■ 1:	ttfitie* I )t> yoU:tB&nd ?*
“ It	command. The bby Sprang froilfl the old bell-keeper’s
arrns^^^^^HHm^wn the dark Stairs.﻿154
hiMMrJPBf the woHHs fair!
“ The old bel^^^^Hwas alone- Many minutes passed. Leaning over the raifiife of the ^Rple,dHfa<^^BardCheHut street, he l^Ked anxiously for that fairi-haired boy. Moments passed—an i s im^ftt still he caH not. Impatiently the old man shook his head and repeated: ‘They will never do it; they will never do it!’
his lips a merry, ringing Hng^Bw<&C-pn^jtheHar. There among^^^^^^He pavement st < >> >d the blue-eyed hand^Bhile t^^^^^^Mdew his flaxen hair aIl^B>out his face, and, swelling his lit^^^^H raised himself on tiptoe and	WOfd—
Ring!’
" Do you that old man’s eye	withered
ing the iron tongue of the bell ? TliHddHtn is }Hng^^H; his veins are filled with new life. Backwart^^^Kor^^^^^^Hsturd^^^^^ft, he ^|ung the tongue. The bell speaks ^^HTh^^^wd in ^^Hreet hears ^^Hl bursts forth in orfeflgng shout. Old Delaware hears it and give^^^^^^^^he hurrah of her thousand sailors.
hears it, and starts up from desk an^work bench,an earthquake Hd spoken.
“ Yet st^| while the	from his brot^^^^Hold bell-keeper hurls
th^^^^Hrtguc, and still—boom—boom—boom—the bell speaks to the Cjfty and to t lie world.
“ Yes, as the Hi man	spoke ^|all the vfljjul.
That sound crossed the Atlantic, pierced the dungeons of ^Qro^| the workshops of England, the vassal fields of
“ Proclaim ^Brtj^Bhroughout^Ml the land, and to all ^^Hnhabltants thereof!
tonguf • spoD lo tin slave —bade him ^Bk from bis toil and know
iron tongue startled the l^^^^^^Htheir crumbling thj*^^^^|
“That ^fto was the knell of kin^Baft and pri^^^^^^^^fall other crafts bo^fcf the darkness of aa<> and baptized in seas of blood.
“ Yes, the	<>l that littE ! h a	hb lluxen
hair blowing In the breeze, shouted ‘RiH!” had a deep and awi^^^^Hiajpon its
Yes, sturdy |< >!m Hancock, President of the ^Bigi^^^^Hl signed the d'Hrat^K of AmeHan ^■epHl'-nsc^^^^^^^^Jand which
land could read with, mi s;ptctacles,” and t hr other ^^Htui^^^Hlowed and our
\\ hen the British fon^^^^^^^ned Philadelphia 1777 the bell waun^Kn'1 down and carried to Alle^^Ht to pr^Ht its falling iiH the hands of tin enemy.
In	in th^ndek tower of t^BStt^BHous^^^B more than fifty
years thHell^^Hing^^^^^^^^^^Hof Independence Day, ^Bmit wascMckea while	P or many years the ^Bl bell renuimed in siler^^^Btit3^B£«j||^S5iJ
was(taken down and -»laced on a platform illid^^Kncc Hall, where ■ has ever since r^Bined. The great	Orleans H* the
ex]>( iim held Hre in 1	it rema^Bd in tin- Pennsylvania Stai e Siting in
“\\ hite City” until thethe Exposition.﻿
I
4»﻿CLEVELAND PRESSING THE BUTTON THAT STARTED THE EXPOSITION.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
155
CHAPTER IV.
THE FORMAL OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION.
Nearly a Quarter of a Million People Present—President Oevehu^^^^Hthe Magic Electric Button at S’ Noon, May 1, 1893, and the Monster Allis Engine in Machinery Hall is Set in Motion Amidst the Booming of Cannon, the Blowing of Trumpets; the Ringi^^^^H, the Unfurling of Flags and the VotfferatHtof the M^Kude—The Whitc^Haces Abloom and Ablaze with Color—Twenty Thousand Flags are Unfurled—Half	Emblems Che^^^v the People Who
Live Under Them—The Orchestra Play the Na^Eal Hymn and Thous^^H Patriotic Men and Women Join in the Chorus^-The Spectacle as Seen From the Administration Building—President ClevettocTs Address.
^	AY 1, 1893, was the greatest and grandest day in the his-
tory of Chica^^Hmd an interesting and important one ■ the world—for it	the day of the official opening
of tlMWorld’s Columbian ExpMtion. As Columbus ^^Bved success only after peril and disappointment, so the Exposition which was to honor the four hundredth anniv mnry of the discovery of America by the litigator attained completeness only after many ^Bhs of interne^^^Hon^^^^^H misunderstandings, long-continued tempestuousness of weather never before experienced througho^^^^Hreat city upon the w^n*s 'of Lake Michigan. It ^^Hiot expected that the Exposition would	readiness at
exactly	for the opening eji^^^^HeVen if
th Ranter's storm» of winds and rains and sftows Rd been less destructive and severe, because fip great exposition has	sti^^Rcomp^fc in all its depart*
ments upon its opening day. As the ^Bhionabl® party wom^| disdains to become the first arrival atthe^^He of her enf <^fcner, so the experienced exhibitor at	less punctilious or more heed-
less one ope ns the installation ball.
But notwhlistan^ing th^Bwinter c^Wwir discontent,” the Exposition authorities were ffl£jPl aware of the proximity to completeness of their great show that P«£Rnt	invited tc^Kp$£' to Chicago and press the magic button
which sBim make the enormous Allis engine throb, and say to the world that he had offiBillylSjBfeiafc	Exposition. This the {Resident of the United
. States (R atBiKdScKjyWraianj, «m Monday, Su&in the presence of nearly a quarter of a million of peqdfe, amtdy tfic unfurling of thousands of flags,﻿		Si 1 H
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COMMISSIONERS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION
1. Alexander Bl Andrews, Xorth Carolina.
6.	Wm, McIntyre,
South Dakota.
7.	Archelacs M* ('ochran,
Texafi.
12.	Richard Mansfield White,
A'em Mexico.
13.	Othneil Beeson,
(Oklahoma.
2. Thos. B. Keogh,
Xorth (’aroliaa. r>. Merritt H. Day,
South I>akota. 8. John T. Dickinson, Tex fix.
11. Thom as (\ Gutierres, Xeiv Mexico. 14. Frank R. (Iammox, Oklaftoma.
•Ï
o.
4.
»)
10.
■
R. B. Ricketts,
P< nnsi/lrania. John \V. Woodside, Pen n si/1 va nia.
(iFORGE F. (’OATS,
A rizona. W.m. K. Meade,
A rizona.
Frederick J. Kiesel, Utah.﻿HlUlRY OF THE «MLnHFfhlR.
157
the sounding of trumpets, the	tornio h and thé vociferations of the vast
mult|BPpK%'w
To be strictly correct, at ];^^Hdy 12:08 o’clock	Cleveland stej >] k:d
forward and placed	the golden key.	sailor stancH
the	the Presi dental	madly at	which
^HBd the mighty	It fell and the wind ^^Hit s silken fc^B out
ovKtBE seething mass of people below. T^^^^^^^Hdth wild cheers, and at the fEtgS leaped and blossomed from th^^Husand masts. At theHght the cvmtfn	of Spain fl^^^^Hbene^| 1 lie gorgeous caravel. At the left
BNraf	it. Down the long
wl(I^^Bxrf line of Machinery	flame. F rom every
tower and pa^^Hfell and flr^^Hl some b^^^^^^^^^^^Tf^nrhite palaces were ablodnt'andn^^H with	nations lo<Hu upward
and cheered the flag of their devotion.
At t^^Hlt the drapery fell from	figure of “Republic*!
backed by the classic	forth in	the
world.	water shot a hundred feet in^Khe
the mist falling upon the upturned faces of the cheering crowd. But^Bove their H0$^Bame the deep	fired from the white and gold hull of the
Michfjghn iytt^^Hthe^^^^^^^^^^^^Htle^Bied the	shrill din and the
of fa^^^^^HddedH the uproar. Pr^^Hit Cleveland bowed and ^Mte&'Und shook hands w^^^^^^^^^^Bieral Davis. The orchestra struck up BBrodaihoi the national hymn, and with	in the throng
beByb^Kbplatf^^^ft.rrH the swelling chorus.
" Atne^Bike of	ardandcongratu 1 a t e d the Director-Gen-
eral and the peopl^^^fte into a tremendous shout. Bat^Krom the post of honor the g^BtS.^vwly passed, the	guns over the l^B still ^Bning to their
Hjr§b Gondolas and ^Hnche^^^^^Hvith flags, s^k and skinr^Hd over the wategfl tike things al^^Hln a hundred directions the great crov 11 surged aHnce. Like a torretìfreh^^^^HuTL^Ham which holds it, it be^^nd broke- On every hand the WhitH£ity was crowned with flags, running the ^|mut of color, but ab^ft the SpP^or of imperial banners the starry folds of “Old Glory’’ rose and fell, dearer 30 fffcry patriot^^B: than all ^B rest.	about the Pre^Kntial box
and fbjre" pieces of cloth fr<^B its sides as mementoes of the occasion. Ladies crushed into the jam	the rail and huri^U to places of safety. The
stràin was o ver. The Columbian Exposition had been opet^^H the ^Bld.
When thé President touched the golden klon t in: table in front of him, that acWfflwksïan	current, in a wire	length, which connected
the key with thè minute temporary m^^H placed at the Allis engin^nnd*th^ Worthington pfUinpk* for the occasion. The subsequent process was a little diffcrent at these two places, fl
At ttp^^dHSt ejtigine the wire pas^B' through a beautiful-mounted box of poshed oak,^Nöffl^Bquare, Containing an electro-automatic engil^^^^f As the key wasIfljraffBl tngejectjinc current ehgrgizcd /nagbet within the box; the magnet﻿HISTSSRYF^F the WOlUD’S fair.
158
attracted its armature^Bid th^Bovement of the armatmr£ releases a tKgger, and set off aHiled spring inclo^| in a brass drum. The recoil of the springt'evolvedj the axiHf the drum and	the outside of the 'h<x£|j The
Mp^Wcet-wH 1 was connected by a brass drive-chain with the sprocket-1 that (opened the throttle, and in less than aHond after the President touched t^e button	made a dozen	throttle had been
thrown op^^^w the ponderous fly-wheel of	awoke to life and4
began to turn.
So it was atHe pumping-station. When the President tc^Hied thd key a magnet connected with an	Tl^fttrmature W^Battracted to the magnet and ^Hhe same	miniature steam chest on a
miniature cylinder. This adir^^^^Kam through a, pipe no	than a pipe-
stem into one^^^^^^^^|niatu^B:yl^^H anHvh^Khe^Kston moved it opened the thrc^ft of the ^^^niach^^^^He steam rushed the great cylinders, and the immense pump, fifty Bt high, gave a sigh and began to heave its enormous
of wate^B day.
mBn of Hr .Allis engine and the Worthington pump were contagious. In M^Kn^H Flail at lea^^^^^^^^H engines, as if they had hjaird the	the gong on th^Blcctro-a^^^^^^^Bigi^Hstop, started up into life
with a roar and	the ^|with their	fly-wheels like a cyclone. So
in th^^^ftpii^^^^Hp the Worthin^^^^^^ftl was joined instHtlyby H^Worth-ington horizontal and th^^^^^^^^Hn triple expansion, the three together.qSjM ing and groaning, forcing water into the ^Hat mains at the rate of 40,000,000 gallons ■aday.
What	on
$n^Hy all telegraphic instr^^Hts. There
ordinary key made	and the push is	while the keyl
that played such an important	ir^^^Hcereir^^^^^l the opening day is made
gold^^^^Ha button of ivory.
for	by F. S. Greeley & Co., of New York, who on^Hnii it
fo^fee day, who e^H:t to treasure it as a souvenir of the occasion.
The^By mounted on a threo-tiored pedestal, which measures 24x^Badhes 1 In -1 >ottom of idxio inches at the top. 1'he horizontal surfaces of the pedestal
the United States, and its vertical surfaces with honor of ^Biin. On the side of the lov^B tier, in silver figures, is seen “1492-1893.”
roof of Administration BuU<^K9va!jg grand	people had crowded be-
fore the circular i)latform on which Presidental party was to sit. A drizzling was falling and he ^^^^^Bavy with yellow	Wagons pllefl high
Hfe|th ferns and palms were pushingcrowd. Stretching thein i<#£g lines diagonally from either end of	^^H>s were drawn ul
ana. By 10 o'clock the Iowa State band of sixty musicians in gay uniform, plodded their way thHigh the mud and^^^^H&red in the diQSBHilHV^6﻿I

DUKE OE VERAGUA﻿i6o
■STOR\SF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
State Building. The vt^H had been let into the hlacMonmeis fountain, and the dolphins and sea horses were afloat once more* intheir .nati^Keleflent. Against the,gray, gloomy skies the white palaces stood out in hurnishea C^gat^^Jj^J evei3r Hoof men, looking from thegi^^H like ants, were climbing .about, ‘pulling up the thMsand flags and bat^^^^^^Hidi^^Hor the touch of the President’s finger which would give	to the breeze.
With every t^Bnent the crowd	upon it feeyabo^e
the earth, he' and upt^fed^^H varied here	the bright bonnetjB
seemed like the constantly changing	kaleidoscope. Over
the green waters of the whi^^^^^^Hasin electric Hncl^B pushed.Itheirwau| About them the white-winged gulls S(^Bedand circled. Now and then,af3H,d}| gondola shot b}'. Slowly the	of
• • corps, in thei^^^^Hco^^^^Huid the army (^ters, in ^Mhe glory of gold and ^Bnson and	their pl^|s, the scene from	' ^«»Mant
one.
At 10:30 o’clock, as if	interference, the cloudssuddenly
'and a golden glea^^^^Bnshin^^^B upon the ^^^|white^^^Bty of the pe$St]^H iwd, by this time numbering 25,000 people, greeted the sun with Suddenly from the west forty Indian c^Hs, led by Rain-in-the-Face, in Httfi bar’ splendor < >t red and yellow, pressed their way through the crHd. Again thej expectant 1 inpatient crowd struck up a cheer.
where ^B seats of the Presidental party were placed,	were laying Turkish rugs and	the last decorations.
\\ ith the coming of the sunlight the waterproof which had cm'iHd the tabltiUJf Od| whit'll	golden key was removed,	pillow of bli^ftnd crtOKon
magical golden emblem rested upon the folds of a flag. MeiVjpress^B i lout the circumference of the platform, saw it as it glistened and greeted cheer. All about the high columns anti the jutting ledges of'the Bust front of the Administrati^^^^Hin^^^^^^^^^^Hi climbed and dangled in danra|^^fl and	!i: lie jets in the basin	MacMonnies foun-
water spouted	and- great sweeps of sap-
stood	of gray; and QAsSflShq
i.addings, high upon pillar and parapet, human beings swarmed.
following is the address	upon opening the Fair:
h^^^B join my fellow-cii i/ens in
occasion. Hirroi^^^^^^He nupendon-, results of American enterprise and activity, and in vie\^Bf magnificent evidences of American skill and intelligence, ica^Bat^^^^^^Hratnlat tons lie	We s^Bd today
in the presence cHhe Hiest: nations 0!' t he work! and Hint to 1 he great achieve-ments here ^Hbit, asking no allowance on the score of y< wth.
with	'11 ensifies the warmth
of 1 he greeting we exten<^B 1 hose who have come from foreign	illustrate
die growth and	human endeavor in the direction of a higher
civilizat^^^B﻿HISTORY' OF THUD'S FAIR.
H
We w!io believe that popular education and the stimulation of the best impulses of our citizens lead the. way to a realization of the proud nati^^^^Hriany which our faith promises,gladly welcome t he opportunity here afforded us to see the ‘results accomplished by efforts which have been exerted longer than ours in the .heirof man’s impr^Bunent, while in app^^Hi\ c^^Hn
advancement and wonderful	of a^^^|na^HincH'esl: the
triumph^^^^^^H'OUs, self-reliant and	people.	these
butwe have also built the magnificent fabric of a popular government, whose grand proportions are sHi throughout the^Hl. We have made together objects of	products of America!
skill and invention. We^^^|also made men who
- It is- an exalfl mission in wl^K\ we and our gu^fc from other lan^nre engaged,	inauguration of an
enlightenment; and	in thfl
noblest sense the brotherhood of
Let us ^^Hfast to the meaniH that underlies this ceremony, and let us not lose the	of thi^^^^^Ht. As by a touch the machinery that gives
KfftO this vast Exposition is now set in motion, so at the same instant l^^^r hopes and «rations awaken forces which in all time t^^^^Hhall influence the welfare, freedom of mank^^^f
v [The President then touched the key bx^ve him.}
KEY WHICH﻿
ED. PINAUD’S PERFUMERY PAVILION, MANUFACTURES BUILDING.﻿I
PART VI.
THE WOMEN OF THE EXPOSITION AND WOMAN’S WORK
■HiBR I.
THE WOMAN’S BUILDING AND ITsBjRPOSeB
New Mëth|qsHU$^^^^Beated—The Woman’s Building an Ad^^^^ftency for the Exposition B*f£	Work—This Conception	Skill and	Cleared
the Originators of Most	Arts—The Wot^^Himldiqg an
Woman’s Genius—Some of the Exhibits—Mrs.	Room—
The Fid 1 Women o^^^Hcrsey.
N no previous exposition has wortian^^Bmd so importantk3p|d conspicuous a	been called u^n to perfonrt'aB
the great Columbian ExpcHion of 1893. At no time in her lii^ty has she ^^^^Horded such a place as she now occu^ pies as an integral pa^K>f a mammoth display of the achievements of mankind. It seems^fting that contemporaneously
the world’s force sn(£ should	the	her ^^^Bipation’ has
and Hat side by si^Hwith the pro^Bts of manh* brain and energy, woman^Bhould be placed for^Bmpari-son. The Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia and the ^^^^^HCentennial in New Orleans were greatly aided by the participation	what they termed th^Boman’s department,
wherein teas installed a collective exhibit of all interesting and m^Btorious work by wOrfioil that could be brought tOge^^^B This woman’s departme^niroved so	that the co-operation of women jn exposition work was
addition, and in c<^^Hieac£^^Hng^^H.ctH Congress providing for th^^Hibr^^Hof the quadro-cent^BialH’eated an official organization known	Lady Alanagers.
When the board	to organize its work for the Columbian Efi
position it was'found that, though the previous work had been	Active, the
law	demanded a different plan O^^H>n for the Exposition of
ill^BBgEsfhtolished precedent had to be thrown Be and new methods of ustddiM ness created. This proved to be necessary because oLthHtrong sentiment among thBi‘snBlftlllterested‘talking,theHhibits of women from.the general builds
n.﻿164	HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
CUPID FROM BORDER OF MURAL DECBRA T10N OF W«IAnB BUILDING.
ings and placing them apart in a “Woman’s Department.” Women who were doing the most creditable work in the arts and industries strenuously opposed such a separation, and insisted that their exhibits should be so placed as to compete with the best and most successful productions in all departments of classified exhibits without regard to sex distinction. As in some classes of work women are not credited with having arrived at a degree Jof excellence equal to that of men, a competition among women only would result in the award of premiums to articles which would not necessarily have been successful if entered in a general Bompetition. In an international competitive exhibition the object is to honor the highest grade of work only, and thereby give it an international reputation and added commercial value. This intention might therefore, be entirely delBated in case of a competition restricted to women only.
\\ omen, therefore, have exhibits in every department of the fair in every line of industrial, ^Bentific and artistic work. OnBot their cherished ideals is to remove ihe impression that women are doing little skilled labor, or little-steady and valuable work, and that they Consequently are not to tB takenBeriously into consideration when dBding with industrial problems; that they never learn to do anything thoroughly iBdhBnd that, tBrnefcBe, the small comjBnBitior^Bven them ,^Bi just and proper equivalent ^^Bheir servi^^^^Biause it lias no abstract commercial v^^^| An BffB"t has, therefore, been made to demonstrate that their labor iB a taxed and permaftnt element and an important factor in the industrial world, and must be carefully studied in itBre-lationsto the general whole. Upon a strong presentation of theBfactsit is hoped that a healthy public sBntiment may be created which w ill condemn the disproportionate wages paid men and women for equal services. The YVoman’s Building is an additional agency for the exposition of woman’s work. It is the inspiration of woman’s genius, and provides all the comforts and conveniences for women during the Exposition. The design was selected from a number of competitive sketches sub-
CUPID FROM BORDER OF MURAL DEQQRA-TION OF WOMAN'S BUILDING.﻿HISTORY Of THIMfflRLD’S FAIJE
■
•mitted by	It is 40$ feci long by ^^Bido and	It
hag-lWgB*Uaddw^Br afrproaclB and a big rotunda, around which runs a gallery which is devoted to an exhibition of th^^^^^^fctingudwd works "of women
A roof	by caryv^^^B which was modeled by a woman;
thCBraajfy	roof line, relief roni|Kc - ms, mural decorations. structural
dct^t&ttOB^^Bed wainscoting and balustrades for the ^^Bases, open carved ^^■SB^C^Mthu-ntai iron and brass work, decorative tapestries and the Hgfctk of women,	the rank which they hold as art^nfls anddfe]
signers. '4
The building has social headquarters, parlors, reading, writing and committee rooms, and a great congress hall. The building has many rooms, wh^fl are vaH-1 ously occupied—as a library O^Ks by women, re^^^^Bid statistics of employments in which women are engaged, a kindergardeii room, model kit chen, e\ii ibit:s of lace, embroideries, fans, je\^Bq silver, and other wotrter^^^^^l and a hospital and-training school for rites in operation.
Ii^^^^Hits there is not a single thing made by thc^^^B of man. Every-thing is by^^^^^B and the hope is that ly will clear away miscom options as toa the originality^ and inventiveness of women, will	e they
makers and not	ec^^^^Bfor^Bluajfi
or	pursuits, their adaptability and talents have ena^Bd them to SUf-
mount	h cl 1	i
Women,	the originators bra
most of the industrial arts.	fought or Bnted. w oman con-
structed the hbnve.^^^^^Be grain, dl^^^B the skins and fashioned them into jfetrmintSk She ii^Bnted th^Beei^B thread, and the shuttle, anti was the-'fiffct potter. She originated basket making and ^Bamenta^^^B'k, and ail of this is wfire'Mfthc <1 hnological displays
Port .rail of Sappho and b^Bati^^^^^gher women ol^|e classic and mediaeval times are to be seen, and ^Bit remains of the textile lal^^B drawn work,, rare tapestries, and laces. THold Bayeux tapestry made by hHilda of Flanders, r«H productions of the statu^^^^Bby Sabina von S^Bibach^^Bhe Strasburg Cathedral; thi||ooR <^BLblBs lderrad. which contains a	of all tl know
ledge of her dayq and a long li-’t af similar prod u ts by women are shown. Naturally a field as extensive as this must bear mi^^^^B and ^B Woman’s Bi^Bing ranks ^Sgjry close to the more pret^^^^^kxpos^^^^^^^^^^frest w ill arouse.
Great	and Germany i^Bce the best exhibits. The former
shows every kind of i^Bk in	women of	Scot ml, Ireland, and
\\^lq^BSMra2ed. Notable are e^^^HeHesby Princess Louise, the Roy al ScM|>l of NBSletBrk, of ^^Bt Oueen Victoria is a patron, and the Countess of TatifcSr-ville; sketches by Kate 0^|naway and	Bradley; table; napkin! made
from flanHBn by ^Bsen Victoria; a table ^^^^^^^Boi<^Bed by jprinci ss idelena, and ^BnlBkHpl&fted by Oueen for Pri^^^^^^Bda^B Schleswig-Holstein. The English lace display is very fine, 3£di(t&p&£s£$l1^Baire numerous
One orjfije mraMnteresting as wrell ap onepf the mt^ii^que room»© the﻿166	HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
Woman’s Building is the private office of Mrs. Palmer. It is a room with a history, and contains the exhibit of the New Jersey fish-women, arranged under the personal supervision of Mrs. Charles W. Compton of Newark, one of the New' Jersey lady alternates. The work is one in which Mrs. Compton is greatiy interested, and it was to obtain some recognition of it that she visited Chicago some months before the opening. When she applied for space the committee Could find none for her, and she sought out Mrs, Palmer. 1 o her she told the story of the sad lives of the women of the fBhing districts, and of the benefit it would be to them if they Could in some way be recognized in the great P air. Mrs, Palmer’s heart was touched as she listened to tales of privation at all times and of actual suffering when winter lays his icy hand on sea and shore. “Room shall be found for them,” she said, “even if I have to have theftxhibit in my own private office.” Many of the lady managers protested ai the idea of having fishing nets and baskets put up in their president’s room, but the work went on. The decorations of the room are'Sfines, fishing nets, and baskets, while dolls are used in practical demonstration. The seines are festooned from the ceilings, and a huge casting net is used as a dais over Mrs. Palmer’s desk. The women of Salem county, New Jersey, sent the furniture, which is of the old colonial style.
SEAT OF STOOL IN LEATHER WORK—PRINCESS VICTORIA OF WALES, ENGLAND.﻿HISTORY OF TII E WORLD'S FAI Hi
9
CHAPTER II.
THE WOMEMvHO CONTROL.
Generata	the World’s Columbian Exposition—A Large
Women Among the
Positions.
HE	was
approved April 25, 1890. It consists of alternates—eight at large, two each from the several states and territories and	of	and
City of Chicago. l^^^^Hrers were selected >y tire Worlds Columbian Commiss ion. The ]H^d has general H*ectión and supervision of the^^^^^^Bta^B of	the E^-y
position. Officials ^Be Board.—President—Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago. h^ic^Bresidents—First, Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, of h^B York;	Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh,
Third, Mrs. Charles Price, of Fourth, Miss Kathi-rine L. Minor, of ^^^Kiana; Fifth, Mfik’ Beriah Wilkins, of the District of Columbia; Sixth, Mrs. M. F>. Thatcher, of Colorado; Seventh, Mrs. F^^^Beall Ginty, of	Mrs. Margaret Blaine;
Salisbury, of Utah; at large, Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, of Nebra^^H Yice-Chair-man of Executive Committer—Mrs. '^Buiiia C. Meredith,	Secretary
Mrs.	Tennesee.
Lady	.—Mrs. D. F. Yerdenal, XewYork; Mrs. Mary
Ky.; Mrs. A AB S. Lockwood, Washington, MÀrjèhn J. Bagley, Detroit, Mich.; Miss Ellen A. Lord, New York; Mrs. Mary S. Harrison, Omaha, Neb.;	Elkins Taylor, Philadel ; >! Pa.;
Austin, Texas. Alternates—Mrs. Benjamin C. Truman, Los Angeles, Cab; Huston	Ky.; Mrs.	B. Stone, Y^^Hiter,
Mass.; Mrs. Schuyler Colfax, South Bend, Ind.; Mi^lHelen A. Peck.
City;	Dennis, Auburn, N. Y.; Mrs.	R. Yarrow, Philadel-
phia, Pa,; Mrs. Caroline
Members of Tin Board.—Lady Managers from	—Miss
11 <y.Mport-svilieEMrs. Anria’M. losdick. .Mobile. Alternates— Mrs. Sallie IL Busl^ftrminghà^pMrs. Irene \\ . Semple, Montgomery.
Arkansas—Airs. James P. Eagle, Rule Rock; Mrs.	A. Edgerton,
Little^^Hc. Afljtetóte'—RMcJiff.	Rock; Mrs. V illlaiB B.
Empie, Newport.﻿FADY MANAGERS, RESI DIBITS OF GHICAGO.
_ _ T ,	1- Mrs. Potte■ Pai.mek.	2. Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr.
8. Mrs. James A. Mclliuan.	4.	Francis Dickinson, M. D.	5.	Mrs. Ml R. M. Wallace
6. Mrs. .Myra Headwell.	7.	Mrs. James R. Doolittle, Jr.	8.	Mrs. M atilda R. Parse.
Ö. Barth.v fl. Ten KyB,	10.	Mrs. Margaret I. Sanders.	11.	Mrs. Leander Stone.
12. Mrs. Gen. A. L. Ghetlain	13. Frances E. Willard.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
DH
California—Mrs. Parthenia 1’. Rue, Santa Rosa; Mrs. James R. I )eane, San Francisco. ifJtern.M'-' Airs. Isaac li Requa, Piedmont; Mrs. Frona E. Wait, San
Colorado- - Mrs. Laura P, Coleman, Buena Vista; Mrs. M. I). Matcher, ^BHpte*i^^^ef®atrs--]M^B Annie B. Jr^Bick, Leadville; M^BSusan R.GAshleB
I
Connecticut-—Miss Fram'es S. Ivesl New Haven; M^^Habell^^^Bdicr Hooker, Hartford. Alternates--Mrs.	B. Hinman, Stcwnson; Mrs. Vir-
ginia I A^ftlrith, Hartford.
;	—Mrs. Mary Richards Kinder, Milford; Mrs. J. Frank ]H], Wifl
mington. Alternates—Mrs. .Mary	; Mrs. Theodore F. Arm-
MxmgENewark.
Florida-—Mrs.	Bell, Gainesville; Miss E. WIG' Beck, '^Bnpa.
Alternates—Mrs.	Merrick Reed,South Jacksonville; Mrs. Kl Ingram,
Jacksonville.
Georgia—Mrs. Wm. H. Eelton, Cartomvi 11 c•; Mrs. Charles II. Olmstead, Savannah.	Al^Bna^B—Miss Meta T^muf MM.a vs, .Augusta; Mrs. Geo. W.
Lamar, Savannf^^H
Idaho—Mrs. Anna E. M. Farnum, Hauser Ju^^Mi; Mrs. J^Bph C. Straugh-an, Boise, City.	A^^^^^Br —^Bs. Louise L. Barton, Mos^Bv; Mrs. Ella Rayj
Miller, Fpfejttelkx
Illinois—Mrs. Richard j. Oglrkby, Elkhart; Mrs. Fran^B Welles Shepard. Chicago.	Alternates—Mrs. Marcia Louise Gould, Moline; Mrs. Isabella L
Can dee,
Indiana—Miss Wilhemine Reitz, F^ftisvillc; Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith, Cambridge,City, Alternat^B—Miss "^Han W. Ball, Terre Flame; Miss Mary H. K ' Craw
*	—Mrs. Whiti^B S. Clark, Des Moines; ^^^BOra Elizabeth Miller,
Cedar Rapids. .Alternates—Mrs- Ira 1'.Hendri^^^^Hmcil Bluffs; Miss Maty B. Hantsobk, Dubuque,
KanSa^BMrs. Jennie S. Mitc^^HTopeka; Mrs. llAr A. I Finback, Topeka. Alterna$«fr-*-Mrs. Sara Blair ^Bmc^^^^^^HwortlqA^B,. Jane II. Haynes, Fort
Ken^Bky—“-Mi^^^Bn W. LaulI^Br, La^Bstc^B Mrs. .A. C. Jackson, Coving ton. AlternaH—Miss Sarah F Holt, ^^Hfort; Mrs. Alice B. Castleman, Louisvi01eT '
Miss Catherine L, Minor, Houma; Mrs. Belle Hamilton P< rkins, xfew Or®MC®J^	tefnaM—Mrs. iLnfftng S. Lc^Biets, Steamer Laura Lee, Xew
Orleans; Mrs. W. W. Carre, New Orleans.
Maim- -Mrs. Edwin C. Bu: k ; i, Augusta; Mrs.H. M. N. iMvejl^Mu-tland. Alternates—Mrs. 9arah H. Dixby, Showhegan, Miss Helen M. Staples, 1 lanover. e Maryland—Mrs. William Reed,, fi&ltimotfit; Mrs. Alexander 1 hofnson, Mt. r	'dlf fik, J- Wilson* Jtetterson, 'Baltimore^ Mis 1.1 oise Roman
Cumberland.﻿HISTORY» F THE \»RLD’S' faïr.
170
Massachusetts—Mrs. Rufus S. Frost, Chelsea; hUy. J(H»s II. Fî»ch, Bay, View. Alternate	Palmer, Cambrîdg» Miss* Mary Crease
s &Î, Boston.
Michigan—Mrs. I liza I. Pendry Howes, Battle Creek; Mrs. Anteil, Ann Arbor. Alternates—Mrs. P^^Hs P. Burrows, Kalamazoo; Miss Anna M, Cuttpsod 1 > stroit.
■ ìimes^KlrVrances B. Clarke, St I^U; Mrs. H. Ï^^^^H,.Minft&|j|lîi9 Alternates—Mrs.	Minneapolis; Mrs. M. M. Williams, Little Palls.
Mississippi—Mrs. James \\ . 1 .ee, Aberdeen ;
Alternates—Mrs. Geo^^H. Buchanan,	Miss Marina Davis, Beau-
voir. ^
Missouri—Miss Phoebe \V. Couzins, LL.B., St Louis; Miss Lillian Mason Ki^^Hd. Alternates—Mrs.	Mrs. Ant^| L. Y.
mis, of
Montana—Mrs. Eliza^Bckari^H3u^^^^| Mrs. Clara L. McAdow, Helena. Alte^Hes—Mrs. Laura E.	MHin I). Cooper, B^BmaiijB
Nebraska-—Mrs. John S. B^^^J Omaha; Mrs. E. C. Langworthy, Seward. JAlter^Hs—Mrs. M. A. B. Martin, Beatrice; M^BLana A. Bates, Aurora.
^^Bvadc^^Hss Eliza M. Russell, Elko; Mrs. M. I). P'oley, Reno. Alterna;» -—Miss Mary E. Davies,
Xew Iampshire—hirs. B. F. Lathi. Lancaster; Mrs. Daniel Hall, Alternates—Mrs, P'rai^B PI. Danieli, P'ranklin Palls; Miss Ellen J. Coles, Lake
New Jersey—Miss Mary E. Busselle, Xewark; Mrs. Martha B. Steven-,, Hoboken. Alternates—Mrs. J as.	Xewark; Mrs. Amanda M. Smith,
Xew York—Mrs.	Xew	KWt^B
VanderLb. Vork. Alternat^B—Mrs. John Pope, Xew York City; Mrs. A. MP Palmer, Xew^^^^H
X< >i i:h Carolina—Mrs. George Wilson Kidder, Wilmington; Mrs.^narHfl Salisbury. Altc^^^^^^B-s. Sallie S. Cotton, Falkland; l^|s Virginia Stella Divine, \\ ihn: : 1 et on.
Xorth Dakota—Mrs. S. W. McLaughlin,	Forks; Mrs. W. D.
McConnell.	: Brown, Lisbon ;
Frances C. Holley.
Ohio—Mrs.	H^^^Hnd»; Mrs. Walter Hartpence, Harrison.
—Mrs. Harries baylor Upton, Warren; Mrs. Asa S. Bushnell, Spring-
field.
Oregon—Mrs. It. W. Allen, P^Bland , Mrs. M. Payton, Salem. Alternates —Mrs. Anna L. Riggs, Portland; Mrs. Ha^B E. Sladden, Eugene.
Peni^Bya^^^^^^^^^^^^B McCandless, Hay-, Pittsburg; Mr-. Harriet Anne L^fl Piiiladelphia. Alternates—Mrs.	Plumer. F'ranklin; Mrs. W.
EOjdkinM ’hiladelphia.﻿rimm,
MRS. POTTER PALMER,
PRESIDENT BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS.﻿


﻿HISTORAHSP THE WORLEßFAIR.
I71
Rhode Is(£|ld—Mrs. Aj&^| M. Starkweather, Pawtucket : Miss i narlotte Field I figgy, Providence. Alternstte^^^^H Geo. A. Mumford, Pawtucket; Loraine Pearce Bucklin, Providence.
Spittal Carolina—Miss F. Cunningham, Charleston; Mrs. Eller)- M. Brayton, Columbia. Alternates—Mrs. Clark Waring, Columbia; Miss Carrie Walhalla.
Dakota—Mrs.	R. Wilson,	Mrs. Helen Mortoli
Barker, Huron. Alternates—Mrs. Minnie Daniels, Watertown; Mrs. Marie J. kGSBcb Dead wood.
dHne^^^^ws. E a u r a C i 11 e s pie, Nashville; Mrs.	! laic. Cooke, Knox*
ville. Alternates—Mrs. Carrington Mason,
Knoxville.
d^—Mrs. Ida	Forth	Mrs.	A.^^^nran,
Dallas. Alternate—Mrs. Ka^^^^^^Hn McDaniel, Anderson.
, Ellen M. Chandler, POm^^H Mrs.	V.^Brin^Bl,
Burlington. Alternates-—Mrs. Minna G.
^■ ne. Groton.
r Virginia—Mrs. John Sergent Wise, Richmond ; Mrs. K. S. G. Paul, Harrison-burgh. Alternates—Mrs.	Dn-vey, Westerner; Miss Mattie P. Harris
StflH.v
Washington—Mrs. Melissa	Mrs. A	,
Spokane Falls.	Chauimey Wright Griggs, Tacoma; Miss Joseph-
ine I I. Stimson,
West^^^^Bia Mrs. W. Now t<^BLim l^ÄIartii^Burg; Miss Eily Irene Jack-sun, Parkersburg.	Mm. George W. X. Black, Hal^nvn; Miss AnnaM.
Mahan,
Wisconsin—Mrs. Flora FF^H Ginty, Chippewa	Mrs. \\ illiam P. Lynde,
Milwaukee.	nates—Mrs. Samuel	Ashland; Mrs. J. Montgomery
^^^^^PMirréral Point.
—Mrs. F. 11. 11arrisoli, lWanston; Mrs. P ranees E. Hale, Cheyenne. ytì^a^Pifep^Mrs. Elizabeth A. Stone, FAanston; Miss Gertrude M. Idun^^^Wi, Saratoga.
I.aiiv Maxagkrs from d l.Rritoriks.—A1 aska—Miss A. K. I )eianey, Juneau; Mrs. Alonzo E. Austin, Hka. .Alternates—Miss Maxwell Stevenson, Jew au; Mrs.
L<|napi^dérbi<^^Hka.
Arizona— Mrs. ddiomas J. Butler, Prescott,	1 aurettu Lovell, Tucson-
Alternates—Mrs. Geo. 1 Ioxworth, Flagstaff, Mrs. FI. J. Peto, I ombstone.
I F rane Fuse Albright, Albuquerque; Mrs. Edward L, Bartlett, Santa Pe. .Alternates—Miss .ucis^^^^^Hlbuqu^^^^RVllH I .ouise Dakin Campbell,
Oklahoma—Mrs. Marie P. Harmon Beeson, Reno; Mrs. GeaèVi^yèj Guthrie,	' Alternates—Mrs. Julia \\ allace, Oklahoma City ; Mrs.
iMaifà M'cNealvg 111thrie.﻿■
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
“vtafi^-Mrs. Thomas A. Whwc5TO£den; Mrs. Margare^ftitine Salisbury, Salt P&KC City. Alternates—M r-.Susie B. 1 Jiicry, Park (City; Miss Maggie Keogh, Salt Lake City.
Trom District of^^Bi.ump.ta.—Mrs. John A. Logan, WashinSnH Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, W^^^| t< n. Alternates—Mrs. ^■nma*.D&n~1¥^fl|ell, WadiiqH ton; Miss Emma C. Wimsatt, Washington.
Lady Maxaokks fkdm Chicago.—Mrs- Bertha M. Honored I’almerj Mrs. Solomon Thanl^^B Jr., Ri^^| Forest; Mrs. L. BrajUe? Sfeattuckjj Mrs. Jlames A. Mulligan. Frances Dickinson, M. I)., Mrs. M. R. M. W allace,
Myra B rad well, \ 1 rs. James R, Dooliu !e, Jr., M rs. Matilda B^Barsd/^'jftlte^B^fc-di Mrs. Sarah M. Hallowel, Mrs. C^^^| L. Dunlap, Mrs. W illiam Kino&il30 Mia Annie C. Meyi rs, Martha I I. Ten Eyck, Mrs. Margaret Isabelle Sahddf^Raveitfl wood, 111., Mrs. Leander Scone, Mr^Kien. A. L. Chetlain, Frances E. W^jjrd, Evanston, 111.
OIL PAINTING— LANDSCAPErrl'RAH SC8ROEDER, GERMANY-﻿HMORY OF TME ■■■■Ml
i73
CHAPTER III.
FORMAL OPENING OwHE WOMAN’S BUILDING.
Potter	Nail—A	the Golden
Hammer—A Beautiful Structure, the Completion of Which	an Accomplish-
ment of Which	the	a Part—Large Number
A Grand March Composed by a German Woman, Frau Ingeborg von Bronsart of Weimar—Prayer by I'^^Ha Hutton—Overture by Mbs Frances Elliott, of ^^^^^^E&g^^HReading of a Poem t^Hiss Flora Wilkinson—Remarks by Lady Aberdeen, Mrs. Be<Hd Fenwick,	the Princess Schachoffsky.

'dtæ&Jm
O EVENT of Exposition except the official opening produced r^^^n'ai^M)rt^n.n the formal ^^^^Hm.of the Woman’s Building, which took place on the afternoon of May 1. That tt^^Hning ceremonies of j^|i£ building should be held ^Hown main hall^As peculiarly appropriate. A long room, whose arches ud columns were decorated delicately in ~^Bte gold, whose walls were	ptjo-
ducts of nineteenth
what met the vision of those who entered for the first time. And this was not all. On the temporary platform ere!C^j<i at the west entrance were palms and potted plants, gracefully gr^li^h, while above it on either side were draped the commingled colors of Spain and	Palms, too, filled in the spaces between	north
south e^^H: the gal^w, from	rows of smiling faces looked on at the cere-
monies.
At AikHkIH Hall of HonHwas massed the great ^^^^^Fair which on thi^^^^^^H interpreted only the music of The ^^Bning space, ^Hn Mrs.	Palmer arose to open	was
filled	whose enthusiasm as it	of
gracious	of the Board of	Managers found vent
and a fluttering of whit^^^^dk^^^^H When some thoughtful individual \\ ell versed i» ibe art of delicate flattery took iH>n himself the ta^^Hre^wving from the nwtjorm tho.pftlins and the l»ig bunch of American beauty roses, behind which, wheiPlhefwas seated, she was half concealed, the dei^Hstr^fcn broke out newed vigor.- ‘
Mrs. Palmer presided at the Pennsylvania table, on which were placed a block of yew taken from the Washington S^Be Building^'nail, and CokrfjfcaO’s silver jewel box. On a	•iljbleftrf Mexican onyx ^AerHlt reposed the ham-﻿members oe the board of lad\ managers.
1. Mrs.
6.	Mns.
7.	Mrs.
12.	Mrs.
13.	Mrs.
Richard J. Oglesby,
Illinois.
JonasH. French,
Massach u.•Jetts.
Mary A. Hart,
Ohio.
1. J. Aestin,
Altiska.
Marie P. Harmon Beeson, Oklahoma.
2. Mrs. o. Mrs. 8. Mrs. 11. Mrs. 14. Mrs.
Frances Welles Shepard,
Illinois.
Kitts S. Frost,
Mass((ch usetts.
Walter IIartpence,
< >h i<>.
A. K. Delaney,
.-I I a ska.
Genevieve Guthrie,
Oklahoma.
3.	Miss Wilhei.mine Keit^,
Indiana.
4.	Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith,
Indiana.
9. Mrs. F. II. Harrison,
I Vy oming.
10. Mrs. Frances E. Hall,
Wyoming.
15. Mrs. J no. A. Logan,
District Columbia.﻿HISTORY OF THfUWLU’S FAIR.	175
mer in its leather case. Behind Sirs. Palmer was seated a	distinguished
women, Ihth foreign and American, wttt^mgay toilets hint a pleasing touch of color and bri4Enfcfe^mdhe*£s6£ftibiy. Among them were the' I Michess of Veragua and the fj^tt.^larta^^H’ilar Colon ^ftguielera, Mine. Mariotti, Lady Aberdeen, Mfs. Bedford Feianck, I;'rau Professor von Kasetowsky of G^Hly, I’riflc^^^Blary A. Schahovsky of Russia, Miss 1 Ida Leinden of Russia, M^^^Hom, Senora d’Oleiv-ria Austen of Brazil, Mrs. Dickens, the Duchess of	, Lady W^K, Miss
\\TMa#ye, Mrs. Robert Austen of Fnglam I. Lady Arnot, Miss Arnot, Miss Wei neri Mine- Meaulle of Austria,'Mrs. Linchee Suriya of Siam, Baroness Thornburg Rappe of Sweden, Mrs.-Refiner© of Mexico, Mrs. Johh G. Carlisle, Mrs. \V. K. Carlisle, Mila Leila I Ierbert, Mrs. George T. Werts of N(^B jersey. Mrs. ,^|ai T. Stevenson, Mrs. John P. Altgeld, MissTda C. llultin. Miss HilkinsonJ Mrs. John A. Logan, Miss Htepfine Minor,'.Mrs. Walter Q. Gresham, Ml ElUa Rickards, Mrs. Candace Wheeler, Mrs. Ralph Trautman, Mrs. Sarah S. C. Angeli and Mrs.	Merideth.
A grana march composed by Frau Ingeborg von Bronsart, of	Ger-
many,and rendered by Theodore Thomas’ men opened	-rcises. Miss IdaHut-
ton offered th^feayer, which was followed by a dramatic overture composed by Miss Frances KJJIicO££, of London, England. The following o^|was then read by Miss Flora Wflkhtton; daughter of W. E. Wilkinson, of Chicago Un^^mity:
From'the lovely land of Alhambra and out from the mists of the years,
Ret us summon a presence before us, as spirits are summoned by seers.
Behold, a woman is standing, the glitter of gems in her hands,
With far gazing eyes that are tamed toward the river of in^Hde lands.
Behold,^^^|y bending to heed a stranger’s appeal,
W^tb gift of grace and of godspeed, Isabella, the Qneen of Castile. k Let us join to man’s glory the woman’s,.the glory of faith and of deed,
That cheered brave mariner on in the day of his desperate need.
He, sailing, and sailing, and sailing into the sunset seas,
Little dreamed of the land that he sailed to, tl^w^e and the sad Genoese.
She, dreaming, and dreaming, and dreaming apart in her palace of Spain - Little dreamed of the future awaiting that land of the Western maio.
The future, a plant of God’s garden, unfolding hi beauty supreme nfa MOSSOSI into the splendor of this White City of dream.
Not as Quetta bat as umiliali Wf hail Isabella, and crown her to-day In these%flls that women have built and illdjnined with costly array.
Here, gravely let us be grateful, #S heirs of a generous past,
For the pleasures and powers and duties fallen to woman at
They have yielded to her their kingdoms, science, and letters, and art,
And still slim controls undisputed the realm of the home and the heart.
■ Mrs. Palnh^if isiojf for the purpose oi delivering her address \\4M the signal for aaBHÉBBP^rcSjppf applause. ^She said:
of Lady Managers» Ladies and Gentemen:	The
moment of fiwlion hgjj^rrived. Hope» for more than two years have gradually
﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD WjFAIR,
i;|
been gaining strength and definiteness have now bi^Bme realities. TbMafftoeExpo^ sition opens its gates. On	the formal opening tof the Woman’s
Burning the Board of Lady Managers is singularly fortunate in having the honor to .welcome- distiHiished olTu-ial représenta; ives of many of the able foreign committees and of the stale boards which Be so ^Bctively CO-opefated with it in $cl complishing the results now to^B disclosed to the world.
\Ye have tr^^^^^Bether a hitherto untrodden pa^| have been subjected lo tedious	and overshadowed by dark^^^^^^Hich threaten disaster to our
enterprise. We have been obliged to march with pe^^^^Hrings in our- hands-test hostile motives be ascrib^Bo us. Our burdens have been greatly lightened, however, by the	sympathy am^Bd u ich have reached us from women
part of the world, and which have proved and added incentive	inspira-
( Applause.]	of Avhich
is an im^^^^^|rec'^watior^^Hhe unity of human	notwithstanding differ-
ences of race, government, language, temperament and external conditions. The peop^Bf all civilized lands studying the same problems. Each success and each failure in t^Bng and de^^^^Hsw theories is valuable to whole world. Social and industri^^^^^^^^Bre paramount, and are receiving the th^fchtful consideration of statesmen, student^Holit^^^^^^Bîsts, humanitarians, employers hnd employed.
d^B lew- forward s^^H\hi^»ave been taken^Bni^^^^Has^^^nefeflith century-—the so-called aid inventH - nave promoted the general use of machinery and economic motive powers with ^B result of cheapened manufactured artfl clés, luit have not afford^Bhe relief to masses which
struggle for bread is as tierce as of old.	picture pre-
sented—overcrowded industrial cc^^Bs; lactories surrounded by den^B>opul^B» [of operatives; keen competition; many i^Bvidua^^^^^^^^Hase such strenuous efforHhat vitality is drain^^^^^B elfort to maintain life under conditions so uninviting and discouraging that it scarcely seems worth livii^B It is a grave r&HBLd| to mode^Hilightenment^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Koli^^Hof many of these problems than du^^^^^Bal days.
our ^^^^^Bwevcr, discuss these weighty questions except in ■(so far as they affcc^^^^^^Hensat^^^^^^^^^^^^^Earnei^^Bd more especially jjtlf&t paid to	and chi^Bn. Of ^Bxi^^^Borms^|injustice there is nogH so
kernel and inc^Bstent as is the posi^^^^f which women are placed with regard to nètf-maintena^^^^^^^H ignoring of their rights and responsibilities which has gone on for	^Bu- economic conditions are hard for men to meet, sub-
jected as theBe to theHnst^^^^BlinHut of the less expert and steady hands, it is evident that women, thrown upon	own	fright finiiBig-i
gle to endure^Bpecially as they ha-^BdvHs to contend against a public seigiment which discountenances their seeking industrial employment as a means of livelihood.
he theory w hich exists among conservati^Bpeople that the spheéajwf woman is her h<Hu—that it.is unfeminine, even monstrous for her to wish fÉftake a﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FjBk.
177
< place beside or cqiri|>€te with men inHe various lucrative industries—tells heavily f against her, for n\an tcturers and producers take advantage of it to dis^^He,her i work and Qtb$ain -her services for a nominal price, thus profiting largely by the oe-cessities and helplessness of Hir victim. That HmaHsh^Bd cling to respectable
■	occupations whifa^Birvin^^^Hdlowing them anil should refuse to yield to
r agement and despair shows a high quality of stead^^^Kss and ^|ncipl^H [ Applause.] These are the real heroines of life, whose handiwork we are proud to1 install in the^ExpHtio^^^^^^Bt has been pr^^^^Bnrf^^Hcs,^^^^B>ps and-’ studios liflder. the m^B adverse conditions and with tH most sublime patience and
■	endurance, f Ap| ) 1 a use.]
Men ot the fu^n and most chivalric type, who poetic theories about the sanctity of theh^^^^fl the refining, elevating influence of woman inHtheo-r*s inherited from the days of ronui^^Hincl chivalry, and which we ^Bh might i prevail forever—these men have a$^V many tinn.-s whether the Board of Lady Managers thinks it wel^^^^Hmote a sentiment which may t^H to destroy the : home by ^Bouragin^^^^^Btions for women which take them B of it. We feel, therefore, obliged tc^Bate in our opinion e^By woman who is presidin^Bvej: a? \ happy home is fulfillinj^^H highest and triHt function, and Huld not be lured k from it by tetn^Btio^floffered by factori^^^B studios. Would that t^fl eyes of t^e^is idealists could be thoroughly opened that they inig^Bsee, not the fortunate* I few of a fav^Bd claiHwith whom they possibly are in daily contact, but the geiK eral status of the ^^^^Hsurli^Bh^Bghout the world and the relation to it of wo*
| men. They might be ^Bmished to learn that theBtdkkfl under which the vast iMjonfy-Qf the “gentler sex” are living are not so ideal as they assume; that eack is not “dwelling in a home of which she- is ^B queen, with a manly and a loving i a^n to shield her from rang^Bontact with life.”	the impossibility of
reconciling their tlu ofi^^^^H the Mera facts, th^^^Bfht possibly consent to-fof^ give the offense < >f widows with depew lent children and of waves of druiHirdHnd criminals who so far forget the high standard established lor them as	to
earn for tfihmselv^fldailv bread,.lacking which t hey must perish. ( Great Applause. | ThtBfeife-s:ty for their work under pres&l^^^^Hm^^^^^Hvident and too urgent t»i^auesti^^^H \ must work or they must st^^^J Women every large numbers are actively engaged in th^Btwest and most degrading industrial \ occupations, lal»oiriflg mainly as underpaid drudges, to the great profit of manufacturers and producers.
< <1,- tfaer< fore, to turn from the Hdm of fi^Bo meet and deal \^|dB«9ti9g. facts. The	a Just a nd general apprec^Bion of the truth
c(|hJB|&gitnfi position ami status of women li.is caused us to call special attention to itH[nd td^make«a^Bnt of a^^^Bing to create, by means oi i he 1.^position, a well-defined public sentiment in rega to	rights and duties, and the proprie-
ty of tlBa%b<^>ming not dfiljtfeelf-iupporting, but aide to assist in maintaining their, families	[Applause.] We hope that the Statistic* which the 3<gptrd
of Lady Mau|Bis has	earnestly attempting to secure, may give a correct
idea of the number of women—not only those without natural prottetors, or those﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
17S
thrown suddenly upon their own resources, but theFsnumber of wives of mechanics, laborers, artists, artisans and workmen of every degree—who are forced to work shoulder to shoulder with their husbands hi order to maintain the family.
There"are two classes of the community who wish to restrain women from actual participation in the business of 1 hi ■ world, and each gi<HÉI, apparently, very strong reasons in support of its views. These are, iirst, the idealists, who hold the opinion already mentioned that woman should be tenderly guarded and cherished within the sacred precincts of the home, which alone is her sphere of aftion; and, second, certain political economists, with whom may be ranged most of the men engaged in the profitable pursuit of the industries of the world, who object to the competition that would result from the participation of women, because they claim that it would reduce the general scale of wages paid and lessen the earning power of men, who require their present income to maintain tlifeir families. Plausible as these tlvories are we cannot accept them without pausing to inquire what then would be come of all women but the very few who have independent fortunes] or are the happy wives of men able and willing to support them? The interests of probably three-fourths of the women in the world would be sacrificed. Are they to be allowed to starve, or to rush to self-destruction? If not permitted to work, what course is open to them?
Our oriental neighbors have seen the logic of the situation far more clearly than we, and have been consistent enough to meet it without shrinking from heroic measures when necessary. The question is happily solved in some countries by.the practice of polygamy, which allows every man to maintain as many wives as his means permits. In others, etiquette requires that a newly made widow be burned on the funeral pyre with her husband’s body, while the Chinese take the precaution to drown surplus female children. [Murmurs of indignation.] It would seem that any of these methods is more logical and less cruel than the system we pursue of permitting the entire female population to live, but making it impossible for those born to poverty to maintain themselves in comfort, because they are hampered by a caste feeling almost as strong as that ruling India, which will not permit them to work on equal terms with men. [Applause.] These unhappy members of an inferior class must be content to remain in penury, living on the crumbs that fall from tables spread for those of another and higher caste. This relative position has been exacted on the one side, accepted on the other. It has been considered by each an inexorable law.
We shrink with horror from the unjust treatment of child widows and other unfortunates on the opposite side of the globe, but our own follies and inconsistencies are too close to our eyes for us to see them in proper perspective. Sentimentalists should have reduced their theories to set terms and applied them. They have had ample time and opportunity to provide means by which helpless women could be cherished, protected and removed from the storm and stress of life. Women could have asked nothing better. We have no respect for a theory which touches only the favored few who do not need its protection, and leaves unaided the great mass it has assisted to push into the mire. [Applause.] Talk﻿HB'mIRY-OF THE WORLD’S FAlf?
179
notjfjyf it, ^^^Bfore, until Ban be uttered only	drawin^^^^^Hbin
also in fect^^^^Bd workshops withH a blush of
inefficiency.
But the sentimentalist again exclaims: “Would have woman step down from her pedestal in order ^Hnter practical life? ” Yes! A thousand tii^^^^l [Applause.] If we	a careful search, any women mounted upon
pedestals,	ask them to step < h>wn—[ laughter and applause]— in
«R that they may^^H and help tHipl^Bhe^^^^^^B Freedom anc^^^^lfo’r ^ Ipfc infinitely more to be ^Rirt^^^^^HlesHs for a few. I beg leave to state tfrat personally I am no^^^^Hrcr in the pedestal theory—[laughter [ -never having Ian actual example of it, and that I always suspect the motives of any one advancing it. It does not represent the natural and line relation between husband and wife (HptBn friends.	by	supplementing and assisting	of the other, ^fn naturally cherish hi^^^^^^B
womanhood,	and	ideas will
the human race	striving to preserve and protect them. [Ap-
| piause. ]
good	in
1 order	whose duty it is to maintain women
aBfich^^^^Hhen by all the laws of justice and equity, j vided for by their natural protectors, and if deprived of them should become wards the and be maintain^^^^Bnor and comfort. The acceptance of even this doctrine H tardy justice would no^^^^^^B I feel sure, be	by
1 \$0n&l^^^^^Ray who, having had a taste of independence, will never willingly relinquish it. Hpplau^fl, They have no	helplos and dependent.
FfSrftiig1 the full use of their facul^K they	them,
tirely in conformity ^Kh the trend of modern	in th^Hirectidn of
p establishing pr^^^^^^^^Hfor	individuality and the ri^^^^^Klf-^^^^^B
ment. Our highest aim now is	find happiness in the full and'
healthy exercise of the gifts bestowed by a generous nature. Ignorance i^Bx~ pensive and	We cannot afford to lose the reserve power
d? anyH1: \ idual. [Great applause] .
We advocate, therefore, the thorough educat ai~^B raining of w omen to [. fit her to meet whatever fate life may bring, not only to prepare her for the factory and w orksh^B f°r the professions and arts,	all else, to
[ prepare	[Applause ;. It is for thi^^^^^^Best
field of ^Bna^^Kort, that the broadest t^Bniilg and ^Hat^f preparation are rll|^mfed; The illogical, extravagant, whimsical, unthrifty mother and housekeeper i belongs to the	place in our present era of enlightenment.
too elaborate, no amount^» knowledge and culture too requirements of the wile and mother in dHin^Bith the interests committed to her hands. [ Applause |. Realizing that women .can never hope to recfeiva*i;he proper recompense for he^^^^^B3 until her usefulness
12﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
180
and success are not only demonstrated but fully understood and acknowledged, we have taken advantage of the opportunity presented by the exposition to bring together such evidences of her skill in the various industries, arts and professions as may convince the world that ability is not a matter of sex. Urged by necessity, she has shown that her powers are the same as her brothers’ and that like encouragement and fostering care may develop her to an equal point of usefulness.
The board does not wish to be understood as placing an extravagant or sentimental value upon the work of any woman because of her sex. It willingly acknowledges that the industries, arts and commerce of the world have been for centuries in the hands of men who have carefully trained themselves for the re-^onsibilities devolving upon them, and who have, consequently, without question, contributed vastly more than women to the valuable thought, research, invention, science, art and literature, which have become the rich heritage of the human race-Notwithstanding their disadvantages, however, a few gifted women have made their value felt and have rendered exceptional service to the cause of humanity.
The fact that the woman’s building is so small that it can hold only a little of the beautiful objects offered has been a great disadvantage. The character of the exhibits and the high standard attained by most of them serve, therefore, only as an index of the quality and range of the material from which we have drawn. When our invitation asking co-operation was sent to foreign lands the commissioners already appointed generally ygmiled doubtfully and explained that their women were doing nothing, that they would not feel inclined to help us, and, in many cases, stated that it was not the custom of their country for women to take part in any public effort; that they only attended to social duties. But as soon as these ladies received our message, sent in a brief and formal letter, the freemasonry among women proved to be such that they needed no explanation; they understood at once the possibilities. Strong committees were immediately formed of women having large hearts and brains, women who cannot selfishly enjoy the ease of their own lives without giving a thought to their helpless and wretched sisters.
Our unbounded thanks are due to the exalted and influential personages who became, in their respective countries, patronessess and leaders of the movement inaugurated by us to represent what women are doing. They entered with appreciation into our work for the Exposition because they saw an opportunity, which they gracefully and delicately veiled behind the magnificent laces forming the central objects in their superb collections, to aid their women by opening new markets for their wares. This was the earnest purpose of their majesties, the Empress of Russia and the Queen of Italy, both so noted for the progressive spirit they have displayed in promoting the welfare of the women under their kindly rule. They have sent large collections of the work of peasant women through organizations which exist under their patronage for selling their handiwork. The collection of her personal laces sent by Queen Margherita is one of the most notable features of the Exposition.
The committee of Belgian ladies was kind enough to take special pains to comply with our request for statistics concerning the industries and condition of﻿MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS.
1. Mrs. Mary Kinder,
Delaware.
6.	Mrs. Clara L. McAdow,
Montana.
7.	Mrs. S. W. McLaughlin,
North Dakota.
12.	Mrs. Mary A. Cochran,
Texas.
13.	Mrs. Jno. S. Wise,
Virginia■.
2. Mrs. J. Frank Ball,
Delaware.
5. Mrs. J. Eliza Rickards,
Montana.
8. Mrs. W. B. McConnell,
North Daknta.
11. Mrs. Ida Loving Turner,
Texas.
14. Mrs. K. S. G. Paul,
Virginia.
3.	Mrs. Eliza J. P. Howes,
Michigan.
4.	Mrs. Sarah S. C. Angell,
Michigan.
9. Mrs. Jno. II. Wilson,
South Dakota.
10. Mrs. H. M. Barker,
South Dakota.
15. Mrs. E. C. Langworthy,
Nebraska.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR.
1S2
women, notwithstanding the fact that the collection of statistics is not in Europe so popular as with us. It has sent complete reports, very attractively prepared, in the form of monographs and charts, giving details which have been secured only by great personal effort. These figures have never before been obtained in that country, and the committee itself is surprised at the great amount of novel and valuable information it has succeeded in presenting.
Her Majesty, the Queen of England, has kindly sent an exhibit of the work of her own hands, with the message that, while she usually feels no interest in expositions, she gives this special token of sympathy with the work of the Board of Lady Managers because of its efforts for women. [Applause.] That the English Committee has included in its exhibit and in its catalogue a plea for the higher education of women is in itself a significant fact.
Her Majesty, the Queen Regent of Spain, has kindly sent some relics of a former ruler whose name is so closely associated with that of the discoverer of our continent. [Applaus^H
The orient has not been behind in its efforts to co-operate with us, although it has succeeded in doing so only on a limited scale and in many cases unofficially. We have received the most pathetic letters from those countries, in which women are only beginning to learn that there is a fuller development and a higher liberty of action permitted their sex elsewhere. Japan, under the guidance of its liberal and intelligent Empress, has promptly and cordially promoted_ our plans. Her Majesty, the Queen of Siam, has sent a special delegate with directions that she put herself under our leadership and learn what industrial and educational advantages are open to women in other countries, so that Siam may adopt such measures as will elevatBthe condition of her wBmen. j Great applause.^H
The Exposition will thus benefit women, not alone by means of the material objects brought together, but therB will be a more lasting and permanent result through the interchange of thBught and sympathy from influential and leading women of all countries. ikBy, for the first time, working together with a common purpose and an Bstabhshed meanBof communication. Government recognition and sanction give to thfte committees of women official charBcter and dignity. Their work has b«n magnificently successful and the reports which will be made of the conditions foBnd toBxist will be pl^Hd on Bcord, aBpublic documents, among the archives of every country. Realizing the needs and responsibilities of the hour, and that this will l^BthAfirst official utterance of women in behalf of women, we shall weigh well our words, words which should be so judicious and convincing that hereafter they may be treasured among the happy influences which made possible new and t otter conditions. We rejoice in the possession of this beautiful building, in which we meet to-day. in its delicacy, symmetry and strength. [Applause.] \\ e honor our architect—
[Mrs. Palmer was here interrupted by a spontaneous outburst of applause, the lady managers anti their friends vying with the men present to see who could applaud the loudest. Mrs. Palmer smiled pleasantly and, dropping her manuscript, joinpd heartily in swelling the applause of the assemblage. She then continued:]﻿SBSrORY OF THE WORLD’S TAUT
m
We honor our arehiteèts and the artists who ha\^Hen not only their hands but their hearts and their genius to its decoration. bB^^^Bme^^^^^^Bpart big the world have been exerting their effor^Band talents; for it looms have wrought BShpif^^le^^B fabrics, the needle has Hashed in th^^^^^^^^^^^^^Bider tropical suns, the lace-maker has bent over her cushion weaving her n^^^Btful web, the brush and chisel	to the visions
haunting the ^n.in of the artist—all have wrought '^Bh the thought of making
We thank all
The eloquent
sition buildings ^Hiumanit^B We now dedicate the woman’s building to an eleva-womanhood— [Applause]-—knowing that by so doing we shall best serve the
; At the	of Mrs. Palmer, t^^By managers arose
ancLexip^^^Bd their	the President bf
their
Germany’s representative, Mrs.^^^^^Brsky, gave a ^B>rt description of exP^Hn her country under her charge, which ^^Bof the largest in the woman!
Princess Schachoffsky, commissioner from^Ha, then spoke as follows: i MrS. President and Ladies:—I begin by asking your indulgence. The Hpht knowledge I have'of the English	I am obliged to use the£
very first time I address any audience, m^^Bit still m^^^^H:ul^^BintBuìatÌft$£ when thBmdBicc^^^^^Bl have before me—so numerous and consisting X)f all thet^Hityg and representative women of	the world H
known by her prominent women. I wish to tell ^Bi that, though so very far away, B have many sympathisers in common, and tl^^Bmen in Rt^aa through me to Stretch and ^^Bha^^^^B their American sisters. All tho^Bhat I met offered me al^^^B:*rmat i o n they could give concerning our ^Hn and theip work in all departments, which, thc^^BiotBnume^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hvery wide OneB the widest is to find profitable employment for th^^Bsant last few years several indu^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^fwith much ' by many of the	our lan^Bi proprietors and landowners. S^Bpl^B)f
you wil^^Bn our section of ^^^^Bnen’s building, which, unfortunately I not yet re^Bnd I hope j^^^Bll be pleased with
It is not t^^Biment and I do	equal to the task of ^Kng even a faint
^Bh&of all that i^Big done by ^B- women, but some things and names I must mention. Thè highclass^^Hcation having been open Bthem since 1872, more than MC|p Won^B d<^^B are doing a lovely mission all thr^Bjh the country, and iBfTpnn 1 urn that 15,000,Odo Mohamedans form in the	our population,
*p that 7,500,000 women are entirely i^^Bt on their own sex for medical help, ncHraballowed to B men, you will understand what a boon a woman doctor is in ouKb&utfify. .﻿184
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
Princess Schachoffsky had to rise and bow again and again in response to the applause that followed her address. Then came one of the most pleasant incidents of the occasion. Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, the vice-president from New York, and chairman of the committee on federal legislation, suddenly advanced to where'Mrs. Palmer was sitting. She addressed the president in praise of her work, and, referring to her as the queen of fame, presented her with a silver laurel wreath.
“ This is our crowning day of glory,” Mrs Trautmann said. “ When we grow old may we look back to this occasion with a pride that can never diminish.”
The two women then arose and clasped hands, while every lady manager and everybody else stood up on their chairs in impressive silence. The effect was heightened by Mrs. Trautmann presenting Mrs. Candace Wheeler, director of the building, and Mrs. MacMonnies, the artist, to the audience.
The final number of the programme had been reached, and Mrs. Rickards, of Montana, made her way to the stage to present the golden nail to Mrs. Palmer, Her address was read so distinctly as to reach all parts of the big hall. It was graceful and eloquent, fully meeting the demands of the occasion. As she handed the shining nail to Mrs. Palmer a cheer broke forth. It was a trying moment to Mrs. Palmer. She took the nail and looked at it rather doubtfully, while a smile came over her face. With a few words of acceptance, she referred laughingly to the new role in which she was about to appear. Everybody was wondering whether Mrs. Palmer was going to hit her fingers with the glittering silver hammer, that she took from a piush covered case. Anxiety was pictured on the faces of hundreds of women who watched with absorbing interest. An oblong block of wood lay on the table in front of Mrs. Palmer that had been contributed by the women of Washington. Everybody knew without being told that that block was going to receive the nail if Mrs Palmer succeeded in hitting it on the head every time. As she placed the point of the nail on the block, Mrs Palmer paused to look trium-: phantly at the audience. She raised the hammer aloft, and with a smile let it fall on the yellow head of the nail. It sank to a suspicious depth in the block at the first blow. Then, while the lady managers waved their handkerchiefs and everybody else applauded after her own fashion, Mrs. Palmer dealt blow after blow until the nail had been driven its full length.
Theodore Thomas waved his baton once more and the entire audience joined in singing “ America.” With the pronouncing of the benediction the ) ceremonies came to a close.
Theodore Thomas waved his baton at his singers ,and players and the “ JubilateB by Mrs. H. H. A. Beach, of Boston, filled the building with waves of melody that drowned the sound of clapping hands. The presentation of a flag of American silk which was carried at the head of the procession to Jackson Park during the ceremonies of October, 1892, was then made by G. W. Knapp. When he concluded his speech he presented Mrs. Palmer with a piece of fringe cut from the flag with a pair of souvenir scissors. The scissors were presented to Mrs. Palmer by Mrs. Sol Thatcher, one of the lady managers of Chicago, with the following address:﻿HISTORY OF THE WORK??FAIR.
185
Mme. President:—I have the honor ^»resent to you tl^^Her scissors with wla^ch the souvenir w^^Ht from	These scissors, though of
be^fjpOi workmanship and purest silver, are most cel^^Hd for thei^^Hpeal qualities. The>^Bm^^Hi	frtHthe land of the astrologer and the
It is said that the h^fcy po-^essor of this talisman need never
entanglement.
The addr^Jes^^^H distinguished women fcHgn lands were orfe.of the most interesting features of the exen m m The Duches-, of Yeragua presented her c^Bp4im(^Band excuses to the audience thr^^H Mrs. Palmer, not having a sumcijerit comman« the English language to make herself ^^Bstood. As she afBt apd bowed she was greeted with great applause.	Brazza, of
sickness in her family and MrH Mariotti acted as her fepres^^^^^^^He spoke in	told of her
distinguished kinsA^^Hn’s efforts to elevate the condition of Italian women. Mmcj? Mariotti also related	possible: for the women o^^^^^^Hake an
exHpit for the	at a foreign exposition.
Mrs. Bedford	commissioner from England, made an i^^^Bting
address, largely	conditions prrv;iBig amon^ the women of
her country and also gave an account	exhibit in the
Lady Aberdeen had	<0 well known^^^^Hh her former v^K to
Chicago,	that
by th^Bud^^^^Hth a warmth almos^^^Ror^^Htd as that which marked Mrs-Palmer’s reception. It i^^^^^^Hpliment of the most graceful description, the noted woman showed unmistakable signs of appreciation.
to be a ^^^nor^Hy Aberdeen said, “ to take part then ceremonies, to which all the women of tl^Buviliz^B world have We hav^^^Hrl from Mrs. Palmer what we hope rea^^^B I take it that one of thief objects of Is friendly emul^^H among women Hto show how much their countries. I am r^^Hi this conclusion iHm proud t<>] stand here as the representative of the two countries in whi^^^^Hn nationality— and^^Bnd.” Lady	alluded in gl^Bng terms to laces
and said that much goodp
was exp< Tt:	to come out of the opportunity afforded	them	world.﻿
iai’
*0

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS.
1. Miss 4. Mbs. 7. Miss 10. Miss 13. Mrs.
II. T. Hundley,
Alabama. Hollin A. Edgerton,
A rka nsas.
Francis S. Ives,
Connecticut.
Ora E. Miller,
loica.
Francis B. Clarke,
Minnesota.
2. Mrs. Anna M. Fosdick,
Alabama.
5. Mrs. R. J. Coleman,
Colorado.
8. Mrs. Isabella B. Hooker,
Connecticut.
11. Mrs. E. C. Burleigh,
Maine.
14. Mrs. H. F. Brown,
M innesota.
3. Mrs. James P. Eagle,
A rkansas.
6. Mrs. Susan R. Ashley,
Colorado.
9. Mrs. Whiting S. Clark,
Iowa.
12. Mrs. L. M. N. Stevens,
Maine.
15. Mrs. John S. Briggs,
Nebraska.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLE^Bt\IR.
187
CHAPTER
IV.
OTHER FEATURES OF THE WOMAN’S BUILDING.
illustrated English Hospital	of the Ni^k Displayed to Advantage -Even the
Demonstration of Intense Suffet^^^^Hs Of Great Interest—Surgical Instruments Used by Nurses—Opal Glassies Used for Meaa^ng Medicines—Display of Infants’ Hygienic Cl^wig— Models of Nones—The Dainty Dieta^Kect^^HiOwns and Caps of the	Thomas
1^	tnd Arabian Nurses in Nwsleg and Holiday Attire—Miss .HArsdet^BModel Siberian
Leper ViXlg£—'Wfcat a Denver	Do Illustrated—Work of Narijoe Indian Women
—Work of East Indian Women.	Lectures
Examples in Cooking.
Zs
O room in tt^^Woman’s Building is attracting more attention than that in which the Brit^l nursery exhibit is	This is under the control of t^B British
royal commission, under t^^^^HlencyHMrs. Bedford Fenwick, who is herself a practical and prof^Bonal nurse. Th^^^Hbit is in charge of Mrs.	one
tim^Hne of Her Majesty’s nurses. Mrs. Bond has, for rendered in her profe^Bn, been the of four me^Bs, not^Jably that of Royal Red C^^Hconferred by Queen Victoria. HheHhibit is disked into ^fttions and is plac^fin large glass cases against the walls.	first section is devoted to sp^Haej^^^nU sorts
ofBbthafes-^d basda^eSfUsed in binding woonHand in hospital-	The
bandwjU# are of all m^^Bls, from' gauze to oil silk, and are in infiHe variety. A model of a rack for holding bandages is in thi^^^^Hioft. Below are the sur-J gical instruments used by nurses in their profession, including ^frything from a cambric needle to tyringtis and cftS^B)f scissors. Eve^^Ht of ^Brmon^^Mfrom the wall thermoirtetW to that used for t^Bng children’s food is herB Particularly interesting are glanseHor measuring me^^K, made of Hd glass. 'These are in-tended for use in a dim light find are a. great	con-
tains a set of crockery tp be used in typlBi cases, consisting of all the parapl^rtl nalia of the sickyoom. Each piece is marked typhoid and the use of it is considered necessary in order to iyoid coOftagioh.
The second *tcHn i^BeVoted to hygieB clothing designed by Miss Franks, of London, the different articlesT»eing sUdi as are worn fey British prof^Bonal nurses and-By^eih^ybpmirfeended to their patiersfcfc Of course all articles displayed in this secfijti are forj^derweat, ind:!ct»nsiit,^st flannel undergarment veffinjated corsets for summer wear and knitpnes for winter, stockings and thfehygienic shoe﻿OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
188
invented by Mrs. Fenwick. This shoe is adand is modeled onHgFhtttnan foot It i^^Hventilated, has steel springs over the inB^Hnd a rubber heel, rendering it perfectly n^^^^^Vhe EH:kaHck&mg|§lipper attract! the attention of most women, promising aHt does relief from th^t^D^jSt^bla garter. The H>p€^^^^Hjusted as	no vein, and thus pêrffiflj comfort
anl^perMt	Infants’ hygienic clothing is also displayed, and
here .-tl^^^^^Besthe tiny inner - bimttKo the o u tside robe.
The next section is devoted to splints, padded vat^^Hma&èripïl^&nd di derent baskets and bags used by nurses. The first to attract a^^Hon^ Fenwick’s ward basket, w^^h is stocked with everything in	use by nurses
mid the wonder is how so much can be packed in so small Rspace.t4.Noqjjng is LAig, There is the boxwood powder box, t^^Httle for rectified spint? incased Sn boxwood, brush, comb, nail brush, t^fth brush, whisk broom and duster. The bag1 used by the Queen Victoria jubilee nurses in ^^^vk among thepopr JjHlsoj On exhibitiH and iHike the \^^^^Rtet, very complete in	contain
ing nearly one	toilet aikicljR
it contains necessary articles for sick, antiseptics, etc.
pitiful section is that in wh^^Hll models a^^Ho depict children in all Here a maternity nurse in pure white f^^^Kn her pibtnflrly arms an infant in long robes. On a steel lent bedstead lies a littl^nie
rgone the operation of tracheot<any. ->ide the bed stands the steel steamer which furnishes the warm air she breathes through	On
another^^^^^Hde under three years of^^Hlung for fracture of femur, for exter^^^! Special clothing	the
Fchest.	is, too, the mi >del of a child suffering with hip disease, limbs extended
jjgy means of the Bryant splint, and the	child convalescent and lying on a flat
clothed in fl^^^^^^^Bther little one in	garm^^^Hinthe arms’*
of	for an operation.
Ano^^^^Hibi^B hich appeals strongly to the heart of philantf^Bds^! the model of Kate Marsden's Siberian leper village. IV^^Hïarsdenis a profes-sional nurse of the order of the Red Cross, an English girl whose heart was moved for^^^^^^^^^^^Hth^^^^^^^^^^|onely^^^^H)f the forests of ^^^Bia. Of her own	mission which has become her life-
work,	of adventures, whether by land
found	was haigt been
She traveled 7,000	on horseback. Êvj^BifeRhe
reached her	her search for the unfortunates was long and tedious,
but at last^^Hound them, in the heart of the	mud huts, in
the deepe^^Rradat^^Rd despair. Her^^^^R for help t<^^^^^RfréT5|art of her	reached	of the	They are
n lade ring her assistance. In Ri^ki and Siberia raised money enough to erect tenb^Ct^^^^^^Hoft^Br the leper^Bndshe.is now in A^^Hat for the purpose of raising	to complete her plans. She is at present in﻿HISTORY O F ‘TnWvV O R L D ’ S FAIjB
189
Chicago, and	time be found in	The ex^^H at the
Fair corfctsts of photographs and autograph letters, and	village,
rather leper $ta^Bn,, which stands in northeast portion of province 6f Takulsh. There are two immer^^^^Hital buildings fc^^^^Bejpf those utterly incapacitated for wo^^Hrrour^^Hby a village of smaller houses, w»e leper families can	possible for	to doa
The villag^^^^^B located on a river,	of it is a lake. The	as
well as the	lived when found—is faithfully
^Htp d uced in the model.
The women of	three interesting exhibits. Th^^H is tttel
model of t^Wur^^^^^^^^^HMi^Eolemari^^^^Ht of	co-operative
has been	on t^^Han as a
dlllut^B of servat^^^^^^^^Hi. Her design provides for forty-four bottles, which will ^^Hfrom four to twelve rooms each, and will	from
one	They are to cover one block in Den-^B. The
hojpes will be occupied by the stockholders and	will hav^B kitchen. s-l»it
in B6e inclosure formed by the hou^^^all be	and common	with thirty-four tables, each ^ntit^^^K persons. A common
ia&nc^B a boiler and engine-room, and an electric-light plant are provided. Tlfl families who occupy	this community	competent
^Bftard and buy their	in common at	prices. F^Bt-class dboks
will be	meals will served either in	dining-rooms in
private	.' These houses will be of marble,	as possible fire-
proof. The mp^B, which is on exhibition, is made of plaster of paris.
A'tj^^Hnd^^Hmens^B Colorado wild	scientifically arran^Brby
Miss Lanning, represent	the St^^^^Ha.
Many interesti^^^^ftn collections have l^^^^^^^^ffrom the Nawso who live on the reservation	part of Colorado. The alCogRB
the southwest stair landing has been o^^^^^^|with the blankets woven offl these Indianwomen. Two Indian women from the ^^^^Htrit^^^^^^Hankets in thi$ boothbright re<Han^B>f different	Indian
shiel^fcnd drums, made of de’coratet^Bdns, jewelry, beaded work, belts, bc^B and arrows, and basHt wor^Bre shown in ^^Hxhibit. A bust Hth^^Hian Chief the Southern Utes, carved from sandstone by Miss IN^^^^Hf Denver, placeHt the	A pair of locked antlers hang just over
entraacM These were loaned by Mrs. £. B. Harper of Durango. The arrangement of the exftHt has been directed by Miss Laura B. Marsh of Dei^Br, who has gfljS ceeded in bringing into prommenoe the work of the Indi^^^H
The exhibit in the British section is very int^^^^^^H^ecially the loan collection of articles brought from India and	much of the work
can iWreMteHpliHerf* The articles h^^Heei^Bathered by British repre^na-tives in that domain, and the loan is ma^no illustrate the art of^^^^Hvork, centuries old,fljfHe Indian #omeft$﻿
MEMBERS OF
1. Mrs. Edward L. Bartlett,	2.
New Mexico.
6.	Mrs. A. C. Jackson,	5.
Kentucky.
7.	Mrs. Anna E. M. Farnc.m,	8.
Idaho.
12.	Mrs. Mary E. McCandless,	11.
Pennsylvania.
13.	Miss Mary É. Bcsselle,	14.
New Jersey.
THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS.
Mrs. Thos. A. Whelan, Utah.
Mrs. Jennie S. Mitchell, Kansas.
Mrs. Maby C. Bell, Florida.
Mrs. E. W. Allen,
Oregon.
Mrs. M. D. Foley,
Nevada.
3.	Mrs. T. J. Bctler,
Arizona.
4.	Mbs. Alex. Thomson,
Maryland.
9. Mbs. Chas. H. Olmstead, Georgia.
10. Mrs. PARTnENiA P. Rce, California.
15. Miss Ch arlotte Field Dailby, Rhode Island.﻿■story of the \BmEdHfair.
191
Mr. «!p£r»B»]d Constable loans specimens of vai^KjFki nd s Beardrbps' made and worn by women in Peshawar. The^Lre called phumni Bilk and fl&l tas-sels) and are made out	the
floss	embroidery. He: al^^endi^B bourkha, or wrapper, uflbj^Ham-
medan women of I^uiawai^nie^^^mg through the streets to visit their friend^* English long-cloth embroidered with yellow Indian	white
ten thread embroidery.	made and embroidered b^^nvif^ '0f
a member of an old Pathan family in Pesha’^B*; a bodice embroidered and worn by Hind.U women at Sukkur on the	four	the
the inside of sole of	pieces of embroidered Peshawar leather
w , intended for a bag.
Lady Bayley loans ^^^Banni silk embroidery on	cloth, worked by
Piflpbi women; a piece of red tartan cloth woven by th^^^^Bn of a Burmese ffiMr (Fakiahs) in Upper Assam, notable for tartan pattern; red silk embroidered borders woven expressly for the Ma^Bur DurbatHnd given a^^^|s on state
There is a Toda cloth and bag made by th^^^^H. a race of people who B the Ni 1 argiris Mountains They have inhabited the hills of Southern
i^^Bn li^H a position in t^|fai^|y quite unlike what is ordinarily tf^^^^^^Boricntal nations. Th^^^^Breated with respect and are permitted much freedom. T^^^^^Biber does	This
1 Carmichael, who^^^^^^^^Bck^^^^^^Hch^^Bork-ed by twO Mohammedan girls, 8 years of age, in tin: Hobart School at Madrasi a wedding cloth worn b^Bit and Baishnava women, woven and embroidered by them. The	>roidered.	\ ears’time was required
to gfake’ the cloth, and it is onl}r worn on a wedding day.
Then there i^B piece of embroidery worked by tin Princess of a red cloth	the Shishadar (looking-glass ) embroidered in cream,
yellow, and	in tBPunjni >—small, circular, slightly
convex mirrors being sewn th^^^^Bi. It was loaned by Lad^^B.11.
A scarf woven by a Tipperah woman, of the aboriginal tribe of the Hill of rTipp^r^ili, is sent by T^^^Bangu^^^^^^B an^^^Bmese lady’s dress woven by w<l men, a Nekhala skirt, a Rheiha	and an Artria overshawl, a bask^Bfbam-
boo made by	tabling models of fruit made and'
colored by Bengalese women;	molds	making of sweetmeats»
two of clay aBtwo in s^|e; a model of a peB and precious stone ne^Bafce.
In the collection	by a widow of Dacca and Bensfa
res S&ree with silver embroidery d(^B by women^^^Blenares; a Parsee boy’s dress made by the s^^^^BSir Famsetjee Feejeeboy and presented by hgifjjQ Mrs. Arthur ^^Bant; a (Mohammedan boy’s dress ^^Be by the Padshah	of the first Sir ^^B Fung Bahadur; a tablecloth worked
in embroidery by a lady of^Bhera in Shahpure and the Indian Phulkari, od looking-glass worked by an attendant in tlBlio^^^^^^H Bahadur Bakshi Ram Siilfoh. of Rawalpindi, Punjab.﻿IQ2
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
A whole day or an entire week may be spent entertainingly in the Woman’s Building, and then one-hundredth part only could be faithfully seen and studied. In the grand halls, are paintings of American, French, German, Italian, Spanish and other nations, which would make a fine gallery in itself. And, there are tapestries, laces and embroideries, that would measure more miles than there are between Chicago and Milwaukee. A special feature for a long time were the lectures on, and examples in, cooking, by Mrs. S. T. Roger, of Philadelphia. It will be a long time before such an aggregation of woman’s work, as may now be seen in the Woman’s Buiiding, can be gathered from all parts of the world again.
MARBLE STATUE “SPRING”—MME. L. CONTAN, FRANCE.﻿HISTOR\^WTHE WORLEfS, FAIR.
^93
■:hapter V.
THE CHILDREN’S BUILDING.
The Prettiest Plajji^K and Nursery Ever Constructed—Panels Containing the “Sleeping Beauty in the Wood”—“Silverhair and the Bears”—Rosy Cherubs and	-Sweet and Wise
Sayings on fhfe Walls—“Come, Let Us With Our Children Live”—What a Columbian Guard Found in the Manufactures Building—A Little Girl Baby in the Corner—Mr^Hliphant Chant’s Plan for the Children and the^Bildren’s Building.
N outgrowth of Woman’s work was that structure known as the Children’s Buildinff—an afterthought, so to speaip| “ Oughtn’t we to have a place where the children can be taken care of while their mothers may go their way and enjoy an Hr or mol without uneasiness?” asked Mrs. Rue, of	one da>H“What an idea!” exclaimed Mrs.
PaliH; “I’ll see Mr. BurnhaiHibout this at once. The qtul-dren shall have a pavilion, and it ^n.11 be the biggest playhouse in the world. They have panoramas of the Sleeping ^^^^Hin the W^^Hand dear little, curious, naughty Silver-hair tasting the porridge of the Three Bears; and we’ll have ^picture of the Prince putting the glass slipper on tile foot of Cinderella. *V.*A11 this 'carried out, and more	building then dreamed of was com-
pleted in May, and from that time on it tHame a joy tc^^H of thousandjAipf children of a tender age. These legends were	10x4 feet wide,in pairs,
inthreeofthe fourcoi^^H»f the largeHsembly room, the space in the fourth cornerbeing pretty well taken up by doors. Then along the south and east sides of the room, between the long windows, uHs medallions representing various occupations! of children, alternating with others in which child figures represented the signs of the zpdiac. For instance a dimpled little maid with a lion did duty for Leo, a baby tetgimE- a crab for Cancer,Hid a very small archer with a big bow for Sagittarius. These medallions were not painted realisjdi^Hy like the piotur^Hf fairy tales or of occuw^opas but were monochromos, paintings, or rather drawings in a single color, which in thi^wistance was a dull pink. Both the circular and the long pan^J^ were framed in a comHtional border of l^Bel leaves which had grayish-blue shadows, and the whole series was connected by a wide band of gold color. These ran all around the room as a species of frieze, with a stenciled border on both $£|ejb( connecting the various panels,? Its yellow color with the pink of the zodiac medallions and the dull blue for the leaves, represented, in a way, the three primary colors of which all other colors are modifications.﻿194
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
On the side of the room where there were no windows the places between the round panels were filled by imitation marble tablets, inscribed with some of the sweet and wise things that have been said about little children, as: “Little children love one another,” “The hope of the future lies in the children,” “And babes shall rule over men,” “Trailing clouds of glory do we come from God,” “And a little child shall lead them,” “Deep meaning often in the child’s play lieth,” “Come, let us with our children live.” At the north end of the room two of the most charming of all panels were “Dawn” and “Twilight,” as personified by rosy cherubs amid opalescent clouds. In the library a beautiful ceiling was designed of cherub Pleiades, “likBa swarm of fireflies tangled in a silver braid.” This was a circular panel ten feet in diameter, surrounded by a border of conventionalized ivy suggested possibly by “the casements’ mild shade” from which the poet watched the stars.
The building, like that of the Woman's, is a plain and substantial structure. It is 150 by 90 feet, two-storied, Avith a roof garden, which in reality is a playground for the little ones. It is inclosed with a strong wire netting to insure safety, and is made attractive by \dnes and flowers.
Toys of all nations, from the rude bone playthings of the Eskimo children to the wonderful mechanical and instructive toys of modern times, are exhibited under cover in the garden, and all are used to entertain children. Trustworthy nurses are in charge of the garden, as well as of the department of public comfort in the building, and no hesitancy rvas ever felt in lea\dng children in their care. Of course a small fee was exacted, but the mother had the satisfaction of knowing that e\-ery Avant of her little one Avas being provided for. The educational exhibit is a perfect one, and begins Avith the earliest training of children. Miss Maria hi. Lo\Te, of Buffalo, N. Y., a member of the Board of Lady Managers, carries on a modern
LECORATION ON CHILDREN’S BUILDING.
DECORATION ON CHILDREN’S BUILDING.﻿UISTOR\^Mt* WcHLD’S FAlia
195
creche, to which a large, a■ In^his is demonstrated all that is rational	delivered	the creche is also in-
( luded an exhibition of the clothing' of infants and of by
Succeeding the creche are	Everyone
are acquainted with the kitchen-garden, of which Miss Emily Hum iugdon, of Xew York, was the founder, and which is designed to teach classes of	the ^Hdr^^^^^Be poor, the
twu^B:eeping, all in so interesting a way
and cooking become a delight and not a task. Phy-
lustrated by the ^B>rth America burner Bund, with the ln^^^^^Bpiring' children with a desire to ph\'sical perfection, assembly-room is provided w^^^Bof chairs and	platform, froml
which
opticon lectures on the subjects of foreign countries, t h e i r l^^^^^Bq manners a^^^Bistc^^^UH well as the most important fads in
There	a children’s
library, under the charge Bates, of
tee of literature for children of tlt^^^Bigres^^^^^^H Generous responses were made to the request seifjf <KbjP&tb«Managers for contributions to library fromforeign countries, as well as c^^^Bn, and r^^^^^^^vra^^^Bnanuscript^H: contributors to Si. Nicholas and
Pennsylvania	the wonderful	in
te^Bing the deaf and cB^^H Miss Mary Garrett has ch^^^^H this de^^^^Ht, L|nd daily demonstrations are made.
the Ramona Indian
which stands to the njeittofy of Helen Hunt	in Santa	M.
No appropriation was made by the Exposition authoriti^Bor the Childgfetfs Building. The Board of Lady Man^gnrs assumed the entire responsibility of
CUILDStEN’S BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF'THE WORLDS?FAIR.
196
raising the rrHBK foffBflBSBKHEBHd Mrs. Potter Palmer and ^^HYiclfty Club raised the necessary' funds for its equipment and HBintsHHi-. The money employed in i^Kre^^^^^^Hmtribtrtea by the different Stans™
And while^n this subject children, the author is reminded that at 8:30 o:clock on th^Bening of May 3rd there was b^V±o the Exp^H^ran a baby—a girl, 'lie was a foundling, but her
come clothed in purple instead of a coarse ^Hr^p. Thispa^^Hmi|^^^Hiighly roman; ic.	1 iiMhe ^Bea^Bier of the ManufitcSjMo building by
Guard John O’Herns while he \^^^H)g his rounds. HeHid that while he was, pacing tha firm of l'r^^^fterfuiner^|e heard what nexEftiHlit sounded Byan^Bylike thecry'ing of a^^ildHde made He arch with his lantern and discovered that he^^Hcorrect. He found the baby,wrapped in a gray bfartfiBjjij^Uwl. He Billed one of a number of scrub women ^^^^^^Hwork near l^^^H 'sfnSffr&k charge K-'fh^Bl. An	the guard to call th^Rnbulffilee, but Mrs.
Hfartha Bauerman, the forewoman of t^^Hubl^^^^B the women wol*|d take caifl of the	AfteH whispered Hna^^Hn the women gave^^^Bhjfd to a Mrs.
Kai^l^Br, who was working with them. Tli^^Hd s^H<l just lost an {flSknt child by death, and ^^^^Hing to	Mrs. ]B|;hst98
was allowed to go toiler home at once by the forewoman.	degHJ in
the big builc^^^^^^Hubilai^^^^^^H discovery' and raised a purse of several dollars for the babv on the spot. The babe was apparently about two months old. HB:^Kirl^^^nreryr light hair and brown ey7es, dressed in coarse garments, and there identification.
Tin	delightful hour in the Children's Building v an hing
the babies, and the^^Hand girls who	of tl^^Hilion to the Court
of Hoin^^^mns^B'tation Building, Palace of Fine Arts, or anything else. But the babies! He h^^^^^^^^Hind^U at a time—fat, thin, crying^^^Biing, quiet, kick! ing, healthy, sickly, black, white and copper-colored ones. I^B'as" Ifche preH^B jolliest and noblest ni^fl ry in the world, and better than Barnum	four
■H^^^Birc^B at its best.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
19 7
MRS. CENT’S PL%A FOR TIIE^HILDJ^^^^^^TIIE CHILDREN'S BUILDING.
LEFT London wita all of	and attendant misery
' and came to	. lmcricau of cities
I Iere I found myself, Bhere all a veritable earthly 1 ‘uradise, as I visited your Wo^Bs Fair. And	arch^^Hral display the world
^^^^^Hkr^Bn, was there anything that touched my heart OS did the building dedicated to ^B Children, for Hit touches the “hig^Bater mark” of 1 <>t h Century pr^^^H for its effectistobefe 11 not only on our own generation, l^^^Bon succeeding ones.
aware of the fact that this is the most glorious age that childhood has known, for whilewa have wasted our brain-fibre for generations in inyenticH by which to shorten the hoH$ labor and to lengthen	for grown	ha^Been
reservedfof this generation to make ^Bn a picture book fo^J child where thefpx undabeled would not be mistaken	dog! And yet at the Wo^^HFair may
be found a happy home arranged entireli^^Hhildr^Bvith every kr^Bn means of diversion and entertainment tha^Jho^^^Bln^^Hin suggest, with	ma-
trons and kiftd attendants in cha^^^^^^^^Bink of the moth^^^^Hare thus left free durmgth^whole day	that grand architectural display sur-
rounding them on every side, or to wandl^^Hle^^^BamHg the rare works of all, and of tlfeSffe^Bn the^^^^Hhildrcn who are refreshed by tf^^^^^^^^BthOovdr-fatigued mother to th^Jare of r^^^^^^^HiantS'and c! rmed by the new and novel div^^H^dlr	in praH of your work, and we
l&elbflBKi the women of America in ^^^^Hk on the Eas^^^Bho^B of the Atlantic in our tt^an^B benefiting humanity by makHf the world k^Bppier place to ^^HL
In niy own philanthrop^^Hork I have discovered that I can ali^Bs be sure of prompt |ttd efficient material aid from benevolent wome^Bhene^B I speak on write onRm^Sub^|t of Reform, l^^^^^^^^Hna^Butwhen I make a plea for they “Home” that we have instituted	for the puri^^Hf makim5
brighter apj; happier th^Bves of the miserable and ^Por,^^^Bty at once takes alarm and Jhifrftjnet with repeated cries of dismay, and the fear is expressed, that'I may change the color of the social fabric by introducing an element hitherto unknown within its sacred precincts.
When our “Hn|4” w^ first Hefted, I tpok yrithu-ftje .from London jtwenty-five ballet girls—be not shocked!—for an arttf&jhl life, lived out tui&w,th<ware of﻿I
HISTORY OT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
1: m
jiMgM ftangJOL is no” s6ul satisfying, Hen to a ballet girl
the !‘ • C h Hrl r^-
ot a
sfind*
ped? Take a
oaly
I i->0k beyond and see a power tor ‘rang good nmorig yon that should not be con-
that of making the
05-7
' 0rtUVVL﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
199
THE WORLD AND THE WORLDS FAIR.
c 1 .1; i;y 1 h e director-general.
T was my recent pri^^^^Hid duty, servant of the United State^Bovernment, to appHr before the Comflee on the World s Columbian Exposition	House of ^Bpi^Bnta-
tives at Washington, for official cons: deration of the further fintHial^Beds of the World’s I'aHof 1S93, at Chicago. I thereundrrtook.by the detailed view^B the popular interest in pur Exposition, to indicate the ^^^Bety of further gtevern-mental support, and in that detailei 1 view, I wa^Biabled, through the generosity and enterprise of the American stated! to complet^^Bpl^^^^Htalogne-H roster of unexampled pride, magnanimity, enterprise, pr<^^^B and hope. Appfe^l* ing to the statin an s li^|m y country, I	plain that
UllfCraido», all c<H-s and	anxious for
an oj^portbnity to maHkn^^^^Hhe world their IcH for our ^Bion, and their ma-terial anti intellectual	under our free institutions.
Yet, with all the pazticulai ity^Biich was needed to express the ^Bngs'bpf half-a-hundred states and i^Brly seventy millions of free^^Hle, I had bt^Bntefed under the lintels of the World’s Columbian ££xposit^^^^^ne world itself wad still toSp touched upon. Ill had that Elder World received the tidings of our gratitude to Christopher	and, through him, to the ages and the eons that
have brMjht mankind to the^Hineteenth Century? Such was the th^vht which was	my	as	artit^^H
Before our lH-giH-s' was unroll^^^^^^Hll of the^^Hins^Biere feeling anoOur^^Him^^^^Hdel and races	language of pe^B and fra-
ternity. Here let tne^^H
The home	Norseman, t^Bland of history and courage and song,
notlatfc^Bn population than some of our States this kingdom of Norway anc^Bved-en has set aside a sum of more^Bn $ 110,000, and little Denmark	These
PeEaMire among us by ^B million, and tl^B rank with^Br most intelligent and patridijiCvttizens. They take great pride in what the hi >me ^Bemment is doing for the Exposition, and the former citize^^Hthi^B nations now wit^Bs are raising large amounts here for the purpose of pH>erly entertainiag and greeting the fitfp-resentatives of their home governments.
France, our sister republic, prouct, courageous and progressive; Historic, wealthy Fr5fista£ wtOTgdwen'th reads of sadtlfice, woven and interwoven through﻿200
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
the mantle of our national history—France has accepted our invitation, and has appointed on her commission such men as Berger, the distinguished Director-General of the Paris Exposition, and Proust, the government art director, and placed at their disposal $631,000 to properly participate in our Exposition, as requested by thi s government
And by the side of France stands the great empire of Germany. Millions of ner industrious, scholarly and philanthropic sons are among the best and bravest citizens of this nation. It is said that the emperor has interested himself regarding the place which his people shall take in the great civic trial of advancement and progress to be witnessed at Jackson Park in 1893. Every foot of space that could be allotted to this powerful nation was accepted long ago by German exhibitors. Their commissioner, Herr Wermuth, has visited us; they have the plan of the building and of the site and the space they are to occupy and their preparations are advanced. To show the friendship and interest of Germany, over.$800,000 have been appropriated by the Empire for the proper acceptance of America’s invitation.
Nor has Austria-Hungary failed in these civilities and comities of the Great Powers. The government at Vienna has appointed a commission, consisting of the .emperor’s brother, the minister of commerce, and other representatives and illustrious leaders of that nation. Millions of her sons arc today citizens of this country, and they are looking forward with a pardonable pride to the great preparations now being made in fatherland for the Fair. Austria-Hungary has placed 150,000 florins, as a preliminary appropriation, at the disposal of her commission.
The government of Russia has assumed the entire chargeof the exhibit from that country. Her messengers have been sent to all parts of that wonderful domain to gather the richest and finest of her products. The expense of the collection and the transportation to the Fair and return, the care of the exhibits and all expenses are provided for under the direct charge of the officers of the government. This nation, with continents for her domain, with 110,000,000 of people to do her bidding, with history and wealth and ambition and friendship to inspire her action, will present an exhibit which will not probably cost less than $1,000,000 to display,
Recent debates in parliament have shown that the pride of Great Britain is at stake, and that her leaders, governors and statesmen are thoroughly alive to the situation. The appropriation has been increased by the cabinet, and the charges for space have been wholly or partly withdrawn. The awakening of interest and good will at London has once more evidenced the strength of racial ties. Constitutional government began on the river Thames. Its victories will be gloriously celebrated by British men on Lake Michigan. The corner-stone for the British Pavilion was laid at Jackson Park, on Saturday, May 21, i8q2, with special ceremonies conducted in the name of the Royal Commission.
The Irish people of Great Britain are making liberal arrangements fora comprehensive exhibit of the.resources, manufactures and history of this gallant race, and the women, also, under the direction of Lady Aberdeen, who has visited us, are alive to the situation.﻿201
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
The PrincjB.litJp|f Wales is thoroughly aroitSfÉl to the impo(taiid£ of making a characteristic exhibit at the World’s Fair. Their people have arranged to kav<$\kerr gran<K^9wval or eisted fodd, at Jackson Park, in 1893and the t e n s of thousands of the former .SOttS of this music-loving add God-fearing p^^H now citizens in this countr^|tóVèAMit^fïbed large amounts for prizes to be awarded at this fo^tival.
The sturdy Scots will be with	of the
thousands of feantrtg fellofar»cl i^Ben who form a class so influential in body
po^^hs
From all of the British colonies will they come; and, as pr^^^Jary totheir coming, the following appropriations have been made: By Great Britain,^^^^^H Canada,	1 Ionduras, $7,000; Cape Colonne $25,000; Trinidad, $25^bcjj|
Jamaica, $20,000:	Ceylon, $40,000; and pn^Bibly one million and a half of dollasa|
win rÖH&ttèd amount this nation and its dependencies, as governments, wiffl expend in their preparation to comply with Am^^^^Hnvita^Bi to participate, in ’tWaTCiir.
The Royal Commissioner of Spain his already presented his credent«!» and has applied for the* space hiSnation expects to require to display tljxhibifl of the land whose generous quecm^Bve^Hd to	the great discovery in his
search for a continent.
‘ Historic and c&SsH&reece has appointed its^Hnn^Bioner and appropriated j$éQOOO for the sUbêrb exhibit, to be displayed at Jackson Park.
Thepi^nmissio^B from 1 ’ortugal has already arrived in Washington and is soon to Be withuis to arrange for an exhibit.
The representatives of the góvernments of Belg^fti, Turkey,^Bit2^lJatld and Egypt h^ré-visited, the grötinds and	their i^Himinary arrangem^» for
exhibits»^?
Brazil, possessed of all the wealth of products incident to her p^rf^Hcli^H, has N^asid^^wo^do with which to-display the exhibits and resource^Bf that young and growing republic.
Costa Rica, with less than ‘half a million of population, has appropriated $1,50,000, ofcjn excess of 30 cents per capita, to comply with our invitation to be present and j^fticipate in the Fair. Little Ecuador bas Overtopped her lofty Chimborazo Cotopaxi witfrher appropriation of $125,000; and Guatemala, with one milHotfftaf inhabitants, has appropriated 20 cents, per capita, or $200,000;%o comply with the invitation of this Country to participate.
Me.Jjfio, our next-door neighbor at the south—the nation that nutured the enterprise of Columbus-has appointed its leading governmental ‘offleet to take ch^ge of the several departments, and will eclipse any former effort in the-exhibition of her Sonderful: resouréj&^and, as a prèümi^By, has appropriated $50,OwH
Japan, the Oj£feat Britain Asia, that with every new day is making some ■new Stride towajj^jthe western spirit of enterprise -and civilization, almost staggers us with her appropriation of neatly $£t^,OQttv to conform with thé' invitation of the United States of America torbfrrti^^S^ in the great Fair.﻿202
HISTORY OT THE WORLD’S FAIR.
I might go on, step by step, over the nations of the world. Suffice it to say, the civilised people of thisearth have in a hearty and substantial manner accepted our invitation in good faith and have already appropriated over $5,000,000 to carry out, in an appropriate manner, their part in this'great international exposition which we have inaugurated. Their acceptances of our invitation are on file in the Department of State, at Washington. Therefore I said to Congress, and I repeat: Cannot this government, the richest on the face ol the earth, in the zenith of its power and prosperity, with an unprecedented balance sheet in its favor in its dealing with foreign nations; this government of whom a distinguished English state-man recently said that the “center of the power of the world was in the United States”; can it not appropriate the I’alue of a single cruiser in the celebration of the arts of peace? I believe it can and will. ‘ Peace hath her victories no less renenuned than war."
Properly and economically administered, the people will cheerfully approve the appropriation. The constituents of our Congressmen—the states, territories and citizen-—desire it; the nations of the earth—this government’s'constituency— desire it. And what is it all lor.-' Civilization. Contemplate the glorious harvest of our Exposition; all creeds and tongues and peoples are invited and expected to be present at this universal banquetB-a banquet of peace and brotherly love. Its natural effect will be the cementing of the bonds of national fraternity, the destruction of national jealousy and the collecting together as one of the great family of mankind to unitedly celebrate the opening of a hemisphere for the benefit of humanity, for the progress of civilization and the advancement of the Christian religfon.
This was and is my plea.. I beg the good will and aid of my fellow-Ameri-cans. The astonishing growth of the country, as reflected in the necessary triple enlargement of the World's Columbian Exposition, has placed the officers of the Fair in a position of responsibility not to be lightly assumed nor honorably abandoned.﻿


﻿■ '"^htS^edaCT
COLDS
X2& .'jE&r
enrai
£^g|SHK?£﻿PART VII.
THE MAIN BUILDINGS AND THEIR EXHIBITS.
CHAPTER I.
THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.
A Marvel of Exquisite Architectural Handiwork—Were it Stone Inste t,l
Equal—Irresistible Color Scheme and Effect—Beautiful Blending Pale Blue, Terra
Yellow and Pale Cream—Unsurpassed Decoral	Jdineations—-Matchless Fusion of
Colonnade,	Dome—Dedi-
caturv Tablets to Gutenberg, Copernicw, James Watts and Morse—The Most Beautifully the World.
HEN a^^^^Hdrops a ticket for which he has paid 50 cents into the box »ny of the ExpoAn turnstiles and ent^fup^^^^H>ec^^^^Kroun<^^Hlic^Hd to of tire discoverer of America, he beholds ten ^^Han^workmenHore than two ^^^^^^^^fty-two millions of c^far^^^^^^Hlish. He may ask l^Hself whether all thi^^^^^fiture was —he may as well ask h^^^K whether it was ^|rtli^^^K for Columbus to havedi^^^Hea Attwrica. If it is worth while to open wide the shores of a hospitable country wh^^^^Hty and equa 1 ity are assured to everyone, then it	to sl^w to the whole
w orld what four	freedom and brotherhood	AmerH extends a cordial
hand the inhal^^^^^ftf every clime, from the ^^Kes of Siberia and the wastes of Pat^^^n to the Helving shores of Madagascar—and Anglo-Saxon and Hottentot are equally welcome;	tl^^Hl may behold thdjypifogtjS^Hf the arts and	and' of education, and study the marvelous resources of the world up	nineteen! h^RgBury,
there hqafraen provided for the	the people 0$ all nations
IÉbi a magnificent park Op the shores of att inland »<^Bwhicl^B)mbines in its varied mjKDPgty	ànd the limpid bOauty of a sun-kissed pool dotted
temples, gardens txHingleHvith flowers and winding IBmBis. There are aîsp gbvertta^»: buildings of many nations; from the﻿204
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
stately structure of the German empire' down to thljcabin of the pioneer on the wooded island and the huts of the savages on the Midway Plaisance.
As is the case at all expositions, what are known as the main buildings and other main features command the earliest attention. This is particularly the case at this the greatest of all world's fairs, as there have been reared structures that had never been dreamed of ten years before; and although much has been written and pictured in magazine and newspaper of the grandeur and magnificence of the White City, the first sight of it never proves disappointing—its buildings are more
imposing and its gardens and lagoons more beautiful than any imagination had pictured them.
“I had no conception of the extent, variety, or splendor of these buildings/’ is the exclamation, mental or verbal, of every visitor when he enters the park. The appearance of the magnificent group of main buildings around the lagoons is so different from anything in the United States, is so un-American, that it startle the imagination. Figures can give some idea of the size of these palaces, but the architecture in its infinite detail must truly be seen to be appreciated. When it is remembered that the area under roof is equal to that of Paris in 1889, Philadelphia in 1876, and Vienna in 1873 combined, that the cost of the main buildings is estimated roughly at over $6,700,000, some conception of the thought, the care, and the labor which they represent may be obtained. The Administration Building is considered the gem of the Exposition palaces. It is situated at the west of the great court in the southern part of the site, looking eastward, and at its rear are the transportation facilities. The great gilded dome of this lofty building is one of the most striking architectural features on the grounds.
There is no dome in this country to which this one can be compared. It is finer in every respect than any other on the Western Hemisphere. Richard M. Hunt is the architect. This imposing edifice cost $463,213. It covers an area of 260 feet square, and consists of four pavilions 84 feet square, one at each of the four angles of the square and connected by a grand central dome 120 feet in diameter and 220 feet in height, leaving at the center of each facade a recess 82 feet wide,﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
205
'within which aSeHB®rar|BPPtrances to the building. The general design is in the I style of the Frerrotf Renaissance. I'he first	is in the Doric order. It ié of
The ^BHof the
angle of each pavilion are crowned with sculpture. Th^^^^Htyi^F architecture L' is represented in	with it^^H^ and spacious nBinacle.
rhe four entrances, on - on each side of the building, arc 50 feet wid^Bnd 50 high, deeply recessed and covered by semi-circular arched vaults. In the rear °1 these arches are the entra nee doors, and above them great sen ens of glass, giving light	rp--
tunda. Across the face of the level are gal-
b-nes of commi^K3§^^B between the different yilions. Tin interior of thi^Huildir^^^^^^H in ^^^^^Fd splendor even the exterior, imposing as tween every entrances
and
vening pavilion with rotunda is a hall, JÜBeet square, giving access to h e offices, and provid e d with tnd circular stairways and < elevators.
l^^Hoplf the cornice in the s^^HBbry rises
feet from the floor. Irrthe center is	Hdi^Fter, transmitting a flow o^Ht from the
ext^B® dome overhead. I he under side of tin- dome is enriched with deep panelings, richly	sculpture in low relief
air^^Hha^^^^^^BngH'ep^^Hting the arHan^^^^^^^^^^^Hulptor^fFfte Administration Building is	Bitter,	He executed ^B groups
On	domes and, among other su^^^^^^Hps representing “Commerce,”
“In^^Hb,” “Justice,” “Religion,” “War,” “ I’eace,” Science,” and “Art^B There are de^&tory tablets to Gutenberg, C^^^ficus, Watts and Morse.
The (hgCoratic^Ff the	by William Leftwich Dodge, the
by the Exposition.
Dodge’s painting is 315’ feet in	and 40 feet, from apex to b3£fè.
The subject of tfeoS painting is “The glorification	On the throne,
MACMONNIES AND ELECTRIC FOUNTAINS.﻿206
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
which is seen in the portion of the dome opposite the main entrance to the building, Apollo is seated crowning the Arts as they approach from either side. There are ninety-five important figures in th§ composition, and those in the foreground are 25 feet in height.
The general color scheme is a pale cream. Tints of terra cotta, bright yellows and pale blues, however, heighten the decorative effects. The Corinthian columns to the lower portion of the frieze beneath the mezzanine story have been painted a warm yellow. This, however, is but the body color, as the columns are finished In imitation onyx. In the spandrels gilded shields crossed by laurel wreaths typify foreign countries that have come to exhibit their products at the Columbian Exposition.
In this building are the offices of the Director-General and his staff, and the headquarters of the newspapers from every quarter of the globe.
Emerging from the east entrance of the building, the visitor may stand on the spot where the dedication ceremonies took place, and where President Cleveland touched the button that started the machinery. Immediately in front of the building is a plaza 200 yards square, and in the distance lies the most enchanting architectural and landscape scene in the Exposition or in the world! Its central feature is an immense basin of water, probably 3,000 by 1,000 feet in size, fringed with balustrades, symbolical pillars, terraces, grass plats, and flower beds. In the foreground is MacMonnies’ wonderful fountain representing Columbia seated on the ship of state, which is steered by Father Time, and on the prow of which stands the figure of Fame. This vessel is driven through the water by eight girls standing at the oars, four on either side. „
Around the circumference of the basin are young men on horses, and mermaids andBherubs disport themselves in the waves in the wake, of th$ boat. On either side of this fountain are two electric fountains. Rising from the water in the distance is French’s colossal statue of the Republic, and beyond that, in dazzling white, Atwood’s peristyle, between the columns of which are seen the deep-blue waters of the lake. At the space of a hundred yards from the water on every side stand in grandeur and beauty the great buildings of the exposition.
It is when in the gorgeous glow of monster search and thousands of incandescent lights that the Administration Building takes on its most spectacular and most bewitching robes. There never was such a matchless fusion of harmonious colors and tints; and colonnades, mezzanine and dome are resplendent amidst a jubilee of light. There never has been such a brilliantly and beautifully illuminated structure, while all of its handsome surroundings are liberally caparisoned with harmonious lines of lights. Were the Administration Building stone instead of imitation it would have no equal in the world.﻿
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209
CHAPTER II.
THE MAMMOTH MANUFACTURES BUILDING.
The Greatest Exposition Structure Ever Known—It Covers Nearly Forty Acres of Ground and Contains Forty-four Acres of Exhibits Valued at Fifty Millions of Dollars—Three Million Feet of Lumber and Five Carloads of Nails in the Main Floor-—It is 1,687 Feet Long; and 787 Feet Wide—Many of the Foreign Pavilions Built After Designs of Famous Palaces—Rare and Costly Wares, Fabrics, Watches, Jewelry, Musical and Mechanical Instruments and Professional Implements Amaze the Beholder on Every Hand—The Great Central Landmark an Alabaster Clock Tower, 135 Feet High, Erected by the American Clock Co.-—A Chime of Nine Bells—When They Ring it Sounds Like the Music of Heaven Reverberating Through the Immense Space—The Pantheon-like Pavilion of the Meridian-Britannia Ware—Tiffany’s Costly Structure—A Dazzling Aggregation of Gems—Splendid Display of Watches and Jewelry—Elegant and Spacious Booth of the Waltham Watch Company—Stem-Winders bv the Ton—Palaces and Temples Filled with Laces, Rich Chinaware, Porcelain, Statuary, Silverware, Textile Fabrics, etc.—Silver Statue of Columbus at the Gorham Pavilion—Dolls that Talk and Walk—Petrified Wonders from Arizona—Dazzling Displays by Forty Foreign Countries—Reproduction of Hartfield House—Concentrated Splendor of the Siam Exhibit—Magnificent Displays by all the Leading European Countries—Sketch of James Allison, Chief of Department of Manufactures.
ERHAPS the object the most eagerly sought for by a majority of sightseers is the mammoth structure known as the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building;—or, by a shorter term:—the Manufactures Building. This is because it is the largest in the group of most extraordinary buildings and also because of the extensive distribution of countries which make exhibits and the generally diversified and interesting nature of the exhibits—for within this immense structure are myriads of booths and pavilions where wares of every clime and country and of every description and value are to seen. The Manufactures Building is the largest in the world and the largest under roof ever constructed. Its dimensions are 168/ by 787 feet and it has an exhibit area of 44 acres and covers 30^ acres. A central hall 380 feet wide runs its complete length and is spanned by single arches, without supports; 12,000,000 pounds of steel were used in these 22 trusses, each of which weighs 125 tons, and it required 600 flat cars to bring them from the iron works to Chicago. There were 17,000,000 feet of lumber used in construction and with this five car loadi of nails were used; while there are over 2,000,000 pounds of iron in roof of nave. There are 11 acres of skylight and 40 car loads of glass in the roof. The building is 100 feet longer than the Brooklyn bridge and it is claimed that the iron and steel in the roof alone would construct﻿210
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
two such suspension bridges. It will seat 300,000 people, and there would be room for the full standing army of Russia under its roof. It is three times as large as St. Peter's cathedral, and the largest church in Chicago could be placed within the vestibule of that great church at Rome.
The building is rectangular in form, anti is surrounded by a spacious colonnade, which affords a splendid promenade on a warm day, getting the lake breeze and water view on all sides. It is in the Corinthian style of architecture, its classic outlines and stupendous length being broken by the four entrances^ 40 feet wide and So feet high and the eight domes. The exterior is covered with “staff ’ and in its columns, arches, sculptured bas-reliefs and panels, presents the appearance of a magnificent marble palace. The walls are 66 feet high, the four central pavilions 122, the corner pavilions 97 and the greatest height of roof 437.6 fe < t. The plans of this architectural wonder were drawn by Ceorge 13. Post, of Xew York; their execution cost the Exposition $i,Soo,o(B.
When one enters the Manufacture - Building, say by the south entrance, his impression will be that he is in fairyland, or at least that he. is visiting a city of palaces, temples, castles, arches, monuments, and hanging gardens. All that is graceful in outline and entrancing in color will salute his senses at the same time. But his eye will necessarily be drawn toward a beautiful structure in the center of the building, where the two main highways intersect, and where they have been enlarged into Icircle for itsaccommodation. The best thing he can do, if he expects to make any progress in taking in such a wilderness of attractions, is to make for
this center and then branch out from it at his leisure, The great central landmark, looking like the spire of a cathedral in alabaster, is the clock tower, 135 feet high, of the American Self-Winding Clock Company. It is arched on all four sides, of course, or it would block up the thoroughfare. In addition to a clock-dial on each side, it has a chime of nine bells. The largest, on which the hour is struck, weighs 3,700 pounds, and the 1 whole chime* 7,000 pounds. When they ring it sounds like the music of heaven reverberating through the immense spaces of the building. Clocks are scarce in Jackson Park, but visitors to the Manufactures Building, no matter in what remote corner of it they may be hid, are reminded in notes of the sweetest music of the flight not only of the happy hours, but of the happy halves and quarters as well.
The space on the ground floor of the building is alloted mainly on the basis of nationality, and apparently on the principle of placing the greatest nations
CHIEF ALLISON.﻿HMTOWOT; THE WORI^n FAIR.
211
; nearest to this striking central feature. Standing at this point, where the building i*'iO*v&«Br quartered, o^Evill observe thal^^H surrounded by	pow< rs of
the earth. InHelnorthe^B quarterHtbe United^^^^H in the	quarter
I Germany, in tlu: southeast quaHr France, and i^^^^^Hth\Ht quarter Great i Britain. If he will climb the cloc^E>wer and look again, he will see that
the	northeast corner^E the	portion of the building. In	head
of Germany, the exhibits of Austria and thenHpan. In like manner, looking teg the southeast, he wi^^H away beyond France, the exhibits of Belgium, RtHa and N°|w» with China away	Then,	he will
^^^B^Hhining^^H: BritainHk the south, Canada, and	Denmark,
ME'Italy and ^^Hdiirnff to ^HestHe Jamaica, India, and Wales, and to	na-
tions he
Looking again t^Bre northeast, the visitor wi 11 be struck	the
not nationalized by any
^nl^r^Hralinclosure. He wi 11 also be struck with the fact that itHnot exactly on H:he same scale of expensiveness or grandeur as the neighboring national exhibits. In plage of a national pavilion it hasH the angle nearest the cl<^^^^^^^^^Hoth Tiffany, however, which entirely redeems it. This triple-arched entrance, v^E a saffron-colored doric column ioo feet high, s^^Hunted with a^^^^Hmc^Eolden eagle, is certainly beautiful. To th^E>rth it, ^^^^Erikin^^^^^Htrith the pantheon-like booth of the Meriden Britanniawa^Kompany, built of rosewood
is the elegant and spacious booth of the WaKm Watch Company. The rest of the space is cut lip into £omparativ<^^^^^^Borl^^^^^^flwh^^Hontain many interesting and I creditable exhibits, although they not make ^^^|an impression amid such a wilderness of mag^^Hnce.
The articles classed under manufactures and	>o numerous as
to bewitH* the mind.	into
| divided iftto ten or more classes, and	into about twenty or mor^^^Hler
departments; and even	departments
little idea of	of articles displayed. It^Eay assist the
^^Bgnadon, however, to mention as included in the groups chemical and pharmaceutical suppliHpaintHolors,^^^^^^^Hes, paper, stationery, upholstery, artisl < tic decorations, ceramics, mosaics, stone,
celain, glassware, fr^^^Ee,	bronzes, paintings, statuary, '^^^nnd jewelry,
clothing, silks, satins, cassimeres, serges, velvets, laces,^Eap^^^| linens, cottons, woolens, firearms, dolls, iron, c^^^E, brass, nickel and ware, andmany tens of thd&sJ8(|s of things that ^Ed not be enumerated, but which include nearly all kinds t of dhaphiltC^Eld implements a^^Hhe^Erticle^Ef handiwork not used
agriculture and	More than thirty	are repre-
sented, among which	Republic, Aust^^^^^Eium, Bolivia,
British Hondi^^HCape Colony, Canady Ceylon, Chili, u﻿212
history cBthe worms fair.
ClffI«volt)fhbi&, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Denmark, Dutch Guiana, Dutch Wp& Indies, Eucador, France, French Guiana, Germany, Great Brifffln, Guatemala, Hawaiian Islands, Hayti, Honduras, Italy, Japan, Jamai^fl Korea, MadagascX Mexico, New South Wales, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Orange Free State, Paraguay, Persia, Peru, Porto	Queensland, Russia, Salvador, San Domingo,
Siam, Spain, Sweden, HitzHand, Trinidad, Turl^v, Uruguay, Ven^Siteu, Zanzi-
Many of the foreign pavilions are built after the designs of famonjpalaces^ Germany’s pavilion^^Mvonderful piece of ivork, the French section is magnificent, Rhd the English hardly behind its neigl^Brs. The value of the eklu^K in the ManBuilding is more than	they ir^Kde rare anoyfOft9
art icles of every kind that are the fruit^Hf Bcilled labor as well^fmany more that are i^^Hwti^B demand and use. Far away India sl^^Hfich embroideries, broca^K and ^|k textiles; quaint carvings in sa^^^fend teak woodsHipM^Hnd 1 >< me; gold, silver and ambc^fcwelry; art pt^^Hand other curious workmanship Japan’s	ware- porcelain, fuici^^^^^^^^^^Hnd art metal
upon row of‘cas^^B'he I^Ban^^^^Rjisplays a world of ^^Mles, mosaics and bronzes; \ enetii^Bgl^Hvare, laces, artistic furnitu^B Roman^Kks^JJJ^ffllitan corals and cam^K f^Bree work, tapestrit^B lamps and other exgt^site goods cause much admir^^Hand covetousness on the part of the visit(tf. . GjjBflBn t-
bar.
WEST SIDE OF .MANUFACTURES BUILDING.
wares; de^Kte ivories, gumma, tapestrjes,and so are -touch admired. This ^Buntry exceeds all others in number of exhibitors, there being 2089 in all. Norway, Denmark and Sweden display about the same line of goods, jewelry, carvingffi*m-broideries, furniture, etc. Siam h a s 63 exhibits. Skins, inlaid pearl jft’rk, enameled articles, rattan and bam b^B woods, needle work, preserves, candied fruits, etc. The renowned	watch«
and carvings are*lT™>wn in thi^KCtion. Chronometers for old and , ys ngfl rich and p^v, useful and ornamental, turn thafl-shining faces tip from row﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
213
ain occupies a kirHsp^B in the cenH of the 1^^H>iulding and displays a great manufactures, paf^Llarly Irish liner^Band laces, Scotch worst^^and woolens; c^^Hglass’^^Ham^^^^Hy decorated in every imagin^^^^^Hs^ptf-* fumeries, silks and all the ordinary articl^^^Bh as yarns, cutlery,^fcrting guns, combs an(^Bru£he^^^^^Big,^^^^Hny, many
Belgium has b^^^K ove^^^B Br^Kels handk^Bhiefs and point veils and Chantilly %>t^^^|and Valenciennes edges, and	and pa^^^|covers
in every known la^Band for every use^B~onze^^^^^^M:e|arr^BtiIes, costumes, cathedral glass and many (^^^^^^Hiful things. As	world kno^B Belgium
prides Herself on her laces, and ^^^Bare some on exh^^^Bi that are marvelously delicate and beautiful. There are Mechli^^^^H point, ^Bte&ciennH black Belgian tlkfead, dentelle, Louis XV., Ven^Bin point, point t^BBruges, point ap-plique, duchesse and as many other kinds (Hlac^^^^Her were known to the mfp4frn world, made up in collars, handkerchiefs, trimmings, cB^H, fans andtnn a bride’s veil. It is a^^^^Htly explicit	of the last to say that its pricjB
at home is 75,000	or $^^^^^Krs. Next in importa^B; is i^Bxhibif'of
porcelain, of which there are nu^m^^H beautiful specimens. Mu^B attention is |gift£fi to the ^nlay of native marl^^Hln one exhibit there is shown an entrance to a hall, a staircase,mantel, dado, paneling, semi-Corinthian pillars, an elaborate inlaid floor and beautiful chimney ]^^^^^|The white marble^^^B good rivals of thlhtatlebrated Parian marbles,	the ^H>cks, delicately carved a^B remarkably
pure in ^Bor, are rare specimens in t^Bpart of the world. Austria has over two hundred beautiful displ^f by her i^Bchants. France keeps i^^^^Heputation as prwucmg the mo^^^^Hite^^Hand velvets, and rivals if	other coun-
^Kin her china, laces, artificial flowers, costumes, millinery, bronzes, and Parisian ncpE>lti<^^HheHnit^B States, producing and manuf^nring^BerythingHxhibits everything. Wha^^Hthe foreigner can de^^Hthe American artisan can improve, so through	line of exhibits, this coun^^Hflectscredit in what
is shown in the	and Liberal Arts	alone.
The German exhibit, in^Bdi^Bthe pavilion and the great l<^Bly>looking iron feBfc, is g^^^B&nd wonderful. ImmeH bronzes, tile painting, antique silriHd carvings, fine art wares, artistic interior	inviting
objected too numerous to mention are ^Bn daily by tens of tho^Bnd^Bf people.
The^^Mvving is	the principal articles contributed by the emperor of
Gern^^^H
Golden g^^^^^^nieled^Bitl^^^^^^Hedicated to his majesty Emperor William II.	majesty Emperor William I; are
a medal of	Academy of Ai^B congratulatory address of the city of
Berlin on	of his rr^^^^Hreturn from t^^Bar of 1S66; addresses of
the ppCnrfncQvDf Silesia, city of	the occasi^|of theif majesties’ golden
wedding of congratulatory addresses of the city of C<^Kne, cities of Silesia, w(tei|s|gof Cologne, subject^* the empire on the Occasion of his majesty’s ninetieth birthday.﻿CANAO^ *
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215
Articles': dedicated to his majesty Emperor Frederic III., congratulatory add^HSfes of the province of Saxony, city of Nuremberg, and city of Berlin on the occasion of their majestieHsilver wedding in 1883.
Silver bowl presented by the nobility of Schleswig-Holsten to his royal highness Prince Henry of Prussia on the occasion of his wedding.

MERIDEN BRITTANIA PAVILION.
Gifts of honor and addresses to his highneM Prince Bismarck, silver table servicCi^hield of honor, silver; bowl dedicated by German students, copper tankard, patents of honorary citizenship to the cities of Berlin, Bremen, Cologne, Dresden, Druisberg, Hamburg, Hanau and LaHnberg.
Gifts of honor and addresses to Gen. Count von Moltke, field marshal staff patents of honorary citizenship of the cities of Hamburg, Munich and Mersburg.﻿216
HISTORY OF Tll|BH|RLD’S FAIR.
Shri^Bof addresses, ebony and silver, shield of hon0r~v<51iv Prizes of hoi^B awarded by his m^Bty the emperor of uBrwfffy for army, hunting, ra^^Hnd regattas, silver ships and goblets, bB of his majesty Emperor Wit)!am II., si 1 silver Bowl embossed;	clock, silver cup with soclB
enameled anc^Mded;	platter, sBr dollar cup.
S^^Bable service in the shape of a sleigh, ejiameled; silver^goblet, shielcl of 'honor,	ebony witl^^^^H enameled silver table ^Bvice, shells and
alabaster; bronze group, " The Da^B Press; ” glass goblet, polished; stone vasel set in bronze; portraits of their i^^^^^^^^Bitie^^^^Bmp^Br and empress of Gerrrtan^^^^^Bvith frame of gold brc^«.
Galvanoplastic imitations of old German goldsmith \^Rc, mostly froraBha silverware prc^Brty of th^ftty of Luneburg at present in the Museum of industrial Art Ber^^^^H cans,	of th^BfteBth and sixteenth centuries.
In tl^^^^^^^^^^Bel Seidl are exhibi^^^^B marble vase, rich bronze mountings; reliquiarium, ebony, with lapis lazuli, en^^^^^^Bi with silver work; figure of	gilded br^Be; table service; casette, ebony with^^Br;^ilver
globe; stag clock; scei^^^Bottle^^^^Bthe shape of	wine pitcher;
aquarium, glass ^Bl silver; cri^Bx,	and
Property of the emperor o^Bermany, exhibited as a part ^^^^^BhibFion of Ba^^BrtBht iron screen for stov^Bnam^^^^^^^Brzwald clock.
P^^^^^^Bhis^Byal highness the hereditary Grand	of
Baden, grand silver table service, srm^^^^B service, chandelier, and caso&for reception of	dish,	fans, casette, carved
in wood^Bid ^Ber pe^^^^^^Hments, silver ^flte,	an infinite-
variety of other articles, worth millions dollars.
Away out at the extreme ti^Hend of the Cr^^^^^^Bion, a little nook all bj^^V, is an exhibit^^^Bi possesses a wealth of attraction to all v^B chance ^llpon^^^^^Bre not a minute c^Bhe^B' but wha^^^^^nrmec^Btrn^KOlffiunS', scores of delight'-d lithe	1 ii< rally feast their eyes i^Bn the pretty things
dl^^^Bd. The display ^^^^Hade	industries of Sonneberg and
Ohrdruf, in Thüringen, Germany.
Never before were so many <^^^Bnt tvpes of dolls displayed. There are whit^^^B and black dolls, cute little pickaninnies a^B oblique eyed Jap boyS.gnd little m^Bmi^Biny dwarf dollies ai^B big d^Bes; d^^^^^^Blnc^Eams in frock and fl^^Bcai^^and ahiia of other	I^Bie young to^^^^^^Hiated
by the Bonderful exhibit their elders are	the less i^Brested. It is a unique
exhibit. iB more than unique; t ia^^Horiginali^Bnd a^^Bn the conception of th^^H-cheeke l little misses that look down at you with eyes of liquid blujv and their execution.
From time immemorial^^^Bc town in ^^^Bingen^^^^Bon the border of the Black ^^Bt has 1< -cn manufacturing toys. This town is Sonneberg. The dustry has been carried down^^^^^^^B to son for^Bnerat^^^fl Everybody who work	part in^^^^^^Htio^Bf these trifles which seem to bring^^Ben
nearer the heart of the s^^^^^^^Ber^^^Bndfa^Brs work b^Ble little girls﻿H1M'0R\BF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
■
barely strong enough to stand up. Fgslj does a pari and d<H it well. The Result has been tt^piring the perfection of tojHaking almost Hits^th^Bnotch.
There is a suggestion of the “^Brstal Slipper” coach, and	to see at
IlfRt any mgnlK the powdered wig and swe* i face of ( nderella peep out of the coach dooti. But instead of that there Ire tln^Bos^^^^Hd looking punchinellos any one could possibly imagin^^^^H bedecke<l and ^^H>id^^Hyoung lackeys* footmen, and a vast retinue of attenda^^^^^^^^H rubicund ^B* German misses smile*<qc^B at you or shak^Bhe^^^wnt^Bno^^BA shaggy ^B Bernard tramps ^Kbtdy and independent alongside the coach. It all lies like a merry outing where clown an<^Biil(^Bv^^^^Hut to amuse and be amu^^^B
Along the three sides of the Hm thousands of <^^H:lol^B smile quizzingljjjj as you watch tlu^^HThey are e^^H^n shelves or in dainty ca^^HThe shelves hare, been built low p^^Hely^^^^Hthe youngsters who come into the Son neb erg«' display may peep all by th^^^^^B into	rank may be
Ij&dK^bet^Bvitb ft^B-trained robes and fluffy blonde hair. Li^^^^Be rabbits there are with eyes like a sunset. If the ^^^Br is in good humor he will take t^^^Biny out, and after winding u^^^^^Bnvi^^^Bprin£^Bunny will hop out and trot lifelike the flr. There	will bellow just like ^^^^^Bin^B^Dd
article, and a little lamb that gambols and
These things are for the littl^^^^^B	farm> with tiny ^^^Bnd
harrow, a tiny	wn b y pre11yh o r s e s, an
architect, surveyor, etc.
have much	from in <^B the ^Hlies
meet exactly their desires. A	there n unplete, also a minia-
ture kitchen, where	Maude, or	the little girl^^^^Bw'f^Bera
the set, can treat her ^^Hls to a repast as generous and iHntiful^^Hy lady of* the “400” can	set with	up-
holstered baby chairs imaginable.
who	Manufm tures Building has s^Bi the Tiki
fany pavilion, with its tall, eagle-tipped tower. You see almost any example of jnfc^^^B and silversmith’s skill at d	a six-shooter ’v^Bi richly graven
B&r handles to a toilet tabl^Borth $9,000. This toilet t^B, by the way, is a thpg to be admired. It^^^^Bdingly dainty and fr^^^Bnd is m^B of the prtfl cions amaranth	from S^Bh America. Very little of this^Bl gained
wood	the table is pr^^^^^^^kicr^Bed with sterling silver.
This little trifle has been sold to^^^^^^^^^^Bron of the Tiifar^B Near ^Bit a remarkable pi^^^^^Brk, being an incense burner in ^B sliaP(; of a duck which is being strangled by a rattlesnake. The snake ^^^^Bve^^^^^Bs are Queens-^ land opals, and its	pearls. Thei^^^^Ht of fur-
nace in the duck’s bill, where the im * ns< -ticks are to be put, and the snake's head has awpcebfcttJc for the stc^^Hof incense sticks. There is a match-box, too, concealed Wtthin the serpent’s interior econoni)’.
Some of the finest ware stHm is in a tea set^^^Bn pieces with salver, the for each piece of it being decorated, with ft different variety of Ameri-﻿EXHIBIT OF JAMES S. KIRK & CO﻿■story of the worldQEWur.
219
p can flcHSs, This s^is worth only $22,000. There is a^tlu^ftet, a silver taulfl service, containing 570 pieces, all elabott^By dec^^^d. An ^^^^^^Bysanthc-dinner set consists of about 600 pieces. Of v^^Bankai^^Bving cup^^^Bhy cups, dfocks^^^^^^^Bon^^^^Hae^nmeters.^^^^^^^Bid the li^|there iff I a dazzljhg variety.
it is in diamonds and other precious stones that	display
The central gem of all of course is the gray canary diamond, set at the apex of a velvetj pyramid and rttVolv^^^fivw^^^Ki gold	many hued fir^^^^^Hurayfl
flashing from its	depths. Scattered	it are io^^^|ther diamonds and
iplfly $400,000 worth of	These pearls ar^ni	necklaces, one being
the fin^^Band of pearls ever brought to Am^H It is wortf^^^^^^B The other two are	$85,000 respectively. Th^fi is ^Hen arabesque
girdle of gold ^■h twenty large canary diamonds ^^^fionly $25,000. There is one dia^wid^^^^^^^^Borty-t^^^^^^Baggregatin^^^^|:arats, and still another ■rith pendants, it holds 550 rose dian^^^fi Another jewlery set consists of tiara,
It obtains 147 splendid aquamarines and 1,848 diamonds. A companion	pink ^^^|and diamonds. Of the	and semi-
precious stones there is a^^Bdering display. An especi;^B inter< a ing feature of the pavilion is a case of pearl oysters and unpo^ned pearls, wherefrom most visits ors are able to learn something. The Tiffany Gl^Hand Decorating Company has not so^stly an exhibit, but it ^nuite as ^Hsti^^^Bbeau^U. Louis '^■any has his section t>f the pavilion cut int<^Bree rooms,^^^Bargest one is fitted as a chapel with a superb	under triple mole arches. The lloor of the sanctuary, too,r
is of the most intricately wrought glass m^^B as are the cha^fil steps and the froii;t ef i^^Bar itself. The heavy	too, are of irii^^Bit mosaic. The
lectern is of the s^^^Bxqui^H work, as is also the font, which has a finely wrought (fiver of glass.	window of the chapel is “The Descent from Cross,”
(Bugned by L^|s Tiffany. On onelle is shown Chri^^^Hng^^^^^^Bg to St. John; on the Other a reproduction of one of Po^^^K’s windows. ^|er(^| another smaller window, ‘^^^^^fi>oc^^^B)herd,” whicli is re^^^^^e finest bit of color in the chab^k ■ There are ^■ub^W here sonu^Birp^fiingly fine vestments, an ^par cross sbafijl$£&Vrith jewels, and some fine candle sticks of ^|nnem^^Biarble. The entire effect of tl^Hitt^^Bipel, whii li is in the bezant ine style, is exceedingly rich.
^^^■ficuoi^^B>n^Bose lot atl^dy named are the solid silver statue of Columbu^fixhibited by Corham & Co., ai^^^^^t Providence, R. 1.; petrified wood in blocks and mantels and t^^^| from the Petrified Forest of Ariz^fii; rugs and (^Bpppfrom Turkey, Persia, Bulga^fi Arabia, Pennsylvania and Mas^fthusetts; pianos and organa from as many make^Js there are states and terr^Bfies in the T|»3yf colognes other perfumer^^^Bd fancy and other soaps from a hundred makers; dolls that talk and walk and cry from I^Bis and Vienna; toys from Nurem-burg, China and Japan; stoves and ^^^^Bre from Providen^B R. II.; queenly dresses from La IJbti Marche and from Felix and Worth, Paris^^Bing machines from all tile greatfimakers in America.﻿220
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
The statue of Columbus is six feet high, standing on a pedestal one foot high, the whole of solid silver and containing 30,000 ounces of the metal, 925-1,000 fine. It was modeled in Paris by the sculptor, and the model was shipped to the Gorham foundry in Providence, where it was cast at a cost of $50,000. Its principal value, however, lies in the artistic strength of the figure. The great navigator is pictured as a man of determination of rough vigor. The pose shows him standing, with anxious brow, pointing toward the horizon, as if to question the path that lay before him. Associated with the figure as suggestions of his calling are the navigator’s instruments. The composition is of the simplest, and the figure has been left with all the lines of the first casting untouched—a tribute to the mechanical perfection that brought the model forth with lines that needed no finishing.
On either side of the statue and beyond, covering considerable area, are the cases of wares that represent the best skill of American designers and artisans. There are great trophies, magnificent silver services, bronzes, inlaid and repousse work and new designs innumerable in the pieces that go to beautify the homes of the wealthy.
Conspicuous among the trophies is the Century vase which won a gold medal at the Centennial and was one of the first great pieces of its kind to demonstrate the advance of American workmanship in the metal-working arts. On either side of the vase are sixty-four pieces, composing what is called the “rose” dinner set, valued at $25,000, and said to be the finest service ever made in the E’nited States. The’rose is used as a central motive of decoration and the design is wrought out with marvelous perfection of detail.
Down the central aisle of the pavilion are groups of ware that attract crowds continually. In one case are two plates worth $950 and $1,156 each, and a pitcher that cost $1,150. A quaint design in the group is the “creation” cup—a small affair with symbolic decoration typifying the epochs of creation since the period of Genesis.
A novelty in the same exhibit is a collection of translucent ware which is in effect a silver filigrM design filled out in the interstices with translucent glass of varied hues.
Next and perhaps the finest of the purely domestic production is the group of Rockwood designs with a superficial covering of silver deposited by a process but little used until reftntly in this country. Some of the vases in this pattern are almost monumental in size, and all of them subjects of favorable comparison with the best work in any of the foreign sections.
Along theBouth frontage of the pavilion are sets of a ware that is an innovation on the conventional without transgressing the most rigid canons of art decoration. These are made in combinations of glass, gold and silver, but instead of molding the metal about the glass design, the process is reversed and th&glass blown into the silver after the figure is complete. Following an original and recent fashion, the gloss is ruby-tinted and the combination of color is remarkable effective, either in strong sunlight or in the clear glow < >f electricity.﻿Hli^BRY OFEiaHlRLD'S FAIR.
Hippolite Taine, the great French philosopher, asserts in his Hrk on the Phil^HMpT'of that the characteristics of a nation are always seen in its art products.	the Exposition Hthi^B:he^^^^Hc plainly shown than
the	pavilion which E a triumph of /Esthetic
I Art, with its beautiful entablatures upheld by Titanic figures bending gracefully beneath their self-imposed burden, o^Hcs at	allc shedding a

ENTRANCE TO FRENCH PAVILION.
golden rad iance u	u ( of	be neat h—that symbol of
fraH-ni^^^^^^^H two gn^^^^ftpubli^^^^B world—the min^^^^J drinks in the full beauty of	In cc^^Hison how cold and gloomy
Russian	arches, suggestive of prostration and pra^^H
And it	one can spend ma^J valua-
ble hours this^^^^^^^^^art^^Ha:, feeling that the soul in its search for the exquisitely be^Btiful has found satiety.﻿222
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
Italy makes a dazzling exhibit of marbles, bronzes, mosaics, paintings, majolica, laces, jewelry, bric-a-brac and tapestries. About the walls and in cases are displayed specimens of every variety of Venetian lace and needlework. There are cobwebby fabrics ranging in price from two cents to $400 a yard. There are great pieces of rose point as soft and delicate as a spider’s web, scarfs and veils of old Venetian point fit for the bridal of a Princess, and fans and lace handkerchiefs which would drive a woman to frenzy, A novelty in lace work is the polygram pattern, done in many colors with the most delicate shadings and used most exclusively for screens and banners. One great case is entirely filled with lace bedspreads. Some of the moreexpenBve are valued at $x,ooo each, and are done in rococo point laced with blue and gold ribbons and embroidered by hand in gold and silver. A single firm nowRmploys a thousand men in this line of work alone. A remarkable thing about the lacemakers of Venice is that the women who do even the finest and most difficult pieces are content to work for 15 or 16 cents a day, and the retail price made by the lacemaker is based on the estimate of 20 cents for each day’s work on the piece. In this way it is easy to tell just how long it has taken the patient lacemakers to complete a given piece. Thus if a lace scarf be sold for $25 by a reputable dealer in Venice it may be estimated that 125 days’ labor has been gi\Bn to its construction.
The contents of this lace-house in the Italian section are valued at more than $40,000, and from the splendid veil patterned exactly after that worn by Maria Louisa, Empress of the I'rench, to the most modern and inexpensive bit of edging it interests and excites the attention of eBery woman who come within sight.
That which will attract the most attention in the Italian section is its .statuary. Italy's entire space ilno^K larg<^^Bthe commissioners had hoped it might be and it haftoeen foundBiecessary to put a great deal into the rather small section. But the work of arrangement has been artistically accomplished, so that all who visit it may see to good advantage the things of beauty made in the sunny Italy of modern times.
Passing from the statuary around the section, the visitor may indulge in the luxury of other things not less beautiful or wonderful. On one side are artistic specimens of wrought-iron work made into all sorts of happy combinations and pretty designs. In one portion of the section is a bedchamber furnished with antique furniturBand rugs and portieres of polished and embroidered leather. In another corner is a room fitted with a set of furniture made of ebony and inlaid with ivory. Two tables in this section attract special attention. They are of antique pattern and the tops are inlaid with ivory in designs depicting battle scenes. At another place the visitor is transported within the wallsof Pompeii, whose treasures none have before beheld save in the immortal work which describes heriiast days. But here are the real things, or, rather, reproductions of them, which decorated the sideboards and mantels of the homes in that famous city, the very memory of whose existence was effaced for centuries. Gold and silver vases, jewelry, bracelets, ornaments of rare coral and jewels, all reproductions of articles found﻿HISTORY Cia THE WOUDB FAIR.
223
in the subterranean	endless profus^k Some even are genuine
I and t^ken from the museum and school of Alexander Castelani in Rome.
Besides,	of modern des^B and others »inch made long
I ago, have stood the test of three and even four centuries of decay, yet seemed to f have come fresh from the hands of the makers. Filigree work in silver and all I sort-s of toilet articles fas^Bned from tortoise sh^fl are seen in abundance. All these things, with ^kndel^^^^Hes, mosaics, mii^^^B hand-pain^M glass orna-ments, vases almost priceless in v^^^^^^^^Hidrcds and ei^fl thousands of othei" Articles fashioned with the	Italy, keep a constant Stream of
■gStors pouring into the section ^^^^^Br daily l^Bomes necessary ^Bturn the
light
It would require more than one long chapter to invite brief attention to a tenth of the beautiful objects in ^k French exhibit. The display of^^^^Hold decorations,	fine arts, laces, jewelry, silk c^^^^^Bnd cloaks unsurp^^^H
At on^^^Bt these garments are displayed on wax figures, with that a atelyartistic arrangemei^^^^Hminent in all the French ^^^Bts. The i^^^Bal shown is of She most expe^^Hand the stvles the newest. ^^^Bother point there is a rich and rare display of furs.	the sj^^Hs carpeted with 135 river otter
skins. A single mantle is m^^Hjf eighty-five Russian ^Ue ^^HOn the rear	the skins of a polar bear.^kic^fl a tiger and leopard. There:
is a profusion of ott^kkins,^B>m^Bf them m^B up ii^fl garmet^BTl^Blining and trimming^^^^^l cloak is of bl^fl fox. The winc^^^Bn front of t^HeXii; 1 hibits, which are the first approaching from the south, ar^Browded with men and wome^^^^^H
Nothing in the Austrian	will attract gia^Br attention than. the*
display of armor, divided ^Btw^B the gcnu^^^Bantique and imit^^^B from offered b^B Vienna firm. F^Bd from its pristine brightness in the	of centuries, the armor that pre^kted Fudwig II. of Hi^Baty is
placed midway between tha^^^^HiriiHvon Ran/.ow, with Hqueer spiked plates 6f steel on	and that of an unknown who left tc^Be world in^H \ isor
the form	With t he armor a rosebush of	the
petals	crisped and curled r^Bn the living flower, the work of cunning hands,	last (h BB the	a faithful copy, and^^Hesi^Bs a mar-
vel of delicate workman^». Austria excels in he^Bohemian ware, which is admired by^^^^^Bwds daily. An	reproduction of the famoi^Bining-room at
Hatfield ho^^Hhe home of Ford Salisbury, may be seen in the British^^Hoti^ Of all^B famous houses in Ft^^^H. Hatfield house is considered the most famotisjr as i^^Hkn^aledged to be the best specimen of F^^Htn architecture extant# The	most attractive room in^Bc house, fo^B tells in its^kvings
theTfcfctoHof tlu: Cecils from theHnth century. Beneath its ricfcH paneled c^i^j ing Henry VIII. and Queen FlizaHth took their daily meal^^Hboth these rulers at one t^H made Hatfield house, their residence. In the re^^^ftetion one side of the dininjflH^OpiB'is left open. On the other side is the old iron fireplace with the date 1657 oili^jfittid the huge fire-irons and dogs. Ab<^B this is the huge tapestry﻿

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﻿HISTORAttF THEWORLD’S FAIR.
which represent the present owner’s ancestors at the crusade; on eithe^Bde is a full stand mail which i^WsO figured to protect some heroic Cecil during that above all is the fuH coat-of-arms of the house.
At the upper end of the dining-room is the	gallery, with a carved
la^Bfii9Bfc'bet^!S>*y surmounted by ^B lions i iill|iii^^^^^^^Blin a shield witS the sBTFP^d qu arte rings of the fami^Band at tin- other end is rich ct^ftng of the &|d oak of which H^^^^^Htenor is made^Bhe great folding doors, on e^Ber side MofMch hang life-si^Bpaintings of	and Mary Quc^^^B Scots.
^irectl&i|ih$er the mins^^Hallery^^^ftix winged busts in^B'ved oak which form truss'dip^^Hpd^^^^^^^^H'e likenesses of the six	the house
^^‘^tjE^tns is held by the lions directly ^^Hthem, and abc^^^^H the c^K-of-arms of the Cecils. An^^Hth^^^nig are more tri^fco'^^^^^^Hy lions, each holding the coat-of-arms emblazoned shield, showing the c^^^wions of the house toHier families by their quarterings, and th^^^^Hfai^^^Bini^^^Bolorings are fajlfeful^BhOwn.
•The following is an analyzec^ftt of number of Bri^^^^^Bbiters in the M j&fufacti^^^^Bnng: Chemical MB phar^^^Bitical^^^^^^Hand dyes, 9; type-writers and stattk>H^^^Bi; upholstery and c^kration, 16; ceramics and mifble, ntOttC, and Kt^^B articles, 2; art metal work, 1; glass, 2; stained glass, 4; HwylHg, 1; gold and silver	jewelry 1; horology, i^^B 7; vegetable and
mineral fibers, 1; w^^^^^Bton, yarn, and linen, 19; felled goods of wool, ^^^ktha ing and costumes, 16; laces, fans, and flowers, ^Btoilct^^^^^^H; traveling equipments, 3? rubber, gutl^^^Bcha, celluloid, and zyloake,^B war ra^Hha^B; lighting apKKiiOCes, 1; heating apparatus, 4; and v^^^^Bid^Brdi^^^B3- Total, 178.
The	Royal porcelain Factory of Wc^Bster cost
■#^X> and	Pottery company, $25,000. There^Ba service made
for the Prince of V^Bxs, nd^ftiterv^Bds ^Bcame King G^Bge IV., that will provq a stumbling fc^Bk to somebody’s economical inte^B?n^^^K of silvc^^H, and con-sists of a tea-kettle and i^Be pot in	the usual full tea^^^^H The
tea-caddy, wl^^^Bike the other	outline and unadorned, is
loclrand key, a signiheant reminder that when it was made tea vatf worth somHing likeThe service bears the date. 1792-1795. A Norwegian “peg” tankard made in 1683, a lemon strainer of the
Anne, old ^^^^Hvls, with m^B-hcadhand^B, made in 1707; raurclx., 1 is that once belonged to Queen^^^^^^Bray back in 1}^B are among the many quaint things in R$wHbxh^B.
A costly piece that is especially rare is a little Huare waiter engraved'in a conventional scroll design by 1 i"garth and ma^Bin 1720. Tin- priia BBthis is $500, and tint notwithstanding it^flonly four indies from edge to edge. A large chased dish, ilMMk in 1683 and valued at |lkx^ is also regarded with re-spect by those who hc^^^^^^Brge. Another remarkable piceSpanish wine “nBj or ship in silvetf exqftiisit^B chased with figures of seU nymphs and^wxnfl The top of'Qiis massive piece of ^Bte lifts off and so transforms It into a wine cup, The datfejfc uncertg^MJ* but the ship plainly belongs tt> the fifteenth century. Not of﻿226
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR-
feast importance in this display of Wells BrothersMlfneTgreMPsil-^B gilt crown wdffby th^B)uke of Sussex at the coronation of Queen Victoria.
In-Striking contrast to the old ware are the “EXf^^^Bn Clock,” tMpj“Columbian Shield,” and the “Shakspearea^^Hket” exhibited together. The Exposition $cj6ck is a remarkable bit of workmanship,
It is octagonal in torm, and is composed of	walnut, wfthitlegantly
chased, richl)'gilt ornaments, the cotton plant 2nd flower being the principal subjects. It	representing the sports^Brimming, running, ^dfshting^
cycling,	ting, and jumi^Bj,	a view of Brooklyn bridge, j^BcIn
panel is surmounted by a - por^flit of a President—Washington,	Grant,
Jacks^B Franklin, Harrison, and Beveland. There is also a medallion portrait of Queen Yic^Ba. The clock hr^Bour dials. sl^Bin^^^^^Bi, American, French, aoB 'Spanish times. Rou^^Bte^Bck are t^^^Bfigures, representing players in cricket, ^Bving, shooting, pol^flracing, lacrosse, boxing, running, tennis^^^^^H, and! wrestlinH h our columns support brackets	each two of
are figuresMnifying progress in art, science, industry and	At each
hour English and Americ^B anthems are played, t^B time being d^^^B by a 'chime of eight bells, the W<^Bninster chimes on four ^^^Bs and the on one gong. All can be repeated ^Hvill. The figures revolve in ^^^^^^^^Bhe strikes e;u h cjuarter.
The shield is made entir^B of silver,	and
relief, representing various schemes in	Ai^Bica.
Unique as a specimen ol^^B art of^^^Bisccning as	in ^Bgland is
th^BhakspcaHin casket, whicli^fllustrates^B gold and silver the works of the poet and play^^^B. The center obv^Be gives the portrait of the po^Bnd play-wright, as he appea^Bn the busl in f^^^B>rd^Bhu^B. The rev^^^BedaBon gives a view in gold repousse of .‘■^Bks^Bre’s birthplace. The principal damascening portrays wreaths in different colors, a medallion, escutcheon, Tragedy, Comedy, hunting trophies, bees,	boat-hook and ^^^He Caducous, scales of'
Justice, boarhorn and spear, h^Bet and sword, ^^^B and
crown, Cupid's bow, the ^^^Bof hymen, the nuptial	and ^B>rd of
Justice, fruit-laden vase, the poisoned bowl hissing	anti bells, and the
■-skull and crossbonesof Death. Tl^^^^^^^^^^^Bdy of th^Bsket fine enamel paintings	from a “Midsummer Xight’s Dream,” “The Tempest,” “Two Gentle-
men of Ye^^^B “King Lear," and “Romeo^flnd ^^^Bt.” The lower moldiaB of the casket llhistratt^Biot^^^^^^Hi “Measure for l^^^^^^^HCo^Bdy OfErrors,” “Troilus and C^BCda," “Merchant	“King Henry ^B7.,” “Timon of
Athens,” “Twelfth Night,”	“As you like ii. an^Blvi^B Heril^Bl.” The
Hsket stands upon four feet in ^^^Bnd damascened, and is surm^^^Bl;by the 1 Shakspearean crest, the fal^B holding th^^Hng^Bar in rest. It^Bafee ^$3,000.]
d'he caskets which were presented, on^^^Bhe Emperor of Germany in iSqi,< one to <H.ds^^^^B88i,toge t h er with the ^Hm	the City	are
eluded in ttheHllection, having been loaned by their owfls. Anqthgrjmposing piitee of platc^B the “Wa^BlooCup" for 1892, shown by Mappin Bros.﻿GENERAI, VIEW IN MANUFACTURES BUILDING.	^
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•ivl< ' "'	'	•'•?'• > -rS^irn'﻿HISTORY WM THE W ORLDS FAIR.
I o women who \ isit the exhibit nothing will so appeal, however, as a toilet service, ineltuling lorty-seven pieces, all mounted in silver richly gilded. W ho uses this, however, must have a substantial bank account at her disoosal, as $3,060 is its
\j3luei.
Plainly the pride of England, so iar as its exhibit in the World's hair is concerned, is the potter}- and porcelain, arranged in attractive groups and lines of color along ColumlBi avenue. II one walks down that thoroughfarwtoward the British section from the north, Koval Worcester, in delicate tones of ivory and gold, Pompeian green, and Rose du Barry greets the eye. Just what in the beautiful exhibit ol this exquisite ware best deserves notice it is difficult to state. Most people tire attracted, however, by the hmg^ tables spread with gorgeous banquet services. Ro-e carol and gold aroused in the onijBientation of plates, vases, and fruit dishes, dower jarB menu cards, lamps, and candelabra, the total value of which is $5,300, a hgure which will not encourage the average giver of dinnersto purchase the set.
Although the service, with its scrolls and lace-like edges and delicately painted figures, is one of the most elegant pieces of work in the collection, what is known as the rustic table is by no means without admirers.	The,“Sfiin.se of being
Out of doors, ol lnBring brooks murmur and birds sing, is what the designers of this service desired to indulge in those who used it. The centerpiece, filled in with ferns ami grasses, is Birrounded by a fence in gold and ivory and pink, in which impossible little shepherds are seated playing impossible little llutCS. Rabbits, puppies, and a varied assortment ol other small animals jump around in the grass, or would jump d the power of locomotion could be put into W orcester ware and the plates, wises, fruit dishes carry out as nearly, as possible the idea of rusticity and country delights. W hoever purchased this set, for it has been sold simBplaced on exhibition, paid the round, comfortable sum of for it.
Altogether the most beaut i I id vases in the collection are of pierced work, in ivory tints, ornamented wit h delicate filigree1 of gold work. Phis is remarkable, not only lor its delicate beaut v. but for the way in which it is produced.
There is only one man mBll the Royal Worcester factor}'that can make it. His name is ()wens and he has bum for years taking the vase as ft conieS from the moulders unglazed and Bm'ired, cutting out the delicate patterns with a knife and designing as he goes along. The elaborate pieces it takes sometimes years to make. It is not wonderful, therefore, that the values placed upon them should be large.
h igures m soft, stained ivory are a specialty of this exhibit. They are extreme!} graeelul and effective in every instance, whether holding a lamp, serving as the base oI a great vase, posing on candelabra, or being purely and simply statuettes. The largest vase ever made at the Worcester works may be seen in Chicago. This fine specimen of porcelain is nearly five feet high and is Italian in style. It is oviform in shape1, the neck, shoulders, and foot being richly embossed with strap and scroll work in high relief. The handles consist of vigorously modeled griffins’ heads a Bacchante cupid surmounts the cover, while the foot is of richly modeled dolphin heads and Italian panels, and carries on either side cupids In full relief, forming a﻿fcM'ORY GfLTI* 'WORLD’S f klR.
229
powerful and decorative base Lo the whole vase, The decorat ions consist of elaborate pilasters and scroll work in raised -old and festoons of painted (lowers typifying the seasons. Tin • idea of summer and winter is st^Bhjn inn- cmphasi/cd in the Kajuqn<'11 ps occupying centers ol the pilasters that connect shoulder and b&Sfj| The pilasters and scroll work are also in modeled	n	canthus
foliage and scroll work being freely used to ;uld t<> massiveness of the coinjbdg sition. I he general scheme of colo^^^Hw in tone, the	ivery porn■ 1 ain, the
HBpodeh e mounts, hai^His, and foot are richly finished in Ron^^^^^H'ecn-and tortoise, relieved with bronzes and gold. The sartHow tones of green and rich 1 inatural llowers composing the
Versatility is one of	upon whii^B those who have the displajyfli
charge congratulate themselves.
ornamental ware that is as remarkable for	* as for a^^^^^^^^Hthcre are
plcnt®Q( useful ^R>s, plates,tea services, and even dinner sets in Royal Worcester th$|areMHlparatively cheap. From 60 cents to $6,000 the scale of prices slides BfaCcoruling to the artic^»urch^«h
loul ware, l^KLUSC it shows w 11 at 1m -aut i fu 1 effects can brought from coa^|^uit£Hal, is one of	the L^^^^^lttcr exhibits. It is
given a conspicuous place on	represents perhaps a greater
m<>netary va 1 ue than any	collection. Some	included in
>, the ware which the H ml toil Beople have brought to	divided
wof^esuu-1 pavilions dr^Bd with dark greei^Blush curtains and painted in shades of light gfe^B The architec^Bd enrichments of caps, frieze, spandrels, ■Ebiftfico, and lailtfcm with which iH made beautiful were all ^Becially
Lambeth. As seen from the avenue tlfl pavilion on .the right is devoted to the Hlh^Bp^^Hhit^aild the central hall and left lavilion those of the ^Hmbeth works.
What most attract attention in^H Lambeth exhibit are na^^^Htbo large |B)i^^Kb^P^p|nui^^^^^^^|thein u orge Tinworths’ “History of Engla n d' ’vase. T his remarkable piece of pottery stands four feet four inches high. Around the widest part H the body is a succession of niches twenty in nui^Hr containing little groups representing leading incidents in English history, and around the neck is another series ol twenty single figures that	faithful portraits of English
monarchs. This i$ quie^^^^Hring, the old D<^Bon bluesbrowns pr^Bmi-natin^p?
Rather remarkable as being the work of a woman is a beautiful vase two feet iRfcfli|pin Imished in the^^^Bar glazes pec^^^Bo Lambeth ware. The^B-tral part is left in	stoneware to^^^^HMiss Hannah B. Barlow's
etchings of rustid life. Her s^Br, Miss Flore^B Barlow, exhibits n^^^Bus pieces decof^ted with charmtnjjp&lip'^Bnt ings of birds.
■Lgs, tankards and vases all deflated with quaint figures,	color,
^ and occasionally flowers,;all offthem effective and beautiful, arp inc^Bed in this portion of Ifetditolay.﻿230-
HISTORY OF Tfl^WOSUiDtSSFAIR.
In Lambeth faience there are some uBpmflH^hifl^BmQng them two ^.fljwith model feet and tops finished in colored glazes. The bodies are pained, onraavihfj a treatment'bf cactus on a baCK&rfiULind of tuf™mSBiading into hrange, thiMther decorated with orchids oa a shade ofjspow ground.
most beautiful and mo& Valuat>le .Ta*&^Bio\vever, appear under the Crown Lambeth section. These are especially important as being in IH^^Hin-stances the first appearance in public of thisexqu i ware. Most striking among them^Bi pair of large vases designed by John Eyre... Thc bodtit y f one has an ex-quisite painting upon it, representing the legend of “Perseus adromqda.’’ The scene represents a rocky	In the foreground stands the nude figure of
Andromeda. Through the clOi^^^Bst discernible in the ipMrple that wn^Bhe horizon may be seen the^^^kd steed, Pegasus, bear^^^He hero. On t)MB>ppt>sit3 of th^fese Perseus, armed with sword'arid shield|a<^H battlet,with the dragon. In the “Ariadne'’ the daughter of Mihb^B.sho^Hn gilded,fed drapery standing Bone on the seashore. The feet and upper partsthe vas^BreLtfeated with groups'of mermaids and all manner ^^^»ange^B’thii^BvOn the cover is a statuette of Neptune. 1
A remarkable group of	consists of those known .as the Colum-
bus,Diana, Dante and Chicago vases. To the first of these the pl^K^pf honor Kltould be given. It is nearly six feet in height. Colupnbus stands on the submit of it, ‘his feet res^Bf on an emblematic arrangement of^pnehors, ropes and other ship's tackle. The condition of America at the time ^Hts discovery and thdfeKHftnt BCcontrasted. The	div^Bl .by a curtain of tapestry/4nd two pictures
Kaintecl by M. Labarre represent Cupid on the one side asleep and on the other side awake anti fu^^^^^^^^HThe Diana vase follows in style the	he
goddess of the chase is r^^^^^^^^^^^Bittingposture on the summit, holdfift a speaiH her right hand and shading her eyes with her Jeft, Cupids and nymphs^ wait upon her in pictures painted upon either si^| of the va§^argd her|Bpunds crouched at her feet.	the Qai^Bttase sit fopriffmaly modeled
Hmr^B)f Dante and	supported by poetryand fame. T^Btf&e is decorated in ivory and	in chaste gilding. The figures are delicately painted a
dark bron^Band old ivory. The	vafc&^Bali^Bn* th^H^i$.1||S#S^Hflc-
Fruit and flowers are painted	the model surfaces^Bye been treated
with much delicacy m pink, upon w^Bi a gold sheen has been added.
CH land, Minton, and Wedgi wood ware are grouped in one pavilion under Hj^Berieral management of A, B. Daniel & Sons. I^He^sy to see what in the eyes of those who have charge is of the greatest	theh«K^fen.
the specimens of th^^^^Hur-^^^^^^^^Hhat are first pointed out. The process Kof Chinese origin, consisting of th^B> plication to the surface df rhV^ JfBMHiin layers of liquid	clay, in which a subject Is drawn.	whole of thg)
work is completed when the vase-i^Bi an unbred state. The effect is much the samdas thHaf cameo work. Allof the vases exhibited a^Hh^1^|’rk of Mr. Solon. The largest is a reproduction of thefamo^Bfu£>ile^B&rie	on
thBdjjhttsion ofher,juJ>aee lp 1887. 'Mr. Sol^fde^fcreM^iibwn work thus:﻿TIFFANY’S EXHIBIT, MANUFACTURES BUILDING.﻿2U
HISTORY OlfTHE WORLD'S FAIR.
“Nymphs are bound to the rock of wisdom at the foot of Minerva’s altar. Cupids approached from all sides, unfettering the captives and destroying the goddess’emblems. The value of this artistic piece of porcelain is $5,500. Besides the Pate-Sur-Pate ware there are some beautiful reproductions,;.in Copeland of Spode Swangea, and old Worcester dinner service. In Minton wares there are vases, plaques, and cups and saucers in elegant designs and beautiful colorings. The sculptured glass made by Webb of Stourbridge is one of thermost unique features in this room. It also is cameo light in effect and costly in the extreme, single plaques feeing valued at $1,200.”
Wedgewood wan: shows the usual dancing girls and cupids, Grecian maidens in white against delicate blue*, green, brown, and pink backgroundsTdi$Yn old piece of ware that has found a ready purchaser in this country is a head of Gedrge Washington outlined against a black back-ground.
Longfellow^^Kvangeline,” pictured on twelve plates by*A. Boullemier, is the glory o! the Cauldon exhibii. The borders of the plates are dilated in raised gold work and t he scenes are exquisite in color. These are valued hfe-$2,000. A Shakspeare vase fired in twenty-two pieces and beautiful in color,is next in point of wonder. K. Sieffert, formerly at the Sevres manufactory, has some beautiful ware in old ivory coloring painted with delicate little French scenes. Landscapes by “Ellis, game sets painted with great faitfulm ss by J. Birbeck, and dainty figures by T. J. Bott are included in this fragile art display. A striking vase has painted upon it Golumbus before Queen Isabella, after the.original in the Metropolitan Museum. This was produced with an infinite amount of pains and faithful work, in view of which $2,000 doBs not seem too much to ask for it.
From a purely feminine and domestic point of view the gemof thetpbllection is not, however, a vase, but a dejeuner service painted by Boullemier for therDuchess of Sui lierland. 1 he pi^Hs are ivory-tinted and ornamented with gold. OnSach is a little scene that is essentially b reach and mischievous in character. Tlifi price of the service, it may be of interest to know, is $500. .
Russia makes a splendid exhibit of furs, lapis lazuli, malachite, onyx, and shows olf handsomely in ornamental woods. The exhibit comprises a full repreg sentation of all the manufactureBof the country. Most prominent among thBie, and probably most typical, is the fur exhibit. The Russian bear occupies a con-spicuo* place in this department, and other fur-producing animalsBlyound in great quantity. The display of manufactured furs is probably the finest in the building, although several American furriers have exhibits that are fine in quality and comprehensive in their range. Russia takes the lead as a fur-producing;tountry, and it is only natural that a great de,a] of attention should be directed to, the manufacture of this article into wearing apparel. But Russia also has an Exceptionally fine exhibit of all the articles of household use. There is a fine displayed furniture, covering both the cheap and expensive grades. Of the latter class there i&jan exceptionally fine exhibit of carved work in oakr mahogany, and other fine^woodsl It is of the product of their looms that Russian manufacturers are especially proud. There is a fine display of both cotton and woolen fabrics, and the prices of the﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S LAIR.
^33
same art exceedingly low, as compared \mh the; Moducts of the United Statrçfsïor even European countries. In the line of ^crockery and porcelain there is/also a finp exhibit. Some of the paintings on this material are of the finest sort, both in deiign and'execution. Then there is a display of papier mache a Bides whiph are unique-in design and decoration. But the exhibit which attracts the greatest attention is the display of silver and gold manufactures:	In the former line particularly
th|8»display is unusually fine. There are articles for use and ornament in filigree work, beautifully, enameled of every imuginablB design. Then, too, there are a great profusion of precious stones from the mines of Siberia. In the government’s contribution to the exhibit there are sampl« of the paper currency of the country, the postage and engravings of the coin of the realm. There are also portraits in oil of the present royal family, and engravings of the czars frorBthe time of Peter the Great. There is also a collection ol all the forms ot public documents in use by the government. Russia also claims the honor of being the first country to put aluminium to-use in the arts, and to support this claim has an exhibit of horseshoes made of this" flight and durable material. Altogether the exhibit is one which retîècts crédit alike on the government and the individual exhibitors.
Bulgaria makes a neat exhibit, mostly carpets and silks. It makes a special exhibit of its famous attar of roses, made from the pelais of a rose which grows in only one valley, near the Shipka Pass in the Balkan mountains. The women and girls’go down early in the morning into Rose Valley, as it is called, and gather the flowers while the dew is still upon them. In no other place will this delicately perfumed rose gaçolv to such perfect ion. Another interesting exhibit is the Bulgarian silver filigree work, which is really only a survival of an ancient. cBift and is comparable to the work produced by the Hindoos and the Japanese. The manufacture is entirely in. the hands of a few families in Widin on the 1 )anube, with whom knowledge of the work and skill in executing it becomes an hereditary gift, handed down from father to son. The work takes generally the form of silver cups and dishéspin which the coffee and sweets are offered to visitors after the manner of Eastern people.
For concentrated splendor and condensed costliness, the; Siamese pavilion and exhibit excel anything in the Manufactures building. The pavilion is only 26 feet square and 32 feet high, and its contents are estimated to be worth $300,000. They are therefore well worth a careful inspection. The pavilion is itself'a more than usually interesting one, as it was made in Siam, is an exact reproduction of the garden house of the King, at Bangkok, and is the identicalSiame.se pavilion of the Paris Exposition, a little rusty in some places, but almost as good as new. Its floor is elevated four steps above the dais on which it stands. It is supported by several slender pillars, and is open all around. On each ol: the four sides the roof is a sharp gable, and in the center is drawn up to-a sharp point and loaded with ornament. The material is wood painted red and yellow, and inlaid everywhere with bits of glass of various bright colors. The effect, is excessively bizarre, and the structure almost looks like a huge piece of jewelry. Entering the gorgeous-building, one notices first the native Siamese matting on the floor, and next a large﻿﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
^35
display, of photographs of t|feSiam^^H$i(l family anjJSof scenes in the Sia^H^ capitjB Standing anfbfld 0n every si^nre enor0ic^RftP^5ris> used tpjp^daiice the seiyd-privattrgjy^a warm cliifiate. They are four higli and three feet wide and are emljtbKtlrafl in solid gold	lavish richnessand beauty that h^^Hoequal in
th^Rxposi($pn. The Otnbroidery represents grasses, vines, flowers, fruits, and birds, allrafflSiin bas-reliefs. Qn^^^^Hemthe coat-of^Bms of Siam and on another thl arms of th0 United States are embroidered in an inimit^^^Hanner by the King’s ilitercjhEinbi^^^^^^^Bns to be the ruling passion of the Siamese, and i^n. large peBMn«|imla?. SnOW-C^K there is an assortment of pil^B?fe,^fchions, foot-rest« sasherid^Mf^H^s, smokiftg jackets, and tca^Bzies, used to clap ftr a tea-pot to keepIjglrarm, all of which are (i^Bzling ob^Bt lessons in the Or^Btal passion for luxury and disjd^y* Mc^Bof these articles are of a s^B equal to two cubic* fimt, and all of them are constructed of the richest silks a^Bsatins and then embroidered with the divinest skill in pure gold, until they must be alm^^^B) li^Bvy for phaCtieal use. Among^Be rest is a	satin six incl^B broad and several feet ip
^length, whiCjl, in addition to h^ftg gold-embroidered, is thickly studded with rubie^ and gar£&£s; and is held to be worth	The dis^Ky of gold and silver attfcleB
is even richer itill. Rice is r^Hrded as a plain diet, but it costs a good deakt&j^fl it jfc&yf soph a rice-bowl	here. It stands two feet high, with its
arKcd cover, it* made of solid silver, elaborately chas^B and sells fc^B$3,Qqcv There is a full line of table artic^B in solid gold, curiously inlaid with l^^^Bnamel. Betel trays, for the enjoyment of the betel nut,	pure gold, and in’ one case
stwBled with diamonds^Band around, waiting for^^^Bmiers at $2,400 each. It HemgBPial ct^Bidors are neo^Hiry in Siam as well as in Chicago, th^whhcqpsider-ably smaller, and these also are of solid gold, studded with d lamoadfc- June can buy one of these nice spittoons	Of course one finds here a a^ohderful
display of	One of the e^».nces is ilanked by a display of
elephantVtusJts, and Mr. Hicks^^^Bis in charge, ^Bights in pointing-out a pair of tusks, one of which he	the largest	of ivory in Amer^| It is
Q feet	length, and ^^Hlong that it evidently embarrassed the^Kphant
that boAfc^B It dragged on th^^^Hnd until at least a foot of it must have been wdrrfyhyay, and the poor beast^^^B have been compelled to Bvn his head* constantly iit an unnatural and	manner in order to walk at alT. In a^ow-
case near by is a collectic^wjf ivory ca^Bngs, some of which are useful, such as paper-knives, and some nu^Hy ornamental, si^B as decorated tusks. On^Bf these until there ^Rnly a shell of it left, and that in a form as airy	as a piece of lace. AHough labor is pretty c^^Hin Siam the
pricefUl the tusk	the pavilion is a sort of out-door exhibit. Here
are sKme beautiful hatracks, Hide of ar^^H and ^^^^^Bdleged musical meats, which includes gongs, drums, chimes of bells, and a bona fide xylophone, djghe pffyg of the pav^|n, a small <^^Hon the outside, is dH>raHl wtMt’fhe skins of Siamese aattfeals, such as thef leopard, tiger, otter and miftx.
Tm^Danm pavilion ratifcWwell with Germany, Erana§, and Austria. Even in the exhHt proper the two most interesting display# are thos&cbnamemorative﻿236	HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
of Thorvaldsén and Andersen. At thé southeast corner there is a reproduction in miniature of the museum of Copenhagen built by Bertel Thorvaldsen and presented to the city, containing1 miniature casts of all the works'of art contained in it, which includes nearly all the original work of the great sdulplfor. In a case alongside of it are personal relics, including the hat worn by him at the triumphal entryBintO Copenhagen in iS3<S,the medal of the order of knighthood conferred upon him by the King, his favorite pipe, cigar cases, match boxes, autograph letters, and some of the tools used by him. There is a portrait of Thorvaldsen by Horaces Vernet, the famous F rench artist, showing the sculptor standing before the bust which he had made of V ernet.
I Ians Christian Andersen, writer of fairy .tales and equally, popular in all civilized countries of the world, is brought to memory by the large collection of personal Felics. The full manuscript of his autobiography, along with s^Téral of his tales in the original occupy a case. There is a fire screen made by Andersen from clippings from pictorial papers containing views of Denmark and of contemporaries of his, includinsBmember.s of the royal family and brother artists and author® All of the furniturein the space is from Andersen's home ànd was usedby him. Thera arfi’the desk on which he wrote, the last inkstand he used—an elaborate affair in silver enameled ini fanciful and artistic design—a sofa with pillows and embroidered covers, a big hall clock, chairs, pictures, a pair of spectacles, pens,-and little articles of personal use, all trom the royal museum in Copenhagen and loaned for th^'first time for this exhibit. “ Picturesque America,” presented to him by American citizens, is among the other articlewhown.
At the extremlwest end of thlexhibit and over the west entrance is a ceramic display designed by Prof. Lorenz P'rolich anti executed by Prof. Herman Kahler. The painting is on tile six inches square and the entire work occupies a spice six felt wide and eighteen feet long. The title is “ The Daughters of Aegir Drinking to Him.” The king of the sea is represented standing on the sea coast with his mermaid daughters about him, and on either side of the painting proper there are two figura of mermaids, one playing a harp, the other blowing' a sea shell.
Just in front of this, inclosed in a glass ale, is a model of the free port of Copenhagen, which isHm to blopened. Phis model is surmounted by d map of the world, showing the routl of the various lines of commerce, includi ngthose across the Atlantic Ocean.
Thlsummer residence of King Christian IX., known as Rosenborg1 Castle, built in 1604, is shown in a model made entirely of gold and silver. There are 1,700 pieces used in its construction. Several cases are filled with gold and silver work from the larger jewelry manufacturers of Copenhagen, and there, is an ^tensive exhibit made of wares from the royal porcelain works.
King Christian IX. is represented in an equestrian statue of silver and gold, thè horse shown being his favorite animal. This stands three feet high. The pottery exhibit is one of the interesting features. A number of black terra-cotta figures which look like iron or bronze are shown, the color of which is obtained entirely﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
07
through thè;burning’’. There isfa special clay which is found nowlHjje el» used in its making. There are two span** filled with furniture exhibits and fljjimplete of work from the schools of Copenhagen which form another interesting Tefiturlj Aksel Mikkelsen has made a model of a Danish manual training school showing thfijwork benchqs, thé tools and ì^fàchinery used, and with models of pupils at work.
OnçKf the molt'beautiful characteristic booths that adorn the Manufactures Building is thè oriental building of the Persian section. Though begun much later than most of the buikbng$ it was finished with American push and enterptisehand is one of the most beautifully equipped treasure houses of the great fair. Besides curiositieslof ancient Persia and rare ami costly gems of eastern ingenuity Sent qïçr by the Shjah of Persia himsèlf, the exhibit presents the fullest display of tnéântiquè art of thé eastern loom. The Persian section is the fruit of the energy and enterprise of a young Armenian, I I. 11. Topakyan, who through the comrhksion of the Shah was appointed imperial exhibitor for the whole Persian section. Mr. Topakyan Is a native of Turkey and came to this country live years ago from Constantinople, * ’
Bçsides tire ordinary collection Mr. Topakyan has on exhibition $ix immens® silk rugs belonging to thè shah and valued at $50,000 each. At the close of thé-exposition one of thfeb'UgS will be given to the United States government.
Mexico’s exhibit is in the extreme southwest corner of the Manufa^tuife* Building and occupies 6,000 feèt of floor space inclosed by a partition of mahogany andglass. There are twenty-one cases of bronze with glass sides which hold exhibits and about the walls are wood carvings, cabinets, bronzes, statuary and other articles of a Similar nature. The balcony which overlooks the exhibit is covered by full length <K1 portraits of prominent officers in the Mexican army and Gen. DiaX is represented by a brontp bust, another carved from parafine and a third cut from a solid block of sterine. Along the west wall of the partition are some fine specimens of sixteenth century church carvings in wood, the work of the early missionaries from Spain and the Indians, who were taught to do this class of work.
The woolen and cotton mills of Mexico are represented by their varied products, which fill seÿéral cases at the southeast corner of the exhibit. The Commissioners point to these exhibits with great pride as showing the material advancement in manufactures which has been made in the last few years. Some of the prettiest patterns shown are thosp of the zerapes, worn by men, and the repozos, or scarfs, for women. F'urther along in the cases are samples of lace work, both of hand and machine make, embroideries, paintings on silk, and table scarfs, with raised flowers worked by hand in silk thread.
One case is filled with sombreros, the huge hats worn by the peons of Mexico, embroidered in gold and silver thread and having bands and cords of the same material. ThetNb-'are also shown high hatsgpf the latest fashion, which the Commissioner says are bçébming popular in the City of Mexico. Canes carved by Indians fill another case, and opposite < is the exhibit sent by President Diaz of cannon, swords, and cutlasses, all made in the government armory.﻿238
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
BrorKKs, all th&SKwrapf native artists,	The exhibit of
pottery, almost entirelWt::• work of Indians, of bon^OUQ^BBBIkat^nting' utensils, lacquer work on wood is an extensive one. The fiber of vaKSHHext&Ul trees and p 1 ;Hfe*^sho%n in the naturaTjState and in manH^tired articles. The eordagd exhibit includes rope, matting, hammocks, and the Indian mattresses, principally from th^^^Bt£ of Yueatan^^Hpp^r and brass utensils for household use dolali descriptions has ^^^H and next to it is one filled wupjperf ui^Kfioaps, toilet prn&ra^Bis,'and drugs. The StatBBery industry is shown, including the ouiout of paper mills, blank book manufactures, writing paper, wrapping paper, inkstands, ana o Ih c e fu r n i tu re.
James Allison, chief of the department-of mannfactiiresJaSw rightly be called! the Dir^^^^Heral’s first lieutenant. Mr Allison has, command of the largest BXftósition building ever	and t^|manner in which housmaiidted the vast
fctoeef'of exhibits comprehended in his departmenTdiemonsto^js the fidaSm of his pfopoint ment to the important div^^^Bof the . Fair. His success as President General Manager of the Cincinnati Exposition o( the Ohio td|| and Central Stated at Cincinnati, the largest and most comprehensive pu^p<! since the Philadelphia Centennial, also demonstrated his ability to fill the position to wlh he has K;en ( ailed. Mr. Allison was born at Frankfoi^Bki., June 30, 1843,and isof Scotch descent. When 12 years of age he ^^H>ved with his parents to JegBlKn County, 1 Indiana, and he was	life was that of an ordinary farm l9(g At an JBTy
age he	a taste for mechanics whiebdrove him from th(ffi>Ean8ÌPl life of
the farm to seek^^B natural outlet for his energies in me&tsmC£P employment. This he found in C^Bnnati, but the breaking out of the waiyic the rebellion inter-, fered somewhat with his plans. In 1861 l^Bnlisted as a private'intK^SjBSJ|renth regiment v^Bnti^B infantry and ser^Bl with credit t(^^^Kelf until th^gMHpf iTJ war. He par^Bpated in all th^Hgagements^^^fe regiment, receiving promotion and honor,1,1 /a- discharge. R^|rning to CineinnatTaJfjNHt° trade, tl of a plumber an^^Htary engineer, and was soon made a partner in the leading house of t^Bwe^B For the past fif^Bh years fiè RaiLbeen a recognized authority	two years in succession he	Presi-
dent Of the National Ass^^^^^Bof Master Plumbers of the ^Kifs^Statea^^B a member of the American F^^^B Assot^Bion. For many yearS	a di-
rector and Ha President of the Ohio Mechc^^^^^Ktitute, ,and Cincinnati Hoi^B of Refu^^^^^^^^^Erved^Kl member ^Bdie Board of CommitSaKwb in former Cincinnati Industrial Expositions under appointment of the QhioTjBecha JWJ stitute, he was agai^^^^^Binted and on organizatit^Bof the board inHIH^vas^ unanimously elected its president, and in his official capacity was untiMflHn his [»forts for its complete s^^^^lKarly in the summer, of iSpi^He^Ha appointed Rsiet id the horticuitural department of the fai^^^U subsequently organized aqfl became th$ chief of the de(^Kment of manufa^^^^^B﻿!﻿﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
239
■CHAPTER III.
DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL ARTS.
The Most Important EducroOnal Feature of The Expositon—Wonderful and <^nplete in Every Detail —Tremendous Advantages to be £f|$|iyed1 from this Matchless ^nib)1 ion«»Every State in the ^gHiion and Nearly Sftfy Country in the World Represented—'S^eodid Exhibits from Montreal and Quelj^H An Interesting Display by the American Bible Society—The Lincoln Manuscripts-3 The Only Letted, that Jefferson Davb Wroteio Abraham Lincoln—Tens of Xbous^Kof Unique.: and Charming ft^ktjirc*—<Skdch of Professt^Beabody—“ Trip Around the World.’
HE samp great roof^^Hs the Department of Manufactures Bnd that of Liberal Art^^Hf of which i^^Hm 11. Peabody. This department ^Bdivided into 12 groups, respe^^^w of li) physical development, trai^Bg and condition and hygiene and treats of the i^^^^^Bnd its accessories, athletic training, aHi^nTatio^Banita^^^Bsti^^^Br food insp^tton, immigration. (2) Instruments and ^narati^Bf medicine. (HPrim^^^^Hidary and ^ferior education, which treats of	instruction, infa^^^|hools^Bnd kinder*
gartens, models of schools, appliances of te^Kin^^^Kupens and diagrams and text	of
and industrial training for giri^^^Hdels and apparatus for houa^KM'k, washing and ironing, needle-work and embroidery, dress-making, artificial f^^^B-making, painting on silk, crockery, ett^HSpeci* mens of school itfbtk. Handicraft teaching in schot^Bor boys—apparatus and fittings for elementary trade tea^Bng in sc^^^^^^^ftimens of schoolScience teaemrat—apparatus and models	instruction in^^^BolQ
Apparatus for rlLwy^pry. physics, mechanics, etc.;
specimens of the school work	Art teacliing—apparatus,models and
fittings for elementary art instruction in sch^^B diagrams, copies, text-books, etc., 'S^flj^plns of art wrorhf	in schools. Technical and apprenticeship
,$c|HREL—Apparatus and	in	for
plans and	for the fitting up of^^Hshop and
industrial schools4r e s u 11 s of industrial work^^^^^^Hch schools. Special schools for tl^^BRuentsjreingfftction of Intfl&fls. I ulucul ion of defective dusses-B schools for tIt^ wlipB^Kj]^'Ubit<*lin(led; adult schools for the illiterate. Public Schools—descriptions,	i< >ns, statistics, methods of instruction, etc. Hlg^B
education—academies and (igftschools. I)escript.ions and statistics. Colleges and universities. Descriptions, illi^CM^t^dfblu: buildings, libraries, museums, collections, courses of study, qj^lojrt^yit^Cwtilca, ’fete, ’^Proffcsdi6mal
﻿240
HISTORY OY THE WORLD’S FAIR.
law, medicine and surgery, dentistry, pharmacy; mining, engineering^ agriculture, mechani^arts; art and design; military, naval, normal, commercial; mu$ie. Gover-ment aid to education—national Bureau of Education—apports and statistics^ (4) Literature, books, libraries and journalism- divided into classes as follows; books and literature, with special examples of typography, paper and binding, philosophy, religion, «sociology, philology, natural sciences, useful arts, line arts,-^literature, history and geography; cyclopedias, magazines and newspapers; bindings, specimens of typography. Schobl books. Technical industrial journals. Illustrated papers. Newspaper- and statistics of their multiplication, growth and circulation. Journalism; statistics 61; with illustrations of methods, organization and result™ Trade catalogues and price lists. Library apparatus; systems 01 cataloguing and appliances of placing and delivering books. Directories of citiesyuid towns. Publications by governments. Typographical maps. Marine and coast charts; geological maps and sections; botanical, agronomical, and other mapl showingtthe extent and distribution of n|jSfl, animals and terrestrial products; physical maps; meteorological maps and bulletins; f^ldgraphic routes and stations; railway and route maps; terrestrial and celesta tial globes, relief maps and models.of portions of thçje&rth’s surface, proides of ocean bedgand routes of submarine cables. (5) Civil government, pubm: works, and constructive architecture—j treating of all kinds of land surveys, drainage, specifications for bridges, aqueduct^, workinaplans of masons, carpenters aril othgr mechanics!. (6) Instruments of precision, experiment, research and photography. (7) Government and law. (8) Commercer trade and banking, (g) Institutions and organizations for the increase^and diffusion of knowledge. (10) Social, industrial, and co-operativeassociations. (11) Religious organizations and systems, statistics and publications. (12) Music anti musical instruments— presenting history and theory of music, music of primitive people. Crude and curious instruments. Combinations of instruments, bands and orchestras. Music

STATUARY.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
241
bookf^aiicl scores. Musical notation. Hifctory of literature and music. Portraits of great musicians. Self-vibrating instruments* drums and tambourines; cymbals, triangles, gongs, castanets,'‘bones«,” Belli, chimes and peals. Bell-ringers’ instruments. Musicalfjglajogs'. Glockenspiels, zylophones, marimbas. i\IuBc boxes. Stringed instruments flayed with the fingers or plectrum. Lutes, guitars, banjos and man-doling Harps and ljTes. Zithers, dulcimers. Stringed instruments played with the bow. The*violin. The v iol, viola, viola da gamba, viola diantorB l he violoncello and the bass viol. Mechanical instruments, hurdy-gurdy and violin piano. Stringed instruments with key-board. The piano-forte »uare, upright and grand. Actions Jind parts of a piano. The predecessors of the piaiB.—Bdavicytherium clavicymbal, clavichord manichord, virginal, spinet, harpsichord, and hammer harpsichord. Instruments and methods of manufacture. Street pianos- Y\ ind instruments, with simple aperture or plug mouthpiece. TlB flute, llute'-a-bec. Syrinx. Organ-pipew Llageolet. Wind instruments, with mouthBece regulated by the lips. 1 he Barionet, ojboé and saxophone. Wind instruments with hell mouthpiece, without keys. The trumpet'(simple) and the bugle (oliphant.) Alpenhorn- The trombone (with slide
and with hnger-holes).
I he serpent, bassoon and bagpipe. Wind instruments with hell mouthpiece, with keys. Ivey bugles, cornets, L r e n c h horns. Cornopeans, orphi-cleides. Wind instruments with complicated systems. The pipe organ. Reed organs, melodeons and harmonicas. Accordions, concertinas and mouth organs. Hand organs and organettes. Automatic or-g a n s, orchestrions, etc. Accessories of musical instruments—strings, reeds, bridges. Conductors’ batons, drum-majors’ stàVejgî Mechanical devices for the orchestra. Tuning forks, pitch-pipes, metronomes, music stands, etc. Music in relation to human life—musical composers. Great performers. Great singers. Portraits. Biographies. Concerts and the concert stage. The opera. The oratorio. Masses. Church music and sacred music of all periods. Idymnol-ogy, ballads, folk-songs, and folk-music of all lands. National airs. The theatre
Näl	T. t	m- g 9. ■■
F?;*


WEST SIDE OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING.﻿242
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
and the drama. The stage. Plans and models of stages and theatres. History of drama, so far as can be shown by literary record. Portraits of actors. Relics of actors. Playbills, etc. Costumes, masks, armor, Scenery. Appliances of illusion, etc. Plays of all ages and people-
To the student and to the teacher alike is the department of liberal arts a mecca for the mind; and it must be regarded, on the whole, if not so winsome as diamonds and pictures and flowers, nor so spectacular as fountains and fireworks and electrical displays, as the greatest and most serviceablejeducational feature of the Exposition. Indeed, no tongue can tell—no pen can faithfully describe—the tremendous advantages that are being derived from this matchless exhibition in the space allotted to liberal arts. Nearly every state in the union is largely represented, as well as nearly every country in the world.
As one among half a million unique and interesting exhibits that came from Quebec, under charge of Canon Bruchesi, Ü.D., appointed by the government, assisted by Brother Pelerinus, is entitled to special mention. The collection comes from 200 convents and academies, and the McGill University, Protestant, of Montreal. The exhibit of the latter is not as extensive as the merit of the university warrants, but the space could not be obtained. The work represented shows the system of education of the convents and academies by grades, from the first step to the 'graduating course. There are compositions in English, French, German, and Spanish by pupils of the various schools, and some of these are illustrated with pen drawings by the student, the subject being treated of in a two-fold manner. Great albums contain samples of needlework from the simplest bit to the finest crochet and lacework. The name of each worker and her age are appended to the article. The ages range from 8 to 16 years and some of the work is remarkable. In one exhibit work is shown in flax, from the preparatiou of it on through itflsev-eral stages, the last being a woven article. This is done by the students of Ursaline Convent, Robertvue, Lake St. John. The work of the blind in the asylum at Montreal, under the direction of the Gray Nuns, is but another revelation of the ability of the blind. One example will illustrate:	A blind girl 11 years old wrote a
poem in French. The'manuscript is shown. Then she copied it from a typemachine and the typescript is perfB:t. The history of the Institute of the Congregation of Notre Dame (burned a few months ago) from its foundation in 1620,-by Marguerite Bourgeoys, is shown in a large frame, the priests, sisters superior, and others appearing in pen sketches. Oil paintings and sketches by th$ deaf mures of Montreal are interesting. In a glass cage are 18,000 pressed flowers, each,analyzed, all from the soil of Canada. The exhibit, as a whole, is varied and many things there are curious, and all are creditable to the system of education in the old province-Brother Maurehan also makes a wonderful exhibit.
A curious and interesting exhibit is the one prepared by the American Bible Society. In a general way the purpose of the Bible Society is to show the work it has accomplished and the progress it has made in the Seventy-six years of its existence. Copies of each of the annual reports and bound files of the Bible Society Record occupy shelves in one of the eight cases of which the exhibit is contained. Ir.﻿﻿244
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
the same case also appears specimens of the electrotype plates used in printing1 the Scriptures. Two of these plates are especially noteworth)*one of them having' been employed in the set used in printing gSo.ooo copies of the 5-cent edition of the New Testament, a total edition numbering 3,300,000 having been i^ued since 1878. The other plate is one of those used in supplying 876,000 copied of the 2,054,000 20-cent Bibles which have come from the society’s presses in the same period.
Many rare and valuable volumes from the library in the Bible House are placed on shelves for the inspection of the public at the Fair. Among them is a copy of the original Ring James’ edition of the Bible, which was published in 1611. There is also displayed a fac-simile of the first page of the first Bible ever printed, the famous Mazarin Bible of 1450, and a copy of the Biblia Pauperum, representing the style of printing from wooden blocks before the’ invention of movable types. 'The English Hexapla, showing six early versions of the Scriptures at a single opening, together with the Greek text, is also exhibited.
In order to demonstrate the great advancement made in the publication of the Bible; in other tongues, the Rev. Dr. E. \V. Gilman, who hay charge of the foreign department of the society’s business, has selected a large number of works that are printed by the society in nearly all of the 300 languages in which theScript-ures have been published. One case is especially devoted to the Chinese language and its colloquials, to exemplify the stupendous difficulties that have been overcome in mastering the multitude of dialects which the Celestial tongue presents to the translator.
Like many other volumes in the collection, the Chinese books lie with open pages, so that they maybe more readily s«n; and copies of Marshman’s, “The Delegates,” and Bridgman & Culbertson's and Dr. Schereschewsky’s versions of the Scriptures in Chinese are included in the list of these works. Specimens of the Mandarin, Foochow colloquial, Xingpo colloquial, Amoy colloquial, Soochowcolloquial, Swatow colloquial, and others are among those presented. Complete or detached portions of the Scriptures in the Turkish, Arabic, Syriac, Persian, Urdu, modern Greek, Siamese, Burmese, Pali, Tamil, Tulu, Marathi, Ponape, Tibetan, Npongwe, Sheet-siva, Azerbijan, Osmali-Turkish, Mentle, and other languages form part of the ex-
hii >::.
A separate case has been provided for the Scriptures in Hawaiian, Ehon, Slavic and Bulgarian, together with bilingual specimens showing the two languages in parallel columns. Of these are the New Testament in German and English, in French and English, in Portuguese and English, in Welsh and English, in Danish and English, and StuBdish and EnglBh.
In one of the cases is a display of a quantity of curious objects Avhich have been taken in barter in exchange for the Scriptures in far-off lands, and remain a lasting record of the travels of American missionaries. In this collection is a copper coin that is more thanBighteen centuries old. It was coined in China in the year 25 A. I)., and was given in exchange for one of the Gospels to an agent of the~jsociety in 1S80. Several cowries, queer African shells, which are used as money by the natives, and a number of ancient copper coins, received by Dr. Jacob Chamberlain﻿HISTORYfOF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
245
in return for Bibles during his famous tour through the interior of India, are shown. Other notable curiosities are a photograph of a Roman manuscript of the Pentateuch that is over 900 years old. This manuscript was found in China in a Hebrew synagogue, where it had been in use for centuries, it is supposed.
PAINTED DOME IN MANUFACTURES BUILDING.
The “Lincoln manuscripts,” occupy a case by themselves. They are constantly surrounded by a throng of people who speak in low tones* and approach the case with a deference rising at times to reverence, as their eyes fall upon the handwriting of the martyred President. The original draft of the proclamation, dated﻿246
HWORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
April 15, li86i, calling out 75i©09 men, scarcely looks like the power which made the North quiver to its center and wrought patriotism to fusing heat. It lies near Lin-coln's letter accep; ng the nomination for President. A corrected proof of Lincoln’s inaugural address, with his own interpolations and nl litlpni	i p i
and a letter accepting a cha^Bpge to a duel sent by State ^VicpfcjjBfcbflBls, in which' Lincoln^^■i d the largest of cavalry sabers as weapons, is another. The only let^B that Jefferson Davis, as “pr^Bent of the confederatestates of America,” ever wrote to Abraham Lincoln, as President of the United States, is in the (Ejection. Twenty-five or	orders and ^Ber communications from thEJoI-
lection are^Banged around a life mask of Linc^^^Bken by Leonard Volk of Chi-cago in i860. C^k of L^^^H's hands are shown.
A^^^Btion of manuscripts of many present-day writers affords a fine opportunity for a comparative study of chirography, especially by tho^Bwho affect to ^^^^^Bracter in	strokes of genius. TL	wrcjtfej “The
Chevalier de Re^^^Ber" in a precise backhand as plain a^Hint. Heitry JamBflac-cording to the mai^Hlt,. handles his pen with v^Br, a strong, da^Bng hand. W. D. Howells in writing h^Btory, “A Florentine Mosaic," used p^^^Bf the size and ^Bality consumed by ^Bvspaper men, but his writing i^^^B close to the angular, ,$tiff style adopted by fashionable women. H. C. Bunner's copy of “The StjflpH of the Red^^^Hk^viief ” is plain and comi^Bnp^K. Women g^^^Bth ^Bistde^H ble interest on the last sheet of ma^^Hpt in Frank R. Stockton's story of “The Lady of^fle Tiger?” a^B ask each oth^BWhich?”
Thomas Nelson P^^^J represented by^^^^^^^B manuscript, atld^O are Joel Ch^Hler 1 Iarris, the other southern writer, Bret Haj*te;,Mark Twain, R. H. Stoddard, and Edmund Clarence Stedman. In a frame by themselves are poem w^M just bef^^Hs death by Dr. J. G. Holland, and James RjjsSijjll Lowell’s letter to Joel Benton, in which h^^^Bmp^fltically declared his Amerjcawfin'tS In another	pa^flof Frances	Burnett’s tale of ”LfttmreLord
Fauntleroy.”
The various steps from the artist’s originaHrawing to the printed illustration are shown by the things themselve^| In the wood-cut series, the drawing comes first; next the plain block of Turkish boxwood,Hen the box^^H coated with sizing, the photograph cHhe	the engraved	The half-tone
^^^Bss	glass negative, the print	negative	plate
bitten and	acid, the trial proof, the final and finished plate'trimmed and
blocked and the last proof, all arr^^Hl in sequent^^Hhe methods of 'makings!-c-trotypes and repro^^^^^^^H and ink ^Hcli^Bare also shown, as are the&groB cesses of printing half-tones.
The making of a^^H>n&ry begins with a^Jpy of the first dictionary ever printed, it was^Bmpiled by John Bullocker and published in London in 1616. The second dictionary, a copy of whi c h i sshown, written by Henry Oockeran, came ;out in London in i^^^^Hthird was called “G^Bsagraphia, and was published by Thomas Blount in Londc^Bn 1670. The Sa^^^Hoson dictionary, dated i/^IBiis the eighth of the ^Bies, and the Imperial, the basis of tfjejCentury dictionary, was pub-﻿
EXHIBIT OF LYON & HEALY.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
248
lished in 1847 by James Ogilvie. The exhibit is daintily arranged and its artistic effect is heightened by so many original wash and pen and ink drawings hung on the walls that it looks like the black and white exhibition of a society of artists.
One feature which evidently commends the educational exhibit to many visitors to the h air is its simplicity. The display explains itself. Xo guide books or catalogues are necessary. Where the exhibit does not speak for itself a few lines written or printed above tell the whole story. At the same time there is as much behind the exhibit, and more material ground for reflection in it, than in any collective exhibit in the big building. That is why visitors of all ages and classes stop In front of the walls and partitions upon which the educational exhibits are displayed and examine them with more care and attention than is generally given in the hurry of sight-seeing.
It is not difficult to discover the points that interest visitors the most. Everything that indicates a new advance in methods of education is quickly detected by those who have been through the school and college mill themselves at a more or less recent dat^H
“They didn’t teach us that in my time—I wish they had!’’ is an expression that is heard many times in the course of the day. File older men say it with a tone of regret, which has, however, a ring of pleasure in it, doubtless prompted by the thought that their children are profiting by the latest device for imparting knowledge or quickening the intellect.
There is a charm, too, in an Exhibition of work by children and students which is difficult to define, but is easily understood. Many of the states and institutions making individual exhibits in tliB educational section make this a special feature, and numerous are the traces of incipient genius or talent which can be clis-covered therein-. There is as much pleasure to be derived from the discovery of a clever strokEcf pen or pencil in the work of a student as in viewing the finished masterpiece of an older hand.
When the sections of the department are found which have been given over to a display of thBwork clone in charitable institutions, in schools for the deaf and dumb, the blind, or children of weak intellect, other considerations move visitors to give them closer attention. There is a great deal that is actually pathetic in the sight of this work, and more that is genuinely surprising. Many will leave the southwest gallery of tlE Manufactures Building with a clearer idea of the work and merits of such institutions than it was possible for them to have before they entered it; and it is not at all unlikely that tl^Epecial schools of this kind will profit largely by their exhibits, as indeed they should.
Of course there are queer and odd things in the department that come in for a due share of curious notice. In the exhibit made by the State of West Virginia there hangs a map of the United States which is more amusing than topographically correct. Every state on the map is designated by some one of its products, and the more widely known the product the more effective it is when used on the map. Xot a word appears on the sheet except the name of the school—Webster School, V heeling, \\ est \ a.- -but who could fail to recognize Kentucky when a﻿HISTORY THE WORLD'S LAIR.
-49
little colored picture of a racehorse and another of a bottle labeled “Bourbon ’ are seen together in one place; or Wisconsin with a beer bottle, Virginia with pipes and tobacco, a jlittle raw cotton affixed to the more Southern States, Florida with oranges and pineapples, the State of \\ ashington with a pile of lumber, and the Indian Territory with an Indian and a bear.
JOINING THE GRÉA I' ARCHES IN MANUFACTURES BUILDING.
Pennsylvania deserves credit for making a big display of work done by students in her high schools and training colleges. " I he manual training school is an integral part of the public school system of Philadelphia, says a placard above one series of exhibits. “ I he combined course of study covers three years, ’ continues the notice, “and the school time of the students is about equally divided between intell«tual and manual exercises. Two hours a day are given to shop work,﻿250
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
and one hour a day to the usual high school studies.” Beneath this appear samples of work done under this rule, which vary from plain joinery to skilled mechanic’s work and electric wiring.
Photographs of blackboard drawings are the most interesting feature of Florida's exhibit, contributed by the Yolusca County Normal School. It is difficult to believe that many of these fanciful little, sketches have been made with such unpromising material as a piece of chalk in the hands of a student. In the same case are samples ©t wood carvingBand the original designs from which they were cut. Half a dozen specimens of artificial flower-making fr.om the natural feathers of birds show both skill and taste. Among them are orange blossoms, made from the feathers of the white duck and the parroquet.
No foreign country shows off better in liberal arts than Italy, as its’section contains iS.ooo square leet and is located on the interior floor in the northwest gallery. The exhibit includes books, photographs, musical instruments and other articles that might be included in the category of liberal arts, but nothing of an educational nature, except what is contained in the books.
Italy is jealous of her reputation in the art of bookmaking and printing, and has brought to the Pair some excellent specimens of work in this field. Ulrico
Floepli, a publisher of Milan, represented by I. E. Carnini, issued a microscopic edition of Dante in 1878, limited to 300 copies. The volumes are only about two inches long and an inch and a half wide. The book might be thought more curious than useful, but the type is Bo clear, though minute, that it can be read with ease. The type was destroyed when the edition was printed, .so that duplication was impossibleBTbe original price of the volume was $x6, but the last copy was sold in Boston in 1883 for $50. The publisher is now offering $150 for second-hand copies to supply anxious customers. A copy is on exhibition.
Limited editions of other works, reaching the opposite extreme in size, have been published, and represent a degree of excellence in typograpy and binding seldom seen in America. A “Lite and Works of Donatello,” limited to 200 copies, sold for $75 a copy. Dante appears in all sizes, styles and quality of books, and one edition of his works is illustrated only by German artists’ selling at $75 a volume.
Holepli has done much to popularize scifence in Italy, having published a series of science manuals, which are sold at a low price. Most of his scientific books are bound in vellum. Several American libraries are negotiating for the purchase﻿HWTORY CBTHE WORLD’S FAIR.
251
of |ps ergHBpxhibi^^'4^Yolj^es as a jiijcleus for an ItnlH department. Two otbifer publishing houses, One from Mila© and the «n her fr<H Venice, are	the
1 h n wwm
All the college boys visit the Yale exhibit, which consists of a sentation of the university plant by mean^Bf ground plans
various buildings	r with a comprehensive collection of en^BjjfiSd
photographs. l^B photographs have been arran^^Hmc^^^^Hollowi^B heads.
^^^H||£nipQ4inds^Bgeneral. The academic and “Shelf’’ campus are here exhibited on a large scale ii} separate vie\^|and the old and m u fence with the perennial <l®!afup^^^Blege loungers in plair^^^fon the familiar ral^^^Bhe buildings stand out in outlin^^H^ the ^Hupin^^^^He dormitories and laboratories being the point aimed at. ' The old and new	exhibited in separate
»punE^l^pxdA^ymnasium, the (^^^^^Bia^^^^^^^^Hvhere Silliman and Morse made the experiments which	the telegraph, and many
sttflisrB'nl^W entirely to the ^Bdern undergraduate being all portrayed.
2.	The libraries
the libraries of the
3.	The general halls of the un^^^^B, the ^^^B'e and re^Bti(^^^^^Hs,
magnificent view of Osborn Hall,	hall in A inerica, being
Collateral views	in connection with the
and recitations.
4.	Selected ^Bws of the^^^Biors of the various iabor^Bric^Bphysical, chemical, psychological, i^^^^^Bical, botanical, ^^Bogical, anatomical and ,ba< teriological.
5.	The interior and contents of the museumB especially the Pea^Bly Museum, itslBpn>$ and cases.
|Ug£,: The art school, with its group of paii^^^^^Bl statuary, especially th<y Jarves gallery,of Italian art and ^B Trumbull collec^^^^Hiistori^B paintings; the iaflbrooais and the classes at work.
7. The social side of the unii^^^B representing students’ ^^^B in al^tha different kinds of dormitories, the sect^BGf^B letter and senior society buildings, thn11 v dedicated, and the ^Brmary, the only col^^Hnstitud tion of its kind in i^Berica.
This exhibit. the >mmittee believes, represents the educational facilities of Yale,»£r<1 gives as accurate a picture (^^^Bge^^^Blife of	which
could^p&ifcibl.y be made.
? A replica of a very beautiful statue of Dr. Galla^Bt, by D.^| French, marks the ppgce,'i^Brp^^H National College and the Kendall School I < >r the I^Bf^Lt Washington, I). C., makes its exhibit.	founder ot the Aim-rii ;i system of
Et&Bnhiftrdfcai mutes is shown with his arm tfHwn with fa^^^^Hire around a little girl, his first pupil.	the west are specimens of work by the deaf
HJiipils afjme^N^Haska l^Bte School, in which the wood carving is q^^H inark-able.fcpets of^dodem, dumb-bells are shown, each of which f^^Bnp<^ed'oi*several u|rjQg^ther,.turned, and Bished with- fffeat skill. ^﻿252
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
brass occupies a similar position in the work of the boys of the Minnesota Training School for the Feeble-minded. One doubts the accuracy of the name of the institution after seeing the brass paneled fireplace in its exhibit. Brooms, brushes, mattresses, and rag carpets are the staple exhibits of the Pennsylvania Working
Home for Blind Men, and show very conclusively that a man may be none the less a good workman for having had the misfortune to losfr his eyeèight. Selim II. Peabody has earned the title of professor, as he has been a teacher for forty years, and his varied experiences in educational matters was recognized when he was appointed chief of the department of liberal arts, September i, 1891. He comes from Vermont, where he was born in 1830. After receiving a common school education in Vermont, he entered the Boston Latin School, and afterward graduated from the University of Vermont in 1S51. In 1852 he taught high school in Vermont. In 1S54 he went to Philadelphia as professor of mathematical engineering in the Polytechnic College. I le came west in 1857, and in i8(>o became superintendent of schools in Fond du Lac, Wis. In 1S65 ProfAor Peabody came to Chicago as professor of physics in the high schools. He was appointed profftsor of engineering and physics in the Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1871.and in 1878 came to the L niversity of Illinois at Champaign as profe-sor of mechanical engineering. Two years later he was elected prSident of the university, in which position he remained until he took up his present duties in September, 1891. I le organized the department of liberal arts, anti has marked the lines upon which the educational exhibits will be shown at the I'air. Professor Peabody is a member of many Americanand European educational and scientifiçSocie-ties. He has written many text books and works upon astronomy and entomology. He is one of the editors of the International Eticyclopedia, anti is now President of the Chicago Academy of Science.
On the afternoon of the 24th of June Chiefs Allison anti Peabody arranged what the)- were pleased to term a "trip around the world.” This trip had been so planned that a procession of invited ones should see bits of the handiwork and educational methods of all the civilized peoples of the world. There were several hundred “excursionists” present at the offices of the two chiefs when it was time to start. Chief PBibody’s party moved around the gallery to join the rest at Chief Allison’s headquarters, and then as the band played a lively march they all started out on the momentous tour. It took two hours to make this CÎrcl&of the globe and it was time extremely well spent. Every section in the building did something to welcome the tourists and the great hall was decorated from one end to the other.﻿HISTORY OF THF WORLDS FAIR.

The flags of all nations were- swung ont in front of the offices, and Columbia avenue, the main thoroughfare of this new world, was decorated on both sides with evergreen trees, palms and dainty flowers. The clock tower, the center of the earth, was surrounded by a little forest of palm trees and other decorative * plants. Band concerts that attracted and held a great number of people were given there throughout the day. Chiefs Allison and Peabody received many compliments from their delighted guests on the excellence of the exhibits and the fine arrangement of their great show.
EXHIBIT OF BUSH, SIMMONS & C0-, WHOLESALE HATTERS, CHICAGO.﻿/
TOTEM POLES﻿HISTORY OF T
WORLD’S FAIR.
CHAPTFR IV.
DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY.
Anthropology: “Man and His Works«—What May be Seen at the Ethnological Building—The Mound Builders of Ohio—Splendid Collection from Mexico, Costa Rica and New South Wales—Views of Plans and Models of Prehistoric Men—Prehistoric Architectural Monuments and Habitations— Natural and Artificial Cave Dwellings—Lacustrine Dwellings—Sweat Houses, Totem Posts, Cliff Dwellings and Skin LodggS— Implements of War and the Chase—Furniture and Clothing of Aboriginal, Uncivilized and Partly Civilized Races—Objects of Spiritual Significance and Veneration—Representation of Deities—Appliances of Worship—Historic Archseology—Objects Illustrating the Progress of Nations—Models and Representations of Ancient Vessels—Clothing and Adornment—Apparatus for Making Clothing and Ornaments—Articles Used in Cooking and Eating—Models and Representation of Ancient Buildings—Cities and Monuments of the Historic Period Anterior to the Discovery of America—Objects Illustrating Generally the Progress of the Amelioration of the Conditions of Life and Labor—The Evolution of Labor-Saving Machines and Implements—Portraits, Busts and Statues of Great Inventors and Others who have Contributed Largely to the Progress of Civilization and the Well-being of Man—Eulalia Entertained bv the Quackahl Indians—Sketch of Professor Putnam.
HERE is a certain structure that is not so often visited as many of the others; and yet it is one whose contents challenge the admiration of students of antiques and others' of scholarly^attainments. Over the portal of this building are the words “Anthropology—Man and his Works,” which means that much which is ethnological end anthropological may be seen within. This building is 415 feet long and 225 feet wide, and besides the general archaeological and ethnological exhibits contains the exhibits of the Bureau of Charities and Corrections and that of the Bureau of Hygiene and Sanitation. Professor Putnam is at the head of this department. He is professor of American archaeology and ethnology at Harvard university, and is a famous scientist.
The Ethnological Building is the result of an overcrowding of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. That mammoth structure, which many have pronounced too large, is exactly the one of all the others that was found too small. Consequently, at the eleventh hour it was decided that ethnology must go. A new building was planned, but not for ethnology alone. The sections on charities andv corrections and the section on hygiene and sanitation of the Department of Liberal Arts were sent along with it. But the uses of the new building were still further enlarged until there were housed in it archaeology, natural history and geology as well.﻿25$
HIHK-Y OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
As one enters the buildingby the m id trance at the north end he sees prtyajte collections of contemporaneous Indian	household
ariiqtes;. one collection being nearly like another,	What
strikes, the attention first and excii > s thé great (»tifcteresttiWHie model of the India! village ©f Skedegats, on Queen Charlotte’s Island,'‘in British Columbia. Thi$ collection was secured byChh-f Putnam^ andHin charge of JaimteljQeSH, an agedScotchman, for thirty years a resident of the islands. The vilhhda|S|M^H|Hf a row of "Cottages, standing on an exhibition platform three feet high and abou^Bity feet long, with a screen behind it, on which is painted a p^»ramics9riewBf the country.
These cottage models are about two feet square ancF'hïglFihd decorated in IrcntHth the curiously and hideou^Hcarved and painted totem poles peculiar to the Ileidah tribe. Mr. Deans, who,^B>u^Ban uneducated man, is an adBfct in this Indian lore, says that the Heidah^Bbitations have b^B like .this from prehisraric times. They ^B»ear to l^Bui^Bf plank, but are, in fact, constructed river slabs. One peculiarity of the^Biame^Btion is the frightful carvings,of dragon heads protruding from the eaves; and as if to^Bnfc^^^Bhe anthropologist it is said that they aredlmost the counterpa r t o f simi 1 a r o r n a m e nts on some of the haufcs-pf the 'Japanese.
Farther on, and^B the right, t^^^Bitor steps into the iQclosure of NewSoftth Wales exhibit,	praise is given Executive Commissioner Renwick.
by wl^K exertions it ^^^^^Bcted. It is necessary to :^B the collection, however in order to fu^^^Boy^B understand it. The exhibits r^Bte not onlyrtb New South Wales, but to Australia, the New Hebrides, tH Solomon Islands, New Guinea, New Britain and Marquis Island. They consist in p^Bof an imn^^^B display of enlarged photHraphs, illustrating the appearance and manners and c^Bom^pf the aborigir^^Bd in part of an almost endless assortment of their weapons of warfare and of	the garments, rude manu^Btu^Band household implements.
Among ^^Bar^B>omei^^^^Bears, bow and arrow^^^^^^Bets, stone'axes! costumes, fan^Bid shell money. A person with the slighest interest in thesè races] would be entertained here for hours.
Fart^^Bwvn one comes tt^^^^^^Hassigned to Prof. Culin for his folklore exhibit. Under th^Bhead comes primitive religions, customs and gamesa though in	is confined to primiti^Bjame^B These are shown in horJ
izontal showcases stretching entirely across t^^^^Bing. To make collection Prof. Culin has ransac^Bl evei^Bountry on the globe and ^Kry age of the world hu^^Bprehi^Bic ^^B. Singular to relate, while he has diHthat were used fori gambling at least as early	been a^^^B collect a set of the
ards with which twenty-five y^^^^B the people of this country played* fhe game) of	the neates^^^B( s in hii^^Hwca^^^^^^^Holution of play-
ing-cards from dice, and of dice ^Bnthe knuckle-bones of a sheep.
In tl^Bik^^^^^^^^Bfar^^^B Prof. Culin’s section, one may^B t^^^Bn-tensely interesting mat erial relating to the mound builders. This consisted of four raised maps, about 6x8 f(Hin size each, illustrating the Indian mound region of Ohio. ThBare in fact mii^^B>pS including not only topograph)’, but trees,﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
257
grass, roads -an^Ls&^ftiry. The first relates to tihe famous Serpen^ Mound in Adams jpKunty,	Museum; the second to the Hopewell
group of nBgnds in	to the Turner group in Clermont
Fort	Highland	at these beau-
maps shows that no pi^^^^Have ever done this subject justice.
appropriately displayed an
relics of	builders, ^^^kd under the dir^^^| of Chief Putnam, by W.
K. Moorehead of Xenia, O., who is also now in charge of it. A small portion of was taken	and	Fort	in Warren
one	mounds in the Hopewell
■Koup in Ross County. This mound is the second largest in the State, and an immense quantity of archaeologic al material, some of which resembles other
some
Among these are pecks of pearls perforated aHf for H:kl^^^^Home.0f these are in good condition and ^Bie/s are partly calcined by fire. The damaged Suge&meHwe^^Hiqd on hollow	as
There were also found large quantities of sharks’ teeth UmB..» shells. That these three articles should ^^Hjnc^^^Lr from the sea and in such large qu^Kiti^Hs considered l^^^^Hrai^k especially as they^^^Botold enough to be connected
There	> found in this n^Bnd^Bd these clay altars
implements and ornameht^^^Eng^^^^^^^^^^Hing hammered out cold. Thffl metal is greatly	by hammering, devoid
of tempH Most of the ornaments are stencil-like, ^^^Bave been cut out of sheet K5pp&t*^^^Hare in the form of	recognized	of fish, and somh,
strange	in the form of the ^Bas^Bka^^^^Hwhich also found ^Boiun
ancient human relics in France and
Mr. Moorhead exhumed 298 skeletons or parts of skeletons, but ^Hy two that	these was found in a Warren Co^^^^HmcHnd Ha
in a grave, and	> different that they are believed to ^^^^^^Ewo
different r^Hf men. Tl^^^^Hgr^^^B which (^^^^HouH Avas brought with and	unique relic	the ^ge
these relics Mr. Moorhead says that all that is certain is that they a^Bover 400 years old. Thh^^^^^^EmH by the ^Biains of ^^^fepara^^^^^^Eund over them, each of these forests, according to botanists, representing	200
years.
is the i^^HreHthe Mexican exhibit It^wuld make a long chapter to	a passing word on every object of i^^Hst connected
with mHdl-£ Mexico and its inhabitants here e^^Hfed. But the Hef among them are fMM^sreH&ological^^Histi^^^^Hof the city of MeBo,” from square. The first and larg^^Kpres^^^^^^^Vpl^^l H^^^^Hchtli, which ^BhLi a spot now fully identified and on which t^^Hlcient inhabitants offered human gPrid^jw^^Mfcie priHpal stonHn ■which the victims were laldH still pre-served in the Mexjgfln National M^Bum.﻿»51
HISTORY OF THE WOREEMEAIR.
The second reproduction represents ^vith thri3iPgTTiinuten<|Hthe triumphal entrance; of Cortes into t^Bcity. Even the troops’ on each side and Cortes himself, as well as the buildings of the city, are distinctly seen. The third reproduction represents^Hcapture of Cuauhter^^^Bt what is now 'em.lo|x%heoHHH|mang Bridge, by which the dw^Bblow was given to the Empire of the TencSKBB Thej fourth reproduction repr^Hits Cortes receiving his prisoner^K^flihtemoc, who im tears implored the conqueror to take his poniard and slay him&%3^WgMexican Commissioner has prepared an interesting descriptH catalo§u$ in 9BBBHh and rf^nglish of th^^Ht of the exhibit.
The Costa Rica exhibitHp>iHthe Mexican inclosure on tseNeagjB The Cotnmi^Hner. Anastasio Alfaro,says that Costa Rica sent	Madrid
TOid sends only 3,000 to Chicago. He ^Biks t^BdispI'ay.,at Madrid waP3Hve timesl as large as this one. He had many large idols, altars, and.ornan&E&d$pftlMes whieil he did not da^Ho bring to thi^Hity, but sent back to Co$ta Rica, simply because there was no room^Bdisplay them.
On	hand, th^^Bx> pieces in the present exhibit are all original and
real, and there is not a reprod^Bion among them. They consist almdist entirely-of pottery, but there are also some singular ^Brved stones, presumably ornamental. One is like a center table, 3 fe^Bhigh, and th^Hn made of'flint-lik&jSfopettfpjol-lowed and carved like a Chinese puzzle. What instruments were uset^Tlf such work is unknown, as the on^Hietals found are gold and copper. TheSjte are in the shape of jewelry. There are ^^^^^Htograph^Bf the material sent back from! Madrid to Costa
With all of these^Hsures of sc^He on the main floOr of the building fijHrill still t^^^^^Bered by many learned \^^Hrs that the	attractions flpreSn the
gallery. The south gallery from wall to wall, is ent^^^waken up w^fl the im* mense and indescri^^^B (me exh^Bt of Ward's Natura^^^Hnce establishment of Rochester, N. Y. This wonderful collection covers, and covers well, ^^^Bntire fields of geology, pale^^Hpgy, and natural history. Here are all the	from
thSingneousMks up; stuffed sp^Bnens of all animal life, from the^KilmiSKip to the great Elephas Primigenus, 16E feet high, and all skeletons from ^tllat a humming bird up to that of a whale. Th^Ballery looks like an epitome of the
Any sti^^lof paleontology,	or natural history who has*i&ny diffi- -
culties to s^Bc, and who can He his way to Chicago, now enjoys the opportunities-of a lifetime. It^Bsafe to ^^Bthat he will make greater prograssT$*$1iif! studfeSH with this immense mu^^Bi before him in^Be week than he would in?“ a lifetime .deprived of such wBBntages. It will be a ^Bmfort to students, v^Bthet'dthejMan Visit the college here or not, to know that^^^^Hs a^^Hg probability that it ma-VB ‘become the p^Berty of the L i^^^Bty of Ch^^^B It is valued at*$*ir
The galleries, however, ^Bnt^H many attractive exhibits besideifflie Ward collection. In the west gallery are Boehm’sthe Maine eMHfit of stuffed mammals, a singular collection of Ohio antiquities relatitlgj^ moM particularly to the r^Bon of Marietta, and Chittenden’s collection of North American﻿
■STORY OF l® WORLDS PAIR.
259
I
prehistoric Indian	relics. In tl^^^^Kall^^Hire the fine natural
^M^jMFcollet^fcref the Albany, N. Y. Museum, Lattin’s unique
birds framed and	with convex	the singularly utiful collection
of lit« 11 Is and mammals H Pennsylvania, stuffed and arranged in an artificial forest. Retur^^H to the	the vis-
itor may see manlroflh ders which
to	Eth-
nology nor any of lated departments. The southwest
floor is occupied with the noble exhibit^^^^^^^l tion of C'h.irit it's and Corrections of ^^^^Heral Arts I)c i lartrin nt. Here illustrated by dred of the penal and
the country t^^Host ad-vanc e and h u m a n thought o^^^^^^Bon-cerning the insane, the ^^Hand dumb, the blind, ■d the crim^^^l From the wonde^^^|pp^nCe$ of th<■ John Hopkins pital to the oi^^Hhairof the Auburn l^^Hntiary, in whic^|K^^^^^|was electrocuted,
speaks of a growing gentleness and goodness in It was
chief wannock.	probably
that these
mercy and	altar on which htrman
victims were butchered with flint	The following is the in-
scription over the exhibit of th^^^^H Creek Sanitarium:
This	was	an association of philan-
thropical persons ■vdrioie purpose^^^^H establishment of a self-supporting chari-
17﻿26o
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
table institution at which both^Vlth and poor might receive the benefit of all the curative resources*afforded by the modern .science of rational medicine. More than 50000 patients have received treatment at this institi^p^jya nearly one-fourth of whom hav^^H the recipients of .Us charity. The institution Biunder the supervision of a Medical M^^Hary and B^Bvolent Association, which operates and supports several lines of medical missionary work in Chicago and aef^ffllhere; the education and maintenanc^w missionary phy^Bans in tl^BJnited States and foreign countries; a large orphanag^|a home for fri^^^Bs aged ^persons; and several branch s^wariums an^Bospit^Horganized on tfie same'jdan.”
In the southeast corner^^^^^^Hldi^B is the hardly letj^Wyanced and (humane exhibit ^BHygiene BdSanitatioB forming another ^Btibn of the Liberal At^UDe^^^^Ht. Here is Illustrated the latest thought of the worid ripw*ninfT filters, ventilation, ^Bhing, disinfectants, furnaces, gymnastics, and vaccination. By far the greatest things in tl^^Hne^^Hin the exhibits of the -Paris exhibitors, which are of thems^Bs worth a journey to Chicago to^^Htudy, and
It may seem singular, but the gr^^^B thing in the building, and one of the greatest things on the grounds, is an exhibit ^Bich has been thrust into this quarter of the room without belonging to the^Blding at all. This is a display of anatomical models by A. Luer of Paris. If.^B phy^Bans of ChlcagoHnew what was on exhibition	would be thoi^Btd.'^B them crowded a^Bpfl; this exhibit
everyday. Every part of the huH.n body is rep^Bented in its natural colors and so that it can be taken apart to the last filament. Mloreover, everything, is on an exaggerat^Bcale. lire model of the human hand is	in length, and the
model of the human ear as lar^^ks a market basket.
There	other l^^^^Hlife, for the study of comparative
anatomy.	a turkey of natural sizel and a beetle as big as the turkey, and
boHcftn be dissected down to atoms. There is a hen’s egg as large^B watermelon, sh^^^He evolution	a horse which;c6mes ap3£t into
I40p^Bes, each of ^Bich comes apart • I .ubunt fifty more, the price of the whole model being l^^^B Nothing in all Jackson Park is more wonderf^^^Butiful, and 'profitable than this exhibit.
Amomj^^^Hany objects that hold the student are	and
models of pr^Bto^B men. Prchis^Bic architectural monuments and habitations, natural and artifici^Bave dwellings, lacustrine ^Bllings, sweat houses, cliff dwellings and skin lodges, implci^^H of war and the chase, furniture and clothing of aboriginal, unc^Hzed and partly civilized	spiritual signifi-
cance and veneration, representations of deities, appliance^^^^^Bship,^Btoric archaeology, objects illustrating the progress of the nati^^^B Models and representations of tHient vessels, clothing and adprnment, apparatus for making clothing and ornar^^^Birticles used in	eating, models and repr«sppiS|Bns of
ancient buildings, cities and im murn^B of th^Bistoric period anterior the™j|B)very of America, obj^B illustrating generally the progress of the amelior&ripn of the condition of life and labor, the evolution of labor-saving machines and implements,﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
261
portraits, busts and statues of great inventors and others who have contributed largely to the progress of civilisation and the well-being of man.
In the immediate neighborhood of the EthnologBal Building are a reproduction of Some noted ruins of Yucatan, an imitation of cliff dwelling! and some representatives from some aboriginal nations of thBsouth west. Eulalie spent an hour among these Indians to her great amusement. Being informed that the Ouackahls were preparing an entertainment for her, the princess seated herself in a rolling chair that had been covered with a gaudy red Navajo blanket and waited with an expectant face for the performance to begin. The dull thumping of a drum on the outside told the approach of Chief Wannock and his tribe. The drummer came in backward, and while he battered away at his queer shaped instrument, he »et up a song. He was accompanied by the other Indians as they came in. For about five minute's the Quackahls marched in a circle, beating time with their barBfeet in the sand to the wild song. The song ceased and three or four men crowded around a small square board and began beating a lively tattoo on it with bones. A woman wrapped in a gaily embroidered blanket, and with her long black hair floating in the air, began circling around in front of the princess. The drum beat louder and
Lhe rattle of the bones on the board quickened until the woman danced up to th! crowd and shook a lot of fine feathers from her hair on the board. Then the princess began laughing,for half a dozen of the Quackahls were rolling on the sand in front of her and scratching themselves as though infested with 10,-000 fleas. She had never seen such an entertainment before. Frederic W a r d Putnam,
Professor of American Archaeology and Ethnology in Harvard University and curator of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., was appointed in February, 1891, as chief of the Department of Ethnology of the World’s Columbian Exposition. Professor Putnam was born in Salem, Mass., and is a direct descendant from John Putnam, one of the earliest settlers of Salem, thus being
ANTHROPOLOGICAL BUILDING.﻿262
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
connected with the b£st families of Old and New England. Although for many years he has been especially devoted to archmology as a life work, and has conducted many explorations in various parts of South America, he has a wide )ractical knowledge of all the natural sciences, having evinced an aptness for bis line of study very early in life. At the age of 16 he entered the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, and for several years was the special student and assistant of the famous Louis Agassiz. The same year he was elected member of the Boston Society of Natural History, and he has since held the position of president ot the society for three consecutive years. At the same time he was elected member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and for twenty-'>ne years he has filled th< • position of permanent secretary of that association. He has held mail}' honorable positions; has been vice-president of the Essex Institute, in Salem, Mass., for many years. He was the first director of the Peabody Academy of Science; has been president of the American Folk-loref Society, and is now president of the Boston Association of Folk-lore. He is a fellow of the National Academy of Science and of all the principal scientific and historical societies of America, and of the anthropological societies of Paris, London and Brussels. He has given freely of his scientific knowledge to the world; has served his scientific knowledge to the world; hasserved his native State for seven years as State Commissioner of Lisheries; and has contributed over 300 papers to scientific literature.
To comprehend the scope of this department it is necessary to digest the statement that therein is shown the collections from every famous museum of the world, and that no less than seventy expeditions have scoured the earth to obtain data for this exhibit. It is one of the most interesting features of the Fair both as regards the curiosities and relics it contains and for the comparative object lesson it presents. All around it are the evidenceBof the latest steps taken in the world’s advancement, while inside the building are the objects that show how the rude forefathers of a thousand Bibes delved, dug, and builded.
Brazil, Canada, England, France, Greece, Honduras, Mexico, Argentine Republic, New South Whiles, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Borneo, Spain, Russia, Costa Rica, Patagonia, anlmany other foreign countries have largely contributed, and many interesting tribes of living Indians are quartered near the building. Egyptian antiquities are shown and nearly all of the States have sent collections. It is the greatest museum e\w collected and is a spot of untiring interest.﻿﻿ììim
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265
CHAPTER Y.
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING.
The Great Resort of Farmers—A Beautiful Structure—The Spirit of Agriculture Grandly Personified— Blandishments of Field and Farm—Bewildering Avenues of Extremely Unique and Ornamental Pavilions—All the Industries Picturesquely Shown—Nineteen Acres of Exhibits—Novel Exhibit of the Association of American Experimental Stations and Agricultural Colleges—All the Essential Products Derived from Agriculture are Attractively Shown in the Galleries—Grasses and Grains Varied in Colors and Beautifully Blended—The Exhibit of Ontario—The Monster Cheese Weighs Eleven Tons—It is the Largest Ever Made—Little Cheeses That Only Weigh One Thousand Pounds Each—Elaborate State Exhibits—Burdett-Coutti* Stable Exhibits—Many Things from Foreign Lands—Mowers, Harvesters, Thrashers and Plows by the Acre—Sketch of Chief Buchanan—Live Stock Exhibit—Dog Shows and Carrier Pigeon Flights—Bovine Blue Bloods.
LL mankind is interested in the products of the field, not only the farmer, who produces, but the consumer, which is the world—and this accounts for the vast crowds that throng the beautiful Agricultural Building daily. The main build-ingis 800 feet long by 500 wide, and cost $800,000. It cover3 13 acres, including its 3 8-10 acres of annex, quite as large as some little farms “well tilled.” There has never been and probably will not be again for twenty years in this country such an object lesson for the agriculturists and all ffm other bread winners who live from the products of the husbandman. 'y'>) In style of architecture the Agricultural Building is notably bold and classic. It is located on the main basin of the lagoon, and as its north facade faces the administration court, the outlook from that point is mar* velously grand. As regards ornamentations the building has many mural decorations by celebrated painters depicting the spirit of agriculture, and the staff work and statuary of the structure is in keeping with its interior magnificence.
Twenty-nine States and Territories have pavilions on the main floor, as have most of the foreign countries where agriculture is a feature. These pavilions all display in their decorations devices pertaining to field products, many of which are extremely ornamental. Quite a number of the pavilions cost between $8,000 and $20,000 to erect. In nearly all of the State exhibits the displays were collected by State agricultural agents, and are fully descriptive in character of the.soil products of all p>arts of the country. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, New York, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, the Dakotas, Nebraska, California and Indiana make especially fine exhibits in this department.
The scene upon the floor of the building is particularly beautiful as the difler-ent colored grasses and grains that form the ornamentations are varied in color and﻿266
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
striking in their contrasts. On the floors of the annexes are shown nearly every type of agricultural implement in existence. The apiary department, the exhibit of dairy products, and the exhibit of the wool industry are also completêsand striking. A novel exhibit is that prepared by the Association of American Experimental Stations and Agricultural Colleges. This display occupies 8,000 square feet and represents the entire work of agricultural experimental stations such as are supported by the National government and the different State governments^» The tobacco industry, the sugar, confectionery, canned goods, soap, oils, chocolate, and innumerable other industries having their essential products derived from agriculture are shown in the galleries of this building.
It is conceded by many that the Agricultural Building is one of the handsomest—as well as one of the largest—of the many imposing structures on the grounds and is especially rich in its outlines and in its ornamentations. Its height of cornice is 65 feet and of its dome 130 feet. In its construction there were used 2,000,0 > pounds of structual ir< >n and 9,500,000 feet of lumber, including the 2,000,-000 in its annexes. Its main entrance is 64 feet wide, adorned with Corinthian pillars 50 feet high and 5 feet in diameter. The rotunda is I< ) fe< t in diameter, and
is surmounted by a great glaâé dome. It is worthy of note in this connection that agriculture, and its kindred interests of forestry, dairy and 1 i v e stock, has exhibition space under roof of 69 acres, the buildings costing $1,218,000. The Agricultural Building, the Live Stock, Dairy and Forestry buildings are all under the direction of lion. W. I. Buchanan, of Iowa, the Chief of Agri-MusiC hall.	culture, who is well
regarded as among the foremost executive minds of the Exposition chiefs.
Ont* îrio (C anadaj has an exhibit that is worthy the good name of our illustrious neighbor. It may be that the summers of Canada are somewhat shorter than those of that section of the United States adjoining it. If so, then the hardy husbandman of the Dominion “makes hay while the sun shines,” and does a great﻿﻿﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
267
deal besides?* Ontario seedsmen have acquired such a reputation that they are known th& world over. Ontario peas, especially, are sold by all the big seedsmen of the United States.
Ontario farmers do not coniine themselves to peas, however. Their pavilion l —a fine one, too is tricked out with all manner of grains. Some people think Ontario cannot raise corn, but there is some as fine c orn in its display as may be found ^ven in the Iowa section.
The grain show has a triple classification; there are jars of the threshed, grain, wheat, barley, rye, oats, about 200 jars of each; there is a great variety of grain in the straw, artistically arranged. Then there are sheaves bound to show how things grow up north, timothy that is six feet high and wheat pretty nearly as tall.
But the pride of the Ontario is not in the Ontario section at all. I he big cheese, the biggest "cheese of all, is right across the aisle to the west. It isan Ontario cheese, though made at the dominion experimental station in Perth, Lanark county. A good deal has been said about this cheese, how much it weighs, and how it broke the floor down while it was being put in place. Everybody ought to know by this time that'it weighs over eleven tons, but it is not so easy to understand just how big a thing eleyfcn tons of cheese all in one cake may be. I en thousand cows collaborated on that cheese. Each gave one day’s milking. The toted weight of the milk used was 207,200 pounds. The cheese is 6 feet high and 28 feet in circumference. It is worth between $4,000 and $5,000. The man who made this cheese, J. A. Rucldick, of Perth, is exceedingly proud of it. It is his masterpiece. Air. Rud-dick is a slender young man and exceedingly modest withal. lie watches with great solicitude over this pride of Ontario. About once in ten days he carefully turns it over. Of course he does not do all this himself, fur the cheese is a trifle bulk}’. It is incased in a vat of riveted steel boiler plate, and .this boiler plate rides on a heavy wide-wheeled truck. There are strong oak uprights, securely braced, on this truck, and between these the huge cheese box is suspended in wrought-iron stirrups. It may be revolved in these by a system of screws. T he reason Avhy it has to be turned is because it is a young cheese and is still “curing,”
Mr. Rttddick says twelve of the biggest cheese foundries in Ontario contributed the curds to make the cheese. Each factory pressed its contribution slightly, loaded it into cloth-lined milk cans and rushed it by train to Perth. There the cans were dumped into the boiler plate vat, the curds broken up, and then the pressure of six. giant jack screws was put on through heavy oak frame work.
Everybody who goes into the Agricultural Building stops to look at this monu. mental cheese; on one side of it is a high pyramid of Canadian bottled beer, and not far away is an exhibit of crackers—an highly enticing combination. On’one occasion an aged person with gray-colored hair, an abundance of beaver hat, and new store clothes stopped to take a look at this monster cheese. I Ie appeared as if he might have come from Kokomo or Ypsilanti/ or some other such place. He walked carefully all around the cheese, spelled out the placard on it, spat vigorously, and said:﻿PENNSYLVANIA’S PAVILION IN THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE \®®.D'S 1 AIRS
w
"Gosh! Ef th<jj.|fcippers ever get iiitfb; that that* cheese theylllgtow as big-as-I rabbits.”
Canadian cheese in	It	all
| big and little c aeeses. I here are	them th^^Higf^^^^Hninds each. There
IBpiS i heeses from Ouebec, ()ntario, and ! he marjti^^^^^^^^^^^Eanada béats the I world on cheese. “Cheese it ’ is not a slang expression in Canada.
In the classification adoj^wiby the	Agriculture, or rather the!
I Agriculture	to iude^^Hprodi^K as
of the soil. To clisjin^uish between the two, the former have been relegated to I the gallery and the latter occupy the	of the handsomest sh^|-ca^ft in
I the Agricultural Building at present is that brought from England for Crosse &
I Blackwell, the ^^Hcftown preserve and ^^^^^^^^^Hturers. It^Bmade of solid I mahogany, without an inch of	with	by mirrors.'
ich qf the case is made	leather, and is surmounted by an or-
nate metal i^ftng.
Directly opposite, occupj^^^^^^^kr section o f the center circle of the bü^H I ing is Iowa’s miniature corn palace	Th i s pavi 1 ion is probably t he prettiest on the
main lloo^^^^Hbuilding. It	the center of t^B>ilildi^| o&t
I the main a Hie running ea^H.nd west and	the Illinois pa’^Eui*.
Its architectural design	school, but decorative
I Matures are purely Iowan. Grasses add corn ears ha\^^^Bn used profusely. CI^H I sical figures have been worked out with these materials by the commiss^Hers and the.
tout ensemble of the work looks dainty as well as pint uresque. The grasses used I include oats, wheat, rye, blue grass, corn stalks, and leaves, etc. Each of the four I pyramids at thecorüer^^^Haborately set off with jars containir^^^Hds and grains, the agrti<^fctfrabptöducts of thé
The Illinois pavi^fn is striking in t^Wjri^^Hty displayed in the use of jthe materials of \\IBh it	Corn cobs are used eife<^vel]^K the entrance
way, whipf^^^^^^K)ff by tassels of mille^l Within, cases, showing the cereals of I the State, and plants in bloon^^^^^^^Hycd, with oth^| features of interest. "In-I all	varieties of ^Hin^Hld grasses are shown. A register is kept,
I which will be preserved, with its list < >1: names of people of
The Iowa exhibit differs from all others in ^^^^^|red color of corn cobs is I employed tc^Bve a distinctive appearance to t lie pavilion. The	is ornate
Grains are shown everywhere, and the soil that produced them is I exhibited in long glass columns.
The Minnesota an(1 Wisconsin exhibits, like cereals in profusion. The hi innesota pavilion has a series of arches deco rated with I wheat; while long spears of grain are exhibited cases. Wisconsin’s booth I grains in bottles are shown.
Pennsylvania’s	u t if pi ly displayed. A leature of	is
chair who!! y composed of corn foddcn there being 3,000 pieces in the chair. There I is also a Liberty Bell made of produces of the héld, and a fire-place decorated with﻿Sgi
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IOWA’S PAVILION IN AGRICULTURAL BUILDING﻿HIS TORY OF T11E WORLD® FAIR.
271
corn-fodder. An interesting' feature of this exhibit is that of t^Bilk industry of
The Connecticut exhibit is largely of cereals, tastefully displayed in a booth of the <JBF<■< >loni(jf type of architecture. An i^^^Btir^wea^^^^^^^^^^^^B>ned flax Hfsfljr, TtiO’r t a^Bn< 1 spinning' wheel. In the c^^^B of the ^^^Brni is a tent of'Corn. The tobacco exhibit of CHne^^His in ^B gallery .of the
m iklBHB^
.Michigan nas a splendid exhibit, hgures dressed in grains being one of the prominent features. Nebraska’s specialty is sugar, shown to splendid advaA^ age in great glass columns, which are also'used to exhibit cereals. Kentucky’s exhibit is noticeable for tlHdisplt^^^^^^^B,	wofkpd irHthe decorative
Bchei^^O^lthd'^nei^H and int^^Hof^a: building. Th^Bng^^^^^^H at the Ibbutu gives a i^BuJiar effect to the	Utah taste full)- displays grains anjdj
bales of hay and straw. The State of Washington’s exhibit is made prominent Jb% the	sacks of hour.. North Dakota displays some, at least, of her fort^^H
kinds of spring wheat and 390 varieties of gr^^^fl New
white and gold, contains corn, mveet^^Hees and other things in profusion, A plow of 1790 is shown, and other old-time farming implements. A booth at tlfl north < nd ol the	is Big with i^^^Bis of tree moss, and deflated with
»corns,	etc. A figure ol^^Hfarm^Bnd minute man of 1776^Bnt-lock in
hand, guards $riet entrance.
The Ohio pavilion is of si^^Hlin^Vmt rare beauty. It i^Bi the form of; a Grecian temple, the columns being of glass filled with grains, etc
Mth?	of the Missouri pavilion is a ^B ;tst ic^^^^Hd, capped by a
globe showing the continents in	The
Ibl^Hmexhibit is very fine.
Colorado attractively displays her grains and grasses in frames, making investigation easy.	1 1 uted.
Oregon - pavilion, fa^^^^Hlikc a Orecian temple, contains a fine collection of	Kansas makes di-play in whi(^^^^H>re^^^^^^® although ^Baygwjj
of wheat are
is reaV&j :< 1 through a beautiful arched e^^|n<f^^Bwhiteand g o 1 d. Within i^B> be seen a splendid collection of the products ol the soil.'
South Dakota makes a ^^^^^^^^Hibit. The large pavilion is reached thr.0ttglT*aiiehes inclosing a porch of corn and wheat, resting on columns formed
fresh sp^Bts,^^^^^^H>eing very pne. In 1892 South	wheat,
bushels for each man,	in tin I^^B New Mexico’s exhibit is con-
tained drofrin^^H paviliem, decorated in white end gold. Native woods are shown, ^inS3» and grains. New York covers a large space with ^^^Biens of products of its soil. Grains, hop^^^B maple syrup areartis t i c a 11 y displayed.
T(w: Louisiana pavilion is uniqiie, being • I i vided into three ^Btinct depari-ments. One, of Japanese design, is devoted to the display of rice. As^^HWatf! introduced into this. ^Bntry from Japan, it Was thought the form of the paviupnk﻿272
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
should correspond to the architectural type of that country. Cotton is displayed in the central division of the pavilion, while cane and molasses and sugar are shown in the third division, which is patterned after an Egyptian model.
I he W est \ irginia exhibit is chiefly of grains and grasses, corn being prominent. I he Indiana exhibit is simple, but a fine showing of the resources of the State is made. California occupies a large space. Prominent in the exhibit are enormous beets, gourds, and potatoes and all the cereals.
Oklahoma makes a splendid showing for the youngest and smallest of all the States and Territories. Opened for settlement but four years ago, practically alj grains raised elsewhere are now grown, wheat running sixty-two bushels to the acre, oats 125, and corn 70. Sixty cotton gins are now in operation in the territory. The display shows the products named and the tallest corn, broomcorn, sorghum and weeds grown anywhere. Milo-Mai2e from France and Kaffir-corn from South Africa are exhibited. The mistletoe is emblematic of Oklahoma, and, therefore it is exhibited. During the watermelon season of the Territory, Lymon Cone, who erected and has charge of the pavilion, cut melons free for the million.
Phis limited survey of a large field no more than prepares the way for those who would derive benefit- from its study. In many of the exhibits showings are made by the respective agricultural colleges. Statistics are to be had in abundance and full explanations of methods.
North Carolina has an attractive exhibit of cotton, tobacco, and peanuts, Maine shows some fine potatoes. The Massachusetts exhibit is largely cereals. Not much is claimed, for the soil, excepting when artificial fertilizers are used. Then, it is claimed. Massachusetts produces the greatest number of bushels of corn per acre of an)- of the states. A case of birds is shown, of varieties fatal to the
gypsy moth, a pest on which the State spends $300,000 per year in efforts towards extermination. In another part of the main floor New South W ales men have built a court with arches of wool bales, which are neither small nor light, but very effective. A typical Australian wool-wagon stands near, half filled with bales. It is natural that the great wealth of the country should be thus well represented. In the French section are wonderfully real flowers made of candied blossoms, toothsome sugar plums, chocolate confections, and truffles, and mushrooms and patede fois gras to tantalize the epicure. Up on thegalleries, there are exhibits of interest to all, be he farmer or not. The entire west gallery is occupied by the bn wery exhibit, while the east one has case upon case of honey. A monument of soap, a design of interest, is at the right, and an old mill and water wheel belonging to a flour exhibit, is at the left of the main aisle. Farther along is MaillardVcolossal statue of Columbus in pure chocolate. From the central aisle
STATUARY.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
273
the ornamentation of the entrance is best seen. I lere art designs have been worked with colored corn over an immense space of the ceiling. Then come the extract booths, where great ten-foot bottles are the central feature.
It is said that one could almost satisfy himself with the many samples of eatables and drink that are gratuitously furnished the visitors to this building. Canned, desiccated and compressed soups served in tiny bullion cups, snowy biscuit and loaves made with this or that excellent baking powder or yeast, prepared table jellies, assorted crackers, maple sugar and butterine rivaling the pure dairy produce; breakfast oats served with cream and sugar by demure Quaker maids, spicy and piquant pickles, catsups, pressed beef, improved macaronis, and prepared puddings, cornstarch deserts and even chewing gum. Then of the liquids there are the condensed and evaporated milks and creams, beef extracts, cocoas and chocolates, compressed coffees, foreign teas, root drinks, cordials and liqueurs and every mineral water on hotel menu or to be found anywhere. In all there are nearly 300 exhibits of good things to be seen [and perhaps tasted] in the gallery alone to say nothing of the displays made by the various big packing companies of bacon, hams, salt pork, corned-beef, pickled meats and the interiors cf refrigerator cars lined with quartered beef, loins of pork, spring lamb, mutton and fine veal.
Lovers of horses and anything pertaining to the saddle will find an interesting model in the center aisle- Mr. Burdett-Coutts, M. PI sent from England a model of his famous Brookfield stables, wherein he has bred more good horses than most men can remember. They have taken prizes in England and America, and placed their owner in the front rank of breeders. The stables, though for mil by a natural process of accretion, one part being added to another as required, are as perfect as any to be found in England. On entering the gates into the front stable-yard, the stud groom’s cottage can be seen, connected with which is the office where all the clerical work is done and the service registers, etc., are kept by the secretary. The buildings near this are devoted to the harness department, which is under the control of the “head breaksman.” Passing through the gateway at the side of the office, the visitor arrives at the covered yard, loose boxes, main harness stables and messrooms for the.employed. At the far end of the stables are the strawyard and stallion boxes. A little further on is the riding school. Beyond this are the' granary, large sheds and the show grounds. The buildings represent stabling for about seventy-five horses.
One wing of the Agriculture Building has a display which will make all future county fairs seem dull and insignificant, and which has received compliments frdjn the farmers, such as the art palace never received. There are clover hullers and threshing machines which are as handsome as pianosi The plows are nickel-plated and all the self-binders and mowing machines are drawn by wooden horses wearing silver harness. In this department you will meet the old gentleman who remembers the time when all grain had to be cradled and it took a good man to beat him. Many a day he swung a flail and thought his back would give out before night. After that they had a “thrashing” machine that you had to drive around all the time because the gearing was attached to the wheel. One of the﻿hin TRANCE TO WYOMjNG AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT.﻿OFftWORLD’S fair.
275
visitors sa^roriQ day that a certain self-binder tied a good knot, but he thought it threw th.£ bundles too far. ‘‘All I care	a maclu ne that won’t get out
kelter,” s^f-id the man with'him. “On a hot (lay when till- ilies are bad and the hosses get restless I don't want t^Bet clown ill the midtile of a round and crawl throuffR tRe insides of the blam^^^lig.^H lien	to an aiw ol > ulti-
vators with llowers painted on the double-trees. The ^^Hspeaker said he liked certain cult	lor straight rows, but he afraid that it would
of duBEfcSnd planting.
Principally an agricultural country, Argentine has Agricultural	medical woods, wools
and other l|ke products.
a long visit to the
implement annex to Agricultural 11 all, where a greater part of the im^^Hnt exhibit ma^B W e append a list of some of the ^^^B prominent	exhibits,	the articles shown:
1 he Sandwich (111.) Enterprise Co.—New Champion force ^Bnps, Enterprise pump standards, Aerating ^Hn pumps, New Champion	pumps, En-
terprising brass cylinders, Enterprise float valves, Enterprise pipe vises, Enter-prise ratchet die stocks, Climax four-shovel riding cultivator, Rose disk riding cultivato^	Enterprise ^^Hngcultivator, Eagle Claw
walking cultivator,	sheer, f^Krprise
windmill v i ill tanks and pumps in operation,	windmill and Air
KingEjp^.windrnil^B Whitman Agricu^Kal Co., St. Louis, Mo.—Belt power baling press, full circle steel ^^^B baling	horse baling press,
HK^D(1 power baling press, railway	runner press grain
drill,	feed mill, Monaivh corn and ^^Hnill, Young A^m i<
mill, St.J^ouis two-hole corn	two-hole corn sheller, Crown one-hole
corn fnU«^^H-nado^^H:lc;^^^^^Hver, Cahoon broadcast seed sower, Amer-icus Senior	Junior cider mill,	com-
plete. U. S. Wind Engine Hd Pump Co., Batavia, 111.—A thirty-foot geared mill ()1lioo-foot steel tower, oper a t i n g a f ecd mill,	feed
cuB*and wood saw. Also Hallida^^^^Hu-d^B.S.^^Hwheel, Yanele-^ and Gem Keel windmills c^Khc^»t^Hto^^Bs, and a complete exhibit of hayi^^^^^^^Himp stands, pump cylinders and accessories.	Manufacturing Company, Spring-
field, 111.—Six SattleyHlkS plows of different kinds, two I Iuminer three-wheeled plows, one regular	one Cyclone spring tooth cultivator, one Banner
K/od^fea6|U>.t^^^^^Ks cultivator, ^^^K/ic^^^^^Bbinat^^^^^^B cultivator,
New ImpEtrial spring trHcultivH>r, one American paiHel beam cuBatiBone Sattley adjustable lever harrow, one C^^^^Kity automatic straw stack^B D. S. Morgan N Co., Brockport, N.Y.—Triumph No. 4 moving machin^Bbriumph No. 3 sel Fra king reaper, Triumph No. 8 ^Bl frame binder, Morgan self-dump hay raki Morgan hjck$eyer spring t^Kh harrow, Morgan spading harrow, style ’‘A,” Morgan spading harrow style “B,” Morgan horse grape hoe, Morgan spading cultivator. Skandia P^w,Company, Rockford,111—.Farmers’ cF >ic^ corn planter, Dandy
18﻿HP
HISTORY OF HE WORLD'S FAIR.
sulky, Globe cultivator, Monarch gang, I\oy*aI cultivajl|fc*, S. B. combined lister, four l&r two section sixty-siX Hi h iron lever harrow, two section, live bar, steel frame lever.harrow, six din<-rent kinds of hand walking	Queen rod
breaker, 11 ayes Pump and Planter Company, Galya,-Hi.—Hayes’ check row planter, steel frame, Eclipse planter, steel frame, one-horse drill, Boss s&OvH^aH^H and Daisy shoveling board besides a railingof pumps. The S. F reeman X Sons Manu-facturine '■ • ■ apany, Racine,A^H—Hand cutter, hai and
cutter and	mill, warehoiH fanning- mill, pole saw, Freeman]
broadcast del. Elkhart Carriage and Harness L ..nufaptunnft’fiwMipany, Elk-hart, Ind.—Wagont : • • • it h glass sides and cm Is, milk wagon, lip!,: Brewster wagon, end spring^wtherH> buggy, singl^Beat phaeton and dv>ul^eHa^<&t^d<H;oH phaeton, besides a line of h^^^H and ^Hdl. s. X. P.Bowsher, South Bend, Ind. Six different styles and sizes of Bowf^^^^^^^^ntation feed orinding-.iniljs^ The1 Xordykl X Marmon Company, Ii^nnc^^H lid.—Portable corn mills, hominy mills, portable wheat mill, port^^^train mill, com
mills for minerals, drugs, etc. F^^^^^^Hufacturing ^Hnpany, MiddleBtbyf^^^B Three	grading machines, op^^^|g on different kinds:of grain. The*
Hydrauiie Press Manufacturing Company, Mt. Gilead, Ohio—Hydraulic cideil press ca.miplete, Ohio apple grater,	hydraulic tank-
age press. J. El Porter, Ottawa, 111.—A full line of ^^^Birriers consist ini^OflH>tH
wood and steel track^HThe J^Ht, 111., Strow-bridge Company—Champion	Cham-
pion enHte seeders; C^Hnpion, Peerless and ^^^^^Hoadcast sowers; Peerless feed grinder. R. Lean & Co., Mansfield, Ol^^^Bn of thre^^^Bon Diamond Lean all steeFhprrows,3 and set;of	Zig Zag Lethal!
steel harrows, adjustable tooth. F. A. Porter & Bros., Bowling Green, Ky.'— Roller corn and
. with the shuck oni and ^Hider feed and ensilage cutter. f S. L. Allen & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.—A full line of Htxible flyers and ^^^|oast$rs, and a mil line of Planet Jr. goods. P. K. Dedrrick & Co., Albany, X. Y.—Two presses, a steam power and a horse power machine. Duane Millington, N. J.—Acme ^Hverizing {arrow, in two, thi^| and four sizes.
"If I had the privilege of seeing World’s P air department,? said a gentleman, "I would	the Agricultural. In n^^^Her building can one comese near
the peopl^^Hrther lands. In th^HVgricultural Building you are close to the soil, to that vdiich gives sustenance. As a matter of course the tife, habits and cud
CHIEF BUCHANAN.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
2 77
toms of the people are shown in a more direct way. The Agricultural Building is the place to study the world as the world 1st*
W. K Buchanan, chief of the Agricultural Department, came originally from the State of Ohio, where he was born 1853, at Covington, Miami County. He spent his youth after the manner of moét country boys, going to school during the winter months and in the summer working on the farm. At the age of 18 he moved to Rochester, Inch, and lived with his grandfather, who was a farmer. The following year he learned the trade of making edged tools. Mr. Buchanan embarked in various mercantile enterprises, until in 1872 he was appointed engrossing clerk in the Indiana House of Representatives, which office he filled for two terms. In 1881 he emigrated to Sioux City, Iowa, where he has since been prominently connected with many of the city’s leading enterprises. He was instrumental in establishing the celebrated “corn palace” at that city in 1887, and successfully managed the Peavey Opera House since 18S8.
SWIFT’S UNIQUE REFRIGERATING EXHIBIT, IN THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. A Glass Railroad Car, holding produce in patent cold storage.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR
278
THE McCORMICK HARVESTING MACHINE COMPANY.
was while at Paris in 1878 that the late Cyrus bIHl McCormick was elected a corresponding nttifabefSof the French Academy of S^hc^Bn the ground “having done more for the	agriculture than any other livinff man.’* Since
then Mr. M^n>rmick has left these busy scenes of earth, but through ^^Bst industry founded by him he c<>n t i n u e s and will continue to exert an intluence throughout the length and breadth of this and every land as long as grass grows green or grain is burnishet^^^B gold* In asserting that Mr. Me Cot' mick had excelled all others in contributing to t^fcgricultural interests, the French Academy referred to the fact that in him they rc^BmBW the inventor^B the re^Br and that the' vain«of the invention, in its particular sphere, was without a-parallel. It wBfithere* fore intere^Bur^ntkHto know so^^Hng more spe<^^Helatlve to the man and thflusiness established by him.
In the manufacture and sale ^Bharvesting machinery millions upon millions of dollars are annuall}^Kpended by the variot^Krms, but for the reason that Mr. McCormic^^^Bthe inventor of the	line,
of the po^Hl held by t^B McCormick ^|rvesting Machine Company to-day, we have selecfH this institution as a representative one and on page 286 will be found a view of their very attractivt Hwhibit^^^^HEj^^Hton. We say attractive ^advisedStor these BcCormick machines are l^Butifully finished in gold and silver plate and in all<^Br	degree of^^^nific and mechanical
skill	the artisans of McCormick works. The s^ftdir. of com-
pany and the H^h Heem in v^^^Bheir machines are everywhere helcbp jabot her illustration of wl^fl may be	of energy^tp a single-
purpose. Pope puts it neatly
“One	only will one genius fit;
So wide is an, so narrow human wit,”
The McCormick works are d^Bted to the manufacture of harvesting machinery^BcIusiv^B and in their exhibit are^Kn machines that are well known and highly endorsed by i^B agriculturalists of two hem^Bierds.- Among these we may mention that c^Bbra^W grain harvester,the “Machine of SteeL” Its pecnfi&r vir-tuesare in its matchless steel frame and the McCormick “simplekjiQtter, the former contributing to its well-known durability and the latter to its Unfailingiaccuracy in grain-binding. Besides this, two other types of binders are shown, the “Open Elevator”—-specially designed for handling long, heavy grain; and the “Bind-﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
279
lochine”—a machine for low bindin^^HbrtiditHgrain without elevating it over the mainHjieel&s."hi tlie ordinary type of har^Bters. Next Hues the AlHormitk Rice Harvester, the Daisy reaper, and that king of	McCormick
No. Pour Steel Mower. • In	reshown the foliow-
ing models: Reap^BF^B (the
Council Medal	hirst World’s F^B	of	^ras
awarded theCr^Bl Prize at the Exposition Universalle, Paris, ofH&tHar; first twmfe binder; wire bii^Br, winner of Grand	of A^Bt Paris in i$»&y
No. 4 Steel Mower and	both winners of the highest ^Bards
and medals all around the ^^^B In thi^^^^^^^^Ht should be remembered that MIjjfformick ma<Hnes have been awarded the grand pi^R and highest honors at evJSB' World's Fair ever held.	the company^^Hirhlt.
We refer to them in	of this broad ass^^^^B>hould the World’s Col-
umbian Exp^Bion awarding committ^Bind higher merit in some other line of grairfand grass cutters, and b^Bow^Be honors elsewhere, it wi^Be the ^Bt break in ^ps rettHkaH chain. There not, however, even a remote possibility of this. Of the many manufacturers of harvesting machinery
tion, the McCormick Company was tl^Bon^^He to ^Kpt the committe^^Mvita-i tion to participate in the ^^^^Bv^Bst^^Hrain binding, thus dem^^Bti£& their-dailtl^^^^^^^Hity; and with Hie exception, the McBrmick mower was also |heot^^^^|o prove its^^^^Hr cutting grass in t^Keld.﻿


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V X'IUHIT < U TI ll; MY-ìI INF 1*1 LTW mMI'AMv﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S LAIR.
281
CHAPTER Y
AMONG THE TREES OF THE WORLD.
Big Trees and Little Trees from All Over the World—The Forestry Building One of the Most Unique *ihd Interesting of All—Matllre Versus Stall—Magnificent Specimen^^fcturacteristicTimber Growths —Paraguay Alone Sends 321 Varieties—California Sends Redwoods and Sequoias—Medicinal Trees, Lichens arid Mosses— Methods of Seed jesting, rnnsplanting and Measuring-r-The Protec-tion of Young Trees Against Insects—Logging and Lumbering—A Saw Mill in Operation—A - Most Entertaining and Instructive Exhibit Throughout.
LTHOUGH iHestry and	Stock are separate depart-
ments from Agricu^Bre, Chief But^Bnan has been practically in	of these from	first. The forestry
building is sui generis. After seeii^^^^B magnificence of Staff construction in^K more pretentious buildings it is with relief that many visitors ^Bn-^Bthe rustic simplicity of tliew forestry building. The (|jal^|of ornamentation alsodtffebM here. Instea^Bf the intricate work of desigi^^^Snolders or artists, the highest effetHin the fores^Bbuilding comdom groupings of natural woods. Xo other buil^^^Hm the gHnds shows so K|e$rly at first	uses for which it is designed. The scope
*jfif the world's fair forestry' exhibit is of peculiar interest to Am^Bxms j When a separate-department oi forestry w^^^ftated it ^^^^Bnted out that the opportunity had armed in make constructive f^Bstry as important a science in this country as in Europ^B On this idea the fair managers ^^^^Hrkecn with a will. Although constructive forestry and the restoration and piBBrvationB of forests are yet in their infs^w in Amer^B, it is be^wed that the tur^^^^Hnt has arrived and : i'.at the W orld's Eair exhibit will have a [Kt potent intluencc in preventing the further wholesale destruct ion and waste of
One of the remarkable features in s^Knging for the forestry exhibit was the HEphceiqf;f$py reliable data in ^^^Bountry as tc^He extent, variety or value of native forests. 1 nappcaling for ej^Bhts from the various states and te rri tories>th& Fair offiri^sdhave laid great stress on the importance of ^Kuring this data for purposes of eftatijeompaiason and history. The iprcx^Bd waste of timber in Amertoed has no pitAalJel in^tbe uses.of any Other natural produei. Ev< n at 1 he preseftfrdS™ white oak trees, one-fourth nsatured, are cut down to make railroad ties, h 1 iH£pfR9 of «^WM{SM9^i^ble timber in some of the Pacific states are Burned tor hesakfepc defeating thfe,lancl. A,Only jji'9SOme portions of the Unit« «1 States haffrthe growing scarcity of timber called a halt to the destruction processes. Forestry, as a science.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
2S:
isibnly beginning to be taught here as it is in Germanyfwhere there ar© schools of forestry and thousands of graduates engaged in the actual business of forest pres, ervation.
Besides the destructive waste in the timber states, there are millions of acres in the United States where not a single natural tree is found by the first settlers-The remarkable growth of timber in the west, following the institutionsand observance of Arbor Day, is one of the most interesting features of the exhibit.
This is of peculiar value to all countries or states interested in emigration to the west. When it becomes known that the so-called prairie statob may have as many artificial forest Bor timber growths as the owners of lands may choose, there is an end to many of the objections against taking up homes in the west. The World's Fair exhibit is also designed toshow the effects upon climat^ and soil of tree planting, and also the economical value of the timber thus olanted, the expense of its culture and all other features of like interest.
The forestry building itself is 200 by 500 feet in area. On all four sides is a veranda, with supports forming an imposing colonnade. This colonnade is one of the most unique affairs ever designed and is peculiarly appropriate to a cosmopol-
531 itan fair. It is built from woods contributed by foreign countries and about thirty states and territories. It consists of a series of columns, each composed of three tree trunks twenty-five feet long. One of the trunks in each column is from sixteen and the other two are from nine to twelve inches. All the trunks have the natural bark of the tree. Each of the
forestry BUILDING.	States, territories
and foreign countries, furnishes specimens of the most characteristic timber growths within their borders. The sides of tin - forest)' building are built of slabs with the bark removed. The rest of thBbuilding, including the window frames, has the same rustic treatment. The roof is that-nhed with tan and other barks.﻿HISTORY'Of the worldHIfair.
283
The main entrances arc finished in differentkinds of wood and are very elaborate. The orfe on thh east, side, facing the; lake, deserves special mention. It is jpfst in place and finished by t he Southern Lumber Manufacturers’ As^^Bion. Thq vestibule i$ of yellow pine cypr^f. It is built in Siieh a way as to show the susceptibility to ])olish <>F the southern woods and their	Jjh-
terior decorations. The cost <>t this main vestibule^Bne was between $>000 and $10,000. Some of the states, Alabama, for insta^H, have sen^Bree tr^Bks forffle forestry colonnade, although prohibited from making an int^^^Bxxhibit by lack Of appropriations. The tree trunks in the columns taper toward the top arid are joined by rustic work in longitudinal	Some of the l^fer are also furnished
by: the'Stat^^^Bitri bating the columns. On each column	a tablet, giving
the coffigion and scientific names of the trees and the state orBuntry contributing them, besides < c her valuable information concerning the rc ources of the locality. H&0vethe^B'ni^^Bth^Krand^Bn all four sidr^^B the building, are tlagstaffs, ’whicl&^feear the	of arms ol^Bie nations oi Bfctes represented in the
fen^ior ex h i bits.
The inBiorBhitB are i^^^Bral main groi^^^fl Natural woods ^B shown exferasiyely by states, ^Britories and f^Rgn countr^H The product of tl^Brarious woods, fini^Bsd, or p^|ally finished, ^B shown by individ^M exhibitors or firms. The methods and	manipulating timber at every stage, from the tree
trmlf to the linished product, are shown by firms or
finished product is^^Biown in this building, as it belongs to the department of manufactures; neither is tlu^Bany machinery ^^Botion^^^^B forestry bi^Bing. It is a still exhibit, but the various ways of deni^^^Bforests for economic and commercial purposes are shown medals, maps, drawings an^^^Br methods. A.
The foreign co^Bries which have ob^^fed space inside the fore^hbuilding are Japan, Honduras, Peru, IIayti,^^^B, Germany, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, Nei^Hinth Wales, Canada, Russia, Italy,	India. Kach
of th^B countries has a sepu rate space, and mak^Bi showing of istic woods. Miniature structures are bi^B with archcs^flul rai^^^Bif natural wood and in ^^^^^Bsigns. Canada has the largest space of any ^^^^^Bovern-ment, and the various.prov^^^Bof the dominion	interesting showing of
their timber resources.
The states and territc^^^^^Bch have interk^Bu\hibits are PennsylvanisJ Louisiana, Virginb^Brizoi^BKent^By, Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming New Mexico,	North Dakota, C^B>, Washington, Michigan, W^BVfl
gipia, Missouri, North Carolina, Indiana, Maine, IN^B York, Calif^Ka, Ctah and Idaho. Of West Virgioia.^Bl Michigan h^B the 1 irgest space, and the pN-hibits from these si no-s are on an elaborate scale. Other states shc^flpccul i^iy unique'sped mens, and the graving of woods in the varic^B spaces forms a most F&j^stsc,whole. Sections of tree ^Bnks are built one on the top of tl^Bther, and t<^chtfqf<^ion of the exhibit is ac^Bnpanied by detailed information ^B to the iloe^Jfo producing the exhibit, the area still under growth and where located,, and all other peWinent information.﻿28a
HISTORY OF THE \VORLD’$M\IRh
It is one of the rulfijof the forestry department that there shall be no finished wood prj04e£(s hi the building, and where it is necessary to show tb&S^i^Hd uses of certafc.kinds,<>f woods it is shown by oieces of disjointed furniture fl»ther partially finished product.
AXlu- foreign exhibits inelude all/the remarkable woods and wood products that are latuiliar in name only to Atneeficajm. I e India exhibit includ^Ha^dal woods am! a precious government on.ect'on of unique and valuable woods. Brazil shows the various grades of mahogany, California the red wood. S^Hoia, and 65 Others, Carm la the various pines, birch and maole and a host of other trees of commercial value.
Some of the stat« exhibits are- peculiarly interesting. Nebraska shows the! results of tree	and the special resalts of thé ^Hervaacetbfifl^nHr Day in
that state. This exhibit contains ^^^niens of actual woods, withJBbulated in--formation	the age of each specimen, how and when planted, l^wth
Dafcbta makes a similar exhibit; -Some of the Exhibits sfre genuine surprises. For in$ahce, Kentucky, which is not poj^fcrly considered aTorest state, shows as «labo ;e an exhibit'as most of its neighbors From Kentuckyithd^pHgfcetimens
of	four
or five feet in diam-eter, built in the fojjmQBa pyramid. Kent ujBa also shows a very fine H lief
ing out the prin-cipal foo sts in the stayte, with full sta-.-tistical information regarding pu mi. Ohio, \^«Boösin and X|Ht Carolina mafcgjexliifeits of medicinal plants and herbsg^BHed in ttóojse "rates. Ohio alone showst varieties oMledici-nal herbs a «c ounting to k « or 500. 1
This K aç^^^rc in America < xhibits. (hie of the remarkable foreign exhibits is from ! Araguay, which shows 321 \ arid ies of woods, each one meter high and irom twelve inches toTtmr leet in diamefer. In this jfçichibit atê beautiful specimens of barks. « lye woodsy m I o$ier (^HmercMj^5j££g|icts of that pohtïoù of South America. The Argentine RepiSHic hattfc^.'ÆxhibiffimWreitmrkable woods«﻿H*|«VPwF THE WORLD’S FAIR.

France and CieCjhany'piak'e the best sciefttlfio exhibits, giving illustrations of con-pPUctivmqWaBstr^^^fc’the Results of wide exper^^^B Japan makes a most cred-itablc: showing, anti the various wood specimens from vie l^Bvery kingdom an the first c\^^Ki^o^Kide
Among the spectacular exhibits is an immense trophy in	of the
buucMng. This	a collection of	natural timbers from^B.rious^^^K.
North Car >liQ$_4»e^R a large walnut R^^^^Hucky a mammoth white sas a walnut log^wer) feet in diameter and weighing y >,000 pounds. I'here are immense tree trunl^Brom the	of Wa^|ngton. Another s^^^Bul^Kxhibit
is a 1 »i^'S^ai^OT ship timber from
The individual commercial exhibits incluc^^^^^Hiens	pulp, cork,
parts of furniture and woodenware. The pulp industry,
in importance, is repi^fcrftedby several exhibitors from foreign countries. Tin exhibit contains thefH^fM«etmpli^|display of the u^fzatioi^K wood products that ^brought together.
Al|iprigH^iie.prominent individual < exhibitors is the Western I^Hira^B Fiber a mult'tnde of art^^^^^^H from wood fiber, inc^Bling: household utensiC. The	Macready Cork Company make an elaborate ex-
hibit of alEftlfe varieties of cork.
^vob^ly	c ollection in the forestry exhibit is the orn-
sent by Morris K. Jessup, of New York. T-h* Jessup exhibit is an^^^^^Hunter-part of the famous collection of woods in the New York YIHeum of Natural HR-tory, which Mr. ^^^B) contributed	at	expense of
-Ds specimens of woo I the original collection, anti these are practically duplicated i^HWfld’s exhibit.
Anoi valuable sci' ni cific exhibit is that placed in the Foresty Building pga George W. Vanderbilt,	New York	1 his is the principal
American exhibitOp' ^^^|ncflf forestry. On Mr. Vanderbilt’s country^Biate, at Asheville, N. C., the science of forest preservation and cultivation has -been in-troduced by skilled foresters from Europe. You^MM’r Vanderbilt has collected a lot of vatMjpble	and culture of trees, including maps,
models and workiio^^Hn^ll These are shown	direction of^^^^Kf
forester of%#^BfcS^^Hilt estate.
Among other individual exhibits are alt kin^^^^^^Hused in or	joists and scantling, ship timber, rr^K9>
and spars, piles, fencing timber and mining timber. Th^H are forked timber or InmbHtejH 1 :dmy sbiindM flooring, casings, moldings and stair rails, and^^^^Ba decorating woods, such as mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, ebony, birdseye maple and	In the treatment of timber to resist decay^Bere are shown
1 woods. The dyeing and tanning woods include logwood, Brazil vwfilgh&ft^B and sumac, besides various barks and and coloring.
■ttneflf the	1 d Its - are	r
vegetable substances used for bedding and upholstering. Another class of exhibits﻿EXHIBIT OF MCCORMICK HARVESTING MACHINE COMPANY, AGRICULTURAL BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
287
include gums, resins, seeds, fruits, root£, beirri^'and other forest products used in the arts and scienc#|, or for medicinal and Refuse hold use.
In the department-of timber culture and cultivation there are shown transplants of various sixefe, seed collections, and methods of seed testing. Implements and machines for preparing the soil and planting trees are also shown. Seed nurseries are illustrated, alsb the methods of protecting young trees against insects,-animals and climate* I he section relating to forest management contains instruments for measuring standing timber and illustrations of the methods used in calculating agesjand the'effect of certain soils on tree growth. In this section there are interesting exhibits showing the relation of forests to climate and the relative climaticf changes produced by destructive and constructive forestry.
Outside thfe Forestry Building, but connected with the department, is shown a typical logging camp. This is contributed by Michigan, and is located at the south endlpf the p£|rk.
Logging methods are otherwise shown, including snowsleds loaded with logs, saws, axes, chains, skids, rollers and old implements used in the early days by the lumbering industry. I here is also a typical logging hut, showing how lumbermen live in the backwoods. In another part of the grounds, near Machinery Hall, Is shown an actual sawmill in full operation. The process of converting logs into various kinds of lumber is gone through on a realistic scale.
To practical builders from other countries the I'orestry Building itself conveys many suggestions concerning American methods of house raising. Thereisnot ,a single nail used in the construction work. The method of construction followed by Mr. Atwood,the designer, is intended to show peculiarly American methods of joining timbers so as to economize materials. As has been stated, this is one of the most interesting and instructive exhibits at Jackson Park.
The live stock exhibit is also under Mr. Buchanan’s control. The pavilion seats 6,000 people. The Assembly Hall, where prominent agricultural lecturers hold forth and where lectures were delivered at various times during the P air, is cool and capacious^ The regular stock show did not commence until August 21, and then sheep and swine were exhibited at one time and cattle and horses at another. There werersheep from Australia and Angora goats from California. In the horse show there wtfre many animals entered from abroad,some of them from the famous studs of Germany, Trance and Great Britain. There were also dog shows, carrier pigeon flights and dairy contests at times during the progress of the Exposition.
The cows that participated in this latter contest were the very elite of the world’s barnyards. They belong to the herdsman’s 400. Every one of them is blue-blooded and has a pedigree in the hhrd books as long as a man’s arm. Every one of them, as her name indicates, is somebody’s darling. Every one of them has a body servant and is a farm pet. Every one of them is fed, curried, rubbed, and waited on in the most obsequious manner. In the case of some of them their keepers often lie down in the straw by their sides at night and sleep with them- Some of them have national or world-wide reputations.﻿
STOCK EXHIBIT﻿HISTORY Of THE WORLD’S ■■
289
The idea of a moCKM dairy and milking contest between the leading breeds of covrs v^HSjirst earnestly prh(^KdLwby the	11 ia
me< ■’ ing held in July, 1892, and at^^Biter meeting held in Npvembifcriat th&aSJr-man House. Its recommendations met wit^^Happroval^of the Expi^Kon dinp* tors. The object of this contest is ^Hrot^pe^^^n exhaustiveipf the milk, butter, and cheese productiveness of several rival breeds of^^H, each which mas	arid	-claim it pre-eminence. Something of
the kind on a -anall^^H, ltMng	single day, has often been seen at State
fairs.	before have there been experiments for this purpose extending
through several month-, with such large herds of cattle and with such unlimited supervisions. 'bln; ephemeral experiments at State fairs have settled	mt it is confidently expected that 1h<^B*esen1 contest will be
absolutely decisive as to th^^Htive merits ot the breeds that have been entered.
‘ Among the Ierseys at differe^^Hes at Jackson Park th^^^wme renowned cows as Me^^^BMatthews and Moore’s (Alal^Bia) S i g nal’s Lily Elagg, with a butter test of 29 pounds	pounds ■ ounce in
365 days; D- E. Appleton’s (New York) Ee^^^Hma, 27 pounds I days, 946 pounds 9 ounces in	Judge Poster’s (Minnesota) Islip Lenox
71 1 pi pounds in a year; C. I. Hood’s (Massachusetts) Little C^nie, 34 pounds 8^ ounces in seven days; C^mck$on’s^^^^Hl’rida^B 26 . p^ftnds 4 ounces in sdajn days;	1 Philadelphia) Daisy/ llinman, 24 pounds^MuqcflfiHn
seven days; \Y. IL Matthews’	Alteration, 24 jjounds ^ ounce in seven
Httgj;: H; C. Taylor’s (Wisconsin) Brown Bessie 20 pounds 8 ounces. Noldfes remarkable are the milkers to be found among them, such as
(Philadelphia) Rita of Andalt^^Ms pounds of milk a day;	on-
necticut) Sayda 3d, 60 poundsof milk a day; John Boyd’s (Chicago) Annice Magnet, 4$mtet,ds a day;'and others the	in th^^^^Hof Vermont^
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New ^^Hc, New Jersey, ^BnnsyHnia,I Alabama, Missouri, M ississippi, Tennessee, Ket^^Hv Ohio, Il^^^^Blic^^H, Iowa, Wisconsin,	There wai^^^^^^Henchd^Powin^Hf Holsteins and some
otfimin. PL-:I I	I I A’ V .. 1 ■﻿vW»'
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\﻿HISTORY ■ THE WORLDS EAIR.
29 ï
CH APTER Vî I HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.
The Grandest and Completes! Structure Ever Erected for a Horticultural Exhibit—It Contains 89,000 Square Feet of Space More than the Combined Areas of the Buildi^^^^Hfor a Similar Purpose at Paris, the Hntennial and New Orleans—Sketch of J. M. Samuels, Chief of the Department of Hortic^^^H
ORTICT 1 HT K A L Building is a 11 oget her the largest, grandest and	erected for a hofr3
' ticultural exit il »it ion. It: contains about	squat»
feet more of floor space than the combined floor areas of the buildings	for a similar pur^^nt the Centen-
nial, New Orle^^^^HParis. It i^^^^^^^^Hong by aru extreme wid^Hof 2S7 feet. Tht^^^^^^H37 feet in diamB eter and	aititndo of 113 feet on th^^^Be, thus-
giving room for the	palms, bamboos, tree-ferns,
^■t cacti, etc. The ba^^Hul alto relievo ornamenta-tion. in a fri^^B extending along the froi^Bnd Tdes of the ^■itding, is especially attractive and, in^Bnn^Bbm with statuary and fountains, possesses an unusually ;T using effect, aside1 from, the ppà’lît^^K)atation,.wI^L harmonizes web the general ideal of the building. !■< The plan is a central glass dome, connected by front and rear curtains, with? twratmt pavilions, forming two interior courts, each^B by 270 feet. In th^^^»urt& are piaqpd^Baring orange and other semi-tropical fruits from California and: Florida, tc^B nitrate the mani^^^|growing and cultivating the orchards and groves! in those states. The front c^Bains have glass roofs and are each 270 by 69 feet. These are used for th1 tender plants. The	are each 749 by 46 f ee t.
and, tfrhile designed to give an alum dance of light, are not entirely ^Bered with glass. They atfe adapt^^^| fruit an^^^^^^^Bib^Bthat require a comparatively ECtot temperature. The first stories of the pavil^^^^^^Hich >y 250 feet, and fcreiAefKfed for the extem^^^^Hic fruit	viticultural exhibit
one, and horticultural appliances, seeds, etc.,in the oth<-r. The principal part of the1 second story in each is used for elegant and commodious-restaurants; the finder, in the ffrfm oFgalleriHfot garden seats, v ast s, pn.-served frtiits, etc. Forming a Bit-cle inside the dome there is a broad promenade gallery from which visitors look and floral decor^^^B This gallery ^^sufficiently extensive for promenade and for rttkn^mi^Vla^Bus exhibits.
f Lorticuiture|/tephnitealBand separately did not cut^mucitHf a ligure, and was répréBstéd by the oraftge and lemon trees in themofth court and by abôut two﻿’2Q2
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
acres of nursery trees in the Midway Plaisance. These were under the supervision of J. M. Samuels, Chief of thé Department, who was born February 26, 1845, at Berksville, Cumberland County. Ky. He was educated at Clinton Academy and at the Kentucky University. His father owned the MississippjlValley Nurseries, in which Mr. Samuels learned the business. He was appointed Chief of the Department of IIorticulture, in August 1891, which up to that time had been in charge of James Allison. IT- is first Vice President of the .American Horticultural Society, which also takes in Canada and Mexico, and he is also a charter member of the Chicago Horticultural Society.
The Horticultural, unlike every other department, is divided, the divisions being known as Floriculture. Viticulture and Pomology, each óf which was in charge of a subordinate chief or superintendent, until in April, 1893, when Floriculture was officially and entirely eliminated from the Department of Horticulture on account of the tremendous importance and proportions of the realm of flowers and the necessity of having Floriculture in direct touch with the Director-General and for a multiplicity of other reasons not necessary to enumerate, and John Thorpe, its superintendent, was given independent control, with instructions to assume the methods and authority of other departmental officers. Mr. Samuels retained supervision of the other divisions until the close, however, at least in a negative way, as each was in charge of an active and competent oificer.
CHIEF SAMUELS.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S LAIR.
293
CHAPTER Kill
IN THE REALM OF RARE FLOWERS AND PLANTS.
A Ramble Among Rare and Aristocratic Plants—More than Half a Million Dollars’ Worth from Greenland’s Icy Mountain to India's Coral Strand—North and South America, Mexico, Cuba, Europei Central America, China, Japan, Australia, and the Hawaiian and South Sea Islands Represented—• Enchantresses from the Amazon and the Nile—Modest Inhabitants from the Alps, the Appenines, ?2jic Sierra Nevada, and the Mountains of the Moon—Wonderful Ferns and Palms from New South Wales and the Cape erf Good Hope—Tens of Thousands of Miscellaneous Herbaceous Flowers and Flowering Shrubs—More than a Half Million Orchids, Roses, Carnations, Lilies, Pansies, Cannas, Fuschias and Petunias—Magnificent Exhibits by Australia, Canada, Trinidad, New York, Pennsylvania, Germany, Belgium, Mexico and Japan—Australian Tree Ferns Six Hundred Years Old —Staghorn and Bird’s Nest Ferns of Wonderful Size and Beauty—Splendid Collections of the Cereus Gigantea—Great Display of Rhododendrons—Splendid Collections of Ferns and Palms from Toronto Conservatories—Dwarf Trees in the Japanese Garden Over a Hundred Years Old —Pitcher and Manda’s Wonderful Display of Seven Thousand Costly Plants—Enormous Bamboos from Trinidad—Two Century Plants in Bloom—The Atmosphere of the -Horticultural Building Freighted with Aromatic Sweets.
HE most prominent feature of the Horticultural Building is the floral collection, which exceeds in wonder and magnificence anything of the kind ever before seen at any public or private conservatory, and is the result of the work of John Thorpe, of New York, chief of the Department of Floriculture, who is believed to be the most eminent floriculturist that has ever lived. Ilis was one of the earliest appointments, and his genius and aptitude gave the public, among other things, the procession of winter and spring hot-house plants among which were primulas, cyclamens, ciherarias and calceolarias, which drew nearly a million people to Jackson Park before the formal opening. There is no land that does not grow more or less varieties of plants and flowers. This statement was spectacularly emphasized upon the first day of May last, when the contributions from the floral kingdoms of all nations were seen on dress parade at the Horticultural building. There were palms and ferns and bays and acacias from Australia, Japan and California; cacti from Mexico, New Mexico and Arizona., and many stately plants of massive foliage from Mexico, Cuba, New Zealand, Central and South America and the Cape of Good Hope. There were also to be seen roses in pots, calceolarias, azaleas, rhododendrons, begonias, cycads, crotons, dracaenas, ariods, marantas, pelargoniums (geraniums) and miscellaneous stove and greenhouse plants in flower and foliage. Among cut flowers there were orchids,﻿
JOHN THORPE, CHIH FLORICULTURE.
igSgjg


MAJ. BEN. c. TRUMAN, ASSISTANT CHIEF FLORICULTURE.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S miR.
295
roses, carnations, lilies, pansies and miscellaneous hardyand tenderkinds'. There were Bo	great variety of flowers outside of the I forti cultural building—
principally pansies, tul)p^niyacmth^Bar^»us^|d miscellaneous bulbous and herbaceous flowers and dowering shrubs upon	day.
there were ^«1 indoors, in addition ^^HnumbH of thosS exhibited in M^B luschias, petunias, cannas and nepenthe, and among t^| cut flowers, peonies and some	^Bmp-
flffls and aquilegias.
Among the indoor plants for July were orchids, tuberou^^^^^^^^BtiaJ mental	begonias in flower, gloxinias, achimenes, gesan-
iaceous plants and caladiums; and among cut	lillies, tuberous
begonia^^^^BpeHhollyhocks, tea roses and variou^^^Buals. Out doors werB seen various annuals,^ftm^^Hlie^Bwe^^^^Hte^^^^Hnd miscellaneous herbaceous'plants.
The cut flowers for July included orchids.^^^^^^^^Bans, dianthus, gladiolus, helEWe^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hasters, sweet peas, tall and dwarf zinnias and
and
August was the coronation mor^B of	upon the grounds were seen
carnations, <Iianthus, dahlias, gladiolus, cannas, asters, annual and h^Hy phlox, clematis, hollyhock, hydrangeas,	cacti, ^Brdy	tender
aquatics,	palms, ferns and many
otn&^^Hnu^^^^^^BneHon.
Inside during September, besides the palms and^^H, were orchids^^H'qua begonias, asters in po^Band miscellaneous stove and ^Henhouse and fKge.' Among the cut flowers there were t^Biat^Bis, tea rc^ft, dahlias, gladiolus, cann^^^^Hiias, asters, hardy and^ftnual phlox, z^^^^Hnd miscellaneous hardy herb^^^^^^^^^HOut of doors were seen roseHarnat^^^^BliaHannas, tuberous begonias, petunias, a^Brs,^^^^^^^^Knas and miscellaneous herbaceous plants and
October, the closing month, tl^fc were ^B exhibition inside the building palms, ferns, orchids, chrysanthemums, pelargoniums, ti^^^^^^^Bgoi^^^Bannas, cosmos and some others, A mong	chrysanthemums
cannas,' roses, carnations, begonias, pan^^^Bnd miscellaneous hardy and tender plants.	months now found but f^^^^^^^Bipon the grounds,
except that the chrysanthemums were in ^B their glory. There A^^^Blso a few hardy plants.
T^^M/er of ra^wflant^^^B an o^^Hun^fto regale himself to his heart's content, and to acqui^Ban information ^^^^Hild have taken him years to hayje obtained'from travels and Hok^| He couj^^^^Hipon th^ Cercas giganten, which only	the Colorado ^^Hhe Rio Grande, and w^Hi Humboldt
declared was worth a^Bip across two continents to see. He ^Hld^^^B his eyes< on	from Aust^Ha 1	Mexico, the Windward
Islands, Arabia, Palestine, and the Cape of Good	aacacias,from
SwamRiver, Mexico, California and New South Wales.﻿296
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
In all civilized countries the cultivation of flowers has become a passion, and the rich and th< poor indulge' themselves in it according to their means. So constant is the demand for new,Species and varieties that the earth is ransacked by experts for something that has ne ver been seen before.
Reaching from the ground high up in the dome was a mountain of selected palms and ferns and many other varieties of tree plants. Underneath this mountain was a second edition of Aladdin’s Cave—a subterranean mansion of many chambers, tapestried and wainscoted with translucent crystals, and brilliantly and artistically illuminated. Through this gem-like cavern the water wasMiltered through crystals in the midst of incandescents, the effect of which was gorgeous and spectacular.
The southeast curtain was radiant with flowers, Illinois occupying space at the extreme end, and showing a pretty collection. X< ar by was a cactus patch representing some of the drear}' spots that abound in Xew Mexico, and comprising many varieties of cacti, the creamy-flowering yucca, the Spanish bayonet, meschal, chulla, tuna, and some others. Massachusetts directly opposite contributed a number of fine ferns, one of which has remarkable spreading fronds* Missouri also made a creditable display, and California exhibited a few cacttejc^6us plants. The place of honor in the southeast curtain was held by Pitcher & Manda, of Short Hills, X. J., who at the request of Chief Thorpe, loaned thfeir collection, which, including their ofehids, is valued at $50,000. These occupied a large space running down the middle of the curtain, 1.500 square feet, and two sections west, about 1,000 feet. They also had 1,000 square feet in the corner on the right, as the central door is entered fr> m the west, and 7,300 square feet or one-third of the space between the main promenade and base of the mountain. These comprised, beside palms and ferns, many other stove and greenhouse plants, among which were eight«n Australian tree palms, believed to be from 400 to 600 years old; a large number of selectedBroton- of red and yellow; many varieties of draca?nas and some superb antlniriums in foliage anti flower. The latter is a native of South America. Then there were ^Bsplendid collection of inarantas, with their great luxuriant, zebra-striped leaves.
I here were a great many varieties of ferns that are seldom seen outside of a conservatory, among which was the golden fern, a native of Peru. Phis is unlike any other, and from its leaves impression may be madJupon a coat sleeve, or other cloths, such as cassimere and the like, which would be mistaken for engravings. There were many < xquisite ferns unknown to but a few. one of the rarest being the crested-sword fern, a native of South America; golden maiden-hair fern, tongue fern, and adianlum Parleyeu» a variegated spurt of maiden hair, very scarce.
Amonc other rare plants in this collection were the heliconia aureo stuata, with broad spreading leaves with golden stripes, an umbrageous plant, standing six feet; aspidiastia, vivid in green and variegated colors; eighteen begonias rex, and several varieties of ^elaginelled, or club moss, natives of the’ East Indiesdcollec-tions (if bird’s nests and si ag horn ferns from .Australia; more club mospj of a bronze﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S LAIR.
297
metallic color; Davalla Mooreana, a native of the South Pacific Islands; Pteris Wallichianu, a native of Japan, the largest fern in the collection, being eight feet across, and which was set out in three-inch pots three years ago; Pteris Victoria, named after the Oueen of of England, a native of the East Indies and Southern Africa.
The collection also included Davalla Eijensis, a native of the I ejee Islands; a superb fern known as Harefoot; pyramids of fern asparagus of many varieties; flowering anthuriums in gaudy blossom and rich foliage; a large collection of flowering genista; IOO azaleas in orange, red and crimson flowers, the same number of hydrangeas, abundant of blossom. There were also eighty-four varieties of pineapple plants; 150 varieties of palms, thirty-two of Sago palms, or cycads, the largest of'which was presented by Dom Pedro to Mr. Van Alen, of Newport, seventeen years ago, and which was secured by Mr. Manda for the Exposition. Also thirty-two varieties Of Norfolk pine and more than a hundred cocoanut palms nine feet in height, growing out of th^nuts—quite a novelty.
In the'northeast curtain Australia divides the honors between Canada and Japan, Australia is represented by more than a score’of tree ferns, hundreds of years old, and a large number of birds’ nests ferns and stag horns, among which have been planted more than 2,000 plants, including eighteen varieties of tearoses, several hundreds of tuberous begonias anti marantas and otherBnlivening flowering plants.
The Ontario (Canada) exhibit, the first oil the right as the northeast curtain is entered, is Irom public and private conservatories of Toronto, and comprises some flnl palms and fancy crotons, cacti, and eucalyptus. Nextcomes the Japanese garden, unique and interesting in all details. There is sweetness and seeming simplicity in well, curb, streamlet, tree, bush and flower. It was in complete order on the opening day, and has ever since attracted much attention. The narrow paths separate little trees and plants—parterres—which are not much bigger than table napkins and structures that might be taken for toys. Even the gardeners who made these were short and slender, but they gave a good account of themselves, nevertheless, and of the work that they were sent here to accomplish. Most of the fapanese plants came to Jackson Park all the way from Yokohama in chalet-like boxes of salmon-colored cedar wood, which were pierced with windows and covered with wire net work. Some of these plants suffered much during the voyage, and quite a number of them were killed outright and many others had to go into the nursery, with a special note of recommendation to the doctor in charge; he, however, hesitated in view of the delicate state of their health and the difficulty of hitting upon the best remedy, and therefore declined all﻿﻿HISTORY CnTHE WORLD'S PMR.
299
responsibility until some Japanese herb doctor should afriv^Hmt Mr. Thorpe took ki)a n y o f t herjf'th charge upon the n^^^Bpeara^^^W the herb dcx^^^^^Ksaid and fctHbhtf	' them into a	of convalescence,	were never
pronouneed	da^Ber.
On entHng this miniature gar^B) the visitor passes up a slight incline and cnSPs^Bpan a gravel walk, on eith^^He of	are sticks of white and black
bamlJra^^B skillfully	A little fa^^H < >1 are some steps cut in
shrubby slope and	trunks of the hr tree.	palisade in light
bamboo^fcrk, held	serves as an enclosure. Plants
minor value have been arrai^^^^^^H' this serpentine walk, incl^Bng^^^Bris, isaeoigate and pinus paroiflora.
Then there	and ^Bneric^^^^^^^ntranged so
that they may nod a^Bach other ^|ile the ^^^^Hlias on the other side of the paUHde seemingly look down proudly upon them. And ther^^HbeHof opbio-pogom jaburan and ^^^^Hwli^^Hristling leaves spread from straHs looking stumps and do not^Bfirst impress one the ide^^^B they enjoy much vitality. The convolvulus occupy^weral pots and may b^^^^^Kmbing reeds set apart for its*sbepial behoof. Just beyond another shrubby	ex-
quisite blossoms, and here an^^Be nice arrangements of Da'^^^wullat^l Close byrTtSii an	of lilies, twenty-two varieties in^H, which embalms
h air for^Bny yards around with a delightful perfume, not unlike that the
bouquet of (^^^^Baromatic^Blors. Among the white, with only one or two flowers on the
Then there is an orange colored o^^^^^^^^Bh black points and a proud lookingHauty with a	which are unknown,
anffaUnch^^^^^Barable for size £^^^^Bty.^^^^|of these latter are enormous, and each ^His remarka^^Br its red, pink^B violet stripes. But perhaps thefcZflw of the ensemble are the dwarf tre^Bfor which Japan is f^^^^^B By what arnROifrPp^^^B, trees, which if left to themselves would have reached a respectable flight, have been cut down to the smallest	to tell.
BiBsfhere they are, some so small that they^Buld be held i^^^^^^Hnd, and buff few of them quite a yard high, twisted and distorted trun^^^Ber^Bwi^^^^^B and warts, and giving life to slender branches which limits"that they ^^Berfect balls of
passed through the hands of ma^^Hnerat^fs of gardeners, for n^B a few have ^Biched the Lge of one hundi^^^^^B or more. 1two specimens of the 'thfta bBd-ramB one of ^mch is m^B than a century ^^^^Bwhich died on tlij£ way from San FranciscotoChic a go during the terrible storms of the winter Hi8qf2j By There are others of the same fa^By tha^^H vij^^^B.b^Bre similarly dwhrfed and many of "them centenarians. There are quite ^Him^^^^^^^Brf^Hoaks and maples, whose den^^Btec^^^^^^B^ ! hrough every shade of red Hi yellow, and resemblfe'iHe leaves of the Ameflin maple tree during	part of Auturnp.
There ar^^^Brs that are curiously streaked and ^^Botl^K in which the foB&ehas jagged^|geS and ^^B marble-like, white, red and yellow veins. Here﻿300
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S LAIR.
is the Fuiriteikakatsura, a very long name for a microscopic climber, with tapering and pointed leaves struggling ap a bit of light colored wood not much bigger than a giant’s thumb. The utmost'care has been given to the garden, which has a little meandering stream over which are rustic bridges and other evidences of a truly rural scene. A large number of cleafragranes and other Japaneses plants are in pots which are of the best faience, porcelain and enameled ware. ^Altogether the Japanese garden is an exact reproduction of many at Tokio, where horticulturists are numerous in view of the widely prevalent taste for flowers. Farther along, up against the northeast corner, and then again in the northwest corner, are contributions from Trinidad, comprising ferns, palms, bamboos, crotons, and other tropical productions.
Returning we come upon the German exhibit, arranged by Herr Rudolph Schiller, in which are grouped collections of azaleas and rhododendrons brilliant in blossom, contributed by Otto Olberg, Dresden; Spiraea astilboides, from Oscar Tiefenthal, Wandsbeck; five thousand lilies of the valley, from Gustavus A. Schulz, and C. Van der Huissin, of Berlin, and from Julius Hansen, Pinneberg, and Oscar Tiefenthal, Wandsbeck; Buxus pyramides and Buxus Standards, some beautiful foliage-trees and shrubs, and a new rhododendron, exhibited by T. J. Seidel, Saxo-nia. Interspersed are collections of hydrangeas, easter lilies, pelargoniums, dwarf palms, cyclamens, cinerarias, calceolarias, sixteen varieties of pansies and cannas, the whole bordered with tuberous begonias and English primroses. In the midst of this are two pieces of statuaryMme of which represents a spring group as often seen in the better greenhouses throughout Germany and the other a maiden at the fountain.
Next comes Belgium with a beautiful exhibit of azaleas and rhododendrons and other varieties; also four bay trees in blossom. The next sight is a novel one, being a mound of sixty-eight varieties of cacti, including a number of specie&never before seen in this country. The visitor now comes full upon the century plant, which was in perfect flower in May and which, while not gaudy or especially attractive, is illustri< ms.
The visitor now comes upon the N ew York side of the mountain, at the base of which is a magniticent Msemblage of aristocratic members of the floral kingdom, many of them having bfcn ftlected with artistic care and taste from pretentious palaces of plants on the Hudson, the Schuylkill and the Charles, amongswhieh are are a fine collection of drachmas and crotons from the Gould place in New York, said to be the choicest in the vBrld; Pandamus Utilis and a pair of Arenga Bonnetii, believed to be the finest spmmens in America; a Cycas Revoluta.one hundred and fifty years old and in fruit; An ca Lutescens, the queen of palms; Ra\n uala Mada. gascariensis,from the deserts in Madagascar, and better known as the Travelers’ Tree; Areca Banri, very rare and very beautiful; an immense specimen of Caryoto Urens, forty feet high, a very valuable palm; the largest specimen in America of the Theophrasta Imperialis, a native of the East Indies; the Seaforthia Elegans,, thirty-five feet and > xceedingly graceful; Plectocomia Assamicn, the only^limbing palm in thë.Gmited States, a native ol the Sandwich Islands, from the Gould place, Irvington-on-the-Hudson, and many others conspicuous for their age and lineage.﻿﻿

mÈm
VISTA IN HORTICUlT'JRAL BUILDING.﻿
HI
^■HAPTER IX.
THE FRENdH FLORICULTURAL EXHIBIT.
Many^jKAn4^upe	Rhododendrons Ever Seen
in America—M. Jules Lemoine,
and Bewitching Members of the Realm of Flora and Encircles the Woman’s Building- in Bloom— HeAl so Enlivens Other
REQUEST of ^^^■7r<^|h Commissioner,	Thorpe
that the	Eloricultural section, in
charge of M.^^^^^^^^^^Rrincipal gardener of the Cit)’ of Paris (Bois de Vicennes), should be represented elsewie re than	eminent Pa-
risian floriculturist elected to make displays uponth^^HincIs adjacent	Plaisance,
the space north	building, adjacent to the
pavilion, the Puck	Steamship Line
It is upon
fatter space that M. Lemoine made	most e ^Borate and
and one that will be long remembered by June and July.
On the	the WHtanHhmiHng	of siver spruces, fifty
varieties in	and six feet	with m^R taste.
TPR'e are also about forty azaleas, representing two varieties. A variegated Buxus and aTte^Tl&fdy plant	negundo, fobs aurea variegated, attract
tention.u.j^^^^Hplant that ^^^^^^Bit(^^Hllex aquifolia argenta, which does vflijt'’-frettiSn this section. It \^B in fine condition in July.
Iwafd the eastern	the south	fine
diJm^^ME^mymus—Due	marginata aurea, radicans,
folvar, puchellus, etc., also three specimens of the new Abies picea pumila. are a number of lauros of Portugal which ^Bnl in pyramids seven Some clusters of silver spruce are next seen
northern end. Then	of	Andreana in yellow ar^^H'Oon
flower, and more buxus Araucaria imbricata.
the eastern entrance lauro cerasus rotundi folia stand. ppBn pyramids attractively. On both sides of the northeastern corner t^Bthe building are sixty superb varieties of	flower in June, making a most
stdkW^^pear^^H Among thorn are the “ i .udy Eleanor,” “ Elvelyn,” “ Martin Id. Sutton,” “ John Waten-r," the father of the rho^^^Bdron^R Princess Mary of C^fcridge/’^lnad^*.* jfj^^M^fntlvorth»’* 0 Mrs. F^^Mald/’ aftd mahyf others.﻿304
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
AH of the above are from Messrs. Croux & Son, the well known florists and nurserymen of the Yal of Aulnay ne&r Paris. These plants came in willow baskets and bagging and were put up in such excellent shape for shipping that they never suffered in the least from their long land and ocean trip, and never lost a leaf.
Crossing the northern entrance to the Woman's Building and going west the lover of rare and beautiful rhododendrons stands in the midst of fifty as fine ones, all in flower in June as were ever seen in I'rance, which surpasses all other countries in the production of this aristocratic plant, and which werecontributed by M. Moser of Versailles. Among them are the “ General Cabrera,” “ The Gem,” “Michael Waterer,” “ Nelly Moser,” “ Star of Ascot,” “ Marechal MacMahon,” “ Blandy-anum,” “ Caractacus,” and “Imperatrice Eugenie. ’ P rom France, too, are some new azaleas—glauca stricta—a remarkably hardy plant, which flowers indoors in I'ebruary and out of doors in May and June. The I'ebruary flower is used largely for decoration in P rance, as it yields abundantly and makes a fine appearance as a cut flower. Among the other contributions from Paris is a new rare and beautiful foliage plant—Dimorphantus Manshuricus foliis argenteis variegatis and aureis, (obtained by Gouchaud), a native of the interior of Japan. There are two of these plants near the northeast corner of the northern entrance and two near the northwest corner of the plat, the only four in Chicago.
Near these are a splendid collection of cedars Libani aurea, a favorite the world over, and clusters of Evonymus Japonica elegans, of most exquisite foliage. There are close by twenty varieties of silver spruces and twenty-five varieties of cedars. In the middle of this plat are ioo new Hypericum Moserianum that the
careless observer would take to be roses. They were in flower in July. These are sometimès called the Thousand-headed plant, on account of the interstices that may be seen through its petals with a microscope. Passing round to the western side of the building and going toward the south ma}- be seen among the gorgeous rhododendrons and azaleas a little bed of Japanese maples, as fine as any in Japanese gardens. F'urther along are twenty-four Kalmia, which attract much attention; four superb specimens of azalea Pon-tica, rare and large; twenty azalea mollis, all in pink and white flowers in May and June. Some beautiful genista andreana in flower, fifty plants in all. Passing the western entrance and proceeding in a southerly direction one comes upon another beautiful exhibit from Georges Boucher, of Paris, consisting in part of 260 varieties of standard tea and hybrid roses, all rare or new. These were from five to six weeks on their voyage but not a plant was lost. Many of them are from three to four feet in height, and were planted six inches deep on account of the little root they had on arrival. Everyone is thrifty and were in flower all summer. Among these rare and new roses
gli	
as to •	"w.gytf JSsaB
w'F:/., .• ■ ■ jtfr.GG ; G. .	
fofò Biffi	
	■ < i ; '
	
•Ml
tS
STATUARY.﻿HISTORY OF THhHHRLD’S FAIR.
305
i?H Mme. Carnot,’* f President Constant,” “ Duchesse d’Orleans,” “Lyonnais,” “ DajppiSS of^COimaught,” “ Mabel Morrison,” “ Earl of Dufferin,” “ Beaute de l’Europe,” “ Mme. Victor VertHer,” “ Louise Odier,” “ Reine Marie HHriett^^ and “ Caroline
Some clematis, now seei^A America for the first time, is placed near the westerne ntrance. This attracts j^wdi attention, as do two variet^B of roses Rugusa,” white and	nurseryman	the new varieties of clematis, “ Mme. Edouard Andre.”
Crossing	the observer ^^Hruck
the	more r^^^^Ht from M. Paillet, of Chatenay, near Paris. HeH are
hybrids, all of whi^^^^Hin flower during the summer months. Amo^^^^Hare “ Mme.	Defresne,” Souvenir d’un ami,” “La France,^
“Jacqueminot,” “ Pauline	“ Rubens,” “ Gloire de Dijon,” “ Merveille de
others that	vv^Hown.
The southern end of the building west	southern ^^^^^^^^Blanted
almost ent^^Hvith spruces, 150 varieties in all, from Hoi^k Defresne & Son, Vitry, jpear Paris, (one of the largest anc^^^Bknown nursery	the world,)
among which are Cec^^^^Hani, pendula, Juniperus hybernica, Abies commutata, glauca, Taxus aurea, Abies Remonti and others. In tH plat east of the southern entra^^^^^^^^Bt 150 shrubs and e^^Hs, among which are the ^^Holia grandidora, Skimmia japonica, Ligustrum coriaceum, Eleagnus Simoni, Andromeda Nandina domestica, etc.
The palms around the Woman’s Bui^Bgare all of the hardj^^^Bty of the BMeiH^^Kdi^n*ai^Bn shore. There are thirty varieties in all, the choicest being the Brahea Roezli, or silver palm, Coc^^^^Hralis, Phoenix Canarie^^Hnd Jubea spectabilis, from	landscape nurseryman of Ca^^^H
These plants are shaded slightly by a row c^^Halpa excelsa trees, which runs $11 Hound the ^Bldi^f and by a single black oak at the nor^^Hentrance.; Between the grass and tHbuildH; there is a space of	feet which is
filled in with familiar sumn^^Hliage and flowering plant^H﻿vWv-WÄT ■'■I
''pii
LIBERTY BELL IN ORANGES, CALIFORNIA EXHIBIT IN HORTICULTURAL BUILDING-﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
307
CFIAPTER X.
A RAMBLE AMONG FRUITS AND WINES.
Other Exhibits in the Horticultural Building—Side by Side with the Celebrated and World-Renowned Vintages of Europe Are Shown the Products of American Vineyards—Unique Features of Some of the Foreign Displays—Missouri, Ohio, New York, and California Are Well Represented— Fruits from Nearly Every State in the Union—Enormous Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, Cherries and Prunes from Idaho,'Colorado, Oregon and Washington—Unsurpassed Displays of Thirty Kinds of Fruits by California’s Great Citrus Fruit Exhibit by the State—Towers and Pagodas of Oranges and Lemons from Southern California Attract Great Attention—Many Fine Displays of Preserved, Dried, Canned and Crystalized Fruits and Raisins from Southern California—Big Display of Seeds by Peter Henderson, of New York—Great Array of Garden Implements, Tents, Greenhouses, Lawn Mowers, Fences, Statuary, Etc.
NE 01 the most interesting and instructive special features of the Exposition is the exhibit of wines of the World in the south pavilion of the Horticultural Building, known as the division of Viticulture, in charge of H. M. La Rue. The exhibits, especially those of foreign countries, are shown on a lavish and magnificent scale, which might have been expected when it is known b that a good many millions of dollars are annually spent by Americans for foreign wines of all kinds and that the producers can afford to spend a mint of money on advertising when it is known that they sometimes receive a good many more hundred per cent for their wines in America than they do for the same productions in their own lands.
The Californian claims, with a great deal of force and argument, that the conditions of his soil, climate, and methods resemble those of the foreign countries that produce the most distinguished wines. The manufacturers of wines in Missouri and Ohio presume to say that their wines are not only as choice as those of California, but that, while they may not at all resemble those of either France or California, they contain all the elements and virtues of a perfect beverage. New York and New Jersey are not behind in proclaiming the excellencies of their native wines.
There is nothing, probably, concerning which there is such a diversity and distribution of taste and opinion as there is regarding wines. There are those wrho claim that nothing genuine comes from abroad unless it be certain brands of claret and a few champagnes and whites. There are those, too, who maintain that no wines made in America or Australia are fit for a gentleman’s table.
20﻿308
HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR.
tfour-fifths of the	on the ground floor of the south pavilion is allotted
to foreignx(ft}ntE$. Germany succeeded in. gBEug 4, ooo s q uare feet. Among its winc^ftre the famous Srhfeww'	Grafenberg, and Rudesl
heimer, and others'’from the eastern bank of the RlunWi The ^fclay is made under the auspices of HGcfntahConsuls and is a collective one; but there has been a Considerable sum-spent afpon it, theirttportation of ksgRp^jHr wines is on the; increase. Thert^Balso a splen did lot of Moselles,'in4$udtngj®e Brauneberger and other excellent ones with long n a hi»!. TheASe^man^ftchibitlffii aiHhave a big wine	operation near*by ‘uRfch^b&w£j*ll the 1> rocesses of manufacture, a n d
Rorage.
Austria has a small space In which that country show* its *Iokay>, its Meo~' gratis- its Mnecadines, and eight varieties of Ansbyuch, whicj^fe rqglrded by many wine of Austria.
France, as usual at all expositions, hasa most magpioceh*«Sjiibi^Bn which has been spared to make it attractive. In^the red wine section there are exhibited more than sixty varictiHof superior clarets and a laffi^QS^H'p.f Burgundies and Sautcrne^. The French exh^B occupies abobt^^^Kj|ft3^S|Htt and; the cabinet work, which contains the varities aforesaid, is pretty and afltly.
Itajy has about i.uoofeet, in which it exhibits its best dryittosJand^Bne of its pweets. The i ' are exhibits from AiBBri, near I'lortfhct-, and a number from '^etjtnont, and notably the Barolo, Barbera, Nebbiolo, and BracdwiBlB bBBral Italy shows some of its famous wines, which, .however, are not often seen in this ■country, such as Monte hascone, which	d< licious aroma, Su&Fthe Albano,
also a crack wine among the Italian aristxocrater. There are also reel wines from th*- foothills of Vesuvius, and both	and red v^H-om the Island
Spain has been given^Barge space, fully^Bmuch as that alleged tWermany. The wines shown by Spain are mostly sherries from the < 1 .strict near tie* and .f^Om the Provinces of La Ma^^B, known as Val de Penas, which, in the opinion of many, is as fine a wine as is found id the world. There are also wines from the Provinces of G^Bada, known, generally, as Malagas, Muscatel, and Malvoisieiffl In adclitioi^Hre are red wine^Bom this same district, known in Sprain as Tinto de Rota and Sa^H The well-known Amontillado is arrayed hai^Bomelyflehind locked glass doors.
Pflugal asserts its p^B nee by a display of ports from the AftokDouro district and win^^Hni the Is^fld of Madeira. ,Of the former there are foUfj white ports' and six blac^B the latt^Bjeing the Sou2ao Aragoneztand PeJ ipu^ Of the white ports thcr^^Hthe Ferral Branco, Malvazia, Malmsey, Dedo	ma, and
Mu scat ell e de Jesus.
Switzerland	display, and also Russia and some other Eu-
ropean countries which are not r^Bgntzed generally as wine-ntakmg >■ ctions.
New South Wales occupies space at the eastern end of the pavilion and makes	creditable display. The champagQfes of Fr$ujfeAja.re shown at differ-
ent places in th^Bticultural section, but the most« them are in the second story﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR.
■
near the win^fc>f Portugal and Italy. American wines are represented by the HrtrwesC brands ffom New York, Clhio, Missouri, .C*uNk>rrin£ and other nototf&vinfl producing states.
The	the German win< ■ exhibit took place in the south pavilion and wine jaljlar j|H^Hbn&?ffith< ■ 2 i st day of I ime,	Wer-
muth presiding. The exhibit in the pavilion ran^^^Hh that of	Spain,
wntb^Hj feature of a wine cellar, which stands in^K southern portion of the southern qtkjtfhaKMLinstructive part of the^^^^H Its inte^^^Hthe re[)roduction of a; German wop^^tfar with Gothic columns, and the samples ot the liquid M^ath^fmflHKjire arranged on tables and stands in groups accordil^^^Hthe djffeTlwH vintagesstnd'lEGS&trict^Hi whi<d?they are produced. Entering the main door of hail circl^Hn the ea^Hide. a number of panoramic pc^HingSyH the districts represented in-the exhibit attracts the attention of the visitor. panoramas are the Rhine, as seen from the Xicde^ftld; Trarbach on the Magjn Neustadt on the H^afdt, arid Trier ori^^H' Moselle. These are the works ofl Artjt#£&TIerwarth and Joseph Rui^^Hi>a(^w. of Berlin, Then there are panoramas ift'of'the Necker Valley, views from Esslingen to Constadt, Rappoltswcilcr (Alsace),
; ,*and Mullheim in Badeir/p^^Hl by I reudemann and Richter-Eefensdorf, both of Berlin,» These. piooramas are works of art p^Hoduced from nature.^phey were completed in Germany and mounted here. The arrangements for p^^^Htiv« etc., are very clever. f»The paintings are hungin^^^^Hutside the liuildii^g propen with full eXMjjwre toMayligftt, white tlw^Mni-circle inside of pavilion is kept in twilight, ftjre gro^KS in front of each j^Horama are decorated ii^^HstlO manner with vines growing on poles. These are, of course, artificial decorations, the grapflra&fgjpf glass. The walls to the west two maps of	n(c-producirig districts of (i^nny.
Visitors to the 1 lorticultural Building may look Upon^^H deadly MexIpaS - aguardiente. There are many oilier kinds of	wines and cognacs in£HH
display,	1 as 1 icor de naranja, which is ^Hngejuice, and a good dteplajOjP
fruit pastes and jjell^H There arc agaves, ^^winuts, grap^^Hfts, mosses: and ferns also in the display. Some dried bananas at^^^^Hrn, ju i to provevthdfl bananas, can be dried. The Mexicans take much pride in the purity of their Hues. k^CommissidS®;!'- Miguel Carabay is in^Har^w>f thr^Hchibit.
The friiSt;fcxliibit which occupies the northwestern and s^Hhwestem curtains of the Horticultural Building is in charge of Charles Wright. Nearly all of the States and Territorial and Canada anti Aus^Wia are represented. Fl^Hla and Southern California, notably tf^|attr. make splendid displays of orangey and lemons and other citrtts'*£ruits,‘vThe Southern Californian counties-of San Diedb, SaipBernardino, Riverside, Orange, Santa Barbara and Los Angeles kept up their orange and lemon exhib^l until September. The latter county had a tc^H of than golden fruRslvhich contained nearly	ranges. I^Bso had a monster Liberty
Bell made of „oranges and other designs, ft also had at one tiftje 1,200 plates and 6oo jars of cmfnkand other semi-tropical productions—32 fthothsome kinds in all.
T#gftf)p|H|gEtates exhibited apples and n^ier fruits and berries in their sea-﻿3'®!
HISTORY OF®THE WORLDS! FAIR.
son. Si-ir£een-&t^;nitdispla)'ed £anned,^pi€^,	frui^B Can-
ada and New South Wales HH^^Hd all visitors by their sfrfencHd anjays of fruits.
there v|Hfe sttfenor exhibits t>f Sower* and vegetable seeds* notably Peter 11 enters on	New York, and 1 dtchet* & Mam^B of Short Hills, N. J. ThesJ
were to be seen in the h$0Th pavi 1 ion, where there	numerous exhibits «3
lawn mowers, sprinklers, fruit^BBWWjflPBSBntfj^^^^^Ba d<^Eoyers,, fertilizers, garden fetJC^jyilkfuaty* &c. Upon the lawns west of the Horticultural Building were various mofjletfiif gffeen-botBlfe, and many kinds of lawn mowers and .Sprinklers at work. On the™ajfflfibf	and*Bthe 1S^Bth#npf Court, were 4 large
number of aif^ticirifib In the gduiry jW thSBWthern	were a number of
raHtt exhibits from SoutihrCrtt California.
t﻿KNOWLES LOOM W0RK6
EXHIBIT QF KNOWLES LOOM WORKS, MACHINERY HALL,﻿﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
CHAPTER XI.
PALACE OF MECHANIC ARTS.
A Remarkably Beautifuf^ructura^J'^fJftJfSlD^'Iiiet 'and- Cost' $ l ,200£>0$—The Ahk ESfctne the
PoweS—-17,000 Horse Power Required to Provide Electricity—Two Dynamos Each With *. Capacity of 10,000 Lighvs—Ten Engines Averaging 2,000 Horse Power	1-/ Wheel Thjrtyffe^^HitmeteH*.n Engine Whose
Combination of Iron and Steel Weighs 22 5 Tons—Its Wheel and
Machinery of Every Description in Operation—Manufacturing	and Machine Tools by
Description of All the Engines and Boilers—How Many Things are Manufactured Right Before One’s Eyes—Grier’s Ingrain I Lumber	Interesting
Relic—A Striking CoritfaSi^^Hpb of Chief Robinson.
HE Pala<Hof M ©panics Arts—or, as^^f generally called Biding—is regarded by many as the most Wfftwtiful of all. "‘‘It is certainly a magnificent structure, and a&itodel *>f symmetrical lines throughout. It Himme^flltely «&j*h of the Administration Building and is midway between theiake^and the western encl^Bre. It is feetin' leiiSlh and feet in width, and cost, with iHanne^c and power ho^^H>i,^^^^H It has an aggregated 24,000,000 fvb»e power, which makes it the largest power plant in theBtfkk Of this>24.000 horsepower, 17,000Hdevo^^H) electricity, there being two dynamos, each with a capacity of lights. These two dyrt&lbos are-run by the renowned Allis engine, which' hail PwHRle the horse power of the famous Corliss , engine which walne of thfl wonders of the Centennial, and the largest Hgine in the ^Brld at the time.
Msheptipfer plant contains more thah forty steam eng^^Hvhich operate 127 dynamos. Ten of the engines average 2,000 horse power each. The entire ¥\llfl combination of iron and steel weighs*fliore than 225 ton^Hlts wheel and shaft alq^re- weigh more than 100', tons. The fly’ wheel is thirty feet in diameter. Machinery ofCfJfeftt’y'dMcri^BnAs seen in operation. Manuf^niring devices and krach|pKPoP^^dPf41lhl£r'' every - branch* of the business
Machinery may be seen manufacturing other machinerHnd all sorts of ^articles appearing as one vast manufactory.
To rfijgr&jLt many people there is no^Hht at the ExposiMn to bh'COtf^gEi with thcflMMbr plant. It consists of a vast aggregation of immense steam engines,
wide and 1,000 feet long, lying along the south wall of Machinery 1 IgA and a good disM&ee: aioftg'tins 'south wall of the annex. #jThiB space constitutes one-fourth of the Jklkrc Boot.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
3i4
All these engines, and fifteen more scattered through the othet quarters o) Machinery Hall, are regular exhibits, and yet they are not running merely for fun nor for show. Every one of them performs indispensable work. The' Exposition needed over 5,000 arc lights and 120,000 incandescent lights and it had to have power to operate the acres upon acres of heavy machinery. It has it.
To begin with, power is distributed to the’machinery in Machinery Hall by a vast system of line-shafting. That is, some of the engines are used to drive long iron shafts, on which are innumerable pulleys, all revolving fifteen feet above the floor, and every exhibitor who wants power throws a belt on the nearest pulley and helps himself. Now, there are six lines of shafting, each 766 feet in length, in Machinery Hall, making a total of about 4,600 feet, and there are six corresponding and continuous lines in the annex, having a total length of about 2,680, so that there is a grand total of about 7,280 feet.
Yet almost none of this force is derived from the power-plant proper. It is almost all furnished by engines located in different places around the building for that purpose. Accordingly the shafting is divided into eighteen sections and, as a general thing, each section is driven by its own engine, though some drive more. A Sioux City engine drives a section on each side of it, and a German engine drives three sections.
Many people will be interested to know what engines drive the line shafting. The English furnish one Galloway engine and two of Millar’s engines, which drive all the English machinery In the building that requires power. The Germans furnish one Schichau engine, one Wolf engine, and one Grusonwerk engine, which, in a like manner, drive all the German machinery. The American engines and their minimum horse-power are as follows: Ideal tandem, 300; Bates, 300; Golden State, 200; Green, 225; Sioux City, 350; Payne’s Corliss, no; Erie City, 300, and Allis simple, 250.
Coming now to the power-plant proper, the engines that supply electric power are at the north end, then come those that supply incandescent lights, then those that supply arc lights, and then at the south end the air compressors, which include engines. The engines that generate power have an aggregate of 5,000 horse-power, and send this amazing energy over wires to the Administration Building to run the elevators, and to the Mines and Mining, Electricity, Manufactures and Agriculture Buildings to operate exhibits and do chores. It is distributed inside these buildings by line shafting; and, curious to relate, in the Electricity Building it is used to run the dynamos that are on exhibition there.
Such splendid service makes a list of these magnificent engines interesting. Their names and horse-power are as follows: Ball cross compound, 480; Armington & Sims simple, 400; General Electric triple' expansion condensing, 1,000; Phcenix triple expansion condensing, 500; triple tandem condensing, 250; Phcenix simple, 250; E. P. Allis cross compound condensing, 500; two Woodbury tandems, 600 each; A. L. Ide simple, 200; A. L. Ide tandem compound condensing, 225; and McEwen tandem compound condensing, 220.﻿KfST&RY OF THE WOELD^SJFAIR.
3i5
The greatest	dire nine that are devoted to
.prnt lights for the grounds araHSBBBp^s, and they ar^^H^isH of furnishing 120,000 lights, though not quite so many are required, "^jj? the head of1 % list stands the L. P. Alii-, quadruple expansion condensing, with a minimum 5,000 horse-power, and P<|^bl^^p52^^l^-jf6wer. This is no doubfc the greatest machine in the	The others are Fraser and (^Bliners’ triple
condensing, 1,000; four Westinghouse, Church & Kerr compound cotklert^tilratwo of	tlAQQ&dcK: Buckeye triple
Atla s co impound co ndensing, 1,000, and Mc I ntosh St Seymo^^^Bibl^Bandemyl^H pound,
But the Exposition would be an uninvii mg place by night or on dark days without arc-lights, and the little giants that Hrnish this luxury are as follows: Two Brfl|g& Wood simple, 150 each; two	Wood tandem
Ball &	Buckeye In coinpour^^^Hde^|ng^^^| twffl
Buckeye simple,	Buckeye simple, 190;	»■);
two	cotnpHd condensing, 506 and 216; Lane ^^^nlly
cross compound condensing, 300; Lane & Bodley tan^Bm compound condensing, tjQo; Lane & Bodley	224; Atlas
Watertown double tandem compound condensing, 250; two Skinner simple, 150 each; New York Safety simple, i^B three RifecH simple, total 400; and Siemens & Hot^^Horse-power not given.
<^Bvn in	end of Ma<^*iery Hall are six machines which
ware not, properly ^Kakin^^^ft.m~engincs, as	adapted to only one use.
These are	which supply the compressed air engines in
ouildingf^HOr^^^^^^^^^nipressors is by	Sergeant, one by
11 Company, anti four by the Norwalk iron works. They furnish conn pressed air at a pressure	to	inch, and it ^^Hive^Kj|n
two six-inch iron pipes, one of whi^ft*uns to the Mines and Mining Bui^Bng and the other to the	Building, to exhibit the^Kility of compressed-air
in those departments.
use without steam, and
through any of the south doors of Machinery Hall into the imme^^^^^nigaBd iron	he	no lack of stfani.
Suck>^batteiy af steap^^Hers was probably never constructed 1^W>re, the necessity of more steam than	of progress of electrical
^ClAft. 1 odpcj as if Wai i’s idea was not exactly on decline. At the first flush it i-lcfcks as ifthe battery were a mile long, but inqulrj^^^^^Bna^^^l only aboo 6501 feet	These >1^Hers are also exhibits by	manufacturers
fiaild illustrate every l\CW on	l^Kon of a steam boiler.
^^^Bpower house are furnished by ei^^^^^HbltOFS. Beginning at the east end of the boiler-house the arnmgernent, number of boilers and Elated horse-power are a$£pIlpW6: -Al^Bdroth & .Root; Hit boilers, 1,500 horsepower; Gill Water Tube Boiler^^Bany, lour boilers, 1,500 horse-power; Heine <	^ono* horse power; National, fo^M boilers, *^^B^tt>rse~﻿tST^RTtD
; ^-N0'; ':|^
■■HHKit
THE ALLIS ENGINE﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
30
power; Campbell & Zell, nine boilers, 3,750 horsepower; Babcock & Wilcox, fegn boilers, 3,000 horSe-power; Stirling, four bbilers, 1,800'horse-power. In the annex are four Heine boilers of 1,500 horse-power, three Cliiriax of 2,060 horse-power and two Stirling of 900 horse-power. These boilers, while separated from the main boiler room by the south entrance to Machinery Hall, are connected with the main system the same as any of the other batteries. The Jumbo of the boiler-house is a Climax of 1,000 horsfe-power.
The Abendroth & Root boilers have 126 tubes, four inches in diameter, by
18	feet in length, arranged in courses 14 wide by 9 high. They have 7 drums 14 inches in diameter, by 20 feet length, and one header 30 inches in diameter by 12 feet in length. The Gill boilers have 360 tubes, 4 inches in diameter, 18 feet in length, 3 steam drums, 42 inches in diameter, by 21 feet long. The Rational boilers have 180 4-inch tubes, iS feet long, and 3 steam drums 36 inches by 20 feet. The Campbell and Zell boilers have 2364-inch tubes, 18 feet in length, 3 30-inch water drums
19	feet in length, and one slteam drum 52 inches in diameter by 12 feet length. The Babcock & Wilcox boilers have 126 4-inch tubes 18 feet long, arranged in courses 14 wide and 9 high, a mud drum 12 inches in diameter and 8 feet 6 inches long, and two steam drums 36 inches by iS feet. The Climax 500 horse-power boilers have a main shell 42 inches in diameter by 29 feet high. Idle main shell is'^ of an inch thick, with vertical seams welded. Each has 475 tubes 3 inches in diameter and n feet 6 inches long before bending.
The monster 1,000 horse-power has a main shell seven-eighths of an inch thick. It is 56 inches in diameter and 35 feet three inches high. It has 864 3-inch tubes which were 12 feet 6 inches long, before bending. It is capable, it is said, of developing 1,800 horse-power.
These boilers, with the exception of one Campbell & Zell and the three Climax, are arranged in batteries of two. Each pair of boilers feed steam into onfe common pipe which delivers into the 36-inch steam headers under the gallery floor. Of these headers there are seven; five in the main boiler plant and two in the annex, the longest being 150 feet in length. The headers are connected by pipe£ ten inches in diameter, except that between the main boiler plant and the annex, which is twelve inches in diameter. These connecting pipes are arranged with elbows and nipples to allow for expansion. The expansion in so large a system is considerable. If the’header had been made in a single piece the expansion in the 800 feet in length would have been about twenty inches. Such an amount would have been utterly unmanageable. By means of the connecting pipes the same effect is produced as though there were but a single header. Thfl main headers are securely fastened in the center to large masonry foundations. They are further supported every few feet by rollers placed on foundations of masonry. The^e rollers permit the headers to expand freely in each direction.
A four-inch drain pipe runs the whole length of the boiler plant and discharges into a large tank outside. The headers are connected with three two-inch drain pipes, so that in case of emergency, if a battery of boilers should get to foaming, for instance, they can be quickly emptied. The water of condensation is﻿3*8
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
carried back into the boilers by Westinghouse loops. The Westinghouse loop is simply a pipe carried from the bottom of the header up some distance above the top of the boiler, thence across to the rear of the boiler-house down below the water line, and then into the boiler through an ordinary check valve. The height of the vertical pipe is so calculated that the weight of one column of water in it added to the pressure in the header, which of course is somewhat less than the boiler pressure, shall be sufficient to overcome the excess of pressure in the boiler and so carry the water of condensation and entrained water through the valve and into the boiler. Water glasses are placed on the headers so that if water should accumulate by any chance it can be readily discovered.
The boilers are fed by pumps and injectors of various makes, all being listed as exhibits. The Abendroth & Root boilers are fed by means of six Watson injectors and two Deane pumps 7^2x41^x10 inches. The Gill boilers are fed by two Korting injector and two Barr pumps, one 10x6x12 inches, the other 10x6x10. The pumps supplying these boilers are regulated by a Thomas automatic feed water regulator which keeps the water at a constant level without the intervention of an attendant. The Heine boilers are supplied by eight Penberthy injectors, two Knowles pumps, 10x5x12, and two Blake pumps, 8x5x12. Four Hayden & Derby injectors and two Davidson compound pumps 12 and 20x10^2x20 are required to supply the National boilers. The Zell boilers are supplied by six Nathan injectors, one Cameron pump, one Laidlaw & Dunn 7^xq^x 10, one Wilson Snyder 14x8x18, one Canton, one Worthington and one Boyts Porter pump. The Babcock & Wilson boilers are supplied by Hancock inspirators and three by Snow pumps; one is compound 8 and 12x7x12, the others are 10x5x10 and 8x5x10 respectively. Two Buffalo pumps 10x6x10 and 7,‘-2x5x8 and one Gould pump run by an Ideal engine and Schaefer & Budenberg injectors, are used to feed the Stirling exhibit. In the annex two Marsh pumps supply the Heine boilers; the Climax boilers are fed by one Blakeslee and one Stnedley, and the Stirling boilers are supplied by one Hall and one McGowan pump. Thus intending purchasers or any one interested in power plants may see most of the leading injectors, inspirators and pumps in practical operation and judge of their relative merits for himself. On every make of boilers is a feed header into which the pumps of those boilers deliver. From this header separate pipes are run into each boiler.
Oil is the fuel used. Fhe oil is atomized by a steam jet as it is discharged from the burner into the furnace. The various makes of oil burners are shown in operation. Any one interested in comparing the various makes will find twelve Reid burners under the Abendroth & Root boilers, sixteen under the National and forty-six under the Campbell N Zell; thirty Larkin burners under the Babcock & Wilcox and twenty-eight under the Climax; sixteen Arms burners under the Gill boilers. The Heine boilers use seventeen Graves, sixteen Burton, eight Wright and twelve Reid burners; the Stirlings use eight Burton and eight locomotive burners. The oil is fed from an oil vault half a mile from the boiler house. Two mains run from this vault into a five inch header which runs the entire length of the boiler house. This header is tapped frequently and every make of boilers is sup-﻿ms0K^

MBS!
'	*r"- ''«*■**' '••■'■
■■ ,.*&&*?..	. .> ■■ .'■ ............................
PAVILION OF SWITZERLAND—BUILDING OF MANUFACTURES AND LIBER \L ARTS﻿3 20
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
plied through a separate pipe. The pressure as allowed by the underwriters, is six pounds. Running along the tops of the boilers from one end of the boiler-house to the other is a two and a half inch steam pipe with valves between each make of boilers. A two-inch steam pipe feeds into this from each boiler. From this two and a half inch pipe steam is carried into the oil burners for atomizing the oil. As steam is necessary to burn, the oil pipe obviates the necessity of using wood to start up any battery of boilers after it has been allowed to cool down so long as any other battery has steam up. The Gill and Campbell & Zell boilers have independent steam connections with the burner? :in addition. The safety valves, which are the ordinary pop valves, are set at 125 pound?.
The,entire room is in charge of George Ross Green, who is known as the superintendent of the boiler house. His rank is that of second assistant engineer. Each'exhibitor furnishes firemen and water tenders to care for its boilers. They work in watches of eight hours each, one or two men being required, according to the number ol boilers in the exhibit. In addition the exposition furnish j$Ba gang -of thirty men under three foremen, who look after cleaning, oil and oiling, repairs, alterations and so on. One man’s duties consist of watching fordjsmoke and promptly reporting any offenses in this particular. He'sits in a little house back of the boiler-room where he has a clear view of all the chimney^. Electric communications with everv furnace is provided, so that as soon as a chimney begins to smoke the hremaiBis warned by a bell to look after the matter. Another man looks after the valves, of which there arB 108 on the headers alone, and a grand total of 1,200 in round number^ in theboiler house.
Mr. Green has devised an ingenious yet simple scheme for keeping a record of the condition of the boilers and engine. On the, north wall of the boiler-house near the east end of the gallery, hang two huge blue prints. On one is a diagram of the boiler-house and machinery hall, showing the location of every boiler and engine, each being numbered. The key to these numbers is given on thfc- bottom of the blue print. A brass peg is screwed into each spot occupied by a boiler or engine. At one corner are stacks of red, white and black tags about half an inch wide and two inches long. A white tag hung on a peg indicates that that particular engine or boiler «working; a red tag shows that the boiler or engine is hot and ready to be put in operation at a moment’s notice; black shows that the engine or boiler is not in use for some reason. Whenever an engine or boiler is started or stopped the foreman on duty goes to the diagram and hangs a suitably colored tag on the peg which stands for that engine or boiler. Thus the record is constantly kept up to date. On the second blue print is a diagram of the header and header valves with similar pegs and tags. Whenever a request is made for steam for an engine the foreman in charge sends the valve man to open the valve and hangs a white tag on the proper peg to show that it it open. In changing watches the foreman coming on duty can see at a glance just how things stand. This saves a vast amount of labor in making out lengthy reports at the end of each watch.
An elaborate record is kept in the boiler-room showing when each boiler is﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
11
started up, w^'i^^Rwn, when valves are	when closed, theHfcàin
pressure, fuptìaces11 1made and so on.
All Wh^Bre particularly interested in this chapter must understand thatther& are	tcluj^^Khl^eh^ÒnH^l 1 kinds of printing prè^^^^^^Htbreagmiak-
ing machines, pin and nail making machinery, looms of many (^^^EtÌQn$, paper ^Hng^^Khiner^n^jp^H ^atc|t6rs’'and molders, jointers, shaping, mortising, boring, and dovetailing machines, spinners, cardai moré than aó^ïopl-making machines, and hundreds of othH^thalHannotHe mentioned. Towel«,* napkins, hBuk<M^^Band many Ot^B' articles are made^Bile the victor waits,
!> places, >vatch 'Tains, and a variety of other articles to the two do^B in Sec. 52 on the north sid^Bthe Hall H Samuel Moore & Co’s, gold bead machinery. Fo^^^Bs of beads can be ma^Bm the same machine by^ntaftging roe dies. The mac^Be is about four ^Ht in height and about sixteen and lj^ldth. A plated, tube thrc^^Hwhich^Em&ll brass dumbbell wire t<. form the connecting links has b^B thrust is introduced into the shaft, which .is hollow, until it is caught by the dies. These die^Bqrk on the end of L shaped levers, which are opei^^^B>y a double cam on the main shaft. The dies are opened by brass springs. iB^Hork in pairs alternatH', two being ph^Bt vertically and two horizontally. On t^| fai^Bf each die is a series of eleven graduated hemispherical cavities. On reaching the first pair of c^Bre^f section of tube large enough to form a bead is cut off and partly formcH When thHsp&ag has hB a half	the vertical dies open and the lateral dies come 4k»jlhei
cutting off a section of the wire to form tl^Bonii^^^v link of the	ud.
Tmoved < ulwafd by lam ju^Khe length of the bead, thus drawing in another sectionof	The partly formed bead is tl^H passed along thrd^H
the series of cavities by the lateral motion of the horizontal	pair b< Cg
smaller than Hi preceding until the 1^^ w^B it passes out of the machine^ a perfect bead. TheHadHre held firmly together by tl^Bumbbell wire- The capacity ^HHCmpcHr^Bs from six inches to one foot of beads a minute, according to size. ThffiflSfig ofBfeads	cut up i^^Huitable lengths, tied up in stout4>q|^Htt‘
cloth and^^^H in' a shaker containing a strong'Soluti^Bof soap-suds. It is shaken f o raboutfifteen myites and is taken opt polished. After	dried in satelhist*.
the chain or necklace is ready fc^Barle.
interesting rel^Bf colonial da^Bs shown in the north ais^Bf Machinery Hall by thè-Campbell Printing Press Company. ItH nothing l^B than the first printmE mgss ever used in New Hamp^Be. It was made by Thomas Draper in B(MWl i 742. Daniel Fowle purchased it Oct. 17, 1756, and it was afterwards owned Ipf lohnM elcher. the first S^^H*r in ter in Nl Hampshire. 1 Later it passed, into thejsSssession of^Bank W. Miller of Portsmouth and fina 1 1 y b e c a me the prO-> petty of the company by which it is exhibited. Only a few portions of therpriginal wood have had to be renewed. Thè plate is but half the size of the bed plate, so ip was accessary to take two impressions to print the fijlJ size of the forme ft forbii» a striking contrast ata thekhpge perfecting presses exhibited ton pithej7,$ide.
In the BÉBtnd of Machinery Hallfisr Grier’s ingrain litahet machine that﻿322
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
:was patented last October. Basswood tyoard, worthRo'a thousand fëePSIffipI in at <)n e s i( 1 (arreHpf wed oak, worth $60 a thousand tfeet, on the^her side. Tjiht ib, it N&ks like quarter^IMlteiOTSK. The essential f^Bure of the machina is a drum imSttu^fcv: inche^anMiametefl»bd thirty inches lace. The design is first painted on the nice of thé drtffmr^fe champs being Hinted black oruthe pattern. The gr4inf% left ifia'pàifttëdr^^jK- driribdÉrçlÇn hunBEbp on end and $et with steel knivesror typtfT These type à*re\i ^ incBe^dedp^ by 1-32 of an inch thick, madd-of high grad®'$teel. They can bêéüftup ill widtngffrajP inffl to 1 inch* The operation of placing them on the cylinder is soihefthlhg SSW]©r to typesetting, the kni\^B being held into pos^Bm bya’clamp. When the drum is filled with type cement is poured into"thé interstices. ThisdnoWs-tnb knives firmly in place. The "machine is capable of taking,' in lumber from inch to 6 inches thick. It is drawn through by means óf a feed roller ten inches in diameter. AfteJf passing over the drum the lumber next passOs'óver a filler pan containing a Specially prepared filler, which is pressed into the cavities made by the kniv^B by twKsmooth, steel geared'rollers. The board is held down	filler roulent
by another feed roR placed directly above them three inches in diameter. Any Orpins or filler is removed by a scraper, n stee” blade thirty'1 inchiSTn width. The adn&ttnent; for various thick^Kses of lumber is madObyTomr screw s operated by beVèl cog gear. The drum makes three revolutions a minute. It has a maximum capacity of bcRofeet a day of ten hours. Fifteen viwétîes^OT wood can be imitated on this machine, such as oak, ash, bird's-eye ma p lé, in a Ijüga n y, cherry, and Hungarian ash.
\ No man ever leaves the Machinery Building a bit disappojrreed. If he sur-veys all that is to ^^Hen carefully and intelligently hehas obtained an amount of information concerning mechanic arts that he had never oreamed^fiP®
IP .The Rrupp exhibit in Machinery7 11 all represents samples of mining miCMin-d ery, powerful ore crushers and grinders, also improved assayingvrtmchinery. A very interesting exhibit is made by a Berlin firm i^w:h constructs machines for the manufacture of safety matches and match boxes. These are thebaic hffl^BcM can only be ignited on t^KÙrfac^Bf the box they are packed inf Both box and match-are prepared w^^^^Brtain chemical substance. The manufacture of these m;|tihes any! boxes is shown here in a practical manner. One^Brson can work a single machine, and in Gen^Bty this is	by giris^^^KTrö^BSJH>r the
HHhi)f9l^^^|of the boxes R started by a ms^Bne which doe^Bhe abîf^Ç of a block of wood (cottonwood) into vety thin sheets, then, another machine does the cutting, folding and labeling of the 36,000 boxes per day. Two peéïing machine»! can cut ^^^^^^^natchc^^^Bof prepared blocks of woodipcr. day. The dipping np>c< ss placing the che^^H preparaRnt^^B end of the nnit(fb*=^*SH^Mne*5 Htf^pevpry ingen^K contrivance, whereb;^Baoo matchey'afe’dippfcd. To prevent the mati^^^^^Rg together they'are placed in a frame with a holder for each one. I bus the process is	and on^^^H*ator can dip almost two million
mBfejiÔÿer day. Although poplar and-cottonwood are cfuefl^.ttsed in Germany7, th^^^^Oss at the exhibit is being demonstrèted with willfrtjtt .Another interesting﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR,
C0P
feature of the prokesaMSul manufacture of matches is the filling of the boxes. With th|H.id of automatic machinesJa^Brl can	hour.
TXkeRnP^ultural part <Hthe German	by
kn^HKgg and mixing machines; machinery fc^Bianuf^^^^Bnd working of paper by^iBcHfcinvd rolling and friction	from ten to twelve rollers ninety
inAEpn surface, and a downward pi^Bure	each ei^Bd the jour-
nals; th[BjMg^hun^^^^^^^^H)<:ing^^Hn by tw^Bvin engines.
process for rotating ^ftnting^^^^^^^^flnu^Brated by an, Augsburg firm. Prominent German il^^flted papers,	Fliegendft
B'lactier and Lcipzigcr Illustrirte Zeitung, etc., use electrotypes for their rotating"* presses instead of stereotypes. The single and double page ruling machines ex-hibited by a firm from Le^^His of interest to He representatives of the bookbinding tr^ifte^ttd to manufacHecs of st^Bpnery goods.
Blpnn’pblg Press Row in M-sHinery Hall H>ne of the greatest attractions. IS stretches along the north aisl^Bjust west of t^B north entrance, and is o^Bof the great oejgfe^Bof attraction. I^^Htains two	Goss, two Potter and oneS
Scott press,	are uHd '^^H off	last edition of five afternoon
papers.	of	of mechanism	off
paper andSfbra^^Hoff printed papers, fc^Bd’ and bunched faster than can be countedrey the spectator, is a^Buded novelty to the majori^^^^^^^^^B
Readers of newspapers who	know how	can see the#
entire operation from the stereotype-room tO'I^^Hwsboy, for
made fr6rt£fi$pier-mache matrices are made in an isolated building just south of thB west anne^-of Machinery Hall, aH the presses are “ d^^H ” in full viH of everybody. Newspapers nowadays are	type, but a p^Ber-macht*,
mold or matrix is made from thc^^^^Bd the stereotype plate	from ifl
Thesjs matrices are generally made in the	the
messengers and taken to the^^^Bot^^^Bom. The matrix ^Bmade^B follows: ^Bveral sheets of ^^^^^Baked paper, something like blotting paper, Bv^B between them, are laid over t^Bform (as the type is called when it is ari^^^^Bn columns and ^Bd together in ^^HTframe)-. Two men with lon^^^Blled brushes iMBP^f bristle drive the paper down on the type and t^^^^Hre a deep, sharp im-’ pression. Some	the same end b^^^^^^Hin a press. A^Bam tables
quickly dries the paper and m^^^Bt hard	so that the matrix, as it is
nofecalled. may be	ht into the casting-box.
The^^^^Hpe-room at t^B World’s Fair probab^^Hitains more different kinds of stereotyping machinery thar^Bny similar room^^Hafth. Its equipment comprises full s<^Bof Hoe, Bullock, Scott, Goss, and Potter stereotyping machinery,' all working at once. Lack of s^^^Bne^^Hrance precautionscompelled the authdfijgies to ppfc. the stereotype-room in an ou^ft-the-wa^^Hdit^^H that this very interring feature of a newspaper is not on gener^Bxhibit. When thB matrix reaches tho^^Hi it is	a casting box, a ladl^^Bf molten type
metal is^Bmped into the box, and the plate is cast, curved to fit t^B cylinders of
21﻿beJ*#


EXHIBIT OF MONTAGUE AND FULLER﻿HISTORY Of, THE WORLD’S FAIR.
325
the prpjjj^|Bei@re it goes to press, however, the plate is trimmed and made of uni-form thickness.
The	is to dress the press; that is, place the plate^Bn the
cy1l#HPtheir ProPcr order. When this is done the paper is run thf&tïgh tile press, wlBfc is put to its full speed, and folded papers b^^H:o drop out.
Orarpf the presses shown runs four, six, eight, ten, twelve, fourteen,'sixteen, twenty-four or’‘thirty-two pag^Bpapers. On four j^^^^Hmnning six and eight pagesZfjgqBb papers an hour printed; 24,000 on the^Bn, Helve, fourteen or 12,000 on the	Another
l style	runs 24,000 four, six or eight-p^^^^Bpers an ^Buf, and 12,000
I twelve oij^iteeï^paged papers. The other	r-paged papers an hour,
24,ooora®i or eight-paged pape^Bnd 12,000 twelve or sixteen-paged papers.
Still another pattern shown only prints an eight^m-page paper, and does it I at the ra^cf ïöiooo an hour A little math^K.ti^| calculation w^fcive figures to show the aggregate maximum numberH papers that the^^^^fcan throw off in an hour.
grCgd William Carson of Phj^^Hphia is put^^^^Hhis summer at the fair poundin£|NNlxiit a high woodten carpet loom in the	arts, gen-
erally knowp as Machinery Hall.^Btr. Carson is taking it very easy, though. He I takes up one o^^Hdumsy wooden bobbins,	contemplative fashion, and
f gives it,a flirt thrpugh the warp; then he jams the thread down with a heavy hand-I bar, kicks a couple of levers, picks up another ^Bbin with anothe^fclor of thread*; ! and ddes it a|^over again, so the ^^^^Hthat the in^^^B carpet ^Bch the vener-I able weave^B working does not grow very fast. He does nc^Beem to care, though; he has thewh^B summer before him, so he goes through
ical precision and slowness. The fact is William Carson has come to the fair to I show how not' to we^^Harpets.
Over against his quei^Bdd wooden loomthere is a nervous and noisy machine that lool^pukëa mass of steel painted green, a tangle of whizzing wheels, and a i grejtparray of tightly stretched strings. This machine is 'guiding out the gayest I sort of a carpet; it outspeeds William Carson and his hand loom about iOO to 1.
I This machine is the latest model of Slower carpet loom made by the Knowles I company. It fe(^^HtS,^^Hap^Bhe least development in loom building, for I Power looms for carpet weaving are things	date. The process of its Work
is something marvelous t^^^K upon.
This is pot the onl^^H weaving machine i^^Hit, though. The west end of I Machinery Hall is full of th^B, and the way they buzz and rattle is something teH I rifle. You pan. see	of a fabric being woven here if you will
I look around long enough. Ime of the machi^^^^Hwonderfully intricate. The I folks j&charg^^Hiem are willing enough to exp^^^Bxa^nr how they all work,
I but after they "have do&e yd^^MawMwith a confused idea of a high framework I full of wheels.and levérs and strings that behave in the most eccentric and unusiial manner. ^hu^eé' Ssëdfli1 to chase atétthd as crazily ^Bn electric launch without a I pilot.﻿326
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S BUR.
Some of the460ms weave dress goods, some silks, some cassimeres. But the most int^^Hng of all are t^|ones that turn out	and handker-
chiefs. J. J. Mannion of Chicago has one that makes book marks. There are six colors of silk in	marks. At the.top of each ribbon are crossed American
the nationa^Bield between. Then ^Bre are two or three lin^^Better-ing in blue and red with ^^^Bha^^^^^Bnder^Bth this is a particularly fine view of Machinery Hall in	tints and beneath that	view of a^Bilway’
train. Every lii^B>f this is wAn into th^Bibric, each speck oLqHpr in its proper placeHThe machine which does thefts quite b^Bnd theeompifehMfigBn of an ^Ordinary mortal. It is big enc^^^Bo grind ^B a dozen ribbon^Bl at once.
Thi.^Bom is of the Jaccard type, as indeed all .figure-wea^Bg looms must be. Jaccard was a Frenchman, who lived about ibt^^Bs ago. He invefflR^^^HrA weaving apparatus that	much modified t^^B day. To the Blinary
man the Ja^Brd attachment looks like a multitude of cords-	rods.
There is aquantity of card^Brd slabs too, all strung together and jj^^Hied full of liK round hol^^^^B on tl^^Babs that the patt^B to be woven is marked
Bt.
It is th^^^Krn making that afflicts the we^Br’s purse. There are only a! few good pattern	and, as Mr. Mannion says, they have the
pl^^^B fixing their own salaries.
The^^Bn for	mark	Machinery Hal upon
A pattern designer first makes a large sketch	the
he proposes to reproduce and	little dots, whidj
indicates exactly where the pattern cards are B have h^^Bmncbed. Then he matter over to a card puncher, who is not an at all, but just a coarse ^^Banic. If you want to see just what is the effect of the holes after theBare punched you must go around to	for yourself—and after
you	than ever before.
There are Knowles looms in this same section that mafl portraits of dent Cleveland	out kerchiefs ^y«eui with
pictures c^^^By Hall. Then there	“the Empire skirting
which weaves	exceedingly dainty
hifl The Crompton compai^^^^^B a great array of l^^B Some of them wide all
Probably	in the building are some Gingham weavers, oper-
ated by this company. There is one machine that makes brocaded silk of so fine a design that	in front is blockaded by women all	Off in another
^■r the Willamantic Thread company has a fine array of ^^B machines whirling giddily, and ^^Bar and Crescent company	manner of towels.
These looms are all	They do not look a bit like
thBverwork^^Bd abused	pa|||rs;
do tu^Hn to havBnything to do Bt stand around, look handsome, and answer quHioi^H﻿HISTÆftY.Æ THE WRLD’S FAIR.
327
One of	the largest and com-
Montague & Fuller, the
wëîfc^*0i manufacturer of ^^^^Adery machinery, which	latest
and best labor-saving ‘«fachines in use by the leading Hok-^^^^Am^^^^Hiers throughout tli+Svo^K Even to one r^fint^^^Ed in	in ^^^Aess
way, this collection of beautiful objects in rr^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hadmirati^^H the behoBWSr,	is, perhaps, not too much to say that^^^^^^^^^^Monta^A &
Fuller is one of theisms of the	Mechanic Arts.
is	years old, but has ha^^^^H experience.
He joined the navy when a youngster from New	nd, and ^^^^^^^■arragut
at Forts Jackson and St.	Orleans, the	the
minor engagements in the Mississippi, also in the capture of	runners in	the
the fight at Mobile	1864, resulting in^^^^HturHf Forts
jM^B|p^&a^^Hand Powell, and the	fleet, and^^^^^^^^Kcial
mention in the report of^^^^Hmanding officer for conduct during the engagement. ChïeMtdb^^Mwas promo^^^^^^H grade of second assistant engineer, rank of mAr, July 30, 1863, was present at the second surrender of Galveston, Texas, and Wc^^Rpacbçd from the Kcn n e b e c at that pl^^^^H o, 1865, and was ordered north, npi^n November,	1869, he was attached to the U. S. S. Sham-
okin on the east coast of Si^^^^Herica. ' After two years dut^K the Philadelphia navy yards he made another c^^^^^^Ahe east coast of South America fn^^VTanuaty 1871, to February, 1879,	the; U. S. S. Ticonderoga.
He was	duty until Aug. 1, when, obtaining leave of ab-
sence, he occupied the position of chief c^^Hthinery at the Centei^^^^Hl since then	grades of duty.
QÜEF ROBINSON.﻿/﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
329
CHAPTER XII.
TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.
Wonders in the Way of Railway Trains—An Object Lesson for Railroad Operatives—The Mahogany Train of the Canadian Pacific Railway—The Most Costly and Magnificent in the World—Its Engine Can Haul Ten Full Passenger Cars Sixty Miles an Hour—A Tremendous Engine From the London & Northwestern Railway of England and a Handsome Train. This Locomotive Can Haul Thirty of Its Coaches, Each Containing Six Passengers, Seventy-Five Miles an Hour—Its Average Time Including Stops Fifty-Three Miles an Hour—Stevenson’s Rocket on Exhibit—Also the Albion and Sampson Built in 1838—Also the Two First Engines Run over the Old Colony Road in the Thirties--An ther Old-Timer Built in England in 1831 and Last in Service in Mississippi in 1890—It Puffed and Whistled Sixty Years and Once Fell Overboard and Staid under Water from 1868 until 1870—More Than Fifty Locomotives on Exhibition, Representing the Baldwin and Other Works—Three From England, Three From Germany and Four From France—The Baldwin Has an Engine That Has Made a Mile in 39 1-4 Seconds, or 92 Miles an Hour—All of the Baldwin Locomotives are Jacked Up so That Their Engines May be Seen in Motion—Nicaragua Canal Relief Map—Graphic Illustration of That Enterprise—Not More Than $100,000,000 Required to Construct It—Excavation Already in Progress on the Atlantic End— Great Exhibit of Bicycles—Pneumatics of All Sizes, Degrees and Conditions—The Old-Time Bicycle Practically Unexhibited—Safeties All the Go—Pennsylvania and New York Central Exhibit—Coaches, Buggies and Baby Carriages—Sledges, Carretas and Volantes—Marine Architecture —Sedans, Palenquins and Cateches—The Transportation Building and the Department Chief.
REAT crowds gather daily around the numerous objects of interest in the Transportation Building, from the thousand dollar baby carriages up to . the enormous locomotives used upon many American and European roads of rail. Perhaps ') that which invites as much attention as any other of its kind ' is an engine which represents the highest type of locomotive used on the London and Northwestern railway of England. It doesn’t look anything, like the American locomotive, but its record for speed is far ahead of the railroad time-killers in America. This locomotive is devoid of the trappings which render symmetrical the American engine, but it is built in a manner to split the air at the rate of seventy-five miles an hour. This English locomotive has four drive wheels, each 7 feet 1 inches in diameter. In front and behind these wheels are two-wheeled trucks. To the casual observer it would seem that the cylinders on either side of the locomotive are too small to perform great service. It is only when the observer steps in front of the locomotive and sees under it a third and ponderous cylinder that he understands why the Eng-﻿■
histor^^Bthe woïiuy^TOiR.
hour
Hd haul a train of thirt}^K^£m^H
The natn^Hp'tRâ English locomotive i»“ Queen Empress. " Its big drivers Hd their	with regard to trucks is similar toîÉi^Lord of |A Isles, the old
IcK&^ftve which is being shown as a relic. The new type apparently sticks to the ^pi form. On the Oueen Empress ther^^^^^^^^^^BjSnnSreraier is there a cab to shelter the engine-driver from sunshine or storm. Hç	an
iron platform and direct his engine with the same lack of protection as characterized the^^Hlot^^Built in tl^ftim^Bf Richard Trevethick. The big locomotives
“SAMSON" MADE IN 1^1
on the iHdo^Hl Northwestern make avt^^^^^Hif fifty-three milMaft hour, including stops. I n some instances these stops are six minutes each. «Jnad-dition to the Queen Empress and two passenger coaches, five covered freight cars which ran ce i^^Hw York Central as a special fast cairn; into Jackson Park overthe BaltimoreandOhio road, there are in the Lo^^^^and N< »rthwestern’s exhibit full sized models of early and famous locomotives. ( hie is Stephenson’s Rocket, which was i^ftstfu^H in 1829, and the other, Richard Tre ve thick’s road locomotive, which was built in 1833. BBiis’ latter was the first locomotive	of high pressure w^HEp^Kd.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
331
There are other old-timers that are never overlooked—-the Atftrar^jtod Sampson,^HBh came from	on hat cars operated by the Canaufipn
Intercolonial railroad. The SjBljjson was built Kr Darlington, Englar^fcn 1S38. The builder was Timothy Hackworth, grandf^^Hof T. Hackworth Young, who is in clpK*?&Yh<B>comotive exhibit at Jackson Park.^f hi^^^^H was shipped at once to Nova S^^H where it remained in servi^|until a few years ago.^^H:eall old-fashioned locomotives it is cabless and witho-ut a “ cow catcher.” Motive
power is applied to	wheel by means
of ^Blinders. placed upr^Bt at the^nr end of the and diiH:ly under the seat occupied by the ^Bver. The	the ^ftion is a n^^^By.
All t^^^Bs. known of her is that she is En^Bhl built and that she was in service in Nova^^^Bia many years. Her rec^Bl is now being looked i^p, to ascertain when and by	she
I he cylinders of the	are placed at angle about midway	connection beiflg
made by the piston tl^^Hnter drive These locomotives are n^Bh older ^^Hmtriv^ns curiosities the old Progress, tht^^^^Hgll^Bth^B ever ran in about the
quite Hpri^^K as anything ^Bthe kind in e^^| ence. They were
four passengers, and	in the eyes of
the development of railways. ^^H>ther engines which form a marked c^^Hst to those of modern mak^Bame from the Old ^Bony railroad of Massachusetts, and were th^^^Bt to regular trains on tl^B road. For years they ' THE brakeman ON transit-ktation have been in the iHat Fall River, and were
sent out without even a new coat of paint. closely	the old pioneer from the ]H)ria road,
more ricketw an^^^^Hf them i^^H:h smaller. The
engines was fourt^Bi miles an hlr. Standing alongside of ^^Hof those for which nhrtty-^K miles an ^Bur is claimed, it shows to	marked im-
provement made in the last few years.
railroading in this country is a locomotive of Engl^B build brought to the United State^Bi 1S36. FAr several years it operated on Natchez and Hamburg road, now part ^Bthe Illinois Centraf. system. XH868 it was tak^^HVicks^^fbttt shortly afterHn into a river, whefB it waw^^Muntil 1S70, when the superintendent of the ro^B had it dug o^Band put in sety^B again. Although largely out of date and at least a full generation behiiBHBp^t^ikjC was kept in use on a small bran(^'vc4Sdd4wn in M^Basippnjj^B﻿332
HISTORY OF'THH WMWS FAIR.
JB| thjiSeL^Brs ago. This engin^B a Cjiriqus. look-ing machine and is an in* teresting attraction. When first pufe”iSV6ervice it fanVM^^Bps of iron rails
laid	A sec-
tion of tn^luBSBHthirty feet 1<^^K%MW shown. Th^^He*fifty odd locomotives in the Transpor-tation building and two outsidH The two outside are wonders. The Brooks engine, which is on the
north side,^^^Bimetj^^^Hd is designed for freight. It h^^MYShcels, each 52 inches in ■imeter, with all the	mprove m ents. Thepedestal on
which it stands is four feet high. At the south end of the buildin^Ha Baldwin engine. T-hi^ftngine weighs 100 tons and Hthe largest ever turne<^^H by an>j works. It is
engine of the Van Clain type, with a^B by 6-inH cylinder. The inches in
inches in	This engine was
built for the	railroad of New Jerl
sey and will run c^Bhat road after the these fifty odd locomotives in the building three ar^Bom England, four ^|m France and th^B from Germany, and in Pittsburg, Richmond,
tady works are repr^^^^^^^^B largest exhibitors ;■ the B^Bvin people, wj^^Hd fifteen	This company
re^^^Bt	their	ac-
tion. Eac^B jacked upon bases to ►low the wheels to turn	the rail
*3tftou^|n inch and a half, and the wheels "are turned by compressed air. Th^B>m-• pany also have an	speed
of ninetv-five miles hour is claimed.	I. parlor CMA'J﻿OF TH^WORDEH FÂÏM
333
It of the compound type, with seven-fool drive-wheels. Certain improvements hâve been made on	its which stood a
test of ninety-two miles an hour, the fastest mile
mnst mag-
nificent train throughout is the new mahogany train built for exh^Bion by the Canadian Pacific lilvH. At the request of ChH Willard A. Smith, the company undertook to furnish a train to stand ^^Hle with	sent by tl^| London and
^^^^^^Kern. The two tomther— vestibuled and the (1er on the continental coach pattern most interesting comparLon of the two The	was built at the Montreal
shops, is 400 feet long, 10 feet 3# inches wide 14 feet 8 inches high. It con^Ks of a locomotive, second and^^^^^^|conci^| din-ing car and^^Her, ail vestibuled, steam heated and electric lighted and equipped with automatic brakes, couplers
JAMES WATT ON TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.
American railroad me^H.re^B to^^H when they read the figures accompanying the exhibit’s entry. The en-gine and tender weigh 213,000 pounds— io6>£ tons loaded—are of the ten-wheel passenger type, with in	the
and tender, coupled, measure 59 feet 8 inches in ^^Hh. It is claimed the monster locomotive H capable of hauling ten coaches sixty miles an
car is of standard type and weighs thirty tons; sec-upholstered in leather and used for a sleeper at night, weighs thirty-two tons, capac-ity sixty-four passengers; first-class car, same weight, capacity fifty-six passengers, interior décoration in early Italian renaissance style, upholstered <>odwork in main room white mahogany, oak, upholstered with olive The dining car and sleeping car are decorated and finished in a fashion to make plain citizens afraid to enter. The dining car is in^^H ian renaissance, carpet of old India rug pattern,
ON
i u j 1﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
•334
old bronze metal, leather of yellow-brown. Its weight is 85,000 pounds, length 70 feet 10 inches, on six wheeled trucks. The general collection embraces many precious railroad relics of Europe and America, and as a whole it is a remarkable combination of original drawings, old-time autographic letters, daguerreotypes, and implements. There are the spade and pick used by Charles Car-roll of Carollton, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, in turning over the first shovelful of earth in the construction of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at Baltimore, July 4, 1828—the first event in the railroad history of the American Continent, and the first railroad, in the true sense of the term, in the world. All rail lines in England at this time were tramways* built solely for the carrying of coal. There is also the trowel used by Charles Carroll in laying the cornerstone of the Baltimore and Ohio station on the date mentioned, this same trowel being alstMused subsequently to lay the
■GEORGE STEPHENSON ON TRANSPORTATION BUILDING,
cornerstone of the Washington Monument at the national capital. There is likewise the special badge worn by Charles Carroll at the laying of the cornerstone, another badge worn at the same time by the Grand Master of Masons, and a third, of different design from either of the others, worn by jhipley Lester, Chairman of the Citizen’s Committee. In the collection of relics is the Masonic apron worn by the Grand Secretary; the first certificate of stock of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company; way bills, which in the early days of the Baltimore and Ohio were made out for each car, with every passenger’s name and destination entered thereon; large pasteboard passenger tickets of different colors for each day in the week; the original letter of Ross Winans, then an Assistant Master of Machinery, and afterwards the great railroad contractor in Russia, and many-times millionaire, stating to the President of the Baltimore and Ohio that he found it impossible to support his family on $75 a month. Old-time pay rolls
THE PILOT ON TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF
335

DENNIS.pAPtff ON TRANSPORTATION
body of the car is th^pr feet and is b^p mostly of steel. side is a^Uid^^H of steel tf^^Heel^pmg, three feet lHadHid one-eighth of an inch thick. On the sfde^a.t^S‘ rest the window frai^^^B wood, covered wl sheet iron. T^^^^K-bars of the runniligfiKar are mad^p>f pressed steel, d he interior of tlg£car is finished in solid 1^^H)f fanciful design, l^jp£ silk, and bli^^^^^^^^^wop, made of sheet st^^^|ov^Kn shape and tas^^^p decorated. The platform at eith^^^^^Hirroui^H by bagUtifully wrought railir^J of iron^R'li^pi-terior is similar to thaH)f the d^^^^pies found on American railroads. The seats are arranged along either side, with an aislp in the cental Alpha and OmegS^#1 railroading, represented Witt Cliiibpr» and th«^«npire state expres^^^H stand on th#,parallel and contiguous tracks. The New York Central also has another exhibit in a
showing the small beginnings in the waYlfrf salary many of the, subsequently best-known .ji&jiro «ranag^R in theBiuntry are exhibited, ■k^ KftlSijeiwl the Erie^^^^^^^^pk, President of th^Illifl^^^Knt^^^pd various oth^| roads; Albert Fink, Trunk Li^^Hommi^^^^H W. T. Blanchard, Trunk Lin^^Hnmiss^fter, and other
cles, all commenced in a very	way on the
Ohio, which has been tlH^fc^^H railway school in
historical drawings is	are fourteen
of G^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HeffortHnumbering among	Twin Sisters,” ^^^^^^Htee,”
the first loco^^^^vitlHea^^Hkes; the“Belted W^V' “ Lancashire Witch,” “ Northumbrian,” the engine that opened the Liver^pl and ManBsstoB the first railway in E^fcnd; the “ Rocket,Hhe “ Planet,” and other fan^^Hiist^^^^^^Bnotivj^ One of tl^pnt^^Hng^^^^HexhibitsHa parlor as
man
built by Van ]^p Zypen & Charlier of Cologne. Thd long, ten wide,
ROBERT FUL1M0N TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.﻿336
HISTORY OF THE WO^HS FAIR.
BMTd^^Kar by. ' The Pennsylvania Railrdaq*af^jhaySI31parat^Bxhibit located between the	d C°l<l Stora^^H
The space assigned the Pennsylvania company is 400x150 feet, an^^Hex. hibit is partly outdoors and partly housed in the main hall, 100x40 feet in built of staff	Hautiful architecture. The exhibits relate only to the
transpoi^^Hl lines comprising the Pennsylvania railroad system, and llfide^^B is
of the lines^^^^H into or associated in int^^H with Pennsylvania company, bu^^^B to place perma^g^l^a'ec^H the results that hav^^^^Hed^^HffortsH the managemenHadlf^nced methods'
of a four-track	railroad,
100 feet in	laid w^^^^^^^^^Hpound rails, or 3,333 pounds to
with ^^^^^^^^HtonH>all^^^H:he^^HaIs,and overhead foot bridge. The rails	ballasted with crushed stone affiTflj^Becl
on each side by drains made ofThe ^^Hl	equipped with a
machine; Bhich controls ~tht| twolaaitches and six signals governing the track. Nothing like in way of a Railroad has ever	the West.
in strange contrast with it, i^^^^^^Khe locomotive “John Bull,” with p^B and tender complete, which w^^^B put and Amboy ra^Biad Nov 12, 1831, and which is the 'Completelocomotiv;; in America. It was still able to haiHto the Ha^phsi^Sehe two	coaches of the style of i<^B leaving New York
>AprilH and arriving in Chicago April 22. On the track a^^^^Hited also'tie two curs on which the two huge Krupp guns of ten in^^^Bnd^Bcte!en-and one-half inches bore were brought here. Th^^^B weighed 140,000 and 285,000 pounds the gun cars 113,300 and 175,000^BunH making totals of 253,300 and 460,000 pounds. ^^^Bductionsof the gun^^^|mc^Bed on the gun cars.
is a collection of old Biroad material sent in a special car from the Smithsonian Htituti(^^Hcharge of J. ^Beth Watkins It consists ^^^Hr of specimens of	as i8Hor
Old signals,
.tossings are (^Bibitei^But the mos^^^^Hin^^^Ble is a section ofHack laid in /831 on the Camden Bd Amboy railroad.	of those
ttsed in mines for small hand cars. The are	granite about two feet
three each raill The stone sleepers are provided each with two ftBes, or, when they come at the joint o^^^^^Hwith four holes. I^^^^^Hles£wre driven locust wood plugs th^^^^Her^^^Bn^^^Bvn by spikes driven into plugs. When they i^^^^Ba rail in that way ii^^H it wa^^^^^H to The rails ^^^ves were held	at each jo^fl to
were riveted with hot ri^^H This was to	very rigid,
wearing out never occurring to railroad men in th^Bim^^Hc had ev^^Hen^^^H
The first attempts at navigation well illustrated by canoes and rafts ^Hch bear	and which have been gathered from the brands of the﻿HISTORY OF ■■HPMRLD’S FAIR.
337
of the JBN^B>Cpatinent^^^^^^^^^d lakes of	the
frozen regions of the far north.
^DBfri£rable models, accurate in ^^B particular, illustrate the oddi^B of marine construction of Clia, India, Ceylon, and the Malay Pen^Bila. The
use ^^B various forms appears in pictures photographs made by the exposition’s representative in various laBs. A superb Turkish caique is one ^^^^By similar objects int^^^^^^H growth and present perfection and variety of the cl^^^^^^^^^nd the navies the of to-day appear graphically in the shape of hundreds of models of the finest workmanship. The lB shipbuilders of the world^, and especially of tBt country which has so Ic^^^^Hd the sea, have vied with each other i^^BvirBhe miniatures of their triumphs. ”^^Breat steamship lines of the world -\^^Hhis by diagrams and other devices for illustrating life at sea. At one point ii^^^^^Hdi^^^fere arises	the
visitor the side of a great	liner,
nBt least a section of it sixty in length. Entering on the lo^^Beck, one may pass tl^^Bi the various rooms and ascend staircase after staircase,; for five stories, the^^^B* their	and furnishings, being identical
withBosc^^Be real steamers, ^Qd then there are superb collections of sail and rol boats, yachts and launches, of suc^^^^Bul and such ele^^^^^^^^Bt one lingers longingly over them and	his
purse	something fatter. ^^^^Borth
German Lloyd Steamship company have a ncprel exhibit— large map of the world on which n^^^^B daily ])ositions of all ■bfsteamships of the N« German Lloyd company.	positions are indicated
■ the various ocean Bs of the company by means	mini^^^^^^^^^^^B are
miv^Brom day to day to correspond ^|h the movements of the company’s vessels, ■band this map are placed theBGelsc^^Bsixn^Bst^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hi-pany and on the walls of tlB paBior^^^^^Bption^^Bring tonnage and ocean passenger	The exhibit is it^^^^Bof ^^Bf the ^^Brs
of the	detailed for that purp^^B ThoiBs Cook & Bon make a fine
exhibit—and who has not traveled some part o£ Europe, or	Africa—whe
has traveled much—who has not been	time or another aB^°°^^^H
-LOCOMOTIVE STATUARY ON TRAM0RTAT10N BUILDING.﻿I


ä«*«!
Jr»'


as**”


﻿HISTORY OFTffE WORLD'S FAIR.
339
I'vHH^BHHnnBjIy in the soi ■t Bf^fcntral court is a huge steam hammer -the fac similSpf that of 125 tons, 11n - largest in the world. It ca^fattention to the fact* that only thert fri^B of peace lmt the 11 peacemakers ” have here a place. Be^ts^ril^K vessels group properly with merchant marine, and pleasure cratt they keep them company and they bring them naval armament and equipmcnt^^^^Bht improvements in armor plate and	are fu^B shown and v hi bear
careftd scientific study. An	the marine exh n It
is in the gallery	by free elevators ai frequent intervals.
T h ese e 1 e vato rs a re t h e m s e 1 v e s e x h i b i ts o f v e rt i c al t ra n sp o r t a t i on.
• , Much has already been said about the luxurious ar^Bse^| modern carriages anKtthHwh^^Hveh'u^^^^^^|ele^^Hd makers in t^^Bvorld are displaying. H«r-e and there is an “ old-thr^B’ like the deaco^^^^^^Morse-shay.” I'here some which belonged to celebrated men of an elder day. A Lord Mayo r ’ s st Atef coach st^Bls out in startling contrast contrast with a rude	made without
iftjHu by the untutored hands of the Piu^B) Indians. I here is a startling outfit <?r cart aflcHari^B from P^Bnn^^^^^^^^^^Hrom Punchal, a caleche from C^Hbec* a Cuban volante. The horse,
bearing	rness and	and econ-
omical forms, as well as in the elegant and < w fantastic.
Almost side by side in the Carriage 1 )epartment of the Tra^^^^^W)n ing stand	English and American	The former is a]
heavily built court coach, the	draped with a heavy
with a rumble behind and fc^^^Brd for the footman.	of cout^B is not intended
for everyday ^^Hut in ^^^^Hbuild and heavy wheels and	the
laBlish idea that strength can	The
on the other hand, is ligf^Bip wagon wh(^fl wheels look like spider-v. rbs by the side of	massive English	the average roads
this country latter would undoi^^^^^^Hid the strain ^^^^^|ger the production, as well as
The human pack animal	The ^Bga^^^B of South America
u|thd street carrier of the Orient form picturesque groups. I^Bnquii^l traveling' hammocks, and sedans from remote corners of the globe,	remote
tirKs, illustrate how one class of m^Bund drudges that anotht^^^^Hde in luxury.
poles rise
vilions, which shelter the p^B of wheeln^B’' idle bicycle exhibit is to be ilpilnd in tl^^^^^^^Bly	entresol. Several nations
have contributed,	makers, both for the number and the beaut)- of
their di^Bays,	to unstinted praise.	also choice and rare
marine exhibits on this gal^Br floor, some beautiful dioramas, and many ^B<}; ingly important engineering i^^^Bs, drawings, and maps, dhe associated seigineering societies of Germany occupy tin southern gallery with^^^^Hiibfl which has cost a largp Bn o uni of work and^Bney-^flvery large amount when it is considered that th^^Hmercial inducement	slight part in it and that
22﻿34?
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
F is intended almost solely as a contribution to th<; engineering advancement of the world.
Models or relief maps of the Erie Canal system, the Nicaragua Canal, and the Hudson river are of great interest. There are five very elaborate models of Hell Gate as it looked before and after the dangerous flood:	Rock blown up in
1SS5. The first shows the gate prior to 1869 on a scale of an inch to the mile. Ward's island, Hallett's Point, Flood Rock, the Hen and Chickens, Gridiron, and 'the Xegroheads are plainly recognized in the miniature model. The second exhibit is a model of Hallett’s point, one of the rocks blown up by Gen. Newton in 1S76. By turning a crank the surface is made to rise, showing the 'galleries, shaft heading, and coffer dams as they were just before the rock was torn asunder by dvnamite. There are also models of Way’s reef, Flood reef, and of the drill scow list'd in making the borings at Hell Gate.
A very interesting and rducBting place is the, Transportation Building, and no mistake. It overlooks tho wooded island, forming one of the group of ^edifices, ci imposing the northern architectural courts of the Exposition. It i^ refined and simpl'i in architectural treatment. ThB main entrance consists of an immense single arch, enriched to an Bxtraordinary degree with carvings, bas-relief, and mural paintings, the entirBfeature forming a rich anti beautiful yet quiet color climax, lor it is treated in le af and is Billed the golden dBor. Tin interior of the 1 >uiItlinjBG treated much afte r the manner of a RBman basilica, with broad nave and aisles, Thwroof is in three divisions; the middle one rises much higher than the o ilersBnd its walls are pierced tBform g. beautiful arcaded clear story. The cupola, plaeed artisiBally in the enter of the building and rising 165 feet above the ground, is reached by eight elevators. The main building of the transportation exhibit measures c/>u feet front by 250 feet dsp. Erom this extBids westward to Stoit}' Island avenue an enormous annex, covering about nine acr«. This is. only one stow in height. In it may be seen the more bulky exhibits. Along the Central avenue, or nave, facinBeach other, are scoreBof locomotive engines, highly polished. The TrariSfBrtat^B Building cost $488,1 £3.
Those who were loudest in their condemnation of the bright colorBijsed in • painting the TransportatioB Building are now the sorriest that tfBy did not count ten or delay in some other way before they spoke. As the colorBcheme developed the carpers grew fewer and the advocates of the plain grew more ^Bp*esssive. One is at a loss to explain a sky-blue statuflof Stevenson, an emerald Breen Watt or a terra cotta Edison, but each mBrg« its glarin« colors into a congruous whole. Artist and layman acknowledge that the boldness of coloring does more than anything eBe to bring out the dazzling brightness of the white city.
ExtBpt for the doorway of retreating archw, the architectural gem of the whole «position, no particular attempt at adornment has been made on the Transportation Building. Ever}’ nook, nave, corridor and grand gallery is built for a purposw It was planned and built, more than any building in Jackson Park, for its use in properly displaying ancient and modern methods of transportation. Being in this highestsense useful it is, according to Socrates, in the highest sense beautiful.﻿
WwmWm
MW
ick &«ß*N

D
EXHIBIT OF POPE MANUFACTURING COMPANY IN TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.﻿


﻿HISTORY^OF THE WCBHHfAIR.
34T
It shofPirtSIci.''-■ d as a cardinal Sin for any ugHi ■> m< rely walk through the Trsj^^rta^on Build 111-. glancing at the exhibit with indifferent^^H Better not enter the portals of the	11 is a place for the student and not for the
dilettante. The one sees the a^Bheosis of evoj^^Hm transportation. Tl^B)ther sees wheels going round < >r methods	You may travel over
;	old and^^^Beth<^|with a fadist’s zeal and	search-
not	many methods	you
portation Building. The ^Bier^Kn transportation methods are the ones who are the moat astonished.	more than any one else of the littleness of
Wmmanknowledge. In : heir own fa Id, where they have been accustomed HvOM as a right the crown of the	methods superior to
»thrown in every respect. After a cardul inspect ion	locomotives
’ tlp^gC^Bd manager of one of the best roads in the United States said: “Ourcom-plete train service in the Uni^^^^Hcs is perha^^^^^^^^^^^^Bs than that of Bpgf foreign ^Bntry, b .t there is not one of	has not advanced
Iirrtney ill particular directions. j^B erica 11 roads can learn a lesson in improved n|eHloäS'fro^^^wyexhibit in the Transpi^^^^^^^^^^Hf. It is .ratufl humiliating to acknowledge this, and 1, for one, have just ordered smaU^^^K^l hat, but the	tothe truth and adapt for ^B* own use thtg
man}7 improvements displayed.”
How Darwin would gloat o^^^^^Ban^Brt^^^Bxhibit! Logicians tell usj is a vain thing	. Perhaps not by a single illustration,
ho'^K it	Pelion? \\ aether or not the!
doctrine of evolution	is no question that: it applies to the]
works of ^B). P'rom tie■ lifting of weight by ct^^^^^^Biceps to the steam crane which lifts a hundred	rattle is a 1 esson i n evolution.
From the original “RocD-t” and "Meteor” laconr wives u their stove boilers and barrels of water on wheel-barrow tenders to the	locomoti^^^^^BMe of a
speed of	in	compasses	of thousands < >1 men d^^HthejJ
lifetime. Port}- years ago an enterprising P'renchman joined t\v w heels with a 'frame, put a saddle on ^B frame, and witP^Bes just touching the ground velope« a speed w^Bh astonished the universe. P'rom this “dandy horse” to the modern meMnati^Hty bycicle is a long step or rather a multitude of short	C&CB
can be seen in the general scheme of evolution. ment man’s genius, but^^^^^^^B is shattered
of	jerkily along just out of	long
before man	himself in similar wise?	" dandy horse”
” to the modern locomotive is the beginning things in corapBon with the airy flight oBc British interloper. Ages mfleomt Langleys may go before the aeroplane principle ^^^^Bto the uses >>* man. d Willard Adelbetf^Bnith is	of the	the transportation
exhibits. Hei^Bbornat Kenosha, Wis.t Sept.	His parous came west
from New Han^Bhire in the ’305 and were among the early settlers in Wisconsin.﻿342
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
His early education wasMi the i>iibucscxtb ol of the village, up to l86i, when the KhJIjFfdmox ed to Rockford, 111., whdif'e he ehLrewand graduated from the high sciphl. In 1865 he entered the freshman cla^ ptShurtleff Coll^R, at Upper Alton, and graduated with class^Bmors in i8<H The Sortie year he entered the law school of Washington University, St.-Louis, Mo., arid'graEdukted with hlgflfcst honors in Bsei. In 1870 he was admitted t< i he bar.of the State of i\^SKnuril and la 1871 admitted to practice in the United States ^Bjrts. He was;appointed to his present position with the exposition July 27, 1S91, upon the rH)mmendation of therailroad managers of Chicago.
CHEF SMITH.
GOLDEN L" •> 'R, TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.﻿\LI9IHX3 DNINIW OMIWOAM JO MOIH31NI﻿
% «s m
/nino! ■ ßjai/d)
d • ift9;. •;-* • ^ t ir $n <i> Co • Cf/rcc/90 Vi^V w:\ ' -V-/.;" I •■ ■	■ ÄSSSüä*﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
345
CHAPTER mm
MINES AND MINING BUILDING.
The Department of Mines Excels all Former ExhibitBof its Kind—Included in This Display is Every Kind of Material from the Rough State to the Finished Product—-Artistic and Instructive Grouping—Striking Exhibit from New South Wale^—Michigan Makes a Fine Display of Copper in Various Shapes—Missouri Show« Zinc, Lead, Iron and Other Minerals—Canada Contributes Nickel, Silver and Gold—Montana’s PaviliBi a Centre of Attraction—The Silver Statue of Ada Rehan—Colorado Makes a Magnificent and Dazzling Display -California Shows Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin, Borax, Quicksilver, and Many Other Minerals—Its Marble and Onyx Exhibit Challenges General Admiration—Ponderous Mining Machinery in Operation—Miniature Mining Plants With Devices for. Boring, Lighting, Hoisting and Pulverizing—Methods of Separating Ores—Old Style Rockersand Long Toms—All the New Implements—Magnificent Exhibits of Coal and Iron by Ohio and Pennsylvania—The Wonderful German Exhibit—The Finest Ever Made Before in Any Country—Sketch of Chief Skiff.
UCFI an aggregation of the products of the mines of the world al is now represented in .the Mines and Mining building has never been seen before. All the states and territories of the Union; far-off .Alaska, Australia, Brazil,Alexico,and Southern Africa ;Great Britain,(iermany, Canada and GrciBe—all are represented. Of the foreign countries GBrmany and Australia lead; while the friendly but vigorous rivalry between the great metal-producing states and the^»ritoriefe of America has been productive of wonderful results. The German exhibit includes a dis-play of iron and steel girders in pyramids arranged in either an artistic or grotesque form, and a tree made up of wire and iron pipe of all manufactured sizes. This display, which cost $50,000, is the 11 nest iron and steel »“exhibit ever made at a world’s exposition. Native workmen labored on this Exhibit for four months.
The exhibit of New South Wales attracts much attention, not or ly from the character, but the size as well, of the display. The entrance to the New South Wales Pavilion is marked by columns of metal ingots, each containing six tons of copper, tin, antimony and silver ore. There are also pillars of bituminous coal twelve feet high, the blocks being four feet square, representing the average thickness of the vein from which they were taken. A column ofcannelcoal is also shown. This coal, which is locally known as "petroleum shale,” yields 150 gallons of crude petroleum to the ton. On raised platforms are shown specimens of reef and placer gold, while samples of iron, copper, manganese, antimony and other metals are ad-﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
54°
vantageously displayed. The coal- columns are spanned by a triple arch, sprinkled with coal dust, on which are shown in silver letters the yearly output of coal and minerals.
California, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Arizona, New Mexico, Missouri, and Wisconsin astonish the beholder even if he be familiar with the mineral resources ; of thet« states.’
Among the state exhibits \\ isconsin stands in the very front rank and attracts admiration. Many of its most valuable specimens enter into the construction of a magnificent pagoda twenty-five feet high and occupying a floor space on one of the best blocks in the building, forty-nine feet long by forty-five feet wide. This pagoda consists of four monoliths resting on elaborately carved bases furnished by the Prentice Brown Stone company. There are two entrances of terracotta surmounted by the coat of arms of the state. The railing extending around the four sides is made of green jasper and fancy granites with wrought brass panels of clever design. The plans show that the pavilion in the center rests on four blocks of different colored granite, and the capitals of the columns which hold them are liberally stud: al with amethysts and other brilliant stones. The fountains in the renter of the pagoda are also of amethyst, the whole forming one of the most attractive features in Chief Skiff’s department of the great show. The entire display represents an outlay of $20,000. kite pagoda is filled with handsome show-cases containing the best specimens of ores and mineral of all kinds that Wisconsin can produce. For instance, there is one case holding $250,000 worth of pearls. It was designed by the Beatty Manufacturing company. This display rests on a platform made of white and black marble tiling, the whole being surmounted by a beautifully-gilded dome, richly ornamented, thus giving the display a showy effect both from the galleries and distant sections of the building.
Kentucky's mineral exhibit is one of the chief points of interest to all classes of visitors in the Mines and Mining building. In addition to the display of mineral products, tastefully arranged in a gallery nearly 150 feet long, under the building is reproduced a section of tlB famous Mammoth Cave. The wonders of the cave are displayed bv means of paper and plaster work, stalactites being reproduced in staff, anal a collection of blind fish and other animal life peculiar to thB big Kentucky hole are exhibited. The entrance to the Kentucky pavilion, which stands near the north end of the Mining building, is a mammoth arch of polished cannel coal. This arch is thirty feet high, twenty-three wide, and over the entrance in letters of gold the word "Kentucky" is emblazoned. Just inside the entrance is a relief map of the state, 5x10 feet, constructed on a scale of four inches to the mile, and showing every river, town, village, city, mountain range, and other geological features- The display of iron ore from various sections of the state makes a splendid showing, while the specimens of coal, building stone, and tile clayare artistically arranged in groups representing the east and west sections of the state. Kentucky produces the finest tile clay knnvn in the United States, and some splendid specimens of the burnt tile are shown at the main entrance and on the tiers of steps on each side of the pavilion.﻿“Ï>T VTUL Of iUSTICF." \N MONTANA. EXHIBIT. OF NUNES BUILDING.﻿348
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Michigan makes a generous display of copper and iron ores and refined copper, and exhibit of the machinery and methods of working the mines. The copper mining industry of the northern peninsula has reached a great height, and thus far the output more than equals the demand.
One of the most interesting of all the exhibits is that of the Cape Colony diamond plant, and the daily operations of the Zulus attract great crowds.
The exhibit of Wyoming, in charge of Harry E. Crain, was collected largely and installed by Dr. L. I). Ricketts, late territorial geologist of Wyoming, and is one of the most attractive in the ■roup of far western states, not from the standpoint of gorgeousness, but from the fact that Wyoming is the “Keystone State” of the W est in the vastness and richness of its coal and iron and in its deposits of sodium and sand and other minerals that enter into the manufacture of glass. Professor John Berkenbine, of Philadelphia, says that, on account of its deposits of oils, coal, Bessemer, and its timber and water courses, Wyoming will some day become the greatest manufacturing state west of the Mississippi river. Its coal output in 1SS3 was 779.620 tons, which has kept on increasing every year until in 1893 it reached 2,322,787 tons. Its oils are preferred to any other for lubricating purposes by many of the western railways, while its iron ore fields are known to cover an area of 26,000 square miles. The exhibit, itself, has been an artistic one from the lirst, and some beautiful moss agates and slabs of other peculiar stones, pyramids and shafts of coal and Bessemer^ and huge blocks of sodium maybe seen, while its collection of tin ore received the first award. The President of the State Commission, John S. Harper, is one of the leading men of Wyoming; and Mr. Ell-wood Me ad is the secretary, who, although thJprincipal executive officer of the commission, has special charge of the agricultural' section. Thl Yellowstone Park stands conspicuously at the head of all other spectacular sefenery in the world.
The Pennsylvania pavilion is just in front of the north entrance east of the main aisle. Stepping into the pavilion the visitor passes-between neatly finished glass cases containing 300 bottles filled with petroleum products.- The bottles are twelve inches high, four inches wide, and onnneh thick, and bear the State coat of arms. In front of these cases stands a huge relief map of the State 7x14 feet, showing the location of all coal and iron mines, oil and glass fields, blast furnaces, pipe lines, and railB>ads. The most attructivBfMture in the exhibit is a complete working model of aBoal mine and breaker. The model occupies a space 24x8 feet. Nine engines are shown and the work they do from the time the <B>al is hauled up the inclines, dumped into iBreens, where iBis assorted into sizes and loaded into railroad cars, while the mine Bars return by gravity for fresh loads. Beside the model stands a little pavilion constriBted to Bhow the possibilities of slate. Every use to which slate Bin be put-—for pillars, roofing, school slates, and so on—is shown. At the wMt sitlB stand sixteen trumcated pyramids, disposed in rectangular form, showing all the varieties of anthracite found in the anthracite region and also all the commercial sizes. Analyses of the different varieties are exhibited- At the corners of the rectangle are glass Cases two feet square and eight feet high displaying the varieties of bituminous coal. A colored drawing is shown﻿111 STORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
349'
illustrating the manufacture of zinc oxide and spiegqlite, which is used for recarbonizing iron from the manufacture.of steel. Another case contains samples of the thirty varieties of fire clay found in the State, crude and burnt, and the bricks made-from it. Next to it are cases showingthe varieties of tile clays, crude, floated, ground,
unburnt, burnt, glazed, and unglazed. There are also samples of the se\Bnt>^Bght varieties* of building stone in the StateMinished and unfinished, shown at the north end of the pavilion. Then there are samples of the glass, sands of the State, the different mixtures used for the various kinds of glass, and specimens of the finished product. Soapstone, nickel, manganese, iron ore, and the various stages in the manufacture of iron with charcoal, anthracite, and bituminous coal are to be seen-Near the model of the min« and breaker stands a primitive furnace, such as was used in the beginningof the iron industry. Grouped about it are the various tools used in mining. Upon the south and east walls are photographs; charts, and maps of geological and mineralog-ical surveys, relief maps, and the like. In the center of the Mining building stands what the Pennsylvanians call an anthracite “needle.” It is a shaft of anthracite showing a vertical section through a fifty-four-foot vein in Schuylkill County, with the coal-slate seams, etc.^5 in their proper place. Creede's mineral dis*< play is one of the best from Colorado. It comprises a collection of twenty-four samples of ore taken from seventeen mines, showing silver, gold, zinc, and lead. The silver assays show from seventeen to 2,100 ounces to the ton, the gold 1-10 to 4.35 ounces, lead from ' to 70 per cent, and zinc 30 j>er cent. 1 he mineral-bearing matter includes quartz, amethyst, rose, jasperBand tellurium, spar and talc. Many of the specimens are said to show large flasks of line silver and gold.
California’s exhibit is worthy of that great state, costing about $io,oo0. It is in the form of a Grecian temple, with three main entrances llanked on the sides by smaller loggias. The central portion of the facade is 20x37 feet in dimensions and the loggias are 12 feet high. This structure is composite in construction, the materials coming from all parts of the state, including yellow and mottled marble from San Bernardino county; grayish green sandstone from Alameda county, Rock-
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THE MINER.﻿350
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
land white granite from Placer county, Raymond granite from Fresno county, yellow sandstone from Santa Clara county, veined marble from Amador county, onyx from San Luis Obispo county, red sandstone^from Ventura county, marble, Sespe brown sandstoné,' and soapstone from the Catalina islands off Lós Angeles, and other materials from other parts of the state. The capitals of the four columns at the entrance are of virgin gold and silver, while thè bases are of composition and copper finished. The pavilion is roomy and sub-divided to-show to advantage the extensive mineral display that was sent by the state.
Ohio makes a fine display of its stone, coal, and iron. Montana makes one of the best, its most attractive party being the solid silver .statue of Ada Rehan representing justice. Canada also makes a rich display.
Viewed from the galleries or the floor the Mining building carrip$ out to the letter its chiefs account.	Xot only are its exhibits massive, natural productions,
but they are massed together in a manner which suggests their nature -and purpose. There are great obelisks of metal,solid piles of ore, substantial facades of stone and cement, and small mountains of coal. One country shines with a pillar of silver surmounted by Atlas bearing a silver globe, and another shows a shaft of metal that looks as if it had been hewn out of a solid block, and the observer may see mining machinery in operation, methods of separating ores, and devices for boring, lighting, hoisting, and pulverizing.
The Mining building is situated amidst the most beautiful of natural and architectural surroundings. It faces at the north the western and middlj* inland lakes and the flowers and lawns of the Wooded Island. It reflects on the wea the gilded light of the Golden Door and the singularly handsome and unique high-color finish of the Moorish Palace for the transportation exhibits. It is flanked on tin east by the turreted pavilions of electricity. At thl south looms the lofty and graceful dome of Administration. The architect has seized the inspiration of the theme, the occasion and a favored environment. Upon a great floor 700 feet long by 350 feet wide and coveting over five and a half acres, he has constructed a massive and solid structure, relieved and embellished with all the symmetrical and classic forms and rich ornamentations known to his profession. An arcade consisting of a loggia on the main floor and a deeply recessed promenade on the gallery floor on upv thBmain fronts of the building. It is intersected at the center by an enormous arched entrance 56 feet high and 25 feet broad and at the corners ends in square pavilions surmounted by low domes. The loggia ceilings are heavily coffered and emblematical decorations are mas*d at the prominent points of the furnace. Its architecture, of early Italian renaissance, with a slight touch of Prendi spirit, together with the enormous and floating banners, invests the building with the animation that should characterize a great general Exposition. The interior design is of no less interest than the exterior. Thl roof rests upon ten great cantilever trusses so that the floor is practically unencumbered, there being only two rows of iron columns on either side. This is the first instance of the application of the cantilever system to building' and the result is a structure signally adapted to exhibition purposes, the gain in space being quite large. The gallery 60 feet wide﻿THE W0^d;S fair.
■
•and,25 ?^nB>o,JBBBmainUflgjjr exten^^t<l?y/yniirfrl the building apd is well Iig.h.%flbyjBM^^^wi(ra^^H)ovd. The repeated sefK^Bf large arched windows and the extensive g^^^^^Bf covering	of light,
The cost of tHbuilding was $250,000.	in	wgs
the first bmlmnfe to	1.
Missouri’s i)avilion, which is filled whith ^^^Hidspecimens, is worthy that great staii-. The
by enterprising local produceiw. The base of the
the screen wall rising	yellow Roman brick. Tl^^^Bing;.
pilasters, and	the mcotta,
decorating the ei 11 ranee are onyx. 'W^^Hht out	the
Missouri coat of ar^^Hith life-size Cupids surmounting the main entrance and !|e9f3^^^Kug^mip^| the top in	eagle.
striking. Aniot^^^B spedpavilion are a typical specimen of disseminated lead4,500 pounds, a chunk of
pounds, and	to be the la^Bst jack
teirv^K:eil^^^|f a mine. The iron and zinc	while
coal, kaolin, or	brick clay, granite, limestone, sandstone, marble, in thl
rough and prepared states, form an interesting portion of the exhibit.
the Mining building is the collection ot safety appliances commonly used by	the
'daBter incident	ex^Brat^^^^Hat of caving in
constructed tunnels—the most prolific source of injury
causing explosions, or 11 ox ions	death from inhalation. Tl^^^BiibB
of apparatus used in^Bnt^^^Bt mines, preventing explosions, and in detecting poBbpous gases is very complete. Among these	most
as well as	the	lamp. Tin■ >lispday i^ histo: n al and progres-
sive, offering an opportunity for the study of t^B e volution of the safety lamp from the simple gauze lantern of Davy to the many (^Bip^Bne^^^^Hn: u^^Hand electric lamps of today,	the double purpi we of safe illumination and
the detection of gas	the s^^Hof	ii s which
have at different times sprung into favor, had their day. and, dropped into oblivion to m ike room for improved appliances, six of each kind are shown. These are arranged in the order of their discovery and are in charge of an i^^K, who ex* plains all p^Bts	c^^^^^^^^^^Hrelati vc	lamps are
•fc&Kjiped to show compartments,	direction
The most prii^^^^^^^^ftmwn^^HDa^^^lde was the im entor of the first lamp, a flame isolated from the dangerous lire d a mp. FI is 1 amp had a fine gauze arou and above the flame, w^fti, under ordinary circi^^^^Hs, prevented the flanp^ coming in contact with the exterior air. l^^Hanny lamp followed. 1 lie inventor adding a	which the flame incased. Then, in^^^Bi succession»
followed Geo rdie. AI uessler, and Thomas with modifications of the glass and draught.^ It ifra.^ then found	gas	off the burnu^^HksryraSC
injurious in itself, and recourse was had to y^^^^Kpirit lamps, one fed with air﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
352
Blurated with hydrocirixSn vapors, and ^SotlMpf*ing benzoline from a sponge |f£pfervoir. When it was found that the gas in co&l minds in whit^Bfine dust was Hying became very da^^^^H even vvliep present in hut^mau^otfant^Hj^Hentora hit upon the plan of attaching gas ventilators the I a mp§ \ V Sep it %v^|foundn that the miners usii^Bafety lamps injured their eyes from straining to see by the poor light of the lamp^^^red by the use of the gauze, it remained £or^HH)romi-3 nent < T ctricians, such a^fedison, Pollack, Breguet, and Stella, to'COTWflrward with a safety ^Bit. Portable ^Ktric lamps were made, dispensing with the fumes of the old-i^Be lamps, an 1 answering all the requirem^^H)f brilliant light, sim-^j plicity of rr^Bianism, and lightness of weight. Tl^^Hamps^K shown wiih all the intermediate steps in the^^^^^^K their development.
manufacturers are especially rich in the department Probably the most attractive single-piece is a mammoth polished steel shield, eig^Bfeet high, on ^Bch are displayed, around a central medallion, twenty scenes, illustrating the Frithiof’E^^^H It was made in Got^^^fcrg and is valued at Si ,500.An o t h e r s h o wy product of	mines and	a giant band saw,
230 feet long and 12 inches wade, said to be the largest ever made* It was rolled at iSandSk. Fine edge tools and specimens of	steel, the h&rdeSritt the
world, make	iron exI^Bt. Fine pottery, carved woods, art furniture,
and safety ma^^H in the manufactur^W which Sweden has never lHthe' rd of
^^Bc world overtake her, are also shown. The the building are largely devoted peasant life of national pastimes, skating, i other
L jinn the walls are portraits of Sweden's great ones, ,-ech as Tegner. Linnmus, Oxenstiern, and Queen Christina. bredjBcn| J. V. Skiff, chief of thHninHand mining de-partment, was born at Chicopee,^Bass., Nov.
5, 1S5J, He came west befo^^^^^nip|3iu9 and settled in Lawrence, Kan^B^^^H he entered the	He lived
Lawren^^H' eight years and owned and ^Kted the Evening Standard in when he ^B^ Lawrence and	to become
city- editor of	Mountain Mews. He
su^Hquent^Bvent to the Denver ‘^Rbuke, of wliH paper he	manager and ] arts
owner in if^B when he left the^^Hpaper fieidB company. In 1887 Mr. Skiff ^^Htppointed superin-immigHion^^^^^^^^B and in that capacity
■iEF SKIFF.
a land and loan n t of the Colorado bureau o
made several collections of the mineral resources of the Sta^Bwh^B were exhibited in St. «is and Chicago expositic^^^^^Bnow are on permanent exhi-﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.	353
bitions in the Pueblo Mineral Palace. He was appointed a member of the National Commission for Colorado in 1890 and was chairman of the committee on mines and mining for that body. In June, 1891, Mr. Skiff was made chief df the mines and mining department of the Exposition, where he remained until the close.
COwKADO EXHIBIT.﻿«A
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3Qle'£>£ & (<ï-(te(&w﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR.
■CHAPTER XIV.
DEPARTMENT OFf ELECTRICITY AND ITS BUILDING.
Wonders of Electricity—The Building Devoted to this Science—Undreamed of Revelations and Effects —-Franklin and HiS Kite—The Man Who ^Bt Harnessed Lightning —Temple of the Western Electric Company—The Grandeur and Brilliancy of the ^Hhit-^^^fsands of Concealed Incan-descents—Mingling of Rainbow Tones—Prismatic Cot no that Awe the Spectator—An Electric Fantastic Lights—Magnificent Exhibit of Thomas A. Edison, the Wizard of Menlo Pa^^Bartling and Beautiful Effects—Obelisks nf^^Band Color—Spiral' of Radiance and Fountains of Incandescent^ -Corinthian Columns	Imitation Sunbeams—Five
Witching Lamps Glitter in Pillars of Glass—Eighteen Thousand Lights in the Edison. Tower, Chief Barrett.
Mb	j ■
LjH H
no mist;


sinyl'- science challenges such general atn - nt ion and ad-the mysteries and wonders ami the benefits and ca] nihil it i<-s of electro :;y: and there is n^^B:ed where the	linger so
long as at the palace devoted to dissemination of kne^^ve upon this	Upon	the
Building
on a p^Btal in the hemicycle the towering statue of Franklin, the first one to attempt to harness l^ltn^v to thought. 1 I^^^^^Bunls, and there is him, in	Knickerbocker
Bab^Bents throughout. Nor is there any mistaking of the ex-act moment of the pli^^^^^Br’s life, for the artist	and dra-
rep^Wuced^^^^H lia^^Bdng is wanting in the conception. The up-lifted fc^^Bd eyes, the half-outstretched	look of eager anticipation are
Mil faithfully ^■in^B d.	American school child that gazes ion it knows
F'ranklin and his kite, and that he has \^^Bd	the clouds
the secret of their lightnings—that he has discovered electricity. This statue big Carl Rohl Smith, and it
The first structure put up in the Electricity Building was for the display of the W^Hrn Electric Company. I^^^^^^BigiBr Egyptian te^|le,Bth sloping sides anil scalloped cornice. Without losing its tho^wghly Egyptian c^^Bter the
of an exhibit-room.
|Ke four	panels filleBrith the peculiar fiat and angular fig-
ures of fellahin at work, The	arc exactly similar to	and
temple walls in the country of the Mile. Their occupations, however, are not plowing with a bent stick or making mud houses. They are manufacturing electrical﻿


&mÊÊÊÊÊÊmm
THE EGYPTIAN TEMPLE, ELECTRICITY BUILDING﻿HISTORY OF fHB •RLDf$ FAIR.
357
machines	The	is a bold one and^5|B|^B
to coMjir^ok»»Jjgly nineteenth century	crudity
ofK§nsti^ion—the latter, however, more The	in staff.
Ndp^ft-C&n adequately describe the grandeur ^^^^^Bancy of th^BtemplIj when	light from 2,000 concealed incandescents. The mai^^Hday-
room is ornamented wit^Bx massive columns^^^^^^^^^Hismat^^^^^^H the is placed	lights. Tfl
general	mingling of rai^^Htones^^^^Bi-
out the rd0m, which thrills the novice with a sort of indescribable awe:. It is as though thHurHnd^^^^^^^Hf with a surcharge of electrical fluid which
motion to the spectator.
From	passage connecting with the Ho b.^r-er r^nns the
transition is to	drops from die ceiling. The space is
roofed withground glass and th^^Ht originates from severa^^Hidr^Big^K between the ceiling and the floor above. the smaller display romnsthe prismatic columns are repeated.
IH exhibits consist	and t^Bgr^B apparatus,
multi Re drill p^^^^Hivire-insi^Bing machines, cabledaying devices and every other article of electrical manufacture. Over t^^^^Hront	displays the walls
itO^^^^^^Hed^^^^Helieved by gold.
A short	the same company ^Bre built and daU)t
operate a theatre—not a grand, stupendous assembly room like that of the^Budf-* torium—just a sweet little [^Hm(^Hl after the ^^Hprete^^^^Hho^^H and : seated and upholstered in	appr<^Bd way. H)on the stage of this ^Bateq
a	manager	a few p^Hs. It is no child’s
w|PH Punch and Judy again, though the children are greatly delighted \^Bl it. kThe practical purpose this
dome by an inHnic^^^^^^Ban when h^B given an unlimit^^^Bas^B and fliW control of the stage. The lighting H th^^^Hsr by tiny inHid^Knt drops is arrange^^^^^^Hive the best d^^Htive effect, but it ^Bm^^Hstage^^H the inJfenuity of t^^^Han displays iuself. There more tints and shades than the serpentine da^Br has yet dream^^^B moonlight effects to ple^^^Be most romantic stage lc^^Hlightning to which the darkest deeds and direst disasters that the ^Ho-d ram at ist has yet con^^^Kl may fitly be pl^Bd,^^^Bns^^^fl of light for the ^^Bkt fantastic ballets.
is Elisha Gray’s “ dBBut(^Bam ” or long d^ftuicfl writing telegraph machine. Th^^Hne of the latest and most wonderful pieces of mechani'in connected with electricity.
" his friend in	the
^^Hta^^Had of by the fast mai 1.
Up	gaHr)- upon t^Bmain floor may bc^^^^^^^^Bnd^^Hfl&w
devices of electrical use. There ar^^Ht houses, ship and house li^^^Hand more stylemff buttons than a man (^Bd touch in a week. Th^B are revolving, running,﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
!s8
jumping, shooting and ricocheting lights and cascades of fantastic incandescents. There are Corinthian columns ablaze with imitation sunbeams, obelisks of light and color, spirals of radiance, fountains of brilliajlt shades-and thousands of witching lamps that glitter in pillar®of crystals. There are also hundreds of phonographs that re-sing the music of the world. The formal optning of the Electricity Building did not take plait*until the completion and unveiling of Edison’s Tower of Light. This tower is located in the center of the building and combination switch BOARD.	represents the achievements
of the electricians who have made the incandescent lamp a life study. From the center of the “ building this graceful luminous shaft extends into the groined arch formed by the intersection of the nave and transept, displaying over eighty feet of solid brilliancy. The methods of construction have resulted in showing a perfect whole, as if from base to top the entire shaft was hewn from one solid .mass of light. The ^Blors are arranged by mechanical methods capable of being flashed in harmony with theBtrains of music.
The column is crowned with a well proportioned replica of an Edison incande^Rntlamp formed from a multitude of piefcs of prismatic crystals. Upward of 30,000 of th«e beautiful jewels are strung on a frame and are all lighted from the interior by a large number of incandescent lamps. The effect produced is marvelous and can be appre-
MODEL OF FARMERS RAILWAY MOTOR.﻿THE RHEOSTATS IN SCENIC THEATER, ELECTRICITY BUILDINC-﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLDBFAIR'
^B
ciatetl onl}7 when H;n. The colonnade JEIund the base is the	the
Pftqedb^^^Bworks of Pittsburg and the distribution of the < BB^^^Huctols to attain the vai^Hs effects and	study,	ntnnad
Be of	infinite.
the opening' night alluded to the chief of the electrical deR^BBt walked to the	gazed down the long vist^^^He building.	all sides,
electric lamps R burning. Some
some with the fierceness of welding heat. Whirling wheels of rainbow nueSwt with ^■:r-<^Bngin^^^H*st and n^^^^^^^^^^Bmote inscriptions on the ^fa.11 letters of fire.
In the center of all this brilliant scene rose a gigantic ^wtu^^^Kitte, its impr^^^^^^^Bit almost to the	Around	throng
pdf expectant people. Sudc^^^Rhe^^^^^^Bh and a beautiful Corinthian pillar, .Starti^^Bma graceful colonnaded pavilion, stood revealed. bora second it^nod in all its cold beauty, then came a burst of	lights
the tower, making it shimmer and ((sparkle with their radiance. Above the capital was^^Bd a huge lamp, built up
When the white rays glanced on its thousands of facets in^^^Han^K of sparkle glinted all
Then the soft sweet melody of Strauss’	Danube ” came from
Souz^B orchestra and Electrt^Bught music for a partner in the dance. The crystal sudd^^^^^^Buo^^^^Bi diamonds. High in the air the jewels flashed as if	and the open-eyed thousands ^^^^^^^^Belief^^^^Bira'vvn
sigh of wonder which^Riie^^^^^^Bume a strong wind's voice.
^Hhc w altz grew merrier and to the da^^^B measures lines of	light
as a maiden the incandescent fire tripped up and dowm, dashing lirst on one side then^^^^Ba When the^^Bdedancers had i^^Bthe circuit, golden-hued lights took their places, and ^^^Buddenl^as if th^^^^^Ri the dance were finished.	but and ^^^KrSmn
was fiuted with lustrous bulbs. The wizard wand moved and the gold a^Edl^^B Another wav every one of the 5,000 purple, white and gold lamps sprung into lipht became an indescribably beautiful specimen of pyro-
ill life.
the glorification of Edi^^^^Bnc^^^^Bc<.^^Biame aloud, another to<^Hit up, and a thousanc oic< - shouted in honor of the man whose brain wrought out the marvels r in before Hm. The tower <^^Bt was a pillar of and SUcci^^B cheer t lie glorious s[,( ctacle illuminated the space.
In the pavulion beautilui electroliers were crystal cave with ^^^^B-s of pearl,
All ties was	the building. Up in the nprtl^Knd^^^Tlnng
1 iunt house lenses sent t lieir strong rays into the eyes of the people, w^^Htj^^B the twinkling notes of elecil piano, fought against the united b^«|H of Souza’s horns.﻿CHARLES C. BONNEY,
President of the World’s Congress Auxiliary.﻿[62
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
The Electricity Building carries out the Spanish renaissance idea, modified by a Corinthian treatment. It is 345 feet wide and 700 feet long. The general scheme of the plan is based upon a longitudinal nave 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed in the middle by a transept of the same width and height. The exterior walls are composed of a continuous Corinthian order of pilasters, 3 feet 6 inches wide and 42 feet high, supporting a full entablature and -resting upon a stylobate 8 feet 6 inches. The total height of the walls from the grade outside is 6S feet 6 inches. At each of the four corners of the building is a pavilion, above which rises an open tower 150 feet high. The building has an open portico along the whole of the south facade, the lower or Ionic order forming an open screen in front of it. The various subordinate pavilions are treated with windows and balconies. The details of the exterior orders are richly decorated, and the pediments, friezes, panels and spandrels have received a decoration of figures in relief, with architectural motifs, the general tendency of which is to illustrate the
purposes of the building. In the hemicycle on the south front stands the fine statue of Franklin, by Rohl-Smith. The appearance of the exterior is that of marble, but the walls of the hemicycle and of the various porticoes and loggias are highly enriched with color, the pilasters in these places being decorated with scagliola, and the capitals with metallic effects in bronze. The building with its large window spaces and high central and corner towers is especially designed for electrical illumination by night, and considered as part of this display are the beautiful electric fountains which show their magic splendors at the head of the basin to the south of the building.
Chief John P. Barrett was born in Auburn, N. Y., in 1S37, and went to sea at n years of age, which	pursuit	he followed until he was
injured at	the age	of 22. He then came to
Chicago and was appointed a watchman in the Fire	Department	and	was	at	once	assigned to	duty in	the telegraphic branch of
that	department,	and	advanced	so	rapidly that	in 1876 he was appointed city elec-
trician, which position he still holds. In February, 1891, the Director-General appointed Mr. Barrett Chief of Electricity of the World’s Fair. He is one of the most approachable and one of the most unostentatious officers at Jackson Park, and his department is one of the most Superb and brilliant in every way.
CHIEF BARRETT﻿
fm

AK1 INSTITUTE, LAKE FRONT, CHICAGO.﻿
﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
365
CHAPTER XV.
FISH AND FISHERIES BUILDING.
One of the Greatest of All the Resorts—Magnificent Display of Many Kinds of Fresh and Salt Water Fish—Minnows and Aligators Under the Same Roof—Some of the Best Known Denizens of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Gulf of Mexico are in the Swim—Speckled Trout from New England Rivers and Dolly Vardens from the Streams of California—Carp and Suckers Move Lazily About—Perch, Pike and Pickerel in the Same Tank—Bass, Flounders, and Salmon Turn Up Their Aristocratic Smellers—Gold Fish and Other Gaudy Species Splash Merrily Around —The Sturgeon and Showbill are Spaciously Quartered—Sketch of Chief Collins.
EN, women and children are alike inevitably drawn toward the Fish) and Fisheries Building. The acquaria, which is the largest but one In the world—that at Brighton, near London—’occupies the entire eastern annex to the main fisheries building. In the center of
fthe building is an open basin four feet deep with a di-- ameter of twenty-five feet. The tank decorations consist of stalagmites grouped in artistic designs around the borders of the circumference and in the center, where a fountain is kept constantly dripping fresh water into the basin and among the flora at various points. Surrounding the basin glass tanks complete another circle equi-distant between the circumference of the basin and the circular row of tanks along the walls of the building. A six-foot passage way with ce ented floor affords ample walking space for sight-seers in front of the outer row of tanks and on both sides of the inner circle. The average depth of the tanks when filled with water is five feet. In length they vary from six feet to sixty feet. Two-thirds of the .space is reserved for fresh-water fish; the remaining space is given up to denizens of the sea. All of these tanks are decorated in much the same way that the center basin has been decorated. Calcareous tufa, a limestone formation found in certain springs in Toledo, O., has been used profusely in making the decorations which represent miniature submerged mountains, etc. Various bits of vegetable matter coated with limestone form rough, fantastic designs. These have likewise been used for decorative purposes, and in building the tiny grottoes and reef a dark cement has been used to unite the tiny stones. In the holes and crannies. black earth was deposited, and it is in this soil that aquatic plants were planted.
The inmates of these tanks swim about as freely as if no glass sides stood﻿366
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
and frcedotm Minnows of all sizes	speckled with
delicate^:‘Lrownish black Bcles, irideBnt Bribes, and whitH^H specked in dazzling kaleidoscopes of cHrj goldfishes and flounders, perch, bass, and half a score of other kinds may always be seen. The water supplied to them is filtered, and, though of the purest quality, as seen thrcBh the glass kxxbjfa dull, muddy, sea green.
In thes^|alt-water tanks all the ki^Bm fish specim^^B the Gulf of Mexico a tierthe At lai^^Hid Pacific o^^B may be seen.
T'li>■ central basin contains tin • showy fishes. To Bnimize the danger of fafpt^H transpHation and transference of thc'-^liv^^^^Bens, the gdVernmeng spared no	the floor of tlKV|ild-
a great tank, holding 40,000 gallons of water, was constructed, b^^^Bhe vario^fcquaria the water trickles tank, and fr^^^Bs forced by a pump bavdjnto the aqi^Ba* This is used, however, only in the.case of the salt-wa^^Bnk^^n the fresh-^^B* basins pure filtered
watei^Balways used. In-

■ ■
SEAL ^■LtOWtt < A FISH.
heit as possible.
tide the glass walls and ^|r feet above the ^Bla, two-inch pipe,tfith j email stopcocks about ten Inche^Bart. Water i&iifed through these piped».-itith the fi(^H*eg^B.ted according to drain pipes which lead to the sev^B This water is kept at all* times at Bemperature asf near ^^^Hgfees Fahren-The aquaria is	in the	building where live
Bi$hes'are exhibited. The ma^K>uildii^^^^Hen up mostly t^ftxhiblts of the products of the seas and rivers, and tl^^^nt annex is used for th^Bnglers’ display. En-tering the	from the north,	sightseers isi
that of Mexico. P'ish^^^^Htion is a feature of this exhibit. Passing from there to the side^ftfe comes the Ru^Blcollec^^BniqueBmany ways, with a Wealth of caviare perfei^w b^Bldering. Next^^Bis Norway’s space. Dried cod of the Lofo-d ten Isles and spiced anchovies of Bergen, are	Many full-sized fiafling
boats are ^^Bn, among t^^Brid Noise and Vikin^Khips. Great Britain is at the extreme western	building. It^Hisplaj^l not large, but very interest-
ing. France, Australia and Canada next follow in ^^BrhiBthe exhibits of J»an and the Netherlands are located in the northeastern quarter of the building. All of R|| edd shaped 1>< i;^Hd in the	with the apparatus, im-
pl&nents, and products are displayed with much taste and dB>rative effect. Canada has a large and exhaustive exhibit. Brazil makes a feature of its fishing-boat﻿HISTO&V OF THE; W#RLD’S FAITH
367
display; and of the States, Wisconsin and P&vpsyflfajRfftaSSayprominently pagation and culture of fish. Rhode Island snows its menhaden fisheries in full,
fine models showil^^-nDR, mate and str^|bo^B being a feature of the^Kiiblt. Altogether the fisheries department an interesting visit and afford» a rarely attractive display to	whose lives
have been spent away from of rod ajid
reel. In Api^^^^Hhe thor, who met and had long conversation with Marshall McDonald, United Hat^Hb'ish Comr^^Mnerl informed
< dil that the exhibit, would be nearly complecH by the middle of M^^nroufd be as 11 ne as any and he kepthis^mrd. This ■ what	Commis-
sioner said
will be one o£ the most inter^Kng on th^^^nnds, and when it ij| comple- e will contain specimens of all the fisK>undii| the waters of the American and lakes and rivers. S^Hwater specimens will Hclude sharks, swordfish, dolphins and porp^^H but ^^H])ian to bring a baby whal^mvas found to be im* practicable. We will Show also h^w these fish are sturgeon of new york.	caught and l^^Hattstics
d^H>nstrate the value oftne American fishipg industry. The exhibit will come froir^ft our 1 a Electing stations throughout the country. The different	of the aquaria will be finished to
repretefit thehufttoms of the sea, the lakes and rivers in which the fish are’ fdjjnd.﻿
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
^KRAM) BANKER OF 1741.
fore May.	beautiful
like a plant it
ex i)
that	like tend-
rils and are of the
ing. that th^^H*e beautiful.) The grotto will be paved with
and sea grasses will their beauty to the picture. T"his and more that is marvelous from theHttom of th^fea we intend shBing. I f we can porpoises we m^^Hut them in the ^Hn, as they^^^^^^Hxe in the aqu^^HTfl exhibit is t^^HnacI g■ -ograph i cal 1 y, so as to show in sections
peculiar to the d^R-entpartsofthecoun-try. TMgreat di-visions are the New
The salpvme^mh will be placed in ssut water, seven car loads of	on the way
■o Ch^H Thirty thousand gallons more 'will be made from lake water the sea salt Water here h&t'^nfeir from Massachusetts and added to^vhatflnSffiRa these cars. The water for fresh wate^^^Eraens will be filtered, so that it may 1^‘trs^Ba^|t|jHBsh will come here first from the i^Brest?03[0ffluting points, and wher^ney ,bare^^Hdt|^in the aquaria we wil^^^Hl * Otir^H*s to the more remote stations. It is pr^^^^^Hiat the will not b9 to Oregon	be-
feature of the exhibit	grotto,
v. l.cn^B"	(Shapeless and colorless when
A CLIPPER OF TODAY.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD*FAIR.
369
Engiand coast, middle .Atlantic, gulf district and Pac^^^^Ht for th^^B[ water fish, anil tKjfeWew England	Mississippi ^Hey, and the west
fofiTreM'jivater ffsh.
All thc^^^^HommiHofr^Raid, and more, has b^^^^Hifully^^Hed out. Ai$d so attractive has been the Li^^^^H;Lhe^^^^^^Hig,^Kit the dt^^Hdijy has alw^H found it crow^^^H
Ten of the indivi^^HSt^^^^Hhe Union show w elective exhibits of till fisheries of their waters. An^^^^^^Hestin[^Hat^^^^^^^^^^Hr-'^ft'n fishing
b y the famous Id a Lewis—the American Grace Darling—in her heroic lifted saving deeds. Apj^^^Hitfg He	from
Ht her front, one is impre^H with its beaut)’ and general grace	Tin
tall dome towers high above He gal des of the main struct-ure, while the sm^^urroH that at^^Hthe dome and ^^Hnt^^^Hppear Heasin^Hontrast with the Hd-tileH <>of, columns and aiHcs. Planked on both tl'^Kas^|nd west by small pavi^^nn<^^^^Hingai| Hdos. the whole presents an ^H*ch i t ectual vie w that is sufl passiogl*inique and beautiful I he infinite dt^H of fish 10 and other a^Batiq aninuils with which cc^^Hs, arches, and fr^^^^^E deconited in bas relief i£ gratifying to the eye,	skill and ingenuity displayed by the ornamentation
arBks remarkahHfor originality as	T*extremc*ng^^^^H build-
1,100 feet and its
All things^^Hdcred the Japanese exhibit at^Be Exposition is most re-markablo ()f all. It is remarkable in i^^Hipreh^^^^Hss. its beauty, and in pnHiar^^'s. The Gov^^ment of the Mikado was not sH[y in [»reparing for fhe display of the	of the advancement of its country. ^Hie diet appropri-
ated 630,000 yen, or $500,000, the sum l^Big exceeded o^^^Krmany, P rance, and Illinois. Bes^H the fhcenix TempM on the W^^^wl Island,	and the
^ftxujir on the Plaisance there are exhibits in tBJWoman’s BuildiH and i^Hie Departments of Agriculture, Art, P'isheries, P’P iriculture, P"orestry, Liberal Arts, Man-ufactures, Mines, and
13xc the fisheries is p^^Hly the most ur^^^^Hiibit. Inasmuch as Japan is an insular country it is nati^^^^^ffishin^Kho^H be one of the leading^Kupations
SKELETON OF A WHALE IN﻿3/0
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
of the people, and that fish, seaweed, and other marine products should be common diet. But the industry ol Iishing from ancient times down to the opening of Japan was a simple occupation somewhat limited in its scope. Since, however, the Japanese have learned from other nations to what extent marine industries are capable of development Iishing has become with them the source of many and varied lines of business.
The exhibit is in the northeastern part of the Fisheries building. Over the doorway hangs the Japanese flag above a sort of curtain of nets; and above the door is a sign with the name Japan made of shells of “awabs” (sea-ear). Immediately on the left and right of the entrance are piled up cans of fish. This industry is entirely modern, but is growing rapidly. In ancient times canning was unknown
as a method for preserving fish, though the pickling process was employed. Fish were, and are eaten raw, boiicd, and pickled in shell or “shoyn ' (soy). Epicures delight in eating fish fresh from the sea or river, and scarcely dead. When the Emperor of Japan in 1S90 made a visit to Mito he was treated to large live salmon out of the Xaka River. The canned goods in the Japanese exhibit are those of tai, or perch, wafer cake, “unagi-kaba-yaki,” (roast eels), green turtle, mackerel, lobster, oyster, “maguro" (tunny), tortoise, salmon, (under the name “saumon,” and spring salmon.)
There are also shells; glass cases of salt-cod, dried anchovy, broiled smelt, sardines, smoked salmon, bonito, dried flounder, boneless herring, bottles of fish oils of many kinds, edible sea-weed, oyster sauce, and kegs of similar articles. The various kinds of apparatus for catching fish are also exhibited; the hooks, the lines, the bamboo rods, the nets of silk or other materials, the prawn pots.
Smelt fishing by means of cormorants was employed more in olden times but is kept up somewhat to the present day. The fishermen catch their cormorants by setting woodenimages of the birds in places which they frequent, and then covering﻿MODEL OF THE VIKING SHIP,
That Crossed the Atlantic Ocean to be at the World’s Fair.
MODEL OF SANTA MARIA IN TRANSPORTATION BUILDING.﻿372
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
the surrounding branches and twigs with bird-lime. One bird thus caught becomes the decoy for more. These cormorants are so valuable that their owners are said to provide them with mosquito nets during the summer. Cormorant fishing is always done at night by torch-light. A skillful fisher can handle as many as twelve cormor-antsatonce, and many catch 155 good-sized fish an hour by each cormorant. Every bird in a flock has and knows its number, and one of the funniest things about them is the quick-witted jealously with which they invariably insist, by all that cormorant language and pantomime protest can do, on due observance of the recognized rights belonging to individual numbers. The birds are numbered and named. No. 1, or Ichi, is the senior in years, as well as rank, It is the last to be put into the water and the first-to be taken out, the first to be fed and the last to enter the baskets, in which when work is over, the birds are carried from the boats to their domicile. If, hap-ily, the lawful order of precedence be at any time violated, the rumpus that forthwith arises in that family is a sight to see and a sound to hear.
The method of getting shellfish called shijimi, a staple article of diet in some parts, is also novel. The occupants of a boat are usually man and wife, though sometimes only one person manages the whole affair. The boat is tied to a long bamboo pole, secured at some distance in the river. The woman manages, a wheel, by which she gradually pulls the boat nearer the pole, while the man, with a basket attached to another long bamboo pole, scoops up thSshells as the boat moves.
Then are also Ln the exhibit in the Fisheries building models representing the apparatus and furnaces for curing bonito, a sardine press, and the boats used in catching bonito and cod. The latter, directly in front of the entrance, are one-tenth of the actual size. The bonito, called “katsuo,” is of solid flesh, and is a great favorite with both natives and foreigners. Especially common in use is kat-suo-bushi, dried and smoked bonito, cut into thin slices and employed to add flavor to vegetable dishes. Sardines, “washi,” also are common diet, and are sold at the cheap rate of half a dMen for a cent. Fried, they make as good eating as when put up in od.
On the walk of Japan’s space are pictures of various scenes connected with the fishing industry, also a group of gold fishes. On the outside at the left of the entrance arc drawings of many kinds of fish and of oyster-culture grounds.
The occupation of a fisherman, though arduous, is not entirely prosaic. It is attended, of cBurse, with dangers sufficient to make it exciting, and it brings with it in success incomparable exultation. One of the most exhilarating sights in Japan is the return home of the fishing smacks in the afternoon. The beautiful sight of the sea dotted with white sails has appealed so strongly to the esthetic sense of the Japanese' that it is Included along with “the autumn moon,” “the evening snow,” “the night rain,” “the temple bell,” “the evening glow,” in the “eight beauties” of a province. The boats as they approach the shore take in sail and are propelled by sturdy rowers much in thlfashion of old Roman galleys. As there is no wharf, they are beached stern foremost, so that they are all ready the next morning at 3 or 4 o’clock to be pushed off easily.﻿HISlBtY OF THE WORLDBBkWHj
373
A dozen or so fishermen consider 800 fish a good c^^^^^^Bay, and ^^Bh one	fish for	household, ^B)r 25 cents for	he
‘<d&p&Bi^^^^Brti^^B That sum is	wretched
huts. But the Japanese fisherman « an made satisfied and contented with only ^^Be, and never murmurs or complain^ at his hard luck, and never envies thejbet^g ter fortune of ot^ft's.
The fishermen of Japan,	are	be-
lieve that if a man while going to fish, meets a	on tlae road,
he will catch no fish, as the bonzes	'^^^Biip^^^^Bnto iem])le is sup-
posed to aid in securing a large catch; tl^^^Briv^B offerings of old c^HlorS'' or pt^^^^^^^^^Bsels of fish will naturally se^^^^Bropiti^^^^	of the
mariners, rescued from	accustomed
>lets in temples, to offer to	which also
may have escaped the sea.
When the great Japanese	Yamato-l lake, who probably U only a myth-
ological personage, was ^^^^^^^^Bminst the
Yedo Bay, and, looking across the compa^^^^^^Bwo^^^^^^^^^^Bght difficult matter to get to the o<lw.^^B-. But after he em^^^^Bthe s<^^Bl, to ^Emish his insult ing arrogance, aroi^^^^^^^Bt storm	tl~^^^Eic:^^^^Br-
whelm the boat. Then	I lime, the wife of the hero, Adding hfl lord
farewel^^B>ed into the w^^^^Ba victim to appease the sea god's wrath. Later to find the^^^^^^Bwi^B wooden comb, and, e^^^Bg an altar, he dedicated the relic tl^^^Bds. On tin: same st^H^; ands a Shinto. H^^Bwhere the spirits of the hero and the heroine are worship'■( 1 by fishermen
“Fish are prolific,” said an official	with ^B United fi^^BFish
Commissioner’s exhibit tothe author one day. “Huxley has said that if all the BfcrsB one mackerel were hatched and if all the eggs of the next two generatioB also were ha^^^^^^^^Be now	would be hlles^^Blywith
mackerel.”
^^^Bhei^Bs the need, then, fora Fish ConmuBncri'"
“The Fish	needed on	li^^flea^K another kind. Some kinds	yuing fish, and so do many kinds of birds.
Bj^eed the spawn of some ^^B the regular food of other hsh. Perhaps thing, on the whole, that the breeding of fish is restricted in this way; but the restriction has been overdone so fur a> fish that	to ma^Bind are
Bnc^^B
“What was the origin of I^^Bsh Commissioner?” ^^^^^^Bat^^^^^^^HpoHmcHof	by Congress
of decline in the	l Jnited States.
At t^Bti^^Hcua^^Ban Htrming disappearance of the best lis^^Bi some Jiffgfe waters of the country. They had simpl>^^B destroyed b^^^Br fish and caught by the f^^^^^^^^Bha^^Bld have	if n^Bing had
been done it is hard to	Flowever, the result of Prof. Baird’s iBiStBt ions'﻿

H


£££*?
HHHHHH
iHBHI
ANTIQUE RAISED VENETIAN POINT LACE. EXHIBITED BY THE COUNTESS TELFENER. FLOUNCE VENETIAN POINT XXII. CENTURY. EXHIBITED BY THE COUNTESS DI BRAZZA, 'ITALY.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
375
it lh*^ hr same year the United States Fish Commis-sion was instituted, witK him as the first Commissioner.”
“Inst has be£n accompiished since then?”
H|n brief, hHhtng and rearing stations have been established at Hand Lake Stream, Green L^^^^Bid Craigs’ Brook, l^B; Gloucester and W^Bd’s Holl, Mass.; Havre d^Vdr^^^Bid^^Hin’s Point, Md.; Central Sta^Bn and FishPond, Washington, I). D.; WytheHle, Ya.; Duluth, Minn.; AIpH. and Northville, Mich.; Put-in-Bay, Quincy, 111.; «ha, Mo.;	Ore., and
Fort Gaston and E^Bd Station,	Appropriations have been ^Bd^^^^^^ions
in Vermont,	and Texas.	immense quantity of useful fish hat^^Hn hatched	of the ^^Hy stocked	Since
distributed 1,500,287,409 whitefish, 9^543,350 shad, 332,046,700 yellow	salmon, 3,005,054 rainbow
tjfuffQ^^^^^H^rook^But, and other kinds of fi^Bby the millions.” “What^^^^Hi the effect on the fish supply?”
course.	of shad h^^^^Hloubled, the
peHfiftfe^&f the whitefish has been arrested. Numberless	and ls^^Ht'om
which fish had dis^^^H'ed have been st^^H, and certain kinds of fish have been mffie to thrive	were never Invn before. The Pacific	has
probably been	than any other ^Bt of the country.”
T^Whsft was the origin of the artificial propagation of fish?”
“That is .a long story.	who accomplished it
of \\HpH^H This was in 1872, though t^^^^Hnchm^B named Remy and
Ghazin, di^^Hred the ^^^Hei:Hc^ent^yperson who hatcheB
fish artificially in this country was Thec^^^^Kia^|k, of Cleveland. (in 185I The prt^BS is simple,	materially since first dHl>vt^^| The J
exhibits that you see scattered around in this pa^Bf the building are ^^Hde^Bs an object-lesson in th^Bistory and	pisciculture.
artificially fora lo^^^^^^Kfore it was understood h<^^HdoHwithout having 'thf$fr attacked and ki^Bl at once by “What is the
“The first operation isillustrated in that boat that you see there with twofisher-jtten in H. The man standing is catching shad in ^Het, and passing Hm to the man sitting behind him, tyho is i^ksing the eggs out of ^B fish into a large pan. Tlrcirulky fluid fn^^^^^Bal^Bsh^^^^Hed out	pan, in the same
way. The fish are not only not ii^^Hl but are sold and e^Bi. The eggs, which are by th^^^^Hs fertilized, are carried to the hatchery to be hatched out. O^^Hd fish	one shad ^Bm 30,000 to 120,000.
“What is done next?”
eggs are l^^^^Hby the ^^^Hment water over ^Bm, and con-sequently they are divided in^^^^H classes. The fi^H class is the b^Bant, such asKrch eggs; the second is	such as shad and whitefish eggs;- and,
the third clas^B heavy, such as salmon and trou^^^^HBuoy^Beggs are hashed by an irnitation of a tide. They are put into a box in which the water is made to﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
376
alternately rise and subside. The semi-buoyant eggs ar&hatched by passing water up between them from below. You see them in those glass jars, where water is let in at the bottom and runs over at the top. The heavy eggs must be hatched by depositing them in trays and having the water pass over them, as you see done in the long narrow boxes. If you will scrutinize the eggs in the glass jars you will see the fish in the eggs, and as soon as they are hatched they pass off with the water and are put into tanks to be fed and reared. All this is illustrated in the apparatus of the exhibit. Great, isn’t it?”
Captain Joseph \Y. Collins, chief of the fish and fisheries department, wa$ appointed to that position Feb. iS, 1S91. He was born at Ilesboro, W aldo County, Maine, Aug. 8, 1839. His boyhood was spent as a fisher lad, and in the winter
months he attended the county school of his native village, where he received his primary education. His latter education was obtained on ship-board, where he perfected himself in mathematics and navigation. Captain Collins began his career in 1862, when he was appointed captain of a fishing vessel running out of Gloucester, Mass. In i8“9he became connected with the United States Pish Commission. His first work was a statistical inquirj" into the fisheries of New England, for the Tenth Census. In 18S0 he was appointed on the staff of the United States Commissioner to the International Fischerei Austelling at Berlin. In 1880 he went to London to «present this country and to assist in arranging the United States exhibit at the Great International Fisheries Exposition. In 1886 he invented a new type of fishing vesftl, which was adopted by Professor Spencer k. Baird, then United States Fish Commilioner. In the winter of 1887-88 he was called to W ashington for consultation by the International Fish Commission, which was then negotiating the fishery treaty with Canada. In 1888 he was appointed in charge of the division of fisheries of the United States Fish CommHon, and has sin* had charge of that work. In thBsame year he was also appointed as representative of the Fish Commission to prepare its work at the CentiBinial Exposition of the Ohio \ alley and Central States, held at Cincinnati. In 1889, at the solicitation of the Hon. Robt. P. Porter, Superintendent of the Casi^Hrl acftpted the position of sp«ial aBent of the Eleventh Censu$, in chargeftf the section of fisheries; and in 1890 he was nominated by the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, the Hon. Marshall McDonald, to represent that bureau on the government board of management and control at the﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
377
W°rlB Coliimbiaii Exposition. Captain Collins^n« >t only prepared the fish com-missiqn^PP^bit àttiie. Fair, but he has contributed largely to the fish and fish-cultuHli&Oiture of the country, and is a number of many scientific societies at figline and abroad.﻿﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
37^
CHAPTER XVI.
THE PALACE OF FINE ARTS.
A Magnificent Buik^B Throughout—Paintings and Statuary From All Parts of the World—Private Collection of Painting From Many HqiH—PicturesH Every Phase of Life and Nature—Animal and Portrait Paintin^^^Bn All Lands—Hundreds of Beautiful Marine and Landscape ^'ÊSketches—Allegory and Mythology FromHiperial Galleries—-Schnidler’s “Market Scene in Cakü^Biuion’s “Hunting Master^—The Americat^Ban Association—Joe Jefferson “The Mauve” —Hovendin’s “Breaking Home Ties”—The Emperor Franci^^^^^BLo^^^Bgland Surprises With Her Beautiful Paintings and France Maintains Her	Center—Sketch of
I Chief Ives.
E Fine Arts Building of C. B. Atwood, with its two annexes, is already famous for its^Bhitecture. It has even been called ^^K;reatest thing since^^^^H” It is the largest art gallery Her constructed. There are in the building seven^Bour HJleries of varying sige, ranging from 30 feet square to 36 by 120 feet. It contains many picked p^Bures and statuary and selections from neai^Ball the galleri^^^^^^^^Hd. The Hnstruction is necessarian re proof, the main ^^^B are solid brick covered wi^B'stafi^^^Bily ornamented, while the roof, and gaHries are ^Bn. It is^^Hely classic in ap-ïarance, being of the (^^^Bn-Ionic style. l^^^^^^Huilding is 500 by 320 feet with t^Hjtnnexe^^^B 120 by 200 feet, giving a total f^|r area of	The great central dome is 125 feet high, capped
wifh;a colossal statueH Win^B Victory, and is 60 feet in^^^^Hr. The building is locKpied in thonorthern portion of the park^Bing the lagoon on thc^Buth and the handsomest« state buildings on He north. It l^Burrounded with verdant lawns which on the south are terr^^^^Hm to theb^Btrades on water’s edge. There is aa^mmense flight of step^^Hling down fr^B the main	the lagopn
where there'ii aHnvenien^^H landing. It	1. The main building is
intersected by a nave and tranH>t i^Bfe^Bvide and 70 feet l^Bi; between the promenade and the nav^^^^^Bhe^^^Ber rooms devoted to prh^^^Bll^Bons of paintings and the exhibits of the various ar^^Hols. There are 145,8^8 square feet of wall space, and the art^K of all	to vie witl^Bch other in the
delineatH of figure painting; animal, chH, character and p^^HtpairHg; marine and landscape sketches, still liffHcriptt^B and mythological genre, allegory, interiors, ancj "pictures of every phase of life and
An tbere jftre many thousands of paintings and statuary from all the art points and	Europe and America, Australia and Japan, and from other countries﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
the autlior must content himself ^Bnt iHip$	jn the
three rooms filled	American loan collection. Comment on the value of
th^s of tli^^Hibition,
a mom i ary one, is unnecessary. So large and varied t^^HwtiH of pair^^H of the'$ame merit has never b<'hfllicen^Hn in this country. ^Hn the famous Paris^^Hction representing a hundred years of French	not surpassit.
Statistics in r^^^B to ^^B number of paintil^^^^^B the ^^^^^«xibli^^^ned people who have loaned them ^^^B Exposition can	emphasizing
the gen^Bsit]^nd promptness with which Miss Sarah Hallowell’s appeal for loans was answered al^wer^^^^Htntrv. Twelve Corots are in the three rooitis, three
pictures^! Bastien Lepage, tv^Bof Rosa ^Bnh^^^flstudi^^^^^K Expulsion hom Paradise,” “Mic^wht Moonlight,”
Flight Into Egypt,” and ^Hsinor^BpB Jean Charles Cazin, and^^Hftllet ^B of ^^^^^^^Hracterist^^Hàsanti Futures. The	enters is hung
representative of the impressionist school. TBe are Raphaels, Claude	a Besnard,
which, although they	uninitiated
with a sense of ra^^^B and ^Hpnte-. ness, are ne^^^^^^^Bo be regarded with
In
th^^Hnd room there is greater variety ^^^^^^^Buently more who do not r^Hrd from a critical or
On one
^Bno there is
Alma iHma’s “Reading of Honor,” lenry C. Marquand, hangs in the n-liter. ! o the left, aHtle beneath is ^^^Biin'i- masterpiece “At S<-n,” and to one	"Path^lMdl««
Village.” A splendid	"h--te the
ui ly of peasants Hy J-	known as “A
Frugal Meal.” Largest of all ! he	is "The -m^B Festival,” a stud)- in
rosy ch^Hs and graceful^^^^Hv Louis Knaus. Cazin’s wonderful “M^^Hrhtat* Midnight,” Jan I >''^^Hs^enti^w modern	R. CL
Bonnington’s landscape complete the ^B en il side of the room. S^Bw !y less remarkable i-^Be v all directly oppoCir « h an: hung Harry Thompson’s Shepherdess, a Simple peasant girl guarding her Ik u ks a sandy o anion; Millets “ Pigkillers,” C orots—one a landscape	Daubigny,
•and tHfamo^^Hissonier, "\ iew Near l^^^B—Ren mnaissance.”
The	iom glows with vivid eastern eoloring, Jean Leon Gerome, Tas-
saert’s “ emptations of St. Hi^^^^Bmd the striking tones of ^KfoJus-DiJ^^^|
GOLD FISH, BV FFI;.D. W. FREER.﻿HISdHRY OF THE WORM’S FAIR.
•Vs 1
PORTRAIT OF AUGUSTUS ST. GAUDENS, BY KENY^^^H
“Odalisque” and “Portrait of Mine.
In this room, too, there the “Or-
pli eus,” with its mysterious s ha d o ws, “IBs Wife,” and
The only Greuze in the! collection, “The lilting-Child.' and
1 >y John Constable, tlw$\ English painter, are given space here, and on^^H north wall is a large study by Rosa Bonh^^^^H sheep grazing on a hillside under a gray sky. Millet's “Man Wi^| the ^^^Hna^^Haiu^^^^HGLarwrs''	til attract attention of alI3
who h^\ ehis leculiar style choice ^KubRcts.^^^^^^Hure3!j by F&v^Me Chavannes, Jules Breton’s “The Song of the Lark,” "The < olza Gatherers,	“Tur^B Abducting a Girl.” two marines by Manet, ‘ln-
tle” by I royon, and George Moreland s “Contentment” are some of the othfl pictures that are conspicuous.
Ami^Hc people who have generously loaned t heir art t^^^^H to^^H Exposition	Jefferson, who, although parted reluctantly
with “The Mauve.” the gem ^^^^Hlcction,	congratulating himt^^^^^Ht
escaped the fire at Buzzard’s Bay. Chicago connoisseurs have showii^Breat liberality
ing with tH public	r i v a t e
collections.
paintings JrOm Potter Pal-mer, eleven fr(H C. T. Yerkes, six from Mrs. I Ienry Find, four Hun Hirtin II. Ryer-son, and several by JL M.Munger and S. M. Nickerson ■djf'e readily recognized on t^^Hls*
BY TIIEO. BAUER.﻿work mi N MOIJLMNG STATUARY.	groups by Alma 1 adema
are realistic, and, at the
sa'me time, they present artistic dignii\. II^Krt^^^^^^w excellent [BnraitS,9 well as landscapes and marine; scenes by Dicl^fe, Moore and (^|ers, will attract the admiration of connoisseurs.	artists an; represented by 800 pieces by the
best brushes, and	>h■	1 by privât owners.	are
sh^^^Dm “Garden of Hesp<^Ble$” and “Hercules Wr^Bling ■^^^BDeath” by ^^Aton, “Halcyon Weather^^BSir John Miller; “Tf^^Miden’s Race,” Wegnin; “The Ri^9 Road,” Forbes, and 'Arm at Harvei-^Bby Linnell.
382	mBArY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
[rt’obably’ftt meet p^tilar pisfBre raTO^fihol^^lH^d by H^nerican artists anfergiVen space in tl^HUnited States s^ftion i^Bdotrend^^^HBreaking Home Ties.” It ^B simple study of the living-room of an old^^| England farm house, showing the tabl^^Bvith quaint old china the mantel Blorned with pieces of
glazed ware, the high backed j^Bow^Bairs, and the ingrain carpet that every N^H Englander in the Unit^^^Btes can remember if looks back far enough. "■£y‘"figures in the ^^^^Hnd command most attention — those of a woman tfrith a careworn, anxious face and a boy whose expression ii^^^Bejrhalf a longing to try f^Km«ABf a homesick J^^Hin^fwSind loathing to leave Lome scenes. The boy’s sisters, his fathe^^Hrying away an old-f^^Hied carpetbag,	are in the
ba^^^^^^^B England makes <i^H>lend^Bshow. The works of itf artists are a revelation to the American {^Bple, as was the c^| in 1886 at the Art E^^Kton in Berlin, where the	to
that tim^^^Bde^^Hig-lishmen only as practipB merchant. The Roifian﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIlH
59
The German divisldn shelters	of art exhibited by in-
dividual artists, ^^HucbTo&ned from the Nat^Bal Gallery. Herr Schnars-Alquist, Germany’s Arthas divided the ex^Bit into three^Brdminent groups to^^^Hg, shades and subjects. One of tlHsalon^H>ntains>tHhis-toric groups. It^^^^^Ents the	brilliancy of the German Imperial
family. ^^Hlo^H painting by Ferdinand IT IB, an apotlv<i-d^ emblazoning thfl reconstruction of t^Bderman Empire, covers the entire wall spate in this room. This grand	the hfati^Bal Ga^By in Berlin. Emperor

Wilhelm I^^^^Hor Frederick and Prince BB^^^^Hre
prominent figures of the group. Bismarck's portrait is there by vari< masters.
be terme< 1 “The Bismarck,” for in et^^^^9'a^ure the days of	^^^^^^Hhanct^Br vividly
A. von Werner’s historic group, “The Berl^^^Bng^Bs. is a masterwork of Ejrtrait painting; her^^^^He < x-Chancellor figures as the most prominent personage of his time; the participants of	all I^^Hea^^^^Httegfl
grouped around the Prince and listen to his explanations, his words, di^BtlUg peace to Europe. This magi^^^^^^wit is valued Sj5,000, and will likely by the Germania club of this city. In this di’^Bon there is also a strik-ing portrait of Em^^H William II. b^^Hc Kroner.﻿3§4
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.

\
\
Another collection in an adjoining room places the spectator in a solemn frame of mind; there are the religious and dramatic scenes, works of art of great value. The third division, containing several apartments, shelters Stilleben, German landscape^, portraits, groups and marine scenes by masters of international repute, such as A. von \\ erner, Molly Cramer, Gabril Max, Franz Simm, britz Uhde, Eugen Duck-er, Max Bredt, Edmund Harburger, Menzel, Len-bach, Sch nars-Alquist, Liebermann, Schuch and others. Among the works of sculpture Boths’ marble statue, “Eve," causes as much sensation as the various pictures of Columbus are causing doubt relative to th$ir genuine-
ASSYRIANS SALUTING THE SUN.﻿HISTORY OftTHE WORLDS FAIR.
3S5
ness. On the galleries of	drawings, poft/afS by
Men?el Mily a few afffej in cSo^g™eno!i£ which v&y- in price from $1,000 to The major ity ol visitors—laymen, Ot co'urse—pS&s these works 6f artyand if D^BPn|rc probably ottered at 5' > cents each the average viator would still hesitate lowing* sl^ertheless they are works 61 art of high standinBfor which connoi® seurs abroad are paying the
Germany 11 as5 80 p a i n t i ngs a n d120sculpturesofbron z e s and marble. Amoar the oil paintings are Professor Oswald Achenbach’s “Near Naples.” T. Alberts’ “Alone,” Paul Andorffs “Village in the t^^^Brt,” Albert Arnz’ “Still Life	Hans	Morning the Wedding
Day,”	“The laris Daughter,” Theodore von der Beeck s
“Cigarette Man^^Bry” and “On the IdHhts,” Hrl Becker’s “Yidette,” Professor E. Bracht’s “Sinai,” Professor J. von Brandt’s “The Surprise, "Professor Hugo Cipfe. s “Industrious Sisters,” H. Deiter’s “On ^^HBr^B,” Professor Eugen Duecker’s “Summer Eventide,”	Flammi’s“Italian Women at the Fountain.”
The collection of I Iolland includes some 400 canvases by about 50 arrist^HB of whom a^Mrom^^^^^Hnly two of the	painters.
The pictures are none	and are	modest s^BeCtS
with tfflfchingof the dran^^^^^Be. Mine. Henrietta a Ronner who has beeil.chU^d the “only paiilte^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hcctio^Bf	natural
and tabbies ever seen. II. W. Mesdag and Josef Israels are the greatest of the Dutch school and send many marine and d<^^^Kc pictures. The whole collection riv&l&that of P’ranee, P'rance being looked upon as the leader in modern art. As well as her splendid paintings and ^^^Bure from th^^^^^Hand other well known galleries, P rance displays in h^^^^^^Hcnt six of the ^Brvelous Gobelin tapestries, figures in ivory adorned with gold,	cases with reliefs of	apd en-
ameled cups by ^^^Bnar. One canvas seems ^^^Hatiful as an^Bef and it is difficult toHeci^^l
.. Sweden	two hundre^^H>jc^B and has three picture^^^Bite Royal
Highness, Prince Eugene, ^BloHay and Sweden. AnHig the artists are names well knowi^Bt art	of Sweden^Bd Paris.
Japan, Spain, and I ta^Bxhib^Ba Firings and statuary equal to if not excelling all these. The Yienne^^^Bntings are 200 in number and would have been fewer had not the Emperor P'rancis Joseph sent a number ^B Ids own and induced^Riers to contribute. The wails in the Austrian	Nile green, the same
color^B us< 11 in the	Vienna.	a marked departure, as in
nearly all	tone used in decoration is ^^^B There are li\^BllegOlichl
paintings by th^Blebra^ft Hans Makart, loaned from the Emperor's private colle<Hm.
Austria's most famous woman painter is MmB Weisingn, who sends three, all of ciBi have been awa r d e d m edais at th^^Hiibirions in Vienna. They are' “Morningat the Seashore,” “Breakfast in the country” and “The Laundress of the M6pttta^B” Prominent among the landscapes are Schindler’s “Cemetery in Daimatia” and the “Hunting Master” by Canon, which is loaned by Count Hans﻿SETTING UP PLASTER ARCHITECTURAL CASTS FROM FRENCH SCULPTURAL EXHIBIT, IN FINE ARTS BUILDING﻿HISTORY Of THE WRflMpFAIR.
3§7
Wilczek, of \Bfchna. The cclebra^Bl “Mark^B Scene in Cairo,” ^B L^Bjold’®-Muller, is one of the best pieces of figure painting in the collection. Then there are «returnsi by Broaik, I tlgner, Schanger, Thoren, Pansenger, Mott and others equal, y prominent.
The exbibit by France m^HainS the dignity' and c^Wit of the rew Republic
heart	arts.	than a thousand choice contributions lrom
worthy	many	of
F ranee collect ed at the I’tdais d'Itulustrie. .Sevres sends ct^^^^Hits, objects clay and plaster, as ~^|1 as	them maybe mci^^^Kb
"La Republique,” bust b3^|Fi'^|be^B the portrait of M. Carnot. bv Chapu; “Fa Paix,” by Michael; "La Leda.^By Suchetet; "I xi^Bthcrinc de Russie," by Deloyej “La Judith," by d’Aizelin; and the charming “Moztirt Enfant" ILtrrias. ■uprated vases, amphotais, chalices,	etc., by	>z, Belet, Fournier,
Bienvil, \ ignol, and c^^^^^^^^HlLplayec^B Beauvais sends tap' tries. Lspecial mention maybe	mar\'elous Gobelin tapestries, the
being "The Goddaughter of the Fairies.” Gracelul ligures ivory, adornB with Bjbld and on	filigree, jewel cases, decorated wit^^^B^fe of
Thesmar are exhibited.	these woiH will
fCmain in
Twd famous canvases among others are sent Irom Belgium. They are “The &Teifl of Oaks” and ^B'inter,” works c^^H great lands^^Hpaint^B F ranz Lamoriniere. These were shown at the International Exhibition il Berlin, where IfirheHvenu^B Oaks" received th^^Hat diploma c^Bumor. In Paris the same “Winter” br^^^^^^^Harlist s promotion to	the ^Hq
of I donor and obtained bc^^^^^^Hld	There are paintings from.
Belgium in till.
d'he space alloted to Denmark comprises Rooms	.and 75, in the southwest corner	pavilion and a smal^^^Bon of the gallery of the east
There are twenty works
notable being "d'he Cap^Bc Mother” by Stephan Sinding, which shows a woman ■toth law arms bound behind	numerous portraits	S. Kroyer w ho also exhibits as^^^^Hr; Johanne Dan’s "Snake
fchar^^B and an ^Btellen^Bgurc of “Susanne Before t^B Elders," by A. N. Saa-bye. . Among the works of merit	by Be^^^^^Bd
man, who is also represented by a small landscape with the figure of a 1 it ^B girl. In all of her work there is a strength and directness	makes it	to lie the
werkHa man.
bHf S.	there is	11 of light and fresh
brilliant color,	two women sewing	sluule. d'his artist
also represented by an excellent portrait of a young girl in pink. Julius represented by a large picture sh^^^^^^^^Kilf-nude^Bl models in^^Horner a studio awaiting the hour top<^B d'he interior of a “Children's Hc^^^Hvith a crowxl of youngsters in a long room li^Hed at one Hi, crowtling about two nurses who are Ceding 1 hem, Is by Kund Firick Larsen. The Bx edition of this work is
25 -﻿B9
HI ST O R Y O F TH £ WORLD’S FAIR.
excullen: and thcs jCct is one which mUsirmake it pOfJfiar.^JDtto Haslund shows the interior of a table with three weli-drawn heads , of'COws. A large work by jOscar Matthiesen shows a team of cart-horses on a quay 'of the Seine in Par^B A grewsome subject painted by J. K. Carl Rasmussen. (^Bicts a party of shipwrecked! sailors at sea in an open boat surrounded by sharl^^^Earl LacJhMP’fchows a find marine with an effect of moonli^Hn a rough sea, through w^Hi a steamer iff ploughing its way, and there are many,other^^^^^^^|t be inenti(^Rd.
Where all is	beautiful ^^Hdif^ult to select. IyBryond
knbwsthat Italy, France,Germany, England, and America would show off well. The German section alo^^^^|udes	and i co sculptures. These works
select^B by two	of the art centers of (Samany
Collectil^^H works a jury of revision passing finally upon then^ at piemen. Among the names of the p;i^Ber^^^^^Mlptors are P. Barsch, Menzel, D&sleman, Kallworgh, Kaulbach, Keller, Tries^^^Bauss, Koner, Lenbach, Xormann, Seiter, Seitz, Karbina, V. Uhde, Diett^B Ober^^^Ber,^Bd Koepping, Bruett, Klein, Kruse, W^^^B Hurdneser, Unger, Begas, and Valcker. The German government paid th^^^B of transportation	insurance of th^^^Bibit, and such articles as are
not d^^^Bd of at private sale will be returned to^Ermar^^B
The- work w hich has been given^^Hlac^Bf honor is tH“Gve’‘ By A. Brutt. It is an admirable work tecl^^^Bly, and the conception of Evi^^^B mOthofCcarry-ing the infants Cain and Abel is^^^B of marked originality. Two busts by Rheinfu^B Begas are fine exa^^^^B>f dignified and evidently successful portraiture. One of	the artist, and th^fche^^^Bf Von Moltk$e* .Two
examples of	They
bas reliefs by C. H^Brs and repres^^H!)hi^^Healing the ^Bk” and “Christ raising the daughtet^^^^^Bs from the Dead.’’ T^Be is a^Bxc^^^Bfig^B bf a youth seated on an antiquepulling ^^^Brn^Bom his Hit by Eberlein. The artist has taken	subject and prc^^^^^^^^^Bin£ original and pleasing. The	a fine	in its movement, and composes well from all
points of view. By^nrl Bcga^^He are two finely executed groups of nude figures lig^Band pleasing	by	trivial. One of a young girl holding
a baby boy, who i^^^^^^Bier hair, is perhaps the stror^Br work, and one which might e^By have become insipk^Bnd^^^fecterl^B in the hands of a sculptor of less ability.
AnotheHf the works parti^Barl^worthy of study ^Bthe German section is on a single pe^^^^Hy Max Kruse, whose beautiful figure of the	rat lion” is ot^nf the strong works of t^^^R&jiwn
the tl^Bh court of ■ Art Palace.
room and the pedestals on whi^^^^^Btat^By stands have been paint^Bin imitation of marble of various colors, and rich draperies and rugs d^H*ated the doors and floor.
iThere^Kms to be considerable good portrait painting in Denmark. One example “Morten," by G. Adieu, is a healthy, Beasant-f^Bd coachman With livery,﻿•A LEGEND OF THE DESERT.’*﻿390
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
whip, and cockaded hat. “Morten,” it appears, is in Denmark the generic name of the coachman, as we should say Jehu in America.
The one portrayed, however, is quite individual, being' the man who has for years driven the horses of the painter's friend Petersen.
Two women make a very good showing among their countrymen. Miss Bertha \\ eggman sends a landscape and three portraits, all painted with firmness and originality.
Elise Konstantin-FIansen has a modest painting of an oatfield with a small lad’s flaxen head just showing above the high grain, and a big, white bird swooping down on the left.
Impressionism has made little headway in Sweden. Yiggo Pedersen seems its one adherent with his “Sun Setting Over the Sea” in a vivid streak of paint, and his “Water Mill,” in a peculiar, almost Japanese, perspective and a pool of purple water that flows like oil. Upstairs in the gallery there is a strong, almost theatrical, paintingby Pedersen, “Isaac Seeing the Arrival of Rebecca.”
Isaac was long-sighted, for the average visitor cannot distinguish Rebecca in the distance, but Isaac himself towers up against the sky, a strong, warm light falling on his head and shoulders, while the lower part of figure is in shadow.
The upper gallery, which has usually been considered a place of refuge for pictures of the lesser sort, has not been so treated by Mr. Matthiesen, the Danish commissioner. A small but fine marine of his own hangs here, "Gale on the West of Jutland, I'M large Pedesen already mentioned; "A Storm is Brewing,” an important work by Carl Locher; “Glacier, on the Coast of Jutland,” very bold and fine in color, besides many smaller ‘works which keep the standard as high as.the galleries downstairs in the annex.
By the way, there is apparently another Hans Dahl, or else the same man spells his name dilferently, and paints in two distinct manners. Coming down from the gallery, where the large academic “Storm’’ is one of the principal features, one stumbles upon a quite different “Evening- Picture,” signed Hans Dahl. Perhaps Danish artists have the trick of varying styles- Julius Paulsen shows three paintings which looks like the work of three separate men. "ThB Models are waiting” isjj a rather ordinary painting of three \Bry ordinary women, partly disrobed and looking bored. “Portraits of Prof, krolich” is a careful anti honest portrayal of onelf Denmark’s artists, anti iew of a Plain is one of thosiBsmall, quiet pictures which one overlooks at first, but whose value appears on study. It is just a stretch of fiat country, over which the eye apparent!)' travels for mil^Bvaried only by a line of trees and the shadows of the floating clouds. ThB breadth, the atmosphere, the simplicity of the whole constitute its meriB AB for the Prof. Erolich, whose por-trait was just mentioned, his own contrilBtions are not of a high order. There is Cain, shrinking from the eye of the Lord, and a couple of small pictures of legends of Satyrs that do not deeply impress one. A. A. JBndorlf one imagines to be also a painter of the old school from his semicircular panel of "The Deluge, ’ conventionally filled with writhing, nude figures, all of the same brownish complexion, and the offended Deity appearing in the clouds in a majestic blue mantle.﻿■STORY dfiTHE WORLD'S FAIR.
39i
In	roof there is a large painting by H. J. Braendekilde udpijh
breathes tlS spirit of modern ^Bught. “Worn C^B* kis called, ;iAd it represents a wide expanse of pl^^^^Bid, a quiet sky, and a low line of farm houses in the tance. An old, old man has fallen helpless, unal^^^^Bo any farther. The few things he was carrying have slipped i^Bn his h^H; a young peasant girl, his dajfr&hteiVp r e s u 1na b 1 y, k n e < beside him and shouts for help.
Ben\ the venerab^Kgure whose life time of ^^Bhas brought him only this,	trike ^^Bisa^^Bble, inartistic note touched by two
other pain^^B Rassmussen, in his	Sai^Bs” in a raft on a skilfully
painted sea which is alive with sharks; and still ^^B Zartman, with a “Job" >nps&* liberally bespotted with boils. Aucher, noted for his fishermen ^Btures, has a big “Fisherman Retur^Bg Home’’ and^^^^^^Bf heads called “Three Old F^Bwp/*! A great deal	is takenBp in ^^^^^^Bunworthily by a portrai^H*oup of
the Danish rc^fll family. T^B king and queen oljpy the sofa in the center; on their right hand stand t^Bpr^^^^^B princess of Wal (their daughter), with Ehe late duke of Clarence; on their left side is the czar and the czarina of Russia, who was a Danish princess. Those interested ill royalty will further find the king and queen c^Birre^^^Bthe crown print^^^B Denmark and his wife, and dq variety o! 1 inle grand di^^^nnd duchesses. I^^Bmt^Bly interested in art will have Had
Swedish painters and sculptors ha^^^^^^B^rthy exhibit at the Exposition. It includes a large number of groups and works ir^fcintings.^Bulpture. architects! jure, and d^Bra^^^B~t, numbering 200 subjects. Among those who contribute to the collection of sculpture are the following: Christian Frikson, Ida Matton, Pans; Alfred Mystrom, A. Soderman, Stockholm; Wr^^^Bian, Paris; T. Lundberg, Stockholm; J^^^^Brje^^^|Profe^Br of Roj^BAc^^^^^^Bckholm. In the^^^Bn of bit paintings are found subjects from:	G. Albert,	J. G. Andersen, O. OB
borelius, A. Beer, Stockholm; Wilhelm Behm, Gnesta; R. Berg, O. Bjorck, Eva Bondier, Mina Bredburg, Baron	P. Fkstron, Stockholm; his RoyaE
Highness, Prince Eugene, of Sweden Bid Norway, who contribu^B three subjects: “The Forest,’’ “Autumn Day,” and “The Ten^^B H. Feychting, Stockholm; A. Genberg, Stockho^B; Bar^B Hermlii^^^Bckholm; Augustus H^^^Bg, Paris; Eugene Janssen, Stockholm; Prof.^^^B'0)^Brg,^^^^Bolm; Carl Larsson, Gothen-berg; A. Lindman, Stockholm;^^B Xordstom, Stockholm; G. Pauli, StockhoUejl Count von l^^l, Professor Royal Academy, Stockholm; Ida ^^^Bthutzenheirns Baroness Fn^n. Sparre, Stockholm; Carl Trad^Hlh, Antoinette Vallgren, Paris; Alfred Wah^^^^^^^Bor Royal Academy, Paris; Charlotte W7ahls^^B Alfred Wallender, Stockholm; A^^BZorn,^^^Bn Osterlind, Paris. ^^^^Bater color grou|)s there are found ^^^^Bfrom^B\nna Boberg, Stockholm;	Ericsson,
Gotl^flberg; A. T. Gellerstedt, Professor Bine Arts AcademyHermelin, Stockholm; Carl l^^^^^^Bthenl^Bg; Z. Tirerl Stockholm. In tB division allowed to engravings, etchings, and prints are f^^^^Bitr^^^^^^Bm:	Boberg,
arch^Ktt Stockholm; R. Haglund, Stockholm; A. I I. Haig; ^Bint G. von Rosen, and Andrew L. Zorn.﻿“A SONG OF SPRING.”—AFTER THE PAINTING, BT IDA J. BURGESS.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
39 3
In cbncRision the aüithor would say: A better representation from a greater number of different nations is seen than has ever been brought together at any previous exposition. The responses from foreign governments anti the enthusiasm of foreign artists when the art exhibit was thrown open to them has far exceeded-the® most sanguine predictions of two years ago. Visitors, therefore, see not only an epochal exhibit of American art, Wt th® choi^Bt prodfttions of the world’s great/7 masters from across the sea. Space is assigned to France, Germany, Austria, Flolland, Great Britain, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Russia, Italy, Spain, Japan, Canada and Mexico- There is also a gallery devoted to modern EurcBean master-pieces owned in private collections in America. Lovers of thefinesse in the French school may see masterpiBes by acknowledged leader® The famous Dutch school, the Russian, the less known but powerful Scandinavian, the impressionist, and many others are represented by a selection of the choice® productions from the leaders of each school. When it comes to a critical study of AmeriBn art, the-, patriotic American discovers therein not only certain characteristics of each of the foreign schools, but a distin^Bindividuality, just as the American character is composite and a reflex of its varied sources.
The international fine artBexpositions of th® past may be said to have begun with Paris in 1867. Then followed Vienna in 1873, Philadelphia in 1S76, Paris in 1878, and special exhibitions of fine arts in Berlin and Munich some years later. Then camBthe Melbourne PIxposition, preceding the last great international exposition in Paris in 1889. An idea of the scope of the present fine arts exposition may be gathered from the fact that the fine arts exhibit contains b^Beln 1,500 and 2,000 pieces in the American section alone. In round figures France contributes 800 pines, Germany 900, Dutch artists 300, England 600, Austria ^^Denmark 250, Sweden 200, Italy 600, Norway 180 and Belgium 400. The largest space is given to the United States artists. Next comes France with 19,201 square feet, next Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium and Austria in order, and so on ranging down to Mexico, which has 1,500 square f<Bt. In securing a lood repreBnta-tion of American art, advisory committees werBappointed in the iBiding artBen-ters of the United States and in European centers where American art colonies flourished. By an interchange of service these advisory committees became juries* of selection. The work of these juries and of the national jury have been entirely satisfactory.
The east and west pavilions connect with the central pavilion by means of corridors, which are also used as galleries. The east pavilion contains the French government exhibit and also the French masterpieces owned by Amerlans. The west pavilion contains the Italian exhibit and the exhibits of several other foreign countries whose space is limited. The central pavilion has two iloors for the exhibit of paintings. The northeast section, or one-fourth of the space for paintings, is devoted to the works of United States artists. The southeast section is given up to Great Britain and Canada. The southwest section contains the works of art sent by Holland, Spain, Russia and japan. The northwest section contains all the German paintings. In general terms the oil paintings are all hung on the﻿STATUE OMTHORWALDSEN, PAVILION OF DENMARK, MANUFACTURES BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
395
ground Hpv- in the ceblfp pavilion, whwê*<liMr colors are on the second floor. There iwufa^||:flow	-paintings upstairs ia the American section.
Btoit^Bir^^^lfour quadrangles an ■ >ur courts and the central rotunda. The north and^^^Bi courts contain the groupings of statuary. The east and west courts contain t^Barchi^Bural exhibit. Here are^Bn struc^^^Bind casts illustrating ancient, mediaeval and modern architect ure. Cases of ^Btique and modern carving and arch^Btu^Bdraw^^Hre hung on the walls. In the north and south courtios the installation of statuary. There are ligures and groups in marble, casts from^^^Bnal works	models,^Bon^^^Bal decorations, figures
and	bronze.
The central rot^^^Bcontains a heroic figure of Washington by d^^^Bs Ball, On the ^Bs of the r^^^^Hare twelve ^^^^Hfor^^^B groupings furnished by different foreign countr^B There are also rotundas ^Beach of the^^^Her pavilions, where statuary and a^^^Bctura^^^Bimens are grouped. There a^B eighty ^Ueries in all including the east and vHt pavilions. Th^^Hange from 30 feet square to ;^By 120 feet for th^BxhHtioiHf paintings.
fronting on the court of t^^Hitral pavilion^^^^Hty-H'ht of^^^E are on the jprKapc^^^^Hgbty on	and much addit^^^^^^^^^^^Hgained
by theitMe. Engravings, etchings and black-and-wh^^Hre mainly upstairs with the v^Br colors, and pastels are dowr^Bairs with the oils.
^^^^^^^Bing arrangements are as fau^Bss can be devised. All the pavil-ions, including rotundas, courts and gall^Bs, are lighted from above. The modu-
lation of naturalHght in the daytime is: simple and effective. The system of artificial ^Biting at	in itself a work of
art. Myriads of	shed
ImBw radiance over courts and ^Bller-Bs. The electric lamps are arranged in ^^Bers above each ^Birt, and ^B> in coh-tinuous rows aroundThe attractive ne^Bof the a^^^Bler^B. at night is adm^Bd as	features of the Expo-
sition. Halsey E. Ives	in Havana,
N. Y., 45 years ago. Ir^^^B he began work k a draughtsman and in i^Be was found serving the Uni^B in the army in In 1866 he began th^Bstudy of art, and 1874 he entered the Pol;^^^^^^^^Bl in StT Louis. ^^^^^^Bitly he studied fine artó fn and England, and upon his return to Be United S^^^Bhe was made a member of the facult^^^^^Hngton University as an inBftnctor in the fine^^^B He is an artist himself^Bd his appointment is considered as one of t^Bbest, as he is thoroughly a leader and a teacher* He is also one of the most affable gentlemen connected with the Exposition.﻿


kW*?﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
397
CHAPTER XVII.
THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING.
Marvelous Collection of Exhibits made by “Uncle Sam”—Three Thousand Models from the Patent Office —Progress of American Invention Elaborately Presented—The Smithsonian Display Alone a Wonderful Educator—Bird and Beast Mounted Amid the Same Surroundings as in Life—Each Specimen so Labeled that no Observer can make a Mistake—A First-Class Postoffice in Operation—Dead Letter Curiosities—Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Human Skulls, Axes, DollB.Molasses Candy, Stuffed Owls, Alligators, Ostrich Eggs, and Thousands of Other Things that never Reached their Destination—War Department NoyeltieB- Great Guns and Little Ones—Cannons and Torpedoes— Historic Documents from the Department of Justice—Documents Connected with the Dred Scott Decision—Great Exhibit bBthe Agricultural Department—Horticulture, Pomology and Forestry —Special Alaskan Exhibit—Quaint, Curious and Interesting Objects of Ethnological Research—■ Peculiarities of Many Birds and Beasts,
OUR Uncle Sam’s place—the Government Building—is al-waj^ftrowded ; and the intelligent variety of its exhibit and its usefulness as an educator is best illustrated by the many thousands who visit it daily. There are some artists and crit^^Bnd others who are or who pretend to be highly displeased at the architectural qualities of the Government BuildinB andlome of the more fastidious among them have condemned it as unsightly and unworthy of the harmonious beauty of the Exposition. But not one of them has found fault with it from a utilitarian point of view. It is admirably adapted to the department exhibits. That is a great deal. It is situated directly north of the big Manufactures Building, and cost the government $400,000. Ex-Supervising Architect Windrim drew the original plans for the structure, and Supervising Architect Ed-brooke finished it.
In the original World’s Fair legislation a board of management for this exhibit was created, consisting of a representative from each of the eight executive departments, one from the Smithsonian Institution, and one from the United States Fish Commission. That board is as follows:
Edwin Willits, Department of Agriculture, chairman; Wm. E. Curtis, Department of State; Fred A. Stocks, Treasury Department; Maj. Clifton Comly, United States Army, War Department; Commodore R. \\ . Meade, Navy Department; A. D. Ilazen, Postoffice Department; Horace A. Taylor, Department of the Interior; Elijah C. Foster, Department of Justice; G. Brown Goode, Smithsonian Institution and National Museum; Tarleton FI. Bean, United States Fish Commis-﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
39s
sion; F. T. Bickford, li^^Hary and Lxecutive OfficerA The supe§3Jtendent of the Exhibit is Capt. Aytoun, who ^Ees^^^^Hn the fact ^^^Bhe Government building was actually complete	the exhibits ready in ad^nce^Bf the o;|Hing of
jthe Fair.	first to receive and the first toninstal an exhibit.
|(The exhibits ^^^B building occupy a floor ^^^B of	feet,
which tH various	display is made,
add about
the	of the Government building stands a thirty-foot ^^H3>f one
th^Biant trees from Mariposa Big Tree grove, near the YosemH Vailed It called the “John	Four wide
corridoi^^^^^^Bhe^^^^^^^^^l with th^K)tu^^^BEight alcoves ar^Bid the cen-space are filled with collections of Colonial relics made by the Board of Lady Managers. Perhaps a great visitors to ^^^^^^^HntHild^^Hter the southern portal. When a sight-seer walkshat door, looks	Manufactures and L^^^B
building, he sees upon his left t^B dual exhibit of the Postoffice and Treasury ^Bpartr^Bts-^B full working postoffice active operation, r^^^|ng^Bid depositing mail, deliv^^H letters, issuing and p^^^B money-orders, registering lett<^B and traH acting all	that comes v^^H
the scope of an (^Bc of the first class. This m<Hl postoffice has been constructed with a glass front to ena^B visitors to watc^K.11 the processes. Near at hand is a complete modeHf a mail ^^^^^Eory and gold deco-rations, and in the ^^^Bsec^^^^Hmode^B>f all the c^^^B old-time methods of carry^^^^^H 1—by sleds with dogs, runners, and men on horseback. The Dead LetteHffiice has made an exhibit o^^^Bus mail matter and wonderfully addressem envelopes in t^B section; and everybody who goes sight-seeing through the stops to look at it, Hi it seems sometimes as if everybody who went thro^H the Hilding stopped here^Bpr^^^B't he same time. They stand around the cas&Bun three to ten deep and gaze, iir^Bn silent wonder, then with a gradually broadening grin of comprehension, whflinlt a few cases deepens ^^Hhe sheepish, half-guiltj^Bok assumed by a person whose	has received a sudden and un-
expected jolt.
^^^■s department wherein the unclaimed packages Him the de»d21etter office are exhibited is	a visible conscience to many of the,"visitors
to the	man i^^Hand in ^^H>f it and merrily jest on
^^■W. NOBLE, BIG THfRCHCALIFORNIA.﻿H|BORY OF T* WORLD’S FAIR.
fQjfl
the folly of anyone sending snakes or chewing tobacco through the mails, and underneath atLH3S blithesome	lie	it was only last‘d
’«gok'that he himself sent	or
Never	a varied collection	cnBn so small a space
beHle. It ranges from alligators to layer raisins, and includes everything on earth,"1 in air, or sea. There are snakes and centipedes and tarantulas, a^B a skull or two^ thrown in to add to the gilded horror of the thing. Ther^^^B pistols of every
daggers and knives sufl^^^B for an sleigh bells jumbled in side by side with stuffed birds	An owl	serenely upon a human
H9mV!i'e in another case an Indian ^^^B is	c^^^^^^^Bln one case
HKM evidence of a fruitless attempt	of l^Bert^flCl^^^^^Bjtn^Br
Uncle Sam’s carriers. I^^^^^Bt was a of f^H devotion on the part of some —-who knows? amBr	somebody's pounds of
with somebody
day long crowds gather and part, and their uneasy consciences ever bring them Btck^B* just one more fascinated start: at
the	:nria exhibit are c<>1 lections and views
the work	of Engraving ;Hl Prints
ing, and of the Philadelphia Mir^^^^^^Bnvs stamping Besl in operation ana makes a display of its noted numismat it collection.
> the east is thi- elaborate exhibit mad' by the War In its c^^^B section are all kinds of cannon, from fifty-tw<^Bn gun <Hm to the smallest known	ery
in operation. The quartermaster’s section occupies considerable s^^^Hwar exhibit. IH	and sustenance
vogue in the army are full of interest to the student of military affairs. TheirfttiB full	the- Civil War battle flags, aH the
exhibits a vivid reproduction oI Arctii scenery.
'Two years have been consumed by the United States Engineering Corps in preparing for the exhibit of models of all H- great American engineering works, Ittcluding	levees. These models are in the War Department
Bxhfl nt.
The east entrance to the building leads to the exhibits of the State I^B>art-u ment and the Department «>f Justice. The former shows all the great original toric documents appertaining to^Be format i< >n of the republic, portraits of distinguished American statesmen, including all the Presidents,	originals
o treaties. On the right hand the Department of Justice has displayed large oil seven Chiefjustice s and of all the Attorney-Generals, ( dlass cases
contain some
documents in the Dred Scott decision are there.
has shown what
tlrfeJAgriculti^^Bepartmt^^^^Bone for cereals, for cotton, silk and tobacco cifl ture, and fat the promotion of at knowlerge of entomology, pomology, and forestry.﻿
«•sionitii.. dins amva﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD?VFAIR.
401
The fish exhibit shows the mAd of taking	now it^^^Bind those
of fnd|jg primitive fotms, and a collection of uncommon l^B from the dee^^^B A wonderful group of casts of fish made by a rare process forms a part of th^Bxhibit.
The Interior I^Bar^Bmt exhibit	from^Ke Land Office,
Pateitt.Office, and Geological Survey. The Land	n its special
Alaskan exhibit one of the greatest ethnok^^^^^^^^^^|on^^^^Hmds. Original models of	important American inventions are shown in the Patent O^B^
section, wli^^^Bljc^B the geological collection.
The great Navy Department (^^^^Hs made in th^^^^Hd States coastline battleship, and otHr annexes provide room for the hiod^Brmy hospital, the
more than half of^Bat taken up by theHesent exhib^^HFor compn^^Hveness and perfection the Smi^Bonian’s display i^^H pretty nearly^^Hng anything at the Fair. Tf^^H; a stuffed rac^Bn eatin^Hersimmons^Rd there is a fine specimen of the earli^B form c^^^^Halk fiddle. There is a special	from
Alaska, and th^^^Ba fine walrus brought from Hal Hind e^^^^Hfor the Fair by Capt. Healey of the revenHmarirH It was the	and biggest walrus the
captain co^B find. There are ^^^Bs and scores of other animals ^Bcarefully se-
as these.
Bird^Boo—lots of them—arranged ^B the ^Bme plans as the mammals.' There is an especially fine display of humminj^Brd^Bth^^^^^B the world. Home] fine	The bird^Be shown at home, jH: like th^^^^^^^^Hre is
a hornbill family. Mrs. Hornbill sits on	hollow tree and the hole she
went in by h^^^^Hwalled up with clay by ^B crafty Mr. Hornbill,Kt a little hole left for the old lady to fe^^^Bough. The Smiths^Ban does not k^^^^Hther Mr. Hornbill	keep his wife from ^Bld^B about t^B much or whether
he does it to keep ^Bm^B from ^Baling her eggH But they do know that he does it, and	him that way.
POLAR BEAR	ON BRIDGES.
a weather
bureau
a life-saving station, manned^^H equipped, a lig^^^H 1 10 feet high, in w^Hiurns a 16,000 cand^^^^H lamp, and a na^^^^^^Hatory^Bt • gratifying to the superintendent that the {^^^Bt government e x h i b i t is H)re extensive than ever before ^^^^^Bd at any of^^B expositions. At th^Bcn^^^Bal the flocB space o^^^H was﻿402
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Then tKetfftisa fine (1 ispl ii^oTtfuJkjlfrbv ithe f^pfornia woodpecker. In	other birds are loafing about trilling merry roundelays, thislj
wise bird put^^^^Hime drilling holes in	In	the Other
birds are still tHinjHnd having a good time, the wc^^Kkergathers acorns, drives	of^^^^Bid plugsHem up. Hid in th<Hinter, when
the other birds are shivering and u^Bng they had more tailfeathers, this foxy
luxurji and getting fat off his stores.
Then	scries shown. This is a classified array oB
birds and	being ^fermir^^^^^^HipHRH^pful
of graceful wild pigeons prettily grouped. Not s^^H many years ago, says Mr.
men used to^^Hjt along the shores of Lak^^^Biigan^^H^thd9BHei£ limits of Chicago and
Smithsonian hac^^^|rd and l<^w hunt to get ten of the pretty birds for the World’s Fair. Then there are the red and green Car<^^^|paroc^^^| There were lots of them in	y« ago they^ftre a nuisance in Indian
territory. Now« institution has to --nd hunter- down into the wildqHesa of the everglades to get Carolina p;^nucts.^^^^^^K>f these birds is	feed-
ing in the snow.	parr^Bis	and HrayH tropical bird
at	The	all
far north as the latitude of Chicago.
there is a protective mimicry series of birds and beasts which c^Bige color	with Hf r surroendings. The ptarmigan
of- the north is a fair sample— u hits	the snow about	in winter, brown ijd
summer.	oxhibit of useful animal
products, dhie object is to illustrate the uses of the diffe^Bt parts of animnjntnd to show that exceedingly fevr partsfail to be used by man. I^^^BPdfctil^^n that relentlessly classified way that allows no one to g< t muddled. First the appendage the skins of animals.	feathers for
s for fish hooks—a long
m ns of articles made
The number will surprise when you look. But that is not all. Fish^^Hq jewelry	of lorro^^^^H come within class. Tl^H
the skins of animals with the outer	-furs in a bewildering variei y.
Then ■ skins of animals without appeiulages -leather. All imaginable sorts of
from	made from human skin^H
pouches made of snake hide.	t hr back of an Indian chf i - neck in atly
tanned and sonn^^^^Hgirl’s breast.
^Hlaw next, ;^^^^^^^^^Hoof jew elry, and trophies of clav^^HribSJ^ndfi all	horns;
and hoofs. ^^^H-Horc comes	an
the largest eh pham tusk in America. It pounds. l^Hinl ivory, narwhal ivory,
plements, weapons, household utensils, fashioned by folks who are savage,
by folks who are not savage. Flesh—An infinite variety of meats,﻿
ISIS

PATENT EXHIBIT SHOWING WORKING MODELS OF GLEN COVE MACHINE COMPANY’S PLANERS, GOVERNMENT BUILDING﻿404
Hmom OF THE WORLD’S FAIR,
from Armc^^^^^^^^Bf beef to driest shark’s flesh. ^^^^BBEskimo waterproof suits made fnBth^^KtinesBthBalrus* catgut made from t^inttjpB^^Bmy of sheep. Animal Fluids—Dried blocRfertilizers, galls, and pqismSf^rt^B’ pig-ments.
Now	Smithsonian
stocks,	nun^^Bffi the American Indian. Bs agents have within th|Hast
two years	sketches of	tribes
of each of these	They have bought from e^^^^B his best v^BtoeRry.
They have^^^^Hiu-^Kle, taken plaster casts from life. -.They have reproduced
chiefs	complexion, dress. It is a work of the utmost
va^B the true records of^Kly^H race	illus-
trating i^niitivc^^^Hn industries.
dBB-e is an exhibition of representative’ fishes, insects, and, invertebrates,
in repliB volcanic for-
mations, and the glacial period. A small but striking arrayof gems and ornamental Bnes of .-^^Bri.^^^Ba >wn.
To get back to ethnology again there is a^^Bay^^Bing the origin and” growth of n^^^^^^^Hstrun^^^^^^^^^^^Bf the wbrk^^^^^^^^ft&ttment illustrating	undone showing the development of the potter’s
a mong the Japanese
When you visit the northwest corner of the Gover n m e n t b u i 1 d i n g you will the interior of Machinery	through the big end of a
spy g^^B On every	of gli^Bning machines that I^KPilb if
tht^Hrac^^^n built for lilip^^^K.
These are th^^^Hels sent from the Paten^^^fce. You have heard of the
Patent ( >ffice report.
^Bie exhibit is interesting, very- Chief .'special Agent Ewing, who head of the Interior )cparti^^^^Bio\A^^^| he thinksPatent Office Bureau,
What an array of ^BerBffi- machines! Some of ^^B are	of
wood and in ill proportions. KscHe few. Some of them are of burnished steel and	in perfect proportions. Some of the^^^^Bjpl^^^^^^^Brima-
ture of appliances that everybody in th< \v< mid knows about; some of them are contrivances nobody outside the Patent Office ever heard of. Every one^l them is an insp^^^B; every one	new
< very can - of them Hs helped the world along a step.
Pem^^Br that ourbeneticent Uncle
goes to a world’s fair to amuse people. ^^^Brays aims at instruction when he exhik^B This disp^B, of the Patent < )ffice is aimed to be instructive. The aim well by this e special agents, to whom the work was committed.	plan the cxhibi^^^^^^^^^^Hie development of tl^^Bs and
sci^^B in America, and the influence of ^B P^^^B)ffice^^^^^^Rg development. To^B end the exhibit has been r^Blly classified, and there is not one﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
40I
the 2,500 models in the long arrat^ of gla^jf* casesHiat was not placed th^Bwith a «finite purpose
And tie- 500 models include about everything, from a rude Gallic reaping jhjachin^^^jed by a lmllock -date A. D. 70—to a life-sized Hotchki^^^^Hring cannon—date A. D. 1S93. The I lotchkiss gun stands beside the desk of Pr^wpal Examiner A. P. Greeh y, who is ip charge of the exhibit. IP- can whirl around and set the tl^^^Boing whenever lie: pleases.
This e.tWibit^^Hrst^widmirah^^^^Hrc^rcss of America in the chief arts and industrit^B I ’ncle Sam might nave picked specimen inventions a lot of wonderful contrivances tha^^kuld have shown how
far the Yankee genius can
into crankiness. That ^^Havc made a comical show, but Uncle homes
three of
aminers busy for nearly ycc^^^^^Big out his ^■paHt models, and $ 15,!wo cleaning and fitting els.
Objectlessons in progress to where else on earth—not even at the United States U^flu Office. There R the matter ^^^^Hting presses. Fir^^^^^wdel, accurately constructed, of^Be original	ng press
ghatGutte^RrgHilt. Then, models of se^^^Rif the la^B types of hHl presses, th^^^Binder presses, and on ii^^he rani^Hatio^^^^Ktop C^^^trs^Rc-revolu-tion presses, and color pre^^^B Finally, the Web
series of models of	in its devel^Rnent. Last and ^^R modern, a full
working model, exquisitely finished, of lio^^^^H press, that prints papers an hour.
Go into other art^Kr instance into the m^Rfacture of t^^^^Rbrics^Rrd-and combing ^^^^^^^^■nnini^^Htrivanccs, loom-,, taken up at the very dawn of^Rli^Ron and ^Rught right down^^His day.
to tl^^Hpartn~^R is a full object history of th^^^Rng machine. There is tl^Rriginal model of the very first h^^Hmach^^B 1846. It ^Rms to ^consist largely of an abnormal fly wheel and a^^B plate set with long teeth, upon which the doth was hung. Then, in suc^Beding machin^Rh^Roothed plate disappears, and there ar< \ arious devices for a continuous feed introduBl. Every﻿406
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
year shows a big or lll^B improvement. There is a procession of sewing machines from the days of your grandmother down to the time when you can get one as a gift for ^Bscribing to a story paper.
The very latest of all is a queer-looking concern designed for the difficult work of sewing woven lining upon looped fabric. That machki^ujl	a
plate full of long^^^^Umost like the^Hginal Howe machine. There are sewing machines exclusively for buttonholes, others for eyelets, machines that sew leather two seams at a trip,	that embroider, se'n^Bgzag, and fasten on tfbh£^Weri]
buttons. There is one little one th^Hou could put in your hat. ^B was made by the Shields Company in Ha It will do ^HstitchHa minute.
The growth of ^Ht other	product, the typewriter, is show n. Thereg
is the fif^Bdgn of a typewriter, a huge and curic^B machine invented by William Burt, in i<s29. It was a practical machint^rod^fcrked well, but Hfai 1 e d, ™caused the people were not ready for typewriters in 1S29. Burt sold the rjtiffcHNBHhis^ invention in the New En^Bnd^^^Bs for $75. There	letter from the
man who bought th< rights, making a tremendous kick and dema^Hig his money, back because there	Burt’s original model was buriaed
in 1836. The present one ^Bs carefully built from specifications in the patents signed by Prt^^^Bt Andrew
There ^^^■I'hurber machine of i^B, and another one of a li^H later date that lHs like a hemisphere c^ftred with knobs.^Fhe first Remington machine, made in 1874, is as big^^Hfuli-g^wn hand organ, and its keys are like poker chips.
“ Farmers,” says Examiner Greeley, I sometimes look up^Bthe patent office'' as an enemy. We shall aim to them how much th^nte^Boffice has advanced' the science of agricult^^H So t^^Hs an exceptionally fin^flisp^B of inventions, in ag^^Hiral implements. In plows theHis the original crooked stick plow, and the first plow with a cast-iron mould board. T^B was inver^H by Neofialq ip 1797. It looks clumsy.
A trem^Blous row follo^Bd its first int^Huction in the market. Banners' said it would	the soil and kill all their c^^^^^Bck^Hnd families. But the
cast-iron plow improving. You can	it in th^| models.
Pvrl^Bs the best example of the fin de^^^e.p^w is a handsome bronze silver model, on which Charles .A^Berson^^^Bgrant^B letters patent, June 7* 1892. It is a sulky gang plow with	levers and	that one thinks nobody but
a civil cngine^^^^^B manage it. Seeders, pl;^^^^^Bar^Hs, and reapers, are in e ml less variety.
The reap^Hoo^^^^^^Htt from the first. There ^Bthe rude ox-cart, with, the s^^Rttachment, that	in C^B in th^Brstcentury. There is alscUhe
first modern reaper, an En^Bh invention of I7Q^^^B>ther of 1825 that looks like* an over-grown lawn	The McCormick	real
reaper, followed by table rake m^^^^^Bnc^nlf-bmde^^l
Steam ^^^Brs Include t^^^Birl^B steam globe of Hero,^Bitr^wl ages 3£^H and «c rude a 11em pts of I	a11. Hero’s ma^^^^Hshown in working mode 1,
and of Watt’s inventions there are fac-simile miniatures.' A splendid shjjnmng of﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.

detail improvements in	bviliiOig are shown, as well a* the gradual perfection
of ^^HHEj^dfScentTfCS. There jure models of the earlier l^^^B>ti^^^B;htics that are hflaEfty, ajtd an array of grofeesq^^^^^^^Bs that never < i id get on the rails. TlVjnj^ut’iSworklng model of theHlinders and driversH a mighty compound locomotive, patented May 29,n2, by Ssim^fl Vauclain; air and gas engines, too, influefing.the famous E^^^^^^Hde^B pumps, boilers, prop^Brs, w^^^Borking machinery. The model of^B noted Blanchard	the wonder of its
day, Is tn this class.
And electrical inventions! There is ^B first atten^^^f a Bagm tic motcH invented by j^Bph Henry ip 1S35, the original ir^^^^^^^^Hlay's induction cojl, which was the basi^B all later electrical progress, and ^^^Bavenport motor of i8§rt¥ This machine was practical, worked well, but was a failure because no one had cfis<^Berl^Hu>w to prochu^Bn electr^^Hrent by dynamoi^Blt is only in the last few.ye^rs that electricians have commenced to urtderstan^^H full value of Dijjjjliwaport’s invention. Page’s mo^B, whic h drove a locomoti^Bfrom Washington to BdEtimcHin 1854, is ihc^Bot^B After that comes the work o^Blorse, Edison, Thompson, and I Iouston—it is a maze of electric ingenuity. Writ^B telegraphs and multiplex telegraphs, telephones of a sort you nt^Msa^^forc, elect^B lamps, big and Kttle, motors, dynamos, and armatures. The electrical show puzzle: anybody but an^^^^^H
So much for the	l here is a corner for bloodthirsty ingenuity,
though. One great c^^^B full	fire weapons. At ontBd is a wooden
tube wrapped w^B bamboo. It loc^fl like a Roman ci^Ble.^^^Bt is the first gun. At the other end is a businesslike little	with a^^Hler blue barrel and a-
collection of mysteric^B steel knobs about th^Bre^B; the Ivray-Jt^Bnsen magazine riffle, patented P^B 21, 1893. Its steel pointed bullet, three-tenths of an inch in diamete^Bvill find ^^^^Hnd slay him ft^Bier away than you can see him. The bulle^^^^^Hnd so fast the barrel of the piece gets hot. The last gun	inter»
esting study in progr^Kve^Bling.
Early in the exhibit there is a quaint hand ^^Hrin, the ^Brli^f form of a pistol. The man who fired it had to touch it'off	slow match. Next there is
a match lock of the tim^K Admiral Columbus, of ^Kun^^^Bnay have heard, and Zteixt is a wheel lock of the^^^^Hh century. Thw machine has a long and exceed-ingly big barn l, quaintly lacquered. I pon it- breech i^H small steel wheel set upon a spiral spring, ^^^■uskete jr had to ^n^^^Bp this wheel with a big key. When he touched th^^^^H, wh went the wheel, grinding a brilliant ^^^er of spaihs out of a flint set to bear
This particular weapon was tried by the GcrmanHn a HtH argument with, the French in 1855. It	have impn--sed the Gall wBBisketeers with aston-
ishment and ^Bt, just like tlie Teutonic, zundnadelgev. ehr, till famed needle acted upon their di^fcndants some centuries later. You can see a fine specimen of the zundnadelgewehr a little further along the case after you have passed the stages of the later Hint locks and the old mu;^B loaders. In the breec^Bjaders, the magazine guns, and the hammerless fowling pieces, you have the handiwork﻿408
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
here of Sharp, and Berdan, and Maynard. Idere is the famous and deadly Henry ride of i860, the progenitor of the Winchester, and all the magazine guns;
Pistols next -some queer ones, too. There is the first Colt model that was offered for a patent. Across the aisle are cannon and great guns, Chinese wooden cannon, and the big, graceful Dahlgren gun, that amazed the world in the ’6o’s. b reaks in the shape of cannon include Lyman’s accelerating cannon of 1857, which has three little brass barrels that run into one, one by one. The model of the first Gatling is here too, a clumsy, squatty machine, and so on—why, one may stay in the Government building a week and then not see all it contains.﻿PART VIII.
OTHER MAIN FEATURES.
CHAPTER I
THE SHRINE OF THE WHITE CITY.
Reproduction of the Convent Where Columbus and His Son Once Took Refuge—Court, Cloister and Corridor—The First Cross Erected in America—CoinSMade From the First Gold Found in America—Letters Patent and AutographBFrom Ferdinand and iBbella—GoBction of Paintings on Wood and Rare Mosaics Loaned by the Vatican—Two BellBWith a History—One of the Cannons of the Santa Maria—More than a Thousand PaintingBin AH—Model of the Norse Ship— Books Written by Marco Polo and Americus Vespucci—The Sepulcher Room—Many Pictures and Relics of the Last Days of Columbus—La Rabida, the Mecca of Many Pilgrims—The Remains of the Great Navigator—The Battle Ship Illinois—A Superb Counterfeit Man-of-War—A Vessel That Has Never Tossed on Billows—The Lighthouse and Life-Saving Station—Hospital Service.
HE convent of La Rabula stands on a little promontory jutting into Lakewlichigan, at the southern end of the Park. It is an exact reproduction of the monastry of that name, near Palos, Spain, where Columbus and his son Diego took refuge over four hundred years ago. As this building seemed to be more closely associated with the career of Columbus than any other known, the directors of the Exposition thought a fac-siinile of that structure would be the most fitting shelter for all the relics of the great navigator that had been secured for exhibition at the IYur. It is a low, rambling building with red tile roof and resembles very much many of the adobe churches to be seen in Old Mexico and in our own States and Territories. The court-yard, cloister anti corridors are singularly beautiful with their arches, crumbling pillars, grated windows and quaint architecture throughout.
The chapel is a long, low room, roughly plastered, with great black beams that stand out conspicuously in contrast with the universal whiteness. T he altar, which is in charge of the Franciscan monks, has been fitted up by them to reproduce the altar of the original monastery. T wo of the most conspicuous objects in it are a battered wooden cross about ten feet high, that was erected by Columbus on his arrival in America, and a little worm-eaten door taken from the convent.
In old cases about the room arc valuable documents dating hack to the close
of the fifteen century. The curious cipher signature of Columbus, the royal letters
40$﻿
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LARGEST GUN IN UNITED STATES.﻿HISTORY OF THE WCMMFAIR.
411
patent from FejBnand and nfESla to	when he sailed on his
first voyage and making him admiral of the fleet, an autograph le^^Hfrom Queen
which Columbus had loaned her and urging him not his voyage,	his son
cially interesting. In	the first gold
found	a silver dollar	are covered with quaint	of Columbus, together
wood, and rare mosaics, Hine^^Hm the	a re hung about the \^H. Several of the oil p^^tin^^^^Hsenting
incidents in
gator
this sanctuary, one ^Bhe most famous being by J.C.i\ma-soffsky, professor Affine arts, Sfl Petersburg, depicting Columbus as a young man ^wp, wrecked and clinging to a spar in the vater. Then there-are two with a history. One wa2 given ^^^^Hnbus by KinH I'erdi-nand, and was hung th^^^^Hh in Isa^^H and was
of	^^Hfirs^^Hufch
bell ir^^^^ntejrn
hemisphere. It	only abouHenH)unds, but it bears
one^^B'erdinai^^^^Bl, and	a
key. TheHher bell is alm< >st twice as large, and was given by Pope Alexander IeS to tl^^^^Bh Carthagena, in	Hi was the first j^^Heard
fon the main land^^^^Bh^^^K of tl^^^^Bre two ancHrs used They are badly rust^^H One of t^^HwaHostHom the flagship Santa Maruij at La Xatividad, and Washington Irving, in hi- life of Columbus, mentions in a
that he had heard that it had^^Hi found.	was made ^^Hr.
and the anchor	the Indi^^^^^^^^Bt
reverential care.	feet 6 inches high	through the
action of d*e water hi which It lay nearly three hundre^^^^H One of tin- four cannjfSttfVhich wfcref on the Santa Maria aHalso sBvn. It is a queer little tmfijjg,,﻿412
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
m
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IPP18
mm^s
■ I
■
m Hi
■
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only about four feet long roughly made of iron and very rusty. If it were melted down and made into a solid shot there would not be enough of it to fill the breech of one of the smallest siege guns of to-day.
In the main part of the monastery the several rooms are turned into art galleries.
Here are nearly a thousand pictures, including portraits in many styles of Ferdinand and Isabella, Lief Erickson, Marco Polo, and an oil painting of Americus Vespucci, which is said to' be painted from life. One of these rooms is known as the Columbus room. Here are the seventy-four pictures of the discoverer, by as many different artists, which have created so much comment, as no two bear the slightest resemblance, and by a rather singular coincidence there are seventy-four different statues of him erected in different parks in the world and a model of each placed under each picture. The curio-room contains a model of the Xorse ship said to have been used by Lief Erickson and a chart of his course; the old mill in the park at Newport, the origin of which no one knows, truly, and the inscriptions on the Dighton rock, near Taunton, Mass., which are said to have been made by Norsemen in the tenth century.
In another room are a number of relics from Columbus’ home at Funchal, Madeira, which was built for him by his father-in-law,
Bartholomew Perestrello. These include the double doors of the house, the shutters from a window, a small scantling, a piefe of barbosana wood and a canBmade from one of the joists which was sent to the late James G. Blaine and which has been loaned. In a glass case is a copy of Marco Polo’s book,
“ De Regionibus Orientalibus,” which Columbus carried on his tirst voyage to the
west. Another book of interest is one written by Americus Vespucci in the monastery of Saint Die, P'ran< <■, the book that gave America its name. It was written while he was under the patronage of King Rene II., of Lorraine. In this are also shown the breviary carried by Columbus on his voyages of discovery.
In what is known as the “ sepulcher room” are many pictures and articles
LIGHT HOUSE.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
4i3
relating to	Three paintings by	Baron
W||jyi Robert FnjKare on the same subject, “ The Death of ^^Bnbus."
'I here an: also views of t ho City of Seville and the ^B’ e in which Columbus died, which is still?standing at Valladolid, Spain.
At one end of the sepulcher room	which are plaecoB
photographs of the Cath^^^^H Santi^^Hningo, cathedral at Havana, showing the places where the	to be	The fac-simil^Bf
in which the remains of Columbus were found is^^^^Hwn, together a fac-simile of the casket ir^Biic^^Hdust now rests.
A replica th^^^Bs that guard	the alleged
Domingo, a piece of^^^^^^^^B the fac^RnileVbf the urn ^^^BUlj^Be casket of	with
his burial.
This mon^^H’ i ^ called the "	City” and here ^wiy vis-
itors go on a pilgrimage before viewing the other features of tin; Fair. There are mau^hkl^Breds of objects that cannot 1 >< mentioned, as it would take a small Inihe to briefly enumerat': all that may be seen at La Rabida. The aul^^Halls mind no more delightful place, or one that created a	profound
impression.
.N^Hr from t^flEr^^HbuTling is the battleship Illinois. It is n^Rrtinter-feit man-of-war, bin i^hs for all the world like one of the great white liners, appears as if	is only briH It mightas if^^^Ld tossed
but it has never	inch. It has rci^^^B, but
of any oa< of then 1 would knock the
heap. ^^^Bof the mo^Hia^Hua^Buid interesting obj<ct: Bwms of the Fair, neverth^^Hand has been visitokd by four million of people,	piling
jfijtthe Navy Department. The structure is, to all outward appea^^^Rs, a full-sized	line battleships. is	and
appears as if moored to a wharf. It has all the httings that belong to actual
torpedo ti^Rs, torpedo nets and booms, with boats, anchors, chains, cable-, davits, awnings and deck aj^Rratus, together with all the ap{>lian^^Hr working the same. Otlicers. -.eamen, mechanics and	are
detailed b^^^RXa^^Hep^^^^^Rluring the Fair, and	mode of
life on naval vessels are completely shown, although possibly the.detail of ^Blianpt quite sc^Beat as	of the actual ship. ^Be dimensions of the boat
a re	1 battleship: Icn^^^^^Hcc^Bvic^^^^^^^Ris, 6c; feet 3 inches
and from the	to the top ^Bthe main deck, 12 feet. ^^^Bally placed bn
rthe main deck is a superstructure 8 feet high, with ^Bunmc^^Hrthing on the same 7 feet high,	these are tB^^Bidge, chart-house and the l^Bts. At the for-
ward end of the superstructure is a cone-shaped tower c^Bd the “ military mast,” near th^^^B>f which are placed two circular “top^^^^^^H:ac^Bfor sharpshooters. Rapid-firing guns are also mounted in each of these tops. The height from the water line to the summit of this military mast is 76 feet, and above is placed a flag-ship for signaling. The battery com j^^^Bfour 13 inch bre^B-load^B rifle Canada﻿PEN AJV'D INK SKETCH—LANDSCAPE. BY THE PRINCESS 1M1RET1NSKY, RUSSIA.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
4i5
four 6-irich'bfcech-lo JBng rif|^S||non, j^ht'-^S-iiUth hfe^h-loadingbritlCfrCannon, six i-pound rapid-firing guns, twenty 6-pound rapid-firing guns, two Gatling guns $pd six torpedo tubus. All these; are placed and mounted as in a genuine battleship. On the stafbipjpid side of thjj^ship is^qwn the torpedo -protection net, stretching the entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cutters ride at the booms and all the ™fevatd apjatiiratftce**Of a real ship of war are imitated. Frank W. Grogan was the designer and the cost was about
Near by tin United States Government exhibits a lighthoiH and service, a naval observatory, a lif^Bu ing^Ktion and apparatus, other appurtenances ths^L^^pf benefit to yo^^^&nd old. The lighthouse is an exact rep^Huction of -StP American government ligh^^^^^^H:h powerful search li^ws and all the Deltiftgings of such an exhibit. In^Hie life-saving station the launching and handling pf.. surf-boats are shown,	sorts of wrecking applianc^f This
station will protHly remain as a permanent one. The military hospital shoftrs the latesl^g&i^roved methods of caring for ^^Hck and	in the employ
of Uncle Sam on lan^H water. This ho^ftal is on t ho large parade ground in front of the GoVernmenHuil^|g, where exhibition d^w are given daily ^^^^Hsgulars and by visiting militia. The naval obHwatory attracts thousands daily.﻿BUILDING OF THE KRUPP GUN EXHIBIT.
ii
4﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
4i7
CHAPTER II.
THE WHITI; HORSE INN AND KRUPP’S GUNS,
Reproduction of a Famous English Hostelry—Coffee and Cakes a la Francaise—Great Guns as Peacemakers—A Gun Weighing 121 Tons That Will Send a Shell Fifteen mH—Opinions of M^^^Bieral Schofield—Shoe and Leather Buildin^BMercbant Tailor’s Building—Choral Hall— The iHlinal	Intramural Railroad—Service B^^H—Bureau of Admissions—Puck
Building—White Star Line Pavilion—Windmills, Hospitals, Restaurants^^ New En^ftd Clam Bakes.
HITE HORSE INN stands in the ^Bith end of Jack-son Park, close to Agricultural I lull. This is an exact reproduction <^^^B English hostelry made famous by Dickens in the “Pickwick the
—a life-size figure of white horse. A ^^^Bal^wids into a square	which, at the second story,
runs a rustic balcony. On the left	on the
^Btt the restaurant and directly back is the kitcheh.-In	rustic tables,	railings
^Hcred with trailing ivy. Here genuine English
m^B
genuine substantial and drinkables sup-
posed to be peculiarly British.	or is finished
quaint old
being stair^^^B very da^^^Bof in imitation of restaurant are large brick fireplaces, adorned by portraits Dick^B, Pickwick, Sam	taken^Bm^^^^Hk.
Aside from	over mantlepieces, there is but little decoration.
The	is occupied by the Wc^B’s l air Auxiliary Pickwick Club and is
cut u^Btt^Bia^^^^Hfor private parties, and tables^^^Blsc^^Hd around in the balcony,	inner court, ex^Bds^^^^^^^^V the building and are
used
The inn i^^Htermina^point'o^B stage line from th^Hty to the Exposition. The ^^Hes, <>f English pattern, drawn by four-l^^Mteams, land their passengers along the boule^^Hand through Washington Park t<^Bic grounds, w^Be English patrons and others fii^^^Beff,^a^^^B>P house.”
Near the White Horse Inn is a Fre^^Hakery, where all kinds of French bread andHkes are ^Bde in great oveH bigger than any in France, in the presence of the patron. Thes^BakBand bread, and coffee at h^^Hnts per cup, are served bv French maids.﻿4x8
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
One of the most attractive and impressive exhibits at the south end is that of the Krupps, who show, among many others, the largest ^un in the world. The Krupp pavilion is'éast of the south pond, and consists of a large iron hall 196 feet in length, 82 feet in width and 42 feet in height, and was constructed and erected by the Gutehoffnungshuette of Oberhausen. On the land side there ar&two small
towers on the front extensions, two large vestibule entrances and a high . square tower in the center. The panels on thè’front are decorated with coat-of-SHOE AND LEATHER building.	arms of Westphaliaand
Rhineland and on the
cornice are shields bearing the coats-of-arms of the different states in Germany.
Sixteen monster guns line the west side of the interior, facing the lake, and from the center of the line protrudes the gigantic barrel of the thunderer, 17 feet in diameter. The barrel is a jacketed, built-up tube. It has KruppV'rounded-wedge breech closure. Its total length is 46 feet and it has 120 grooves in rifling. The barrel, which has the immense weight of 121 tons, including the breech-closure, is supported by a front pivot carriage with a weight of projectile of 2,205 pounds. This gun was made in 1886 and has since been fired with sixteen rounds with full charges A steel-armor shell with the above-mentioned initial velocity can perforate, when striking at right angles, a wrought-iron plate 3T feet in thickness at a range of two-thirds of a mile. It can also send .a ball or an explosive shell 15 miles. There are five quick-firing guns, from 3 to 5 feet in caliber. The five-foot gun has a speed of over eight shots a minu.e. The four-foot gun has a speed for firing thirteen shots aimed fire a minute and the threB-foot gun of over nineteen shots. There are also two small field guns, one with a barrel 6S0 pounds in weight, besides a great variety of smaller guns and other implements of war. It costs $1,250 to discharge the big gun. Gishert Gillhausen, theVengineer who reprBents Krupp here, suggests that even though the cost was large the directors of the Exposition might save money after the show cl >sed by firing the gun, as the concussion would undoubtedly knock down all the great buildings in Jackson Park and thus save a lot of labor in their removal. The big Krupp gun exhibit cost né&rly $1 ,000.0 x >0.
According to the census of 1S93, the total number of persons employed at the Krupp works were 25,301; of these 16,956 were at the cast steel works at Essen.
MERCHANT TAILORS’ BUILDING.﻿N-IO
^■1
‘«fniÉnW’itt
§, I*. ALIiÊN & CO^—Î/APLEMEIST ANNE* TO" MACHINERY HAIJ.﻿420
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
Tl^c^Bk steel work5 at Essen consists ot more than ioo departments. Some of fc^Rxamf^^He nydraUll^Bfirte^feHind armor plate mill and many other ^^^He built recently. At the cast steel works at	i ,500 furnaces, twenty-two trains of rolls, 11 r steam hammers, and	of
enormous power, and	of driving-shafts
amounts to five and one-half miles; th^^^^^^^^^^Htlri^Bgn^K^HSlhit'ty miles.
There i^H branch steel work	The iron ore is blasted at four iron
wcjrk^^Mited along the shore of the	mines in Germany. as well
as several	at Bilhra
in the . nolr^Era Spain, furnish Ol^e yfi^^Bse worn The quantity of coal used in the^Borks is ijMbo tons a day, and theeoal mines belonging to i the firm supply th^K>rks with the greater parto^^Hjtismtityrffle output of th^Hrm’s own collier-average 3,300 tons per working day. The analyses, as well great number of
houses and in chemical lab-oratories, while the war ma-terial is tested on the large] practice grounds at Meppen. One day in^^H Maj. Gen.
ing the armies of the United pt^^^Boked into the yawning	what he calls
in	These peace-
makers are the huge guns
which are-ho^^^^Biepavilion of Hi Krupp. “The cannon of ^^HKrupp/'l says	“ makes ^^^Bdditic^^Han exhibition of the arts of peace.
^Bc who look a^^^^Han^nli^^Hsome^^^^^^^^^^^H horrors ofjHcufl and they teach a lesson more	almost any other	the
men.
ing people, and as such they should Hrn that the only wa^H) preserve peace ■pp^Rre	If other people see that we are ready and able to protect our-
selves and that they cannot attack us without danger of severe consequences wi^^^^Hto us alone.”﻿HISTORY OF®®: Wq&LD^:FAIR.
421
“ But	has none of the	in ^B&or does it n$èd.
any. Our own msuppfy,iléf. t A&p he armory in 'froy, TT Y., the
16-inch g^B which will be ^^^B:al^B;he same f£& th^HBKra of the Krupp kind. Possibly next^Blr, and certainly th^Kai^^ter, a	immense weapons will be built^pid tested. F^Bone things no
, nation needs any ofth$9e enormous cannon. They ai^Buseful only where there i9 room for but few guns. The expcri^He of the English and Italian d^^^Bhafl ^fPC&dy Sp&frn that they are too large ffiir service on board ship. The difficulty is ’tofloat such an	mass of metal and at the same time to carry sufficient armor to jgretfect the vessel from the at^^H of land	On land, howewM
no such difficulty is encountered, and consequently the adva^^H is all \\®the defense. In thi^Bay, also, the invention and c^^^nction of larg^Bcanno$Qjffl-si^antly tends tb promote p$ac< .
“ But while in the interest of j^^Hwe should have ready^Bupply of the most imprWed Apons of modern warfare, it do^flnot follow that a large standing army^gq^jild be tained. In this patriotic countr}r it is easy to '£&^B arvgtmyTbut great ^nn#kv*SÈÓa other ap-paratus cannot be manufactured in a month.
Men JSffto are able to delicate m; 1 -«pinery ^Jjy which they
are signed and fired	termi^J station.
must alsébekept in ser-
vice.” Quite an inter^Bng place is tile Leather and Shoe Trades building, situated onH^HiOtb of the lake, s<Hith of the great central basin,southeast of the Agsjcul-tural building, and between the Krupp gun exhibit and'thé Forestry landing. It is P75 ihiet long and 150 wic^Hits greatest length being from north to south. I In the center of tin* building is a hall, 64 feet wide by 4&0 feet long and 50 feet high;
galleries, 42 fe^Bwide, ^B feet high on the first floor,''and 22 feet high cfn*the second door. 'The building is weU lighted by 520 windows and skylights, and is^kilt entirely of wo^H The exterior	staff and
tataRr, Two large stairways at the end of the hall lead to the galleries or second Sj^prySEjvo small ones, in th^Benter of th* building, lead directly to the offices)'and Jrèétaairant. A bridge at the height	first floor crosses the main hall. The
;»niIdSBlw4serected by the subscribers tb thé stock of tl^B World’s Columbian Expositid^nt account of the Leather and Sh^BTrades building. Work upon this buBHing was commenced December 5» 1892, and ^ntplcted and ready fqt&l the reception If exhibits on April 1, 1893. It contains all the domestic exhi^UK of ■leather, Boots aqd shoes, rubber boots and shoes, and of the allied trades^ölÉi the exhthit&roi&ather in jjAL forms, from all the	countries exhjbïtóig at the﻿422
■story of THE worldBfair.
Exposition. Filie exhibifs^were	by tKBHHfcwing^ountries, and ,\j(ere
shown in the building, er^Bid excfcusivCQ^Bf.	iz: France, Germany, Rifl
sia, Austria, Spain, Japan, Mexico, Bra^BV^^^B?Ià*a4id the Argentine RepufcUH There is also shown in’thè building leath^Rur^^^^^^K&iffi&lrit foreign tries, such as the native foo^Bar, clothing, harness, saddles, bags, and such articles from rm^Bnn^nd private collections as	fàtpò’Ugby age and assJ
ciation. A model shoe factory	this ndldnjgfofld more tha^Bqn
thousand |lrs of ^^^Hwere manufactured daily diyir^Bhe Exposition. Tn entire second floor is det^Bd to machinery, which includes the model
leather and
Bhinery. The IV^Bhant Tailors’ building at the northe^Mffl^^^Bct-
ed under
ton Of the Chicago Men chant Tailors' World’s ^^BommpBr of th3 Merchant Tailors \*3| tional Exchange of the l Jnited States of Annerata cost of $30,-the money h^Blkj been raised by H,m-tary contributions from the^^Hhant tailors and^^Hen" ahd trimming r^^fcntej)f the Un^^HSt^^B The luil^Bg is Q4 feet each way over all. It
fee-6 inches square, inside measurement, and is	of a Greek tempie, a
reproduction of the Erectheum, at Ath^B, finished about 410 B. C., planned by PericIes^^^^^^Ed under the supervision o^Bhi^Bs, the great Greek sculptor.
the main room is octagonal in	in
Upon north and south sides is a semi-circular room, 14À& feet. The toilet and ^^^^Hular rooms, also the	fronting upon thp laffiran, are
strictly private	subscribers to the^uildìrig Fund. The
^^^^^^Hnishe^^Hream an^^Hd and decorated with mural ^Bnt^^Brcnre-senting the fight great histora al periods of dress. First, Adam and Eve makijjH aprons of leaves; second, a Barbarian scene; t^vd,' Egyptian; fourth,
Greek; fifth, medieval; sixth, renai^^^^^^Botfr, Louis the XIW'XmXVI.; eighth, mo^^H There are also other frcsc^^^^^^^Bat^Bf the tn^^^Bh^Bor leading from ^^Hntran^^^ander the dome, and all of	uftoj^Bie dome
(circ^K3 feet in diameter),	by ceramic mosaic from Slip>pdiire, Eng-﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLDBFAIR.
423
land, which, with tftefr&h drapery of the entrances to the private ■redjSp'it ion rooms merchant t&t£$rs’ exhibit h al£
Festival (Choral) H^R budding stands upon the shore of the lagdon at a point where the two gn at promenades ^Ret. Its ^^^Ron enables it.- to be seen from distant pai^wf	the lagoon with its beautiful wooded island
Rid green	To the one side stands Horticultural building, while Trarthpor-
tation building stands on the^Rher. Tl style of the building, which is Doric, makes it simj^Rand severe in treatment; its form, which resembles an amj^Rheater surmounted by a dome, gives the building,both externally ai^Rnternall^^^Runded form, from which project on tl^^^^^Rle^nrt^^^^^^^^Hfacing the l^Rtan being principal entrance, and enriched by fluted Doric colums fect^^^^^^Hf^n diameter.	a flight of spacious steps, at tl^^^R of which stand
tw&statues, being reprod^^^^^^^^^Bted marbles of I Iandel and Bach. ^^^Rher side of the^Rrti^fare panels in relief work re^^^^^Rg the	music, and
in the pan^Rov^Bthe doors are relief portra^^^^^Bluck, Berlioz, Wagner, Schumann, Schubert, Mozart, h^^^^^R>hn, Bach. Hand^Rmd Beethoven. The interior the	theater, except that the chorus of	the
part assigfB by the	thus it ^^Hnes amphitheatrical in
form. There are no galleries of any kind obstruct the view^^^^^Rnd. The Hpldia^^^^H) persons. The decoration ofthe interior is in the same order ms>tl^Bxterior in relief work ^^Holor. A large foyer extends	building,
One of tli^^^Bt structures of a^B the Terminal Station which cost^Rarly $400,000. This station	do ci^^^^^^By in the councry. Its interior is
evenHore attractive than itsHter^^Blt was cool and inviting even during the hottest days and nights in ^^^Rnd .August, and its waiting room for lad^| was'as extravagantly furnished as any hotel parlor in th^Rand. Not far a^n' was the Bold Storage building, w^^^^^^^Rsti^Red on the 10th of July, 21 people, mostly Bremen, having perished.
Other ^^^^^^Bth^Buth eB not her^nore alluded to arpthe Ph^Rlelphia cafe, Hygiea Water building, Bonded ^Rreho^R, Color buildin^^^^^^^HCar-penter shop, and others. The main statioi^Rf the 'Intram^^^Railro^R is located between the southern ei^^^R the Agrici^Bra^^^Rin^Btd the I^^^Rof Mechanic Arts. The Intran^Rd was an elcu^Rd electric rai^By, nearly f<^R miles in length which ran^^^^Hvery ten min^^^fcach way at tenHnts a trip, and carried as many	Its car house and power hoi^R are east
dairy
Adjacent is a Vermont maple sugar	syrup stand and a restaurant,
where coffee and edibles.are served from s^Rg log, i2^Ret in dUim^^Hnd 40 feet n length, from theState W^^Hn. Close by is a cluster of a hundred windmills, Bfpresenting^^^^^R makers throughout the Unit (id .States. The old Hutch windmill is an exact^^Hof one which has stood in Amsterdam since 1X06. The heavy timbres which cap the round ^^^Rare parts of the original mill. Th^Rail^Rlft is of h&tyy’WOod through which the arms ^^^Hsail are mortised at right angles to $akh﻿
$u9E
\
jwmm: r* gr~*T T" ~ Wtf	*'?? t ' T *'l21
	
THE GREAT WHAKE—MOVING SIDEWALK﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLDHFAIR.
4
other. A series of coupheels made of wood run inte«fS^bKC>thc:r at various angles,, and dn one of tqjp|^P$ fixed the crank ^pjd^rating*tft&~£umping rod. The of	feet in diameter. A balcony surrounds the tower nfec^Bfifteen:
feet bel&yth# tbb.^BHefiftintff rooms	family in sueha mill consist of a parlor,
a sitting-room and akttCftgn. The walls of these rooms arecovered with wc^Hn cloth, after the manner of the eighteenth :^Bitury, ^Bd the furni^ne of the rooms follow the Dutch styles of the same time. 1
Not .far off is the wonderful sewage ^fttetn, pumping works, and Incjlan School building. A short c^w.nce away old whal^^^^^^H:h is an ^^^|tivq feature. ..
There are other ^^Hures elsewhere that deserve mention:	The Sepy.i«
building, Bureat^ft Admission’s building, IV^^H Pharma^| I llinois Women’s Hospital, Emergency Hospital, Puck building, White	pavilion, Department
ofpgjBpi^Cornfort, Cafe de la Marine^^Hv England Clam Bake, Sw^kIi. Polish and (jmgrtrest&urants, and more than six hundred plat^B where water, flo^Brs and other things are fcHale, all of which dottedHe landscape o’er and undoubtedly imparted relief to everlasting greatness. -﻿

WF$4
S8!
WSSSsvs^svr
ÊÈÊÈ
THE JAVANESE GAMELANG, OR NATIVE BANDS WITH MARIONETTES.﻿HIS^g&RY OF THE WORLD’S BdR.
427
- CHAPTER III.
ONE OF THE GEMS OF THE FAIR.
Tne Wooded Island—More than a Mi^^H-ees and Plants—Fifty Thousand Roses—Hardy- Herbaceous Plants from All	World—The Hunter’s Cabin and Japanese^^^^^^Bwthy Hopkin’s
Sweet Fe^B%Jg!ln'£rhorDe^^^fch— A Spot Blessed by Heaven and Rival^^^^Hitlbow.
many respects the Wooded Is^Bd	the
lagoons that surround	the gem of the Exposition—and
^^Kre^^^^Hngs to Olmstead, the landscape gardner; Ulrich, the l^UsC^^^^^|uti^^^Kind Thorpe, the flc^^^ft-urist. T his trio made from an uninviting^^^Bha thing of beauty.	hold of the pa^^^| put
^^^B for thc^^^^^^Hof the buildings,	the
^k, made silvery lagoons of ^^^Bul puddles, and created an island whi^BtO many is the prettieB thing of all. Walk» roads and avenues of trees follc^Bd, ai^Hthe lake was bemrSFin by a stone embankment, along which .therg is a magnificent promenade. The islands^Bre fringed with MruljKfi^iisct great stretches of wild	they do pH the
,prair|ja| and borders of woodlawns and in marshes all thrc^^^BNorth Semi-aquatic plants troop down to	tall reeds a^fl other water
from thgra^Boa itself, and on its quiet surf^B lily	while the
low	a living green by the sedgy things that creep to the
'There have been	islands and near	50,644
shrubs, 151,394 hardy perennial. herba^^^^Bnd miscellaneous plants, 136,67s aquatic and semi-aquatic plants, 3,300 ferns, 9,582 vines, climbers a^| ornamental
and	pla^^Hnd great col-
lrction of native plants, which were used ^^^^^^^Bad.	Tl^^^^^^^Bd were
principally willows, pOp^^^^^^Br maples, cherries, elms and	Thj^^wtub-
bery consists of various kinds of
lilacs, snowballs and barberries.	of the groups, but to give
variety and test their ac^^^^By to the climate many	hied.
(g The inner, hi^^kr part o! the wooded ^^^^^^^^^Krved^Br the	the
Floricu^Bat^^^^Brve^^^^Kid^^Hi lawns,	and a rose garden,
wlipb the Httentfliorth end	for the Japanese temple and
garden, which are to remain premane^^^^ftldei" of the patience, ingenuity, gent||||u^jn^^B^and love of beauty of that nation of	ex*
hibits on the island form a|^ig and charming procession. ’^JlgAV^Bedi^^^^Bs﻿428
IïSTORY
OrnE WORLD’S'F£ÏR
LOG CABIN.
no^^Mon the grounds of the Newport home of Wolfe, consisting of azaleas and rhododendrons
faru^^^Breat
clumps of lilies in m;^B varieties are The
^Hbs and shrubs
seasons, and
arrangement o r d s d o u b 1 e er the
lawns r^^Hfrom this fine exhibit seen gr^^^^H flowery wall, the fittit hint of the
glory of ^^^Hand.
is a ])lot of on e and one-quarter acres, oblong in shape, and inc^^^^H a wire fetjce supported by
Bxteen acres ten of «■I are devoted to the plantatio 11 s of tree-., dirubs and oaj^l plants already r'ough
the middle is the lonV sweep of lawns and
six acres in a 11. At of this shown Ir-the first time it^^BB west, it is believed, a combination of plants g r c u i n g
that
places in the <Ht, the Miss Catbhr ipft*L3JLrd and in the partial shade oif^^HS
JAPANESE BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR.
429
posts	of eight feet.	posts tlv wire
Hitting droops in curves, the lowestpoint of eaclvetiryen icing sixaffitf: above thB ground. HHPllHMIed with climbing roses anti draped 011 the outside wits-, many kinds of	and the*whole inclosed by a rOw of 22
^^^PiiPIP^^^^frjt^^toHtribiited by^Pimothy Hopkifas, of San Fran^Kq. This gr^hflHly^shapdtff vine-covered, dower-starred wall is In itself a thing of phaHy. Access to	or4sJ, 11 four points only—in the middle oFeach side and at the
m&$dlf?f each fcn<T*^s6"the‘<jgf$u"d#iv posfsc^^^Rhe firstrequisite of a garden—secftB tion. It also possesses the second—flowers.
Fifty thousand roses were in {Rwer’in June July. Thirty thousand of
hardv class; then there were twenty thou-B I |	/-	_ . -: -r- -•	sand tea and other tegcBfl
roses of thc^^Bvjtfrowing
kinds. North of the garden
may be seen a great nursery exhibit, w^H~c the forenjrat growers of
show ornamental trees and shrubs suHis home makers lieu Id know and t^H West nursery exhibit a' number of lorist^B and plantersgreat djjflw of hardy herbaceous plants,, one firm ^Bne sending H<i plants. ^Blltf&St'pf these, England j^stiraiijllr-self for. ciin^K to fine old herbaceous ^^^Riia&)dBV as peonies, phloxc^B etc., a class of plants grc^^H>’perfection by the English, just south of the apprpaclflto R-Japanese garden German)’ display ■> her formal fa^yitigBouch as stocks, asters, 2jnniasand dahlias. Thus th^Bholc sweep of the lawns from end to end is utilized by the	known plantsmen of Europe and
America for the1r large and a^^^Kiv^Bchibit s.
ThdPCare 35 specimens of sunflowers, 32 that aHnatives of America; two of Japan and one 1 the big sunflower) wl^^Hlgtivity is known to m) botanist.
TOrrhotlodendro^^^^B on the Wooded Islaj^Rduring June was one of the most gorgeous and luxuriant ever seen anywhere, as there were,special selec-tions of this famous flowering plant sent from Germany, Belgium and Francesa*?d from a number of Aiherican florists. Con spi c1 1 <«us over all <ei^^^HchibitSv'Mp that of Freder^B’W. I'^E^f, of New Ypi’Jt. ■who liad at. th^^Hth end o^R$ island* gpd just off from t h e' hroad'to&tb	tjhe eastern waterfront, erected a large
whitHRS. On both sides of tlfe	a couple of immense rhtgBMft^
. dfDns. IBBEemweire fully ft&frak hd*jvh en	the ground ten dayr
OLD VIENNA.—MIDWAY FLAISANCE.﻿430
HISTORY W THE WORLD’S^raiR.
before, a hundred delicate blossoms had given evidence of their beiHg in full blcjotn* Through the wi^^^^Hng were revealed glimpses of a ^Brfect( mass of (ngh^^Hred blossom.-, that tempted alike, with irresistible impartiality, the soft
gaze of every lover ofjHfl^^Btfhe passed in a solid mdm|id that rose £gom
a low height	nearly
The dark	leaves formetyt» stto
the brilliant colors of the flowers. Each flower Hcomp^>dr'of*raKjHor thirty separate and smaller flowerets. Ea^^H these tiny flowerets is as big as a pink and
many-flowered clusters is very pretty, a different color—the pink floj^rq&with deep red, the white ones with purple, yellow and e^aWyCmy. though
looks like a w^^^^Hquet.
ELECTRIC LAUNCH.
Imagine about 500 of thcsc^^^^^^^B varying sh^^^Bnd colors, all ^Hupefl an oval mound,	background ^Ble^^^^^J—truly this tn^Bld of So{|m
beauty surpassed in quiet elegam ; e the more HrtlingHut less beautiful tower 01 light H;he electricity building near	hundred different varieties were
mingled this enormous ma^s of rhododendrons. Only	apDwciate
the album ^Bnd^^^Bn, bandyanium,the delicatissimum, the everestianum and the coriaceum; it is^Hseculiar coincidence that almost witl^^^^^^^^H the names of the different var^Bs of rhod< ulendron are almost as \^Hno^^BB)pro-nounceable as the title rhe flower	But	beautiful sight of	pink, red, silver, li^| and purplish crimson flowers, tinted
varie^^Bd hues and in^Bri^^^^H heaped together in a wonderful profusion of ^BalHlorHd beauty. Hitsi^^^fe tent there were	of
and ^^^^^^^^Hlan^nnd trees.
The W^^Hd Island is	by three bridges. At the southern
see the Hunter’s Cabin, a novelty to many. A^Bc northern endistheHoodo, or Japanese building,	consists of	pavilions, connected b^Brridofl﻿history of the WORLDHFAIR.
431
each pfpraentaflBSf the	c and architectural	prominent
the history of Japanese art. The general ground plan follows the arrangement of the Hoodo Temple (hence its name), an	monument of Fuju-
wara art,	by	when at the	is modified for
the benefit of the main architectural	of the p^HiU ex-
hibition. The left wing is intended to represent the Fuj^^^h. style, ranj^Mj*SWn the tenth	Yamato school broke through
the	de^K-atH shows a room in the
palacfljbf the court nobles, who spent their re^^^^^^^^famid poetry and music.
building in the ^hiluraj. period,	about the
epoch,
Japan,
war of the two dynasties, under
Zen-Buddhism and Lung-philosophy. Purity and gldfS?.
and m^^Hjf the rich Hlored decoration of feudal palaces was gi^n up
in the style of Sesshin and Sc^ni. The interior is re^^^^^Hom the Gin-kakuji, a villa of an /jjs9 kaga Shogun. Tl^fcen-tral pavilion is in th&'S^H
GONDOLAS.
eenth century, a part of a daimio’s palace. It	of feuds^^^|. The central wtfflis
covered wklr^^^^^^K emblem of strenHi and
The adjoining chamber	with	The ceiling
coWlfof nearly 270 phcenixes in gold and	frames of gold
Bcgtlffiand gilt metal work. Hch of the roorr^^Hurnished exactly in the stV^*f
the periods.
\fHfl was so crowded with Bom and f^^^^^^Huring th<Bwattm months that greHswarms of honeybees ^Baded the fa^^^^Hnu^Hade each flashing	sweet-tipped columbine nod undH the weight of itsMsfctar-nmlaig
burden.y Sft varied were the	that a hundred prisms ^^Hed to
hung inVtf^Hdtids to feffetHhe glories of a hundred rainbows. So l^Hriant was the foliage that even the maple$ and elders and oaksto have forgotten﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
432
their rules and built their leaves on special lines, bending their boughs to the very earth. Nursed and petted for twelve months, the bog and sand and swamp blossomed like a royal garden and it is no wonder that the shaded nook about the hunter’s cabin and the jungle of the tropical hut and all the other bowers of the island were daily and nightly thronged with people.
Well, John Thorpe made the most of it. And when the gates are closed and great piles carted out to the bonfires and melting pots and the history of the great event shall be more voluminously written, your Uncle John will have a golden page in the record which will tell of him grandiloquently as a florist, a botanist, a genius, a man whose whole heart shines in an honest face and whose rough dress covers a disposition as tender and sympathetic as a maiden’s love. With the gentleness of a mother he has nursed the birds and blossoms and taught the pansies and dahlias and poppies how best to bloom and brought out two flowers where nature put a single blade.
His worship, his religion and his whole existence are his flower pets, and no man was ever more consecrated to his lot or more happy in his work than this one. He has always been at it and desires nothing else, and, as he sat with his legs stretched on the grass one afternoon he told the tale of how it all happened.
He was always talking with the blossoms, as he puts it, and when a wee boy he wondered why the violets were always blue, why the grass never grew any way but green and why nature never missed by accident the lesson and way taught it when the world began. Under the wide oaks of his English home he lay flat upon his back and wondered why no clouds were square. He had never seen any water that wasn’t blue and sparkling, nor any rill that didn’t laugh and chatter and dance and glisten like a coronet under the sunbeams. He grew up in the woods and among the hedges and primroses and toddled with his father about the meadows of a gentleman’s home. From the very start the trees and shrubs and vines were his associates and what the boy loved the man adored. Thus he came near to nature’s heart and nature to him was all.
Wooded Island is his church, and as long as he draws this fleeting breath some such spot, blessed by heaven and rivaling the rainbow, will be his altar. He wants no vaulted domes, nor pointed minarets, nor tinseled spire, nor velvet aisles, nor carved pew, nor quarelling choir, nor finical pastor. These be right, so he says, and he who wants them is as good as himself, but he prefers the cool, clear air as his nave and transept, the blue circle of sky as his high roof and the gentle rush of the breeze through the sighing poplars as his choir. This is why he spends many a Sunday in a reverie in his splendid bower and makes the Wooded Island his church.
There are others who worship at this shrine while the morning star flings its splendor over a sleeping world, for some writer has expressed himself thus:
When tremulous morning lights waver and burn like the enchanting glance of eyes lovelit and surprised, when flakes of summer glory melt in a sunshine dusky with golden promise and full of tender preference, that is the time to rest and dream in the Wooded Island. Not in the courting hour of shadows, when﻿HT&URYX3F THE/IR.
433
brj$k;ow e r s a n d plighted e^BiinB^Hjhs towards the ’HSBnor at pigh, cruel noon, that bruw^^^^HflHHHBHBHsR violets, but in tin- morning, sweet	of dawn lie only w^Cf^'l^Bl silence waits,
pad when white roses faint against the rich brown earth or bleeding heart droops in sc^^^^HnEflaintiv^Vpypop^^^^jgh. Then the young trees scatter a maze of 1 a{je- w o r k a b o ut the gardens, the prettiest blossoms grow almost >Vij|2>ly and fragile things too delicate to l^|r the tOl^B of sunbeams di^Hi a wave of perfume Stillness that ^^Hhaining and t^ft poetry of loneliness which vf8pB(| the soul to flowers and the ^^^Hy of birds. The dripping ^^^^Hare so wondrous fresh and the leaves so restless. Where the sun blazes hungrily tendrils curl and ^^Htidigbas'- purity beoHh'K unkind torture of passion or ^Bdi^HgSther strength like the irftartyr's halo rising out of fire. That very f:ew caB i^qjw? the logmLSli&nd in this early glory is one of the selfish delights of the Fa^B'Myfeelf and misery” and the man who	garden-hose in r e 1en11 essspiirt#Cp mercy
to the fibbers seem to	the vising list of the^Bornin^B At night
it is not^^Hor sympathetic ardop^Bbe adrift with^^^B&h^Bof There is more undiluted a^^^Bon afloat in tlu^^^^^Bl atmosphere than ever a Dover’s lane discovered to the rude eyes of bachelors and ^Bthy scoffers. There is EQEeu^ming simoon of	p. m. till the guards are called in
and the lovers and lights put out. Th^lwift	night-bird’s wing jq the
black lagoon startles more timid embraces out of plumb than can ever be braved regain and the ^^Hian search-light is a distressing ta^Br, dreaded ai^Bkbdak. Out of the tangled	and amorous glances it	for a^|k
outsider to gleam much evening consolation in the i^|nd^^Hn the beautiful morning there is a	for ti^^^^^^Rd a touch of ^Bd to aching hearts﻿*SM 103 ciMY Snwvis Mviewmon
f ornir ìqhÌmM w. >23$
#mo3 * jo
'aNnÿjyjrsi snökimf»
HOTt -Lx«r&
—
~J*CöUu±*t»
8»|>MÖ « 0JW)7iW\ Sf19bH
snswmoi jo tìywu
•;kS;:v -y
plJ^H $fï I a ly^Çffl.-CflôwnTO;﻿HISTORY OF The WOHcR^FAIR.
43§i
CHAPTER IV.
FIFTY CENTS FOR A CUP OF TEA.
Maria $|é Her Mother on a Stroll—Tea from Ten Cents to Fifty Cents a Cup—And Tea Bread Known as the Light of	FegP.at Home—That
I But Does Not '•	Gardens.
HX in' a northeastly direction, beyond the Fish and Fisfa^ cries build^jjg, is	attese tea garden. “Filj^^nts
for a cup of tea?” said a scandalize!I old	wast
hesitating before the gate of i his Japan«■	garden.
“My sakes alive, I don’t spend that much in a month to but I reckon v « '<1 ought to see what it’s like now we’re here. ^nne Oli. Maria!” And	The
'$e»-drinker%at the Fair are havi ng sueh in their, favorite be ver ageashasnever Cc5rf|!^Hthem before, * and \|m$*kely will never come again. This tiny tea gardeifeitfcw isliktfaBitó&l£a£ànotliuerwòrld«s throneped
all day long with curious pèoprle who have drunk tea all thfsr lives, just as they have eaten steak and pie, and haw regarded it perhaps as a necessary fillith pleted interiors, but certainly as nothing mdrekY*
To them the dainty aeyemony aad. gifoy^aljfeòpfoils forfWalitifti1 with whicl# the Japanese invest the operation c$Tie with something of the ioV<^w^PBÄ"evela-tion.
When the visitor walks thcQtlflfR the bamboo gate of the little tea garden he Et^D|^ndx|jn!Kie from	u.uf^^Ktfr&d Chicago, with its sordid I
mosphere, to Yeddo, basking in the shimmering sunlight of a irf^^.jftaTWWyon. It	tJiMjipIe t^.'garden,by the water’s edge
shines there.
BKSmQLjtiFe rainingtorrehts on the rest of the Fair, but theivisitcu^ee^fcoivk fident that it never does here.Ndplte wouldn’t have the heart tfo:A‘
The skies are always blue and the sunn)' light is ever gleaming on porcelain drfi(^ n~jjhfirt dOn^n'“ bronzes, and the litrifcknpphtig waves are aliwaysrjgppS^ the with ahappysound, suggesting distant meifr^fillking, and over there on the hillside, dappled and flecked	; yew^S^shileS^Httll
gardener is a|8BRH(»^K>rk with	&nev
blade of grass at a time and ngVCTUjA tfu least hurrying, for he	it) his
he art-that |nfcre is pl(44Si££ i0F#Sp<o cut and an endless succession of sunny days to iroliSfc in.
28﻿436
HISTORY OF THE WO REDEEM R.
■AT)ver pii thp bprch of the cerl^lftlomai tea hodsWthéyt^H always making tea, and sM6h>trong, rich, fragrant tea it is, toi>. It Jjots to the heàfripf the Visitor, who sits on a gay fat cushion and sips and sips and nibbles the while On the sugar cakes wRucq accompany it, a^B after^Brd go^Bpeeri^B around in thé tiny rooms of the doll house that tea people call ht^BB^^^Hftally his idfeas get peaMU'ted, and (everything seems perfectly natural and worth)' of imitnni. He begins t<jHse,thS folly of chairs and tables and longs to go hopping	the matted flocuB
And stocking wii h thumbs on them like mittens look sensible and e<ïoï| and as hfl lobks down on lipBrati hot patent leathers he no longer takes any joy ‘ or ^Epmfort én them.
There are tweSMBB houses in 9B0e little garden, a big, cool, shml)i?T0®aB where the Common herd who just drink tea may resort, aimath^^eretimhi'^BtcS hogse, where; those to whom tea is	may observe their rites.
Tfefloor of this latter	yagrofjwBSwfeaMfrOin the ground, and
visitors sit along thte'edguóf the open pofòhduld put their tefluupj^^Hits shining deodar boat®d watch the litkfe tea-makers hopping about like a bevy of amiabll and highly intelligent hoptoads*??*
, First, the m >1 t-sp<>k< n .irtelo lant Imps down with a dish oftgpH^^^VbereWf two	e bricks of ice crd&m for a doll’s party. J^^^B'est on a
transparent square ofsome shining materia 1 that might be a very delicate kind of' ’paper, but it is not; iks a shaving.
FjHowing-tfMmdy comes a rough Took	: an	i th
liquid so startling grom that the visitor is almost afraid of Icr This is the ieucha, powdered tea—the very bés leal t?wn c : :fiflbg|n|iil in tirrolffilfl^Eze milHind Steei^ed jn the cup, and stirred with a :sunbflb^v dsk^brooilv Pherough yellow cup which the Bsitor looks at so	satsuma, more costly than
the fi^Hyfegg-fibeli china.
'IwE attendant brings t^Clip on a silken mat; £ràm wh.ch the drinker lifts it. This being disposÉsi òf; a. rather more d^Brat^ve cup p]9l$, containing tea made from the natural leaves and steeped'tA.a pb' • This is;&Kra9^HSHa, and is t p a 1 e y e Ilo w. ^sample package of th&'^^^Hid^^^K^Ean accompany the second 'cup as a souvenB and usually cause consternation to the visitor, who does not luiow how to 'r,ui sport them from the grOliO^^B
In the qerdh)onial tea house is a tiny, pa^te1^B,rtiom, a facaSmile of the rooni wher State“ : re,! d in a Japanese 'nousei^^^^H are some beautiful bronzes here and an iron rave^B ' be used as ah ine« :
By the door is a bronze kivlAfi^wwre guests wash before entering. The , tiny room is	«lean and sweet wii'lmjwöidar and bam^B and matting
that a lady vjjmor suggested tb<ft|(fesibilifi(n3f a Turkish bath before allowing the '-guest to 'enter.
After the tea drinker has exhausted the possibilities of the Japanese garden if he or she Still feels a craving for the seductive stimulant a few pa^B further on fP^yond the intramural is the tefnpteTike structure of th& India Tea Association of Calcutta.﻿HOTORY OF The Wol&OT* FAIR.
437
&There is 9$ ch:^ne for the tea fljH The weary guest may bring his lunch and drink' the companies’ tea to his heart’s content. If
out in the big gall< tied room, hung with rich rugs and respl end ant with gleaming weapons, and under the	he drinks of the “Star
The feminine guest is treated to more seclusion and is a brand known Light of Asia. The attend an	of	drinking
fellows c|ad in crimson and gold. Their uniform is adapted from Hmat of the viceroyal bodyguard. ■ Most of! them;
gives the feminine tea drinker rather a shock to receive th^^^^Mtna^Fratjj»t from Kfl& p i rat i cal parties.
At the door sits a pirate in white, with enough silverware in the shape of 'w^^9flySn to furnish tl^Bservice for a State dinner.
.rich amber color and	hay held in J uly. The
repi esentatives of the company are very hospitable.
‘‘We like,” said one of	tea, and we
like to have them bring their lunches and ieelQlt^Bnie.”﻿“THE REPUBLIC. "—STATUE AT THE EAST END OF THE GRAND BASIN.﻿HISTORY OF THETWORLD’S FAIR.
439
THE HRISTYLE ANDl|®ltf,€F HONOR
.Columned	Beauties of the Greek Peri^fe Nothing Like It Has
and Moveable Sidewalk—The ^v)?nd by Night—Statue of the Republic and MacMonnies Shi d of St ate— The Illuminated Founui^^^l
OLUMNED splendor indeed. The portals of the \Yorld s jj)-lumbian Exposition lc^^Htt on ^|e blue waters of Lake Michigan. A Greek peristyle, white and colossal, faces the than a century	the
tj^^^^^^Mtfo^Bdventur^B trader. What if this stately portico had ilashed 6ji the vision of Marquette or La < /2»..	w.—■.., Salle when they sHd along- these shores in the seventeenth
'cei}ttlfy> each the (^»ïmbus of our • inland seas? Either \J§|0JC-	would have thought that solitude hat^Bade him mad. What
if this^Bumned splendor l^B broken on the dyii^B^w^fl^ those first Settlers of Chic^^^^^^^^^B four score years ago \?ejte massacred on ^^^Hrery sands by savages ? Those martyrs of civilization would have accepted such	as the
thHhold of	the Soul.
CB| a ruder and a wider sea than thi^^^Bd the caravels	Genoan
sailor 400 years ago. In tl^^^^^^Hthat mocked thi^Borld-finc^^^^^Ktibui|Hti\ sleep, was there not a forecast of the great white temj^Bof humanity which the distant futur&wotmf ëreH to theglof^^^^H name? Surel)- this vision of the future to encourage him in the dark hours of his^^^Kë, or^Bl(,;^Bto dWlatce him in chains.
iSKP^^kt thi^Hstyle and its4 surroundings. Nothing like it been seen or attempted. 11:is grand and impressive, commanding and bffiBifuil The PerisOT^BiB’fd^ feet long, 60 feet wide and 6(^Be^t high. At^^^BenBl*s a grand archway, forming a portal from Lake Michigan to the Crand^Bdt^liSjtmrt. This portal is dedi$Mi£d to Columbus, and is itlScrihied with the names of the world’s ■|rrg^t explorers. Crowning it is a^^^Bp of statuary, emblematic of of the world. Thö^f^fctjjleTears forty-eight	states and
iibetbitorlB Each state’s column bears its coat of arms. l l^^^^^^Hhed^pBtyle, with the Casino and Music Hall was $300,000.
T^KbBBt, \Slbjch is located at the northerjy.end of the great-'Peristyle, is 140 ffeèfc wide bv ?tW ■ •	h: n. PThe m aijqb&udien﻿440
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
the center of the building, and is 126$.feet long by the full width of the same, and occupies the full height of the structure. The space for the orchestra and chorus is at the east end, and it is in the form of a great hemicycle or recess, which opens into the main hall by an arch 66 feet wide and 54 feet high. The recess is semicircular in plan at the rear and 50 feet deep from the front of the arch to the back of the circle. The ceiling of this recess or hemicycle is shaped like a quarter section of a sphere, so that the sound of the music is projected forward into the audience room ji*£t outside of the arch on the main floor is the platform for the orchestra with tlif» rlmriK rising behind on a series of wide stems. To thewqgt of the orchestra
is the parquette, which seats from 800 to i,$O0 persons. These seats are also arranged on wide stepBor platforms which rise gradually to the rear end, thus giving an uninterrupted view of the stage and conductor to every person. All around this par-quette, except on the side occupied by the stage, is a loggia or passage about 20 feet wide, connecting with the main hall by many wide doorways, thus giving ample space for the entrance and exit of the au. dience with comfort and celerity. Above this loggia, which is about 20 feet high at the exterior wall and 14 feet high at the inner wall next the parquette, is the great balcony, whichseats about 1,200 persons. The seats here are also arranged on rising steps, so that every one has a perfect view of the stage and of the audience in the parquette below. The seats of the balcony sweep round in a semi-circle at the west end opposite the st^gfe, thus giving the audience room and the stage combined the form of a great oval. Around the front of the balcony are Corinthian column$ which support the roof, and over the inner space isa large skylight which gives ample light by day. Around the rear of the balcony are alsoaseries of large windows commanding a view of the great court on the south and the lake on the north. The main entrance is at the west end through three wide archways into a great vestibule 60x80 feet, and thence through three great openings into the loggia about the parquette.
EAST SIDE OF PERISTYLE, LOOKING NORTH.﻿I
aoàfla&ÉK».-

JAPANESE AT DEDICATION OF HO-O-DEN PALACE.﻿442	HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
On each side of this vestibule are wide and easy stairways, giving access to the balcony and second story of the building, and over the vestibule is a smaller hallóoxSo feet in size,which is for a recital hall, etc. Opening off this hall are several rooms, suitable for offices or dressing rooms about 25x40 feet each. Openingupon the vestibule, loggia and the balcony above are large and numerous dressing and cloak rooms of about the same size as above. At the other end and opening from each end of the orchestral platform aref rooms for the accommodation of the Director of Music and the principal singers and performers, with ample toilet room?connected therewith. At the rear of the hémicycle are large rooms for the chorus, and reached by private entrance directly from the seats. Above these rooms are others of the same size which are used for meetings and as offices for the Bureau of Music. There is a third floor, which also contains several large roomstorgeneral purposes. On this floor and over the balcony is a large standing place of the same size as the balcony below, which opens upon the main hall, through a series of arched openings in the coved ceil--
MOVING SIDEWALK.﻿
4


VILLAGE AT THE WORLD’S FAIR
ESQUIMAU﻿444
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
ing of the audience ro&m, which will hold a great many people in case of an extra occasion, and is reached by ample stairways. The interior of the hall is richly decorated in color, with emblematic paintings on the face of the east wall above the great arch, and in the panels of thflj ceiling; It has been specially planned for acoustic effect. The great &rch of they} hémicycle is richly ornamented with architectural detail, and the whole can bgjbrilliantly* lighted by electricity in thé most novel effects. The architecture of the exterior is like that of the Casino and Peristyle—Roman Corinthian-^iand richly ornamented in detail. Around the entablature above the columns are inleribed the names of the greatest composers and on the pedestals of the balustradefturmonnting the cornice are placed many'statues, 12 feet high, emblematic of thâjart of music.
The Casino, one of the most popular structures on the grounds, is located at the south end of the Peristyle, and its dimensions are the same as the Music Hall at the north end, 140x260 feet, ft contains restaurant® and resting rooms as a part of the Bureau of Public Comfort, and is a favorite resort for visitors.
Reaching out into the lake is an immense pier, half a mile in length, containing the movable sidewalk.
Immediately west of the noble Peristyle and connected with it is the famous Cour d’Honneur, the most attractive and spectacular part of the grounds. There is not a prettier stretch of landscape at Jackson Park than this, and to fully appreciate its grandeur, one must take a somber bodied and brilliantly canopied Venetian gondola and gently traverse the grand basin—which is the central star in the terrestrial Pleiades- Lining the water’s edge appear the tall, straight rostral columns supporting the figure of Neptune,Lwho stands grasping his trident, with disheveled hair falling about his shoulders, and eyes fixed seaward, while Tritons-sport all around. To the west is,the Columbus memorial, whose grand conception, has already made Sculptor MacMonnies famous. The idea of the fountain is that of an apotheosis of modern liberty—Columbia—and takes the shape of a triumphal barge, guided by Time, heralded by Fame, and rowed by eight young female standing figures, representing the arts and industries.
Between these two groups of rowers rises a massive pedestal with E Pluribus Unum enscrolled across the forward panel. On thispedestal rests a smaller, supported by four kneeling children, while seated aloft is Columbia, the principal figure of the fountain. Dignified of bearing, her right arm placed lightly on the back of her chair, her left supporting a flaming torch, her feet upon the globe, she fittingly personifies the proud young '.nation she represents. Erect, alert, with head held high, she seems to go serenely where time and fame conduct. Around the basin in which the fountain plays are columns 50 feet high, surmounted with eagles, and about the edge are groups of fantastical marine monster^half horse, half fish, rearing as though about to plunge, and spouting heavy streams of water from their nostrils. The smallest figures are over 12 feet, while the highest are over 20, and it is the largest and most beautiful fountain thus far ever produced.
By a deft movement of his single oar the gondolier has turned his slender craft about and the shimmering waters of the lake are seen through the graceful﻿HIStÖfëY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
445
columns-of the Peristyle.	'it
Rome the court of St. Peter’s. Between the Peristyle and the head of the basin.
r s t hc 111‘HISKSSlJ'11Though 75 feet high and the largest effigy in the world, Sculptor 1:ren ch h as e mbod ied i t w ith su c h ease o f pose, d ign ity and commanding presence, that, gigantic as it is, it
its noble surroundings.	in 1^| left hand a pole draped with a.
penna mBSg£|^^^^Hted witftY	while the right arm is^ju^^Bd upward
§4pM| utmost length, the handwhich an eagle rests with outspread wings. The drapery lays in In-avy fold on the an^^^H[ s^ftld^KJt^d falls in	biKp'OO thé-sid^M A sword	from the right side and the^j
features .wear a look of pröhft'
and happïhefcs. The he^^^^Hnt|Hxlar to t h eprofileonthe American	dollar, and
th^^^^^^Hg9ikingi7 resembles P^KHidfsl “Liberty” in thj®^CYV\ York harbè^, Marbfei stairs lead from tlje w»rway onHpefy side; stone and irdn. balustrades ad or ned with urns over-running .vith trailing vines and blossoms, put an alMttbaStermination I to tfog “VCnStBBd verdant la^aQjH are ■	to the
Lstonè -wall that rises confined through Paris.
admiration I
'Oast NO.
from the Sktèr’ send confines its banks, as the Seine iH Wonderfully beautiful is all this, and creates a sort of
that with canal, gondola and the plaintive love song of the gondolier, ■Mi'after all not-in	Then rising all about are the wonderful structures—
seeming marble palaces—the Agricultural, Machit^^^^^^^^^Knd' ^lining, Efec-i trical and	Manufactures buildings, while the Administration buil 1 i
Mils a like position	in the British (^ÉÉwn^And this is the Court
dancing waves caressing the sides of the Ktdilrï^tive craft, with snowy swans and ducks gliding about in stately beauty. The
whiteness of the buildings almost	f^^ye in
: the noonday heat.﻿MacMONNIES fountain, looking east.﻿

MacMONNIES fountain, looking west.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
Rut fancy one’s self on the scene, gondola included, after dark, the cooli breezes from the lake ruffling the water and fanning the cheek and the gorgec fete de nuit in full progress! All the surrounding buildings are ablaze with opak cent light. The basin is necklaced with a double string of brilliants, and tl domes, the arches, the pinnacles, the turrets, the pavilion roofs and angles stan out against the sable mantel of night in golden chains of luminous glory. Th gilded dome of the Administration building at first seems a floating crown of i myriad of diamonds, then rests upon an iridescent pillow fringed with strung jewels and beads of fire. The MacMonnies ship of state sails majestically in a sea of flame. The magical effect of the prismatic rays cast from the concealed heights upon each arching jet is most enchanting, and every change of the color
ing upon the airy Diana; emblazoning tho Statue iafthe Repubra**ind addig^Btery to the fount ain. BitM>f daylight pl^^Bhe feejns of the courtfiout of the grasp of night and bathe them in midday s^Bndór- -^
A writer ilWthe Dos Angeles Herald is in ecstacj&over the (^ftirt of Honor, the. TV r: ^^^Bnnd the Lagoons, as follows:
Perhaps the^fcst	parvof the World’s Fair grounds hs that section
known as the Cour d ’Honneur or Grand Plaza. In the center Hes thé basin, whtléB all about, above ihe velvety and téEBaflfed lawns, ate ranged the greatest structüre^B of	Park. Agricultural Hall and	Mechanic Arts to the\south,
the MatwifactuiH, Miningjand Hlectrical to the nc^fli, t.hcr stately golden domed Administratii in building to the wt :st, while the Music Hall, C^^^B and close the JBtare. Broad brick and concr^B walks run all around the water's^BHrajM which ^ ■»tected by heavy baluètrad^Bsurmourited with urns nver-rrirtqjSijir with
scheme proves more charming. One is carried back to the Paris of iSSq, and again sits in the Champs de Mars in wrapt admiration of the electrical fountain of that day, and wonders if all the new revelajBns can be more ^ enjoyed, or if the cup of j plfflsure was full at thsit jj time. TjSt was the first thing of	kind attempt-
ed, and tin's far- eclipses it! A flat he while the1, I
PUBLIC COMV' 'K 1’ BUILDING.
search lights have been traversing the heaveflsji now shooting far across the lake and jacking' out a tiny sail boat; now light- I﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
449
trailing1 vines and briQ&ntJh^RRjHj At th^Bid of the Grand Baslgi in friqj^pf the Administration building is the MaeMon mes ‘‘Barg< ■ of State,” the largest fountain in
female figures i n al 1 egory, with Co 1 umbia representi ng th is proud young nation, seated faraloft, the whole idea is meant as an apotheosis to modern liberty. Rising from thelct|fcolF8.t the other extreme end is	'4tatue^lR^R$^£puhliCK
Though 7h'!the world, Sculptor Frencff’ha£ em-bodied it with such ease of pose, dignity and commanding presence, that, gigantic as it is, it seems perfectly' in unison with its noble surroundings. Just back ai?e.*Rm the graceful columns of the Peristyle. This colonnade connects the Music Hail and Casino, Blitingin the Center'In't h e C o 1umbus Memorial Arch surmounted with the	below
under-spanning bridges and the arch. Each Corinthian CC^Rnn^R®sejH|one the states oi thiflJvi^irw:die the whole is capped with a hundred stE^Hln heroic Bfce. I
The lagoon system at tlu- Exposition is a grand success. There is nothing so delight I n 1 and romantic as to take one of the many electric or steam launches or better stilla gondola, and traverse itsmany miles of canals, past marble palaces and ^R 1 flfect^t flt^fcr^gaj^rfen.s, under arching' bridges, skirting landscape, forests and stateljpillas. The musical dip, dip, of.the^^^^^^KOars^^^nlRR|o£ crystal fo . n' :: ns, the squawking and bleating of many'vatc r fo^R and i^^Hiving panotamtf of international scenes makes this ride one of the features of the Fair.
M i-r :lan^rd(^Hf these slender craft have b^^^^HjRrom Venice Roth their	ThR who hay^Ken the beautiful ‘‘Bride of tha
Sea” will hardly recognize in thes^Kinft dying flashes of ther a i n b o w and fowers
.ast ic garb, the black bodied gondola of the Ri! i ve canals and their propellers in blue jeans, white	which
to reFr^Rnt; But be their hub correct or hc^^Ri traveling in ^^^Ronc the less onchatU^^^Rrne^^^^^Rut th^R-flve feet long, t^|im^^^|d style having fierce
prow, the 1 >1 ae, yellow, grebl^Rd purple bodies ornamented with silver and gold scrolls and strange looking fishes, serpents and Saa monsters. T^^^wningi^^Huf a corresponding color and decoration. A few are RSore s o m b r e in t o n e, h aring the g^nruine s^^^^^^^^^^vin^^^^^Hi|ra high to fore And aft, and shining in the sunlight like a burnished blad^^^k sword. (^thC.Qc| casion of the fete de nuit, there is ni^^^Rr way of e^Ryiag^^HAfidbr than to Ehaffcei*one of these and g e n tly glide from place to place. Many of HBMKOndoliers have fine voices, and the m e 11 o wcadence of their dulcet lt^R songs, accompanied -k}|^he ifteMSiui t w a n g o fthe guitar or inai^^^R-fil^Ric air with sweet melody. On a moonlight night or in the luminious glow of electric illumination, one seems to be gliding on toSj^gd^^Tltilf rand on the rhythmical flow of song.﻿THE FOUR RACES. STATUARY ON AGRICULTURAL BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S ||UR.
45*
chaptM VI.
THE EXPOSITION STAMRY.
All Is Not Gold that Glitters—Venice in the Zenith of Her Acbiev^^H was Never so Slat^Lul^1 Neither Rome nor Athens Could Point to So Many Inspiring Effigies—A Wonderful Thing Enchantment to the	that Resale Marble
Plaster.
zenith	never so statuesque
^B Jackson Park. Nor Rome, nor Athens in their haughtiest so	The atithc^l
has tak^ftome pains to group them rather than to intersperse them in^^^^Heral descriptions of the buildings thus:	Ad*
ministration Building—(Troup around the Dome: Commerce,
Groups
«ft'th^Birnerpa'^^^^HChar^BTruth, Strength, Abundapc©9 Tradition, Liberty, Joy, Diligence, Education, U^|y, Patriotism,	Single figures:	Fjsi^B Maid, Bather, AiiSf
Diana, Harvesting,	Blacksmith, Chemistry. Groups
of the four entran^^HWateHjncontrolled; Water, CoMBFolled; hire, Uncontrolled; Fir^^Hntrolled; Air, Unc^BrolIed; Air, Controlled; Earth, No. i; Earth No. 2. Interior figure^^^^Hury.” Karl Bitter, sculptor.
' Y AgrMltttral Building—Bronze statue of Diana. August St. (^Bidens^Budp-tor. Two “Ceres” groups. Eight “Four Seasons” groups. Four Horo^Hpe groups. Four Cattle groups. Four Horse group^^^^H* “Pilia,” for j^Hmer pediments. Twenty figu^|	Abundances Philip Martifty,
sculptor. The	of Cer^H in the main pediment. Larkin G. Mead,
Florence, Italy, sculptor.
^ Machinery Hal 1—Ten figures of “^^^^^^^^^^Beast pediment. Figuj’ex'f "\tSon ,” of which thirteen c^^^Brere made in^Ktper, by W. H. Mullins, of Sa-lem, Ohio. M. A. Waagen, sculptor. Si^^^^^^Hlnvento^B Figure H“V^wry,” of which	were made in copper, t^BV. H, Mullins, Salem, Ohio. Robert
Kraus, sculptor.
Colonnade-—One Cattle group. One F^^^^Hup. Four	at the
base ccfth^Bjelisk. M. A. Waagen, sculptor.
^aSjfus^B HaU, Casino and Colonnade—“Quadriga,” Bull and Horse. French & Potter, sculptors. Figures:	“Orator,” “Indian,” “Navigation,” “FisherhogS
“Music.” Theo. Baur, sculptor. Four groups^^^^Hr gates. B< la Pratt,sculraM I^JtranspordmlOn Bmlding-^Bxteen figu^B of Inventiors. Eight groups five has relief regt»|fehting progress in transportat^^Methoc^B John J. BoyletSCjijfator.
29﻿452
HiO'ORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR
Horticultural Building—Two groups Battle of Flowers, Sle^ of Flowers, “ FlofaJ^^Sij^mgle figures. ' Lorado STaft sculptor. Cupid frieze* extending all around the building.
Galleries of Fine Arts—Eight caryatid^», and twelve™fht8Bof	Philip
Martiny, sculptor. One " Renomnaee” (Victory.) Eignt figua* of Arts and Sciences; Qlin L. Warner, sculptor. Five busts of celebrated artist by Warner, Angelo,' Titian, Raphael, Rembrandt, Velasquez.
Animal^^^^H Bridges.—Six native animals of Amebic*, modeled by Edward KeraH. A. P. Proctor, sc^Btor.
Woman’s Building—Pediment. “ Glorification o’ Woman’s Work.” Twelve groups,	of “ Hope” and “ Charity.” Miss AlH Rideout, sculptor.
Statute of “ Neptune ” duplicated six times,.on rostral columns. Johannes Gelert, sculptor..
Statu tc^B the Republic. By Daniel C. French.
StatuteHf Benjamin Franklin in. the ^Bh hemicycle (entrance) of^lea tricity building. ^Barl Rohl-Smith, sculptor.
The grand electric fountain in front of Administration Building. Frederick MacMonn^^Hulptor,
Wisconsin Buildin^B-“4^Bnu^K Wisconsin,” in marble. Miss Mears,:sfilp-tor. “ Forward,” a^|ip. Miss Miner, sculptor.
Ken^^^^^^^^^^KStatute of “ Daniel Boone.” Miss Yandell, sculptor.
Volcano Building-—Statute of “ Goddess of Fire.” Mrs.,^^^J sculptor.
Never before did distanceHad H much enchantment to the*‘view.' The above seem l^B marble, bi^^^Bon^^^ftter and scantling. Indeed, so exquisite and matchless h^^^ftn the handiwork, that were the gi^Ls marble instead of imitation they would farHrpa^^^^^^^^By, conception ofHmmdtry and graca Dclsartean principles, strength, beauty at^^^Bracter, many of the rdcootzed masterpieces of t^Bchi^^^^^Kill found in European collections. Now that tl^»renus de Medici has been pulled	perfection by^|e modern artists,
literally beH told to ^^He off her pedestal,” all the others are open to criticism and many also suffer a d^^^Bll.
The fc^^Bml^Bc groups of Asia, Afri^B Europe and America at tM extremecornersof the Albert Memc^Hl, in Kensington Garden, LondOujmtQ^^Bed upon as splendi(H,pificaHns of each subject, but upon almost every building here can be found ^^^^HustH emblematic of the arts, electricity, sHnces, agriculture, transporta^^^^^^^^^^^K the London monument. But these do not eoinjl within the lin^^^^Hbits at the Fair, an^Dieir beauty is merely used as an embellishment to	and with which they are cl^^Hd.
But here it might be well t^^^Bsomething of the material of avhicBBfty are constructed, the new ant^BmderfulHtaff.” This, I believe, was first$BHpin facing the buildings ^^^^^^BParis Exposition, and was consid^Bd at that tiiraj^Brticu-larly beautiful. It has the properties of both common plaHr and dement* and can be worked into any r^Bred design; in hardening it shows an ivory-lgHn'fadH whicji, however, can be t^Bred in any desired tint. Thus the most orna^ptrchi-i﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
453
tectural effec^nire prodtiad, and all the builcjiflgs, being covered with this decorative substance, present the appfearance of veritable marble palaces* For thed**>| signs, etc., it is modfeled into plates the required sue and joined invisibly, and it is estimated that about'jodtàÉO pf these pieces Have been i^Hn the large^^Hings alone.
The Administration building^Bith its proud golden dome, being the “show house” of th* Fair, is the most enriched with s^Biary, bas-reliefs, emt^Bmentà^ panels, pediments, etc. There are nearly	group consisting of
a seated male or female form and a child. The small^B child of all stands nearly i2MÇti<SQ that the relative size ma^^Mmagined. ThHare none too large though* as half are, placed on th^^Hnd stage and mi^^Hn from a great distanH Of thBHüitfy odd, Patriotism, Tradition, Liberty, Joy, C^^^^^^^Art, Industry, Re-flection and Abundance are particularly striking in pose and commanding in attitude. The facial expression is simply wonderful^B many of the groups, and nearly all are sdV modeled as to readily express their titles. Ther^Hre also numerous siiEtàe Ifcures here and there about this building.
The statuary at Machinery hallHull in single figures. Over the nc^B portal six sixteen-foot female figures are 9In holding shi^ft cameoed with heads of men famaffl|«sdnventors‘or machinists, while just above are five similar forms repre-senting the vari^K arts and scienc^Bet^Bed in machiner)-. On tl^ftenter pinnacle, the spires, and along the upperm(^^^^^|are stat^Bs of Winged Victory holding a Wteath in each outstretched hand. In fact, wreaths seem to be the chief theme in thç decoration of the whole building. The arcade is richly embellished with stuçpb and bas relief.
"JNear by on the dome of Agrkrultnral hall, St. Gauden’s gilded Diana perchei£ twirls and pirouettes as much at home as of yore	clock tower of Madisoir
Square Gardens, Xew York. The sixty femalestatutes known ^|the zodi^B figurés,' are placed about thq exterior. Of heroic sîze^nch holds aloft ^Bquare on which islil#playod one of the 12 constéllat^Hs of the almanac. Above the cornice are I stationed groups af broiue oxen and noble^^^B while bold hu^B men, iri commanding and masterful attitudes, follow the plow, sow and plant^BFhe l^B'aniumy pediments, capitals and caryatides are r^^^nppropriat^H) this building, also the mural painting.
Many of the State buildings are of “staff ’^^Hornamented with sc^Biture of tlife-highest order. Horticultural building, MineHmd Mining, Transportation, Woman’s building and Fisheries are all much enlivened with splendid “staff ” statuary, and also the MacMonnies fountain, the statue of the republic, the Neptune column*, the Peristyle, the statue of Franklin, and the bears, lions, etc., that guard the 16 bridges spanning the lagoons.﻿flBaag&
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CEREAL EXHIBIT ILLINOIS BUILDING.﻿PART IX.
AMONG THE STATE BUILDINGS.
ILLINOIS BUILDING FIRST AND FOREMOST.
It Cost $230,000 and is the Largest State Structure on the Grounds—Its Admirable and Commanding Site—Its Exhibits Tell the Story of the History of Illinois in a Pictorial Way—All the Departments of the State Represented—Reception and Office Rooms for the Governor—Work Rooms of the Agricultural and Horticultural Departments—Functions of State Government Admirably Shown—Kindergarten Interests Liberally Provided For—Bureau of Information—Two Large Exhibition Rooms—Archaeology and Geographical Survey—Grain Commission, Forestry and Fish Commission—Laboratory of Natural History—One-Tenth of the Building Occupied by the Illinois Woman’s Exposition Board.
OUPKI) at the northern end of the grounds are the State Buildings, a number of which are pretentious and all inviting. h irst and foremostamong the State Buildings is that of Illinois; which is very proper in more ways than one—Illinois being in a Sense, the host of our own nation and of all other countries. It was largely on this account that the Illinois Legislature, out of its appropriation of $800,000, directed that $230,000 should be expended on its State Building. The site chosen could not possibly have been improved upon as the view is unquestionably the finest In the Park, not excepting that from the eastern window's of the Administration Building. It stands up majestically on the northern side of the north pond, and is seen from more distinguishable points than any other structure. It is built of wood and staff, in the style of the Italian renaissance and cost $230,000. It has the form of a Greek cross, the main axis being 4-0 by 160 feet in size, and running east and \V6$t. The transverse axis is 175 feet wide, the southern end of it forming the main entrance. At the juncture of the two axes is a dome 72 feet in diameter and 235 feet in height. T he Avails are from 47 to 72 feet in height. The building is embellished witlp carving and statuary, and in front of its various en. trances are terraces, balustrades, fountains, and Howlers. The architects vrere W. W. Boyington & Co. The south projection is on the inside, three stories high, and is for the administration. Here are the offices and meeting rooms of the Illinois Commission and of the Illinois Woman’s Exposition Board, and the offices and reception-rooms of the Governor and other State officials. The corresponding projection on the north side is thrown into one story, with galleries, and is occupied as
455﻿
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BUILDING,
ILLINOIS﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
457
a memorial hall of the soldiers and sailors of Illihei^fl This exhil^^^^Hts largely of rcHI of the Warfif the Rebellion, su(5nl^Barn'ts,^^outiflBents, flags, and likenesses pertaining t( > t Ik • Illinois troops. The center of the buHdii^Bbetwi^B these' projections, is iiK^^BcT^Bwalls and arches, and forms a rotunda^Bid promenade, with a magnificient fountain	under the^Bnt^Bdome. It is a massive
construction of gr(^B*QVtt l^B-work, and it is forty^Bt high. This fountain glows with electric lights, and moreover its water is go^B to drink.
Twf lust thirty feet at the east and^^Hcnds the main buildbeing |femg»ffiat higher and broa^^^Ban the rest of it and sep^^Bed from it by^Blls and ^Ruks, maybe Ceiled pavilions, and are, in th^Hlterior, three stories h^B. In the west pa^Bbn the thirst floor is de^^Bl to	lloor to off^Bs
including that of a bureau of information, aftd the	and work-
rooms of t^fl Horticultural Depai^Bent, the offices and work-rooms of the Agricultural Department, and thc^^Hlquar^^Hf the soldiers and sailors of Illinois.
In the east pavilion is installed a nun^Br of inte^^^k exhibits. H'hcHiird floor is de*' voted to dormitories, like On the^Bond lloor are the exhibits of the deaf and dumb i^Htut^Bs, the institutions for the fech^^^^Bul, and ^B institutions for the blind. ^B th^Brst floor at th^nuth «id isaHodel kindergarten, attc^He north end a model common school* These tWQt rooms ^B probably ^^^^^^^^^^Biful the building. Between the rotunda in the snter and the ^flvilion^Bt each end there are two large exhibition	which
is alit 160 feet square an^^Hpiihc^Hy* lighted, both from t$R roof and th^Hles. They ar^Bne^B>ricd, but )^Btraversed by two i alldry aH<i\iMB'e wide running east and west at a distance from the wtsEfthid connecting with the second story^B the pavilions. ThcyBB devoted to ^«aLn^fts, drawings and pi^Bres. The main f^^^Bof the	are bisected
by a broad ai^^^BnjMectittg the east and^^^^Htranc^B The contents of both of are of the most inter^Bing description.
The north half of the west hall is equally divided beti^^^Ktate Grain In-Forestry and the Fish Commission; and the south half between I Iorti-Hlture and Floricaftfure, Archaeology, and tluBBeographical Survey, hQuisle ;is enlarged about midway to receive the great relic map of the State, H which fourteen engineers havK^bee* engaged for the last year. It is made on a^Bde of two niifef'tCk the horizontal inch and 500 feet tt) the ^^Btical inch, which gives it a length of seventeen fdeVand a breadth of nine feet. In preparing it no less ,than 1,382 important errors in the current maps of Illinois wer< ■ discovered. In one case it was discovereda man had been paying the State taxes for twenty years on land that was over the Wisconsin border.
rec M OF XJ ' BUILDING.﻿451
HflM'ORY of THE WRLDMFAIR.
'fhe north hall of the^Kst Jia|l i$WtVoted to to^SSnmon school exhibit; the University of IllinoMind the State Laboi^^Hof Natural History. ThBHKh half running east and west, and the southern half front of the building, is given up to the Illinois Womai^^Es^^^^HyBo^d, which,
the commission having allowed them
FOn^^^Hof the appropriation.
T^Br ladies’ recej^^^^Km is in	an	of a remarkable nature.
The crowds that pass through it	existence and location is
^almost preclude the possibility of using it for its proper	A moulded and
ceiling, a frieze in^^H with life and color, hangings of silk, a richly transoms, ar^^^^H and ^^^^Huphol^^Hl in gold, are included in the furnishings of the room.
are one hundred
representing the wom^Birt^^^B the Chicago Palette Club.
ies, photographic work, wom^H inventions, carvings, inlaid articles and an interesting collection I relics of the Bonapartes, and scores of little treasures which women love to see.
^^^fth^^^Br side of	the State ^^H’lment
Station in Rural	IBM
no is, and the t^^^^Bmal Universities.
. Secretary Reynolds of	very ]^«jd^B the character
the I^Bois exhibit and the principles on ^Bch^^^^^^Hup^^^^^^^^Hwhich the commission	says,	de-
partmental exhi: >i: ior tie- State, which should illustrate its natural resources, to-gether with the methods	the Sta^| though
its several departments^^H-ds^B^mmil^H, and othe^^^^^fcs in ^^Hdrk of pronging the moral, educational, and mlrial welfare of it^^^Kitant^^H^ as such	results are susceptible of exl^^Hn.”﻿


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CHARGING TUB KLliCTKIC LAUNCHES﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
459
CHAPTER II.
AWAY DOWN EAST.
The Good Old State of Maine—Its Latchstring Always Out—The Granite State Modestly On Top—Old John Hutchinson Still Sings—The Commonwealth that Gave Us the Hero of Ticonderoga— Massachusetts and Its Colonial Structure—Many Historic Treasures—Relics Innumerable—Little Rhody to the Front—Clams, Spindles, Prints and Corliss Engines Represented—The Connecticut State Building—Dutch Mantels, Colonial Architecture and Dormer Windows—An Abundance of Pretty Girls But No Wooden Nutmegs.
AINE spent $20,000 on its building, and there was no time during the Fair that the latchstring of the sturdy old woodchoppers and shipbuilders did not hang out. The Maine State Building is octagonal in form, with a ground area of 65 feet square. It is two stories in height, the.roof surmounted by a lantern in the center £nd four corner towers. The first story is of granite. The exterior finish of the rest of the building is in wood and staff. The roof is of slate. The central tower or lantern is 86 feet to its highest point. While the first story is octagonal in form, the second story presents but. four sides,ftach with a loggia opening to the rooms within. The second-story floor overhangs the first story one foot. The main entrance of these arched doorways, faces the southeast. Over it projects a boat’s bow, in staff. Within the entrance, is an octagonal rotunda open to the roof line, its ceiling being an ornamental colored skylight. On the first floor entrance is had to the fine parlors and reception rooms, designed for men anti women, toilet rooms and two commissioners’ rooms. A railed gallery extends entirely around the rotunda, which gives a complete view of the building to the visitors. The interior finishing is very handsome, being done in hardwood. The granite and roof slate used in construction, the skylight in the rotunda, and the mantels over the fireplaces are all the products of the State of Maine, and are donated by manufacturers.
New Hampshire, the birthplace of Webster, Cass, Pierce and a host of other great men, has an imitation Swiss cottage, which only cost $9,000. Its - dimensions were 53x84 feet and was two-stories in height. The pitched, shingle roof is broken by five gables. The exterior is weatherboarded in stained Georgia pine above a line seven feet from the ground. This first seven-foot course is in New I Iamp-shire granite. Each of the two stories is surrounded on all sides by a wide piazza. The rooms on the second floor open to the piazza through hinged windows open-﻿46c
H■TORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR.
MAINE BUILD^H
img to the floor. The entrance is on the east	the drive on Take Michigan.
On the^Bt floor is a reception hall, 22x36 feet. It^B^(0ninirab fireplaces in pressed granite	the hal^f a wing of the main building, two stories
highr the second story being a wide balcony or gaJfery^B the main floor. |Sve roof
glass skylight. A State ex*
r--r^—	•*-—h ibit, a picture coû^^^M^and a
'll large State n^fl are shown here. Be^^^^f reception hall on the firsHoof there are 1' 11 frytuHffl11' 11 and women. Th^^^^His are the reception
opc^| to tl^^^^^Kind is covered The ^^Hd door a reception room a^ jiiKui^rd and committee rooms. At the dedication of its building	26
Governor Smith, by vtrtoe %£the transfer of a key all tied up with whiteand yellow ribbons, was given control of the building, an^by^giv* ing the key again to the State in charge until the hair is over. The dedication cere* monies began at o'clock. The chief r e t a i n e r s we r e the AmoBag veterans, 100 strong.	white with gola epau-
lets, white-topped boots and swords.
They	of
Henry £. Burnham. Th^^^^^Hg with the other in^Bd guests, crowded
ing. The	State Band
the	and
e ntertained the thousand or more people who could nc^^H in. The Rev. FHtklin M. Fiske opened the dedicat^^^^^^^Bith prayer, after which Captain Ifl M. Shaw, En^^B tive Commissioner,	F.
the
dent, w^^^Bd the add^^^Bf welcome of Presid^B Amsden, that offic^^^Bdi^^^^Hunabl^^^^Hresen^l Then Commi^Bner Rollins p^^Ked the buildOld JohfPJdutch-inson then sang “The Old Granite State,” and	Wallac^Bss^Bfced
to the address of Welcome. Other	were mad^B John McLane„FV*sident
of thBtate Senate; Robert Chamberlain, ^Bak^|of the Hou^| Congressman H>
i I
NEW HAMPSHIRE.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAlffl
461
W. Blair, Col. Frank NojSpPBI tnPE'K^w	Leaj^^Mohn W.
Ela, Frederick Douglas and IsaBeMC Be^Bier Hooker.
' pi’ picturesque State that gave us the hero of Ticonderoga, and that produces the best maple sy^^Hnd^^H' in the woi^B spent $S,000 on one of the most
the grounds. On the right and left of the steps on the facade ^^Hvo shafts, on which	ii fig!
ures representing the industries of agriculture and quarrying—the two principal industrial activities of the State. O ne enters thro ugh a col-a courtyard, on	left which are
porches with broad seats.
rooms in front and ^Hin^Kg rooms, postoffice, etc., in the In	the court is a haqdS
some i^Bbl fountain. MbsSH from	the State is used through the	of the building.
Facing thc^tnd of the court is a porch, su^^^^^flby four carytids, over whi^Bfi a semi-circular Greek window with bas-relief around it representing “Freedom \ he coat-of-arms is in the center. The i^^Hion hall, which is located inBBij€a0r,- i^BffcuIar in form, with ' a colonnade around, ^Bl a wooden idome surmounts the structure. All I4§«al according to a Pompeiian I he building is Pompeiian
and furnishes a most trast to ti^^^^Hiilc^H The
at an
for its State building the old John Hancock residence of Boston.
This historical structure is really th e only one on the grounds w h ich can be called.strictlyColonialin all its asped*. Phe building is three stories higjKpwiilkgable roof, surmounted in t^^^nter by a cupola. The eXtqffbr is of	in iiditkt^Ul’^cut granite, and it fc^^^^^^Hnes of the old house suffi-
ciently faithfully to recall the original to the miiK^B>f those who have »c^n it. LiH the original, it is surrounded a terrace, raised above the^ltNwSr and﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
462
CONNECTICUT BUILDING.
has in front and on one side a fore-court, filled with old-fashioned flowers and foliage, in keeping with the character of the building. It is approached by two flights of steps—one leading from the street to the terrace, the other from the court to the house The main entrance opens to a spacious, well-studded hallway with a
tiled floor. Facing the entrance is a broad Colonial staircase, leading to the second floor. An old-fashioned, bull’s-eye window gives light to the stairway, which is guarded by a grandfather’s ’clock. On the right of the hall is a large room, constituting a registration room, postofifice and general reception room. The fittings and furnishings of this room are unique. Its mar-blefloor, its tiled walls, its uncovered beams, its encircling wooden seats and its high mantel recall the old Dutch rooms found in western Massachusetts, as well as in New York and Pennsylvania. On the left of the front door or main entrance are two large parlors, which, when thrown together, form a room 80x25 feet in size. The front parlor is furnished by the Essex Institute of Salem, an old historical society. The back parlor is more especially a reading room for men. The second floor is given over almost entirely to the use of women. There is a large and a smaller parlor, and two bedrooms for the use of the Woman’s Board. The entire floor is furnished in old-fashioned furniture, and in thBbedrooms are four-post bedsteads. On the third floor are rooms for servants. A liberty pole 85 feet high stands in the forecourt and a gilded cod fish serves as a vane on the top of the cupola.
Many relics are to be found in the
Massasschusetts building which possess great historical interest. Among the most valuable of these relics is a fragment of the original “Liberty” tree flag, looped in the center by General Brooks’ revolutionary hat, with crossed guns below, quaint
RHODE ISLAND BUILDING.﻿■storwHSSthe worldST fair.
331
long-stocked old weapons, one the gun that shot May Pitcairn, and beneath, a pontoon that jrashHdin the battle of Bunker Hill.
P?pllJ^ngTh& historic treasures is the Governor Wolcott tankard l°a^^HR Lieutenant Governor	also portraits of anc^^^^^^Be Wolcotts; a painting b&rf^^Hf of m&i^^Hof Governor Gore’s family, loaned	Robins,
of Boston; an	little book pub-
lished ami sold in 1740 in Philadelphia by “B. Franklin;” a sword worn by Judge Hatton, of Salem; a bet 1 -qui 11 made of pieces of Lady Washi ngton’s d resses, and Bm||g3&aiHar^^^^Hdr^^^^^^Bnets, high-heeled shoes, -diawls and
Then there is a cradle in which has been rocked live generations of the ■Bans family,	and
States; an old	mirror in which Governor 1 Iutchinson sur-
veyed himself more than 150 years ago;	George Washi^Ron when
Knpfyfm his headquarters at Ga mb ridge, and the portraits of sixty men and woftfln who aided in maki^^^^^^^^Betts famous in its earliest days. E v< rything goes to tell the	State.
^^Hfor its spindles and pri^R, and ^^^B clams anc^Hl dinners, and^R^fflL educational	(on ^^Bunt of its size) little Rhode iSMad
came	the front with	building. T	gave us RQgexj
Williams, Tristam Burgess, Senator Anthony, the Corliss engine, the the Queen of Americ^^^^Brin^Bdacc'^^H' to it it st^Bld be embosomed an^^^^^^Hpr^Ritious commonwealths. It may ^B possible to walk around ml State before ^Bakfast, but it Is alwaj^Ro the froi^Bin peace: or war.. There is ■greek manner, I(^^^Rolumns and	American	in the
RImkJq Island building. It h^^^^^^Bd area of 32X5<^Ret; it is two stories high, in wdbqpand staff,	Entrance is hac^^^^^^^Biilding from
all sides through French windows openi^Bto the floor. The main hall is 18x25 feet, and is open in the^^B The parlor^^Hiromen and
are on tRe^^Hloor. On ^^^^B>nd floor	a gallery around the mai^Biatl. The	what may IxscaHtM
the second story of the porH on the west front. Hi the iloors are hard w^Bl, and the in^^^^^Bfurni^^Bl in cypress.
Thc^^^Becticut State building, which	the Colonial Style,
BBij&&^^B>f the Connecticut residence, with theaddition of cii^Bar windows Bn the north and s^Hh, and	piazza on the rear. It has a ground area of
i72X7v'^^^^Bcluding the piazza, and i^^^^^Bries high. The c^B**01* is weather-boarded land painted white. Th^^^^^^^^Rns five dormer windows and is.de^Ked on toH The deck is surrounded by a balustr;n F, and from i^^^Bter rises a flagstaff. Th<Hiain entrance is off a square porc^^^^^^Hby the projecting pediment, which is supported by heavy columns. Th^^^^B>r 13 finished in Colonial style^nth^ed floors, paneled walls and Dutch mflC. The plumbing ari^jSjr-penter’s hardware in tHe building are in special des^^^^Hd are donated as exhibits by Connecticut manufacturers. On tJie^^Hflodr is a reception hall, 21x48﻿46|
HISTORY OF T® WORLD’S FAIR.
feet, with a jjght-w&il in the center*? |n the rea^^jthe hall is a stairway with a landing half-way.up. .Flanking the hall are■	n and women. Thel
second	into living rooms, and is occupied by the Executive World’s
FadrbffiH* oi^Bannecticut, and his family during thev'Fair. There are many fine paintins^Knd revolutionary relics on exh^K, and pret^||^^i>r^BjKindant during the	l here seemed to be everything but wpyfyti nutmegs.
﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
4^5
CHAPTER III.
A GALAXY OF STATES.
Nc'.v York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware—SiztelinHof the Building of tl^^Hdre State—» Money Liberally Expended on Wall, Ceiling, Floor^^^ftule, Arch, Column and Balustrade— The Pennsylvani^^^^^^Wany Prefer It To Any in the Group—A Very	Structure
. Throughout—New Jers^BReproduces the Wa^ngton Headquarters at Morristown—A Revo-;. lutionary Flavor and No Mistake—Delaware, Which RaistHhe First Money for the Exposition, Has a Picturesque Building.

EW York i^Hally justified in the pri< 1 <: she takes in her budding. Not only is it the ^Brd in size—ranking Kxt to Cal^Bmia—but the Kni<^^^^^Bers claim it finest location in t^^^Boup, being on two boulevards and	Art Palace. Xbe
architectural idea in this building is that of^Bltlgeeum-mer house, or villa cl^^^Ber,^^^ftig^Br in form and in the <^^^Bf the Italian ren^fcanoe. It is three stories high, being fifty-seven feet from the ground to ^he cornice. Tire general dimensions are	105 deep.
The exte^Br is in st^B in imk^^^H>f marble, and in. kdbpiUg with the style of the main exposition buildings. Its is surinounted and confined by ^neavy balustrade. Each	the bjiluis»'
trade supports a large Italian vase, in^^^^Hro^Ki bay tree, giving the building, together with its.blue and white awnings and othei^^Hac^^Hcs, the air of a Pompeian house.
^^^^^Bt-tHked roof furnishes a promenade and summer ga^^H From its ceflr~T	1(‘	over the banq^^Hall^^Hab^^^^^^^^^^^Hre*
belvideres from which a magnificicnt view of the lake &n<^^^^^^^^^^^H>tained,
On the east and westHe semHrcula^Krtico^^H^ing a^^^^^^^^flhfty feet; here twin fountain^Bdd their music to the band ^Hrin.
A broad flight of steps, on the south, guarded by Barbarini, which wise cast in R<|tne, leads to the main entran^B About this entrance is concentrate^ all the exterior ornamentation of the building. In the circular niches, on e^Bcr side of the aich of the entrance, are busts of H^fcon and Columbus. Above the keystone of the arch is the Ank$icaa eagle, anti dependent from a staff, projecting above the bird,S^i a flag bqajfing the Stateljwttms.
The barreled arched vestibule, forming the entrance to the building, opens to a columma%&llUL-- ^6x8dXeet in size, with a domed filing 45 fc^TrortPmfa^oor,﻿NEW YORK STATE BUILDING﻿HISTOHr OFBK WORLD’S 'FAIR.
■
Fro Un this reception room éhfraiìfce^Bhad TOjiuF Ww^Booms^B the floor. In the ^HB|9rand ten-foot staircase leads to the second floor. Along the walls asS pictures in Pompeiian^^^M'ings and stately mimic jonquils r^fl from each step.
highly ornamented in staff, its groine^^Hling 45 feet from the floor. It is no&sftj sumptuous in style, far Surj^Ktciil many of ^^^^at^^^^^BnqU£tU$0i rooms famc^^^^^Btory. Depending cr^nl electroliers, iS feet long, forming gHgB <sit lights. 3®e dectric lighting throughout the build-such as i o cause much comment; the ^Bl of ^B State is even in electriHspl^^^^HTliraa balconied	along u&j
southern length of the hall, for the the governor or any othjtr distinguished	might prefer
to look on rath^^Han partici fiata It is upholstered,	in a rich red t<^^Han^^Hin<^Kquisit^|>r
with	of the splendid salon. (^B th^vstparlors and
llfdet rooms for in<m and women, post-office, information and ba^^^^^nms^yCwn either end of^^^^Huet hall, on the ^^Hd floor, are
ception and te^^^^^^^^He third
kitchens,.
and	In
builded by the Empire State, which cost $150,000, her loyal citizens receive and entertain c^^^^Hslied foreign guests in
pense hospitality a^Br the principles Kaintai^^^^Hin^^^^^^^^^H.''
plain little
with vines tra^^^^Hwn^^^^^^wf it afi<^| patch oi^Bound^^^^^^H-c and there by pi(^^Hqu^^^^^^His front of - it, ^^Hbe seen at the ImtherMart of the grounds. Th^^^^Hh was
of the New York State Bc^H of Commissioners, ii^^Hnbed to illustrate a model RKpdè for the	It was firstprojected by 1 rofessor Lucy
Rlmon, of V^aar College, who^< ideas Hve beenHfri^Bout by ^Bs Katherine B. Dav^Bof Rochester. Miss, Davis^^^B graduate of Vt^Btr, and h.is ,jM^n a
so﻿PENNSYLVANIA STATE BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
469
«reat deal of interest in th^ftvelKt^pf $1* workingman. The model house is a frame building on piles, with an elevation of a story and a half and covering anPTljfly 28 feet. Qta the first floor is	a living-room and a
bath room.	floor ha^Bwo large rooms and one smaBne. The in-
terior waits.are all painted and ^^Hsilmg^Kin be w^^^^Hith^Hd water- Wall papers are	dangerous to health. Th^^^^^^Hit Si,000, and
tlife fQrntshings^^^^B>ennsH,an^^R erected a building which	the mind
bac^Ko the times	Phil-
adelphia was tlve center of Amer^^Htrugg^^H liberty. Barring the two balconies which run comp^^^^Hound the building, it is an exact re-production of	Indepen-
dence hall, havingitietitra^^H bell tower	The
kui^Big is rectangular in form, two stories high, with a ground area of no by iH foet. The Corners of	front are
quarte^^Hled in. Piazzas twenty f^Hwide surround the building, ai^^^|er them are verandas with protecting b&l-ustrade. Outside stair-cases right left to the rear^Iead to the garden on the roof. This roof	with
AmeriBi made tin produced in Philadelphi^^HThe outer wmlHto the roof-line are ■of Philadelphia pressed biypk. Above the main entrance is t^^Hat-of-arms of the States in bas-relief, th^^^moe on •tyiet-»»de of iBeiiag life-size; and to right and left^^^^Hstatues of Penn and Franklin. The front is further ornamented with tw^^Hgorical groups of statuary, one emblema^l of th^n*t$ and ^Rnc^| the other of	manufacture.
The rotunda is^Hsl^l in til^Hnd^^^|, like the old hall, at^vuM .through the building and far up into	tower, where it^^^| in a dome, richly frescoed Hd brilliantly ligh^B by electric lamps sunk in	Under this dAipe
the f^tpiotts Liberty bell may be M€&, on a platform on wh^Hs, so that in case of fire the valu&^^HltC can be run out of harm’s way at
STATUARY OH Dt.'.Mi: ( 1 PENNSYLVANIA BUILUING.﻿470
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
About the rotunda on the first floor are post office, package rooms, bureau! of information, exhibit rooms and reception rooms for both men and women; the men’s sanctuary is finished in maple, while the woman’s is in oak, the others being of native marble and hardwoods from the Keystone State with wainscoted walls, heavy cornices and handsome frescoes. The woman’s parlor is covered with a cloth of gold carpet made in Paris especially for this triangular-shaped room. The frescoes are of pale Xile green and the walls are covered with large paintings of a character in keeping with the purpose of the room. Some of the paintings have taken honors in competition, and all save one have been painted by Pennsylvania women. The exception is a rare curio. It is a portrait in oil of William Penn, painted by Joshua Richardson some time during the period from 1684 to 1699, while the famous Quaker was on a visit to England. On the second floor are rooms for the governor, the press correspondents, the treasurer of the commission and the board of commissioners.
The apartment designed for Governor Pattison’s use is very plainly but richly furnished, the prevailing color being a deep maroon. It is triangular in shape and the walls an unadorned except for the bright red frieze which gives it color. There are also thr^B bedrooms in the tower. In a glass case in the rotunda are shown some very interesting relics. Besides many revolutionary relics, there is the original charter granted to Penn and his treaty with the Indians, which is signed by the aborigines in their peculiar-sign manuals. The signatures an made by dipping thA thumb in some highly colored fluid and spreading the impression on the treaty. The building is supplied with Soo electric lights; the staircases are of quartered oak, all the ceilings of stamped metal, and the whole structure cost the Pennsylvania Legislature $90,000.
STATUARY ON DOME OF PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING,﻿HISTORY OF THE WC^OSYFAIR.
4/1
The general style of the New Jersey"building is colonial, and it cost $19,000. ;Tne* pjnldid&is principally of framê construction, covered with clapboards and with some of the ornamental portions in staff. '"The roof is shingled. The dimensions of tots main building 4re 51 feet long, 31 feet deep and 37 feet high to the ridge. Lach wing is 16 feet front, 21 feet deep and 30 fe^Bfigh. The piazzas, in front and rear, each 68 feet long by 16 het wide (at the v^^^Bpart). The area covered, including	feet. The site of the bHbn^Hcenl^By located
among ^Hul the States of New York,	Rhode Island and Con-
necticut. It £5 not intended ^B exhibition pi^nses, but is mc^B in th<- nature of a club-house for t he use and cc^Betlience of all b^By people. There are large and inviting piazzas oi^Bie front and rear. Tli^^^^^^H;ra^^^^^^^|into a large gepçral^^^Biïbly hall, stories high with a circular balcony looking down from ■p^^BncHory. This hall contains the postoffice and 1 he hat and cl^^^BuinteH a large open fire-place, nearly ten leet across, and the main^Bir^^^^^B.lafctter being made a feature of th^^Hgn. On tl^nright^^^^^^H of the building are locàt^^^^^Hns set, apart especially for the ladies; these consist of the generM meeting room o^Br - JLadics’ Board of Managers, two parlors on the second floor, with la^^Hsries and b&t^^^Bns. On tl^Beft hand side of the building are the gentlemen, the secretary’s of^B, board room, pres^^^B room, commit^^^Borr^Bm^Bvatories. In the third st^B are the care-takers’ apartment, and store-rooms for ^Huments, etc.
Those fami^B with the appearance of the Washington headquarters in Morristown, N.J., will recognize in N^Bjersey’s building the nucleus of the general lines and details of that hi^Bic^^Hture. d'he interest of the ^Brri^Bwn building is no d^Bjt somewhat ^Hret^^^^Hthe New Jersey building,seems that the State has done well in ^Becting the old headqu^Brs as^Btarting point for the design, when it	that i^Bcr the roof of the old Morri^Bvn house
the noted characters of the Rev^^^Bn have gathered than under any Roof in Atactica. General Washii^Bon made the building his headquarters during the wiSCttjbr of 1779 and’So, and Alexander Hamilton lived there during t^^^Bie long winter, and there ‘^B met and c^Brted the lady he afterward married,thé daughter «£' General Schuyler.” Celebrated men, including Grepn, Knox, Lafayette. Steuben, Kosciusko, Schuyler, “ Light Horse” Harry Lee, old Israel Putnam, “Ma|l .Anthony” Wayne, and "that brave soldier but ^Bk traitor, Bei^Bict Arnold/"’ have all been beneath its r^B This building is used as the headquarters of N&w Jer-ey commissioners, and is a place where every New Jerseyman and his family® made to feel at home, where he can	friends, can register his address and!
receive his letters.^Bt is, in f^^n part of his c^^^^^^Bransportei^B) the Exp?i® itibft grounds.
It may not be generally known that, the little Southern State of Delew®M bqyônd btdng the producer of many distinguished statesMn and the best peaa«3j *and the best war \essels in tl^Bworid, sent more 1 nion soldiers to the field than, any Other state according to its population. It was the fitst state to i\'iise/monêjj for tfia b .position, and it spent $7jOO on its building, which is constructed wfamjly﻿472
HlStORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR.
of native \v3ods anninaterials from tHcotate. is 5SX60 feet, extremely picturesque and elaborately furnished. One room in the	in Colonial stwa
with hangings and furnitute representing the Colonial days. It is very inten^Bng, there being fi^ves in clH of the ^^BwedeHlhurch at Wilmington, BajBtt’s Chapel, an^Ehrist Church. Chris^Hiu^f was built more than iQOveajrsago of heart pine. It is without a particle of paint and has the Ipgh: baqked pews, the chancel at on^Hnd, the servants* gallery at th^»pj;^Ete end, midway on thlfcast side the lofty pulpit, and immediately below the reading desk ard the clerk’s desk.
on the shore.﻿HISTOR\MBTHE WORLD’S FAIR.
D
CHAPTER IV.
VIRGINIA. THE MOTHER OF PRESIDENTS.
Mount Vernon Reproduced—One of	Interesting Collections of Choice	the Grounds—
West Virginia and Maryland Near B)—Much That Is Colonial Seen in These Bui^Bgs—Sltf Portraits, Flint (^^^Eockades and Contim nuls—West Virginia.
H E State of	is th^^^Bher of Presidents—so every
school-child	To be sure,
the country two, the Adan^^^^^^^^^^Hthree, the her(w>f New (Heans ^Bin^Bmong them; N^B Yor^Bf°ur> Van ^B^m^B> Arthur and	Ohio has^Bven us
ana t^B, the hero of I soldier of the ci^flwar that has ever lived; II foundly—Lincoln
statesmen, Garfield and Hayes; Indi-ippecanoe and his ^Btndso^Bi noble am^pie of	orators
linois two—mention their nQiin^Hro-Grant—great in^^^^Hmd great in urar; Louisiana and New Har^^^rct^B each. But Virginia has given^^^^H—Washi^^^^^Bfferson, Madison, Monroe and Tyler.	is ^^^^^^Ehe mother of Presiden^^Ban^Bph, Scott.
Preston, the Lees, Custis, Thomas,Htoi^Ball Jackson and a hundred other illustrious Americans were VirpBBins. At a cost of about ^^^^^Bthis grand old State reproduce^BtfcHt Vernon a^Bs building. I^Evers an arHof 175x185 feet, and lies nearHe lake and oppMte the iMryland building. d’h^Hructure is an Exact representation of the Mount Vernon mansion in F^Bax^B>unty, Virginia, pear Washington city, the buih^^^^^B which (icorge Washington lived and died. It got into hiHands from his brother, LawreBe Washington, and was built in the Early part of the last century by his father. The main buHing is 94x32 feet, tw$ Ktories and an atti^^Ha two-story portico, with large columns extending along the \H>le front, being 94 feet Io^B 13 feet high ant^u feet wide. The portpSo ex’ tends up to the^Bni^nf the rcH ln^^MarnamentalBiling around the top and is furni^^^^^^^^BtteH along the whole length next tluHtrall. Tl^Be ant two colonnades r^Bin^^Hk from ^^^Eing of the building tc^^H rear about afi feet ^ong^Ei feet w^B and 11 feet high, connected ea^flwith a one-and-a-half story stricture, 40x20 feet. Th^BarMalled the dependencies. Altogether-fh^jt are twenty-live rooms in the structure. On the first and iHind floors of tpie ajln ■Bidding there are. eleven rooms, in the attic six, and iHach of' the dependeigHfl fowl roomH The largest rooms in the house are the banquet hall,.31x23 feet, and tlurJibCaTy	feet, the main entrant <■ hall, Washington’s chamber, in whicflB
Mrs. Washington’s chamber in the attic, to﻿474
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
which she removed after her husband’s death, and which she occupied during the remainder of her life on account of its being the only room in the house which looked out upon his tomb. The apartments average upon the first door 17x17 feet, upon the second 17x13 feet. The height of the first story is 10 feet ^ inches;
of the second, 7 feet 11 inches; of the attic, 6 feet 9 inches. The distance from the* ground to the top of the cupola is 50 feet. In the main hall is a large stairway four feet wide, ascending by platforms to the floors above. On the first platform of the stairway there is an old Washington family clock, a very interesting historical relic. This hall is furnished with antique sofas and pictures of the last century. The rooms upon the first door are ornamented by heavy carved and molded wood trimmings and handsome mantels, very antique, I his Virginia building is not only an exact representation in every particular of the old Mount Vernon structure, but everything within it is also of the same character. Nothing modern is seen in the building, except the people and the library of books by exclusively Virginia authors. As far as could be done the building was furnished with article« which were collected from all over the S tat the heirlooms of old Virginia families, and with portraits of the same character.
Whatever may be lacking in furnishing the building with articles of this ■character is supplied with furniture made after the same old fashion.
The building is presided over by the Lady Assistant of the Virginia Hoard,
Mrs. Lucy Preston Beale, a daughter of Hon. Ballard Preston and a granddaughter to General Preston, a former Governor of \ irginia. She has for the attendants in the building old
Virginia negroes, and undertakes to represent in every particular an old Virginia home of the Colonial period. There is a very rare collection of relics^of Colonial times and of the Revolutionary War, and everything which is antique, among which﻿HflH'ORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
471
is Iphibitda & copy of the original will of George Washington. The l^Htry^ffur-^HWW^ntirely with books written by Virginians or relating to Virg^Ba, quite a large^Bdlc^Bon^B which	made,	with old Vir^Ha portraits, Yiev^Bnd other	Alto-
gether the. building with i^Bur^Rihigs is uncqi^^^^B its character appointments, and nothing like it w ill Hfound elsewhere except ^HMcHt Vernon itself.
West Virginia, which rr^^^Bld Virginians still c^^^nts part of the olc^ftate^
RtLICS OF GEORCji WASHINGTON
and which slid away Inim the more sij^do-n element	att^^H&
building ill a st rictly Oolonial^^H u hich c< > a; $20,000. It is two st(^Bs high, with a pitched lHf, the outer	wcathe^^^^^H and painted. The r6of ih
shingled. The interior is finished in hai^Bwood, the wafts are plastered, and the ceilings are of ornamental iron work Wheeling. All of
in <he buil< 1 ing is t he product of	The	entrance is on the west, on a
platform porch. Above the entrance is th«^Bnt*of-arms of the Sta^^^B>aS-reUef. Within the >dltrnce Is a vestibule, with rOOOis for the boards ol commissioners on either	Bqydnd.ther vest ibufe is a large reception hill flanked by parlors﻿476
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
for women and men. Back of these parlors are toilet and retiring rooms. On the second floor front are two committee rooms, and the balance of the floor constitutes an assembly room and reception hall 34x76 feet in size. There are four large fireplaces in the building, two on each floor, with very handsome carved wood mantels. The building has a ground area of 5SX123 feet.
West Virginia to the schoolboy is a pale blue triangle lying on the eastern portion of the map of the United States, and often causing him extraordinary and acute anguish to define its boundaries. To the average man, “grown and bearded,” it is a place that coal comes from, or a winter health resort, or sometimes a bit of rough country which the cars whirl him through. But to the West Virgianian it is the noblest work of nature.
Some hundreds of West Virginians got together at their beautiful State building on the 20th of June and explained this to each other at some length. Incidentally they dedicated the building, but the bulk of the time was spent in the enjoyment of wood pictures descriptive of their Virginian elisium, and an occasional friendly lament that Chicago, with all its other glories, could not have had the added advantage of being located in West Virginia.
The felicitations—exercises seems too cold a word—were held in the large assembly room on the second floor, a spacious, cool apartment with big windows opening to the floor, with splendid hardwood wainscoting running about its walls and a magnificent carved mantel at one end. It was handsomely decorated with bannerettes and palms, and presented a most attractive appearance.
As one of the speakers said, the West Virginia building is typical of the State, and all the wood and metal work used so profusely in decorating the interior are its own products, and nowhere outside the Forestry building is there such a superb and comprehensive display of American hard woods. State Commissioner Chancellor made the opening address welcoming the guests and presenting the regrets of the Governor of \\ est Virginia that he was unable to be present. Commissioner Chancellor read a telegram from tfie Governor requesting him to call upon some typical West Virginian to act as substitute for him. In obedience to which request Mr. Chancellor summoned United States Commissioner St. Clair to take the place of the absent Governor.
General St. Clair arose and in his easy, self-possessed manner announced that it was with deep embarrassment that he responded to such a call. His remarks were crisp and pointed, and often almost startling—as for instance, when he said that the people of V est Virginia and the people of the United States were indebted largely to West Virginia for the success of the Fair, which he explained by stating that it was the second coal-producing State and the seventh hardwood State in the Union.
He dwelt long on the various natural resources of his native State, and gave numerous figures showing the remarkable progress it had made since the war. In conclusion he pointed to the fact that the State building was not intended as a place for exhibits, but as a resting place and home not only for West Virginians﻿HISTORY OF THHMBÏILD’S FAIR.
477
but	its hospitality. And	benefit
of everybody he, therefore, dedicated it.
I The Maryland building, which c< >st about $12,000, is near the lake and very Virginia building. 11 is a handsome structure and is divided intraii^^^^^^Hial^ndi^l loilet, ladies’ parlor, exhibition hall,^^^^^^^^ftart-ment, bureau of information
the first floor- Gentlemen’s toilet, office, smoking room,	three
HtpOrs which	constitute t^^^^^Kd floor, and a gallery overlooking the main	)ition hall, i^^Hered from	deck rfls of
HjN&hes and buildings offer fine points of v'an^^Hor	ground» of
the Wool’s Fair.
MARYLAND BUILDING.﻿1. La Fayette Fenk, Illinois.
4. J. B. Smith.
Delaware. 7. H. B. Andrews,
Texas.
10. W. W. Peabody,
Oh io.
13. B. B. Smalley,
Vermont.
GROUP OF PRESIDENTS OF STATE BOARDS.
2. S. P. Behan,
A ri zona.
5. D. O. Mon fort.
Mi n ne sofà.
8. Prof. Andrews,
Rhode Island. 11. C. H. Amsdhn,
AY/I Hampshire. 14. Jno. S. Harper,
Wyoming.
3. J. O. Crosby,
Iowa.
6. A. J. Seay,
Oklahoma
9. M. W. Coben,
Kansas.
12. Cn.vuNCEY M. Depew, New York. 15. I. M. Scott,
California.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
479
CI IA PTE R V.
’WAY DOWN SOUF ’MONG DE FIELDS OF COTTON.
The Governors of North and South Carolina Are Not In It—Georgia, Alabama, MiBissippi and Tennessee Also Have No State Buildings—Florida Reproduces Fort Marion—Louisiana has a Beautiful Building—All its Governors for One Hundred Years Present—The Woman’s World’s Fair Hxhibit Association of Texas Erect a Handsome Building for the Lone Star State.
'A ORTH Carolina has no building, but the State makes A collective exhibits in the ' Agricultural, Horticultural, Mine «Fisheries and Forestry departments. The South Carolina Legislature voted adversely on the question of making an appropriation, therefore that State has no à building nor State Board of Commissioners, The same C may beBaid of Georgia. Alabama has no State Board A of Commissioners nor a building, the Fegislature having failed to make an appropriation. Some funds were raiBìd in the State, however, pending the action of the Fegislature on the W orld’s Fair Bill, but it was not a sufficient amount with which to erect a creditable building and the movement wasi&bandoned. The Mississippi Legislature refused to pass an appropriation bill, hence that State has no building nor State Board of Commissioners.
The Tennessee Legislature failed to make an appropriation, hence there is no State Board of Commissioners nor State building. The mining town of Harri-man makes an exhibit in the Mines building, but otherwise there is no collective exhibit shown.
At a cost of $20,000, Florida reproduces Fort Marion, St. Augustine, which has been a great attraction. T he original fort covers an area of one acre, and is, per haps, theoldest structure in North .America, the most interesting specimen of Spanish supremacy in this country, and the only example of mediaeval fortification on the continent. Its erection was begun in 1620, and continued for 100 years. To equip it as a garrison, required iooguns and 1,000 men. It was never taken by a besieging force. The State building occupies one-fifth of the space of Fort Marion. It is in the form of a four-bastioned fortress. Including the moat, the site ig 155 feet square. The building proper is 137 feet square. The frame is of pine, covered with plasture and coquina Shells, in imitation of the original. T he interior is divided into parlors for men and women, committee and exhibit rooms, and is furnished in Florida’s native woods. T he interior court is planted in bamboo, orange, lemon and other tropical trees. The ramparts furnish space for promenades and﻿Mm


FLORIDA STATU UUILDINü.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
48 X
LOUISIANA BlIILE^B.
hanging gardens. In t’h^iSïöaüd&a Slìtfch ^fefden, where are produced miniai ire fields of cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, etc.; showing the natural resources of the state. WH visiting this btfeildie^^Bie feels that he is in St.	or I^^^la, or Magnojg
lia, among oranges and cocoanuts and	pelicans, and	and
_	__ __________________________mosses many hundreds of
C"	"	old. The 1
an exact counter] art the to-do creole buildings that may anywhere from Baton Roug^Bown. It is^^^^^^Hin eye to 1 na asses and perature^, is twn m>ries high, with piazzas, and has a^^idedly Southernair. ItistrulySouthern, ^Brc
every door. Pict^^^^H all tStu governors H a hundred years ^^^^^^Hth^walls, and thërej are plants w^^^B and within that suggest the prodigality of An hour li^^H Louisianabuilding gives one lasHg idea of Andrew Jackson and Louis Phillipe,^^^^^^Harns much of one of ^^^^^^^^^^H~ated chess players, one of the most eminent	the most enjoyahJra
novelists -of modern times. building cost less ^^^KiS^^Hmd shows off well for the amount expended. It ha^^^^^Btage of 66 Ec^Bsftd ti depth of 56 feet. The 14 feet in the clear,
HL nd story 13 ^Hit. The building Ei finished i 11 natur^Broods—princi-pally cypress and white pine. The interiofHontains on the ground floor a large hall, off	is ranged
deception rooms, dining room and Bpiokin^Boom.^^^^^^^^HDry contains à large	room
Bypch communicates w^B smaller Bpthibitioa rooms and ladies’ parlor.
fcötiring rooms and ^Bat^KS havé been ^nvi^Bl on both	In connection
with the StatBmilding is a Creole kitchen where the fam^^^Bilatali^Bcookery prepared in Creole i^Bnon is served. T^^^^Hof August was a famous .day for Louisianians—the Director-General was ^^Hnt of cour^Bas he married one of thtàbeUes of New Orleans.﻿482
HISTORY»F THE WORLD’S FAIR.
At a^^Hof raising $30,000 Texas has erected a handsome building on the "right oft h e .north entrance to the ExpOSition.grou^^^Bnd this notffj(u($tanding the failure of the State Legislature to make an appreciation on account of constitutional prohibi^Bn. d BBmoney for structure was raised by the Women’s Fair Exhibit^^Hhation of Texas, with headquarters at Austin, the State coital. In the treatment of tin* design of the Texa> building the	not deflected
from the ^^Hy oi the Lone Star State, which, from
marked by a Spanish tinge, whose architectural inclination and hand^^Biebotanical effects lay down a chain of	far too beautiful to be forsaken for that of dfl
present day; therefore, tl^^^Uding was designed for^ttonna^ft, grounds, fpuntan» foliage, etc. It	assembly room 56 feet square, 28 feet high, prc^Bled
with art skylight	a mosaic Texas star	The
rostrum, ante-room, etc., are fl^fished in the	Texas. Oitie wing
cont;s for bureau of information, reHtcr, messenger, telephone, telegraph, directors, Tcxas Press Association headquarters, commissioners, h^Krical museum and l^^B, toilet rooms, ct^^^Hco^^^^^Kxhibi^^^^HThe main entrances are th^|ghHstibulH flanked on	niches anc^^^nnades. The main
vestibule^^|ninate in a large auditorium, connecting^^^nhe rooms ment^wdfl Great credit is due to^^H Iienedette B. Tobin, the leat^^^Bnrit in all tha^MH tains to the Texas building.﻿HISTORY OF T® WORLD’S FAIR.
483
C HA FT®‘-VI.
THE NOTED BLUE GRASS STATE.
A Gjipfe at	Women—Fleet Horses and Fine Grasses of
but They Never “Talk	—Arkansas and Its Building—A Fountain of Hot
Forty-five Thousand Dollar Buiktfng pfl
Missouri—A
NOTED	once stated	the greatest boasters irv
the	Virginians, alzvays excepting Kentuckians
to boast
pretty	fine
thought to be the ^^Hf their kind. It is generally admitfafeM that Kent®dans are boastful,	“talk through
theilf hats.” There are he^Bh^^^Bce a great deal of noise, >:S^ but	cackle until after the1^^^^ led their etfgBj
The Kenti^^Btate building is typical the ^Bithern Colonial as distinguished from	England, and	the
better class of old Kentucky homes^^H. The ^^Hf the ^plding^Rk-clusive of porches, is ^^^B feet and cost	in the center-tM
the principal fai^^^Bmder the covered pdrch, is the main entrahee. To the left-hand^^Hof the entrance, communicating with t^^^Bby^B the parcel and check room and postoffice, while directly opposite is th^Bfific^Bf the secretary, in fcqnhMion with w^Bi is a smaller room used as an informa^B bereau. The lobby E|>efc$>on the great hall 35x40 feet i^^^^Ht the end of whic^Bs a wide stairway ■eadirlg^B to th^^^Bnd-st^B gallery.	wide platform in the center of
(mebaHin the entrance to the d^^^Boi^H This platform i ^Bte dm i d way da -tween t^^^^^Bor^B and	of this hall exte^^^B the roof, wit™
galleries around tl^^^^^^^Bor^Bx erlo^Bng^^^^Hst. On the left-hand side of the hall in a recess is^^^^Hhe great hall	d'he mantel is 14 feet wide
and the fireplace opening itself 8	yule logs ^By be burnt. The
ladieH>ar^^Hre on the left hand side of the b^Blin g o p ening into the reception
and communicates with the^^^Bo-roOhy and postoffice. On the right-hand sic^Bf the hall opposite th^Bdi^^^Brters.&re the gentlemen’s parlors, the same	the ladies^Brl^^^^H a smoking-room
isa side entrance hall, upon
which thenliS	The d
lighted andirith a deeply	for the fuHlace, immediately opposite
hall. This drdnurAroom communit^Bs with
si﻿484
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
ing-rooms, store-room, kitchen and servants’ bed-rooms. The second floor si a gallery 8 feet wide, around three sides of the open light-well, which extends from the first floor to the top of the building, where it is roofed over with an obscured glass ceiling or sky-light. Extending across the entire front of the building, and
opening on the wide gallery, are arranged three exhibition rooms, two of which are 20x27 feet, and the third 20x23 feet. On the right hand side, on this floor, is the commissioners' room communicating with the main gallery, and also a private hall and. stairway leading to the first floor. With this hall are connected two sleeping rooms and bath-rooms for the use of the commissioners. On the opposite side of the building is the lady commissioners’ committee room, and also a store-room, where packing cases, chairs, etc., can be stored. The three exhibition rooms are arranged so that they can be thrown together and form an assembly room. The interior is furnished in white or old ivory.
I he State of Arkansas makes a very good showing; its building was designed by a woman, Mrs. Jean Douglas of Little Rock, and cost $15,000. It follows classic models, being in the French “rococo” style of architecture, as Arkansas was first settled by the French. The exterior is in plaster and ornamental staff work, tinted in light color. It covers a ground area 66x92 feet and has an elliptical entrance from a large circular veranda on the first floor.
Besides the entrance lobby 16x29 feet, the first floor contains a rotunda 30x30 lighted by a central dome, eight rooms 15x15 on each side of the rotunda, five of which are used as exhibit rooms, and the
registry room on the right of the entrance lobby. Opening from the rotunda by triple arches is the hallway, 11x55, with stairs at each end. The interior is tinted and the ornamental work is brought out in gold. There is an Assembly Hall 25x66 feet, with ten-foot mantel of Arkansas white onyz. On the second floor are the﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
485
parlors, library and clubrooms. The chief attraction is the fountain of Hot Springs crystals illuminated by electricity.
The ground plan of the Missouri building is square, with a quarter circle taken out of the southeast corner, to correspond with the form of the juncture of the
two avenues on which it faces. To the south is the Art building, and to the east, across the avenue, is Pennsylvania’s building. The building is 86x86 feet, two stories high, and cost $45,000. In the front, and over the main entrance, is an elliptical dome, 70 feet high, flanked by smaller octagonal domes, 48 feet high. The main entrance, which is in the southeast corner of the building, facing both avenues, is of cut brown stone from the quarries of Warrensburg, Mo. Arkansas building.	The balance of the structure is
frame, covered with staff, and the columns and pilasters are of the same material. Within the same entrance is a rotunda, with a mosaic tile floor. On either side of the main entrance are minor entrances, the one on the left leading to the headquarters of Western Missouri and Kansas City, and the one on the right leading to the headquarters of Eastern Missouri and St. Louis. Within the rotunda are the telegraph office and the postoffice, occupying the space under the octagonal dome. On either side of the rotunda is a fountain.
On the left of the rotunda are two exhibit rooms 30x20 feet and 28x17 feet. On the right is a journalists’ room, a reading-room, a library, and a bureau of information. Entrance is had to the rotunda from all of these rooms by tilted halls. Two flights of stairs, very handsome, in red and white oak, lead to the second lloor.
A promenade balcony with a marble	joint territorial building.
floor overhangs the main entrance. A
large auditorium room, irregular in shape, occupies the center and large portion of the second floor. The southeast bay is occupied by a parlor and reading room for women, the southwest bay by a similar room for men. There are toilet rooms, and a committee room, and a special room for the Governor of Missouri. On the﻿486
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
balcony floor are/$ix bedrooms, three in each bay, and a kitchen. The building contains thirty-two rooms. ■ It »$efy handsome, and ridhfmjrnamM^H The glass is all plate and was donated by Missouri manuafeturers.
The joint buildings of the territorie^Bf Arizona,J'lew Menico and Oklahoma occupies an advantageous location among the other Stabs«RmCfflROrB)uirc9 ings in north end of the groundsel It is two stoi^^^ft height, 28 feet over all, and has a fro^Bge of 90 feet. It is ornamental in design and of a composite character, theHwer story being supported by Doric columns. The main building is divided into thr^Bepartment^Bne floor for each territory, ^Kh^dtmaftmljijt having a grand reception room in the center, llanke^K>n each side by fil IPIT) WEyMha offices of the commissioners are grouped around the main reception roomjjjfilwiding them	on each si(^| It is a frame buildi^J finished in acme cement
pl^^Hand is for var^^Hxh^fts as as for the general hpamE&iiii^rsi There is no n^^^^H'estin^^^^^^H)end half an hour than in this Wildirigpivhich may be considered the home of the TerritHes (Utah excepted), as.neither Alaska or the Indiari^Krritory has a building, and we haven’t annexed Hawaii yet.﻿HISTORY OF THE WRLD’S FAIR.
4*>
CHAPTER VII.
THE STATES BY THE LAKES.
The Beadttful Buildin^B Ohio—A Great Resort Afternoons—Indiana’s Superb Sixty-Five Thousand Michigan's Attractive Building —Nothing to Excel It in All Round Beauties—The VMeUveriaes in Their Glory—The Badger State	$30,000 to Make Its Denizens Com-
fortable.
HIO, or^fcf the gr^ftest states in the Union, and 80 years ago the “ far west,” is represented by ^#30,000 building on the North Pond, between the Art Palace and Illinois buildi^B It is a type of the Italian rena^mmce—called ^■VmeriH colonial—and is 100x80 feet, two stories high, of wood and staff with tile rod . ^Hie main entrance on the east is within a semi-circular colonial portico, thirty-three feet high, the roof supported by eight great col-•” umns. The til^^Hrf, mantels, finishing woods, and "	* much of the visible material are the gift of Ohio producers.
The main entrance opens on a lobby, on the left of which is the women’s parlor, and on the right a committee-room. Occupying the central portion of the building is the ^^^kton hall, 23 by 36 feet, and 28 feet high, extending through to theBof. Th^B>vod <^Bing of the hall is ornamented. A broad Iterra^Bextends th^Bntire length of the ^ftin facade, and back of the reception hall » is an open court, 36 feet	inclosed on three ^Bcs, the north and south
■sides bea^g formed by the wings of th^^^Uing. All of the north wing is occupied by the information bureau. The room	feet, and is divided into offices by
wire railings. In the south wing is^|e parlor for men, a writing-room, a smoking-room, and to^^Boms. On the^Bcond floor of the northBmg is the assembly-room, 30 by 42 feet. The second floor of th^^Bth wing has a press correspondents’ roor^^^^^Brooms, bed and bath room^^H
Buckeyes molded in stu^^^Brm the	in the main hall, and
the coat of arms of the State appears in an orname^M Stained window. The gla$B is an amber hue and the room bathed in a mellow raduuu^Bnhanced by soft brown axmjjibtfr and cream tinted columns. The^mmes of pn^Hncnt Ohio men appear Bothergoldcn panes. The ladies’ parlor is furnished in aBre,^Bryandg©ld, and in all jits appointments denotes elegance and comfort. The grounds are in keeping with the building, and the eastern lawns are a great resort afternoons.
Isdjana looms ^» appropriately, rts building costing $65,000. It. is situated north of the Woman’s building and nept to the building of Wisconsin. From the﻿488
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
western veranda the hoosier visitors may enjoy a beautiful view of the wooded islands, the lagoon, the Illinois building and nearly all the main structures. It is French Gothic in design with cathedral windows, turrets and towers. Two large towers with spires, one at either side, rising above the roof of the extreme point,
are about 150 feet from the ground. The dimensions, including a veranda 20 feet wide with two floors extending entirely around the building, are 53x152 feet; height three stories and general appearance very massive. The towers are constructed of Colitic limestone brought from the Indiana quarries. The building is covered with staff. The entrance steps, balustrade and doorways are of handsome carved patterns of stone and make a fine display. The lower story floor is encaustic tile of handsome pattern Broad carved oak stairways lead from the lower floor into the towers of the building. The entire finish and the doors are of native quartered oak, carved and highly polished. On the first and second floors a wide hall extends through from one tower to the other, separating the office, parlors, reception and toilet rooms from the assembly room on the first floor, and the reading and writing room on the second floor, from the ladies’ parlor, reception and toilet rooms in the north part of the building. On the ground floor is a parlor for women, with check and toilet rooms; a parlor for men, with check and toilet rooms. The assembly room on the lower floor is in the form of a hall circle, or an immense bay window, and is used for the general reception room. On the second floor is a reading and writing room for the use of the general public, the women’s private office and reception room, the office of the president, the State board and the executive commissioner. On the third story, over the main assembly room, is a large room suitable for a lunch room.
Michigan spends about $50,000 on its splendid building, which is one of the﻿HISTORY OF THh WORLD’S FAIR.
489
most showy home-like and convenient on the grounds. It occupies a beautifetksite near the west end of thqyftrt gallery, fronting on tw^Boulevards and near the Ohio, Colorado and Wisconsin buildings. It is ioox^mfeet and i$ constructed after the style of thfrpraissance and & three stories in ^^Hit. is surrounded on three
by an elevated plza twelve feet v^^Hvith high red^Bingleq roofs sloping overdormer^fcdows, and rising m^wtically a^wreT the front ^Hrance, a balconied tower i3i^^Hiigh. In thiHre two large illuminated clocks with He foot dials \^Hmay be seen a long distance. The rotunda^^Hialconies, and is painted a light granite gray with the soft red shin^^^|the whole having a harmonious and homelike^Bffect. The main en-trance is by way of the^Best front, and o^^^H into a great tilefl reception h^fthat extends the full depth of the structure and is sixty-two feet wide. Opening from this hall and near the entrance are th^^Metary’s offices, check rooms, post office, and barb^Bhop. The reception, reading and toilet rooms for men and for womei^^^Bm either side of the hall way, and each apart -ment is spacious and handsomely finished. There are wood fire placH in lUCtheBrooms, with high Oak ^pnmHer which are heads of MAfsluf deer. On the second floor is an ai^mibly room, 32x60, in which a fine pipe organ, built in Detroit, is placed, and an exhibit arpom room, 31x100 feet. In this exhibit hall is a^Bllection of Michffimjibirds, beasts,and reptiles,
WOodKjjgrains, Indian relH and ininefltt^ereryfhiBg that lives or has a being in Michigan. On the Hbond floor is also the newspaper Exhibit. Hjpre are cabinets in which
IrMiown the first page of^Brery newspaper printed in Michigan. The dipoctors and commission’s rooms are alfo on this floor. On the third floor twelve chambers, with bath and tolTet rooms, for numbers of the commission and emplpYe^ of the
.MICHIGAN building.﻿490
HISTORYHF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
bunding. Five hundred incandesced! lamps are used in and about the building. Many of ti^^^Blne in clusters along the balcony rails.
The most of the importanHooms in the ^Bdfing were finished by the wotnen of the various cit^H of the state. The men’s reading and recep|B^ frooms were fiirnished at a cost of $4,500 by the ci^^^^H Muskegon. The wSSHB’s rooms were fit^^^B by the won pf Grand RapicH The‘walls of theRv^ISlH&re done in ivory and gold, with plasHdado, and the curtains	harmonious tints,
are of the heavies and materials. The women’s tc^^Hrooms are fin-ished entirely in^BgH^^I Probably the	Tapart-
ment in the building is the ^^^|aw room. -The contractor left this room un?] floored, unceiled, am with bare studding, and ^Um-Bmen of Saginaw stetfled in and ftnish^Bi(U|^ floor! walls, and	the
best pick of all the (UMaknt kinds of hard wood that come Ho the Saginaw market. ^Bfe like bust of GenJ Cass is placed upon the half-way landinj^Hthe main staHase, while throughout are picture! of n o ted Michigan m e n Badg-er State ” scenery, etc. On the west front is a handsome stC^Bpa^^^^Hmthe quarries at Ba^^Ht, and surrounding tl^m;ov^^^|a balcony capable of holding 200 Wolverines, should they care	the ^Bndid^ew	Exposition,	from this point.
Wiscoi^^Hbu^^^^^^^^^Ht $30,000, starts out with brown	from
the ^bo^J of Lake^^^^Hr, follows that up with press^B brick from Meqomeneei and finishes with s^Bde^Biat grew in the state s northern for^K. - It is^enfijro-duction of a Wisconsin home and designed in no special styl^B^et unlike many other structU^B not being built of <Hne^Blt stuff, it looks like it w^Eoq&tiucteci for a family reside^^H be passed from father to son. It is enclosed on all sides
SOLDIERS’ .MONUMENT IN FRONT OF OHIO BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
491
by spacious varans^H while the	provided with cosy porclw^Bf
their own, giving the building a particularly home-like af^wtri^wa
The structure is 118x92 feet in area, with high l^Led roof, stained to an <ol^Rht. The walls^B the first story are of red brick; aBe are stained^Bingles-The main	the lake and is 19the columns and w^R of the
broad veranda which cc^ftrs the portal	polished granite.
Within	the	the building—opens ^^Hljaci&fit
rooms by ^^^^^^Hhed in red oak panel	with the ^^^Hnsin
coat-of-arms. The lobby itself is white	T^^^^^^H-o;^kakei^^irwa;jjfl
leading to the second floor, and mi^Bay^^^^Hin front	t1-
people of	big stained-glass wi^^H. This window shows two
Vifflfc of Superior, one when it Ba solitary Indian wigwam, the Her the Superior of to-day. Pin^^^^H, skillfully wrought in gli^| encircle	There
of aHiai^^^^Hsuncr under full^^^^Hu The l^^H underneath informs him who looks that	“ the hon^waf the whaleback.”
The first ^^Hof the	in
as has been followed in all of the state buildings. The southwest corner of the main fl(^^Hrcser^^^^Hvoi^B's^^^^H.rters. This	the buildii^^Hone
in curly maple,	and oa^^f the wo^^Homin^^Hn Chippewa
^county. There is a parquetry floor which was made in Ra<He. The men’s rooms hare across the hallway and are similar in size and appointments to^^^^^^H*yed Hpr women. The rest of main floor is taken up by the information bureau,
the northwest corner. theHtond
floor are rooms and exhibit for
room, the^^H of the fx^^^Hld the board’s secretary, and reading and smoking BgjpjfcS, The rooms of t^^H)orHe finished i^^Hh and ash. They all	upon
HgEptl balconies in the and west fronts of the building. On third floor are Bramb^^^Bl bath rooms ^^^^^^^^|ners and employes.﻿GROUP OF PRESIDENTS OF STATE BOARDS,
world’s fair managers.
Gen. John W. Corcoran,
Massachusetts. Gov. R. E. Pattison,
Pen nsylva n ia.
7.	Stephen J. Meeker,
New Jersey.
10.	W. H. Dulaney,
Kentucky.
13. Wl N. Chancellor,
ll'est Virginia..
2. Hall C. Burleigh,
Xlaine.
5. Gov. Frank Brown,
Marylatid.
8.	Capt. A. A. Woocfs,
Louisiana.
11.	N. G. Blalock. M. D.,
I Washington. 4. James Mitchell,
A rkansas.
3. Clem. Studebaker,
Indiana-
6. August L. Smith,
^Wisconsin.
9.	A. S. Buford,
Virginia.
12.	James .11. Wells,
Idaho.
15. W. T. Thornton,
Nt'w Mexico-
﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
493
CHAPTER j/III.
WHEAT AND CORN PRODUCING STATES.
tajHaftt States—How They Were Represented in Congress Thirty Years Ago—Unsurpassed Display of Iowa—Grandeur of Minnesota—Minnehaha and Hia\^^^BWlUt the Women of Mhindnl Have Done f# Their State;—Bleeding Kansas and Its	—The Twenty Thousand
Dollar Buidtag d!*Nebraska.
HEN the Civil W^^Hoke out more than thirtj^ftals ago Minnesota, Iowa, Kansa^^H Nebraska each had only one representative in	Iowa now has
twelve and th^^^^^fare catching up. All are gr&lfl States of the Ui^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hicularly repre-sented at the Exposition. In the extreme north-east ftorner of tj^^Hrk, rising almost abruptly froptt' the lake, stands th^|owa building. ^^Krst sight it seems ËD be mHly high ro^^Hd rounding towers, very pleasing to the eye. Th^^^H frontage is about 250 fH while the depth i^^^^^^^Vrl^ftnain entrance, which is from south, is between two round towers, the space being spanned by a triple arch. IowasBI written all over tl^ffront. One of the towers, the ^^^Brn’QQic, is belted with the nan^^Hf all the chief cities of iH state. The HSeit hear; medallions illustrating the state’s histoi^Bhc^B'owth. On the dormer wind^K of	illustrative of agriculture and mining.
Pdrchcc^^Hlc the finial of the hig^Kt peak on th^^^^H the figureif^Ba farmer who	as prosperous as if he really liHd in Iowa. There a broad reception
haft with a hard wood stairway leading to the^Rond floor. OpfHiu the fending of th^^Hrw^Ks a huge fireplace. C^fthe^nnt^^Hthis fireplace are
Iowa.
The affections of her people, like rivefS^Ê of her borders, flow to an inseparable union.
FtOffi the main hall to the left th^wmenH)arlorHpen. There àf%îtwo of them—one is circular and gives fine views west, south, and east. Well-appointed retiring and check rooms are connected with t^^Hparlors! At the rear of main11 xro. h»g lounging and smoking rOoms foi^»e men. All of"P4?|[lpp-ments have big open fireplaces. T^^Kre rooms, too, on the first floor—the post oftBS, check starts, information bureai|^eadqua^çraof. tjhe statcjx&fljbnndniyier-﻿494
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
intenjtefit’s office. Thé whole of, tfie eastern wing of the bflffimg ferocctgpied by thlflpkhibit hall. The stairway from, the main hall l^olpto the assembly room which onkies most of the	floor. This room is about 4°xmjB^^Hafëa, but
it is hard to tell about that, for it is	as irregular in outline p> the rest of the
building. It ^|an altogether pleasant place though, to assemble. Here fe^the?
state's art exhibit and Wnaxhihit of women’s ^Brk. ConrfH(ting with t^| assembly room is the large ^Hrtment of the state histor^B society, and in tHnorth}feBnorréf of t^^^^Hid floor are the rooms for ^^^naper men, and, by the way, these Iowa n^Hbjfoer men pretty well treated, for they h^^^kvo fine rooms overlooking the lake,Hne for loitering, the olr for working purposes. The has newspaper man’s mantlepiece in it. The central figfure^Hi either side are‘ne ws-boys in fuHihaH Then there are bas reliefs of pii^Hts, and shears,^nhc^kg^kks ” and compt^Jg sticks, and what^^^^^^^^Kft the designer l^B filled up with pl^Kant representations of that important personage, the printer’s devil. This	is fijner, bedecked
friei^Jof newspaper headings.	most inte^^^^Hpart the
building is^^Hexhibit hall, and people who think corn is nothing but ho^| feed have here a fine chance to study its e^^^| as a decorative material. Corn «ome of	some of them	up into circlt^Btre
worked int^^^^^^Bf fancy designs. There aHfes^^nsof corn and cornptS^^H The capitals of thc^Humns are trimmed with small grain^^^B there art festoons %f grasses h^Band there, mostly just corn. About the walls	of
big picti^k, done in ^Bn, illustrating Ic^^^^^^^wrc^Uier mines, her clay beds, dairying, stock-raising^^^^^Hin-^^^Hig industries and^^^m ork of her schools.
There	decorating this ro<^| 1,200 bushels of corn and three
and one-ha^^^Bo^B of cereals. T^Hrk is a new phase of the p^khrome house that the ra^^^^Hrs are given di^^^^^^^^B and corns. The capitals of	are worked o^^^^^Bn shucks and millet heads. J^B>m
thé roof-tree to the walls the ceili^| is divid^Bnto three sections, the top-one being general Hde^n and made of all tl^Keld products of the state. The nifltQs^Bon has fourteen panels, those on the side ceiling containm^Hgures^Hustrating the different industries of th^kate. These par^^^n an interesting way, d^njnnBB the worth of gr^fc as adecorative auxil^^^^^^^kh endof the ceilings are panels containing th^kmerican eagle and shields worked out in grains, and in the four coppers of the^^^^Hire shields with the device, “ Iowa, 1S46-1893,” worked out on﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
495
a blue field in white corn and shucks. Where the pillars join the roof is a frieze, an elaborate scroll-work made of festoons of corn and wheat and millet seeds. The spandrels between the windows are done in tessallated panels of many colored corns. In one corner is a round band stand reached by a short stairway and decorated in much the same manner as the main hall except that the frieze represents a grape vine, the leaves being made of corn shucks and the fruit of purple-colored popcorn.
There is not a piece of wood shown in the entire hall, which cost $12,000 to decorate. Throughout it is one blaze of color and nothing but the natural products of Iowa were used and not a kernel was dipped in paint or dyed. In the center of the hall is a model of the state capital made entirely of glass and filled with grain. It is 21 feet high, 23 feet long and 13 feet
wide. Facing the eastern entrance is a heroic group, the center figure being a woman. It represents Iowa fostering her industries. Grouped around by the pillars are small pavilions and pagodas, on which are displayed the different products of the farm and mine. The State spent $35,000 on this building. The people of Iowa have won conquests before- Their corn palaces have attracted the country’s attention, and their coal palaces have been a revelation. In the Iowa building these ideas have produced some marvelous effects. To the farmer visitor nothing has been more interesting and striking. To everyone the Iowa building is worth an extended visit. Minnesota is the greatest flour producing State in the Union, and when the civil war commenced it had only one representative in the lower hall of Congress. Its building, which cost $30,000, is designed in the Italian renaissance style, two stories high, with a mez-zanin story in the rear. The frame is of wood, covered with staff. The roof is of Spanish tile. The ground dimensions are 78x91 feet. The main entrance is on the south. In the recess within the entrance is a sculptural group, symbolizing the﻿496
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR
legend of Minnehaha and Hiawatha. On the first floor is the exhibition hall, 52x78 feet, a postoffice, baggage and ticket rooms, and superintendent’s room. The main stairway is in the rear, opposite the entrance, and on the landing, half-way up, is a semi-circular bay alcove, lighted with large glass windows. On the second floor is a reception hall, 30x33 feet, parlors and retiring rooms for men and women, and a committee room. In the mezzanin story are four bed rooms and two bath rooms. The interior walls are plastered, decorated in fresco, in plain tints, and finished in pine. The woman’s rooms have color decorations done by women of the State.
Bleeding Kansas spent $25,000 on its building. Its ground plan is irregular. It approaches a square, one side being straight, and the other three forming irregular angles. It has a ground area of 135x138 feet. It is two stories high, built of frame and staff, and is surmounted by an elliptical glass dome. The main exhibition hall occupies nearly all of the first floor, and extends through to the glass dome. A balcony, from the second story, overhangs the main entrance on the south, and a second balcony extends around the base of the dome. The north end of the main floor is occupied by a natural history collection. There are also offices for the boards of commissioners on the first floor.
Four flights of stairs lead to the second floor, where are rooms for the women’s exhibits, a school exhibit, and parlors for men and women.
Nebraska spent $20,000. Its style of architecture is classical and of the Corinthian order. The building has a ground area of 60x100 feet, and is two stories high. The exterior is of staff. On the east and west fronts are wide porticos, approached by flights of steps. Over the porticos are projecting gables, supported by six columns, twenty-five feet high, the full distance from the cornice to the floor. In each pediment is the State seal, in bas-relief, five feet in diameter. From each portico three large double doors of oak give entrance to the exhibit hall. The room is 60x70 feet and in it an agricultural display is made. On the first floor, also, are a reception room, commissioners’ office, baggage room and postoffice. A double stairway, nine feet wide, leads from the center of the exhibit hall to the second floor. Here is an exhibit room, 60x70 feet, used for an art exhibit. On this floor are a women’s parlor, reading room, smoking room and toilet rooms.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
■
CH^KFliR IX.
BUILDINGS OF THE STATES OF THE GREAT INTERIOR.
Horace Greeley’s Advice Abundantly Taken—Many Millions Go West—The Noble Structure of the Kjfimteiinial State—The Wyoming and Montana Buildings—Headquarters of the 'i^^^Ktate of ftffiafap^-The Two Dakotas Pretent^Bly Repainted—Utah Takes a Place Among Its FuII-GmM
ORACI^BREELEY got rid of many a^BunHianby advising him	But nei^|r that p^^^^Her, npr Ere-
mont, nor ^^Hy, nor Kit Carson, nor Brigham Young, drcan^^^^RundfedtH)art. Why, there are geographieB now that h^B the^B>rds 'The Great American DeSC*tB inscribedj.a^^^B the delineation that contain tl\e bound aries of the great States of Montana,'Wyoming, Colorado anc^Bh^H Colorado is the oldest of th^Bnterior Stated and w^Bad^Btvd into the Union just one hundred. yejws after the Inde^Bdence Bell sounded its notes of freedom td a listening world. Its building is in the Spanish rertaid sance, and cost $35,000. The exteri^B of the building is in staff of an ivory color, and ^B the ^Bent features of the desigfP'profu^Br ornamented, the orna^^^ntion comparing t(^^^^Hdyaht^Qjjdi with the broad, platn^^^^^B of the b^Bding. The striking feature of the design is tw^uendei^BanisIr	feet high, rising from eith^^He of the main^ffl-
trance, on the east^Wh^Btwer roofs and the ^Bad, overhanging roof of the butnj-ing are covered with ret^^Hlish tiles. The building^^M^ feet long, including the end	45 feet, and ^^Heet to the cornice line. The
front^jUpsfi^B opens to the main hall of th^Buildir^B On ^Bher side of the erfl trance are stairways’ to the ^B>r above. At the ^Br of the hal^B a large xjnyx mantel, flanked by glass doors, leading to o^^H At ends of the hall arp a men’s smokin^^Hm and a women’s recef^Bn room, each opening into an uncovered terrace, surrounded by a balustrade. On the ^Bond floor i^Bie assembly room, extending the entire length of the building in the center. This room hs^ya high vaulted ceiling, rising above an ornamented cornice. Over this cornijtfSj are rows of eledtric lights, giving a diffused light, by reflection front the'vault ab^B,' On tBends of this assembly room are a reading and a writing rootft, which open to thp|anging balconies on the ends of the building, forming one of the most attractive extencSrfeatures* Broad, Sow casement windows open from the assembly rooms to the front and reatf fatlcbnieS^ the front one extending between the towers,﻿498
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
24 feet, Sanfover the main entrance. The rear balcC&iy -«abends alo^jf the entire length of the building. Staircases lead flEjfcthe lanterns in the tower, where a fine view of the ground’s it had.
The Wyoming building, which eòst $20,QQOi^CjJil style a modern pliab house.
The^md^mps are 70 feet Jn length, by 60 feet in width. It ip the extreme north
end of
ing an *int^resacross the'Mtrkliker portidW of the! groundup*wSefroPp for State b^BinH It is al|n^^^^|ent to tI^^^Kimb0ai‘41anding. The interior arrangem^B-dwHists of a main hall 24x40.feet, with two oSic^HheKt floor, which are for the i^^^Kon and efler-tainment of visitors, while the c<^^^^^|exhibit is placed in the main hall.^^^Bm here a circular ; stairway ascends to the second story, where the toilet rooms are located. Th^^Hlery around the haliH.nd doors leads out upon the bali^^H on each of the four	building is in
■me French chateau	and the panels of the main frieze exterior Contain
elaborately wrought hunting and pastoral scenes. The p^^^Bof Wyoming reali^fthat the Exposition offers an unusual opp<H tunity to make known to the world the varied mHrial resources of State; her^Bal lands, wells of oil, ^Ha deposits and	mines of iron and
prteci^B metals. Th^^^Bbit is arranged with the o^H)f showing^forth the ac^^^nges of tH State, both to home-seekers H limited means
seeking fields of investm^H To Ithis end t lu^Bla^Hcation include Wyoming’^^^B specimens of wheat, com, oats, barley,, rve^bykwheat, native and cHivated grasses and	plants. Irrigation ,
trated with maps and d^Brams. The live stock exhibit in^Bdes the mens of blooded	and catt^^^Bd illustrations of methoagJKf handling
WYOMING BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
499
raagevflNRfllttlB&nqjPgBkp. The committed on horticulture^and floriculture. ha#e mffiM)|r	a^^Bplete a* possible, representing alFperlshablfl
arffci^by fac-similes in wax or plaster. Specimens of the prflnt and extinct anlfnlPHfe oTtbe State petrefactions, Indian implements, dress and ornaments
haw been ^Brefully ejected by exhibits.
and form a most interesting feature of State's contribution. The committee als^^^^^^Bvors by
and	illustrate other
striking fet^^^| of Winning' and its ^Ading industries.
l^^^Hontana building is in thej Romanesque style of architecture,
cost
has a
62 feet front	deep. The
str^^^^^Hrame, covered with staff, the inl^^n>eing ornamented with heavy, projecting pil^Rrs,Hith Roman caps and ba^| and Roman arches. The roof is of tin and canvas, and the buBng is surmounted by a glass dome 22 feet in H.ipHr and 38 feet high. The front of the building, facirMthe south, pre-sents two sid^Rngs, with ;i^B'ge arched entra^Hn the center.
The fronts of the w^H> are ornamented with heavy,^Broiled pediments. The entrance arch is	by heavy
oblurtui^H Within is the ^Bsti-bule. with marble floor and ceffing paneled in staff. It pre-sents a series of	arched
doorways, ^^^Bnter one open^v Hfoto the rotunda under the dome, the side doc^^^ftad^K to thd men’s and	parlors. On
eiBSff'sidet Of the entrance arch are balustrade», enclosing the •vestibule. Flanking the arch afe two panels, 4x5 feet in sate, one bearing the State motto, “Oro y Plata”—gold and silver—and the other, “1893,'’ in Roman figures. These panels are in pure sheet gold. Above the entrance arch, and practically on the roof of the building, is the figure of an elk, of heroic size, cast in staff. The interior is finished in Georgia﻿500
HISTORY OITHE WORLD'S FAIR.
pine. The walls are tinted in oil. All the main rooms open on to the rotunda, under the central dome. In the rear is a banquet hall, 40x50 feet, covered by a large skylight. In the center of this floor stands a group of three mounted elks. A wide gallery extendsaround the hall, and in the gallery the State exhibit is made.
The territory embraced within the limits of the young State of Idaho, though traversed by many beautiful and fertile valleys, is in the main a mountainous region, its mean elevation being about 4,700 feet. In fact, from the. beauty and grandeur of its mountain scenery it was named, quite appropriately, Idaho, “The Gem of the Mountains.” Its numerous streams are bordered by dense forests of valuable timber, and the developments of recent years have discovered that its mountains are rich in precious metals. Though the State has made rapid strides in recent years in the matter of general improvement, the log cabin of the pioneer is still a familiar scene, and the forests and hills still abound in wild game. In designing and decorating Idaho’s building for the Columbian I mposition, an effort was made to give some expression to the characteristics above referred to, to dxemplily in a measure some of thl chief products of the State, and to suggest some of its interesting features. All of thfl materials used in the construction of the building are products of Idaho, and nearly all of the decorations were there obtained. The general style of architecture is Swiss, modified in so far as was necessary to adapt it to the materials to be used in the construction and to illustrate local conditions and cost $40,000.
The headquarters for North Dakota visitors is a pretty, hospitable-looking building adjacent to that of Kansas and cost $iS,ooo. d he building is 70x50 feet. A space 46x21 feet in front of the main assembly hall, between the two committee rooms, is used as a court-yard. From this court-yard the main assembly room is entered through a large stone arch,above which on the exterior is an elaborately carved
SOUTH DAKOTA BUILDING.
4m
1
OX--- A I


1 ■' -*■ ’ A V; -»'
T
i
y
1
■
■
I
■
NORTH DAKOTA BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
501
panel containing tltfvcoat-of-jtrms of North Dakota. The main feature of th^in-terior is the assembly hall, which includes a space >24x56 feet. The room is spanned by four broad arched beams between each of which is a wide window reaching from near the floor to the roof. At either end of the foom is a broad fire-place.. Committee and toilet rooms are provided throughout the building. The structure is two stories high, and on the exterior the walls of the main gable ends are built of brick. The remainder of the walls are of timber, filled in betwAn with plaster panels. North Dakota pays great attention to the exhibit of her principal product, wheat, but also making a good showing in several other departments. The educational advantages of the State are fully presented, and her exhibit is among the best.
The South Dakota State building has a grcBnd area of ;^Hi2<lfAt, and is two stories high and cost $15,000. The structure is frame, the exterior being
^^^■red with Yankton cement, in imitation of stonA work. The roof i Aorrugated iron and the cor-ni^Band brackets are pressed zinc. ThBmain entrance is on the east, along which front^Btends a wide porch with heavB Alumns supporting a balcony from the second story. On tl^B left of the main entrance is a women’s parlor, on the right a men’BrAeption room. In the main body of the building is the exhibition hall, 44x58 feet. Six feet above the main floor is an entresol, having committee rooms for the boards of commissioners. In the northwest corner of the main floor is a room for press correspondents. The rotunda in the center of the building extends through to the roof and is covered with a skylight. The second floor is devoted to rooms for the women’s exhibit and special Stan - exhibits.
Among the great interior statesis the Territory of Utah, which has a building that cost $10,(XX)to ferect. It is two stories high, and has an area of 46x82 feet. In style the facade is modern renaissance. The foundation, columns, pilasters, cornice and other ornamental parts are made in imitation of the different kinds of stone in Utah. The walls are lined off in imitation of adobes. On the first floor is an exhibit hall, 41x45 feet, open to the roof and covered with a skylight. In the rear of this hall is a circular bay, and in this is the main stairway. I bis building has chaste and simple outlines, and is an ornament to the grounds, standing as it does among the other state edifices, and lending its handsome exterior to the group. It is a worthy illustration of the taste of the people of that territory, and will attract the visitor by its novelty. Its interior is planned with a special view to the comfort of those who make it their headquarters. The two stories are laid out in nearly the﻿502
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR
same fashion, comprising on the first floor several rooms for the use of the commissioners. A reception room is placed here, as also the secretary’s office, and women s parlor. The second floor is similar in arrangement to the first, there being an exhibition room, 41x45 feet, and various office rooms.
SERVING COFFEE IN THE KIOSK OF THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT BUILDING-﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
503
CHAPTER X.
A PEEP AT THE PACIFIC SLOPE.
California's Reproduction of Some of its Old Mission Churches—A Unique Blending of San Antonio of Padua, San Juan Ca^Banc', San Diego and Santa Barbara—100,000 Square Feet of Space Occupied by 266 Exhibitors from the Golden State—Great Columns and Pyramids of ^Fruits-* Pavilion of Redwood and Latird-^Bimples of Go^ftilv^HCopper, Iin, Quicksilver, tans Coal Borax and	Lemon, Pomegranate, Fig, Lime and Aprj&ot Trees
In	Almonds- Masses of Dried, Preserved and Crystalized
Fruits—A Live Tree From San Diego ^^Biaty 127	50 Feet in Height, and
\VtMghingH,000 F^Bds—B^Biful Display ^Kpanish Silk and Silver Work—The State of WasbinftB'-A Wonderful Exhibit- -Woods, Metals, Cerea^^H Fruits in ^mazing Abundance—Display of Taxidermy—The Biggest Flagstaff in the World.
ALIFORNIA, glorious state of the	Yosemite, and
semi-tropical^Bmate, has given to Jackson Park th&'jSnjSid largest state building in ^B combination	old Sp^Ksh mission
architecture. It is sit uatcd on the west side of grounds, north of the Woman’s building, and just a^^^Britrance, and is, perhaps, more picturesque than any, save the Fisheries. It is 144x5^^®!; the main cornice line is fifty feet from the ground, while the top of the c^Bral dome is some eighty feet. The ^Hornf plain i^^^^Hrtihcially seined and cracked, giving ilie appearance of the ^Bl mission buildings, while recessed e^^^^^B give the walls	appearance of depth
and solidity c^Bacteristic of those old structures^Kh^uHth front of the building is formed of an Ioni^Bolonnade with three arched op^Bngs, which with thc^Buth towers, is reproduced from Mission Santa Barbara. The northwest	taken from Mission San Luis Rey, and tig east
towers and the toi^^Hroi^H the dome from Carmel Mission* The entire east front of the l^^^Bg it a reproduction of Mission S^B Antonio of Padua, and the north front, of Mi^Bn San	Some of these ha^^^Bl Spanish
*fcells||>roughl^Ber b>^Be Franciscan friars, more than a hundHl years ago3B The roof *g finished with red earthenwaMtil^BvhilcHrroun^Bg the central- ddrae is a YOof garden of tropical vin^Bdant^Bd palms. Tv^^Mrators run up to thegarden; these elevators are placed as exhibits, being a California product; the power being a combination of steam and water.
Thistftdkling is not Htlw clubhouse character of most of the other state buildings. The entire first floor is open* and is devoted to California clHlays,﻿﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S LAIR.
K
principally of fruits and canrred JBBds. There are three fountains fen tli§ ground floor, orfe in the center, aAcl fene on either end. The-central h'all is surrounded by a wide gallery, and on tEe gallery floor in the north end of the building is the banquet hall, akitchenand an assembly room. Iiithe south endare fourservant’s rooms, and there isa-cateon the roof. In the north end of the gallery there is also a council chamber. On the east side are the offices of the commissioners and their secretaries. 1 he whole of thfl interior is devoted to California products, most of them exhibited by individuals. The 100,000 square feet of space is occupied by 266’ individual exhibitors. Southern California takes the south half of the building and the northern section the north half. A great many exhibits aire made by counties. San Mateo county has erected a pavilion built of redwood. It is circular in form with large Corinthian pillars, the rool of which is covBred with brilliant-colored pebbles. In it are shown the wines and grapes and other produiB^ of this particular county. In the center of the building is a huge relief map of San Francisco. It is twenty-five fetet in diameter and four f«t high, showing the topography of the site and the architecture of the city from the^Bil rocks at the Cliff house, and from the Golden Gate to the hills of Alameda. So complete is the model that each visitor from San Francisco can pick out his home. Of all the states, California is the only one where the celebrated pampas grass thrives, and as this is something of a curiosity, there has bedn erected a pampas palace by Mrs. Harriet Strong, of Los Angeles county at an expense of $4,500. It Is Moorish or Arabic in desigfi, and is made entirely of the plumes and stalks.
Another remarkable exhibit Is the obelisk of sweet oil made by Mr- Lloyd, of Santa Barbara county.
Visitors from Boston have a chance to'gaze on and admire a bean pagoda forty feet high. California raises more beans than any other state* in theddnion.
In the rotunda of the building is a palace of plenty. It is erected by the six southern counties of the state. They are all semi-tropical in nature and contribute rare plants and ferns for the palace. It is covered with tlowers and made entirely of products from the southern sections. In it are shown the various fruitsgrown in the South, and just beside it, stands a tower made of walnuts. Fresno county is represented by a pyramid of raisin and wine exhibits. A model of the great irrigation system that has reclaimed the desert is shown in the center. Obelisk exhibits of olive oil, pyramids of marmalade, towers oi dried fruit and many other things are shown in abundance.
Just under thebig dome stands a palm tree, 127 years old. The^tree is fifty feet high, and has been one of the attractions for tourists as they drove up the bay of San Diego to the ruins of the old mission, which is up San Diego river, several miles from the bay. The removal of the huge plant was something of a problem. A box was sunk around its roots in an excavation made for the purpose, and the tree thus inclosed was lifted by a derrick with the heart about the roots bound to the tree by the protecting box.
California women occupy three large rooms decorated by their women artists. The scheme of interior decoration for the rooms is an illustration of the﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
506
wonderful wild flowers that cover the mesas and valleys of the golden state. Travelers in the region about San Diego, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara are impressed by the unusual beauty of the state flower—the garden poppy, or, as it is called there, the eschscholtzia. In every valley and on the mesas where there is suitable soil and moisture it grows in bewildering profusion, sometimes so abundant as to predominate the landscape with its rich hues of gold and orange. This is used altogether in the decoration of the main room in the gallery. The center of the ceiling contains an allegorical panel, the picture of a young girl scattering poppies. Below the central panel, encircling the sloping sidefc of the ceiling, are wreaths of wild flowers, the poppy conspicuous among them. In the center of each wreath is the name of a county of the state. Great credit is due Frank Wiggins for what he has done for Southern California, and also to the great lemon producer, Mr. Garcelon, of Riverside.
On opposite sides of the room are two white woven grilles carrying out the general design in conventional form. Between the poppy-room and the one next to it, which contains the wild-flower collection of the state, are portieres of sixteenth century cloth, bordered with poppies and gold fringe. Women throughout the state have joined in the effort to make their apartments at the Exposition a striking feature of the State’s display. Monterey has'sent portieres of yellow silk, emblazoned with eschscholtzias in Spanish drawn work, valued at $500. The jewelers and other firms of San Francisco have had special silverware, furniture, lamps and wood carvings made with the same flower as the principal designs. A white and gold carpet to complete the furnishing, and the effect of the assembled decorations is extraordinarily rich.
The visitor will be struck by the splendid exhibits of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, Ventura and San Bernardino counties, which have been particularly mentioned, and the exhibit made by Frank Kimball.
Oregon and Nevada have no state buildings, although the latter spent $10,000 in the Mines and Mining building, and the former makes one of the finest of all the pomological displays to be seen in the Horticultural building, although the state made no appropriation.
The newly made State of Washington decided to erect a building entirely unlike anything else at Jackson Park. With its quaint towers it reminds one somewhat of a Holland residence and wind-mill. The first floor, to a height of eight feet, is of rough hewn Puget Sound logs, and from this height, for twenty-two feet more, upright timbers form the superstructure. It is further distinguished by a tall flag-pole, which raises its lofty crown, sentinel like, 208 feet from the mound. In architectural design it is sui generis, but it is likewise picturesque. Briefly described the building is composed of a main structure, flanked on either side by two wings, and for sole exterior adornments has just four towers, each 96 feet high, at the east and west fronts of the main building. The building, with the two wings, covers a space 204 feet frontage by 126 feet deep. The wings are connected by passages. The main entrance is an important decorative feature, of grinite marble and ore from the State, forming a broad vestibule built of native stone, 23 feet﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
507
high and 18x21 feet in area. All of this stone was donated to the commissioners, and came from the Chuckanutt, Tanino and Pittsburg quarries.
The interior arrangement is as roomy as it is elabbrately finished. The entire space of the main building is a grand hall, 70x126 feet. At each end, east
and west, is a balcony. The east space is fitted up for the commissioners’ rooms, and elaborately decorated and frescoed. The interior roof arrangement is suggestive of church ceilings. Immense Swiss trusses extend clear through the seventy feet of space. Roman arches span the aisles and passage-ways leading to the wings on either side. The ceiling here shows also the beams ,J in the rough, and the space between has been arranged as panels, with frescoes painted by Washington artists; each panel reproduces a landscape of Washington. The interior arrangements of the wings are exactly the same. Throughout the entire building Washington’s natural products are displayed. For this purpose lofty shelves and cases are "erected against the walls and in the center of the halls. In the very center of the main hall a minature Washington farm is exhibited. The west end is devoted to fisheries and taxidermy. In this latter branch every wild beast found in the Washington forests and on its mountains is shown true to life. These include elk, moose, bears, mountain lions, cayotes, foxes, deer, mountain sheep, and others of the smaller animals. In the passageways the horticultural and agricultural products of the State are carefully displayed as well as at the east end. The right wing is given up wholly to the woman’s exhibit, and the left wing to forestry, botany, minerals, coal, stone and iron. The building and exhibit is estimated to have cost about $100,000.﻿■"—"I
COMMISSIONERS FROM FOREIGN COUM EM«
1.	Sir Henry Wood,
a rent Britain.
1. H. E. Imperial C'ha.uberlain
P. DE ( ÌLUIKIIOYSKOY,
Russia.
7. H. E. Sen or don Enrique Dupuy de Lome,
-^pain.
10.	Ohr. Rayn,
Xoncay.
13. Hon. J. J. Grinlinton,
( ’raion.
2.	Hon. Adolph Wermuth,
Germany.
5. Ibrahim II a key Bey,
Turkey.
$. Hon. S. Teoima,
.Japan.
11.	Arthur Leffler,
Sweden.
14. J. J. Quelch,
Jlritish Guiana.
3.	ÀSTERE VERCRUYSSE,
Ih hjilDii.
6. H. E. Makshal JoseSimeao de Oliveria,
Brazil.
9. Hon. Anton yon Palitsciilk-Palmforst,
.1 ustria.
12.	IIon. Dr. Arthur Renwick.
Xeiv South Wales, ir». Hon. Frederick Douglas,
Hauti.﻿PART X
AMONG THE FOREIGN BUILDINGS.
(	I.
The	—A Combination of Ni. luroib Styles of Architecture—Nearly a Quarter of a
Milieu Expended—A Home cf Mail' Gables, Balconies and Towers—	.^liu-ii» =n of a Rural
Chapel—Collection of Bismarck Souvenirs—Historical Documeni'.	1*1 Treaties—
Tapes!n,	bronze, lummy .md Paintings mu German 1 icn and
Beautiful in	and Rugs—1The Paviî: ii	Norwegians—
A Type of Architeciure which Originated Eplit Hundred Yeats Ago—Timbers IT m Christiana— The Swedish Building—Modern Brick and	Cot^^^^Hpomincnt ^nnufacl^^^M
Sweden—The “ Venice of the North ’’—Many of the Products of Sweden Represented—Exquisite EmbrcClerics and Needle Work—Panorama of
ESIDES being- the largest all foreign buildings, the German Government build a; is the most subst^^^^^^^mHtne handsomest on the	shorr^JXcxt^^^^^^^Biish building and	British, its variegated n iof, airy bell tower,
minarets, pinnacles and soli« 1 brick walls contrasting strangely ^^Hiisingle x it is yet the richest, largest and most pretentious building in the	< Vrapying a frontage of 150
feet and a depth ol j 75 its main height is 7,S feet, while the s> b et from the ground. The building is a combination of several	of
transition from the renaissance the embodying in tlie	composite the
berg and^^^^^^^^^^Hof to-day. The ou^^^^H are d^^9 rated after the manner tli^^H German houses with the	eagles and
At three different cHiers of the structure are three l^g^| towers, in which are hung three - bells which were presented tt^^^^HmrHjriojicfiy the ten-year-old Crown Prince	After the Exposition th<^B bells are
to be;	and	is te^^^^Bctecjgaga
memorial to the old Emperor W^Bn, called	Peace. The
rather steep roof is covered	shining glazed His. The roof corners, water
spouts, etc., down to	the tower, are of shining brass or
meHow-hued	The center	jn^^H’^daga.
Bay windows,'projHing balconies, t^^H etc., lend the structure a most picturesque appearance, one closely, resembling that of an old German “Rathhaus” or﻿IfMff. /
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BUILDING OF GERMANY.
﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
511
city hall, such as may be seen even at	in Nuremberg or some other ancient
town. Tlte^aæîÿe’'walIs are d^Bratéd ijid frescCed in South German stylé.
C£3&r trié mainehtr^^Min Gfyflüî^fetéring, the following characteristic Ger~ man	ancient rhyme appears:
und wehrhaft,
Voll Korn and voll Wein,
Voll Kraft
Klangreich, gedamkenreich-
Ich will dich preisen, Vaterland mein.
English would be:
. Fruitful and powerful,
And full of grain and wine, and iron,
Tuneful and thoughtful,
I will praise thee, Fatherland mine.
But the interior is even more imp^^He and finer than the exterior. After passùlj£ through the magnifiéen11 y decorated i^^Hla, a second hall is reached. Tg& ip fact, is a separate	forty	and ^^^^Hby an arelfbd
passage of considerable width and height. ThMnner wing, with the exception-noted, extends over the entire space in tMbuilding^Bveringan area of about square fecH The pillars everywhere are l^BvyHhort and	throughout, and
thi^itrches^^^^Mucirci^B, the	early Gerina^|renai^^^^H Balconies
in tiei^^Hill four sides of t^^^^^^Her^fl space, and hea,\^^Hber and cafet» ingsusedin their construction being richly painted and <^|orated. Subdued color effec^nut^^H dull reds and	and	where visible, and the
n*Ü4^^Bn^ corners show poetic paintings made by Max^^^^H, a talented artist Bbp&by the Ger^Bn government.
The chapel is a reproduction of a privat^^H>el in ^^Hf the German caÿlS^H It is on the west side of th^wildinHthe nave being a large bow-window of stâined glass. It ^Bighteen ^^^^^^^Hhirty feet long	the ^^Lre placed
images carved in wood anc^Bone illustrative of churcl^^^^Htions. The walls are paîntéu^Kubdued tint and many texts alilluminated and	around. He^|
a large collective exhibit is pl^^Hsome fifty firms in Mur^Bi, Berlin, Heidetoejpv Crefeld, Carlsruhe, Aix-la-ChapelM Cologne, Wuerzbt^^^^B being repnsgjpwSpd, in it. AppropriSly enough this e^^^B is on^Bf modern cjhurch art—or rather art applied to chHhes. Some very fin^^^ftned and painted .^widows and oriels;
church vestme^B of silk^Belvct^^Hns, brocades, etc., embroidered orrétnb<^^H costly and artistic vessels for	use, fa^|oned of gold or silver;
handsomely illuminated missals and prayer books and BibleHand, lastly, plastic churçh art, such as^Ltues and sta^Btte^Brf saints, etc<^^^^H>ces, etc., all form part of this highly interesting exhibit. On the altar is placed the silver commufflm service. It is very^^Hve anddiand carved. This^Bvi^Bs destined for the same chfarc&ÿs the bells donated by the youn^w)wn prince.﻿51-
HISTORY OF THE WORLD^HtfR;
The Gertr^an,(1 a comprehensive general exhibit of thfffi wares—the art of pointing being above all well illustrated by a large assort' Went of magnifi^^B bound volumes of every
But i^Bartograj^B lithography, Botography, chromography, engraving, etc., and all their cogn^B branches, the art i^^^^^B^hly represented in thousands of beauti* ful specimens. And	destined to enrich some
Ame^^^Rns^^^H^ perh^H a public Hb^|y or a university—is placed on the upper g^Bs or balconies of the building,	ilistruc-
tion and an intelligent ap-1 ’r<2ciation of its treasures. A reading room fifflthe public is also provided, in ^^^^^^Bts may in-dulge the privilege of their minds^Bi some particular tome that ha^ftgr^^^^Bir fancy.
AcBnir^^^^Brary-uw
large room decc^Bted in of
hall. It is used as ar exhibit room	pres-
ents which have been given t^Ht h e different members of t^^^Byal house. Th^^^^^Bru Bismarck ^«vi^Brs w ry large. It < onsists of addresses p^B him by dif-ferent localities, many artistic silver and gold ca^^B holding the freedom m vara ms cities, a drinking i 111 > from the residents of
Frankfort and tie-	head of the German f^^B The
Vc^BMoltke heirs have also^Bnt^^^R'1 relies of the An old warrior, inchKfiB inp his	B and vaihi>us adi 1	-s. The
housc^^^^^^fthe samc^^^^Brnter. i-mbracing man;^^Borical^^^^^^B,and copies of treat which	figured ^Hnc^Hn ( hanging the geography of
£Vope
I he front part of the building is	offices and Commissioner
Werciuth’^^Hitii^^Bm, which is quite as artistic as any in the palaces of his It/i^H feet square, with	plate glass windows looking out on
Lake Michigan and	shore promenade. The Hiling is covered with
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HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
Rrajtq oak made in two-feet squares, and from each corner of each square depends an ornament which^Bgildéu to relieve the dark color of wcH^H
In the center is a painting repPèseptidg a sirariHwhich wpffiJone in Germany Bor this special room by a piember of the Royal Academy, who denoted it oh the condition that the painter's name should be kept^^Hcjret. Around the walls runs m Jahascotingof carved oak, seven feet high. It is surm^nteajo^ a hand-carved panel, with figur^vepre^Hting the history of th^Brapire. From the wainscoting to the ceiling the walls are frescoed in flora^^^^H in bright ^^H§^vhfl8^Kàét the dark color of the oak. On the north s^^Hf the room is a porcelain fireplace which runs	The c< > ! < is dark blue, and over thè gr^^^BftfigBBHtihS
four feet long by one broad, repi^Bnting a wedding party in winter in tjffl olden times.
Tis olHtylH The ca'rpét is made in keeping with woodwork by one of the famous German facto^^^^Hthe upholstered ture t^^^^Hstyle now long out of	Scattered about are^^H3fl|de|lGPn.de
to correspond	the furniture.
' Between the wi^^^^H a gilt hall	It is one of the most
artistiebitsoffurnishing in the room. P^Br feet above the t^^^Hirns Leads are ££t in each corner, and from that point to the top, the ^Kign is after one of tha spires of the Strasburg cathedral. The dial is uniq^B in that eaclj À)f the on ai^A'al^^^B of iv^^^^Hn a triangular shape, thejboM: at
the center.
R^Bt here it may be mentioned that a portion of t^^^^Hrial dsèjtf in the konstriua ion and in	the German building itself h^'pqftSjlur-
nished by German firms for purposes of exhitMan. Thus, the tiles op the r« ><fl— quite new of their kind in tl^^^^^Bry—of v^^^^^Bere were used fifteen car loads alc^B, are an exhibit in themselves. So are the beautiful win<^^^|th^HiH}ue furniture and the ornate wooden « idlings in the reception-room of the co^^Hsnlner and in the	are the handsome carpets and rug$AhH are
sft^Bd on every floor and sta^Hse^| th^ftug^—all contributed by large manufa<^B*ers in	and
The	a score	all sr^^^B shapes by
many gabled roof. Thej^^^nll utilized though as living ^^^B by memhe^flof the commissioner^Btaff, royal guards care t^Krs^^^B>th^^^^^^^^Hsta^^^B$gnce is required about
Costly ^^^^HauHng i	- it is by no	proportion to th J
appropriation,	Government has furnished the munìfi^BtèjlB of
$7^^^Br her display at the Columbian K^^Hfion.
l he land of t^^^Brd and ^B Norsemen	curious structur^filis-
tinctly Norwegian ^Bts ^^^^^Basies. The pavilion is w^B is knoix^^^Bhc&av-kirke style and	the ^Brch houses they h^^^^^^Hujlding
country ever ^^^Khe twelfth ^Bitu^^H
There is a Bh lower s^^Bnd a low upper Ay ana, over all, a high gabled'i^Bf picturesquely irrej^^^^Hlesign. A fine flagstaff tops the whc^B But﻿HISTORY OF. THE WO RLE® FAlfl
515
wnat	wS a Norse apgect to, .this little building, which is.but 26x40 feet in
size, are the decorative figures projecting over the gable^^Hvy bearrHhat cprve upward .^|kl which ^«.graven in grotesque shapesHke the heads of dragons or serpepjfc. These resemble more than anything else, the	prows of battle
That is exactlyHiat they ^B intended to be like. When tl^B'StM-kirkeB type of architectiir^Bas originated, theNorse were the boldest navigators in the wd»B. *Their high pennet^^^Beys, with hidec^B figure-hea^^Mentured where noflKtdthets dared to go. Those were the days of the vikings. So ^B Norsemen, being more at home in	in hou^^^Btterncd their	their ships.
In effect the edifice portrays a quaint <^B church, a maze of gables, on which decufl tive figures repr^^Hthe defiant ornamentations of the bows of viking ships. The whole,.compositionM most romantic in it^^^^B>ti<H The mater^^^^^Bin Norwegian pine wood, and the e^^^B the	$10,000.
TheHlbers were all prepared at Christiana and brought to Chicago in framed cases. The building is chiefly used for the offices of the commissioners and as a rendezvous for No^^^Ban f°lks. All of the exhibits are	buildings and
if it had not	stirred up by	hubbub to the re-
membrance that America^^^^^^wered b}1 their own 1 eif Kricksen more than 8cfl years ago, they	had no headquarters at the h air at all.
The^^^Hh (lovernment building is	to the northeast' of the
E^slu^Bs i!' 1 far from 1 he Brazilian structure and between	the lagppfl
The space allot.ed to	and the	was made tfl
conform to the space in ^Ber^But^^^^^B the utmo^^^^^^^^Bgon was inscribed at.the cent r of ^B space and there the main hal^Hs located.
The design of the building is partly the product of tbc^^Htec^^HpfSQJI&l taste aild fancy, but i n work ing out	to a great ex tent allowed
himself to be	In the style of Swedish churches and gentlemen’s houses of the
sixteenthand seventeenth centuries. As far^^^^^^H the characterist^B of old
v ..The building was constructed in Sweden, wher^^^^^B temporarily put together. Afterw ards ii; was taken apart and br<HhtHChict^^^^Bing twenty-one Krlo^ds of material. It cost $40,000 of the $100,000 appropriated by tbe>C^K|9 ment. In the three corners	of con^Hrable^^^^^^^^^^B run around
■Ueiluildihig, The main hall is sixty-five feet across, and the pi'wh of the cupola, which	feet, and ^^^^Bupols^^^^ft. The^jaSjh
flag flies from the lla.i^^Hab^B the £^B'. 150 feet from the gro^Bh rhe entire ^K&bf the floor is	feet. The lower p^^Hf the fr<mi: wall of the
building fc^Bs an	modern brick,	and
cement work from the most prominent manuf^^^Brs of ^^Hen. Exhibits of steel, iron, clay, cement, wood pulp, porcelain and t^^Htre^Bov^B in the lv il^ipffj^EB The remainder ^B hcl building is entirely of w^Bl, all th^Bork being done by the Eskejjgtuna Iraforad 1 ingsakdebolag in Sweden. Following the old Swedis(t|jSfeion,
8!﻿HrSffillY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
516
the whfele of the roof and the walls are cohered with shingles. The outside of the woodwork is impregnated with a preserving liquid to prevent dpqay.
The inside of the pavilion is painted in light, dolors and richly decorated with bunting, coat-of-arms and crests. A fine exhibit of the world-famed Swedish iron ore is made. A display of the manufactured products of iro®fehtna goods, tod glass products are well re^^^nted in the pavilion. There iS/als^a liberal 4p3'ce^^Hol^Hld silverware and wood pulj^Aoduc^B A further atra$ct$cffl is the excel^Bt representational a genuine Swedish home with beautiful suite^ff fur* niture and highly artistic drapery.
E^Ktly opposite t^Bmain entrance of the build ing^B a large picflfr^^)f the capital of SwAn, [‘The Venice of tHNorth,” with its famous royal AalCle^ Wax figures stand in ^Hit of this p^wre dressed in the picturesque garb of thfe'SH^edes, and to one side is a panorama of Swedish la^^^^^^Hwhile the other side is occupied by a Swedish peasant’s^^^^^^B
The outdoor sport^Bhibit^B'c skates, snowsh^K, sleighs, canoes and yachts. A carefully	bust of Gustavus Adolphus II. has also been pl^Hd in tlitSTfflpm.
In thH. Aries are gathered	which are
admittedly of the first rank. Eri^Boideries and needle^^^B: displays attract lady visitors, who also	the Swedish women's work in the Woman’s fafillding
under the patroi^^H>f Her Maj^B the Oueen of Sweden and Norway.
The Swedisli^^^^^^^^An B^Hight with them a pleasant old^fcrld custom of setting tabl^Hor their guB around under the tre^B on the grCeitttirf, where t^^Bol winds of heave^Bay fan their fev^Bd brows and frappe their soup before t^Bwaiter gets around with a spoon to eat it with—for of c^^^BffiJely Creatures under the sun Swedish w^^^^^Bes the lead. A couple sat down at OnHf these out-of-door tables one day, and after deliberation a waiter appeared and took their orde^^^^^^Hlisapf^^^B. Just as the^^^^He giving up ■ hope he came back w^B part of the Ar and set it down. ^ttte^^^Binter-minable wait his nature prompted him to bring broad. The ^Bive^Knd forks appeared next, ties order of procession Bipres^^^Bis charges with the id^BhatjIat-ing a Swedish meal w^Bike reading Hebrew, and it	to begin at the
end and work forward. W^^^Berytl^^^Bas on the tableland in response to re-Hated tearful entreat^^H lt^Bn brought beer, he made an<Her disappearance that threat^^^^^^^^^|The couple finished their m^^^^^Bted pleasantly for awhile,^Bd a quarrel and made it	in a desultory	the
Fair and the weather,^Bd looked for the waiter high and Hie Finally therm an Caught another waiter and tried iHsend him aftH the Ht. After the man had minutel^^^^Bed what he wanted the waiter said he didn't speak English. Then the u^nan came to the res^H “ Let’s just get up and walk off, then they’ll chase us, and you can pay,”	“All right,” said tne man. ^^^Hra^^H>mng
' desperate. Th^B'alked off a few hundred feet and not ;Houl mHsd., Thibn the man ^^Hback, and as l^^^^^^Bning caught sight of his waitei^Bound a corner of the cafe. “Ah,” said wBr with a beaming smile, after the maA Wad in-﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
50
formed him in a vindictive manner that he wished to pay his bill. “Ah, I thought you had gone; I thought you would come back to-morrow, eh?” “Well, you’ve got a heap of confidence in human nature,” said the man as he fished around his. pockets for an extra dime. “I want to give you that,” he said, “and I want to impress it on your mind what it’s for; it’s for your inattention.”
LEARNING—BY IDA J. BURGESS. Decoration of Reception Room of Illinois Building.﻿VICTORIA HOUSE﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
5i9
CHAPTER II.
GREAT BRITAIN’S VICTORIA HOUSE.
The More $ou See It the More You Like It—A Majestic but Not Gaudy Interior—Double Sweeps Staircase—A Fine but Subdued Collection of Furniture—Carved Oak that Reminds Or^Bf the pf; Good Queen Bess—Associations that are Halos—The East Shawls and Carpets—Brocades from Madras and	Great Collection of
Embroideries.
>)-. REAT B^BFAIN has put $i2^^^Knto an insigr^Kant-look-I ing structure, which located a little {^»n^^^BuitH isolated from^Bie other “^Birts.” The big guns of^|ncl^.' Sam's war ship point di^^^B towards John Bul^^^fedbox,
■ yet the Englishmen seem content with their headquarters. The building is called Victoria House, and at ^^Ista^^^KOks inferior to the other foreign buildi^^^B But as soon as one he I^Bs that it is quite I^^Hh in its ^^^^^^Hplendid eleganc and comfort. Eroni the outside one would wonder	those ^flden guineas were put;
and so he might from the ^^^B, if he were a superficial ob^Bcer. But t^Breful inspection will t^Bly account for the expendi^^Bf that liberal sum.	House is said to be
an ordinary half-timber country house' in I^Hland of the^ The entire interior, it^E ! ing woodwork, ceilings, wall-paper, and carpets, ^^^Brought from En^^H, and its di^^^^warts are copied after a number of famc^B English country seats. The hall an^Bta^^^B are from Hdddon Hall, the iHdence of Lord Ha^vicke, in Cheshire; th^^^^^^Hre from Queen Elizabeth’s palace at Plas Mawe, in Wal^B the reception-room is from^Bcwe Hall, inEtaffordshire; the library is from h^Bi Hall, near Chester; Hd the di^Bf-re£>m is from C^nden House,	the^^Hcc^Hie Duke of Argyll. It
be	fireplace and its $2,500 sideboard, for thesp^
and ^|of its superb a^Bointmei^wnust be seen Hbe appreciated.
1 Probably never was	furniture inclosed within
four wallsHouse. Iiistoriesandassocia-tions float around the carvings like a halo. In	the ^^^Hure is
;a reproduction of the > < intents of a mansion w^B a tale to ^Bl. The gargoylelike heads that peer	friezes of carved oak leaf, tH quaint,
fantaWtip figures with their wooden sn^^Hnd frowns recall each and all .® bygone ffimeKwfvrp men were too busy to f^^^Bmfort in the art of their^Beryday life.
a good samfl of | Elizabethan period.﻿520
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S. FAIR.
The grand hall, with its double sweep of staircase, has almost reached its maturity. Three centuries ago good Oueen Bess, with her courtiers choked in their ruffs and her dames in the stern discomfort of the Elizabethan corset, swept up just such a staircase as that at Plas Ma we in north Wales. All around are chairs and tables with a pedigree. In the center of the hall is a table to be venerated, for Queen Victoria possesses just such an article of furniture in her castle of Windsor. Her majesty, like one of her predecessors on the throne, has a penchant for round tables. By a novel device the table is as expansive as a piece of chewing-gum. Her majesty can entertain a few relatives at her traditional mutton and rice pudding, or she can preside over a court banquet at the same table. And still it will retain its sociable rotundity.
Everywhere through the building the monogram Y. R. indicates the reverence shown the monarch. Wherever Queen Bess is not recognized in the pattern of the chairs, Queen Victoria’s monogram is written large. On either side of the hall Y. R. is set upon the two big fenders. The mantels are of dark oak elaborately carved. Victoria I louse is designed mainly for the headquarters of Sir Henry Trueman Wood, the Secretary of the Royal British Commission, and Edflunl II. Lloyd, its Assistant Secretary and General Superintendent.
But, incidentallv, it dispenses hospitality to distinguished subjects of Queen Victoria who visit the Exposition, though Mr. Lloyd is authority for the statement that no dignitaries are expected.
The East Indian building is situated just north of the Fisheries building, near Sweden’s brick-front building and the Haytian exhibit. While it is called the Indian Court, it was really erected through the public spirit of a few wealthy tea merchants of Calcutta, who were unwilling to see 11indoostan unrepresented this way. It is a one story pavilion of staff, of generous dimensions, and in the characteristic East Indian style of architecture, and is easily recognized by the gold-canopied entrance and its quaint beaut)-. It will be observed that the buildings of Great Britain and her colonies are appropriately placed near to and in line with one another. The building is literally packed with beautiful exhibits, and every foot of available space holds something rare and interesting. It is also claimed that every exhibit there was made by hand. The exquisite wood and ivory carvings and artistic repoussé brass and copper ware show in themseves that no machine had ever
è |
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A-	• 5

EAST INDIA BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
521
touched them, but it iBBifificult t(?|aBBpve thalttl!|te.ïi0tfyc(irpets) woven in. the most' intricate designs, are from Band looms instead of Jatiqu&rds. An astonishin^Barr ety of fuMél are shown in silk and cottons, as well as mixed silk and cotton*both printed and etnbroHfeired. Wax-printed cloths of Peshawur and Delsa, and tinsel and glass ^Horated stuffs of Poona and Satara, ^^^Bxhibited for the first time in thBieountry. The wax-printed cloths are ma^Bby applying a mixture of melted lac and beeswax with a wooden stick. ^^^^^Bsigni^^^^^^Hfrec-hand, and aftel? the mixture been applied, finely powdered mk^^^Bifted over lefttx dry.
Many Cashmir shawls'whi^Bafe not embltfid^Bd, but^Bade on the loom, ardjj piledjtgi cases, with silk sarees fn^B Sura^Bkf M^Bas, with silk and brocade edgings, worn by Hindoo women of the upper classes as dr^^^B Phulkaries or silk embroider^! made in the Punjab and oil the Hazara fr^^H-, Rampore chodders or ring sh^wl^^Hine and soft that one measuring tw^Bar^B wide^Bn be passed through an ordinary	ring, and brocades or kinkabs are other fabrics which
.are heaped up a^Bhough they were^Rt lots in a country store in^Hid of the^B^wy productions {^Brti^^^B
On	is a breech lc^Bn<^^^Bon which i^^^^^Bars old, and there?»
leaning against the wall a matchlock tifteen feet long, made a couple of centuries agjfltr Beside t lie general exhibits t^^Harc native Hit > exhibits made at the pdh-sonal requf-t: of the ni/um of ^Bde^^H, the maharajah of Mysore, the maharajah ofHeypore, the maharajah of Pat iola, the maharajah of Kapurthala, the maharajah of Karatdj. 1 he rajah of Hina, the maharajah of Travancore, the Sawantwadi chief ■Blthe rao of Kutch. It is not used as ^^Hicadq^^^^Hof government officials, but rather as an exhibit of teas and a^Bt of tea Hchange.
I he win>le floor is fillt <I with dainty little	twoor three chanBj
around ^^^H	has tired fc^Bng^^^^^^^^H and orcletla
cup of ^^Hitl^Bcam and loaf ^Bga^^^^H>l, without ^^Ht to pay as has been mentioned here) <>lore.
ThcHtea men themselves are an ^flrac^^B, as they arc natives Of India, of 11 i jwci i) IlHl lowest ca^t < 1 and are dressed in brilliant scarlet robes, with gold embroidery. Hill more in^KSting, however, are the b^Bar assistants, who occupy the upper ^^Hof the building witlH most wonderful exhibit of the art. manufacS tubes’of India. Beginning at the bottom, soci^B, ln<] of thc<^^H I Iindoostanee, of the,servant clas^Bvho is a convert ^BChris^Bnity and^Bars the Christian naBg of SamHOne cHhem is a Mohammedan from Hmbay. Then ther^^Ht £and-some fellow, of the writing caste, from Benar^Bthe Rome of India, whose name is Ra mesh war Dial.
Coming higher up there is a rajpoot ot th^Barrior caste from Rajpootana, who is \vrapped^B>m head to foot in variegated silks, and nurses all the whifejtn told rifle, ten feet long, that would pre^Rly burst the fir^Binu ii was fired.'„„Then therp are two others of the warrior cast called Kahatrees, from the Piinjaub or Five Rivers. Finally, there has been brought nothing lew than' a live Btóftimn﻿532
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
and Pundit from Delhi, said tobe the only Brahmin that ever came to America. His liame is Gobindputshad Shookul.
The building was dedicated with the peculiar rites of the land of Brahma and Buddha, performed by the turbaned natives, who came with	rugs, burn-
ing incensHcarved woods and other marvelous things that jire ifcrowdJHin the bujlding, and with the hideous Hinc^BGods and grotesque images of minor deities leering down upon them, the jovial crowd of Americans who participated in the ceremonies experienced a new sen^w>n.
Reception Room Illinois Building.﻿﻿-4
r~
ii.ì H .
fii ÏJ
£■ H


fM, MÈ
■■p.i -1 i* £** $5


GKEAT FIF$ OF THE COLD STORAGE ÇU1LDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
523
CHAPTER III.
PAVILIONS OF FRANCE AND SPAIN.
The Sword of Lafayette—A Reproduction qf the Room in the Palace at Versailles in which Franklin was Received—A Large	of. Contributions from the Duke of Veragni -Letters Patent to
Columbus from Isab^tfo-r^BmraiS^I from the King and Q^em—Many Interesting State
HE pavilion of Prance, at the nortBend of'J^^Bn Park, is one of t^^^B interesting of the many foreign buildings in the group. It is not SO stately nor^B pretentious	of
its n< iuhbors, but it is never p^wid by b^Bightseers. nil ar^Bid ^Bare floral beauties pl^^Bthere in May by one of the young republic’s most vmincnt florists—VI. Jules Lemoine. Upon the opening of the I Tench pavilion, ( amille Kranz, the Commissioner-General of P rance, Consul Edmund.iiruweart, Morris Mc^^^^Bthe Assista^B Commissioner-GenerSfband August Mltr, attache, received the gi^^^Bn the room which is	the m^^^Bi for souvenirs of theLAnierican
War of ^^Beudenc^^^^Bne^^BTance. The room itself is one of the attractions of the French pavilion. It is an exact repi^^^^^^^^^^B famous" sa^i in the pal^^Bf Versailles	received Ben Franklin, the special
ambassador fBn the American colonies, and	him si^BM the trehijy whicH
secured for the Un^^Btates the active aid and codpe^Bion of Prance. Director-« General E^Bis, President Higii^Btham, the various «^Hcfs of departments,*f!sarly all of the foreign commissioners, the World’s P’air Directors and National Crjmmifl sioners who had remained/in the city, members of tin- Commefeial.club, and niciny society popple of Chi^Bjo were included in the guests present. Chief among the treasures in the room^^^^Bvord ^Bsented by the Colonial Congress to La^R^Be in 17?^,. It has a of solid gold, beauti^By engraved, and ^Mcabbard of tfcm same with'^Bdallions, each one representing some sce^Bof the Rev^^^Bnary War in which Lafay^^^^Bd been engaged. The Da^^^Bne blade, ^Bich was in the sword at the time it \^B given Lafayette, was ruine^By rust while tb^Bword was buiied during the rei^»>f terror in 1793, and the bl^B which took its place is made from,steel taken from the old Bastile, inlaid with gold, a present from tin City of Paris^p L^layette in recognition of h^Bervifees during that time. Another sword, equally handsome, a present from the City of N^B York to Lafaye&te on the occa-sion of SB visit to tin: United States in 1S24, occupies a place. Inside tap. other.﻿524
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Two crystal urns, the first cut glass made in the United States; a large va sented to Lafayette by the midshipmen of the Kearsarge; two rings, each o\ contains locks of hair from the heads of Gen. Washington and Martha Wc ton; two pistols left to Lafayette by Washington in his will, epaulets wo Lafayette during the war, and the decoration of the order of Cincinnatus Lafayette by Washington, are among the other interesting objects-in thee case. There are books, original autograph letters from Washington, Jeffe. Madison, John Adams and John Ouincy Adams, and many other articles of p. less value.
The Spanish Building which is modeled after the Casa Lonja of Valen shows only parts of the original building, the column hall and the tower having been reduced in proportion to three-fourths of the origin-val, which was erected before the date of the discovery of America.
The structure has a frontage of 84 feet 6 inches. There are three floors, two of which are occupied by the Royal Commission. The space is distributed in three
longitudinally and five naves transversely, corresponding to eight pillars in	k-<hnch build/ng.
the Hen ter, with
quarters and halves in the lateral walls and corners, forming in all fifteen vaults.
The ornaments represent the church, magistracy, military, and the arts; also the agricultural, commercial and industrial pursuits of the kingdom. The material is wood and staff.
The Spanish building was formally opened by Eulalia in June. The Duke of Veragua contributed the following, mos! of which may be seen in the Spanish Building:
r. The commission of Columbus. 'I'he original commission given to Columbus by Ferdinand and Isabella upon his departure for the first voyage, dated . Granada, April 30, 1302, appointing him Grand Admiral of the ocean seas, Vice-King and G^trnor-General of all the lands that he should discover.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
525
f v i* Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain granting fiöicflses to thé personJ4tófemjj||riÉpMKl5bltljcnbt»6^^i’ his first voyage. Dated Greptodajtlupril 30, 1492.
3.	K^yal lexers patent from the sovereiglMf Spain commanding the inhabitants of Palos to furnish Christopher Columbus with two caravels for his first voyage.^ Date&Grajiada, April 30, 1492.
4.	Royal letters ^Hent from the i^fcreigns of Spain ^Bnmanding the iimab. itants of Palos to furnish Chri^^Her Columbus everything necessary tofeq^fl the caravels for his first voyage. Dated Granada, ApriH?, 1492.
5.	Royal letters j^Bent from the ^Mereigns of l^Btin ex^Bpting from taxes Kpigliesneeded for the fleet of Columbu^Bn his first voy^^^HJated April 30, 1492-
6.	Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of ^^^B ordering that ^^Htopher Columbus may t ak e w i t h o u t c h a rge anything heed ed for his first Dated May 15, 1492.
7.	Royal letters, pgc-ent from th^^^^^Bgns of Spain granti ng power to Christopher Columbus to ^Bi! deliver stores of provisions in their names. Date^Blay 15, 1492.
8.	Royal letters patent from
of Spain commanding that Cliristopher Columbus be allowHto pass freely through ports, cities, towns and villages. Dated Barce ona, May 20,
9.	Certificate of Roderigo Perez, notary public in the City of Isabella, Santo DinifugO, Dec. 16« 1495, concerning the contract made by the ^Bereigns of Sjfnn with Chris^Bher Columbus in tl^BTown of Santa Fe de las Vegas de Granada, Apyii : 7,1492.
10.	Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain authcBing 3OO persons to be taken by Columbus on his second voyage. Dated Burgos, April 23, 1493.
11.	Royal lettH patent from the sovereigns of Spain commanding Columbus to prepare a fleet for his^KOnd vovage. Dated May 23, 1493.
12.	Royal letters patent from theBvereigns of Spain commanding captains and masters of res^n> to recognize Admiral Christoph^BColumbus as tsaptain-Ge^ltral, and to obey him in every particular. Dated Ba^^Hia, May 28, 1493.﻿52$
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
13.	Royal letters patent Kjnv the sovereigns of Spain authorizing Chris-topner Columbus to appoint thr|t£ persons for the officHj ofS^Hrnment in the lands hqjjli^la^iatyO^yer. Dated bar<J®w|, May 28, 1493.
14.	Instructions for his second voyjLgikgiven to i^umbuafty Ferdinand and Isabella, May i493a«
15.	Original memoranda .written by Chrj^tttM^	the sovereigns
of Spain concerning the money required for^fts pornpensatiaft, and subsistence for six monthsM the* 300 people who were to accompany.hi"m,6n hiaysasbnd voyage.
16., Bull of Fope Alexander VI granting to the.sovereigns of Spain all lands Bgx&e'red by Christopher Columbus. f Dated at Rome, May 4, 1493.
17. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain tok Columbus assuring him of the, peaceful intentions of the Kin^Bf Portugal. Dated June 12, 1493V*'-!
*18. Letter from Queen Isabella t^^Hhimbus recdmraen^mgJ&jan A.guado to a good posit it^Hn his lleet. Dated Jun^^| 1493., .
19. Letter from the^Brvereigns of Spain to Christoph^KZolumw^HBbm-mending the appointment of Sebastian de Olano as Collector in IndiesfaKBSUed August 4, 1493.
*> 20. Letter from the s^ftreigns to Chris^fther Columbus urging him to hasten his departure to tH Indies, Aug 18, 1493.
21.	Letter from Queen Isab^B to Columbus i^^^Hng^Ropy of aJboQ]IM9
nad left with her, asking him to	her a certain sailing^^^^Hnd urging him
not to delay Lis departure. Dated Sept. 5, 1493.
22.	Letter from sovereigns of	to Christoph^^^Blumbus fifing
his opinion in i^Krd to	document which had been ^^^|red in reply to
the King of Portugal. Dated B^ftlona, Sept. 5, 1493.
23.	Letter from th^^^M'eigns of Spain to Christopher^*)] umbus concern*
ing certain expeditions of the King of Portugal and infor^^^| him ^^^Bhe book which he had left with^Biem would	to	Fonseca,
June
24.	Royal letters	n directing Christopher
Columbus to return to tl^Bndies^WDa^^Hlodina del Campo, June 22, 1493.
25.	Decree of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella granting to Columhu£ an annuity of 10,000 maradevis, to be paid from the tax upon the. but£herf$hdps of Cordova during his lifetime. Dated at Vall^nlid, No^BS, 1493.
26.	Books which co^Kn ^Btified copies royal letters patent from .the
sovereigns of Spain granting to Christopher Cc^wibus all the ri^Rs,	dignities
and regalias enjoyed t^Bhe Admirals of Castil^J Copies of royal letters patent in towns established in Santo Domingo. Contracts of Columbus with the^o^ereigns of Spain.
27.	Instructions from ^^H>vereigns of Spain to Columbus concerning his second k-oyage, dated Barcelc^B Mar^B 30 and September 15, J493; Me4tpa del Campo, April 19, 1494; and Sergovia, Aug. 16, 1494.
28.	Letter f^Hi the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus acknowledging with grcHgr^^^^Hn the receipt .of letters bv th^Bands of, Ar&Bfcfl de﻿HISTORY#F THE WORLD’S FAIR.
527
Torres, and requesting him tojijj^nd Bernal Diafc de Pisa, accountant qE the expedition, to Spain. Dated Medipa del Campo, April 13, 1494.
E 29. 1 Letter from tli^^^ftreigns of Spain t<^tthristopher Cclumbus, dated Sergofda, August 15, 1494, asking certain information and informing him of an agreement with the Kingdom of Portugj^^H
E- 30. Decree of King Ferdinand and Qu^Hi Isabella granting a c^Bt of arms to Columb^^^Ked june, 1494.
D 31- Letter from the sove^Mnsof Spain to C^^^^^|er Columbus Hflatu-lating him upon -hi ■“turn from his se^Bld voyage and reqt^^^^^|im^| report to the court at	Dated july 12, 1496.
32. Commission as Adelantado Mayor granted to Christopher Col^|b& by thffisov^neigns'of Spain. Dated at Medina del C^»p<^Huly 22, 1497.
f 33. Letter from th<^^^^^Bgns of	Columbus about
gold, pearls and othe^^^^^^Hbtaincd in the Indies. Dated Marc^^^^^^^f
34. Will of Christopher Columbus conferring the right of suct^^^fc Ipon his son, Diego. D^1<1 Feb. .^^1498.
■. 35* Memorandm^^^^^^Hd by Christopher Columbus to Council of nbIndies concerning his arrest ^Bl imprisonment, and dec^^^H his inn<^|nft; of fth^wia rges made agai nst h i m.
36.	Letter from the so^^^Knsof Spain to Christopher Columbus containing bt^tnHonHom^Hnghis fourth vo^^^| Dated Yal^^^Ble la Torro, March
37.	Letter from <^^^ftoplier Columbus to his Holiness the Pope of Rc^fc. February,
Letters of Cl^Btoph^Kol^^^^Ho his son, Diegot^^Hl Nov. 21, 1504; Nov. 28^^H; Dec.,	Dec. 21, 1504; Dec. 29, 1504;
Jan. 8, 1505; Feb. 25, Dec.	Memorial	the
sovereigns of Spain in behalf of his son Di^^^H
I 39. Letters fron^Bhr^wpher^^^^^Hs to the Rev. bather Don Caspar ile l^^^^^^Hdated April 4, 1 502; Sept.	July 7,^^^^Bn. 4. 1505.
40.	Letter	King Ferdinand V. to	Columbus, dated Naples,
Nov. 26, 1506.
41.	Commission as Adelantado Mayo^ff the Indies. Granted by the sov-ereigns of Spain to Diego Columbus. Dat^HValladol^l 1 une
42.	Authenticated cop^^^^Hv	accompanied
Christopher Columbus on several v(i\,^Hl)atc(^H. 'Phis will was important evidence to sustain	by th^^^^Hof Columbus upon the crown of Spain.
^■p Commission ^(Admiral of the	Luis, the grand-
son of Christopher Columl >tis. Dated Maj^M, X53®*
44.	Letter from the King ofiher ColprAbus. Dated Avis, MayH. 1 (.88.
45.	Ordinances issued by sovereigns of Spain to Christopher ColumEu$3ftd the Court of Santo Domingo for the clearance of c(^AinBlteria^^B7-
All of tHse documents are Bither written by Columbus himself or signed by Femmand and Isabella.﻿commissioners; from foreign countries.
1. Prof. Vulks I. Siiopoff,
Bulgaria,
4. Dr. Francisco Bustamante,
,	Venezuela.
7. \v m. K. Rotiiery.
Liberia.
10. T. Paredes,
Columbia.
13. J. S. Larke.
Canada.
2. L. Weiner,
Cape Colony.
5. E. Spencer Pratt,
Persia.
8. Col. MJ N. Arizaga,
Ecuador.
11. Sr. D. Manuel M. de Peralta, Costa Rica.
14. Arnold Hollinger,
Switzerland.
3. Phra, Suriya Ncvatr,
Siam,
6. George Birkoff,
Netherlands. 9. Milton O. Higgins,
Curacao.
12. Dr. Emil Hassler,
Paraguay,
15. Signor "V. Zeggio,
Italy.﻿HMORY OF THE aVORLDHFAIR.
529
CHAPTER IV.

CANADA AND NEW SOUTH WALES.
Ontario	Native Canadian Shrubbery AfauOipfl--
Highly Polished Canadian Woods—Various Commercial, Scientific, Agricultural and Ed^Bional Articles Shown—The Classical Pavilion of New South Country.
TANDING upon a^Be of ne^^^^^^Hquare^^H is the < andian Pavilion, only	distant <• from the United
■tatfl Battleship, opposite Victoria IIot^H Th^wiew from tin- look-out” on the tower tin: pavilion is perfect. It^^Hnd^Bi one side to where the	waters of the
great lake se< m to	the distant ho^^H ancl (jn the
other side takes in tt^Bnaj^Bu■<■ nt pier, the arch^ftturallH beautiful Peristyle and Musi^BTall, with glimpses of the historic Convent H I .a Rabida, the an at Manufactures Building, the United States Government Building, the F^^H Building;', and m^^Htf the	expensive
foreign nati^^H T he pavilion	three
entra^^^^^^Hin or ^|nt entrance, facing^^^^^^^^H, and two end entrances on the east and	The	through
the	and has	Opposite this mflen^^Hs the grand
yU0ntyt ll^Hh	in th^^Hr of which are numerous lavatories. In the entrance
postoffice, the teltHion^^^^H and an
the latter are kept ^Bisters giving ^B possible information to visiting Canadians lodgings, board, th^^^^Habt^^^^Hriei^B in^^^^H), and^Bier information to Canadian visitors.
room,	hundred Canadian newspapers	To m*HEt of
che main ^^^Hice are	^^^|minion Commission, while,
the other	offices on this floor are occupied by the commissioners from the
ih)POvinces of Ontario and Quebec.
H)n the first floor are two more offices for the Dominion CominfcMbtl> four fotrcomm^^^^^^^^Hi different provinces of Ca^Bla.^^^nm^Bee room aMa large parl^^^B the use of the whole staff.
^H)n the second floor are the towrer room and th^^^Bki^^^^^n, and in the at&cHovK the dormitory for the guardian
As	appropriated for the erectiHof the pavilion v^B limited, a plain
style* of ai^^^^Biad to be adopted. Running around all sides of thjraBBdmg a veranda feet wide, with a balcony	the same ^^^B The bal^By﻿SWEDISH BUILDING.
CANADIAN BUILDING.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD&miR.
531
is supported by fVérity-eight TuRn (mBlutiBb The- wallEBi t:he eaves of the roof are finished vnBi a bold denta^rornice.	covered with a low pitched
roof, Hjrtly hiddenRj a w^H The toSBr, as jt «MBN^roi^B the roof is circular and is dHoed into twelve panelafl&eneath qp&se are^B-tached pilasters. ThlSlalls are finished with aitpfttal corni<£|f*over whi( h is an^jpéï'balastral- Over this is th^BlooJccj®,”	the flagpote,frt>m which, from sutepet tosunfilp. proudly
fioH the (jjnnadian flag-.
The wkfts and ceilings are finished with puti^K^psulian woods, highly polished ahd showing the riitfltwjgiQtn. 1 ach pr<yrin<^R>f Canada has furnished nativfe woods requiredfinish its indivi^Rrf rooms. Arc^Rd the^Rvilloh.Ma neat plot of ground (^Hered with green turf, dott^R here a lid** there with native Canadian sfHb-and conveniently and artistiHly divided serpentine roadway sj-irid walks^HThis building, with its fifl nishings and surroundings	C.v
V arious commercial, kgBCult^^H soit-ntific and educational articles ikrBSkOWi) in the several depaj$tmfnts from the ftfDwmicial go ve r n m e n ts of O n t a r i o, Quebec,
British
umbia, Manitoba, IIal i -fax, NÉpn Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island,
^k>rthwM| Territories.
pp&pte'Tfew South Wales Building is llasslcl in .design and ornamentation. It Iwers an area of 4£0O square feet, being óoxóo feet in exterior dimensions, with a por(jibfhi2 feet widcHttem lingMrossthe front. There is a flight of thSRuRteps ‘iesadiftg'^pf this portico and extending across front at^Rnds of the same. The roof of this portico^KuppC^Rd by	Dor^Rolumns.^Ro feefchïïïfsix inch^Rn
diijpeter, and twenty feet high, with a cornice, frieze and balustrade extending round the entire building. At each ol the corners is a large Doric pilaster ^Rfes*-ponding to the columns of the portico. The entrance is in the center o^^^por^kïó front. All openings have molded architraves and cornices, and each window has % pair <flfo«plded modillioijs-tittdef it. The exterior'of the buildifljj-*|S^taff. T^HeOti-tral portion is occupied by a hall, ’thirty feet in width, and extending thé£litire*
ne\Mouth wales building.﻿53
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR
depth of the building. In the center is a polygonal dome thirty feet in diameter, the top being forty feet from the floor. This dome adds to the effect, light and ventilation of the whole, and is covered on the interior with ornamental staff. Arranged on three sides of the main hall are the various offices of the legation, eight in number.
01'AKER CITY GRINDING MILL—A. W. STRAUB & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
CHAPTER V.
THE ATTRACTIVE CEYLON BUILDING.
A Mixed Architecture of Maay.NaB Woods—Designs from Ancient Buildings—FigwfeS of Sacred Bmm Animals—Ornamental FacadjtS and Pillars—Fancy Designs in Ceilings and Carvings that Take^Be Back 543 Years B. C.—The Sacred Tooth of Buddha—Sun and Mckb Symbols.
3 ')vj	ANY thousands visit	building
pri n< i);d court of which alone contains iS,706 square feet for c^^Haits. This large court stands to tKe^Brtl^B the German binning,; fronting tl^J lake. It is i^^^^Hin length. 1pillars and such parts of the ends of thfil beams as are in view, and tire four entrance doors, as also the central octagon, are beau^^^B carved in imitation of the carving found on the stone ^^^^Hnd^Bjects-of art i^^^|ancient city of Anuradhapura and other ptacel of gre^Hantiquity. T his court is in itself. I he minor courts are also made of th^Hoodijfl ^ of the is^Hd, beautitully carved, and acknowledged by alkwho have ^Bn 1 hem to be works of art. The main^Bld^^^B the octagonal hall
respectiv ly north and south. ■ he court partakes largel^Bf the^^Hidian^Blerof architecture in the desia^Bf its ^Hmnsand adopted by th^^^^^Hoe in their an‘ cient temples throughout Ceylon, ll^^Btails of this mixed	may be
stnSed with advaritagein the num^^H temples and ruins scattered over Ceylon HRp&fa&.Vu-ws are shown in photograph^Bxhil>ited in the court. The ootirt is constructed entirely of the beautiful	the island. Borne twenty thou-
sand cubic feet of timber was felled for the Hr pose. The wholeHmrt is rateensbn a projecting basement some four ^^^^^Hve ground level, and is reached bfcfour tstairways highly carved, two leading i^B the	m t agon and one into each of
^tlv wings. These fligh^^Hteps (of which an illustration isgi^^Hare adapted Resigns from the well-known stairs of nu^^Hie ruined temples to beseenatApura-dhapura and Polonnaruwa, the sut^Bsive ancient ^Bitals of ^Bn between 543 B.K?.and 1235 A. ID. The cobra-shrouded figures carved in bas-relief on the ter-minaCTfaatet^ guarding eithe^Bde of the approach, are termed doratii-fafaycti&Jkor janitors. Oiescguard-st^Bxs are always found at the loot of steps to vihares (shrines), bt^wn the older ruins, toward off evil.. The conventional lines on attached pillars at the sidett® the terminals are founct^eqgally with elephantHnd bulls on these﻿■
HsTORY OF a« WORLD’S FAIR.
guard-stones	I fl&l i MMThe figures on the face of and sup-
porting the steps, the	^ which lijjMft small conventional pattern of the
HCfc^AMdrornanieats, or padn/a, carved , uppn them, have been^^^^^^Ko represent yakkas, a class of evil spirits, also	At the bottom of
large ^afved slab, semi-circular in form, termed a sandakadapahana, or moonstone, carved in bas-relief, Hreprs^gnt; a lotus flower open in th^^Keil and concentric bands	and figures <>( lions, elephants, horses
BEk hulR in the outer ring. The	a
makara, a fabulous
HljUgH|lf Hon,
half crocodile. Arriving at the top of the stcfl^^|Hen-trancetothe building is*1 through a handsome do^H way having carved
pattern wvHK the Dalada Mali-gawa (the temple in wHh the sacred tooth of Buddha is ^Hsited^at Kandy, and at $|N^n.m-bulugala and Dip-pitiya vihares in tl^^Hmr Korales of the Kegalla District of Cey 1 onJ The con t i nuous
scroll ornament ^^Hld be partic^^H noticed, also the in^^^^^^Joubhg-fo^Led scroll. The ^^^Blesign of leaf oi^wnent spreading downward l^^Hhe trunk of body, is heri^Rari icula^Bha^fcome, and follows the line of the arch. The HlinHf the central hall is^Bpc^Bd by tw^ny-foi^^^Bjot^Kly carved pillars,	in	terminating
a carved bracket. Betv < en the cross I >eams, and forming a capital to each pillar, are carved ^Jss-brack^^^^^^H termed pushpa-bandha; they are
conventional drooping lotu^B The i^^Htier of thes^^Hrs, with tn^RIRHied bracket-capitals, are carved in the form of a plantain	the ornamentation
Hi the l^^Hf the pill^^Hth^^^fhe^^^^^^^^^^Biament.
On either side of t^^Hnti^^Hl are colossal, figures of a sedent Buddha Vishnu. The hands of	as usual^^^^H in t^e lap, the back
CEYLON BUI LI﻿HISTORY OF THE W€>R^^B\IR.
535
of the riglc^Hd resting on tR^^^Ralm, rB9ffi^Wg|^CTjeet showing the sacred manfPbn the soles.
Vishnu, usually ranked as the second of the Hindu triad, is represented four-atJfflsBjpgeS« pair Whandtmuffiflig hts	apd chank, with his
vehi(BBW^|BiBFfl garuda behind, and standing on a pedestal. File “lotus-god” is-, as usual, painted blue.
TheRWiolfc build iiigf'^Bnc^^MwitBLn ornamental faca<^^^^WylWfhgilj&t windows to each annex and four ordbbt^mfidth to the central hall. The wi^cnp have architraves carved with thé water-leaf superficial ornam^Bat^B; awj: under ^Étch window is a^Bie^^^Bal^^^^Hvei^Bmal and othe^Blesigns in ^B-rgrjgB The upper part of the window is forrnei^m an	arch, carved^^B?]^M
same pattern as th^^Hiitrav^^Hlic carved ^^^B~ave terminates with a shoulder en^BheA iJfifch the creeper-knot ornament.
Ttbéi whole exter^B of the ^^Hng^B framed wii h satinwood, ornamented with Randyan scroll-work, and the roofs, Hich have large prc^^BgeaWSèii are .tiS^ninat^d at the eaves-lifie with val&noe tiles of a pattern ^Hid in frequ^B-tp in KaRRntöï buildings. All the roofs, which are covered with imita^Bi pan-tiles, are framed with a break	half way up the slope, which is espec-
ially characteristic of Kandya^^^^^^^^^^Bfhe roofs over the c^Bral hall HJEd tea room £ise in three tiers, and the whole is suri^nnted by a kola, qr spire, terflBB nating in a hammered brass finial exactly similar to t^B one surmounting the Temple of the Sacred T^Khiof Buddha at Kandy. All the ends of projecting beaï§p&s^B gones, are highly carved, and ^^^^Hina^Bis of the rafters are cut in the“mjtfr&r and form peculiar to the ai^^Hctu^|of the building.
8@0t the panels under the windows, ^^Hnder the third window frqnl.tKgsfcu th -east corner is a representation of the	th^^B-and-moon symbol of the
‘-Fbur Korales, with the liot^^^^^^^nro daggers.
The exhibits are ranged round the hall and s^fex^Bn handsome cas^miade of satinwood and ^Bny, the lower p^Hs having	of The torana, or Cing*
halese arch. Other exhibits	round the walls and pillars of thé bullqijEW
Close to the court and imme^Rely to the north^^Hs a building in the form of a dagaba, set apart for the use of the^Bylon court staff. It	exact reprH
sentation of the Ruwanveli dagaba at Anuradhapi^B as taken from a model carvcatiin sto^B which stan^B within the fi'radakshina, or “procession path.” Rufrap-veli dagaba was Commenced ^BKing Dutugamunu in the year 161 B. C., artd^raEi-pleted 137 B. C. It is constri^^Hof solid bri^^H*k,Hing to a height of 1 rojfeet, with »diameter at the base of	The original outlineuof the dagStba was
^^^KPAfctby. the NIalabars in 1214 .^Bf).
P*»wt«er for the London	has truly said: “A pretty and auttfactive thing
[is the^Ceylon building and especially its grand court.	main room of tqcfliand
court isjftóo ffeef in length ancMbove it, reached by ^Jpiral stajrway of handsomely carved ^woodwork, is the tea-room, wh^B nearly a hundred varieties of Tor are shown, tö$ééll^*‘with the process^of culture and cl^Bfying. The.exRiats consist of work of atfs, manufhcturés» the products,of 'the island,.jewèlry afflaf^grios»﻿536
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
with an interesting (exhibit presented by thc fcflfepgjlof the Malq^^H The interior of	isvih the Dravi<^^1^1e	by ^ie Cinghalese in
their ancient temples. Twenty-five varieties o^Ki|Mf^)LCc|kaed wood are used in the decoratio^B The carvings are ler designs in the ruined temples of Anurad-hapura and Polonnaruwa, which we^^Hiitals. of Ceylonbetween 543 B. C. and 235 A. D. Scenes from the'^^K Buddha' flMpdrtf^yed on panels and ffBcoes. A carving of exceptional interest shows Buddha overshadowed and seated on thej coils of the seven-hooded <^Hra.^^^| either side of the north wing are colossal "figures of Buddha and Yish^B The hands of th<^^^^Bf Buddha	in
lap and	the sacred marks.	in rank
in the	four-armed,	hands holding his
di^B and chank with the	behind.god’ is painted blue.
The whole bl^ttng suggests the Hindoo religion.”
god.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
537
CHAPTER VI.
THE OTTOMAN PAVILION.
The Resources of Turkey Shown in Twelve SectiCns—Textile Fabrics—Gold and Silver and Other Mineral—Munitions of War, Electrical ApplH:es and Many AntjqoiH— Agricultural Products— Silks and Dy^Buffs—An Iptftatioit of the ^Bnkhar Casque—Damascian Carved Woods—The Ottoman Coat of Arms—Da&>$cus Rugs and Other OrafllManufact^^H
the Tu^Bsh ^Biding, which adjoins th.n: of Brazil on the ca^ftnd li* ‘S between the Fin^Bxts and F isheries buildings, is the principal exhibit of the Turkis^fcimpire. In this structure a miniature exhibit i^^^Be of the^Bsources of thè Ottoman Empire, consisting of twelve sections, in which are Bswn textile fa^^^^^^^^Hver and other mir^Bds, mimi-tions of war, electrical applicances, antie^^^B all the natural ^^^^^^^^H)ro^B:ts^Blks, dye-stuffs, and, in ^Bef,;A^tipB samples of nearly every industry of ^^^»untry. Exhibits made in the department of manufactures, consisting principally of Oriental rugs and filigree jc^Blry; in the de-Hrtmeiti^f transportationHihibits, in \Mch caiquesl sedan chairs, bullock cart#, etc., are shown, and in the Woman's department, nre embroideries made by the women of Turkey are an interesting feature
T^e Turkish building is in the Moresque style and is in imitation ot the Hunkhar Casque (or fountain) of SulHi Ahmed III. whic^^^^^^Hte the Babi Humjayon in	inopie, and whi^Bcorrei^Bnd^Bith the capital at Washing-
ton, the seat of government. The st^^Hre is eighty by one hundred feet in dimensions ànd is surrounded in the center by a dome. There are also smaller dome# (at each of thé four corners. The ext^^n* is covered in Dan^fcian carved wood, macle'especially in Damascus and brought here f^Hthe purple. The interior is a large exhibition hall, decorated with tapestries. There are small exhibition rooms in each of the four corners, and the ofl^B of the commissioners is in a separate building to the rear of the main bu^^^^^B
On June 26th his eminei^B, Ibrahim Haklty Bey, a handsome Armenian noble,.and the Imperial Ottoman Commis^^^H-General to the Cnliimhi^aigF.v-posifiondami Ahmed Fahri Bey, Imperial Ott<Han Ornimi^B>per, gave a reception from 3 to 5 in the office building, and during the same, hours the exhibits in the paviHpn \tfere thrown open for private-view. A full ^uniformed- orchèstra di* ^Pursed popular music, with interspersed class^^Humbers, and attracted a large crowd to the pa\	Visitors were bowed to thedoorof the pavilion by a double﻿53«
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
line of soldiers from the desert in the flowing and glaring garb of the Arab, while at the door stood two American giants in the uniform of the Sultan’s Guard, a bright red, bedecked with gold and silver filigree ornaments.
Refreshments were served in the area between the pavilion and office building, and in the latter Hakky Bey made a characteristic and patriotic speech. The Turkish exhibits are a revelation in the line of scientific instruments and naval structure. The implements of navigation and electrical appliances are crude compared with those of American make, but they show that the Ottoman is trying to
keep abreast of the times. In gold and silver filigree work and in jewels some very handsome exhibits are made by the Sultan’s jeweler, Tchaiboukdjian. One especially handsome piece shows the Ottoman royal coat-of-arms, and another the monogram of the Sultan, Hamidie. The famous tower of Galata is shown in miniature, and several series of magnificent photographs of scenes in Constantinople, and on the Bosphorus and of royal palaces are exhibited. Antiques, fine Oriental silks, and examples of fine needlework and embroideries on the finest of fabrics, palm-oil soaps, Yemen coffee, wools from Caucasus, silks in all grades from the cocoon to the finished product, Damascus cloth rugs, and other samples of Oriental manufacture make up the interesting exhibit.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
539
CHAPTER VII.
THE TWO CENTRAL AMERICAN REPUBLICS.
The Pavilion of Costa Rica— A Modest but Pretty Building—Diminutive Monkey with Lots of Hair— Silks and Fibres That Fairly Dazzle the Eye—Coffee and Waffles Servec. Free—A Glance at Guatemala—Gardens that Represent C.otfee Plantations.
OSTA Rica’s building is situated at the east end of the north pond facing west, and the location is one of the best in the confines of the grounds. Across the north pond, and within a distance to be fully appreciated, are the Illinois, W ashington, Indiana, Ohio and W isconsin buildings. To the right are the Galleries of b ine Arts, and on the left stand Guatemala and Spain, while as a background and not far distant, Lake; Michigan murmurs praise to the efforts of mortal man. The building is Doric in style; is 103 feet long by 60 feet wide* two stories and clearstory, making the full height 50 feet. On each side is a Doric portico 22 feet wide, supported by four large pilasters. Three easy steps lead up to th^ main floor, and opposite this front entrance broad double stairways l^ad to the second, or gallery floor, supported by eighteen columns rising to the full eighth of the clearstory. The cornices, frieze moulding, caps and bases, window casejnents, etc., are made of iron. The main walls are cemented, and all is painted in ellective colors. The inside walls are plastered, and the walls and timber work are frescoed in a modest and becoming manner. The building is lighted by twenty large double casement windows in the first story, and ten large skylights in the roof of the clearstory, while on all sides of the latter the windows are pivoted so that when opened they will afford perfect ventilation. Ample toilet rooms have been provided on each floor. Over each main entrance to the building is placed the National shield of the central American republic in bold relief, making a^striking addition to the decorative part of the work. The building cost $20,000.
An airy, pleasant place it is, with its wide windows opening out over the waters of the lagoon, upon the very brink of which it stands, and its broad porch across the water front, where visitors loiter and watch the nimble craft darting like agitated water spiders over the still waters. I he trees comes down close about the little building, and on the landward side each open door and window is masked with a brilliant curtain of vivid living green. The interior is not divided by any partitions, but forms a single wide room with an airy gallery running about its walls. Everywhere about the big room are disposed the products to which Costa Rica﻿540
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
wishes to call the attention of the world. There are cases of rich silks, where rain-'bow hues fairly dazzle the eye with their shimmering brilliancy and miniature mountains displaying the mineral wealth of the little republic, and there are textile fibers and raw silk and all the natural products of the soil in the way of roots and gums and rezins, and the sea has been levied on to furnish bottled specimens of the coast fish and huge turtles, whose shells have been polished to render them more attractive to the casual visitor. Then there are samples of manufactured goods, hardware and jewelry and curious and intricate designs in tortoise and sea shells and whole cases full of bottled native wines and even ale and beer.
Most of the contents of the numerous cases suggest a country rich in the raw materials, which older countries are better able to utilize, but not all.
Many of the manufactured articles are very nearly perfect in their way. At one end of the floor is a coffee stand and in front of the wide windows are little tables at which tired people may sit and for a trifling sum regale themselves with a pot of coffee of whose genuineness there can be no possible doubt. A sort of thin, flaky waffle is
served with the coffee. It is a most delicate refection, calculated to tempt even a jaded appetite. People sit abput the tables and enjoy the cool breeze which always seems to blow in through the big windows, and chatter about the view outside or the curious things within, and order more coffee and get other waffles and sSem positively wedded to the spot. The gallery is given up largely to an exhibit of pictures^howing features of the scenery, portraits of people connected with the history of the republic, and views of noted places. 1'hese are interspersed with cases of stuffed animals and birds which are distinctly local in character. There is one cage of diminutive monkeys with enormous tufts of Fair crowning their queer wrinkled little heads, and their postures and antics keep an interested, laughing group in front of the cage all day long. There is much that is interesting from its
COSTA RICA'BUILDING.﻿HISTORY" QF;THE WORLD'S-FAIR.
■
very strangeness and unfamiliarity in tlHlittle^^Ha K'buildih|f} and ev^Bf there were less it would amplyq^epjiy fa visit simply f{§nM|ie jEndpoint of a cool, little rest h^^^set in the mSlBrpfjjtcharrning^^^^^B
The Guatemala building is square, with hi feet at each su^Band occupi^Ba total HB2,5oo feet. Th^Brcl^Bcture is or^^H, but in no wa^ftlalplal. yrjt is Hjipt in Spa^fth style and corresponds we^Bifit^lhe^Buntrj^B represents. The the1 first floor is 24 feet. In th^^H:er of t^| building a large court is 33x33 feet, with a gallery buill upon colonnades of two	This court
th^Hd patios in a Spanish house, and gives freshness and ventila^|n in thEpitire struct^B-. In the center of the court there is a fountain from	the
water plays as fflflfl a big
each of theSpur corners offMHe building there is a big tBr 23x23 feet, ^B'mouqfld by a ^^^Bitifully < 1 > 1 < > r, i.ted dome. The entire he^^fl of each tovieigB^I feet. In tyga of the t^^l there are two Iarg*^ stair-cases, giving access to t he ^iMUy above, wtwjjlp ex-tends as a terrace around theUntire building. The coni'action is tn wood, 1 ron and staff, a^Bthe ornaments represent fruits and flowers, in	light cha^^Hr. There
Kef four	on
room,	iuatemawjwill;
found in	coffee, and^^^Bit is culti-
vated and marketed.
At a distance of abu$^|hirty-fiv^^^^^^^B the ^R.in~£ta^Hn2 ja a rustic hut, and	of the same ^B a small kiosk, adapted for testing the
^coffee. The eritf^H^iStefe'^ftacittd the building is converted into a large garden representing a coffee plantation, banaj^Btrees and other	Indian
t^ntsiMK praS^ ini^fibvner 0£^^HgfOosds,r<4nd^B landing place has been ^B> structed opposite the 53|inciftaJejrt#anC* on the lagoon. The building cost $40,000.﻿FAC-SIMILE OF BIBLE BELONGING TO QUEEN ELIZABETH. Royal Society of Art Needlework, England.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
543
CHAPTER VIII.
BRAZIL AND VENEZUELA.
The Beautiful Buildings of the Two South American Republics—Brazil Has One of the Most Attractive Pavilions on the Grounds—Coffee Served F$e to Thousands Daily—Veni^uelans Do 1'heir Level Best with Coffee and Beans—They Show Many Swords and Other Ti®phiM of General Simon Bolisfiir.
of all the foreign structures is Brazil’s handsome building, which stands across thedagoonBast of that of the State of Illinois. It is built after the* French renaissance style of architecture. It is covered with delicate detail work. The large domlis surrounded by four smaller ones and the walls of the building are coveifed with sculptured work in staff. On the outer walls of the building are twenty medallions, each of which bears theBiame of one of the twenty states which comprise the Brazilian republic. The upper panes of the large windows are of stained glass and the interior woodwork is most artistic. The entire first floor is devoted to coffee. Every kind of coffee from the cheapest to the highest in price is on exhibition. There are half a dozen large stands covered with the glass jars holding the berries. In the rear portion of the room a large plantation in St. Paulo serve cups of its best coffee free tQ all visitors to the South American building who indulge in the bever-ageb Rio Janeiro and Minas Zereas also have large displays in this department. The entire second floor, which is reached by a broad stairway, is given up to repep-tion-rooms and parlors. In the large reception-room is an extensive collection of paintings by the famous artists of Brazil. The entire floor is carpeted and furnished with luxurious chairs and lounges, whilfe. in the eastern portion of the floor private apartments are furnished for men and women. The officers of the commission are also located on this floor. P'our spiral stairways run from the main reception-room to the roof, which is the feature of the4Brazilian building. On the roof are settees and benches. Palms are placed about the eaves, and visitors are always welcome to climb the steep stairway of iron and enjoy the view from the Brazilian summer garden.
The Venezuela building is an extremely pretty bit of architecture, a delicate gray in color, relieved with green and gilt. The main portion of the structure, the front of which is ornamented with rows of square fluted columns, is flanked by a wing on either side, the dome-shaped roofs of which are surmounted by two bronze﻿544
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
statues, one of Columbus, theother of Generali Bolivar, the liberftaB^af the South Americ^WEB^H^JiioW^Thlgy are both frBHBPBVMPB of Sig. Turini, an Italian sculptor, whp at ^Bstfnt resides on Staten Islam* And the sculptor has every reason to feli^nte himself upon the ^fcrit of his work. Both figuiSBare admirable pieces of work, instinct with dignity and vitality. Sig. ■Tcini’s'TSolumlpus particularly merits attention, as it ha^Ren pronouncedly many good judaflE^fte one of tile rr^Jst s^Hfactory statues of the great admiral ^Bich has been jRwiibited in con-nection with the Colu^Ban^Bpo^^H. Certainly it	almost defy criticism.
Tlf5pos£ is spirited,	characteristic, And from whj£qeyer side it
is viewed, it	a powerful, well-balanced figure.
BRAZIL BUILDING.
The mai^Kart of the interior of the^^Hin^^^Hvei^^Ho the tuSI' f a reception roo^B it is handsomely	and the \^^^^^^Hung..witly9u&e
really sup^^^Bint^^HVe^^Hla was unable on account of its revolution to ^Bure space in the Art^Bilding, consequently it was	to han^^Hh paintings as
the republ^wjs^Bl to exhibit in its own ^^^^^^^^Buro Michelena and Christo-bal Rojas have each some beautiful specimens of w<^B The “ Fight of the Amazons ” of the former, and the “ Purgatory ” of ^B latter are es^B	paintings, and iH a pity that	the others could ncfo have been
|ming in t^B gallery where they would have appeared to better ad^aJ&UaB The PIlft^ll?^ part of the exhibit is made up of nati^B products, coffee and cocoa- being﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
545
the staples. There are also rich displays of minerals, some beautiful woods, and a variety of textile fibers in the raw state.
When it comeS to beans, Venezuela appears to lead the world. There are shelf after shelf of beans of all shapes, sizes and colors; enough in quantity to feed an army, and divers^enough in kind to suit the most whimsical or exacting taste.
Venezuela isn’t far behind in the matter of snakes, either. The dignified commissioners do not waste their time swapping snake stories, but on the wall of one of the side rooms are hung a snake skin or two that measure something like twenty-five feet in length and are big enough to completely envelop a man. The visitor may just go in and look at them and then go out and sit on the doorstep
and tell himself or his friend any kind of a story he wants to fit the skins. Rut the trophies in which the \ en^feue-lans take the mdst pride are those which have a historical interest, and han^ng on the wall are the gorgeous standard of IYzarro and the bullion-crusted saddlecloth of Gen. Bolivar. These are regarded a$; almost sacred, as is also the sword of the! general, which is kept in the safe. This weapon is set with 1,3^0 diamonds and is generally acknowledged to be one of the most magnificent specimens of jeweler’s work in the way of weapons extant. There is another object which the gentlemen from Venezuela ' cherish with particular pride and care. It is a medalion painting of Washington, the; gift of the revolutionary hero to the liberator of Venezuela, Gen. Bolivar.
Many of the articles on exhibition show not only the love of liberty, which is the birthright of the Latin American republics, but also a strong and friendly tie which binds the great republic of North America to its southern sisters. It is not generally known, but in Central Park, New York, there stands a statue of Gen. Bolivar, while in the Venezuelan capitol is a corresponding one of George Washington.﻿THE KRUPP GUN IN KRUPP BUILDING-﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
547
CHAPTER XI.
THE WEST INDIES REPRESENTED.
Hayti Has *JtoGOij Build!ig-~An<Ii&resMiig Place	Comprehensive laqlibit of Hayti'B
Natural Resources ■ and Arte—Many Historical Rdics-*-Metels, Minerals, Agrjcult&l Products b	and FibtCV'-Sadilltiy and Other	Equipments—How Men, Women and
RiQukb^VYere Driven Into the Mines—The Introduction of African	Hayti Moves
With the Rest of the World—Great Credit I^B to Fred Douglass.
AYTI has no ^Bical architecture, so its commissioners s£Mcted a design havin^^^^uggf^wm^^^Honial style. ’ It is very r°o^B, arid ^»resents the first separate baitdii^^^R’ erected ^B the	in an	Besides beSB; the
lome of the H
exhibit of Hayti’s natural	- and	ustrial arts.
One of the mo-i interesting of the historical relicVSgQjvn is the anchor of the Santa Maria, which was w reclaim the north OOaHof the island De^B4, 1493, on Columbus’ffieedfid voyage. Its mat^Hin the convent La Rabida. A pre-Columbian relic is an odd pii^^^^Hulp^Be which was used by fhe'French for a baptismal font. It was made by an extiauroVracBJ the people- found by Columbus. They numbered 3,OOO^dOQtwlR4 he landed,^^^^^Ben years of Spanish n^Hre^Hed the race to ]Men, worrlen and children were driven like dogs tO^^^B^old mines. This tnirdduCfcd African slavery into Hayti, a fact which adds great interest to the first gword drawn for the freedom of the slaves, wh^^Bcupies a prominent pladWn the Hayt^^Hding. It Mth^Bapier of Tbussainte l’Ouverture, held in fond IByroory by his ^Bmtrymen.
In the center of the main Bml a marble ^Bfue called “ Reverie,” by La F<fixfestry,^Biative of the Island. It ^Bured a gold medal in the PeHffr^alon of ■874. One section of this rooi^Bioks as if part of the forestry ^Kartment had been BffHd into the building. Al^He native woods, well mounted and handSooJkdy displayed, are grouped together. On the other side of the i^Bm is a fine block of ma-Bwctny which weighs t hree tons, rough on one side and highly po]is)iii£ijRoii the otm£r.
16,000.
IT ay^^Hw thirty-four different kinds,of coffee, various qualities^{ifi: o ttoa, cocoa, and all tin-cereals. In the industrial section is a fine.display.bfcwidlery and	equipments, and raw and tanned leathers, from the roughest awe leather
to the finest Russian. Several large showcases are filled with the women’s exhibit﻿548
HWORCTF THE WQiËJD’S FAIR.
of fine embroideries and dresses. Xhe’metals, minerals, woven textiles and fibres displayed show that Hayti is rich	the finished product
demonstrates a decided advance in the industrial arts duringJt^Hi^t decade.
The Hayti building liestot he sou t h west o f t h e Ge r m an bui 1 d ing and adj oin-ing that of New	It	the Greco Colonial style, surmounted by a
gilded i^Hvhich is copied after the state capitol of Massachusetts. The ture has a frontage of	including piazzas 12 feet	three
sides^^^^^Kting.	the façade is the coat-of-arms of thp^K<
lic of H^^n 4 medallion surrounded by a scroll bearing
liRépublique Hatiieunc,” and the dates 1492 (the discovery), 1804 (date of Haytien
national independence) and	(the	entering the
bui!d^^^^H:omes an exhibition hall	the center of which are
eight Doric fluted columns	the dome. The decorations consist principally of red and ^^H)unting, the	The
principally ^^Hpri^ttural and forestr}' products, with some^^^^^Hof native in^^H/ in a genc^^Hay. There is also displayed pr^^Hum^^^^Hcs the aul^^^^^^Hior of the Carevel Santa Maria, to which was loaned by th^^^Btiens to Convent of La Rabida. The sw< >rd of Toussaint 1. Ouverture is Bls< > shown among inindependence. < fpening from the main hall through 0#ten-foot archway	another expc^^^^Rll, at
prepared by native hands, is served. The entire	up for
rooms and executive offices.﻿﻿mo
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(JFNFRAI VIFW OF MIDWAY FPOM TOP OF PPVDK u/hppi﻿PART XI.
THE MIDWAY PLAISANCE.
' ^CHAPTER I.
CAIRO STREET AND TURKISH VILLAGE.
A General Combination of the Architectural' Feature» of febfe City of Cair^HosfutS,* Minarets, Dane.
Musicians, ( ■meb, Donkeys and hogs—The Temple of Luxor Reproduced—Tomb of the Soared Bull—Nubians and Soudanese—Reproduction of Thousand Years Old—A Room Full of Mummies- Egyptian ^Rtps^Rl Shopkeepers—No Such K^Snf^EveicSetp Before {b Europe or America—Laplanders and 7'heir Reindeers—Wonders of the
of	Connmtinople—Turkish T^wfS and Bazaars—
The Five JgjtHun 1 collar Tent of H Shah of Pen» Which Tc^^^^^Rundred Years to Make Oriental Tapestry and Embroidery—Sword and HaJxlkcrcbief^^^^^|
AIN or shine, hot or cold, clay or night, there is one ölacé at the Fair that is always er^Mlcd. That is Midw ay ygfisarw^ There never has been seen such a mosaic, and there may again—not fcBiany:^^Hsurely. The iHsMtice is just a mile in	about an eighth of a mile in
width. Along this mile th^R are (or were) reptöaHnta* tives of 48 nations,	Sea Islanders, Javanese,
Sotulane^^^^Hesty. Laplanders, Japanese, Dahomeyans, Moors, Arabians, Persians, Bedouins, Turks, ahdPheatiy all the Europeans. Acco^uig to the beït? authorities ^	there arc^R754 known languages and dialecfS 1|>wÉpR by
the Rarious nations and tribes of thBrorld. After a brief visit to Midway Platenn^ the vhltof comes to the conclusion that all these and a handful of extfa ones are ■pdteia in tilts paradise of Babek A short time ago a journalist of ordinary lirJgBistid attainment» could get afqng very well Indeed. All he then ij®d§d during a day’s randde was half a dozen Indian and cowboy dtale6£sp little pi«t* uresque Algerian-French, a good supply of*strong En^fch adjectives for thlBom-bardment of the (^Rümbian Guards, some hard-b^^H German -sentenéra^^^»-larded by Platt-De^^B for the Hamburgers and an assortment of ch0i<?fGGreek roots for the Hellenic gentlemen. But day after day thé reporter’s profjffifency in languages began to be taxed. He bad been called upon to kd^R&e hi® larynx by blubbering inrdkdte Eskimo, when trying to cpnaoï^^^^^^^Hdltêa denizens of Labrador. He^Mfiiered his tongue with peppery hierö^jjflhjbÈsentencés in
M9﻿55°
HISTOR\%mTHE WORLDBFAIR.
TurkKH, wbpc c*f»laihin£ theMtfdm-house,rbd tape tb^nqBPc pasha of many woeful tales. He had his hands full of explanatory^ gestures and his rpouth full of tangled and'jMittoring consonants while affirming in sfraf^iron Russian that Count, Taffyoff was right in ^^^^Htions that all American girls were.charming.
But th^Bis a l^Bt to alm^^Merything. It becomes tiresome to have to, Sharpen your pencil in thirP^^H different languages, and eat your lunch in a$? many more. WMn Midway Plaisance, this f&ntaHcally picturesque mosaic of odd bits of tribeHnd nationalities from ^Hry quarter of the globe, became p^pu-^ lated by rakish crews wl^Btterl;^^Mred an Ollendrof 6r a Mei.ster$|chaft system it was time tc^Bll a halt^BThHit happened that the man \^B formerly was wont to dumbfound his frie^^Hnd everybody else with his lin^Bsti^Bbilities suddenly remembered that there wa^Hie language w^Bi he migh^^^H He then heg&fl to ^speak English, and lo! the strangers were dumb no long^Hbtit beamed with satisfaction and	replies in the same language.
Most of the deniz^^H Midway P^Bance care little for the formaliti® or niceties of sp^Ul. They "size” you up for^Biat amount of “dust” you inayHH 'good for and acl^^^^Hngly. Here is a blandly smiling Chinese confidence man who ^Bies out of his	and ^^^Brot^B walk in and hayb "a
clup of velly nice tlea.” Being tired you are lik^^Hac^Bt the invitatioHthink-ing that you simplj^Bcepta gracious offer c^Ehines^^^^^^Hy. You are treated to a nicely served cup of te^^^B drink it f^^^Br of ^Bng thought rude iC^you should refuse. Nodding a carel^H “t^^^Byou” to host in leaving, you are suddenly taken out of your drcHi of being entertained by th^^Hill demand of “fliftly dents.” To expostulate is of no use. You had drunk the tea, and the l>land Ah Sin says tha^^^^^Bpl^f for velly flid^^^B” This is only ^^Biding in-cicl< 'iit, but serves the ^Bpose of il^^^Bing the all-absorbing aim c^Bhe Midway Plaisance people—to	all th^Bioi^^^^^^Hi.
They h^^^B>t come thousands of mil^Hncrcly to add a picturesque feature to this wonderful exhibit. Almost all of them are professional tra^Bing showmen, who pitch ^^^Bents in whatever p<^B >n of the globe offers the greatest indu^H ments in hard cash. All the profuse explanations that they are here by th^^KS permission of^^^^Bhi^^Bd Emperor that is bosh. As^^^Bns^^^^^| they do noj; propose to let Hy opportunity slip by Avhich they may pocket a coin, be it small or large. The visitoi^^^Be to adt^^^^^^^^^^Bpick of an^^Hie manifold entertainmentsoffere< 1 on all sides. You ^By drift into^fl Soudan^B theater and witnes^^^^^^Biat will deprive you of a peaceful night s rest for months to come. The Algerian village offers equally gi^^Hem^^^ftns in tne way of daniS ■with and without names.
In sharHon^^Ho these	of sc^^^Bn climes
is the exhil^^Hthe Lapland	sands of the African
desert tHheHow^Bept crags of the ArcH regions H a great step. Yet the visitor to the Wi^H’s Fair may see so^| of tl^Bhome life of the children of the desert sid^|by^^^H with that of tl^B children from the home of eternal﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
■
snow. Some enterprising Swedish American	a Lapland
jgmjttient would be as powerful BE attraction as any of the mqiifd pretentious rival^Hid Eartainly more uniquejSlo W9amt|sdme twenty c# thirty Lap©* and a heWof rBnd^g-. One of	surprijlfcu its ou	ting d&wBgwith
an addition in tn<^napfe 'Otf a? t^By*#eirideer1. This, Rapp.&ned in the mm onto June afternoon andc^^^l great rejoicing. The happy tnc^Kf received ajSfjlxtra share of hiSCiqu^^^^^M w h i	Lapps brought a great ^Bply. She (BeJnvRfljH
the event by sJuMcbji^Mne of her horns, which is considered tht^Rop'ifcOt thing in reindeer families on af^^^Hsjpn like this.	has a very
■toplete outfit	sledges and snow^^^H, as well - as a ligfM
assortment of a^^^^^|ade from the Various parts of the reindeer. The reindeer Hi the Lapps, all in all and it is truly^^^Bcrful to see the ingenuity w^Hi they the best possible use, both while alive and after its death.
The L^^wnth	surroundings, are very	finery. In the
HUge	f air here they dress to their hearts’ content. The women wear richlfl
ornamented gow ns of reindeer s^^^mching to the kr^B, with,pantalets and shoes of'W^K-mc material. Their	a queer Httle^Bnnet of bright colors
made of	wool and silk. T^By also sport ^^^K^rnamcnted with huge
silver	of qu^^Hlc^^^Bind t^Bkffian^Bp. The women hj^fla
special weakness for	vari-colored glass beads, which they wear around their
ne!ck^|ndHris^^^^^^^HLped rings are also mu(^Kn vogue, which, with the addition of thre^Br four very bright silk h andke r ch i (■ f s a 1 > n 111 their neck, complete a fashionable Lapland	The men are ilbt so eager for ^Hfht*Cdlors,
but dress in other respe^B pretty much after th^Baire fashion, except tna^jflty wear peculiar squa^Kaps and hav^^^Btcr gowns. ITu^^^B enthusiastic friend ofShe Lapps could never accuse them of being a handsome,nice. I hpjgirls, from KEMr laborious and ^■dering life, mature eaiB You will sc^Kjb in vain for any B&rry-eyed Venusc^Hmon<^Hem. With few e^npt^^^^^B Lapps have very broad faces with	and very short ch^^HTheir^^Hat*£ quite small
and-b^adlike and their noses Hat with a retrousse terminus. With th$W quaint trappings in the way of reindeer, w and curious tents they formed an attHjtive feature in the r^ftlei^Bmt aggregation at Midway
But one can o^Brve for five ^^Hrs in the Plannee what it would^B>t twenty	dollars to^^^^Hi traveled purposely to se^B, and no^Huom-
plains. 'Idle greatest attraction of al^^^|oubtedly, is the “Str^Mof Cairo,” with itsf^^Hien, women and ch^ten, theatres, camels, donk^^^Bid dogs. It iHjbottt midway between tl^Bwo parks, on the n<^H side. It is not al exact reproduction of anj^nrt^Dar^Ktion of Cair^H>ut a general combination ofadipfe Of the Enief architectural features of the old My. The plan for itfwas prep^ewhSldax Herz t lie archit^B of the Kh^lvc, who was alln^Bi to come to Amejffca to assist Rh£ll^^^^Hiction of the stre^B There is r^^Bng artistic^Bout the exterior appearance of Cairo itr^^HThe passer-by on Mic^Biy Plaisance looks on plastered walls and quite modern windt^^^^^^Hninaret which r^^Mkyward in fantastic and graceful .outlines, the obelisks, and the strange decoratii^B, howfcjer, offer a﻿552
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
suggestion of something of interest within, and the weird music which issues forth is inviting. Through the main portal of the east end of the street the visitor lands in a brick court, and until he emerges from an exit, a block away, he is in the Cairo of old Egypt.
It takes a pretty heartless individual to jjet by the cafe, but if he succeeds in dodging all solicitations he leaves the court and gazes down the street paved with brick and faced on either side by buildings modeled after those said to be the most interesting in all Cairo. The mosque which stands on the right of the street is a reproduction of that of the Sultan Ivait Bey, although the graceful minaret which is its crowning beauty is copied from the mosque^ of that of Abou Bake Mazhar. The muezzin, Sheik Ali, who has the care of the spiritual welfare of the Mohammedans, who are in the majority on the street, is faithful in the discharge of his duties, and in the mosque may generally be found a number of worshipers at their devotion—a picture of interest to the visitors who are allowed in the gallery
A notable building standi across the way from the mosque. Gamal el Din el Yahbi, who was a wealthy Arab, took up his residence in Cairo 300 hundred years ago and built for himself a palace which was the envy of the rest of the 400 of those times. This house has been reproduced and furnished with some of the trappings that were used in those days, rugs, drapery, and furniture, all suggesting the fact that Mr. Yahbi surrounded himself with the best that money could buy.
From the mosque to the turn In the street-—for it is just as crooked as one has a right to expect in a Cairo thoroughfare—each side is given up to the business purposes as to the lower floors, while the. upper floors are dwellings. Beautiful balconies and bow windows are seen, while here and there relief is given by a carved balcony. All the windows are protected by graceful woodwork and many of them are made of stained glass. The shades in the window are attractive. No paint covers the closely-woven Meshrebieh screens which protect them. Long service in the Egyptian climate, however, has given to many of these ornaments a polish and color that only age could bring.
At the turn in the street is a pavilion, such as is used for a kuttab or mosque school in Cairo, which is devoted here to the use of visitors as a place of rest. Behind it is the door to the theatre devoted to the sword dances, candle dances, and the other gymnastics indulged in by Cairo dancers, which are weird and indescribable. The auditorium has a lofty ceiling, is decorated with rich draperies, glassware, and curious pendent chandeliers. The stage, which is semi-circular, is lined with rich divans, on which the dancing girls repose in ease when not dancing, and which also furnish accommodations for the orchestra. On either side of the stage are richly curtained dressing-rooms, one for the use of the musicians, who are not quite in keeping with the appearance of general picturesqueness of affairs. To the other rooms the dancing girls adjourn to smoke cigarettes or to take a leisurely pull at nargileh, of which form of smoking the Egyptian dancing girl is a devotee,
Pa-sing from the theatre and on to the street again the portals of the open court, which constitutes a sort of side thoroughfare, are enticing to visitors who﻿HISTKMJ^'THE WO&&DHFAIR.
553
wandHin m^be^|rapl)\- shopmen wh<JB>li(:it tradeBider the shadow ofMme of the most attr^^ve ba^Rni^fancf ftji/erjHngnig windows in the street.
IrHlie Hid4anese Siwan a couple of gwfw&ticjhs of a family do
in the next hu^^H^'a dance1 wb^^H rather more of a contortion a young- woman with her lower lip <^^^^^Brp|&Ncolor,|ppi he chief artist, but the le^^^^^Araetion is a Nubian b^| sixteen years-old, black as el x^| but with beautiful features. Th^Wubians	wear	their	hair in	such
their	the
it	greased
with perfumed oil.
Hie donkeys and	also have
q^Bet^A.	courtyard, and Toby,
t■ ii_!■ ■ ys the distinction of being the shrewdest	donkey-driver in Cairo,	se-
vilimitary collection of backsheesh by putting his donkey through its antics. The donkey the aforesaid TH>y was wise inHi generation to ^^^^B*2dth the name “ Yankee. Doodle.” The c^fl jurer, 1 grizzled old Egyptian, hHa™|^B Bent iiHhe < ourtyard. He
sideshow ^|king while balancing an egg on his nose or hanging a lemon his ear, and when he gets his tt^HfurHoes inside and performs marvelous feats in sleight-of-hand.
But all,	1 ootlis in the
street proper hold the most aUniMttgHled as they	with < \ e t
the \ .dley and the countryof the	every
Atari ei^Bl vddeh comributes artisans and theiiHorks. G. 1 .ekegian, who enjoys thJ distiu.et ion of bei^^^^Bog^nhe^^^^B Royal	the Khedive, has a la^A
gallery in which h^Bep^As a^^^KccB in the street. Xe.x^^H to this^AlicC^^A Cairo barbers ha-^^HttlHhop from t^Br of which the^^^HallHS^B men.	their ^^^^^Bto squat on narrow counters, haul down a fr^A
towel from	in front of the establishnu ni | a few dauHof Hip on the
face of the subject, and -^^H. curious razor a fe-^Awi-l s^^^^BwrtllH|^B remove th^^^^Bhe beard, and aHiuch of th^Apu^^^^As happens to get in tthe way of th^^Kor.
Quaint affairs are ^B shops on	None of them are
rmgeh over six feet by^K in d^An^Ais, and are merely^^^^^^Br holes cut in﻿554
HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR.
the walls of tffi^uildijmSs.	prffBiétors squat in one corner^^nd smokeend
talk busin«R$Hlj£-s4nie time, alloT»^B|y^^^be3HM|feers to har^ft their own goods. There are fifty booths in al^ontro^^y^Bu>h^ï& Benyakar of Cairo, whose manager is Arthur H. Smythe, of Columbus, Ohio.	the val-
ley of tlffivNiR, slipper makers, tent makers.' makers. ^jfrajaK of o^Bch eggs, candy pliers, jewejers, posters, brass workers, tafc|*«T»ip&nd offifejSrarietH of artisans are tQ4beseen actively engaged in their little	In YKo« in v^Hph wares
areon sale pretty ;^ffierid(ut girls have been engaged to>f|uigjgK some of theify have been induced! to keep up the appearance of the getspBroti^H of th&fef]hy attiring therpsdvesjn real Egypti^^^^^^J
Tfiqre are numerous^, other things to an^^^nnd entertain yisitdn^CTNthe street itself. , A street fight is an everyday occurence in Cairo, and^|}ust about the same way in tfie street oa the Midway Plaisatx^ff The presence of visitors has not the least effect in deterring the strange inhabitants of the	uteir
personal differences by, fisticuffs, and it keeps half a dozen ^■dnnibfaii Guards busy preventing corner fights. Then there are jesters who make wry f^H^mnd get off Egyptian jokes which are said to be a^^^^HRa^^^^Hmself; 'd^||u^H their swarthy bodies naked except as to leathern panta^Bns, who throw eaeb cgBEH" on the hard"bricks; savage-looking chaps who try to welt	the $eafi
and often succeed in fencing matches conducted with big club^^^^^Knns.'who send hideous music squeaking along the tl^^^^^ffare; and ^^^Bttic boys who turn limber somersets and do
Of course all these people are not going thro^^^nei^^H for fun, for each of rnbm is to the Cairo street what the Italian^^^m-grinder is to the :^^Han American city. Theyare after the fleeting penny for whii^^^fcrybody in thé Midway Cairo has a great respect and desire.HTh^^H, theater, temples and shop» are more attractive by nig^|than by day, for, although electric light i^wnployed to some extent, dependences placed for proper	in illumin^^^|on nature’s
light and that from the myriad of q^Sit Egyptian k^»s employed for the purpose su^endccl from amid gold a ml silver globes and silken fla^^Hd banners.
JiiSt west of the Street of Cairo is a repro^^^ffn of the temp^^^^Hxor, near Thebes, built by Amcnoph III. and made the ^Jding place of ar^Bnt worship by Ramesyes II. Over the doo^B the winged disk, illustrating the flight of	Afl
each corne^fff the fronttwo monolithic obelisks ma^| in fac-simile of the originals. TheHre^ffenty-five feet high. On one is sculptured in ^^^Blyphic lan-suage a dedication to Rameses II. and^fe other irover Cleveland. Beside the obdlisks are two colossal statu^ffof Rameses II. and on ^ffh side of the doorway are two sphin^^HThe front wall of theBmpie ^tovered with sculptured battle scenes and scenes of worship.
.A double row of mammoth pilla^|ead from entrance to the altar. Thel pillars are ei^^^^ftt in diameter and all	the tv^niext to the altar are cov-
ered jwith hieroglyphics. The two exceptions are gilded and re^Bscnt the worship of the sun. The altat^Belf is made in exact reproduction of altars of Isis. At either side are twoEgyptian women playing ancient musflon harps tof the olden﻿m

ÆmÊm
:-/MA
9HÌ
CAIRO STREET MIDWAY PLAISANCE.﻿


﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
5.
time, and in the center is another dressed in the robes a ml illustrating the function! of the high priestess of 1500 B. C. The walls are covered with the illustrations peculiarly Egyptian. To the left is shown Rameses II. and his wife, Nofertari, adoring the God Amon-Ra. Next comes the Ra, or the sun, supported by two uraei symbolizing the protection of Isis and the stability of the creation and resurrection. Then follow the cartouches of the Pharaohs from Mena down to Amenoph III. seated on a throne and receiving gifts from Syrians and Ethiopians.
On the north wall is shown the shrine with the Theban triad. There is also a judgment scene representing two justified souls led by Homs into the presence of Osiris, his father who is seated on the throne of justice with the sisters of Isis and
ARAB WORKMEN AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.
Nephthis in the attitu^B of intercession standing behind the tnrone. Beside this thjgfe is a judgment scene of a soul condemned to a s<B>nd f^Mbation on	af-
ter living a lifetime in the body of some unclean animal. Th^Meiling is Jjcautifully decorated with stars on a sky-blue ground and in the center is thc^mgn of Scara-beus, the symbol of eternity or l^^^B
“ We have here faHimiles of the most famous of the Egyptian mumnxfQS,” said Demetrius Mosconas, the Egyptologist wl^Bhas charge of the temp/e. “They run from	C. to 1400 13. C. It ^^^ades the mummies of Huhor, PinozemeJM
"Rameses II. and ^B father, Seti I., Thothmes III. and Ahrons. Each is placed in an exact reprodu<^B)n °f the sarcophagus in which the ancient remains were found.
You must not imagine that this temple represents a place of public worship. The^^M old temples are nHamed to a certain extent. They ^^^Mittle more than monuments to the kings who built them. These kings used them for worship, but no oiflysver went with them except the priests. Back of the altar are reproduced the﻿556
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
tombs of Thi and of Apis, the sacred bull. Around the walls of these tombs are reproduced, as in the temple proper, the story of the lives of the inmates.
“ In the Apis tomb is the sarcophagus, which contained the object of worship after it died. It is 9 feet high, 8 feet broad and 10 feet long. This is all of stone and the cover is a stone 2 feet thick and 10 by 12 feet long. The larger stone was hollowed out to make the tomb and the capstone put on and sealed. The years which famous scholars have given to the subject of Egyptology have never shown any way in which the ancients moved these monstrous blocks of granite. \\ ith the latest appliances to-day the task is extremely difficult, and what it was in those days wé can only wonder. Some of the monolithic monuments weigh nearly a thousand tons, and yet they were transported much the same as we transport lumber. Another thing of which we know nothing is the smokeless light, by means of which they lighted their temples and the dark recesses of their rock-cut tombs, I have spared no pains to make these copies fac-similes. My labors have’stretched over two years and in every detail I hope that it is all exact.”
The Turkish village stretches along the Plaisance to the south. Here one finds himself in a city on the Bosphorus—the renowned Constantinople. In the square approaching the street stands an obelisk, a counterpart of one erected in Constantinople by the Romans before the time of Emperor Constantine. To a casual observer it appears like highly polished stone, but in reality it is of wood, carved in Turkey and shipped in sectionl Plaster casts were made of theJTurkish characters and Roman lettering on the base and so deftly did these artisans of the Ottoman empire do their work that the «tire obelisk and base appear as a monolith like the original.
Within the main building is the tent of the Shah of Persia. Just which shah is not stated, but there is no doubt of the genuineness of the fabric, which, it is estimated, was mote than a century in making. The money value placed on this exhibit is rather startling, but all callers are informed that the tent is worth $5,000,000. Viewed from the exterior this relic of Persian magnificence is rather gaudy and commonplace in appearance. The red ground-work of the fabric appears to be interwoven with other coarse material of faded colors. A casual glance in the darkened interior fails to reveal the beauties of the fabric, but lift one of the folds and how heavy it is, and how thick. Look more carefully and every figure, character, flower, and leaf stands out like a cameo cutting. Each figure and character has been traced in gold thread so delicately that the closest scrutiny is necessary to reveal its true beauties. One is inclined to doubt that such work could have been accomplished by hand. Hundreds of patient needle workers gave their lives to the production of this royal resting place, and hundreds of thousands of dollars were expended for the precious threads that are so daintijy and perfectly traced on the groundwork. A similar tent could not be reproduced with less expenditure of labor and money. Small wonder the Persian monarch places such value upon it-
The mosque dedicated to Allah and which no Christian can enter is, with its dome-like roof and graceful minarets, a striking feature in this section of the﻿HISTORY CHj* THE WORLD’S FAIR.
$57
Plaisancc. It is almost square in sofflru;:	domed
[ceiling. TjbFpaif-ffie center of tJEjs dome ueyghtC pillars support att $qua? aumbeJflT mauresque arches reaching to the mof.	1'lie ess>tidal structureof the edifice is
sternly plain ana co^trfcdicts jm preconceived <£(£as as to the wealth of'color proper architecture. In the matter of hangings and woodwork, however, the mBEtte is oriiite in a high degree.
Around thd wajls^Bs a dado of ^Bk-hued ^B>od, carved in a multitude of intricate lines that must have testec^^^Bperse^^^Bce of the cunning artificer who designed tHn. Verses f^Br the Koran are everywhere,^Birved in th^Braggty lines that repre^^^Khe Turkish conception of l^Kring. Marvelous gildu^Bs interspersed here ;^B there in the tracery, and the effect of the ^^^B is enhanced
■ ORIENTAL TURNER.
by panels compt^B 1 of dark and light	wood arranged alternately
in Wings.
The centt^^Bect ill the	is the shrine, an^Herc the tap^Bv worker
has expanded the ut^^^Hf his powers. The shrine consists of a mystic Cpllectioij of devices in blue and g^H worked on a green ground, hung in a recess of the east
l&ll.
Plants in leaf, grotesque p^Brns, and an indescribable variety of adornmJeiflH are encircled Ip' lengthy quotations from the Koran wtHed with The border of the recess is^Bollection of similar devices worked in black and $fld on a groundwork of red.
On eitherHle of the shrine are tiwHiuge candlesticks, containing the laf^rcfl tallow candles ever put upon the Chicago market, with a broad b^H of gftjpn ribbon around each. In a corner of the mosque is the pulpit, ten feet in heightfuSd of the same material, approached by a carpeted staircase. Turkish rugs cpvered the﻿553
HffiSRY OR TIIE \BRLDfS IABE
floor to defend the unshod feet of the faithrol from splinters as they pray. Four curiously shaped lamps of bronze, with	cut, glass inserted in the metal,
«uforti light for the services.
he street is lined with b^wS and booths where	,
ornaments, sandalwood	1 all sorts of quaint and curi^H things are found
The living	weaver is a marvel of Turkish ingenuity,	even the ceiling being decorated with tapestries and
rugs. Iis low table on	Brea water
bowl and uri^^^^^BlQubted antiquity anc^^^^^^^^Hine. A coffee urn on a brass tray wit^^^^|do^^Hiy Hina cups filigreed with
near on a stand, the top of which is a mosaic of ebony an^Hno^^r of (By The number, quaint in	undeniably Turkish, while the
tapestry of
priceless. I	ample
dimensions, and here tlie worthy proprietor, his day’s work ended, srm >r 1 lers himself in rugs and smok street below.
The Turkish theater is the great attraction in this little community, however. Eighteen houris of the Orient and sixty-iive men	picked from
form brclSgtra,
a stock company and a chorus. 1	made	there are
soubi^^^^Hba^^^^Hier^^^^^^^^Hdy^^^^^^Hnd^lw mmrdy in a turban. TheinducBI^^Hie, ish, Zebecion, Bedouin, Albanian and Palestinian twirlings of the light fantastic. 'Both	.	evolutions,	Turkish dance, which is re^Brr^By the aid o^B silk	above the h€a<j^H
the	of rhythmical ling* r snappings, while premiei^^Hoii^^^^^E^
the Albanian
As for the orcli^Bra, it	manjereh with a daoul obligato. The daoul
is a colossal kct^B drum, pounded	brawny Turkish arms—the maiijei^hdB^fc
a long-drawn-out ilageolot numerously connected with eastern dancing. The music ■ truHnful,	plantive and funereal by turns—never lively nor
yet, when flo^ng out from a^ftticcd casement	en-
tirely unenchanting.
One	of all is the	Palace, fil^B with ex-
cellent wax figur^Bmirro^H labyrinths, cafes and "Fa Dijonnaise.” In a dark] room in the museum of the Moorish Palace several American workmen erected a	of old timbers.	wood for its general
t(^Bhn^| and wondered why anybody v^^Hl to bring such truck^^Hr ovr from ISAS the platform was d..wn they set up in its center two sturdy
side, which faced each other. nim^^^ufltchj man climbed	the uprights, nailed a cross-piece containing a
ley on top of them. Through the pulley he ran an old rope with ugly	on
down ^ninHnd from a box he carefully	rusty, oblique﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
■p
bladed piece of iron, pnich hdj ygPBteffin	the* Ujartghts. To the top
of the iron luf rSfl® the rope, and then h aided the bladt^B the top of the uprigfla “La Dijonnaise” was set up readQrfor^K£>^^^H of	“La I34joni^Be ’ has
a fl^gF^IPtory. I^B tlbe guillotine that did such blo^Br work in t^B daysof th® first I-rench revolution. Its blade fell and endet^Be life of Marie An1^Bett^|n
£ A
■TURKS AT THE WORl^B FAIR.
October, 1793. Af^B that gr(^^Hantiti^^Hle:^^^^H blood trickled down the sides and over the	“La Dijonnaise.”
AftcHFrance had recovered tranquility the old ^^Hoti^B w^Bstdred away. After K^B Wilhelm entered Paris at	his victorious troepvithe
last	began its work of bloodshed. The same day that tbe^Blumn the
Vdotjoate was upset and shattered by ^^^^Htait^^^^Broke into theatotthoMe where ''La I )ijonnaise” was kept and carried it oi^^H the street. AfterwarafciiM bits of the Column VesdoJ9K«^B: guillotine, and other	m-BKl
at auction, and M. Ehrb^^^Bvealtby merchant of Brussels, bid in tbe shattered ^uuin and the old guilibfhxe is n&^^^ftidway Plaisance.﻿5óo
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
At the time of the last named Commune M. Roch, the famous executioner of Paris, who had charge of all relics of that nature, delivered to M. Dubois, over his own signature, a document vouching that the guillotine purchased was the one on which Marie Antoinette had met her fate. Another document of a similar nature is signed by the auctioneer to deliver the bloody machine to M. Dubois. The latter vouches for the authenticity of “La Dijonnaise” in a letter accompanying that of Executioner Roch.
SINGALESE CHIEF.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
561
CHAPTER II.
THE TWO IRISH VILLAGES.
Lady Aberdeen’s Work—Blarney Castle and the Village of Irish Industries—A Piece of the Genuine Blarney Stone—Carter Harrison’s Speech to the Girls From Belfast and Cork'—Lace-Makers and Weavers and Butter and Cheese Makers From the Land of No Snakes—Mrs. Peter White—Mr$f Ernest Hart and Her Village—A Reproduction of Donegal Castle—Eighteen Celtic Lasses—Good Irish Buttermilk —Irish Airs on Irish Pipes.
HER E were two sets of I Iibernians with long-tailed coats at the Donnebrook Pair, which accounts, we will say, for two Irish villages on the Plaisance^-Lady Aberdeen’s and Mrs, Hart's. The former is known as the “Village of Industries^! or “Blarney Castle,” and is very typical, for there are weavers, lacB-makers, butter and cheese makers, and. a piece, of thBBlarnBy stone and lots of pretty Irish girls, more kiss-able, really, than thB lucky stone in the castle, say what you will. Lady Aberdeen’s Irish village is situated on thi'Jsouth side of the driveway, near the Jackson Park entranc*. The buildings form a hollow square; the low sloping thatched roofs and the tovBring castle ihakA. most interesting picture in themselves.
Many persons a day climb the long, winding stairway to see the Blarney stone and not a few to kiss it- It is set in a block of black marble, and is reached by an iron balcony and over it is this verse:
This is the stone that whoever kisses He never misses to grow eloquent;
A clever spouter he’ll turn out or An out-an-outer in parliament.
Blarney Castle is an exact reproduction of the massive donjon tower near Cork, Ireland, built in the fifteenth century. It is said that the stone had not reached the full zenith of talisimanic power until 1799, when Milliken wrote his well-known song of “The Groves of Blarney.” The tower is 120 feet high, and is well worth the climb for the view alone. Then there are the cloisters of Muckross Abbey and Tara Hall, which Tom Moore has immortalized. The cottages are so arranged that one can pass from room to room throughout the whole village. In the long, low apartments one sees the pretty Irish girls lace-making, knitting, embroidering and darning, and carding and spinning with the old-fashioned wheel and looms. High railings keep the crowd from the workers, who all dress in the picturesque peasant costume of their home-life. The' dairy maids in bewitching caps and aprons are the personification of cleanliness and neatness. The interiors are﻿562
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
typical of Ireland; low rooms, with great high benches ranged against the wall? odd fireplaces and curious windows. At certain hours the pipers play in the courtyard and the villagers dance, while a number of concerts are given daily in the music hall by skilled harpists and vocalists brought over by Lady Aberdeen for the express purpose. There are many souvenirs on sale, of course, in the shape of Limerick and other laces, shillalehs, black-thorn articles, wood carving, bog ornaments, Connemara marble, pressed shamrock and squares of real peat tied up with green ribbons. There is also a genuine Irish jaunting car in connection with the village, driven by a rollicking Hiberian with an “ilegant brogue,” the whole for hire to whoever cares to experience the novelty of a ride in such a vehicle. In the
absence of Lady Aberdeen, who only remained for a short time, Airs. Peter White, a beautiful and lovely Irish woman, presided over Blarney Castle, and made many friends by her womanly and bewitching manners.
The Blarney stone did not arrive until June, and was not placed in position until the 17th of that month. The stone in the Midway is not in the same position in the reproduced castle as the stone is in the real structure. Instead of being outside and below the coping it is inside and on the roof where people who want to kiss it are not in danger of breaking their neck.
‘‘We want to make the kissing easy,” said one of the Irish girls about the village. “Over in the real castle the stone is outside and down below the coping. People who kiss the stone over there have to be hung out by the heels or let down﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.

a rope. Som^Bf them breaB^Hir necks doing it, ^B. We don’t want
that here, IHwe have the stone inside. W<H|anB|BWive people some easy revjMdC
for climbing up those stairs.”
d)|WP8jMP^TwiTl'i'TjT 111* the old Bmrney jpgi.Tfcj - abo^H foot sdRSpLand Mayor Carter HannpffrVfhs the n?f t to kiss tin- stone in thi^H^ptry^^nd the effect wd&tnagical. llis^tjnojpfsftKed with volubility and p|$^Hd the IrtsBI lasajjPjn^H mensely with hia*irequ(mt^»mpJRnenis.
Mrs. blrwi^A,BafH Irisli Village, orHgS&l&l Castle, is on^^ftofth side of ^^HjlaisancefcjTl Ids village itl ity)ts<> • TaboiijHfT&V so striking as Lady ADrfde«jffiS| but there arb lots'c® IHsh industries, Irish cooking and Irish
John Bright once said: “Ireland is idle, therefore she starves; Ire^Bd strives, rebels.” I KCrs. Hart’s whol^Km/aS site declare^Bs that alf^asuffir part of Irelaitdlhulf pot bc^Hle. Afiftii^ ©illy #ith her untiring energies and a warnwRter1 w afltfrofii the archblajiou of^ Armagh, primate of alllrelantfSm left ^Rp§{jglidi home ofluxury to help 11 iC’poor.
Any one who has ever climbed the steep pass of Gleti Esh and	the
seemingly endless of Donegal into'Carrick wilt have no difficulty in recognizing the buildings which Mrs. I [art has erected in the PlaisPnce. Entrance »had through thHat^^ned gates of St. Laurence, built in tKe thin<seiith century. The interior is a large court formed Ijy.cottages on each^Bfe.and an exaCthepRi®lrction of old Donegal Castle at the back. Fhfl in center till that landscape gardcnrarcindo hah been dope to pn >d uce a ifftiqub'^jPeEfc' Around the edgb of the waUgijQihs a moat, and on jjafte is'fflhre'd a towGf ioo feet high Fopied afitcMoiie ®f s^fe®famous towers of the Emerald i yjkhe history of whtCtr is	a speculation of the antiquaries.' Around tlhe^nre planted olcfyines and cmtgdig dibsse* tphich	re*
oilgina Karti cld.	In thiscbuft-yard are placed afotfmpe* id^pWTOnes
stone, Ogham KoWTstdfie and othefs clofc^B ccdmTOtcd with Ire* land’s early history.
/‘The first cottage,” said Mrs. Hart, in d^Bribing i he place, “is occupied i.Vwe*SS«^girl who makes kell embroideries. This industry I found, and oall<Bpt so because many of the de^ftis are taken of the old Celtic folk of ‘I-Cells’ and other "early manuscripts. This cottage, like all the others, is an exact reproduction of the lyfenBlar Senegal cottage W^B~e the^Bhomc industries are daily^Brried on. The ^BKKfthay see the villa^^Hn their native 'dMs, living in cottages, the pqMktng» ing on the fireplace, the cooking and the^^^Bwife work going„on. All of magcirls, who number eig^Ken, are pm^^^Kc lassies. The next cott^K is a carpenter-shop, /where the finer trades are shown, and I have a boy there ^Bo carves itl wood the drHting'l&j^^B* mother, as tl^B are called. 1 Iere also are made the designs for the 'GdBa^krosBes, an(^ out there in theHurt-yard^^^^Hte-masoo'who reproduces the •q^igns in	u hich has been brought from Ireland for that purpose.
‘In that cottage over the wajnptore girls are at;^Brk on~tbe £anlOfftDonegal homespun. ThtSCb whoo#<!r cares tp'inay $ee the wool as it comes from the Kep s ft? washed, • 04tded, dyed, spitfji into the threads for	an
eprtfpmg \Vheel attdftttywss into rafe'dloth. ; f .call it an old-fa§hi<HBd
86﻿564
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
spinning wheel because they know no other in the Irish homes and I sometimes doubt if such fabric could be made on any other. In every one of these cottages I reproduce exactly the same state of affairs that exist in Donegal, and if any one imagines that they are too primative they have only to remember that the girls and the work come from a place thirty-six miles from a railway in the very heart of Ireland and show the work that is now going on in hundreds of cottages where a few years ago all was idleness and poverty. If in my endeavor to show what good work these struggling people can accomplish and extend the horizon of their commercial sky I shall feel entirely satisfied with my task.”
No attempt has been made to reproduce the interior of the castle, now a ruin. The large space has been divided into two rooms. One is a lecture and concert room, where during the summer Irish music is often given, and at stated times Mrs. Hart and others lecture on the subject of fostering by benevolence home industries among the poor. In the larger room is displayed the work done by the people. In none of the cottages are articles offered for sale. In the center of the large room in the castle is the huge statue of Gladstone by Bruce Joy, the famous sculptor and around the walls are hung portraits of famous Irishmen by well-known Irish artist?.
Adjoining the castle is the village smithy. All of the tools and the fittings of the shop were brought over for the especial exhibit, showing just how the work is done at home. A very interesting feature is the Irish piper. He is a direct descendant of the MacSweenies of Donegal, at one time the most powerful of all the Celtic clans, and at regular times he plays old native airs on the pipes.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
565
CHAPTER III.
THE JAVANESE AND SOUTH SEA ISLANDERS.
The QuaintIW&ttdings of the Javanese a Great Resort—Everything as Neat as at Pitv^More Than One . Hundftd Fedfcfe^-And Such Tea and Coffee—Personal Appearance of the Javanese—Their Bamboo Dwellings—-fte Javanese Theater and Orchestra-^ln Attractive Dancing Girlt#f«W Sok) —“Klass” and His Peculiantks-'^The^Scurfh.5# a Islanders—A Great Exhibit—Cannibal and War g' Dances.
HE Javanese 'village in the Midway Plaisance with its many quaint buildings of bamboo and still quainter natives, is one of t&e most genvH «.mbits at the World’s "Fair. In its entire Conception and down to the nitqst minute detail, it has a fidel* ity to naturqfbal makes many a t^B eler think hbttMjjMgn a far-off tropical island. iTllisis undoubtedly due;fc(Vth&'rllP that it is the exhiDitjBjfthe^va plant» s^feociat^Qn and wtwcntirely built by Javan^i workmen of Ja^iUiese material. ThiM||Hit beitjg? Dutch, Mjeybwhing the entire comniehdaf interests of Java, everything was done with the thoroughness thatlf^charaC^ terizes them in all they do. Fimed the world Oyer for its cof* fees, little is known here of Java teas, though they have'already a high repfifttlcM in Europe because of the ip purity, ptrengtjl A.nd flavor,, the soil^BtcLclimate 01 Jay& being peculiarly adapted to the,tea plant. There are forty gradesi>f Javanese tejt exhibited, the dlfi* r< rice being in curing. The choicest is of yt^Hg leaves picked in dg^Mng wiiilb the"dew is¥smfcn them, aild is very easjfjensive. TljHBiigh* ^^fedium’gracft^wfeists of these chdfcfc leaves and the nexclowffer grad®, is what they are serving at the tea house. This tea,'.which the Planters’- As^Ciafion is introducing here, ij^p^ alUfiVanese teas, unecdored, for though they can e'asHJK m a k grHSi teas they WiJI hot do it because of their unhealthfulness, and intakes but two-thirds as much for a drawing as Chines6.tea, inO^Bpoiling tfte fine Jifitvor.
The tejOrerved^B from Siftijar, the largest plantation iti Java, consisting of owned "fey E. J. Kerkhoven, who ,^|ne exported,’ 1 ,ooO,dx> pounds last jyibar, and “ParakanS&lak,” the plantation of G, Mundt who, with Mi*.-' Kerkhoven, controls almoSSThe entire ijea product p| Java.
Few people visit th^ Plaisance that do not inspect the Javanese village. It Uf-Hneat as a pin and its tea and coffee houses and theatre are the choicest on the Plais^fcW It needs but jjTstroll through the \ illage, to realize what beauties are to be seen. Nothi(l^l6(fiacka^|rc perfectly entrancing to the female mind than t&^HHa characteristic little family	upon the ^CTEfitidB of a bamboo house, in the﻿566
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
cool of the evening, enjoying the common meal. “How perfectly cute!” they say, as they watch a little brown-skinned mite of a child poking its tiny fingers into the common bowl of rice, and “cooing” with all the pleasure of an infant as it succeeds in catching a morsel of the toothsome food. It is a source of infinite pleasure, too, to some women visitors to watch the mothers playing with their children in all the abandon of a free and untrammeled race.
Bright red prevailed for the women’s shoulder coverings. All wore the remarkable garment of the Javanese, which is made of a single piece of cloth wrapped around the body, and extending from the waist to their feet. Under the hot sun of Java this would have completed their attire, but protection against the March winds of the temperate zone required more covering. For the men this consisted of an old stock of trousers picked up somewhere at a bargain sale. They belonged to various pantaloon eras, ranging ftom the one when that garment was skin tight to the other extreme when flour sacks were the model. Coats of the same wide range of fashion had been found somewhere. But native instinct was superior to the garb of the more civilized races, for while the clothing of the latter had been put on the indefinable garment or sheet was wrapped around them still.
The Javanese women resemble the Japanese to an extent, except that the latter have lighter complexions. The expression, however, was alike in both.
Not so with the men. They had a far more stolid look than have the Japanese. They were darker and their lips were thicker. The keen intelligence which shows itself in the face of the Yankee of the East when in conversation, was absent from the countenances of the Javanese.
A man taller than his companions, with a much stronger cast of features, came last in the curious procession from the train. His hat was broad enough to shed an April shower and sloped down from the crown like the roof of his bamboo home. He walked with a stride and never glanced at the gaping throng. Twice had this man been to the shrine at Mecca. He bore the proud title of Hadji among the heathen Christian dogs. This man thought himself a pretty big fellow—any one could see that. He was brought along to attend to the religious welfare of his people.
When they become tired of work—which is about three times a week—he has a vision. Translated to the followers of the Prophet this vision is that unless they work and do what the officers of the Oceanic Trading company tell them to dosome frightful calamity will befall their friends and relatives left in Java.
Of the 125, thirty-six are women. The dancing girls number ten. In their native tongue they are called serimpis, which means they are dancers who appear only before the Sultan at the Court of Solo.
At the Exposition they appear in their court dress. What they do is really more posing than dancing. The men are divided among the various crafts of the Javanese, and in their village during the Fair they are engaged in many curious occupations. There is one native chief among them whose name is Raden Adnin. He is distinguished by a large white hat of about the same size as that worn by the﻿HISTORY OF |fpE \»RLim«fe.
567
priest. It is so large that when he	the door he has to take it off for fear of
^MjeakinHt against the casings.
Indies exhibit, of which the JavaneML vilfiSfe forms., a part occupies five an^np^Bilf acn s on the
This is not tljgrfirst time ra&t the jJl&'aijMgJiave visited wotigtoairs. A nuSycr of jKMng’a&'ls from the Empe^K^egui^^t^BBd w^ro taken in that village winch was sent to Paris in ^ The gu - became so giddy among the gay Pa^giatynp^t the Empf™< waf^'raj.1. 1* displeased irajen they returned, and it was only wit^hegW^fg^difficuItvjfflfeSTft' gave his ^Bb&mt to having any brought to Chicfflp&* None of tlK^^dio yfefflTw	’wed to come to Chicago.
■1:JsPof the	were budt Java, and l<i&fs£^^il$g until the
■vry to sail. There w&«^^^^^^^^^^^^EMy-five of them bSmt for the Expoajm^n.
Iw ino|K^ olfQrientalf|)Cetry has given to Java the pame of “The Pearl ofHfe Easgi I he village is a little Java in. itself. There is the ^me tropical ^^lon, broad-leaved p&ffia^and willowy bamtjoo&r^t aam^liriouSfluits, stand-ing above the ground on stilt-IiKe legs; and v$ie people themselves, with all their peculiarities of lanfej^Hr j^ndStrange liabits and customs.
Therfalvanese village is p<c^$ftit£i t' d "by a crowd of pretty dam^eJtSti stalwart mflB wlB^m^Pp^'instrtifct.and < the Amer^», and 1 oad him with snKraaH'S of the FaiJ^|ertainly at some cost to ljtepocket, but al^Bgfently to	of his
kPOvnHKre^oif hSfiellowmen.
Nominally Ja'<^RR	ruled by P&Jt^ni^erti|gK but
prHHnBt it is a depen dettc^K Holland, the Dutch hayijig'field"' a'®aj^(^r'hand in ^^HKPhd for two centuries.
The personal appeajanMof the Javanese, as befits a peaceful,*ApcyMKural people, is pleasing. They aresrfS§JFin statM^wj^-sl^peii, gr^efuHy^sJefijaijI and erect mjMKb. f ashion demands long hair, ajkl among the upper classes a bright brown complexion, bordering on golden yellow, is the rule. The women arejra~etty and at all times gentle and obligijl^M Jh a country where the earth po<J$9efi freely ■PwiXsFthe necessaries of life, t&e people £^Cti^^^^^|easytj0rting, good-natured race, and inclined a little to ifid<^^^H f Wn&ghg^^a villager grows more than unusally lazy a tornado liftHis house off the grpund, 0|ca v^B4n<^bimgfiB like |t frailer, and -ets him to work repairing d,images. Wfep11 the volcanic isle of KRsKaJdawUjfereil an upheaval in Auwt. 1883, some 30,000 Javanese were placed beyowf thSrp^Bffcibilities either of r^^^^Hreforma^^^H
The majority o'jQjEe huts in which ^^^Kforlds Fair ’simple bamboo structures, containing two or tRf^B rooms and surrounded by a verandah. They are windowless	111 sago palm trees.
Wit©i;	A springy bamboo bed and a few mats and
piBKws are sufficient for the lower classes,	chiefe find place for a few articles
ofn9Han ma-ke. The houses are surrounded by a fence and generally half-concealed by masses of vegetation. ArOiaif who d^^Ht$>.£^t in a Java hut will take hiKROI^meniiH expense H his fingers, squatting the while on﻿568
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
the floor. He may .get dried ox, deer, goat, or buffalo maeat, but rice with feurry and cayéiAi peÉjper must be the principal dish, ’with whiHlfcree-g^p^»s a relish.
TbeTifst cÆÎjtct of the menTfeojntroduce Java tq Jackson Park is to improve fflp^am^upipial gelations.^»rilrafeen the two country» and induce trade,which has Kpierto taken a rirpnrtofisrroute throujm Holland and England to follow a more natural and direct course. 'The^coffee plantations of	are tHBr most pro-
lific source of trade with foreign countries. The land, hoover, y||ds excellent crops of rice, tobacçp, sugar and some cotton. The manufactures ûLjû^Hbuntry arëtfe&and simple. The natives/mre very shyttf^Jn weaving and clnOK cloth for th<^ tfrrQ*hse. The man who can forge and temper théMg^Liaof the deadly “kri,” the w^àpcm universally carried by tile natives, is surrfSttf a good liEgttKgj On the ifcOWvfiYdng and curing.occupy the time of a large' proportion of the MBBlation. The yrgjtvers, goldsmiths and silversmiths are all seen at "gork at the Fair.
^T£e Javanese heater is built entirely of bamboo, w^ arat&Qar, and is thatched like the cottages. .. On each sidè is a curtain which is rooÉHSÏjBwer than the main ceiling. It seats 1,000 people, and from each corner on the outside extends long curved palm poles which look like the tentaclefe on the btKtpË§M^€ad. The walls inside and out are.covered with split bamboo matting painted in squarea| The stage is a four-decked affair. That part which is used by the performers is three foet from the floor, extends entirely across thfe building and is niiylweet deep Back of this are three smaller stages,.each three feet higher than the other, and are occupied by the musicians. ' There are no wings tô the stage. 'I'hiSr pm^Ae^ enter-frpm the back, the three smalle^Kages being cut off at one «nid to make a narrow passageway.
A Javeoese orchestra is a thing to be wondered at. Nothingifeke it can be seen in the Midway Plaisance. It consists of twenty-four pieces and the names by which some of them are called would tax the powerp of a loquacious Amflcan («tmmercial traveler fpr a music instrument house. Here, aresome of them, Djenglonglentik, bonanggetfch/sarongpekinlentik and kenongpaninga.
The peculiar thing about the Hohestra is that it haHnly pne wind instrument and one string instrument. The string instrument is a t\vOnstrcie<5| violin and is played by the leader,.'w^fsits in the' center of the first stage. The violin sits,upright in a frame and is played like ^Ho. The wind instrument is a small bamboo pipe, which makes a s^Ed not unlil^Ba flute. The otherpi^E^SJ^jgongs and metal and v^^^^Hnophl^Es. Tin: gongs range from huge’^E^er disks, four Ijstet in diameter, down to brass affaii^flhe size of ^^Baucçr. They a replaced on blue and gilt frames and are struck with soft hamm^^H
After running the gauntlet of barbaric d^fcrd that pa^Es for music in most blithe Plaisance theaters, it is a pleasure po hear the harmony of the. JavançâMind „with its suggestion of soft chimes. The deeper-toned gongs, the purling notes erf instruments that carry the uA* notes, produce a epmojoampn of ^ipexpected sweetness. Even the ardent worshiper of Wagner would enjoy the grave-^Eed musicians and their productions.*. The 3a.uthor was present at the first performance. .The first piece onthA n»h#jmpl program﻿History of the world’s fair.

bore an unpfonbun^^Hp titleWd a stra^^^Hfemblance to the German “qpW|gur!F3 Igps 5pen pjroil in fflp'Tor	“P&yip® s, antPKvsJme of!:;
the bH*MmFiSB»ns|ro native composers.
The^M^WPof the dialing girls vHS heralded bijt a long ^n'<j^Jt^HgQng^9 whfeh incfêÈjweSï in wim until thé	Th^fcheinusin|
changed to a strain	ias a	. The girls were barefooted and
bareheaded and dressed inFflfigfiiT Jcndjll^ Each c&fricd a sash, which she waved ^Bout as the dance prpgfj^Be’d.
Tjre^T is something‘poetic about mil mfltaement, which is not unlike the *pfHiishH3&nc^$i One after another danced, ^®d thëy’eiiter^B into it with a&jj&fr-which	they et^^Hl the rehearsal.
' After the dancing several of the actors rehearsed one of the regular dramas |Hnch is played daily. It isa hi^Brical plfefc£? None of the actors^Beaks Jt Word. It is all spoken by one man ifrho stands at one side while the act^^BgtöfflMCTjis words. The dresses are very singular and some of them are grote^^^B-All watr-leather helmets of red dnd gold. . Tin- lower dres^H the ordinary street costume. 'l-wMSfeibf leather, gaily decorated, are worn and the is covered with a ywjoaiflB mask, r*Phe masks are not tied oh but are held in pl££p by a bit of leath^fpaffi^S ^Bthe inside and KeEsl irTthe feeth. If an Jictor ppehéd his mouth to articüraft the mask would drc^fcff.
?#^r. Mbndi saitHne day: “All of the nltti^eclothing óf JaVaHma^e in this fashipift If \ <)UJ^^^btdk.tlOt?fcC tnV'tfloth and see hOw delicately the §#Iors and tints HBfblended yóü can fortfiTsome idea of the"iè®re reqttiPéa in placing the cloth on the it is atTga^Bsd By the hand and'éyfe* It^BIiftle wonder that tnp'women become rather aged beforöi^ï^B are éXfJóft.
“Our exhibits include alt thfcTptoduc*pbf the entire Malayan archipelago, as manufactured goftris. We’ show brass and reed musical instruments, na-tive weapons, palm le^|s lor ^Karetfé>>'^Buïpers, rice spoons, injects, alfip Our spices, silver and gold tflgrde wof,t^ftd‘*I#y^Bquant!Uie£ip>f our tea and coffee. We 'alBflffifrw ÏRrw we inake'fires without maiS^R <lnd many other tl^^^^H
Perhaps thë^^Htek attraction at’th^Bkvain^l‘Vlllaee is “Klaas.” KlaHH an	in captivity. He is o\\ ned by Mr. i\^gndtiME the
JaKg exhibit and is t 1 iepet o f the entire village. He is ■'ws old 140 pounds. He A^B^ftorn Jfl the Bataak district^! Sumatra, where the n^mH indulge in holiday feasts off white strangers, and, wfien that sou^B fai|^^at each o®èr witman' occasional B^Bftng*of orang-outang. Th^flmf^^Hp^p Klaas received in early life &fH remain hlhht^Bf.0nce in awhile, when some choice little boy codjes near him, ^Bsho*t#%tus teeth an* 1 smacks his „Bf^B Klaas' lips	fatfe. Ills eyes, ri^^Hars and ^Behead adfièjffiry
small and 1 i 1
The fiWfcthing he did when he got into the cage prepared for him was to MHM^itill and look around. It nlml he laughed ^MpfinPtke ba^^lÉi.itKTO^ha.fM with Mr. Kirk hoover. Klaas' latfgh in	Until it tdtKSies his Spine; the chin^OrUpped﻿570
hM'QJTVBf the worldBfair.
to the	enough t|HBB£e . the steam siren
oil jw^rhtne.ry	f the business. TajBfjBff two crossbars in
a tree. Klaas started in to inpect these while [me Javanese watched him. He climbed to the top, hung on to the bars, put a long Hrm out and got hold of a branch fr^B	jtfw He broke off agnail
limb	could be stopped and dr^gg^Bj^ into the cage. An unavailing at-
tempt was made to get it Jsway frp^j, him. Ivlaas knew his business and was not |6 be inte^^Bl with. .He	over
the trapeze	One foot grasped the trapeze,
^^■rmHvere folded and the orang-outang	such as his-g^lBB en-
joyed on the	Sumatra before the cannibals got him.
XYni^fthe orang-outang was enjoying hims^Ma blonde young ina&uflBHflpad and pencil made a sketch of him. Feeling’i^Be that his artistic excellence would ca^^Bh some recognition even from an orang-outang the artist handed the sketch Klaas received it,	the floor of his cage, spread it out
with ■%afids'and gazed first at the picture, then^B the artist.	the
top' of h^^Hdr on the paper and when he lifted his face it was covered with a pitiful st^^^^^^Ban<^B the paper back to the sk^^^^^^^^Bh a get-a-camera look. fl^ePpndem national the work would have pleased a believer in the Darwinian theory1	on. The artist took it ^^Htrt and went away and the Javanese
looked sorro\^H and	and lack of artistic appreci-
ation.
The^kld^B put his oran^^Hng highness in	and MyssMundt
gave him some apples^Bpa^B him. He^nild have easil)r have put the whole of a pomological specimen in his rr^flth at once, but he took small bites at .Htime and ’after each bite wiped off his expansive lips with the back of hi s h a i r yh a nd. The
of water was put in the cage and a piecv o^^Hyjfraal^fl between the bars. H)wn he sat before	Egyptian drummer before
After wetting	the soap and scrubbed them. The
same performance:	repeated on his face. He got some of the soap in Ms. j»ye and
Stopped around an	a cross-roads dance and emitted an Algerian W. A towel was handed	in Be ana with a piece in *ealBi
dried
Civilization has given Kla^^^^Biga^^H habit. He would rather smoke ^^Bcttes than eat terrapin a la Maryland. A cigarette was handed him aftemB It	not one of the ordi^^Hwh^^^^^^^^Bg, death-dealing kind in
white p^^B Klaas drt^B the	It was a J^^^^BafiEair made
^■>f a great dealH palm bark and very	He	his
thumb and fi^^Htlaint dy and held out the other hand for a lig^B* A lighted ,&l^^^^Bcigar(^^^^^^^^Bdout to him, but he would haw- none of it. ^Btch or nothing	Klaas. ^^^prot one, turned so the wind wi^^Bn his back,
.tEibd lighted the	1 he end of the. cigarette is very small, and it took
uP,af^B much	whaleback steamer does in I_A^B»Ech-
igan, but he	naged to blow smoke deliberately into tl^Bface ^Bytfbj^aar﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
571
who had been induced	trinfcgaHu I Except when he
ing KlaRis never qnmPfflir a moment, andJE a jlpBMrtionises entitlfifito a gold mRfl| ,As a rule his hold onR«- bar|j3 sure, but win he 'O' ?he has a way of lighting on l~Hsli<|^£Q^^B#^HNr'limp, and after lusji 111I afeli« • inv ariably laughs at his « >\vn awkwardness. A ratling iwfilln juit aromi«I the cag«1 to keep visitors from gettii® to near. Kla^»as a mania shaking hands, and with a never-let-go grip. By nature the feet can be used for thè same purpose and Klaas get^Rld c4 a visitoi^^^(ids tine odds are two i^»ne in favor of tlw/OJtang-
OU^lg.
£ Across th^^^^Hfrom the bamboo fence of the ^Ble people from JavaisaHe colony ^BvSjputh Sea i^^^Jers. No more unlike people than t^Ke near neighbors are to be seen in the Midway. The Samoans are
yellow i^^Htr. d'he Javanese are small, angula^lxK! of bronze color. They build houses, have wares o'^^R* own ihani^^Rre to	The Samo-
ans do nothing but^^^^Hcf dance about war. They dress for*the stage in breech-clouts of cocoanut clcRwith bunches of	of si^^^^^^KèraraOpout
the ldflfis andRuxIhlg out ^^Rl'ort and stRy starchedRfitts. pOTllazuSioking people the Samoans get a great deal «Rife into tlu^l da^^^^Rhmp arjggll^iesglisten with perspiration a^yey jump Rf,stamp. '^tir..«^j^Jfeet come down upon the stage in perfect tithe with trer^Bidous slaps. Th^l “ailann,” an old Samoan war’d^^K, ts done with wajrRub^Bklch rook like short paddles. EE&cy sw^Rhese first to tl^^Hht,^^Hthen to th^^R and bringjbem^wn on thlls^Bf-the feet with a resounding thwack. The ^fcter” 'is another Samoan dap£^| A song goRwith it, and the words^^^BO old that the prèsépt singers do not know what they mean. Each stanza ends^Bth a (^Ber. The Samoans dance to their singipg. The r^| of the mus^^^^RpIy drum ming OQ/ logs'! of wood. In orj^jjtJthe dances the islanders i^Botnpany the feet movements with hand clapping. In another they sit cross-leggi « ! on the floor and raise th<-mselves half-way and lower tl^^^Blv^^^Bn time with
the Javanese, the Samoans are the ty^^^^Hng^^Rle on thi^^^B way. ThtRntroduc^^R variety than an]^^f the	into th^KraMing.
Their pantomime is \^^^|rfully^Bod.
The Samoans boast of being tf^^^^^^Rhablt^K of the Sopth SfiM. The dances they give are so many chapels of their ancient life. thousand years ao-o their Fijian ancestors danced in	this way. The chants recite the various
plBSjjydf Jife and war. The dancing is the pantomime which naturally goes with it.KT'hqJtn^St nRbk dance tell^uf the depart^H from home of an erfofcwinr). The movement the boats, the throwing of	rush throtlghjB&Haves,
the clash of battle, thè mpurn^v for the dead^Ve all tcR in trip song and the dancing«^ .
TheJSamoans may be seen sjx tunes daily in imitation^'df. war dances and drills. Th® author visited th^Ktmpans upon one of their gala dayS^inQ|fflH^Hd saw about as	a crowd o£Soui h Sea Islanders hai1 ever existed. S^^R
had plenty"™ kaj^Ebch drh$: ;	the luxury of greasing themselves﻿572
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
from head to foot, until they shone as bright as so many burnished copper statues; they shed American clothing and got down to the simple but comfortable toggery of Samoa, all but the women, who modestly wore waists of colored cloth made from bark; and then they danced and sang as they do on starry nights under the beautiful cross of the southern skies.
It was plain to be seen early in the day that something of more than ordinary import was stirring the inhabitants of the Samoan village. The big muscular fellows were in the buff to the waist, and they dodged from building' to building in a mysterious manner. The women were squatted on the ground in Mataafi’s thatched palace grinding kava and making the great national drink as though for an important ceremonial. Everywhere there was an excited jabber in the village like the chattering of a lot of magpies.
Kava is made from the root of a pepper tree. It is ground by the women on a rude grater into a (lour, which is thrown into an iron dish filled with water. It is allowed to stand long enough for the' root to impart its flavor to the water. Then the pulpy mass is put into a piece of bark, which acts as a strainer, and the maker twists it as though wringing a towel. All the water is thus squeezed out, and the solid substance remains. Kava is about as intoxicating as mild beer. The Samoans love it dearly, and think it quite as indispensable'as the German does his beer. It is particularly abundant during their pagan ceremonies.
In the afternoon the South Sea Islanders gave some of their dances. The men wore rude kilts made of the bark of the paper mulberry tree. The bark is beaten out until it looks like sheets of paper, when it is dyed in bright colors. From the waist hung grasses and fuzzy garnitures of cloth. From the loins up, and from the knees down the men were naked and greasy. The women were similarly attired, except that they made the one concession to American taste of wearing red bodices to their bark paper gowns. Many of the performers wore high paper caps, which may have escaped from the bonbon favors of a fashionable Chicago German.
Their first effort was a mild war dance in which they used a la-au. The la-an is a wooden affair that might be taken for a paddle or a broken spear. It is neither, because it is simply a dancing club. The dancers sing a wild chant, slap theblades of their la-aas, jump on the floor with a thud that shakes the building, look fierce, and send yells of defiance after an imaginary enemy. Their second effort was a drill and the company responded by jabbing holes into the air and whirling the la-atis after the manner of white men who give bayonet drills.
In the cannibal dance, which the Samoans borrowed from the Fiji Islanders, the big blacks sat on their haunches with their backs to the audience. They set up a weird droning, and marked the time by clapping their hands. They hopped high into the air and swayed backward nearly to the floor. They faced the audience with a nervous jump and twisted their countenances into ferocious contortions. They went into convulsions that threatened to unjoint their bodies, but through it all they kept up the droning, which was a song recounting the incidents of the’" supposed fight.﻿HISTOR\&tì»THE WORLD’S FAIR.
573
Men and oraNfn joiiflp in a Samoan danH of rejoicing. They sat cross-legged, slajfeed their knees ah|pB&pped IhjMhand^BOiMof the women sang an air in a not displeasing soprano, th^Ehc^^^Bng in. concert, little WQoden drums beat mrame, and the knees l(rCnt flipj>ity-flont in sympathy with the rhytljrpi. The fWjKle troupe jumped to its feHhopp^f about in a circle,^BippedHs hands and eng^phjrfh what sounded very	a responsive song service. Then evetjB
bodyfittt^lled out to Mataafi’s house, squatted on the mats, and drank kava.
In front of t^flentrartC^Hs erected a Samoan h^^^H It i^^^^^Bouerty of the deposed ruler. It was brought from the litt^^^^^^Bnt of Malie, set&Fal miles from Apia, and is i^^^Eonderfullj^^^Btructed. In shape it is circular. It is l^H^ht to t^Eieight of five feet and then slc^E to a tent-like point thirt]|1f<^^^^^E the ground. Il^B made entire^B of b^Bd-fruit wood, tne only wood that^E White ants, which overrun th^Eland, will not^^^| A house nj^Qy any other mater^^^^Hd be ^ftn up in a month by the pe^J The uprights are nSt’of	about four inches in diameter. At interval^Bf fo\|Hfeet a circle
is made of thè same i^Kal. The pieces of woodK all short and .ar^Kmtted and bound together by thdngs^BThe roofin^Bs made of twigs and covered with thatcfe.jj^Biltì house was used by Mataafa and his father and is said to belfry old.
The home dress of these people is very Scanty. It consists of nothjnt^ioré than a wide strip of taj^&ehttb about the loins. Tapa is made by the natrre&j^^^H a product of the bark of the mufperry tree. Strips of the bark t % inches thich, 2 feet long and 4 inches wide are stripped from the tree.^^^^^^Hre taken to the river, wHeivomen and gtrhhsubject them to a crude pro^^^Bf tanning by soaking thflMB'K in water. It is then placed on a malili wood board and théiautface scraped by a rough shell, leaving'ihe inner bark.^EThis leaves it a pulpy substanpelj The Small strips are Overlapped and the e<$ges pounded	until a piece is made
the requited size. To	the ^wh in ^Eigns a die is made^B a half-oval board
of |iau wood, over which colors ma<^^^^H bark^Bnd roots have been $n|eMred. The prepared cl^Bi is sp^Ed^Er this and the prìn^B made. All kinds of <I$9igns are used and the drawing i^Ery crude, but the printing is done with geof^pxic ac* curacy, although the eye only is used. '
The villagers under th^fcntrol of H. J. Moores of Apia, who,Is the confidant of Mataafa and who will in all probability be his prime minister if he returns to power at t^Bnext election.﻿﻿HISTORY OF THK WORLD’S FAIR.
©5
CH APT I* IV.
THE GERMANS AND WSTRIANS.
Cottages From	Forest—The Town Haflijf Hesse—TOMB© and the Banks of the fflne—
Glimpses of 1-a din and E^aria—^Reprodi&ljfcn ot ( ':..-Tx the Stjrdl^V Cl^Vienna—-Forty-Eight 3»&(f^“The Empdfc(iX!N^;jBiSu^^6d^^?tbtf Village Nearly $130,000--#^ Opened With
into Deutschland at a step. Nor i^the setting all." The ^ftnnan \ ill age has its
and tin: National Bank ffcer I )eutschland, and in the fertile brain and energetic ^dhduct of Dr. Ulrich Jalm of Berlin. ^B its prc^sent^Bape tsfcdiipfliy is the result of the best th^fcht of such men as Pr<>l. Virchow, rector of tljte^fflfwjsi^-^^T^f Berlin; Baurath W allot, the lamous an hitectfjjPfof. Eugene Bracht aruHBttf. von Heyden; A. Voss, the ethnogrti i > 1	Cohn; and certainly the village
■ a credit in every way toH dqpigners. The -ethnographid museum isespecially go6d, and lobtBlllies and armor make the finest collection of the sort ever gath-. ered together fof exhibition in America.
Besides the mi^Btm and the cott^fts the v^K^e offers many other atWJjc-tions, not the least^^Hlic^^He magnificent music o t two uniformed bands organized by Herman Y^wf of t^B Philharmonic at Berlin by Rossb^^Hrhqjrs the final authority oil All musical matters in the German ^Bnty. These bai^datplay in two pavilions in a beautiful sumi^B* garden which h^Bin It t^^Hafid chairs enough to^Kommodat^^^Hnd thousand gu^^^^In -connection with this part of the display is tbef^jstaurant, which carries out strictly Berlin ideas and Berlin methods, and to make therfesemblance to the old country lustgarten all t^e m^K^triking the beer of Bavaria, the W^Bpttj^TlofSrau, and. tile wines of^^Btf&tatpB^^jarrgBit altogetf er inaccessible. 1
torest and \\ estphalia cluster round a typical toniti Half ^ of Hesse, and homes from Bavaria and the Rhine add C a quaJ^^Hf world flwtfor to the^Bouping. Dominating
^	broad, protecting shadow Bcross thfl ji^Bire1 which" has
been worked^Bit into L^ftrithble cameo of fatherland. Every archit^Bural detail has beck
such care and truth that one passes out of the ChitipwOnB^et
«V* all a media-vài keep of the sixteenth century cafl^^B
^Bdisplay in true whole great é^tibition	Park
combines in itself so mudi ( alcuMted to awBii Anier-* KnàcÙpC^Rrsi^BSèrmil^ inter<ji^fflxheWSferman village'
origin in the patrii^Rm agd putite spirit of two of the greatbanks of.-Be$|in, the﻿S76	^MTORY OF Tip: WORLD’S FAIR.
^Bhe German village in all	depart men MBs under the management of C.
B. Schmidt, and to this face.» practical raqjjfilkwill be largely dtfl| Mr. Schmidt ^immigration Cpmmissionfr^ |hi^Sf.nta railway has probably more friends on boBnès of the Atlantic than any other gentleman injniicraj), while his tact, IHHK, and proved execu^B* Ability ctfJiibine to make the ffifflp||y one of the most popular is well as one of the most valuable and insterctive anjwpleasant at the Worlffip Fair.; One Leela that lie is, in Germany eVery time he visits the German HIuki.
A center of attraction for all passers-by on the Midway Plaisance is tljUIHuti* ful Vienna cafe, or Old	reproduces not algfEfliefine
architecture but the delightful^Bokery of .imperialcijby.-pf Austria. And it is thsjlfcjQkery which - appeals most strongly to the wayfarer. Charles Earnest, the mand&er of the cafe, who catne from Delmonico’s' of New York to take charge of thKenterpris^^^H^vn to gourmets the^^K. over as ^^^B master of the art of dinings Equipped with un^Bted means add gifted witK^^^Hifi^ for caterinaHMr. Earnest brings a cosmopolitan experience.to a cosmoplitan task. He has managed refMuranti' In Paris’and-* Vienna, well as in Rome and London, and fijcan sympathize in half 4 dozen languages with the artistic lapp^He that has been edu-cated on tl^BBo^Bvard des Italiens and given its doctbris •degf^*'Fon the Ring st rasse.
f-TO®lsnp Koenig and ^Besser, the proprietors of the cafe, deservérjie congratulations pf Chicago for the admirable manner in which they have carried out every detail of tt^B excellent idea. Mh '.Koenig came to America with th<i prestige of having sw^^^Bllj^Bnducted one of the largest cafes in ViènoS&j The cafe i£:one of the most attractive parts of the whole World’s Fair and neither Brag&y nor brains has been spared inc^Bpleting it. A magnificent orchestra under thé direction of Prof. Julius Hiiller is a component part of the attraction:» p£^Bed,v and the quick a^^^^Hrie^Bd service, the elegant cookery, and yet thoroughly Viennese, economical scale of pr^^^Hnd the whole foreign,' old world flavor of the Bjpfe bring to it the su^Bss it so well
There ha^w>een as many^^^^^^Hop^Bt one time ill Old VieQS»* The gVrapge occupies the largest space in the Plaisance. Its charm lies in its anaiquity. The reproductions are of Gar^Bi and ^Hgncr streets, Vienna. These are^tBHdd-est and best-preserved streets of thi Aus^Bn capital. They were bililts iod years ago under the protection of the^Bchdukc Fudwig Victor and the Imperial and Royal Lander Bank of Vienna.	buildings, which form a large court, are ex-
act reproductions of the oil streets. Even th^^^Hcs in th^Bnci^B walls are fac-sit|u{^r'
The design creates	a part of ^B an^|nt	up
great irregul^By, presents old, gable-end	shields,
and these open up a prospective to ^|all, narrow streets. T^^^^^Bil house, with outside staircase and covered ^^^^Btches along tl^Bnt^B distance of the Square, in the middle of which stands an^^^Bnt well. The shops are built after the fashion of fowner times, and there only ^^^^^Bienne^Bproducts.are sold.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
577
It is not necessary to draw on the imagination in the Vienna village to become imbued with a foreign influence. There is nothing modern to meet the eye except the Columbian Guards. The first floors of all the buildings are fitted up as shops. Viennese women are on guard in nearly all of them, and the bank, under whose aëëïstance the Street was built, has a branch in the villagw and the office is fitted up in the same style as the original institution, founded 300 years ago.
In the center of the court is the bandstand, where the emperor’s own orchestra gives daily concerts. In the garden the tables are ancient and the barmaids are dressed in the black and yellow of Austria. All were brougiit over from Vienna. The village cost $125,000. Early in June the managers gave a banquet to the Columbian officials and others. The guests were given many an Austrian toast, which in plain English was “Drink and be merry.”
THE ABOVE IS A VIEW OF PHFLPS, DODGE & PALMER COMPANY’S EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD’S FAIR.﻿CHINESE JOSS HOUSE.﻿HISIORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
5 79
CHAPTER V.
AMONG OTHER NATIONS.
The Village of the Almond-Eyed Mongolian—1 he hJrttfic Theater—The Libbey Glass Works—The Wheel the Greatest Piece, of Machinery in the World—Pretty Imitation of&i Tour Eiffel —Carl Htagenbtck’s Menagerie—The B^B&ck Dahomeyans.
MONG tin; other villages is that of China. \The peculiar b^Bshaped minarets and pagoda^^^Rip the distinctive of far away Cathay. I lore the almond eyed Mongolian is seen as^| home and not; as “Ah Sing, laVBfyV* man.'’ The main 1 >uil< ling in the group is 100x150 feet and ^^Bet high, exceeding large for a house in the native country, The^Bloring is most Unique. lh gimuiig at thebotfi&Si the Successive panels are painted the^nSrratic colors in reg-'ffll 11 hir order, starting with tin■ violet ( of tin; rainbow. In the center ofthe building is a Splendid garden filled vvith rare shrubbery from the “Flt^fcry Kingdom.” A little further along is	garden?
showing the methods of raising, drying and pa^Bng oftCAArhcre one can secure a taste of this f^Kragc, minus sugar and cream in m<PB ap-proved style. On^Be second lloor are shown samples of the Chinese literature {“Hit1*16 immemorial. B^fctiful ^Jrks of art, painting, pottery and bronze, in whps^workmanship they are so re no wned,are	fcxte^wely. One galjefy
iS'tlevoted to a temple with prie^Mand attendants rev dip# „the methods of wpr-jR&ip and the display of idols brass and ivory^Rds, TosjEgccUPVtng the honor on a High pedestal. Gay lante r n s s w ing from‘every 1 >am, bal-cony and gattety, while every door wall h emblazoned with their gaudy signs Bblaqk, rep and gORl. A museum with artist^Bvax figures and deSljgjl^y from hup* man modefe ;md relics of th<$ time of Confucius. T^Je are also	and shops
^MKnerallJe: where silks, curious, trinkets, ornaments, and samples of jrative teas, can be procured gt$ souvj^Sf?. ■ ;
wl^n&;<jvery ph*t<; of tKefife of"*111e people is T^^aQItCfl^jHrhaps the the mo^fnteOTralg is the Chjn*S£ thcatrO. The music which seems to be the ciple part of ther|||kiormance' is simply htjtffbBBf-^the orchestra plays upon a variety of inl^nii^fttBN^^tnawtl to the EnpiShflk4ioiia|y but someTOiwJjesembling violin!» guitars, drums amtgfiongs. The musicians work Kk^BI;u: fofmths and the loud cym-batj^M|anjRjfi^»ttd braying wind instruments Ifef:) lia constant din; their conc&fB a succession of squeaks, rattles and bangi^Undhjjb^ in its quieter intEflj^K, and hid-iJbi^fin its more viSRnt B^lWm-okes wonder at the taste of the nation which could
87﻿﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
581
invent, tolerate and enjoy such discord. Th$ acting Is &11 done in front of the musicians and no women ever appear upon the stage, their characters being taken by men who talk in a sin^-song tone and falsetto voice, completely deceiving the listener. The play is usually of some alleged classic drama or scenes in the life of some military hero and usually runs through several days. There are no stE^Bcur-tains or shifting scenes and if they wish to convey the idea that th«scene is in a forest, a bush on top of a chair is brought to the front of the stage, while the seashore, a field, theJltreHt, interior of a palace or a hut are alllmifgliitt^d by Similar devices or symbols. When an actor falls in war or pajfllbn, instead of being carried off or hidden behind a drop, h«j usually geS ujSmd trots off. The costumes are a mar-
M iUi l!
r~’‘'
rf f ■t” 7 1
KENT LABORATORY CHICAGO UNIVERSITY. Near Entrance to the World’s Fair.
vel of gaudiness but devoid of all elegance. The troupe here considered by the celestials to be a representative one and great crowds throng to experience the pleasure of an unintelligible Chinese show.
One of the most charming places for a stay of fifteen minutes is the Electric Theatre. The theater itself is one of the unique things of the Plaisance and of the Fair. The seating capacity is 100. It is lighted by electricity, cooled by electricity, and the performance is purely electrical. It is called “A Day in the Alps.” The stage is an opening of about six feet, which shows a most perfect Swiss scene. In the distance are the snow-covered peaks anti the valleys, and in the foreground the foliage and pleasant homes, and everywhere the clear blue atmosphere characteristic of Switzerland. The opening jgcene is just before daybreak. There iua faint glimmering of stars before the sun commences to touch up the snow-topped moun*﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR.
m
tains. As the light of day disjj>e>Bthe mist of 1darkH^ you can heir in the distance the peasants singing the “Jodel.” Then a storm comes up and the nhisffifc of lighti^^Hnd^E thunder m^ke the	gather themselves a little
in tb^Hark theater to get out of the iHl. The sunset comes with thgJAl-pine glowing,” then dB^^^H.nd starlight, with	the peasants
The moon conu s creeping up behind Mount Blanc. The white sm.w glistens and the whole scene is so perfect	falls
an^^Vlight.'^^Quri^^HfipnfBnpE^^Hif one had jus^^R^^^BfroHChau-, monix and no mistake.
BuSthfl^fflHHSst thing in tjI«¥HEan^Ks the Libby	Here
swarnH Arabians, Egyptians, Turks, and Persians, and the blue-eyed, light haireM
children of |^^ftidof the
^mNSe^on
a common le^B ajl^B vie with ^Huj other in the keen enj oyment extra cted from tfi&sbncfl^^^Hnd-icraft of tlie glass blowers. A common mlum of enjoyment is Charles UwBarp^sajpSBKinpwn linguist, who in E^^BiOJi to he^P a graduate of [Michigan - univer s i ty, speaks, reads, anHwrites fifteen foreign languages with extraordinary easel and tH pleasure a composite group of fo^Kzn
ers takes in meeting with	is shown in
the !< ni:.ree^Khdo^9«sd well to hear	this strange land.
TnFfijctogptifa# model of	has never been equalled in any
; \
Early	a new	to th^Bxh^K which delighted the
greatly. Spectators for a small sum each were allowed to “blow,” and the fu3R- results of many attempts to do t^^Ht with neatness and	the
great crowds ifr^Bell^^^ufn^^B
Fhe cutters and weavers attract rr^B; genefa^Bttentipfl. The cutter per-forml the most important part in thp'‘produ<^^^B)f modern glassware, and his skill is of iMj^Bgfrfest order. The work of cutting is regulated entirely by tfl^^ve and an®®2fiteya,ftern requires many days of constant manlpulatK«? The cutting is deffi on a Hsemd* steel wheel, upon which drpps from a hopper fine mc^B sand that forms a cutting surface. TBB sand-cOkted wl^ej^gtsjjagejql»tfl > the glass, living a miter traich^nfrps&fits the	the cutting process. Then the
JAPAiffSEnanDtE^I makers.﻿HISTORY OS^THE WORLD S FAIR.
5p3
glass is carefully smoothed by contact with a line sandstone wheel, after which it is polished upon a rapidly reM|^B wooden wheel, sprinkled with ^^^B powder. TIB the articleBBready for lMBrket. Some of the cut-glass articlel^^Bpe by the Libby cKipany demand prica^^HjKreach away up into tifirBttdredM|f dollars.
Glass weaving ^ftftylMHSQm^KppOT^JBlJrocpss in which tlwJ rug-malB^B Persian I il i >’WBIm»'? 11! 1 delight, and never tails to attra^*s?tt0wd. The Hhm! takes a glass cane, which m ay1 Jfc^-white or c^Bred, as is desired, and Mg^Hit in a powerful gag] llame, which quicfcW’lBfcelts it. \$r]^B it reachcs.?thc proper consistency h$r|akl#lia thread from t&Wjhiftijfi and carries it over to the yRj’lBpBEy of a wheel six fgHt iifetlameter malpgfiLpoi > revolutions a miiiwte. The whejllilraws out tjhBfagehd. «id its line silken strands encircle it. At theend of each minute thH operahqir ptl$h<#|®fc^orkin& fable forward and a new band apppars r the pcffl phery of the whlira. Whot^he ^^eoLjl^tovered with jrapse bandjteefljm containing say 200 tbre&djt the wheel is atppiib4, the '"glass bands ar(B pulled jpg horizontally, and ^^Eumjfccnm long tables. Here ^■fl are cglfc into desired lengths for jfl^Ming. Then are passed a girl at the '	it ig deftly woven
wipMujk—thread of silk toUnf.^threads of glase^fcaal then the glass cloth is ready to be put t#*$a myr&d uses. So ^scEjuLfw^delicate is it that beautiful garments are iim«J from it, and thc^Bnpaaym its Bsplay department has^B>me marvels of bfeXuty in'the form B. lamp shades, screens, pin
dresses, i^^B
made from it. A beautiful dr^Bwas made for Eulalia, by Mr. Libby, Jglfeytonfanta paying	JtF
What 3L& Tour	the last^Baf^D!£xfM>sill£mf9 the great Ferris
wheeBp to this. 11 is r^^Bet in diameter, and from the ground to the apex it is 270 feet. It cost $400,000, and commenced- fo revolve on th^Jral: day of Jilfie. ft is the biggest piece of revolving machinery in the world. Much has R£n written of tliPerris wheel, and the|world is now realizing that Chicago has given birth to one of the wonders oFjthe •gc MA nical .doi^^^Bhave changed their tune; obstructionists, whPBaid that jMSmilt it would ne’^M	and best wCttjhl be a
monstrosity', have had perfonnBfl^g^nbr homage, to j9e ponderous yet graceful creation of the IgjSjfcof Mr G. W. G. Ferris, of Pltiibusg^i
JOHN BROWN’S FORT.﻿THE FERRIS WHEEL.﻿HISTORY OF Tl^HlORLD’S FAIR.

Apart frcSthi^^^^Bfts of laymen^Rany engineers of skill asserted^ that it wa|a' quBRion if a hai^Bng wl^^^ftonsisting of	steel could be con-
structed to rt^^HI, and certainly no man had ever atteiifcjfbd to puBBuch an enor-mous mass in motion beEWe. IlowSSer, Mr. I^H|e said thatft could iBgdone, and heg&und inclflB beKeJvBl in him and his assertion, and wh<ii&aj| ready to hacH their belief riffli iraBd hard caffigHd itQ& 5C>ne turnstiles keep up^a steady click all day, they Bel that the financial prospect is rtfe-col&ea, arfd that their < onli-dence was well founded.
HC^nparison^Hfcj^aw, are odious, yet c^wtatnnot help (^^^BXlflRhis wheel with the tower c^Bhe Paf» Expedition. As the Ferris wheel is to our Worlcft^J air |tee will repeat so the Fieffel tower was	FYOTCflfnan’s. As a mechanical
acBverrc^WhereH'h be little doubt Ifh^BEffb palm belongs to us, for, won-derful as	Eit^Bl" tower is, itfwjts
constructed on well tried sciej^B^Lprin-ciples; lint the Ferris wheel is a venture orHKirown grounds. Twenty-tive thousand dqluurs'H>rt5 of hard work and K^Blations lay in the bawling plans of thHwonderful invention before a dollar had been put into construction, and the of	figuring is shown by
dth^™&jfoct safe^Bvii li which it is
ated.
The dilticu 11ies contended with .in budding this immense stmeture in such a short time were tremendous. It V3S not until the ^wi day of December,
1892, that -fSU)I arrangements could be ef^MBn^wItb the World’s Fair committee, some of whoi^^^Bigjit the Id^^f impossible of	In	- baskp. makers.
credible	Mr. Ferris had
some of the largest iron plants in the East entirely devoted to his enterprise. The DeBk^In'^^^Bompa^fttrf Detroit.; Ire Carbon Steel CmfflfSVc. Jones H9uU|hlin, 11. I.Ws&^^Bm1>ri;i Iron Company, Wilson Sr . der Manulact-uring Company,	( onrpany, of Pittsburg;.	Manu-
fa■ i iring Company, of Cleveland, atld the Bethlehem Iron Company, of South BHHSMfil» Pa., all did their ^Bre^^^Brk, as it was impossible tiny one or two firmlfl^Rirn out t^Bnat <rflstl so that the wheel could	for 18(13, an(l was a
v&rfcnderful thing to si^Bhow^^^BfS made in so many different places wenl pat to-SCther as if turned out from one plant.
d he foundations, which extend for forty feet under the surface of the ground, had to be laid during"«^Eldest weather of winter, and it #a6 necessary toBBHve﻿586
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
steam freely in mixing the concrete to keep it from freezing. By the time they were completed the iron be^an arriving, long trains of it; and the work of erection began about the 25th day of February 1893. The lumber for the false work alone cost $12,000, and many wondered what was going to be built among that vast web of !>eams» reaching nearly 300 feet in the air.
Perhaps the most interesting feature of the construction was the raising of the main axle, the largest ever forged. This was turned out by the Bethlehem iron works and weighs seventy tons, but with the machinery in use was raised without any difficulty and dropped into its resting place as if it had always been there. Then came the work of hanging the wheel upon it. Beginning at the bottom, the
heavy castings which form the outer crown or periphery of the wheel were hung one by 6ne on to the rods which carry the weight of the wheel. Slowly the circle was completed and the last of the sections, each of which weighs five tons, was raised to the height of 270 feet to drop into its place. Meanwhile the machinery below was completed, and when the time came for the trial trip to be made the excitement was immens^
The model of the Eiffel tower, the attraction of the Paris Exhibition which seems to have left the strongest impression, is one of the quiet things of the, Plaisance. This model is an exact reproduction of the original, even to the number of pieces of metal used in its construction, 650,000. It is twenty feet high, set in a miniature representation of a Paris garden about eighteen feet square.
In exhibiting the tower the room is darkened and the lights in the model are turned on gradually. A revolving glass lamp on the top of the tower first becomes luminous and sheds colored lights. Then the incandescent lamps in the elevators are turned on and the cars are seen gliding up dnd down their long shafts:	There
is a bright twinkle and the suspended lamps on the lower two balconies flash into beaded rows, to be followed an instant later by a square line of fire about the top balcony. The lamps in the streets, in the park, and in the newspaper kiosks are finally turned on and the whole exhibit stands out from darkness a beautiful miniature of the famous tower. In the center of the space covered by the latticed iron-structure is a small fountain, which becomes luminous with the colors of the rainbow under the effect of electric lamps. One obtains a good idea of La Tour Eiffel by this exquisite counterfeit.
Carl Hagenbeck, who built a one hundred thousand dollar arena for his wild animals, and sped back to Europe before the hot weather set in, had a great show﻿HISTORY^EITMi: WORLD'S FAifc,
5 «7
—something	America:—Lions, tigers, leopards,Bars, dogs,
-^fd horses all living and acting harmoniously together. The mei^^^^^^^^Rs of
five I^^Hds.^^HNrffiars, three dogs, sh^^Hne hyena,	our loniesl two Hiras,
sixteen cases of nfgjhkcjH twenty-nine ca.ses of parrot-, and five case-, of storks.
There are also several thousand ethnographical specimens from Afri^^^^^^H India atid Australia.	are two
fl||BE|en of the troupe cow the tigers and lions of the
eye. l^^H is also pic man who can do more with mals than has ever been k own in Amer-ica. 1 lagenln ek’s is generally conceded as the greatest «R^Bin the Plaisance, and n< '' king like it ha-, been seenI try.	pride re^^^^^^His
trained aifflfflk Bears walk the tight ITCKjBea^SBWEB' William Tell act, .and ermine-mantled and crowned lions drive triumphal chariots around thc^^^Ba drawn ^B^QH^^racrs. Camels huii^B themselves on rolnS^^^^^I The hi^B-potamus is not at sea on the t^^^^^BhileF ’ thesmiiinp rhinoceros offers a horn to ui^B one w i 11 i ng to !, i k e i t. Professo r Garni - r has .a dozen of hypnotized monkeys ready * to converse witglny intelligent^^Hrs in* their owimlir^n Parrots that play progrt&Sr^Beucf^je aid “difler” about tne prizes in e^By-five different*languages	and heard. A superbly
tfeined baseball team of mules provide^greatSport. u-neir “ kicking *’ may not equal that of their hum^B brethren, but in other points they are equal.
TluJJWond’s most c^^^Bted animal ta^Br, Miss Leibemich, creates a great aensclMnff She not ^^^Buc^Bds in subjugating the most ferocious beasts in the «Lilimal kir^dom, but has taught them any numbe^K tricks. ^ ItT$ always a great source of amusement to^^^^Hanimals feck The small ^^^Bjhad&jg&Ol while ltd watches the pensive goat dine on fricaseed scrap^Bn, wi^Bioor-knob'sauce, htH that BSSPof amusement is real^Basse. Instead of this, Miss Liebemich shows to dBfflfce of	of the pleasures of the^Bilet she has brought her pets.
To watch the nol^B lion smili^B at its image in the. hand glass while its mane is dressed is	far to see. The betu^^td expression of contentment
that illumines "‘hijp^O^’ broad face while he t$ heu|d^^Bvedrt| in snSp iHffjast to th^Bof the sulky tige^^^B&evi< Icntly^rafes not like fhe tooth pfffder u^B. The
ORIENTAL PADLOCK.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
588
huge boaconstrictor, according to reports, always enjoys his corncob pipe while heHflirttfiM little with his mistress.
Mr. Hagenb^B’s particular treasure is the dwarf elephant Lili. This is the only	in the \^^Vlcl of its kind.Bjhe little ^ftmal is about ten years old and
was purchased by ^(present owner from a trader in Sumatra. Ifcisoply about three feet high, and not three and a half fee^^^^S It weighs but iH pounds, which is phenomenally light when one remembers that a full-grown elephant from that HDK the iwfijld weighs up 7,400 pounds.	little RstjlHHof a very
affectionatfrgispaatHffliand has been taught a number of Se tricks.
HBie Dahomeyans are big, and black-charcoal certainly wdw|d make white ma rks on their ski ns.	on the SflM^iunJjbf the 1 ’laisance, just beyond
Igl'Md Vienna.” It	king after Abomey, the capital	country.
The men are u<$rer than	every (fiwHears three cuts on each
cheek, just like the 1sfptn<^'itik>;tireeMarred with the W|g«|K of many battles.
At theAvoman’s quartfirfc>,'sights unusual to AnSenfjin	witnessed.
The wjnmelt lie around doing nothing, and wrapped	blankets. Some
jRSe&JtJt'fj&w words of EttgltskTdr French,	words. I^r%%® language is
soft in the extreme, but they do Dp^le«U9y.€l2si 1 y like the men, who.cH^^H a language with singular faicipjt^. These women are all gnu», for they bathe thertffi selves in oil, and paint their faces red with a powder formed from a kind of wood. Tate; amai^is are all unmarried, having taken vows of cetroacy. A few of the wom^,, are wives, and are Considered the property of the husband!
The men are strictly polite and salute each other and strangeftratith great punctilit>ushe&- Big Tom guards the gale.of the yillag^».,jHe_y'#ylery polite, but no one can get past him witfaput the personal permission of the manager, and as h« is bigj’ahd strong people ddnt*try to.r.
On£ .©fctftfe.Ipng, low houses is set off for a museum andkco3'itaiO|^Dl kinds ofl arms and trdphifes of DaHprney. Another is set-off to	theAhaSja| of thfl
king, while there is still 4npth^fcal|ted the ‘‘heU OI serpents, where many kinds of suffices ZEBjame and free. It looks grewsorrie.;to fenteh The fetishes of the people are cr< >wd<w§ in ;i iiimsej^ themselves, thpugh each hpqse has^it - own peculiar fet ish.
A more horrible-looking si i 1 if men and women itwOuhi lie imrd to !md than thHfe Dahomeyans and every effort has been made, to iilu'trateghpujSStpms and pew shanties.	War dances are given in a wide and roomy pa\ iiiiip^ejrq i'd for that
Hirpose a w soihei5£;the cruel ceremonies of the country
The manned woipenjkeep themselves warm stainj mig.ti^grainifjjjith heavy sta.ni singiiijg^ljdj^ time a monotonous “Ha-wha-v ha-< • hoo.” The n^Hri^d women (hi all kiivlsiof J)^vy,.wprkkitthe	UOtliing except to make clothes.
All v^hpsaw these Dahomeyans ma)r boast unpretentiously ti cJjftttSlS seen ^^B'OiBcn, \\ wo are the.equals in fightihg eapacity < f	num-
her of picked French s< ildieffi. These ama/ons are well-proportioned, clean-featured, muscular creatures, unusually intelligent for sav^Hs and pp^seaa^MSwflenc^fcgriil piB&^flfj^duranc'-. They forn^^Hmatnstay p^ffie'blppdthirsty King Behaitst|3s﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
Aa
army, and before the. French occupation of hisls&pital ^^Hwere the^^Mpart of the soldiery	thought equal to the^^^^^^Kty of propelj^Krardingetlie
palac^Bn the skirmishing i^^Mtn^Hicred City KatBlies^%Omen gave t^BFren^h soldiers a practical exampl^^H^^H^Hwess by worsting the M^adH in a number of instanc^Rfyhflll^B^ fqgfies pitft|l w^re equal in nmrfih-s. incidentally it mayft», mentioned that flJBlSing rep<>sed such implicit confidence in tin■ intelligence of his women fighters tint he sujHped'thefri with bre < hloading guns, while he left the Wgh figfetVith tjig ordiiHflwBal ive	they could npt'h 'arnSuBfindH
the European arms with sufficient skill to m.ik< effective rflpn in a --Ik >rt space
There are	.other places besides these more conspicuous ones on the
•	Idindoo and Persian jugglers that
other renowned ^^Midigitators the shade. New J.|^9^^B)inn|r cabins, Colorado Miii^^:%^ffip%t,'ie\ a r;H-iln s of Indian, Parisian, PiSuan, Algerian and ■udanfgS doling girls, a Miniature St.	Aflapjan horses and riders,3»clcM
ramas, many theaters, cafes, flHtaJU rants :>qd
gotten by any who saw them. AltilKxgQM&tib^rdTas never been iiUmsM&wflsui^Ht. combination of so many k inds of peoples djjctlHeir modes of living, warfare and in(PPlS^^fc.nd li pemd|)S	r be rdjfifBltinSw: same scale of reality,
picturesqueness, grotesqueness and attractivi-m -m again. It is SSiarEquinad^K the qSlpest and most ^H$^^^^|nificancQ &npi^BjHtta9aygvE]Ql|^fl and ful surprises, all sanctioned by the law of	ligME of the century.
i.I$3Y GLASS WORKS, MIDWAY PLAISANCE.﻿590
HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR.
THE LIVE-STOCK EXHIBIT
never been a^HHstock exhibit on the American continent equal to that which opened in the Big Pavilion at^H end of the Fair grounds the 21st of	The barnl
on that day were filled	of the
h-ading breeds of hordes and cattle. This great exhibit twi 1 ve hundred head of horses and j^^Htead of Many visij^Hyho were
1 d the Exposition filed through tlPJHns on thè 21st looking tin-	the lotig rows of stalls which were to be
entered in the coiMjtts|SEgHHHa.
Hen. R.B. Ogih :	ofMadii"!), \Yis., one of the leading exhibitors of Clydesdale In	said: “I v ili sa\ that tiQyMMKof Clydesdales has
never been' appIjBraed on tlij^raÉpnefflKistj^raly.ro over, equaled in Great Blin'Hw °f numbers ZHSBSStigjce of animals. iKIft been told by Mr. Sarby, of Guelph,	e i, that he'
felt moifll! m nhng the Detroit river than the Atlantic ocean to find the finest ClydiMales. I alsl have it from Aim« Montgomery, of * NethHjFa^B,’ Castle Douglas. S, 1 >t And, unquestionably the leading authority on Clydesdales in the world, that some studs can now lieTounff in t	in
Great iMjain.''
Among 1 h^flSJjrBïsdale exl^Btò^s ftereiWerp N. Pr G$àrk, of	Minn.,
presidem of i^e-A intricai! Clydesdale association; R. B.	\Yis.,
L. B. 1 'JÖfich. of ’State Center, Iowa; H: lave Stock association of Forti Way* Ine ; JOoIopel HoRewÈT, of Alexis, 111.; and the Canadian Government, ’ft^l \V. Dunham, of Wayne, 111., exhibited fine sta^^^nf Percherons,jprench trotterà and 1 « >ach horses.
Of special interest to A m	xh Ì bits ,of, theKj^Hn and
the G'-rman governments, the former showing Orloff trotters' and	the
celebratHcoach InHgsof that country. The imperial stu^Bf hi§ majesty the Czar was wdl n-pn^Bited. There were also fine^Biecim^^H English hackneys and ^Kvelaijp bay*’, latter being the celebrated coach horses of Yorkshire.
sl^Ht, the best representatives of all	here at this
Columbian^^H in such numbers as were never b^Brc witnessed. The opportun-ities for si udying ai^Romparingthedifferen^^^^H here have never been equaled, and the inhibit was a great	school of instruction to students in this
department of tlW^ixOpSWlotti^﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
59i
Will T. PottJ£j>f	H. TcNSt# & Son, of Jacks^wille, 111., spoke in
enthiifflist Berms Sthe cattle exhibit. He was confident that^it far surpassed everjiEmng of the kind thafc^ast gone before. Thq jj^y^Bixhibit was Opened on the 22d <>[	'^■Ca.rena ^«is divided, and ^prses and-,t^BcXiwere shiqyfn
simultaneously, and the judging was done Mtheiaifljie time. The exhibitsRI the ■pavilion opened at nine o’clock in tjt^Vhiorning and continued |Sl etfenii’jH Of i>eef cattle t|^^Hvere more shorthorns than any other breWW|own. Among
I I. Potts 8c Son, Jacksonville, III; Colonel Moberly, Kentucky; ^Rbbins Sc Son, In^mna; Mr. Fisher.^Oinois; H. 1’. Brown, Minr^^Bj; L. W. Brown 8c Son, and Mr. Varner, of Illinois. There were fine ffly COws, alS3H|^^8f Hercfords, Polled Anjglp,. W| In a ^n&d, Mr. Pc$B and others declared it was tlwHreatestt cattle e^Hnt ever ijjn in United States or Can jR. Colonel C Riles F. M ills, who was in cj|firge of the live stock department, was a very busy man. He was constantly surrounded by and stock-raisers seeking information on all conceiv^BHMOpK s, from ■flin passes to the pric^EE95al<|^Mfif. But ^^9^H>ne^w&& equal to the occasion, and took care of everyone in	Many people from,
the agricultural districts were in .1' endance l he last two weeks of Allgg^ft- on the livqMESxhibit.
On the 20th of S<yMeni|HE>BCT||M^Mof sheep and swine was opened, nncf no greater has ever	smB8 in any flmintrv.^a hJ^Bst	French and
Spanish nBBnojggftMCvarious parts of Ainf|TSWuem to befsBB and alsQe^ifcfaor-dinary specimens of va	in particular, and many others,
all tlaSlive-stock exhibits have beei|pa|raly entertaining and instructive*﻿592
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY
E great Exposition brought out some features that, while none of them took place within the grounds, were more or less connected with the Fair—we mean the Congresses. The women led off at the Art Institute in June, and eminent ladies from all over the world spoke on such subjects as women in _____ journalism, typewriting, cashiers, etc., three times a day for f - k	\$SBTr t|B weeks. Many papers were read which showed that
l frTmm	much sedentary and some other work performed by men
could be as well done by women, and the gist of claims was that the latter should be paid quite as well or nearly as well as men. It was shown that women, as a general thing, wrere as faithful, more regu ar, and, of course, a great deal more temperate, than men. All this was carried out in a spirit of cleverness, goodness and skill, as well as of moderation, charity and justice. The speakers manifested no ill-will or exclusiveness, but their remarks and arguments were characterized by good sense and firmness throughout.
The Congress of Peace occupied a week at Washington Hall, ending on Sunday, August 21. Probably the best speech made was the closing one, by Rev. Dr. Moxom, of Boston, himself an old soldier. The speaker at the outset called attention to the fact that the nations of the earth are to-day armed to the teeth; that in Europe, owing to the system of conscription, almost every man is a soldier, and that never before was the machinery for destroying life so perfect as it is to-day. ^ This he said looked as if the ideal state of national and international peace were a long way off. Yet never was the outlook for peace so hopeful as it was to-day. The very perfection of the implements of war was in itself one of the greatest arguments in behalf of peace. He referred to the recent attitude of England and America toward arbitration as a hopeful sign of the times, and said the recent debate in the British House of Commons on the question of international arbitration showed the recent development of the peace spirit perhaps better than anything else. So pronounced was this peace sentiment that not a single vote was recorded against the motion of Mr. Cremar in favor of arbitration. Even the prestige of an emperor was hardly sufficient to get through an army bill in Germany. Dr. Moxom then went on to deal with some of the objections raised against the peace crusade. The first was that it is human nature to perpetuate war. The lust of power will predominate in the end. In reply, he said, such a statement ignored the moral progress of the species. Strong as selfishness might be it was weaker than love. “W hat is the gain of one nation is the gain of all nations,” said Dr. Moxom, “Men are bound together by commerce, by social and religious ties, by friendship, and by love. The higher qualities of human nature are bound to rule.”﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
593
Dr. Moxom went on to speak on the social and moral aspects of war. lie pointed out the economical waste of life and treasure that follows in its train, anti quoted that inimitable piece of sarcasm from Carlyle, where, in “Sartor Resartos,” the sage of Chelsea depicts the training and feeding of thirty strapping young men in the town of Dumbdrudge, and in due time they were accoutred as soldiers and shipped off to the south of Spain, whsre, as fate would have it, they met over thirty similar men from a Dumbdrudge in T rance and straightway the twcBsquads commenced to blow tluUlofA out of each other, and the end of it was that instead of sixty fine soldiers being left there was nothing left but sixty carcjLsn&jjVj
Dr. Julius F. Grammar, of Baltimore,also gave an eloquent address. l ie said the mission of Christ in the world was pfta.ce. The age of war, hejfeid, had passed, and the time had coingyto put the true spirit of Christianity into practice. War, he said, belonged to the savage, while peace was an attribute of civilEed and Christian nations.
The colored people had a day or two at the Art Institute, with Fred Douglass at their head. The origin of the African and of African slavery waSS touched upon in a superior wav^and also the emancipation of the black slavfe in our own and other countries.
The Congress of Science and Philosophy convened in the Art Institute Monday morning at k> o’clock, Augo^t 21, and was divided in® fifteen sections, embracing such subjects as astronomy, chemistry, pharmacy, electricity, meteorology, geology, philosophy, phy^Kgl sci^ncp, and anthropology, zoology, social and economic science, statistics, revenue, taxation, profit sharing; and in the knotty problems sought to be unraveled some of the acutest thinkers of the day took part. The department of electricity, whose chairman, Dr. Elisha Gray, had prepared an excellent program, was represented by such giants as Thomas A. Edison and Dr. von Helmholtz, of Germany. 'This section was composed of two chambers, one of them representing the delegates sent by the different countries of the world, the other divided into three sub-sections, which discussed respectively pure science, science and practice, and practioa^.*
In the other congresses in this department the best talent of both hemispheres participated. Eminent scientists from England, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Russia, France, Scotland, and nearly every State in America had been secured, and they either were present in person or their papers were read by otherv^
One of the pleasantest of all these congresses, although the mercury reached <53 at noon, was that of the geographers, at which Paul du Chaillu, the distinguished traveler and writer, was present.
Ifnsign Roger Welles, Jr., Eh S. N., read a paper on the Orinoco River, and Dr. Emil Hassler, Paraguayan Commissioner, told some geographical facts about his country.
Other geographers talked about Columbus and other folks who are supposed to have discovered America before Columbus got ready to start. Capt. John Bourke, U. S, A., who had helped guide the visitors through the model of La Rabida﻿t
594	HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
in the moraifcr, told them all about the real La Rabida and made many merry little jests which much relieved the heat q| recital hall. Captain	related also
muchfol iheearly history;ü£ Sj^Bn, tpkl the congress that fhl^Bord infantry took ift origin from the first force of 'Spanish foot soldiers havtit^Hseii commanded by the Spanish infanta, whereat alt the women looked interested and thought of Eulalia.
Paul du Chaillu then came forward—the man who has	studies
of geography all the way from Norway to central AfriB^^feiort, swart, little man with a bald l£|nand a neat white vest* He looked like a reduced copy of Bismarck. He said he would not talk about Africa but would tell of	of the
early VikiiSBN^Hin a funny foreign accent and In a way that	everybody
feel thaHu Chaillu must be a pretty	told of work in the i^|nds
of the BalmMwlHk are the graves of 250,000 Vikings, and said that from the examination of these mounds it ^^BviqHt that the Vikings had bffl^Haking voyages -before the Christian era and that tht^^^^HSflccl in England béfore the ti^B*of Christ. TheB^Rrecited m BttnBBe dPffflBBBHpf tjj Vikings* ships written by Tacitus,
All	seemed to pt^BBBBfl^IajBBWAndeRBMMfi last of the Vikings,
wlio sgtt in the back of tflfhall, but Capt. Victor Marta ConcaHpKc^Bt in the full uniform of a Spanish naval o flMBpBPfnBPBstrum, dHhot seem to be 'so sure about these Vikings.
After which Mr. <^BChjBBti returned to talk of explorasnfBS “Two hundred years ago,” he said, “nobody cared who dSciWOred America. That is a new fad. The Nc^Rmen were ahead of their time and their |Hyy is lrap^HP. It is only twenty-five years since I came back from AfrijBPwith my srory of the great forests, the cannibals and the dwarf!© Everybody said: ‘Cfh, what a liar Paulis.’ I was ah^Bl of my time, but they Bfelieve it now. I have Jfd exploKSBps Fair, this fairy land, yet. I just discovered it the odtfer day. I think it wilftpe my most gloriöufe exploration.**
And then Paul du ChaïllErTra.sped hiy"|Ut ^H0$departed. Following his paper Captain ConcaaKfpld Dpthe caravels of CBrambus,tw.vrfell Jsthe^Kproductions of them wmSh he commaaab. HéSfxhïbiteff many relics which he had brought from his three little shfflhT^
TMs Pafflffitfient of ReligioIrCommencd^ early in Scptdmbiffi, atlaygeed three weeks, amrfij attended by eminent Catholic?, Lutherans, ConÖ«HKohal^^HJni-tariaffiPPresbyterians, Hebrews^1 and Hindoósf ''['Preichèts thdfe^wé?c5wl^RpareÜl Blither JudaSft, Buddhisrnpr CKKstianityC’’* There were thcS^ who believed in heaven, hell, an(TVcstr^ecfjon, and a number who denied all thredWTFhere weiw Rme im.rmurings at timés, hi)d much squirming, too. TheirO1 wereIRirtling coin trasts, each < lay of thé PjCfliameQt^ and, on’Thé'whobMt may bg|tated that, of all the Congrcsic?T th^^arValmen (C 0 f Religions brought oi#Pj by far t^B greatest resources qffiÖ grandest spifeakers of Nothing like it haSwërbeSn known before and it may be safe to sa^tKarjhan^ years will roll by fiejfore there will be a repetition of this extraordinary “Parliament.”﻿HISTORY	VRAM'S FAIR.
595
CHICA&&S*Q WN DA YjMflMZTHE PAIR.
rT took pi adèrse Monday, CStobef 9, 1S93—just 22 year-- after Mrs. O'Leary's cow kittled	tkap set Om^EBn
tire and burned the greater part of it to the ground. No fairer day has ever been sréflrin anv Sand. The sun came up and against a perfectly Cjfl$ldle^ sky, ;ij^d the: evening was just as fair and beautiful.
FiftjMbtftlsand.	remained up all the night pre^
ceding, and viK at the gates at < lAvlight. At 8 a. m., 60,000 had at 9, 90,000 men-. At 10 a. m. 75,000 additional ■ying- tickets had beci^Baken, tfud	1 Srtnorer^BB
noon 350,000 paying people had ent&^H.'AÀC I p. m., 70,000 at 3, 6( 00c : at 4, 35,000, and at Sj'Booo; making a total MBI the lat^tfOtir djf660,000. This was swelled by 56,881 d^Big the evening, makifB the total paying admission-- 716,881 !—to which may he^d»:ei?^Qgftj^gg|Iini-''-BWB making the total
This exceeds anything of the kind^o^ftmin ancient or i^Bfern history, as no such multitude- has ever before congregated at one	plac< . (even a
hundred times larger than Jackson Park)* I he arnifes t$f old, fabulously wnn of, could not h^K been assembled in an no big^f tban^JcksorCj^rk, while those at Waterloo and Gettysbl^Boccupied more than three times as much space.
in'Sbfrne one has truly said, to speak of a “big crowd” is to/convey arv«jìe^>f extreme vagueness. For instance: The day President C^vdland $ftlt6ld the fair Louis in 1SS9 130,000 p^Ble paid to get within the inclosure and this was considered something phenc^^H in the Missouri City. Seventeen years ago the American wha of a great crowd was much in<H modest than now. Th(/''greatest attendance at the Centennial Exposition in one	was looked upon as
extraordinary. On the big day at the Paris Ex^^Mnn Mr. iB perscmSM^l^J through the gates. The average attendance Sunand week days 100,000. On the openings!ay the ^Bndance was 110,000, the last day, 370,000, the day the Shah of Persia vi^^^Bhe fair	the day Eaison^Bs the distin-
guished vigàidCf 254,000 persons passed the turnstiles.
tp an international	in drawing power may be pl^gd the Ox-
ford-Cambridge boat race, which once brought together a concourse estimated to niM^er 300,(pop».but this crowd, it must be remembered, wasscattered along more than three miles of river ffsppt and paid-Hthing for the privilege of witngMa«8|^B
38﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
50
event. There was absolutely no means of computing the crowd with any degree of accuracy.
That great British carnival which for 11 years has been held on the Wednesday following Trinity Sunday» drew to Epsom Downs 150,000 people May 31. Again this is a mere estimate» since the greater part of the crowd was in an open field and paid no admission. Perhaps the greatest horse race in point of attendance was the Melbourne cup race of July, 1892, at Melbourne, Australia, which was witnessed, it was estimated, by 225,000 persons.
A day for crowds which the London Times gravely avers “ broke the record ” was the bank holiday of 1S90, in which 230,000 holiday-makers were abroad. But these were widely scattered; in fact, the crowd could scarcely be spoken of in the singular number, for a division of 100,000 visited Kew Gardens, 60,000 passed the turnstiles of the Zoological Gardens, and 70,000 spread themselves over Hampstead Heath. One railway, the Great Eastern, handled 135,000 passengers, and the periodicals declare the railway employes were worn out with excitement and fatigue. Compare this with the work of the transportation lines leading to Jackson Park.
It is claimed that 500,000 persons have attended labor meetings in Hyde Park, London, but those familiar with the capacity of Hyde Park say the statement should be taken with several adult grains of salt.
To return to America, it was generally agreed that a vast crowd witnessed the last inauguration of President Cleveland. A liberal estimate placed the number at 275,000, On the occasion of the Grand Army Encampment in 1892 some 325,000 persons were congregated in the National Capital. Probably the largest crowd ever gathered there was when the grand review of the Union armies took place in 1865, when it was figured that 500,000 people were present.
It was estimated that the procession at the Washington Centennial celebration in Xew York April 30. 1SS9; was seen by 1,000,000 persons, but it must be borne in mind that not only were the spectators scattered along the entire six miles of the route, but that the estimate also includes the number, by no means inconsiderable, which viewed the parade from the windows of houses, so that it is hardly fair to include this occasion in a comparison of crowds. Newspaper estimates of the number of people who witnessed the naval review at New York April 28 placed the figure at 350,000. This was calculating that there were 200,000 people on the river banks and 150,000 aboard the various crafts on the river. The estimate as to the number of people on the excursion boats and yachts is substantially correct.
So far as Chicago is concerned, one of the largest crowds seen here previous to 1S93, was gathered in and near Lincoln Park, Oct 7, 1891, to witness the unveiling of the Grant Monument. That day it was estimated that 150,000 spectators saw the ceremonies, while 20,000 others took part in the parade.
A glance at the following will give in comprehensive form an idea of the comparative size of great gatherings in the past.﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
597
Greatest day at Paris Expjj#t!HR$i£.....................................................397,150
Greatest day at Centennial..............................................................257,590
Bank Holiday in London, 18jj0 (e#timated^E.............................................230,000
Cleveland day, St. LoilMI Fair, 1889...................................................130,000
Melbourne cup day, Melbourne, 1893 {estimated)».!......................................223,000
Shah of Persia day, Paris Exposition............................................i.u..*.^®l30,000
Closing day, Paris Exposition...........................................................370,000
Cleveland’s inauguration, 189jfM,timatei3)..,...........................................275,000
Grand Army Encampment, Washington. 1892si estimated )...................... ...........325.000
Review of Union armie^*Washington, 1865f(M|mated)......................................500,000
English Derby day, 1893, (wtimated).....................................................150,000
Oxford-Cambridge boat utt, 189B"(ÄP«sWd).................*......................000
Unveiling Grant monument, Chicago, 1891 (estin)atedf.r.s,.,.,;.........................170#®
Edison day at Paris Exposition..........................................................254,000
American Derby day, 1892..............................................................   41,000
Naval Review, New Yolk, April 28, 1893 (estMhaÎKd)......................................850,000
This three-quarters of a millioi^pf men, women and children moved at will throughout Jackson Park and its grand buildings, and up and down Midway Plais-ance, and no one was seriously hurt within the Exposition inclosures—and all were safely gotten out by midnight, and na hour or two later all had reached their abid-ing-plaees, so perfect were t h cornet h^ds* of transportation by th* various steam, elevated, electric and cable roads; BfsidflS thfegeneral sights of the White City, there were parades by military and other organizations during the day, and processions of boats and fire-works at night—the latterjgurpassing anything ever before attempted in the way of pyrotechnic effect.
One of the herculean tasks of Chicago Day was tA feed the multitude assembled in Jackson Park. Fully 300,000 people ate their midday meal inside, the grounds. One-third of this number wrent suppled with boxcjp gnd baskets containing sandwiches, pick Its, pie» cake, and otherarticles of food.jjenerally contained in a well supplied picnic repast. The rest fou ncl an abundance in restaurants and at lunch counters to alleviate their v'ants. Thousands mare ate at the neighboring hotels, cafes, and lunch counters outside the grounds before they purchased their tickets of admission.
One of the unique and most interesting features of the day was the sight presented in every part of the park, in the restaurants, and about the lunch counters from 11 a. m. to 3 p. m., w hen the multhude wras scrambling to get something to relieve the inner man. Those who took their luncheons with them, of course, enjoyed them w ithout any further effort than to seek out Some quiet spot where they coukl settle down, either on benches, chairs, ledges, or the greensward and quietly refresh themselves. All through the W ooded Island and among the State buildings, on the Stock Pavilion verandas and grassy lawns, and under clusters of shade trees could be seen thousands of men, women, and children enjoying themselves in genuine picnic style. It was the thousands who depended on getting something to eat at the various restaurants -in the World’s Fair grounds that had to enduryilong waits and take what they could get.
However, the restaurants were well prepared and they handled the crowd in﻿598
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
good^^^^H They had anticipating a multitude and with t^^HperiehceLflf former frig days to work upon had sufficient quantities of pr<^fcons in store ter acr commodate all.
that fed more people than all oH^^^I^Biiied had laid in aHynSn^had, meat, milk, coffee, pie, cakes, and	sufficient
to allay the wants of 300,000 persons. And Eb^Sre midniHuHLKo^^Knous had BRn reduced to an exceedingly small minimum. TMwBmpany had eight restaurants and forty	Operation. It	in the
m<BJing with 40,000 pounds of mjjafli! 12,000 loaves of t9j^Bs9gg|Kflm sand-wiciu--. 400.000 cups of coffee, 15,000 gallons of cream, and |MS3i3||||ffl||*l)y tnv wagon-loach It also had two carloads of potatOMWcM^^Q^|iflj^KiP^n.nd 3,600 do?en bottles of beer. It AlBSrpreparewlfg^iire 22,000 people at one time. H’hie number was duplicated askOiteh^nd as rapidwasrftey could be waited on, eat, and
At ther^^ftttirntS.iAElectricity, Horticultural, an^pl’l^roBp^^ppn buildings there were crowds constantly in fating large enough to keS^@E6|y5Ml continuously occupied frbm *.the t i m e t h e dbors were	of the
aft - Twdupn. At t lu(hch counters long strings of rpdn and women stood in lin« ready to take their places on the itoolsor at the tables as quickly as they could. The same condition of things prevailed1 another places. The	White
Horse Inn&fie O^diiornia, thfe French Bakery, the Philadelphia, the^jiHdish and Blish, the 1 hjSquet Hall, and New England Restaurants, the W{|ftan’s Building and the Pu 1 Ac Comfort cafes had all theyjcOuld accommodate	too.
Gre^fas ‘"str^Bhe Chicago crowd it miist be conceded that^ra^HBwd of strangers was as great, if not greater. Their attendance in such numbers was a graceful trrbute to theBw Chicago and the White City. Ii sKfin/Ld that the heart of tin m a )le h '^^Bntry. is with Chqpago ahd its. incomparable I i\] iosition. It demc^Brated that t hey appreciate what Chicago has done and	are proud
of	loP	Western metropolis. And Chicago has every reason tqjj
he .urateful to them. It was a day all concerned will remember with the fla-liest of pleasurr^^^^^^^BnmationHthe success of the Fair and
remarkable	during the y^B which have passed since the ever me^Hra^l
bldC^tFr 1 s 7x; ■’﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
599
RED-LETTER DAYS.
In the way of statistics of attendance, what are known as the “ Red-Letter )ays” are of much interest, the figures that follow representing paid admissions*
May 1 (Openiug (lay).............................................................. 128,965
May 30 (DecOMition day >...........................................................115,578
June S (Infanta day).,.............................................................135,281
June 15 (German day).............................................................  165,069
June 17 (Mqttwcluisctts day)................................. .....................148,994
July 4 (United States day)........................... .............................283,273
July 20 (Swedish day i.............................................................129,873
August 12 Bohemian day i...........................................................151,971
August 15 (R;yiih day).............................................................123^SS0
August IS i Austrian day ).........................................................123,428
August 19 (British day)............................................................168,861
August 24 (Illinois day).».........................................................245,951
August 26 i Machinery day),,.......................................................168,036
September 2 (Roman Catholic day i..................................................148,560
September 4 (Xew York day)........................... .............................160,382
September 6'(Wisconsin day)......................................................  175,409
September 7 i Pennsylvania and Brazil days)........................................203,460
September 8 i Cvmrodorion day).....................................................180,746
September 9(California, G A, R.J Utah, Stationary Fngiacers', and Transportation day)...231,522
September 11 (Kansas, Silver, and French Engineers’ day............................160,128
September 12 (Jlaryland and Kansas day)............................................ 167,108
September 13 (Michigan and Kansas day).............................................160,221
September 14 (Ohio a.twl Kansas day).i.............................................198,770
September 15 (Coita Rtcu, Vermont, Kansas and Kceley day)..........................157,737
Septem.bert.l6 (Texas, Railway, and)Xew (Mexicso day)...........................«...202,376
September 19 (Fishermen's day).....................................................174,905
September 20 (Iowa, Fishermen's, and Patriotic Sons ot America day)................180,552
September 21 (Iowa and Sportsmen'» day)............................................199,174
September 23 (KnjghLs ot Honor day)................................................21(^643
September 26 (Odd Fellows' day )...................................................195*210
September 27 (Indiana day .........................................................196,423
September 30 (Irish day)............................................’•.............108,885
October 5 (Rhode Island day).......................................................180,404
October 7 ( Polish day).........„..................................................222,176
October 9 Chicago day).............................................................716,881
October 10 (Xortli Dakota and Firemen’s day)....—..................................309,294
October 1 ^Connecticut day)........................................................309,2(7
October 12 1 Italian and Trainmen’s day  ..........................................218,878
October !3 (Minnesota and Trainmen's day  .........................................221,607
October21 (Manhattan dayi........................................................  290,317
October 24 (Martha Washington day).................................................243,178
October 25 Marine Transportation day)........................ .....................2.>2,018
October 27 (Coal, Grain, and Lumber Dealers’ tjay^,................................2o0,o83
October 28 (Reunion of Cits ' day .................................................240,732
October 30 iCtusing day)................Ms.........................................208,173﻿
1111

CARTER H. HARRISON,
World’s Fair Mayor,
Assassinated October 28th, 1893.﻿HISarORA^MTHE WORLD'S BUR.
bo I
CHAPTER
END OF THE EXPOSITION.
tjaiBrthe Great Fair Impressive Termination t i the Most Magnificent Creation of Any Age^jtvfgg ThJoqfc rrO^—Thc Tti1lffiglla^dfr0^fehs"Pla*/p|yre 1«^
Great Search LignEsHfaze Uin fee Close^cfeara*$%'itches Turn Qp	Thousands
«W'Arttstnd Incandescents Forever—The Teirihle Death ('WtartlMj.^acrl sS^Khc WoiBB Fair Mayor, by 1 the Bullet of an j^ESSaMin, Precludes the Possibility	Out a Program of
Oratory, Music and Pyrotechnics—The May >r's Day—Mayor Harrison’s Last Speech-—His Last Signature was at the Tiffany Pavilion—Symposium of	in the Woman'.'
Building—Lady Myljwjr Kiss and 6tjr Good Bye—Destruction of the Exposition Commences onAVop<Jed Island—Some 1'erest ing Facts and Figures—Paid Aamissions Reach Nearly 22,000,-jjjyyot-^MyRxJfrayt AM Its Bills and Ha? Nearly	in Bank.
si
HE official closing of the great Expqg^fti tmik place on L Monday, October 30, 1S93, and the most ma.eiriirent eveatof any time ceased to exist. TEhe a&tld evening were radiant and b^^^^Handt^^Y^K City was asjjir to look u^^Hs ever, except that severe frosts during pi *-'.■(•<ling me,!its had dealt unkindly with the dahlias and canr^B and some other j^Blfs, and	of their f<'huge and blo^-om had been
extinguished ^|evcr. T he Wooded Island, which has been many raII^BtS.OCshrub^^M llowers, had not its most inimitesimal charm and sweetnes s but the hand, of destruction Tiad been raised aBBrat it by Columbian workmen on the 26th of the closing month, itself sadly upon one that it	of mighty s
that already overwhelms Jackson Pajrk. Yes; it on th^ ^^^^■ndly|)st peace-ful spot in the Exposition that the first shadow of dr^^Hdl. A little group of the WH1 Island eatly in the afternoon,	d ham-
mers, saws and baskets.	was to
have made fhe long festival so bright and attractive.	>out 1 heir work
lisHfely,-^H h , i lf it grieved t iiem to mar the beautiful picture they had helped p > make, hit tie grt^^^Bf p^n)le gat here« 1 dong the paths to watch the 1 11	who
rioBHed the workmen ahd thought of the	fascinated.
They stood for sev^Bd minutes watching them ai^^Hd& many comments. “ToB bad, tSfo odd.BBid one man, and the peopla around
T he workmen began with the band	in	the Wooded faBIl.
First they removed the long strings of glass lamps	used in the night
decoration of the gro^^^BHundreds of the lam[:^w£re<reiT^^^B fromtJjif ^™!bi﻿602
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
framework and wires, the water and burned tapers being thrown out, and the pretty bits of glass packed in boxes and baskets. Then a few plankswere knocked away from the band-stand, some of the faded, tattered flags were torn down, and the great work of destruction had begun. It was a fitting day for the beginning of the end. The sun was hidden all day. The dawn came amid rain and fog that shed their chill over the whole throng. The clouds hung lowtlthe wind was cold, and the air full of dreariness of approaching winter. The removal of the faded decorations and the e mpty lamps was even more impressive than if some massive pillar or statue had been the first to suffer. It dispelled all the happy illusions that have made the place so pleasant and left only the somber and unclad grandeur of heroic architecture in which, under the cloudy autumn sky, there was nothing bright nor cheerful.
On the cSth there took place in the Woman's Building the last meeting of the World's Fair ladies and others who have been identified with woman’s work.
The women who in the past have made the plaint that they have not been allowed to talk can, in justice, do so no longer, as this day wasgiven over to them. In the assembly-room of the Woman’s Building every known organization of woman was represented, and through its representatives spoke of its aim and work.
Long before n o’clock the assembly-room wasj crowded and people were standing on the seats to catch a glimpse of Mrs. Potter Palmer and the Board of Lad)’ Managers and around them the representative women from every State in the Union and every country on the globe all gathered on the platform. A solemn organ prelude by Miss Henry preceded the opening prayer, made by Mrs. Adams.
;Mrs. Palmer made an impromptu opening address, in which she stated the object of the meeting and gracefully welcomed the organizations. She referred to the work of th< Board of Lady Managers at the P air in the interest of women and women's work. The different organizations, she said, set the pace, but if the board had not been represented in the different societies much lesswould have been done.
Through this board efficient government representation was secured from foreign governments. Mrs. Palmer concluded by expressing her pleasure in welcoming the different organizations. -
Miss Susan B. Anthony followed as the representative of the Woman’s National Suffrage association, which she characterized as the center around which all the others are floating. She related the trials of the, last forty-five years, since a small band of women first demanded the right of suffrage. The woman suffragists have been reviled and despised, she said, but the association’s exhibit has done much good, and in a few years all women willmarchinto its headquarters for shelter.
The Woman’s Christian Temperance union was represented by Mrs J. E. Nichols and Mme. Demorest, of New York, who briefly outlined the work of the organization which has "belted the earth with its white ribbon and done its work not alone in the cause of temperance, but social purity.”
Mrs. Laura de Force Gordon, one of the brightest lawyers on the Pacific coast, read a paper written by Clara B. Colby relative to the women’s tribune. The*﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
603
speakers immediately following her were Mrs. Leander Stone, of the International Board of Women and Young Woman’s Christian association; Miss Blaney, of the Ladies’ Catholic Benevolent association, and Mrs. John B. Fowler, Jr., representing the Young Woman’s Christian association. For the general federation of women’s clubs, Mrs*. Linden Bates sooke, showing the ideals of women's clubs in literature and art.
“Man," she said, “in leaving to woman the control of the heart, left to her the destiny of the nations; for so long as woman rules the homes she rules the world. The federation of clubs, recognizing this, has drawn its membership from the home. Of the American home, its beauty and its love, we would make the federation a symbol."
Dr. Sarah llackett Stevenson spoke for the Woman’s club of Chicago, telling of its hospitality during the past summer and mentioning with pride the numerous visitors who have pulled the latch-string al way* hanging out. Of one visitor, “beautiful Lucy Stone,” she spoke with love as well as pride.
To the Fortnightly club was left the pleasant task of paying to Mrs. Palmer eulogy greater than any woman ever received before- It was in thè form of a resolution signed by ^officers of the club and read by Dr. [uHa Holmes Smith. Mrs. Palmer responded briefly.
Mrs. Mary Lowe Dickinson, representing the King’s Daughters, wished for more time, longing with infinite longing for the happy land wherein a day is as a thousand years and wherÈ minutcSallowed for women’s speeches will be twenty-seven years. Though her time fell far short of that limit, Mrs. Dickinson managed to give a fine resume of the work of her order.
Mrs. Becker spoke in behalf of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Miss Dennis, of New York, outlined the work of the W omen’s Industrial and Educational Union. The Grand Army of the Republic Women's Relief Corps was represented by Mrs. Prank L. Hubbard.
The National Council of Women, through Mrs. May Wright Sewall made itself gloriously bearti as becafltfe] an organization Compostiti of over a million women. The present important work of the'council was outlined as being an effort to get through Congress two bills, one to insure to women workers for Uncle Sam equal pay, anti the other to secure in all States uniform marriage and divorce laws.
The Woman’s Press clubs were represented by Mrs. Laura tie Force Gordon anti Miss Mary 11. Krout. Both ladies made speeches to the point, Miss Krout in particular taking up the gauntlet for the sisterja, who have borne the burden through the heat of the day, and to whom no reward has come. Other speakers were :
Mrs. Lucy Rider Meyer, of the Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the M. É. Church; Mrs. L,'Dickinson of the South bind Flower Missions; Miss Cole, the Girl’s friendly society; Mrs. II. M. Ingram, Non-Partisan Wk C. T. U.; Loraine ]. Pitkin, Eastern Star; Mrs. Isabella-King Lake, W omen’s W’ork; Mrs.﻿004
HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
E. W. Adams, Philanthropic Organizations of Oregon; Mrs. Mary Newbury Adams, Emma Willard Association; Miss Cobb, Shut-in Society; Miss Katherine Hodges, Protective American Society of Authors; Mrs. Eugene Bank, Keeley Rescue Cure; Mrs. Francis Ten Eycke, Folklore; Miss Frantz, Loyal Women of America; Mrs. H. M. Wilmarth, Mrs. Mary C. Reynolds, Ethel Baker and Mrs. Sallie M. Moses.
Mrs. Palmer closed the meeting with some words of farewell, half pathetic, half humorous. After the meeting Paul du Chaillu delivered a lecture on women in foreign lands.
Theclosingceremonyjof the day wasagrand public reception given in the Court of Honor, beautifully decorated for the occasion with dags of all nations. Then Mrs. Palmer, assisted by the board, received the thousands who docked within the doors to catch a farewell glance of her. Later a recital was given by Miss Adelaide Detchno, assisted by Mr.W. C. E. Seeboeck, Mr. Karleton Ilackett, and Miss Marscliall,
There occurred on the 28th a remarkable gathering of the mayors of many cities, whose presence made the grounds as sunshiny as the prettiest day in June. They came from all points of the compass, and represented nearly all the States of the Union.
There also occurred on the 2Sth a tragedy so unexpected and so dreadful as not only to fatally mar much of the pleasure and the glory of that day, and the closing one, but to shock the world-®for Hon. Carter Henry Harrison, the Chief Magistrate of the City of Chicago, a short time after he had addressed his colleagues from all pier the United States, was shot three times in his own house by an assassin named Eugene Patrick Prendergast, and died in twenty minutes.
In welcoming the visiting mayors Mr. Harrison made his last public speech in Music Hall, at Jackson Park, as follows. He was in the best of humor, and after rising, stood dramatically for a moment anti bowed to the audience, which greeted him tumultuously. Then he smiled and, being formally introduced by Aid. Madden, began to speak. His voice was strong and resonant, his delivery brilliant, anti his manner enthusiastic, at times witty. He gloried in the Columbian Exposition. He praised the greatness of Chicago and made the following prophecy regarding himself:
"1, myself, have taken a new lease of life and I believe I shall see the day when Chicago will be the biggest city in America, and the third city on the face of the globe.” Then he said:
Mayors of the Various Cities Who are our Guests, anti You, Officials of Chicago, anti of Other Cities: It is my pleasing duty to welcome you to Chicago to witness the dying scene of this magnificent Exposition. It is a little chilly in weather, but the sun is coming out, and you have a warm beat from the heart of our people. Thus it is that at the dying scene, while these beauties are passing away, this World's Pair is showing itself in its most majestic proportions, as the moment approaches for it to pass away forever. Mr. Madden has said to you words of praise of the﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR.
605
efforts of our si^^^^^^Hin helping to make this uuljit I success. All visited the World’s Fair are glad of the opportunity they haBhad to j^Sl^uch a scene of grandeBE	deeply |j>jt^^^^\merican who has lost tL oppor-
tunity of coming hfijjffijjfl
I haveyMMtime^^^BwtiEtl would do if I wore President of Bl^nitetJSlites. If $,,$v£re to-day Grover ClKraiid I would send a message to DBjlgresf would say in that lTQ^Hfcfee that ne World's (Smg&ttjin Exposition has flKi. a success, aye, beyond th(F|&pfiBySLof »By man living. I£iu§ fitting for us to celebrate tSe giaxItQ^tjflMLdjljHhjS'orkEthe discovery of two^■itinents. Six mnn^Bjj&st been altogether	greatest of all world’s faiK& The Presi-
(lent should say that it has beaten itself, ami the American people should Isyi-day make amppropriara)u through its Congress to preserve these* buildings until next year nnR-itwry;fy hTm)^ vtdrfij -tO^jcome hejnaJ At the end of this week wefiKwl have had EgBnp^Oap admissions to fhTj ffu	1 *4(1 doubt many	have l^Kr
duplicated many tint»helfc have probably b(|E£j|2dj^aS|^USr 12,000,000 of these groujfcSs. We have	L11 in-d States 65,000,000, aye,
ne^f^a^cfcA^^lu-aBH.i np*	Tt^e J^rtYUfcffaa^n^ild declare that another year be
gi-Vesi us th. 1: all Americans could ha\tfiian opportunity to come here* The Expel sition, tin directory, has not th)E^tfl^jiBylat|Continue it. It is a national enterprise and the Nation should 1 >h**.	and let us haKil^^^HH fojr another
year, and next year we would have an averagdau||iidaaB|Epf 250,000 a day.
This World’s Fjjur has hgWfMfejK^Mtest	the nineteen^ ec&tory,
the greatest century has seen. It] has been the greyest educator the world ha®: ever known. Come (p^itjnul wok upon these grounds, upon this beautiful White "City. The past has nothing for imod<& ^JMJfcfutu re wall be utterly incapable of comp< 1 ing with it, aye, for hundreds of years to come. ThaMHMat Whit^lity has sprung from the morass. Only two	this was the home pf the muskrat.
Two years ago this thousand acres, wbtfiBYspow covered by these palaces, lay but a little above Welder and illuch L -neath it. Lo, ,k at it now! These	this,
hall, thiaJB^e^ai of poets of centuries is the wild aspiration of crazy architects alone.
■ Nonfflbjit a crazy architect could qay^y^pf>yrij[I that this;j^neBjlMbMreated. In 1 \mtvearS)i; hu-, sprung up from the morass and h;ts‘riq^n. all that f on see here, CrysAdizod in stalf, looking like marble. It has been 1 nyseen all the,GV|des of the world,.or nearly 411> It has been n^ygopd lortune to haN^^^Brf among U^jt^une of the gM^fctties of the Old World. I have stood upon the seven • bills ol Rome; from Cjiwoline 1 have looked oveEand tried to reaffiole <!■ Rome, t.liave been in Athens. Around me we&,!,oins- I had caougfa	to ft
habilitate them. l^Ares^pod amqiig the ruins of all the old cities, but no imagin-ation could recall any of those ruins and J^ke them compare with this White City.
to mt, sterday in walking around (Jiese. grounds: “ Who collide conceived (|ms? What	brought it forth ? What genius mjuBHfad the idea of
th^be magniheent buildings and their groupings?” I said to-him: “ There is an old adage:	hools enter where angels dare not tread.’ Our peQplejfc™|^»ril(h;crazy, if﻿6o6
HISTOR* Or THE WORLD’S FAIR.
They conceived all that the madness of genius could conceive. There been great men who have said that genius was	is tnfpau-
dacity, and the audacity of thowiid and woolly West ’ &iid of Chicago has chosen a star and has look^| upward to ^Bmd knows nothing that it will |Ht attempt, and: ■is far has found nothing, that it cannot accomplish. It was the audacity of getiius, that imagined this thing. It ^va^He pluck of the people congregrated from an the cities of this Union, from all the n&ttottalifl^Rqf the worlt^^^^^Kg all ituiguagBB drawing their insn^^^^|fromMpoo miles of territory frWHByst to west, from yo^^^^M^BHon the north to the gulf on	v< never
yet ft^Bd failure.'
When the fig|BHBBSBWH| our city and laid it in[HHHHi twenty-tour Ik airs, then the worlHsM: “ Chicago and its boasting is no^^BHie forever.” lint Chicago said: “We will rebuilqHne city better th»nR^^BR|B§^Qnffln8)SHas done it.^B'ffi: World's Fair is a mighty object lesson, but, my iriends, come out of this White City, come out oHHHe walls into our black cffB When we get thBfc we will find that there is an object lessiB(bven greateJIHragPRe WorlfftpPftnr itself. Ther^^H cit^Bhat was a mgj when I came pHPB^2MNS^Stt$3|M|66l9ioW9H-half years ago. It was a villa JM)BRHfew himtBHPwhMl had attained the age of	1837.
What is it now? The second city in America! AndFMfti i>eople of the East look well to SB Ww-Blj 'pOTp M^§JWS|lroy the •Oraffi* day: ‘fgj>ok well to yow laurels.” FoiMHSHnsn is now born, and I myself qpgi^rttaken a new lease of life, and I brH[veBp|li;ill see fl|& ddy^whsff Chicago nolL*1^t:h<§ w«est. ci^Bn America, and the third city on the ia17&(§a!™lfiiard Tom Cor\^B te^B story of a man who wa> on the^frolfesMRiifi 1. dVht ncaft" the ^SK^mMMCfflj^^Harylan^j They asBPti hint his age. Hetaad he if&s
“Why,«aid MiTCorwin, ‘*y<|>u lodl^Bo.”
“ Well,” the witness answered, “ during fod!fjt6i^^w6SnPX)f my life I lived 'M Maryland, and I d< jjl count that.”
I don t count the pasi from tlffe year 1S92, the four hundredth anniversary o* the-discovery of America. 1 intend'to 1 i\_e for more!tKah',lhalf angg^feBMj^Bid at thj end of that 'naif w :itnr\- London will be trembling lest Chicago shall surpass it, and New York will	it go to the m e t roftol isof A m e r■ IWBF but a little
while wlnuf^WHKCb > yet on a magnificent steamer at Ch?A§^9^|fS|f and go to a suburb, New Orleans, the Crescent Cityof theglobe. Mfv M&ybf^of Omaha, we will taSSSfjou in suburt>. We are not narrow^mifidfed. OtirlKyOTS is as as thMlrairii # that surround tiS:
Hut waf^fi-o here, g< fftlemenf-to receive the ifttf^Brs (t^W :theWffic|Hs of our' AtJ^Kti&n cities. The .day is ^^^BtiouS. I hope Congress will see this and contihiS^Bn Columbian Exposition for another year. 'PKe‘p£0&j!MH the world 0|l not know wlfet^B had' here.^Bdme envious newspapers have misrepresented Phila.delphia has nhva.ys^^H kind to us. I recollect the maiden speech I made injlCo'fl&resfe'i ICwas for the Centennial appropriate ‘cf! Phikfffllphia. We 1 'ernocra ? - were always for the appropriation, and I, as a Cfi^^HtifwaHor Phila-﻿hi|$Bry of the worlds fair.
■
delphia and the appropfiâtéïÿh. If, however, Congress should fail in its duty, then what is our position ? TheHrth of the World’s Columbian Exposition was a marvelous one. Its building	But in a few days something more
mg up. Thc|M buildgfisEBe filled with marDfl^^f^^R. Look at this hall. There are but few in R^Bvide world that equal it. The New York building has a hall that shcj^jOyj^HnBBtliflKd	Brazil
has a building—om- that we would not think could	American
genius. Japan, Sweden, Germany, England, Siam, and fuaH ings which are marvels oi	but in a few days they will 1 >e gone forever.
It almost sickens me when I look at tfifijneat Exposition to think that it will ■ allOWgg1 10 crumble into dust. Im^ ftra^nys 3Hi building wrecker will take hqhl of it and it wiii lie torn down, and all of this wondÉÆ^QnHB' will be^^^Kf&CL to the winds of heaven. 3Jtr. 1Bu JATbfctXi, the architect and «Hier of Mr. Root, kvho is really the designer of this thinjj ijfcfrr Root is dead, gone fc^Kver j but it is a pleasing thought that probably at the yonder gndsKjjfe may loolBRown and see what h^s 1 jéen^nCHMf. jfcinu s$ fee with a feeling of great pleas!» and great PrjR when he what lie has designed, fMV, BurnR^H|e^HjfcKt)ther day:
has .togo, so let i' go. Let us put the torch to it and burn It
down.”
I Ila9|^e with him. If wg®6iÈnnQt preserve it for another year I would b^Bi favor of pifttifig a torch to it and 1 mnninySt down	the brillat
sky tlW^'naHea'kc^; *
But 1 am del a i ning yoiaTdOdpng. I did not expect to make a sped ii of any Hh. But when I speak I neva i* snow what I ^^■vll say. TlnBmfe an inspira^«! at this place and I could go on talking from now until oflnM: ; : 1 1 about the glories of the h air. We welcome you here aM tell you	We Chicagoans have
plat nMBBSaM^ieso bui Idi affile hicaffin has vSjyMMMBÉBBjem. It will gt^wything back, but you won’t laid a Chicagoan that has come here that regrets the expenditure of that $5,000,000. The man that says Chicago has waHcf money is a lunatic*. It has not been wasted. This Fair neRSrW^avwl hiRfifry to record it. Its beavety has gone forth among the people, the men, the women, aye, the child has forked upon it i ti BlptihrjEtinTf all	il^^y^TTÎMr^yrTiiwWMn^H
No	Ofider^Bt^itti-jfflSIlAmerican people, with tjH| greatest of
pluck, \|H&itlkO^plu^H born under ■	., WStripes, made
thHfift^g possible—possible to a free people. Itjfean educator of the world. 'Flu world will be wiser for it. No King can ever ruL the American heart. We hav>-the Monroe doctrine. AmtifjHe^teQds an invitation g^h(|iQ|2Éfi the world, and Avili wave fróttï now on to Ifoyffljy. That is one of the
we have 1 ,fcy ftirL -
But I must stoj). If I go on another m<SfljBçg I will get on Rome new i^n. I thank you all for,coming£to ns, .1 welcome ^ou all l^pgeMn the name of I ^^Mfne yefl* to see tiûs dying effort of Chicago—Chicffl» that n e﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
608
ceive what it wouldn't attempt, and yet has found nothing that it could not achieve. I thank you all.”
Carter Henry Harrison had been in active political life for twenty-three years, and was one of the most widely known public characters in the country. Mr. Harrison was born in Fayette County, Ky., I*'eb. 25, 1825. Richard A. Harrison, Cromwell’s Lieutenant-General, who led Charles I. to the block, is his earliest ancestor of whom a record is preserved in the family archives. The name was conspicuous in Virginia during the colonial period, and Carter H. Harrison, his greatgrandfather, and his brother, Benjamin Harrison, the signer of the Declaration of Independence and father of President William Henry Harrison, are enrolled in the annals of the infancy of the United States of America. Early intermarriages linked the Harrison family with the Randolphs, Cabells and Carters—three' prominent Virginia families. Through the former Thomas Jefferson and John Randolph were near of kin; through the latter, the Reeves of Virginia and the Breckinridges of Kentucky. Robert Carter Harrison, grandfather of the dead Mayor, located in Kentucky in 1812. His father and grandfather were graduates of William and Mary College, and he himself a graduate of Yale.
The social duties of the Mayor in connection with the World’s Fair during the entire summer had been many and exacting, but through them all Mr. Harrison carried himself with a dignity and frankness of spirit and action which won him the respect of Chicago’s guests from abroad and the approval of her citizens. One of the first of these was the reception of and entertainment for some days of the Duke of Yeragua and his suite. At public functions as well as in the privacy of his own beautiful home on Ashland boulevard Mayor Harrison did his share to make the visit of the descendant of Columbus at the World’s Fair a pleasant one.
On another notable occasion the Mayor also did the honors as the head of a great city in a way which left no cause for complaint. This was on the occasion of the reception and entertainment of the Spanish Infanta. • Mayor Harrison's gallantry was given full expression on all of the public and private functions at which he appeared as thfl representative of the city which was entertaining the Princess.
In connection with the receptions of prominent people and special days at the World’s P’air, Mayor Harrison was called upon to make some forty speeches, and was always in the best of humor, and his speeches were uniformly well received.
Monday, October 30, 1993, the official closing day of the Exposition, notwithstanding the dreadful tragedy and the announcement that much of the program, including all music, oratory and pyrotechnical displays, would be abandoned out of respect to the deceased Mayor, there were 208,173 paying people on the grounds who saw the great Fair come to an official close. These saw the flags hauled down and they also beheld the fountains play for the last time and the monster search lights go out forever.
The following shows the total admissions, paid admissions and best days of paid admissions at the Centennial. Paris of 1889, and Columbian Exposition:﻿HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
609
1876—Total admissions, Philadelphia........................................... 9,610,666
1889—Total admissions, Paris..................................................28,149,353
1893—Total admissions, Chicago............................................;...27,529,4(H)
Best month of paid admissions, Philadelphia.... .............................. 2,33,4,530
Best month <i£paid admissions, PariSfii^....................................... 5,246,704
Best month of paid admissions, Chisago......................................... 6,816,435
Best day of paid admiggions, Philadelphia........................................ 274,919
Best day of paid admissions, Paris...^	397,non
Best day« paid admissions, CSfcwhigo.......................................... 716,881
By thé error i)f a Congressional engrossing clerk the Exposition was robbed of one day of official existence, as the act of Congress cutBhort its life at midnight, Oct. 30, i$93- Had the official period extended until Nerv, i, and had an^verwheltn-ing sorrow not caused the canceling of the elaborate program pffp$red for Columbus day, the Chicago Exposition would hapfe been a feeord-bftj|ker in aggregate attendant,as it had been in everything else. With a $Q*cent admission fee for adults at the Chicago Exposition, as against a franc at the Paris Exposition, Chicago falls less than a million behind in total, attendance. Thé record at the Centennial at Philadelphia is totally eclipsed.
On the opening day of the Exposition, May i, there was a paid attendance of 128,965. The paid attendance did not again approach thé 1,00,000 in ark until May 36,' when it rig&qhed 115,578. By months there were two days in May, eight days in June, eight days in July, twenty-one days in August, tWetttyBix days in September, and tv\IÖnty-seven days in October wheiKpaid admissions nunibertsd over ipc^OOO. The 2O0j0^óUimit was reached for the first time July 4. and was again scored once in August, four times in September, and eighteen tilings in October. The paid admissions exceeded 300,000 on four days only, Chicago day, Monday, Oct. 9; Tuesday, Oct. 10; Wednesday, Oct. ti; and Thursday, Oct. 19. The greatest week in Exposition history appears as tollows:
Paid attendance.
Sunday, Oct. 8................................................. 88,050
Monday, Oct. 9.................................................716,88)
Tuesday, Oct. 10..............................................3J19.294
Wednesday. Oct. 11.............................................309.277
Thursday, Oct. 12..............................................275,217
Friday, Oct. 13................................................216,343
Saturday, Oct. 14..............................................200,891
Total......................................................2,114,953
In contrast with the above appears the best week of attendance at the Centennial Exposition, the week ending Saturday, Sept. 30, when 679,498 paid admissions were recorded. At the Centennial Exposition seven Saturdays were 9Ct apart on which the price of admission was reduced from 50 to 25- dents. At the World’s Columbian Exposition the only cut rate was for the week ending Saturday, Oct. 21, when Chicago public school children were given a holiday week and the price of admission for all children under 18 years old wa$ reduced to 10 cents. The average children’s attendance had, immediately before, not averaged over S,ooo to 10,000 a day, but for children’s week they attained to the following proportions:﻿6io
HISTORY OF THE WORLD’S FAIR.
Sundaj', Oct. 15................................................. 5,622
Monday, Oct. 16..................................................39,260
Tuesday, Oct. 17.................................................48,869
Wednesday, Oct. IS.............................................  57,357
Thursday, Oct. 19................................................65,199
Friday, Oct. 20................................................. 50,972
Saturday, Oct. 21................................................48,787
With the exception of the paid admissions above noted, which are to be counted at 10 cents each, all other adult admissions were at the rate of 50 cents each, and all children’s admissions at the rate of 25 cents each.
The Exposition paid admission gates since May 1 were closed four Sundays anti open twenty-two Sundays and 157 week days. The smallest Sunday paid attendance was Aug. 6, 16,181, and the largest Sunday Oct. 29, 153,238. The total Sunday paid attendance was 1,216,861, an average of 55,312. The average paid attendance for 157 week days was 127,712. It is a curious coincidence that on May 17 and iS there was a difference of only two adults in the number of tickets sold.
It is almost impossible to make comparisons with the Paris Exposition on anything like an equitable basis, for the reason that at Paris the prices of admission varied with the days of the week and other conditions. On Sundays and evenings an extra ticket of admission was required. By buying a quantity of tickets or investing in a lottery scheme, ticketsof admission could be secured for as little as 10 cents in United States money. The highest price of admission was one franc. A comparative statement by months is as follows:
Chicago.	* Paris.
May.............................................1,531,984	2,610,813
June............................................3,577,834	4,338,869
July........................................... 3,977,502	4,544,196
August..........................................4,687,708	4,977,092
September.......................................5,808,942	5,246,705
October.........................................7,945,430	4,S20,869
November................................................. 1,610,810
*The Paris Exposition opened May 10, and continued until Nov. 10. The figures given are scheduled in the report as visitors, whether paid or total is not known.
An interesting feature is the table of all passes, which is as follows, from and including May i, to and including October 30:
Complimentary cards.........
Full-term photographic passes Monthly “
Special press	“
Workingmen’s	“
Trip
Return (cheeks)
Musical Bureau	“
244,988 1.950,885 1,679,931 66,060 347,811 7,06S 1,703,44S 59,189
Total
6,059,380
Thus endeth the most brilliant anti joyous educational entertainment of any age—and the glory and magnificence of the “White City” has passed away.﻿
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