PB85-232650 The Basics of Searching MEDLIN E A Guide'for the Health Professional MEDLARS MANAGEMENT SECTION BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES DIVISION LIBRARY OPERATIONS NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE BETHESDA, MARYLAND JULY 1985‘ ©All or portions of this publication are protected against copying or other reproduction outside of the United States in accordance with the provisions of Article II of the Universal Copyright Convention. THE BASICS OF SEARCHING MEDLINE: A GUIDE FOR THE HEALTH PROFESSIONAL NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Bethesda, MaryIand JULY 1985 \;7é;;)§;2;;,_4 (:7K:}(;u Li? FNBQQ HEALTH . I Fg-OLR'; MUMEN‘I'AflON 1. REPORT NO. 2. 8. Reclplent‘e Acceeelon No. PAGE NLM-MED-85-05 PB85-232650 4. Title end Subtitle 5. Report Dete THE BASICS OF SEARCHING MEDLINE: A GUIDE FOR THE July l985 (prep. date) HEALTH PROFESSIONAL & ' : 7. Anthem) I. Performlng Omenlzetlon Rent. No. NLM staff 9. Performln‘ Omnlzeflon Neme end Addreee Io. Prolect/‘I’eek/Work Unit No. MEDLARS MANAGEMENT SECTION NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE 11.0mnndunorennKG)Nm 8600 ROCKVILLE PIKE (c, ‘ BETHESDA, MD 20894 (m 1:. Sponsor!“ Omenlutlon Meme end Mdreee 13. Type of Report a. Period Covered Same as #9 14. 15. Supplementary Notes IO. Abe‘rect (Limit: 200 worth) This Guide is designed to acquaint the health professional with the basic concepts and skills involved in using MEDLARS to retrieve information from its primary § database, MEDLINE. It may be used in a formal training course or as a self-paced‘ learning tool. After carefully reading the Guide and practicing searches on the special training database, INTROMED, the health professional will have enough knowledge to perform “author" searches as well as simple subject searches in MEDLINE. For more complicated searches, the health professional may wish to consult an experienced librarian or search analyst. 11. Document Anelyele e. Deecrlpton Information Retrieval b. Identlflere/Open-Ended Terms MEDLINE c. COSATI Field] Group II. Avelleblllty Stetemen‘. 19. Security Close (This Report) 21. No. of Peale Release unlimited UNCLASSIFIED 20. Securlty Glee; (This Pele) 22. Price UNCLASSIFIED (3" ANSI-139.18) See Inetrucflone on Rover-e OPTIONAL FORM 72 (4-77) (Formerly NTlS—3 ) Department of Commerce II. III. IV. TABLE OF CONTENTS 2&7 ‘3 .5 PREFACE is i M 37/ INTRODUCTION 3‘} M A. What is MEDLARS? ”is l. B. What is MEDLINE? ,& 1 c. when is MEDLINE Available? .321,ij 3 D. How Much Does it Cost to Search MEDLINE? , 3 E. How do I Apply for Access to MEDLINE? 3 F. How do I Search MEDLINE Online? 4 6. Why Search MEDLINE? Why not Use Index Medicus or Other Printed Indexes? 5 H. What Limitations do MEDLINE Searches Have? 7 I. Related Databases 8 TELECOMMUNICATIONS: CONNECTING TO THE COMPUTER A. Terminal Operating Features Compatible with NLM's Computer 11 B. TELENET Login Procedure 12 TELENET Terminal Identifier List 13 C. TYMNET Login Procedure 14 TYMNET Terminal Identifier List 15 D. UNINET Login Procedure 16 E. Direct Dial Login Procedure 17 BEFORE YOU LOG IN A. Format of Guide Examples 18 B. Messages from the Computer 18 1. No Postings Message 18 2. None Message 19 3. Time Overflow Message 19 4. Continue Printing Message 20 C. Correction of Errors in Typing 21 D. Changing Databases 22 E. Creating More Workspace 22 F. Disconnecting from NLM's Computer 22 G. Sample MEDLINE Unit Record 23-24 SEARCHING BY AUTHORS' NAMES A. Search Format 25 B. Sample Author Searches 26-27 C. NEIGHBORing Authors' Names: The NEIGHBOR Command 28 D. Truncating Authors' Names 30 1. Avoiding the Multi—Meaning (MM) Message 31 E. To View Citations Online: The PRINT Command 32 F. Combining Authors' Names 34 I. Boolean Operator AND 34 2. Boolean Operator OR 34 G. Authors' Names Exercises 35-38 SEARCHING BY SUBJECT A. MeSH Headings 39 1. Medical Subject Headings, Annotated Alphabetic List 39 a. Searching with MeSH Headings 41' b. NEIGHBORing MeSH Headings 42 c. Limiting Retrieval to the Main Point of the Article 42 d. Specificity of MeSH Headings 43 A. MeSH Headings (cont.) 2. Medical Subject Headings, Tree Structures 43 a. To See the Tree Structure Online: The TREE Command 45 1) Multi-Meaning (MM) Message When Using the TREE Command 46 b. To Increase or Expand Retrieval: The EXPLODE Command 48 1) Multi-Meaning (MM) Message When Using the EXPLODE Command 49 2) Avoiding the Multi-Meaning (MM) Message When EXPLODing 50 c. Pre-Explosions 51 Available Pre-Explosions, 1985 53 3. Permuted MeSH 54 4. Subheadings Used with MeSH Headings 56 Using Multiple Subheadings 56 1) Subheadings Attached Separately 56 2) Using the SUBS APPLY Command 57 b Alphabetical List of Subheadings 58-59 c Subheading Groupings 60-61 d. Subheadings with EXPLODEd Headings 62 5. Combining MeSH Headings 63, a Boolean Operator AND 63 b Boolean Operator OR 65 c Boolean Operator AND NOT 67 d. Continuing Input of a Search 67 e. Combining MeSH Headings Exercise 68—73‘ 6. Use of MeSH Publications in Designing a Search Strategy 741 7. MeSH Summary 75‘ 8. Selecting and Combining MeSH Headings Exercise 76-82 B. Text Words 1. Search Format 83 2. Qualification 84 a. Pre-Qualification 84 b. Post-Qualification 85 3. How Text Word Searching Differs from MeSH Heading Searching 85 4. When to Consider Using Text Words in Your Search 86‘ 5. Terms Not to Search as Text Words 89 a. Free-Standing Numbers 89) b: Stopwords 89 Stopword List 90 6. NEIGHBORing Text Words 91‘ 7. Truncation 98 a. Avoiding the Multi-Meaning (MM) Message When Truncating 93 b. Judicious Use of Truncation ' 93-9 8. Text Word Summary 9 9. Text Word Searching Exercises 97-103 LIMITING YOUR SEARCHES A. Specific Languages 10 B. Articles with Abstracts Online 10 C. Foreign Language Articles with English Abstracts in the Journal 108 D, Publication Year of Article 108 E. Review Article 110 F. Articles from the Abridged Index Medicus (AIM) Subset 110 G. Articles from a Specific Journal 110 H. Other MeSH Headings Commonly Used to Limit Searches 111 VII. VIII. IX. XI. XII. PRINTING UNIT RECORDS A. PRINTing Online 115 1. Standard PRINT Commands 115 a. PRINT 115 b. PRINT FULL 116 c. PRINT AR 116 d. PRINT DETAILED 117 2 Tailored PRINT Commands 118 * 3. COMPRESSED; INDENTED 119 4. Points to Remember About the PRINT Command 120-122 B. PRINTing Offline 123 1 Requesting an Offline Print 123 2. Cancelling the Offline Print Request 126 3. Requesting More than 300 Citations Offline 126 C. PRINT Command Summary 127 D. PRINT Exercises 128-131 NEIGHBOR (NBR) COMMAND SUMMARY A. NEIGHBORing the General Index 132 B. NEIGHBORing a Specific Portion of the Index 133 C. Responding to the "UP N 0R DOWN N?" Message 134 1. To Continue NBRing 134 2. To Discontinue NBRing 135 OTHER USEFUL COMMANDS 136 A. COMMENT 137 B DISPLAY 138 C. ERASEALL 139 D. ERASEBACK 140 E EXPLAIN 141 F FILE 142 G NEWS 143 H SAVE/SAVESEARCH 144 1. Saving Searches 144 a. The SAVE Command 144 b. The SAVESEARCH Command 145 2. Using Saved Searches 146 3. Deleting Saved Searches 146 4. Listing Saved Searches 147 5. Displaying Saved Searches 148 1. SHOW COST 148 J. STOP 149 MEDLARS/MEDLINE QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE 150-151 MEDLARS/MEDLINE SEARCH STRATEGY WORKSHEET AND INTROMED SEARCHING EXERCISES 152-176 APPENDIX 177 Databases Available on NLM's MEDLARS System 178 NLM Database Descriptions 179-182 Publications List 183 *MEDLEARN* -- Computer-Assisted-Instruction Program 184 Current Awareness Service 184 Document Delivery 184 Regional Medical Libraries 185 Charges to Domestic Users for NLM' 5 Online Services 186 Telephone Numbers for TELENT, TYMNET, UNINET, and Direct Dial Access to the NLM Computer 187—197 «fl: , PREFACE Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) has indexed the biomedical literature to provide health professionals with access to information neces- sary for research, health care, and education. Over the years, other infor- mation services have developed that complement the NLM services in assisting the health professional in obtaining needed information. In recent years, the use of modern computer and telecommunications technology has enabled NLM and other library and information services to develop and provide direct access to machine- readable databases containing bibliographic references to the literature and, in some cases, the actual document. In 1965, the National Library of Medicine announced its Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS), a computerized bibliographic re— trieval system providing access to the biomedical literature. Since then, thousands of librarians and information specialists have used the powerful retrieval capability of this system to provide searches of the literature for the health professionals. An increasing number of health professionals have expressed an interest in learning to search the system. This Guide is designed to acquaint the health professional with the basic concepts and skills involved in using MEDLARS to retrieve information from its primary database, MEDLINE. Although the MEDLINE database is produced by the National Library of Medicine, it is also available through other database vendors. This Guide provides the information necessary to search MEDLINE at NLM. In order to obtain information about access to MEDLINE through other database vendor systems, please contact the individual vendor directly. The Guide is designed to be used in a formal training course or to serve as a self-paced tool. It provides an introduction to the basic techniques used in searching MEDLINE. It does not replace the regular Initial Online Services Training Course offered by NLM. That course covers searching in greater detail and presents more sophisticated searching techniques. Other Inore effective and efficient searching techniques can be acquired through exper- ience and from additional training as well as a careful study of reference guides such as the Online Services Reference Manual and other publications as isted on page 183. The health professional should use INTROMED, a special training database, when working through the search protocols and practice exercises in the Guide. INTROMED contains a representative sample of approximately 20,000 records (less than 4% of the MEDLINE file). All examples in the Guide were generated from INTROMED. It is important to keep in mind that this—Training database represents a very small fraction of the data present in MEDLINE and its Backfiles. After carefully reading this Guide and practicing searches on the special training database, INTROMED, the health professional will have enough knowledge to perform "author" searches as well as simple subject searches in MEDLINE. For more complicated searches, the health professional may wish to consult an experienced librarian or search analyst. It is hoped that, as health professionals learn more about searching MEDLINE, they will explore the use of other related databases. Some of these special- ized databases, available at the National Library of Medicine and through other database vendors, are briefly described in this Guide. I. INTRODUCTION A. WHAT IS MEDLARS? MEDLARS is an acronym for Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, the computerized information system developed by and based at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) in Bethesda, Maryland. More than twenty databases are mounted on the NLM system. Of these databases, MEDLINE is the most heavily used and well known. (See page 178in this Guide for a listing of the other databases available on MEDLARS.) "‘"" B. WHAT IS MEDLINE? MEDLINE is a bibliographic database which, as the computerized counterpart of Index Medicus, is the primary source in the United States for informa- tiofi"fF6fi'13fi?_biomedical literature. As a bibliographic database, it contains references to articles which have appeared in more than 3200 journals. These journals have been carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion because of their importance to health professionals. Each reference to an article is referred to as a unit record or a bibliographic citation. The full text of each article is not in the database; however, approximately 50% of the citations do contain author-generated abstracts (summaries) of the articles. MEDLINE is international in scope with approximately 75% of the citations published in the English language. It contains publications from 1966 to the present. The scope of MEDLINE includes such topics as microbiology, delivery of health care, nutrition, pharmacology, and environmental health. The categories which are covered by MEDLINE include anatomy; organisms; diseases, chemicals and drugs; technics and equipment; psychiatry and psychology; biological sciences; physical sciences; social sciences and education; technology, agriculture, food, industry; humanities; information science and communications; and health care. In addition to containing all references that appear in Index Medicus, MEDLINE contains citations that appear in the Index to Dental Literature and the International Nursing Index. JPflEJfl v4.11”: 7 ‘v J 1,1,: .1“ r 34;),th At the National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE (as of April 1985*) is segmented into separate files or databases as follows: FILE NAME YEARS OF COVERAGE NUMBER OF CITATIONS MEDLINE 1983 to present 561,991+ MED80 1980-1982 804,815 MED77 1977-1979 775,078 MED75 1975-1975 642,710 . MED71 1971-1974 883,895 r MED66 1966-1970 954,650 This group of six files is referred to as "MEDLINE and its backfiles." When you log in to MEDLARS you are automatically connected to the most current file, MEDLINE. Each of the backfiles is accessible, one at a time, by using the FILE command and naming the file you want. (For example: FILE MED66.) Detailed information about the FILE command appears on page 142 of this Guide. In addition, there is another database called SDILIN which is equivalent to the current month of MEDLINE citations and contains approxi- mately 25,000 citations. The entire contents of this database ch nges every month when MEDLINE is updated. It is useful to search SDILINE whe you want access to only those citations which have been entered into MEDLI E for the most recent month. Over 99% of MEDLINE's 4.2 million citations are references to jou nal articles; the remainder are to chapters in books and symposia. I formation provided for each article includes author(s), title of article, p blication source (i.e., journal title), publication date, NLM-assi ned subj ct headings, and author-generated abstracts (when available). Issue of journals included in MEDLINE are received at the National Library of Medicine; relevant articles are indexed; and the references are a ded to the database each month. The National Library of Medicine is both the producer and the vendor of MEDLINE. MEDLINE tapes are leased to other organizations who make the database available for searching on their information systems Any questions or comments concerning MEDLINE may be directed to: MEDLARS Management Section (MMS) National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20209 301/496-6193 (within Maryland) 800/638-8480 (toll-free outside Maryland) *The years of coverage for the MEDLINE files may change at the end of each year. Contact MMS for the current configuration. C. WHEN IS MEDLINE AVAILABLE? The National Library of Medicine databases are available for searching on the MEDLARS system twenty-four hours a day ("round-the-clock" computer service). Current prime time is 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday-Friday; all other time is non-prime time. Non-prime time is billed at a reduced rate. The MEDLARS Management Section (MMS) is the organizational unit of the National Library of Medicine responsible for providing assistance to the users of the NLM databases. Professional staff at the Service Desk will assist you with questions concerning the NLM online retrieval system (MEDLARS), development of search strategy, use of the Medical Subject Headings vocabulary, and telecommunications problems. MMS staff members can also provide you with information on offline printouts, online training courses, application procedures, and other administrative matters. The MMS service desk can be reached at the following telephone numbers between the hours of 8:30 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. ET Monday through Friday: 30l/496-6l93 (within Maryland) 800/638-8480 (toll-free outside of Maryland) For the availability of MEDLINE through other vendors, please check directly with the vendor. (See vendor addresses on page 7 of the Guide.) D. HOW MUCH DOES IT COST TO SEARCH MEDLINE? There is no subscription or start up fee associated with access to MEDLINE. The National Library of Medicine has established a pricing algorithm upon which MEDLINE charges are based. This algorithm is outlined on page 186 of this Guide. On the average, the algorithm provides charges equivalent to $22/hour for prime time and $l5/hour for non—prime time for most users. Your individual monthly bill, however, will be reflective of your personal searching habits and needs (some computer operations are more costly than others; searchers who print or download many citations online are charged accordingly, etc.). E. HOW DO I APPLY FOR ACCESS TO MEDLINE? Applications for access to the NLM Online Services are received and processed by the MEDLARS Management Section (MMS) at the National Library of Medicine. A Memorandum of Understanding and an Online Billing Agreement must be signed by the participating organization or individual and forwarded to the MMS. An application packet can be requested by writing or calling the MEDLARS Management Section. A five character alphanumeric code (e.g., ABC¢ll is assigned by the NLM to all users of the MEDLARS system. This code identifies the person or organization and is used when logging into the MEDLARS databases. All charges accrued to the User Identification Code (User ID) while connected to the system are forwarded to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) for customer billing. Two billing options are available. A regular National Technical Informa- tion Service (NTIS) account can be opened and requires an advance deposit of funds sufficient to cover 3 months of charges. The second option is a direct payment to the NTIS. Monthly invoices will be sent and payment is due upon receipt of the invoice. F. HOW DO I SEARCH MEDLINE ONLINE? Online searching is a Ineans of immediately searching for and retriev- ing information with the help of a computer. You can search EDLINE online by using either a computer terminal or a microcomputer equipp d with a software package allowing it to emulate a terminal. The connection between the remote terminal and NLM's computer is made through the tele- phone. Telecommunications Systems Terminal Remote c mputer Housing D tabases The interaction between the searcher at a terminal and the computer is the proCéSS‘of online searching. We call these searches "online“ when the searcher is directly connected to and receiving immediate re- sponses from the computer. Search terms and commands are entered at the terminal and sent to the computer which searches the database according to the instructions received, and sends responses to the searcher. These responses, i.e., MEDLINE bibliographic citations, may be printed at the searcher's terminal immediately or may be printed overnight by the computer at NLM in Bethesda, Maryland, and mailed to the searcher the next working day. The latter are called offline prints. A distinctive feature of MEDLINE is the careful and extensive index- ing of the articles done by subject specialists using a published list of subject headings. These Medical Subject Headings (called MeSH headings) provide controlled subject access to the database so the searcher does not need to rely on words which the author might have used in the titles or abstracts of the citations. Use of this controlled vocabulary eliminates the need to think of all the synonyms for a disease. For example, searching the MeSH heading “chickenpox" will retrieve all articles on chickenpox including those that do not contain the word “chickenpox" in the title or abstract (the author might have used the word "varicella"). As comprehensive as the MeSH vocabulary is with over 14,000 headings, still not every t0pic may be included. In such instances, it is possible to enter a MEDLINE search "in your own words." By using a technique called Text Word searching, you can search for words that may appear in the titles and/or abstracts of citations in the database. This allows you to retrieve records containing terms such as "spontaneous hypertension“ or "immuno- diagnosis" - concepts which currently are not covered by subject headings. This Text Word searching capability provides a great deal of flexibility in MEDLINE searching. This Guide will discuss controlled vocabulary and Text Word searching in greater detail. G. NHY SEARCH MEDLINE? WHY NOT USE INDEX MEDICUS OR OTHER PRINTED INDEXES? The computer is able to locate information far more rapidly and precisely than by manual means. Searching online in MEDLINE offers the following advantages: *** Time Saving *** You can save valuable time by searching MEDLINE online because the computer will sort rapidly through thousands of citations and will retrieve needed information quiCkly. Finding and printing ten MEDLINE citations can take less than five minutes. Manual searching is a more tedious process. In addition, your references with abstracts can be printed out for you immediately at your terminal and the printout structured to your specifi- cations. *** Flexibility *** Several search terms can be combined in searching MEDLINE to retrieve only articles meeting all of your requirements. This allows you to tailor your retrieval, thus creating a custom-made bibliography with as specific or as general an approach to your topic as you require. Your search can be designed to retrieve "all there is in the database“ on a topic or to retrieve a few "good“ references to articles on a topic. *** Enhanced Access *** i More search terms are available in MEDLINE than in the printed Index! Medicus. Citations are printed under one to three headings in Index‘ Medicus; however, up to 20 subject headings per article are available; online. MEDLINE searching allows you to find information in ways which are not as readily available to you in the printed indexes, such as access by language, geographic area, journal title, or words that appear in the title or abstract of the article. *** Timeliness *** References to published material are available on MEDLINE before the paper copy Index Medicus is available. Index Medicus is produced from the online database; therefore, you can locate references to the biomedical literature in MEDLINE before they become available in Index Medicus. *** Abstracts *** MEDLINE provides author-generated abstracts which are unavailable in printed indexes. The information contained in these abstracts is sometimes complete enough to help you determine if you need to obtain the full text of the article. *** Convenience *** Online searching can be performed on a home or office computer terminal. You can print the results of your search immediately at your terminal or printouts can be mailed directly to you. *** Human vs. Machine *** The computer does not get tired and miss relevant citations. The computer can scan enormous volumes of data and does not suffer eye strain. It prints out the search results much faster than any person can write them down and it never gets writer's cramp. Also, the computer does not need to break for coffee, lunch, or dinner. H. WHAT LIMITATIONS DO MEDLINE SEARCHES HAVE? Remember, as comprehensive as MEDLINE is, it covers 3200 journals which represent a fraction of health science publications. Currently, non-jour- nal literature is not covered at all. Always consider the sc0pe and content of MEDLINE to determine if it is the proper source for the informa- tion you seek. Requests for information such as federal regulations, drug patents, unpublished papers read at recent meetings, material published before l966, newspaper articles, and statistical data cannot be located directly by a MEDLINE search. Many questions are still best answered by using text books, reference manuals, or other databases which are available from NLM and other vendors such as BRS, DIALOG, and SDC. Their addresses and telephone numbers follow: BRS (Bibliographic Retrieval Services) 1200 Route 7 Latham, New York l2ll0 800-833-4707 518-783—1161 DIALOG 3460 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94304 800-227-l960 415-858—2700 SDC (Systems Development Corporation) 2500 Colorado Avenue Santa Monica, CA 90406 800-42l-7229 213—829—75ll I. RELATED DATABASES There are many hundreds of machine-searchable databases currently available. If you have a Special interest, you should contact your local librarian to determine what special resources are available. A listing of some of the common bibliographic databases in which health professionals may be interested follows. These databases are available on either the MEDLARS retrieval system at the National Library of Medicine, BRS, DIALOG or SDC. Detailed information about all MEDLARS databases appears in the Appendix of this Guide. 1. 310515 PREVIENS - Life science subjects are covered including: ana- tomy, Bacteriology, biochemistry, cell biology, experimental medicine, genetics, immunology, microbiology, nutrition, pathology, pharmacol- ogy, physiology, public health, and toxicology. BRS, DIALOG. 2. BIOTECHNOLOGY - The whole field of genetic manipulation and bio- engineering is covered as well as biological processes not involving genetic engineering techniques such as fermentation, nitrogen fixation and methane conversion, especially with reference to industrial applications. SDC. 3. CANCERLIT - Subject areas covered are: all aSpects of experimental and clinical cancer therapy; chemical, viral, and other agents that cause cancer; mechanisms of carcinogenesis; and the biochemistry, immunology, physiology, and biology of cancer, both in vivo and in vitro. Studies of mutagens, mutagen testing, and growth factors or other agents that stimulate cell division are also included. NLM. 4. CA SEARCH - Principal areas covered are applied chemistry, biochemis- try and biology, chemical engineering, classes of substance, macro- molecular 'chemistry, organic and inorganic chemistry, physical and analytical chemistry, and properties and reactions. BRS, DIALOG, SDC. ; 5. EXCERPTA MEDICA - Covers all fields of medicine in addition to cover- age ot the drug and pharmaceutical literature, and of other health- related sciences such as environmental health, pollution control, forensic science, health economics, hospital management and public health. Some specific areas covered are: bacteriology, cardiovascular disease, drug dependence, genetics, gerontology, hematology, infec- tious disease, nuclear medicine, orthopedics, pharmacology, phsio- therapy, rehabilitation and virology. BRS, DIALOG. 6. HEALTH PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION - The non-clinical aspects ‘of health care delivery are covered?’ Subject areas emphasized inclu e: administration and planning of health facilities, services and m n- power, health insurance, and the aspects of financial manageme t, regulation, personnel administration, quality assurance, licens re and accreditation which apply to health care delivery. BRS, DIAL G, NLM. 7. PSYCHINFO - Covers psychology and related behavioral and social 9 sciences such as psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, education, pharmacology, and linguistics. Applied psychology, physical and psychological disorders, physiological intervention, and treatment and prevention are included. BRS, DIALOG, SDC. 8. SCISEARCH - Covers the broad field of science and technology, including Biochemistry, biology, biomedicine, chemistry, genetics, medicine, microbiology, pharmacology, and psychiatry and psychology. DIALOG. 9. TOXLINE - A collection of toxicological information containing ref- erences to published human and animal toxicity studies, effects of environmental chemicals and pollutants, adverse drug reactions and analytical methodology. NLM. Vendors including both DIALOG and BRS are making available “user-friendly" search systems which may be used to search MEDLINE and several of the above named databases and others. These search systems, DIALOG's "Know- ledge Index" and BRS' "After Dark", have become popular with many health professionals interested in doing their own online searching. You may want to contact DIALOG or BRS for more information. Software packages have been developed that a health professional may use on his/her own microcomputer to facilitate searching of bibliographic data- bases. An example is SCI-MATE, a software package produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (151). A component of SCI-MATE, called the Universal Online Searcher, was designed to provide a standard search language for databases that are available on BRS, DIALOG, SDC, and MEDLARS. For more information, you may contact ISI at 3501 Market Street, University City Science Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (800/523—4092). An online information service of the American Medical Association, the GTE TELENET Medical Information Network (referred to as AMA/NET or AMA/GTE MINET) contains current medical and scientific information for physicians and other health care providers. This information service offers clinical, administrative, and medical practice information as well as references to the current biomedical journal literature. Access requires no previous experience with computer-based systems. Another part of the system is MED/MAIL. Available services on MINET include drug information, a CME Bulletin Board, an AMA Meetings Bulletin Board, as well as literature socio- Other ce. For further informa- Medicai Information Network Vienna, Virginia 22180 703/442-2500 and information on medical procedure coding and nomenc1ature GTE TELENET economic bibliographic information, and a document order servi services are projected to be avai1ab1e in the future. tion about MINET, contact 0 1.. (l! 41c. (:11... «((44 d(1.u —. 4 a c ., . A I a. 1 a Q A a Q a Q a. A Q a. Qt t i x w c 1 .. i I 4 . . , u a a a u . .. c . .. 1 J, a a. v .4 o a 1.1 Itdto b not .0»... c nowowomowouowowawfloVanna...“1.4-.Dob.>.uapo.~bqbota.’5’».“probe-0555.055» b honor >955» pop .0» p b..- > h >05“ 9.. 0 PG! II. TELECOMMUNICATIONS: CONNECTING TO THE COMPUTER The National Library of Medicine has contracted with three telecommunica- tions networks to provide access to its computer in Bethesda, Maryland. These three networks are TELENET, TYMNET and UNINET. By dialing a TYMNET, TELENET or UNINET telephone number that is local to you and by following the appropriate login procedure, most users of NLM'S online system have toll—free access to the computer. The networks transfer your telephone call from their local node to the NLM computer, allowing most users to perform online searches without paying for long distance telephone charges. (Telecommunications costs are included in the charges billed to each user by NLM.) For users in the local calling area to Bethesda, Maryland, direct dial access is also available. The login procedures for the networks and for direct dial are outlined on the following pages. A representative listing of telephone numbers for the networks appears in the Appendix of this Guide. If no number is listed for your locale, please contact the MEDLARS Management Section. A. TERMINAL OPERATING FEATURES COMPATIBLE WITH NLM'S COMPUTER: 1. Transmission Code - of the four transmission codes available: BCD (Binary Coded Decimal), EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Inter- change Code), Correspondence Code, and ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange); the NLM system is completely compatible with ASCII. Correspondence and EBCDIC are available with IBM 2741- compatible terminals. The NLM system does not support the BCD code at all. 2. Duplex - the NLM system may be used through either the Full or Half duplex mode, although direct dial access uses Half duplex only. 3. Speed of Transmission - the NLM system will support 30 or 120 charac- ters per-second (300 or 1200 baud) transmission. Different telephone numbers are used to access the system for each speed, and for either of the two types of compatible modems (Vadic or Bell). 4. Parity - the NLM system uses Even or None; it cannot accept trans- mission in Odd parity. Mini-lMicro-Computers: In general, a minicomputer or a microcomputer equipped with an auxilliary communications ackage which will allow the computer to emulate a TTY 33/35 (teletype? terminal is compatible with the NLM system. To interact with the NLM system, a terminal must be asynchronous, ASCII, telety e compatible, switchable to half or full duplex (echo or non—echo mode , operate at 300 or 1200 baud, and must not send out an automatic line feed when the carriage return is depressed. Modems operating at 300 and 1200 baud are available for purchase to use with microcomputers. The following pages display the specific login instructions for each network and for direct dial. 11 12 ' TELENET LOGIN PROCEDURE DIAL THE APPROPRIATE TELENET TELEPHONE ACCESS NUMBER. When you hear a high—pitched tone, place the telephone handset in the acoustic coupler or make the connection necessary to receive and transmit data. For full-duplex transmission: Type TWO CARRIAGE RETURNS (CR) (CR) -- (CR) = Carriage return For half-duplex transmission: 3 Type CARRIAGE RETURN SEMI—COLON CARRIAGE RETURN (CR);(CR) TELENET will respond with a network herald followed by your terminal port address and prompt you to identify your terminal model. TELENET Typical TELENET herald with port 202 08C address. TERMINAL = (CR) The representative TELENET terminal identifier list is on the following page. Enter the two-character identifier for your terminal and 1 strike the (CR) key. 1 In response to the TELENET prompt character @, Type C 301 20 and? then strike the (CR) key. This is the network address for NLM's computer. After TELENET advises you of the connection, Type /LOGIN followed by a carriage return. 301 20 CONNECTED /login The NLM computer requests your User ID code and password. Type USERID/ PASSWORD over the disguising marks (in the ABCOl/WORD format). EXAMPLE: (You have dialed your local TELENET telephone number and, when connect- ed you strike the (CR) key twice. TELENET 202 19N TERMINAL = d1 @c 301 20 301 20 CONNECTED /login PLEASE ENTER USERID/PASSWORD OR LOGON #################### NLM TIME 9:29:15 DATE 84:068 LINE 03F WELCOME TO THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE'S ELHILL RETRIEVAL SYSTEM. YOU ARE NOW CONNECTED TO THE MEDLINE FILE. 13 TELENET TERMINAL IDENTIFIER LIST If the terminal or micro-computer that you use is not on this II'st, caII the MEDLARS Management Section for assistance. TERMINAL MODEL ID ADDS CONSUL 520. 500. 900 ........................ 01 ADDS ENVOY 020. REGENT .......................... 01 ALANTHUS DATA TERMINAL T-133 .................. A1 T-300 .................. A0 T-1200 ................. A3 ALANTHUS MINITERM .............................. A2 AM-JACDUARD AMTEXT 425 ......................... D1 ANDERSON .IACOGSEN 510 .......................... 01 ANDERSON JACDSSEN 030 .......................... a1 ANDERSON JACOBSEN 030. 032 ...................... 03 ANDERSON .IACOESEN 041 .......................... - ANDERSON JACODSEN 000 .......................... as APPLE II .......................................... 01 ATARI 400. 000 .................................... 01 AT 0 T DATASPEED 00/1, 30/2, 40/3 .................. 01 SEEI-IIVE MINISEE. MICROBEE ....................... 01 CENTRONICS 701 .................................. A0 I COMMODORE PET ............................... 01 COMPU-COLOR II .............................. 01 COMPUTER DEVICES CDI 1030 ...................... A2 COMPUTER DEVICES TELETERM 1132 ................ A0 COMPUTER DEVICES MINITERM 1200 SERIES .......... A2 COMPUTER TRANSCEIVER EXECUPORT 300 ........... A2 COMPUTER TRANSCEIVER EXECUPORT 1200 .......... A9 COMPUTER TRANSCEIVER EXECUPORT 0000 .......... A0 CPT 0000. 0000 ..................................... 01 DATAMEDIA ELITE .................................. 01 DATAPOINT 1500. 1000. 2200. 3000. 3300. 3000. 3000 .. . .01 DATA PRODUCTS PORTATERM ...................... A1 DATA TERMINAL 0 COMMUNICATIONS DTC 300. 302 . . . .33 DIABLO HYTERM ................................... a3 DIGI-LOG 33 & TELECOMPUTER II .................... 01 DIGITAL EOUIPMENT (LA 3530) DEOWRITER II ........ A0 (LA 120I DECWRITER III ......... A0 DIGITAL EOUIPMENT VTso. VT52. W100. wsn, WS200 . .01 GEN-COMM SYSTEMS 300 .......................... 33 GE TERMINET 30 ................................... A5 GE TERMINET 3W .................................. A4 GE TERMINET 120. 1200 ............................. A3 GENERAL TERMINAL GT-100A. GT-101. GT-110. GT-400. GT-4WS ............... D1 HAZELTINE 1500. 1400. 2000 ......................... D1 HEWLETT PACKARD 2021 ............................ 03 HEWLETT PACKARD 2040 SERIES .................... D1 ISM 2741 (ESCD CODE) .......... WPESPHERE ELEMENT Code: 0003. 900. 000. ........ E1 030.030.901.901001 ............ .Ez 002.003 ......................... E3 047. 040 ......................... E4 IBM 2741 (CORRESPONDENCE CODE) TYPESPHERE ELEMENT C000: 0001. 005. 007, 0“. 022. 030, 050. 053. 007. 070. 055 ........ C1 000. 010. 015. 019. 050. 000 ........ C2 021. 025-020. 001-030. 000. 055. 000. 123.129-145.150.101 ............ .C3 045. 054 ........................ C4 IBM 3101 .......................................... D1 INFORMER I304. 0304 .............................. D1 INFOTON 100. 200, 400. VISTAR ...................... D1 INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS INTECOLOR .................. D1 INTERTEC INTERTUSE II ............................ D1 LANIER WORD PROCESSOR ......................... D1 LEAR SIEGLER ADM SERIES ......................... D1 LEXITRON 1202. 1303 ............................... 01 MEMOREX 1240 .................................... A2 MICOM 2000, 2001 .................................. D1 NSI 3000 .......................................... D1 NCR 200 .......................................... A2 PERKIN—ELMER MODEL 1100. OWL. BANTAM ......... D1 PERKIN-ELMER CAROUSEL 300 SERIES .............. AS RADIO SHACK TRS 00 .............................. D1 RESEARCH INC. TELERAY .......................... D1 TEKTRONIX 40002-4024 ............................. D1 TELETYPE MODEL 33, 35 ............................ A1 TELETYPE MODEL 40 ................................ D1 TELETYPE MODEL 40 ............................... 33 TELETYPE MODEL 40/1. 40/2. 40/3 .................... D1 TEXAS INSTRUMENT 725 ............................ A7 733 ............................ A2 735 ............................ AS 743. 745. 753. 705 ................. D1 520 ............................ 33 90/4 ........................... D1 TRENDATA 1000. 1500. 2000 .......................... ' 4000 (ASCII) ............................. B1 TYMSHARE 110, 212 ................................ A2 315 ..................................... AS 325 ..................................... BS UNIVAC DCT 500 ................................... B4 WANG 20. 25. 30. 015. 130. 145 ...................... D1 WESTERN UNION EDT 30. 35 ......................... A1 300 ........................... A3 1200 .......................... A4 XEROX 500. 550. 050 ................................ D1 XEROX 1700 ....................................... SS ' USE ISM 2741 CODES C. TYMNET LOGIN PROCEDURE l. DIAL THE APPROPRIATE TYMNET TELEPHONE ACCESS NUMBER. When you hear a high-pitched tone, place the telephone/handset in the acoustic coupler or make the connection necessary to receive and transmit data. 2. TYMNET will immediately ask you to enter your terminal identifier. (This message may appear garbled at some terminals or may not appear at all.) Wait a few seconds and then proceed. The representative TYMNET terminal identifier list is on the following page. Enter the single character ID for your terminal. Do not strike the (CR) key. 3. TYMNET will respond with a port address and request you to log in. Depress the CONTROL key and the letter P at the same time (nothing will print). Then, Type NLM;BCN and strike the (CR) key two times. -0246-D43 PLEASE LOG IN: (CNTL P)NLM;BCN (CR)(CR) -- (CR) = carriage return For half-duplex transmission, after the CONTROL P, depress CONTROL H. When released, Type NLM;BCN and strike the (CR) key two times. -0246-D43 PLEASE LOG IN: (CNTL P)(CNTL H)NLM;BCN (CR)(CR) 4. In response to the "plus" sign and the "NLM:CALL CONNECTED" message sent by TYMNET, Type /LOGIN and strike the (CR) key. + NLM: CALL CONNECTED /LOGIN (CR) 5. The NLM computer requests your User ID code and password. Type USERID/PASSWORD over the disguising marks (in the ABCOl/WORD format . EXAMPLE: You have dialed your local TYMNET telephone number. TYMNET initiates the dialog: PLEASE TYPE YOUR TERMINAL IDENTIFIERa -2544-146- PLEASE LOG IN: (CNTL P)nlm;bcn 4. NLM: CALL CONNECTED /login PLEASE ENTER USERID/PASSWORD OR LOGON #################### WELCOME TO THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE'S ELHILL RETRIEVAL SYSTEM. YOU ARE NOW CONNECTED TO THE MEDLINE FILE. SS 1/C? USER: TYMNET TERMINAL IDENTIFIER LIST Identifier? Code A Asc I I Speed 30cm, 120:9. food or carriage-return delay, such an a CRT terminal, and terminals with buffers. won a: the Tvmlhlro 325. CRT terminals The idontiflhr A in used both for terminal: with no line- If the terminaI or micro-computer that you use Is not on this Iist, caII the MEDLARS Management Section for assistance. Terminal 1'va B ASCII 15:93 All terminals C ASCII 30cm Impact printers D ASCII 10cm All terrnlnlll E ASCII 30cm Thermal print-n F ASCII 15:93 In, BETA terminals 30cm out G ASCII 30cm, 120cm Bolt prlnun G.E. Tormlnot I ASCII 120cm Matrix printers P3 SEC 0/ 14.8cpa Scloctric-tvpo Corry terminals epondoncu (0.9., 2741) Terminal ID“ Termini ID'I' ADDS ‘ITT 500, 620. 680. 380, 980 A 3501 Asciscope A Anderson Jacobson L'ear Siegler 330 D 7700, ADM-I, ADM-2. B30, 832 A ADM-3 A 530. E LogAbax Informanque 8601 A Lx 130 I Ann Arbor Termmals Lx 10m: A Design III, 200 A MI1 Beehwe Medlcal Electronics 2400; 1 Minnaee 1,2,4 A Megadata A Super 300 2, 3 A Mgmorex |-211,M-501,R-211 A 1240 5 Bell System NCR Dataspeea 40/2 260 E KD A 796 A KDP G Omron Computer Dev-cu 8525 A I030 E Onrel 1132.1201,1202.1203, 4000 A 120‘, 1205, 1206 A Research Computek Telerav 3300. 3311, 3712 A 200. 300 A Raytheon Conrac PTS-100 A 401, 480 A Slnger Control Dan 30 E 7I3 A Scnenulic Measurement Computer Tranacmver Systems Systems Execuporr E 1440 DEC Tally GT40, LA34, LA36. use. 1612? A LAI20.T— L5120,I VT05. Tec VT50. VT100. VTI32 A 400 Sat-es. 1640 Datamedia Tekrromn I500. 2000. 2100. 2500 A 401240114014, 4023. Darapomt 4025 A 1100, 3000, 3300 A Teletype Delta Dara 33. 35 D 5000. 5100. 5200 A 38 B DIgI-Log 43 A 33, 209, 300 A Texas Instrumenu General Electnc 720, 725, 733, 735 E Termnnet 743. 745. 763. 765. 771,: 300, I200 G 820 A Gen-Corn Texas Sciennlic 300 A Enrelkon ID A Hazeltune Tymgraph 1200, 2000 09-30 C Hewlett-Packard Tvmshara 2615, 2616, 262x Series, 100. 110, 212. 213 E 263x Sam, 264x Sam: A 200 o Hydra 310. 311 C Model a l I25, 126. 225. 315. 316. IBM 325, 350,.: 420. 030. 2741 P3 «ow, «a, 1100: A "new“. Wang Laboratorm Carousel 300 E 143.21%, " A Incomm ' 0 SP0 10/20, 20l20, 900 A 1600. 1620 A Inloton x"°' Vimr A BCIOO. 50200 A 15 16 D. 7,11 vhfl'r‘ 37, , I ,- .3191‘5'. 4,: . .31., _ , .3 UNINET LOGIN PROCEDURE DIAL THE APPROPRIATE UNINET TELEPHONE ACCESS NUMBER. When you hear a high-pitched tone, place the telephone handset in the acoustic coupler or make the necessary connection to receive and transmit data. UNINET will respond with a network command. (This message may be garbled at some terminals.) In response to this, Type CARRIAGE RETURN PERIOD CARRIAGE RETURN. l L? (CR).(CR) -- (CR) = Carriage return UNINET will respond with a port address and will then give a SERVICE: prompt. For full-duplex transmission, Type NLM and strike the (CR) key. UNINET PAD 25c1 PORTO4 SERVICE: NLM (CR) For half-duplex transmission, TYPE SET2:O in response to the S RVICE: prompt and Type NLM and strike the (CR) key at the next SERVIC : prompt. UNINET PAD 25c1 PORT04 SERVICE: SET2:0 (CR) SERVICE: figfi‘“‘ (CR) After UNINET advises you of the connection, Type /LOGIN and strike the CR key. *UOOl 000 CONNECTED TO 30100025 /login (CR) The NLM computer requests your User ID code and password. Type USERID/PASSNORD over the disguising marks (in the ABCOl/WCRD format . EXAMPLE: L? (CR) (CR) UNINET PAD 25c1 PORT04 SERVICE: nlm *UOOI 000 CONNECTED TO 30100025 /login PLEASE ENTER USERID/PASSNORD 0R LOGON #################### NLM TIME 9:31:42 DATE 84:068 LINE 650 WELCOME TO THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE' ELHILL RETRIEVAL SYSTEM. YOU ARE NOW CONNECTED TO THE MEDLINE FILE. SS l/C? USER: DIRECT DIAL LOGIN PROCEDURE 17 DIAL THE APPROPRIATE DIRECT DIAL TELEPHONE NUMBER. Your terminaI must be set to HaIf duplex. When you hear a high-pitched tone, pIace the teIephone handset in the acoustic coupTer or make the necessary connection to receive and transmit data.). Type the Ietter P and then strike the (CR) key. The computer wiII respond with "PLEASE ENTER /LOGIN." Type /LOGIN and strike the (CR) key. The NLM computer requests your User ID code and password. Type USERID/PASSNORD over the disguising marks (in the ABCOl/NORD format). EXAMPLE: P PLEASE ENTER /LOGIN /109in PLEASE ENTER USERID/PASSNORD OR LOGON #################### NLM TIME 10:31:17 DATE 84:068 LINE 08E WELCOME TO THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE'S ELHILL RETRIEVAL SYSTEM. YOU ARE NOW CONNECTED TO THE MEDLINE FILE. SS 1 /C? USER: 18 III; BEFORE YOU LOG IN A. FORMAT 0F GUIDE EXAMPLES All examples in this Guide are formatted so that computer responses can be differentiated from searcher input. Computer responses are shown in capital letters and all searcher input is shown in lower case letters. For example: Computer SS 1/C? ReSponse: --> USER: (Capital letters) Searcher: --> heart diseases (Lower case letters) Computer PROG: Response: --> SS (1) PSTG (60) (Capital letters) When using your own terminal or computer, the lower/uppercase output may differ, however, and this will not affect your searching. B. MESSAGES FROM THE COMPUTER 1. No Postings (NP) Message SS l/C? USER: (Misspelling) herat valve diseases The program prompts you to enter Search Statement (SS) #1. This is referFed to as the USER: cueT The searcher enters a search term or command. Always press the CARRIAGE RETURN key to send your input to the computer. The program responds to a search state- ment by repeating the SS number and giving the number of PSTG or postings (i.e., by repeating the SS number and showing the number of retrieved c tations) containing the search term. PROG: The program responds with an NP (HERAT VALVE DISEASES) NP (No Postings) message when The search term is not found. This may be due to a misspelling or the absence of the desired term in the database. You will be returned to the same search statement number after an MP message. SS 1/C? USER: heart valve diseases Re-enter the correct y spelled term. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (23) 2. None Message SS 1/C? USER: heart diseases and bronchitis PROG: *NONE- The program responds with a NONE message indicating that no citations contain both terms as specified. Time OverfTow Message (TIME OVFLN: CONT? (Y/N)) This message indicates that the search or procedure requested requires more computer time than aliotted in one "s1ice" of time (the computer is “shared“ by simultaneous searchers). Because INTROMED is such a smaTT database, Time Overfiow messages wiTT not occur, however, they wiTT sometimes occur in MEDLINE, as shown in the interaction that foilows: SS l/C? USER: heart diseases and human PROG: TIME OVFLN: CONT? (Y/N) USER: y <—- By responding 'Y' (for yes), you instruct the program to continue PROG: processing your request. A response TIME OVFLN: CONT? (Y/N) of 'N' wiTT return you to the same * SS# without finishing your request. USER: Y PROG: SS (1) PSTG (1677) Severa] Time Overfiow messages may occur within a singTe search statement and a 'Y' answer to each continuation question is required to compTete the process. \ \ 20 Continue Printing Message (CONTINUE PRINTING? (YES/N0)) This message occurs when the number of records requested to be printed onTine is greater than the number of Tines a110wed to be printed at one time. SS 2/0? USER: print PROG: AU - Nit AT AU - Rosen MR TI - PathophysioTogic mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias, SO - Am Heart J 1983 0ct;106(4 Pt 2):798-8II 7 AU - Fabian J AU - Bergmann K TI - [PathophysioTogy, diagnosis and internaT therapy 0 ischemic heart disease] 50 - Cas Lek Cesk 1982 Aug 6;121(31): 969-71 "'5 CONTINUE PRINTING? (YES/N0) USER: y <-- By responding 'Y' or 'YES', you request the onTine printout to continue. PROG: 8 AU - Nu GL TI - [Pathophysiology of reperfusion of the ischemic mypcardium] $0 - Sheng Li Ko Hsueh Chin Chan 1983 Apr;14(2):118-22 21 C. CORRECTION OF ERRORS IN TYPING If you detect a typographical error before you strike the CARRIAGE RETURN KEY, you can correct the mistyped character(s). To do this, enter a backward slash (\), a backward arrow (<--), or an underscore (__) for each character following and including the character in error. Then enter the -correct series of characters. An alternate method for error correction is to back up to the mistyped character by holding down the Control (CNTL) Key while depressing the letter 'H'. ('H' does not print; this simpl backs up to the mistyped character). Again, enter the correct series of c aracters. For example: SS 1/C? USER: heert\N\art OY‘ USER: heert<--<--<--art OY‘ USER: heert_ ___ art OY‘ USER: heert (While CNTL key is depressed, strike the H key 3 times to back up to the second “e", and then type 'art'.) Different types of terminal equipment require different error correc- tion characters. Consult your terminal manual for the appropriate method. To delete an entire line of input, type the dollar sign ($) at the end of the line, strike the Carriage Return key and begin typing the correct input at the next USER: cue. EXAMPLE: SS 1/C? USER: heert valve diseases$ USER: heart valve diseases 22 D. CHANGING DATABASES Each time you login to the NLM computer, you are automatically connected to the MEDLINE file. Be sure that you change to the INTROMED file to duplicate the search exercises in this Guide. To change databases, type the command FILE and the name of the database that you want to be connected to. This may be done at any USER: cue. /login PLEASE ENTER USERID/PASSWORD OR LOGON #################### NLM TIME 16:15:01 DATE 84:226 LINE 686 WELCOME TO THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE'S ELHILL RETRIEVAL SYSTEM. YOU ARE NOW CONNECTED TO THE MEDLINE FILE. SS 1 /C? USER: file intromed PROG: YOU ARE NOW CONNECTED TO THE INTROMED FILE. SS 1 /C? USER: E. CREATING MORE WORKSPACE There is a limit of 25 search statements that may be entered in anylindivi- dual database during any one session. To create more workspace, ei her after the 25th search statement has been entered or at any other ti e, enter the command ERASEALL (abbreviated ERSLL). As a result of thi command, you will be prompted for SS 1 again, erasing all previousl entered statements. SS 3/C? USER: ersll PROG: SS l/C? USER: ‘ F. DISCONNECTING FROM NLM's COMPUTER i To log off or disconnect, type the command STOP Y at any USER: cue.i SS 8 /C? USER: stop y In response, the time of day will be given as well as an estimated cost of the entire search session. G. SAMPLE MEDLINE UNIT RECORD 23 A unit record is the computer-stored information representing a reference to e a single journal article. The pieces of information are cal d data elements or fields. A sample MEDLINE unit record follows: Data Elements -AUTHOR AUTHOR TITLE LANGUAGE MESH HEADING MESH HEADING MESH HEADING MESH HEADING MESH HEADING MESH HEADING ‘MESH HEADING MESH HEADING MESH HEADING DATE OF ENTRY DATE OF PUBLICATION INTL STAND SER NO TITLE ABBREVIATION UNIQUE IDENTIFIER PAGINATION JOURNAL SUBSET MESH Z TREE NUMBER ISSUE/PART/SUPP VOLUME ISSUE JOURNAL TITLE CODE ABSTRACT AUTHOR ENTRY MONTH ABSTRACT SOURCE Strano SD Marais AD Cervical spine facture in a boxer - a rare but important sporting injury. A case report. Eng Adult Athletic Injuries/*RADIOGRAPHY Atlas/*INJURIES ' *Boxing Case Report Fractures/*RADIOGRAPHY Human Male Tomography, X-Ray Computed 830407 1983 Feb 26 0038-2469 S Afr Med J 83146702 328-30 51.58.349.843 63 U4R Author 8306 Cervical vertebral injuries are rare in boxing. The case of an adult boxer with an isolated vertical fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas is described. The mechanism of injury, clinical presentation, complications and treatment are discussed. Measures to prevent head and neck injury in boxing are discussed. S Afr Med J 1983 Feb 26;63(9):328-30 The chart below shows all possible MEDLINE data elements with symbols or qualifiers used when searching. Many of these elements will be discussed throughout this Guide. Each data element has a two-letter mnemonic, known as a category qualifier, that identifies the element. In most cases, these qualifiers are used when searching for the elements. Note the two exceptions: the search qualifier for both the abstract (AB) and the Title (TI) is Tw. Text Word or TN searching is discussed in depth beginning on page 83 of this Guide. When qualifiers are used for searching, always enclose the two-letter search qualifier in parentheses. The data elements without search quali- fiers are not searchable. Category Element Search Qualifier Name - Qualifier AA Abstract Author (AA) AB Abstract (Tw) +AD Address AU Author (AU) CA Call Number (CA) +CY Country (CY) DA Date of Entry (DA) DP Date of Publication (DP) EA English Abstract Indicator EM Entry Month (EM) ID ID Number (ID) IP Issue/Part/Supplement IS ISSN (IS) JC Journal Title Code (JC) LA Language (LA) LI Special List Indicator (LI) LR Last Revision Date (LR) MH MeSH Headings (MH) MN MeSH Tree Number (MN) NI No-Author Indicator NM Name of Substance (NM) PG Pagination PS Personal Name as Subject (PS) RF Number of References RN CAS Registry Number (RN) R0 Record Originator SB Journal Subset (SB) SH Subheadings (SH) SO Source TA Title Abbreviation (TA) TI Title (TN) TT ‘ Transliterated/Vernacular Title UI Unique Identifier (UI) VI Volume Issue YR Year (YR) ZN MeSH 2 Tree Number (ZN) Tw = Text Mord searchable (discussed on page 83 of this Guide) + II appears in SDILINE database (current month of MEDLINE) only 25 IV. SEARCHING BY AUTHORS' NAMES A. SEARCH FORMAT To search for articles by a particular author, enter the author's last name separated by a Space from the first and middle initials (with no space between the initials) and followed by the (AU) qualifier. SS l/C? USER: scheinman mm (au) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (2) <-— Two citations are authored by M. M. Scheinman. SS 2/C? USER: . scheinman, m.m. (au) PROG: NP (SCHEINMAN, M.M. (AU)) <—— No commas or periods are used when searching author names. This incorrect entry results in a No Postings (NP) message. The (AU) is the 2-letter abbreviation (i.e., the qualifier) for the data element AUTHOR. The qualifier identifies for the computer what field is to be searched. Authors' names may also include JR or SR (junior or senior) or 2d, 3d, or 4th (designations of family rank). To search this form of an author's name, enter: SS 1/C? USER: dwyer em jr (au) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (1) Honorifics such as Sir, Ph.D., Mrs., or Dr., etc., are never included in the database. If an author search fails to retrieve any citations, the interaction will appear similar to that shown by the following examples: 1) SS l/C? 2) SS l/C? USER: USER: wallingford tm (au) smiith jg (au) PROG: PROG: NP (NALLINGFORD TM (AU)) NP (SMIITH JG (AU)) The NP (No Postings) message can be interpreted in two ways. It can indicate that: 1) no articles have been written by the author in the time span covered by the database, or 2) that the author's name does not exist in the database as ygu_entered it (note the misspelling of Smith). 26 B. SAMPLE AUTHOR SEARCHES Search for articles by the following authors: ‘1. James T. Scu11y SS l/C? USER: George Louis Stonesifer, Jr. SS l/C? USER: Robin Johnson SS l/C? USER: Jerry P. Gerard, Ph.D. SS l/C? USER: Joyce M. Hami1ton-Mi11er SS l/C? USER: E11en P. Armstrong, M.D. SS l/C? USER: B. SAMPLE AUTHOR SEARCHES: SUGGESTED ANSWERS Search for articles by the f011owing authors: 1. James T. Scu11y SS l/C? USER: scu11y jt (au) 2. George Louis Stonesifer, Jr. SS l/C? USER: stonesifer g1 jr (au) 3. Robin Johnson SS l/C? USER: johnson r (au) 4. Jerry P. Gerard, Ph.D. SS l/C? USER: gerard jp (au) 5. Joyce M. Hami1ton-Mi11er SS l/C? USER: hamilton-miIIer jm (au) 6. E11en P. Armstrong, M.D. SS l/C? USER: armstrong ep (au) 27 28 C. NEIGHBORING AUTHORS' NAMES: THE NEIGHBOR COMMAND The NLM does not verify the spelling nor control the format of any author's name. Authors' names are taken directly from the journal ar icle and entered into the database in the 'last name with initials' format. There- fore, an author's name may exist in more than one format in a database, e.g., with either one or two initials, with or without Jr., etc. MEDLINE contains an index of all terms that may be used for searching, including authors' names. The NEIGHBOR (NBR) command is used to scan or browse this index. NBRing the index can help you determine the format to use in searching for an author. Because you may not be certain how or if an author's name is repre ented in MEDLINE (or you may not be certain of the author's initials), yo can use the NEIGHBOR command to display the portion of the index of the ptrticular database to which you are connected that would contain the autho '5 name. To look at the author portion of the index, type the command NBR (for NEIGHBOR) followed by the author's last name and qualified by (AU). SS l/C? USER: nbr jackson_(au) PROG: POSTINGS TERM 1 JACK R Five terms wfill be displayed; Number of 2 JACKMAN PJ the term you NEIGHBORed (or articles 1 JACKSON A <-- the one nearest it in the by each--> 1 JACKSON AM alphabet) will appear third. author 1 JACKSON CG UP N 0R DOWN N? Remember, you are only scanning the index of a database and not retrieving the postings displayed. To continue scanning the index after the display is presented and the program has asked “UP N 0R DOWN N?“, enter either UP (to go toward A in the alphabet) or DOWN (to go toward Z in the alphabet) followed by a space and the number of additional index terms you want to see (limited to 10). USER: down 10 PROG: POSTINGS TERM 4 JACKSON D 1 JACKSON EJ 2 JACKSON EK 1 JACKSON F1 2 JACKSON G 1 JACKSON 66 <--There is no way of knowing if Jackson G l JACKSON IM and Jackson 66 are the same author or 1 JACKSON IT two different individuals. You may want 1 JACKSON JB to search for both to be sure. 1 JACKSON JF UP N OR DOWN N? When finished scanning, enter NO or NONE to return to the search statement USER: cue. The "UP N 0R DONN N?" question must be answered before a search term can be entered. UP N 0R DOWN N? USER: no PROG: SS l/C? USER: jackson cg (au) PROG: ss (1) PSTG (1) If the author's name does not exist in the database as you entered it, the name that is ciosest to it aiphabeticaiiy wiii dispiay in the third position. USER: nbr jackson cj (au) PROG: POSTINGS TERM 1 JACKSON AH 1 JACKSON CG 4 JACKSON D <-- If the name had been in the 1 JACKSON EJ database it wouid appear in 2 JACKSON EK this position. UP N 0R DOWN N? D. TRUNCATING AUTHORSI NAMES g 30 g After NEIGHBORing the author's name in the index, you may decide t‘ search 3 for all authors listed with the same last name. For example, to se rch for all authors with the last name of Katagiri (regardless of any first and middle initials) enter the following: g 55 l/C? 2 USER: ; katagiri : (au) The colon is a truncation symbol which, in this case, allows for any number of characters and spaces to follow the author's last name. E Because more than one Katagiri is found in INTROMED, you will receive a f Multi-Meaning (MM) message and a display of a list of authors' names. You ; may select by number the author(s) you want from the displayed list. E 55 l/C? i USER: f katagiri : (au) PROG: . . MM (KATAGIRI :) (4) <—— Specifies number of authors with f l KATAGIRI C (AU) the last name Katagiri. : 2 KATAGIRI K (AU) ‘ 3 KATAGIRI M (AU) 4 KATAGIRI S (AU) SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, OR, NONE- USER: : 1,2 <-— Searching for Katagiri C or Katagiri K by f keying in their corresponding numbers from t PROG: the display. E SS (1) PSTG (2) <-- Specifies the total number of articles t written by the two authors selected. 2 If you want to search for all of the Katagiri's displayed by the Multi- : Meaning message, the word ALL should be typed in reponse to the 'SPECIFY E NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE—' message. E 35 l/C? E USER: katagiri : (au) : PROG: MM (KATAGIRI : (4) KATAGIRI c (AU) KATAGIRI K (AU) KATAGIRI M (AU) 4 KATAGIRI 3 (AU) SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE- v WNHV I a o'fo ‘i‘v "I o n s USER: all 3 PROG: SS (1) PSTG (5) <-— There are five articles written by the four authors whose last name is Katagiri. If there are more than 10 authors with the same last name, a display of the names will not be shown. The MM message indicates the number of possi- bilities and allows you to choose all or none of those. For example, to search for all authors whose last name is Jackson, enter the following: SS l/C? USER: jackson : (au) <-- Be sure to leave a space before the colon. PROG: MM (JACKSON :) (27) <-- This indicates 27 authors in the ALL 0R NONE? database with the last name of Jackson. USER: all PROG: SS (1) PSTG (34) <-- This represents the total number of articles written by the 27 authors. If after NEIGHBORing an author's name in the index, you decide to search for all authors with the same last name and first initial, enter the name in the following way: SS l/C? USER: smith j: (au) PROG: MM (SMITH J:) (14) ALL OR NONE? USER: all PROG: SS (1) PSTG (26) 1. Avoiding the Multi-Meaning (MM) Message When using the colon (:) truncation symbol with an author's last name, you will frequently receive a Multi—Meaning (MM) message for that name. If you have already NEIGHBORed the index and Inade 'the decision to search using all the variations of the author's name listed, you can avoid receiv- ing the Multi-Meaning message. To do so, type the word ALL before entering the author's name (with or without any initials) followed by a space and the truncation symbol and then the qualifier (AU). For example: 1) SS l/C? 2) SS l/C? USER: USER: all katagiri : (au) all smith j: (au) PROG: PROG: SS (1) PSTG (5) SS (1) PSTG (26) It is important to NBR an author's name prior to using the ALL command to epsrre that the articles you retrieve are written by the correct au- thor s . E. TO VIEW CITATIONS ONLINE: THE PRINT COMMAND To look at the citations you have retrieved, enter the PRINT (abbreviated PRT) command: SS 1/C? USER: clark pm (au) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (2) SS 2/C? USER: prt <-- PRINT (PRT) in MEDLINE displays author(s), title, and source (i.e., journal title, PROG: date of publication, volume, issue, and 1 pagination) of each citation. AU - Clark PM AU - Surplice IM AU - Broughton PM AU - Bullock DG TI - The Seralzyer and use of quality— control materials [letter] SO - Clin Chem 1983 Mar; 29(3): 578- 9 2 AU - Michiak A AU - Clark PM AU - Kricka LJ TI - Ultrathinfilm immunoelectrophoresis. SO - Ann Clin Biochem 1982 Mar;19(Pt 2):114-6 To see only the titles of the articles, enter PRINT T1 (or PRT T1) at the USER: cue. SS l/C? USER: clark pm (au) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (2) SS 2/C? USER: prt ti <-- PRINT T1 (or PRT TI) in MEDLINE displ s the title only. PROG: 1 TI - The Seralzyer and use of quality—control materials [1 tter] 2 TI - Ultrathinfilm immunoelectrophoresis. To see the author(s), title, source, and abstract of each citation, enter PRINT AR (or PRT AR) at the USER: cue. SS l/C? USER: clark pm (au) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (2) SS 2/C? USER: prt ar <--PRINT AR (or PRT AR) in MEDLINE displays the author(s), title, source, and abstract (if present) for each PROG: citation. 1 AU Clark PM Surplice IM > C: IIII AU Broughton PM AU Bullock DG TI — The Seralzyer and use of quality-control materials [letter] $0 - Clin Chem 1983 Mar;29(3):578-9 2 AU — Michiak A AU - Clark PM AU - Kricka LJ TI - Ultrathinfilm immunoelectrophoresis. AB - ImmunoelectrOphoresis (Laurell-rocket) in ultrathinfilm gels has been applied to the determination of human serum albumin in a model study. Agarose gels of 0.24 mm thickness were used and optimum electrophoretic conditions were determined. Precision was assessed and comparison with conventional immunoelectrophoresis and a chemical method was made. Though precision was poor (CV 4-6%) improvements in dispensing small volumes (0.2 microliter) should change this. Good correlation between methods (correlation coeffi- cient 0.89-0.97) was obtained. The advantages of the tech- nique are speed of analysis and low reagent costs. $0 - Ann Clin Biochem 1982 Mar;19(Pt 2):114-6 If you want to specify the number of titles or citations to be printed from your retrieval, add a number to your print request. For example, to print online only 5 citations from a larger retrieval, type PRT 5. To see only 5 titles, type PRT TI 5. Citations most recently added to the database will appear first in the PRINT display. More detailed information on PRINTing begins on p. 1150f the Guide. 33 34 F. COMBINING AUTHORSI NAMES A search may require the use of more than one author's name. To combine authors' names, use the Boolean logical Operators AND and OR. 1. Boolean Operator AND When you use the Boolean operator AND, you will retrieve only citations with both (or all if more than two are entered) authors' names present in the unit record. For example, if you are looking for articles co-authored by both M. Abe and A. Kobayaski: SS l/C? USER: abe m (au) and kobayashi a (au) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (2) 2. Boolean Operator OR The Boolean operator OR is used to search for articles written by one author or by another author. For example, if you are looking for articles written by either M. Atkinson or A. Abraham: SS l/C? USER: atkinson m (au) or abraham a (au) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (5) G. AUTHORSl NAMES EXERCISES Search for articies written by the foiiowing authors. the Author index before searching. 1) Barbara Buchanan 2) Harry Abrams 3) Co-authors Patrick A. Ludbrook and Jane L. Smith 4) Patrick A. Ludbrook or Jane L. Smith Consider NEIGHBORing 35 Authors' Names Exercises - Suggested Answers 1) Barbara Buchanan SS l/C? USER: buchanan b (au) PROG: NP (BUCHANAN B (AU)) <-- Do not assume that the author is not represented in the database. SS l/C? USER: nbr buchanan b (au) <-- It is aiways a good idea to NBR the PROG: Author (AU) index to verify the format of an author's name. POSTINGS TERM 1 BUCEK M 1 BUCH J 1 BUCHANAN BB <-- A middTe initiai is shown for 1 BUCHANAN DR B. Buchanan and is needed for 1 BUCHANAN GR searching. USER: no PROG: SS l/C? USER: buchanan bb (au) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (1) An alternative way to enter this search wouid be: SS 1/C? USER: buchanan b: (au) <-- The coion can be used to aiiow for PROG: any foiTowing initiai. The same SS (1) PSTG (1) articTe is retrieved as in SS 1. 37 'Authors' Names Exercises - Suggested Answers (cont.) 2) Harry Abrams' SS 1/C? USER: nbr abrams h (au) PROG: POSTINGS TERM 1 ABRAMOHITZ A ABRAMOHITZ J 1 ABRAMS HD 1 ABRAMS HF 1 ABRAMS PH UP N 0R DOHN N? USER: no PROG: SS 1/C? USER: abrams h: (au) PROG: MM (ABRAMS Hz) (2) 1 ABRAMS HD (AU) 2 ABRAMS HR (AU) SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R NONE USER: all PROG: SS (1) PSTG (2) SS Z/C? all abrams h: (au) PROG: SS (2) PSTG (2) <—— NBRing the author index shows that there are 2 authors whose last name is ABRAMS and first initial is H. If you are unsure of which H. Abrams you want, search for them both by using the colon to substitute for any 2nd initial. To avoid the multi-meaning message when you are sure that you want to retrieve all H. Abrams, regardless of the second initial, ALL could be placed before the author's name. The same two articles are retrieved. 38 Authors' Names Exercises — Suggested Answers (cont.) 3) 4) Patrick A. Ludbrook and Jane L. Smith SS l/C? USER: ludbrook pa (au) and smith jl (au) <-- Combine the two authors' names with the Boolean operator AND. There is PROG: one article co-authored by P.A. SS (1) PSTG (1) Ludbrook and J. L. Smith. Patrick A. Ludbrook or Jane L. Smith SS l/C? USER: ludbrook pa (au) or smith jl (au) <-- Combine the two authors' names with the Boolean Operator 0R. These PROG: articles were written by one or by SS (1) PSTG (6) the other author searched. (Also included in this retrieval is the article which they co-authored.) 39 V. SEARCHING BY SUBJECT A. MeSH HEADINGS (MH) The most common way to search a subject in MEpLINE is to use the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). MeSH is the NLM authority list for subject afiETYEfiE of the biomedical literature. It may be referred to as a controlled vocabu- lary or thesaurus. MeSH is a distinctive feature of MEDLINE which gives uniformity and consistency to the material in the database. MeSH can lead you from a synonym to the preferred MeSH heading, give infonnation about the use of the MeSH heading, and show relationships between MeSH headings. 1. Medical Subject Headings, Annotated Alphabetic List These MeSH headings (MH) can be found in the Medical Subject Headin s, Annotated Alphabetic List. A sample entry from this publication follows: TREE NUMBER MAJOR DESCRIPTOR I. ImIcATEs THERE ARE memo HEAoINcs IN MESH TREE STPucTuggg AT THIS NUMBER) ‘ HEALTH PLANNING NH‘N- ___.INOEXING ANNOTATION only /econ Ami Aegis /org|n Aund Arenas: Public Law OI-SIS; see NATIONAL HEALTH PLANNING AND RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1976 for PublIc Law QI-MI. Specify co. . HISTORY WTE LdglgEngng :TQTES lg”? f063TATE HEALTH PLANNINA. ' A E A AL meal /omI —— - . \— 79, m HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING ma-" Cataloging ammtatl 0" me HEALTH PLANNING Io Tami: HEALTH AND WELFAxE ONLIPE NOTE -——-‘-‘—" PLANNING heck am. I968 see rellIed PUBLIC HEALTH x HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING I H “B “EHAEE .T a. A HEALTH ANNI G. I A Cross References xu HEALTH PLAN IMPLEMENTATION xu HEALTH PLANNING GUIDELINES xu HEALTH PLANNING TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE xu HEALTH PRIORITIES xn PLANNING TECHNICS xx PUBLIC HEALTH Major Descriptor Any MeSH heading which is used in online SEarching and in Index Medicus. Minor Descriptor Any MeSH heading which is used in online searching, but not in Index Medicus. Tree Number An alphanumeric string indicating the location of the MeSH heading in the Tree Structures. Indexing Annotation Brief informative note for the guidance of indexers and searchers. Cataloging Annotation Brief informative note for the guidance of catalogers. History Note Information on the year the MeSH heading entered the system and other changes with the MeSH heading. Online Note Information helpful to online searchers. Cross References Related terms to consider when searching. 40 Additional entries from MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS, ANNOTATED ALPHABETIC LIST HEART DEFECTS. CONGENITAL CMZIOJUN» Cl6.lJlA57+ GEN only; do not use as coord for specific term /sbnorm; ‘congenital cardiovascular defecta' goes here: do not use /confen; cyanotic defects probably so here but do not also index under CYANOS S unless especially discussed X ECTOPIA CORDIS X HEART ABNORMALITIES XU AORTOPULMONARY SEPTAL DEFECT XU DEXTROCARDIA XU LEVOCARDIA HEART DISEASE. ISCHEMIC see CORONARY DISEASE Cl‘.180.211+ CHEART DISEASES Clt.2w+ usually dis of function: differentiate from MYOCARDIAL DISEASES. dis of myocardial tissue (see note there); /congen = HEART DEFECTS. CONGENITAL; cyanotic heart dis is probably HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL a not CYANOSIS unless especially discussed; parasitic dis of the heart: coord PARASITIC DISEASES or specific rasitic dis (IM) with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES (IM). not HEART DIS ASES; heart dis. unspecified or specific. with rheumatic fever is probably RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE: see note there CATALOG: form qualif = CARDIOLOGY /form see related NEUROCIRCULATORY ASTHENIA XU POSTPERICARDIOTOMY SYNDROME XR CARDIOLOGY HEART ENLARGEMENT Cl4.230.409+ = ‘heart hypert hy‘; for ventric hypertrophy do not coord with HEART VENTRICLE rop HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE C14‘280.t34+ includes ‘heart decom tion‘ (scompenso di cuore); do not confuse with CARDIOMYOPATH . CONGESTIVE XU CARDIOMYOPATHY. CONGESTIVE XU EDEMA, CARDIAC HEART FUNCTION TESTS 51.145.569+ only /instrum /methods /vet I HEART INJURIES C21.866.473 C21.866.89l.375 coord [M with specific part of heart /inj (NIM) X CARDIAC RUPTURE. TRAUMATIC X HEART RUPTURE, TRAUMATIC HEART-LUNG BYPASS see CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS E4192!” HEART-LUNG MACHINE see HEART. MECHANICAL E73332!” HEART MASSAGE 52.365.647.375 E4.7SZ.J76.458 E4.920.490.‘W do not use /util except by MeSH definition HEART, MECHANICAL E7.B$8i82.45! external heart-lung mschine: do not confuse with HEART. ARTIFICIAL (implanted pump replacing whole or part of heart); do not use /instrum /methods /util (except by MeSH definition) see related CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS OXYGENATORS HEART-LUNG MACHINE R CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS HEART MI'TOCHONDRIA see MITOCHONDRIA. HEART A l l‘368t702.564i627‘603 A l 130.526.627.603 HEART MURMURS El. I45.569A99.J76.QS9 coord with specific heart valve disease (IM). consider also PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY; TN lJ; stethosco : ’ de nd HEA T AUSCULTATION linstrum pe m x u er I (75) sesrch HEART AUSCULTATION l972-74 see under HEART AUSCULTATION HEART NEOPLASMS CI (383961309 cu 280.459 anal /blood supply /secret lultrastruct permitted; coord IM with s ific sue in hesn (NIM) 4- histol type of neonl (IM) pec v INDICATES THERE ARE INDENTED DESCRIPTORS IN MESH TREE STRUCTURES AT THIS NUMBER HEART SOUNDS HEART SURGERY HEART RATE G9.330.6l2.509 only ldni elf /rad efl‘; TN 99: relation to ‘bradyicsrdis' & ‘tachycardia‘; lic : Manual 2 .33; chronotro ic action of drugs - EART RATE /druf (I + drug with /phann ( M) + STIMULATION. CHEMICAL (N M) for positive chronotropic action a DEPRESSION. CHEMICAL (NIM) for negative. for inotropic action see note on MYOCARDIAL CONTRACT ION 66(64) HEART RUP’TURE Cl4.230“70 rupt of any part of heart; coord [M with specific ran (IM) if ninent; usuall caused by myocard infarct; traumatic rupt - EAR'T INfiJGRIES y 78 X CARDIAC RUPTURE HEART RUPI'URE. TRAUMATIC see HEART INJURIES C2l.866.673 C21.866.l9l.375 HEART SEPTAL DEFECTS Cl4t280.4w.560+ Cl6.lJl.457.559+ not for all septa] sbnonn: see Dorlsnd under defect for definition; do not use /con§en 64 XU ENDOCARDIAL CUSHION DEFECTS HEART SEPTAL DEFECTS, ATRIAL Cl4.280.400.560.375+ C16.l31.‘57.559.376+ not for all atrial septum sbnorm: see Doriand under defect for definition: do not use /congen 64 X FORAMEN OVALE. PATENT XU LUTEMBACHER'S SYNDROME XU TRILOGY OF FALLOT HEART SEP'I‘AL DEFECTS, VENTRICULAR cu.zso.4oo.sao.s4o Cl6.l3!.‘57‘559.5‘2 not for all ventric septum abnorm: see Dorland under defect for definition; do not use /congen 6‘ HEART SEP'TUM A7, “I .59 labnorm permitted but consider also HEART SEPTAL DEFECTS at its specifics; do not use /blood su IM heart septa! dis: coord IM with MYOCARDIAL DISEASES( I ) HEART SEPTUM. ATRIAL & HEART SEPTUM. VENTRICULAR were headings 1963 X FORAMEN OVALE El.l45.569‘699.376+ G9.JJO.6I1.5I5 consider also PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY; stethoscope: index undier HEART AUSCULTATION /instrum (75) search HEART AUSCULTATION ”66-76 see under HEART AUSCULTATION Et 752.3764- BISNJW+ GENonly:donotussforsur’o{specificpartofhesrt( nsuecifichean tem/mrg)orspacifich-rtdu( - d'ueau/surgkdonotuse/utileacept by MeSH definition w-inCatEAOlm-n HEART VALVE DISEASES CHINA‘S-t- IM GEN only; coord NIM with specific valve (IM) 67; AORTIC VALVE DISEASES was lie-din. ”63-66 go“ HEART VALVE DISEASES to search AORTIC VALVE DISEASES XU TRICUSPID VALVE PROLAPSE HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS 54.6591” 3.7513765“ anemia E7450.” E71”. 565. 509 IM + coord moms: valve (NIM); only /sdv eff/class lecon ist lmortsl /nurs Ipsychol / ‘ hand In ly lutil if by MeSH definiti n) /vet; for ' coord [M with BIOI’ OSTH IS (IM) .1 do not s il'y source of ‘ material unle- especially discuued 65 HEART VALVES A7.MI.SIO+ GEN; do not use Mood mwly a. Searching with MeSH Headings The NLM indexers scan the articles and assign the most_specific MeSH head- ing(s) apprOpriate to describe each major concept completely. When there is no single Specific MeSH heading to match the concept, the indexer will use the closest, more general MeSH heading available. When necessary, two or more MeSH headings may be used to express a concept. The indexer will assign as many MeSH headings as appropriate to cover the concept(s) in the articles (approximately five to fifteen). To retrieve articles on a particular topic from the database, the searcher should select the appropriate MeSH heading(s) to cover the concept(s). You must enter the MeSH headings exactly as they appear in the printed MeSH, including punctuation and spaces. 41 SS l/C? USER: heart valve diseases <-- No qualifier is needed when searching MeSH headings in MEDLINE or INTROMED. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (23) <-- This retrieval represents all citations which have been indexed with the MeSH heading "heart valve diseases". The following is an example of an incorrectly entered MeSH heading: SS l/C? USER: heart vavle diseases <-- Misspelled the word "valve“. PROG: NP (HEART VAVLE DISEASES) <—- NP (No Postings) because the heading has a misspelled word in it. Another example of a NP (No Postings) retrieval: SS 1/C? USER: congestive heart failure PROG: <-- This search generated a NP (No Post- NP (CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE) ings) message because “congestive heart failure" is not the correct form of the heading. The MeSH heading is HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE. The correct entry is: SS l/C? USER: heart failure, congestive PROG: SS (1) PSTG (85) 42 If the word "and" is within a MeSH heading, replace one of the iharacters of that word with a # sign. The # sign is the symbol for a single variable character. This is necessary so that the computer does not read this "and" as the Boolean Operator "AND". RIGHT WAY WRONG WAY SS 1 /C? SS 1 /C? USER: USER: stains a#d staining stains and staining PROG: PROG: SS (1) PSTG (68) NP (STAINING) *NONE- b. NEIGHBORing MeSH Headings The NEIGHBOR (NBR) command can be used to Took at MeSH headin 5 online. To do so, enter the command NEIGHBOR (or its abbreviation NBR followed by the MeSH heading with the qualifier MH in parentheses. SS 1 /C? USER: nbr heart valve diseases (mh) <—- Use the (MH) qualifier when NEIGHBORing the MeSH heading field only. PROG: POSTINGS TERM 5 HEART SOUNDS 3O HEART SURGERY 23 HEART VALVE DISEASES 42 HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS 6 HEART VALVES UP N OR DOWN N? USER: no c. Limiting Retrieval to the Main Point of the Article To limit retrieval of a MeSH heading search to only those articles in which the MeSH heading is one of the main points of the article, place an asterisk immediately in front of the heading. SS 1 /C?. USER: *heart valve diseases PROG: SS (1) PSTG (5) <-- Fewer citations are retri ved than in the previous search in which the MeSH heading was searched without the asterisk. d. Specificity of MeSH Headings It is possible to retrieve articles on individual heart valve diseases for which we have headings as well as for articles on the general topic. As a rule, NLM indexers assign the most specific subject heading(s) available. For example, if an article discusses stenosis of the aortic valve, the MeSH heading assigned will be the more specific MeSH heading AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS, ngt_the general heading HEART VALVE DISEASES. 2. Medical Subject Headings, Tree Structures Each MeSH heading in the Annotated Alphabetic MeSH has at least one alpha- numeric string, known as a'TFee Number, listed immediately below the heading. Often, a + (plus) sign will be found at the end of this number indicating that at least one more specific MeSH heading is indented under the given heading in the Medical Subject Headings, Tree Structures. For example: HEART VALVE DISEASES C14.280.484+ The Tree Structures is another publication used in searching MEDLINE con- taining MeSH headings. It is a publication which lists each MeSH heading, represented by its Tree Number(s), and is categorized by subject. The Trees are a rearrangement of the same MeSH headings found in the Alphabetic List. The MeSH headings in each subject category are arranged hierarchi- cally from the most general term to the most specific. Order information for purchasing the Tree Structures is on page 183 of the Guide. 43 44 A PORTION OF THE TREE STRUCTURES .CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES .HEART DISEASES ARRHY'THMIA ARRHY'I'HMIA, SINUS ASYST OLE ' ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ATRIAL FLUTIER BRADYCARDIA EXTRASYSTOLE HEART BLOCK ADAMS-STOKES SYNDROME BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK SINOATRIAL BLOCK - WOLFE-PARKINSON-WHITE SYNDROME SICK SINUS SYNDROME TACHYCARDIA TACHYCARDIA. PAROXYSMAL VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION CARCINOID HEART DISEASE - CARDIAC OUTPUT. LOW CARDIAC TAMPONADE CORONARY DISEASE ANGINA PECI'ORIS ANGINA PECIORIS. VARIANT ANGINA. UNSTABLE - CORONARY VASOSPASM ANGINA PECIORIS. VARIANT MYOCARDIAL INFARCI'ION SHOCK, CARDIOGENIC ENDOCARDITIS ENDOCARDITIS. BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS. SUBACUTE BACTERIAL HEART ANEURYSM HEART ARREST HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL AORTIC COARCIATION CORONARY VESSEL ANOMALIES DEXTROCARDIA - DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT EBSTEIN‘S ANOMALY EISENMENGER COMPLEX HEART SERIAL DEFECTS AORTOPULMONARY SERIAL DEFECT ' ENDOCARDIAL CUSHION DEFECTS ' HEART SERIAL DEFECTS. ATRIAL LUTEMBACHER'S SYNDROME - TRILOGY OF FALLOT ° HEART SERIAL DEFECTS. VENTRICULAR LEVOCARDIA - TETRALOGY OF FALLOT TRANSPOSITION OF GREAT VESSELS TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS. PERSISTENT HEART ENLARGEMENT CARDIOMYOPATHY. CONGES'I'IVE - HEART FAILURE. CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY. CONGESTIVE - DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL EDEMA, CARDIAC - HEART NEOPLASMS HEART RURIURE HEART VALVE DISEASES AORTIC VALVE INSUFFICIENCY AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS MITRAL VALVE INSUFFICIENCY MI'IRAL VALVE PROLAPSE MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS PULMONARY VALVE INSUFFICIENCY PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS TRICUSPID VALVE INSUFFICIENCY TRICUSPID VALVE PROLAPSE ' TRICUSPID VALVE STENOSIS MYOCARDIAL DISEASES CARDIOMYOPATHY. ALCOHOLIC CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHIC SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS AORTIC SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS ° PULMONARY SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS ' MYOCARDITIS PERICARDIAL EFFUSION PERICARDITIS PERICARDITIS, CONSTRICI'IVE PERICARDI'TIS. TUBERCULOUS ' PNEUMOPERICARDIUM POSTPERICARDIOTOMY SYNDROME ' PULMONARY HEART DISEASE RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE C14 CI4.289 C 14.280.67 C14180.67.93 Cl‘.280.67.l46 C14.280.67.I98 C14.280.67.240 CI¢.280.67.319 C 16.280.67.670 C 14.280.67.558 Cl‘.l80.67.558.137 Cl‘.280.67.558.323 Cl‘.280.67.558.750 C14.280.67.558.865 €14.280.67.829 C 10.280.67.845 C14.280.67.845.695 C 14.280.67.932 C14.280.129 C14.280.148 C14.280.ISS C14280.211 Cl4.280.211.l90 Cl4.2«80.21 1.198.955 C14.280.211.I98.970 C 14280.2! 1.215 C 14.280.211.215355 C14.m.211.637 C14.280.211.637.667 C14.280.282 Cl4.280.282.‘07 C 16.280.282.407 .407 C 14.280.358 C [4.280.383 Cl‘.280.400 C “380,400.90 C 14.280.400.210 C14.280.400.280 C 14.280.400.340 C14.280.400.395 Cld.280.400.450 04.280.400.560 C 14.280.400.560.” C “180.400.560.350 C “280.400.560.375 C 14.280100560375518 C l4.280.400.560.375.702 C14.280.400.560.540 C14.280.400.701 C 14.280.400.849 C14.280.400.9l§ C14.280.400.929 C14.280.409 C 14.280.409.160 Cl‘.280.434 C14.280.¢34.160 C 14.280.034.313 C14.280.434.482 C14.280.459 C14.280.470 C14.280.C84 Cll.200.084.95 Cl4.280.484.150 C 14.200.484.46! C14.N0.404.505 C 14.200.484.517 Cl‘.200.484.660 C14.280.‘84.7l6 Cl4.280.684.856 Cl‘.280.484.870 C14.280.484.911 C14.280.600 C14.280.600.57 C14.280.600.608 C “180.600.608.205 C "380.600.608.714 C14.280.600.625 C14.280.695 C 14.280.720 Cl‘.280.720.595 CI4.280.720.801 C14.280.763 CI‘.200.793 C14.2fl.832 C 16.2”!“ cxuum I. . C“. 131.81.. . CICJJIJIO. cannula. .CIJJJ. mans. Cl 151”. cum mm. a. To See the Tree Structure Online: The TREE Command As an alternative to consulting the printed Tree Structures, you may diSplay the tree structure online by using the TREE command. Type the command TREE and enter the MeSH heading to be displayed. The display will consist of the MeSH heading one level more general than the one you have typed, and all the MeSH headings one level more specific to the MeSH heading. If there are other MeSH headings at more specific levels of indention, a + (plus) sign will appear after the MeSH heading in the diSplay. (To see those tree structures you need to issue another TREE commands) In the example below, the user wants to see an online display of the MeSH headings that follow the MeSH heading HEART in the hierarchy. Based on the resulting display, the user will decide whether to include all or any of the more specific headings in the search. SS l/C? USER: tree heart PROG: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM A7 <--0ne level of the Tree Structures more general than the MeSH heading HEART. HEART A7.54l ENDOCARDIUM A7.54l.207 <--All the MeSH headings FETAL HEART A7.54l.278 (+) included in one level HEART ATRIUM A7.54l.358 more specific to the HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM A7.54l.409 (+) MeSH heading HEART. HEART SEPTUM A7.54l.459 HEART VALVES A7.54l.510 (+) HEART VENTRICLE A7.541.560 MYOCARDIUM‘A7.54T.704 PERICARDIUM A7.54l.795 Those headings with a plus sign (+) after the tree number indicate that further indentations are beneath than in the tree structure. In this example, FETAL HEART and HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM both have more specific headings indented beneath them. To take it one step further, you may want to TREE one of these MeSH headings. 45 46 1) Multi-Meaning (MM) Message When Using the TREE Command In some cases, a MeSH heading may be assigned to more than one MeSH category or may appear in more than one position in the same category. When this occurs while TREEing that MeSH heading, a Multi-Meaning (MM) message will appear. This message lists the tree numbers assigned to the heading. SS l/C? tree fetal heart PROG: MM (FETAL HEART) 1 A7.541.278 2 A16.378.303 SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE- The acceptable responses to the 'SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE' prompt are: a) NUMBER - by entering the choice number or numbers separated by commas (not the tree number), the tree(s) selected will be displayed. SS l/C? USER: tree fetal heart PROG: MM (FETAL HEART) (2) 1 A7.541.278 2 A16.378.303 SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE- USER: 1 <-- In this case, selecting number '1' displays the A7.541.278 tree. PROG: HEART A7.541 FETAL HEART A7.541.278 DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS A7.541.278.395 TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS A7.541.278.930 47 b) ALL - by entering the word ALL, ail of the tree numbers for the MeSH heading being “TREEd'I wiii be dispiayed. SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE— USER: aii PROG: HEART A7.541 FETAL HEART A7.541.278 DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS A7.541.278.395 TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS A7.541.278.930 FETUS A16.378 FETAL HEART A16.378.303 DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS A16.378.303.395 TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS A16.378.303.930 c) NONE — by entering the word NONE, the request to TREE wii] be cancelied and you wiii be returned to the USER: cue. SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE- USER: none PROG: SS 1/C? USER: After using the TREE command oniine or consulting the printed Tree Struc— tures, decide if you shouid inciude a11 or any of the more Specific headings in the search. If they a11 are to be searched, use the EXPLODE command as discussed on the next page. 48 b. To Increase or Expand Retrieval: The EXPLODE Command To search for all of the articles that have been indexed with any of the HEART VALVE DISEASES headings listed in the Tree Structures, use the EXPLODE (EXP) command. This command instructs the computer to gather together the named MeSH heading with all of the more specific MeSH headings indented under that heading in the Tree Structures. (This saves the searcher the effort of typing in each MeSH heading individually, i.e., HEART VALVE DISEASES or AORTIC VALVE INSUFFICIENCY or AORTIC VALVE STENO- SIS, etc.) Only those MeSH headings whose Tree Numbers are followed by a + (plus) sign can be EXPLODEd. 3 Note the difference in retrieval between searching for a MeSH heading without using the EXPLODE command and with using the EXPLODE command. SS 1/C? USER: heart valve diseases PROG: SS (1) PSTG (23) SS 2/C? USER explode heart valve diseases PROG: SS (2) PSTG (86) <-- More citations are retrieved in SS 2 than in SS 1 where the EXPLODE command was not used. This is because all of the specific headings in the HEART VALVE DISEASES tree are being searched not just the general MeSH heading. To limit retrieval to the central concept of the articles, use the asterisk (*) in conjunction with the EXPLODE (EXP) command. For example, to re- trieve only those articles whose major emphasis is on any of the heart valve diseases: SS 1/C? USER: explode *heart valve diseases <-- Note that the asterisk precedes the heading, never the EXPLODE command. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (49) <-- This retrieves fewer citations than the immediately preceding example, but more than *HEART VALVE DISEASES (without the EXP) which retrieves only five citations. Indexers use the most specific MeSH heading appropriate for the dontent of the article. If you want only articles on the general concept, use the general MeSH heading, e.g.,—HEART VALVE DISEASES. If you want only arti- cles on one or two specific concepts, use the specific MeSH headings, e.g., AORTIC VALVE INSUFFICIENCY or AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS. If you want all articles discussing any_of the diseases of the heart valves, EXPLODE the general MeSH heading, i.e., EXP HEART VALVE DISEASES. 1) Multi-Meaning (MM) Message When Using the EXPLODE Command If a MeSH heading is in more than one tree and, therefore, has more than one tree number, you will receive a Multi-Meaning (MM) message in response to EXPLODing that MeSH heading. This indicates'that the MeSH heading used with the EXPLODE command appears in more than one position in the Tree Structures. It is recommended that you always look at the displays in the Tree Structures to determine the most suitable tree number for your use. For some MeSH headings the displays are identical; for other MeSH headings the displays are different. The interaction when EXPLODing a MeSH heading with more than one tree number looks like the following: SS 1/C? USER: explode heart defects, congenital PROG: MM (HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL) (2) 1 C14.280.4OO 2 C16.131.457 NUMBER, NONE, OR EXPAND- The acceptable responses to the 'NUMBER, NONE, 0R EXPAND' prompt are: 1. NUMBER - by entering the choice number (not the tree number), the MeSH heading you indicated and all terms indented under it at the specified tree number will be searched. Only one number can be entered here. USER: 1 <-- In this case selecting number '1' retrieves articles searching the tree number C14.280.400. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (98) 2. NONE - by entering the word NONE, the MeSH heading you indicated and all the headings indented under the first listed tree number will be searched (same result as typing the number 1). NUMBER, NONE, OR EXPAND- USER: none PROG: SS (1) PSTG (98) 3. EXPAND - by entering the word EXPAND, a display of the MeSH headings one level more general (higher in the Tree Structures) than the one being EXPLODEd will be shown for each of the trees. You will receive another Multi-Meaning message and be given an opportunity to enter a response to the 'NUMBER, NONE, 0R EXPAND' query again. NUMBER, NONE, OR EXPAND- USER: expand PROG: HEART DISEASES <-- 'HEART DISEASES' is the heading on level C14.280 more general in the C14 tree struc?ure. ABNORMALITIES <-- 'ABNORMALITIES' is the heading one level C16.131 more general in the c16 tree structure. MM (HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL) (2) NUMBER, NONE, OR EXPAND- 2) Avoiding the Multi-MeaningflMM) Message When EXPLODing The Multi-Meaning message can be avoided by EXPLODing the desired tree number instead of the MeSH heading. SS 1/C? USER: explode c14.280.400 <-- One of the tree numbers for HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (98) SS 1/C? USER: explode *c14.280.400 <-- Nhen EXPLODing, an asterisk (*l can precede a tree number as well as a MeSH heading. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (75) 51 C. Pre-Explosions A group of frequently EXPLODEd MeSH headings which require an excessive amount of computer time to process are already stored in the computer in their EXPLODEd format and are known as Pre-explosions (PX). These Pre-explosions are identified by a black dot preceding the heading in the Annotated MeSH. A complete list can be found in the front of the Annotated MeSH and on page 53 of this Guide. To search for a Pre-exploded MeSH heading, use the Pre-explosion name followed by the qualifier (PX). The Pre-explosion name may differ slightly from the actual MeSH heading. If a Pre-explosion is available, use it instead of EXPLODing the regular MeSH heading. You will receive the same retrieval, but a considerable amount of time will be saved. This next example is taken from MEDLINE rather than from INTROMED. (INTRO- MED is a much smaller database than MEDLINE and as a result time overflows do not occur with the frequency that they do in MEDLINE.) HEART DISEASES is an EXPLODable MeSH heading for which a Pre-explosion exists. EXPLODing the term results in several TIME OVERFLON messages (see page 19 of this Guide), whereas, using the Pre-explosion gives an immediate response. SS 1/C? USER: exp heart diseases PROG: TIME OVFLN: CONT? (Y/N) <-- When the computer generates a TIME OVFLN message, you are being asked if you want to continue searching. Answer 'Y' or 'Yes' to continue, 'N' or 'No' to stop. USER: y PROG: TIME OVFLN: CONT? (Y/N) / USER: ‘ y PROG: TIME OVFLN: CONT? (Y/N) USER y PROG: TIME OVFLN: CONT? (Y/N) USER y PROG: SS (1) PSTG (29530) <-— Remember these postings are from MEDLINE and will change monthly as the database is updated. 5 52 SS l/C? USER: heart diseases (px) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (29530) <-- The number of postings using (PX) is the same as using EXPLODE, but it takes much Tess computer time. . Asterisks (*) can be used with Pre-expiosions to retrieve onTy those citations with the MeSH headings as the main point of the articles. SS l/C? USER: *heart diseases (px) <-- The quaTifier (PX) must be used. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (731) Tree numbers may not be used when searching using Pre-expTosions. Rather, the Pre-expiosion‘fiame must be used. SS 1/C? USER: c14.280.400 (px) <-- This is the tree number for HEART DISEASES. The correct entry is HEART DISEASES (PX). PROG: NP (C14.280.400 (PX)) If the word “AND" is found within the Pre-expiosion name, remember to disguise it by using the # sign to distinguish it from the BooTean operator 'AND'. SS 1/C? USER: signs a#d symptoms (px) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (989) AVAILABLE PRE-EXPLOSIONS, 1985 53 Pra-aprodad Earns ara Indicated with the symbol a In the Annotated AIENaMtic MOSH and MaSH Trad Structures. Pro-explosions added Eor rm“ by‘TB'S). Pro-"2105101! Nan (PX) Tree No. ABNORMALITIES c16.131 ANTIBIOTICS DZD BS ANTIBODIES 024.611.125 BACTERIA BJ BACTERIAL INFECTIONS C1.252 BEHAVIOR F1.I45 BEHAVIOR AND BEHAVIOR MECHANISMS F1 BEHAVIORAL AND MENTAL DISORDERS F3 BIOCHEM PHENOM METAB 55 BLOOD PROTEINS 012.776.124 BRAIN AB.IBG.ZII CARBOHYDRATES 09.203 CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS D1B CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES C14 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM A7 CELLS A11 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AB.186 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES CIO.ZZB CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL E5.196 CIRCULATORY. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY G9 DENTISTRY E6 DIAGNOSIS. LABORATORY EI.223 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASES C6 ENZYMES 08.586 EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES E7 GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES C6.405 GENETICS GS HEALTH FACILITIES N2.27B HEALTH SERVICES N2.421 HEART DISEASES C14.ZBO HORMONES 06.472 IMMUNITY 64.610 IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS 024.611 LIPIDS 010.516 MAMMALS 'BZ.649 MENTAL DISORDERS F3.709 METABOLIC DISEASES C18.452 METALS 01.552 MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICS E5 MOUTH AND TOOTH DISEASES C7 MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES C5 NEOPLASMS C4 NERVOUS SYSTEM AB NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES C10 NEUROLDGIC MANIFESTATIONS CIO.597 ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION N4.452 PHYSIOLOGY. GENERAL G7 PROTEINS 012.776 PSVCHOLDGIC PROCESSES PRINCIPLES F2 REPRODUCTION. URDGENITAL PHYSIOLOGY GB RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES CB RDDENTIA 82.649.865 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS C23.BBB SKIN DISEASES C17 STEROIDS 04.808 SURGERY. OPERATIVE E4 UNITED STATES MC [as MeSH heading] UNITED STATES [as placa of puanatIon] 21.107.567.875 21.107.567.875 VASCULAR uxsusss (214.907 vearaannr: vxausas 34.909 VERTEBRATES az vxaus DISEASES CZ vxauszs 34 uounos AND xuaunxss c21.aee Remember to disguise the AND 1n names of pre-axplosIons just as you do for regular searching on MISH headIngs with embedded ANDs. New Pre-eprosions are added each year. Refer to the introductory pages of the current year's Annotated MeSH for the most up-to-date Iist of Pre—eprosions. 54 3. Permuted MeSH The Permuted Medical Subject Headings is a computer-produced publication presenting an additional rearrangement of the MeSH headings found in the Annotated Alphabetic MeSH. Permuted MeSH takes each significant word that appears in every MeSH heading and; indented under that word, lists all the MeSH headings in which that word appears. The Permuted MeSH has several uses including the following: a. It facilitates locating a Inulti-worded MeSH heading by any word in that MeSH heading. For example, to locate the MeSH heading used for "subvalvular stenosis" or “hypertrophic stenosis“, one can look in the Permuted MeSH under the word SUBVALVULAR or STENOSIS or HYPERTROPHIC and locate the MESH heading IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHIC SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS. b. It permits identifying MeSH headings which may be related to the MeSH heading one has in mind, but do not start with the same word. For example, under CHILD, useful headings such as MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONS and FATHER-CHILD RELATIONS are listed. Under ENAMEL is listed MOTTLED ENAMEL. None of these MeSH headings could have been found in either the Annotated MeSH or Tree Structures by looking under CHILD or ENAMEL. c. It provides another source to consult when a user is searching for an unfamiliar or complicated topic. By consulting the Permuted MeSH for related or similar headings, more appropriate MeSH headings can be found in the displays. If a searcher is not' 'familiar“ with medical terminology in the format of the Medical Subject Headings of NLM, the Permuted MeSH may be the first publication to consult for vocabulary ideas. The Permuted MeSH, used in conjunction with the Annotated Alphabetic JeSH and the Tree Structures, will facilitate your online searching. Ordejing information can Be found on page183 of the Guide. See the following page for a sample portion from the Permuted MeSH. 55 SAMPLE ENTRIES FROM PERMUTED MeSH CHILI) "A II I‘RI‘I) CIIII I) SYNDROMF we umIcr (‘IIILD AIIUSE ('IIIII) CHILI). AlIANDONl-J) CHILD ABUSE ('llll.l) ADVO('A('Y CHILD IIEHAYIOR ('HH.D BEHAVIOR DISORDERS CHILD CARE (‘HILD DAY CARE ('ENTERS CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD DEVELOPMENT DEVIATIONS see CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS CIIILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS. PERVASIVE CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS. SPECIFIC see CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS CHILD. EXCEPTIONAL CHILDv GIFTED CHILD GUIDANCE CHILI) GUIDANCE CLINICS see under COMMl'NITY MENTAL HEALTH CENTERS CHILD HEALTH SERVICES CHILD. HOSPITALIZED CHILD. INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD LANGUAGE see undcr LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT CHILD NEGLECT see CHILD ABUSE CHILD NUTRITION CHILD. PRESCHOOL CHILD PSYCHIATRY CHILD PSYCHOLOGY CHILD REACTIVE DISORDERS CHILD REARING CHILD SI’ACING we BIRTH INTERVALS (Hll. D. UNWAN’Tl-D CHILD “ELFARE CONDUCT DISORDERS CHILD see CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS FATHER-CHII D RI- LA I’IONS GIF'I'ED CHIL D we CHII D GIETED II()SI'ITAI.I7.I-'.I) CHILI) su- (‘HlLD. HOSPITALIZED INS'I’I'I‘U'I IONALI/Jil) CHILI) «cc CHILD. INSTI'I'UTIONALIZED MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH CENTERS see under HEALTH FACILITIES MOTHER—CHILD RELATIONS ONLY CIIILD PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS PERVASIVE CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS we CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS. I'ERVASIVE WELL CHILD CONFERENCE see CHILD HEALTH SERVICES ENAMEL DENTAL ENAMEL DENTAL ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA DENTAL ENAMEL PERMEABILITY see under TOOTH PERMEABILITY DENTAL ENAMEL PROTEINS DENTAL ENAMEL SOLUBILITY ENAMEL see DENTAL ENAMEL ENAMEL CUTICLE ENAMEL ORGAN see under TOOTH GERM MOTTIED ENAMEL HYPER] ROI’HIC CARDIOMYIH’A I IIY. IIYI’I.” IRUI'IIIC ‘K'C IDIOI’A'I'IIII HYI'ERTROI'HIC Sl'IIVAINL'IAR STENOSIS CARDIUMYOI’A I ”Y. IIYI’I-‘R'I‘ROI‘IIIC ()IIST RUCI IVE wt IDIOPATHIC IIYI’I'TR’I'ROI’HIC SURVALVUIAR STENOSIS GASTRITIS. HYI‘ER'I‘ROI’HIC we under (:‘ASTRI'I'IS IDIOPATHIC IIY I’FRT ROI’HIC SI. RAORT IC SIENOSIS sue IDIOPATHIC HYPE RTROPHIC Sl' BVAI. \Ul AR STE N'OSIS IDIOPATHIC HY PE RTROPIHC SUBI AI VLLAR STENOSIS 0STEOARTHROPATHY. PRIMARY HY.I’I-RTROI‘I|I( ()STEOARTHROPATHY. SECONDARY HYI'ER'I'ROI‘HII SLIRVALVCLAR STINOSIS. IDIOPATHIC HYI'ER IRUI‘IIH ~Et' IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHII' SUBVALVCIAR STI'NOSIS STENOSIS AORTIC STENOSIS see AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS AORTIC STENOSIS. SUPRAVALVL'LAR we AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS AORTIC SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS we under IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHIC SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHIC SUBAORTIC STENOSIS see IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHIC SUBVAI.VULAR STENOSIS IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHIC SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS PULMONARY STENOSIS see PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS PULMONARY SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS see under IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHIC SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS PYI.0R|C STENOSIS RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS see RENAL ARTERY DESTRUCTION SPINAL STENOSIS SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS. IDIOPATHIC HYPER'I'ROPHIC see IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHIC SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS TRACHEAL STENOSIS TRICUSPID VALVE STENOSIS SUBVALVULAR AOR I'IC .Sl'IIV‘AI Vl'l AR STENOSIS we umlcr IDIOPATHIC HYI'I'IRTROI’IIIC Sl'IIVAI.V’lII.AR S'I‘ENOSIS IDIOPATHIC HYI'ERTROI’IIIC SUIWALVULAR STENOSIS PULMONARY SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS we under IDIOPATHIC HVI'I-LRT ROI’HIC SL'RVALVULAR STENOSIS SUIJVAINULAR S'I'ENOSIS. IDIOPATHIC HYPERIROI‘HIC we IDIOPATHIC HYI'ERTROI’HIC SlmVALVULAR STENOSIS o 56 4. Subheadings Used with MeSH Headings You can limit your search to a Specific aspect or facet of the topic by attaching a subheading to the MeSH heading. Seventy-six subheadings are available, but not every subheading can be used with every MeSH heading. Several lists of these subheadings with their abbreviations for searching and their allowable subject categories can be found in the introductory pages of the Annotated MeSH. To determine which subheadings may be used with a particular MeSH heading, refer to the lists and read the annotation that exists for each subheading. An alphabetical list of subheadings is on pages 58 and 59 of this Guide. l To search using a subheading, enter the MeSH heading followed immediately by a slash followed by the two-letter abbreviation for the subheading (without any spaces). For example, to search for general articles con- cerned with the pathology of heart valve diseases: SS 1/C? USER: heart valve diseases/pa <-- pa = pathology. HEART VALVE DISEASES is in the “C" category (Diseases) of PROG: MeSH headings (its tree number begins SS (1) PSTG (6) with a "0"). The list of allowable subheadings shows that the subheading PA may be used with category "C" headings. When limiting to the main point of the article, the asterisk (*) must precede the MeSH heading, not the subheading. SS Z/C? USER: *heart valve diseases/pa PROG: SS (2) PSTG (2) a. Using Multiple Subheadings 1) Subheadings Attached Separately To search for a MeSH heading with more than one subheading, each subhead- ing must be attached separately to the MeSH heading. For example, to search for general articles concerned with the pathology or the diagnosis of heart valve diseases: SS 1/C? USER: heart valve diseases/pa or heart valve diseases/di PROG: SS (1) PSTG (12) 2) Using the SUBS APPLY Command Alternatively, the SUBS APPLY command may be used to attach a number of subheadings at the same time to a MeSH headina. SUBS APPLY takes the place of ORing together several subheadings attac ed to a particular MeSH heading. The following interaction shows use of the SUBS APPLY command to retrieve the same citations as the search strategy that appears above. SS 1/C? USER: subs apply di, pa <-- Separate subheadings with a comma. PROG: SUBHEADINGS ACCEPTED. SS 1/C? USER: heart valve diseases <-- Retrieves all articles concerning either the 57 diagnosis or pathology of HEART VALVE DISEASES. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (12) Always remember to cancel the SUBS APPLY command at the next USER: cue with the SUBS CANCEL command. SS 2/C? USER: subs cancel PROG: SUBHEADINGS CANCELLED. The SUBS CANCEL command only cancels the attachment of subheadings to subsequent search statements. It does not affect what has already been retrieved. It is important to cancel the subheadings before searching further. Otherwise, the computer will attempt to keep "attaching" those subheadings to subsequent input. This could result in irrelevant retrieval or cause a No Postings (NP) message. 58 b. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SUBHEADINGS Abbreviation Subheading for Searching Allowable Categories abnormalities......................AB..........A(except AlO-12,Al6) administration & dosage............AD..........D adverse effects....................AE..........D,E,F4,63,H,J analogs & derivatives..............AA..........D(except DB) analysis...........................AN..........A,B(except BZ),C4.D, 63,J anatomy & histology................AH..........A,Bl,BZ,BS,B6 antagonists & inhibitors...........AI..........D biosynthesis.......................BI..........D b]00d......................u.......BL.no......Bz,C,D,F3 blood supply.......................BS..........A(except A7,All,A12), C4 cerebrospinal fluid................CF..........BZ,C,D,F3 chemical synthesis.................CS..........D chemically induced.................CI..........C,F3 classification.....................CL..........All,B-N complications......................C0..........C,F3 congenital.........................CN..........C(except Cl6) cytology...........................CY..........A,B deficiency.........................DF..........D diagnosis..........................DI..........C,F3 diagnostic use.....................DU..........D,H diet therapy.......................DH..........C,F3 drug effects.......................DE..........A,B(except BZ),Fl.F2, G4-ll drug therapy.......................DT..........C,F3 economics..........................EC..........C,E,F3,F4,Gl-3,12,J,L, N2-4 education..........................ED..........E,F,Gl-3,H-M,Nl,N? embryology.........................EM..........A(except All,A12,Al6), Bl,BZ,86,C enzymology.........................EN..........A,B(except BZ),C,F3 ethnology..........................EH..........Z etiologyOOOO...OOIOOOOOOIOIOOIIOIIOET.OOOOIOOOOC,F3 familial & genetic.................FG..........C,F3 genetics...........................GE..........B,06,D8-l3,DZ4 growth & development...............GD..........A(except AlO-l2,Al6),B history-00....000000-0-noun-eloo-ooHIosoonOOUICC'F,G]-3,H'N lmmUHOIOQy........oo.ooo..........oIM...-o.....A-D,F3 injuries...........................IN..........A(except AlO-l2,Al6) innervation........................IR..........A(except A8,AlO-l2) 59 Abbreviation Subheading for Searching Allowable Categories instrumentation....................IS..........E(except E7),F2,F4 g Gl-3,H,J,L isolation & purification...........IP..........Bl,B3-5,D legislation & jurisprudence........LJ..........I,12,L,N2-4 manpower...........................MA..........E6,F4,Gl,G2,H-J,L,N2-4 metabolism.................;.......ME..........A-D,F3 methods............................MT..........E(except E7),F4, Gl-3,H-J,L,N microbiology.......................MI..........A,Bl,82,B6,C,F3 mortality..........................M0..........C,E,F3,F4 nursing............................NU..........C,E,F3 occurrence.........................0C..........C,F3 organization & administration......OG..........12,L,N2-4 parasitology.......................PS..........A,Bl,BZ,B6,C,F3 pathogenicity......................PY..........Bl,B3-5 pathology..........................PA..........A,C,F3 pharmacodynamics...................PD.......... physiology.........................PH.......... lphysiopathology....................PP.......... poisoning..........................P0.......g.. prevention & control...............PC.......... psychology.........................PX.......... radiation effects..................RE.......... radiography........................RA.......... radionuclide imaging...............RI.......... radiotherapy.......................RT.......... rehabilitation.....................RH..........C,E4,F3 secondary..........................SC..........C4 secretion..........................SE.......... standards..........................ST.......... supply & distribution..............SD.......... surgery............................SU.......... therapeutic use....................TU.......... therapy............................TH.......... toxicity...........................T0.......... transmission.......................TM.......... transplantation....................TR.......... trends.............................TD.......... ultrastructure.....................UL.......... urine..............................UR.......... utilization........................UT.......... veterinary.........................VE.......... Fl,F2 0 U V 'TIU é ,F3,G3,Il E(except E7),M ,Fl,F2,G4-l2,J vvouv uw—l C2. COW-HTLOUU v O>>>OOU>>O l-3,H-J,L,N J,L,N2-4 Q‘anrfimC) (A) N“ V 43 0 71-110 0-33-90 0 u v 11:6) “I v U n o u u U F4,Gl-3,I,L,N except AlZ),B,C4 C,D,F3 l-3,H—J,L,N xcept C22),E Z 2 omw>m>nono>oo> A. G e 60 i c. Subheading Groupings A group of subheadings that are commonly searched together ari : adverse effects (ae), poisoning (Po), and toxicity (to). To search for articles discussing the adverse e fects, poisoning or toxicity of morph the following: SS 1/C? USER: 1ne enter subs apply ae, po, to <--Separate each subheading by a comm . PROG: SUBHEADINGS ACCEPTED. SS 1/C? USER: morphine PROG: SS (1) PSTG (5) SS 2/C? USER: subs cancel PROG: SUBHEADINGS CANCELLED. Another group of subheadings commonly searched together are thos with therapy. To look for general articles discussing any type d or treatment for brain neoplasms: USER: subs apply dt, dh, rt, su, th <—- dt = drug therapy; dh = di rt = radiotheraphy; su = 5 th = therapy PROG: SUBHEADINGS ACCEPTED. SS 1/C? USER: brain neoplasms PROG: SS (1) PSTG (31) e dealing f therapy et therapy; urgery; A list of subheading groups can be found on page 51 of this GLide. Be aware of the variety of subheadings available and choose judidififiEIy the subheading(s) you need. If you search MeSH heading/subheading tion(s) that generate an MP (No Postings) message, consider using subheading(s) or none at all. combina- different SUBHEADING GROUPS 61 Since subheadings fail into naturai groups it is possibie to conceive of a dispiay of subheadings to show re ationships similar to the way MeSH headings are arranged in the MeSH Tree Structures. Like MeSH categories, the groups beiow shouid aiways be examined for the most specific appiica- tion in the permitted category. /anatomy & histoiogy /biood supply /therapy /diet therapy /cytoiogy /drug therapy /embryoiogy /nursing ./abnorma1ities /prevention & controi /1nnervation /radiotherapy /pathoiogy /rehabi1itation /uitrastructure /surgery . /transp1antation /phy51oiogy /9Y‘°Wth Q deveiopment /pharmacodynamics [metaboiism /administration & dosage Ibiosynthesis /adverse effects /biood/urine/csf /poisoning jdeficiency /toxicity enzymo °9¥ d u eff ts /physiopathoiogy / r 9 ac /secretion /diagnostic use . /administration & dosage /ana1ySis /adverse effects /biood/urine/csf /enzymoiogy /therapeutic use /isoiation & purification /etioio /chem1ca11y induced /comp1ications /administration & dosage /adverse effects /anaiog & derivatives lantagonists & inhibitors /coé;::?22?ry /chemica1 synthesis /967$§;2?ia1 & geneti /organization & administration C o i /immunoiogy éggnggmegs /microbio]ogy /standards /P3V§51F0109y /supp1y & distribution /transm1551on /trends /uti1ization /diagnosis /enzymoiogy /c1assification /genet1cs. _ /education /fam111a1 & genetic /ethno]ogy _ /immunology /history /m1 crob10109y /instrumentati on /paraSitoiogy /1egisiation & jurisprudence /radiography /methods /radionuc1ide imaging /pathogenicity - /psychoiogy /occurrence /radiation effects /morta11ty /injuries /Veterinary 62 d. Subheadings with EXPLODEd Headings Subheadings (or the SUBS APPLY command) can be used with EXPLODEd terms. For example, to look for articles concerning the pathology of all kinds of heart valve diseases, and then to search for the pathology of all kinds of brain neoplasms, enter the following: SS l/C? USER: explode heart valve diseases/pa PROG: SS (1) PSTG (11) SS 2/C? USER: exp brain neoplasms/pa PROG: MM (BRAIN NEOPLASMS) (2) 1 C4.588.614.195 2 C10.228.140.211 NUMBER, NONE, 0R EXPAND USER: 1 PROG: SS (2) PSTG (17) -- "pa" = pathology Subheadings (or the SUBS APPLY command) cannot be used with Pre-Explosion names. You must EXPLODE the heading with the subheading attached. For example, although there is a Pre-explosion for HEART DISEASES, i1 order to search for surgery involved with all kinds of heart diseases, the Pre- explosion format cannot be used. RIGHT NAYl! SS l/C? USER: explode heart diseases/su PROG: SS (1) PSTG (118) WRONG WAY!! SS l/C USER: heart diseases/su (px) PROG: NP (HEART DISEASES/5U (PX)) 63 .5. Combining MeSH Headings A search may necessitate the use of more than one MeSH heading to define a topic fully.' To combine the MeSH headings, use the Boolean logical opera- tors AND, OR, and AND NOT. a) Boolean Operator AND When you use the Boolean operator AND, you will retrieve citations with both (or all if more than two are entered) MeSH headings on the unit record. If you are looking for articles on postoperative complications of heart valve diseases, you need to use the Boolean operator AND in order to retrieve articles indexed with both MeSH headings. SS l/C? USER: heart valve diseases and post0perative complications PROG: SS (1) PSTG (4) <-— These articles have both MeSH headings on the unit record. An alternate way to search for more than one MeSH heading on the same unit record is to enter each tenm in separate search statements and combine the retrieval from each set. SS 1/C? USER: heart valve diseases PROG: SS (1) PSTG (23) <-- Allows you to see the number of postings retrieved by each heading searched separately. SS 2/C? USER: postoperative complications PROG: SS (2) PSTG (312) SS 3/C? USER: 1 and 2 <-- Only the search statement numbers are used - no "SS" should precede the numbers. PROG: SS (3) PSTG (4) Your retrieval will be exactly the same using either technique. 64 Use Of the Boolean Operator AND is represented by the following Venn diagram. The shaded area represents the articles which are indexed to both HEART VALVE DISEASES and POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS. . heart valve diseases postoperative complications In addition, you can use the Boolean operator AND to combine other data elements. For example, to search for general articles about heart valve diseases that are written by N.C. Roberts: 1) SS l/C? USER: heart valve diseases PROG: SS (1) PSTG (23) SS 2/C? USER: 1 and roberts wc (au) PROG: SS (2) PSTG (1) If there are no articles available with both components of your earch request, you will receive a “NONE" message. There is no match b the terms. SS l/C? USER: heart valve diseases and stress PROG: *NONE 2) SS l/C? USER: heart valve diseases and roberts wc (au) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (1) tween l 65 b) Booiean Operator OR The Booiean operator OR is used to coordinate reiated MeSH headings that you want to use in your search. If you are iooking for articies discussing either heart vaive diseases or congestive heart faiiure, you need to use the Boolean operator OR to retrieve articies indexed with one or the other of these MeSH headings. SS 1/C? USER: heart vaive diseases or heart faiiure, congestive PROG: SS (1) PSTG (108) <-- The articies retrieved are indexed with at Teast one of the two MeSH headings. Use of the Booiean operator OR is represented by the foiiowing Venn dia- gram. The shaded area represents those articies which are indexed to either HEART VALVE DISEASES g: HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE (or, perhaps to BEEFTT heart valve diseases heart failure‘ congestive It is recommended in searches which use both the Boolean operator AND and the Boolean Operator 0R that the ORed components be entered in a separate search statement. SS 1/C? USER: heart valve diseases or heart failure, congestive PROG: SS (1) PSTG (108) SS 2/0? USER: hypertension PROG: SS (2) PSTG (226) SS 3/C? USER: 1 and 2 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (4) When used in the same search statement, the Boolean operator AND is sed before the Boolean operator 0R. DO NOT SEARCH THIS WAY!!! SS 1/C? USER: heart valve diseases or heart fanure, congestive and hyperten proces- sion -/ PROG: SS (1) PSTG (27) <-- Note the difference in retrieval from td previous example. In this example, only the concept of HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE combined with HYPERTENSION because the Boolean operator AND is p first. This leaves the concept of HEART VALVE DISEASES being independently without combining it with HYPERTENSION. Thus, the r e will be rocessed searched etrieval would contain citations indexed with HEART VALVE DISEASES and also cita- tions indexed with the two headings - HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE an TENSION. d HYPER- c) Boolean Operator AND NOT 67 The Boolean operator AND NOT is used to make ceratin a concept is not included in a search. It requires that the heading entered not be present on the unit record. If you are looking for articles on heart—valve diseas- es and want to eliminate frun that retrieval those articles dealing with arrhythmia, use the Boolean operator AND NOT. SS 1/C? USER: heart valve diseases and not arrhythmia PROG: SS (1) PSTG (21) <-- These articles do have HEART VALVE DISEASES but 92.223 have ARRHYTHMIA on the unit record. Caution should be taken in using the Boolean operator AND NOT to avoid losing some potentially relevant retrieval. Use of the Boolean operator AND NOT is represented by the following Venn diagram. The shaded area represents the articles which are indexed to HEART VALVE DISEASES but 22: to ARRHYTHMIA. I, heart valve diseases arrhythmia d) Continuing Input of a Search Boolean operators also allow ‘you to continue entering search terms in a single search statement although you may be approaching the end of the line on which you are typing. To receive a continuation line, end the line with the Boolean operator. SS 1/C? USER: heart valve diseases or heart failure, congestive or heart surgery or PROG: GMT 1 <-- No new SS is issued; only a continuation prompt. USER: heart rupture PROG: SS (1) PSTG (140) 68 e) Combining MeSH Headings Exercise Use the correct Boolean Operators (AND, OR, AND NOT) to combine the given MeSH headings in order to retrieve citations on the following topics: 1) Low birth weight of infants in relation to social and economic conditions. ‘ USE MeSH HEADINGS: Infant, low birth weight Socioeconomic factors (can be EXLODEd) 2) Leukemia (as the central point of the article) in adults ove age 50. USE MeSH HEADINGS: Leukemia (can be EXPLODEd) Middle age Aged 3) Relationship of vitamin A or vitamin B deficiency with various types of heart or liver diseases. USE MeSH HEADINGS: Liver diseases (can be EXPLODEd) Heart diseases (can be EXPLODEd) Vitamin A deficiency Vitamin B deficiency (can be EXPLODEd) 4) Amniocentesis in the first six months of pregnancy. USE MeSH HEADINGS: Pregnancy trimester, first Pregnancy, trimester, second Amniocentesis 5) Head or Spinal cord injuries caused by gunshot, stabbing, or automobile accidents. No case reports are to be included. USE MeSH HEADINGS: Head injuries (can be EXPLODEd) Spinal cord injuries (can be EXPLODEd) Wounds, penetrating (can be EXPLODEd) Accidents, traffic Case report 69 Combining MeSH Headings Exercise - Suggested Answers 1. Low birth weight of infants in relation to social and economic factors. 55 l /C? USER: infant, low birth weight PROG: SS (1) PSTG (26) SS 2 /C? USER: exp socioeconomic factors PROG: MM (SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS) (2) 1 11.880.840 2 N1.824 NUMBER, NONE, OR EXPAND- USER: 2 <-- The N1 tree number has a larger number PROG: of headings indented under it in the SS (2) PSTG (197) Tree Structures. SS 3 /C? USER: 1 and 2 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (3) SS 4 /C? USER: prt ti PROG: 1 TI - Cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasmal infections in pregnancy. Epidemiology and outcomes. 2 TI - [Pregnancy, labor and early neonatal period characteristics according to legitimacy] 3 TI - Trends in low birth weight infants and changes in Baltimore's childbearing population, 1972-77. 70 2. Leukemia (as the central point of the article) in adults over age 50. SS 1 /C? USER: exp *leukemia PROG: SS (1) PSTG (203) SS 2 /C? USER: 1 and middle age PROG: SS (2) PSTG (46) SS 3 /C? USER: 1 and aged PROG: SS (3) PSTG (37) SS 4 /C? USER: 2 or 3 PROG: SS (4) PSTG (58) SS 5 /C? USER: prt ti 5 PROG: 1 TI - [Comparison of the therapeutic results in treating chronic myelosis with splenic irradiation or busulfan] ‘ 2 TI - [Case of adult T-cell leukemia with generalized cytomegalovirus infection, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and hypoimmunoglobulinemia] 3 TI - Karyotypic findings in a case of prolymphocytic leuke ia with a history of radiation exposure. 4 TI - [Clinical features of adult T-cell leukemia] 5 TI - Incidence of antibody to adult T-cell leukemia-virus-associated antigen among T-cell malignancies in the Kyoto Distriqt, with a report of two unusual cases. 71 3- Relationship of vitamin A or vitamin B deficiency to various types of heart or liver diseases. 53 1 /C? USER: heart diseases (px) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (900) SS 2 /C? USER: exp liver diseases PROG: SS (2) PSTG (400) SS 3 /C? USER: 1 or 2 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (1294) SS 4 /C? USER: vitamin a deficiency or exp vitamin b deficiency PROG: SS (4) PSTG (44) SS 5 /C? USER: 3 and 4 PROG: ss (5) PSTG (3) SS 6 /C? USER: prt PROG: 1 AU - Schoeff L TI - Vitamin A. $0 - Am J Med Techno] 1983 Jun;49(6):447-52 2 AU - Leo MA AU - Sato M AU - Lieber CS TI - Effect of hepatic vitamin A depietion on the 1iver in humans and rats. SO - Gastroenteroiogy 1983 Mar;84(3):562-72 3 AU - Leevy CM TI - Thiamin deficiency and alcohoiism. SO - Ann NY Acad Sci 1982;378:316-26 72 4. Amniocentesis in the first 6 months of pregnancy. SS 1 /C? USER: pregnancy trimester, first or pregnancy trimester, second PROG: SS (1) PSTG (30) SS 2 /C? USER: 1 and amniocentesis PROG: SS (2) PSTG (2) SS 3 /C? USER: prt PROG: Roberts NS Dunn LK Neiner S Godmiiow L Miller R Midtrimester amniocentesis. Indications, technique, risks and pote tia1 for prenata] diagnosis. SO - J Reprod Med 1983 Mar;28(3):167-88 > C IIIIII AU - Legge M TI - Outcome of pregnancy after prenata] diagnosis amniocentesis. SO - NZ Med J 1982 May 26;95(708):344-5 73 Head or spinal cord injuries caused by gunshot, stabbing, or automobile accidents. No case reports are to be included. SS 1 /C? USER: exp head injuries PROG: SS (1) PSTG (102) SS 2 /C? USER: exp spinal cord injuries PROG: SS (2) PSTG (22) SS 3 /C? USER: 1 or 2 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (123) SS 4 /C? USER: exp wounds, penetrating or accidents, traffic PROG: SS (4) PSTG (55) SS 5 /C? USER: 3 and 4 PROG: SS (5) PSTG (7) SS 6 /C? USER: 5 and not case report PROG: SS (6) PSTG (4) SS 7 /C? USER: prt ti PROG: 1 TI Pathological and surgical examination of the handling of the lacerated eyeball. 2 TI - [Analysis of maxillofacial injuries in traffic accidents] 3 TI - The ballistics of craniocerebral gunshot wounds. 4 TI - Facial injuries in automobile crashes. 6. USE OF MeSH PUBLICATIONS IN DESIGNING A SEARCH STRATEGY The following chart summarizes the incor Tree Structures, and Permuted MeSH) in d Find headings by using Annotated or Permuted --—> MeSH or by NBRing on- lihe. Decide if you should EXPLODE the MeSH heading <--- and/or use any subhead- ing(s). I I o' Design strategy in- corporating Boolean ---> logic. Consider alternate strategies Read the annotation for the heading in —--> the Annotated MeSH. Note the category of the MeSH heading and <-__ consult the list of allowable subheadin s to determine if app i- cable to the search. Execute strategy online. ——-> , for limiting retrieval. poration of MeSH publications (Annotated, esigning a search strategy. Check the tree number in Annotated MeSH. \'I If the tree number has a plus (+) sign, consult the Trees or use the TREE command online to view the list of specific headings that fall within the tree. Review titles of retrieved citations. Consider scanning their associated MeSH headings for possible incorporation 'into strategyii" E’i" Vt 7. MeSH SUMMARY The foiTowing chart shows the various approaches you can use when searching with MeSH headings. Note the differences in retrievaT. A11 MeSH headings were searched in the INTROMED file. HEADING POSTINGS HEART DISEASES 60 *HEART DISEASES 44 EXP HEART DISEASES 900 EXP *HEART DISEASES 731 HEART DISEASES (PX) 900 *HEART DISEASES (PX) 731 HEART DISEASES/5U 7 *HEART DISEASES/5U 2 EXP HEART DISEASES/5U 118 EXP *HEART DISEASES/3U 58 USING SUBHEADINGS Subheadings may be attached individuaily to MeSH headings or with the SUBS APPLY command. ‘ SS 1 HEART DISEASES/8U 7 SS 2 HEART DISEASES/DT 7 SS 3 HEART DISEASES/NU 1 SS 4 1 or 2 or 3 15 SS 1 SUBS APPLY SU, DT, NU SS 1 HEART DISEASES 15 SS 2 SUBS CANCEL 76 8. Selecting and Combining MeSH Headings Exercise Using the MeSH publications, select the appropriate combinations of MeSH headings or MeSH heading/Subheading combinations for the following search topics: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Motor neuron disease. Metastases of cancer of the mouth or pharynx to the jaw. Use of aSpirin in the treatment of arthritis, limited to the central point of the article. Narcotic or alcohol addiction among various groups of health care providers. Tobacco smoke as a cause of lung cancer. . 77 Seiecting and Combining MeSH Headings Exercise - Suggested Answers 1) Motor neuron disease. SS 1 /C? USER: motor neurons and neuromuscuTar diseases PROG: P i’ . . ' SS (1) STG (10) “\\ The annotation in the Annotated MeSH SS 2 /C? instructs you to use this combination USER: 0f MeSH headings to search for motor prt ti 5 neuron diseases. PROG: 1 TI - A study of the neuroiogica] disorder associated with acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to enterovirus 70. 2 TI - Hexosaminidase deficiency: a cause of recessiveTy inherited motor neuron diseases. ' 3 TI - A Tongitudinai study of changes in motor units in motor neuron disease. 4 TI - Peripherai motor neuropathy caused by excessive intake of dapsone (AvTosuifon). 5 TI - BuTbo-spinaT Tower motor neuron disease. Accumulation of neurofiiaments in perikarya and axons. 78 2) Metastases of cancer of the mouth or SS 1 /C? USER: exp mouth neoplasms PROG: MM (MOUTH NEOPLASMS) (2) 1 C4.588.546 2 C7.465.565 NUMBER, NONE, 0R EXPAND- USER: TI 1 PROG: ss (1) PSTG (55) ‘\ Both MOUTH and PHARYN ,/ are EXPLOD ss 2 /C? Afi" USER: exp pharyngeal neopTasms PROG: MM (PHARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS) (2) 1 C4.588.660.749 2 C9.775.549 NUMBER, NONE, 0R EXPAND- USER: 1 PROG: SS (2) PSTG (18) SS 3 /C? USER: 1 or 2 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (69) SS 4 /C? USER: 3 and exp jaw neoplasms/5c PROG: MM (JAN NEOPLASMS) (2) 1 C4.588.149.450 2 C5.500.499 NUMBER, NONE, 0R EXPAND- <-- USER: 1 PROG: SS (4) PSTG (1) SS 5 /C? USER: prt PROG: 1 AU - Nathanskzy Z TI - [Secondary tumours of the orofaciaT SO: - Cesk Stomatol 1982 Dec;82(6):418-23 pharynx to the jaw. NEOPLASMS GEAL NEOPLASMS Eable terms. The SC subheading (secondar directTy attached to the ar metastasis and combined wit Y) is ea of h SS 3. region] 3) 79 Use of aspirin in the treatment of arthritis, limited to the central point of the article. SS 1 /C? USER: subs apply ad, tu PROG: SUBHEADINGS ACCEPTED. SS 1 /C? USER: *aspirin PROG: SS (1) PSTG (9) SS 2 /C? USER: subs cancel PROG: SUBHEADINGS CANCELLED. SS 2 /C? USER: exp *arthritis/dt PROG: SS (2) PSTG (23) SS 3 /C? USER: 1 and 2 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (1) SS 4 /C? USER: prt PROG: Scott J Huskisson EC _.| H I I I I <-- Search for aspirin with either the AD subheading (administration and dosage) or the TU subheading (therapeutic use). <-- Asterisks can be used to limit this search to the central point of the article. <-- Always cancel the subheadings when finished searching with them. <-- Attach the DT (drug therapy) subheading to the arthritis concept. <-- The Boolean operator AND combines the two concepts. Analgesic action of isoxepac. Rheumatol Rehabil 1982 Feb;21(1):48-50 80 4) Narcotic or aicohoi addiction among various groups of health care providers. 53 1 /@?‘ USER: exp physicians PROG: MM (PHYSICIANS) (2) 1 M1.526.485.810 2 N2.350.759 NUMBER, NONE, 0R EXPAND- USER: 1 PROG: R SS (1) PSTG (52) \ SS 2 /C? USER: exp nurses PROG: MM (NURSES) (2) 1 M1.526.485.650 2 N2.350.630 NUMBER, NONE, OR EXPAND- 7L USER: 1 PROG: SS (2) PSTG (52) $5 3 /C? k USER: ‘ exp dentists PROG: MM (DENTISTS) (2) l M1.526.485.330 2 N2.350.283 NUMBER, NONE, OR EXPAND— USER: 1 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (13) SS 4 /C? USER: 1 or 2 or 3 PROG: SS (4) PSTG (115) SS 5 /C? USER: exp substance dependence PROG: SS (5) PSTG (125) - \ A11 groups are EXPLODEa Use the Boolean operato to combine each of these medical groups. 81 4) Continued SS 6 /C? USER: 4 and 5 <-- Use the Boolean Operator AND to bring PROG: together the two concepts. SS (6) PSTG (5) SS 7 /C? USER: prt ti PROG: 1 TI Position paper on the impaired nurse. 2 TI 3 TI 4 TI 5 TI [Drug abuse among co-workers difficult to tackle] Fetal alcohol syndrome and other alcohol-related birth defects. Getting help for the alcoholic doctor. Help for the helper. 82 5) Tobacco smoke as a cause of lung cancer. 55 1 /C? USER: exp lung neoplasms/at PROG: MM (LUNG NEOPLASMS) (2) l C4.588.894.797.520 2 C8.38I.540 NUMBER, NONE, OR EXPAND- USER: 1 PROG: SS (1) PSTG (14) SS 2 /C? USER: tobacco and smoke <-- The annotation under “Smoke" in the PROG: Annotated MeSH instructs you to use SS (2) PSTG (6) this combination of MeSH headings to search for tobacco smoke. SS 3 /C? USER: 1 smoking or tobacco smoke pollution or 2 <-- 0R together other ranged PROG: MeSH headin s with SS 55 (3) PSTG (114) 9 SS 4 /C? USER: 1 and 3 <-- Combine the lung neoplasms retrieval with PROG: the smoking retrieval to obtain articles SS (4) PSTG (5) about both of these concepts. BMW? prt ti PROG: 1 TI - Lung cancer and housing characteristics. 2 TI - Smoking. The physiologic effects. 3 TI - [Danger to health from asbestos] 4 TI - Cigarettes, lung cancer, and coronary heart disease: the effects of inhalation and tar yield. 5 TI - [Attempt at a statistical demonstration of the “carcinogenetic: role of cigarette smoke on the basis of results of an epidemiologic study of 2015 cases of pulmonary tumors hospitalized in Florence] V. SEARCHING BY SUBJECT B. TEXT WORDS (TN) 1. Search Format Text Words are the single terms that appear in the title and/or abstract of the article. They provide an alternate approach to subject searching and will generally be used in searching when there is no MeSH heading or combination of MeSH headings available for a concept or if the existing MeSH headings are not specific enough. Searching with Text Words can lead you to appropriate MeSH headings when you are uncertain of those headings. When you search using Text Words, you will retrieve citations to articles that contain the Text Words you searched in the title or in the abstract of the article. If the words(s) you search do not appear in the title or in the abstract, the citation will not be retrieved. . Unlike searching MeSH headings, two conventions must be observed when searching Text Words: a. Text Words must be qualified with the (TW) qualifier. This qualifier is necessary to indicate to the system that you are searching a Text Word as opposed to a MeSH heading. Whereas, the system can "automatic- cally" recognize a MeSH heading, the system needs the "help" of a qualifier to differentiate a Text Word. The qualifier (TW) may appear either after each Text Word or before an entire search statement. SS l/C? USER immunodiagnosis (tw) <—- The (TW) qualifier must be used. If you do not qualify with (TW), PROG: the term will be searched as a SS (1) PSTG (2) MeSH heading. SS l/C? USER: caffeine <-- Typing in a Text Word without the (TW) qualifier . causes the computer to look for the term as a PROG: MeSH heading rather than as a Text Word. In this SS (1) PSTG (26) case, CAFFEINE is also a MeSH heading; therefore, the postings you receive are postings to CAFFEINE (MH) not CAFFEINE (TW). When this occurs, you may wait to consider using the MeSH heading rather than the Text Word for your concept. Remember, Text Words should not be used as substitutes for MeSH headings. 83 84 bl 2. Text Nords must be single words; multi-word concepts may only be searched by using the Boolean operator AND to combine two (or more) single Text Nords in a search statement. SS l/C? USER: agent (tw) and orange (tw) <-- When searching multi-term Text Nords, the (TN) qualifier must be used. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (2) NOTE: If a multi-word concept is searched without 'ANDing' two 0 more single Text Nords together, a No Postings (NP) message will be re eived. See example below. SS 1/? USER: agent orange (tw) <-- Multi-term Text Nords may not be searched this way. A multi-term concept must be searched PROG: by combining single word Text Nords with the NP (AGENT ORANGE (TN)) Boolean Operator AND. Qualification Text words may be “pre-qualified“ with the (TN) at the beginning of the entire search statement or they may be “post-qualified" with the (TN) following each word within the statement. a) Pre-qualification Using the (TN) qualifier at the beginning of the entire search statement eliminates the necessity of typing the qualifier after each Text Nord. For example: SS 1/C? USER: (tw) agent and orange <-- The (TN) qualifier precedes tle entire search statement. Both PROG: terms are searched as Text Nords. SS (1) PSTG (2) The (TN) qualifier may not precede individual Text Nords in the middle of a search statement; you cannot “pre-qualify“ within a statemen . For example: SS 1/C? USER: (tw) agent and (tw) orange <-- The (TN) qualifier may not precede a Text Nord within a PROG: search statement. An NP (No‘ NP ((TN) ORANGE (TN)) Postings) message will be *NONE- received for every Text Nord you have pre-qualified within a search statement. 85 b) Post-Qualification Post-qualification requires that the (TN) qualifier be typed after entering each single Text Nord within a search statement. For example: SS 1/0? USER: agent (tw) and orange (tw) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (2) Remember, if a Text Word is searched without the (TN) qualifier, and that particular term does not also exist as a MeSH heading, an NP (No Post- ings) message will be received. For example: SS 1/C? USER: agent (tw) and orange <-- The Text Nord "Orange“ was not qualified by (TN). Because “Orange" PROG: is not a MeSH heading, an NP (No NP (ORANGE) Posting) message is received. *NONE- 3. How Text Nord Searching Differs from MeSH Heading Searching Text Nord (TN) searching differs from MeSH heading (MH) searching in the following ways: a) b) c) d) e) f) The asterisk (*), i.e., the main concept indicator for MeSH headings, may not be used with Text Words. The EXPLODE command used with MeSH headings may not be used with Text Nords. Text Words are always single words; MeSH headings can be multi- word phrases. Subheadings can only be attached to MeSH headings, never attached to Text Words. Text Words are not controlled, i.e., their use depends entirely on author's use of them in the title or abstract. You should consider the following when searching with Text Words: variant spellings; synonyms; adjective and noun forms. These various ways of expressing a single concept should be ORed together for a comprehensive retrieval. No punctuation or special characters should be used when entering the Text Word. For example, to search for articles on Usher's Syndrome. See the search strategy on the next page. 86 SS l/C? USER: (tw) usher and syndrome <-- The apostrophe should be ignored and the "s" dropped when searching. PROG: Since the concept of interest is a SS (1) PSTG (1) multi-term concept, it is easier to prequalify the search statement with (TN) so the (TH) need not be repeat- ed; the two terms of this concept must be 'ANDedI together. l When to Consider Using Text Words in Your Search 1 a) "Buzzwords" or Relatively New Concepts f Text Words can be used to search for new concepts, "buzzwords“ or other terms which are not likely yet to be MeSH headings. For example: SS l/C? USER: (tw) heimlich and maneuver PROG: SS (1) PSTG (2) b) MeSH Headings Not Specific Enough Text Words can be used to search for concepts which are not covered specifically enough by the MeSH vocabulary. First, locate the most appropriate MeSH heading for your concept. This MeSH heading will generally be “broader" than your concept.) Search for that hea ing. Consider using the EXPLODE command or the asterisk (*). combine this retrieval with the MeSH heading retrieval usin the Boolean operator 'AND'. For example, to locate informati n on spontaneous hypertension: Next, refine your search by using more specific Text Nord(s§ and SS l/C? USER: exp hypertension <-- MeSH heading search on the "broad“ concept of hypertension. [ PROG: . 1 SS (1) PSTG (307) SS 2/C? USER: (tw) spontaneous <-- A Text Word search retrieves the , word 'spontaneous' in the title or PROG: abstract. SS (2) PSTG (229) SS 3/C? USER: 1 and 2 <-— These citations are indexed to one of the hypertension MeSH headings retrieved PROG: by the EXPLODE command and also have SS (3) PSTG (6) the word 'spontaneous' in either the title or the abstract. Note that the hyperte sion retrieval has been significantly 'narro ed“ by the use of the Text Word 'spontaneous'. 87 c) To Increase or Expand Your Retrieval from a MeSH Heading Search Text Words can be used to increase your retrieval on a subject beyond what would be retrieved by use of MeSH headings alone, i.e., MeSH headings do not fully describe the concept. For example: SS l/C? USER: chronic disease <-- The MeSH heading CHRONIC DISEASE is a very general heading and would appear PROG: on citations about the general concept of SS (1) PSTG (188) chronic disease; it would most likely not be present on articles about a particuTEF chronic disease, e.g., chronic kidney diseases. SS 2/C? USER: , chronic (tw) <-- The Text Word 'chronic' retrieves citations with the word 'chronic' in the title or in PROG: the abstract. SS (2) PSTG (580) SS 3/0? USER: 1 or 2 <-- Combining both retrievals expands the "chronic“ set. This is a an effective PROG: approach when you wish to expand an SS (3) PSTG (633) aspect of your search beyond the scope and usage of a MeSH heading. d) To Lead You to MeSH Headings Text Words can be used to obtain ideas for the correct MeSH heading or for other related MeSH headings. If, after consulting the MeSH publications, you cannot determine the appropriate heading(s), try a Text Word search. From your retrieval, print out a few sample titles with their corresponding MeSH headings. For example, to locate information on Tourette's Disease: SS 1/C? USER: tourette (tw) and disease (tw) <-- Remember, you cannot use punctuation, i.e., the PROG: apostrophe, and it is SS (1) PSTG (2) best to drop the 's'. 88 SS 2/0? USER: prt ti, mh <-- Print the titles with MeSH headings to determine the most appropriate PROG: MeSH heading to use. 1 TI - [Psychological disease, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and obsession with perfection] <-- Brackets indicate the MH - Adult article is in a foreign MH - Case Report language. MH - Gilles de la Tourette's Disease/DIAGNOSIS/*PSYCHOLOGY MH - Human MH - Male MH - Obsessive Behavior TI - Spasmodic dysphonia in Gilles de la Tourette's disease. MH - Adult MH - Case Report MH - Gilles de la Tourette's Disease/*COMPLICATIONS <-- When the MH - Haloperidol/ADVERSE EFFECTS record is displayed, note the MH - Human asterisk may precede the sub- MH - Male heading. However, when search- MH - Spasm/COMPLICATIONS ing, it should be placed before MH - Support, Non-U.S. Gov't the MeSH heading. MH - Voice Disorders/CHEMICALLY INDUCED/*COMPLICATIONS Scan the MeSH headings to find the appropriate heading(s) that can be incorporated into your search. In the preceding example, the MeSH heading Gilles de la Tourette's Disease is found. SS 2/C? USER: gilles de la tourette's disease PROG: SS (2) PSTG (9) <-- Note the retrieval with MeSH heading was larger than the retrieval with Text Words. As a rule, Text Words should not be used as a substitute for an existing MeSH heading. U! 5. 89 Terms Not to Search as Text Words There are two categories of terms you are not ab1e to search as Text Words. These are: a) b) Free-Standing Numbers SS l/C? USER: 159 (tw) PROG: MP (159 (TN)) <-- No articTes wiT] be retrieved. Stopwords Stopwords are taken from the Stopword List (see iist on the next page of this Guide). This is a Tist of very common words that are ren- dered meaningless in searching. They are stiil present in the titTes and/or abstracts; however, they are unavaiiable to be searched as Text Words. SS l/C? USER: effects (tw) PROG: NP (EFFECTS (Tw)) <-- Because “effects" is on the Stopword List, it wil] not retrieve citations aTthough the word exists in numerous titles and/or abstracts. 9O STOPWORD LIST There are a smaTT number of words that are not available as search terms in NLM'S databases. Words such as EFFECT, PARTICULARLY, THAT, THE, etc. are usuaTIy very high1y posted words and are not reTevant to your searching needs. The f0110w1ng terms are not available for searching: A ABS ABOUT ACCORDINGLY AFFECT AFFECTED AFFECTING 'AFFECTS AFTER AGAIN AGAINST ALL ALMOST ALREADY ALSO ALTHOUGH ALWAYS AMONG AN AND ANOTHER ANY ANYONE APPARENTLY ARE ARISE AS ASIDE AT AWAY BE BECAME BECAUSE BECOME BECOMES BEEN BEFORE BEING BETWEEN BIOL BOTH BRIEFLY BUT BY CAME CAN CANNOT CERTAIN CERTAINLY CHEM COPYRIGHT COULD DID DIFFERENT DO DOES DONE DUE DURING EACH EFFECT EFFECTS EITHER ELSE ENOUGH ESPECIALLY ETC EVER EVERY FOLLOWING FOR FOUND FROM FURTHER GAVE GETS GIVE GIVEN GIVING GONE GOT HAD HAS HARDLY HAVE HAVING HERE HOW HOWEVER IF IMMEDIATELY IMPORTANCE IMPORTANT IN INTO IS IT ITS ITSELF JUST KEEP KEPT KG KM KNOWLEDGE LARGELY LIKE MADE MAINLY MAKE MANY MAY MG MIGHT ML MORE MOST MOSTLY MUCH MUG MUST NEARLY NECESSARILY NEITHER NEXT NO NONE NOR NORMALLY NOS NOT NOTED NOW OBTAIN OBTAINED OF OFTEN ON ONLY OR OTHER OUGHT OUR OUT OVERALL OWING PARTICULARLY PAST PERHAPS PLEASE POORLY POSSIBLE POSSIBLY POTENTIALLY PREOOMINANTLY PRESENT PREVIOUSLY PRIMARILY PROBABLY PROMPT PROMPTLY QUICKLY QUITE RATHER REAOILY REALLY RECENTLY REFS REGARDING REGAROLEss RELATIVELY RESPECTIVELY RESULTEO RESULTING RESULTS SAIO SAME SEEM SEEN SEVERAL SHOULO SHOW SHONEO SHOWN SHONS SIGNIFICANTLY SIMILAR SIMILARLY SINCE SLIGHTLY SO SOME SOMETIME SOMEWHAT SOON SPECIFICALLY STATE STATES STRONGLY SUBSTANTIALLY SUCCESSFULLY SUCH SUFFICIENTLY THAN THAT THE THEIR THEIR THEM THEN THERE THEREFORE THESE THEY THIS THOSE THOUG THROU H THROU HOUT TO TOO TOWAR UNDER UNLESS UNTIL UP UPON USE USED USEF LLY USEF LNESS USIN USUA LY VARI US VERY‘ WAS I NERET WHAT WHEN WHERE WHETHER WHIC NHI E WHO- HHONE WHY WIDELY WILL WITHIN WIT OUT uouIn YET‘ J 91 6. NEIGHBORing Text Words Remember, there is no control over the format, the spelling, or the endings that a Text Word might have because the terms are entered exactly as written by the author in the title and/or abstract. If no abstract exists, Text Words are retrieved from the title only. To verify the existence and/or format of Text Words in the index, use the NEIGHBOR (NBR) command. SS l/C? USER: nbr tumor (tw) <-- Use the qualifier (TW) after the word that you want to NEIGHBOR to look only at the Text Word PROG: portion of the index. POSTINGS TERM 1 TUMBLY 2 TUMEFACIENS 485 TUMOR 8 TUMORAL 1 TUMORESN UP N OR DOWN N? USER: down 10 <-- Use the "down 10" instruction to browse the index further towards “Z“ in the alphabet. PROG: POSTINGS TERM 1 TUMORI 2 TUMORICIDAL 4 TUMORIGENESIS 5 TUMORIGENIC 4 TUMORIGENICITY 5 TUMOROUS 308 TUMORS 93 TUMOUR <-— Note the British spelling of “tumor“ 1 TUMOURAL as “tumour". 1 TUMOURIGENIC UP N 0R DOWN N? USER: down 5 PROG: POSTINGS TERM 85 TUMOURS 1 TUMP 3 TUNA 3 TUNED 6 TUNGSTEN UP N 0R DOWN N? 92 USER: no <-- This response will return you to your search statement number. PROG: SS l/C? <-- You may now begin searching. USER: ) As a result of NEIGHBORing a Text Word, you may see other terms to incor— Porate into your search. For example, note the various forms of the word 'tumor" that have been displayed in the above example. 7. Truncation Because of the variety of endings and spellings that authors use in the words in their titles and abstracts (as noted by NBRing th word "tumor") consider using truncation in your Text Word searches. For ex mple, if you NEIGHBOR a term that has five possible endings attached to th root word, use the colon truncation symbol (:) to retrieve all five at the same time. SS l/C? USER: smok: (tw) PROG: MM (SMOK:) (5) 1 SMOKE (TN) 2 SMOKED (TN) 3 SMOKERS (TN) 4 SMOKES (TN) 5 SMOKING (TN) SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, OR, NONE— USER: all PROG: ss (1) PSTG (81) Instead of typing “all" in response to the above message, you could select specific numbers representing the terms you want. Separate the numbers by a comma. For example, to select 'smoke' or 'smoking'; enter the following: SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE- USER: 1, 5 PROG: SS (1) PSTG (68) 93 a. Avoiding the Muiti-Meaning (MM) Message When Truncating The Multi-Meaning (MM) message can be avoided by using the word ALL with the Text Word. Use ALL with caution and use a quaiifier after the term. For exampTe: SS 1/C? USER: a1] smok: (tw) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (81) b. Judicious Use of Truncation Think carefuily about where you pTace the coion (z) truncation symbol. If you truncate a term too near the beginning without NEIGHBORing first to see what the retrieved terms wiTT be, you coqu retrieve a high number of irreTevant postings. For exampie: SS l/C? USER: protein: (tw) <-- Truncating a word in a search for information about proteins. PROG: MM (PROTEINz) (11) <-- Eieven terms beginning with the root "PROTEIN". ALL 0R NONE? <-- If there are ten or more choices, no Tist of terms wfiTT disp1ay. USER: none <-- When there are so many choices and you have not NEIGHBORed the term, PROG: answer "none“ to return to the next USER: cue. It is not wise to search for so many “unknown“ terms. SS 1/C? USER: 94 SS 1/0? USER: nbr protein (tw) PROG: POSTINGS 1 9 971 2 18 UP N OR DONN USER: down 10 PROG: POSTINGS 7 3 1 1 441 18 2 1 11 UP N OR DOWN USER: no TERM PROTECTORS PROTECTS PROTEIN PROTEINACEOUS PROTEINASE N? TERM PROTEINASES PROTEINATE PROTEINEMIA PROTEINOSIS PROTEINS PROTEINURIA PROTEINURIC PROTEODERMATAN PROTEOGLYCAN N? <-- Typing "no“ will return you to the US <-- NEIGHBOR the term to determine if there is a better point at which to truncate the term. cue so you can search for the specifi terms that you want. or” x To retrieve onTy PROTEIN or PROTEINS, a second truncation technique is avaiTabTe. UnTike using the c010n truncation symboT (z) which a110ws any number of characters, the hash mark (#) pTaCed at the end of a word commonTy used for searching the singuTar and pTuraT forms of a word at same time. SS l/C? USER: protein# (tw) PROG: MM (PROTEIN#) (2) 1 PROTEIN (TN) 2 PROTEINS (TN) SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE- for is the 95 USER: all <-- Will retrieve PROTEIN or PROTEINS from the title or abstract. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (1204) Another example: SS l/C? USER: heart# (tw) PROG: MM (HEART#) (3) 1 HEART (TN) 2 HEARTH (TN) 3 HEARTS (TN) SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE- USER: 1, 3 <-- You can select the numbers from the above list for the terms you want to use in your search. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (574) CAUTION: NEIGHBORing Text Words is also im ortant when using the single character truncation symbo (#) in combination with ALL in searching for singular or plural forms of a word. Unexpected results may sometimes be obtained. For example: SS l/C? USER: all rat# (tw) <-- This retrieves postings to rat, rats, and rate; rate is a highly posted term. Instead, PROG: search for rat or rats b typing in each SS (1) PSTG (2455) word - ((tw) rat or rats‘. If ALL had not been used in this search statement, the MM message would have given you the Oppor- tunity to select both 'rat' and 'rats' as the terms to be searched. 96 USE Use Use Use Use AA .0 Use 8. TEXT NORD SUMMARY (TN) Qualifier: Pre-qualifying: (TN) SPONTANEOUS Post-qualifying: SPONTANEOUS (TN) AND Between Multi-Nord Terms: Pre-qualifying: (TN) SOFT AND TISSUE Post-qualifying: SOFT (TN) AND TISSUE (TN) 0R To Connect Synonyms: Pre-qualifying: (TN) SEVERE 0R ACUTE Post-qualifying: SEVERE (TN) 0R ACUTE (TN) the NBR Command to Identify Variant Endings, Spellings, etc.: NBR IMMUNOLOGIC (TN) PROG: POSTINGS TERM IMMUNODEFICIENCY IMMUNODEFICIENT IMMUNOLOGIC IMMUNOLOGICALLY IMMUNOLOGIY r—wo CID-PM Truncation Symbols to Retrieve Terms with Variant Endings: Colon IMMUNOLOG: (TN) Hash Mark MONKEY# (TN) Synonyms Freely: To find articles on arthritis in aged pets: SS 1 ALL ANIMAL# (TN) AND ALL DOMESTIC: (TN) SS 2 ALL PET# (TN) 0R ANIMALS, DOMESTIC SS 3 1 0R 2 SS 4 EXPLODE ARTHRITIS SS 5 3 AND 4 SS 6 (TN) AGED OR OLD 0R OLDER OR ELDERLY OR AGING SS 7 5 AND 6 9. 97 Text Word Searching Exercises Using the information presented in the Text Word section of the Guide, prepare search strategy using Text Words for the following search questions. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Are there any articles discussing the use of patch-clamp recordings? Find articles discussing hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia. Find articles on oral rehydration. Find articles discussing exposure to the cold in humans. Find articles discussing deep vein thrombosis. Suggested search strategies can be found on the following pages. ilifu'n'v'c y'v' (if: {Iv epitaxy-tr. . "t‘v‘ uI-rrrrfffI 98 Text Word Searching Exercises - Suggested Answers 1) Are there any articles discussing the use of patch clamp redordings? SS 1 IC? USER: (tw) patch and clamp PROG: SS (1) PSTG (2) SS 2 /C? USER: prt ar PROG: 1 AU - Dionne VE AU - Leibowitz MD TI - Acetylcholine receptor kinetics. A description from single-channel currents at snake neuromuscular junctio 5. AB - Single-channel currents from acetylcholine receptor ch nnels of garter snake neuromuscular junctions were recorded using the patch-clamp technique. Low concentrations of acetylcholine or carbamylcholine induced populations of single current vents whose amplitudes and durations had unimodal distributi ns. The probability with which channel opening transitions occ rred was time dependent, so that it was more probable for chann ls to open during the several hundred microseconds following a cl sing transition than during any later equivalent interval. he time-dependent distributions of duration and opening-t ansition probability were fitted by a sequential, reversible ki etic model in which the agonist binding steps occur before, and s parately from, channel activation. This description allowed estimates to be obtained of both the opening (approximately 7505-1) and closing (approximately 5005-1) transition rates of these channels and of the mean lifetimes of the open- (approximately 2 ms) and the closed-channel state (approximately 200 mus) to whflch the open state was reversibly related. 50 - Biophys J 1982 Sep;39(3):253-61 2 AU - Detwiler PB AU - Conner JD l AU - Bodoia RD 1 TI - Gigaseal patch clamp recordings from outer segments of intact retinal rods. SO - Nature 1982 Nov 4;300(5887):59-61 99 2) Find articles discussing hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia. SS 1 /C? USER: (tw) focal and nodular and hyperplasia PROG: SS (1) PSTG (2) SS 2 /C? USER: prt ti, mh PROG: 1 TI - [Adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Value of radiological tests. Apropos of 15 cases in adults] MH - Adenoma/DIAGNOSIS/*RADIOGRAPHY MH - Adult MH - English Abstract MH - Human MH - Hyperplasia/RADIOGRAPHY MH - Liver Neoplasms/DIAGNOSIS/*RADIOGRAPHY MH - Liver/*PATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY MH - Time Factors MH - Ultrasonics/DIAGNOSTIC USE 2 TI , Computed tomography of benign hepatic tumors. MH - Adult MH - Case Report MH - Diagnosis, Differential MH - Female MH - Hepatoma/*RADIOGRAPHY MH - Human MH - Hyperplasia MH - Liver Neoplasms/*RADkOGRAPHY MH - Liver/*PATHOLOGY/RABIOGRAPHY MH - Male MH - Radiographic Image Enhancement MH — *Tomography, X-Ray Computed 100 3) Find articles on ora] rehydration. SS 1 /C? USER: nbr rehydrat: (tw) PROG: POSTINGS TERM 2 REHOSPITALIZATION 1 REHOUSED 1 REHYDRATED 1 REHYDRATING 8 REHYDRATION UP N OR DOWN N? USER: down 3 PROG: POSTINGS TERM 1 REICHARDT 3 REICHERT 2 REID UP N OR DOWN N? USER: no PROG: SS 1 /C? USER: (tw) oral or orally PROG: SS (1) PSTG (389) SS 2 /C? USER: a1] rehydrat: (tw) PROG: ss (2) PSTG (9) SS 3 /C? USER: 1 and 2 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (7) 101 3) Continued SS 4 /C? USER: prt ti 5 PROG: 1 TI - Replacement of intravenous therapy by oral rehydration solution in a large treatment centre for diarrhoea with dehydration. 2 TI - Oral rehydration of diarrhea [letter] 3 TI - The demographic impact of the family planning--health services project in Matlab, Bangladesh. 4 TI - Oral rehydration therapy for diarrhea in children--a basic primer. 5 TI - Rice-powder electrolyte solution as oral-therapy in diarrhoea due to Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. 102 4) Find artic1es discussing exposure to the cold in humans. SS 1 /C? USER: cold PROG: SS (1) PSTG (51) SS 2 /C? USER: expos: (tw) PROG: MM (EXPOS:) (8) 1 EXPOSE (TN) 2 EXPOSED (TN) 3 EXPOSES (TN) 4 EXPOSING (TN) 5 EXPOSITION (TW) 6 EXPOSITIONAL (TN) 7 EXPOSURE (TN) 8 EXPOSURES (Tw) SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE- USER: 1,2,3,4,7,8 PROG: SS (2) PSTG (582) SS 3 /C? USER: immers: (tw) PROG: MM (IMMERS:) (3) 1 IMMERSED (TN) 2 IMMERSING (TN) 3 IMMERSION (TN) SPECIFY NUMBERS, ALL, 0R, NONE- USER: a1] PROG: SS (3) PSTG (16) SS 4 /C? USER: 2 or 3 PROG: o 55 (4) PSTG (594) SS 5 /C? USER: 1 and 4 PROG: SS (5) PSTG (13) SS 6 /C? USER: 5 and human PROG: SS (6) PSTG (6) 103 4) Continued SS 7 /C? USER: prt ti PROG: 1 . TI - Cold-promoted activation of factor VII: 15 It a problem under blood bank conditions? 2 TI - Use of the "diving reflex: in paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. 3 . ; TI - Heat loss and tolerance time during cold exposure in heliox atmosphere at 16 ATA. 4 - TI - [Controlled study of nifedipine 1n the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon] 5 TI - Influence of respiratory heat transfer on thermogenesis and heat storage after cold immersiOn. 6 TI - Medical problems from cold exposure. 104 5) Find articles discussing deep vein thrombosis. SS 1 /C? USER: (tw) deep and vein and thrombosis PROG: SS (1) PSTG (4) SS 2 /C? USER: prt ti, mh 2 PROG: [Conservative or aggressive therapy in deep vein thrombosis of the pelvis and leg] MH - Adolescence MH - Adult MH - Aged MH - English Abstract MH Female | MH - Heparin/THERAPEUTIC USE MH - Human MH - Male MH - Middle Age MH - Pelvis/*BLOOD SUPPLY MH - Thrombophlebitis/DRUG THERAPY/SURGERY/*THERAPY MH - Thrombosis/*THERAPY 2 TI - A comparison of high-dose versus conventional-dose hep rin therapy for deep vein thrombosis. MH - Adolescence MH - Adult MH - Aged MH ~ Comparative Study MH - Female MH - Hemorrhage/CHEMICALLY INDUCED . MH - Heparin/*ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/ADVERSE EFFECTS MH - Human MH - Infusions, Parenteral MH - Length of Stay MH - Male MH - Middle Age 3 MH - Recurrence MH - Retrospective Studies MH - Risk MH - Thrombophlebitis/*DRUG THERAPY SS 2 /C? USER: thrombophlebitis PROG: SS (2) PSTG (36) i SS 3 /C? USER: 2 and deep (tw) PROG: SS (3) PSTG (11) 105 5) Continued SS 4 /C? USER: prt ti 5 PROG: 1 TI - Non-invasive laboratory diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. 2 TI - [Conservative or aggressive therapy in deep vein thrombosis of the pelvis and leg] 3 TI - A comparison of high-dose versus conventional-dose heparin therapy for deep vein thrombosis. 4 TI - [Exclusion of the superficial venous system in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis by Doppler Ultrasonics] 5 TI - Thromboembolic disease in the patient undergoing urologic surgery. gag-1.5;, . ,fi .‘ . . . ~ ’% . Kyle’s .‘ ‘.'. VA? \' r 7" P ‘0 P ’ P P ’l”)?p"_b‘o‘. ,p fie??? u? f O‘ #9.? F‘— I! 3.?! raceeflxf 3*. ,. 41)., v u ¢ n'n'v'u’v'v'ro‘e'r‘rr'r’y‘fv Rutgua‘i '63 01(1) [(1 ‘ ¥ ‘ 0 ‘ 'A A a '57,:ivg'trbtiyv‘vti‘rby'jYKF v v 0' v, 1 "3» v v v v v, a v v v 1., 9. 5.33313 f". {0:933}: mtfintmx!IhtflittflfififififififiiflfifiHVHiflflffifJ V. E u u v, y,vAv,v‘-v‘7, 106 VI. LIMITING YOUR SEARCHES A. Specific Languages To narrow your search topic to articles written in a particular l nguage, combine your search with the three—letter abbreviation for the l nguage. Usually this is the 'first three letters of’ the language name. T e most common exception is for Japanese-language articles; the abbrevia ion is JPN. ! For example, to search for articles concerning all types of heart diseases written in French, enter the following: ‘ SS 1/C? USER: heart diseases (px) and fre (la) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (37) To search for all non-English language articles; i.e., foreign language articles, use FUF_(LA). All foreign language articles have the notation FOR in the language (LA) field in addition to the specific three-letter abbreviation for the language in which the article is written. SS 1/C? USER: heart diseases (px) and for (la) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (306) Because of the large number of articles in MEDLINE written in English, limiting your search to English language articles by searching for ENG (LA) will require some extra computer time. To avoid this wait, you should use the AND NOT FOR (LA) limiter as the preferred alternative to AND ENG (LA). For example, to search for articles about all types of heart diseases written in English, enter the following: SS 1/C? USER: heart diseases (px) and not for (la) <-- "AND NOT FOR LA)“ eliminates a l PROG: foreign lang age SS (1) PSTG (594) articles. 107 If you intend to combine two or more Tanguages at the same time, it is best to enter each in a separate statement combined with the search tepic. For exampTe, to search for articTes about aTT heart diseases written in either French or English, enter the foTTowing: SS l/C? USER: heart diseases (px) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (900) SS 2/0? USER: 1 and fre (Ta) PROG: SS (2) PSTG (37) SS 3/C? USER: 1 and not for (1a) PROG: SS (3) PSTG (594) SS 4/0? USER: 2 or 3 <--- Retrieves articTes about HEART DISEASES written in either FRENCH or ENGLISH. PROG: SS (4) PSTG (631) B. ArticTes with Abstracts OnTine To Timit your search to articTes which have abstracts onTine, combine your search with the word AUTHOR and the (AA) quaTifier. (AA) refers to Abstract Author. SS l/C? USER: heart diseases (px) and author (aa) <-- ATways use the (AA) quaTifier with the word IAUTHOR". PROG: SS (1) PSTG (433) <-- These citations all have abstracts onTine. A11 abstracts in MEDLINE have been written by the author and appear in the journaT itseTf; NLM never prepares abstracts. Abstracts are avaiTabTe onTine since 1975 and are onTy in the EngTish Tanguage. ApproximateTy 53% of the citations contain abstracts. 108 C. Foreign Language Articles with English Abstracts in the Journal Some foreign language articles contain English language abstracts with the articles. To search for these, combine your search with the MeSH heading ENGLISH ABSTRACT. This MeSH heading will never be used with English language articles. SS 1/C? USER: heart diseases (px) and english abstract <—- Do not abbreviate “English" - use full MeSH heading. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (209) <-- These foreign language articles all have an English abstract in_th§_journal. The existence of an English abstract with foreign language articles does not necessarily indicate that the abstract is available online. To find abs online for foreign language articles, combine your search with AUTHOR SS 1/C? USER: A heart diseases (px) and english abstract and author (aa) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (84) <-- These foreign language citations all have English abstracts online. D. Publication Year of Article To limit your retrieval to articles published in a particular year, c your search with the last two digits of the year and the qualifier SS 1/C? USER: heart diseases (px) and 83 (yr) <-- Always use (YR) qualifier. PROG: SS (1) PSTG (325) tracts (AA). ombine (YR). 109 To search for more than one pubiication year, it is advisab1e to keep them in separate search statements. SS 1/C? USER: heart diseases (px) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (900) USER: ' 1 and 83 (yr) PROG: SS (2) PSTG (325) SS 3/C? USER: 1 and 82 (yr) PROG: SS (3) PSTG (575) SS 4/C? USER: 2 or 3 <-- Retrieves artic1es about a1] HEART DISEASES pubiished in either 1982 or 1983. (These PROG: postings are taken from INTROMED, which SS (4) PSTG (900) contains references to 1982 and 1983 pub1ications on1y. Thus, the resu1t of SS 4, after limiting to 1982 and 1983, is the same as SS 1.) 110 E. Review Articles To limit your retrieval to review articles about a particular subject, combine your search with the MeSH heading REVIEW. SS l/C? USER: heart diseases (px) and review PROG: i 55 (1) PSTG (55) Articles will be labelled REVIEW if they are reviews of the recen (past ten years) literature, and evaluate the present status of the subject; not historical overviews of a subject. F. Articles from the Abridged Index Medicus (AIM) Subset To limit your retrieval to articles indexed in AIM, combine your retrieval with the letter A (SB). Abridged Index Medicus contains references to arti- cles from approximately 115 core biomedical journals, primarily clinical in nature, which can be found in most medical libraries. SS 1/C? USER: heart diseases (px) and a (sb) <-- (SB) refers to subset; "a“ indicates the Abridged Index PROG: Medicus journal titles. SS (1) PSTG (277) A list of AIM journal titles can be found on page 1130f this Guide. All AIM journals are—Written in English. ”—— G. Articles from a Specific Journal To limit your search to articles published in a particular journal, combine your search with the standard abbreviation for that journal, qualified by (TA). For example, to search for articles on hypertension published‘in the New England Journal of Medicine enter the following: SS 1/C? USER: n engl j med (ta) <-- New England Journal of Medicine. Always use the (TA) qualifier. PROG: This abbreviated name of the SS (1) PSTG (101) journal appears as the first part of the Source (30) field in the unit record. (Search continued on next page) SS 2/C? USER: 111 1 and hypertension PROG: SS (2) PSTG (3) MEDLINE citations contain only journal title abbreviations, never the full title. This abbreviation is the one to use when searching. The List of Serials Indexed for Online Users can be used to ascertain the abbreviated titles. (For ordering information, see page183of this Guide.) H. Other MeSH Headings Commonly Used to Limit Searches Some other MeSH headings are useful for limiting your searches. To limit your search to human studies only: SS 1/C? USER: ‘ heart valve diseases and human PROG: SS (1) PSTG (23) To limit your search to males (or females) only: SS 2/C? USER: stress and male -- "Male" and "female" can apply to either humans or animals. PROG: SS (2) PSTG (25) To limit your search to a particular age group: SS 1/C? USER: heart failure, congestive and aged PROG: SS (1) PSTG (27) 112 The following are the age group MeSH headings available for searching: Infant, Newborn (from birth to 1 month) Infant (age 1-23 months) Child, Preschool (age 2-5 years) Child (age 6-12 years) Adolescence (age 13-18 years) Adult (age 19-44 years) Middle Age (age 45—64 years) Aged (age 65 and over) If you are combining more than one age group, it is advisable to enter each in a separate search statement combined with the search topic. In the exam- ple below, the user is searching for articles concerning any type of leukemia in people 2-l8 years of age. SS l/C? USER: exp leukemia PROG: SS (1) PSTG (274) SS 2/C? USER: 1 and child, preschool PROG: SS (2) PSTG (34) SS 3/C? USER: 1 and child PROG: SS (3) PSTG (44) SS 4/C? USER: 1 and adolescence PROG: SS (4) PSTG (46) SS 5/C? USER: 2 or 3 or 4 PROG: SS (5) PSTG (63) 113 JOURNALS INDEXED IN ABRIDGED INDEX HEDICUS (AIM) A AMI” xxnmALov %:rnan§$hvanunumn ulnmnurNAIYIHYsamumuuAsurv Alf-m ADDICANIEAITJOUINALGTIDUID AIMJ AuuucuuuunmALolcuummnoYouw VOID AIJCIId MEAN ”U33“. 0' W NUTRITION A A-JQN' “CAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICANJOURNALOIDMOI MW“ 60) A-Jfiu “CAN JOURNAL 0! I'll! MDICAL mas (‘I'IIOIOFARI NJ) A. J Md Id mow JOUINAL OI MEDICINI (‘le VOID A- J Md AMIIICAN JOUINAL O! NUIIING MW VOID A- J Nun AMIRICAN JOURNAL OF emu AND GVNICOLOGY (31' LOUIS) A. J 0*! 67-! AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY mace) WCAN JOURNAL O? PATHOLOGY mm» A. J PIN Mm JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL MDICINE (IAL‘IIMORD A. J Ply. Md AM'IIIICAN JOUINAL O! PSYCHIATIV (WASHINGTON) A- J m AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUIIJC IEALI'I'I mums-row Al J PIN: m AM‘DJCAN JOURNAL OF SUIGIIV (NW VOID A- J I" AMIIICAN JOURNAL OF ‘I'IOPICAL MIDICIN'I AND HYGIINI mm m A- J ‘l’n. Md flu AMIIICANRWOIRW‘IOIYDM ANB'I'l-IISIA AND ANAWBIA (NEW VOID An. Ann ANB'I'HBIOIOGV mm) AM Ag“; 0! WOW MIDIGNI (DALIAI A. [-1 M ANNA]: O! INTIINAL “DION! mum» > A- III! Md ANNA“ OP mm. mm AND IDUID LAIVNGOLOGVM MOI-(Indian! ANNA” OI SUIOBV mm A- III ANNALI OI TIIOIACIC SUIGIIV mm A- M in am 0! DIIMATOLOGV (CHICAGO) Am Du—Il am 0' DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD (LONNN‘) Al. DI an am 0' WOW“ IIIIAL‘I'II (WASHINGTON) Ant livi- I!“ m or Gm mummy (CHICAGO) Ar. 6- m m 0! IN'IIINAL MlDlm (CHICAGO) Am Inn Md mm 0" NEUROLOGV (OOCAGO) no Natal am or OWOIDGV MW VOID At. 0.0!.“ am 0! GIOLAIVNOOLOGV (ODCAGO) Aid m am 0! PATHOLOGY AND LAMRA‘IORV MEDICINI Manatee) [PHYSICAL MINCE! AND IDIAIILITA‘I'ION (CHICAGO) Am MM um AIGINB O! IUIGIIV (ODCAOO) Ara In Am AND RHEUMATIIM (ATLANTA GA) m R.- B noooomwvoun nun IRAN (LONDON) Id- IRI'I'IIII HEART JOURNAL (LONDON) III-(J III'I'ISH JOUINAL OI clan-m: AND GVNAIOOLOGV (OXIOID t J” Gym-a! IRI'I'ISI'I JOURNAL OI RADIOIDGY 0.0mm . J nu INTI!“ JOURNAL OF SURGDY (IRISI'OL) I J III III'I'III-I MEDICAL JOUINAL [CINCAL men nubnnom It Md J [a l C cg AcuumlaomnuLIOIcuxmuNs (an VOID CANADIAN MDICAL AMATION JOURNAL (CITAWA) C. Md Alt! J CANCIII mm; C.- GIISI' (CHICAGO) Q: ClleA‘I‘ION (DALLAS I'D m CUNICAL OI‘DIOPADICS AND IIAI'ID IBIAIOI mm» Ch on. CLINICAL PIDIAI'RIG (PHILADELPHIA) Oh Pu (Pills) CAI-PHARMACOLOGY AND M116 (51' LOUIS) at w Th came». CARI MIDIGNI: (NW VOID MC-cfld CUIIINT PIOILINS (N SUlGnV (OHCAGC a! hut SUI D DIAII'I'I: (NEW VOID ou- mam DISEASE AND SCIENCE (NEW VOID N M Id DBLMDMA-MONTH (CHICAGO) E madam (IALTI'MOID m G GASI'IOINTIIOLOGV MW VOID m GMA'I'RIG MDLEIURG OH) H GUT (LONWN) 0' II IIIAI’I’ANDLUNGQTLOUI!) III-II- HMPI'I'AL PRACTICE (NEW YORK) H. HIS "mm (OOCAGO) Hod-b J JAMA. JOURNAL 0' 11:: AMERICAN PICAL ASSOGAI'ION (CHICAGO) JOUINAL OP ALLEIGV AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (ST LOUIS) J All-u Oh [and JOURNAL 0! TH! AMERICAN plume AIIOGATION (CHICAGO) J A. DIII Ann: JOUINAL OP ION! AND JOINT SURGEIV. AMIIICAN VOLUME (DOSTON J I. Jul Sq IA.) JOURNAL OF ION! AND JOINT SURGIIV. VOLUME (HARLOW) J In Job! In [It] JOURNAL 0! CLINICAL ENDOCIINOLOGV AN MI'I’AIOIJSM (IALTI‘MOID J (:h JOU'INomAL Ol' QNCAL INVTSI'IGATION’ NF. J an In- JOUINAL 0' CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (LONDON) J Oh Paul JOURNAL OF FAMILY PRACTICE (NEW VOR. J P- Inn JOUINAL or GDON‘I‘OLOGV NASIIINGI'OB J Gun-d 114 El 1ist continued JOURNAL or mow MINOR) J l—u JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS 0m (CHICAGO) JIM on warm. at mmun$mu m amen. MIDIMM J mm M JOURNAL or LARYNGOLOGY AND MOLOGY (ASPORD) J Ian-pl om JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION (WASHINGTON) J Md Educ JOURNAL OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE (DALI'IMORE J Nan Mat Du JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY (DALTIMORE) J Nun-n JOURNAL OF NURSING ADMINISTRATION (WAKEFIELD MA) J Nun All JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOIACIAL SURG-Y (PHILADELPHIA) J On) Munich: Sm JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS (ST IDU'IS) J P“ JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY (ST LOUIS) J The: Club" 5-1 JOURNAL OF TOXICOLgGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY (NEWy J Toned Oh TM JOURNAL OF TRAUMA (DALTIMORE) J I‘m-n 19%;; OF UROLOGY GALTIMOII) L LANCE! (LONDON) Inn M MAYO CLINIC PROCEEDINGS (ROG-[Em MN) Mnodh Pro: MEDICAL CLINIG OF NORTH AMERICA (PHHADEIJHIA) M“ an m A. MEDICAL uz'rm ON DRUGS AND Tl-IERAPELTICS (NEW Rm M [an On. The MEDICINE (BALTIMORE) Mddn (Dun-om N NEUROIDGY (NEW YORK) NM (NY) NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE WON) N Ind J Md WING CLINIG OF NORTH AMERICA MOLADELPHIA Nun cu- Nom A- NURSING OLTLOOK (NEW YORK) NI! Oahu NURSING RESEARCH (NEW YORK) NI! I. 0 08mm: AND GY'NICOLOGY (NEW YORK) MGM ORTHOPEDIC ma 0' 0m mm mm Ollie. ah M) A. P EDMTIJC ma 0' NORTH AMERICA mm m- “ NC. A- PDIATIIG mm II.) P“ PH'YSICAL THERAPY (WASHING‘I’ON) M M PLASTIC AND RWNSI'RUCTWE SURGERY (DALI'INORD Pl- Run- Sn POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE (MINNEAPOLIS Pm Md PROGRBI IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (NEW YORD Pu. Calm-c Db PUILIC HEALTH REPOR‘IS (HYA‘I'ISVILLI MD) huh Ill-Ill R. RADIOIDGIC cum: OP NORTH AMDJCA mm M Oh No. A- RADIOLOGY (EAS'I’ON PA) I“ S 30W MEDICAL JOURNAL MGM SoulMdJ mnvmwum Sm wflYab) mm AND alumna S-u Gil-u M SURGICAL CLINIG 0' NORTH AMERICA mun-nu SUI an N“ A. U UROLOGIC CNN!“ 0' NOI'I'H mu (PHILADELPHIA) URI Cl- NI'II A. VII. PRINTING UNIT RECORDS A. Printing Online After retrieving a group of citations or unit records, you will probably want to look at some of them online. The simplest way to look at these is to use the command PRINT (abbreviated PRT). This command used by itself will display the author, title, and .source of the article. The source (50) includes journal title abbrevia- tion, date of publication, volume, issue, and pagination. The command PRINT allows you to see the basic bibliographic information required to locate the actual journal article. SS 4/C? USER: prt PROG: 1 AU - Brenner JI AU - Berman MA TI - Chest pain in childhood and adolescence. SO - J Adolesc Health Care 1983 Jan;3(4):271-6 <-- Look at the printed List of Serials Indexed for GnIine Users to determine the full journal title. 1. Standard Print Commands Four standard print commands are available on MEDLINE. They are: a. PRINT (abbreviated PRT) Displays: Author (AU), Title (TI), Source (SO). SS 4/C? USER: prt PROG: 1 AU - Gumbiner CH AU - Gutgesell HP TI - Response to isometric exercise in children and young adults with aortic regurgitation. SO - Am Heart J 1983 Sep;106(3):540-7 115 116 b. PRINT FULL (abbreviated PRT FU) Displays: Author (AU), Title (TI), Source (SO), MeSH Headings (MH). SS 4/C? USER: prt fu PROG: 1 AU - Gumbiner CH AU - Gutgesell HP Language (LA), and TI - Response to isometric exercise in children and young adults with aortic regurgitation. LA Eng MH Adolescence MH Adult MH Aortic Valve Insufficiency/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY <3- In printing, the * MH Blood Pressure MH Child MH Diastole MH Echocardiography MH *Isometric Contraction *Exertion MH Female MH Heart Rate 2 I l I I I I I l I I I I l l l I I I I l l MH Heart Ventricle/PHYSIOPATHCLOGY MH *Hemodynamics MH Human MH Male MH Rest MH Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. MH Systole 50 Am Heart J 1983 Sep;106(3):540-7 PRINT AR (abbreviated PRT AR) may appear after the MeSH heading. When searching, however, the * must precede the MeSH heading. Displays: Author (AU), Title (TI), Source (SO), and Abstract AB). SS 4/C? USER: prt ar -- Approximately 58% of MEDLINE citations contain abstracts. 117 PROG: AU Gumbiner CH AU - Gutgesell HP TI Response to isometric exercise in children and young adults with aortic regurgitation. AB - We studied the hemodynamic response to isometric exercise in 28 children and young adults with aortic regurgitation (AR). Results were compared with those of 18 control subjects without heart disease. Sustained exercise at 33% maximal handgrip capability produced similar increase in heart rate in the two groups. . . <-- Entire abstract will SO - Am Heart J 1983 Sep;106(3):540-7 print out. PRINT DETAILED (abbreviated PRT DL) Displays: All available data for a citation. Much of this information is useful for NLM needs only; PRT BL is not usually used by searchers. SS 4/C? USER: prt dl PROG: 1 AU - Gumbiner CH AU - Gutgesell HP TI - Response to isometric exercise in children and young adults with aortic regurgitation. LA - Eng MH - Adolescence MH - Adult MH - Aortic Valve Insufficiency/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY MH - Blood Pressure MH - Child MH - Diastole MH - Echocardiography MH - *Isometric Contraction MH - *Exertion MH - Female MH - Heart Rate MH - Heart Ventricle/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY MH - *Hemodynamics MH - Human MH - Male MH - Rest MH - Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. MH - Systole (Unit record display continues on next page.) 118 U > llll SO — 2. Tailored HL-0719O RR-00188 <-- For the full name of the data element 830923 1983 Sep 0002-8703 Am Heart J 83279764 540-7 - A M 21.107.567.875 3 - 106 3BN Author - 8311 represented by these qualifiers, see the sample unit record on page 23 of this Guide. We studied the hemodynamic response to isometric exerci e in 28 children and young adults with aortic regurgitatign (AR). Results were compared with ... <-- Entire abstract will Am Heart J 1983 Sep;106(3):540-7 print out. Print Commands I To see information other than that displayed with the standard PRINT command, you may tailor your PRINT command to display any specific portion(s) of the unit record. To do this, after the word PRINT or PRT enter the 2-letter abbreviation of the data element(s) that you want displayed. Each data element abbreviation must be separated by a comma and a space. Do not enclose data; elements in parentheses when issuing a print command. SS 4/0? USER: prt ti, mh PROG: 1 TI - MH - MH - MH - MH - MH - MH - MH - MH - MH - MH — MH - MH — MH - MH - MH — MH - MH MH - <-- Printing titles with MeSH headings can p ovide alternative or additional subject headin s for modifying your search. Response to isometric exercise in children and young adults with aortic regurgitation. Adolescence Adult Aortic Valve Insufficiency/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY Blood Pressure Child Diastole Echocardiography *Isometric Contraction *Exertion Female Heart Rate Héart Ventricle/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY *Hemodynamics Human Male Rest Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Systole 119 3. COMPRESSED; INDENTED Any PRINT command, whether standard or tailored, may be compressed or indented. These PRINT instructions may be used separately or together. The addition of the word “COMPRESSED“ (abbreviated “COMPR") will cause any multiply-occurring data element to print out on the same line thus saving paper. SS 4/C? USER: prt fu compressed PROG: 1 AU - Gumbiner CH ; Gutgesell HP TI - Response to isometric exercise in children and young adults with aortic regurgitation. LA - Eng MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Aortic Valve Insufficiency/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Blood Pressure ; Child ; Diastole ; Echocardiography ; *Isometric Contraction ; *Exertion ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Heart Ventricle/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; *Hemodynamics ; Human ; Male ; Rest ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Systole SO - Am Heart J 1983 Sep;106(3):540-7 In the above example, the multiply-occurring fields, i.e, authors and MeSH headings, are strung out horizontally. An example of a tailored PRINT command requesting the compressed format is PRT TI, MH COMPR. The addition of the word "INDENTED" (never abbreviated) will cause the data element abbreviations to be spelled out in full and in columnar format. This format is useful when searching an unfamiliar database or when demonstrating the system to non-searchers. SS 4/C? USER: prt indented PROG: 1 AUTHOR Gumbiner CH AUTHOR Gutgesell HP TITLE Response to isometric exercise in children and young adults with aortic regurgitation. SOURCE Am Heart J 1983 Sep;106(3):540-7 120 4. Points to Remember About the PRINT Command a) Citations will print out from the immediately preceding search statement. A PRINT command at SS 4/C? will display records from the retrieval of SS 3/C?. To print from a search statement other than the immediately preceding one, add "SS“ with the appropriate search state- ment number to the PRINT command. For example, if you are at?SS 4 and you want to display the titles from SS 2: SS 4/C? USER: prt ss 2 ti <—- Be sure to separate the number fr "$5“ with a Space. PROG: 1 TI - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. 2 TI - [Acquired extrinsic pulmonary stenosis caused by Hodgkin's disease] <-- Brackets denote foreig language articles. 3 TI - Bacterial endocarditis complicating systemic lupus erythematosus. 4 TI - Systolic murmur. b) Citations most recently entered into the database are alway printed out first. Generally, this corresponds to the most recent pu lication date, however, this should not take the place of limiting your earch to year of publication if that is what you want (see page108). c) In response to a PRINT command, a maximum of 25 lines of ext will print out before the program gives the message CONTINUE PRINTI G? (YES/ NO). By responding YES, the remaining citations requested in y ur PRINT command will print out in segments of 25 lines. If you re pond NO, you will return to a USER: cue without seeing the remaining c tations. d) Unlike searching, printing does not take up a search statement num- ber. If you PRINT at SS 4/C?, your next USER: cue will also be SS 4/C?. SS 4/C? USER: prt ti PROG: 1 TI - Response to isometric exercise in children and you 9 adults with aortic regurgitation. SS 4/C? USER: To illustrate these points and additional ways to tailor your printout,121 the following sample search is provided. Following the search, various PRINT commands are shown using these search results in which information on the rel ationship between exertion and blood pressure is being sought. SS 1/C? USER: blood pressure PROG: SS (1) PSTG (308) SS 2/C? USER: exertion PROG: SS (2) PSTG (130) SS 3/C? USER: 1 and 2 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (12) 1. To request a specific quantity of citations to be printed, add a number surrounded by spaces to your PRINT command. To display only the first 2 of the 12 citations retrieved in SS 3 from the above search, enter the following: SS 4/C? USER: prt 2 <9- If no number were specified, all twelve post- ings from SS 3 would be printed. The program PROG: message CONTINUE PRINTING? (YES/N0), giving you an opportunity to continue or discontinue 1 the output, would appear following the citation AU - Horacek T in which the 25th line occurred. AU - Bischoff K0 AU - Bucher P AU - K:uter L (-- The colon represents a diacritical mark that AU - Hager w exists in the original text. The colon is NOT to be entered for searching. To search enter KUTER L (AU). TI - [Improved exercise tolerance in patients with coronary insufficiency treated with i.v. aminophylline] SO - Med Welt 1983 Jun 17;34(24):694-5 2 AU - Gumbiner CH AU - Gutgesell HP 'TI - Response to isometric exercise in children and young adults with aortic regurgitation. SO - Am Heart J 1983 Sep;106(3):540-7 122 2. Add "skip #" to your PRINT command to specify the citation you want to begin printing. The number after the "skip" denotes the number of citations to bypass. For example, if you have already seen 5 citations from SS 3 and now want to view the titles and languages of 2 additional citations: SS 4/C? USER: prt 2 ti, la skip 5 ‘<-- This example will print the titles and languages for two citations PROG: beginning with the 6th citation. 6 TI [Hemodynamic studies at rest and under stress in patients with coronary heart disease after administration of carteolol] LA - Ger 7 TI - The additive antianginal action of oral isosorbide dinitrate in patients receiving propranolol. Magnitude and duration of effect. LA - Eng *it**************************** In a PRINT command, the word PRINT or PRT must always be issued first. After the command PRINT, all other components (e.g., "skip #", “ss #", "ar", “fu”, "dl", "ti, mh", "la", "5", etc.) can fol ow in any order. A sample PRINT command containing all of these c mponents 15: PRT SS 2 5 TI, MH SKIP 10 This will display the titles and MeSH headings of 5 citations from SS 2 starting with the 11th citation. There are a number of different ways to express this PRINT statement by alternating the order of the components after issuing the command PRINT. Some examples: PRT TI, MH 5 SKIP 10 SS 2 PRT TI, MH SS 2 5 SKIP 10 PRT 5 SKIP 10 SS 2 TI, MH PRT 5 SKIP 10 TI, MH SS 2 B. 123 PRINTING OFFLINE You may prefer to have your output printed at NLM overnight and sent out on the next working day. Consider printing offline when: 1. 1) 2) 3) Your retrieval is large; especially if you want abstracts printed out. Because of the size of the retrieval, the online cost of printing could be more than the page cost of offline printing. (See charge chart on page136 of this Guide.) The time you have at the terminal is limited. The time delay for mailing, which can amount to several days, is acceptable. Requesting an Offline Print Offline prints will be mailed to the address which you specify. All of the PRINT enhancements discussed previously in the “Printing Online" section apply to offline prints as well; however, the word OFFLINE must appear in the command. A sample offline print interaction follows. It is based on a search for citations concerning heart valve diseases which contain abstracts online: SS l/C? USER: heart valve diseases and author (aa) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (10) SS 2/C? USER: prt ar offline <-- All 10 records retrieved from SS 1 will be printed at NLM overnight. The author, title, PROG: source, and abstract are being requested. TASKNAME = P7103311 <-- A unique TASKNAME will be generated as a result of each OFFLINE print command. It must be supplied to the MEDLARS Management Section when making inquiries about a particular offline print. to:Cdfpfflpfafojohfofdhh 3' if," Q'QE‘EU‘36‘A'Q" 1.107437337075531. statawisnfruxaw:e'.!flfaf¢f£i)3fi'fix» fof.-fpia‘fifafittffiiaffii Q \I‘ f _l’ y'fi‘." _!r‘ .f’o‘ ‘ 3‘} ."J ,. I... o‘noa bone-oblohvtvo-nu OIIOOQOOOQQOObOoIOCOoooo 124 NAME? <-- You will be prompted for the name, address, city, state, and zip code of the person to USER: whom the offline prints should be mailed. pamela stone Ignore upper and lower case when inputting name and address. Only three lines will be provided ing information. Each line may c more than 50 characters including PROG: ADDRESS? USER: 4545 jasmine street PRDG: CITY, STATE (PLEASE DO NOT ABBREVIATE), AND ZIP- USER: yuma, arizona 85364 PROG: . REQUESTER'S NAME, OR SAME- <-- If you are performing the se for yourself, enter SAME. 0 USER: wise, enter the name of the same recipient of the search. PROG: SEARCH TITLE, 0R NONE- USER: heart valve diseases <-- The title that you give the search appear on all pages of the offline PROG: 0K? (Y/N/C/ADDRESS) <-- If you answer with: Y = offline print interaction wil completed. Make certain all of the search and answers to for mail- ntain no spaces. arch ther- will print. I be aarts the name, address, etc. information are correct before you type "Y". N = the program will re-prompt you for name, address, etc. informati n. C = the offline print request wil cancelled. ADDRESS be the address that may have bee, stored previously for that user access code will be displayed 0 125 USER: Y PROG: OFFLINE PRINT COMPLETED. <-- Receipt of this message assures you that your offiine print wiii be processed. Dup1icated beiow is the cover page of the printout that resulted from the offline print requested above. M P7103311 annual““was!!!“atmnnwmummmammmeun THIs Is AN OFF-LINE BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION LIST GENERATED av mm N.L.H.'s NATIONAL INTERACTIVE RETRIEVAL SERVICE ltttitll H N i H I- i i I fllfllmlflH‘II!HI”!*“*i§N*§lHIHNIHH'iiii‘INNI‘lflllflflmmm HEART VALVE DISEASES MEI! OF CITATIONS PRINTED = 10 AUGUST 7, 1984 THIS SEARCH HAS PERFORMED ON THE HEDLINE FILE. PLEASE SEND THIS LISTIW TO PAMELA STONE 6565 JASMINE STREET Yu‘lA. ARIZONA 8536‘) 126 2. Cancelling an Offline Print Request The only way an offline print request may be cancelled after the OFFLINE PRINT COMPLETED message is received is by calling the MEDLARS Management Section before 5:00 p.m. ET the same day and supplying the TASKNAME. Remember the MEDLARS Management Service Desk is staffed Monday through Fridaw. 3. Requesting More Than 300 Citations Offline You may not request more than 300 citations with any individual PRINT OFFLINE command. To obtain the complete retrieval of more than 300 citations, a “SKIP" instruction may be used to request the remaining records. SS 1/C? USER: postoperative complications PROG: SS (1) PSTG (312) SS 2/C? USER: prt offline 300 <-- To request the author, title and source of the first 300 citations retrieved PROG: from the 312 postings. TASKNAME = P8155050 NAME? USER: <-- All the questions must be answered as before. PROG: OFFLINE PRINT COMPLETED. SS 2/C? USER: prt offline 12 skip 300 <-- A separate offline print should be requested to receive the r aining twelve citations. You must include PROG: the exact remaining number Of cita- TASKNAME = P8155156 tions to be printed with the SKIP instruction. . NAME? USER: ' <-— All questions must be answe ed for this offline print. COMMAND PRINT (PRT) PRINT AR (PRT AR) PRINT FULL (PRT Fu) PRINT DETAILED (PRT DL) PRT TI, MH COMPR PRT AR INDENTED PRT TI 5 PRT TI 5 SKIP 20 PRT TI 5 SKIP 20 SS 6 PRT OFFLINE Co 127 PRINT COMMAND SUMMARY DISPLAYS Author, title, source Author, title, source, and abstract (if one is available online) Author, title, source, language, and MeSH headings All data elements Title and MeSH headings in compressed format (individual MeSH headings do not appear on separate lines) Author, title, source, and abstract in columnar format with data element names spelled out in full Five titles Five titles, beginning with the let citation Five titles, beginning with the let citation from the results of SS 6 Printout will be mailed from NLM on the next working day 128 D. PRINT EXERCISES This is a sample search in which the searcher is looking for articles on the use of electrocardiography in heart disease. The searcher wants the retrieval limited to English language articles discussing humans only, and further lim- ited to those articles with abstracts available online. SS l/C? ‘ USER: ‘ heart diseases (px) <-- HEART DISEASES is a Pre-explod d term which is qualified with ( X). PROG: SS (1) PSTG (900) SS 2/C? USER: electrocardiography PROG: SS (2) PSTG (195) SS 3/C? I USER: _ 1 and 2 <-- The Boolean operator AND comEines the retrieval from SS 1 and S 2. PROG: SS (3) PSTG (141) SS 4/C? USER: _ 3 and human and not for (la) <-- Articles are limited to humans by use of the MeSH heading HUMAN; “and not SS (4) PSTG (90) for (1a)" will efficiently limit the search to English language articles. SS 5/C? USER: 4 and author (aa) <-- Combining “author (aa)“ with the retrieval from SS 4 limits the PROG: retrieval to those citations SS (5) PSTG (54) containing abstracts online. SS 6/C? USER: Based upon the above interaction, review the following print exerfises. PRINT EXERCISES (CONTINUED) 129 ors, titles. and sources from the retrieval obtained 1) Print all of the auth ASES (PX) and ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. from combining HEART DlSE SS 6/C? USER: 2) Print two citations from search statement number 4. SS 6/C? USER: e, source, abstract for one citation from the 3) Print the author, titl h abstracts online. retrieval limited to those articles wit SS 6/C? USER: 4) Print the fifth through ninth titles from the retrieval limited to human and English. SS 6/C? USER: 5) Print the first three titles and MeSH headings from search Statement number 3 in the compressed format. SS 6/C? USER: 6) From the first search statement, print out the bibliographic information needed to actually obtain the first two articles retrieved. In addition, you would like to see the language and MeSH headings assigned to each of the two articles. SS 6/C? USER: e retrieved in the final search 7) Print offline all 54 citations that ar int command. statement (SS 5). Include abstracts in your offline pr SS 6/C? USER: 130 PRINT EXERCISES -- SUGGESTED ANSWERS Remember, the order of the although the command PRT must components of the PRINT command is variable appear first. 1) Print all of the authors, titles, and sources from the retrieval obtained from combining HEART DISEASES (PX) and ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. SS 6/C? USER: prt ss 3 <-— Displays all citations from 55 3. The standard PRINT command displays au, ti, and so. 2) Print two citations from search statement number 4. SS 6/C? USER: prt 2 ss 4 <-- Two citations are specified to be printed from search statement # 4 (ss 4). 3) Print the author, title, source, and abstract for one citation from the retrieval limited to those articles with abstracts online. SS 6/C? USER: prt ar 1 <-- "ar" is the standard PRINT command which will print the author, title, source and abstract The num- ber "1" indicates the number of citations to be printed. No search statement is specified, there- fore, citations will be displayed from the immediately preceding search statement. 4) Print the fifth through ninth titles from the retrieval limited to human and English. SS 6/C? USER: prt 5 ti skip 4 ss 4 “ti" Spe the data element to be printed. "skip 4" denotes the number of to be bypassed. "ss 4“ indicat search statement from which the will be printed. <-- The number “5" indicates the number of titles to be printed. cifies citations es the titles 131 5) Print the first three titles and MeSH headings from search statement number 3 in the compressed format. SS 6/C? USER: prt 3 ti, mh compr ss 3 <-—The number “3" indicates the quantity to be printed. "ti, mh“ specifies the data elements to be printed (should always be separated by a comma). “compr" is the special PRINT enhancement that displays the data elements in the compressed for- mat. “ss 3" indicates the search state- ment from which the retrieval will be printed. 6) From the first search statement, print out the bibliographic information needed to actually obtain the first two articles retrieved. In addition, you would like to see the language and MeSH headings assigned to each of the two articles. SS 6/C? USER: prt fu 2 ss 1 <-— "prt fu“ is the standard format used for printing the author, title, source, lang- uage, and MeSH headings. “2“ specifies the quantity of citations to be printed. "55 1" denotes the search statement from which the retrieval will be printed. 7) Print offline all 54 citations that are retrieved in the final search statement (SS 5). Include abstracts in your offline print command. SS 6/C? USER: prt offline ar <-- "prt offline“ will initiate the offline printing procedure. “arII is the standard PRINT command which will print the author, title, source, and abstract. No specific amount of citations is requested because you wanted the full retrieval of 54 postings from SS 5. No search state- ment number is specified, therefore, citations will be printed out from the immediately preceding search statement (in this case SS 5). 132 VIII. NEIGHBOR (NBR) COMMAND SUMMARY Throughout this Guide the NEIGHBOR (NBR) command has been discussed as it pertains to various data elements. This section is designed to summarize all of the information on NEIGHBORing. A. NEIGHBORING THE GENERAL INDEX The NEIGHBOR (NBR) command is used to scan the index of the database to see if and how a term exists in that database. This is useful to verify the spelling or format of authors' names, to see variant spellings of Text Words, and to view alphabetical listings of MeSH headings online. For example, to NBR the word "heart“ in the general index of the database that you are presently connected to: SS l/C? USER: nbr heart PROG: POSTINGS TERM 2 HEARSE DJ (AU) 2 HEARST JE (AU) 184 HEART (MH) <-- Specified term appears in the 561 HEART (TN) third position. 18 HEART ANEURYSM (MH) UP N 0R DOWN N? In response to the NEIGHBOR (NBR) command, terms that are alphabetically identical and/or adjacent to the term or word specified will be displayed. Terms in the index are arranged in one continuous alphabetical listing. The term you enter will be listed in the third position with two t rms preceding and two terms following it in the alphabetical arrangement. The number of postings for each term will also be displayed as well as the data element abbreviation. If the term does not exist in the database, the term that is closest to it alphabetically will diSplay in the third position. 133 For example, NBRing the word 'nutrasweet' in INTROMED shows the absence of that word in the database. SS l/C? USER: nbr nutrasweet PROG: POSTINGS TERM 2 NUTR CANCER (TA) 8 NUTR REV (TA) 27 NUTRIENT (TN) <-- If the term had been in the 26 NUTRIENTS (TN) database, it would have 1 NUTRIMAIZ (TN) displayed in this 3rd position. UP N OR DOWN N? B. NEIGHBORING A SPECIFIC PORTION OF THE INDEX To NEIGHBOR a Specific portion of the index, enter the tenn to be NEIGHBORed followed by its qualifier enclosed in parentheses. For example, to see if there is an author with the last name 0 Heart, enter the following: SS 1/C? USER: nbr heart (au) <—- Entering (AU) after the requested term specifies the author portion PROG: of the index to be NBRed. POSTINGS TERM 2 HEARSE DJ 2 HEARST JE <-- Because only authors are requested, 1 HEATFIELD BM the (AU) qualifier will not follow 1 HEATH A each name. There is no author 1 HEATH D whose last name is HEART. UP N 0R DONN N? 134 To look ‘at the online alphabetical display of WbSH headings beginning with the word HEART, enter the following: SS 1/C? USER: nbr heart (mh) <-- Entering (MH) after the requested term specifies the MeSH heading port on of PROG: the index to be NBRed. POSTINGS TERM 18 HEARING LOSS, SENSORINEURAL 6 HEARING TESTS 184 HEART <—- No (MH) qualifier will be 18 HEART ANEURYSM displayed because MeSH head- 15 HEART ARREST ings were specified in the UP N OR DONN N? NEIGHBOR command. C. RESPONDING T0 "UP N OR DOWN N?" MESSAGE 1. To Continue NBRing To move up or down the index, enter UP (to go toward A in the alphabet) or DOWN (to go toward 2 in the alphabet) followed by a space and the number of terms (to a maximum of 10) to be displayed. To continue NBRing from the above example: UP N 0R DOWN N? USER: down 10 <-- This requests 10 more MeSH headings to be displayed, going toward Z in the alphabet PROG: POSTINGS TERM 17 HEART ARREST, INDUCED 46 HEART ATRIUM 6 HEART AUSCULTATION 26 HEART BLOCK 76 HEART CATHETERIZATION 49 HEART CONDUCTION SYSTEM 45 HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL 6O HEART DISEASES 33 HEART ENLARGEMENT 85 HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE UP N OR DOWN N? 135 USER: down 5 PROG: POSTINGS TERM 15 HEART FUNCTION TESTS 12 HEART INJURIES 4 HEART MASSAGE 4 HEART MURMURS 13 HEART NEOPLASMS UP N 0R DONN N? 2. To Discontinue NBRing To canceT the NEIGHBOR command and return to a USER: cue, enter NO or NONE in response to the “UP N OR DONN N?“ message. ‘ UP N 0R DOWN N? USER: none PROG: SS 1/C? USER: heart injuries PROG: SS (1) PSTG (12) Remember, when NBRing you are Tooking onTy at the index of the database to which you are presentTy connected. For exampTe, NBRing while in MEDLINE is not a reflection of the contents of any of the MEDLINE backfiTes. For additionaT information, refer to page 28 for NEIGHBORing authors' names, page 42 for NEIGHBORing MeSH headings, and page 91 for NEIGHBORing Text Words. 1,36 IX. OTHER USEFUL COMMANDS There are several commands that you may find useful while searching MEDLINE. The functions of these commands are described below and are discussed more fully on the following pages. FUNCTION To send a user's question/comment to MEDLARS Management Section at NLM. To show search strategy - terms and postings - for current search session. To clear the user's workspace, returning user to SS 1/C?. To erase the immediately preceding search statement. Command may be used with a number to delete all search statements greater than or equal to that number. To print a brief description of the last standard program message received by the user or a description of any other online function. An online help command. To change from one database to another. To display recent items of importance concerning MEDLARS. To retain search strategies in the computer's memory for future online use. To enable the user to see estimated costs of a search or terminal session while online. To stop search session; disconnect user from computer. COMMAND COMMENT DISPLAY ERASEALL ERASEBACK ERASEBACK 6 EXPLAIN EXPLAIN PRINT FILE FILE MEDBO NEWS SAVE SAVESEARCH SHOW COST STOP STOP Y 137 A. COMMENT This command enables you to send messages to the MEDLARS Management Section at the National Library of Medicine. It is especially useful when the MEDLARS Management Section Service Desk is not staffed (before 8:30 AM and after 5 PM ET). To send a comment, enter the command COMMENT. After responding to the REPLY? prompt, enter your comment line by line beginning with the next USER: cue. At the end of each line, the system will prompt you with the message I'CONT. 0R FINISHED-“ -- i.e., Continue or type FINISHED. Never enter the word "CONTINUE" or “CONT"; instead, type in natural language the message you want to convey to the MEDLARS Management Section. At the completion of the comment, type FINISHED at the next USER: cue. These messages are read twice daily by the MEDLARS Management Section and, if requested, replies will be made. It is less expensive to send comments when connected to FILE INFORM rather than MEDLINE, because, unlike MEDLINE, this database is not charged on characters transmitted. SS 1/C? USER: comment PROG: REPLY? (YES/N0) USER: yes PROG: NAME & TELEPHONE NUMBER: USER: Dr. Karen Sharpe (301)486-4982 PROG: ADDRESS? USER: 402 St. Charles Street PROG: CITY, STATE (PLEASE DO NOT ABBREVIATE), AND ZIP USER: Baltimore, Maryland 21218 PROG: CONT. 0R FINISHED-- USER: <--- At the first USER: cue following the please send current training schedule CITY, STATE, ZIP prompt, begin to enter your comment. PROG: CONT. 0R FINISHED- USER: finished <-- Typing the word FINISHED at the USER: PROG: cue after you finish entering your comment will send it to NLM. SS 1 /C? USER: 138 B. DISPLAY This command provides a descriptive online display of the search statements entered during the current search session. The search statements are displayed in numerical order with the number of postings retrieved by each statement. The following example demonstrates the progression of a search. B enter- ing the command DISPLAY after the search, the strategy only is rec lled; the search is not actually executed again. This command is especi lly useful when a searcher is using a terminal with a screen and the s rategy has scrolled off the screen. SS 1/C? USER: cat diseases PROG; SS (1) PSTG (11) SS 2/C? USER: dog diseases PROG: SS (2) PSTG (39) SS 3/C? USER: 1 or 2 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (48) SS 4/C? USER: display PROG: SEARCH FORMULATION BEGINNING AT SS 1: (CAT DISEASES) -- 11 POSTINGS SEARCH FORMULATION BEGINNING AT SS 2: (DOG DISEASES) —- 39 POSTINGS SEARCH FORMULATION BEGINNING AT SS 3: (SS 1 or SS 2) -- 48 POSTINGS I NO SUBHEADINGS APPLIED TO ANY SEARCH STATEMENT. I SS 4 /C? USER: of that saved search after the command DISPLAY. For example, to isplay a saved search which you have named ANTIBIOTICS, enter the statem nt: DISPLAY ANTIBIOTICS. For additional information on saving searches, see the SAVE commmand on page 144 of this Guide. To display the strategy of a search that you have saved, enter tha name 139 C. ERASEALL The command ERASEALL (abbreviated ERSLL) clears all previous search state- ments, eliminates all retrieved citations, and returns you to SS 1/C?. This command can be used after any search statement when you wish to return to the first search statement to begin a new search. After the search statements have been erased, they are unavailable for printing or for including in subsequent search statements. SS l/C? USER: education, medical PROG: SS (1) PSTG (32) SS 2/C? USER: education, dental PROG: SS (2) PSTG (17) SS 3/C? USER: 1 or 2 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (48) SS 4/C? USER: prt 2 PROG: 1 AU Sullivan LN TI - The status of blacks in medicine. Philosophical and ethical dilemmas for the 19805. SO - N Engl J Med 1983 Sep 29;309(13):807—8 2 AU - Beck JR TI - Microcomputer aids to medical decision making. Educational and clinical applications. SO - Med Decis Making 1983;3(1):3-7 SS 4/C? USER eraseall PROG: SS l/C? USER: <--- After ERASEALL is entered, you are always returned to SS 1/C? The ERASEALL command can be used when the limit of 25 search statements has been reached and more work space is needed. When the user has received the "SF, C" (Search Series Full, enter Command) message at the 25th search statement, the ERASEALL command allows the user to delete all search state- ments and begin anew at SS 1. 140 D. ERASEBACK The command ERASEBACK (abbreviated ERSBK) is a means of deleting search statements selectively. The command, when entered by itself, wil delete the last search statement with postings. For example, entering E ASEBACK at SS 21 eliminates the old SS 20 and re-prompts you for it. SS (20) PSTG (326) SS 21/C? USER: eraseback PROG: SS 20/0? USER: Nhen entered with a number, the ERASEBACK command will delete all search statements with numbers greater than or equal to the one entered with the command. The user will then be prompted for the search statement with the same number as that entered with the command. For example, entering ERASEBACK 9 at the USER: cue for SS 21 will re-prompt you for SS 9, thus deleting all search statements between and including SS 9 and SS 21. SS (20) PSTG (326) SS 21/C? USER: eraseback 9 PROG: SS 9/C? USER: The ERASEBACK command is particularly useful at the end of a search series when the user has received the SF, C (Search Series Full enter command) message, as it allows the user to save some search statements while also gaining more work space. 141 E. EXPLAIN The EXPLAIN command when entered by itself will provide an explanation of the last standard program message received by the searcher. For example, after entering the search tenn 'TERATOGENESIS and receiving an NP (No Postings) message, you could type the command EXPLAIN. The program will respond with an explanation of the NP (No Postings) message. SS 1/C? USER: teratogenesis PROG: NP (TERATOGENESIS) SS I/C? USER: explain PROG: N0 POSTINGS MESSAGE: NP---NO POSTINGS---THERE ARE NO POSTINGS FOR THE TERM ( ) EXACTLY AS ENTERED. SEARCH ABORTED. THIS IDENTIFIES TERMS IN THE SEARCH STATEMENT WHICH HAVE NO POSTINGS. USE THE NEIGHBOR COMMAND TO CHECK WHETHER YOU MISSPELLED THE TERM 0R WHETHER IT DOES NOT EXIST IN THE INDEX. In addition, you may request an explanation of any command, program message, or online function by typing the command EXPLAIN followed by the item to be explained. See the example below which requests an online explanation of the Time Overflow message. It is less expensive to request this type of explana- tion while connected to FILE INFORM. SS 1 /C? USER: explain time ovflw PROG: TIME OVERFLOW IT IS POSSIBLE FOR A USER TO ENTER A REQUEST THAT REQUIRES SO MUCH PROCESS- ING THAT IT MUST BE INTERRUPTED TO PERMIT OTHER USERS TO BE SERVICED. THE PARTIALLY-COMPLETED REQUEST IS SAVED, AND THE USER IS GIVEN THE TIME OVERFLOW MESSAGE. IN SUCH A CASE, YOU MAY CANCEL THE REQUEST BY ENTERING THE WORD 'NO' (WHICH, IN THE CASE OF A SEARCH, WILL ABORT IT), OR MAY HAVE IT CONTINUE BY ANSWERING 'YES'. The complete list of explainable items will be printed in response to the command EXPLAIN EXPLAIN. 142 F. FILE The command FILE is used to change from one NLM database to another. It may be entered at any USER: cue. When you enter the command FILE with the name of the new database, the program terminates interaction with the database you were currently searching and logs you into the new database. All search statements from the database previously connected to are erased. For example, if you wanted to search in the MEDLINE backfile MED80, you would enter the command FILE followed by the database name MED80. /login PLEASE ENTER USERID/PASSWORD 0R LOGON #################### NLM TIME 13:36:50 DATE 84:062 LINE 080 WELCOME TO THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE'S ELHILL RETRIEVAL SYSTEM. YOU ARE NOW CONNECTED TO THE MEDLINE FIlE. SS 1/C? USER: file med80 PROG: YOU ARE NOW CONNECTED TO THE BACKBO FILE. <—- BACK8O is another acceptable name SS l/C? for the ME 80 file. USER: (You can also use BACK77, BA K75, etc. in your FILE command.) A breakdown of MEDLINE and its backfiles as of May 1985 is: MEDLINEF"¥ 1983-present MED80 1980-1982 MED77 1977-1979 MED75 1975-1976 MED7l 1971-1974 MED66 1966-1970 For the most recent configuration of MEDLINE baCkfiles, contact the MEDLARS Management Section. G. NEWS 143 The command NEWS enables you to receive information of immediate importance about the NLM onIine system. The news is printed out one item at a time with the most recent item printed first. The news is updated dain and most items wiII only be retained in the NEWS for approximater one week. The NLM database caIIed INFORM can be accessed to Took at the current news items, because, unIike MEDLINE, this database is not charged on characters transmit- ted. After each item of news is dispIayed, you wiII be prompted to continue the dispTay of additionaI news items. You may respond with a YES or a NO to this prompt depending upon whether you have seen any of the news items previousTy. See the_examp1e beTow in which the news is being requested whiTe connected to FILE INFORM. SS 1/C? USER: fiIe inform PROG: YOU ARE NOW CONNECTED TO THE INFORM FILE. SS l/C? USER: news PROG: NEW 03/01/84 BEGINNING TODAY, A NEW FILE CALLED INFORM IS AVAILABLE. THIS FILE MAY BE USED TO RETRIEVE SYSTEM INFORMATION, SUCH AS NEWS 0R EXPLAINS, RATHER THAN CITATIONS. NO CHARGE WILL BE MADE FOR CHARACTER TRANSMISSION FOR THIS FILE, THEREFORE LOWERING THE PRICE FOR USING THE INFORMATIONAL COMMANDS THAT PRODUCE A LARGE VOLUME 0F CHARACTERS. TO USE THE FILE, ENTER FILE INFORM 0R FILE INFO. THIS FILE CANNOT BE USED FOR ENTERING SEARCH FORMULATION FOR LATER USE (E.G., OFFSEARCH, STORESEARCH, SAVESEARCH). MORE INFORMATION CAN BE FOUND IN THE FEBRUARY ISSUE OF THE NLM TECHNICAL BULLETIN. MORE NEWS? (YES/N0) USER: yes PROG: NEW 02/29/84 THE MARCH SDILINE AUTOMATICS ARE BEING PROCESSED AND MAILED THIS WEEK. THEY CORRESPOND TO THE APRIL SDILINE FILE WHICH WILL BE AVAILABLE ON MONDAY, MARCH 5. MORE NEWS? (YES/NO) USER: --0nce you see a news note that you have seen on no a previous day, say "no” to the MORE NEWS? (YES/ PROG: N0) message. Because the news items are arranged chronologicaIIy (most recent date first), there SS 1/C? wiII be no news note newer than the ones you USER: have just seen. 144 H. SAVE/SAVESEARCH The SAVE and SAVESEARCH commands are used to keep search strategies in the computer's memory so that they can be used again later during online searching. A saved search enables you to keep a strategy to be run a ain against different IIdatabases (such as any of the MEDLINE backfiles or to keep a "grouping“ of related concepts to be used frequently when sea ch- 1ng. Although the characteristics for formulating saved searches using the SAVE and SAVESEARCH commands may differ slightly, the searches that are kept from both are generically referred to as “saved searches“. Both are executed and removed in the same way. Once a strategy is saved it may be recalled and run at any time in other similar databases. 1. Saving Searches Two commands used to save a search formulation are SAVE or SAVESEARCH. iThe difference between them is that SAVE is used after the terms have alr ady been typed, and SAVESEARCH is used before the tem sfiave been typed. a. The SAVE Command ' If you decide after performing a search strategy that the formulation should be saved for later use, the SAVE command is used: SS 9/C? USER: save PROG: SEARCHNAME? The program will ask you to name the saved search so that it may be recall- ed from the computer's memory by name for later use. There are limitations for names of saved searches: 1) The name can be no longer than 30 characters in length, including spaces. 2) The name must have at least one alphabetic character (i.e., not all numeric) and the name may not begin with a number. 3) A name can be used for only one saved strategy (i.e., each saved search name must be unififie). l 4) A name must not contain a Boolean operator (AND, OR) or any special characters (punctuation, etc.) - only alpha and numeric characters should be used. After you have typed in the search name, the program will respond: 145 SEARCH SET FROM SS 1 FORWARD SAVED AS 'the search name' This message indicates that the search terms starting at SS 1 and continu- ing through to the current search statement number have been saved; how- ever, only those terms combined in the last search statement will be used when the saved search is run again. b. The SAVESEARCH Command ‘The command SAVESEARCH is used before the search terms have been entered. It alerts the computer that the terms to follow are to be saved in the memory whether or not they retrieve postings as you are entering the strategy. SS l/C? USER savesearch PROG: ENTER SEARCH— *STS* SS 1/C? <-- The *STS* symbol reminds you that all terms USER: typed will be saved. synovial cyst PROG: SS (1) PSTG (0) *STS* SS 2/C? <—- Although SS 1 received 0 postings, the search term USER: entered will be saved, and the program progresses to SS 2. Only the last search statement will be used for the final printout or postings message; any terms that are not logically pulled together in the last statement will not be used for retrieval. After the search terms have been entered, type FINISHED and the program will ask for the search name: *STS* SS 9/C? USER: finished PROG: SEARCHNAME? USER: 146 The same limitations apply to these names as apply to the names used with the SAVE command. After the search has been named, the message "SEARCH SET FROM SS 1 SAVED AS 'the search name' is generated, as well as the~message “SAVESEARCH COM- PLETED." The search is now ready for use online. 2. Using Saved Searches The search formulations may be recalled from the computer's memory by name as soon as the search has been saved. Enter the name of the save search followed by the qualifier (SN). For example, to recall a searJL which had previously been saved and named 'HEART TERMS,I enter the fo lowing: SS l/C? USER: 1 heart terms (sn) PRDG: SS (1) PSTG (249) Saved search names can be logically combined with other search terms. For example, to recall a previously saved search named 'ANTIBIOTICS' and combine its retrieval with a MeSH heading iri one search statement, enter the following: SS l/C? USER: kidney diseases and antibiotics (sn) PROG: SS (1) PSTG (56) Only one set of postings will be retrieved, combining the results of the MeSH heading with the retrieval from the saved search. It is normal to incur Time Overflow messages when recalling saved searches. 3. Deleting Saved Searches Saved searches are retained in the computer's memory until you remove them. To remove a saved search, type SAVE followed by the name of the search followed by the word REMOVE. Do not qualify the search name with (SN). For example to remove a saved search named 'HEART TERMS,l enter the following: SS 5/C? USER: save heart terms remove PROG: SAVED SEARCH 'HEART TERMS' DELETED. The search strategy is removed immediately. 147 4. Listing Saved Searches You can generate a list of your saved searches by using the SAVE LIST command. You will be shown how many saved searches exist for your User ID code, each search name, and how much free space is remaining in the saved search area. SS 2/0? USER: save list PROG: YOU NON HAVE 2 SAVED SEARCHES. TETRACYCLINES SMALL MAMMALS THERE IS 65 PERCENT FREE SPACE IN YOUR SAVESEARCH/PROFILE AREA. NEVER save additional searches if the amount of free space in the save- search area falls beneath 10%. In that situation, remove some saved searches before saving others. 5. Displaying Saved Searches The search formulation of a particular saved search can be viewed online by entering the command DISPLAY followed by the name of the saved search with ng_(SN) qualifier: ‘ USER: display heart terms PROG: , SEARCH FORMULATION BEGINNING AT SS 1: (HEART ARREST OR HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE) SEARCH FORMULATION BEGINNING AT SS 2: (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OR MI (TH) ) SEARCH FORMULATION BEGINNING AT SS 3: (SS 1 0R SS 2) N0 SUBHEADINGS APPLIED TO ANY SEARCH STATEMENT. 148 I. SHON COST The SHOW COST command enables users to see online the estimated costs of a search or of a total terminal session. When used alone, SHOW COST displays cumulated totals and costs since you became connected to a particular database. For example, en ering the SHOW COST command while connected to MEDLINE displays informatio relating to the time on that database only. $3 3/C? USER: show cost PROG: THE ESTIMATED TOTAL ONLINE COST FOR THIS 3 MINUTE MEDLINE SESSION IS $1.06. To display cumulated totals and costs for all databases sea ched from the time of your initial login, use the command SHOW COST TOTAL. For example, if you have changed files from the time of your initiah login and are entering the SHOW COST TOTAL command, the information received pertains to the entire online session, not only to the database to which you are presently connected. ‘ SS 5/C? USER: show cost total PROG: THE ESTIMATED TOTAL ONLINE COST FOR THIS 12 MINUTE TERMINAL SESSION 15 $4.56. 149 J. STOP The command STOP ends the search session and disconnects the searcher from the system. After the command STOP is entered, the searcher wil] be asked “DONE? (YES/N0)". If you are finished searching, enter a YES or Y; if you wish to continue, enter a NO or N and you wiii be given the next search statement USER: cue. Information concerning the estimated cumuiated charges and the amount of time you were connected to the system wi11 display before you receive the END OF SESSION message. SS 2/0? USER: stop PROG: DONE? (YES/NO) USER: yes TIME 0:15:23 NLM TIME 12:02:19 PROG: GOOD—BYE! . THE ESTIMATED TOTAL ONLINE COST FOR THIS 15 MINUTE TERMINAL SESSION IS $2.86 *** END OF SESSION *** It is possible to pre—answer the “DONE? (YES/N0)“ question by typing STOP Y. SS 8/C? USER: stop y TIME 0:21:23 NLM TIME 15:15:13 PROG: GOOD-BYE! THE ESTIMATED TOTAL ONLINE COST FOR THIS 21 MINUTE TERMINAL SESSION IS $4.12. *** END OF SESSION-*** 150 A. SEARCHING FORMATS 1. X. MEDLARS/MEDLINE QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE Author scully jt (au) scully j: (au) scully : (au) MeSH Headings heart *heart exp heart exp *heart head a#d neck neoplasms Subheadings eye diseases/dt *eye diseases/dt exp eye diseases/dt exp *eye diseases/dt subs apply dt, th, su eye diseases sWscmmd Pre-explosions heart diseases (px) Text Words immunologic (tw) (tw) immunologic (tw) life and care and facilit: B. BOOLEAN OPERATORS lip neoplasms or gingival neoplasms lip neoplasms and smoking leukemia and not child C. LIMITING SEARCHES 1. Language heart and fre (la) heart and not for (la) Online abstracts heart and author (aa) English abstract with foreign language article ( heart and english abstract ( Journal title } heart and n engl j med (ta) Year of publication heart and 83 (yr) Abridged Index Medicus (AIM) dournals heart and a (sh) Age Groups infant, newborn (from birth 0 1 mo.) infant (age 1-23 mo ths) child, preschool (age 2- 5 ye rs) child 6-12 adolescence 13-18 adult 19-44 middle age 45-64 ‘ aged 65 and 0 er TRUNCATION immunologic: (tw) vein# (tw) AVOIDING MULTI-MEANING MESSAGE all scully : (au) all immunologic: (tw) 1. To change databases file med80 2. To clear all previous search statements eraseall (ersll) 3. To erase previously entered search statements eraseback (ersbk) eraseback 5 (ersbk 5) 4. To review search strategy display display heart diseases (sn) 5. To see the news news 6. To send an online message to NLM comment 7. To display estimated time and cost show cost show cost total 151 PRINTING PRT author, title, source PRT FU author, title, source, language, MeSH heading PRT AR author, title, source, abstract PRT DL all data elements PRT 5 SKIP 10 TI, MH SS 4 tailored print command PRT OFFLINE the output wfill be printed at NLM and mailed to you COMMANDS 8. To obtain online help explain explain print 9. To save a search for online execution save savesearch 10. To view hierarchy and tree numbers of MeSH headings tree heart 11. To disconnect stop y ERROR CORRECTION heert\\\,art heert <-<—<- art lwwt_--flt heert (cntl H) (cntl H) (cntl H) art $ used to delete entire line 152 XI. MEDLARS/MEDLINE SEARCH STRATEGY WORKSHEET Statement of search topic (what do I specifica11y want). Breakdown of search topic into concepts. Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Concept 4 J 1 Possible search terms (MH,MH/SH, TN; etc.) Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Concept 4 Search strategy (inc1ude basic limiters for age groups, ianguage, online abstracts, etc.) SS 1 SS 2 ( SS 3 SS 4 SS 5 etc. I A1ternate terms/strategies for broader or narrower retrieva]. XI. INTROMED SEARCHING EXERCISES The basics of searching MEDLINE have been presented in this Guide. The following practice search questions have been designed to reinforce many of these searching techniques. Using the information provided in this Guide; the Medical Subject Headings, Annotated Alphabetic List; and the Medical Subject Heading, Tree Structures; and Permuted MeSH; find citations on the following topics: 1) articles written by Lamont J. Siever. 2) review articles on heart diseases. 3) in vitro studies of glucose. 4) articles in which heart transplantation is the main concept. 5) cooperation of dialysis patients. 6) prognosis of breast neoplasms in males. 7) drug holidays. 8) crown-rump length in the fourth month of pregnancy. 9) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 10) recombinant DNA studies in E. coli, limited to the English language. 11) adults with juvenile onset of diabetes who develop retinopathy or blindness before age 45. 12) material on immunomodulation or immunopotentiation. 13) current clinical uses of physostigmine and diethyldithiocarbamate, also any chemically similar compounds. 14) effects of concanavalin A on suppressor cells in breast cancer. 15) use of cyclophosphamide in treatment of neoplasms in humans. Limit to citations with abstracts online. 16) the negative effects associated with the use of sedatives in humans. Limit to English language articles or foreign ones with English abstracts 17) current methods of preventing or treating asthma in children younger than six years of age. Limit to articles from Abridged Index Medicus (AIM) journals. 18) Alzheimer's disease in females, limited to articles published in 1983. 19) articles published in JAMA in 1983; articles published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry (J BIOL CHEM) in 1983; articles published in the Journal of Cell Biology (J CELL BIOL) in 1982. ************~k*****~k*-k********~k****~k ********~k*****‘k**~k~k*$ *******~k~k~k*~k***** 153 Suggested search formulations can be found on the following pages. Various PRINT commands are used to serve as a review in printing formats. 154 1) Articles written by Lamont J. Siever. ‘ SS 1 /C? USER: siever lj (au) PROG: <-- last name followed by a space and the ini ials SS (1) PSTG (4) SS 2 /C? USER: . prt indented <-- N111 spell out the data elements names in PROG: full and print in a columnar format 1 AUTHOR Siever LJ AUTHOR Kafka MS AUTHOR Insel TR AUTHOR Lake CR AUTHOR Murphy DL TITLE Effect of long-term clorgyline admin stration on human platelet alpha-adrenergic r ceptor binding and platelet cyclic AMP res nses. SOURCE Psychiatry Res 1983 May;9(1):37-44 2 AUTHOR Siever LJ AUTHOR Gunderson JG TITLE The search for a schizotypal persona ity: , historical origins and current status. SOURCE Compr Psychiatry 1983 May-Jun;24(3):199-212 3 f AUTHOR Siever LJ ’ AUTHOR Uhde TW AUTHOR Insel TR AUTHOR Roy BF AUTHOR Murphy DL TITLE Growth hormone response to clonidin unchanged by chronic clorgyline tre tment. SOURCE Psychiatry Res 1982 Oct;7(2):l39-441 4 AUTHOR Siever LJ AUTHOR Uhde TW AUTHOR Silberman EK AUTHOR Lake CR AUTHOR Jimerson DC AUTHOR Risch SC AUTHOR Kalin NH AUTHOR Murphy DL TITLE Evaluation of alpha-adrenergic responsiveness to clonidine challenge and noradrenergic metabolism in the affective disorders and their treatment. SOURCE Psychopharmacol Bull 1982 Oct;18(4):118-9 l 155 2) Review articles on heart diseases. ss 1 /C? USER: heart diseases PROG: ss (1) PSTG (60) SS 2 /C? USER: review PROG: SS (2) PSTG (658) SS 3 /C? USER: l and 2 FROG: SS (3) PSTG (7) SS 4 /C? USER: prt compr <-- will string out multiple occurrences of a . data element across the page PROG: 1 AU - Lewis RP TI - The use of systolic time intervals for evaluation of left ventricular SO - 2 AU - TI - SO - 3 AU - TI ’ SO - 4 AU - TI ’ SO - 5 AU - TI - SO - 6 TI ‘ SO ' 7 AU - TI - SO - function. Cardiovasc Clin 1983;l3(3):335-53 Iuliano P ; Lama G [Dermatomyositis and polymyositis] Pediatria (Napoli) 1982;90(4):537-50 Brenner JI ; Berman MA Chest pain in childhood and adolescence. J Adolesc Health Care 1983 Jan;3(4):27l-6 Hastillo A ; Willis 38 ; Hess ML The heart as a target organ of immune injury. Curr Probl Cardiol 1982 Mar;6(12):l-51 Leevy CH Thiamin deficiency and alcoholism. Ann NY Acad Sci 1982;378:316-26 Rationale of the diet-heart statement of the American Heart Association. Report of the AHA nutrition committee. Arteriosclerosis 1982 Har-Apr;2(2):l77-91 Moncada R 3 Baker M ; Salinas H 3 Demos TC 3 Churchill R ; Love L ; Reynes C : Hale D ; Cardoso M ; Pifarre R : Gunnar RM Diagnostic role of computed tomography in pericardial heart disease: congenital defects, thickening, neoplasms, and effusions. Am Heart J 1982 Feb:lO3(2):263-82 156 3) In vitro studies of glucose. SS 1 IC? USER: glucose FROG: SS (1) PSTG (144) SS 2 /C? USER: *glucose PROG: SS (2) PSTG (70) <-- articles in which glucose is the main point SS 3 /C? USSR: 2 and in vitro PROG: SS (3) PSTG (8) SS 4 /C? USER: 3 and not for (la) FROG: SS (4) PSTG (7) <-- a way to limit to English language; negating foreign language articles SS 5 /C? USER: prt ti <-- PRINT command used to scan titles only PROG‘ instead of full citations 1 . TI — Effects of stretching and stirring on water and glucose ‘ absorption by canine mucosal membrane. TI - Transport and metabolism of glucose by rat small intestine. TI - Nonenzymatic glucosylation of high-density lipoprotein accelerates its catabolism in guinea pigs. 4 TI - Estimation of rabbit myocardial metabolic rate for gluc se using fluorodeoxyglucose. 7 5 TI - The effect of ethanol and/or acetaldehyde on the incorporation of Ul4C-glucose into human umbilical artery lipids. ‘ TI - Loss of a priming effect of glucose on A and D cell secretion in perfused pancreases from alloxan-diabetic rats: role of insulin and alloxan. TI - Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon. 157 4) Articles in which heart transplantation is the main concept. SS 1 /C? USER: . heart/tr <-- subheading tr = transplantation PROG: SS (1) PSTG (13) SS 2 /C? USER: *heart/tr <-- asterisk (*) limits to the central point of the article PROG: SS (2) PSTG (8) SS 3 /C? USER: prt ti, so <-- can tailor the printout to look at only titles and sources PROG: 1 TI 'Every day is a bonus for us'. Interview by Laurence Dopson. SO - Nurs Times 1983 May ll-l7;79(19):8-ll 2 TI - [Successful heart transplantation in a patient with congestive cardiomyopathy] so - Lakartidningen 1982 Sep 22:79(38):3315-9 3 TI - A world leader. so - Nurs Mirror 1983 Mar 2;156(9):38-9 4 TI - Antibody moieties within circulating immdne complexes in heart transplant recipients. SO - Clin Exp Immunol 1983 Jan:51(1):21-8 5 TI - Joint transplantation of the heart and lungs. Past experience and present potentials. so - J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1982 Nov-Dec;23(6):440-52 6 TI - Changes in indications for heart transplantation. An additional argument for the preservation of the recipient's own heart. SO - J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982 Nov;84(5):7l6-26 7 TI - Beta 2 microglobulins in rejection and cytomegalovirus infection in a cardiac transplant recipient. SO - Transplant Proc 1982 Jun;14(2):437—9 8 TI - Evidence for complement-induced endothelial injury in vivo: a comparative ultrastructural tracer study in a controlled model of hyperacute rat cardiac allograft rejection. so - Am J Pathol 1982 Mar;lOG(3):378-87 158 5) Cooperation of diaiysis patients. ss 1 /C? USER: ‘ hemodialysis or kidney, artificial <-- often you will need more than onelMeSH heading to describe your topic PROG: SS (1) PSTG (92) ss 2 IC? USER: ‘ patient compliance or patient dropouts <-- both negative and positive aspects of patient cooperation should be used PROG: SS (2) PSTG (46) SS 3 /C? USER: l and 2 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (2) ss 4 /C? USER: prt P806: 1 AU - Stewart Rs TI - Psychiatric issues in renal dialysis and transplantation. so - Hosp Community Psychiatry 1983 Jul;34(7):623-8 2 AU - Cummings KM AU - Becker MH AU - Kirscht JP AU - Levin NW TI - Psychosocial factors affecting adherence to medical regiments in a group of hemodialysis patients. 80 - Hed Care 1982 Jun;20(6):567-80 159 6) Prognosis of breast neoplasms in males. ,-ss 1 IC? ‘xUSER: breast neoplasms PROG: SS (1) PSTG (147) SS 2 /C? USER: _ 1 and male and prognosis <-- use MeSH heading MALE to limit PROG: SS (2) PSTG (2) SS 3 /C? USER: prt at <-- PRT AR to include abstract in print- out; if article does not have an FROG: abstract online you will still get 1 the au, ti, and so AU - Bavafa S AU - Reyes CV AU - Choudhury AM - Hale breast carcinoma: an updated experience at a Veterans Administration Hospital and review of the literature. AB - Ten cases of male breast carcinoma are reviewed. Hale patients with breast cancer on the average are 10 years older than females, and they delay twice as long as females after noting a breast mass before seeking medical attention. Because of this patient's delay. male breast cancer tends to be more advanced at the time of diagnosis and initial therapy than female breast cancer. so - J Surg Oncol 1983 Sep;24(l):41-S 2 AU - Moser K AU - Pohl A TI - [Recent developments in chemotherapy of malignant diseases] so - Wien Klin Wochenschr 1982 Dec 10:94(23):640-8 160 7) SS 1 /C? USER: (tw) drug and all holiday# Drug holidays. l l i l c I Gupta S Cunningham-Rundies S TI - Deficient concanavaiin-A-induced suppressor ceii activity in women with untreated breast cancer. J Ciin Lab Immunoi 1982 Dec;9(3):159-61 > c l U) C I 171 15) Use of cyclophosphamide in treatment of neoplasms in humans. Limit to citations with abstracts online. SS 1 /C? USER: neoplasms (PX) <-- NEOPLASMS (PX) saves time rather PROG- than EXPLODing the heading SS (1) PSTG (2525) SS 2 IC? USER: _ ' cyclophosphamide/tu or cyclophosphamide/ad <-- searching for the MeSH heading CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE with either FROG: . to (therapeutic use) or ad 7) . . . SS (2) PSTG (3 (administration and dosage) sub- SS 3 /C? headings USER: l and 2 0 PROG: SS (3) PSTG (32) SS 4 /C? USER: 3 and human PROG: SS (4) PSTG (31) SS 5 /C? USER: 4 and author (38) <-- limits retrieval to citations with abstracts online PROG: ss (5) PSTG (23) SS 6 /C? USER: prt 1 ar Skip 2 <-- “prt ar" will display the au, ti, so, and ab PROG: 3 AU - Pfeiffer RA AU - Tietze U AU - Krone HA AU - Schaaff A AU - Dhom G AU - Peter 8 TI - Invasive dysgerminoma in a girl with 45,X/46.x; mar mosaicism. AB We report a 16-year-old girl with features of Turner's syndrome from whon an invasive dysgerminoma was removed. Cytotoxic drugs were given for the next 12 months. Mosaicism of two karyotypes (45,X/46.x; mar) was found in various tissues. The literature is reviewed with special regard to cytogenetic findings and prognosis of malignant growth and differentiation of dysgenetic gonads. SO - Arch Gynecol 1983:233(2):141-7 172 16) The negative effects associated with the use of sedatives in huma 5. Limit to English language articles or foreign ones with English a stracts. SS 1 /C? USER: Saga apply ae, to, p° <-- figsarfierdto retrieve postings, any - ea ing entered afte the SUBS SUBHEADINGS ACCEPTED“ APPLY command must have a least one‘ SS 1 /C? of the applied subheading attached. USER: exp hypnotics a#d sedatives PROG: SS (1) PSTG (15) <—- Disguise the AND in this MeSH heading SS 2 /C7 so it will not be interpreted as the - Boolean operator AND which would be USER: 1 and human used between two separate search terms. PROG: g NP (HUMAN) <}- Does not retrieve citations because the *NONE- computer is looking for HUMAN with the above subheadings attached; no subhead- 33E; /C? ings can be attached to the heading HUMAN. subs cancel <-- Don't forget to cancel the suss APPLY PROG: command. SUBHEADINGS CANCELLED. SS 2 /C? USER: 1 and human PROG: SS (2) PSTG (14) SS 3 /C? USER: 2 and not for (la) PROG: 1 SS (3) PSTG (10) I SS 4 /C? USER: 2 BHd english abstract <-- Limits to English language articles PROG: or to foreign language articles with SS (4) PSTG (2) English language abstract in the articles (not necessarily online). SS 5 IC? USER: 3 or 4 PROG: ss (5) PSTG (12) 173 17) Current methods of preventing or treating asthma in children younger than six years of age. Limit to articles from Abridged Index Medicus (AIM) journals. SS 1 /C? USER: subs apply dh, dt, pc, rh, su, th PROG: (L SUBHEADINGS ACCEPTED- ‘ SUBS APPLY precludes redundant entry of the MeSH heading with various subheadings indiv- SS 1 /C? idually attached USER: asthma PROG: SS (1) PSTG (40) SS 2 /C? USER: subs cancel PROG: SUBHEADINGS CANCELLED. SS 2 /C? USER: 1 and child, preschool PROG: SS (2) PSTG (6) <\ \. ss 3 /C? \\ USER: 1 and infant <_ .._ ._ _. PROG: / SS (3) PSTG (3) / /’ Combine the asthma retrieval from SS 1 with each age group separately 55 4 /C? ./ USER: L 1 and infant, newborn PROG: SS (4) PSTG (1) SS 5 /C? USER: 2 or 3 or 4 PROG: SS (5) PSTG (6) SS 6 /C? USER: 5 and a (sh) <-— “a (sb)" limits retrieval to articles PROG: indexed in the Abridged Index Medicus SS (6) PSTG (1) 174 17) Continued SS 7 /C? USER: prt PROG: 1 AU — Wilson JD AU - Sutherland DC 3 TI - Combination beta agonists and methylxanthi es in asthma [letter] r SO - N Engl J Med 1982 Dec 30;307(27):1707 175 18) Alzheimer's disease in females, limited to articles published in 1983. SS 1 /C? USER: alsheimer's disease and female <-- Appropriate MeSH heading. PR G: SS (1) PSTG (6) SS 2 /C? USER: 1 and 83 (yr) 4-- Limits retrieval to articles PROG: ublished in 1983. 55 (2) PSTG (2) p SS 3 /C? USER: prt PROG: Kaiya H Tanaka T Takeuchi K Morita K Adachi S Shirakawa H Ueki H Namba M Decreased level of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type. > C I I I I I I I I I SO - Life Sci 1983 Sep 12;33(11):1039-43 2 AU - Pomara N AU - Domino EF AU - Yoon H AU - Brinkman S AU - Tamminga CA AU - Gershon S TI - Failure of single-dose lecithin to alter aspects of central cholinergic activity in Alzheimer's disease. SO - J Clin Psychiatry 1983 Aug;44(8):293-5 176 19) Articles published in JAMA in 1983; articles published in the JOurnal of Biological Chemistry {J BIOL CHEMg in 1983; articles published in the Journal of CelT'Biology (J CELL IOL) in 1982. SS 1 IC? USER: ‘ 3:33 (ta) and 83 (yr) <" qualify the single word journal title ‘ abbr i ‘ ss (1) psrc (a5) 9' 3‘10" "it“ (ta) SS 2 /C? r USER: prt 3 ti. so FROG: 1 TII - Cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplaamal infections in pregnancy. Epidemiology and outcomes. so - JAMA 1983 Oct 7:250(13):1721-7 2 TI - Graduate medical education in the United States. so - JAMA 1983 Sep 23-30;250(12):1541-53 3 TI - Salicylatee and Reye's syndrome [letter] so - JAMA 1983 Sep 16:250(11):1393 l ss 2 /C? l l USER: ‘ i D101 chem (t!) and 83 (Yr) <-- the last two digits of the ye‘r of PROG‘ publication is used; e.g., 8 with $5 (2) PSTG (85) the qualifier (yr) SS 3 IC? USER: prt 3 ti, so P306: 1 TI - Purification and characterization of the 47.000-da1ton pr tein phosphorylated during degranulation of human platelets. so - J Biol Chem 1983 Sep 25:258(18):11404-14 ‘ l 2 TI - Characterization of the DNA binding region recognized by dihydrofolate reductase from lactobacillus casei. so - J Biol Chem 1983 Sep 25;258(18):11256-9 3 TI - The role of iron in the activation-inactivation of aconitase. so - J Biol Chem 1983 Sep 25:258(18):11098-105 SS 3 /C? ossn: ’ 338331 bi°1 (ta) ‘nd 32 ‘Y" <-- the standard title abb%eviation SS (3) PSTG (19) ss 4 /C? USER: prt ti, so 1 PROG: 1 TI - ATP reactivation of the rotary axoetyle in termite flagellates: effects of dynein ATPaee inhibitors. so - J Cell Biol 1982 Nov:95(2 Pt l):589—97 i l l 177 XII. APPENDIX Databases Available on NLM's MEDLARS System NLM Database Descriptions Publications List *MEDLEARN* -- Computer-Assisted-Instruction Program Current Awareness Service from NLM Document Delivery Regional Medical Libraries Charges to Domestic Users for NLM's Online Services Telephone Numbers for TELENET, TYMNET, UNINET, and Direct Dial Access to the NLM Computer 178 DATABASES AVAILABLE ON NLM‘ AVLINE BIOETHICSLINE CANCEREXPRESS CANCERLIT CANCERPROJ CATLINE CHEMLINE CLINPROT DIRLINE HEALTH PLANNING & ADMINISTRATION HISTLINE INFORM INTROMED MEDLINE MED8O Brief descriptions of all MEDLARS databases follow. S MEDLARS SYSTEM MED77 MED75 MED71 MEDGG MESH VOCABULARY FILE NAME AUTHORITY FILE PDQ POPLINE RTECS ‘ SDILINE SERLINE TOXICOLOGY D TA BANK TOXLINE TOXBACK76 TOXBACK65 Current as of 5/85. Contact NLM/MMS for latest List of databases. 1 NLM DATABASE DESCRIPTIONS 179 (As of April 1985) AVLINE (Audiovisuals Online) contains citations to over 13,200 audiovisual teaching packages covering a wide range of subject areas in the health sciences. Procurement information on titles is provided. BIOETHICSLINE contains citations to documents which discuss ethical ques- tions arising in health care of biomedical research. It is a comprehen- sive, cross-disciplinary collection of references to print and nonprint materials on bioethical topics. Among the publication types included in the database are journal and newspaper articles, monographs, analytics, court decisions, and audiovisual materials. The database contains over 17,800 citations from 1973 to date. Citations in BIOETHICSLINE appear also in the Bibliography of Bioethics, an annual publication of the Center for Bio- ethics, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University, the producer of the database. CANCEREXPRESS contains bibliographic records identifying articles covering all aspects of the therapy, etiology, and biology of cancer as well as studies of mutagenic agents and agents that stimulate cell division. These records are derived from monthly SDILINE updates using a search profile developed by the National Cancer Institute and the NLM. EXPRESS is a companion file to CANCERLIT which contains cancer-related articles in several hundred high quality journals published during the most recent four-month period. CANCERLIT (Cancer Literature) is Sponsored by The National Institutes of Health's National Cancer Institute (NCI) and contains more than 452,000 references dealing with various aspects of cancer. Over 3,000 U.S. and foreign journals, as well as books reports, and meeting abstracts are abstracted for inclusion in CANCERLIT. CANCERPROJ (Cancer Research Projects) is also sponsored by NCI and is a collection of summaries of on-going cancer research projects provided by cancer researchers in many countries. The file includes summaries from the most recent two to three years. CATLINE (Catalog Online) contains over 580,000 references to books and serials cataloged at NLM. CATLINE gives medical libraries in the network immediate access to authoritative cataloging information, thus reducing the need for these libraries to do their own original cataloging. Libraries also find this database a useful source of information for ordering books and journals and for providing reference and interlibrary loan services. CHEMLINE is an online chemical dictionary with over 625,000 records. It contains chemical names, synonyms, CAS Registry Numbers, molecular formu- las, NLM file locators, and limited ring information. CHEMLINE assists the user in searching the other MEDLARS databases by providing synonyms and CAS Registry Numbers, the use of which can significantly increase retrieval in those databases. CHEMLINE can also be searched to locate classes of chemical substances. 180 CLINPROT (Clinical Cancer Protocols) is another NCI database designed primarily as a reference tool for clinical oncologists but is alko useful to other clinicians interested in new cancer treatment methods. CLINPROT contains summaries of clinical investigations of new anticancer Lgents and treatment modalities. The protocol descriptions are provided by NCE and by major U.S. cancer centers and sources outside the U.S. l DIRLINE (Directory of Information Resources Online) contains infbrmation on over 14,000 resource centers and can be used to locate information not readily available from bibliographic or factual databases. The )esource center descriptions are provided by the Library of Congress's National Referral Center (NRC) and by the National Health Information Clearinghouse. Included in each record is the organization name, address, scope of coverage and types of services provided. HEALTH PLANNING & ADMIN (Health Planning and Administration) contains more than 307,000 references to literature on health planning, organyzation, financing, management, manpower, and related subjects. The references are from two sources: journals indexed for MEDLINE and the Hos ital Litera- ture Index; and documents on health planning cited for inclusion in Week! overnment Abstracts: Health Planning Series and provided by the Health Planning Information Center. HISTLINE (History of Medicine Online) has citations to monographs, journal articles, symposia, congresses, and similar composite publications for the Library's Bibliography of the History of Medicine. The scope includes the history of medicine and related sciences professions, individuals, institu- tions, drugs and diseases of given chronological periods and geographical areas. HISTLINE includes over 66,400 citations. INFORM is primarily used to access and read the online NEWS and to see any of the online EXPLAINS. Therefore, searchers should access INFORM to receive system information rather than citations. INFORM was created expres- sly to encourage the use of the informational commands (such as NEWS and EXPLAIN) that produce a large volume of characters. There are ro charges incurred for character transmission when in INFORM, therefore, fit is consid- erably less expensive to view the NEWS or an EXPLAIN from INFOR than from the MEDLINE files. ' INTROMED is a training database containing approximately 20,000 citations extracted randomly from the MEDLINE database (1982 and 1983 pub ication years). Because of the limited size of INTROMED, it should not be used for daily searching activities as the postings for all searcheSTwill be significantly less than those retrieved in MEDLINE. INTROMED is made available at reduced rates. By not charging for citations or characters printed, the approximate 50% reduction in charges makes INTROMED an effective training tool. Searchers who have attended any NLM training course may want to practice the newly learned search techniques by repeating an of the structured exercises used in the classes. MEDLINE contains approximately 562,000 references to biomedical journal articles published in the current and two preceding years. An English 181 abstract, if published with the article, is frequently included. The articles are from 3,000 journals published in the U.S. and foreign coun- tries. Coverage of previous periods (back to 1966) is provided by backfiles searchable online that total some 4,625,000 references. NAME AUTHORITY FILE is an authority list of about 174,107 personal names, corporate names, and decisions on how monographic series are classed. MeSH VOCABULARY FILE contains information on 14,000 Medical Subject Head- ings and 37,000 chemical substances and is used for indexing and retrieving references. PDQ User Friendly System (PDQUFS) is a composite cancer information database. The purpose of PDQUFS is to speed the dissemination of information on state- of-the-art treatment for cancer, to inform physicians about new advances in cancer treatments, and to assist physicians in identifying clinical trials and other physicians and organizations with a special interest in the care and treatment of cancer patients. PDQUFS is designed to provide users with a series of menus that directs them through the system without the need for remembering previous instructions or for detailed written documentation. Users have only to respond to a system prompt by typing in the desired num- ber or by pressing the carriage return key. PDQUFS was developed by the National Cancer Institute. This database is not available on ELHILL. POPLINE (Population Information Online) provides bibliographic citations to the worldwide literature on population and family planning. POPLINE is produced in cooperation with the Population Information Program of Johns Hopkins University, the Center for Population and Family Health of Columbia University, and Population Index, Office of Population Research, Princeton University. POPLINE contains over 131,000 citations and abstracts to a variety of materials including journal and newspaper articles, monographs, technical reports, and unpublished works. RTECS is an online, interactive version of the National Institute of Occupa- tional Safety and Health (NIOSH) publication,;Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. It contains basic acute and chronic toxicity data for more than 72,500 potentially toxic chemicals. Records include toxicity data, chemical identifiers, exposure standards, and status under various federal regulations and programs. The file can be searched by chemical identifiers, type of effect, or other criteria. SDILINE (Selective Dissemination of Information Online) contains references to the most current month of MEDLINE. The entire contents of the file are changed monthly and usually consist of approximately 25,000 citations. Users may store searches and have them run automatically by NLM each month against the new SDILINE file as a current awareness service. SERLINE (Serials Online) contains bibliographic information for about 61,000 serial titles, including all journals which are on order or cataloged for the NLM collection. For many of these, SERLINE has locator information for the user to determine which U.S. medical libraries own a particular journal. SERLINE is used by librarians to obtain information needed to order journals and to refer interlibrary loan requests. 182 TDB (Toxicology Data Bank) contains chemical, pharmacological, and toxico— logical data extracted from secondary and tertiary sources. Where appro- priate, data from these sources may be supplemented with informatipn from the current journal literature. The information in TDB is taken verbatim from the sources and references to the sources are given. TDB contains information on over 4,100 substances. Data in TDB have been reviewed by the TDB Peer Review Committee, comprised of scientists presently or formerly members of the National Institutes of Health, Division of Research Grants' Toxicology Study Section. TOXLINE (Toxicology Information Online) is a bibliographic databa§e covering the pharmacological, biochemical, physiological, environmental, a d toxico- logical effects of drugs and other chemicals. Almost all references in TOXLINE have abstracts and/or indexing terms and Chemical Abstracts Services (CAS) Registry Numbers. The TOXLINE database, including backfiles, contains over 1.6 million references. TOXLINE contains recent references, while older information is available in the backfiles. 183 PUBLICATIONS LIST A number of reference tools may be helpful to the health professional when using the NLM online files. They include the following: Accession Number Publication Title Price Per Copx PB84-186816 Online Services Reference Manual, 1982 and Supplement, 1984 $21.00 P884-216084 Medical Subject Headings - Annotated Alphabetic List, 1985 $18.00 PBB4-216092 Medical Subject Headings, Tree Structures, 1985 $13.00 PBB4-216100 Permuted MeSH, 1985 $12.00 PB8-143220 List of Serials Indexed for Online Users, 1985 $10.00 A shipping and handling charge of $3.00 will be assessed for each order. All materials should be ordered from: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22161 (703) 487-4650 184 *MEDLEARN* -- COMPUTER-A551STED-INSTRUCTION PROGRAM *MEDLEARN* is a computer-assisted-instruction program which teaches the user how to search the MEDLINE database of the National Library of Medi- cine. It is designed to teach the novice how to perform simple searches in MEDLINE and may be used as a supplementary instructional tool to this Guide. The entire program takes approximately 3 to 4 hours to com lete and may 5e done in one online session or in several segments, accordin to personal preference. *MEDLEARN* is only available online; there is no hard copy version of the program. Users who have access to MEDLARS at the National Library of Medicine also have access to MEDLEARN. *MEDLEARN* is available except on holidays from 5:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m., Eastern Time Monday through Friday; on Saturday, *MEDLEARN* is available from 7:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. ET. Persons interested in using the *MEDLEARN* program must use their own user identification code to access the program. Special training codes are only available to those persons scheduled for a full session of the Initial Online Services Training Class. CURRENT AWARENESS SERVICE FROM NLM NLM's current awareness service (also referred to as Selective Dissemina- tion of Information or SDI service) enables users to automatically receive regularly scheduled search updates from NLM. To initiate SDI service, users must develop a search strategy, store it in the computer's memory, and send a SDI request form to the MEDLARS Management Section at hLM. Every time that the database(s) you specify is updated (monthly for MED- LINE), these search strategies will automatically be processed by hLM staff. The resulting printouts will be sent directly to the mailing address spec- ified on the SDI request form. Detailed information concerning SDI proce- dures is contained in Chapter 5 of the Online Services Reference Manual or is available from your local health sciences librarian. DOCUMENT DELIVERY Articles identified by a MEDLINE search performed by you or anothen search- er, may be requested through a local medical library. If the article is not available at this medical library, an interlibrary loan can be request- ed. Your local medical library takes the responsibility of locating and obtaining the article for you. A fee is usually charged for this service. If there is no medical library in your local area, contact the Regional Medical Library listed on the next page that serves your geographic area. The National Library of Medicine provides copies or original loans of materi- al that cannot be found in any other local or Regional Medical Libnary. REGIONAL MEDICAL LIBRARIES The Regional Medical Library Program is intended to provide health science practitioners, investigators, ed0cators, and administrators in the United States with timely, convenient access to health care and biomedical information resources. The Program is coordinated by the National Library of Medicine and carried out through a nationwide network of more than 3000 health science libraries and information centers. The Network includes seven Regional Medical Libraries, or RMLs. These are major institutions designated by NLM to administer and provide backup services in each of seven geographical regions. Services offered through the Network include document delivery, reference service, basic library training, consultation, and online access to more than 20 databases on the NLM Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS). Some 1,800 Network libraries, including medical schools, hospitals, public health and other institutions currently have access to MEDLARS. For information about MEDLARS centers in a specific area, write the RML for the region. REGIONAL MEDICAL LIBRARIES I GREATER NORTHEASTERN REGIONAL MEDICAL LIBRARY PROGRAM The New York Academy of Medicine 2 East 103rd Street New York, New York 10029 Phone: 212‘876-8763 States served: CT, DE, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT, and Puerto Rico TWX: 710-581-6131 2 SOUTHEASTERN/ATLANTIC REGIONAL MEDICAL LIBRARY SERVICES University of Maryland Health Sciences Library 111 South Greene Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201 Phone: 301-528-2855 800-638-6093 States served: AL, FL, GA, MD, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV, and the District of Columbia TWX: 710-234-1610 3 REGION 3—GREATER MIDWEST REGIONAL MEDICAL LIBRARY University of Illinois at Chicago Library of the Health Sciences Health Sciences Center Chicago, Illinois 60680 Phone: 312-996-2464 States served: IA, IL, IN, KY, MI, MN, ND, OH, SD, WI TELEX: 206243 4 MIDCONTINENTAL REGIONAL MEDICAL LIBRARY PROGRAM University of Nebraska Medical Center Library 42nd and Dewey Avenue Omaha, Nebraska 68105 Phone: 402-559-4326 States served: CO, KS, MO, NE, UT, WY TWX: 910-622-8353 5 SOUTH CENTRAL REGIONAL MEDICAL LIBRARY PROGRAM University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas, Texas 75235 Phone: 214-688-2085 States served: AR, LA, NM, OK, TX TWX: 910-861-4946 6 PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY SERVICE Health Sciences Library University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 Phone: 206-543-8262 States served: AK, ID, MT, OR, WA TWX: 910-444-1385 7 PACIFIC SOUTHWEST REGIONAL MEDICAL LIBRARY SERVICE UCLA Biomedical Library Center for the Health Sciences Los Angeles, California 90024 Phone: 213-825-1200 States served: AZ, CA, HI, NV TWX: 910-342-6897 Contact the RML in your geographic area for assistance in locating the MEDLARS online center closest to you. 185 186 CHARGES T0 DOMESTIC USERS FOR NLM’S ONLINE SERVICES - APRIL 1. 1985 CWUTER ONLINE PRICING ALGORITHM INTERACTION RESOLRCES ONLINE AVERAGE COMECT SEARCH our: CHARGE (DISK CHARACTER SEARCI-ER CHARGE STATEWENT CITATION (CARRIAGE ACCESSES CHARGES RGES WWLJEH m _$,w0 P ALE "URI W— NGN- NUN- NON- EBLE. EBIL‘E mmwm £15. m MEDLnE AN) BACKFILES “.50 57.25 5.01 3.01 5.01 3.06 3.12 5.06 3.12 mmm TOXLIPE AM) > BACKFILES 43.505 46.25‘ .01 .10‘ .01 .06 .12 .08 .12 mm CI-ENLXME 35.50” 38.25“ .01 .09“ .01 .06 .12 .00 .12 mm RTECS 39.00 42.75 .01 .01 .01 .06 .12 .03 .12 m m TDB 56.50 60.25 .01 .01 .01 .06 .12 .05 .12 mm ALL OVER 4.50 7.25 .01 .01 .01 .06 .12 .03 .12 m m 'HEDLEARN” 15.00 22.00 — - - - - - - N/A N/A PDQ 15.00 22.00 - - - - - - - N/A N/A- AVERAGE SEARCI'ER CHARGES PER POLE MAY DIFPER ACCORDING TO CU‘PUTER RESDLRCES USED AND CITATImS/CHARACTERS PRINTED GLUE. ‘INCLLOES ROYALTY CHARGES CF $39.00 PER COMECT CHARGE AM) $0.09 PER CITATICN CHARGE FER TOXLU'E AND ITS BACKFILES. ‘ "INCLUDES ROYALTY CHARGES OF 831.00 PER CWECT CHARGE Am $0.08 PER CITATION CHARGE Fm Cl-ERLIBE. ‘ .‘ifififiiifififiii OFFLINE PROCESSING RATES EAEES. m MEDLINE Am OTHER DATABASES $0.13 TOXLIFE/TOXBAQTGITOXBAOGS $0.53 (INCLUDES $0.35 ROYALTY CHARGE PER PAGE) 0-31er $0.57 (INCLLDES 50.39 ROYALTY CHARGE PER PAGE) TDB 50.60 ‘ RTECS $0.41 I - W P ALL DATABASES 51.00 (PLUS PAGE CHARGES) - W m SDILIPE. l-EALTH. CATLIF‘E CANCERLIT. AVLIPE. PCPLIPE $1.00 (PLUS PAGE CHARGES) TOXLII‘E $3.00 (PLUS PAGE CHARGES: INCLLDES SLOO ROYALTY CHARGE) MAL. STATE. AND/CR LmAL TAXES ARE MDT INQLDED. TEHAINALS AND W! CHARGES AE Tl-E RESPENSIBILITY CF TIE CENTER/INDIVIDUAL. CLRRENT PRIBE TIRE IS 10100 AM 5100 PM EASTERN TIRE WY - FRIDAY. ALL 0m TIRE IS W-PRIIE TIRE. 187 TELEPHONE NUMBERS FOR TELENET, TYMNET, UNINET AND DIRECT DIAL ACCESS TO THE NLM COMPUTER This list is regularly produced by the Systems Support Branch, Office of Computer and Communications Systems, NLM. MEDLARS Management Section reproduces and distributes it to our users as an Appendix to the fit! Technical Bulletin. Please note the following features when using this list: A percent sign (%) precedes a new or changed number from the last update (January 1985). This list is alphabetized by the full Spelling of the state; however, the two-letter abbreviations appear on the list. Not all suburban areas are listed; therefore, when looking for a specific city, one should check for cities in the entire calling area as well as the specific exchange. To locate the speed of the line, read the modem designation at the right of each number and refer to the legend at the beginning of the list. For example, "A" following a number indicates Bell 212A compatible, 300 or 1200 bps (bits per second, or baud). Tymnet has increased the number of 2400 bps nodes. As indicated in the legend, these numbers are followed by a dollar sign (S). A compatible 2400 bps modem is required to use these nodes. 188 NEWK ACCESS MERS Ilifl'fllilflfiI“I“.'ldl'l.‘liiil'l§"l§§ I I t I t I 1 ‘ I t s: A: V: 6V: 6: '3 Z: BELL 2025 OR 2027: 1200 bps Bell 212A: 300/1200 bps Vadic 3405:1200 bps Bell 212A/Vadic 2600 bpsznust have coapatible 2600 bps model NLH Direct Dial NUIber Changes in last update 3667 I t I t t i I I t ‘ IflfilfififlllififiliCIl..'§§ll‘l‘..l§.ii.il UNLESS OTHERHISE NOTED. THE SPEED IS 110-300 BPS UTY ST TYMNET TELENET UNINET Anniston AL 205/236-2655 6V Bessener AL 205/326-5660 6V Birninghaa AL 205/962-4161 6V 205/326-2310 6V 205/326-5660 6V Florence AL 205/766-9101 6V Huntsville AL 205/662-3003 BV 205/539-2261 BV 205/536-2570 6V Hobile AL 205/363-6416 BV 205/632-1660 6V 205/632-5590 6V Hontgoaerg AL 205/265-6570 6V 205/269-0090 6V 205/265-9210 6V She££ie1d AL 205/767-7960 6V Tuscaloosa AL 205/369-5670 BV Anchorage AK 907/336-7222 8V 907/276-0271 BV Fairbanks AK 907/656-3262 6V Prudhoe Bag AK 907/659-2777 BV Juneau AK 907/769-7009 BV 907/566-9700 5V Hess AZ 602/253-1960 6V Phoenix AZ 602/256-5011 BV 602/256-0266 BV 602/253-1960 8V Phoenix AZ 602/256-0556 0 Scottsdale AZ 602/253-1960 6V Tempe AZ 602/253-1960 6V Tucson AZ 602/790-0766 8V 602/767-0107 BV 602/767-7666 8V Fort Snitn AR 501/762-3210 BV Hoe Springs AR 501/321-9761 8V Jonesboro AR 501/932-1167 6V Little Rock AR 501/666-6666 BV 501/372-6616 6V 501/372-5096 8V Springdale AR 501/756-2201 BV Alhambra CA 213/306-1600 6V 213/507-0909 6V 213/746-0203 6V Anaheil CA 716/955-3293 6V Antioch CA 615/776-3620 BV Arcadia CA 213/306-1600 6V 213/766-0203 6V Bakersfield CA ZB05/322-507. BV 605/327-6166 BV 605/326-9663 BV Belmont CA 615/592-6160 6V Beverly Hills CA 213/769-9002 BV 213/766-0203 6V Burbank CA 213/661-7690 6V 213/766-0203 BV Burlingane CA 415/952-6757 6V 415/591-0726 6V Canoga Park CA 213/769-9002 BV 213/306-2966 BV 213/766-0203 6V Cathedral Clkg CA 619/326-0920 BV Chico CA 916/693-1676 6V China Basin CA 615/952-6757 6V Colton CA 716/626-9000 6V 2716/667-0356 6V Compton CA 213/516-1007 6V 213/635-9295 6V Concord CA 615/662-3651 BV 615/676-2636 BV 615/676-0721 6V Corona CA 716/371-2291 BV Covina CA 716/596-6567 BV 213/330-2227 6V 716/623-6066 6V Cupertino CA 606/293-9767 6V Oavzs CA 916/753-3722 BV Diamond Bar CA 716/596-6567 6V Douneg CA 213/635-9295 6V E1 Honte CA 213/766-0203 6V E1 Segundo CA 213/660-1261 BV 213/215-3690 6V Es Condido CA 619/660-0661 6V 619/761-7756 6V Eureka CA 707/445-9671 6V Frenont CA 615/690-7366 BV 615/965-2701 5V Fresno CA 209/662-6326 6V 209/233-0961 0V 209/225-1356 6V Fullerton CA 714/955-3293 6V Garden Grove CA 716/696-9620 6V QTY ST TYMNET TELENET UNINET Glendale CA 616/507-0909 6V 213/766-0203 6V Haguard CA 615/630-2900 6V 615/661-1362 BV 615/561-6562 6V Nollguood CA 213/766-0203 6V Huntington BeachCA 716/955-3611 6V Inglewood CA 213/215-3690 6V Lancaster CA 605/965-7661 6V Long Beach CA 213/635-0900 6V 213/566-6161 6V 213/635-9295 6V Loa Altos CA 615/965-2701 6V Los Angeles CA 213/629-3001 6 213/669-9060 213/766-0203 6V Los Angeles CA 213/623-6500 V 213/626-2251 6V Los Angeles CA 213/567-0030 A 213/937-3560 6V Los Angeles CA 213/567-7516 0 Hancea CA 605/965-7663 BV Harlna Del Ray CA 213/621-2257 BV 213/306-2966 6V flar Vista CA 213/621-2257 6V 213/766-0203 6V Hxssion Hills CA 213/365-0653 BV flxssion Hills CA 213/769-9002 6V Modesto CA 209/571-0606 BV 209/576-2652 6V 209/523-6033 6V Honrovxa CA 213/766-0203 6V Hontereg CA 606/375-2675 6V 606/373-1601 6V Hountazn View CA 606/960-6100 6V 615/656-9995 6V 615/965-2701 6V Napa CA 707/257-2656 6V Newport - CA 716/966-0313 6V 716/556-6061 716/955-3611 6V Beach CA 716/652-6161 0 716/556-7076 6V Northridge CA 213/769-9002 6V Norualk CA 213/635-0900 6V 213/606-2237 6V 213/635-9295 6V Oakland CA 615/630-2900 6V 615/636-6911 6V 615/652-3566 6V On1ario CA 716/596-6567 6V 716/623-6066 6V Oxnard CA 605/666-6611 6V 605/656-6760 6V 605/667-6971 6V Pala Springs CA 619/326-0920 6V Palo A1eo CA 615/366-1092 6V 615/656-9995 6V 615/965-2701 6V Pasadena CA 213/306-1600 6V 213/507-0909 6V 213/766-0203 6V Pleasant H111 CA 615/662-3651 6V 615/676-0721 6V Pleasanton CA 615/662-6900 6V Pomona CA 716/596-6567 BV 716/623-6066 6V Rancho- CA 619/665-1990 6V Bernardo Redding CA 916/223-0669 BV Redwood City CA 615/366-1092 6V 615/366-1092 6V 615/592-6160 6V Rachnond CA 615/652-3566 6V Riverside CA 716/370-1200 6V 716/626-9000 6V 2716/667-0356 6V Sacraaento CA 916/667-7636 6 916/666-6262 BV 916/663-0667 6V Salxnas CA 606/663-6333 6V 606/663-6960 BV 606/372-3236 6V Santa Barbara CA 605/963-6731 6V San Bernadino CA 716/626-9000 6V 716/359-5732 6V San Carlos CA 615/591-0726 6V 615/592-6160 6V San Clemente CA 716/696-9506 6V San Diego CA 619/296-3370 6V 619/231-1922 619/656-1250 6V San Diego CA 619/296-6767 6 619/233-0233 6V San Fernando CA 213/365-0653 213/215-3690 6V San Francisco CA 615/976-1300 6V 615/362-6200 615/396-7533 6V San Francxsco CA 615/563-0691 0 615/956-5777 6V San Jose/ CA 606/960-6100 6V 606/296-9119 6V 606/293-9767 6V Cupertino CA “ “ CA 606/257-0593 CCITT-FOR OVERSEAS USE ONLY San Leandro CA 615/652-3566 6V San Luis Obispo CA 605/566-6561 6V San Hateo CA 615/592-6160 6V San Pedro CA 213/635-0900 6V 213/566-6161 6V 213/635-9295 6V San Rafael CA 615/692-9320 6V 615/692-0752 6V Santa Ana CA 716/966-0313 6V 716/556-6061 716/955-3611 6V Santa Ana CA 716/556-7076 6V Santa Barbara CA 605/963-9261 6V 605/662-5361 6V Santa Barbara CA 605/963-9251 6V Santa Cruz CA 606/675-0961 6V 606/625-6655 6V Santa Clara CA 606/966-0666 6V 606/293-9767 6V Santa Honica CA 213/621-2257 6V 213/306-2966 6V 213/215-3690 6V Santa Rosa CA 707/527-6160 6V 707/576-9325 6V 707/576-6053 6V Sher-an Oaks CA 213/769-9002 6V Stock‘on CA 209/667-0601 6V 209/673-2056 6V 209/662-9961 6V Sunnyvale CA 606/293-9767 6V Thousand Oaks CA 605/696-3673 6V Torrance CA 213/215-3690 6V Vallejo CA 707/557-0333 6V 707/556-0910 6V Van Mugs CA 213/769-9002 6V 213/766-0203 6V Ventura CA 605/666-6611 6V 605/656-6760 6V 605/667-6971 6V Vernon CA 2213/567-0030 6V Vernon CA 2213/567-7516 6V szalia CA 209/625-5523 6V Vista CA 619/961-6700 6V 189 190 CITY ST TYMNET TELENET UNINET Na1nut Crest CA 615/936-9550 6V 615/676-0721 6V Haterburg CA 2203/597-0275 6V Nest Covina CA 716/596-6567 6V Hoodland Hills CA 616/667-3160 6V 213/932-0116 6V Noodaida CA 615/965-2701 6V Arvada CO 303/760-6669 6V Aurora CO 303/760-6669 6V 6oulder C0 303/630-9210 6V 303/760-6669 6V Colorado CO 303/590-1003 6V 303/635-5361 6V 303/636-5106 6V Springs Denver CO 303/630-9210 6V 303/337-6000 303/760-6669 6V Denver CO 303/632-3667 9 303/337-6060 6V Fort Collins CO 303/221-0667 6V Grand Junctton CO 303/261-2911 6V Greeley CO 303/356-0625 6V Lakewood CO 303/760-6669 6V Pueblo CO 303/563-3313 6V 6looa£1eld CT 203/262-1966 6V 203/267-7723 6V Bridgeport CT 203/367-6021 6V 203/335-5055 6V 203/367-7676 6V 0anburg CT 203/797-9539 6V 203/796-9075 6V 203/796-9296 6V Darien CT 203/965-0000 6V Greenwich CT 203/325-6616 6V Hartford CT 203/262-7160 6V 203/267-9679 6V 203/267-7723 6V flertden CT 203/235-5160 6V Hil£ord CT 203/367-7676 6V New Haven CT 203/773-0062 6V 203/626-5956 6V 203/777-6376 6V New London CT 203/666-1709 6V 203/667-2132 6V North Haven CT 203/777-6376 6V Stanford CT 203/965-0000 6V 203/366-0767 6V 203/325-6616 6V Neterburu CT 203/755-5996 6V 203/753-6512 6V 203/576-1926 6V Hest Hartiord CT 203/267-7723 6V Nestport CT 203/226-5250 6V Nashington 0C 703/691-6200 6V 202/629-7696 301/731-2051 6V Hashington oc 703/691-6390 6V 202/629-7600 6v Naehxngtoni 0C '301/692-3150 A ' I301/692-3150 A I Haahtngton' DC '301/692-3129 V I l301/692-3129 V I Dover DE 302/676-0669 6V Nilaington at 302/652-2060 6V 302/656-7710 6V 302/999-6915 6V Boca Paton FL 305/395-7330 6V 305/366-6300 6V 305/366-6265 6V ‘ Cape Canaveral FL 305/766-0031 6V Daytona 6each FL 906/255-6763 6V 906/252-9916 6V 906/257-1071 6V Clearwater FL 613/796-2166 BV 613/576-0260 6V Ft Lauderdale FL 305/663-0662 6V 305/766-6505 6V 305/667-6506 6V Ft Myers FL 613/936-6221 6V 613/337-0306 6V 613/336-1166 6V Ft Pierce FL 305/666-0661 6V Gainesvzlle FL 2906/376-6576 6V 906/377-3005 6V 906/373-0522 6V Jacksonville FL 906/721-6100 6V 906/353-1616 6V 906/356-1115 6V Lakeland FL 613/666-5776 8V 613/666-6366 6V Helbourne FL 305/676-6336 6V 305/766-0031 6V Nerrxtt Isle FL 305/659-0671 6V Huaai FL 305/626-7900 6V 305/372-0230 6V 305/591-1256 6V fliaat FL 305/626-0306 0 Naples FL 613/263-6522 6V Ocala FL 906/351-0305 6V Orlando FL 305/661-0020 6V 305/622-6066 6V 305/696-6615 6V Panana City FL 906/769-9666 6V Pensacola FL 906/677-3366 6V 906/636-6562 6V Pompano 6ea¢h FL 305/961-5665 6V Rivera Beach FL 305/663-9660 6V 5t Fetersburg FL 613/796-2166 6V 613/323-6026 6V 613/576-0260 6V 5t Fetersburg FL 613/796-2166 6V Sarasota FL 613/365-6960 6V 613/366-0216 6V 613/955-9063 6V‘ Sarasota FL 613/365-3526 A Tallahassee FL 906/676-2267 6V 906/661-1902 6V 906/661-0666 6V Tampa FL 613/933-6210 9 613/226-9920 6V 613/273-9160 6V Tampa FL 613/932-7070 6V Nest Fala 6each FL 305/671-9310 6V 305/633-6691 6V 2305/663-9660 6V Albany GA 912/633-2266 6V Athens GA 606/566-0167 6V 606/569-6526 6V Atlanta/ GA 606/666-0270 6V 606/577-6911 2606/256-3366 6V Norcroaa GA 606/666-1506 t 606/523-0636 6V Augusta GA 606/722-7967 6v 606/790-6119 6V 606/726-1279 Columbus GA 606/327-0396 6V 606/571-0556 6V Hacon GA 912/766-0605 6V 912/761-1011 6V Harxetta GA 606/626-0025 6V 606/252-0999 6V Role GA 606/291-1000 6V Savannah GA 912/232-6751 6V 912/236-2605 6V 912/233-9117 6V? Honolulu ' NI 606/526-6650 6V 606/526-6110 Honolulu HI 606/526-6221 A Boise ID 206/363-0606 6V 206/363-0611 6V QTY ST TYMNET TELENET UNINET Idaho Fa11s ID 200/523-2966 0V Lewiston ID 2200/763-0099 0V Pocatello ID 200/233-2501 0V Arlington Nghts IL 312/663-9600 0V Aurora IL 312/059-1163 0V 312/059-0603 0V 312/663-9600 0V 0e11evi11e IL 610/233-2230 A 01oolington IL 2309/029-0093 0V 309/306-6620 0V 309/027-6601 0V Chalpaign IL 217/356-7552 0V 217/306-6620 0V 217/356-0027 0V Chicago IL 312/922-6571 9 312/930-0500 312/663-9600 0V Chicago IL 312/922-6601 0V 312/930-0600 0V 0anvi11e IL 217/631-3133 0V Decatur IL 217/622-0612 0V 217/622-0035 0V Downers Grove IL 312/790-6600 0V East St. Louis IL 316/621-6990 0V 316/623-9120 0V Elgin IL 312/663-9600 0V Forest Perk IL 312/771-9667 0V Freeport IL 015/233-5505 0V Glen E1lgn IL 312/790-6600 0V Joliet IL 015/727-1019 0V 015/722-0703 0V 312/727-0951 0V Kankekee IL 015/932-0050 0V Lake Zurich IL 312/630-3771 0V Libertyvxlle IL 312/362-0020 0V No. Chicago IL 312/362-0020 0V Oak Park IL ‘ 312/663-9600 0V Peoria IL 309/637-5961 0V 309/637-0570 0V 309/673-9103 0V Rockford IL 015/390-6090 0V 015/965-0600 0V 015/965-6260 0V Rock Island IL 309/796-0731 0V 309/700-0071 0V St. Char1es IL 312/059-1163 0V Skokie IL 312/663-9600 0V Springfield IL 217/753-7905 0V 217/753-1373 0V 217/566-0720 0V Urbane IL 217/356-7552 0V 217/306-6620 0V 217/356-0027 0V Naukegan IL 312/663-9600 0V 01oonington IN 012/332-1366 0V Evansvi11e IN 012/666-0101 0V 012/626-7693 0V 012/626-0065 0V Ft Nagne IN 219/622-2501 0V 219/626-2260 0V 219/622-2691 0V Gary IN 219/002-0000 0V 2219/002-1661 0V Highland IN 219/030-6353 0V 1ndianapo1is IN 317/257-3661 A 317/635-9630 317/236-9630 0V IndianapoLis IN 317/632-6600 317/636-5700 0V Kokomo IN 317/657-7257 A 317/655-2660 8V La£agatte IN 2317/623-6566 0V 317/762-1165 0V Narion IN 317/662-0091 A Herri11vi11e IN 219/769-7256 Hiehauka IN 219/232-2267 0V Huncie IN 317/200-2677 A Osceo1a IN 219/232-2267 0V South Bend IN 219/236-5005 0V 219/233-7106 0V 219/232-2267 0V Terre Haute IN 012/232-3605 0V 012/236-0629 0V Anes IA 515/233-3610 0V Cedar Rapids IA 319/363-7516 0V 319/366-0911 0V 319/363-0196 0V Council 01u££s IA 2602/361-2150 0V Davenport IA 309/796-0731 0V 319/326-2665 0V 309/700-0071 0V Dee floines IA 515/277-7752 0V 515/200-6603 0V 515/266-5030 0V Dubuque IA 319/556-0263 0V Iowa City IA 319/356-7371 0V 319/351-1621 0V 319/351-2767 0V flarshalltown IA 515/753-0667 0V Sioux City IA 712/252-1601 0V Heterloo IA 319/233-9227 0V Kansas City KS 913/306-0055 0V 016/676-1129 0V Leurence KS 913/769-0271 0V Leavenworth KS 913/602-2660 0V Hanhatten KS 2913/776-0121 0V Sa1ina KS 2913/025-1506 0V Shaunee Mission KS 913/306-1566 0V 016/676-1129 0V Topeka KS 913/233-1602 0V 913/233-9000 0V 913/273-1001 0V Nichita KS 2316/601-0032 0V 316/262-5669 0V 316/266-9505 0V Bowling Green KY 502/702-0636 0V 502/702-7961 0V Frank£ort KY 502/075-6656 0V Lexxngton KY 606/253-3663 0V 606/233-0312 0V 606/256-6675 0V Louisville KY 502/699-7110 0V 502/509-5500 0V 502/509-5037 0V Owensboro KY 502/605-1310 0V Alexandria LA 310/663-9566 0V Baton flouge LA 506/926-5102 0V 506/363-0753 0V 506/293-9503 0V Lafayette LA 310/237-9500 0V 310/236-1095 0V 310/232-6763 0V Lake Char1es LA 310/636-1633 0V Hetairie LA 506/036-7113 0V Honroe LA 310/322-6109 0V 310/307-6330 0V New Orleens LA 506/526-6371 0V 506/526-6096 0V 506/036-7113 0V Neu 0r1eans LA 506/525-3922 9 Shreveport LA 310/600-5060 0V 310/221-5033 0V 310/222-7010 0V 191 192 UTY ST TYMNET TELENET UNINET Auburn H2 207/766-0665 IV Auguste H2 207/622-3123 IV 207/623-6065 5V Bangor H2 207/967-1196 IV 207/967-5261 IV Leuieton H2 207/706-0665 IV Portland H2 207/775-5971 IV 207/761-6000 IV 207/773-3615 IV Aberdeen 301/272-3600 IV Annapolle 301/226-6550 5V Ieltllore 301/526-9296 IV 301/962-5010 301/366-3102 5V 60121I6r0 301/727-6060 IV Ietheade/ 301/770-1660 202/629-7696 301/731-2051 IV Rockville 202/629-7600 IV Cumberland 301/777-5306 IV Dundelt 301/366-3102 IV Fredertek/ 301/293-1072 IV Hegeretoun Silver Spring Toueon Andover Arlington Attleboro Ioeton Boston Brockton Iroolline Cenbridge Fall River Felnouth Fitchburg Holgoke Laurence Leuiaton Lexington Lowell Lynn Hediord New Iediord Newton Northenpton Pittaiteld Pruningnal Guxneq Somerville Sprxngiiell Taunton Helthen Noburn Horceater Hoods Hole Ann Arbor Battle Crk Benton Hrbr/ St. Joe Cadillac Oeerborn Detroxt Detroit Flint Freeland Sr and Rep 1 do Gross Pointe Jackson Kale-azoo Lansing vaonxa Heniatee nidlend fluekegon Plymouth Port Huron Royal Oak Saginaw Soutnfield H1 H1 H1 H1 H1 St. Clair Shores"! St. Joaeph Sterling Hgta. Taylor Traverse City Harren Heatlend Iloolington "I 617/226-6671 IV 617/292-1900 IV 617/357-5052 0 617/566-6673 IV 617/675-1750 IV 617/363-6660 IV 617/661-6602 IV 207/762-6101 IV 617/652-0619 IV 617/996-6596 IV 613/662-6965 IV 617/620-1266 IV 613/761-6630 IV 617/622-7799 IV 617/935-2057 IV 617/791-9000 IV 313/662-6262 A 616/962-1651 IV 616/925-3136 IV 616/775-3629 IV 313/963-3660 IV 313/236-6917 IV 517/695-6751 IV 616/659-2306 IV 517/7az-osaa av 616/366-2130 av 517/aaz-s721 av 616/723-6573 IV 517/631-6721 IV 616/725-6136 IV 313/651-2600 IV 3313/966-5650 IV 517/753-9921 IV 313/626-6026 IV 616/925-3136 IV 616/967-0050 IV 617/292-0600 617/292-0662 IV 617/560-7500 IV 617/663-1550 IV 613/761-3611 IV 617/755-6760 IV 617/560-7500 IV 313/996-5995 IV 616/966-0929 IV 313/966-5536 313/966-2966 IV 313/235-6517 IV 616/776-0966 IV 2517/762-6111 IV 616/365-3066 IV 517/666-0062 IV 517/790-5166 IV 313/627-6710 IV 313/575-9152 IV 301/731-2051 IV 301/366-3102 IV 617/675-6012 IV 617/690-1606 IV 617/690-1606 IV 617/690-1606 IV 617/690-1606 IV 613/736-6667 IV 617/690-1606 IV 617/690-1606 IV 3 617/690-1606 IV ‘ e17/aoo-1aoa av ‘ 41s/sao-ooo1 av 617/690-1606 IV 617/690-1606 IV 613/736-6667 IV 617/690-1606 IV 617/791-9752 IV 313/761-5602 IV 313/666-7017 IV‘ 313/666-7017 IV 313/767-1102 IV 616/776-0270 IV 313/666-7017 IVi 517/762-9335 IV] 616/366-7300 IV‘ 517/666-3116 IV 313/666-7017 IV‘ 616/739-6316 IVi 313/761-5602 IV 313/666-7017 IV 313/666-7017 IV 313/666-7017 IV‘ 313/aae-7017 av‘ xxx/aae-roxr av: 313/666-7017 IV 313/666-7017 IV‘ 612/377-7061 IVL \ cm ST TYMNET TELENET UNINET 0u1utn HN 216/722-7661 6V 216/722-1719 6V flanketo HN 507/625-9661 6V Hinneapo1ts HN 612/333-2769 6V 612/361-2659 6V 612/377-7061 6V Hinneapo11s HN 612/332-6026 0 Rochester HN 507/269-1900 6V Saint C1oud HN 612/252-9093 6V 612/253-1296 6V Saint Peu1 NN 612/377-7061 6V Jackson H6 601/966-0660 6V 601/969-0036 6V 2601/932-5901 6V Jackson N6 601/355-9761 6V Heridtan H3 601/693-6216 6V Pascagou1e H3 601/769-6502 Psscagoula HS 601/769-6673 A Vzcksburg H3 601/636-6670 6V Pear1 H5 2601/932-5901 6V 6ridyeton H0 2316/731-6002 6V 316/623-9120 6V Co1uabia N0 2316/676-2771 6V 316/669-7231 6V Creve Coeur H0 316/623-9120 6V Florissanc H0 316/623-9120 6V Independence H0 616/676-1129 6V Jefferson Ci‘y H0 2316/636-6323 A 316/636-5176 6V 316/636-6660 6V Jop1in H0 617/762-3037 6V Kansas City N0 913/366-1566 6V 616/221-9900 6V 616/676-1129 6V Laberty H0 616/676-1129 6V Ro11a H0 316/366-3666 6V Spring£1s1d no 617/631-5066 6V 617/666-6616 6V 5%. Joseph H0 616/232-1697 6V 3!. Louis HO 316/731-6002 6V 316/621-6990 6V 316/623-9120 6V 6!. Louxs HO 316/621-6660 A 61111nys H7 606/252-6660 6V 606/265-7669 6V 606/266-6730 6V Dozenan HT 606/566-7636 6V Butte NT 606/696-6615 6V Great Fell! HT 606/727-0100 6V Ne1ena HT 606/663-0000 6V Hissou1a HT 606/726-2615 6V 606/721-5900 6V High Point NE 919/666-6366 6V anco1n NE 2602/676-7661 6V 602/675-6966 6V 602/676-7736 6V Omaha NE 602/397-0616 6V 602/361-7733 6V 602/361-2156 6V Carson City NV 702/665-6611 6V Las Vegas NV 702/293-0300 6V 702/737-6661 6V 702/362-2971 6V Reno NV 702/665-6611 BV 702/627-6900 6V 702/766-7503 6V Concord NH 603/226-1026 6V 2603/226-1617 6V Durban NH 603/666-1502 6V Hanover NH 603/663-1657 6V 603/663-6631 6V Manchester NH 603/623-0609 6V 603/666-1620 6V 603/626-6623 6V Herrznack NH 603/626-6171 6V Nashua NH 603/662-0635 6V 603/669-6616 6V 603/660-3616 6V Portsmouth NH 603/631-2302 6V Se1en NN 603/693-6200 6V Atlantic City NJ 609/365-6666 6V 609/366-0561 6V 609/365-1001 6V Bayonne NJ 201/226-0220 6V Branchbury NJ 201/722-2261 6V Camden NJ 609/336-1177 6V Carteret NJ 201/750-9190 6V Cherry H111 NJ 609/665-5600 6V 609/336-1177 6V Eatontoun NJ 201/562-2160 6V Enyleuood NJ 2201/567-9661 6V C11££s Fords NJ 201/750-9190 6V Ft. Hon-outh NJ 201/562-2160 6V Jersey City NJ 201/632-6907 6V 201/623-6616 201/623-7663 6V Jersey City NJ 201/623-0669 6V Lyndnurst NJ 201/660-0100 Lyndhurst NJ 201/660-0160 A Har1ton NJ 609/596-1500 6V Hoorestoun NJ 609/665-5600 6V Horrtstoun NJ 201/539-1222 6V . 201/655-0275 6V 201/993-6016 6V Neuerk/ NJ 201/663-5937 6V 201/623-6616 201/623-7663 6V Union City NJ 201/663-6676 A 201/623-0669 6V 201/599-2200 6V Neu Brunswick NJ 201/765-2900 6V 201/572-5555 6V Orade11 NJ 201/599-2200 6V Passaic NJ 201/776-5600 6V 201/599-2200 6V Patterson NJ 201/666-7560 6V 201/599-2200 6V Pennseukin NJ 609/665-5600 6V Piscateuay NJ 201/961-1900 6V 201/572-5555 6V Princeton NJ 609/652-1016 6V 609/799-5567 6V 609/663-6550 6V Ridyeuood NJ 201/665-6366 6V River Edge NJ 201/599-2200 6V Roseland NJ 201/226-0220 6V Sonsrv111e NJ 201/722-2261 6V Trenton NJ 609/969-6660 6V 609/969-6667 6V 609/393-1930 6V 193 194 UTY ST TYMNET TELENET UNINET Union City NJ 201/599-2200 6V Nayne NJ 201/765-4460 Hoodbridge NJ 201/750-9190 6V Albuquerque NM 505/242-6344 6V 505/243-4479 6V 505/643-7961 6V Las Cruces NH 505/524-1944 6V Santa Fe NH 505/966-5953 6V Albany NY 516/456-6300 6V 516/465-6444 6V 516/449-1772 6V Babylon NY 516/422-4960 6V Binghaapton NY 607/772-1153 6V 607/772-6642 6V Buitalo NY 716/645-6610 6V 716/647-1440 6V 716/664-5960 6V Buffalo NY 716/652-1077 9 Corning NY 607/962-4461 6V Deer Park NY 516/667-5566 6V Elnira NY 607/737-9010 A Heapstead NY 516/465-7422 6V 516/292-0320 Neapstead NY 516/292-3600 6V Huntington NY 516/420-1221 6V 516/351-1431 6V Ithaca NY 607/257-6601 6V 607/272-0211 6V Lathaa NY 516/449-1772 6V Helville NY 516/420-1221 6V Nineola NY 516/294-3120 6V 516/294-3950 6V Hount Vernon NY 212/736-3660 6V New Rochelle NY 914/326-7644 6V New City NY 7.914/636-4167 6V New York City NY Z212/943-4700 6V 212/620-6000 6V 212/736-3660 6V New York City NY 212/532-0437 2212/741-6100 6V New York City NY 212/669-6650 s 212/765-3660 6V New York City NY 212/765-5400 6V Neu York City NY 212/269-6965 6V New York City NY 212/509-5400 9 Niagara Falls NY 716/265-2561 6V Plain View NY 516/933-6200 6V Foughkeepsie NY 914/473-0401 6V 914/473-2240 6V 914/465-5430 6V Rochester NY 716/246-6000 6V 716/454-3430 716/454-2510 6V Rochester NY 716/454-1020 6V Ronkonkoaa NY 516/467-5176 6V Schnectady NY 516/449-1772 6V Syracuse NY 315/437-7111 BV 315/472-5563 6V 315/471-6114 6V Troy NY 516/449-1772 6V Toun/Tonauanda NY 716/664-5960 6V Utica/Roae NY 315/735-2291 6V 315/797-0920 8V Hhita Plains NY 3914/326-7730 6V 914/326-9199 6V 914/326-7644 6V Yonkers NY 914/326-7644 6V Asheville NC 704/253-3673 6V 704/252-9134 BV Chapel Hill NC 919/549-6362 6V Charlotte NC 704/376-2545 704/332-3131 6V 704/365-6630 6V Charlotte NC 704/376-2544 A OaVidson NC 704/365-6630 6V Ourhaa NC 919/549-6952 6V 919/549-6139 6V 919/549-6362 6V Fayetteville NC 919/323-4202 6V 919/323-4501 6V Greensboro NC 919/273-0332 6V 919/273-2651 6V 919/272-6033 6V Greenville NC 919/756-7654 6V High Point NC 2919/664-4364 6V 919/669-2253 6V Raleigh NC 919/632-1551 6V 919/549-6139 6V 919/549-6362 6V Raleigh NC 919/629-0536 6V ' Research Tri. NC 919/549-6139 6V 919/549-6362 6V Nilnington NC 919/343-0770 6V Ninston/Salea NC 919/761-1103 6V 919/725-2126 6V 919/746-0965 6V aisaarek ND 701/223-6639 6V 701/222-4644 6V Fargo ND 701/260-0210 6V Grand forks NO 701/775-0531 6V Handan ND ' 701/663-6499 6V Hinot ND 701/636-1114 6V Akron OH 216/535-1661 6V 216/676-5115 6V 216/434-0032 6V Brook Park OH 216/267-9200 6V Canton OH 216/455-0066 6V 216/452-0903 BV 216/453-2329 6V Cincinnati OH 513/469-2100 6V 513/579-0390 8V 513/621-3433 6V Cinoinnati OH 513/469-3611 9 Cleveland OH 216/241-0024 6V 216/575-1656 6V 216/267-9200 6V Colunbus OH 614/221-1662 6V 614/463-9340 6V 2614/461-6640 6V Dayton OH 513/223-3647 6V 513/461-5254 6V 513/461-0220 6V Elyria OH 216/323-5059 6V Euclid OH 216/575-1656 6V 216/267-9200 6V Haailton 0H 513/694-1521 6V 513/621-3433 6V Huntington 0N 304/525-3202 6V Kent OH 216/676-5115 6V 216/434-0032 6V Liaa 0H 419/224-2996 6V flansfield 0N 419/526-6067 6V flarysville 0H 513/644-0096 A Paraa 0N 216/575-1656 6V 216/267-9200 6V mTY ST TYMNET TELENET UNINET Springfield OH 513/326-3616 6V Toledo OH 619/255-7790 6V 619/255-7661 6V 513/261-3516 6V warren 0H 216/396-6529 6V Youngetoun OH 216/766-5326 6V 216/763-1296 6V Ardnore 0K 605/223-1552 6V Bartleevtlle 0K 916/336-9667 6V Betheng 0K 605/966-6513 6V 6ritton 0K 605/966-6513 6V Enid OK 605/233-7903 6V Lauton 0K 605/355-0765 6V Nornan OK 605/966-6513 6V Oklaholu City OK 605/967-6367 6V 605/232-6566 6V 605/966-6513 6V Stilluater 0K 605/626-1112 6V Tulse 0K 916/562-6633 6V 916/566-3267 6V 916/767-2631 6V Corvallis OR 503/756-9273 6V Eugene OR 503/665-0027 6V 503/663-1660 6V 503/663-0653 6V Hediord 0R 503/773-1257 8V 503/779-6363 6V Portland OR 503/227-7161 t 503/295-3026 6V 503/267-6262 6V Portland OP 503/226-0627 6V Salen OR 503/565-0162 6V 503/376-7712 6V 503/362-6196 6V Allentown PA 215/665-6976 6V 215/635-3330 6V 215/637-6656 6V Artoone PA 616/963-5666 6V Bethlehel PA 215/665-6976 8V 215/637-6656 5V Coatesvills PA 2215/636-0660 6V Coltsville PA 215/636-0660 6V Carliele PA 717/263-6919 6V OInVille PA 717/275-1001 6V Douington PA 215/636-0300 6V Erie PA 616/656-6501 6V 616/699-2261 6V Fort Haehington PA Greensburg PA 612/636-7020 6V Harrisburg PA 717/763-6661 BV 717/236-6662 BV 717/657-6956 6V Hershey PA 717/657-6956 6V Johnstoun PA 616/535-7576 6V King of Prussie PA 215/337-9900 6V 215/337-6300 6V 2215/561-0656 6V Lancaster PA 717/397-7731 6V 717/393-2156 6V 717/299-6603 6V Latrobe PA 612/636-7020 6V Levittoun PA 215/736-0695 6V Honroeville PA New Castle PA 612/656-1530 BV Penn Hills PA 612/931-9360 5V Philadelphia PA 215/751-0700 6V 215/576-0620 215/561-0656 6V Philadelphia PA 215/567-6390 8V 215/576-9662 BV Pittsburgh PA 612/765-1320 6V 612/266-9950 612/931-9360 6V Pittsburgh PA 612/206-9976 6V Reading PA 215/372-6673 6V 2215/372-7116 6V 215/375-6166 6V Scranton PA 717/366-6516 6V 717/961-5321 6V 717/363-0736 6V State College PA 616/221-1655 6V Upper Darby PA Z215/561-0656 6V Valley Forge PA 215/666-9190 6V Z215/561-0656 6V Hilkes Barre PA 717/626-6991 6V York PA 717/666-3900 6V 717/666-6550 6V 717/663-0965 6V Newport RI 601/667-0502 6V Pautucket PI 601/273-7900 6V Provxdence/ RI 601/273-0200 6V 601/751-7912 6V 601/273-7900 6V Naruick R1 601/273-7900 6V Hoonsocket R1 601/765-2600 6V Charleston SC 603/577-0652 6V 603/722-6303 6V 603/722-6311 6V Columbil SC 603/256-7563 BV 603/256-0695 BV 603/256-5266 6V Greenville SC 603/271-9213 6V 603/233-3666 BV 603/235-1656 5V Spertanburg SC 603/562-7926 6V 603/565-1637 6V Pierre SD 605/226-6361 6V Rapid Citg $0 605/361-5337 6V 605/366-5099 6V Scranton $0 605/335-0760 6V Sioux Fells SD 605/335-0760 6V 605/336-6593 6V 605/336-6061 6V Bristol TN 615/966-1130 6V 615/966-5360 6V Chattanooga TN 615/265-1020 6V 615/756-1161 6V 615/267-2266 6V Jackson TN 901/626-2116 6V Knoxville TN 615/690-1563 6V 615/523-5500 6V 615/523-5611 6V Henphie TN 901/527-6006 6V 901/521-0215 6V 901/767-9631 6V Nashville TN 615/665-3530 8V 615/266-3702 3V 615/256-6669 5V Oakridgs TN 615/662-9060 8V Abilene TX 915/672-1363 6V 915/676-9151 6V Amarillo TX 2606/371-0031 6V 606/372-6936 6V 606/379-9211 6V Arlington TX 216/636-1256 6V Athens TX 216/677-2796 6V Austin TX 512/666-3260 6V 512/926-1130 6V 512/673-2617 6V Begtoun TX 713/662-9766 6V Beaunont TX 609/639-6731 6V0 6rounsville TX 512/561-2251 6V 195 196 UTY ST TYMNET TELENET UNINET Bryan/ TX 609/779-0166 6V IN PROCESS College Station TX 609/662-0163 6V Corpus Christie TX 512/663-6050 6V 512/666-9030 6V 512/261-5691 6V Dallas TX 216/636-6666 6V 216/766-0127 2216/579-1266 6V Oallaa TX 216/630-5516 0 216/766-6371 6V Oenton TX 617/565-9273 6V El Paso TX 915/533-1653 6V 915/532-7907 6V 915/536-7626 6V Ft North TX 617/677-3630 6V 617/332-6307 6V 216/263-1660 6V Galveston TX 609/765-7336 6V 609/762-3306 6V Garland TX 216/636-1256 6V Grand Prairie TX 216/263-1660 6V Houston TX 713/556-6700 6V 713/227-1016 6V 713/552-9659 6V Houston TX 713/696-1332 0 Irving TX 216/636-1256 6V Kilaen TX 617/636-2610 6V Lackland TX 512/667-0031 6V Leavenworth TX 913/662-2660 0V Longvteu TX 216/236-6061 6V 216/236-3196 6V ‘ Lubbock TX 606/797-0765 6V 606/767-6121 6V 606/767-0366 6V Ho Allen TX 512/631-0020 6V fltdland TX 915/663-5665 6V 915/561-9611 6V Nedarland TX 609/726-0726 6V 609/722-3720 6V Odessa TX 915/563-3765 6V 915/561-9611 6V Port Arthur TX ,609/639-6731 6V San Angelo TX 915/966-7621 6V 915/962-6705 6V San Antonio TX 512/222-6002 6V 512/225-6006 6V 512/667-0031 6V Terainal TX 915/563-0066 6V Texas City TX 609/765-7336 6V Tyler TX 216/592-1372 6V 216/597-6113 6V Haco TX 617/752-1662 6V 617/752-9763 6V 617/756-6500 6V Nichita Falla TX 617/761-1315 6V Ogden UT 2601/627-3653 6V 601/627-1630 6V Oren/Provo UT 601/375-0665 6V Salt Lake City UT 601/366-0760 BV 601/359-0169 6V 601/366-6965 6V Burlington VT 602/666-5716 6V 602/666-0606 6V Hontpelier VT 602/223-3061 BV 602/229-6966 6V Rutland VT 602/775-0722 OVT Alexandria VA 202/629-7696 301/731-2051 6V, Alexandria VA 202/629-7600 6V Annandale VA 202/629-7696 202/367-3337 6V Annandale VA 202/629-7600 6V Arlington VA 301/731-2051 6V Blacksburg VA 703/552-6236 6V Charlottsvtlle VA Z606/293-6915 6V 606/971-1505 6V 606/979-6633 6V Chesapeake VA 606/627-1295 6 Covxngton VA 703/962-2126 6 Fairfax VA 703/352-3136 9 202/629-7696 301/731-2051 6 Fairfax VA 703/691-6390 6V 202/629-7600 6V Fairiax VA 703/352-3136 0 Falls Church VA 301/731-2051 6 Hampton VA 606/266-5700 6 Herndon VA 703/635-1600 6V Lunchburg VA 606/526-1903 6V 606/666-0963 BJ McLean VA 202/367-3337 6V thlothian VA 606/766-6660 6V Newport News VA 606/596-7606 6V 606/596-6600 6V 606/266-5700 6V Norfolk VA 606/655-7751 6V 606/625-1166 6V 606/627-1295 6V Petersburg VA 606/662-6700 6V Portsaouth VA 606/627-1295 6V Rich-6nd VA 606/766-6660 3V 606/766-9902 6V 606/353-3613 BV Roanoke VA 703/366-2762 6V 703/362-1513 6V 703/365-3266 6V Spring£1eld VA 301/731-2051 6V Vienna VA 301/731-2051 6 Virginia Beach VA 606/627-1295 6 Hilliaasburg VA 606/672-9592 6V Auburn HA 206/939-9962 6V Bellevue NA 206/661-6210 Bellinghan “A 206/667-0666 6V 2206/733-2720 6V 206/733-6600 Enuaelau HA 206/625-7720 6V Everett HA 206/353-5737 6V 206/339-2655 6V Longvleu HA 206/577-5635 6V Olgapta HA 206/636-2772 6V 206/756-0660 6V Richland HA 509/375-3367 6V Seattle HA 206/265-0109 6V 206/667-9012 206/661-6210 6V Seattle HA 206/261-7161 9 206/625-9612 6V Spokane HA 509/767-6105 6V 509/655-6071 6V 509/636-7715 6V Taeoaa HA 206/272-1503 6V 206/627-1791 6V 206/627-6776 6V Vancouver NA 206/693-0371 6V Henatehaa HA 509/663-6227 6V Yaktaa HA 509/653-1591 6V my ST TYMNET TELENET unms‘r Charlcston UV 306/365-9575 0V 306/365-6671 0V 306/366-1650 0V Huntxngton NV 306/525-6606 0V 306/523-2002 0V 306/529-0306 0V Horgan‘oun NV 1306/292-0251 0V Parkorsburg HV 306/620-0511 0V App1cton H1 616/722-5500 0V 616/739-1606 IV 0010:! HI 600/365-6003 0V Brookitc1d HI 616/705-1616 0V 616/569-3970 0V Brookficld H! 616/705-0630 0 Eau Claire H1 715/032-1356 0V 15/032-1211 0V Green Bay HI 616/632-3066 0V 616/632-2015 0V 2616/635-0671 0V La Cross. HI 600/705-1650 A Hadison H1 600/221-6211 600/257-5010 0V 600/250-0600 0V "cation HI 600/221-0091 A fliluaukcc N1 616/705-1616 0V 616/271-3916 0V 616/569-3970 0V Nconlh H! 616/722-5500 0V Oshkosh HI 616/235-7673 BV Racxno HI 616/632-3006 0V 616/552-7217 0V 616/632-7395 0V Shoboggan H1 414/459-7455 av Sun Prairie HI 600/250-0600 0V Hut Send “I 616/336-1260 8V Caspar HY 2307/236-6211 0V 307/265-5167 0V Cheyenne HY 307/630-6621 0V Lara-10 HY 307/721-6165 0V fiU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1985-683—379:32751 197 US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES / Public Health Service / National Institutes of Health GENERAL UBRAHY-ILC.BEHKELEY . Illllllllllll 90001273lh